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57768

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Henri%20Hector%2C%20Count%20of%20Estaing

Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing

Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector,Count of Estaing (24 Nuwamba 1729 - 28 Afrilu 1794)wani janar na Faransa ne kuma jajibi.Ya fara hidimarsa a matsayin soja a Yakin Nasara na Austriya,a taƙaice ya yi zaman fursuna na yaƙin Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai.Abubuwan da sojojin ruwa suka yi a lokacin yakin na ƙarshe ya sa shi canza rassan hidima, kuma ya koma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa. Bayan shigar Faransa zuwa yakin Independence na Amurka a 1778,d'Estaing ya jagoranci rundunar jiragen ruwa don taimakawa 'yan tawayen Amurka. Ya shiga cikin gazawar Franco-Amurka na Newport, Rhode Island,a cikin 1778,da kuma 1779 Siege na Savannah bai yi nasara ba.Ya yi nasara a cikin Caribbean kafin ya koma Faransa a 1780.An ba da misali da matsalolinsa na aiki tare da takwarorinsu na Amurka daga cikin dalilan da suka sa waɗannan ayyuka a Arewacin Amurka suka gaza. Duk da cewa d'Estaing ya ji tausayin masu juyin juya hali a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa,amma ya kasance da aminci ga dangin sarauta na Faransa.Saboda haka ya shiga cikin tuhuma, kuma an kashe shi ta hanyar guillotine a cikin Mulkin Ta'addanci . Shekarun farko An haife shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1729 a Château de Ravel a Auvergne zuwa Charles-François,Marquis de Saillant da Marie-Henriette Colbert de Maulevrier,zuriyar Jean-Baptiste Colbert .Mahaifinsa Laftanar Janar ne a cikin Sojojin Faransa daga dangi da ke da dogon tarihin hidima ga kambin Faransa. Matashin d'Estaing ya sami ilimi tare da Louis,Dauphin (mahaifi na gaba Louis XVI ),wanda aka haife shi kusan lokaci guda.Don haka D'Estaing ya zama abokantaka na kud da kud da Dauphin kuma ya yi hidima a gidan sa. A watan Mayun 1738 yana da shekaru 9 ya kasance a cikin sunan Musketeers,kamar yadda danginsa aristocratic suka zaba masa soja fiye da aikin gwamnati.Ya tashi cikin matsayi, daga ƙarshe ya shiga Regiment de Rouergue (fr.) a matsayin laftanar a 1746.A wannan shekarar ya auri Marie-Sophie, jikanyar Marshal Château-Renault .An kira rundunarsa don yin hidima a Yaƙin Nasara na Austriya .D'Estaing ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki-de-sansanin zuwa Marshal Saxe a cikin yakin Flanders na 1746-48.A cikin wadannan shekaru an kara masa girma zuwa kanar a matsayin kwamandan Regiment de Rouergue,kuma ya ji rauni a 1748 Siege na Maastricht . Bayan yakin Sarki Louis XV ya fara wani shiri na sabunta sojojinsa a kan samfurin Frederick the Great 's Prussian Army.D'Estaing ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu kawo sauyi.Bayan 'yan shekaru,an kalli Regiment de Rouergue "a matsayin abin koyi na sojojin ƙasa".Da yake neman samun gogewa a fannin diflomasiyya,d'Estaing ya raka jakadan Faransa a Ingila na wani lokaci. Yakin Shekara Bakwai a Indiya Lokacin da rikici ya barke tsakanin Turawan Ingila da Faransawa a Arewacin Amirka,d'Estaing ya yi la'akari da shiga cikin sojojin Louis-Joseph de Montcalm da suka yi tafiya a cikin 1755,amma danginsa sun hana shi yin haka.Sa’ad da aka shirya balaguro zuwa Gabashin Indiya,ya nemi ya shiga ba tare da tuntuɓar iyalinsa ba.An tabbatar da shigarsa ne lokacin da aka yi masa karin girma zuwa ga birgediya-janar,muddin zai iya mika umurninsa ga wani,wanda ya yi.A farkon Janairu 1757, jim kadan kafin a hau,d'Estaing aka bayar da Order of Saint Louis. Yaƙin Lally Bayan doguwar tafiya,rundunar sojojin comte d'Aché,ɗauke da sojojin balaguro wanda kwamandan ƙasar shi ne count de Lally, sun isa birnin Cuddalore da Birtaniyya ta mamaye a kudancin Indiya a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1758.Lally ya sauke sojojinsa,ya kafa shingen shinge a kusa da garin,sannan ya tafi Pondicherry don tsara jigilar kayan yaƙi.A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu sojojin Faransa sun mamaye garin tare da killace wani bangare na Fort St.David.An yi jinkirin zuwan na'urorin kewayen,amma a karshe rundunar ta tilasta yin mika wuya bayan shafe kwanaki 17 na aikin kawanya. D'Estaing ya umarci hagu na Lally,yana kula da hanyoyin da kuma sanya batura.Ya ci gaba da hidima a karkashin Lally a yakin da ya yi da Birtaniya a kudancin Indiya.Ya yi adawa da matakin Lally na ɗage kewayen Tanjore (wanda kawai a cikin majalisar yaƙin Lally da ya yi hakan) bayan kama Karikal na Burtaniya. Lokacin da Lally ya fara kewaye Madras a watan Disamba 1758,an sanya sashin Estaing a tsakiyar layin Faransanci. Lokacin da turawan ingila suka yi wa wannan bangaren,d'Estaing ya ci gaba shi kadai ya leka musu motsin su.Sojojin Biritaniya sun kewaye shi,ba su da doki,kuma bayonet sun ji masa rauni sau biyu kafin ya mika wuya. An kai D'Estaing zuwa Madras, inda aka tsare shi da umarnin Gwamna George Pigot . Pigot yayi tayin sakin shi akan parole,amma d'Estaing ya ki, ya gwammace a musanya shi domin ya ci gaba da fada. Zuwan wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya daga Madras a watan Fabrairun 1759 ya shawo kan d'Estaing don karɓar tayin sakin layi,wanda ke da sharadi akan kada ya yi yaƙi da Burtaniya a Gabashin Indiya. A watan Mayu 1759 ya tashi zuwa Île-de-Faransa ( Mauritius na yanzu).

53175

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan%20mahaifi%20Zwelithini

Sunan mahaifi Zwelithini

Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu (27 Yuli 1948 - 12 Maris 2021) shi ne Sarkin Zulu daga 1968 zuwa mutuwarsa a 2021. Matsayin siyasa A cikin rashin iko da aka samu a shekarun 1990 yayin da aka kawar da mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma mulkin kasar da turawan Afirka ta Kudu suka yi, Sarki ya kara jan hankalinsa ga siyasar bangaranci. Da farko dai jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) wacce Zulu ke da rinjaye ta yi adawa da wasu sassa na sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da jam'iyyar ANC ta gabatar dangane da mulkin cikin gida na KwaZulu . Musamman ma, IFP ta yi kamfen don neman wani sarki Zulu mai cin gashin kansa kuma mai cin gashin kansa, a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsarin mulki. Sakamakon haka, IFP ta kaurace wa rajistar jam’iyyarta a zaɓen 1994 har sai an fayyace rawar da sarki zai taka a sabuwar dimokradiyya. Mandela da shugaba De Klerk sun shirya wata ganawa ta musamman inda aka amince da cewa za a kira masu shiga tsakani na kasa da kasa domin su daidaita batun sarki. Sakamakon haka, an yi wa IFP rajista don zaɓen. Ta nuna karfinta na siyasa ta hanyar karbar mafi rinjayen kuri'un lardin KwaZulu-Natal a zaben da aka ce. Ya zama Sarki bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu, a 1968 yana da shekara 20. Yariman Isra'ila Mcwayizeni ya kasance mai mulki daga 1968 zuwa 1971 yayin da Sarkin ya fake a lardin Transkai na Afirka ta Kudu na tsawon shekaru uku don kaucewa kisa.  ] Bayan bikin cikarsa shekaru 21 da aurensa na farko, an nada Zwelithini a matsayin sarki na takwas na Zulus a wani bikin gargajiya a Nongoma a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1971, wanda ya samu halartar mutane 20,000. Zwelithini ya mutu ne a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, yana da shekaru 72, bayan an ba da rahoton an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya da ke da alaka da ciwon sukari. Yayin shirye-shiryen jana'izar sa, firaministan gargajiya na sarki, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, ya sanar da cewa ya mutu sakamakon COVID-19 . A lokacin mafi yawan mulkin Sarki, dan uwansa (kawunsa a lissafin Zulu na Afirka ), Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Yariman KwaPhindangene kuma wanda ya kafa IFP, shine Firayim Minista na Zulu. Amma, a cikin watan Satumba na 1994, tashin hankali tsakanin ƴan uwa da ke da alaƙa a baya ya kai kololuwa a bainar jama'a yayin da bikin Shaka Zulu ya gabato. Jita-jitar cewa Sarkin na kokarin maye gurbin Buthelezi a matsayin firaministan Zulu da tsohon mai jiran gado Prince Mcwayizeni, wanda ya koma jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1990, da alama dai bayan da sarkin ya sanar da cewa Buthelezi ba zai zama babban mai ba shi shawara ba, kuma a lokaci guda ya soke bikin. Domin kare lafiyarsa, sojojin gwamnatin tarayya sun raka Sarki Zwelithini da jirgi mai saukar ungulu zuwa Johannesburg . Ko da yake a lokacin Buthelezi yana rike da mukamin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a Majalisar Zartarwar Afirka ta Kudu, kokarin da Shugaba Mandela ya yi na sasantawa ya ci tura. Buthelezi ya mayar da taron daga Nongoma zuwa Stanger, kuma ya yi jawabi ga dimbin magoya bayansa na Zulu 10,000. Bayan haka, ana tattaunawa da mai magana da yawun Sarkin, Yarima Sifiso Zulu a gidan talabijin na gidan rediyon Afirka ta Kudu, Buthelezi da masu tsaronsa suka katse shirin da karfi, inda suka tsorata Yarima Sifiso. Lamarin da aka watsa a gidan talabijin ya ja hankalin al'ummar kasar da kuma tsawatar da jama'a daga Mandela, lamarin da ya sa Buthelezi ya nemi gafarar iyalan masarautar Zulu, majalisar ministoci da al'ummar kasar kan halinsa. Dangantaka tsakanin Zwelithini da Buthelezi ta inganta daga baya. Sarki Zwelithini ya ba da hadin kai kamar yadda doka ta tanada da ANC tun bayan da ta karbi ragamar mulki a KwaZulu-Natal . Hukumomin lardin KwaZulu-Natal ne ke kula da kudaden Sarkin. A cikin 1989 ya soki shugabannin ANC da rashin gayyatarsa da Buthelezi zuwa wani gangamin maraba da wadanda ake kara na Rivonia, wadanda aka saki bayan kusan shekaru 30 a gidan yari. A matsayinsa na sarkin tsarin mulki na masarautar KwaZulu-Natal, ya kasance shugaban Ubukhosi, cibiyar shugabancin gargajiya da jihar ta amince da shi wanda ya kunshi sarakunan cikin gida. Matsayinsa na jagoranci ya kuma haɗa da shugabancin Hukumar Ƙabilar Usuthu da Hukumar Yankin Nongoma, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar KwaZulu Amakhosi da Iziphakanyiswa. A cikin jawabinsa na bude Majalisar Lardi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2003, Sarkin ya shawarci gwamnati da ’yan majalisa da su kara kula da Ubukhosi :Ba a tuntubar shugabannin gargajiya ko kuma shiga cikin tsarin tsara manufofin da ke da tasiri kai tsaye a harkokinsu na yau da kullum. Cibiyar ta Ubukhosi ta kasance tun da dadewa kuma ta tsira daga wahalhalu da dama a karkashin gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da suka gabata. A mahangar ƴan ƙasa, muhimmiyar rawar da Inkosi ke takawa na iya kasancewa wajen nuna alamar haɗin kan al'umma. Don haka duk wani ra'ayi cewa cibiyar Ubukhosi, yanzu da muke da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya, za a iya yin watsi da ita, ya kasance mafarkin bututu. Wasu kasashe da ke kan iyakokinmu sun yanke shawarar kawar da tsarin shugabancin gargajiya nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai daga sarakunan mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin sun fahimci cewa sun tafka manyan kurakurai kuma yanzu suna sake ƙirƙira waɗannan cibiyoyi da tsada. A matsayina na Sarkin Zulu ina alfahari da irin rawar da Firayim Ministan Zulu, Yariman KwaPhindangene, Dokta MG Buthelezi ya taka wanda shi kadai ya taka rawar gani wajen ganin an kafa Cibiyar Shugabancin Gargajiya a kasar nan. Matsayin al'adu Sarkin ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Ingonyama Trust, wata kungiya ce da aka kafa don gudanar da filayen da sarki ya mallaka domin amfanin al’ummar Zulu da walwalar abin duniya. Wannan ƙasa ta ƙunshi kashi 32% na yankin KwaZulu/Natal. A matsayinsa na mai kula da al'adu da al'adun Zulu, Sarki Zwelithini ya farfado da ayyukan al'adu irin su Umhlanga, bikin rawa mai launi da alama wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana haɓaka wayar da kan ɗabi'a da ilimin AIDS a tsakanin matan Zulu,   da Ukweshwama, bikin 'ya'yan itace na farko, wanda wani aiki ne na gargajiya wanda ya shafi wasu al'adun gargajiya da suka hada da kashe bijimi. Bikin na ƙarshe ya kasance ƙarƙashin wata ƙara a watan Nuwamba 2009 ta Animal Rights Africa, yana zargin cewa hanyar kisan dabbar zalunci ce da dabbanci. Ya kuma yi balaguro da yawa zuwa kasashen waje don bunkasa yawon bude ido da kasuwanci a kasashen Yamma ga KwaZulu-Natal, da kuma tara kudade ga kungiyoyin agaji da Zulu ke tallafawa, galibi tare da wata tawagar sarauniyarsa . A irin waɗannan lokuta ƙungiyoyin Zulu na cikin gida suna karbar bakuncinsa akai-akai, kuma suna ba da masu sauraro ga Zulus da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A watan Yuni 1994, Jami'ar Zululand ta ba Sarki digirin girmamawa a fannin noma. Ya kasance Chancellor na reshen Afirka ta Kudu na Jami'ar Newport ta Amurka. A cikin Maris 1999 Coker College of South Carolina ta ba shi digiri na girmamawa a shari'a. A cikin rabin farko na 2001 an rantsar da shi a matsayin Chancellor na ML Sultan Technikon a KwaZulu-Natal. An buga tarihin rayuwar Sarki da aka ba da izini, King of Goodwill, a cikin 2003. Wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na wannan aikin da aka fara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa, Johannesburg a ranar 16 ga Maris 2005. Sarkin ya yi magana a cocin Synagogue of All Nations da ke Legas, Najeriya, a cikin 2004, game da mahimmancin kasuwanci da zaman lafiya. Rigingimu A watan Janairun 2012, yayin da yake magana a wani taron tunawa da cika shekaru 133 na yakin Isandlwana, Sarkin ya haifar da cece-kuce tare da bayaninsa cewa dangantakar jinsi daya ta "rube". Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi Allah wadai da kalaman nasa . Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya tsawatar da sarkin kan kalaman nasa. Daga baya gidan sarautar Zulu ya ce an yi kuskuren fassara kalaman Sarkin kuma bai yi Allah-wadai da dangantakar jinsi daya ba, illa dai kawai ya bayyana damuwarsa ne kan halin da ake ciki na tabarbarewar tarbiyya a Afirka ta Kudu da ya haifar da cin zarafi da suka hada da namiji da namiji. cin zarafin jima'i . A watan Satumban 2012, Sarki Goodwill Zwelithini ya nemi gwamnatin KwaZulu-Natal ta ba da Naira miliyan 18 don gina sabbin kadarori, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta na miliyan 6 ga karamar matarsa Sarauniya Mafu da kuma inganta fadar Sarauniya MaMchiza. Sashen gidan sarautar Sarkin CFO, Mduduzi Mthembu, ya shaidawa kwamitin majalisar cewa ana bukatar kudin. Sashen ya kuma bukaci dala miliyan 1.4 don inganta fadar Sarauniya MaMchiza. Tuni dai gwamnati ta ware kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 6.9 ga iyalan gidan sarautar a shekarar 2012, ba a karon farko da ake zargin an kashe makudan kudade ba; a shekara ta 2008, jam'iyyun adawa sun soki matan Sarki Zwelithini saboda kashe kusan dalar Amurka 24,000 kan lilin, tufafin zane, da kuma hutu masu tsada. Da yake jawabi a wurin taron al'ummar karamar hukumar Phongolo UPhongolo a watan Maris din shekarar 2015, Sarki Zwelithini ya amince da cewa yayin da sauran kasashen duniya suka taka rawar gani a kokarin da aka yi na 'yantar da kasar Afirka ta Kudu, bai kamata a dauki hakan a matsayin uzuri ga baki na kawo matsala a kasar a yanzu ta hanyar yin takara da 'yan kasar. don karancin damar tattalin arziki. <ref name="nehanda">Foreigners must go home – King Zwelithini Nehanda'. Retrieved 15 April 2015.'''</ref> Da yake kara da cewa yana da ’yancin fadin abin da ba ‘yan siyasa ba ne, ya bukaci baki da su koma kasashensu, tun da a cewarsa, ‘yan Afirka ta Kudu da ke kasashen waje ba su ci gaba da bude harkokin kasuwanci a kasashen da suka karbi bakuncinsu ba. An gudanar da wadannan dubaru ne a daidai lokacin da ake samun zaman dar-dar tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, tashin hankalin da ya barke a Soweto a watan Janairu ya bazu zuwa KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane uku. Kakakin jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance, ya yi kira da a janye hankalin jama'a tare da neman gafara, ya soki kalaman da cewa "rashin nauyi ne sosai", yayin da wani jami'in SAHRC ya lakafta su da nuna kyama dangane da hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan kasashen waje. Ana zargin cewa ya haifar da tashin hankali ga wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, duk da cewa kalaman Zwelithini na nuna kyama ga al'umma da sha'awar 'yan kasashen waje sun yi imanin cewa alhakin barin Afirka ta Kudu bai banbance tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira na doka da kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, daga baya kakakinsa ya ce yana magana ne kawai ga wadanda ke cikin kasar ba bisa ka'ida ba. Mata da yara Sarki Goodwill Zwelithini yana da mata shida da ’ya’ya 28. Waɗannan sun haɗa da maDlamini na Kwa-Khethomthandayo Royal House, Nongoma, (an haife shi Sibongile Winifred Dlamini), ya yi aure 27 Disamba 1969 a St Margaret's Church, Nongoma. Prince Lethukuthula Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), an haife shi 1970 - ya mutu 2020. Gimbiya Nombuso Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), wanda ya mallaki Sabis na Abinci na Ilembe na Durban, an haife shi 1973. Ntombizosuthu Ka Zwelithini Duma (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), 'yar kasuwa wacce ta mallaki Dabarun Dabaru da Zamalwandle Transport Logistics tare da mijinta. An haife shi a shekara ta 1979, ya auri Mbongiseni Duma, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Johannesburg. Gimbiya Ntandoyenkosi Ka Zwelithini Ngcaweni (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), Manajan Kadara a Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jama'a (PIC), an haife shi 1982. An auri Busani Ngcaweni, wanda ya jagoranci ofishin tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, Kgalema Motlanthe . Gimbiya Sinethemba Bati Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile Dlamini), an haife shi 1989, a halin yanzu.  yana neman digiri a Harkokin Harkokin Duniya, a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. Buhle KaMathe na Kwa-Dlamahlahla Royal House, Nongoma, an haife shi . A cikin watan Mayun 1996, ita da 'yarta sun sami munanan raunuka a wani hari da aka kai musu inda aka yi musu bulala, aka caka musu wuka da harbe-harbe. Gimbiya Sibusile Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi 1972. Gimbiya Nandi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi 1977, ya yi aure (civil) 6 Disamba 2002 a St John's Cathedral, Mthatha, na Bishop Sitembele Mzamane da (na al'ada) 7 Disamba a Thembu Great Place kusa da Qunu, ga Cif Mfundo Bovulengwa Mtirara, an haife shi 25 Maris 1973, Muƙaddashin Mataimakin Babban Hakimin Thembu daga 2000, Babban Hakimin Gargajiya na Matye'ngqina . Yarima Phumuzuzulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe – Phumuza), mai suna bayan babban kakansa Sarki Phumuzululu kaDinuzulu, ɗan Sarki kaCetshwayo Prince Shlobosenkosi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi a shekara ta 1988, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Kearsney a Dutsen Botha, Durban . Yarima Nhlanganiso Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), ya auri Wandi Yarima Buzabazi, ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin mahaifinsa ta bangaren sarauta Marigayi Yarima Butho Zulu Mantfombi Dlamini, na Kwa-Khangelamankengane Royal House, Nongoma, Babbar Matar, 1953–2021, 'yar Sobhuza II na Swaziland kuma 'yar'uwar Sarki Mswati III, ta yi aure 1977. Mai martaba ta kuma kasance memba na Cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai, kuma shine mai rikon mukamin mai mulki a kan mutuwar mijinta. Sarki Misuzulu Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1974 a Kwahlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, tare da digiri a cikin Nazarin Duniya daga Jacksonville, Florida, Sarkin Zulu daga 7 ga Mayu 2021. Yana da aure kuma yana da ‘ya’ya biyu tare da matarsa. Ya yi karatu a St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg Gimbiya Ntandoyesizwe Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi a 1976, ta yi aure 13 Afrilu 2002 a Endokeni Royal Palace, Nongoma, zuwa marigayi Prince Oupa Moilwa, Shugaban Bahurutshe BagaMoilwa . Bikin farar hula 11 Yuli 2004, a Pongola . Ya yi karatu a St. John's Diocesan School for Girls, Pietermaritzburg Gimbiya Nomkhosi (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi 1978, ango Melusi Moyo. Ya yi karatu a The Wykeham Collegiate Yarima Bambindlovu (Makhosezwe), an haife shi a shekara ta 1981 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi) manomi, mai zanen ciki da fasaha. Ya yi karatu a St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg Gimbiya Bukhosibemvelo, (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), haifaffen 1985, ta auri Sipho Nyawo, wadda ta biya mata shanu 120 a matsayin wani bangare na ilobolo'' . Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Epworth, Pietermaritzburg Prince Lungelo, haifaffen 1984 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), ya taba zama dalibi a makarantar kwana ta Michaelhouse a KwaZulu-Natal. Prince Mandlesizwe, haifaffen 1990 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi) Prince Simangaye, haifaffen 1991 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi) Thandekile "Thandi" Jane Ndlovu na Linduzulu Royal House, Nongoma, ya yi aure 1988 Yarima Sihlangu Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Thandi), mai zane mai suna zulusoul Gimbiya Mukelile Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Thandi) Nompumelelo Mchiza na oSuthu Royal House, Nongoma, ya auri 25 Yuli 1992. Gimbiya Nqobangothando Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo) Prince Nhlangano Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo) Gimbiya Cebo Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo) Zola Zelusiwe Mafu of Ondini Royal House, Ulundi, haifaffen , betrothed 2006, aure 2014. Prince Nhlendlayenkosi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu LaMafu) Duba kuma Jerin sarakunan Zulu Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wurin yawon shakatawa da ke kwatanta bikin rawan Reed Gidan yanar gizon Sarauta ba na Turai ba 'Yan gidan sarautar Zulu sun yi tafiya cikin salo' News24 Matattun 2021 Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

49431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20aramco

Saudi aramco

SAUDI ARAMCO Saudi aramco wanda akafi sani da aramco kamfanin man fetur da gas ne na kasar saudi arabia wanda yake a garin dhahrain a shekarar 2022 kamfanin yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni mafi tara kudade dayawa kamfanin ya sake maimaita cimma babbar riba acikin kamfanonin duniya a tarihi,Saudi Aramco ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya da aka tabbatar da tanadin danyen mai, sama da ganga biliyan 270 (dubkule biliyan 43) kuma mafi yawan man da ake hakowa a kullum a duk kamfanonin da ke hako mai. Saudi Aramco tana aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa guda ɗaya a duniya, Tsarin Gas. A shekarar alif 2013 yawan danyen mai da ake hakowa ya kai ganga biliyan 3.4 (mita dunkule miliyan 540), kuma tana kula da filayen mai da iskar gas sama da dari a Saudi Arabiya, ciki har da tankin mai dunkule triliyan 288.4 na iskar gas. Tare da Lardin Gabas, Saudi Aramco ya fi aiki da filin Ghawar (mafi girman rijiyar mai a bakin teku a duniya) da filin Safaniya (mafi girman rijiyar mai a tekun duniya) A ranar 11 ga Disamba, alif 2019, hannun jarin kamfanin ya fara ciniki a kan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul. Hannun jarin ya tashi zuwa Riyal 35.2 na kudaden Saudiyya, abin da ya sa kasuwar ta kai kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, kuma ya zarce dalar Amurka tiriliyan 2 a rana ta biyu ta ciniki. A cikin alif 2022 kamfanin Forbes na kasar amurka sun Sanya kamfanin Aramco a mataki na uku(3) mafi girma a cikin kafanoni 2000, Asalin Saudi Aramco ya samo asali ne daga karancin man fetur na yakin duniya na daya da kuma ware kamfanonin Amurka daga Mesopotamiya da Birtaniya da Faransa suka yi a karkashin yarjejeniyar fetur na San Remo a alif 1920. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sami goyon baya ga "Manufar Bude Kofa", wanda ya dace da manufar "Bude Kofa". Herbert Hoover, sakataren kasuwanci, an kafa shi a cikin alif 1921. tsayayyar kungiyar mai na california yana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare.ana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare. Ta hannun reshen kamfaninsa, Bahrain Petroleum Co. (BAPCO), tsayayyar kungiyar california (SoCal) ta bugi mai a Bahrain a ranar 30 ga Mayu, a alif 1932. Wannan taron ya ƙara sha'awar mai na ƙasar Larabawa. A ranar 29 ga Mayun alif 1933, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta ba da rangwame ga tsayayyar kungiyar California (SoCal) a fifita wani tayin hamayya daga kamfanin Iraqi na fetur ( wannan ya bayar Sa doCal) damar neman mai a Saudi Arabiya. SoCal ta ba da wannan rangwame ga wani kamfani na gabaɗaya, California-Arabian Standard Oil (CASOC). alif A cikin 1936, tare da kamfanin bai sami nasarar gano mai ba, Kamfanin Texas (Texaco) ya sayi kashi 50% na rangwamen. Bayan shekaru hudu na binciken da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, nasarar farko ta zo ne da filin hako ruwa na bakwai a Dhahran a salifhekarar 1938, rijiya da ake kiraLambs ta mam No. 7. Nan take wannan rijiyar ta samar da ganga sama da 1,500 a kowaa m3/d), wanda hakan ya baiwa kamfanin. amincewa don ci gaba. A ranar 31 ga Jalif anairu, 1944, an canza sunan kamfanin daga California-Arabian Standard Oil Co.. zuwa Arab American Oil Co. (ko Aramco). alif A cikin 1948, Standard Oil na New Jersey (daga baya aka sani da Exxon) kashi ya sayi 30% kuma Socony Vacuum (daga baya Mobil) kashi ya sayi 10% na kamfanin, tare da SoCal da Texaco sukashi na riƙe 30% kowanne. Sabbin shigowar sun kasance masu hannun jari a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Iraki kuma dole ne a cire takunkumin yarjejeniyar Red Line domin samun yancin shiga wannan tsari. A cikin alif 1949, ARAMCO ya kai farmaki a cikin Masarautar Abu Dhabi, wanda ya haifar da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Abu Dhabi da Saudi Arabia. A shekarar alif 1950, Sarki Abdulaziz ya yi barazanar mayar da albarkatun man kasarsa kasa, don haka ya matsa wa Aramco lamba ta amince ta raba ribar gida biyu An yi irin wannan tsari tare da kamfanonin mai na Amurka a Venezuela 'yan shekarun baya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa kamfanonin Aramco na Amurka harajin haraji wanda aka fi sani da gimmick na zinare daidai da ribar da aka baiwa Sarki Abdulaziz. A sakamakon sabon tsari, an dauke hedkwatar kamfanin daga New York zuwa Dhahran. A shekarar alif 1951, kamfanin ya gano filin mai na Safaniya, mafi girma a teku a duniya. A cikin shekarar alif 1957, gano ƙananan rijiyoyin mai da ke da alaƙa sun tabbatar da filin Ghawar a matsayin filin jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya. samar da wuta, maimakon kunna iskar. Shirin ya ƙidaya akan amfani da iskar gas mai alaƙa, amma a shekara ta 1985, Aramco ya sami damar haɗawa da daidaitattun ƙafar cubic biliyan a kowace rana (Bscfd) na iskar gas mara alaƙa. An samar da wannan iskar gas da ba ta da alaka da Kuff Formation, wanda wani dutse ne mai tsayin mita 650 a kasa da yankin Larabawa da ke hako mai. A cikin 1994, Aramco ya gano ƙarin iskar gas mara alaƙa a cikin zurfin halittar dutsen yashi na Jawf, kuma ya gina tsire-tsire a Hawiyah da Haradh don sarrafa shi. Hakan ya kara karfin injin iskar gas zuwa biliyan 9.4 YAKIN YOM KIPPUR A cikin 1973, bayan goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta sami "sha'awar shiga" kashi 25% a cikin kadarorin Aramco. Ya kara kudin shiga zuwa kashi 60 cikin 100 a shekarar alif 1974 sannan ya samu ragowar kashi 40% a shekarar alif 1976. Aramco ya ci gaba da gudanar da aiki da sarrafa tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco, gami da rangwamen da yake samu a wasu rijiyoyin mai na Saudiyya, a madadin gwamnatin Saudiyya har sai da 1988. A watan Nuwamba 1988, wata doka ta sarauta ta ƙirƙira wani sabon kamfanin Saudi Arabiya, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, don karɓe ikon tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco (ko Saudi Aramco) kuma ya ɗauki gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa mai da Saudi Arabia. iskar gas daga Aramco da abokan huldarsa. A cikin 1989-90, an gano mai da iskar gas mai inganci a yankuna uku kudu da Riyadh: yankin Raghib mai tazarar mil 77 (kilomita 124) kudu maso gabashin babban birnin kasa Yakin Persian Gulf A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar alif 1990, bayan fara yakin Gulf na Farisa, ana sa ran Aramco zai maye gurbin da yawa daga cikin man da aka cire daga kasuwannin duniya saboda takunkumin da aka yi wa Iraki da kuma mamaye Kuwaiti. Wannan ya kai adadin da ake samar da karin ganga miliyan 4.8 a kowace rana (Mbpd) don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kasuwar mai ta duniya. Bugu da kari, ana sa ran Aramco zai samar da dukkan bukatun jiragen sama da na diesel na hadin gwiwa. Aramco ta sake ba da rijiyoyin mai harmaliyah 146, Khurais, da Ghawar da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar rarraba mai, da bututun kula da ruwan gishiri, waɗanda aka yi asu a lokacin faduwar farashin mai a shekarun 1980. Abubuwan da ake samarwa na yau da kullun sun ƙaru daga 5.4 Mbpd a watan Yuli zuwa 8.5 Mbpd a cikin Disamba 1990 bayan wasan ƙwallon asu na watanni uku. Tun daga alif 1990, Aramco ya fara fadada siyar da danyen mai a kasuwar Asiya. Yarjejeniyar da Koriya ta Kudu, da Philippines, da China suka haifar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kusan kashi 70% na danyen mai na Aramco ya kasance zuwa Asiya. A alif 2000s A cikin Mayu 2001, Saudi Arabia ta sanar da Initiative na Gas, wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa kamfanoni na hadin gwiwa guda uku tare da IOCs guda takwas don hakar iskar gas a kan tsattsauran yanki na sama. Core Venture 1 ya hada da kudancin Ghawar da arewacin Rub' Al-Khali, Core Venture 2 ya hada da Red Sea, yayin da Core Venture 3 ya hada da Shaybah da Kidan. A cikin 2003, Royal Dutch Shell da TotalEnergies sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Saudi Aramco a cikin Core Venture 3. A cikin alif 2004, Core Venture 1 ya zama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda uku daban-daban tare da Saudi Aramco yana riƙe da 20%, ɗaya tare da Lukoil, na biyu tare da Sinopec, na uku tare da Repsol A shekara ta alif2004, Aramco yana samar da ganga miliyan 8.6 a kowace rana (mbpd) daga cikin yuwuwar 10 mbpd. A cikin 2005, Aramco ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar don kashe dalar Amurka biliyan 50 don haɓaka ƙarfinsu na yau da kullun zuwa 12.5 mbpd ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa da tacewa tare da ninka yawan na'urorin hakar ma'adinai. A cikin 2005, Saudi Aramco shine kamfani mafi girma a duniya wanda aka kiyasta darajar kasuwa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 781. A cikin watan Yunin 2008, dangane da farashin danyen mai da ya haura dalar Amurka 130 kan ganga, Aramco ta sanar da cewa za ta kara yawan hakowa zuwa ganga miliyan 9.7 a kowace rana (mbpd). Sannan yayin da farashin ya fadi, Aramco ya bayyana a watan Janairun 2009, cewa zai rage yawan amfanin gona zuwa 7.7 mbpd. A cikin 2011, Saudi Aramco ta fara samar da iskar gas daga Filin Gas na Karan, tare da samar da sama da miliyan 400 na scf kowace rana. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, mataimakin yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, ya sanar da cewa yana nazarin lissafin hannun jarin kamfanin na gwamnati, da kuma sayar da kusan kashi 5% na su domin gina wani babban asusu na dukiya. A ranar 26 ga Afrilun 2017, jami'an tsaron Saudiyya sun dakile wani yunkurin kai hari a cibiyar rarraba man fetur ta Aramco da ke dauke da wani jirgin ruwa mara matuka daga kasar Yaman. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito a cikin Satumba 2018, Aramco yana la'akari da wani asusu na babban kamfani na dalar Amurka biliyan 1 don saka hannun jari a kamfanonin fasaha na duniya. A watan Yuni na 2019, wani rahoto da Financial Times ya yi ikirarin cewa Aramco ya kasance yana biyan kudaden da suka shafi ma'aikatar; inganta kasafin kudin ma’aikatar kudi. Har ila yau, ya hada da ministan makamashi Khalid Al Falih na kamfanoni da tafiye-tafiyen diflomasiyya, da kuma zamansa a otal-otal masu alfarma. Duk da haka, wani abokinsa ya ambata cewa manufofin Falih sun ba da ƙarin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen mai da ya zarce kuɗin da ya kashe. A watan Satumbar 2019 ne Saudiyya ta nada Yasir Al-Rumayyan a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Aramco. Al-Rumayyan ya zama shugaban asusun yancin kai na kasar inda ya maye gurbin Khalid Al-Falih, wanda ke rike da mukamin tun shekarar 2015. HARIN 2011 NA YAN LEKEN ASIRI A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2012, kwayar cutar ta kai wa kwamfutocin Aramco hari. Washegari kamfanin Aramco ya sanar da cewa, babu daya daga cikin kwamfutocin da suka kamu da cutar da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar da ke da alaka da samar da mai, kuma nan ba da dadewa ba kamfanin zai ci gaba da aiki gaba daya. Masu satar bayanai sun dauki alhakin yaduwar kwayar cutar ta kwamfuta. Kwayar cutar ta kama kamfanonin da ke cikin sassan mai da makamashi. Wata kungiya mai suna "Cutting Sword of Justice" ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai kan ma'aikatun Saudiyya Aramco 30,000, lamarin da ya sa kamfanin ya kwashe tsawon watanni yana maido da ayyukansu, daga baya kungiyar ta nuna cewa an yi amfani da kwayar cutar Shamoon wajen kai harin. Sakamakon wannan harin, babban rukunin yanar gizon Aramco ya sauka kuma wani sako ya zo gidan yanar gizon yana ba abokan ciniki hakuri. Kwararru kan harkokin tsaro na kwamfuta sun ce "Harin, wanda aka fi sani da Shamoon, an ce ya kai hari "akalla kungiya daya" a bangaren. Shamoon yana da ikon goge fayiloli tare da mayar da kwamfutoci da yawa a wata hanyar sadarwa mara amfani. Richard Clarke ya nuna cewa harin wani bangare ne na harin. Wani mai bincike kan harkokin tsaro Chris Kubecka, wanda ya taimaka wa kamfanin wajen tabbatar da tsaro bayan harin, Iran ta dauki fansa kan shigar Amurka a Stuxnet. HARIN SAMA NA SHEKARAR 2019 A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2019, an kai wani hari maras matuki a kan wasu masana'antun Saudiyya Aramco guda biyu: cibiyar sarrafa mai na Abqaiq da kuma gidan mai na Khurais. 'Yan tawayen Houthi sun dauki alhakin kai harin. Harin ya katse ganga miliyan 5.7 a kowace rana (bpd) na danyen mai na Saudiyya. sama da kashi 5% na wadatar duniya. Akwai tattaunawa da jami'an Saudiyya kan dage IPO na Aramco, saboda hare-haren "sun mayar da fiye da rabin abin da masarautar ke fitarwa" na mai. 2019 Farawa na Jama'a (IPO) Tun a kusa da 2018, Saudi Arabiya ta fara tunanin sanya wani kaso na mallakar Saudi Aramco, har zuwa kashi 5%, kan cinikin jama'a ta hanyar hadaya ta farko ta jama'a (IPO), don rage farashin da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen tafiyar da kamfanin. Yayin da aka tantance IPO daga manyan bankuna, IPO ya jinkirta saboda damuwar tsarin kamfani na Aramco zuwa 2018 zuwa 2019. Hare-haren da jiragen sama marasa matuka na watan Satumbar 2019 suka kai kan cibiyoyin Aramco kuma ya jinkirta fara IPO. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2019, Aramco ta ba da lamuni gabaɗaya da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 12. Batun lamunin sa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa ya karɓi sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 100 a cikin umarni daga masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, wanda ke karya duk bayanan batun haɗin gwiwa ta wata hanyar kasuwa mai tasowa. Aramco ta sanar a ranar Lahadi 3 ga Nuwamba 2019 shirin ta na jera 1.5% na ƙimar ta a matsayin IPO akan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta fitar da wani shafi mai shafuka 600 yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da IPO. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka bayar, har zuwa 0.5% na hannun jari an kulle su don masu saka hannun jari na kowane ɗayan. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta sanya farashin ta a kan riyal 32 na Saudiyya (kimanin dalar Amurka 8.53 a lokacin) kowace kaso. Kamfanin ya samar da biyan kuɗi na jimlar adadin ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 119 wanda ke wakiltar 456% na jimlar hannun jarin tayin. Ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 25.6 a cikin IPO, wanda ya zama IPO mafi girma a duniya, inda ya gaji na Alibaba Group a 2014. Kamfanin ya fara ciniki a Tadawul a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2019, hannun jari ya tashi 10% zuwa riyal 35.2, wanda ya ba kamfanin kasuwa Babban jari na kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, da sanya Saudi Aramco ya zama kamfani mafi girma a duniya SHIRIN KULA DA MATSAKAITA GYARA NA DUNIYA A cewar takardar ajiyar kudinda Aramco tayi Goldman Sachs,HSBC,JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley,NCB capital kamfanin me ya hayar dasu don shirya kiran masu saka hannun jari kafin shirin kiran masu ciniki.Takardar da data saga cikin bankunan da aka CE hana da hannu a yarjejeniyar ya wallafa ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar ta hada da BNP paribas,Bofa securities,SMBC ,First Abu Dhabi bank,Soviets generals da BOkamfanin kasa da kasa ya bada rohoton faduwar ribar sa ta uku a watan nuwamba a shekara ta 2020,saboda Karin farashin danyen man fetur da raguwar bukatunsa biyo bayan cutar ta COVID19 A KARNI NA 2020 A ranar goma 10 ga watan maris shekara ta 2020 Saudi Aramco ta bada sanarwar hadin gwiwa na duniya tare da kamfanin formulae one ta kulla yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa A ranar 17 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2020 Saudi Aramco ta samu kashi 70 na cikin SABIC kanfanin kera sinadari na kasar A watan yunin shekarar 2020 Saudi Aramco ta kori kusan ma aikatanta kusan 500 daga cikin ma aikatanta saga cikin 70,000 yayin da kamfanin makamashi na duniya suka rage yawan ma aikatanta su sakamakon cutar covid19 mafi yawan ma aikatanta dasuka rasa ai kinsu a Aramco yan kasashen waje ne Aranar 31 ga watan yuli 2022 saudi aramco ta rasa kambunta a matsayin kamfani mafi girma da aka jera duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa ga kamfanin Apple Aranar 9 ga watan agusta shekara ta 2020 saudi aramco ta bada rahoton faduwar kashi 50 cikin 100 na kudaden shiga na rabin farkon shekarar kudinta, yayin da bukatar man fetur da farashinsa ke ci gaba da faduwa sanadiyar cutar covid-19 A ranar 3 ga watan nuwamba shekarar 2020, saudi aramco ta bada rohoton raguwar ribar 44.6 cikin kashi 100 na ribar da aka samu a cikin rubu'i na uku a tsakanin cutar covid-19 A ranar 14 ga watan disamba shekarar 2020, gidan talabijin na kasar saudi arebia ya sanat da cewa wani karamin wani karamin kwale kwale da aka makale da bama bamai ya kai hari kan wani jirgin dakon mai dauke da sama da tan metric 60 na man feturmaras leda daga matatar mai ta aramco dake yanbu

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imambara%20Zadibal

Imambara Zadibal

Imambara Zadibal shine Imbara na farko da aka gina a cikin Kwarin Kashmir ta Kaji Chak, minista a lokacin mulkin Sultan Mohammad a shekara ta 1518. Wannan Imbara an ƙone ta an lalata ta da yawa. Tarihi Imambara Zadibal ɗayan tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na Kashmir, yana cikin jihar Jammu da Kashmir, waɗanda Indiya ke gudanarwa. Yana cikin yankin Zadibal a cikin Srinagar zuwa yamma da sansanin. An gina shi a cikin 1518, Kaji Chak, wanda yake minista tare da Sultan Mohammed Shah, ya gina wannan wurin bautar. Wannan ginin mai hawa biyu yana daya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren tarihi a kwarin Kashmir. Yana zaune a kan layin gine-ginen Farisa, wannan wurin bautar ya tsufa kuma wannan sanannen wuri ne na yawon shakatawa. Daga 1548 AD zuwa 1872 AD, ginin ya cinna wuta sau goma sha ɗaya kuma an sake gina shi kowane lokaci. Kwanan nan, tsohuwar Imambara aka saukar da ita 2004 don sake fasali da sake gina wurin bautar da ke tsaye a yau. Wurin ibadar yana da girma don ɗaukar baƙi fiye da 32,000 a lokaci guda. Akwai labarai daban-daban game da ginin Imambara Zadibal, amma tarihi ya ce Tajik Shah ya ba da kyautar ƙasar zadibal ga Mir Shamshud din Iraqi, wanda ya gabatar da addinin Shi'a ga Kashmir kuma ya rinjayi jami'an gwamnatin wancan lokacin. Sannan dangin Mir Shamshud ɗin Iraqi, wanda kabarinsa ba shi da 'yan kaɗan kaɗan daga Imambara Zadibal, sun zauna a wurin. Zuriyarsa ta biyar sun gina masallacinsu na sirri kuma sun zauna kusa da farkon karni na ashirin da daya. Sun ware filaye masu amfani don samar da kudi don kula da masallaci. Sun riƙe haƙƙin mallaka ga kansu amma sun ba maƙwabtansu damar yin addu'a a can. Ta zama babbar cibiyar karatun mabiya Ahlul baiti. Dattawan dangin Markdar zasu koyar game da addini. Sun kuma gina Hamam don amfani dashi azaman masaukin baƙi don matafiya masu zuwa daga Baltistan da sauran yankuna masu nisa. A lokacin Maharaja Ghulab Singh wanda yake son ya rike dukkan cibiyoyin karkashin ikon mulkinsa ta hanyar wakilansa (Jalalis) ta yadda babu wanda zai iya yi masa tawaye. Sannan rikici ya ɓarke tsakanin Jalalis da Markdars. Ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 150. A lokacin Firayim Minista na Kashmir Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, 'Yan kasuwar sun ba da gudummawar Imambara ga' yan Shi'a kuma daga baya ƙungiyar Shi'a ta ɗauki nauyin kula da ita. Shiungiyar Shia ta sayi ƙasar da ke kusa da Imambara daga Markdars ta yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban, gami da musayar yare da biyan kuɗi. Kwanan nan, Marigayi Molvi Iftikhar Hussein Ansari ya gyara Imambara. Gine-gine Saurin tsarin gine-ginen Fasiya, Imambara Zadibal gini ne mai hawa biyu. Ana yin sa ne da tubalin gabas. Tubalin Maharaji ya mamaye yanki mai girman murabba'in mita 75. Wannan gidan ibada yana da rawanin bene da yawa da ake kira Gulam Gardish. Akwai tsakiyar matakin ƙasa ana kiransa Pokhr. Hakanan yana da babban ɗakin hoto tare da ƙofofi huɗu. A halin yanzu, tsarin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar All Jammu da Kashmir Shi'a Association, waɗanda ke kula da shi. Tsarin da muke gani a yau yana ci gaba da aikin gini. Bukukuwa Musulmin Shia 'yan tsiraru ne a Kashmir. A cikin kwanaki 10 na farko na Muharram, Imambada Zadibal ya zama cibiyar makoki da taron addini a Zadibal. Mabiya Shia suna shiga cikin juyayin, galibi suna ƙarewa ne a lokacin bikin Ashura, lokacin da babban jerin gwano ke bi ta titunan Zadibal suna karewa a Imambada Zadibal. Ana ci gaba da zaman makoki daga ranar farko ta Muharram zuwa takwas ga watan Musulunci na watan Rabi al Awwal, bayan haka ana bikin Eid al Zahra, wanda aka fi sani da Eid e Shuja. Wannan ya kawo karshen zaman makoki na watanni biyu. Gini da lalata Immabara Zadibal ya lalace kuma an sake gina shi da yawa. Daga lokacin Sultan Nazuk Shah na Mirza Douglat a 1548 AD har zuwa lokacin Maharaja Ranbir Singh a 1872 AD, wannan hasken ya ƙone kusan sau goma sha ɗaya. A lokacin da aka gina Imambara Zadibal, gini ne mai ɗaukaka kuma mutane a yankin Kashmir suna alfahari da shi. Koyaya, Mirza Hyder Kashgari Douglat ya sanyawa wannan ɗakin tsafin wuta a cikin 1548 AD. Daulat Chak ya fara sake gina shi a cikin 1551. Zafar Kupawari ya sanyawa Imambara Zadibal wuta a karo na biyu a shekarar 1553. Makiyan Ahlul Baiti sun sake kona shi a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Mughal Shah Jahan. A shekarar 1682 Miladiyya, lokacin da Emperoro Aurangzeb Alamgir ke mulki, an sake cinnawa Imambara Zadibal wuta. A shekarar 1719 Miladiyya, an kona ta a karo na biyar yayin arangamar Mukhtawi Khan. Tana cin wuta a karo na shida a shekarar 1748 Miladiyya daga makiya Ahlul Baiti. Sun sake yin hakan a cikin 1763. Imambara Zadibal ya sake kamawa da wuta a watan Yunin 1801, lokacin mulkin Afghanistan a Kashmir, gab da Ashura. A watan Yulin 1830, wurin ibadar an yi kisan kiyashi lokacin da Jammu da Kashmir suke ƙarƙashin ikon Sikh. A wannan ranar, an yi wa 'yan Shi'a da yawa kisan gilla. Wannan ya faru ne a filin shakatawa na Ali da ke Zadibal ko Margibal. An sake gina Imambara Zadibal tare da taimakon kuɗi daga wani Ministan Sultan na Nasr-ud-din na Awadh. An aika wannan tallafin zuwa Haji Baqir Khan Irani, wanda ya ba da aikin sake ginin wannan ginin ga Hatim Mir. A watan Satumba na 1872, an sake cinnawa ginin wuta a ƙarƙashin mulkin Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Ya kasance Dogra mai mulkin J&K. A wannan lokacin, sarkin ya ba da taimakon kuɗi na kusan Rs. Lakhs 3 don gyara Imambara da dawo da shi yadda yake da cigaba a yanzu. Duk lokacin da dakin ibadar ya shiga cikin wuta, mabiya Annabi Muhammad da Ahlul Baiti sukan kasance masu gamsuwa ne kawai su sake gina shi gaba daya. Wuri Isar wannan wurin ibadar yana da sauki saboda yana kusa da Babbar Hanya Srinagar. Imambara tana tsakiyar Zadibal, kuma tana kusa da tafkin Khushal Sar da Hari Parbat Fort wanda yawancin mutane ke kira Qilla. Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Srinagar. Tafiyar awa ce ta mota. Filin jirgin saman Sheikh ul Alam yana da 'yan kilomitoci kaɗan daga Imambara. Hakanan ana samun sabis na taksi a cikin garin Srinagar. Sauran yanar gizo Guruwar Gado: Imambara Zadibal da Tsananta ta Masallatai Musulunci Gine-gine Pages with unreviewed translations

2373

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa

Faransa

Faransa (na dogon lokaci a Faransa: Jamhuriyar Faransa) ƙasa ce da ta tashi daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Tekun Atlantika (tare da Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Pierre da Miquelon, da sauransu, france, Saint Martin, Faransa, Saint Barthelemy), Tekun Pacific (tare da tsibiran Clipperton, Faransa Polynesia, Wallis da Futuna, New Caledonia), da, Tekun Indiya (tare da Tsibirin Reunion da Mayotte Island), da Antarctica (tare da filayen Antarctica da Adelaide Earth) da Kudancin Amurka (tare da Guiana na Faransa). Faransa tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da ƙasashe 11: Belgium, Luxembourg, Jamus, Switzerland, Italiya, Monaco da Monaco, Andorra da Spain a Turai, Faransa, Faransa, Spain, Suriname da Brazil a Kudancin Amurka da Netherlands a tsibirin Holy. Martin. Tana da manyan hanyoyin ruwa a tekun Atlantika, Tekun Pacific, Tekun Indiya, Bahar Rum da Channel musamman, wannan yana ba shi damar amfana daga yankin tattalin arziki na biyu mafi girma a duniya (a bayan Amurka). Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Jamhuriyar ta Biyar a 1958, Faransa ta kasance jamhuriya mai zaman kanta tare da kundin tsarin mulki. Babban birninta shine Paris da yaren Faransanci. Kudinsa na hukuma shine Yuro (tun 2002) kuma yana da yawan jama'a miliyan 68. Faransa tana da cikakken yanki na 672,051 km2 (ba ta kirga ƙasar Adelie ba saboda ta ce) ta mai da ita ƙasa ta 41 dangane da yankin. Faransa wani ɓangare ne na cibiyoyin Turai da na duniya da yawa ciki har da Tarayyar Turai (wanda ke ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka kafa), North Atlantic Alliance (NATO), da sauransu , ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) wanda memba ne na dindindin a Kwamitin Tsaro. Tsarin mulkin Faransa ta nuna Kasar ta boko ce da ta dimokaradiyya wanda sarautarsa na samowa daga jama’ar. Dangane da yawon shakatawa, Faransa ita ce ƙasar da ta ziyarci duniya , musamman godiya ga bambancin shimfidar wurare (na birnin Paris da kuma sanannun abubuwan tunawa kamar Hasumiyar Eiffel, Montmartre, Notre-Dame de Paris, da sauransu , Champs-Elysees ko Arc de Triomphe a Fadar Versailles ta hanyar filayen Provencal lavender, gonakin inabin Bordeaux da Grand Est, kasuwannin Kirsimeti na Alsatian, da , rairayin bakin teku masu Riviera na Faransa da Corsica, waɗanda ke saukowa daga Yaƙin Duniya na biyu a Normandy, ginin Loire, gandun daji na Amazon a Guyana, da sauransu , volcanoes na Auvergne, wuraren hakar ma'adinai na arewa, vestiges na masana'antu wanda ya san arewacin Faransa a karni na XIXe ko Brittany) da kuma gastronomy , mashahuri a duk duniya a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyau a duniya. Faransa tana daya daga cikin shugabannin duniya a bangarori da dama da suka hada da abinci, aeronautics, motoci, yawon shakatawa, da sauransu, makaman nukiliya ko alatu (alamomin alatu da yawa kamar su Louis Vuitton, Hamisa, Dior, Chanel, cartier da sauransu Faransawa ne). Yana nuna matsayin "mai girma" na rayuwa akan darajar IDH. A fagen soja, ita ce babbar rundunar soja ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya kuma tana da makaman nukiliya. A zamanin dá, wanda yanzu alkaryar Faransa ne dá tana da mutanen Gaul, kananan mutane. Daular Romawa sun ci mutanen Gaul da yaki a shekara ta 51 BC kafin zuwan Kiristi, wanda ta rike Gaul zuwa shekaru 486. Mutanen Gaul ta Roma sun fuskanci hare-hare da kaurace-kaurace daga ýan Faransa ta Jamus wanda sun mamaye yankin shekaru aru-aru, daga baya suna kafa Daular Faransa na dá. Faransa ta fito muhimi wajen mulki na Turai a shekaru na karshe ta tsakiya, da nasararta cikin shekaru dari na yaki (1337 zuwa shekara alif ta 1453) wanda ta karfafa ginin Kasar Faransa da ba da dama na gaba a mulukiya innanaha na tsakiya. A cikin lokacin farfadowa, Faransa ta fuskanci cin gaban al’adu makake da farkon kafuwar Daular mulkin mallaka na zamani. Yakin basasa na addini tsakanin ýan Katolika da ýan Furotesta, ta mamaye karni na goma sha shida (16th). Faransa ta mamaye Turai wajen a’adu, da siyasa da mulkin soja kalkashin Louis. Masu ilimin falfasa sun taka rawa mai kyau a lokacin wayewan kai a karni na goma sha takwas (18th), an hambarar da mulukiya a juyin mulkin Faransa. A cikin gadonta da bayanin hakkin ‘dan Adam da na ‘dan Kasa, daya daga cikin takardu na hakkin ‘dan Adam, wanda tana bayyana cewa Kasar ta dace har wa yau. Faransa ta zama daya daga cikin tarihin zamani a jamhuriya na farko sai da Napoliya ya hawo mulki sai ya kafa Daula ta farko na Faransa a shekara alif dari takwas da hudu (1804). Ya dingi fada da rikitattun gwiwa cikin lokacin yake-yaken Napoliya, ya mamaye harkokin Turai fiye da shekaru goma wanda ya shafa al’adun Turai na tsawon lokaci. Faransa ta jimre hayaniyar gadon gwamnatoci a faduwar Daular, mulukiyar ta gyaru. An mayar da shi a shekara ta alif dari takwas da talatin(1830) bisa dokan mulukiya, sannan a gurguje a jamhuriya ta biyu, kuma a Daula ta biyu har zuwa kafuwar jamhuriyar farasanci na uku mai karfi a shekara ta 1870. Jamhuriyar farasanci sun yi rikice-rikice da Ikilisiyar Katolika don rashin wa`azin addinin kirista a faransa a lokacin juyin mulkin farasanci a kafuwar dokar Laicité na shekara 1905. Laicité ya yi tsamani amma haryar cimma buri ne na boko wanda shi ne muhimmin dokan gudanarwa a zamanin yau na hukumar faransanci. Faransa ta kai tsawo na yankinta cikin karni na sha tara (19) da farkon karni na ashirin (20), zuwa karshe, ta mallaki babban Daula ta biyu na mulkin mallaka a duniya. A yakin Duniya na farko, Faransa ta zo daya daga cikin masu nasara a cikin ninka sau uku tsakanin Kasashe kawance fadan yaki da mulkin tsakiya. Faransa dá kuma daya ne cikiin masu iko a Yakin Duniya na biyu, amma ta zo a kalkashin mamayar kusuwar mulki a shekara ta 1940. Bin kwaton ýanci a shekara ta 1944, Jamhuriya ta hudu ta kafu sai aka narkar da ita a sanadiyar Yakin Aljeriya. An kafa Jamhuriya ta biyar a shekara ta 1958 wanda Charles de Gaulle ya shugabance ta, kuma tana nan har wa yau. Yawancin Daulolin farasanci an bar yin musu mulkin mallaka a Yakin Duniya na biyu. A cikin tarihinta duka, Faransa ta zama na gaba a duniya da cibiyar al’ada, tana yin muhimmin gudumawa kan Kimiya da Fasaha da Ilimin Falfasa. Faransa ta halarce gaggarumar lamba na uku a kungiyar Kyautata Ilimi da Kimiya da Al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Turai a wajajen gadon duniya (bayan Italya da Sfen) kuma tana karban Ýan Yawon Shakatawa kusan miliyan tamanin takwas (83) a shekara fiye da kowane Kasa a duniya. Faransa ta kasance da iko na al’ada muhimi na tattalin arziki, na soja da na siyasa. Ita Kasa ce mai cigaban masana’antu da zama lamba na shida a tattalin arziki a duniya babba ta bin kasafin da Kasa ta tanada, kuma ta zo na tara babba wajen Sayayyan wuta daidaito. Bisa ga Credit Suisse, Faransa ita ce na hudu mafi arziki a Kasashen duniya bisa ga jimilar arzikin gidaje. Ta kuma mallake babban bangare mafi tattalin arziki a duniya (EEZ), wanda Kasarta ta ci murabba’in Kilomita 11,691,000 (4,514,000 sq mi). ‘Yan Farasanci suna jin dadin daidaitacciyar zama, kuma Kasar tana da martaba sosai wajen ilimin Kasashe, kiwon lafiya da ababan rayuwa `yanci da doka ta tanada da kuma raya dan Adam. Faransa tana daga kasashen da sun kafa majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ta zama daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na ainihi na ‘yan tsaron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ita kuma mamba ta kungiya ta bakwai (7), Kungiyar Yarjejeniya na Phasa ta Arewa (NATO), Kungiyar Hadin Kai don Rayar da tattalin Arziki (OECD), Kungiyar Sana’a ta Duniya (WTO) da kuma La Francophonie. Faransa ta samar da Tarayyar Turai Kuma na gaba a cikin Tarayyar. Yankunan Faransa ᛫ Sauran yankuna na Faransa (Faransa Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis da Futuna, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Pierre da Miquelon, filayen kudancin Faransa da Antarctic, da sauransu , Tsibirin clipperton) ba yankuna bane kuma suna da matsayi daban. Hotuna Manazarta Ƙasashen Turai

26698

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27ayin%20Musulunci%20game%20da%20jima%27i%20na%20baka

Ra'ayin Musulunci game da jima'i na baka

A cikin maudu'in ra'ayin Musulunci kan jima'i ta baka, akwai sabanin fahimta. Malaman da suke ganin halaccin al'aurar baki suna yin haka ne saboda babu wani dalili bayyananne a cikin Hadisi da Alqur'ani da ya haramta irin wannan aiki. Malaman musulunci irin su Yusuf al-Qaradawi suna da wannan ra'ayi. Haka nan kuma ba a ambaci wannan aiki a matsayin wani bangare na farfaganda ba a Hadisi, duk da cewa Musulunci ya jaddada muhimmancin wasan gaban-ba-da-ban-da-kai, kamar yadda sumbatar juna da tabawa da makamantansu suka zo a Hadisi karara. Mazhabobin tunani (Mazahib) irin su Shafi'i da Hanbali sun dauki 'yan uwa a matsayin halattacce amma kawai a matsayin wani bangare na fara'a, yayin da dukkan mazhabobi ke daukar fitar al'aura a matsayin najasa. An fi son yin jima'i da baki, muddin ba a sha basir daga al'aura kuma ba a samu rauni ko rauni ba. Bisa ga madadin ra'ayi, jima'i na baka kawai an halatta shi azaman hanyar ƙarfafawa da wasan gaba. Akwai tafsiri kan taba al'aurar namiji da kansa a ruwayoyi daban-daban na Hadisi. Ana ba da shawarar amfani da kwaroron roba ko dam ɗin hakori kafin yin kowane nau'i na jima'i na baka. Tambayoyin wasan kwaikwayo da jima'i na baka Akwai bambancin ra'ayi a cikin wannan batu. Malamai da yawa sun yarda cewa jima'i ta baki ya halatta, amma ba a so. Malaman da suke ganin halaccin saduwa da baki suna yin haka ne domin babu wani dalili qarara a cikin Hadisi da Alqur’ani da ya haramta irin wannan aiki. Manyan malaman musulmi irin su Yusuf al-Qaradawi suna da wannan ra'ayi. Haka nan kuma, ba a ambaci irin wannan aiki a matsayin wani bangare na wasan farko ba a Hadisi duk da cewa Musulunci ya jaddada muhimmancin wasan gaban-ba, kamar yadda sumba, tabawa da makamantansu suka zo a Hadisi karara. Muhammadu ya hana yin "kamar dabba" da matar mutum, amma a maimakon haka ya kamata ya dauki lokaci don mu'amala da ita a matsayinsa na mutum kuma ya yi wasa da ita. Haka kuma miji yana da alhakin biya wa mace bukatar (wato kawo ta cikin inzali) a matsayin wani bangare na zaman lafiya da kuma tabbatar da hakkin matar. A lokacin jima'i da jima'i ana barin miji ya ji dadin nonon matar, a mazhabar Hanafiyya ya halatta matukar ba a sha wani sirri (wato madara) yayin wannan aikin. Sai dai mafi yawan malamai da suka hada da mazhabar Hanbaliyya da Shafi'iyya da Malikiyya sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa shan nono bisa kuskure ba zai yi tasiri a tsakanin miji da mata ba. Kan taba azzakari Akwai tafsiri kan taba al'aurar namiji da kansa a ruwayoyi daban-daban na Hadisi. Misali akwai hadisin Basrah bint Safwaan, wacce ta ji Annabi Muhammad yana cewa: “Duk wanda ya taba al’aurarsa, to ya yi alwala (wanke)”. (Abu Dawud ne ya rawaito shi, al-Tahaarah, 154. Albaniy ya ce a cikin Saheeh Sunan Abi Dawud, lamba ta: 166, saheeh ne). Malaman fikihu Hanafiyya sun ce taba azzakari a shari’ar Musulunci ba abin kunya ba ne. Hadisin Sahih na al-Muwatta Imam Muhammad ya kafa hujja da cewa "aikin ba najasa bane". Ya jaddada cewa "Idan azzakari ya kasance marar tsarki ko najasa, sai a yanke shi daga jiki a jefar da shi". Hadisi ya ce babu bambanci tsakanin azzakari da sauran sassan jiki. Sai dai kuma akwai Hadisin Sahih da yake nuni da cewa yin alwala wajibi ne bayan an sha taba. Na farko da na biyu na waɗannan rahotanni suna da alaka da rahoton da aka ambata akai-akai, wanda aka bayar a kan Talq b. Ali [b. al-Mundhir b. Qays], dangane da fadin Muhammadu game da azzakari. Talka b. ;Ali ya ce: “Muna tare da Manzon Allah, sai wani mutum kamar Badawiyya ya zo masa ya ce: “Ya Manzon Allah, me kake tunani game da mutum ya shafi azzakarinsa bayan ya yi alwala? “Mene ne banda guntun naman ku?” Akwai rashin jituwa a kan wannan rahoto kuma kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, mafi qarfin hujjar yin alwala bayan tava azzakarinsa ya zo ne daga hadisin Basrah bint Safwaan na Muhammad tana cewa “Duk wanda ya shafi al’aurarsa. sai ya yi alwala.” Haka kuma an ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce: "Duk lokacin da dayanku ya yi ruwa (fitsari) kada ya rike azzakarinsa, ko kuma ya wanke al'aurarsa da hannun damansa." (Sahihul Bukhari, 1.4.156). "Duk wanda ya shiga cikin ku to kada ya taba azzakarinsa da hannun damansa." (Sahih Muslim, 2.0512). Dangantaka da gamsuwar jima'i Gujewa basir Mazhabobin tunani (Madh'hab) irin su Shafi'i da Hanbali sun dauki 'yan uwa a matsayin halaltacce amma kawai a matsayin wani bangare na wasan gaba alhali dukkan makarantu suna daukar fitar al'aura a matsayin najasa. An fi son yin jima'i da baki muddin ba a sha basir daga al'aura kuma ba a yi rauni ko rauni ba. Shan maniyyi a daya bangaren kuma wasu malamai sun yi imanin ya halatta. Koyaya, ra'ayi mafi ƙarfi shine ba a yarda dashi ba. Dole ne ma'aurata su wanke bakinsu daga baya don kiyaye tsabta. A wata fatawa da Shaihu Muhammad bin Saalih al-Uthaymeen ya rubuta, ma'auratan za su iya kwana a kan gadon da maniyyi ya zubo tun da ana ganin maniyyi a matsayin wani abu mai tsarki (?) a shari'ar Musulunci; duk da haka, wannan ya dogara ne akan tsaftar mutumin. Idan mijin bai wanke kansa ba bayan fitsari da kuma kafin ya yi jima'i da baki to maniyyin zai ƙazantu. Yin wanka (ghusl) bayan jima'i na baki Bisa ga madadin ra'ayi, jima'i na baka kawai an halatta shi azaman hanyar ƙarfafawa da wasan gaba. Idan miji ya yi jima'i da matarsa ​​ta baki, kuma ya fitar da maniyyi, to, tawaya ta wajaba a cikin hukunce-hukuncen tsaftar jima'i na Musulunci; duk da haka, idan ya saki Madhy ne kawai, to ana buqatar Alwala ne kawai, sannan ya wanke Madhy. Ana ba da shawarar amfani da kwaroron roba ko dam ɗin hakori kafin yin kowane nau'i na jima'i na baka. Manazarta

27282

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa%20Gidan%20Yari%20a%20Najeriya

Fasa Gidan Yari a Najeriya

Fasa gidan yari haramun ne a dokar Najeriya, na wani fursuna da aka tilasta masa fita daga gidan yari . Haka kuma za a iya kwatanta shi da hare-haren da ‘yan ta’adda irin su Boko Haram da ‘yan fashi da makami ke kaiwa jami’an gidan yari na Najeriya inda ake sakin fursunoni da dama. Sau da yawa idan hakan ta faru, jami’an gidajen yari na Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin tsaro suna yin kokari wajen damke wadanda suka tsere a mayar da su gidan yari wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsawaita zaman gidan yari. Ana iya danganta fasa gidan yari a Najeriya da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin tallafin ayyukan gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin tsaro kamar CCTV, na'urorin motsa jiki, katanga mai tsayi da aka yi da waya mai katanga da kuma katangar wutar lantarki a wasu lokutan. Hanyoyin Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don sauƙaƙe fasa gidan yari. Hanyar jiki ita ce mafi yawan hanyar da masu aikata laifin fasa gidan yarin Najeriya ke bi. Wannan hanya ta ƙunshi amfani da makamai da wasu abubuwa masu fashewa irin su dynamite wajen fatattakar jami'an tsaron gidan yarin da ke dauke da makamai da sauran jami'ai wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuka. Hukunci A Najeriya karya gidan yari laifi ne da ake hukuntawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Najeriya . Hukuncin ya bambanta ya danganta da yanayin harin, waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su da kuma irin laifukan da aka ɗaure dan wasan. Abubuwan da aka ruwaito Batun karya gidajen yari dai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Najeriya saboda rashin tsaro da kuma zama ruwan dare tsakanin ‘yan bindiga . Barkewar gidajen yari ya yi sanadiyar tserewa fursunoni sama da guda 4000 daga gidajen yarin Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2009. karya gidan yarin Bauchi A ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2010 ne wasu ‘yan bindiga guda 50 da ake zargin ‘yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Bauchi da ke arewacin Najeriya . Wannan harin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni guda 721, inda mutane 5 suka mutu tare da jikkata wasu guda 6. Hutu gidan yari Ogun   A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an bayyana cewa an kai hari mafi karancin gidan yari na Shagamu da ke birnin jihar Ogun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 20 tare da raunata wasu jami’an gidan yari da wasu fursunoni. Kimanin ‘yan gudun hijira 4 ne rundunar ‘yan sandan da ke kula da gidan yari ta sake kama su. Hutu gidan yari Ondo A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, an ruwaito cewa wasu ‘yan bindiga 50 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Olokuta da ke Akure, babban birnin jihar Ondo, a Najeriya. Fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 175 inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan 1 mai gadi ya samu rauni. An sake kama wasu kusan 54 da suka tsere. fasa gidan yarin Legas A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban 2014, an samu labarin fasa gidan yari da ke tsakiyar gidan yarin Kirikiri da ke jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda wasu fursunonin gidan yarin suka yi. Wannan lamarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar fursunoni 20 tare da jikkata wasu 80 sannan wasu 12 suka tsere. karya gidan yari na Kogi A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, an sake samun labarin fasa gidan yari a gidan yari na Koto-Karffi a jihar Kogi, dake arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya, inda wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake kyautata zaton ’yan Boko Haram ne. Wannan lamari dai ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 144 daga gidan yarin inda aka sake kama fursunoni 1 da suka tsere. Fasa gidan yarin Ekiti A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an sake kai wani hari a gidan yarin gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ado Ekiti, birnin jihar Ekiti da wasu ‘yan bindiga 60 da ba a san ko su wanene ba. Wannan harin ya yi sanadin tserewar fursunoni 341 wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar jami’in gidan yari guda. Kimanin fursunoni 10 ne aka sake kama yayin harin sannan an sake kama wasu 67 da suka tsere daga baya. karya gidan yari Minna A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2014, kimanin mako guda bayan hutun gidan yarin na Ekiti, wasu ‘yan bindiga 3 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi da makami ne su ka kai hari a tsakiyar gidan yarin Minna. Wannan fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 270 inda jami'an tsaro 1 suka samu raunuka ba tare da an samu rahoton mutuwa ba. Kuje prison break A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, an samu fasa gidan yari a Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Kuje da ke Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja inda wasu manyan fursunoni biyu Solomon Amodu da Maxwell Ajukwu da ke jiran shari’a kan kisan kai suka tsere daga gidan yari ta hanyar yin katanga. An cire shugaban gidan yarin na Kuje ne bayan wannan daurin da babban kwamandan hukumar gidan yari ta Najeriya ya yi. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2016, Hukumomin gidan yari na Najeriya da ke babban birnin tarayya sun ba da rahoton wani yunkurin fasa gidan yari da bai yi nasara ba a gidan yarin na Kuje. Hukumomin kasar sun ce wasu fursunonin sun yi kokarin bijirewa binciken da aka saba yi na wayar salula wanda wani bangare ne na ka’idojin gudanar da aiki wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin jami’an da fursunonin. Nan da nan aka shawo kan lamarin tare da dawo da zaman lafiya domin babu wani fursuna da ya samu rauni ko wata kadara da ta lalace a cikin ginin. karya gidan yari Owerri A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2021, wata kungiya da ake kyautata zaton kungiyar tsaro ta Gabas ce ta kai hari gidan yarin Owerri a Owerri,Imo . ESN ta shigo gidan yarin dauke da manyan bindigogi, roka da gurneti da bama-bamai. ‘Yan ta’addan sun yi amfani da bama-bamai wajen shiga rukunin gidajen yari tare da sakin fursunoni 1,844 tare da kona wasu cibiyoyin ‘yan sanda da ke kusa da gidan yarin. karya gidan yari Edo A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2020, wasu gungun mutane da ke fakewa da masu zanga-zangar ENDSARs, sun kai hari a gidajen yari a garin Benin da Oko a Jihar Edo inda suka sako fursunoni 1,993 da ke tsare a gidan yari tare da kwashe makamai. Maharan sun zo da yawa dauke da muggan makamai kuma suka far wa jami’an da ke aikin gadi tare da gaggauta bude sel tare da lalata dukiyoyin da ke cikin ginin. Manazarta Fasa gidan yari a Najeriya Masu Laifi a Najeriya Gidajen Yari a Najeriya Fursunoni Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri

Warri

Warri birni ne, da ke a jihar Delta, a Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Delta. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane dubu dari shida da sittin da uku. Birnin Warri cibiya ne na man-fetur da ke kudu-maso-kudancin kasannan, kuma gidan gwamnati na Jihar Delta na cikinta. Itace matsayin yankin gundumar Turawan Mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Warri ta hada yanki da Sapele, duk da cewa a yanzu an hade yankunan Sapele kamar su Okere, Agbassa, Uvwie, Okpe, da kuma Udu a matsayin yankin babban Birnin Warri. Akwai gidajen Osubi da filin jirgin sama guda daya a garin. Kalmar "Gundumar Warri" a da tana nufin wani yanki na jihar Delta, wanda ke karkashin mulkin turawa na yankin Kudancin Najeriya. Ta hada yanki da Sapele daga Arewa-maso-Gabas, da kuma Rafin Forcados daga Kudu-maso-Gabas, sai kuma Jameson Creek daga kudu-maso-yamma wanda daga baya ta koma karkashin gundumar Delta. Effurun itace matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin birnin. Birnin Warri tana daya daga cikin maya-manyan cibiyoyi sarrafa da kuma kasuwancin man-fetur dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace babban birnin kuma cibiyar kasuwanci na jihar Delta, da yawan mutane akalla mutum 311,970 dangane da kidayar shekara ta 2006. Asalin mazauna birnin sun kasance mutanen harsunan Urhobo, Ijaw da Itsekiri. Sannan mafi aksarin mazauna garin kiristoci ne, duk da dai har yanzu akwai kadan dake bin akidar bautan gargajiya na kudancin Najeriya. Birnin tayi fice a harshen Turancin Pijin (Pidjin English). Tarihi Warri a da ta kasance babban birnin gundumar mulkin Turawa. Daga bisani an hade Lagos da Yankin Kudancin Najeriya a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallakan Turawa a ranar 28 ga watan February 1906, kuma an daura Walter Egerton a matsayin gwamnan yankin wanda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1912. Birnin Warri na nan a gaban kogin Warri wacce ta hade kogin Forcados da na Escravos ta Jones Creek a can yankin Delta. Tarihin garin ya fara ne a karni na 15 lokacin da malaman kiristoci daga Portugal suka kawo masu ziyara. Daga baya kuma ta zamo cibiyar cinikayyar bayi tsankanin Portugal da Germany. Warri ta zamo birni mai daraja a karni na 19 musamman ta dalilin tashan jirgin ruwa da ake sufurin man-ja zuwa kasashen ketare. Sannan Warri ta zamo cibiyar gundumomi na Turawa a karni na 20. Ta samu cigaba sosai, ta tashi daga kauye ta zamo birni. Jama'a Mafi akasarin mutanen warri sun kasance daga harsunan Urhobo, Itsekiri da kuma Ijaw. Amma saboda bunkasa da cigaban garin, akwai mutane dayawa daga sassa daban daban na kasar. Yanayi Birnin na fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama da kuma matsakaicin danshi. Yanayin garin ya fada a monsoon wanda ya rabu zuwa yanayi biyu; lokacin damuna da lokacin rani. Rani yakan fara a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa April kuma ya kunshi yanayin sanyin harmattan mai zuwa da kura da hazo. Lokacin damunan yana farawa ne daga watan Mayu zuwa October da rashin ruwa na dan lokaci acikin watan Augusta. Yanayin garin na da halayyar tropical monsoon climate da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara a 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Ruwan sama a shekara yakan kai 2,770 mm (109 in). Yanayi na zafi yakan kai 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). Kasan garin na dauke da isassun ciyayi, sannan akwai itacen timber, Palm da sauran itacen marmari. Arziki da gine-gine Akwai Warri Refinery da kuma Petrochemicals a Ekpa, da sauran kamfanonin mai na gida da na kasashen waje a sassa daban daban da ke kusa. Tana daya daga cikin manya manyan tashoshi jiragen ruwa na Najeriya wanda ke nan a Ugbuwangue, Warri. Saboda rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman na 1999, mafi yawanci kamfanonin sun ruga zuwa babban birnin da kuma sassan gefe-gefe. Tsaro Akwai barikin sojoji a garin Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) wanda ke nan a Effurun. Sojin ruwan Najeriya suna gudanar da harkokinsu a yankin tashar. Sannan har wayau sojin saman Najeria na da bariki a garin (61 Nigerian Air force). Wasanni Warri na da filin wasannin kwallon kafa wanda ke da fadin dibar mutane 30,000. Wanda shine filin wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa na gida na Warri Wolves. Sarrafe-sarrafe A cikin birin akwai manya manyan matatun man fetur, sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafe karafa watau Delta Steel Company wanda kenan a yankin Ovwian–Aladja dake karamar hukumar Udu. Sanna akwai kamfanin sarrafa gilasai na Beta Glass daga wajen birnin Ughelli, wanda ke da tarin silica da silicates da ake amfani dasu wajen hada gilasai. Sannan har wayau akwai kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Transcorp Power wanda kenan a Ughelli. Sufuri Jirgin kasa A farkon shekara ta 1991, an fara hada titin jirgin kasan daga kamfanonin sarrafa karafa na Ajaokuta zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Warri wanda ke da nisan kiloitoci 275. Zuwa shekara ta 2006, titin jirgin ya kai kilomita 329 amma har yanzu ba'a kammala sauran kilomita 27 da ya rage zuwa Warri ba. An cigaba da aikin titin a shekara ta 2010. Gwamnati tayi bikin bude titin a watan Satumba shekara ta 2020. Tituna Gwamnatin garin ta kara gyara manyan hanyoyin garin don kara wa garin kyawu. Jirgin Sama Akwai wuraren saukan helikoptoci a wasu manyan kamfanonin man fetur a garin Jiragen Ruwa Sufurin kayayyaki ta ruwa na gudana ne karkashin kulawar Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) wanda yawanci ya kunshi shigowa da kaya da fitasu daga wasun manyan kamfanoni. Wuraren Ilimi Jami'oi Akwai manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare da dama da suka hada da; College of Education at Edjeba, Warri The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri Nigeria Maritime University Okerenkoko, Warri Makarantun Sakandare Makarantun Sakandare sun hada da: Yonwuren Secondary School, Warri College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri Twin Fountain Group of Schools Cambridge International School Delta Careers College Federal Government College Hussey College, Warri Nana College, Warri Dom Domingos College, Warri Delta Secondary School, Warri Dore Numa College, Warri Essi College, Warri Uwangue College, Warri Urhobo College, Effurun Classical International Schools Ugborikoko Secondary School Army Day Secondary School, Effurun College of Commerce Warri DSC Technical High School, Ovwian-Aladja Our Lady's High School, Effurun Mega Stars Christian School, Udu Eagles Height School, Ajamhimogha Makarantun firamare Makarantun firamare sun hada da: Ogiame Primary School, Warri Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri Cavagina Primary School, Warri Twin Fountain Group of Schools HillTop International Unity School (IUS) NNPC Staff Primary School SNAPS Alderstown School for the Deaf Kids Compute Academy Wuraren bude ido Akwai wuraren bude ido da dama da mutum zai iya ziyarta a Warri. Nana Living History Museum Red Mangrove swamp Falcorp Mangrove Park / Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery. Warri Township Stadium Shell club, Ogunu Shahararrun mutanen Isaiah Ogedegbe, faston kuma marubuci Manazarta Biranen Najeriya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawa%20Muhaiyaddeen

Bawa Muhaiyaddeen

Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen wanda aka fi sani da Bawa (An haife shi a shekarar 1900-ya rasu 8 Disamban shekarata 1986). ya kasance malami mai magana da yaren Tamil kuma Sufi sufi daga Sri Lanka wanda ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1971, ya kafa mabiya, Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a Philadelphia . Ya haɓaka rassa a Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya da Burtaniya — yana ƙarawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a Jaffna da Colombo, Sri Lanka. An san shi da koyarwarsa, jawabai, waƙoƙi, da zane-zane. Rayuwar farko Ko da yake ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba, aikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya fara ne a kasar Sri Lanka a farkon shekara ta 1940s, lokacin da ya fito daga dajin arewacin Sri Lanka. Bawa ya sadu da mahajjata waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren bauta a arewa, kuma sannu-sannu ya zama sananne sosai. Akwai rahotanni game da mafarki ko haɗuwa da Bawa waɗanda suka gabaci saduwa da jiki. A cewar wani lissafi daga shekara ta 1940, Bawa ya dau lokaci a ' Kataragama ', wani wurin bauta a dajin kudu da kuma tsibirin, da kuma a cikin 'Jailani', wani wurin ibada na tsauni da aka keɓe wa ' Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani na Baghdad, wani tarayyar da ke alakanta shi da tsarin Qadiriyya na Sufanci. Yawancin mabiyansa waɗanda ke zaune a kewayen arewacin garin Jaffna 'yan Hindu ne kuma sun yi masa magana a matsayin swami ko guru, inda ya kasance mai warkarwa da imani na — kuma ya warkar da mallakar aljanu . Bayan haka, mabiyansa sun kafa ashram a Jaffna, da gona a kudu da garin. Bayan ya sadu da matafiya daga kudu, an kuma gayyace shi ya ziyarci Colombo, babban birnin Sri Lanka, a lokacin Ceylon. Zuwa shekara ta v1967, 'erenalibai ɗaliban Colombo waɗanda galibinsu Musulmai ne suka kafa' Serendib Sufi Study Circle ' A farkon shekara ta 1955, Bawa ya kafa harsashin ginin 'gidan Allah' ko masallaci a garin Mankumban, a gabar arewa. Wannan sakamakon sakamakon "gogewa ta ruhaniya tare da Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu." Bayan shekaru 20, ɗalibai daga Amurka waɗanda ke ziyarar Jaffna ashram suka gama ginin. An buɗe ta a hukumance kuma an sadaukar da ita a shekarar 1975. Bawa ya koyar ta amfani da labarai da tatsuniyoyi, wanda ya nuna asalin ɗalibin ko mai sauraren sa kuma ya haɗa da Hindu, Buddha, Bayahude, Kirista, da al'adun addinan musulmai; da kuma maraba da mutane daga dukkan al'adu da al'adu. Yi aiki a Amurka A cikin shekara ta 1971, an gayyaci Bawa zuwa kasar Amurka kuma daga baya ya koma Philadelphia, kafa mabiya, kuma ya kafa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a cikin shekara ta 1973. Gidan taron zumunci ya gabatar da taron jama'a na mako-mako. Kamar yadda yake a kasar Sri Lanka, Bawa ya sami cigaba tsakanin mabiya addinai, zamantakewa da ƙabila daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo Philadelphia don sauraron maganarsa A cikin Amurka, ƙasar Kanada da Ingila, malaman addini, 'yan jaridu, malamai da shugabanni sun amince da shi.  ] Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Robert Muller, ya nemi jagorar Bawa a madadin 'yan adam yayin ganawa a shekara ta 1974. A lokacin rikicin garkuwa da mutanen Iran na shekara ta 1978-1980, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga shugabannin duniya da suka hada da Khomeini na Iran, Firayim Minista Begin, Shugaba Sadat da Shugaba Carter don karfafa sasanta rikicin cikin lumana. Mujallar Times, a lokacin rikicin a shekarar 1980, ta ambato Bawa yana cewa lokacin da Iraniyawa suka fahimci Kur'ani "za su saki wadanda aka yi garkuwar da su nan take." Tattaunawa da Bawa sun bayyana a cikin Psychology A yau, Harvard Divinity Bulletin, da kuma a cikin Filadelfia Inquirer da kuma Pittsburgh Press . Ya ci gaba da koyarwa har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1986. A Bayansa A watan Mayu, na shekara ta 1984, an kammala Masallacin Shaikh MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a kan kayan Philadelphia na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, a kan Overbrook Avenue. Ginin ya ɗauki watanni 6 kuma kusan dukkanin aikin membobin ƙungiyar ne suka yi shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bawa. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm ( ne a Chester County, Pennsylvania, kudu da Coatesville da prominently siffofi Bawa ta kabarin, ko Mazar . Ginin ya fara jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekara ta 1987. Wuri ne na mabiya addinai. Bawa ya kafa cin ganyayyaki a matsayin ƙa'idar mabiyansa kuma ba a ba da izinin kayan nama a cibiyar tarayya ko gona ba. Bawa ya kirkiro zane-zane da zane wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da Allah, yana mai bayyana aikin fasaharsa a matsayin "aikin zuciya." Misalai guda biyu an sake buga su a cikin littafinsa na Hikimar Mutum wani kuma shine bangon gaban littafin na Matakai Hudu zuwa Tsarkake Iman . A cikin 1976, Bawa ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da kundin faifai na tunani, a kan Folkways Records mai taken, Cikin Sirrin Zuciya daga Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. A Amurka, daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1986, Bawa ya wallafa littattafai sama da ashirin da biyar, wanda aka kirkira daga sama da awanni 10,000 na rikodin sauti da bidiyo na jawabansa da wakokinsa. Wasu taken sun samo asali ne daga Sri Lanka kafin isowarsa Amurka kuma an sake rubuta su daga baya. Baungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tana ci gaba da karatu da kuma yada wannan ma'ajiyar koyarwar tasa. Ba ta sanya sabon shugaba ko Sheik don maye gurbin matsayinsa na malami da jagorar kansa ba. Laqabinsa da girmamawa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ana kiransa Guru, Swami, Sheikh ko ' Mai Martaba ' ya danganta da asalin mai magana ko marubucin. Ya aka ma jawabi kamar yadda Bawangal da wadanda Tamil jawabai da suke kusa da shi, shi da wanda ya so ya yi amfani da wani m adireshin.Ya sau da yawa kira kansa a matsayin 'tururuwa mutum', watau, wani sosai kananan rayuwa a cikin halittar Allah. Bayan isowarsa Amurka, ana kiransa da Guru Bawa ko kuma kawai Bawa, kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar. Zuwa shekara ta 1976, ya ji cewa wasu waɗanda ba malamai na gaske ba sun wulaƙanta taken 'guru' kuma ya bar taken Guru, tare da ƙungiyar ta zama Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, ɗalibansa sun yi amfani da Kutb mai daraja a cikin wallafe-wallafen maganganun nasa. Qutb yana nufin sanda ko axis, kuma yana nuna cibiyar ruhaniya. Sunan Muhaiyaddeen na nufin 'mai rayarwa zuwa imani na gaskiya' kuma an danganta shi da Kutub da suka gabata. Bayanansa "Sallolin da kuke yi, ayyukan da kuke yi, sadaka da kauna da kuke bayar daidai yake da digo ɗaya. Amma idan kuka yi amfani da wannan digo guda, ku ci gaba da aikinku, kuma ku ci gaba da tonowa a ciki, to sai mabudin falalar Allah da halayensa za su gudana a yalwace. ” "Mutanen da suke da hikima sun san cewa yana da muhimmanci su gyara kuskurensu, yayin da mutane ba tare da hikima ba suke ganin ya zama dole a nuna kuskuren wasu. Mutanen da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan bangaskiya sun san cewa yana da mahimmanci a tsabtace zukatansu, yayin da waɗanda ke da bangaskiya mara ƙarfi suna neman ɓata cikin zukatan wasu da addu'o'insu. Wannan ya zama dabi'a a rayuwarsu. Amma wadanda suka roki Allah da imani da azama da yakini sun san cewa mafi muhimmanci a rayuwa shi ne mika zukatansu ga Allah "Abubuwan da suka canza ba shine ainihin rayuwar mu ba. A cikinmu akwai wani jiki, wani kyau. Na wannan hasken haske ne wanda baya canzawa. Dole ne mu gano yadda ake cudanya da shi kuma mu zama ɗaya da wannan abin da ba ya canzawa. Dole ne mu gane kuma mu fahimci wannan taskar gaskiya. Don haka ne muka zo duniya "Loveaunar ku, yayana. Kadan ne cikin mutane zasu yarda da maganin hikima. Hankali ya ƙi hikima. Amma idan kun yarda da yarda da shi, za ku sami alherin, kuma lokacin da kuka sami wannan alherin, kuna da halaye masu kyau. Lokacin da kuka sami halaye masu kyau, zaku san ƙauna ta gaskiya, kuma idan kuka karɓi soyayya, za ku ga haske. Lokacin da kuka karɓi haske, za ku ga ƙyalli, kuma idan kuka karɓi wannan ƙyallen, dukiyar duniyan nan uku za ta cika a cikinku. Da wannan cikakkiyar, za ku karɓi mulkin Allah, kuma za ku san Ubanku. Idan kuka ga Mahaifinku, duk alaƙar ku da karma, yunwa, cuta, tsufa zai bar ku. ” Jikokina, wannan shine yadda abubuwa suke da gaske. Dole ne muyi komai tare da kauna a cikin zukatanmu. Allah na kowa ne. Ya ba da gama gari ga dukan halittunsa, kuma kada mu ɗauka da kanmu. Kada mu dauki fiye da rabonmu. Dole ne zukatanmu su narke da kauna, dole ne mu raba komai da wasu, kuma dole ne mu bayar da kauna don sanya wasu cikin lumana. Sa'annan zamuyi nasarar kyan mu na gaske da kuma kwatowar ruhin mu. Da fatan za a yi tunani a kan wannan. Addu'a, halayen Allah, ayyukan Allah, imani da Allah, da kuma bautar Allah su ne falalar ku. Idan kana da wadannan, Allah zai zama naka kuma arzikin lahira zai zama naka. Jikokina, ku fahimci hakan a rayuwar ku. Ka yi la’akari da rayuwarka, ka nemi hikima, ka nemi ilimi, ka kuma nemi wannan kaunar Allah wanda yake ilmin Allah ne, ka kuma bincika halayensa, da kaunarsa, da ayyukansa. Hakan zai yi kyau. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. Haka abin ya kasance. Ya Sarkin talikai. Allah Ya ba ku wannan. ” "Allah yana da gida a cikin zuciyarmu. Dole ne mu sami gida a cikin gidan Allah a cikin zuciyarmu "- Bawa Mahaiyaddeen ya raba shi cikin tattaunawa tare da mai ba da shawara ga marasa gida a yankin Muhaiyaddeen da ke Philadelphia - 1986. Rubutunsa da Dalibansa da Sauransu Littattafan mabiyansa da wasu game da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen sun hada da: Littafin Mai Mallaka ga Beingan Adam ta Mitch Gilbert, mai buga Haske mai haske, 2005,  Hasken Haske: Sallah ta Sau 5 na Sufaye na Coleman Barks da Michael Green, mai wallafa Ballantine Wellspring, 2000,  . A cewar mawallafin, littafin "ya gabatar da gabatarwa mai gamsarwa game da hikima da koyarwar masoyinka Sufi na wannan zamani Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, wanda ya kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga wannan al'adar ta sihiri ta hanyar bude hanya zuwa ga zurfinta, hakikanin duniya. Ayyuka ne na ƙauna na sanannun ɗalibai biyu na Bawa, Coleman Barks da Michael Green, waɗanda kuma suka ƙirƙira Hasken Hasken Rumi . " Wata Waƙa: Wani Sabon Haske mai Rumi na Michael Green, Mawallafin Gudanar da Labarai, 2005,  Shekaruna Na tare da Kutub: Tafiya a Aljanna daga Farfesa Sharon Marcus, mawallafin Sufi Press, 2007,  Hotunan MIRROR da Tunani kan Rayuwa tare da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.) Na Chloë Le Pichon da Dwaraka Ganesan da Saburah Posner da Sulaiha Schwartz, waɗanda Chloë Le Pichon suka buga a ɓoye, 2010,  . Pageaukar hoto mai girma mai shafuka 237 tare da sharhi daga masu ba da gudummawa 78. Rayuwa tare da Guru ta Dr. Art Hochberg, mai wallafa Kalima, 2014,  Elixir na Gaskiya: Tafiya a kan Tafarkin Sufanci, Juzu'i na ɗaya daga Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Shaida A cikin mawallafi, 2013,  Neman Hanyar Gida ta Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House m, 2007,  GPS don Rai: Hikimar Jagora ta Dana Hayne, BalboaPress m, 2017,  Coleman Barks, wani mawaƙi kuma mai fassara zuwa Turanci na ayyukan mawaƙin Musulmin Sunni na ƙarni na 13 Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, ya bayyana haɗuwa da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a cikin mafarki a cikin shekara ta 1977. Bayan wannan kwarewa ya fara fassara baitocin Rumi. Daga karshe Coleman ya hadu da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1978 kuma ya ci gaba da yin mafarki inda zai sami koyarwa. Coleman ya kamanta Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da Rumi da Shams Tabrizi, abokin Rumi. Artist Michael Green yayi aiki tare da Coleman Barks don samar da fasali na ayyukan Rumi. A cikin "Shaidan Mai Shuɗi", Michael Muhammad Knight yayi ƙoƙari ya karɓi saƙo daga Bawa a cikin mafarki, a wata hanyar Sufi da ake kira istikhara . Yana tafiya zuwa mazar ɗin kuma ba tare da nasara ba yayi ƙoƙari ya yi bacci a kan matasai, amma mai tsaron filayen ne ya tashe shi. Kun bincika koyarwar Bawa a cikin kundin waƙoƙin su na huɗu, Duk Hauka ne! Duk Karya Ne! Duk Mafarki Ne! Yayi kyau . Labarin malamin na "The Fox, the Crow, and Cookie" daga Loveaunar Ku Mya Childrenana: Labari na 101 ga Yara an faɗi shi da labarinsa game da "Sarki Beetle" daga Hikimar Allah mai Haskakawa wanda ke Warwatsa Duhu. Duba kuma Sufi Jerin Sufaye Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Wikiwaote Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Yanar Gizo Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gidan Yanar Sadarwar Gona Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Karatun Yanar Gizo Labarin Malami da Bayanan karatu Al'adar Gargajiya da Bidi'a a Zamanin Addinin Addinin Musulunci na Amurka: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship - Babi na 4 na Muslimungiyoyin Musulmai a Arewacin Amurka na Gisela Webb, Farfesa na Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Wave Sufism Na Uku a Amurka da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship - Fasali na 4 na Sufanci a Yammacin Gisela Webb, Farfesan Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Da yake magana da Sufis - Fasali na 11 na Tattaunawar Addinai da Canjin Al'adu daga Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Doguwa da kasancewa a wata tsarkakakkiyar bauta ta Su abroadasashen waje - Fasali na 4 na Islama, Sufanci da Siyasar Yau da kullun game da Kudancin Asiya ta Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Masjids, Ashrams da Mazars: Sufancin nasashen waje da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Wilfrid Laurier University Ph.D. takaddar M. Shobhana Xavier Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: Nazarin Makaranta Addini a Jami'ar Haikali Ph.D. Bayanin daga Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, Agusta 2017 Shin Sufaye Suke Mafarkin Shehunan lantarki? Matsayin Fasaha a tsakanin Religungiyoyin Addini na Amurka Jami'ar Florida MA rubuce rubuce daga Jason Ladon Keel ZANGO: Theungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da theabi'ar Unity Haverford Takardar Kwalejin Benjamin Snyder Littattafan Layi da Bidiyo Littattafan MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen akan layi a Littattafai. Google. Com "Lu'u-lu'u na Hikima (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Nazarin Da'irar littafin maganganu daga 1940s da aka fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga Janairu, 2000. "Hikimar Allahntaka Kashi Na 5", Serendib Sufi Study Circle bazawa. Maganganun bidiyo "Loveauna ta Gaskiya", Fabrairu 9, 1980, Philadelphia, 55 min. Maganganu na bidiyo "Gaskoki Na Gaskiya na Dhikr", (mai yin zikirin Allah koyaushe), Lex Hixon Interview, 18 ga Mayu, 1975, gidan rediyon WBAI Radio, Birnin New York, 60 min. Enaddamar da jawabai da karatuttuka "Loveaunar Duk Rayuwa a Matsayinku", jawaban da aka rubuta a watan Nuwamba 9,1980 da Satumba 30,1983, 28 min. Tattaunawar Bidiyo "Koyon Wani Mutum Tururuwa" 18 ga Mayu, 1975, Cocin St. Peter, Birnin New York, 83 min. Ganawa tare da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a Philadelphia a Kindred Spirits jama'a rediyo show by David Freudberg Sauran Hanyoyin Sadarwar Waje Mafarkin Coleman Bark na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya shiga cikin Sirrin Zuciya a Smithsonian Folkways  Musulman Sri lanka Sufi Sufaye Pages with unreviewed translations

37916

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Abdullahi%20Aliyu%20Abdurrahim%20Sumaila

Ahmed Abdullahi Aliyu Abdurrahim Sumaila

Ahmed Abdullahi Aliyu Abdurrahim Sumaila (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1976). Majlis-ash-Shura ta zuriar Madinawa ta nada shi a matsayin Babban Jagoran zuriar Madinawa da a ke kira Naqib al-Madinawa, yana kuma rike da sarautar Wamban Sumaila, Dan Isan Wudil, da kuma sarautar Makaman Massu, Hakimi ne a kananan hukumomin Wudil da Sumaila a yankin Arewacin Najeriya . Ya fito daga gidan Muallimawa reshe na Banu Gha Madinawa, ya na da alaka ta jini da Larabawa, Jobawa, Toronkawa da Hausawa. Shi mai martaba ne kuma ya na cikin Sarakunan Najeriya. Aikin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu Ahmed dai fitaccen mutum ne a jihar Kano arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, ya taba rike mukamin babban darakta a Babban Bankin Nijeriya (CBN), ya Shugabanchi ma'aikatar lauyoyi ta Sumaila Legal Services and Consultancy, ya rike mukamin mataimakin daraktan bankin da shari'ar kasuwanci na babban bankin Najeriya, ya rike matsayi na shugaban doka na babban bankin Najeriya, ya rike Shugabanchi na Ofishin sasanta rigima na Babban Bankin Najeriya, ya rike Shugaban Forex Central Bank of Nigeria Reshen Kano, ya rike matsayi na Lauyan Gwamnati a Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Jihar Kano, ya rike Manaja na Shari'a a ma'aikatar Kaddarori na Jihar Kano, ya taba zama Jami’in Gudanarwa a Gidan Talabijin na Jihar Kano, Abubakar Rimi Television (ARTV) kuma ya kasance Daraktan hukuma a Aurum Nigeria Limited, AASUmaila and Sons, Sauda Voyager Nigeria Limited, Aurora Specialist Hospital, River Front Clinics Limited da Queen's Heritage Hospital Limited. Iyali Sunan mahaifinsa Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila,sunan mahaifiyar sa Saude Abdullahi - Aliyu. Sunayen Kakanninsa na wajen uba Aliyu-Talle Maiduniya Sumaila da Amina Idris Ali Kofar Yamma Sumaila. Sunayen Mahaifan Kakansa na wajen uba Waliyi Abdurrahim-Maiduniya da Maryam Muhammad Inuwa Chango, Bafulatana daga kauyen Chango dake karamar hukumar Warawa a bangaren uba sai kuma ta kasance kabilar Fulani Jobawa a bangaren uwa. Sunayen Kakanninsa na wajen uwa Sarkin Fulani Abdullahi Maikano da Hajiya Rabi Usman Abdussalam . Sarkin Fulani Maikano ya rike sarautar dagaci a garin Tsibiri da ke Wudil, mahaifin kakansa na wajen uwa Sheikh Mahmoud shugaban addinin Musulunci ne, mahaifin Kakan-kakansa na wajen uwa Sarkin Wudil Dawaki Bello ya rike sarautar dagaci na garin Wudil a karkashin masarautar Kano. Karatu Ahmed ya samu ilimin addini tun daga gida, inda ya koyi Alkur'ani da hadisan Annabi Muhammad . Daga nan ya halarci makarantar koyon aikin jinya ta Samadi International Nursery, inda ya yi karatun Kindergarten, kafin ya wuce Kano Capital School daga shekara ta, 1982 zuwa 1987, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St.Thomas don shaidar kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Bayero Kano a shekara ta, 1999. . Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya halarci makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya kuma aka kira shi Lauya a watan Janairu, shekara ta, 2001, ya kwashe shekara guda yana yi wa hidimar matasa ta kasa hidima a matsayin mashawarcin jiha a ma’aikatar shari’a ta jihar Kano. Sannan kuma ya samu shaidar kammala Difloma a fannin hulda da jama’a a makarantar kasuwanci ta Arewa a shekara ta, 2002, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanarwa a jami’ar Bayero Kano a shekara ta, 2003, ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin cigaba a shekara ta (2006), Business Administration a shekara ta (2008), Public Policy and Administration a shekara ta (2008 zuwa 2010), Bankin Kudi a shekara ta (2014), daga Jami’ar Bayero Kano, ya kuma samu satifiket a kan Professional Foundation Course on Alternative Dispute Resolution Part I a shekara ta (2008) da Part II a shekara ta (2009). Memba na cibiyoyin kwararru Ahmed memba ne na kungiyar dalibai Musulmai ta Najeriya, First Aid Group of Jama'atu Nasril Islam, Associate Member Shehu Shagari World Institute, Associate Member Certified Institute of Cost Management, Associate Member Institute of Treasury Management and Financial Accountants, Associate Member Institute Na Certified Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya, Memba na Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a na Najeriya, Memba na Masana'antu da Masu Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyi, Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Dabarun Masu Gudanarwa na Najeriya, Fellow American Academy of Financial Management, Chartered Risk Analyst, Memba Cibiyar Certified Public Accountants of Nigeria, Fellow Chartered Institute of Loan and Risk Management of Nigeria, Associate Chartered Institute of Mediators and Conciliators, Member Chartered Institute of M anagement, Member Junior Engineering Technical Society. Memba na ƙungiyoyin doka da al'umma Ahmed memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, kungiyar lauyoyi ta duniya da kungiyar lauyoyin musulmi ta Najeriya (MULAN). Shi mamba ne a sashin kula da harkokin shari’a na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya tare da zama mamba a kwamitocin sasantawa da sasantawa da sauran rigingimu, noma da banki da kudi, kuma mamba ne a sashin dokar kasuwanci na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya tare da. zama memba na kwamitocin akan kararrakin farar hula, madadin warware takaddama da magani da kuma Doka. Siyasa Ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Democratic Movement, Congress for Progressive Change, All Progressive Congress, United Nigeria Congress Party, Peoples Redemption Party and Social Democratic Party, ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar siyasa a zamaninsa na jami'a kuma ya rike mukamai. Ma'ajin, Sakatare Janar, Shugaban Kwamitin riko, kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na kungiyar daliban jihar Kano ta kasa reshen Jami'ar Bayero Kano, ya rike mukaman mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin kudi ga kungiyar daliban shari'a, mai baiwa kungiyar daliban shari'a shawara kan harkokin siyasa, dalibi mai ba da shawara. Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jami’ar Bayero Kano, Sakatare-Janar na Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Kano reshen Makarantar Shari’a ta Kasa, Shugaban Tsoffin Daliban Jami’ar Bayero, Tsangayar Shari’a, Ajin a shekara ta, 1999, Shugaban Makarantar daga shekara ta, 1987 zuwa 1988 Kano Capital Primary School, Mataimakin Shugaban Babban Bankin Kasa. Nigerian Social Club Reshen Kano, Shugaban Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa reshen Babban Bankin Najeriya, Legal Ad viser Chartered Institute of Loans and Risk Management of Nigeria reshen jihar Kano, Patron Sumaila Progressive Association (SUPA), Member Peoples Democratic Party Elders Committee-2003, Member Security Committee Sumaila Local Government-2003, Chairman Re-drafting Committee of St.Thomas Old Ƙungiyar Boys Constituiton (STOBA). Aikin sashen banki Ya rike mukaman Secretary on the re-payment of Death Benefits to Next-of-Kins Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Secretary Central Bank of Nigeria Kano Branch Investigation Committee On Shortages in Currency Processing Office, Secretary Obsolete Items Disposal Committee Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Secretary Staff Social Club Constitution Review Committee Central Bank of Nigeria, Secretary a shekara ta, 2006 zuwa 2007 Best Staff Selection Committee Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Secretary Best Managed Branch Committee Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Vice Chairman Staff Social Club Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Secretary Central Bank of Nigeria Kano Boarded Vehicles Disposal Committee, Member, Central Bank of Nigeria Kano Telecommunications Service Provider Committee, Secretary Central Bank of Nigeria Kano Investigation Committee on the Staff Gym at Kawaji Estate, Member, Training Committee Central Bank of Nigeria Kano, Member Protocol Committee Central Bank of Nigeria Kano Branch on the Installation of CBN Governor Sanusi Lamido Sanusi as the Danmajen Kano. Ahmed ya kasance mamba ne mai sa ido kan ka'idojin Isar da Sabis (SDS), Kwamitin Kula da Ka'idoji na Ma'aikata, Mamba na Bankuna da sauran Ma'aikatan Kudi, Kwamitin Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a na Mamba na Babban Bankin Najeriya, Shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc don Sabunta Dokokin da suka gabata a National Assembly (NASS) Babban Bankin Najeriya, Shugaban kwamitin Zabe na Legal Services Sashen Zamantakewa da Jin Dadin Jama'a a shekara ta, 2016, Membobin Kwamitin tsare-tsare kan Samar da Tsarin Lambar Tabbatar da Bankin, Babban Taron Masu ruwa da tsaki na Kasa kan Tsarin Dokoki don Gyaran Masana'antar Man Fetur, Wakilin Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a na Babban Bankin Najeriya a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Ilimi, Memba na Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Tsare-tsare na 001 kan Inganta Gaskiya da Ingantawa a cikin Muhalli na Kasuwanci, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Membobi akan Tsarin Gudanar da Hatsari na ɓangare na uku, Memba Review Project Com mittee (PRC) na Agri-Business/Small and Medium Enterprises Investment Scheme (AGSMEIS), Member Inter-Departmental Committee on Securities and Exchange Commission request to widestanding hall in Securities Market, Member Inter-Department Committee for Development of Guidance on Compliance tare da Bukatun Gabaɗaya Dokar Kariya. Ya kasance Memba na Kwamitin Tsare-tsare don tsara ka'idoji don ba da lasisin Bankunan Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci da Ofishin Wakilai a Najeriya, Memba na Kwamitin Bitar Manufofin Batar da Ma'aikata a Babban Bankin Najeriya, Champion Mai Wakiltar Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a Babban Bankin Najeriya., Member Reputational Risk Forum mai wakiltar Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a Babban Bankin Najeriya, Mai Haɓakawa akan COVID 19 mai wakiltar Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a Babban Bankin Najeriya, Memba, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Bunƙasa Sharuɗɗa don saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ta Ma'aikatan Asusun Fansho (PFAs), Memba Kwamitin Zaban Manufofin 100 don 100 akan Ayyukan Ƙirƙirar Samar da cigaba da Haɓaka Babban Bankin Najeriya, kuma an nadashi memba na kwamitin duba lasisin bankunan 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya. Mulki An nada shi Hakimin Wudil da Sumaila a shekarar, 2020. Ka'idoji A lokacin da ya hau kujerar Hakimin Lardi ya ba da shawarar cewa talakawansa su ci gaba da bin ka’idojin addinin Musulunci da kakansa Waliyi Abdurrahim mai duniya ya yi a baya wanda ya kasance Limami a Kadawa, a lokacin da yake Limami. ya inganta karbuwar mazhabar malikiyya a masarautar kano ta hanyar jawo hankalin malamai daga baya wajen amfani da tsarin mazhabar malikiyya maimakon sauran mazhabar musulunci, mazhabar malikiyya daya ce daga cikin manyan mazhabobi guda hudu. na fikihu a cikin addinin musuluncin sunniah. Malik bn Anas ne ya kafa ta a karni na 8. Mazhabar Malikiyya ta dogara da Alqur'ani da hadisai a matsayin tushen farko. Ba kamar sauran malaman fiqhu na musulunci ba, malikiyya fiqhu shima yana ganin ijma’in mutanen madina a matsayin sahihiyar tushen shari’ar musulunci, mazhabar Malikiyya daya ce daga cikin manya-manyan kungiyoyin musulmi ‘yan Sunna, kwatankwacin mazhabar Shafi’i a mabiya, amma kadan. fiye da mazhabar Hanafiyya. Sharia bisa koyarwar Maliki ana samun rinjaye a Arewacin Afirka (ban da arewa da gabashin Masar), Afirka ta Yamma, Chadi, Sudan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Masarautar Dubai ( UAE ) da kuma a arewa maso gabashin Saudi Arabia . Bishiyar iyali Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1976 Shugaban Sarautar Gargajiya Mutumin Kanoo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

55325

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20Cayenne

Porsche Cayenne

Porsche Cayenne jeri ne na tsaka-tsaki na kayan alatu da kamfanin Porsche na Jamus ya kera tun 2002. An san ƙarni na farko a ciki a cikin Porsche azaman Nau'in 9PA (955/957) ko E1. Ita ce motar farko da Porsche ta kera da injin V8 tun 1995, lokacin da aka daina amfani da Porsche 928 . Hakanan ita ce bambance-bambancen abin hawa na farko na Porsche tun bayan taraktocinta na Super da Junior na shekarun 1950, kuma Porsche ta farko mai kofofi hudu. Tun daga 2014, an sayar da Cayenne tare da ƙaramin Porsche SUV, Macan. An bayyana Cayenne na ƙarni na biyu (Nau'in 92A ko E2) a Nunin Mota na Geneva na 2010 a cikin Maris. Cayenne yana raba dandamali, tsarin jiki, kofofi da kayan lantarki tare da irin wannan Volkswagen Touareg da Audi Q7 . Ya karbi gyaran fuska a cikin 2014 tare da ƙananan canje-canje na waje, kuma ya gabatar da sabon nau'in plug-in E-Hybrid, tare da kaddamar da jama'a a Paris Motor Show . Tun daga 2008, duk injuna sun nuna fasahar allura kai tsaye. An bayyana ƙarni na uku (Nau'in PO536) a cikin 2017 a Stuttgart. Porsche Cayenn ƙarni na farko (E1 9PA; 2002) Asalin Porsche Cayenne ya shiga cikin kasuwannin duniya zuwa gauraye liyafar, amma ya tabbatar da kansa yana da kyakkyawan aiki ga SUV kuma yana da kyakkyawar kulawa da injuna masu ƙarfi. Jeri da farko ya ƙunshi V8 mai ƙarfi Cayenne S da Cayenne Turbo. Daga baya a cikin tsarin zagayowar, VR6 da nau'ikan da ke da ƙarfin diesel sun shiga cikin jeri. A cikin shekaru takwas na samfurin E1, an samar da jimlar 276,652 raka'a. Samfurin tushe Cayenne yana aiki da injin 3.2-L VR6 yana samar da . Nau'in abubuwan da ake amfani da su na musamman ne ga Porsche, amma in ba haka ba injin ɗin ya fi yawa da injin VW. Hanzarta daga shine 9.1 seconds tare da watsawar hannu da 9.7 seconds tare da Tiptronic S. Kayen S S a cikin 9PA yana aiki da injin 4.5L V8 tare da tsarin jika-jiki da lokacin bawul mai canzawa. Yana samar da da na karfin juyi. Hanzarta daga yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 6.9 kuma babban gudun shine . An gabatar da shi kawai don 2006 (a matsayin ra'ayi na farko-GTS), Cayenne S Titanium Edition ya kasance keɓantacce na shekara guda, ƙarancin samarwa SUV wanda ke nuna jikin ƙarfe mara nauyi, yana nuna murfin aluminum (mai sauƙi fiye da wanda aka sanye akan Cayenne S), titanium fentin accented sassa na jiki, gefen ƙananan rocker panels, Sport-Quad Tip Exhaust Chrome wutsiya, 19" titanium fentin gami ƙafafun, bi-xenon fitilolin mota, biyu-sautin ciki upholstery, Porsche PCM 2.0 w/ tafiya kwamfuta kewayawa, MP3 audio da Bose cabin kewaye sauti. Ƙarƙashin murfin, haɓakawa sun haɗa da dakatarwar da aka daidaita wasanni, kunshin jiki mai motsa jiki, ƙaramar yanayin canja wuri, bambancin kullewa da watsawar Tiptronic mai sauri mai sauri 6. The Cayenne S Titanium Edition yana aiki da injin 4.5L V8 iri ɗaya wanda ya kunna Cayenne S - har yanzu yana samar da da na karfin juyi. Haɗawa ya fi sauri fiye da na yau da kullun na Cayenne S daga da sub  6.2 seconds  kuma babban gudun shine +. Farashin GTS An ba da E1 Gran-Turismo Sport (GTS) a cikin sabunta chassis na 9PA tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2010. Shi ne farkon Porsche na wannan zamani da ya fito da farantin gajartawar GTS a cikin ƙirar ƙirar sa. An haɓaka chassis ɗin sa na wasanni na musamman don wannan bambance-bambancen ƙirar kuma an kunna shi tare da wasan kwaikwayo na 4.8L V8. Hakanan ya nuna raguwar dakatarwar wasanni, tsarin sharar wasanni da high yi ƙafafun a matsayin misali. Cayenne Turbo da Turbo S 9PA Cayenne Turbo na farko yana da , kuma yana iya haɓaka daga a cikin 5.6 seconds. An gina nau'in Turbo S a cikin 2006 don yin gogayya da Mercedes-Benz ML 63 AMG. Cayenne Turbo da Turbo S sun haɗa da ƙaramar ƙarami, bambancin kullewa, da tsayi-daidaitacce, dakatarwar hanya. Turbo S yana aiki da tagwayen turbocharged 4.5 L V8 wanda ke samar da da na karfin juyi; Hanzarta daga yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 5.0 kuma babban gudun shine ; Yana fasalta watsawar Tiptronic mai sauri shida. A shekara ta 2008 an bayyana wani samfurin Turbo na 9PA da aka sabunta, wanda ke da injin 4.8-L mafi girma, a baje kolin motoci na Beijing . Yana samar da ƙarin iko, kuma yana iya haɓaka daga 0 – a cikin dakika 4.9. Hakanan an bayyana tare da sabon Turbo, sabon ne Turbo S model. Hanzarta daga don waccan motar tana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 4.7 kuma ana iya samun ta tare da zaɓin birki mai haɗa yumbu. Cayenne Diesel Asalin Cayenne Diesel yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin chassis na facelift 9PA, wanda injin 3.0-L V6 VW TDI ke ƙarfafa shi, tun Fabrairu 2009. An ƙididdige injin a da na juyi. An bayyana motar ne a bikin baje kolin motoci na Geneva na shekarar 2009 . Cayenne S Transsyberia The Cayenne S Transsyberia asalin motar tsere ce da aka ƙera don zanga-zangar Transsyberia, wanda aka gina 285 kawai. Daga baya an gina sigar titi don tunawa da nasarar Porsche a gangamin Transsyberia . Ana samun shi kawai a cikin chassis 9PA tare da allurar kai tsaye 4.8-L V8 daga Cayenne GTS. An fara tallace-tallace a cikin Janairu 2009, tare da yin niyya na samar da motocin tituna 600 a duk duniya (285 don Arewacin Amurka), amma kaɗan an gina su sosai (102 don Amurka, 17 don Kanada gami da 3 waɗanda ke jagorar sauri 6). Cayenne GTS Porsche Design Edition 3 (2010) A cikin Mayu 2009, an gabatar da ƙayyadaddun sigar bugu dangane da Cayenne GTS, wanda Porsche Design Studio ya tsara kuma ya haɗa da Porsche Design chronograph Type P'6612. Injin Zamani na biyu (E2 92A; 2010) |engine=|transmission=|motor= 1NM AC synchronous (Cayenne S hybrid) 1NM AC synchronous (Cayenne S E-Hybrid)|drivetrain=|battery=|wheelbase=|length= (2010-14)(2014-)|width= (2010-14)(2014-)|height=|weight= |designer=Mitja Borkert}}

18878

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Modibbo%20Umar

Aliyu Modibbo Umar

Dr. Aliyu Modibbo Umar haifaffen Kumo ne, Karamar hukumar Akko, kuma kwararren ɗan fasaha ne a Najeriya wanda ya kasance karamin Ministan wutan lantarki da karafa na tarayya daga watan Disamban shekara ta 2002 zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 2003, Ministan Kasuwanci daga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, sannan Ministan FCT ( Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abuja ), mukami ya rike har zuwa watan Oktoban shekara ta 2008. Bayan Fage Dr. Aliyu Modibbo Umar an haife shi a garin Kumo dake jihar Gombe Gombe State a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1958. Yayi digiri BA in Journalism a California State University, Long Beach; sannan yayi digiri na biya MA African Studies dakuma digiri na uku PhD Comparative Education duka a jamiar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Aikinsa na farko shi ne a shekara ta 1979 a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya . Tsakanin shekarar alif 1986 zuwa shekarata alif 1992, ya yi aiki a Amurka, ya dawo Nijeriya a cikin shekara ta 1993 don fara aiki a matsayin malami a Jami’ar Abuja . Daga nan ya koma cikin mulkin farar hula, yana aiki a ofishin Shugaban Ma’aikata na Shugaban kasa. Shugabancin Obasanjo A karkashin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Aliyu Modibbo an nada shi Karamin Ministan Makamashi da Karafa daga watan Janairu zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 2003. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, ya bayyana cewa Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kashe Naira biliyan 2 da miliyan 200 wajen ayyukan samar da lantarki a yankunan karkara a jihar Gombe. Ya zargi masu zagon kasa saboda yawan katsewar wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin. Bayan wani taron Majalisar Zartaswa ta Tarayya (FEC) a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003,Aliyu Modibbo Umar ya ce an yanke shawarar hana shigo da kayan goge baki na kowane irin, ruwan kwalba, biskit na kowane iri, spaghetti da taliya. An nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd. (PAN) a watan Mayu shekara ta 2003, haka kuma yana rike da mukamin babban mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin bincike da tuntuba. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 ya yi cikakken bayani game da shirin sake kera motoci na Peugeot a Najeriya, yana sayar da su a farashi mai sauki. A matsayinsa na shugaban PAN, ya warware rikice-rikicen masana'antu tsakanin ma'aikata da Ma'aikatan kamfanin wanda ya dakatar da aiki a masana'antar tsawon shekaru kuma a cikin kwanaki 90, ya juya akalar PAN. a lokacin da yake shugaban kasa, Dr Modibbo ya fara fitar da kera motoci kirar Peugeot a Nijeriya zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka. Dakta Modibbo ne ya dage akan sai anyi amfani da motoci kirar Peugeot 307 domin shirin Abuja Taxi wanda Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya na wancan lokacin Malam Nasir El Rufa'i ya gabatar. Dokta Modibbo ya kuma taimaka wajen daukar motoci kirar Peugeot 307 a matsayin motocin tasi a cikin jihar Ribas karkashin gwamnatin Dakta Peter Odili a matsayin gwamnan jihar Ribas. Ya goyi bayan bullo da Tsarin Kudin Mota na Mota ga ma'aikatan Gwamnati wanda sojoji 15, 000, jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda suka amfana da shi. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin Peugeot Automobile Nigeria ya fara fitar da shi zuwa kasashen Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire da Kamaru, tare da fara ba da motoci 120. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 aka tsayar da shi a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci don maye gurbin Idris Waziri, kuma an tabbatar da shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 yayin da yake saura shugaban hukumar gudanarwa ta PAN. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci, ya kasance da alhakin kafa kungiyar Kasuwancin Najeriya da Rasha don inganta hadin gwiwa, aiki tare da inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ya kuma gabatar da shirin kasuwanci na 44 wanda aka tsara shi da nufin bunkasa kayan gona 11, kayayyakin da aka kera su 11, da kayan ma'adinai 11 ga kasuwannin duniya 11. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, yayin da yake magana a wajen kaddamar da ofishin Cibiyar Bunkasa Hannun Jama'a a Ikoyi, Legas, Aliyu Modibbo Umar ya ce ya kamata Najeriya ta yi amfani da Dokar Bunkasa Afirka da Dama wacce aka sanya wa hannu a kan doka a ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2000, ta hannun Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton . Daga baya a waccan watan, a matsayin kakakin kungiyar ministocin kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific a taron ministocin EU-ACP a Bonn, Aliyu Modibbo ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Kawancen Tattalin Arziki (EPA) a tsanake don kaucewa mummunan tasiri, musamman a kan kasashe a cikin Communityungiyar Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS). Yar'adua shugaban kasa A watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, watanni biyu bayan an zabe shi, Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua ya nada Aliyu Modibbo Umar Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. A farkon lokacin hidimarsa an yaba masa saboda bullo da wata kungiyar kwararru don magance matsalolin yankin. Ya kafa kwamiti don zaɓar "Sashen FCT na shekara" don ƙarfafa haɓaka da ƙoshin lafiya a tsakanin sassan FCT. Ya fara ayyukan hangen nesa a cikin birni wanda ɗayan shi ne Ci gaban Gundumar Abuja ta Tsakiya wanda kuma ake kira da Abuja Boulevard. Boulevard wani aiki ne na kilomita 6.5 wanda aka tsara don samar da kyawawan halaye, aji da girma a cikin garin Abuja a matsayin ɗayan manyan biranen zamani masu tasowa na duniya. Yankin da ke tsakiyar Babban Gundumar Kasuwanci na birni, titin ya samarwa da garin kayayyakin masarufi na zamani don kasuwanci, nishaɗi, manyan tituna da shakatawa. Dokta Modibbo ya kuma gabatar da jami’ar garin Abuja wacce za ta ba da dama ga ma’aikata a cikin garin na Abuja don ci gaba da karatunsu ba tare da sun fita daga yanayin aikinsu ba. Kwamitin da ya ƙaddamar da wannan dalilin ne ya jagoranci jagorancin Prof> Pat Utomi. Ya dage kan bin Doka ta hanyar dawo da filaye sama da 3,000 da aka karbe daga hannun wadanda suka mallake su ba tare da bin ka’ida ko bin doka ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan filayen mallakar mallakar ma ofisoshin diflomasiyya. Bugu da kari, ya sanya tsauraran matakan tsaro a cikin babban birnin tarayya wanda ya sanya garin zama mafi aminci a Najeriya a lokacin aikinsa. Don cimma wannan, ya ƙaddamar da Abujaungiyar Masu Kula da Laifuka ta Abuja (ACCOS) Initiaddamarwar ta haifar da tsarin G-6 wanda dabarun tsaro ne da ya shafi jihohin da ke makwabtaka da Kaduna, Kogi, Nasarrawa da Benuwai a cikin tsarin tsaro na haɗin gwiwa. wannan dabarar ta ragu da aikata laifi a cikin gari da sama da 50% tsakanin Yuli zuwa Yuni a 2007/2008 idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka sake dubawa a shekara ta 2006/2007. Sauran tsare-tsaren yabo da Dakta Modibbo ya gabatar a matsayin Ministan FCT sun hada da kula da mata masu juna biyu kyauta a FCT. ya bayyana cewa 'mu a cikin Gwamnatin Tarayya muna neman cimma buri a karshen kowane ciki, uwa tagari da jariri'. sauran ayyukan da manufofin da ya fara sun hada da Abuja Downtown Mall wanda zai samar da cibiyar salon rayuwar zamani wanda ya haɗu da manyan tituna, nishaɗi, wurin zama, karɓar baƙi da kuma manyan ofisoshi na duniya. Hakanan, ya samar da fili mai girman hekta 30, 000 don cigaban sarkar noma sannan kuma ya gabatar da kasuwar Manoma ta farko. wasu kuma sune; Kauyen Fim na Abuja, da kirkirar sabbin wuraren shakatawa guda 5 a cikin garin Ya bayyana aniyarsa ta bunkasa kayan noma a cikin FCT "ba wai kawai don ... amfani da shi a cikin Yankin ba amma don fitarwa zuwa wasu jihohin tarayyar da kuma bayan" . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da goyon bayansa don kafa Majalisar Ilimin Al'adu da Al'adu ta Cyprian Ekwensi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa Jami’ar City a Abuja, inda ta ba da kwasa-kwasan a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa don taimaka wa masu fada aji su samu kwarewa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 aka soki shi kan sake dawo da tilasta korar wasu matsugunai da ba na gari ba a cikin FCT. Ya kare matakin da ya dauka bisa hujjar cewa dole ne a rusa matsugunan ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda kasancewar su ya saba da Tsarin Shugaban Kasa na Abuja. Ya ce game da garuruwan da ke kusa da Abuja, wadanda galibinsu ba su da wutar lantarki ko ruwan fanfo, "A lokacin da muka yi nadama kuma muka kyale garuruwa masu rashin hankali za su ci gaba da bunkasa da bunkasa har ba za mu iya yin komai game da su ba don haka muna tunanin hakan zai faru zama mafi alheri a tsotsa shi a cikin toho, " Shugaban kasa Yar'Adua A watan Yulin shekarar dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), wata biyu bayan an zabe shi, Shugaba Umaru Yar’adua ya nada Aliyu Modibbo Umar Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. Don cimma wannan buri, ya kaddamar da hukumar yaki da miyagun laifuka ta Abuja (ACCOS) Initiative ta samar da cibiyar G-6 wacce ta kasance dabarun tsaro da ta mamaye jihohin Kaduna da Kogi da Nasarrawa da kuma Benue da ke makwabtaka da jihar a wani tsarin tsaro na hadin gwiwa. Wannan dabarar ta rage yawan laifuka a cikin birni da sama da kashi 50 cikin ɗari tsakanin watan Yuli da watan Yuni a shekarar 2007/2008 idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka yi bita a cikin shekarar 2006/2007. A cikin watan Maris shekarata 2008 ya ba da goyon bayansa don kafa Majalisar Cyprian Ekwensi don Fasaha da Al'adu. A watan Mayun shekarar 2008 ya sanar da cewa Hukumar FCT ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa Jami’ar City a Abuja, inda za ta ba da kwasa-kwasan kimiyyar gudanarwa don taimakawa masu aiki tukuru don samun kwarewa. A watan Yunin shekarar dubu biyu da takwas (2008) an zarge shi da sake sake korar matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin FCT. Manazarta <\https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Aliyu_Modibbo_Umar/> <\https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/213487-former-fct-minister-modibbo-defects-apc.html/> Ma'aikatun gwamnati na Kasar Najeriya Haifaffun 1958 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga Bihar Gombe Jami'ar abuja Pages with unreviewed translations

28344

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohuwar%20Havana

Tsohuwar Havana

Tsohuwar Havana (Mutanen Espanya: La Habana Vieja) ita ce tsakiyar gari (a cikin gari) kuma ɗayan gundumomi 15 (ko gundumomi) waɗanda suka kafa Havana, Cuba. Tana da mafi girman yawan jama'a na biyu a cikin birni kuma ya ƙunshi ainihin ainihin birnin Havana. Matsayin asalin ganuwar birnin Havana shine iyakokin zamani na Tsohuwar Havana. A cikin 1982, an rubuta Tsohuwar Havana a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO, saboda na musamman na Baroque da gine-gine na zamani, da kagara, da mahimmancin tarihi a matsayin tsayawa kan hanyar zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. An kaddamar da kamfen na kariya bayan shekara guda don maido da ingancin gine-ginen. Tarihi Mutanen Espanya ne suka kafa Havana a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1519 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Bay na Havana. Ya zama wurin tsayawa ga taskar da aka ɗora wa galleons na Sipaniya akan hayewa tsakanin Sabuwar Duniya da Tsohuwar Duniya. A cikin karni na 17, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin gine-gine. An gina birnin a cikin salon baroque da na zamani. Gine-gine da yawa sun ruguje a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20, amma ana maido da adadinsu. Ƙananan tituna na Old Havana sun ƙunshi gine-gine da yawa, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kusan gine-gine 3,000 da aka samu a Old Havana. Shi ne tsohon birni da aka kafa daga tashar jiragen ruwa, cibiyar hukuma da Plaza de Armas. A cikin 1555, Jacques de Sores na Faransa ya lalata Tsohuwar Havana. ‘Yan fashin sun kwace birnin Havana cikin sauki, inda suka yi galaba a kan ‘yan tsirarun masu tsaron gida, suka washe garin, suka kona da yawa daga cikinsa, amma ya bar wajen ba tare da samun dimbin dukiyar da ya ke fatan samu a can ba. Bayan faruwar lamarin, Mutanen Espanya sun kawo sojoji cikin birnin kuma suka gina kagara da katanga don kare shi. Ginin Castillo de la Real Fuerza, kagara na farko da aka gina, an fara shi a shekara ta 1558, kuma injiniya Bartolomé Sanchez ne ya kula da shi. Tsohuwar Havana yayi kama da Cadiz da Tenerife. Alejo Carpentier ya kira shi "de las columnas" (na ginshiƙai), amma kuma ana iya kiran shi don ƙofofin ƙofofin, revoco, lalacewa da ceto, kusanci, inuwa, sanyi, tsakar gida ... A cikin ta. akwai duk manyan tsoffin abubuwan tarihi na tarihi, garu, gidajen zuhudu da majami'u, fadoji, lungu-lungu, wuraren ajiye motoci, yawan mutane. Jihar Cuban ta yi yunƙuri mai yawa don adanawa da kuma dawo da tsohuwar Havana ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Ofishin Masanin Tarihi na Birni, wanda Eusebio Leal ya jagoranta. Ƙoƙarin sake ginawa ya yi nasarar rikitar da Tsohuwar Havana zuwa wurin yawon buɗe ido, kuma ya sa aka gane Leal a matsayin magajin garin Tsohuwar Havana. Babban abubuwan gani Malecón ita ce hanyar da ke tafiya tare da bangon teku a arewacin gabar tekun Havana, daga Old Havana zuwa kogin Almendares. Paseo del Prado, Havana ita ce titin da ta zama gefen yammacin Old Havana, kasancewar iyakarta da Centro Habana. Havana tana da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000,000. Castillo del Morro, wani kyakkyawan kagara mai gadin ƙofar Havana bay. Ginin katangar Los Tres Reyes del Morro ya biyo bayan matakin da ke Havana na dan fashin teku na Ingila Sir Francis Drake. Sarkin Spain ya shirya gininsa a kan wani babban dutse wanda aka sani da sunan El Morro. Ya aika da jagoran filin Juan de Texeda, tare da injiniyan soja Battista Antonelli, wanda ya zo Havana a 1587 kuma ya fara aikin nan da nan. La Cabaña sansanin soja, wanda yake a gefen gabas na Havana Bay. Ya burge bangonta na ƙarni na 18, wanda aka gina a lokaci ɗaya da El Morro. Kowace dare da karfe 9 na yamma, sojoji sanye da kayan aikin zamani suna harbi daga nan, "el cañonazo de las nueve", (harbin bindiga na tara). Ana tashi kowace rana, don faɗakar da rufe kofofin bangon da ke kewaye da birnin. San Salvador de la Punta Fortress, A bakin tekun da ke gaban Castle na El Morro, a farkon madaidaicin El Malecon, ya tashi sansanin San Salvador de la Punta. An gina shi a cikin 1590, kuma a cikin 1629 Babi na Havana ya yanke shawarar cewa don kare mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa, don shiga shi, da dare, tare da El Morro ta hanyar amfani da sarkar mai kauri wanda ya hana shigar da jiragen ruwa na abokan gaba. Castillo de la Real Fuerza, sansanin soja ko (lit.) Castle na Royal Army wani babban abin tunawa ne wanda ya rufe Plaza de las Armas. Shi ne babban katangar farko na birnin, wanda aka qaddamar a shekara ta 1558 akan rugujewar wani kagara mai dadadden tarihi. A cikin wannan shekarar ne Sarkin ya aika zuwa Cuba injiniya Bartolomé Sanchez, wanda jami'ai 14 da manyan ma'aikatan dutse suka kula da shi don sake gina katafaren ginin, wanda jirgin ruwan Faransa Jacques de Sores ya kona kuma ya lalata shi. Catedral de San Cristóbal, sanannen gini akan Plaza de la Catedral. An tayar da babban coci a ɗakin sujada bayan 1748 bisa ga umarnin bishop daga Salamanca, Jose Felipe de Trespalacios. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun majami'u masu hankali na Baroque na Amurka. National Capitol, mai salo bayan Panthéon (Paris), yana kama da Capitol na Amurka. Galician Center, Central Park, The Galician Center, na neobarroque style aka kafa a matsayin zamantakewa kulob na Galician hijirar tsakanin 1907 da kuma 1914. Gina a kan Theater Tacon (a zamanin yau Babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Havana), an bude a lokacin Carnival na 1838 tare da. raye-raye masu rufe fuska guda biyar. Plaza de Armas - babban filin yawon shakatawa. Asalin sunansa na soja ne, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 16 an gudanar da bukukuwa da abubuwan soja a nan. Gran Teatro de la Havana, Babban Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Havana ya shahara, musamman ga fitaccen Ballet na Cuba da wanda ya kafa Alicia Alonso. Wani lokaci yana yin wasan opera na kasa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ana san shi da zauren kide-kide, Garcia Lorca, mafi girma a Cuba. Gidan tarihin juyin juya halin Musulunci, wanda ke cikin tsohon fadar shugaban kasa, tare da baje kolin jirgin ruwan Granma a gaban gidan tarihin. San Francisco de la Habana Basilica, Habana Vieja, Saitin coci da majami'ar San Francisco de Asis, wanda aka gina a cikin shekara ta 1608 kuma an sake gina shi a cikin 1737. Barazana A cikin 2008, Hurricane Ike ya lalata gine-gine da yawa a cikin Tsohuwar Havana, tare da kifar da ayyukan kiyayewa na shekaru da aka yi wa manyan gine-ginen yankin. Ba wai kawai ya lalata gine-ginen tarihi ba, amma ya tilasta wa yawancin mazauna Tsohuwar Havana gudu don tsira. Barazanar da guguwa ke haifarwa na kara wa wasu gine-ginen tarihi da dama na Tsohuwar Havana rashin kwanciyar hankali. Shekaru, lalacewa, da sakaci sun haɗu tare da abubuwan halitta a cikin rikitacciyar ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna ga kiyaye dogon lokaci na wannan tsohon garin mai tarihi. Hotuna Garuruwan tagwaye - garuruwan 'yan'uwa Tsohuwar Havana ta kasance tagwaye da garuruwa masu zuwa: Viveiro, Spain Cartagena, Colombia Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico Sintra, Portugal, since 2000 Manazarta

33509

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Laberiya

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Laberiya

Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Laberiya, tana wakiltar Laberiya a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na kasa da kasa . Hukumar kula da wasan kwallon kafa ta Laberiya ce ke tafiyar da ita . Ya buga wasanni biyar da FIFA ta amince da ita. Tarihi Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka yi kokarin daukar tunanin iyayen kasa da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa wadannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. An kafa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Laberiya a shekara ta 1936. Ya zama alaƙar FIFA a cikin shekarar 1962. Kwallon kafa ta mata tana wakilci a cikin kwamitin ta takamaiman umarnin tsarin mulki. A cikin shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar ba ta da wasu ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci da aka keɓe musamman don taimakawa mata ƙwallon ƙafa. Kit ɗinsu ya haɗa da jajayen riga, farar wando da jajayen safa. Wasan kwallon kafa shi ne wasan da mata suka fi shahara a kasar. Hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta kasa ce ta fara shirya wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2000, akwai mata su 264 da suka yi rajista a ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai 'yan wasa 277. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mata kawai waɗanda mata za su yi wasa a ciki yayin da akwai ƙungiyoyi 43 na maza da za su yi wasa. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata na yanki da na ƙasa, amma ba a shirya gasa ga UL ko makarantu ba. Ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekarar 2011 a ƙasar. Jamesetta Howard] ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na kasar. Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa Izetta Sombo Wesley . Shugabar kasar ita ce Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf . Dukkansu mata ne kuma duk sun goyi bayan tawagar mata ta kasa. A cikin shekarar 2007, an nada Izetta Wesley mamba a kwamitin kula da kwallon kafa na mata na FIFA da kuma na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA, inda wa'adinta ya fara a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniyar Match na CAF da FIFA, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta yammacin Afirka (WAFU). Tawagar A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Laberiya waɗanda ba su buga wasan farko da FIFA ta amince da su ba har sai Satan Fabrairu Na shekarar 2007 ko da yake ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni uku ba tare da amincewa ba a shekarar 2006. ] An buga wasannin tawagar kasar a filin wasa na Antoinette Tubman . A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2007 a wasan da aka buga a Monrovia, Laberiya ta sha kashi a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Habasha da ci 0-3 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A ranar 10 ga Satan Maris a wani wasa a Addis Abeba, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Habasha da ci 0-2 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta 2011. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairun 2011 a Monrovia, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-4. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da aka buga a Accra, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-7. Matsayin duniya na Laberiya ya inganta a ƙarshen 2000 kafin ya faɗi a farkon 2010s: a cikin 2007, tana matsayi na 144; a cikin 2008, 117; a shekarar 2009, 92; a cikin 2010, 128; a shekarar 2011, 136; kuma a cikin 2012, 130, yayin da yake riƙe matsayi na 35 a Afirka. Hoton kungiya Sauran kungiyoyin kasa Tawagar U17 A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta Mata U-17 a shekarar 2008. A zagayen farko dai ya kamata su buga da Benin amma Benin ta fice daga gasar. A zagayen farko ya kamata su buga da Najeriya amma sun fice daga gasar. U19/U20 tawagar A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Tsakanin 2002-2010 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata U19/U20, taron U19 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da ya zama U20, kasar ta shiga gasar neman cancantar. Kasar ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka a shekarar 2006. Ya kamata su kara da Guinea a zagaye na farko amma Guinea ta fice daga gasar. A zagaye na biyu, sun buga wasansu na farko a Algeria, inda suka ci 3-2. Algeria dai ta fice daga gasar kafin ta buga wasan na biyu a Laberiya. Sun kara da Najeriya a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasa daya, kafin a tashi wasa 1-9 a karo na biyu. Tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya marasa gida A shekara ta 2008, tawagar kasar ta wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya na marasa gida . A zagayen farko na zagaye na biyu inda ta zo na biyu, ta doke Kamaru da ci 16-1, ta doke Colombia da ci 8-5, ta sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-4, ta doke Paraguay da ci 4-1, ta doke Uganda da ci 7-2, ta doke Kyrgyzstan da ci 7-3, da kuma ta doke Australia da ci 14-3. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, sun yi kunnen doki ne da Colombia da ci 1-1, kuma ta ci 1-0 a bugun fenariti. Sun sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-7 a wasan karshe. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amputee Tawagar mata daga kasar ta fafata a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2011 na kwallon kafa. A waccan shekarar sun buga wasan sada zumunci da Ghana a Monrovia na kasar Laberiya a kan gaba a gasar. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara.         An yi zane na farko a cikin 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba na FIFA  Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya%20sanyaya

Duniya sanyaya

Zubar da hankali a duniya wani zato ne, musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s, na sanyaya mai zuwa na Duniya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wani lokaci mai zurfi, saboda tasirin sanyaya na aerosols ko tilastawar orbital. Wasu rahotanni na manema labarai a cikin shekarun 1970 sun yi hasashe game da ci gaba da sanyaya; waɗannan ba su nuna ainihin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na lokacin ba, wanda gabaɗaya ya fi damuwa da dumama daga ingantaccen tasirin greenhouse. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, iyakantaccen jerin zafin jiki da ake samu ya nuna cewa zafin jiki ya ragu na shekaru da yawa har zuwa lokacin. Yayin da jerin lokaci masu tsawo na inganci mafi girma suka kasance, ya zama bayyananne cewa zafin jiki na duniya ya nuna karuwa mai yawa gaba ɗaya. Gabatarwa: wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa A cikin shekarun 1970s, masana kimiyya sun kara fahimtar cewa kimantawa na yanayin zafi na duniya ya nuna sanyaya tun 1945, da kuma yiwuwar babban dumama saboda fitar da iskar gas. A cikin takardun kimiyya waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayi na karni na 21, ƙasa da kashi 10% sun karkata zuwa sanyaya na gaba, yayin da yawancin takardun suka yi hasashen dumama na gaba. Jama'a ba su da masaniya game da tasirin carbon dioxide akan yanayi, amma Labaran Kimiyya a watan Mayu 1959 sun yi hasashen karuwar kashi 25% a cikin carbon dioxide na yanayi a cikin shekaru 150 daga 1850 zuwa 2000, tare da yanayin dumama. Ainihin karuwa a wannan lokacin ya kasance 29%. Paul R. Ehrlich ya ambaci dumamar duniya daga iskar gas a matsayin mai hanawa ga tasirin sanyaya na aerosols a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da ra'ayin sanyaya duniya ya kai ga manema labarai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yanayin zafi ya daina faduwa, kuma akwai damuwa a cikin al'ummar yanayin yanayi game da tasirin zafi na carbon dioxide. A mayar da martani ga irin waɗannan rahotanni, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ba da gargadi a watan Yunin 1976 cewa "wani gagarumin zafi na yanayi na duniya" mai yiwuwa ne. A halin yanzu, akwai wasu damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin sanyaya na yanki na raguwa ko rufewar yaduwar thermohaline, wanda zai iya haifar da karuwar ruwa mai kyau da ke haɗuwa a cikin Arewacin Atlantic saboda narkewar glacial. Ana ganin yiwuwar wannan ya faru a matsayin ƙasa sosai, kuma IPCC ta lura, "ko da a cikin samfuran inda THC ke raunana, har yanzu akwai dumi a Turai. Misali, a cikin duk haɗin AOGCM inda tilasta radiative ke ƙaruwa, alamar canjin zafin jiki a arewa maso yammacin Turai tana da kyau. Hanyoyin jiki Lokacin sanyaya yana sakewa ta hanyar tsarin yanayi na duniya na yanzu (1999 a kan) wanda ya haɗa da tasirin jiki na sulfate aerosols, kuma yanzu akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa tasirin aerosol shine babban dalilin sanyaya na tsakiyar karni na 20. A lokacin akwai hanyoyin jiki guda biyu waɗanda aka fi ci gaba da su akai-akai don haifar da sanyaya: aerosols da tilasta orbital. Aerosols   Ayyukan ɗan adam - galibi a matsayin samfur na ƙonewar man fetur, wani ɓangare ta hanyar canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa - yana ƙara yawan ƙananan barbashi (aerosols) a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna da tasiri kai tsaye: suna kara yawan albedo na duniya, don haka suna sanyaya duniya ta hanyar rage hasken rana da ya kai saman; da kuma sakamako na kai tsaye: sun shafi kaddarorin girgije ta hanyar aiki a matsayin ƙwayoyin girgije. A farkon shekarun 1970 wasu sun yi hasashen cewa wannan tasirin sanyaya na iya mamaye tasirin dumama na sakin CO2: duba tattaunawar Rasool da Schneider (1971), a ƙasa. A sakamakon lura da sauyawa zuwa ƙone mai tsabta, wannan ba zai yiwu ba; aikin kimiyya na yanzu yana nuna cewa dumamar duniya ya fi dacewa. Kodayake raguwar zafin jiki da wannan tsarin ya hango yanzu an watsar da shi saboda mafi kyawun ka'idar da kuma yanayin zafi da aka lura, ana zaton aerosols sun ba da gudummawa ga yanayin sanyaya (wanda ya fi ƙarfin karuwar iskar gas) kuma sun ba da damar dimming na duniya. Matsi na Orbital Orbital tilasta yana nufin jinkirin, canje-canje na cyclical a cikin karkatawar axis na Duniya da kuma siffar ta. Wadannan sake zagayowar suna canza jimlar hasken rana da ke isa Duniya da karamin adadi kuma suna shafar lokaci da tsananin yanayi. Wannan hanyar ana zaton tana da alhakin lokacin sake zagayowar zamanin kankara, kuma fahimtar hanyar tana ƙaruwa cikin sauri a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Takardar Hays, Imbrie, da Shackleton "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages" sun cancanci tsinkayinsu tare da cewa "dole ne a cancanta hasashen ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, suna amfani ne kawai ga bangaren halitta na yanayin yanayi na gaba - kuma ba ga tasirin ɗan adam ba kamar waɗanda ke haifar da ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu. Na biyu, suna bayyana yanayin dogon lokaci ne kawai, saboda suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance na orbital tare da lokutan shekaru 20,000 da tsayi. Ba a yi hasashen sauye-sauyen yanayi a mafi girma ba ... sakamakon ya nuna cewa yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin shekaru 20,000 masu zuwa yana zuwa ga babban glaciation na Arewacin Hemisphere da yanayin sanyi. " Ra'ayin cewa za'a iya hango yanayin shekarun kankara da ra'ayin cewa wani ya kasance saboda "ba da daɗewa ba" - watakila saboda yawancin wannan binciken ya faru ne daga masana kimiyyar ƙasa, waɗanda suka saba da ma'amala da ma'auni na dogon lokaci kuma suna amfani da "ba da sauri" don komawa ga lokutan dubban shekaru. Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar Milankovitch ba ya ba da damar tsinkaya na farkon shekarun kankara "da sauri" (watau, ƙasa da ƙarni ɗaya ko biyu) tunda lokacin da ya fi sauri ya kai kimanin shekaru 20,000. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An sami wasu hanyoyin kirkirar wannan, musamman wanda Nigel Calder ya goyi bayan shi a ƙarƙashin sunan "snowblitz", amma waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba su sami karɓa sosai ba. Ya zama ruwan dare a ga ya tabbatar da cewa tsawon yawan zafin jiki na yanzu yana kama da tsawon saman interglacial da ya gabata (Sangamon / Eem), kuma daga wannan kammalawa cewa muna iya kusantar ƙarshen wannan lokacin dumi. Wannan kammalawa ba daidai ba ne. Da farko, saboda tsawon interglacials na baya ba na yau da kullun ba ne; duba adadi. Petit et al. sun lura cewa "interglacials 5.5 da 9.3 sun bambanta da Holocene, amma suna kama da juna a tsawon lokaci, siffar da faɗin. A lokacin kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan biyu, akwai lokacin dumi na 4 kyr wanda ya biyo bayan sanyaya mai sauri. " Abu na biyu, bambance-bambance na gaba ba za su yi kama da na baya ba. Damuwa kafin shekarun 1970 A cikin 1923, akwai damuwa game da sabon zamanin kankara kuma Kyaftin Donald Baxter MacMillan ya tashi zuwa Arctic wanda National Geographical Society ta tallafawa don neman shaidar ci gaba da kankara. A cikin 1926, wani masanin taurari na Berlin yana hasashen sanyaya duniya amma cewa "tsufa" ne. Damuwa cewa sabon zamanin kankara yana gabatowa an farfado da shi a cikin shekarun 1950. A lokacin Yakin Cold, Harry Wexler ya damu da cewa kashe bama-bamai na atom na iya hanzarta sabon zamanin kankara daga yanayin hunturu na nukiliya. J. Murray Mitchell ya nuna tun farkon 1963 sanyaya da yawa tun daga 1940. A wani taro kan canjin yanayi da aka gudanar a Boulder, Colorado a shekarar 1965, shaidar da ke tallafawa sake zagayowar Milankovitch ta haifar da hasashe kan yadda aka lissafa ƙananan canje-canje a hasken rana na iya haifar da shekarun kankara. A cikin 1966, Cesare Emiliani ya yi hasashen cewa "sabon ƙanƙara zai fara cikin 'yan dubban shekaru". A cikin littafinsa na 1968 The Population Bomb, Paul R. Ehrlich ya rubuta "An inganta tasirin greenhouse yanzu ta hanyar karuwar matakin carbon dioxide ... [wannan] ana magance shi da girgije mai ƙarancin matakin da aka samar da ƙura, ƙura, da sauran gurɓataccen abu. A halin yanzu ba za mu iya hango abin da sakamakon yanayi zai kasance na amfani da yanayi a matsayin zubar da shara ba. Damuwa a cikin shekarun 1970 Sanarwar shekarun 1970 Damuwa ta kai kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1970s, kodayake " yiwuwar dumama ta mutum ta mamaye wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa har ma a lokacin" (lokacin sanyaya ya fara a 1945, kuma shekaru ashirin na yanayin sanyaya ya nuna cewa an kai ga rami bayan shekaru da yawa na dumama). Wannan damuwa mai yawa ya kasance a wani bangare saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a san shi sosai ba game da yanayin duniya da abubuwan da ke haifar da shekarun kankara. Masana kimiyya na yanayi sun san cewa tsinkaya bisa ga wannan yanayin ba zai yiwu ba - saboda ba a yi nazarin yanayin sosai ba kuma ba a fahimta ba (alal misali duba bayanin). Duk da haka, a cikin shahararrun manema labarai an bayar da rahoton yiwuwar sanyaya gabaɗaya ba tare da gargadi da ke cikin rahotanni na kimiyya ba, kuma "ƙananan hunturu a Asiya da sassa na Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1972 da 1973 ... sun tura batun cikin sanin jama'a". A cikin shekarun 1970s, tattara bayanan don samar da bayanan hemispheric, ko na duniya, sun fara. Tarihin Spencer R. Weart na The Discovery of Global Warming ya ce: "Yayin da ba masana kimiyya ko jama'a ba za su iya tabbatarwa a cikin shekarun 1970s ko duniya tana da zafi ko sanyaya, mutane sun kara karkata suyi imani cewa yanayin duniya yana kan tafiya, kuma a kowace hanya ba" [an kara da hankali]. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970, The Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa "Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age". A shekara ta 1972, Emiliani ya yi gargadi cewa "Ayyukan Mutum na iya haifar da wannan sabon zamanin kankara ko kuma haifar da narkewar kankara". Har ila yau, a cikin 1972, wani rukuni na masana na lokacin glacial a wani taro sun amince da cewa "ƙarshen yanayi na zamaninmu mai dumi tabbas yana kusa"; amma ƙarar Quaternary Research da ke bayar da rahoto game da taron ya ce "mahimmanci da za a samu daga tattaunawar a wannan sashe shi ne cewa ilimin da ake buƙata don fahimtar tsarin canjin yanayi har yanzu bai isa ba". George Kukla da Robert Matthews, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Kimiyya na wani taro, sun tambayi lokacin da kuma yadda interglacial na yanzu zai ƙare; sun kammala cewa, sai dai idan akwai tasiri daga ayyukan ɗan adam na gaba, "Zamara ta duniya da canje-canje masu sauri na muhalli, wanda ya wuce sauye-sauyen da mutum ya samu a lokutan tarihi, dole ne a sa ran su kasance a cikin 'yan dubban shekaru ko ma ƙarni masu zuwa", amma wasu masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi shakkar waɗannan ƙaddamarwa. Rahoton SCEP na 1970 Nazarin Matsalar Muhalli na 1970 ya ba da rahoton yiwuwar dumama daga karuwar carbon dioxide, amma babu damuwa game da sanyaya, yana saita ƙananan iyaka a farkon sha'awa a cikin "sanyi na duniya". 1971 zuwa 1975: takardu kan abubuwan dumi da sanyaya A shekara ta 1971, binciken ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya haifar yana yaduwa, amma akwai rashin tabbas game da ko aerosols zai haifar da dumi ko sanyaya, da kuma ko sun fi girma fiye da hauhawar matakan CO2. J. Murray Mitchell har yanzu yana kallon mutane a matsayin "masu kallo marasa laifi" a cikin sanyaya daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1970, amma a cikin 1971 lissafinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa karuwar hayaki na iya haifar da sanyaya mai mahimmanci bayan 2000, kodayake ya kuma yi jayayya cewa hayaki na zai iya haifar da dumama dangane da yanayi. Ƙididdigar ta kasance mai mahimmanci a wannan lokacin don a amince da ita don ba da sakamako mai aminci. An buga lissafin lambobi na farko na tasirin yanayi a cikin mujallar Science a watan Yulin 1971 a matsayin takarda ta S. Ichtiaque Rasool da Stephen H. Schneider, mai taken "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate". Takardar ta yi amfani da bayanai da daidaitattun bayanai don lissafin yiwuwar tasirin gaba na karuwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin nau'ikan hayakin muhalli guda biyu: iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide; gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin kamar su smog, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance an dakatar da su a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'in aerosol na shekaru. Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin." 1972 da 1974 Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa Rahoton Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa da Perspectives a cikin Kimiyya ta Muhalli na 1972 sun tattauna game da halayyar yanayi, da kuma fahimtar lokacin da duniyar ke shiga wani lokaci na sanyaya bayan lokacin dumi. "A yin hukunci daga rikodin shekarun interglacial da suka gabata, lokacin yanzu na yanayin zafi ya kamata ya ƙare, don a bi shi da dogon lokaci na yanayin sanyi wanda ke haifar da zamanin glacial na gaba kimanin shekaru 20,000 daga yanzu. " Amma kuma ya ci gaba; "Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa, ko ma mai yiwuwa, cewa tsangwama ta mutum ta riga ta canza yanayin da ke kusa da nan gaba zai bi wata hanya daban. " Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin." Rahoton Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta 1975 There also was a Report by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) entitled, "Understanding Climate Change: A Program for Action". Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinpelu%20Obisesan

Akinpelu Obisesan

Akinpelu Obisesan (1889 – 1963) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance daga cikin jiga-jigan masu ilimi a farkon karni na ashirin wadanda suke adana bayanan ayyukansu na sirri da kuma wadanda suke magana a al'amuran yau da kullun. Daga baya da yawa daga cikinsu sun buga jawabansu a jaridu, domin a wasu lokuta ana ganin hakan a matsayin wani mataki ne da ya bijiro da martabar ilimi a yankin yammacin Najeriya. Takardun Akinpelu daga 1920 zuwa 1960 sun zama muhimmin tushe na ayyukan fitattun mutane a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma wasu ƴan masana suna amfani da su kan batutuwan da aka riga aka ayyana waɗanda suka bambanta da tarihin al'adu, siyasa da zamantakewa na Ibadan da yammacin Najeriya. Cikin littattafansa akwai labarai game da Salami Agbaje, daya daga cikin hamshakan attajiran Ibadan a zamaninsa, da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa na wannan zamani. Agbaje shi ne mutum na farko da ya mallaki gida mai hawa biyu da aka gina da siminti sannan kuma ya fara mallakar mota a Ibadan. A karshen shekarar 1949, shugabannin al’umma sun tuhumi Agbaje da laifin son kai, wadanda suka kalubalanci yadda yake tara dukiya. Akinpelu da sauran jiga-jigai kuma sun yi ta tattaunawa tare da yin rubuce-rubuce kan manyan abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamani, batutuwan da suka shafi jiga-jigan Legas da kare muradun iyalansa, manyan batutuwa ne da aka rubuta aka tattauna akai. Rayuwar farko An haifi Obisesan a Ibadan ga dangin mafaraucin giwa: Aperin Obisesan kuma wata baiwa . Mahaifinsa yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi wa Ibadan kariya a farkon yakin Ijebu a karshen karni na sha tara. An ba shi lambar yabo ta sarauta saboda kokarinsa na kare Ibadan. Ya kuma samu wani katon daji a lokacin. Obisesan ya halarci makarantu daban-daban da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Church ke gudanarwa. An ilmantar da malaman makarantun mishan kuma suna yawan rubuta game da ayyukansu a cikin mujallu. Daya daga cikin mishan din shine Daniel Olubi, sabon tuba Kirista na farko wanda shi ne malamin Obisesan a 1896, shekarar farko ta karatunsa na boko. Olubi ya kasance jagora ga Obisesan kuma ya yi masa jagora a cikin karatunsa. Ƙwararrun Obisesan na riƙe mujalloli zai iya kasancewa an kafa shi yayin halartar makarantun mishan. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa ya fara aiki a ofishin Bature da ke Ibadan, amma daga baya ya koma Legas don yin aiki da hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen kasa. A shekarar 1913 ya koma Ibadan bayan shekara guda aka nada shi mai riko da sakataren filaye na iyalansa. Mahaifinsa ya yi amfani da gandun dajinsa wajen noma kuma ya mai da shi filin noman koko mai albarka. Sai dai kuma an samu sabani akan mallakar filin, kamar yadda wasu ‘yan kasar suka yi ikirarin mallakar filin. A cikin 1914, ya saya a cikin littafin diary na farko, bisa hasashe, mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da diary ɗinsa a matsayin hanyar yin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a kan kasuwancin gonar iyali ko don rikodin rikodi. Sana'a Kafin da kuma bayan ya zama sakataren kula da gonakin danginsa, Obisesan Akinpelu ya kasance magatakarda mai fatauci kuma mai saye . Yayin da yake Ibadan, ya kara kudin shiga ta hanyar aiki da kungiyar Paterson Zochonis . Daga baya ya zama mai siyan koko. A tsawon shekaru 30, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Ibadan Cooperative Produce Marketing Society. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar samar da al'umma, ya kasance mai mahimmanci murya akan muggan dabarun ƴan kasuwa da masu fitar da kokon ke amfani da su. Ya kuma zama shugaban bankin hadin gwiwa na Ibadan. Bankin da aka ƙirƙira don biyan bukatun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a yankin. Ajiye rikodi Obisesan ya sami ilimi a cikin yanayi kuma ana ganin fasahar adabi a matsayin alamar kyakkyawar fahimta kuma tare da mafi yawan masu mishan da ke Legas da Abeokuta, mazaunan biranen biyu sun yi karatu cikin sauri a fannin karatu da haɓaka ƙwarewar rubutu. Ya kuma yi imanin cewa karatun boko na iya zama tikitin samun dukiya kuma ba tare da ilimi ba, ana iya barin Ibadan a baya. Ya so yin rubutu a matsayin wata hanya ta ilmantar da kansa da kuma rikodi hanya ce mai amfani ta sanin ci gaban kasuwancinsa. A cikin litattafansa, ana iya ganin hotunan yatsu na kwaikwayarsa na maza da kuma sha'awar arziki tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana ƙarami, ya yi mafarki game da samun makomar gaba, duk da haka, gaskiyar halin rashin kuɗi nasa koyaushe wani abu ne da ya yi nishi kuma ya rubuta game da shi da wuri. A cikin shekarunsa na farko lokacin da yake fama da rashin kuɗi, Akinpelu ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa, A cikin 1920, lokacin da ya fara rubuce-rubuce ba da gangan ba, hanya ce ta ilimin kai da ci gaban kai . Abubuwan da ke cikin littafinsa sun bayyana bayanai daban-daban game da halayen zamantakewa da abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamani, ya kuma bayyana bayanan sirri na rayuwarsa. Ko da yake, ya rubuta a cikin 1930 cewa ya gaji sakamakon yawan saduwa da matansa., a 1955, ya auri matarsa ta ƙarshe. Nassoshi Yarbawa Yarbawa 'yan kasuwa

21528

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kwalejin%20Roosevelt

Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt

Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt (UCR), wacce a da ake kira Roosevelt Academy ( RA ), ƙarama ce, ta girmama kwalejin ilimin kere-kere na kwaleji da kimiyya da ke Middelburg a Netherlands da kuma babbar jami'a a Zeeland . Yana ba da saitin zama, kuma kwalejin girmamawa ce ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht. An kuna kira shi ne don girmama dangin Roosevelt, wanda ya samo asalinsa zuwa lardin Zeeland. Tarihi Akadeiyar Roosevelt, kamar yadda ake kiranta a wancan lokacin, an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 saboda ƙoƙarin da Hans Adriaansens ya jagoranta, Shugabanta na Foundaddamarwa. Farfesa Adriaansens ya fara samun gogewa ne game da ka'idodin ilimin zane-zane a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacinsa a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Smith, Amurka, a cikin shekarar karatu ta shekarun 1980-1981. Ya fara inganta tunanin karamin kwaleji da kwalejin karatun digiri a cikin Netherlands, wanda ya jagoranci Adriaansens zuwa kafuwar Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht a shekara ta alif 1998, kwaleji ta farko ta zane-zane a kasar. Bayan nasarar kirkiror Kwalejin Jami'a ta farko a Utrecht, Adriaansens ta fara shirye-shiryen kwalejin 'yar'uwa a garinsu, Middelburg . Middelburg da gaba ki daya Zeeland ba su da jami'ar bincike har yanzu, kodayake William na Orange ya ɗauki Middelburg a matsayin wuri mai yiyuwa lokacin da ya kafa jami'ar farko a Netherlands a 1575, kafin daga bisani ya daidaita zuwa Leiden . An kafa shi ne a cikin Middelburg tsohon Gothic City Hall, wannan kwaleji ta farko a Zeeland ta kasance tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya na ilimin zane-zane kamar takwaran Utrecht. An sanya masa suna ne bayan dangin Roosevelt, musamman Franklin, Eleanor da Theodore, saboda asalinsu wanda ya samo asali daga lardin Zeeland na Dutch. An kafa Kwalejin Roosevelt a hukumance a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2004 kuma ɗaliban farko da suka yi rajista a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bayan Sarauniya Beatrix ta yi buɗewar jami'a a hukumance. Ita ce Kwalejin Jami'a ta uku da aka kafa a cikin Netherlands, bayan Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht . A cikin fewan shekarun ta na farko, Roosevelt Academy ya kasance yana da matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'a: mujallar <i id="mwNA">Elsevier ta</i> kasance RA a matsayin babbar kwalejin zane-zane a cikin Netherlands har sau uku a farkon shekaru huɗu na farko, kuma a cikin 2011 kuma Keuzengids Onderwijs suma sun kasance masu daraja. shi a matsayin lamba ɗaya ta Jami'ar Kwaleji a cikin Netherlands. Hans Adriaansens ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban makaranta a watan Nuwamba na 2011, kuma an maye gurbinsa da Prof. Barbara Oomen a watan Afrilu 2012. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2013, Roosevelt Academy ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Roosevelt, don guje wa shubuha game da yanayin ma'aikata da gabatar da kanta a bayyane a matsayin kwalejin jami'a. UCR ya ci gaba da haɓaka yayin da ya shiga shekaru goma na biyu. Babban mahimmin ci gaba shi ne buɗe gidan na Common Elliott, ajujuwan gina gidaje, ɗakin cin abinci na ɗalibai da kuma gidan ƙasa. Bayan abubuwa masu yawa, gami da juriya daga mazauna wurin, Elliott ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ƙungiyar farko a ranar 28 Nuwamba 2013 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Afrilu 2014. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa Cibiyar Koyarwa da Koyo don ƙwarewa a ilimi kuma Sarauniya Máxima ta buɗe a hukumance. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Prof. Bert van der Brink ya zama sabon shugaban UCR. A karkashin Farfesa van der Brink, UCR ta fadada tsarin karatun ta ta hanyar kafa sabon Sashen Injiniya, wanda aka gwada shi daga 2019 kuma aka fara shi a hukumance a shekarar 2020. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin fadada harabar: an sami sabon gini don zama sabon sashin, kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Hadin Gwiwa (JRI) ta haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar HZ University of Applied Sciences and Scalda. An tsara shi don buɗewa a 2021, JRI za ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwajen da za a yi amfani da su a fagen aikin injiniya, kimiyyar bayanai, ilmin sunadarai da ilimin halittu. Masu matsayin Dean Hans Adriaansens (2004–2011) Willem Hendrik Gispen (Shugaban rikon kwarya, 2011-2012) Barbara Oomen (2012-2016) Bert van der Brink (2016-gabatarwa) Ilimi UCR tana ba da karatu me zurfi kan shirye-shiryen Liberal Arts &amp; Sciences tare da tushe a cikin ƙwarewar ilimi. Aliban suna da 'yanci su tsara tsarin karatun su a cikin wasu buƙatu; ana ƙarfafa su kuma har zuwa abin da ake buƙata su bi ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban. Darussan suna da diban dalibai kasa da dalibai 25, don haka azuzuwan ƙanana ne kuma ana ƙarfafa hulɗa. Bayan shekara ta farko, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su bayyana babban sakamako a ɗayan daga daya dagan cikin sassa huɗu: Arts &amp; Humanities, Kimiyyar Zamani, Kimiyya ko (tun daga 2019) Injiniya . Babban mahimmin yanki, haɗuwa da ƙarin ɓangarori biyu na mai yiwuwa kuma yana yiwuwa. A cikin wannan tsarin karatun, UCR kuma yana ba da shirye-shirye na musamman guda biyu: Ayyuka na Kiɗa, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da karatun ilimi tare da kwasa-kwasan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kiɗa, da shirin Pre-Medical, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da na rayuwa, yana ba su damar. don ci gaba da karatunsu a karatun Jagora na likita a Netherlands. Bayan shekaru uku na ci gaba da karatu cikin nasara a UCR, ana ba ɗalibai lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Utrecht ta Digiri na farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ko Digiri na Kimiyya, dangane da mahimman zaɓaɓɓen su. Shiga Jami'ar Jami'ar na karɓar ɗalibai guda 170 kowace shekara ta ilimi daga aikace-aikace kusan 350 da aka karɓa. Kimanin rabin ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Netherlands yayin da sauran suka fito daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An saita kuɗin koyarwa kaɗan fiye da na jami'o'in jama'a na yau da kullun a cikin Netherlands. Martaba da Matakai NVAO (Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation) tana girmama UCR tun kafuwarta. A shekara ta 2004, an bashi matsayin "sakamako mafi kyawo", an tabbatar dashi tare da sake duba bayanan a shekarar 2008 da 2013. A cikin 2019, a maimakon haka, an ba shi cikakken bayani game da "kyakkyawa". Baya ga cancanta ta yau da kullun, NVAO ya ba UCR lambar lakabin ta "ƙarami da ƙarfi" A cikin 2011, Keuzegids Onderwijs sun zaɓi jamiar UCR a matsayin lamba ɗaya a Kwalejin Jami'a a Netherlands tare da 84. A cikin 2012 duk da haka, ya faɗi a matsayi na biyu, tare da 78, tare da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht a farkon tare da 86. Kamar yadda aka sami karin Kwalejojin Jami'a a kasar, sai UCR ya nitse a cikin jadawalin, ya kai karshe a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'oi 10 a shekarar 2017. Koyaya, shekara mai zuwa ya sake tashi, yana matsayi na 7 cikin 10 a cikin 2018 tare da 74. Shirye-shiryen musayar Dalibai na iya yin karatu a ƙasashen waje yayin smestan karatun su na huɗu ko na biyar. Studentsalibai na iya samun kuɗi zuwa ga digiri na UCR yayin da suke a jami'o'i iri-iri a duniya. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da wurare ta hanyar hanyar musayar Jami'ar Utrecht, amma UCR kuma tana da yarjejeniyar musayar kai tsaye tare da Shirin girmamawa a Jami'ar Nebraska a Kearney, Amurka, Kwalejin Bard a New York, Amurka, da kuma Kwalejin Glendon a Toronto, Kanada. Mujallar ilimi Kwalejin Jami'a Roosevelt tana wallafa mujallar ilimi ta shekara-shekara, Ad Astra, wacce ke wallafa shahararrun ɗalibai da takardu. .Kungiya Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt kwaleji ce ta girmamawa ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht . UCR cibiyar ilimi ce mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kudi tare da gudanarwarta da kuma kwamitin amintattu, yayin da Jami'ar Utrecht ta tabbatar da kula da inganci, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin karatun, da bayar da lambobin digiri. Ana daukar ɗaliban UCR ɗaliban Jami'ar Utrecht kuma suna karɓar digiri na UU a ƙarshen karatunsu. Shugaban UCR da cikakken furofesoshi duk furofesoshi ne a Jami'ar Utrecht kuma. Harabar jami'a Gine-ginen wurin karatu Kwalejin Jami'ar ta Roosevelt tana kusa da dandalin kasuwa a Middelburg a bayan faɗin garin na da, wanda aka gina a cikin 1452 kuma galibi kwalejin ke amfani da shi don dalilai na bukukuwa. Birnin, wanda ya mallaki ginin, ya fara yin hayar ofisoshin da aka hade zuwa kwalejin jami'a a shekarar 2004 bayan an sauya dukkan ofisoshin birni zuwa sabon zauren birni a Kanaalweg. An sanya sunayen gine-ginen jamiar ne bayan shahararrun membobin gidan Roosevelt . Sabon, ɓangaren da ba gothic na zauren birni an san shi da Franklin, yayin da ake kira sauran gine-ginen Theodore da Eleanor . Wadannan gine-ginen guda uku duk suna fuskantar wani fili da ake kira Helm da gidajen ajujuwa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta, da kuma malamai da ofisoshin gudanarwa. Wani sabon gini mai suna Anne kwanan nan UCR ta saya kuma zai sanya sashin injiniyanta. Ana kiran annan ginin bayan Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, shugaban Cibiyar Roosevelt kuma jikan Franklin D. Roosevelt da Eleanor Roosevelt. Kusa da waɗannan, Elliott, wanda ke cikin tsohon gidan waya na Middelburg, gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi ajujuwa, yankin karatu, mashaya tare da wurin hutawa da kuma ginshiki na ƙasa don bukukuwa ko taroa. Elliott ɗalibai ne ke sarrafa shi gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Gidauniyar Common House Elliott. Wani ɗakin ajiyar waje, wanda aka sani da Metamorfose Lokaal, yana kan Helm. Tare da Hadin gwiwar UCR da karamar hukumar Middelburg, an buɗe ta a cikin 2017 a yayin bikin cika shekara 400 da haihuwar a Middelburg na Jan Goedart, shahararren masanin ilimin ƙirar ƙabilar Holland kuma mai zane. Azuzuwan UCR a kai a kai ana yin su ne a cikin wannan aji, kazalika da sauran laccoci da aka bude wa jama'a. Gidajen zama Kusan duka daliban suna zaune a daya daga cikin wuraren zama na makrantan. Wato Bagijinhof da Roggeveenhoor, Koesttrast koBachtensteene. Almost all students live in one of the residential halls, Bagijnhof, Roggeveenhof, Koestraat or Bachtensteene, all within Middelburg. These halls house between 100 and 200 students each and are spread throughout the city. Others live on small campus locations housing between 1 and 16 students at Zusterstraat, Hof van Sint Pieter or Zuidsingel. Laburare Dalibai suna da cikakkiyar dama ga ɗakin karatu na Zeeland, babban ɗakin karatu a cikin lardin, kuma suna iya amfani da laburaren zamani na Jami'ar Utrecht . Rayuwar dalibi Kungiyoyin dalibai Ksungiyar Dalibai ta Roosevelt (RASA) ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai da aka buɗe wa ɗalibai duka a UCR. Matsayin RASA shine sanya "UCR al'umma mai motsawa da isar da saƙo, ta hanyar haɓaka alaƙar tsakanin mambobi, wakiltar bukatunsu, kiyaye mahimman al'adu da samar da tsarin da manufofin membobinta da bambancinsu zasu iya bunƙasa". RASA ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, duk ɗalibai ne suka tsara su duka, yana ba su damar biyan buƙatu iri-iri da tsara abubuwa daban-daban. Hukumar RASA ta ƙunshi mambobi shida waɗanda ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke zaɓa kowace shekara. Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Ilimin (AAC) ita ce ke da alhakin kula da korafe-korafen dalibai, sa ido kan ka'idojin ilimi, wakiltar ɗalibai a matsayin ɓangare mai rikitarwa na UCR, da taimaka wa ɗalibai zuwa cikakken iliminsu na ilimi. Yana aiki a cikin wasu manyan hukumomin yanke shawara na jami'a, don tabbatar da shigar da ɗalibai akan matakan daban. Hakanan AAC ita ce ke da alhakin wakiltar UCR a matakin ƙasa, a UCSRN (Wakilan Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'ar Netherlands) da ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg). Wannan kwamiti ya ƙunshi kujera, mataimakin kujera, mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai, jami'in cikin gida da jami'in waje. Majalisar Harkokin Gidaje (HAC) tana da ayyuka da yawa: HAC tana wakiltar bukatun gidaje da ɗalibai kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a harabar don farashi mai sauƙi. Hukumar ta kunshi kujera, sakatare, ma'aji da dattawan harabar guda hudu. Wasannin motsa jiki Kwamitin Wasannin RASA, wanda ake kira SportsCo, yana shirya wasanni iri-iri don ɗaliban jamiari. Ana karɓar horo na yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru a wurare daban-daban na wasanni a Middelburg. Ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin kungiyoyi tare da sauran Makarantun Jami'oi a cikin Netherlands. MSRA Odin, owungiyar kungiyar Ruwa Daliban Middelburg, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai haɗuwa da UCR kuma buɗe wa ɗaliban Hogeschool Zeeland. Masu tseren Roosevelt (RR) sune kulob din ɗalibin UCR da ke gudana. A cikin shekarar masu gudun, Roosevelt una shiga cikin gasa ta duniya kamar Batavierenrace, jinsi na ƙasa kamar CPC Loop Den Haag da jinsi na larduna a kewayen Zeeland. Hakanan suna shiga cikin gudummawar sadaka ta gida. Mawaka Mawakan Roosevelt College sun hada da hukumar wake-waken makaranta wanda ke dauka akalla mutum 29. Wanda kowane memba akalla yakai sjhekara daya a jamiar. Akwai kwas kuma na karatun waka wanda zasu riqa rera wake. Cis UCR's official choir, consisting of about 20 students. All members are in the choir at least one academic year, during which they follow the Choir Course. The Choir Course is required for those students following the music performing programme. The ensemble enhances academic events and performs during church services and independent concerts throughout the year. Al'adu Yayin bikin karatuttukan ilimi na hukuma, jerin gwanon mashahurai da furofesoshi cikin tufafin ilimi suna tafiya daga Hall na gari zuwa Sabon Cocin Middelburg (Dutch: Nieuwe Kerk ), wani ɓangare na hadadden Middelburg Abbey, inda ake gudanar da shagulgulan. A taro faruwa a New Church a farkon kowane ilimi shekara, yayin da bikin, a lokacin da yanayin izni, da aka gudanar a cikin m Abbey Square. Bikin kafuwar kwalejin, wanda aka fi sani da Dies Natalis, ana yin sa ne duk bayan shekaru biyar. A farkon kowane zangon karatu, ana shirya taron IntRoweek don tarbar sababbin ɗalibai. Gasar tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara da aka sani da "King of Channel na ganin ɗaliban UCR a cikin gasa tare da ɗaliban Jami'ar HZ na Kimiyyar Aiyuka da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a yankin. Gasar tana gudana akan Canal ta hanyar Walcheren, shimfidar ruwa tsakanin Middelburg da Vlissingen, inda HZ take. Kungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai Gidauniyar Aurora Alumni ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban UCR. Tare da UCR da 'Abokan UCR', sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsoffin Daliban Roosevelt, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye dangantakar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta hanyar ba da dama don hulɗar zamantakewa, sadarwar da ayyuka daban-daban. Akwai tsofaffin ɗalibai 1900. Duba kuma Jami'ar Utrecht Jami'ar Jami'ar Utrecht Makarantun Jami'a a cikin Netherlands Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizon Jami'ar Roosevelt Bayani kan Kuɗi da Makaranta Bayani kan Tsarin Ilimi Kungiyoyin daliban Roosevelt Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Roosevelt's All Student Association Middleburg, Zeeland Ilimi a Zeeland Gine-Ginen shekarata 2004 a Netherlands Gine-gine wuraren karatu a Netherlands Liberal arts a kwalejin jamiar dake Netherlands Manazarta Jami'ar Utrecht Tsumomi a Wikidata Pages with unreviewed translations

23716

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adegoke%20Adelabu

Adegoke Adelabu

Gbadamosi Adegoke Adelabu (An Haife shi ne a ranar 3 ga watan Satumban 1915 - 25 ga watan Maris 1958), ya kuma kasan ce fitaccen mutum ne a siyasar garin Ibadan sannan daga baya ya kasance na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya kafin samun 'yancin kan ƙasar a 1960. Ya kasance Ministan Albarkatun Kasa da Ayyukan Jama'a na Najeriya daga Janairu 1955 zuwa Janairu 1956 sannan daga baya ya kasance jagoran adawa a Majalisar Yankin Yammacin Turai har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1958. Mutum ne mai dogaro da kai wanda aka haife shi a cikin iyali mai tawali'u amma ya zama jigo a siyasar Najeriya. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan sannan daga karshe ya zama dan kasuwa. Nasarar aikinsa ta siyasa ta takaice lokacin da ya mutu a hadarin mota, jim kadan kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai daga Biritaniya. Adelabu ya kasance mai nuna son kai wanda ya yi imani da cancantar kishin ƙasa, haɗin kan ƙasa da akidar gurguzu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Rayuwar farko Adelabu, dan Sanusi Ashinyanbi da Awujola Adelabu. an haife shi a 1915. Mahaifiyar Adelabu ita ce matar Sanusi ta biyu amma ta mutu lokacin Adelabu yana ƙuruciya sannan ƙaramin Adelabu ya taso daga mahaifiyar mahaifinsa. Daga 1925 zuwa 1929, ya halarci Makarantar St David's CMS, Kudeti, Ibadan sannan ya gama Standard IV da V a CMS Central school, Mapo. Kodayake, Musulma ce, goggon Adelabu tana mai daraja ilimin Yammacin Turai wanda mabiya addinin Kirista a Ibadan suka mamaye, amma ta sami takardar baftisma ga Adelabu wanda ya ba shi damar zuwa makarantun CMS. Daga 1931 zuwa 1936, ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan inda ya kammala karatun sakandare a matsayin babban yaron makarantar. A 1936, ya ci jarabawar shiga babbar kwalejin Yaba kuma ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu daga UAC don yin karatun kasuwanci a kwalejin. Duk da haka, bayan watanni 6 sun bar kwalejin tare da amfani da karatunsa. UAC ta ba shi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga manajan gundumar Ibadan, wani dan kasar waje mai suna Adelabu ya hadu shekara guda kafin hakan. Aikinsa na farko shi ne rangadin yankunan da ke samar da koko na lardin Ibadan. A karshen rangadin, ya gabatar da shawara game da sake tsara yadda ake rarraba koko da tsarin kasuwanci. Rahoton ya ba shi girma a matsayin mataimakiyar manajan samarwa da UAC. Koyaya, Adelabu ya bar UAC a cikin 1937 kuma ya shiga kasuwancin kasuwanci na samarwa. Bai ci nasara a harkar ba kuma nan da nan ya nemi aikin farar hula. A cikin 1939, ya zama mai kula da aikin gona sannan daga baya ya zama mai kula da ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa wanda ke da Akinpelu Obisesan a matsayin shugabanta. Ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1945, lokacin da ya koma UAC. Ya yi nasara a farkon sa na biyu tare da kungiyar amma bayan murabus na mashawarcin sa, Manajan gundumar Ibadan, Richardson Adelabu ya bar kamfanin. Daga nan sai ya noma kudin shiga daga UAC zuwa kasuwancin ciniki na yadi tare da abokan cinikin Levantine a Ibadan. Ƙananan sarakuna, shugabannin iyali (mogaji) da Olubadan, yawancin su ba su iya karatu ba. Adelabu ya zama mai sha'awar yin aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gudanarwa na majalisar ɗan asalin Rayuwar siyasa 1949-1953 Ayyukan Adelabu a siyasa za a iya samun su ne saboda goyan bayansa ga tashin hankali da ƙaramin sarakuna da mogaji ke yi wa Salami Agbaje . An san Adelabu a matsayin mutum mai kaifin basira da halaye na karatu da sarakuna ke buƙata don adawa da Agbaje. Masu tayar da kayar baya suna buƙatar wanda zai taimaka tare da rubuta buƙatun rubutu da sharhi don haɓaka ra'ayinsu kuma sun nemi Adelabu don tallafawa. Adelabu ya tilasta fatan samun aikin Sakataren Gudanarwa. Manufofin sarakunan shine Salami Agbaje, ɗan kasuwa wanda ke riƙe da sarautar Otun Balogun na Ibadan, ya kasance na uku a kan gadon sarauta, mai karatu, mai kuɗi kuma mai tunani mai zaman kansa amma wasu daga cikin sarakunan a Ibadan sun same shi da ƙyama. da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu bin sa bashi. Manyan sarakuna da shugabannin zuriya (mogaji) sun fara kamfen don saka shi don hana shi zama Olubadan . Adelabu ya kasance mai himma a cikin yunƙurin kawar da Agbaje yana ba da sharhin ɗab'i kuma yana taimakawa wajen rubuta takardar koken da sarakunan suka aika wa hukumomin mulkin mallaka. A cikin wannan lokacin, Adelabu ya zama sakataren Egbe Omo Ibile, babbar ƙungiyar da ke adawa da Agbaje kuma Bello Abasi, ɗan Aleshinloye, Olubadan na baya. Lokacin da shari'ar ta kai ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa an yiwa Agbaje gargaɗi kuma aka gaya masa ya dakatar da shigar sa cikin karamar hukumar, mahukunta sun yi amfani da damar wajen yin gyare -gyare da suka haɗa da cire ɓangaren Oshun daga lardin Ibadan. Sakamakon bai yi kyau ga ƙungiyoyin Ibadan da yawa ba kuma ƙalilan ƙungiyoyi sun taru don haɗa kan siyasa don kare maslahar Ibadan. A lokacin zabukan cikin gida a shekarar 1951, Egbe Omo Ibile na Adelabu, Augustus Akinloye, da wata kungiyar matasa daga Ibadan Progressive Union sun kafa Jam'iyyar Mutanen Ibadan a matsayin kalubale ga tsoffin masu gadin kungiyar ci gaban Ibadan. Adelabu ya yi amfani da wasu maganganun kin jinin Ijebu a tsakanin mazauna garin Ibadan musamman bayan asarar raunin Oshun wanda shugabannin Action Group kamar Awolowo, Ijebu-man da Akintola suka goyi bayan. Sabuwar jam'iyyar ta lashe dukkan kujeru shida na Majalisar Yankin Yamma. Koyaya, kawancen da Adelabu ya gabatar don tallafawa NCNC ya rushe kuma hudu daga cikin zababbun membobin sun shiga AG. Daga nan Adelabu ya kara himma a cikin kungiyar NCNC a Ibadan kuma ya zama sakataren Kwamitin Aiki na Yankin Yammacin jam'iyyar yayin da ya sami karbuwa a cikin jam'iyyar a matsayin dan majalisar IPP kadai da ya zauna tare da NCNC. Ba da daɗewa ba bayaninsa ya fara haɓaka a cikin ƙasa cewa a cikin 1952, ya buga littafi, Afirka a Ebullition game da tunanin siyasarsa. Don samar da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi don ƙalubalantar AG a zaɓen 1954, Adelabu ya kafa sabuwar ƙungiya, Ƙungiyar Masu Biyan Haraji ta Ibadan wacce yunƙurin jawo hankalin jama'a biyo bayan sake fasalin haraji. Daga nan kungiyar ta kulla kawance da wasu kungiyar manoma da ake kira Maiyegun don zama Mabolaje Grand Alliance. 1954–1958 Adelabu da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da dandalin adawa ga IPU da AG da suka mamaye majalisar gundumar. Ya yi adawa da sharuddan majalisar gundumar na sake fasalin haraji da rawar da shugabannin tsararraki (mogajis) ke takawa a matsayin mai goyon bayan ikon gargajiya da dabi'u. A lokacin zabukan cikin gida a 1954, kawancen ya lashe mafi yawan kujeru a cikin gundumar Ibadan, wanda ya share fagen Adelabu ya zama shugaban gundumar. Ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Kudi da duk wani kwamiti na dindindin na majalisar. A zaben tarayya a shekarar 1954, Adelabu kuma ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai kuma jam’iyyarsa ta lashe mafi yawan kujerun majalisar wakilai. Daga baya ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na farko na NCNC kuma ya nada Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a, mukamin da ya rike tare da matsayinsa na shugaban gundumar Ibadan daga Janairu 1955 zuwa Janairu 1956. A cikin 1955, gwamnatin Adelabu ta kasance batun bincike kan zargin almundahana a cikin gundumar. Gwamnatin yankin Yammacin da AG ta mamaye ita ce ta kafa binciken. Ya yi murabus daga mukaman biyu bayan rahoton binciken da aka gudanar kan harkokin majalisar gundumar. An maye gurbinsa da JM Johnson a matsayin Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a. A shekarar 1956, Adelabu ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar majalisar yankin amma a wannan karon a matsayin shugaban NCNC a yankin Yammacin kasar. Da fatan zai jagoranci jam'iyyar zuwa ga nasara, ya ba da odar tufafi da rubutun Adelabu, Firimiyan Yankin Yamma. Duk da haka, jam'iyyar ta rasa kujeru mafi rinjaye zuwa Action Group. Daga nan Adelabu ya zama jagoran adawa a majalisar dokokin Yammacin Turai. Bayan asara, Adelabu ya nemi ya sassaka wata Jaha ta Tsakiya daga Yankin Yamma. Sabuwar jihar za ta kunshi cibiyoyin NCNC ne na lardunan Oyo, Ibadan da Ondo. Koyaya, an yi watsi da shawarar a cikin 1958 dangane da rabe -raben da aka gabatar akan galibi akan layin jam’iyya. A shekarar 1958, Adelabu ya yi adawa da jagorancin Azikiwe saboda goyon bayan da yake da shi ga gwamnatin kasa mai sassa uku da ta kunshi AG, NCNC da NPC. Adelabu bai ji daɗin shigar AG ba yana mai bayanin cewa tana da ƙawancen da ba ta da tsarki. Mutuwa Adelabu ya mutu a kan mil 51 Lagos -Ibadan Expressway kusa da Shagamu . Yana dawowa daga Lagos tare da wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Siriya lokacin da motarsu ta buge wata motar da ke tafe. Rikici na musamman Sau da yawa ana ambaton Adegoke Adelabu a cikin Yarbawa da tarihin Najeriya a matsayin marubucin wannan kalmar: " penkelemesi ", yaren Yoruba na kalmar, " ɓarna ta musamman " wanda Adelabu, wanda aka sani da zurfin ilimin Ingilishi, ya yi amfani da shi a wani lokaci don bayyana adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Yamma. Ba tare da fahimtar abin da yake nufi ba, sashin da bai san karatu ba na masu sauraronsa ya fassara jumlar zuwa harshe kamar "penkelemesi". Majiyoyi Manazarta Haifaffun 1958 Matattun 1915 Yarbawa yan siyasa Yarbawa Ƴan Najeriya

61644

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20Larabawa%20kafin%20Musulunci

Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci

Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci yana nufin hanyoyin sadarwar ƙasa da na teku da ƙasashen Larabawa da 'yan kasuwa kafin Musulunci ke amfani da su. Wasu yankuna kuma ana kiransu da hanyar cinikin turare . An rubuta kasuwanci tun farkon karni na biyu KZ Wani rubutu daga zamanin Sargon na Akkad (rc 2334-2284 KZ) ya ambaci masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki a Magan, a Oman ta yau. Binciken da aka yi a garuruwan Ur da Kish da kuma Bahrain da sauran wurare a gabar tekun gabas na Jahar Larabawa sun gano kayayyaki na asalin Indiya (ciki har da hatimai). Dukansu suna nuna cewa hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci ta teku ta kasance ta yau da kullun, tana da ban tsoro, kuma sananne tun farkon 3000 BC. Suna ba da shawarar cewa Bahrain da sauran wuraren da ke kusa da Tekun Fasha sun kasance sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke maraba da jiragen ruwa da ke isowa daga Iraki a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya . A cewar wani ɗan tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 2 K.Z., Agatharchides, “Ba a bayyana cewa akwai mutanen da suka fi na Sabawa da mutanen Gerrha wadata ba, waɗanda su ne wakilan duk abin da ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin sunan jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Asiya da Turai, sun yi Ptolemaic. Siriya mai arziki kuma ta sa kasuwancin Finisiya ya sami riba ban da ɗaruruwan sauran abubuwa." Ya siffanta su a matsayin mayaka da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ruwa, waɗanda suka yi jigilar manyan jiragen ruwa don kai wa yankunansu. Daular Palmyrene ta gina filin jirgin ruwa a Characene, wanda ya sauƙaƙa jigilar kayayyaki ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Euphrates na Dura-Europos da Sura ( ƙauyen Al-Hamam na yanzu, gabashin Dam al-Thawra a Siriya ). Wasu daga cikin mutanen Palmyrene da suka mallaki jiragen ruwa a Tekun Fasha da Tekun Indiya, ma’aikatan ruwa na kasar Sin da suka ziyarci yankin a shekara ta 97 AZ, sun tabbatar da cewa sun ambaci tashar tashar Characene ta Charax Spasinu . Characene ya zarce Gerrha a cinikin turare. Duk da rashin iko kai tsaye daga Masarautar Nabataean a Tekun Fasha, ana iya isa gare ta ta ƙasa (inda za a loda kayayyaki a kan jiragen ruwa). An gano rubuce-rubucen nabataean da kayayyaki da aka kera (ciki har da fararen rini na Nabataean na yau da kullun) a ƙauyen Thaj kusa da Tekun Fasha, kusa da gabar tekun gabashin Larabawa kusa da Bahrain har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Yemen da Oman. Hakanan an same su a wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke kan Hanyar Turare, kamar Qaryat al-Faw . An gano tukwane na Nabataean a Indiya; Rubutun Nabataean sun warwatse ko'ina cikin yankin Bahar Rum, daga Tunisiya zuwa Rhodes, Kos, Delos, Miletus a Tekun Aegean da Pozzuoli da Roma . Late Antique zuwa Amphorae na zamani ya ƙunshi nau'o'in abinci daban-daban ciki har da giya da man zaitun, watakila mafi sanannun su ne abubuwan da ake kira Aqaba / Ayla daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Kudancin Asiya. Mutanen Sabawa suna da dogon tarihin safarar teku da kasuwanci. An lura da kasancewar Sabae a Afirka a zamanin da lokacin da aka kafa daular D'mt a Habasha a karni na 8 KZ. Masanin tarihi na karni na 1 CE Periplus na Tekun Erythraean ya bayyana yadda Larabawa ke sarrafa bakin tekun "Ezana" (Gabashin Gabashin Afirka a arewacin Somaliya ). Alqur'ani ya ambaci kasuwanci da Saba : "Kuma Muka sanya a tsakãninsu da wasu garuruwa waɗanda Muka sanya albarka a cikin garuruwa bayyane, kuma Muka ƙaddara tafiya a tsakãninsu, "Ku yi tafiya a tsakãninsu da dare ko yini. cikin aminci. " Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tsohon Alkawari na Ezekiyel ya karanta, "Dedan ta yi ciniki da ku. Arabiya da dukan sarakunan Kedar, abokan cinikinki ne. Sun yi ciniki da ku da raguna, da raguna, da awaki. 'Yan kasuwan Sheba da na Ra'ama sun yi ciniki da ku. An sayar da kayan ka da kayan yaji, da na duwatsu masu daraja, da zinariya. " Wani mai bincike na kasar Sin Faxian, wanda ya ratsa ta Sri Lanka a shekara ta 414 AZ, ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kasuwa na Saebaean da Larabawa daga Oman da Hadramaut suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu ado a ƙauyuka a tsibirin.  kuma ana ciniki da katako. Lakhmids kuma sun yi ciniki da jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin wadanda ke tafiya a kan kogin Furat da ke wuce kauyen al-Hirah . A cikin daular Lakhmid ta arewa ( Gwamnatin Al Anbar na yanzu yana gudana kogin Isa, wanda ya haɗu da Tigris da Furat . Don isa Tekun Fasha daga al-Hirah, Lakhmids sun yi tafiya a cikin ƙananan kwale-kwale zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a al. -Ubulla (inda akwai jiragen ruwa na teku da ke zuwa Indiya da China). Daga nan za su tashi zuwa kasar Sin ta hanyar Bahrain da Aden . Zamanin Jahiliyyah Alkur'ani ya ambaci tafiye-tafiyen hunturu da bazara da kabilar Kuraishawa za su yi, tun da Makka tana kan hanyar Turare. Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan Muhammadu, fitaccen dan kasuwa ne wanda wurin kasuwancinsa yake a Gaza (inda ya rasu aka binne shi). Shi ne ya assasa “’ilāf,” (ƙaunar zumunci), jerin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci tsakaninsa da qabilar Kuraishawa da sauran ɓangarori da suka yi ciniki da su. Kabarinsa yana cikin Masallacin Sayed al-Hashim Majiyoyin Islama sun kuma ambaci sana'ar fataucin Muhammad a Levant, wanda ya fara da tafiya zuwa yankin tare da kawunsa Abu Talib . A Bosra, limamin Nestorian Bahira ya annabta rayuwar Muhammad. Daga baya ya dauki Khadija bint Khuwaylid, matar da ta zama matarsa. A cewar majiyoyin Kirista daga 660 da 692 AZ, "Mohammad zai tafi [ƙasar] Palestine, Arabia, Syria, da Fenisiya don kasuwanci." Bosra yana da Masallacin Albarkar Rakumi (wanda rakumin Muhammad ya albarkace shi a cikin ayarin baffansa Abu Talib) da kuma gidan sufi na Bahira. Bosra birni ne na Nabatean, wanda ya zama babban birni bayan Petra. Bayan faduwar daular Nabatean, Romawa sun mai da Bosra babban birnin lardin Larabawa. Majiyar Byzantine ta ƙarni na huɗu ta lura da yawan kasuwancin Larabawa a Bosra. Kasuwancin Maritime Tarihin kewayawa na kudancin Larabawa Gus van Beek ya ba da shawarar cewa an haɓaka su ta hanyar tuntuɓar su na yau da kullun tare da ci gaban wayewar teku. Bisa ga binciken tarihi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Charles Henry Stanley Davis ya yi, wani wayewar ruwa mai suna Phenicia wanda ya kasance daga 1100 da 200 BC ya dade da dasa yankunan yan kasuwa a Yemen . Wadatar Gerrhan ta haifar da Yemen da Phoenician a buɗe kasuwancin hanyoyin Indiya. Kasashen Finisiya da suke mulkin mallaka a Yaman sun yi jigilar jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa daga Indiya suka sauke kayansu a gabar tekun Yaman tare da kai su hamadar Larabawa zuwa garinsu na Levant . Har ila yau, ’yan kasuwar Phoenician sun zauna a tekun Farisa a ƙoƙarinsu na jigilar kayayyaki daga Indiya zuwa garinsu. Don haka ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin Yamaniyawa na gida da na Phoenician sun kafa tsohuwar daular Larabawa mai wadata, Gerrha . Kayayyakin da Phoenician ya kawo daga Yaman da gabar tekun Farisa ana jigilar su tare da ayarin Larabawa suna tsallaka hamada zuwa Levant. Girkawa sun yi hamayya da cinikin jiragen ruwa na Larabawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar ikon Larabawa game da cinikin teku tsakanin Indiya da Masar a farkon zamanai na tsakiya . Kasuwancin Larabawa ya ci gaba a lokacin, kuma cinikin jiragen ruwa na Girka ya ragu. Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a yankin Larabawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da aiki. Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa a yankin Gabashin Larabawa sune Al-Ubulla, Gerrha da Sohar (Oman). Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kudu sune Mocha, Qanī (yanzu Bi'r `Ali, Yemen), Aden, da Muska (Samharam). Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yamma sun haɗa da al-Sha'ibah, Aylah ( Aqaba ) da Luwikat Kuma (al-Hawra'). Hanyar teku da Larabawa ke amfani da ita don isa yankin Indiya ya tashi daga "Euphrates na Maysan" zuwa Debal a kan kogin Indus . Za su kuma tashi daga al-Ubulla, su wuce Oman zuwa Indiya. Wadanda suka yi tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Yaman, irin su Qanī da "Muza" na Gerrha, za su yi tafiya kai tsaye zuwa Indiya ba tare da buƙatar tsayawa su sake ba. Kasuwancin ƙasa Kasuwancin filaye na Larabawa, wanda ya taso daga garinsu na kudancin kasar Yemen ya tabo sana’o’in hanyar siliki da kasuwancin tekun Indiya musamman wadanda masana tarihi na zamani suka kirkiri ka’idar “Frankinse and myrrh” wadda ta yada ta hanyar ayarin rakumi. Wannan ayyukan kasuwancin mutanen kudancin Larabawa ya wanzu tun daga zamanin Sarauniyar Sheba bisa ga tarihin tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kasuwancin filaye ya kai har zuwa tsaunukan Caucasus. ne a cikin garin Qanī a cikin Hadramaut, kuma ta rabu zuwa hanyoyi biyu masu nisan ban jagoranci gabas, tare da Wadi Mayfa'a zuwa Shabwa ; na biyu kuma ya jagoranci daga Qani zuwa Wadi Hajar ya wuce ta Wadi Armah, tushen ruwan Shabwa. Daga Shabwa hanya ta nufi Aden ta nufi Najran. Hanyar ta ci gaba da tafiya arewa maso gabas daga Najdan zuwa Wadī Al-Dawasir, ta wuce ƙauyukan al-Faw da al-Aflaj (inda ta bi ta hanyoyi biyu). Na farko ya jagoranci gabas zuwa Tekun Fasha, ɗayan kuma ya jagoranci arewa zuwa Levant. Manazarta

12147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Sahabbai

Jerin Sahabbai

Jadawalin haruffa sahabbai A Abbad dan Bishr Abdullah dan Ja'far Abdu'l-Rahman dan Abu Bakr 'Abd al-Rahman dan 'Awf Abdullah dan Abbas Abd-Allah dan Abd-Allah dan Ubayy 'Abd Allah dan 'Amr ibn al-'As Abu baseer Abdullah dan al-Zubayr Abdullah dan Hudhafah as-Sahmi Abdullah dan Jahsh Abdullah dan Masud Abdullah dan Suhail Abdullah dan Rawahah Abdullah dan Salam Abū l-Ṭufayl ʿĀmir b. Wāthila al-Kinānī Abdullah dan Umar Abdullah dan Umm Maktum Abîd dan Hamal Abîd dan Hunay Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabiah, Sirikin Annabi Muhammad Abu Ayyub al-Ansari Abbas ɗan Abdul-Muttalib Kawun Annabi Abu Bakr as-Siddiq Amini, kuma siriki ga Annabi Muhammad Abu Dardaa Abu Dhar al-Ghifari Abu Dujana Abu Fuhayra Abu-Hudhayfah ibn Utbah Abu Hurairah Abu Jandal ibn Suhail Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir Abu Musa al-Ashari Abu Sa`id al-Khudri Abu Salama `Abd Allah ibn `Abd al-Asad Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah `Âisha bint Abî Bakr, Matan Annabi Al-'Ala' Al-Hadrami Al-Bara' ibn Mâlik al-Ansârî Al-Qa'qa'a ibn Amr at-Tamimi Ali ibn Abi Talib, siriki Ammar bin Yasir Amr bin Al`âs Amr ibn al-Jamuh Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib Anas ibn Nadhar Anas ibn Mâlik An-Nu`aymân ibn `Amr An-Nu`mân ibn Muqarrin Al-Arqam ibn-abil-Arqam Asmâ' bint Abî Bakr Asmâ' bint Umays Asim ibn Thabit Asim ibn Umar At-Tufayl ibn Amr ad-Dawsi Ayman ibn Ubayd Ayyash ibn abi Rabiah Abu Mihjan as Tsaqafi B Bilal bin rabaha D Dihyah al-Kalbi Dhiraar ɗan Al-Azwar F Fadl ɗan Abbas Fatima Yar Muhammad Fatima ɗan al-Khattab Fatima ɗan Al-Aswad Fatima Yar Hizam Fayruz ad-Daylami Fatimah ɗan al-Khattab H Habab ɗan Mundhir Habib ɗan Zayd al-Ansari Habibah Yar Ubayd-Allah Hafsa Yar Umar matan Annabi Hakim ɗan Hizam Halah Yar Wahb Halimah Yar Abi Dhuayb Halimah Sadia Hammanah Yar Jahsh Hamna Yar Jahch Hamza ɗan Abd al-Muttalib Hanzala ɗan Abi Amir Harith ɗan ‘Abd al-Muttalib Harith ɗan Rab'i Hashim ɗan Utbah Hassan ɗan Thabit Hatib ɗan Abi Balta'ah Hind Yar Awf (ar) Hind Yar Utbah Hisham ɗan Al-A'as Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman Hujr ɗan 'Adi Alhasan ɗan Ali Jikan Annabi Alhussain ɗan Ali Jikan Annabi I J Jabr Jabir ɗan Abdullah al-Ansari Jafar ɗan Abi Talib Jubayr ɗan Mut'im Julaybib Jarir ɗan Abdullah Al Bajali K Ka'b ɗan Malik Ka'b ibn Zuhayr Khadijah Yar Khuwaylid Matan Annabi Khalid ɗan al-Waleed Khalid ɗan Sa`id Kharija ɗan Huzafa Khawlah Yar Hakim Khubayb ɗan Adiy Khunais ɗan Hudhaifa Khuzaima ɗan Thabit Kinana ibn Rabi` Khabbab ɗan al-Aratt Al-Khansa L Labid ɗan Rabi'a Layla Yar al-Minhal Leila Yar Abi Houthma Lubaba Yar al-Harith Lubaynah M Malak ɗan Nuwayra Malik al-Dar Maria al-Qibtiyya Matan Annabi. Marwan I Malik al-Ashtar Maymuna Yar al-Harith. Matan Annabi. Mazin ɗan Ghadooba Miqdad ɗan Al-Aswad Mu'az ɗan Amr Muadh ɗan Jabal Muawiyah I Muawwaz ɗan Amr Muhammad ɗan Abi Bakr Muhammad ɗan Maslamah Munabbih ɗan Kamil Mus`ab ɗan Umair Malik ɗan Huwairith Al-Muthanna ɗan Haritha N Na'ila Yar al-Farafisa Najiyah Yar al-Walid Nuaym ɗan Masud Nafi ɗan al-Harith Nufay ɗan al-Harith Nusaybah Yar Ka'ab R Rab'ah ɗan Umayah Rabiah ɗan Kab Rabi'ah ɗan al-Harith Ramlah Yar Abu Sufyan Mata Annabi Muhammad Rufaida Al-Aslamia Ruqayyah Yar Muhammad Yarinyar Annabi Rumaysa Yar Milhan S Sasa'a ɗan Sohan Sad ɗan Abi Waqqas Sa`ad ɗan ar-Rabi Said ɗan Jazied Sa'ad ɗan Malik Sa'ad ɗan Mua'dh Sa'ad ɗan Ubadah Sabrah ɗan Ma'bad Said ɗan Aamir al-Jumahi Said ɗan Zayd Safiyyah bint Abdul-Muttalib Safiyya Yar Huyayy Matan Annabi Safwan ɗan Umayya Salama Abu Hashim Salamah ibn al-Akwa Salim Mawla Abi Hudhayfah Salma Yar Umays Salma Umm-ul-Khair Salma Yar Sakhri dan Amir (Ummulkhairi) Salmanul Farisi Sahl ɗan Sa'd Sahl ɗan Hunaif Sahla ɗan Suhail Salim Al-Rai Salit ɗan Amr Ala ɗan Hadrami Samra ɗan Jundab Sawda Yar Zam'a Matan Annabi Shams ɗan Uthman Shadad ɗan Aus Sharhabeel ɗan Hasana Al-Shifa Yar Abdullah Sirin Yar Sham'un Suhayb ar-Rumi Suhayl ɗan Amr Sumayyah Ƴar Khayyat Suraqa ɗan Malik Shuja ɗan Wahab al-Asad Suwwad ɗan qarib T Talhah ɗan Ubaydullah Tamim Abu Ruqayya Tamim al-Ansari Tamim al-Dari Thabit ɗan Qays Thumamah ɗan Uthal Thuwaybah U Ubaidullah ɗan Abdullah Ubaydah ɗan al-Harith Ubayda ɗan as-Samit Umar dan al-Khattab ya kasance Khalifa na biyu kuma sirikin Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w). Umar ɗan Harith Umayr ɗan Sad al-Ansari Umayr ɗan Wahb Umamah Yar Zainab Jikan Annabi Ummu Ayman Ummu Hakim Ummu Haram Ummu Kulthum Yar Abubakar Ummu Kulthum Yar Asim Ummu Khultum Yar Jarwila Khuzima Ummu Kulthum Yar Muhammad Yarinyar Annabi Ummu Kulthum Yar Uqba Ummu Ruman Yar Amir Ummu Salamah Matan Annabi Muhammad Ummu Shareek Ummu Ubays Ummul Banin Ukasha ɗan Al-Mihsan Uqbah ɗan Amir Urwah ɗan Mas'ud Usama ɗan Zayd Utbah ɗan Ghazwan Utban ɗan Malik Usman ɗan Affan Sirikin Annabi Uthman ibn Hunayf Uthman ibn Madh'un Usman ɗan Talha (Wanda dangin shi ke rike da makullan Ka'aba) Uways al-Qarni W Wahb ɗan Umayr Wahshi ɗan Harb Walid ɗan Uqba Walid ɗan al Walid. Manazarta

50200

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Brock

Alice Brock

Alice May Brock (an haife ta ashekarar (1941)watan Fabrairu 28, Yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ce, marubucin lokaci-lokaci kuma tsohon mai gyaran fuska. Mazaunan Massachusetts don dukan rayuwarta ta girma, Brock ta mallaki kuma tana sarrafa gidajen abinci uku a cikin Berkshires - The Back Room, Take-Out Alice da Alice's a Avaloch - a jere tsakanin 1965 da 1979. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan ya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga waƙar Arlo Guthrie mai suna " Alice's Restaurant ", wanda hakan ya zaburar da fim ɗin 1969 mai suna iri ɗaya . Kuruciya ta An haifi Brock Alice May Pelkey a Brooklyn, New York City, ga mahaifiyar ta ta kasance Bayahudiya kuma uwar Al'ummai . Iyalin Pelkey sun kasance masu kyakkyawan aiki da dabi'u kuma galibi suna ciyar da lokacin bazara a lardin Provincetown, Massachuset,. Duk iyayenta sunkasance ba mabiya addini bane su, ko da yake mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya ce a al'adance kuma ita da kanta sheda wa jama'a ta bayyana a matsayin Bayahude ; Daga baya ta bada labarin rayuwar ta da danginta a matsayin rashin aiki kuma mahaifinta a matsayin mai cin zarafi, lura da cewa har yanzu tana son iyayenta amma tana samun wahalar faranta musu rai. Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantar gyara, ta halarci Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence . Brock ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai fafutuka a siyasance tun tana matashiya. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta a jami'a, ta yi a kankanin lokaci a ƙauyen Greenwich, inda a cikin 1962, ta sanu, sannan ta auri Ray Brock, ma'aikacin katako, malamin shago, kuma flipper daga Virginia wanda ke tsakiyar 30s a lokacin. , sama da shekaru goma da girmi man Alice. A shekara ta nada1964, sun sami aiki tare a Makarantar Stockbridge a Stockbridge, Massachusetts, tare da Ray yana aiki a matsayin malamin shago da Alice a matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu. Tare da amincewa daga mahaifiyarta, sun sayi cocin da aka tsarkake a cikin Great Barrington, wanda ma'auratan suka canza zuwa wurin zama don kansu da wurin taron abokai da masu ra'ayin bohemians . Daga baya ta bayyana zabin coci ga kungiyar ta a matsayin wani nau'i na sacrilege, ta yi amfani da alamar al'ada da kafa addini don ci gaba da dabi'un ta. A cikin 1991, an sake dawo da ginin da aka daɗe ba a kula da shi ba kuma aka canza shi zuwa Cibiyar Guthrie a Old Trinity Church, cibiyar bautar addinai da wurin yin aiki. Abinda ya faru Ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Brocks a Makarantar Stockbridge ya kasance Arlo Guthrie, a lokacin mai son gandun daji, dashen rabin Yahudawa na New York kamar Brock, da kuma ɗan gunkin da mutane ke fama da rashin lafiya a lokacin Woody Guthrie . Lokacin da Arlo Guthrie ya bar Kwalejin Rocky Mountain a Montana don hutun godiya a watan Nuwamba 1965, ya zauna a mazaunin Brocks don abincin dare na godiya na shekara-shekara., Guthrie da abokinsa Richard Robbins sun amince su zubar da dattin da suka taru a cikin cocin, ba tare da sanin cewa an rufe juji na gida don hutu ba. Guthrie da abokinsa sun zubar da kayansu a kan wani dutse a kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu. Lokacin da aka sanar da shugaban ‘yan sanda na Stockbridge William "Obie" Obanhein game da zubar da jini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kama Guthrie da abokinsa, kuma ya tsare su a gidan yari. Alice ta bada belinsu bayan awanni da yawa; fushin da ta yi game da lamarin ya kusan sa Obanhein ya kama ta. (Brock ya kasance abokan taka da Obanhein, yana la'akari da shi "mutum mai dadi sosai, kuma (...) dan sanda mai kyau." A ƙarshe, an ci tarar Guthrie da Robbins kaɗan kuma sun karɓi datti a ƙarshen mako. Gun cin abinci na farko Mahaifiyarta ta shawo kan Brock don buɗe gidan abinci, wanda ya gaza siyan a matsayin wata dama ga 'yarta ta zama ta tsaya da kafan ta mai cin gashin kanta. Ta riga ta kasance Mai son yiwa kawayen ta hidima tana yi a cocin girki da yawa, abin da ya bata mata rai. Alice ta sayi filin kasuwanci mara komai a bayan jere na kantuna a Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYA">&nbsp;</span>7 a Stockbridge kuma ya canza shi zuwa ɗakin Baya a cikin 1965, jim kaɗan kafin ziyarar Guthrie. Akwai wasu sabani akan daidai lokacin da aka bude dakin Baya; Brock zai yi iƙirarin a cikin 2008 cewa bai kasance ba sai bayan da ya faru, amma waƙar Guthrie game da ita tana nufin an riga an buɗe gidan abincin a lokacin. A wani zaman da Guthrie ya yi da Brocks a lokacin ziyararsa, shi, Ray da Alice sun fara tsara tushen abin da zai zama rabin farko na "Alice's Restaurant". (Rabi na biyu na waƙar zai zo daga baya. Brock za ta yi tunani a kan buɗewar wannan gidan abincin yayin da aka fara rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mijinta. A cewarta, saboda a halin yanzu tana rayuwarta a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta kuma tana buƙatar San farin nata dan yin aiki a gidan abinci, Ray ba shi da ikon kula da ita ta hanyar kuɗi - kafin wannan kawai ya ba ta ɗan ƙaramin alawus - ne wanda ya ƙara tashin hankali a tsakanin. biyu. Alice kuma . Sabanin abin da aka yi a cikin fim din game da Gidan Baya, Alice ta ce ta kasance da aminci ga Ray a duk lokacin auren kuma ba ta da lalata; ba ta kwana da Guthrie ba, alal misali. Guthrie ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Alice ta kasance da ta aminci ga Ray a cikin mawaƙa na ƙarshe na waƙar, lura da cewa abokin ciniki zai iya "sami duk abin da kuke so ... ban da Alice" a gidan cin abinci, kuma wanda ake tuhuma, Richard Robbins, ya bayyana ra'ayin Alice. samun al'amura a matsayin "cikakken bijimin." Brock ya rufe gidan abincin a watan Afrilu 1966 kuma ya koma yankin Boston tare da abokai. Za ta koma Great Barrington kuma ta yi sulhu da Ray jim kadan bayan haka, ta kammala tare da babban bikin aure na hippie da aka rubuta a cikin fim din, amma su biyun za su sake saki na dindindin a 1968. Ray ya koma kasar su Virginia ya mutu sakamakon ya ya gamuda ciwon bugun zuciya,( 1979). Alice ba ta da yara tare da shi, kuma bata sakeyin aure ba bayan rabuwar su da ita. sun yin sharhi a cikin 2020 cewa tana da ra'ayi marar kyau game da dangin nukiliya saboda kaɗan daga cikin waɗanda ta san suna da lafiya, rayuwar dangi. Fim Brock ya yarda zai shiga cikin samar da fim din Alice's Restaurant, ciki har da shiga cikin tallace-tallace da kuma yin bayyanai a cikin fim din kanta; Ba kamar Guthrie da sauran mutane da yawa a cikin labarin ba, ta ƙi tayin nuna kanta a cikin fim , kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Pat Quinn ta taka rawar Alice. Brock ba ta sami kusan kome ba daga aikinta na talla kuma ya damu bayan ya koyi cewa Arthur Penn, darektane na a fim din kuma marubucin, ya shigar da kayan a cikin labarin da ta ji "ba ta bayyana ba, ta kunyata ni, kuma ta sanya ni cikin wani abu." Ta musanta cewa "Ba na kwana da kowa a duniya, alal misali - ba Arlo Guthrie ba! Kuma ban san wanda ya harbi tabar heroin ba." Bugu da ƙari, nasarar ban mamaki na waƙar da fim ɗin ya sa Brock ya zama mashahurin da ba ya so. Ta bayyana fim din a matsayin tushen shaharar da ba a so kuma ta bayyana a baya jim kadan bayan fitowar ta cewa yakamata ta yi duk abin da za ta iya don hana shirya fim din. Tun daga watan Yuni 1970, tana zaune ita kaɗai a gidan haya a Lenox, Massachusetts, tare da shirya zama a can na dogon lokaci. A matsayin hanyar rama Brock, ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fim ɗin ya shirya mata ta rubuta littafin dafa abinci, The Alice's Restaurant Cookbook, wanda aka buga a 1969. Daga baya Brock ya yarda cewa yawancin girke-girken da aka nuna ita da mahaifiyarta ne suka kirkiro su musamman don littafin, maimakon sun samo asali a gidan abinci, kuma ba a gwada su ba kafin a buga su; ta mai da shi falsafar rayuwa don yin gwaji akai-akai tare da sabbin girke-girke. Littafin ya tabbatar da nasara a tsaka-tsaki kuma ya bi ta cikin bugu huɗu. Rayayyun mutane

14116

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C6%99ala%20akan%20Annoba

Muƙala akan Annoba

Annoba na nufin bayyanar wata ƙwayar cuta mai yaɗuwa cikin hanzari tsakanin al'umma. Idan cutar tana yaɗuwa a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya, ana kiranta 'Pandemic' cikin harshen Ingilishi watau Annoba mai karaɗe duniya.  Idan kuma ya kasance cutar na yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa, ana kiranta epidemic cikin harshen Ingilishi. Watau annoba dake yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa. Cuta mai yaɗuwa ta wata keɓantaciyyar hanya kuma take kama wasu taƙaitattun mutane an fi sanin ta da endemic''' a harshen Ingilishi. Don haka ba a kiran cututtukan da ke kama ƙayyaddun mutane a duniya kamar mura wadda ke aukuwa a wani keɓantaccen yanayi ba annoba ba ce. Matakan Yaɗuwa Annoba mai karaɗe duniya na yaɗuwa. idan ta ɓarke tana hallaka mutane da dama. Don haka matuƙar cuta ba ta yaɗuwa tsakanin al'umma, to ba za a ambace ta da annoba ba. Yaɗuwar annoba na bin wasu matakai ne da ake auna su a ma'auni mai lanƙwasa. Idan an saka awon a bisa taswira, yana yin kwana ko lanƙwasa gwargwadon adadin mutanen da suka kamu a wannan lokacin. Taswirar annobar nan tana juyawa ne da yadda annobar ke tafiya. Annoba galibi tana yaɗuwa ne a matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a jadawalin da ke ƙasa: (a)  Mataki na farko:  Shine wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka ɗauki yadda covid-19 ke yaɗuwa, za mu ɗauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu ɗauke da cutar 'yan ƙalilan. (b) Mataki na biyu:  Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta bunƙasa kuma ta shiga cikin al'umma.   (c)  Mataki na uku:  Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaɗuwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita. Hanyoyin Magancewa Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake magance bazuwar annoba. A shekara ta 2005 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da kundin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda yake tattare da wasu dokoki da ke bayyana hanyoyin da za a tunkari duk wata barazana ga lafiya da ta shafi ƙasa da ƙasa. Haka kuma hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da wani daftari da ke bayyana yadda za a tunkari annobar mashaƙo a duniya. Bugu na farko na daftarin an wallafa shi cikin shekarar 1999 sannan aka wallafa bugu na biyu a shekarar 2005 da 2009. Yawancin matakan kariya da kiyaye annobar covid-19 an tsamo su daga cikin daftarin kiwon lafiya na 2005 wanda WHO  ta samar. Akwai batutuwa da dama da ake tattaunawa dangane da matakan Gwaji da Magani da kuma Bin Diddigi, waɗanda hakan ne ka bawa ƙasashe dama su iya tunkarar duk wani al'amari da ya taso dangane da annobar tun ma kafin a kai ga killace mutane da ba su magani. Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi bin diddigin dukkan mutanen da suka yi mu'amala da wanda ya kamu da cutar sannan a killace su. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin sosai musamman a ƙasashe kamar Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo. Kodayake su waɗannan ƙasashe sun saba da irin wannan tsarin tun a baya lokacin ɓarkewar annobar SARS. Ba da tazara ga juna tsarin kiwon lafiya ne bisa zummar daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar nisanta da juna da hana mutane cuɗanya a kusa da kusa. Hakan yana hana cututtuka samun damar barin jikin mai ɗauke da su zuwa jikin wanda ba ya ɗauke da su. Shugaban hukumar (WHO), Dakta Michael J Ryan ya taɓa faɗa a wani taron ganawa da 'yan jarida cikin watan Maris na 2019 cewar ba da tazara hanyaf wucin gadi ce ta kariya ga cututtuka wadda ke daƙile yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta amma ba ita ce hanyar da ke warkar da cuta ba. Tsarin na da wahala wajen aiwatarwa kuma sai an haɗa shi tare da sauran matakai sannan yake da tasiri. Ya fayyace cewar ba da tazara ba ya kakkaɓe cuta gaba ɗaya. Bala'in annoba da ke wanzuwa yanzu haka ƘanjamauDaga muƙalar: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS Kodayake hukumar (WHO) ta ayyana ƙanjamau a matsayin annobar garuruwa, duk da haka tana cikin ajin annoba mai karaɗe duniya bisa la'akari da yadda aka bayyana yaɗuwar ta. Bisa ƙiyasin shekarar 2018, akwai mutane kimanin miliyan 37.9 da ke ɗauke da ƙanjamau a faɗin duniya. Mutane kimanin dubu 770 sun mutu sanadin ta. A halin yanzu ƙasashen Afrika na yankin sahara ne suka fi yawan masu ɗauke da ita. An ƙiyasta a 2018 cewa kimanin 61% na sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar sun fito ne daga wannan yankin. Corona Virus Corona virus wani dangin ƙwayar cutar virus da ke haifar da cututtuka kamar 'yar mura har zuwa ga cuta mai tsanani ta mashaƙo kamar su, cutar numfashi ta gabas ta tsakiya (MERS-CoV) da kuma cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV). An samu ɓullar wata sabuwar cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV-2) a 2019 wadda ta haifar da cutar da ake laƙabi da Kwabid-19. Wasu daga dangogin Kwarona Bairus sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi sannan daga bisani su fantsama zuwa jikin mutane. A binciken ƙwaƙƙwafi da aka yi, an gano cewar cutar SARS-CoV ta samo asali ne daga magen juda zuwa jikin ɗan adam, yayin da cutar MERS-CoV ke da tsittsige daga jikin raƙumi zuwa ga ɗan adam. Akwai wasu nau'ikan cutar ta Kwarona Bairus da aka sani suna jikin dabbobi, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba su harbi mutane ba tukunna. Ita wannan sabuwar kwarona bairus ɗin ta samo asali ne daga birnin Wuhan na yankin jihar Hube da ke ƙasar China a cikin watan Disamba na 2019, ta haifar da cututtukan sarƙewar numfashi da ake wa laƙabi da kwabid-19. Kundin bayanai na jami'ar John Hopkins ya nuna cewar cutar ta fantsama a  kusan ƙasashe 200 na duniya inda ƙasar Amerika da China da Yankin Turai da Iran suka zama jagaba na yawan waɗanda suka kamu da ita A ranar 11 ga Maris 2020, hukumar WHO ta ayyana kwabid-19 a matsayin babbar annobar da ta karaɗe duniya "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. domin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020, an samu mutane miliyan 2.63 da suka kamu da cutar a faɗin duniya. Daga cikin mutane 184,249 sun riga mu gidan gaskiya, yayin da marasa lafiya 722,055 suka warke sarai. Wasu Daga Fitattun Ɓarkewar Cututtuka Zazzaɓin Cizon Sauro (Maleriya) Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ta yaɗu sosai a yankuna masu zafi, ciki har da wasu sassan Amurka da Asiya  da kuma Afirka. Kowacce shekara ana samun cutar a tsakanin mutane miliyan 350 zuwa miliyan 500. Babbar matsalar cutar a wannan ƙarni na 21  shine bijirewa magunguna yadda kusan kowanne rukuni na ƙwayar maganin cutar na fuskantar bijirewa in banda rukunin ayarin Atimesinin  wanda ya shahara a yankin Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Yanzu haka dai cutar ta yi ƙaura daga waɗannan yankunan . An yi hasashen cewar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya taka rawa sosai wajen faɗuwar daular Rome. Cutar ta zama sananniya da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Zazzaɓin Rumawa.". Ƙwayar cutar zazzaɓin maleriya ta kasance babbar barazana ga masu mulkin mallaka da mutanen garin da ta ɓulla a Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi. Spanish Flu Annobar Spanish Flu wadda ta auku tsakanin shekarun 1918 zuwa 1920 ta harbi kimanin mutane miliyan 500 a faɗin duniya har da can cikin lungunan tsibirin Pacific da ke yankin Arctic. Kuma wannan annobar ta kashe mutane kimanin miliyan 20 zuwa miliyan 100. A bisa kundin nazari, yawancin annobar da ke ɓarkewa, ta fi kisan yara ƙanana da tsofaffi tukuf. Masu tsallakewa sun kasance masu tsaka-tsakin shekaru.  To amma ita Spanish Flu ta fi hallaka matasa masu tasowa. Aika-aikar kisan da Spanish Flu ta yi, ya fi wanda aka samu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Haka kuma ta hallaka mutane da dama a cikin sati 25 na farkon samuwar ta fiye da yawan da cutar ƙanjamau ta kashe a farkon shekara 25 da samuwar ta.   Yawan zirga-zirgar rundunonin yaƙi da rurrufe barikokin soja da aka yi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne ya sabbaba bazuwar ta da yaɗuwar ta cikin gaggawa. Wataƙila sojoji da dama sun kamu da cutar Spanish Flu ne sakamakon damuwa da rashin abinci da kuma harin iska mai guba da aka riƙa kai musu. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri kuwa, sun sauƙaƙa wa sojoji da matuƙan jirgin ruwa da sauran matafiya su yaɗa cutar ga al’umma.Abin damuwa dangane da ɓullowar wata bairus nan gaba''' Bijirewa magunguna Daga muƙalar: Antibiotic resistance Wani zubin ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu bijirewa magunguna da sunan “gagarau”. Suna iya bada gudunmawa wajen sake bayyanar wata cutar da aka riga aka yi maganin ta. Alal misali, tarin fuka wanda ya zama gagarau ga dukkan hanyoyin maganin da aka sani ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya. Kusan duk shekara a faɗin duniya ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka (MDR-TB) kimanin sau dubu ɗari biyar   Ƙasashen China da Indiya ne kan gaba wajen samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka. Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka ga mutane miliyan 50 a duniya yayin da 79% na wannan adadin kuma suna bijirewa uku ko fiye na wasu magungunan. A shekarar 2005, an samu rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka sau 124 a ƙasar Amurika kaɗai. An samu ɓullar bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka da yawa a yankin Afrika a cikin shekara ta 2006, daga nan aka yi ta samun makamancin haka a wasu ƙasashe 49 har da Amurka. An samu kimanin rahotanni dubu 40 a shekara kamar yadda hukumar WHO ta ƙiyasta. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an samu bijirewar magunguna daga cututtukan gama gari kamar su ciwon sanyi da  gundumau da sauransu waɗanda magungunan da aka saba da su ba sa iya kawar da su. Don haka Ƙwayoyin rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar cututtukan da suka shafi lafiya (nosocomial) da ke yaɗuwa (HAI). Bugu da ƙari, saboda bijirewar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi wa magunguna ya sa ba a shawo kan cututtukan gundumau da ke yaɗuwa cikin al’umma ba (MRSA). Ba don haka ba, da an samu mutane masu lafiya sosai a ‘yan shekarun nan. Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai fidda jini Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai haddasa fitar jini, cuta ce mai kisa nan take. Misalin cutar ya haɗa da ƙwayar cutar Ebola, zazzaɓin Lassa, zazzaɓin Rift Valley, zazzaɓin Marburg da cutar zazzaɓin Bolibiya. Saboda yadda irin wannan zazzaɓin ke yaɗuwa da sauri, sai ake ganin suna iya zama annoba mai karaɗe duniya. Haka nan yadda suke da saurin yaɗuwa na iya haifar da ɓarwakewar annoba saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na buƙatar  kusanci da mai cutar. Wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma ba jimawa yake iya sheƙawa barzahu ko ya samu mummunar naƙasa. Ɗan ƙanƙanin lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar,  alamominta za su soma bayyana wanda zai bai wa ƙwararrun likitoci damar killace shi cikin hanzari, tare da hana shi ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cutar zuwa wani wuri. Cutar Zika Daga Muƙalar: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever Cutar Zika ta fara ɓarkewa a shekarar 2015 kuma ta tsananta sosai a farkon shekarar 2016, inda aka samu ɓullar cutar sama da miliyan 1.5 a ƙasashe sama da 12 na yankin Amurka. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi gargaɗin cewa Zika na da yiwuwar zama annoba a duniya idan ba a daƙile ta ba. Manazarta Annoba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafizur%20Rahman

Mustafizur Rahman

Mustafizur Rahman ( Bengali : মুস্তাফিজুর রহমান; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumban 1995), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Fizz, dan wasan kurket na duniya ne na kasar Bangladash. Sannan kuma ya ƙware a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai matsakaicin-sauri na hannun hagu. Shi ne dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar 'Jarumin Gasa' a dukkan Gwaje-gwaje. Mustafizur ya fara buga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa a wasa na tsakanin kasashe ashirin a watan Afrilun 2015. Daga bayan waccan shekarar, ya buga wasansa na farko na Rana Daya ta Duniya da na Gwaji ta Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu, bi da bi. Kafin aikinsa na tsakanin kasashe, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya na Kurket karkashin-19 na 2014 . Rayuwar farko da ta sirri Mustafizur ya girma a cikin ƙaramin garin Satkhira a cikin Khulna, Bangladesh. Shi ne auta ga Abul Qasem Gazi da Mahmuda Khatun 'ya'yan shida. Mahaifinsa mai sha'awar wasan kurket ne. Sha'awar Mustafizur na wasan kurket ya tashi lokacin da ya fara atisayen wasa na tsawon kilomita 40 daga gida a kowace safiya, tare da dan uwansa Mokhlesur Rahman. Wannan ya shafi iliminsa yayin da yake barin makaranta lokaci-lokaci don buga wasan kurket. Kafin gano gwanintar wasan nasa, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a matsayin dan wasa na kwallon tennis . A cewarsa, ya samu kwarin gwuiwa ne daga dan wasan Pakistan Mohammad Amir wanda shi ne ubangidansa. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2019, tare da wasu mambobi na tawagar gwajin Bangladesh, yana daf da shiga masallacin Al Noor da ke Christchurch, New Zealand lokacin da aka kai harin ta'addanci . Dukkan 'yan tawagar sun " cutu sosai". Mustafizur ya yi aure a ranar 22 ga Maris. Dan'uwan Mustafizur ya yi fatan cewa aure zai iya taimaka masa "ya shawo kan kaduwar" da ya ritsa da shi a harin na New Zealand. Farkon aiki A shekara ta 2012, Mustafizur ya yi tafiya zuwa Dhaka babban birnin Bangladesh don gwada sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. Kafin wannan, 'yan wasa sun fara cin karo da shi a gasar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a Satkhira . An shigar da shi cikin kafuwar Hukumar Kurket ta Bangladesh na ganin saurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe shi zuwa ƙungiyar ' yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kurket a 2014 a UAE, inda ya ɗauki jimlar bangarori takwas . Mustafizur ya fara wasan kurket na aji na farko da na zubin-A daga 2014, mai wakiltar dibishin din Khulna da Abahani, bi da bi. An zabe shi don yawon shakatawa na Bangladesh A na Arewacin Indies . Ayyukan kasa da kasa Fitowa Mustafizur ya fara wasansa na kasa-da-kasa ne a wasa na ashirin da suka wuce da Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya ci kwallayen Shahid Afridi da Mohammad Hafeez, ('yan wasa biyu na Pakistan). A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Indiya ta zagaya Bangladesh don gwaji ɗaya na duniya na kwana ɗaya. An zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin tawagar ODI. A cikin jerin wasanninsa na fark, Mustafizur ya ba da alamun yuwuwar sa a kan ƙwaƙƙwaran layin batting na Indiya ta hanyar ɗaukar wicket biyar a wasan farko. Bangladesh ce ta samu nasara a wasan kuma Mustafizur ya zama dan wasa na goma a tarihin ODI da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasan farko. A cikin ODI na biyu, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wasu wikiti shida. Wannan ya taimaka masa ya sami rikodin mafi yawan wickets na kowane mai kwanon bayan ODI biyu, wanda ya zarce rikodin da Brian Vitori na Zimbabwe ya yi a baya. Ya kammala ODI na ƙarshe tare da wickets 2 kuma ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar ɗaukar wickets 13 a cikin jerin ODI na wasanni uku. A wata na gaba, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wickets 5 a cikin ODI uku don taimakawa Bangladesh ta ci nasara a kan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2-1. Ya yi gwaje-gwajensa na farko a jerin gwanaye guda daya da Afirka ta Kudu inda ya samu ci 4. Matsalolin rauni A cikin watan Nuwamba, Bangladesh ta karbi bakuncin Zimbabwe don ODI uku da T20 biyu. Mustafizur ya taka rawar gani sosai a wasannin ODI, yana ɗaukar jimlar wickets 8. Don wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2015, ICC ta ba shi suna a cikin ODI XI ta duniya. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin ODI XI na shekara ta 2015 ta ESPNcricinfo da Cricbuzz . Ya kama wasansa na uku mai ci biyar a wasan karshe. Ba zai iya ba da gudummawa da yawa a cikin jerin T20 ba, koda yake ya yi rawar gani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa bangarorin biyu suka yi nasara. A shekara ta gaba a cikin Janairu, Bangladesh ta sake taka rawar gani tare da Zimbabwe a cikin T20s hudu. Mustafizur ya buga wasanni biyun farko da suka yi nasara. Yayin da yake buga wasa a T20I na biyu da Zimbabwe a watan Janairun 2016, Mustafizur ya ji rauni a kafadarsa. Bayan haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar a karon farko tun lokacin da ya fara buga wasa. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya da aka gudanar a wata mai zagayowa, ya sake jinkiri daga tawagar saboda raunin gefensa, ya buga wasanni uku na farko kawai. Ya sami damar buga wasa da Australiya, Indiya da New Zealand a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 da aka gudanar a Indiya a cikin Maris. Ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Bangladesh da ya ci kwallo biyar a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 bayan ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 22 da New Zealand. Ya dauki jimlar wickets 9 a wasanni uku a cikin 2016 edition . An nada shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 'tawagar Tournament' don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2016 T20 ta ICC. Mustafizur bai sake samun damar buga dukkan wasannin ba lokacin da Bangladesh ta zagaya New Zealand a watan Disamba 2016 da Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasan gwajin sa na farko tun watan Agusta 2015 da Sri Lanka a Galle a cikin Maris 2017, yana ɗaukar wickets takwas a cikin jerin. A cikin Afrilun 2018, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kurket goma da Hukumar kurket ta Bangladesh (BCB) za ta ba su kwangilar tsakiya kafin lokacin 2018. A ranar 29 ga Mayun 2018, an cire Mustafizur daga jerin wasanni uku masu zuwa da za su yi da Afghanistan saboda rauni a ƙafarsa. 2019-yanzu A cikin Afrilu 2019, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket na 2019 . A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2019, a wasan da Pakistan, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wicket na 100 a cikin ODIs. Ya kammala gasar ne a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a Bangladesh, inda aka kore shi ashirin a wasanni takwas. Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya, Hukumar Cricket ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta bayyana Mustafizur a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa a cikin tawagar. A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya . Sana'ar cikin gida Wasan Firimiya na Bangladesh Mustafizur kwararre na farko a wajen wasan kurket na kasa da kasa shi ne gasar firimiya ta Bangladesh, inda ya bugawa Dhaka Dynamites a kakar wasa ta 2015 . Ya ci kwallaye 14 a wasanni 10 a waccan gasar. A cikin Oktoba 2018, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Rajshahi Kings, biyo bayan daftarin gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2018 – 19. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, an zaɓi shi don buga wa Rangpur Rangers a gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2019 – 20. gasar firimiya ta Indiya A cikin Fabrairu 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad ne ya tsara Mustafizur a cikin 2016 IPL gwanjo . Ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 16 a gasar inda kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun. An yi masa suna a matsayin "Dan wasan Gasar Fitowa", ɗan wasa na farko a ƙasashen waje da ya karɓi wannan lambar yabo. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad sun riƙe shi a cikin 2017 IPL gwanjo . Yana da shakku kan rashin buga wasan farko na gasar. A cikin Janairu 2018, Indiyawan Mumbai sun saya shi a cikin 2018 IPL gwanjo . A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Rajasthan Royals ne suka siye shi daga farashin sa na INR 1.00 crore a cikin gwanjon IPL na 2021 . A cikin Fabrairu 2022, Babban Birnin Delhi ya siya shi a cikin gwanjon gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2022 . Fashewar NatWest T20 A cikin Maris 2016, kungiyar Sussex ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mustafizur a matsayin dan wasan su na biyu a ketare don gasar T20 Blast . Ya dauko wickets hudu yayin da yake ba da gudu 23 a wasansa na farko da Essex . Bayan wani wasan kuma ya fuskanci tiyatar kafadarsa wadda ta yi jinyar watanni shida. Pakistan Super League Lahore Qalandars ne ya zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin Super League na Pakistan . BCB ya hakura ya bar shi ya taka leda a can. Duk da haka, an warware batun lokacin da Mustafizur ya sami rauni a kafada a farkon 2016, don haka ya hana shi wasa a cikin PSL. Salon wasa Mustafizur ya sami nasara a farkon aikinsa na kasa da kasa ta hanyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, nau'in wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke motsawa (daga hannun dama) daga filin wasa. Mustafizur ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai a watan Yunin 2015 cewa ya fara gano wannan dabarar ne bayan dan wasan cricketer nasa, Anamul Haque ya nace masa da ya rika kawowa a hankali. A cewar tsohon dan wasan cricket na Indiya Maninder Singh, ƙwallan sa na hankali suna da wahalar karantawa. Bayanai da nasarori Bayanan kasa da kasa Yawancin wickets (13) a cikin jerin abubuwan da za a fara a Rana ɗaya ta Duniya (ODI). Dan wasa na farko da ya lashe lambobin yabo na Man of the Match akan duka gwajin gwaji da ODI. Hukumar kula da wasan kurket, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya, ta hada da Mustafizur a kan ICC ODI Team of the Year a 2015, ta gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cricketers na wannan shekarar. Shi ne dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan kuma na biyu da aka zaba ga kowace kungiyar ICC bayan Shakib Al Hasan . A cikin Disamba 2016, an nada shi ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na ICC. Mustafizur kuma an saka shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Team of the Tournament. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ESPNcricinfo don Mafi kyawun aikin T20 na shekara ta 2016 don budurwarsa T20I mai tsayi biyar da New Zealand yayin T20 na Duniya . Mustafizur ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na shekara daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) na shekara ta 2015. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, ya zama na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu kawai cricketer na waje da ya lashe IPL 's Emerging player of the year . A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2018, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 50 a wasan karshe na wasan karshe da Sri Lanka ta hanyar bowling Upul Tharanga, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kwando na Bangladesh mafi sauri zuwa 50 ODI wickets a cikin matches 27. Mustafizur ya sake haɗawa da ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018 . Ya zama dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan sau biyu. A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2019, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 100 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2019 da Pakistan ta hanyar bowling Haris Sohail, ya zama dan kwallon Bangladesh mafi sauri da ya kai gaci a wasanni 54. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kuma zama na hudu mafi sauri a Duniya da ya kai wickets 100, ya bar dan gudun Australia Brett Lee a bayansa. Lee ya kai matakin wickets 100 a matches 55. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2019, Mustafizur ya zama ɗan Bangladesh mafi sauri, mai saurin kwano da sauri na huɗu don ɗaukar wiket 50 T20I . A cikin lambar yabo ta ICC na shekara-shekara a cikin Janairu 2022, Mustafizur an haɗa shi a cikin ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. An sanya suna a cikin ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mustafizur Rahman na Instagramu Mustafizur Rahman na ESPNcricifno Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25995

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane%20Hayward

Roxane Hayward

Roxane Hayward (an haifi Roxane Josephine Hayward, 7 May 1991) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. Ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Afirka ta Kudu, Biritaniya da Amurka waɗanda suka haɗa da Leonardo (jerin TV) don CBBC, Beaver Falls (jerin TV) don E4 da Drive Drive (jerin TV) gami da fina -finan fasali, gami da Race Mutuwa 3: Inferno, Universal Pictures ne suka samar . A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Hayward ya taka rawar gani ga wasu shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Shakespeare In Love a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fugard na Eric Abraham . A cikin 2015, Hayward ta taka rawar Susanna White a cikin Nat Geo ya rubuta taron fina-finai kashi biyu na Waliyyai da Baƙi, wanda Sony Pictures Television ya samar, wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2015. A cikin watan Yuni 2015, Roxane kammala yin fim a kan Action / mai ban sha'awa alama fim hatsari, a cikin abin da ta buga da gubar rawa, Caroline. Fim ɗin ya fara fitowa a watan Disambar 2017. Hayward mai magana da yawun 'yancin ɗan adam da kare kai ne da ya shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani a Afirka ta Kudu da ke mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa mutane ta hanyar dabarun kare kai. A cikin 2017, Hayward ta fara gabatar da daraktocinta don Sanarwar Sabis na Jama'a mai taken Buɗe Idanunku HeardPSA wanda ke da niyyar ƙirƙirar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin ɗan adam da Bautar Ranar Zamani. Rayuwar farko An haifi Hayward a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, ga iyayen da suka goyi bayan shawarar ta na yin aiki a matsayin aiki. Ta fara koyon wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ɗan shekara shida tare da rawa, waƙa da darussan piano. Ta shiga aikinta na farko na rikon kwarya tun tana 'yar shekara shida sannan ta yi tallar tallan talabijin na farko. Bayan makarantar sakandare, Hayward ya fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Sana'a A cikin 2002 lokacin Hayward yana da shekara 11, an jefa ta cikin tallan talabijin na farko. Daga baya Hayward ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na CBC Jozi-H inda ta taka matashi, matashi mai suna Daphne wanda aka shigar da shi Babban Asibitin Johannesburg saboda yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Hayward ta taka rawar musamman a cikin kashi na 9 na jerin fim mai taken 'Smile' . Jerin shirye-shiryen ya fara a 2006 kuma ya gudana don kakar wasa ɗaya. Jim kaɗan bayan yin fim ɗin Jozi-H, Hayward ya fito a SAID 's Isidingo a matsayin matashi wanda aka ci zarafinsa mai suna Chloe. A cikin 2011, Hayward ya fara fitowa ta farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya yana wasa matsayin mashawarcin sansanin bazara a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen ban dariya na Channel 4 Beaver Falls . Daga nan aka jefa Hayward a matsayin rawar tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin ta na farko Mutuwa Race 3: Inferno, inda take aiki tare da Dougray Scott, Ving Rhames da Danny Trejo . Race Mutuwa 3: Universal Pictures ne ya samar da Inferno kuma aka sake shi a 2012. Hayward ta fara taka rawar farko a gidan talabijin na duniya a cikin jerin CBBC Leonardo a 2012; wanda kamfanin BAFTA sau uku ya lashe kamfanin samar da talabijin mai zaman kansa, Kindle Entertainment . Hayward ta taka rawar matashiyar Angelica Visconti wacce aka kama a cikin alwatika na soyayya yayin da aka daura aure da saurayin Lorenzo de 'Medici . An yi fim ɗin Leonardo a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu don gidan talabijin na Burtaniya. A cikin 2014, an jefa Hayward a matsayin rawar Irin a cikin jerin NBC Dominion . Ta bayyana a cikin shirye -shiryen Broken Places da Godspeed . A cikin 2015, an jefa Hayward a cikin taron fim na NatGeo kashi biyu, wanda Sony da Little Engine Productions suka yi wa lakabi da Waliyai da Baƙi . Hayward yana taka rawar tarihi, Susanna White; daya daga cikin matan da ke cikin Mayflower wanda ya isa gabar Tekun Massachusetts a cikin 1600s. Tana aiki tare da Barry Sloane, Vincent Kartheiser, Anna Camp da Ron Livingston . A farkon Waliyyai da Baƙi a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Saban da ke Beverly Hills, an nakalto Hayward yana cewa, "Na yi ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin amma saboda wannan don NatGeo wannan daidai ne a tarihi: kowane ɗan ƙaramin bayani, daga gashi da kayan shafa ga abin da suka faɗi, yadda suka faɗi shi, saiti, ga komai, ya kasance kawai a tarihi. Kuma kasancewa kusa da wannan abin mamaki ne. Ya ji kamar za ku koma baya a duk lokacin da kuka shirya. ” An sake shi a cikin Disamba 2017, taurarin Hayward a cikin fim ɗin Action/Thriller, Hadari . Hayward tana taka rawar Mimi Kox a cikin jerin salon Grindhouse don SyFy Network, Drive Drive. An fara gabatar da jerin shirye -shiryen a Gidan Talabijin na Amurka a watan Yunin 2017. A farkon 2016, Hayward ta fara horo Muay Thai tare da zakaran gasar duniya sau biyu Quentin Chong . Tun daga lokacin ta dauki bakuncin bita da bita da yawa da suka mai da hankali kan kare kai kuma ta zama mai magana da yawun 'yancin dan adam da ƙarfafawa a Afirka ta Kudu . Wannan sha'awar ta kai ga fara halarta na darekta inda ta rubuta, ta samar kuma ta ba da sanarwar Sanarwar Sabis na Jama'a (PSA) don wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin ɗan adam da Bautar Ranar Zamani. PSA mai taken Buɗe Idanunku HeardPSA an ƙirƙira shi don HeardPSA - dandamali wanda Cibiyar Dorewar Duniya ta ƙirƙira don watsawa akan CNN . An zabe ta ta biyu a duniya gasar PSA ta duniya tare da kwamitin alkalai da suka hada da Quincy Jones, Wesley Snipes da Joseph Fiennes . An watsa shi a duniya da kuma akan ɗayan manyan hanyoyin sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu, SABC 3 Hayward ta dawo kan mataki a watan Oktoba na 2017 inda ta taka rawar Viola De Lesseps a cikin wasan West End smash hit Shakespeare In Love a The Fugard Theatre . Yayin wata hira da Broadway World, an nakalto Hayward yana cewa "Abin farin cikin dawowa kan mataki a ƙarƙashin fitilu a gaban masu sauraro kai tsaye tare da wasu ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa sun kasance na musamman kuma irin wannan girmamawa. Abu ne mai wahala a fara da shi, amma goyan baya da kwarjini yayin maimaita karatun sun juya dukkan jijiyoyi zuwa malam buɗe ido. ” Samarwar ta yi wasa ga gidajen da aka siyar da kuma yabo mai mahimmanci daga manema labarai da masu sauraro iri ɗaya kuma an faɗaɗa ta da yawan buƙata. Hayward ya karɓi sake dubawa don nuna irin rawar da ta ci Gwyneth Paltrow Award Academy inda masu sukar suka ce, "Uwargidan Roxane Hayward Viola de Lesseps ta fara farawa cikin jin tsoro kuma a hankali ta gina cikin mafi kyawun ɓangaren samarwa. Na sami kaina ina son ta dauki matakin tsakiya a kowane yanayin da take ciki. " . An zaɓi samarwa don kyaututtukan Fleur du Cap guda uku waɗanda suka haɗa da "Mafi Kyawun Aiki Ta Taro" Finafinai Fim Talabijin Bidiyoyin kiɗa Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Roxane Hayward akan Twitter Roxane Hayward a shafin Instagram Mata Mata Mawaka Pages with unreviewed translations

29970

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa%20Na%20shari%27a

Falsafa Na shari'a

Falsafa na shari'a wani reshe ne na falsafar da ke nazarin yanayin doka da dangantakar doka da sauran tsarin ka'idoji, musamman ɗabi'a da falsafar siyasa . Yana yin tambayoyi kamar "Mene ne doka?" , "Mene ne ma'auni na ingancin shari'a?", da "Menene alakar doka da ɗabi'a ?" Ana amfani da falsafar doka da fikihu sau da yawa tare, kodayake fikihu wani lokaci ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tunani waɗanda suka dace da ilimin tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa . Falsafar shari'a za a iya karkasu zuwa ga fikihu na nazari da fikihu na al'ada. Ilimin fikihu na nufin ayyana mene ne doka da abin da ba ita ba ta hanyar gano mahimman abubuwan doka. Sannan kuma Ilimin shari'a na al'ada yana bincika duka ƙa'idodin da ba na shari'a ba waɗanda ke tsara doka da ƙa'idodin shari'a waɗanda doka ta haifar kuma suna jagorantar aikin ɗan adam. Fikihun nazari Ƙididdigar fikihu na neman samar da cikakken bayani game da yanayin doka ta hanyar kayan aikin bincike na ra'ayi . Asusu na gabaɗaya ne a ma'anar niyya ga fasalulluka na shari'a na duniya waɗanda ke riƙe a kowane lokaci da wurare. Ganin cewa lauyoyi suna da sha'awar abin da doka ta ke kan wani lamari na musamman a wani yanki na musamman, masana falsafa na sha'awar gano fasalin dokar da aka raba a cikin al'adu, lokuta, da wurare. A dunkule, waɗannan abubuwan tushe na doka suna ba da nau'in ma'anar falsafar duniya. Tsarin gaba ɗaya yana bawa masana falsafa damar yin tambayoyi game da, alal misali, abin da ya raba doka da ɗabi'a, siyasa, ko dalili mai amfani. Sau da yawa, masana a fannin suna kyautata zaton cewa doka tana da sifofi na musamman da suka raba ta da sauran al’amura, ko da yake ba duka suke da ra’ayi iri ɗaya ba. Yayin da a al'ada filin ya mayar da hankali kan bayar da lissafin yanayin doka, wasu malaman sun fara nazarin yanayin yankunan da ke cikin doka, misali dokar azabtarwa, dokar kwangila, ko dokar laifuka. Wadannan malamai suna mayar da hankali kan abin da ya sa wasu sassa na doka suka bambanta da yadda wani yanki ya bambanta da wani. Wani yanki na bincike na musamman shine banbance tsakanin dokar azabtarwa da dokar laifuka, kuma wanda gabaɗaya ya shafi bambanci tsakanin dokar farar hula da na laifuka. Mazhabobi da dama sun taso a kan yanayin shari'a, wadanda suka fi tasiri su ne: Ka'idar shari'a ta dabi'a, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa doka ta kasance a cikin yanayi kuma tana da halin kirki, aƙalla a wani ɓangare. A kan wannan ra'ayi, yayin da 'yan majalisa za su iya kafawa har ma da samun nasarar aiwatar da dokokin lalata, irin waɗannan dokokin ba su da inganci. Ra'ayi yana kama da maxim: doka ta rashin adalci ba doka ta gaskiya ba ce, inda 'zalunci' na nufin 'saɓani da ka'idar halitta.' Ka'idar ka'idar dabi'a ta samo asali ne a cikin falsafar Thomas Aquinas .to A ƙarshen karni na 20, John Finnis ya farfado da sha'awar ka'idar kuma ya ba da sake fasalin zamani. Legal positivism, wanda shine ra'ayi cewa doka ta dogara da farko akan abubuwan zamantakewa. A al'adance an haɗa ƙwaƙƙwaran shari'a tare da koyaswar koyarwa guda uku: ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi, ƙayyadaddun rabewa, da ƙa'idar hankali. Ƙididdigar ƙa'idar ta ce hanyar da ta dace don sanin ko umarni doka ce ita ce duba tushen umarnin. Ƙididdigar ta yi iƙirarin cewa gaskiyar cewa jami'in da ya dace ya bayar da umarnin a cikin halaltacciyar gwamnati, alal misali, shine ke ƙayyade ingancin umarnin na shari'a-ba cancantar ɗabi'a ko aiki na umarnin ba. Ƙididdigar rabuwa ta bayyana cewa doka ta bambanta da ɗabi'a. Duk da yake doka na iya ƙunsar ɗabi'a, ƙayyadaddun rabe-raben ya ce "ba lallai ba ne gaskiya ce da dokoki ke sake haifarwa ko kuma gamsar da wasu buƙatun ɗabi'a, kodayake sun sha yin haka." Masu ra'ayin shari'a ba su yarda ba game da iyakar rubutun rabuwa. Keɓaɓɓen masu fa'ida na shari'a, musamman Joseph Raz, sun wuce ma'auni na ƙididdiga kuma sun musanta cewa yana yiwuwa ɗabi'a ta zama wani ɓangare na doka kwata-kwata. Ƙididdigar hankali ta bayyana cewa alkalai suna ƙirƙirar sabuwar doka lokacin da aka ba su hankali don yanke hukunci a kan shari'o'in inda dokar da ta kasance ta kasa tantance sakamakon. Wanda ya fara ba da goyon bayan shari'a shine John Austin wanda rubutun Jeremy Bentham ya rinjaye shi a farkon karni na 19. Austin ya yi imanin cewa dokar ita ce umarnin sarki mai goyon bayan barazanar azabtarwa. Kyakkyawar shari'a ta zamani ta daɗe ta watsar da wannan ra'ayi. A cikin karni na ashirin, masu ra'ayi guda biyu suna da tasiri sosai a filin: Hans Kelsen da HLA Hart . Kelsen ya fi tasiri ga ra'ayinsa na ' Grundnorm ,' ƙa'ida ta ƙarshe kuma ta asali, wanda wasu masana, musamman a Turai, suka yarda da su a yau. A cikin duniyar Anglophone, Hart ya kasance malami mafi tasiri. Hart ya yi watsi da da'awar farko na cewa takunkumi yana da mahimmanci ga doka kuma a maimakon haka ya bayar da hujjar cewa doka ta dogara ne akan ka'ida. A cewar Hart, doka wani tsari ne na ka'idoji na farko da ke jagorantar tafiyar da batutuwan doka, da kuma ka'idoji na biyu waɗanda ke tsara yadda za'a canza ƙa'idodin farko, tantancewa da yanke hukunci. Ka'idar Hart, ko da yake ana sha'awar ta, ta haifar da muhawara mai karfi tsakanin masana falsafa na karni na ashirin da suka hada da Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, Joseph Raz, da John Finnis. Haƙiƙanin shari'a, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa doka ta samo asali ne daga yanke shawara da kotuna, tilasta bin doka, da lauyoyi suka yi, waɗanda galibi ana yanke hukunci akan sabani ko dalilai na sabani. Bisa ga gaskiyar shari'a, doka ba tsarin hankali ba ne na ka'idoji da ka'idoji. Haƙiƙanin shari'a yana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayin cewa doka tana da yanayin da za'a iya yin nazari a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Madadin haka, masu sahihancin shari'a suna ba da shawarar wata hanya ta ƙwaƙƙwaran fikihu da aka kafa a cikin ilimin zamantakewa da ainihin aikin doka a duniya. Don haka, sau da yawa ana danganta gaskiyar shari'a da ilimin zamantakewa na doka . A cikin Amurka, gaskiyar shari'a ta sami shahara sosai a ƙarshen karni na 19 tare da Oliver Wendell Holmes da John Chipman Gray . Gaskiyar doka ta zama tasiri a cikin Scandinavia a cikin karni na 20 tare da Axel Hägerström . Tafsirin shari'a, wanda ya musanta cewa doka ta samo asali ne saboda doka dole ne ta dogara da fassarar ɗan adam wanda ke jagorantar ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na al'ummomi. Ganin cewa alkalai suna da ikon yanke hukunci ta hanyar fiye da ɗaya, fassarar shari'a ta ce alkalai suna yanke hukunci bisa ga dabi'un da suka dace ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, hujjojin hukumomi, da ayyukan zamantakewa na al'ummomin da suke cikin su. Ya yi daidai da tafsirin shari’a wanda ba zai iya sanin ko al’umma tana da tsarin shari’a da ake aiki da su ba, ko kuma mene ne daga cikin dokokinta, har sai an san wasu haqiqanin gaskiya na kyawawan halaye game da dalilan da suka shafi ayyuka a cikin wannan al’umma. Sabanin yadda shari’a ta tabbata ko haqiqanin shari’a, mai yiyuwa ne mai tafsirin shari’a ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani a cikin al’umma da ya san mene ne dokokinta (saboda babu wanda zai iya sanin mafi kyawun hujjar ayyukanta. ) Tafsirin shari'a ya samo asali ne daga Ronald Dworkin a ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin littafinsa na Daular Shari'a . A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, muhawara game da yanayin shari'a ya zama mafi kyau. Muhawara ɗaya mai mahimmanci ta wanzu a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin shari'a game da rabuwar doka da ɗabi'a. Keɓaɓɓen masu fa'ida na shari'a suna da'awar cewa ingancin doka na ƙa'ida ba zai taɓa dogaro da daidaitaccen ɗabi'arsa ba. Masu fafutukar tabbatar da doka da suka hada da sun yi iƙirarin cewa la'akari da ɗabi'a na iya ƙayyadad da ingancin doka ta ƙa'ida, amma ba lallai ba ne haka lamarin yake. Positivism ya fara a matsayin ka'idar haɗawa; to amma Kuma ƙwararrun masu fafutukar tabbatar da doka, gami da Joseph Raz, John Gardner, da Leslie Green, daga baya sun yi watsi da ra'ayin. Muhawara ta biyu mai mahimmanci, wacce galibi ake kira " Muhawarar Hart-Dworkin ", ta shafi yaƙi tsakanin manyan makarantu biyu a ƙarshen 20th da farkon karni na 21st, fassarar shari'a da tabbataccen doka. Fikihu na al'ada Baya ga fikihu na nazari, falsafar shari'a kuma ta shafi ka'idodin doka. "Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na al'ada sun haɗa da na al'ada, kimantawa, da kuma wasu abubuwan da aka rubuta game da doka." Misali, Menene manufa ko manufar doka? Waɗanne dabaru na ɗabi'a ko na siyasa ne ke ba da tushe ga doka? Hanyoyi guda uku (3) sun yi tasiri a falsafar ɗabi'a da ta siyasa ta wannan zamani, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin suna nunawa a cikin ka'idodin doka: Utilitarianism shine ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a tsara dokoki don samar da sakamako mafi kyau. A tarihi, tunanin mai amfani game da doka yana da alaƙa da masanin falsafa Jeremy Bentham . Sannan A cikin ka'idar shari'a ta zamani, ƙwararrun masana waɗanda ke aiki a cikin doka da al'adar tattalin arziƙi suna yin nasara akai-akai akan tsarin amfani. Deontology shine ra'ayi cewa ya kamata dokoki su nuna nauyin da ke wuyanmu na kiyaye 'yancin kai da haƙƙin wasu. A tarihi, tunanin deontological game da doka yana da alaƙa da Immanuel Kant, wanda ya ƙirƙira ɗaya fitacciyar ka'idar deontological na doka. Ana iya samun wata hanyar deontological a cikin aikin masanin falsafa na zamani Ronald Dworkin . Ka'idodin ɗabi'a na Aretaic kamar ɗabi'un kyawawan halaye na zamani sun jaddada matsayin ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'a. Shari'a ta gaskiya ita ce ra'ayin cewa ya kamata dokoki su inganta haɓaka halayen kirki ta 'yan ƙasa. A tarihi, wannan hanyar tana da alaƙa da Aristotle . Fikihun kyawawan dabi'u na zamani ya samo asali ne daga aikin falsafa a kan kyawawan dabi'u su. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da yawa na al'ada ga falsafar doka, gami da nazarin shari'a mai mahimmanci da ka'idodin 'yanci na doka . Hanyoyi na falsafa don matsalolin shari'a Masana falsafa na shari'a sun damu da matsalolin falsafa iri-iri da suka taso musamman batutuwa na shari'a, kamar dokar tsarin mulki, Dokar Kwangila, Dokar Laifuka, da Dokar Ta'addanci. Don haka, falsafar doka tana magana game da batutuwa daban-daban kamar ka'idodin dokar kwangila, ra'ayoyin hukunci mai laifi, ka'idodin azabtarwa, da tambayar ko nazarin shari'a ya dace Akai. Fitattun malaman falsafa na doka Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Al'ummai ( bugu da yawa). Hadley Arkes, Abubuwan Farko (Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Ɗaukar Haƙƙin Mahimmanci (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1977). Ronald Dworkin, Matsalolin Ka'ida (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Daular Shari'a (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Dokar 'Yanci: Karatun halin kirki na Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1997). Lon L. Fuller, Halin Doka (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965). John Chipman Gray, Yanayin da Tushen Doka (Peter Smith, 1972, sake bugawa). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961). HLA Hart, Hukunci da Nauyi (Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1968). Sterling Harwood, Ayyukan Shari'a: Ƙarfafa Tsaro (London: Austin & Winfield Publishers, 1996). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Falsafa na Dama (Jami'ar Oxford 1967) Ian Farrell & Morten Ebbe Juul Nielsen, Falsafar Shari'a: Tambayoyi 5, New York: Latsa Kai tsaye, Afrilu 2007 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (Dover, 1991, sake bugawa). Immanuel Kant, Metaphysics of Morals (Rukunan Dama) (Jami'ar Cambridge Press 2000, sake bugawa). Hans Kelsen, Pure Theory of Law (Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2005, sake bugawa). Catharine MacKinnon, Zuwa Ka'idar Mata ta Jiha. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). Duncan Kennedy, A Critique of Adjudication (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998). David Lyons, Da'a & Dokokin Doka (Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 1984). David Lyons, Halin halin kirki na Ka'idar Shari'a (Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1993). Neil MacCormick, Hukuncin Shari'a da Ka'idar Shari'a (Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1979). Joseph Raz, The Authority of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983, sake bugawa). Robert S. Summers, Instrumentalism da Ka'idar Shari'a ta Amurka (Ithaca, NY: Jami'ar Cornell Press, 1982). Robert S. Summers, Lon Fuller (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984). Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986). Jeffrie G. Murphy da Jules L. Coleman, Falsafar Doka: Gabatarwa ga Shari'a (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Intanet Encyclopedia na Falsafa: Falsafa na Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40356

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwalwa

Kwakwalwa

Kwakwalwa wata gaba ce da ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar jijiyoyi a cikin dukkan gabobin kashin baya da kuma mafi yawan invertebrate . Yana cikin kai ne, yawanci kusa da gabobin ji don ma'ana kamar hangen nesa . Ita ce mafi hadadden gaba a jikin kashin baya. A jikin ɗan adam, ƙwakwalwa ta ƙunshi kusan 14-16 biliyan neurons, kuma kiyasin adadin neurons a cikin cerebellum shine 55-70 biliyan. Kowane neuron yana haɗe ta hanyar synapses zuwa wasu dubunnan jijiyoyi. Waɗannan jijiyoyi yawanci suna sadarwa da juna ta hanyar dogayen zaruruwa da ake kira axon, waɗanda ke ɗaukar sadarwa na bugun sigina da ake kira ƙarfin aiki zuwa sassa mai nisa na kwakwalwa ko jikin da ke Shirin amsar kwayar halitta. A ilimin halittar jiki, kwakwalwa suna aiwatar da iko a kan sauran gabobin jiki. Suna aiki akan sauran jikin duka ta hanyar samar da tsarin aikin tsoka da kuma ta hanyar fitar da sinadarai da ake kira hormones . Wannan sarrafawa ta tsakiya yana ba da damar saurin amsawa da haɗin kai ga canje-canje a cikin yanayi . Wasu nau'ikan amsawa na asali kamar reflexes za a iya yin sulhu ta hanyar kashin baya ko ganglia na gefe, amma ƙayyadaddun ikon sarrafa ɗabi'a bisa haɗaɗɗiyar shigarwar azanci yana buƙatar bayanin haɗa ƙarfin kwakwalwa ta tsakiya. Yanzu ana fahimtar ayyukan kwayar halitta guda ɗaya daki-daki amma har yanzu ba a warware yadda suke haɗa kai cikin tarin miliyoyin mutane ba. Samfuran na baya-bayan nan a cikin ilimin kimiyyar jijiya na zamani suna ɗaukar kwakwalwa a matsayin kwamfuta ta halitta, wadda ta bambanta da na'ura mai kwakwalwa da kwamfuta, amma kamanceceniya ta yadda tana samun bayanai daga kewayen duniya, tana adana ta, da sarrafa ta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan makalan yana auna ayyukan kwakwalwa a cikin dukkan nau'ikan dabbobi, tare da kulawa mafi girma ga kashin baya. Yana mu'amala da kwakwalwar dan adam gwargwadon yadda yake raba abubuwan da sauran kwakwalwar suke. Hanyoyin da kwakwalwar dan adam ta bambanta da sauran kwakwalwa an rufe su a cikin labarin kwakwalwar mutum. Batutuwa da dama da za a iya rufe su a maimakon haka an rufe su a can domin ana iya faɗi da yawa game da su a cikin mahallin ɗan adam. Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin labarin kwakwalwar ɗan adam sune cututtukan kwakwalwa da illar lalacewar kwakwalwa . Siffa da girman kwakwalwa sun bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'in jinsi, kuma gano abubuwan gama gari sau da yawa yana da wahala. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙa'idodi na gine-ginen kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin nau'in nau'in ka'idoji da tsarin gine-ginen da ke cikin tsarin gine-ginen kwakwalwa da suka shafi tsarin gine-ginen kwakwalwa da ke amfani da tsarin kwakwalwa da suka shafi aikin kwakwalwa da yawa. Wasu sassa na tsarin kwakwalwa sun zama gama gari ga kusan dukkanin nau'ikan dabbobi; wasu sun bambanta da kwakwalwar ''ci-gaba'' daga wadanda suka fi dadewa, ko kuma suka banbance kashin baya da na baya. Hanya mafi sauƙi don samun bayanai game da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa ita ce ta duban gani, amma an ƙirƙiri wasu fasahohi masu yawa. Naman kwakwalwa a cikin yanayinsa yana da taushi sosai don yin aiki da shi, amma ana iya daure shi ta hanyar nutsewa a cikin barasa ko wasu abubuwan gyarawa, sannan a yanka shi don nazarin ciki. A gani, cikin kwakwalwa ya ƙunshi yankuna abin da ake kira launin toka, tare da launi mai duhu, rabu da yankunan fararen fata, tare da launi mai haske. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani ta hanyar ɓata sassan nama na kwakwalwa tare da sinadarai iri-iri waɗanda ke fitar da wuraren da takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ke cikin yawa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin nama na kwakwalwa ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa, da kuma gano tsarin haɗin kai daga wannan yanki na kwakwalwa zuwa wani. Tsarin Kwayar Halitta Ƙwaƙwalwar kowane nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na farko da ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na sel guda biyu: neurons da glial cells . Kwayoyin Glial (wanda aka fi sani da glia ko neuroglia ) sun zo cikin nau'i-nau'i da yawa, kuma suna yin ayyuka masu mahimmanci, ciki har da goyon bayan tsari, goyon bayan rayuwa, rufi, da jagorancin ci gaba. Neurons, duk da haka, yawanci ana ɗaukar su ne mafi mahimmancin sel a cikin kwakwalwa. Abubuwan da ke sa neurons su zama na musamman shine ikon su na aika sigina zuwa takamaiman sel masu nisa a nesa mai nisa. Suna aika waɗannan sako ta hanyar axon, wanda shine siraran protoplasmic fiber wanda ke fitowa daga jikin tantanin halitta kuma yana aiwatarwa, yawanci tare da rassa masu yawa, zuwa wasu wurare, wani lokacin kusa, wani lokacin a cikin sassan kwakwalwa ko jiki masu nisa. Tsawon axon na iya zama na ban mamaki: alal misali, idan kwayar pyramidal (wani abu mai ban sha'awa) na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ya girma ta yadda jikin tantanin halitta ya zama girman jikin mutum, axon, daidai da girma, zai zama igiya. 'yan santimita a diamita, wanda ya wuce fiye da kilomita. Waɗannan axon suna watsa sigina a cikin nau'in bugun jini na lantarki da ake kira ƙarfin aiki, wanda bai wuce kashi dubu ɗaya na daƙiƙa ba kuma yana tafiya tare da axon a cikin gudun mita 1-100 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Wasu neurons suna fitar da yuwuwar aiki akai-akai, akan ƙimar 10-100 a sakan daya, yawanci a cikin tsarin da ba na ka'ida ba; sauran jijiyoyi suna shuru mafi yawan lokaci, amma lokaci-lokaci suna fitar da fashewar damar aiki. Axon suna watsa sigina zuwa wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na musamman da ake kira synapses . Axon guda ɗaya na iya yin haɗin kai har dubu da yawa tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta Lokacin da yuwuwar aiki, tafiya tare da axon, ya isa wurin synapse, yana haifar da sakin sinadari da ake kira neurotransmitter . Neurotransmitter yana ɗaure ga ƙwayoyin mai karɓa a cikin membrane na kwayar da aka yi niyya. Synapses sune mahimman abubuwan aikin kwakwalwa. Muhimmancin aikin kwakwalwa shine sadarwar salula zuwa tantanin halitta, kuma synapses sune wuraren da sadarwa ke faruwa. An kiyasta kwakwalwar dan adam tana dauke da kusan tiriliyan 100 synapses; hatta kwakwalwar kuda ta 'ya'yan itace tana dauke da miliyan dayawa. Ayyukan waɗannan synapses sun bambanta sosai: wasu suna da ban sha'awa (mai ban sha'awa na kwayar halitta); wasu kuma masu hanawa; wasu suna aiki ta hanyar kunna tsarin manzo na biyu waɗanda ke canza sinadarai na ciki na sel masu manufa ta hanyoyi masu rikitarwa. Babban adadin synapses ana iya canza su sosai; wato suna iya canza ƙarfi ta hanyar da tsarin siginar da ke ratsa su ke sarrafa su. An yi imani da cewa gyare-gyaren da ya dogara da ayyuka na synapses shine tsarin farko na kwakwalwa don koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa. Yawancin sarari a cikin kwakwalwa ana ɗaukar su ta hanyar axon, waɗanda galibi ana haɗa su tare a cikin abin da ake kira hanyoyin fiber jijiya . An nannade wani axon mai myelin a cikin wani kumfa mai rufe fuska na myelin, wanda ke taimakawa sosai wajen haɓaka saurin yaɗa sigina. (Akwai kuma axon marasa lafiya). Myelin fari ne, yana sa sassan kwakwalwa da ke cike da filaye na jijiyoyi suna bayyana a matsayin fararen fata mai launin haske, sabanin launin toka mai duhu wanda ke nuna wuraren da ke da yawa na jikin kwayoyin neuron. Manazarta

22600

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Foden

Phil Foden

Philip Walter Foden (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu(2000)), ne a England sana'arsa kwallon kafa yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League a kulob din Manchester City da Ingila tawagar kasarsa. Foden ya sami nasarar shiga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017),lokacin da ya ci kyautar( FIFA U-17), World Cup Golden Ball bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a gasar yan kasa da shekara( 17) , na Kofin Duniya. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a City a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Disamba ne aka zabi gwarzon dan wasa na BBC na Shekarar. Tun daga lokacin da Foden ya buga wasanni sama da( 100), a kungiyar, inda ya samu nasarar girmamawa har sau takwas ciki har da zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta Premier. A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya ci Firimiya karo na biyu kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a Ingila da ya fara wasa da zira kwallaye a wasannin zagayen gaba na gasar. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an lasafta shi a matsayin Premier Player of the Young of the Season da kuma PFA Young Player of the Year . Foden ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa da yawa, inda ya ci kwallaye (19), a wasanni( 51 ), na matasa. An fara kiran sa zuwa babbar kungiyar a ranar (25), watan Agustan shekara ta (2020), kuma ya buga wasan farko da Iceland (5 ), Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2020), a nasarar da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a UEFA Nations League. Klub din Manchester City Farkon aiki An Haife shi a Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙuruciya ga Manchester City. Ya shiga kulob din yana da shekara hudu kuma ya sanya hannu a kan karatunsa na Kwalejin a watan Yulin shekara ta (2016), Yayi karatun kansa a Kwalejin St Bede, tare da biyan kuɗin karatunsa daga Manchester City. A ranar 6, ga watan Disambar shekara ta (2016), babban kocin City Pep Guardiola ya sanya Foden a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Celtic ; ya kasance ba a maye gurbinsa ba a cikin wasan gidan( 1-1). Lokacin 2017-18 A watan Yulin shekara ta (2017), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar Manchester City don ziyarar kulob din a shirye shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta Amurka, inda ya yi rawar gani a rashin nasarar( 0-2) da suka samu a hannun Manchester United sannan kuma ya fara wasan da ci (4-1 ) a kan Real. Madrid . Bayan da ya buga wasanni da yawa a kan benci a farkon kakar wasannin( 2017zuwa2018), Foden ya fara buga wa Manchester City wasa a ranar (21 )ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta ( 2017) a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Feyenoord, yana zuwa a minti na (75) don Yaya Touré . Ya zama ɗan saurayi ɗan Ingila na huɗu don ya bayyana a Gasar Zakarun Turai (shekaru 17 177). A ranar (6 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 2017), Foden ya karya rikodin da Josh McEachran ya yi a baya don zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan Ingila, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 192, don farawa a wasan UEFA Champions League, yana yin hakan a cikin rashin nasara( 2-1 ), ga Shakhtar Donetsk Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta (2000 ),don fara wasa a gasar. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier a matsayin canji a wasan da suka ci (4-1 ),a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2017), ya bayyana a minti na 83rd don İlkay Gündoğan. Foden ya fito a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sergio Agüero a gasar cin kofin EFL na Karshe a ranar (25 )ga watan Fabrairu shekara a shekara ta( 2018), yana taimaka wa City tabbatar da nasarar( 3-0 )a kan Arsenal a Wembley Stadium . Wadannan watan, sai ya gutsuttsura Kieran Richardson 's rikodin zama ƙarami English player don fara a wani knockout-wasa a gasar zakarun Turai, yin haka yana da shekaru (17) shekaru da( 283 )kwana a wani( 4-0 )nasara a kan Basel . A ranar( 13) ga watan Mayu, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasa don karɓar lambar yabo ta Premier. Guinness World Records ta amince da shi saboda wannan bajinta a cikin fitowar littafin su na( 2020). 2018–19 kakar Foden yana cikin sahun farko na City don Gasar FA Community Shield a ranar( 5 )ga watan Agusta shekara ta ( 2018), yana buga duka minti( 75) tare da taimakawa kwallon farko ta Agüero a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci (2-0), a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda ya nuna na uku na Foden lambobin yabo na shekarar kalanda. A ranar (25) ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2018), ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez sannan daga baya ya ci babban burinsa na farko a cikin raunin rauni don tabbatar da nasarar City da ci (3-0) ba tare da Oxford United ba a zagaye na uku na EFL Cup . Foden ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gida a filin wasa na Etihad, wanda ya ci wa City kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci! 7-0) a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar( 6 )ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Kwana uku bayan haka, Foden ya sake kasancewa a kan takarda yayin da yake taimaka wa City doke Burton Albion da ci( 9-0 ),a wasan farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na EFL Cup. A ranar (12) ga watan Maris shekara ta ( 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin wasa na biyu na zagayen kungiyoyi( 16) da Schalke, yayin da City ta ci( 7-0 )(10-2 a jumulce). A yin haka, ya taimaka wa kulob din daidaita da rikodin don mafi girman rata a cikin matakin buga gasar. Burin nasa ya kuma gan shi ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa Man City kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai da kuma karamin dan wasan da ya ci wa Ingila kwallaye a wasannin fitar da gwani na gasar, yana da shekara (18) da kwana( 288), A farkon watan gobe, ya fara wasan farko a kungiyar a karawar da suka doke Cardiff City da ci (2-0), ya zama dan wasan Ingila mafi karancin shekaru da ya yi hakan tun daga Daniel Sturridge a shekara ta ( 2008). Bayan kammala wasan, manajan City Pep Guardiola ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana sa ran Foden ya zama muhimmin dan wasan Manchester City "har shekaru goma masu zuwa". Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar( 20 ) ga watan Afrilu shekara ta ( 2019), a wasan da suka doke Tottenham( 1-0), Bayan yin hakan, ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo a Premier League, bayan Micah Richards da Sturridge. Man City ta kammala kaka a lokacin kammala dukkanin kofunan gida tare da Foden wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin kungiyar. Lokacin 2019-20 Foden ya fara kakar wasannin (2019zuwa2020), ne tare da karrama shi na( 7), inda ya ci Gasar FA Community Shield a kan Liverpool a Wembley Stadium a ranar (4) ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2019), ya zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya yanke hukuncin wadanda suka yi nasara. Kwana shida bayan haka ya buga wasan farko a gasar Firimiya a bana yayin da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci (5-0), a filin wasa na London. A ranar (1 ),ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, inda ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Dinamo Zagreb da ci( 2-0 ), a ranar wasan( 2 ) na rukuni. Foden ya samar da babbar dama ta biyu (6) a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, sai a bayan Lionel Messi (7). Foden ya fara wasan Firimiya na farko a kakar bana, a ranar( 15 )ga watan Disambar shekara ta ( 2019), inda ya dauki wani taimako a kan Arsenal a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da ci( 3-0) ga ‘yan kasar. A ranar (1 ), ga watan Maris shekara ta (2020), Foden ya fara a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin EFL kuma ya nemi babbar girmamawa ta 6th da kuma kofi na 8th na aiki yayin da Man City ta ci (2-1 ), a kan Aston Villa . An kuma kira shi mutumin wasan, don haka ya zama mafi ƙarancin karɓar kyautar Alan Hardaker kwaf . A ranar (17 ), ga watan Yuni shekara ta ( 2020), kwallon kafa na Firimiya ya dawo bayan annobar( COVID-19 ),ta sanya lokacin ci gaba. Foden yana kan raga yayin da City ta doke Arsenal da ci uku da nema a filin wasa na Etihad. Wasan da ya biyo baya Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Premier kuma ya ci kwallaye a jere a jere a karo na farko a matsayin Manchester City ta ci( 5-0 ), a kan Burnley . A ranar( 2 ) ga watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), Manchester City ta yi maraba da sabon zakara Liverpool a Etihad. Foden ya ci kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan yayin da City ta ci( 4-0) Gasar Premier ta shekara ta (2019zuwa20 20), ta kare a ranar (26 ), ga watan Yuli, tare da Foden da aka fara a wasan da ci (5-0 ), a kan Norwich, yana ganin Manchester City ta kammala kakar a matsayi na( 2), Lokacin, duk da haka, an yi alama tare da tashi daga gunkin Foden David Silva, bayan shekaru (10 ), tare da kulob din. A cikin shekara ta ( 2017), Foden ya bayyana "Horarwa ta fi sauri kuma tana da kyau tare da Silva, shi ne abin bautata da gaske. Ina kokarin kallon abin da yake yi kuma na koya daga gare shi kuma na yi kokarin aikata abubuwa iri daya An bai wa Foden damar maye gurbin Silva tare da Pep Guardiola yana cewa Manchester City "ta aminta" Phil Foden ya maye gurbinsa. Foden ya fara buga wasan zagaye na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar( 7) ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2020), a kan Real Madrid, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara kan (1-1 )(jimillar jimillar 4-2) da kuma ci gaba zuwa zagayen kwata fainal, inda Man City za ta rusuna daga gasar. Ya ƙare kakar tare da wasa (38) da aka buga, rijistar kwallaye (8), da ƙwallaye( 9) a duk gasa. Lokacin 2020-21 Foden ya bude asusun ajiyarsa na kakar wasa a kan Wolves a ranar wasan( 1), na gasar Premier, inda ya ci nasara a kan nasarar (3-1), a ranar( 21) ga watan Satumba ta (2020), Ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar (2020 zuwa20 21), a kan West Ham United a wasan da suka tashi (1-1 ), a filin wasa na London, a ranar (24), ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta ( 2020), Ya rama daidai minti shida bayan da ya maye gurbin Sergio Aguero a rabin lokaci, ya juya da wayo don sauya giciye daga abokin wasansa João Cancelo . Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar( 2020 zuwa 2021), a Girka akan Olympiacos, a ranar (25 ), ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta ( 2020), kammala wayayyen daga cikin akwatin bayan raheem Sterling mai raɗaɗi. Wannan nasarar a gasar zakarun Turai ta tabbatar da ci gaban City har zuwa zagaye na kungiyoyi ?(16 ), a karo na( 8 )a jere. A ranar! 7 ), ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2021), ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci( 4-1 ),a waje, don zama nasarar farko da tawagarsa ta samu a Anfield tun shkara ta( 2003). Foden ya sake zira kwallaye a Merseyside, yayin da Manchester City ta ci( 3-1), a waje a Goodison Park a ranar (17 ), ga watan Fabrairu, inda ta kara jagora a saman teburin kuma hakan ya sa ta yi nasara sau( 17), a jere a dukkan wasannin. Foden ya kasance a kan dukkanin kwallaye biyu a karawar da City ta doke Borussia Dortmund a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, don tabbatar da ci gaban zuwa zagaye na hudu na gasar. A ranar (21), ga watan Afrilu shekara ta( 2021), Foden ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a ragar Aston Villa a Villa Park, wanda ya ba Man City nasara( 2-1), kuma daga baya ta tsawaita jagorancin ta, a saman teburin, da maki( 11). Wannan shi ne burin Foden na( 14), a dukkan gasa, a kakar shekara ta( 2020 zuwa20 21), kuma na(7), a Premier. Bayan kwana hudu kawai, Foden ya ci kofi na( 9), tare da Manchester City yayin da suka doke Tottenham da ci( 1 da 0 )a wasan karshe na cin Kofin EFL, inda Foden ya buga cikakkun mintuna( 90), Foden ya sake kafa tarihi tare da City, yayin da suka isa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a karon farko bayan doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu, Foden ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez a wasa na biyu. A ranar( 12), ga watan Mayu Foden ya tabbatar da lashe gasar firimiya karo na uku a cikin shekaru hudu yayin da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci (2-1), Foden ya fara wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a tarihin kulob din. Man City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da aka buga da ci (1 - 0) , rashin Foden na farko a wasan karshe a lokacin yana kan karagar aiki. An lasafta shi a cikin UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar kuma ya lashe Premier League Young Player of the Season yayin da aka zaba shi duka PFA Player of the Year da PFA Young Player of the Year, ya lashe kyautar ta ƙarshe. Ayyukan duniya Matasa A watan Mayu shekara ta (2017), Foden ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekara !17 ), na Uefa yayin da' yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru (17) suka sha kashi a fanareti a hannun Spain . A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Foden ya sami karbuwa sosai daga 'yan jarida bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Duniya na( FIFA FIFA U-17 ),na shekara ta ( 2017), shi ma a kan Spain, yayin da Ingila ta ci gasar. An kira shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan. Ya lashe kyautar( FIFA U-17 ), World Cup na Kwallon Kwallon Kafa a cikin shekara ta (2017), inda ya kuma sami wadatar 'yan jarida da yawa da kuma mahimman labarai. A ranar (27), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta ( 2019), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa( 23), na Ingila don gasar shekar ta (2019), UEFA European (Under-21), Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye mai ban sha'awa - na farko ga U21s - a wasan farko da ci( 2-1) a hannun Faransa a Cesena . Babban Team Farko da Euro 2020 A( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta ( 2020), Gareth Southgate mai suna Foden a Ingila m tawagar a karon farko. Ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Iceland a ranar( 5), ga watan Satumbar a shekara (2020), a wasan da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a waje a gasar UEFA Nations League . A ranar (7), ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta( 2020), Foden, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Mason Greenwood, an cire shi daga tawagar Ingila saboda karya ka'idojin keɓewar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kawo aƙalla baƙo ɗaya zuwa otal ɗin otal ɗin su a Iceland. Manchester City ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Foden. Foden ya ci wa Ingila kwallayensa na farko da na biyu a lokacin wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland a Wembley Stadium a ranar( 18 ), ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020). A ranar( 1), ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2021), Foden ya kasance cikin sunayen mutane (26), don sabon sake tsarawa UEFA Euro (2020 ). Ya shiga cikin tawagar a wani lokaci daga baya saboda kasancewarsa a waccan shekarar UEFA Champions League Final . A ranar( 8 ), ga watan Yuni, Foden ya bayyana cewa ya shafa gashin kansa gashi - yana kwatanta kwatankwacin tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Gascoigne wanda shima yayi irin wannan askin na Euro (96 ), Foden ya fada a wani taron manema labarai a wannan rana cewa "Cikakken al'ummar kasar sun san abin da yake nufi ga kasar da kuma abin da ya aikata, don haka ba zai zama mara kyau ba idan na yi kokarin kawo kadan daga cikin Gazza zuwa filin wasa." Salon wasa, ci gaba da kwatancen Foden yana da kafar-hagu, kuma yana iya taka leda a bayan-baya, ko kuma dan gefe a gefen dama, duk da cewa Pep Guardiola ya bayyana shi da cewa "ya fi dacewa da dan wasan tsakiya". A shekara ta (2017), Guardiola ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dan wasa na musamman", yana mai cewa: "Yana da hadari idan aka ce kyawawan abubuwa game da matasa 'yan wasa saboda har yanzu suna kanana, kuma dole ne su ci gaba kuma dole ne su koyi abubuwa da yawa. . . Amma muna da karfin gwiwa da za mu taimaka masa, saboda mun yi imanin cewa shi saurayi ne wanda yake da kwazo, ko da kuwa ba shi da karfi, ba shi da tsayi. ” A cikin shekara ta (2017), Louise Taylor na jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Foden a matsayin "mai alfahari da takamaimai, mai mannewa kuma ya sami albarka tare da ƙwarewar ɓatattun abokan hamayya na baya". A cikin shekara ta ( 2018), gogaggen marubucin wasan kwallon kafa Brian Glanville ya bayyana shi a matsayin "matashi mai hazaka da kwarewa", ya kara da cewa: "Matasan 'yan wasa masu kwarewa da kwarewar kirkira suna da bakin ciki a kasa." Rayuwar mutum Foden yana cikin dangantaka da Rebecca Cooke kuma yana da ɗa, Ronnie, an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Ma'auratan suna tsammanin ɗansu na biyu, 'ya mace wacce za ta zo ƙarshen lokacin bazara ko farkon kaka a shekara ta (2021). Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa( 7) watan Yuli a shekarar ( 2021). Ingancin Ingila da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna ƙwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallon Foden. Daraja Manchester City Firimiya Lig : a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2020zuwa2021) Kofin FA : a shekara ta (2018zuwa2019) Kofin EFL : a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021) Garkuwan Community FA :a shekara ta ( 2018zuwa 2019) Gasar UEFA Champions League ta biyu: a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Ingila U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup : a shekara ta (2017) Uefa European European Under-(17) Championship wacce ta zo ta biyu:a shekara ta( 2017) Ingila UEFA ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun Turai :a shekara ta( 2020) Kowane mutum Europeanungiyar UEFA ta Under (17) na Turai na Gasar:a shekara ta ( 2017) FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Zinare :a shekara ta ( 2017) Gwarzon Wasannin Matasan BBC na Shekara : a shekara ta (2017) Alan Hardaker kwaf :a shekara ta ( 2020) UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar: (2020zuwa2021) Matashin Firimiya na Premier na kakar : (2020zuwa2021) PFA Matashin Dan Wasa na Shekara:( 2020zuwa2021) Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Margaret%2C%20Countess%20na%20Snowdon

Princess Margaret, Countess na Snowdon

Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon, CI ,GCVO , GCStJ,CD (Margaret Rose;an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin(1930).Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002) ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth, kuma ƙwararrakin Sarauniya ta II . Margaret ta gudanar da yawancin yarinta tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta. Rayuwartaa ta canza sosai a cikin shekarar alif 1936, lokacin da kawun mahaifinta Sarki Edward VIII ya nesanta kansa da ya auri Wallis Simpson . Mahaifin Margaret ya zama sarki, 'yar uwarta kuma ta zama magajiya, tare da Margaret ta biyu a kan kujerar sarauta. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, 'yan uwan biyu sun kasance a Windsor Castle duk da shawarwarin a kwashe su zuwa Kanada. A cikin shekarun yaƙi, an ɗauki Margaret ƙarama don yin duk wani aikin hukuma kuma a maimakon haka ta ci gaba da karatun ta. Bayan yakin, Margaret ta ƙaunace Kaftin ɗin kungiyar Peter Townsend . A cikin shekarar alif 1952, mahaifinta ya mutu, 'yar uwarta ta zama sarauniya, kuma Townsend ta saki matarsa, Rosemary . Ya gabatar da shawarar zuwa Margaret a farkon shekara mai zuwa. Da yawa a cikin gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa zai iya zama miji wanda ba ya dace da 'yar'uwar' yar shekara 22, kuma Cocin Ingila ta ƙi ɗaurin aure ga mutumin da ya sake ta. Daga baya Margaret ta watsar da shirinta tare da Townsend kuma ta auri mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a shekarar alif 1960; Sarauniyar ta sanya shi Earl na Snowdon . Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Dauda, da 'ya mace, Sara . Galibi ana kallon Margaret a matsayin mai rikice-rikice a cikin dangin Sarautar Burtaniya . Sakin ta a shekarar alif 1978 ya samu bainar jama'a sosai, kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu maza da yawa. Kiwan lafiyarta yayi rauni sannu a hankali shekaru 20 na rayuwarta. Ta kasance mai shan sigari mai yawan gaske a rayuwarta ta girma kuma ta yi aikin huhu a shekarar alif 1985, cutar tarin fuka a cikin shekarar alif 1993, kuma aƙalla sau uku tsakanin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2001. Ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII da ke Landan bayan ta yi fama da bugun karshe a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2002. Farkon rayuwa An haifi Margaret a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1930 a Glamis Castle na Scotland, mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta, kuma wacce aka fi sani da suna Margot cikin dangin sarauta. Sir Henry Simson, yar uwar sarauta ce ta haihu. Sakataren Cikin Gida, JR Clynes, ya kasance don tabbatar da haihuwar. Rajistar haihuwarta ba ta jinkirta ba kwanaki da yawa don gudun kar a kirga ta lamba 13 a cikin Ikklesiya . Lokacin da aka haife ta, ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin jerin mutanen da za su gāji gadon sarauta . Mahaifinta shi ne Duke na York (daga baya Sarki George na shida ), ɗa na biyu na Sarki George V da Sarauniya Maryamu . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Duchess ta York (daga baya Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya ), ƙaramin 'yar 14th Earl da Countess of Strathmore da Kinghorne . Duchess na York da farko ta so ta sanya sunanta na biyu Ann Margaret, kamar yadda ta bayyana wa Sarauniya Maryamu a wata wasika: “Ina matukar damuwa in kira ta Ann Margaret, kamar yadda nake tsammanin Ann na York tana da kyau, kuma Elizabeth da Ann sun tafi haka tare sosai. " King George V bai ƙi sunan Ann amma ya amince da wani madadin "Margaret Rose". . Margaret yayi baftisma a cikin majami'ar ta sirri ta Fadar Buckingham a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1930 daga Cosmo Lang, Babban Bishop na Canterbury . [14] Margaret na rayuwar farko an kashe shi ne a gidajen mazaunan Yorks a 145 Piccadilly (gidansu garin London) da Royal Lodge a Windsor. Jama'a sun fahimci cewa dangi ne na kwarai: uba, uwa da yara, amma jita-jita mara tushe cewa Margaret kurma ce da bebe ba a watsar da ita ba har sai lokacin farko da Margaret ta fito a wurin bikin kawun Yarima George George a 1934 . Ta samu ilimi ne tare da 'yar uwarta, Princess Elizabeth, ta wurin shugabar gwamnatin Scotland din Marion Crawford . Mahaifiyarta ce ta fi kula da ilimin Margaret, wadanda a cikin kalmomin Randolph Churchill "ba su da burin tayar da 'ya'yanta mata har su zama masu kyawawan halaye na samari". Lokacin da Sarauniya Maryamu ta dage kan mahimmancin ilimi, Duchess na York yayi sharhi, "Ban san me take nufi ba. Bayan haka ni da 'yan uwana mata kawai muna da gwamnoni kuma munyi aure mai kyau - ɗayanmu yana da kyau ". . Margaret ta kasance mai saurin fushi game da karancin ilimin ta, musamman a cikin shekarun baya, da nufin sukar mahaifiyarta. Koyaya, mahaifiyar Margaret ta gaya wa aboki cewa ta yi "nadama" cewa 'ya'yanta mata ba sa zuwa makaranta kamar sauran yara, da kuma aiki da keɓaɓɓiyar gwamnati maimakon tura girlsan matan zuwa makarantar ƙila an yi su ne kawai da nacewar Sarki George V. Yayinda take yara ita da 'yar uwarta Labari ne daga JM Barrie, marubucin Peter Pan . Kakanin Margaret, George V, ya mutu tun yana ɗan shekara biyar, kuma kawun nata ya zama Sarki Edward VIII . Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1936, Edward ya sake neman Wallis Simpson, Ba'amurke wanda ya yi aure sau biyu, wanda Cocin Ingila da gwamnatocin Dominion ba za su yarda da matsayin sarauniya ba. Ikilisiya ba za ta amince da auren wata mace da aka sake ta tare da tsohon miji na da inganci ba. Komawar Edward ya bar Duke na York mai son zama a matsayin sa na Sarki George na shida, kuma ba tsammani Margaret ta zama ta biyu a layin sarauta, tare da taken Gimbiya Margaret don nuna matsayin ta a matsayin mai ikon sarauta. Iyalin sun koma Fadar Buckingham ; Dakin Margaret ya tsallake The Mall . Margaret ta kasance Brownie a cikin Buffaham Palace na 1st Buckingham Palace, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1937. Hakanan ta kasance jagorar 'yar Mata sannan kuma daga baya ta zama mai kula da Teku. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta Girlguiding UK daga shekarar 1965 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2002. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na II, Margaret da 'yar uwarta sun kasance a Birkhall, a cikin tsibirin Balmoral, inda suka zauna har zuwa Kirsimeti 1939, suna jurewa dare mai sanyi wanda ruwan sha a cikin carafes a gefen gadonta. Sun shafe Kirsimeti a Sandringham House kafin su koma Windsor Castle, kusa da London, don ragowar yakin. Viscount Hailsham ya rubutawa Firayim Minista Winston Churchill don ba da shawara game da korar sarakunan zuwa ga amincin Kanada, wanda mahaifiyarsu ta amsa da girmamawa cewa, 'Ya'yan ba za su tafi ba tare da ni ba. Ba zan tafi ba tare da Sarki ba. Kuma Sarki ba zai taba barin komai ba. " Ba kamar sauran 'yan gidan sarauta ba, ana tsammanin Margaret za ta iya yin kowane aiki na jama'a ko na hukuma yayin yaƙin. Ta bunkasa kwarewar ta wajen yin waka da kuma yin kidan. Abokan rayuwar ta sun zaci cewa iyayenta ne suka lalata ta, musamman mahaifinta, wanda ya ba ta damar cin gashin kanta ba ta halatta ba, kamar a bashi damar halartar cin abincin dare yana da shekaru 13. Crawford ta yanke kauna daga hankalin Margaret, tana rubutawa abokai: "Shin a wannan shekarar za ku iya tambayar Princess Elizabeth kawai ga taron ku?   . . . Gimbiya Margaret tana jan hankalin gaba kuma Gimbiya Elizabeth ta kyale ta ta yi hakan. " Elizabeth, ba ta damu da wannan ba, kuma ta yi sharhi, "Oh, yana da sauƙin lokacin da Margaret ta kasance - kowa yana dariya da abin da Margaret ta ce". Sarki George ya bayyana Alisabatu a matsayin girmanta da Margaret a matsayin farincikinta. . Shekaru bayan yakin A karshen yakin a shekarar 1945, Margaret ta bayyana a baranda a Buckingham Palace tare da iyalinta da Firayim Minista Winston Churchill . Bayan haka, da Alisabatu da Margaret duka sun haɗu da taron jama'a a wajen fadar, ta ɓoye, suna ta hargowa, "Muna son Sarki, muna son Sarauniya!" Ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1946, Margaret ta tabbatar da zama Ikilisiyar Ingila . A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1947, ita da Elizabeth tare da iyayensu suka fara ziyarar aiki a Kudancin Afirka. Ziyarar ta tsawon watanni uku ita ce farkon ziyarar Margaret a kasashen waje, kuma daga baya ta ce ta tuna "a kowane minti na ta". Peter Townsend, mai wasan King ne ya raba shi da Margaret . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Margaret amarya ce a bikin Alisabatu. A cikin shekaru uku na gaba Elizabeth ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Charles da Anne, waɗanda haihuwar su ta motsa Margaret gaba zuwa cikin jerin magaji. A cikin shekarar 1950, tsohuwar mai mulkin, Marion Crawford, ta buga wani tarihin ba tare da izini ba game da rayuwar yarinyar Elizabeth da Margaret, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Little Princesses, inda ta bayyana Margaret '' mai farin ciki da annashuwa '' da ita "abin dariya da ban tsoro.   ... antics ". A matsayinta na kyakkyawar budurwa, wacce ke da nauyin 18-inch da “kwalliya mai idanu”, Margaret ta ji daɗin yin hulɗa tare da manyan mutane da kuma samari, ciki har da Sharman Douglas, 'yar jakadan Amurka, Lewis Williams Douglas . Kyakkyawan kyan gani wacce aka santa da kyawun fuskarta da salonta na zamani, Margaret galibi ana buga ta a gidajen jaridu a bukukuwa, bukukuwan, da kuma wuraren wasannin dare. Adadin ayyukanta na hukuma sun karu (sun haɗa da rangadi a Italiya, Switzerland, da Faransa), kuma ta shiga cikin yawan ƙungiyoyi masu ba da agaji kamar shugaba ko kuma majiɓinci. Aka yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta na 21st a Balmoral a watan Agusta shekarar 1951. A watan da ya biyo mahaifinta ya yi tiyata don cutar kansa, kuma an nada Margaret a matsayin daya daga cikin Mashawarcin Gwamnati da ta gudanar da ayyukan Sarki yayin da take fama da rauni. Mahaifinta ya mutu bayan wata biyar, a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 1952, kuma ƙanwarta ta zama Sarauniya. Kalaman soyayya tare da Peter Townsend Margaret ta yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar mahaifinta kuma an ba ta allurar rigakafi don taimaka mata bacci. Game da mahaifinta ta rubuta, "Ya kasance mai wannan kyakkyawan mutum, ainihin zuciyar kuma tsakiyar dangin mu mai farin ciki." Ta kasance ta'azantar da ita game da imani da imani na Krista. Tare da mahaifiyarta wadda mijinta ya mutu, Margaret ta fice daga Buckingham Palace da kuma zuwa cikin Clarence House, yayin da 'yar uwarta da iyalinta suka fice daga gidan Clarence House kuma suka shiga cikin Buckingham Palace . Peter Townsend aka nada Comptroller na mahaifiyarta ta restructured iyali . A shekarar 1953, ya sake ya saki daga matar sa ta farko inda ya ba da shawarar aurar da Margaret. Yana da shekara 15 babba kuma yana da yara biyu daga auren da ya gabata. Margaret ta yarda kuma ta sanar da 'yar uwarta, Sarauniya, game da sha'awar ta auri Townsend. Sarauniyar Aikin Sarauta ta shekarar 1772 ta bukaci izinin Sarauniya. Kamar yadda a cikin shekarar 1936, Ikilisiyar Ingila ta ƙi ɗaukar auren sakewa. Sarauniya Maryamu ta mutu kwanan nan, kuma Alisabatu na gab da naɗa . Bayan kawancen ta, ta yi shirin ziyartar Commonwealth har tsawon watanni shida. Sarauniyar ta ce wa Margaret, "A karkashin yanayin, ba wauta bane a gare ni in ce ku jira shekara guda." Sakatarenta na sirri, Sir Alan Lascelles, ya shawarci sarauniyar da ta sanya Townsend zuwa kasashen waje, amma ta ki, maimakon haka ta sauya shi daga gidan Sarauniya zuwa nata. Majalisar ministocin Burtaniya ta ki amincewa da auren, kuma jaridu sun ba da rahoton cewa auren "ba shi da makama" kuma "zai tashi a fuskar al'adun masarauta da na Kirista". Churchill ta sanar da Sarauniya cewa Firayim Minista na Dominion baki daya sun yi adawa da wannan auren kuma majalisar ba za ta amince da wani auren da Cocin Ingila ba zai yi mata ba sai dai idan Margaret ta yi watsi da hakkinta na sarauta. Churchill ya shirya yadda za a tura Townsend zuwa Brussels. Polls wanda sanannun jaridu suka gudanar ya nuna cewa jama'a sun goyi bayan zabin na Margaret, ba tare da yin la'akari da koyarwar Cocin ba ko ra'ayin gwamnati. Shekaru biyu kenan, aka ci gaba da yada jita-jita. Malaman fada sun fada wa Margaret cewa ba za ta sami ikon yin tarayya ba idan ta auri wani wanda ya sake ta. Takardu wadanda aka saki a shekarar 2004 zuwa ga Alkaluman Labarai na kasa sun nuna cewa a cikin shekarar 1955 Sarauniya da sabon Firayim Minista Sir Anthony Eden (wanda ya sake ta, ya sake yin aure) ya fito da wani tsari a karkashin da Gimbiya Margaret za ta iya auren Townsend ta cire Margaret da kowane yara daga aure daga layin jagora. Za a ba Margaret damar rike matsayin sarauta da izinin ta na farar hula, ta ci gaba da zama a kasar har ma ta ci gaba da aikinta na jama'a. Eden ta taƙaita halayyar Sarauniyar a cikin wata wasiƙa a kan batun Firayim Minista ɗin cewa "wouldancinta ba zai fatan tsayawa kan hanyar yar'uwarta ba." Adnin da kansa ya kasance mai juyayi; "Banke daga cikin maye ba zai haifar da wani canji ba a matsayin Gimbiya Margaret a matsayinta na memba na Gidan Sarauta," in ji shi. An samar da daftarin karshe na wannan shawara a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1955. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Margaret ta ba da sanarwa: Randolph Churchill ya damu da jita-jitar jita-jita game da Archbishop Fisher tare da shirin Gimbiya Margaret tare da Townsend. A ra'ayinsa, jita-jita "Fisher ya sa baki don hana Gimbiya ta auri Townsend ya cutar da Cocin Ingila". An sami korafi na gaba a Burtaniya game da rikicewar Ikilisiya yayin da ta shafi kisan aure. Gimbiya Margaret ta fara haduwa da mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a wajen bukin cin abinci a shekarar 1958. Sun tsunduma cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 1959. Armstrong-Jones ya gabatar wa Margaret tare da zoben daukar hoto na yin lu'ulu'u wanda lu'u-lu'u ke zagaye da shi irin na fure-fure. An ba da rahoton cewa ta yarda da shawararsa kwana guda bayan koyo daga wurin Peter Townsend cewa ya yi niyyar aure da wata budurwa, Marie-Luce Jamagne, wacce ke da shekaru rabinta kuma ta yi kama da Princess Margaret. Sanarwar Margaret game da kasancewar ta, a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1960, ta ba manema labarai mamaki; ta lura sosai don ɓoye soyayyar daga masu ba da rahoto. Margaret ta auri Armstrong-Jones a Westminster Abbey a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1960. Bikin shine bikin aure na sarauta na farko da za'a watsa a talabijin, kuma ya jawo hankulan mutane miliyan 300 a duk duniya. An gayyaci baƙi 2,000 don bikin auren. Norman Hartnell ne ya shirya bikin aure na Margaret kuma ya suturta da tilas na Poltimore . Tana da yara matasa masu amarya guda takwas, karkashin jagorancin danta, Princess Anne . Sauran matan ango sune budurwarta, Marilyn Wills, 'yar dan uwanta Jean Elphinstone da Manjo John Lycett Wills; Annabel Rhodes, 'yar dan uwanta Margaret Elphinstone da Denys Rhodes ; Lady Virginia Fitzroy, 'yar Hugh Fitzroy, Earl na Euston ; Sarah Lowther, 'yar Sir John Lowther; Catherine Vesey, 'yar Viscount de Vesci ; Lady Rose Nevill, 'yar Marquess na Abergavenny ; da Uwargida Angela Nevill, 'yar Ubangiji Rupert Nevill . Ta yi tafiya tare da Duke na Edinburgh daga Clarence House a cikin Gilashi Coach, ta isa cocin a 11:30. Duke ya raka amarya, kuma mafi kyawun mutum shine Dr Roger Gilliatt. Archbishop na Canterbury Geoffrey Fisher ne ya jagoranci hidimar aure. Bayan bikin, ma'auratan sun sanya al'adun gargajiya a kan baranda na Buckingham Palace. Gasar amarcin wata jirgi ne na makwanni shida na Caribbean a cikin jirgin ruwan masarautar Britannia . A matsayin bikin aure, Colin Tennant ya ba ta fili a tsibirin Caribbean mai zaman kansa, Mustique . Sabbin matan sun koma cikin dakuna a Fadar Kensington . A shekarar 1961, aka kirkiro mijin Margaret Earl na Snowdon . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu (waɗanda sashin Caesarean suka haife su a kan bukatar Margaret ): David, an haife shi 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1961, da Sara, waɗanda aka haifa 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1964. Auren ya fadada da'irar Margaret wacce ba ta wuce Kotun ba sannan kuma ta hada da nuna shahararrun 'yan kasuwan da bohamian . A lokacin, ana tsammanin zai iya zama daidai da rushewar matsalolin bangayen Ingila. Snowdons sun yi gwaji tare da salon da finafinan 1960s. . Rayuwar jama'a da aikin sadaka Daga cikin ayyukan Margaret na farko da ya fara aiki shine ya samar da gidan Wutar Edinburgh Castle a Belfast a shekara ta 1947. Bayan haka, Margaret ta tafi yawon shakatawa da yawa na wurare daban-daban; A cikin manyan rangadinta na farko ya kasance tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta don yin balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1947. Ta yawon shakatawa a kan Britannia.A zuwa Birtaniya mazauna a cikin Caribbean a shekarar 1955 halitta abin mamaki a ko'ina cikin West Indies, kuma calypsos aka sadaukar domin ta. Kamar yadda mulkin mallaka na British Commonwealth of Nations ya nemi zama dan kasa, Gimbiya Margaret ta wakilci Crown yayin bukukuwan samun 'yancin kai a Jamaica a shekarar 1962 da Tuvalu da Dominica a shekarar 1978. Rashin lafiyarta da aka kawo ta gajarta wannan gajarta, wacce mai yiwuwa cutar huhun ciki ce, kuma an kaurace ta zuwa Australia domin murmurewa. Sauran yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje sun hada da Amurka a 1965, Japan a shekarar 1969 da shekarar 1979, Amurka da Kanada a shekarar 1974, Australia a 1975, Philippines a 1980, Swaziland a 1981, da Sin a shekarar 1987. . Babban bukatunta shine bayar da agaji, kide-kide da rawa . Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Jama'a ta ƙasa da Royal Scottish Society don Rigakafin Zaluntar da Yara da Invalid Taimakon Nationancin Nationasashe (kuma ana kiranta 'I CAN'). Ta kasance Babban Shugaba na St John Ambulance Brigade da Kanar-in-Chief of the Royal Army Nursing Corps na Sarauniya . Ta kasance shugabar kasa ko kuma mai ba da agaji na ƙungiyoyi da yawa, kamar Olympicungiyar Wasannin Olympics ta West Indies, Jagororin 'Yan mata, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arewa, Birmingham Royal Ballet, Scott Ballet, Yara 1st, Tenovus Cancer Care, Royal College of Nursing, da kuma London Lighthouse (sadaka kan cutar kanjamau wacce tun daga nan ta hade da Terrence Higgins Trust ). A wasu wuraren Margaret an soki shi saboda ba shi da ƙarfi kamar sauran membobin gidan sarauta. Rayuwa mai zaman kanta An ba da rahoton cewa, Margaret tana da al'amuran aurenta na farko a 1966, tare da mahaifinta Anthony Barton, mai gabatar da giya na Bordeaux. Wata guda daga baya ta sami haɗin kai na wata guda tare da Robin Douglas-Home, dan uwan tsohuwar Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Alec Douglas-Home . Margaret ta ce dangantakarta da Douglas-Home ta kasance platonic ce, amma harrufan da aka aika masa (waɗanda daga baya aka sayar da su) suna da kusanci. Douglas-Home, wanda ya sha wahala daga bakin ciki, ya mutu ta hanyar kisan kansa watanni 18 bayan rabuwa da Margaret. Buƙatun cewa ta romantically da hannu tare da mawaki Mick jagger, actor Peter masu sayarwa, da kuma Australia cricketer Keith Miller ne unproven. A cewar masanin tarihin rayuwar Charlotte Breese, mai gabatarwa Leslie Hutchinson tayi 'yar takaitacciyar hulda' tare da Margaret a 1955. Bayanan tarihin 2009 na actress David Niven sun haɗa da tabbatarwa, dangane da bayanan da matar Niven da kuma aboki aboki na Niven, cewa ya sami matsala da gimbiya, wacce ke ɗan shekara 20. A shekarar 1975, an lissafa Gimbiya cikin matan da actress Warren Beatty ya yi soyayya ta soyayya. John Bindon, wani dan wasan kwaikwayo na Cockney wanda ya kwashe lokaci a kurkuku, ya sayar da labarinsa ga Daily Mirror, yana alfahari da kusancin da Margaret. A farkon shekarun 1970, dusar kankara ta rabu biyu. A watan Satumbar 1973, Colin Tennant ya gabatar da Margaret ga Roddy Llewellyn . Llewellyn yana ɗan shekara 17 yana ƙarami. A shekarar 1974, ta gayyace shi a matsayin bako a gidan hutu da ta gina akan Mustique . Wannan dai shi ne farkon ziyarar da yawa. Margaret ta bayyana dangantakar tasu da cewa "abokantaka ce mai kauna". Sau ɗaya, lokacin da Llewellyn ya tafi hutu don tafiya zuwa Turkiyya, Margaret ta damu sosai kuma ta ɗauki allunan bacci da yawa. Ta ce, "Na gaji sosai saboda komai", in ji daga baya, "abin da kawai nake son yi shi ne barci." Tun tana murmurewa, mayanta na cikin gida sun nisanta ubangijin Snowdon daga gare ta, suna tsoron kada ganin sa zai kara mata damuwa. A watan Fabrairu 1976, hoton Margaret da Llewellyn a cikin kayan wanka a Mustique an buga su a shafin farko na shafin talla, Labaran Duniya . 'Yan jaridu sun nuna Margaret a matsayin wata dattijuwa mace da Llewellyn a matsayinta na mai wasan Toyboy . A 19 Maris 1976, Snowdons a fili ya ba da sanarwar cewa aurensu ba makawa ya wargaje. Wasu 'yan siyasa sun ba da shawarar cire Margaret daga cikin jerin sunayen fararen hula . ‘ Yan majalisar kwadago sun musanta ta a matsayin“ ma’abocin sarauta ” da“ floosie ”. A cikin Mayu 1978, ta kamu da rashin lafiya, kuma an gano ta tana fama da cututtukan gastroenteritis da hepatitis na giya. A ranar 11 ga Yuli 1978, an gama da sakin Snowdons. Wannan shine kisan aure na farko da wani jigo a gidan sarautar Burtaniya tun lokacin da Princess Victoria Melita ta Edinburgh ta 1901. A 15 ga Disamba 1978, Snowdon ya auri Lucy Lindsay-Hogg. A watan Agusta 1979, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten na Burma, da membobin gidansa suka mutu sakamakon fashewar bam a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Republican na Yankin . A watan Oktoba, yayin wata ziyarar ba da tallafi na Amurka a madadin Royal Opera House, Margaret ta zauna a liyafa a liyafar cin abincin dare a Chicago tare da jigon masana’antar Abra Anderson da Magajin gari Jane Byrne . Margaret ta gaya masu cewa da yawa daga cikin wasiƙar ta'aziyyar daga Ireland sun koma gidan sarauta. Kashegari, abokin adawar Anderson, Irv Kupcinet ya wallafa wata sanarwa cewa Margaret ta ambaci Irish a matsayin "aladu". Margaret, Anderson da Byrne duk sun bayar da sanarwar musantawa nan da nan, amma an riga an yi lalacewa. Sauran rangadin sun jawo zanga-zangar, kuma Margaret din tsaro ya ninka har sau biyu yana fuskantar barazanar ta jiki. A cikin 1981, Llewellyn ya auri Tatiana Soskin, wanda ya sani shekaru 10. Margaret ta kasance aminan su biyu. A cikin Janairu 1981, Margaret baƙi ce a cikin shirin Gidan Rediyon BBC 4 na Desert Island Discs . An bayyana bayyanar da jaridar The Guardian : "Tana da kwazon gaske, ta zabi Rule Britannia a matsayin daya daga cikin fayafan nata, sannan ta nemi Scotland the Brave wacce bututun da kera ta 'my regiment', watau Royal Highland Fusiliers." Rashin lafiya da mutuwa Daga baya rayuwar Princess ta kasance ta rashin lafiya da nakasa. Ta sha taba sigari tun tana ɗan shekara 15 ko a baya, kuma ta daɗe tana shan taba sosai. A kan 5 Janairu 1985, ta cire wani ɓangare na ta huhu huhu; Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da na mahaifinta sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A 1991, ta daina shan taba, kodayake ta ci gaba da shan giya sosai. A watan Janairun 1993, an kwantar da ita a asibiti domin cutar huhu . Ta samu raunin ne a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1998 a gidanta hutu da ke Mustique . A farkon shekara mai zuwa Gimbiya ta kamu da ciwo mai nauyi a ƙafafunta a cikin haɗarin gidan wanka, wanda ya shafi motsirta har zuwa lokacin da ta buƙaci tallafi yayin tafiya kuma wani lokacin amfani da keken hannu. An kwantar da ita a asibiti a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2001 saboda rashin abinci da kuma matsalolin hadiye, bayan sake bugun jini. Zuwa Maris 2001, bugun jini ya bar ta da hangen nesa kaɗan da na nakasa a gefen hagu Margaret ta bayyana a bainar jama'a ta karshe ita ce a bikin cikar haihuwar mahaifiyarta karo na 101 a cikin watan Agusta 2001 da kuma bikin cikarta shekaru 100 da kawarta, Princess Alice, Duchess na Gloucester, a watan Disamba. Gimbiya Margaret ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII, Landan, a 06:30 ( GMT ) a 9 ga Fabrairu 2002 yana da shekara 71, kwana daya bayan da ya sake fama da wani bugun jini wanda ya haifar da matsalolin zuciya. Yarima Wales ya ba dan uwan sa yabo a wata hira ta talabijin. An dauki akwatin gawa na Margaret, wanda aka zana bisa tsarinta na sirri, an dauke shi daga Fadar Kensington zuwa Fadar St James kafin jana'izarta. An yi jana'izar ne a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2002, shekara ce ta 50 da aka yi jana'izar mahaifinta. Dangane da burin ta, bikin ya kasance wani sabis na sirri a St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, ga dangi da abokai. Ba kamar sauran sauran membobin gidan sarauta ba, an kashe Princess Margaret, a Slough Crematorium. An sanya toka a cikin kabarin iyayenta, Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya (wacce ta mutu makonni bakwai bayan Margaret), a cikin Masallachin tunawa da Sarki George VI a cikin Masallacin St George watanni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da taron tunawa da jihar a Westminster Abbey a ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2002. Legacy Masu lura da al'amurra sau da yawa halin Margaret matsayin spoiled snob iya yankan jawabinsa da kuma hauteur. Masu sukar sunyi ikirarin cewa ita ma sun raina kakarta Sarauniya Maryamu saboda an haife Mariya a matsayin yar gimbiya da ƙananan " Serene Highness ", yayin da Margaret ta kasance " Royal Highness " ta hanyar haihuwa. Haruffarsu, duk da haka, ba su da wata alamar rikici tsakanin su. Hakanan Margaret na iya zama kyakkyawa kuma ba na yau da kullun ba. Mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da ita za su iya rikicewa ta hanyar abubuwan da take faruwa tsakanin rashin aminci da ƙa'idar aiki. Tsohuwar shugabar gwamnatin Marion Crawford ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta: "Ra'ayoyin masu ban sha'awa da haske da ta yi sun zama kanun labarai kuma, idan aka dauke su daga yanayin su, sun fara yin fito-na-fito da jama'a a idon jama'a wadanda ba su da kama da Margaret da muka sani." Margaret wacce ta san Gore Vidal, marubuciyar ba'amurkiya, ta rubuta: "Tana da matukar fahinta game da matsayinta na rayuwa." Ya tuno wata tattaunawa da Margaret wanda a yayin da yake tattauna batun sanin yakamata a bainar jama'a, ya ce: "Ba makawa ne, idan akwai 'yan'uwa mata biyu kuma daya Sarauniya ce, wacce dole ne ta zama tushen abin girmamawa kuma duk abin da ke da kyau, yayin da ɗayan dole ne ka zama mai jan hankalin mafi kirkirar mugunta, 'yar uwa. " Bayan mutuwar Margaret, matar mai jiran gado, Lady Glenconner, ta ce "[Margaret] ta sadaukar da Sarauniya sosai kuma tana goyon bayanta sosai." An bayyana Margaret ta dan uwanta Alisabatu Elizabeth Shakerley a matsayin "wani mutum wanda ke da kyakkyawan iyawa don baiwa mutane da yawa jin daɗi kuma tana da kyakkyawar abokantaka da aminiya." Wani dan uwan, Oluwa Lichfield, ya ce "[Margaret] tayi matukar bakin ciki har karshen rayuwarta saboda rayuwar da ba ta cika ba." A rayuwarta, arzikin Margaret an kiyasta kusan miliyan 20, wanda galibinsu ke gado daga wurin mahaifinta. Har ila yau, ta gaji fasahohin zane-zane da kayayyakin tarihi daga Sarauniya Mary, sannan Dame Margaret Greville ta bar fam 20,000 a 1943. A cikin 1999, ɗanta, Lord Linley, ya sayar da mahaifiyarsa Les Jolies Eaux ta Caribbean akan dala miliyan 2.4. A lokacin rasuwarta Margaret ta karɓi fam 219,000 daga jerin ƙungiyoyin . Bayan rasuwarta, ta bar wa £a twoanta £ 7.6 miliyan mallakar, wanda aka yanke zuwa 4.5 miliyan 4.5 bayan harajin gado . A watan Yuni na 2006, yawancin kayayyakin Margaret ne Christie's suka siya don biyan haraji kuma, a cikin kalmomin ɗanta, "bukatun yau da kullun dangi kamar ilmantar da jikokinta", kodayake an sayar da wasu daga cikin kayan taimakon taimakon agaji kamar Stungiyar Bugun jini . A rahoton, Sarauniyar ta baiyana cewa ragin da aka samu daga duk wani abu da aka baiwa yar'uwar ta a matsayin hukuma dole ne a bayar da ita ga masu ba da agaji. Farashin rikodin duniya na £ 1.24   miliyan ya saita ta agogon Fabergé . Poltimore Tiara, wacce ta sanya wa bikin aurenta a shekarar 1960, ta sayar da fam miliyan 926,400. Sayar da sakamakonsa ya kai £ 13,658,000. A watan Afrilun 2007, wani nune-nunen mai taken Gimbiya Gimbiya - Matsayin Kayan Gwiwar Gimbiya Margaret ya bude a Fadar Kensington, ya nuna salon zamani daga masu zanen Burtaniya kamar su Vivienne Westwood wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Gimbiya Margaret. Christopher Bailey tarin Guga na 2006 don Burberry ya kasance mai jan hankali daga kallon Margaret daga shekarun 1960. Rayuwar Gimbiya Margaret ta kasance shekaru da yawa tana magana game da jita-jita ta kafofin watsa labarai da masu lura da sarauta. Gidanta a Mustique, wanda ƙwararren mijinta Oliver Messel, wanda ƙirar ƙira ne, ya kasance maƙasudin hutun da ta fi so. An yi jita-jitar jam’iyyun daji da shan muggan kwayoyi a cikin shirin watsa shirye-shirye bayan mutuwar Gimbiya. Masanin tarihin rayuwar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi kyawun gadojin Margaret abu ne mai haɗari. Wataƙila ba da niyya ba, Margaret ta ba da hanya don yarda da jama'a game da kisan aure. Rayuwarta, idan ba ayyukanta ba, sun yanke shawara da zaɓin 'ya'yan' yar'uwarta, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun sake su, sun fi sauƙi kamar yadda ba za su kasance ba. Tituna, yanayi, girmamawa da makamai Lakabobi da kuma salon 21 ga Agusta 1930 - 11 Disamba 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret na York 11 ga Disamba 1936 - 6 Oktoba 1961: Darajar Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret 6 Oktoba 1961 - 9 Fabrairu 2002: Girma Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon Girmamawa CI : Abokin oda na Sarautar Indiya, 12 Yuni 1947 DJStJ : Dame of Justice of Order of St John na Urushalima, 23 Yuni 1948 GCVO : Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victoria Victoria Order, 1 Yuni 1953 GCStJ : Dame Grand Cross of Order of St John na Kudus, 20 ga Yuni 1956 Sarkar Royal Victoria, 21 ga Agusta 1990 Dokokin Iyalin Sarauta na Sarki George V Dokokin Iyali na Sarki na Sarki George VI Sarautar Sarauniya Sarauta Sarauniya II CD Canadian Forces ado Kasashen waje suna girmama : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1948 : Member of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, First Class, 1956 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1960 : Recipient of the Order of the Lion, Crown and Shield of Toro Kingdom, 1965 : Grand Cordon (or First Class) of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1971 Alƙawarin soja Australia Colonel-in-Chief of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps Bermuda Colonel-in-Chief of the Bermuda Regiment Canada Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess Louise Fusiliers Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment United Kingdom Colonel-in-Chief of the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment) Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps Deputy Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Anglian Regiment Honorary Air Commodore, Royal Air Force Coningsby Bayarwa Zuriya Manazarta Bibliography Aronson, Theo (2001), Princess Margaret: A Biography, London: Michael O'Mara Books Limited, ISBN 1-85479-682-8 Botham, Noel (2002), Margaret: The Last Real Princess, London: Blake Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-903402-64-6 Bradford, Sarah; Harrison, B.; Goldman, L. (January 2006). "Margaret Rose, Princess, countess of Snowdon (1930–2002)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76713. Retrieved 7 December 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, London: Cassell and Co Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2 Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 0-233-05106-6 Haɗin waje Bayanan martaba a shafin yanar gizon masarautar Burtaniya Princess Margaret British Columbia Archives: bidiyon Gimbiya Margaret a wurin liyafar, HMS Hood Discovery, 1958 Newspaper clippings about Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20Nzechukwu

Kennedy Nzechukwu

Kennedy Ikenna Nzechukwu (an haife shi a watan Yuni 13, 1992) ɗan Najeriya ne gwarzo mai zanen yaƙi wanda ya fafata a rukunin Haske mai nauyi na Ƙarshen Fighting Championship. Fage Nzechukwu ya tashi daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka tare da iyalansa a shekarar 2010. Ya fara horar da fasahar fadace-fadace lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta kawo shi Fortis MMA a cikin 2015 don koyan wasu horo. Ya halarci koleji, amma ya bar karatu don ya ci gaba da yin sana'a a fagen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bayan an gano mahaifiyarsa tana da ALS. Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Farkon aiki Bayan aikinsa na mai son, Nzechukwu ya zama kwararre, inda ya samu nasara kai tsaye guda biyu a kungiyar Xtreme Knockout. Daga nan aka gayyace shi don yin gasa a cikin jerin masu fafutuka na Dana White. Fadan nasa ya faru ne a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2017, a Dana White's Contender Series 7 da Anton Berzin. Ya ci nasara ta hanyar yanke shawarar raba amma bai sami kwangila ga UFC ba. Daga nan ya koma zagaye na yanki kuma ya sami nasarar buga ƙwanƙwasa biyu a cikin XKO da Legacy Fighting Alliance. Jerin Gasar Dana White Daga nan ne aka gayyaci Nzechukwu karo na biyu zuwa jerin masu gasa na Dana White, a wannan karon yana fuskantar Dennis Bryant a Dana White's Contender Series 16 a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2018. Ya ci nasara ta hanyar buga wasan zagaye na farko kuma ya sami kwangila ga UFC. Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe Nzechukwu ya fara wasansa na UFC da Paul Craig a ranar 30 ga Maris 2019 a UFC akan ESPN 2. Ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar shakewar triangle a zagaye na uku. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Darko Stošić a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2019, a UFC akan ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler. Ya ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Carlos Ulberg a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2021, a UFC 259 . Ulberg ya fara da karfi, inda ya yi wa Nzechukwu rauni da bugun fanareti da bugun fanareti, amma da sauri ya gaji, wanda hakan ya sa Nzechukwu ya yi nasara a fafatawar ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu. Wannan fada ya ba shi kyautar Yakin Dare. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Danilo Marques, wanda ya maye gurbin Ed Herman a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 190. Bayan da aka fi sarrafa shi don yawancin fadan, ya tattara ya ci nasara ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na uku. Wannan yaki ya ba shi kyautar <i id="mwUQ">Darare</i>. An shirya Nzechukwu zai fuskanci Jung Da Un ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 195. Koyaya, an dage wasan zuwa UFC Fight Night 197 a kan Nuwamba 13, 2021, saboda dalilai da ba a san su ba. Nzechukwu ya sha kashi ne a fafatawar ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na daya. Nzechukwu, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Ihor Potieria, ya fuskanci Nicolae Negumereanu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2022, a UFC 272 . Ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 8 daga cikin maki 15 na kafofin watsa labarai sun ba Nzechukwu, yayin da 6 ya ci ta kunnen doki, daya kawai ya ba Negumereanu. Gasa da nasarori Hadaddiyar fasahar martial Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe Yaƙin Dare (Lokaci ɗaya) Ayyukan Dare (Lokaci Daya) Mixed Martial Art Records |- |Loss |align=center|9–3 |Nicolae Negumereanu |Decision (split) |UFC 272 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|9–2 |Jung Da Un |KO (elbows) |UFC Fight Night: Holloway vs. Rodríguez | |align=center|1 |align=center|3:04 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|9–1 |Danilo Marques |TKO (punches) |UFC Fight Night: Gane vs. Volkov | |align=center|3 |align=center|0:20 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|8–1 |Carlos Ulberg |KO (punches) |UFC 259 | |align=center|2 |align=center|3:19 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|7–1 |Darko Stošić |Decision (unanimous) |UFC on ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Newark, New Jersey, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|6–1 |Paul Craig |Submission (triangle choke) |UFC on ESPN: Barboza vs. Gaethje | |align=center|3 |align=center|4:20 |Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States | |- |Win |align=center|6–0 |Dennis Bryant |TKO (head kick and punches) |Dana White's Contender Series 16 | |align=center|1 |align=center|1:48 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|5–0 |Corey Johnson |TKO (punches) |LFA 40 | |align=center|2 |align=center|1:18 |Dallas, Texas, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 4–0 |Andre Kavanaugh |TKO (punches) |XKO 40 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:40 |Dallas, Texas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|3–0 |Anton Berzin |Decision (split) |Dana White's Contender Series 7 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|2–0 |Thai Walwyn |Decision (unanimous) |XKO 34 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Dallas, Texas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|1–0 |Matt Foster |TKO (punches) |XKO 33 | |align=center|1 |align=center|2:06 |Dallas, Texas, United States | Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

22340

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Ganin%20Karshen%20Rikice-Rikice%20Ta%20Duniya

Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya

Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya (I.C.G; kuma aka sani da Crisis Group) ne a Magance ba riba, wadanda ba gwamnati kungiyar an kafa a shekarata 1995. Filin tunani ne, wanda masu tsara manufofi da masana ke amfani dashi, suna yin bincike da bincike akan rikice-rikicen duniya. ICG ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "aiki don hana yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma tsara manufofin da za su gina duniya mafi zaman lafiya". Kungiyar Rikici ta Duniya (ICG) ta ce tana ba da gargaɗin farko ta hanyar sanarwar CrisisWatch da take gabatarwa a kowane wata, mai sa ido kan rikice-rikicen duniya wanda aka tsara don gano haɗarin faɗaɗawa da dama don ci gaban zaman lafiya. Kungiyar ta ce tana samar da cikakken bincike da shawara kan takamaiman batutuwan siyasa waɗanda ke shafar rikici ko yanayin rikice-rikice; cewa tana hulɗa da masu tsara manufofi, ƙungiyoyin yanki da sauran manyan masu ruwa da tsaki don inganta hanyoyin lumana ga manyan rikice-rikice; da kuma cewa yana bayar da sabbin dabaru da dabaru kan rikice-rikice da rikice rikice. Sun banbanta kansu da sauran rukunin masu tunani na Yammacin Turai, suna lura da kasancewar filin su na dindindin, wanda shine asalin tsarin kungiyar. Tana da masu shirye-shiryen yanki waɗanda suka shafi Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Latin Amurka da Caribbean, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, da Amurka. , ICG tana da ma'aikata 110. Kudade Mai saka jari kuma mai ba da tallafi George Soros ya samar da tallafin irin kungiyar kuma yana cigaba da tallafawa hakan. Wakilin gwamnati na farko da ya ba da tallafin kuɗi shi ne Shugaban Finland Martti Ahtisaari, a cikin Maris na shekarata 1994. A waccan shekarar, Gareth Evans, a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australia, ya yi alƙawarin $ 500,000. Taron watan Janairun shekarata 1995 a Landan ya haɗu da ƙididdigar ƙasashen duniya da yawa kuma ya amince da shawara don kasafin kuɗin shekara na dala miliyan 8 da 75 masu cikakken aiki. A tsakiyar shekarata 1995, ƙungiyar an yi rajista bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Amurka azaman mara keɓantaccen haraji. Daga 1996 shekarata zuwa shekarata 1999, Rikicin Rikici yana da kasafin shekara-shekara na kusan dala miliyan 2 da kusan ma'aikata 20 na cikakken lokaci; zuwa shekarar 2017 kasafin kudinta ya haura zuwa dala miliyan 17. Rukunin Rikicin ya sami tallafi a ƙarƙashin tallafi daga gwamnatoci, kafuwar agaji, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ɗaiɗaikun masu ba da gudummawa. Kima A shekarar kudi da ta kare 30 ga Yuni, shekarata 2019, ta karɓi kashi 43% na tallafinta daga gwamnatoci, kashi 31% daga tushe, 22% daga kamfanoni, 2% daga gudummawar alheri da 2% daga kuɗin saka hannun jari. A cikin wata takarda ta shekarar 2014 game da Duniya ta Uku Kwata, mai binciken zamantakewar al'umma Berit Bliesemann de Guevara ya rubuta cewa babban kasafin kudin na ICG shi ne abin da ake bukata na ayyukanta, kodayake kadan ne idan aka kwatanta da hukumomin binciken gwamnati. Ta lura da cewa "Masu sukar sun yi ikirarin cewa ba shi ne adadin ba amma hanyoyin samun kudin na ICG wadanda suka bude kofofin masu tsara manufofin Yammacin kasar don yin shawarwarin ta, yayin da a lokaci guda (mai yuwuwa) yin kafar ungulu ga 'yancin ICG na siyasa". Ta lura cewa ICG ta "saba wa [ra'ayin] ra'ayin sauki, madaidaiciyar alaka tsakanin masu bayar da tallafi da kuma bayar da rahoto" ta hanyoyi da dama na masu bayar da gudummawar. Kungiyoyi Ofisoshi Rukunin Rikicin yana da hedikwata a Brussels, tare da ofisoshin bayar da shawarwari a Washington DC, New York da London. Sauran ofisoshin da ke da rajista bisa doka sun dogara ne a Bogota, Colombia; Dakar, Senegal; Istanbul, Turkiyya; da Nairobi, Kenya. Ya zuwa Yunin shekarata 2018, Rikicin Rikici ya kasance a Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Bangkok, Beirut, Caracas, Gaza, Guatemala City, Hong Kong, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, Juba, Kabul, Kiev, Mexico City, Mogadishu, Rabat, Tbilisi, Toronto, Tunis da Yangon. Kwamitin amintattu Robert Malley, wanda ya taba aiki a gwamnatin Obama a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara, ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na ICG a watan Janairun 2018. Wadanda suka gabace shi a wannan mukamin sun hada da tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya Jean-Marie Guéhenno, tsohon Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ‘Yancin Dan Adam da Adalci na Kotun Koli ta Kanada Louise Arbor, da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australia Gareth Evans. Malley ya yanke alakar sa da yakin neman zaben Obama a watan Mayun shekarata 2008, lokacin da ya fito fili cewa Malley ya kasance yana tattaunawa da kungiyar Falasdinawa ta Hamas, wacce Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya a cikin kungiyar ta’addanci. Kwamitin amintattun yana karkashin jagorancin Mark Malloch Brown, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma mai kula da Shirin Raya Kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin shine Ayo Obe, lauya, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da talibijan daga Najeriya. Membobin kwamitin da suka gabata sun hada da Sandy Berger da kuma Stephen Solarz . Shugabannin kungiyar sune Martti Ahtisaari da Gareth Evans. Lambobin yabo Rukunin Rikicin Rukuni na "In Pursuit of Peace Award" an kafa shi a shekarata 2005, kuma yana da alaƙa da taron gala a cikin Birnin New York. Wadanda suka karba sun hada da Shugabannin Amurka Bill Clinton da George HW Bush, Hillary Clinton, tsohon Shugaban Brazil Lula da Silva, Wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel Martti Ahtisaari da Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, da kuma mai kudi da kuma taimakon jama’a George Soros. Wadanda aka karba a shekarar 2018 sun hada da Frank Giustra, wanda ya kafa gidauniyar Radcliffe kuma hamshakin dan kasuwa da kudi, da HRH Prince Zeid Raad Al Hussein, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma' Yan Gudun Hijira na Olimpik da Teamungiyoyin Nakasassu. Binciken da suke game da kungiyar A shekara ta 2010, Tom Hazeldine yayi jayayya a wata kasida da aka buga a cikin New Left Review cewa ICG "ta tsara kanta a matsayin mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta bangaranci ba, amma tana ci gaba da yaki da yakokin NATO don samun cikakkiyar yabon transatlantic". Wani yanki na shekarata 2007 a cikin manufofin Kasashen Waje ya bayyana ICG a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi" kuma yana sukar mai mulkin Venezuela Hugo Chávez . Kungiyar ta ICG ta haifar da cece-kuce a cikin watan Afrilun shekarata 2013 yayin da ta bai wa shugaban Myanmar Thein Sein lambar yabo ta "In Pursuit of Peace", tare da bikin bayar da lambar ya zo daidai da wallafa rahoton Human Rights Watch game da batun tsarkake kabilanci da gwamnatin Sein ta yi. A cikin shekarata 2014, mujallar ta Uku ta Tsakiya ta buga wani batu na musamman game da ICG da rawar da take takawa wajen samar da ilimi game da rikici, inda ya gabatar da suka daban-daban guda 10 game da ICG, daga tasirinsa kan masu tsara manufofin kasashen waje, rikice-rikicen "masana'antu", da hanyoyin. tana turawa wajen tattara binciken ta. Bayanin na ICG da rahotannin an bayyana su da cewa suna da "kyakkyawan suna" a tsakanin masu tsara manufofi a gabatarwar batun, wanda kuma ya lura cewa yayin da malaman jami'a da ke aiki a kan rikice-rikice galibi ke ambaton nazarin na ICG, akwai karancin binciken ilimi game da ICG din kanta. Bayani Ambato Janar tushe Manazarta Tashar yanar gizo Rukunin Rikici na Duniya: Matsalolin Matsala a Jaruman Asiya na 2005 daga Aryn Baker, <i id="mwAVw">TIMEasia</i>, Oktoba 3, 2005 SourceWatch: Rikicin Rikicin Duniya Pages with unreviewed translations kudade Kungiyoyi lambobin yabo

32395

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20tufafi%20na%20Fancy

Bikin tufafi na Fancy

Bikin tufafi na Fancy (wanda aka fi sani da Kakamotobi) wani biki ne na ban mamaki da al'ummar Winneba da ke yankin tsakiyar Ghana suka gudanar a ranar Kirsimeti zuwa ranar farko ta Janairu a kowace shekara. Biki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke nuna kidan tagulla. Tarihi ’Yan kasuwan Holland da Birtaniya a tashar ruwa ta Winneba sun fara al’adar bikin a karni na 19. Sanye da abin rufe fuska dabam-dabam, suna rawa da sha a sanduna mallakar fararen fata suna bikin Kirsimeti. Janka Abraham, wanda ya fito daga Saltpond, shi ma a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin mashaya a ɗayan waɗannan mashaya, yayi tunanin haɗa al'adar masquerade da bikin cikin al'adar gida. Ya kafa rundunar da aka fi sani da Nobles tare da abokinsa, Pharmacist A. K. Yamoah, a unguwar Alata Kokwado a wajajen 1923 ko 1924. Mutanen da ke kungiyar kwallon kafa ta A. K. Yamoah da kungiyoyin wasannin cikin gida suka shiga. Kasancewa memba yana buƙatar ikon yin magana da Ingilishi. Kwanakin farko Ma’abota daraja za su taru kafin wayewar gari a ranar Kirsimeti, suna sanye da kayan ado, kamar rigar likitoci, ma’aikatan jinya, malamai, ministoci, fastoci, manoma, masunta, karuwai, fastoci, direbobi, kawaye, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, mala’iku, ko ma ma. Turawan mulkin mallaka. Manufar ita ce a kwaikwayi sana'o'in gari daban-daban da ɓacin rai na Turawa. Daga nan ne sojojin za su yi fareti a kan titunan Winneba, da kidan adaha, kuma za su ci gaba da yini har zuwa maraice. Canjin suna An yi amfani da sunan “Fancy Dress” ne saboda kungiyar Egyaa, wadda ta kunshi masunta da ba su jin Turanci, sun sha wahala wajen furta kalmar “masquerade”. Maimakon haka, sun yi amfani da kalmar "Fancy Dress", wanda suka furta "fanti dress". Girman ƙungiyoyi Bayan wasu shekaru, an buɗe memba a cikin Nobles ga dukan mazaunan Winneba. Wannan ya haifar da karuwa a cikin membobin. Dangane da ayyukan Sarakuna, a cikin 1926 babban hakimin Winneba, Nana Kow Sackey (Ayirebi Acquah III), da abokansa sun kafa Egyaa, rukuni na biyu, a Aboadze, al'ummar kamun kifi. Mutanen garin suna kiran masu martaba da "Lambar Daya" da Egyaa a matsayin "Laba Biyu". Samuwar Lamba Uku A shekarar 1930, 'yan gidan sarautar Gyateh, wadanda ba su amince da goyon bayan Kow Sackey ga kungiyar Egyaa ba, sun kafa wata kungiya a yankin Gyateh na Donkoyemu. Wanda ake kira Tumbo rusu (lafazi mai suna tumus)—wanda ke fassara a matsayin sautin maƙerin maƙeri— ƙungiyar ta samu jagorancin dangin Gyateh Arkoful, maƙeri, Kweku Akom, da Inkabi. Ya samo membobinta daga matasan Katolika masu karancin ilimi daga al'ummomin kamun kifi na gida, da membobin Cocin Katolika na Winneba na kusa. Limaman Turai sun biya sabbin kayayyaki a kowace shekara da kuma abin rufe fuska na Turai, suna ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyar da kyau har ta zama Kamfani na tufafi mafi daraja. Daya daga cikin mambobin kungiyar ya ji dadin halin Robin Hood, amma da gangan ya harbi dan uwan ​​wani firist a ido da wata kibiya ta bata a ranar Kirsimeti a shekara ta 1930. Mummunan bala'in ya sa kungiyoyin suka hana nuna wannan hali a cikin Fancy. Bikin sutura da duk wanda ya haura shekara bakwai. Samuwar Lamba Hudu Daya daga cikin ’yan’uwan A. K. Yamoah, A. W. Yamoah, ya koma Abasraba, wata unguwar Winneba, a shekara ta 1933. Wani dan kasuwa ne ta hanyar fatauci, ya shigo da abin rufe fuska da kayan aikin tagulla kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna Fancy Dress mai suna Red Cross ko Number Four. Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi manyan ƴan gari, waɗanda suka haɗa da matasan makarantar sakandare da kwaleji; Masu neman shiga dole ne su ci jarrabawar shiga cikin harshen Ingilishi da nazarin al'adun Ghana. Manyan membobi na biyan kudaden wata-wata, wanda ya ba da gudummawar shigo da kayayyaki da abin rufe fuska na Halloween daga kasashen waje a karshen shekara. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas da iyalai marasa galihu ba su biya ba, kodayake dole ne su karɓi suturar da membobin da ke biyan kuɗi suka zaɓa musu. Kiɗa na Ƙungiyar Brass A cikin shekarunsa na farko, waƙar ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin bikin kiɗan adaha ne na gargajiya. Ƙungiyoyin mishan na Turai da ƙungiyoyin soja sun gabatar da kiɗan ƙungiyar Brass zuwa yankin a cikin 1880s. A shekara ta 1934, limaman Katolika sun gabatar da kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe na tagulla zuwa bikin ta wajen kawo ƙungiyar da suka sami horo daga masu wa’azi na Presbyterian a garin Swedru Bibianiha da ke kusa. Ƙungiyar ba ta ƙware ba kuma ta san waƙa guda ɗaya kawai ("Abaawa Begye Wo Letter Kema Woewuraba"; a Turanci "Bawan Allah, Wannan Wasika ce Ga Madam ɗinki"), wadda ta ke bugawa duk rana. Dangane da bacin ran da aka yi na jin waƙa ɗaya da aka ci gaba da yi, A.W. Yamoah ya shirya ba da horo kan kayan aikin tagulla ga wasu ’yan uwansa. Sakamakon sabon rukunin ya fi ƙware fiye da na Swedru Bibiani. Ƙungiyar Nobles kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar tagulla. Koyaya, saboda yawancin membobin waɗannan makada sun fi son yin wasa a kan yin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, don bukukuwan bukukuwa yawanci ana ɗaukar su daga wajen ƙungiyoyin gida. Tsarin Dukkanin kungiyoyi suna da matsayi guda daya: mai kula da shi shine uban kungiya, a baya sau da yawa mai daraja amma yanzu ya fi dacewa ya zama namiji mai ilimi, wanda ke kula da harkokin kudi da wurare da kuma jin dadin membobin gaba ɗaya. A ƙarƙashinsa akwai shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda ke tsara gwaje-gwaje da koyar da kiɗa, shugaban Dress na Fancy, wanda ke kula da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin hira da sababbin membobin, da uwar rukuni, wanda ke kula da abinci da sasanta rikice-rikice. 'Yan kungiya kuma suna kula da ita a matsayin uwa ta haihuwa. Cowboys sun dace kuma membobi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da amsa ga shugaban Dress na Fancy kuma suna kula da membobin gaba ɗaya. Sannan akwai ƴan leƙen asiri, masu yawo, da sauran mambobi a ƙarƙashin ikon kaboyi. Scouts sun ci gaba kuma suna neman kuɗi daga masu kallo don ƙungiyar. Manazarta

14603

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundumomin%20Ghana

Gundumomin Ghana

Gundumomin Ghana ƙananan hukumomi ne na Ghana na ƙasa-da-ƙasa, ƙasa da matakin yanki. Akwai gundumomi 216. Tarihi An sake tsara gundumomin Ghana a cikin 1988/1989 a cikin yunƙurin rarraba gwamnatoci da taimakawa ci gaba. Sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ƙarshen 1980s ya rarraba Yankuna na Ghana zuwa gundumomi 110, inda yakamata majalisun ƙananan hukumomi su yi ma'amala da ƙaramar hukuma. Zuwa 2006, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin gundumomi 28 ta hanyar rarraba wasu asali 110, suna kawo adadinsu zuwa 138. A watan Fabrairun 2008, an sami ƙarin gundumomi kuma wasu an haɓaka su zuwa matsayin birni. Wannan ya kawo adadin ƙarshe zuwa gundumomi 170 na Ghana. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙara ƙarin gundumomi 46 tun 28 ga Yuni 2012 wanda ya kawo jimillar gundumomi 216. Nau'in Gundumomi Gundumomi Gundumomin Talakawa suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin mutane dubu saba'in da biyar. Karamar Hukumar Karamar gundumomin birni suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin mutane dubu casa'in da biyar. Babban birni Babban gundumomin birni suna da mafi ƙarancin yawan mutane dubu dari biyu da hamsin. Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa Majalisun Gundumomi Ana gunduma gundumomi da Majalisun Gundumomi, waɗanda Ministan karamar Hukumar ya kafa, kuma suke aiki a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace gunduma. Sun kunshi: Hakimin Gundumar, wanda Shugaban Jamhuriya ya nada mutum daya daga kowane yanki na zabe a cikin gundumar da aka zaba ta hanyar babban zaben manya memba ko memba na majalisar dokoki daga mazabun da suka fada cikin yankin ikon majalisar gundumar sauran mambobin da ba za su wuce kashi talatin cikin dari na yawan mambobin majalisar gundumar da Shugaban kasa ya nada tare da tuntubar shugabannin gargajiya da sauran kungiyoyin masu sha'awar yankin ba. Hakimin Gundumar Shugaban Jamhuriya ne ya nada Babban Hakimin Gundumar kuma yana aiki a matsayin wakili na Gwamnatin Tsakiya a gundumar. Mai ci yanzu yana shugabanci a taron Kwamitin Zartarwa na Majalisar Gundumar, kuma yana da alhakin: ayyukan yau da kullun na zartarwa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Majalisar Gundumar kulawa da sassan majalisar gundumar da Kwamitin Zartarwa Kwamitin zartarwa yana aiwatar da zartarwa da daidaita ayyukan Majalisar Gunduma, kuma yana da mambobi masu zuwa: Hakimin Gundumar, wanda ke matsayin shugaba shugabannin ƙananan kwamitocin masu biyowa na kwamitin zartarwa: Shirye-shiryen ci gaba, Ayyukan zamantakewa Ayyuka Adalci da Tsaro Kudi da Gudanarwa shugaban karamin kwamiti na wucin gadi na kwamitin zartarwa wanda Majalisar Yankin ta zaba duk wasu membobi guda biyu da membobin majalisar gundumar suka zaba, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce Shugaban Majalisar Kowace Majalisar Yankin tana zaɓar ɗan Majalisar da ke jagorantar taron, wanda ke yin taro kuma yake jagorantar tarurrukan Majalisar Gundumar. Ayyukan Majalisun Gundumomi A matsayina na gwamnatocin siyasa da mulki a kan gundumomi, babban aikin Majalisun Gundumomi shi ne inganta ci gaban tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Dokar karamar Hukumar ta 2016 kuma ta yi aiki tare da Majalisun Gundumomi don: tsarawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da dabaru don haɗakarwa da albarkatu masu mahimmanci don ci gaban gundumar gabaɗaya. inganta da tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba da ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma a cikin gundumar da kuma kawar da duk wani cikas ga yunƙuri da ci gaba. daukar nauyin karatun daliban daga gundumar don cike wasu bukatun ma'aikata na gundumar musamman a bangaren ilimi da kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da cewa daukar nauyin ya daidaita kuma ya daidaita tsakanin dalibai maza da mata. fara shirye-shirye don haɓaka ababen more rayuwa da samar da ayyukan birni da aiyuka a gundumar. su kasance masu alhakin ci gaba, ingantawa da kuma kula da matsugunan mutane da kuma mahalli a gundumar. a cikin hadin gwiwa da hukumomin tsaro na kasa da na gida da suka dace, su kasance masu kula da tsaro da lafiyar jama'a a gundumar. tabbatar da shirin isa ga kotuna a cikin gundumar don ci gaban adalci. yi aiki don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun gargajiya a cikin gundumar. farawa, tallafawa ko aiwatar da karatun da zai iya zama dole don sauke duk wani aikin su. Dokar ta kuma ba Majalisun Gundumomi tare da hukumomi masu zuwa: Tallace-tallace, kamar yadda Dokar Tallace-tallace ta bayar, 1989 (P.N.D.C.L. 230) Lasisin giya, kamar yadda Dokar lasisin lasisin giya, 1970 (Dokar 331) Kula da wutar daji, kamar yadda Dokar Kulawa da Rigakafin wutardaji ta bayar, 1990 (P.N.D.C.L. 229) * Kashe waɗannan ƙa'idodi na Dokar Laifin Laifuka, 1960 (Dokar 29) a cikin gundumarta: sashe na 296 dangane da zubar da shara a titi; kuma sashi na 300 dangane da batacciyar shanu. Lissafin Gundumomi Yankin Ahafo Yankin Ahafo na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Babban birnin yankin shine Goaso. Bangare ne na Yankin Brong-Ahafo kuma ya ƙunshi gundumomi 6, ƙananan hukumomi 3 da gundumomi na yau da kullun 3. Wadannan su ne: Asunafo North Municipal Asunafo South District Asutifi North District Asutifi South District Tano North Municipal Tano South Municipal Yankin Ashanti Yankin Ashanti na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 30. Wannan ya kunshi 1 Metropolitan, Municipal 11 da 18 na gundumomi na yau da kullun. Wadannan su ne: Adansi North District Adansi South District Afigya-Kwabre District Ahafo Ano North Municipal Ahafo Ano South District Amansie Central District Amansie West District Asante-Akim Central Municipal Asante Akim North District Asante Akim South Municipal Asokore Mampong Municipal Atwima Kwanwoma District Atwima Mponua District Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal Bekwai Municipal Bosome Freho District Botsomtwe District Ejisu-Juaben Municipal Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipal Kumasi Metropolitan Kwabre East District Mampong Municipal Obuasi Municipal Offinso North District Offinso South Municipal Sekyere Afram Plains District Sekyere Central District Sekyere East District Sekyere Kumawu District Sekyere South District Yankin Bono Yankin Bono na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Brong-Ahafo na lokacin kuma ya kunshi gundumomi 12, kananan hukumomi 5 da kuma gundumomi 7 na gari. Wadannan su ne: Banda District Berekum East Municipal Berekum West District Dormaa Central Municipal Dormaa East District Dormaa West District Jaman North District Jaman South Municipal Sunyani Municipal Sunyani West District Tain District Wenchi Municipal Yankin Gabashin Bono Yankin Gabashin Bono na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Ya kasance wani yanki na Yankin Brong-Ahafo na Ghana kuma ya ƙunshi gundumomi 11, ƙananan hukumomi 4 da kuma gundumomi 7 na yau da kullun. Wadannan su ne: Atebubu-Amantin Municipal Kintampo North Municipal Kintampo South District Nkoranza North District Nkoranza South District Pru East District Pru West District Sene East District Sene West District Techiman Municipal Techiman North District Yankin Tsakiya Yankin tsakiyar Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 20. Waɗannan sun kunshi manyan birane 1, na gari 6 da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 13. Wadannan su ne: Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese District Agona East District Agona West Municipal Ajumako/Enyan/Essiam District Asikuma/Odoben/Brakwa District Assin Central Municipal Assin South District Awutu Senya East Municipal District Awutu Senya West District Cape Coast Metropolitan Effutu Municipal Ekumfi District Gomoa East District Gomoa West District Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District Mfantsiman Municipal Twifo-Ati Morkwa District Twifo/Heman/Lower Denkyira District Upper Denkyira East Municipal Upper Denkyira West District Yankin Gabas Yankin Gabashin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 26 waɗanda suka haɗu da na birni 9 da kuma gundumomi na gari 17. Wadannan su ne: Akuapim North Municipal Akuapim South District Akyemansa District Asuogyaman District Atiwa District Ayensuano District Birim Central Municipal Birim North District Birim South District Denkyembour District East Akim Municipal Fanteakwa District Kwaebibirem Municipal Kwahu Afram Plains North District Kwahu Afram Plains South District Kwahu East District Kwahu South District Kwahu West Municipal Lower Manya Krobo District New-Juaben Municipal Nsawam Adoagyire Municipal Suhum Municipal Upper Manya Krobo District Upper West Akim District West Akim Municipal Yilo Krobo District Babban Yankin Accra Babban yankin Accra na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 17 waɗanda suka haɗu da manyan birane 2, na birni 10 da kuma gundumomi talakawa 5. Wadannan su ne: Accra Metropolitan Ada East District Ada West District Adenta Municipal Ashaiman Municipal Ga Central Municipal Ga East Municipal Ga North Municipal Ga South Municipal Ga West Municipal Kpone Katamanso District La Dade Kotopon Municipal La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal Ledzokuku Municipal Krowor Municipal Ningo Prampram District Shai Osudoku District Tema Metropolitan Yankin Arewa Yankin Arewacin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 15; 1 birni, 3 na birni da kuma gundumomi na gari 11. Wadannan su ne: Gushiegu District Karaga District Kpandai District Kumbungu District Mion District Nanton District Nanumba North Municipal Nanumba South District Saboba District Sagnarigu Municipal Savelugu-Nanton District Tamale Metropolitan Tatale-Sangule District Yendi Municipal Zabzugu District Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas Yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Arewacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 6, na birni 2 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 4. Wadannan su ne: Bunkpurugu-Nyankpanduri District Chereponi District East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly Mamprugu Moaduri District West Mamprusi Municipal District Yunyoo-Nasuan District Yankin Oti Yankin Oti na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Ghana na Volta na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 8, na birni 2 da ƙananan gundumomi 6. Wadannan su ne: Biakoye District Jasikan District Kadjebi District Krachi East Municipal Krachi Nchumuru District Krachi West District Nkwanta North District Nkwanta South Municipal Yankin Savannah Yankin Savannah na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disamba na 2018. Yana daga cikin yankin Arewacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 7, na birni 1 da gundumomi talakawa 6. Wadannan su ne: Bole District Central Gonja District East Gonja Municipal North Gonja District Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District Tolon District West Gonja Yankin Gabas ta Gabas Yankin Gabashin Gabas na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 13, na birni 3 da kuma gundumomi 10 na gari. Wadannan su ne: Bawku Municipal Bawku West District Binduri District Bolgatanga Municipal Bongo District Builsa North District Builsa South District Garu-Tempane District Kassena Nankana East Municipal Kassena Nankana West District Nabdam District Pusiga District Talensi District Yankin Yammacin Yamma Yankin Yammacin Gana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 11, na birni 4 da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 7. Wadannan su ne: Daffiama-Bussie-Issa District Jirapa Municipal Lambussie Karni District Lawra Municipal Nadowli-Kaleo District Nandom District Sissala East Municipal Sissala West District Wa East District Wa Municipal Wa West District Yankin Volta Yankin Volta na Ghana ya kasance yana dauke da gundumomi 17, na birni 5 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 20. Waɗannan su ne: Yanzu yana da jimillar gundumomi 18 waɗanda suka ƙunshi 6 na birni da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 12 tun lokacin da aka shata yankin a cikin Disamba 2018 Adaklu District Afadjato South District Agotime Ziope District Akatsi North District Akatsi South District Anloga District Central Tongu District Ho Municipal Ho West District Hohoe Municipal Keta Municipal Ketu North Municipal District Ketu South Municipal Kpando Municipal District North Dayi District North Tongu District South Dayi District South Tongu District Yankin Yamma Yankin Yammacin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 13, babban birni 1, na birni 8 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 4. Wadannan su ne: Ahanta West Municipal Ellembele Municipal Jomoro Municipal Mpohor District Nzema East Municipal Prestea-Huni Valley Municipal Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Shama District Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal Wassa Amenfi Central District Wasa Amenfi East Municipal Wasa Amenfi West Municipal Wassa East District Yankin Arewa Maso Yamma Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ghana an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar raba gardama a cikin Disamba 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Yammacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 9, na birni 3 da kuma gundumomin talakawa 6. Wadannan su ne: Aowin Municipal Bia West District Bia East District Bibiani/Anhwiaso/Bekwai Municipal Bodi District Juaboso District Sefwi Akontombra District Sefwi Wiawso Municipal Suaman District

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20muhalli%20da%20dokokin%20kare%20halittu

Dokar kare muhalli da dokokin kare halittu

Dokar kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu 1999 (Dokar EPBC), doguwar taken Dokar da ke da alaƙa da kariyar muhalli da kiyaye rayayyun halittu, da dalilai masu alaƙa, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya ce da ke ba da tsari don kariyar yanayin Ostiraliya, gami da bambancin halittunsa da muhimman wurare na halitta da na al'ada. An kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli shekarata 2000, ya kafa matakai daban-daban don taimakawa karewa da inganta farfadowar jinsunan da ke barazana da al'ummomin muhalli, da kiyaye manyan wurare daga raguwa. Dokar EPBC ta kasance Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ruwa da Muhalli ke gudanarwa. Lissafin nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar an zana su a ƙarƙashin Dokar, kuma waɗannan jerin sunayen, na farko game da nau'in barazana a Ostiraliya, suna samuwa a kan layi ta hanyar Bayanan Bayanan Bayani da Barazana ( SPRAT ). A matsayinta na Dokar Majalisar Australiya, ta dogara da ingancinta na tsarin mulki bisa ikon ikon majalisar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ya bayar, kuma manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun fi dogara ne akan wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a ko na ƙasashen biyu. Yawan bita-da-kulli, bincike da tantancewa na Dokar sun gano cewa dokar tana da kurakurai sosai don haka ba ta samar da isasshen kariya ga muhalli ba. , Dokar tana yin bitar doka mai zaman kanta karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC . Kuma Bayan fitar da rahoton wucin gadi a watan Yuli, Ministar Muhalli Sussan Ley ta gabatar da kudurin dokar gyara EPBC a majalisar a ranar 27 ga Agusta shekarata 2020. Tarihi Dokar Kare Muhalli da Tsarin Halitta na shekarata 1999 (dogon lakabi Dokar da ta shafi kare muhalli da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu, da dalilai masu alaƙa ), wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar EPBC, ta maye gurbin dokar kiyaye gandun daji ta ƙasa da namun daji. Shekarar 1975, bayan an soke wannan doka ta Dokar Gyaran Muhalli (Sharuɗɗa masu tasiri) a shekarata 1999 . Dokar sake fasalin muhalli ta kuma soke wasu ayyuka hudu: Dokar Kare Muhalli (Tasirin Shawarwari) Dokar a shekarata 1974 ; Dokar Kare Irin Haɗari a shekarata 1992 ; Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya 1983 ; da Dokar Kariyar Whale 1980 . Wannan Dokar kuma ta yi canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga wasu dokoki, da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa daban-daban, wanda sabon tsarin da Dokar EPBC ta gabatar. Dokar EPBC ta sami izinin sarauta a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1999 kuma ta fara ranar 16 ga Yuli shekarata 2000. Dokokin Kare Muhalli da Ka'idodin Kare Halittu na 2000 kuma sun fara a ranar 16 ga Yuli shekarar 2000, (tare da gyare-gyare 21 har zuwa na ƙarshe akan 17 Disamba na shekarata 2018 ). Manufar ƙa'idodin shine don ba da tasiri ga tanadin Dokar EPBC . Dokar EPBC ta yi gyare-gyare da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. Manyan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da: An kafa jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa ta hanyar gyara a cikin Satumba shekarar 2003. gyare-gyaren da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 2007 da nufin tabbatar da Dokar "mafi inganci da inganci ta hanyar amfani da, a wani bangare, dabarun dabarun magance matsalolin muhalli, rage lokaci da farashin sarrafawa, da kuma samar da karfi na tilastawa". Gaggarumin gyare-gyare ga dokar EPBC ya zama doka a ranar 22 ga Yuni shekarata 2013, wanda aka fi sani da "Water trigger", wanda ya sanya albarkatun ruwa wani lamari mai mahimmancin muhalli na kasa, dangane da iskar gas din kwal da manyan ci gaban hakar kwal . "Kantin tasha daya" A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2013 Ministan Muhalli ya sanar da cewa gwamnati ta amince da wani tsari na "shago daya tilo" tsarin amincewa da muhalli don ba da izinin tsarin tsare-tsare na jihohi a karkashin dokar muhalli ta kasa, "don samar da tsarin tantance muhalli guda daya da kuma amincewa ga al'amuran da ke kare kasa. ". A ranar 16 ga Yuni shekarata 2014 gyare-gyaren da aka tsara sun wuce Majalisar Wakilai, duk da adawa daga masu fafutukar kare muhalli da manyan masu sharhi kan shari'a wadanda suka soki Dokar kuma sun nuna damuwa game da tawagar ikon amincewa da muhalli na Commonwealth. Nau'o'i daban-daban na yarjejeniyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu ("ƙima" da "yarda") tare da kowace jiha da ƙasa da aka tanadar don aiwatar da amincewa, dangane da buƙatu daban-daban, don haifar da ko dai yanke shawarar amincewa biyu da sharuɗɗa biyu, ko yanke shawara ɗaya kawai, wanda ya haɗa da sharuɗɗa (idan ya dace), yin. Bayani Dokar EPBC ta kafa amfani da Dokokin Kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu, waɗanda suka ba da izinin ba da izini da izini don ayyuka da yawa kan ƙasa da ƙasar Commonwealth da ke shafar Commonwealth. Misali, Kuma ana yin kayyade da zabar furannin daji na kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC, kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba tare da izini da ya dace ba. Rashin bin dokar zai iya haifar da hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da gyara lalacewa, umarnin kotu, da laifuka da hukunce-hukuncen farar hula. Dokar EPBC ta kasance Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ruwa da Muhalli ke gudanarwa. Batutuwan Muhimman Muhalli na Kasa , the Act identifies nine Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES): Abubuwan Al'adun Duniya Wuraren gado na ƙasa gami da wuraren tarihi masu mahimmanci na ketare Tsirrai masu mahimmanci na duniya ( Ramsar wetlands) Nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasa da al'ummomin muhalli nau'in ƙaura Yankunan ruwan Commonwealth Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park Ayyukan nukiliya (ciki har da hakar uranium da gina ma'ajin sharar nukiliya ) Albarkatun ruwa, dangane da haɓakar iskar gas ɗin kwal da manyan haƙar ma'adinai . Dole ne a sake duba jerin duk bayan shekaru biyar, kuma gwamnati na iya ƙara sabbin al'amura a cikin wannan jerin ta ƙa'ida. Sannan "Idan matakin da aka tsara zai iya yin tasiri sosai a kowane fanni, yana iya buƙatar amincewar Commonwealth kafin a fara. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a dauki irin wannan matakin ba tare da amincewar Commonwealth ba." Batutuwan Muhimman Muhalli na Ƙasa: Muhimman ƙa'idodin tasiri 1.1 "ba da cikakken jagora game da tantance ko wani mataki na iya yin tasiri sosai a kan al'amarin da aka kiyaye a ƙarƙashin dokar muhalli ta ƙasa". Nau'in barazanar Jerin nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar, kamar dabbobin da aka yi barazanar, an zana su a ƙarƙashin Dokar kuma waɗannan jerin sunayen sune farkon magana game da nau'in barazanar a ƙasar Ostiraliya kuma ana samun su akan layi ta hanyar Bayanan Bayanin Species and Threats Database (SPRAT). Yarjejeniyoyi A matsayin Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya, ta dogara da ingancinta na Kundin Tsarin Mulki akan ikon ikon majalisar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ya bayar, Kuma wanda baya nuni ga muhalli. Don haka, mahimman tanadi na Dokar EPBC sun dogara ne akan yawancin yarjejeniyoyin da suka haɗa da: Yarjejeniyar Ramsar - Yarjejeniyar Kan Dausayi na Muhimmancin Ƙasashen Duniya musamman a matsayin mazaunin ruwa na Waterfowl, 2 Fabrairu shekarata 1971 Yarjejeniyar Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya - Yarjejeniyar Kare Al'adu da Halitta ta Duniya, 23 Nuwamba shekarata 1972 Yarjejeniya kan Ciniki na Ƙasashen Duniya a cikin Nau'o'in Dabbobin daji da Flora ( CITES ) - Washington DC, 3 Maris 1973 (an tilasta 1 Yuli 1975) Yarjejeniya kan Kiyaye nau'ikan ƙaura na Dabbobin daji (Taron Bonn), 23 Yuni shekarata 1979 Yarjejeniya kan Bambancin Halittu – Rio de Janeiro, 5 ga Yuni 1992 Yarjejeniya ta biyu dangane da kiyaye tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura sun haɗa da: Yarjejeniyar Tsakanin Gwamnatin Japan da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya don Kare Tsuntsaye masu Hijira da Tsuntsaye cikin Haɗarin Kashewa da Muhallinsu ( JAMBA ), shekarar 1974 Yarjejeniyar tsakanin gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin don kare tsuntsaye masu hijira da muhallinsu ( CAMBA ), shekarar 1986 Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da Gwamnatin Koriya ta Koriya kan Kariyar Tsuntsaye masu Hijira ( ROKAMBA ), shekarar 2006. Mahimman gyare-gyare Canjin Kare Muhalli da Tsarin Halittu (Kwamitin Masana Kimiyya mai zaman kansa akan Gas Gas da Manyan Haƙar Ma'adinai) Dokar a shekarata 2012, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin Oktoba shekarata 2012, ta gyara dokar don buƙatar cewa "Dole ne Ministan ya sami shawara daga Kwamitin Kimiyya mai zaman kansa akan Coal. Seam Gas da Babban Ci gaban Ma'adinan Coal". The "water trigger" Mahimman tasiri akan kima na MNES a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC . An ƙara sabon ƙaddamar da ƙima ga Dokar EPBC a tsakiyar shekarar 2013, ta hanyar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokar Kare Halitta ta shekarata 2013 . Gyaran yana da alaƙa da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan albarkatun ruwa, misali inda ayyuka ta hanyar haɓakar haƙar ma'adinan kwal, musamman iskar gas na iya yin illa ga ruwan ƙasa a yankin. Tony Windsor ne ya gabatar da gyaran, sannan dan majalisar mai zaman kansa. Wannan ya zama sananne da "water trigger". , the Australian Conservation Foundation is taking the Morrison government to court for failing to apply the water trigger when it assessed Adani's North Galilee Water Scheme, part of its essential infrastructure for the proposed Carmichael coal mine. Kudirin Gyaran EPBC na 2020 A ranar 27 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Ministar Muhalli, Sussan Ley, ta gabatar da Dokar Kare Muhalli da Amincewa da Halittu (Yawaita Amincewa da Muhalli) Bill a shekarata 2020 (Cth) (Kudirin Gyaran EPBC), wanda galibi yana nuna garambawul ga yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna. tanadin da aka fara gabatarwa a cikin shekarar 2014. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar za su sauƙaƙa kafa yarjejeniyoyin amincewa tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jahohi, da kuma ƙara yin wahalar ƙalubalantar tsarin raba mulki a ƙarƙashin doka (ta hanyar fayyace cewa ba za a iya mayar da wani mataki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Dokar EPBC ba idan ya kasance. Yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna ta rufe. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da ƙyale ƙananan canje-canje ga tsarin tantance jihohi da yanki ba tare da yin tasiri ga yarjejeniyar tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba, kuma za a cire haramcin da ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi "ruwan ruwa", ta yadda jihohi za su iya yanke shawarar kansu yayin tantance aikace-aikacen ta hanyar manyan kwal. ayyukan ma'adinai da kwal din gas wanda zai iya tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa. Canje-canjen da ake samarwa ba su haɗa da ƙa'idodin ƙasa waɗanda aka yi alkawarinsu ba. Bita, dubawa & kimantawa Yawancin nazari, bincike, bita da kuma tambayoyin majalisa sun yi nazarin bangarori daban-daban na dokar a tsawon shekaru. Sashe na 522A na Dokar EPBC yana buƙatar gudanar da bita mai zaman kanta a kowace shekara 10, don bincika aikinta da kuma iyakar abin da aka sadu da shi. Wani bincike na shekarar 2005 ya duba musamman ga farfadowar jinsunan da ke barazana. A cikin shekarata 2006 Chris McGrath yayi nazarin ingancin tsarin mulki na Dokar EPBC da tasirinta wajen daidaita rashin bin doka bayan wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan guda biyu sun yi kira ga manyan canje-canje, inda ya kammala cewa yana da inganci bisa tsarin mulki kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga Ostiraliya. dokar muhalli, da ribar da ta samu ya kamata a ci gaba da kasancewa idan da kuma lokacin da aka yi wasu gyare-gyare. 2007 dubawa Ofishin Bincike na Ƙasar Australiya (ANAO) ne ya buga bitar dokar da ayyukan da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Dokar a cikin Maris Na shekarar 2007, mai taken "Kiyaye da Kariya na Barazana na Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyin Muhalli". Binciken ya caccaki Sashen Muhalli da Ruwan Ruwa bisa rashin aiki da hukumar EPBC; Abubuwan da aka gano na binciken sun haɗa da: cewa Sashen ya kasa kiyaye jerin nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar cikawa har zuwa yau kuma ya kasa shirya shirye-shiryen farfadowa; cewa har yanzu akwai sabani tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi da na yankuna na barazanar jinsuna; cewa saboda wani ɓangare ko na bayanan da ba daidai ba akwai haɗarin cewa za a iya yanke shawarar da ba daidai ba game da kiyayewa; kuma cewa an hana ma’aikatar kudaden da suka dace don biyan bukatunsu a karkashin dokar da Gwamnati ta yi har sau hudu. Shugaban kungiyar Greens ta Australiya Bob Brown ya ce binciken ya nuna cewa gwamnati ba ta samar da isassun kudade don kare yadda ya dace da nau'in flora, fauna da al'ummomin muhalli na Australia da ke cikin hadari . Kuma Ya ce babu wani shiri na ceto uku daga cikin hudun da ake yi wa barazana. 2008-2009 nazari mai zaman kansa A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2008, Ministan Muhalli, Al'adu da Fasaha ya ba da umarnin sake duba dokar ta EPBC na shekaru 10 na farko. Dokta Allan Hawke ne ya jagoranci bita, wanda wani ƙwararrun kwamitin ya goyi bayan. Manufar rahoton ita ce sake duba aikin dokar kuma, daidai da manufar kare muhalli da bambancin halittu da kuma kula da tsarin muhalli, don ba da shawarar sake fasalin da: inganta dorewar ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya rage da sauƙaƙe nauyin tsari tabbatar da ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar suna wakiltar mafi inganci kuma *hanyoyi masu inganci don cimma sakamakon muhalli da ake so sun dogara ne akan ingantaccen tsarin tarayya. An isar da "Rahoton Karshe" ga Ministan a ranar 30 ga Oktoba shekarata 2009 kuma an fitar da shi a bainar jama'a a ranar 21 ga Disamba shekarata 2009. A taƙaice dai, ta ce maganganun da jama'a suka yi na nuna goyon baya sosai ga dokar, kuma dokar ta kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, kuma ta fuskoki da dama har yanzu ana kallon ta a matsayin jagora a duniya. Duk da haka ya haɗa da shawarwari guda 71, "an taƙaita cikin kunshin gyaran fuska wanda ke jujjuya tsari mai maki tara": sake gyara dokar don nuna kyakykyawan rawar da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta taka, da daidaita shirye-shiryenta da kuma sake mata suna da Dokar Muhalli ta Australiya ; kafa Hukumar Muhalli mai zaman kanta don ba da shawara ga gwamnati game da amincewar ayyukan, kimanta dabaru, tsare-tsaren bioregional da sauran hukunce-hukuncen doka; saka hannun jari a cikin ginshiƙan ingantaccen tsarin tsari kamar asusun muhalli na ƙasa, haɓaka ƙwarewa, jagorar manufofi, da samun mahimman bayanan sararin samaniya; daidaita yarda ta hanyar tsoma baki a cikin tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare da samar da ingantaccen amfani da dogaro ga kimanta dabarun, tsare-tsare na halittu da yarda da yarjejeniyoyin kasashen biyu; kafa Asusun Tallafawa Muhalli da tsarin 'biobanking' na kasa; samar da bincike na ayyukan muhalli da bincike; haifar da wani sabon al'amari na mahimmancin muhalli na ƙasa don 'tsarin muhalli mai mahimmanci na ƙasa' da kuma gabatar da wani yanayi na wucin gadi na greenhouse; inganta gaskiya wajen yanke shawara da samar da damar shiga kotuna don kararrakin maslahar jama'a; kuma wajabcin samar da rahotannin hangen nesa don taimakawa gwamnati ta shawo kan barazanar muhalli da ke kunno kai. 2018 invertebrate karatu A cikin shekarar 2018, bincike guda biyu sun kalli wakilcin nau'ikan da aka jera, da sauran kwari da invertebrates masu alaƙa, suna ba da shawarar sabon tsarin dabarun ƙasa don kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi. Rahoton Guardian 2018 A The Guardian ya ruwaito a cikin Maris Na shekarar 2018 cewa Ostiraliya ba ta lissafta kowane yanki mai mahimmanci a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma yankuna biyar ne kawai aka yi rajista tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar EPBC, kodayake fiye da nau'ikan 1,800 da al'ummomin muhalli sun kasance a matsayin barazana. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Ostiraliya na shirin share daga cikin gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030, yawancinsa a Queensland . Ɗayan rauni na mahimmancin rijistar wurin zama shine cewa tanade-tanaden laifin sa ba ya shafi ƙasa ko ƙasa mai zaman kansa, kawai ga ƙasar Commonwealth . Wannan yana da babban tasiri akan ikon sanya sunan wurin zama mai mahimmanci don possum Leadbeater mai hatsari, wanda mazauninsa ya kasance akan ƙasa mai mallakar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 2019 kima An buga wani binciken Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Kimiya a Makarantar a Jami'ar Queensland a watan Satumba na shekarata 2019 a matsayin "kimanin kima kan ingancin Dokar EPBC wajen daidaita asarar mazaunin ga nau'ikan barazanar ƙasa, barazanar al'ummomin muhalli, ko kuma nau'in ƙaura na ƙasa", kamar yadda ba a yi ɗan ƙididdigewa ba a wannan yanki. Ya duba ko Dokar EPBC kamar yadda aka aiwatar tana cimma manufarta na kiyaye rayayyun halittu na Ostiraliya dangane da daidaita asarar muhalli ga nau'ikan da ke barazana da al'ummomin muhalli tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2017. Ya nuna cewa tun lokacin da dokar EPBC ta fara aiki a shekara ta shekarar 2000, an share sama da na wuraren zama da al'ummomi. Daga cikin wannan bayanin, sama da 93% ba a tura su ga Gwamnatin Tarayya don tantancewa, ma'ana ba a bincika asarar a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC ba . Yayin da nau'in 1,390 (84%) suka yi hasara, Dutsen Cooper mai tsiri skink, Keighery's macarthuria, da Finch mai baƙar fata na Kudancin sun rasa 25, 23, da 10% na wuraren zama, bi da bi. Alamomin Ostiraliya irin su koala, sun kuma yi asarar kusan (2.3%) na yuwuwar wurin zama. Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa dokar ta EPBC ba ta da tasiri wajen kare yuwuwar wurin zama ga nau'in bala'i na duniya, nau'in ƙaura na ƙasa, ko barazanar al'ummomin muhalli. Yuni 2020 tantancewa Binciken na shekarar 2020 shine duba na shida na masu ba da shawara, kimantawa da yarda a ƙarƙashin Dokar. An buga shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a ranar 25 ga Yuni shekarar 2020, rahoton ya gano cewa gudanar da masu ba da shawara, kimantawa da kuma amincewa da ayyukan sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Muhalli (DAWE) ba ta da tasiri, rashin daidaituwa ga muhalli. hadarin, kurakurai sun faru, ba a bi ka'idodin tsari ba, kuma Sashen "ba shi da matsayi mai kyau don auna gudunmawarsa ga manufofin Dokar EPBC ". Babban mai binciken kudi ya bayar da shawarwari guda takwas ga Sashen. ANAO ta gano cewa Ma'aikatar ba ta da isassun matakan aiki a wurin; ba a gudanar da mulkin ba da kyau kuma ba a gudanar da rikice-rikice na bukatun da kyau. DAWE ta mayar da martani ga binciken, inda ta amince da duk shawarwarin guda takwas. Sakataren DAWE, Andrew Metcalfe, ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, Dokar EPBC ta kasance a lokacin da ake gudanar da nazarin doka mai zaman kanta wanda Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC ya jagoranta, wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canjen majalisa ga Dokar. James Tresize na gidauniyar kiyayewa ta Australiya yayi tsokaci cewa dokar ta kasance "karya ta asali" kuma ba ta da kayan aiki don magance "kashewa da rikice-rikicen yanayi", yana mai cewa Ostiraliya na buƙatar doka mai ƙarfi da mai daidaitawa. Ya kuma yi nuni da cewa "a cikin shekaru 20 da aka kwashe ana aiwatar da dokokin, Kuma an shigar da kuma share wuraren zama na jinsuna masu girma fiye da Tasmania". 2019-2020 nazari mai zaman kansa Wani bita mai zaman kansa na doka wanda Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC ya jagoranta kuma kwamitin kwararru ya goyi bayan ya fara a ranar 29 ga Oktoba shekarata 2019 kuma zai yi aiki na shekara guda. An rufe abubuwan da aka gabatar daga jama'a a watan Afrilu shekarata 2020. Ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta ƙunshi Bruce Martin, Erika Smyth da Wendy Craik . Rahoton na wucin gadi, wanda aka fitar a watan Yuli shekarar 2020, ya kammala da cewa dokokin da aka kirkira don kare nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da wuraren zama ba su da tasiri, kuma "hanyoyin muhalli na yanzu ba shi da dorewa". Sukar dokar sun haɗa da cewa an mai da hankali sosai kan aiwatarwa maimakon a kan tabbataccen sakamako, kuma cewa tsarin sa na yanzu, "aiki-da-aiki" ba ya magance cutarwa mai tarin yawa. Sannan A lokacin da yake aiki, "jerin jinsuna da al'ummomin da aka yi barazanar ya karu a tsawon lokaci kuma akwai 'yan nau'in jinsuna da suka murmure har ta kai ga cire su daga jerin". Daga cikin sauye-sauyen da rahoton ya gabatar akwai wani tsari na ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da aka kafa tare da ka'idojin da za a iya aiwatar da su bisa doka, wadanda za su karfafa dukkan ikon da aka baiwa jihohi da yankuna. Yana ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta "don sa ido da tilasta bin dokokin muhalli". Rahoton ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata gwamnatin tarayya ta fara samar da wani tsari na wucin gadi tun da farko, tare da tuntubar gwamnatocin jihohi da duk sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, da kuma tsarin da sanin al'adun gargajiya na kasar ta 'yan asalin Ostireliya za su iya shiga cikin yanke shawara. Ministar Muhalli, Sussan Ley, ta ce nan take gwamnati za ta himmatu wajen bunkasa matakan kasa. Ta kuma yi nuni da cewa, za ta fara wani tsari da za a mika alhakin amincewa da muhalli ga gwamnatocin jihohi, da nufin gabatar da yarjejeniyoyin a gaban majalisar a karshen watan Agustan shekarar 2020, kafin fitar da rahoton karshe, wanda zai kare a watan Oktoba. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun ce zai fi kyau a jira rahoton ƙarshe kafin ƙaddamar da matakan amincewa. Ley ya ce gwamnati za ta inganta kariya ga al’adun gargajiya, inda za ta fara da tsarin tuntubar juna wanda zai hada da ‘yan asalin jihar da ministocin muhalli. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, a shekarata 2020, Andrew Barr, Babban Ministan ACT, ya ce ana buƙatar sabunta dokar don magance sauyin yanayi, wanda ba a ma ambata a cikin dokar ta yanzu. Kudirin Gyaran EPBC na 2020 A ranar 27 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Ministan Muhalli (Ley) ya gabatar da Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Muhalli (Yawan Amincewa da Muhalli) Bill 2020 (Cth) ( Kudirin Gyaran EPBC ), wanda galibi yana nuna sauye-sauye ga tanadin yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna. na farko da aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2014. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar za su sauƙaƙa kafa yarjejeniyoyin amincewa tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jahohi, da kuma ƙara yin wahalar ƙalubalantar tsarin raba mulki a ƙarƙashin doka (ta hanyar fayyace cewa ba za a iya mayar da wani mataki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Dokar EPBC ba idan ya kasance. an rufe shi da yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna). Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da ƙyale ƙananan canje-canje ga tsarin tantance jihohi da yanki ba tare da yin tasiri ga yarjejeniyar tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba, kuma za a cire haramcin da ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi "ruwan ruwa", ta yadda jihohi za su iya yanke shawarar kansu yayin tantance aikace-aikacen ta hanyar manyan kwal. ayyukan ma'adinai da kwal din gas wanda zai iya tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa. Canje-canjen da ake samarwa ba su haɗa da ƙa'idodin ƙasa waɗanda aka yi alkawarinsu ba. Ayyuka masu alaƙa Dokokin Dokokin Ostiraliya ta Halitta ta 1997, wacce ta kafa Dogara ta Natural Heritage Trust kuma ta ci gaba da ba da kudade don shirye-shiryen muhalli ta hanyar Shirin Kula da ƙasa na ƙasa. Ayyukan Jiha Dokar Kare Diversity 2016 (NSW), New South Wales Dokar Kare Diversity 2016 (WA), Yammacin Ostiraliya Dokar Garanti na Flora da Fauna 1988 (Dokar FFG), Victoria Dokokin Parks da Namun daji 1972, Kudancin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare yanayi 2014, Babban Birnin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Yanayin 1992, Queensland Yankunan Parks da Dokar Kare namun daji 1976 (TPWCA), Yankin Arewa Dokar Kimanin Muhalli 1982, Yankin Arewa Dokar Kariya na Barazana ta 1995 (Dokar TSP), Tasmania Duba wasu abubuwan Daraktan wuraren shakatawa na kasa Jerin rukunin yanar gizon Ramsar a Ostiraliya (alamar ruwa) Amincewar Halitta ta Halitta Yarjejeniyar gandun daji na Yanki Barazana fauna na Ostiraliya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ( CC BY 4.0 ) - jinsi da al'ummomin muhalli da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu 1999 Lissafin Dokar EPBC - Lissafin da aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwa%20Arab

Shuwa Arab

IRBaggara Arabs   Mutanen Bangaran ( "Makiyayan shanu" ) ko Larabawan Chadi rukuni ne na kabilun Afirka a yankin Larabawa da ke zaune a yankin Sahel na Afirka musamman tsakanin tafkin Chadi da kudancin Kordofan, wanda suke da mutane sama da miliyan shida. Ana kiran su Bangare a Sudan, Abbala, da . Har ila yau, an san shi a gabashin Chadi da iyal DJINED da kuma Shuwa Arab a Kamaru, Najeriya da yammacin Chadi. Kalmar Shuwa ance ta samo asalin ne daga yaren Kanuri. Bangaran suna magana da harsuna dabam dabam, wanda aka sani da Larabcin Chadi. Duk da haka Bangāran na Kudancin Kordofan, saboda tuntuɓar masu zaman kansu da kuma Larabawan kasar Sudan makiyayan raƙuma ne na Kordofan, ya haifar da tasirin Larabci na Sudan a cikin yare na wannan yanki. Har ila yau, suna da salon rayuwa na yau da kullum na al'ada, kiwon shanu, ko da yake a zamanin yanzu da yawansu suna rayuwa irin na kowanne mutum. Amma duk da haka, a tare ba dole ba ne dukkansu su ɗauki kansu al'umma ɗaya, wato, ƙabila ɗaya. An gabatar da kalmar "al'adar bangaran a shekarar alif 1994 ta Braukämper. Amfani da kalmar bangāran a siyasance a Sudan yana nuni da gungun kabilu masu magana da harshen Larabci masu alaka ta kud da kud da ke zaune a yankunan kudancin Darfur da Kordofan wadanda suka yi cudanya da 'yan asalin mutanen dake zaune da su a yankin, a cikin musamman mutanen Fur, mutanen Nuba da fula . Da yawa dai kawai zuriyar ƙabilun ƴan asalin da aka riga aka yi su ne kawai. Mafi yawa daga cikin "Larabawa Bangaran" suna zaune a Chadi da Sudan, tare da 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu . Wadanda har yanzu makiyaya ke yin hijira a kan lokaci tsakanin wuraren kiwo a lokacin damina da wuraren koguna a lokacin rani. Harshensu na asali dangane da masana ilimi na da sunaye daban-daban, kamar Larabci na Chadi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yankunan da ake magana da harshen. A mafi yawancin karni na 20, wannan yare da masana ilimi suka san shi da "Shuwa Arab", amma "Shuwa" kalma ce ta yanki da kuma zamantakewar al'umma da ta fada cikin rashin amfani a tsakanin masana ilimin harshe da suka kware a cikin harshen, wanda maimakon haka suna kiransa "Larabcin Chadi" ya danganta da asalin masu magana da harshen da ake tuntubar su don wani aikin ilimi. Asali da rarrabuwa Kamar sauran kabilun da ke magana da harshen Larabci a Sudan da Sahel, kabilar Baggara suna da'awar cewa sun samo asali ne daga kabilar Larabawan Juhaynah. Koyaya, shaidar farko da aka rubuta na matsugunan Larabawa a wannan yanki shine a cikin shekarar alif 1391 lokacin da sunan Mai, Sarkin Bornu na Kanuri, Abu 'Amr Uthman b. Idris ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi Mamluk, Barquq, yana korafin yadda Judham da sauran Larabawa suka mamaye yankinsa suna bautar da talakawansa Sunan daya daga cikin manyan kabilun Baggara yana da alaka da wata muhimmiyar kabilar Larabawa ta Larabawa. Beni Halba . Braukamper ya kafa tarihin samar da al'adun Baggara zuwa karni na 17 a Wadai, tsakanin Bornu da Darfur, inda Larabawa, masu kiwon rakumi, suka hadu da Fulani masu kiwon shanu da suka yi hijira zuwa gabas, kuma daga cikin wannan hulɗar ta taso ne abin da Braukämper ya taso. ya kirkiro al'adun baggaara na Larabci (makiyaya) wanda a yau ya tashi daga yammacin Sudan (Kordofan da Darfur) zuwa Najeriya (Borno). Larabawan Najeriya sune wakilai na yammaci. Ƙabilun Baggara a Sudan sun haɗa da: Rizeigat, Ta'isha, Beni Halba, Habbaniya, Salamat, Messiria, Tarjam, da kuma Beni Hussein a Darfur, da Messiria Zurug, Messiria Humr, Hawazma, Habbaniya da kuma Awlad Himayd a Kordofan, da Beni Selam a White Nile. Mutanen Messiria, daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci kabilu na Larabawan Baggara ana samun su a Chadi, Darfur da Kordofan. Mafi yawan mutanen Messiria suna zaune ne a Kordofan da Chadi tare da mafi yawan jama'a a Darfur. A Darfur ana samun su ne musamman a Niteiga, wani yanki da ke arewacin Nyala. Bayan al'ummar Messiria a Niteiga, akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Larabawa da yawa a Darfur waɗanda ke da'awar alaƙa da Messiria, kamar su Ta'alba, Sa'ada, Hotiyya, da Nei'mat. Tare da waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ya kamata a haɗa da Jebel "Messiria" a Jebel Mun, a yammacin Darfur, wanda ke magana da harshen Nilo-Saharan, Mileri, mai alaka da Tama. Mutanen Mileri na Jebel Mun ba a daukarsu a matsayin Larabawa a al'adance amma shugabanninsu sun dade suna jaddada wata zuriyar Larabawa ta Messiria. Kabilar Baggara suna da dangi masu rakuma, wanda aka fi sani da Abbala. Kabilar Abbala na Sudan galibi suna zaune ne a Arewa da yammacin Darfur. Kabila mafi girma kuma mai kama da kalmar Abbala ita ce Rizeigat ta Arewa, wadda ta ƙunshi sassa 5; the Mahamid, Mahariyya, Nuwaiba, Irayqat and Atayfat. Ƙabilar Awlad Rashid waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su a Darfur su ne, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a Chadi. Karamar al'ummar " Baggara/Shuwa Arabs", hakika su Abbala ne, wadanda ke zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Nijar ana kiransu Larabawan Diffa na yankin Diffa. Mafi yawancinsu sun yi hijira ne daga kasar Chadi, tun daga farkon saboda fari na shekarar 1974, tare da samun karin a shekarun 1980 saboda yakin kasar Chadi. Yawancin Larabawan Diffa na ikirarin zuriyar Mahamid na Sudan da Chadi. Tarihi Mutanen Bangaran /Shuwa na Darfur da Kordofan su ne kashin bayan tawayen Mutanen Mahdi dan bijerwa mulkin Turko na Masar a Sudan a shekarun 1880. Shugaban Mahdi na biyu, Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, shi kansa Bangarene na kabilar Ta'aisha. A zamanin Mahi (1883 – 98) dumbin dubunnan mutanen Bangaran sun yi hijira zuwa Omdurman da tsakiyar Sudan inda suka ba da dakaru da yawa ga sojojin Mahdi. Bayan sun sha kashi a yakin Karari na alif 1898, ragowar sun koma gida zuwa Darfur da Kordofan. Karkashin tsarin mulkin Biritaniya na kaikaice, kowace babbar kabilar Baggara ta kasance karkashin babban jigonta ( nazir ). Yawancinsu 'yan jam'iyyar Umma ne, wanda Sadiq el Mahdi ya jagoranta tun a shekarun 1960. Manyan kabilun Bangaran na nufin sun sami lambar yabo ta "" (taimakon kasa) daga Sarakunan Musulunci na Fur a shekarun 1750s. Sakamakon haka, ƙabilu huɗu mafi girma na Bangare na Darfur— Rizeigat, Habbaniya, Beni Halba da Ta'isha— sun shiga cikin rikicin na Darfur ne kawai. Duk da haka, Bangare na da hannu sosai a wasu rikice-rikice a Sudan da Chadi. Tun daga shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Sudan ta dauki makamai da dama daga cikin kabilun yankin da suka hada da Rizeigat na kudancin Darfur da Messiria da Hawazma na makwabciyarta Kordofan a matsayin mayakan sa kai domin yakar rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan a yankunansu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin gaba da Murahleen, waɗanda suka ɗora mahara da suka kai hari a ƙauyukan kudanci don kwashe dukiya da bayi. Mutanen Bangare (da ƙungiyoyinsu) sun amshi makamai daga gwamnatin Sudan don shiga yaƙi da sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan. An fara kai hare-hare kan kauyukan Bangare a tsaunukan Nuba. Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta hanyar yi wa al'ummar Bangaran alkawarin cewa ba za su tsoma baki ba don haka za su iya kwace dabbobi da filaye. Sun kafa magabatan Janjaweed - wani sojan da bai shahara ba. A lokacin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu an sace dubban mata da yara kanana na Dinka daga bisani 'yan kabilar Missriya da Rezeigat suka mayar dasu bayi. Hakazalika an yi garkuwa da wasu yara da ba a san adadinsu ba daga kabilar Nuba. A yankin Darfur, gwamnatin kasar ta shirya wata rundunar mayakan Beni Halba domin fatattakar dakarun SPLA karkashin jagorancin Daud Bolad a shekarar 1990-91. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ƙungiyoyin Bangare daban-daban sun yi shawarwarin sulhu na cikin gida da dakarun SPLA. Shugabannin manyan kabilun Bangare sun bayyana cewa ba su da sha'awar shiga fadan. Duba kuma Manazarta Bayanan kula   de Waal, Alex and Julie Flint. 2006. Darfur: A Short History of a Long War. London: Zed Books.  ISBN 1-84277-697-5.   Scheinfeldt, Laura B, et al. 2010. Working toward a synthesis of archaeological, linguistic, and genetic data for inferring African population history. In John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala, eds., In the light of evolution. Volume IV: the human condition. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Series: Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia United States Department of State. 2008-06-04. Trafficking in Persons Report 2008—Sudan.        </ref> Kara karantawa Braukämper, Ulrich. 1994. Bayanan kula game da asalin al'adun Larabawa na Baggara tare da magana ta musamman ga Shuwa. A cikin Jonathan Owens, ed., Larabawa da Larabci a yankin tafkin Chadi . Rüdiger Köppe. Jerin SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte a Afirka); 14. Larabawan Najeriya Kabilun Kasar Sudan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25819

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBBank

BBBank

The BBBank eG a baya an San shi da sunan (Badische Beamtenbank) Bankin German cooperative bmai andikwkta ad in Karlsruhe (Baden-WürttemberYa ta'allaka ne a kasuwancin Banking da kimar jari da ya kai kusan almost 11 bidaokuma os and ona ver 470.,Bankin yana daya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasar er banks in Gerany. Bayanan martaba Bankin yana tsaye a cikin al'adar Deutsche Beamtenbanken (bankunan ma'aikatan gwamnatin Jamus). Ga abokan cinikin ɓangaren gwamnati akwai ƙwararru a cikin rassan da Bankin Direkt . Tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1960 masu zaman kansu na duk sana'o'i na iya zama membobi. Tare da rassa sama da 130 BBBank shine kawai bankin kasuwanci na haɗin gwiwa wanda ke hidimar yankin kasuwanci na ƙasa baki ɗaya. A wuraren da babu reshe na gida ana iya samun damar banki ta yanar gizo ta bankin Direkt ɗin sa. Tsarin kasuwancin BBBank shine ƙirar ƙarancin haɗari wanda ke da niyyar dorewa. A matsayin Cibiyar haɗin gwiwa babu buƙatar masu hannun jari da ake buƙatar la'akari. Bankin zai iya mai da hankali kan bukatun abokan ciniki waɗanda bisa ga ƙa'idodin su ma membobi ne da masu haɗin bankin. BBBank memba ne na CashPool da Bankcard-Servicenetz (cibiyar sadarwar katin katin banki) Tarihi 1921-1969 A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1921 aka kafa BBBank a matsayin cibiyar taimakon kai don hidimar jama'a a Karlsruhe. Badische Beamten-Genossenschaftsbank eGmbH (bankin hadin gwiwa na Baden don ma'aikatan gwamnati) kamar yadda ake kiran BBBank a wancan lokacin, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun acikin shekara ta 1922 tare da membobi 33 da suka kafa a wani karamin daki a cikin House Nowackanlage 19. Tuni shekaru biyu bayan haka aka sayi ginin akan Waldstraße 1, wanda har yau yana cikin babban ofishin BBBank. Badische Beamtenbank ya fito daga rikicin ƙasa baki ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1920s: Kusan ba komai bane babban sufeto na gidan waya Gotthold Mayer tare da ƙaramin gungun abokan aiki suka kafa bankin haɗin gwiwa. Abinda ya jawo shine ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Gotthold Mayers waɗanda ke son gina gida amma bankinsa bai amince da lamunin sa ba, wanda a wancan lokacin ba sabon abu bane. A wancan lokacin ba a yi imanin ma'aikatan gwamnati sun cancanci daraja ba. Manufofin Gotthold Mayers da nufin baiwa ma’aikatan gwamnati dama su saka hannun jarin albashin da ba su yi amfani da su nan take ba cikin aminci da saka hannun jari. Duk ma'amalolin biyan kuɗi ya zama kyauta ga duk membobin. Bidi'a ita ce ta ba da rance ga ma'aikatan gwamnati ta hanyar saka hannun jari da ma'aikatan gwamnati ke yi. Ta hanyar wannan tsari gaba ɗaya sana'ar ta zama abin gaskatawa wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ba ta da ɗan dama kaɗan don samun lamuni. Bugu da kari, ribar ta kasance don amfanin memba. Tare da kwace ikon 'yan Nazi a cikin Janairu a cikin shekara ta 1933 dole ne ma’aikatan farar hula su yarda da asara a yayin Gleichschaltung (tilasta bin doka) An yanke shawarar haɗin kai na taimakon kai da son kai don sabbin manufofin gwamnatoci. A watan Afrilu a cikin shekara ta 1933 Gotthold Mayer ya sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 1946 ya sami damar dawo da jagorancin Badischen Beamtenbank da kewaya Cibiyar ta cikin shekaru masu wahala bayan yaƙin da sake fasalin kuɗin. Sai kawai a cikin shekara ta 1967 wanda ya kafa bankin ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 80. A wannan lokacin bankin yana da membobi 136,000 da rassa 14 kuma shine babban haɗin gwiwar bashi a Turai. Gotthold Mayer ya kasance shugaban bankin na girmamawa har zuwa rasuwarsa ranar 7 ga Fabrairu a cikin shekara ta 1970. 1969–2005 A cikin shekara ta 1969 an buɗe da'irar membobi. Yanzu ba ma’aikatan gwamnati kadai ba har ma da ma’aikatan wasu sana’o’i sun sami damar zama membobin bankin BBB A cikin shekara ta 1990 dukiyar bankin ta kai Deutsche Mark na biliyan 5. A cikin 1992 bankin ya buɗe reshe a Dresden kuma a cikin shekara ta 1994 a Berlin, inda aka buɗe wasu rassa biyu a cikin shekara tab1997. A cikin shekara ta 1997 bankin ya kasance memba mai hikima babban bankin haɗin gwiwa a Turai tare da jimlar kadarorin kusan biliyan 9 na DM. A cikin shekara ta 1999 sake canza sunan daga Badische Beamtenbank zuwa BBBank na yau ya faru. Daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa ta 2005 bankunan haɗin gwiwa guda biyar masu zaman kansu sun zo ƙarƙashin laima na Badische Beamtenbanks: Hessische Beamtenbank ( Darmstadt ) Südwestdeutsche Beamtenbank ( Frankfurt am Main) Beamtenbank zu Köln, Bankin Bayerische Beamten da ƙarshe Schleswigten-Holsteinische Beban. Tun daga wannan lokacin BBBank shine kawai bankin ma'aikatan gwamnati a Jamus. BBBank a yau A yau BBBank ya haɗu da fa'idar Bankin Direkt kamar farashi da banki na kan layi tare da fa'ida da kusancin wani reshe na gida. Cibiyar sadarwa mai rassa sama da 100 a cikin dukkan jihohi 16 da Bankin Direkt - da sabis na banki na kan layi gami da wayoyin salula da kwamfutar hannu suna haifar da kusanci da isa ga abokin ciniki. Bankin har yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bankin siyarwa kuma yana ba da duk samfura da sabis na bankin duniya na zamani. A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba bankin takardar shaidar berufundfamilie (aikin duba da dangi) a karon farko ta hanyar sadaka Hertie-Stiftung (Gidauniyar Hertie) Binciken ya duba abubuwan da ake da su da kuma shirye-shiryen BBBank don dacewa da dangi da aiki cikin mahallin tsarin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam . Bankin a halin yanzu yana ba da matsayi na ɗan lokaci da sassaucin lokutan aiki. Kima a wannan yanki kusan 25%. Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe ya ƙunshi matasa uwaye da ubanni ba. Wasu membobin ma'aikata suna ɗaukar tayin bankunan don kula da dangi da ke dogaro da kulawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin ake tabbatar da takaddar akai akai.a ƙarshe shekara ta 2017. Asusun kashe gobara da sata An riga an yi la'akari da shingen gidan masu zaman kansu game da gobara, ɓarna da ɓarna da ɓarna irin wannan muhimmin al'amari a cikin kwanakin bankin, cewa an kafa inshora ga abokan ciniki da membobin BBBank, Feuer -und Einbruchschadenkasse VVaG (wuta da asusu na lalacewar sata) Inshorar ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar haɗin kai kamar yadda aka saba don inshorar juna. Ana amfani da jimlar duk kuɗin shiga memba don rama abubuwan da suka shafi lalacewar har sai an gama amfani da duk kuɗin. Kawai sai a ɗaga rabon abin da aka tabbatar, wanda yawanci yana faruwa kowace shekara huɗu. Ta wannan hanyar membobi suna jin daɗin lokacin ba da gudummawa na shekaru huɗu da cikakken ɗaukar hoto a lokaci guda. Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Yanar Gizo Documents and clippings about BBBank Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr%20ibn%20al-Awam

Zubayr ibn al-Awam

Az-Zubair dan Al-Awam ( ; 594–656) dan'uwa ne kuma aboki ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) kuma yana Daya daga cikin farkon wayanda suka musulunta.Shima yana daga cikin sahabbai goma da Annabin tsira yayi musu bushara da aljannah.Ya zama Daya daga cikin jagororin siyasa da soja na al'umma bayan mutuwar Muhammad. Az-Zubayr ya mutu a Yakin Rakumi. Iyali da yarinta An haifi Al-Zubayr a garin Makka a shekarar 594. Mahaifinsa shi ne Al-Awam bn Khuwaylid na dangin Asad na kabilar Kuraishawa, yana mai da Al-Zubayr dan'uwan Khadijah . Mahaifiyarsa ita ce kanwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W), Safiyyah bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, saboda haka Al-Zubayr shine dan uwan Muhammad na farko. Yana da yaya biyu, Sa'ib da Abdul Kaaba; wani dan uwa, Safi ibn Al-Harith, wanda ya fito daga dangin Umayya; da wasu kannen uba, ciki har da Hind bint Al-Awwam, matar Zayd ibn Haritha . Tun yana saurayi, Al-Zubayr ya yi yaƙi da wani babban mutum kuma ya buge shi da ƙarfi sosai har sai da hannun mutumin ya karye. Safiyyah, wacce ke da ciki a lokacin, dole ta dauki mutumin zuwa gida. Lokacin da masu wucewa suka tambayi abin da ya faru, sai ta ce musu, “Ya yi yaƙi da Al-Zubayr. Shin kun sami Al-Zubayr mai taushi kamar cuku ko dabino ko cike da tagulla? " Hakan ne lokacin da suka san cewa zai girma ya zama mai ƙarfi yayin yaƙi. Al-Awam ya mutu tun Al-Zubayr yana saurayi. Mahaifiyarsa ta sha duka sosai. A lokacin da aka ce mata, “Kun kashe shi! Kun buge zuciyarsa. Shin za ku halakar da yaron? "Ta amsa," Na buge shi don ya zama mai hankali kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin yaƙin " An bayyana Al-Zubayr da matsakaiciyar tsayi, siriri, mai launi-launi, da gashi, duk da siririn gemu. Gashin kansa ya rataya zuwa kafaɗunsa, kuma bai shafa shi ba bayan ya zama fari. Musulunta Al-Zubayr ya kasance ɗayan mutane biyar na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci daga Abubakar, kuma an ce shi ne na huɗu ko na biyar manya da suka musulunta. Yana daga cikin farkon mutum goma sha biyar da suka yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya a shekara ta 615, kuma ya koma can a cikin 616. Yayin da yake cikin Abisiniya, tawaye ga Negus (Sarki) ya ɓarke. Negus ya sadu da 'yan tawaye a gabar Kogin Nilu. Musulmai, cikin tsananin damuwa game da rasa mai kare su, sun wakilta Al-Zubayr ya zama mai kawo musu labarai. Taimakon wani farin ruwa mai iska, ya yi iyo a Kogin Nilu har sai da ya kai ga inda ake yaƙi. Ya kalli har sai da Negus ya ci nasara akan 'yan tawaye, sannan ya sake iyo ya koma kan musulmai. Ya tashi sama yana daga tufafinsa ya sanar, "Hurray, Negus ya ci nasara kuma Allah ya ruguza maƙiyansa kuma ya tabbatar da shi a ƙasarsa!" Musulmi suka yi murna. Al-Zubayr yana cikin wadanda suka koma Makka a shekara ta 619 saboda sun ji cewa mutanen Makka sun musulunta. "Amma da suka kusanci Makka, sai suka gano cewa rahoton karya ne don haka suka shiga garin karkashin kariyar wani dan kasa ko ta hanyar sata." Duk da haka, Al-Zubayr bai ambaci sunan mai tsaron nasa ba. Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin ƙaura baki ɗaya zuwa Madina a cikin 622. Da farko ya sauka tare da Al-Mundhir bn Muhammad. Ana takaddama game da wanda ya zama “dan’uwan” Al-Zubayr a Musulunci: hadisai daban-daban masu suna Abdullah ibn Masood, Talha bin Ubaydullah, Kaab bin Malik da Salama ibn Salama. Muhammad ya ba shi babban fili don ya gina gidansa da kuma tallafin wasu itacen dabino. A 625 an sake ba Al-Zubayr ƙarin dabinai daga ƙasar ƙabilar Nadir da aka kora. . Ayyukan soja karkashin Muhammad (S A W) An ce Al-Zubayr ya haɗu da dukkan balaguron soja na Muhammad, galibi sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya. An ruwaito shi ya ce:"Wallahi, Manzon Allah ﷺ bai yi wata tafiya ba ko wani balaguro face na kasance daga gare ta." Badar A Yaƙin Badar an aike shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri kuma ya kama ɗan leƙen asirin Makka. Sannan ya shiga yakin ya kashe Ubayda bn Sa'id na Umayya. Yana sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya a wannan yaƙin. Uhudu A yakin Uhud ya ba da kansa ya dauki takobin Muhammad "da damarta," wanda shi ne "ya buge abokan gaba da shi har sai ya lankwasa," kuma ya kasance "mai matukar rauni" lokacin da Muhammad ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa. Yana tsaye kusa da matan Makka mai guduwa har ya ga duwawun Hind bint Utbah . Amma a wannan lokacin ne yaƙin ya juya; Al-Zubayr yana daya daga cikin dinbin mutanen da suka tsaya a gefen Muhammad lokacin da musulmai daga nasu biyun suka tsere kuma suka bi shi zuwa gawar. "Ya kasance tare da shi a yakin Uhudu kuma ya yi masa bai'a har zuwa mutuwa." Mahararen A yayin yakin yakin mahara, Al-Zubayr ya hau dokin . Ya ba da kansa don ya kawo labarin ƙabilar Qurayza ga Muhammad, wanda ya amsa, "Kowane Annabi yana da almajiri, kuma almajiri na shi ne Al-Zubayr." . Khaybara A cikin 628 Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Khaybar kuma ya amsa wa Yasir kalubalen Bayahude game da faɗa ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa Safiya ta tambayi Muhammad, "Shin zai kashe ɗana?" kuma Muhammad ya tabbatar mata, "A'a, dan ku zai kashe shi, insha Allah." Al-Zubayr ya inganta yana karantawa:"Khaybar, know that I am Zabbar, chief of a people no cowardly runaways, the son of those who defends their glory, the son of princes. O Yasir let not all the unbelievers deceive you, for all of them are like a slowly moving mirage."Sun gwabza, kuma Al-Zubayr ya kashe Yasir. Bayan haka, musulmai sun yi bayani a kan yadda takobi ya kasance mai kaifi; Al-Zubayr ya amsa da cewa ba ta yi kaifi ba amma ya yi amfani da ita da karfi. Bayan da musulmai suka ci Al-Qamus, sai aka kawo baitul malin nan, Kinana, ga Muhammad, amma ya ki bayyana inda aka boye kudadensu. Koda yake, daga baya Muhammad bn Maslama ya yanke kan Kinana, don ramuwar gayya ga dan uwansa Mahmud, wanda aka kashe a yaƙin kwanakin baya. Daga baya an sanya Al-Zubayr daga cikin mashahurai goma sha takwas waɗanda kowannensu ke kula da rabon wani rukunin ganima. Makkah A watan Disamba na 629, a jajibirin cin nasarar Makka, Muhammad ya aika Al-Zubayr da Ali don su tare wani dan leken asiri wanda ke dauke da wasika zuwa ga Kuraishawa. Lokacin da suka kasa samun wasikar a cikin kayanta, sai suka fahimci cewa tabbas ta ɓoye ta ne a kan nata, sai suka yi mata magana a kai. Daga nan dan leken asirin ya fito da wasikar,wacce ta boye a cikin gashinta,sai Al-Zubayr da Ali suka dawo da ita ga Muhammad, suna da yakinin cewa yanzu Musulmai za su kwace Makka da mamaki. . Lokacin da Muhammad ya shiga Makka, Al-Zubayr ya riƙe ɗayan tutocin ƙaura uku na Muhajirai kuma ya umurci reshen hagu na sojojin da suka ci yaƙi. Ya kuma yi yaƙin Hunayn . Aiki bayan Muhammad A cikin sati na uku na watan yuli na shekara ta 632, halifa Abubakar ya tara runduna galibi daga Banu Hashim (dangin Muhammad) don kare Madina daga mamayar da ridda ta yi daga sojojin ridda na Tulayha, wanda ya ce shi annabi ne. Rundunar ta hada da manyan mutane kamar Zubayr da Talha bn Ubaidullah. An nada kowannensu a matsayin kwamandan kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar da aka tsara. Suna da rawar da suka taka yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda ; duk da haka, ba su fuskanci wani yanayin faɗa ba. Al-Zubayr shi ne kwamandan filin da ya fi samun nasara a lokacin da Musulmai suka ci Masar da yaki a karkashin Khalifa Umar . Ya yi umurni da runduna a yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636, sannan a 640 ya ba da umarnin karfafa wadanda aka aika zuwa Amr bn al-As a Misira . Lokacin da Umar yake mutuwa a shekara ta 644, ya zabi Al-Zubayr da wasu mutane biyar don su zabi Khalifa na gaba. Sun zabi Uthman yadda ya kamata, a lokacin halifancin wane. Al-Zubayr ya kasance mai taka tsantsan dangane da kawo hadisai game da Muhammad duk da cewa ya kasance yana cikin kamfaninsa koyaushe. Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa dansa Abdullahi, "Na ji Manzon Allah (S A W) yana cewa: Duk wanda ya yi karya a kaina to ya tanadi ymazauni a cikin Wuta" Matan sa da yara Al-Zubayr ya yi aure har sau takwas kuma ya sami yara ashirin. Asma bint Abi Bakr . Sun yi aure kafin Hijira ta 622 kuma sun sake aure lokacin da Urwa ke ƙarami, watau a kusan 645. Abdullah Al-Mundhir Asim Al-Muhajir Khadija Babba Umm Al-Hasan Aisha Urwa Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ta dangin Umayya. Sun yi aure a 629, amma "ta ƙi shi," kuma an sake su cikin 'yan watanni. Bayan haihuwar 'yarsu, Ummu Kulthum ta auri Abdur Rahman bin Awf . Zainab Al-Halal bint Qays na kabilar Asad. Khadija Karami Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid daga dangin Umayya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura waɗanda suka dawo daga Abaisiniya a shekara ta 628. Khalid Amr Habiba Sawda Hind Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf na kabilar Kalb. Mus'ab Hamza Ramla Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb, bazawara ce ga Abdur Rahman bn Awf. Al-Zubayr ya sake ta ne kwana bakwai kacal da yin auren. Ta kasance tana gaya wa wasu matan cewa, "Idan dayanku ya yi aure, kada ya yaudare ta da kwana bakwai bayan abin da Zubairu ya yi mini." Ba ta, fadada kan yanayin "yaudarar" ba. Ummu Ja'far Zainab bint Marthad ta ƙabilar Thaalaba. Ubayda Ja'far Atiqa bint Zayd daga dangin Adi, bazawara ga Omar . Mutanen Madina sun kasance suna cewa:"Duk wanda yake son shahada to ya auri Atiqa bint Zayd . An fara auren ta ga Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Umar bn Khattab kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Zubair kuma ya yi shahada ”. Matan Al-Zubayr sun yi korafin cewa yana da "wani tsauri game da mata". Ummu Kulthum ta tambaye shi kai tsaye don saki, lokacin da ya ƙi, sai ta yaudare shi a ciki ta hanyar yin lalata da shi yayin da yake cikin hidimar wankan janaba ga sallah. Al-Zubayr ya koka da cewa, "Ta yaudare ni, Allah Ya yi mata wayo!" Muhammad ya shawarce shi da ya sake neman aurenta, amma Al-Zubayr ya fahimci cewa, "Ba za ta sake dawowa wurina ba." Atiqa kawai ta yarda ta aure shi ne da sharadin bazai taɓa doke ta ba. Yaƙin Rakumi An kashe Uthman a cikin 656. Al-Zubayr yana da dalilin fatan cewa za a zaɓe shi a matsayin Kalifa na gaba, duk da cewa ya san cewa tsohon abokinsa Talha shi ma mai ƙarfi ne. Amma an zabi Ali, zuwa muhawarar matar Muhammadu mai takaba Aisha . Daga nan Al-Zubayr ya hadu da Aisha da Talha a Makka, suna masu cewa ya yi wa Ali mubaya'a ne kawai da takobi. Al-Zubayr, Talha da Aisha sun yi kira da a rama mutuwar Uthman, yayin da Ali ya yarda, ya ce shi bai iya yin haka ba a lokacin. Daga nan kawayen suka tattara sojoji suka yi tattaki zuwa Basra . A cikin Basrah kuwa, sun kayar da Gwamna kuma sun mamaye garin, suna kashe duk wanda aka samu da hannu a kisan Uthman. Lokacin da aka kalubalance su kan dalilin da yasa yanzu suka damu da Uthman alhalin sun nuna masa kiyayya sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, sai suka ce: "Mun so Uthman ya biya mana bukatunmu. Ba mu so a kashe shi. ” Haƙiƙa Ali yayi kama da mutumin da yake zargin ƙiyayya ga kansa, don ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga Basra tare da ƙwararrun sojoji dubu ashirin. Tsawon kwanaki, ana tattaunawa, saboda bangarorin biyu sun tabbatar da cewa suna so ne kawai su ga an yi adalci. Amma a ranar 7 ga Disamba 656 tashin hankali ya barke. Mayakan A’isha sun kashe dan sakon Ali, kuma Ali ya ba shi amsa, "Yaƙi yanzu ya dace, don haka ku yaƙi su!" Don haka Al-Zubayr kuwa, ya rasa sha'awar yin yaƙin. Ya ce Ali ya yi magana da shi a waje yayin tattaunawar kan cewa su 'yan uwan juna ne, amma dan nasa ya zarge shi da tsoron sojojin Ali. Al-Zubayr ya bar fagen daga yayin da A’isha ta ci gaba da jagorantar dakarunta. Wani mutum mai suna Amr bn Jurmuz ya yanke shawarar bin diddigin motsin sa kuma ya bi shi zuwa wani filin da ke kusa. Lokacin sallah yayi don haka, bayan kowannensu ya tambayi dan uwansa abin da yake yi a can, sai suka amince da yin addu'ar. Yayin da Al-Zubayr yake sujada, Amr bn Jurmuz ya soke shi a wuya ya kashe shi. Wasiyya A cikin wasiyyarsa Al-Zubayr ya bar gida ga duk 'yan matansa da aka sake. Ya bar kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukiyarsa a wasiyya kuma ya umurci ɗansa Abdullah da ya sayar da sauran dukiyarsa don biyan bashinsa, yana mai roƙon Allah idan ba za a iya biyan ɗaya ba. Abdullah ya gano cewa bashin sun kai 1,200,000, mai yiwuwa a cikin dirhami . Kodayake Abdullah ya shiga wata matsala don warware dukkan basussukan, amma zawarawan Al-Zubayr su huɗu suka gaji 1,100,000 kowannensu, ya bar sama da 30,000,000 da za a raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa. Al-Zubayr bn Al-Awam yana daya daga cikin musulmai goma da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya lamunce musu da Aljanna tun suna raye. Duba kuma Jerin hijra Muhammadu Manazarta duba littafin أصحاب الرسول da Kuma رجال ونساء حول الرسول Sahabbai maza

50887

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzette%20Holten

Suzette Holten

Articles with hCards Suzette Catherine Holten (née Skovgaard, 29 Janairu 1863 - 11 Fabrairu 1937) yar wasan Danish ce kuma mai zane-zane wacce ke cikin dangin Skovgaard na masu fasaha. Baya ga shimfidar wurare,zane-zanen furanni da hotuna,ta ƙirƙira da ƙawata yumbu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a. A matsayinta na mace,ba ta iya samun yabo irin na mahaifinta ko yayyenta. Rayuwar farko da iyali An haife ta a Copenhagen a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1863, Holten itace 'ya na uku na PC Skovgaard da matarsa Georgia. Kamar 'yan'uwanta Joakim da Niels,ta zama mai zane. Bayan mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana 'yar shekara biyar kacal, mahaifinta ya rene Holten a gundumar Østerbro mai wadata na Copenhagen. Ya kula da ita sosai,yana gabatar da ita ga ayyukan masu zane-zane na Danish Golden Age, godiya ga abokantaka da Lundbye, Marstrand da Constantin Hansen.Shi ne kuma ya fara karfafa mata gwiwa ta yi zane.Bayan ya mutu a shekara ta 1875,ta koma gidan mai zane Thorald Læssøe inda ta ci gaba da yin hulɗa da jama'ar fasaha. A cikin 1894,ta auri ɗan kasuwa Hans Nicolai Holten (1871-1937). Suna da ɗa Aage Holten (1897-1968) . Ci gaban fasaha Holten ta yi karatun zane a karkashin Carl Thomsen, Laurits Tuxen da Frans Schwartz amma a matsayinta na mai zane da gaske ta koyar da kanta. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Paris tare da abokanta Elise Konstantin-Hansen, Edma Frølich da Sofie Holten. Ta kuma kulla abota ta kud da kud tare da sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen wanda daga baya ta auri Carl Nielsen. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar avant-garde da ke da alaƙa da Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler wanda aka kafa don samar da madadin hanyoyin gargajiya na Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Daga 1883 da kuma lokacin 1890s,ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a tare da masu fasaha irin su Thorvald Bindesbøll da Theodor Philipsen a tukwane na Johan Wallmann a Utterslev da kuma a G. Eifrig's workshop a Valby Ƙirƙirar ta sun sami wahayi ne ta hanyar sassaka na gargajiya kuma,kamar na kawarta Konstantin-Hansen,ta fasahar Japan amma ita ma ta zana da kanta.An nuna wasu daga cikin sassanta a Nunin Nordic na Copenhagen na 1888. Holten ta fara baje kolin a bikin baje kolin bazara na Charlottenborg a 1885 tare da aikinta na pastel (Yarinya Budurwa).A cikin 1891, tare da JF Willumsen, Vilhelm Hammershøi da Agnes da Harald Slott-Møller,ta kasance wanda ta kafa Den Frie Udstilling (The Free Exhibition) wanda ta ba da wani zaɓi ga abubuwan nunin Kwalejin a Charlottenborg .Ta taka rawar gani sosai wajen kafa cibiyar kuma akai-akai tana nuna zane-zane a wurin. Bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 1937, Den Frie Udstilling ta gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na tunawa. A cikin 1895, Holten ita ce darektan fasaha na sabuwar kafa <i id="mwUQ">Kvindernes Udstilling</i> (Banin Nunin Mata) inda ta baje kolin tukwane da zane-zane da yawa. Ta tsara ɗaya daga cikin ɗakuna,ta shigar da kayan kore wanda yanzu ana iya gani a Michael da Anna Ancher's House a Skagen kuma wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na zanenta (1904). Bayan tsawaita zama a Amurka, Holten ta koma Denmark a cikin 1910 don yin aiki tare da yumbu a masana'antar Royal Porcelain Factory (1910-1914) da Bing &amp; Grøndahl (1915-1918). Salon ƙirƙira Holten ta yi fentin galibin shimfidar wurare amma kuma ta ƙirƙiri zane-zanen adadi,hotuna da kuma zanen furanni, duk tare da tsarin ado. Ayyukanta sun kasance sun fi na zamanin Golden Age, suna nuna haɗuwa da launin shuɗi da zinariya.Ta zana wahayi daga art nouveau da Japan art. Karl Madsen, wanda ya yaba da zanenta,ta yi sharhi cewa babu wani abu a cikin ayyukanta da ke nuna cewa mace ce ta halicce su. Ta kuma yi wasu fasahohin fasaha da yawa da suka haɗa da zane-zane,kayan ado da kayan ado.Ɗaya daga cikin zanen bagadi da aka yi wa ado a cikin Cathedral na Roskilde shine aikinta. Tafiya Holten ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta a Copenhagen. Duk da haka ta yi tafiya sosai.Lokacin da take matashiya,ta ziyarci Jamus, Austria, Switzerland, Italiya da Paris,kuma a cikin 1886 ta tafi Masar. Bayan ta ci gaba da zama a Paris,daga 1889 zuwa 1893 ta yi lokacin bazara a Norway.A cikin 1900s,ta tafi London da Netherlands. Daga 1906-1910,tare da mijinta,ta zauna a San Francisco da Seattle a 1906,ta dawo Denmark a 1910.Ƙarin tafiye-tafiye na Turai da arewacin Norway ya biyo baya. nune-nunen A matsayinta na mace, Holten bata taba samun nasara ko ci gaban 'yan uwanta ba. Ana iya ganin misalan aikinta a gidan tarihi na Skovgaard a Viborg. Ana baje kolin samfuran ƙirar yumbunta a cikin Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha da ƙira na Danish . An gudanar da babban nunin aikinta a Viborg Art Museum a 2013. Suzette Holten ta mutu a Copenhagen a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1937 kuma an binne ta a makabartar Solbjerg. Teresa Nielsen da Anne-Mette Villumsen sun buga kasida ta nuni mai suna ('Susette Nielsen née Skovgaard - 'yar'uwar da aka manta') a cikin 2013. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Misalai na ayyukan Holten daga Vejen Art Museum Source Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

32545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%20Mejbri

Hannibal Mejbri

Hannibal Mejbri ( Larabci: حنبعل المجبري; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tunisia. Mejbri ya shiga tsarin matasa na Manchester United a cikin 2019 daga AS Monaco. A baya ya shafe lokaci a makarantar Clairefontaine. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a gasar Premier a watan Mayun 2021. An haife shi a Faransa iyayensa 'yan Tunisia, ne Mejbri ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matakin ƙasa da 16 da 17. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Tunisia a shekarar 2021. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mejbri a Ivry-sur-Seine (suburban Paris ), Faransa, kuma ya koma Paris FC a 2009. A cikin 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa kungiyoyin Ingila da yawa suna neme shi, ciki har da Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool da Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci a kan wasa tare da na baya. Ya kuma shafe lokaci yana karatu a babbar makarantar INF Clairefontaine. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Abderrahmen Mejbri, shine kocin wasanni na yanzu yana aiki a Pho Hien FC, ƙungiyar ci gaban matasa na Vietnamese wanda Hannibal ya taɓa ziyarta kuma ya horar da shi. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Farkon aiki Duk da sha'awar kungiyoyin Ingila, Mejbri ya ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt, kafin ya koma AS Monaco a 2018 akan farashin €1. miliyan. Kodayake ci gaban matasa na Monaco ya burge shi da farko, Mejbri ya ji kunya daga kulob din Monégasque a cikin shekara guda da sanya hannu, tare da iyayensa suna iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. A cikin shekarar 2019, kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Turai suna bin sa, gami da zakarun Jamus, Faransa da Spain, Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain da Barcelona bi da bi. Manchester United A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2019, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United ta bayyana a shafinta na yanar gizo cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya da Monaco kan sayen Mejbri, inda aka ruwaito matashin ya ki amincewa da komawa wasu kungiyoyin Ingila. An yi imanin kudin da kulob din Manchester ya biya ya kai kusan Yuro 5 miliyan, zai iya tashi zuwa € 10 miliyan a add-ons. Mejbri ya zauna cikin sauri a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na Manchester United, yana ci gaba zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da 23 duk da cewa yana da shekaru 17. Mejbri ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta Manchester United da Salford City a gasar 2020–21 EFL Trophy a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi da United a cikin Maris 2021. A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2021, ya ci kyautar Dezil Haroun Reserve Player of the Year. Mejbri ya fara bugawa United babban wasa a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar Premier a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021; Ya zo ne ya maye gurbin Juan Mata a minti na 82. Ayyukan kasa Faransa Mejbri ya buga wa Faransa wasanni 12 a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 16 sannan ya buga wasanni uku a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17. Tunisiya Ya cancanci wakiltar Tunisia ta hanyar iyayensa, tare da mahaifinsa, Lotfi, an ruwaito cewa ya buga wasa a Tunisia, Mejbri an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Tunisia a karon farko a watan Mayu 2021, yana mai da hankali kan makomarsa ta duniya. ga al'ummar mahaifansa. Ya fafata a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke DR Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2021. Hannibal ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA a shekarar 2021, inda ya fara wasa a dukkan wasanni biyar na Tunisia yayin da suka kai ga wasan karshe. Hannibal ya zura kwallaye biyu a karawar da suka yi da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar a matakin rukuni da na kusa da na karshe. Hannibal ya fara wasan karshe ne da Algeria a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2021, inda daga karshe ta sha kashi a hannun Algeria da ci 2-0. Salon wasa Dan wasan tsakiya wanda aka sanya a kan kwallon, tsohon shugaban kungiyar farko na ci gaba a Manchester United, Nicky Butt, ya kwatanta Mejbri da tsohon abokan wasansa David Beckham da Roy Keane a kwarewar jagoranci. Kocin Neil Ryan ya kuma yaba wa Mejbri, yana mai cewa yana da bege ga matashin dan wasan. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Tunisiya FIFA Arab Cup ta biyu: 2021 Mutum Dezil Haroun Reserve na Shekara : 2020–21 Wahayin Afirka na Shekara (Africa d'Or): 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hannibal Mejbri at FootballDatabase.eu 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24254

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Osei

Charlotte Osei

Charlotte Kesson-Smith Osei (an haife ta 1 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969) ita ce Kwamishinan Zabe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zaɓe ta Ghana daga shekarar 2015 har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta a watan Yunin 2018 bisa dalilan rashin kuɗi. Wasu korafe -korafe guda biyu sun kalubalanci korar ta daga aiki a kotun koli ta Ghana. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a ofishin Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana tun lokacin da Ghana ta samu ‘yancin kai. Kafin nadin ta ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da ilimin farar hula ta kasa. A watan Mayun 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada ta don kasancewa cikin tawagar masu ba da shawara na kasa da kasa, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 a Afghanistan. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kasance 'yar asalin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka, ba Ghana ba ce kuma mahaifinta, wanda kuma ya kasance dan asalin Afirka ta Yamma, yana da mahaifi dan Ghana. Osei ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana da ke Cape Coast. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami LLB a 1992 da Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana inda ta samu kuma ta kira mashaya a 1994. Ta kuma rike Jagorar Jagorancin Kasuwanci (MBL) daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Pretoria (2006), Master of Laws, (LLM), daga Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Aiki Osei ta kasance mataimakiyar koyarwa a Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1994 zuwa 1995. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya na Kamfanin Laryea da ke Accra daga 1994 zuwa 1997, sannan ta zama Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Bankin Kasuwanci na Ghana daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ta kuma koyar da aikin ɗan lokaci a dokar kasuwanci a jami'ar daga 1997 zuwa 2003. Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Osei ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Unibank Ghana, sannan daga 2005 zuwa 2011 a matsayin wanda ta kafa kuma jagorar mashawarcin lauyoyin kasuwanci, Babban Lauyan. Ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Ilimi ta Jama'a ta Kasa daga 2011 zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2015 an nada ta shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana kuma ita ce ta jagoranci a matsayin Jami'in Dake Neman Zaben Shugaban Kasa da na 'Yan Majalisun Ghana na 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada Charlotte Osei a matsayin Kwamishinar Zabe ta Kasa da Kasa a Afganistan, wannan ya tabbatar. Dokar Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani ya bayar. A matsayinta na Kwamishinar Zaɓe Mai Ƙuri'a ta ba Hukumar jagora a cikin shirye -shiryen da tsara duk ƙa'idodi da manufofi da suka shafi zaɓe, da goyan baya wajen yanke hukunci a cikin adalci, mai zaman kansa da doka don tabbatar da adalci na zaɓe a duk faɗin zaɓen. Jayayya da zargi A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, an cire Osei bayan kwamitin da Babban Jojin Kasa, Mai Shari’a Sophia Akuffo ya kafa domin binciken korafe -korafe da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi mata. An kafa kwamitin ne bisa tanadin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin sashi na 146 (4) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana, shawarwarin kwamitin sun buƙaci a cire Osei saboda rashin da'a kamar yadda doka ta 146 (1) ta kundin tsarin mulkin ta tanada. Shugaban kasar Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo bisa ga shawarwari da tanade-tanaden sashe na 156 (9) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya ba da umurnin a sauke ta daga ofis. Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ya karya dokokin sayayya wajen bayar da kwangila da dama kafin zaben na Ghana na 2016, rahoton da kwamitin da ya binciki ta ya nuna. Osei ta nuna cewa za ta mayar da martani kan zargin da aka yi mata daga baya. Ta jinkirta martanin nata saboda mutuwar kwatsam mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, Kwesi Amissah-Arthur. Dalilin korar ta na fuskantar kalubale a Kotun Koli ta Ghana saboda wasu rubuce -rubuce guda biyu da Fafali Nyonator da Abdul Malik Kweku Baako, editan jarida a Ghana suka shigar. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Hall Volta ta 1991, Mafi kyawun Sakamakon Fasaha, Gwajin Jami'a na farko, Jami'ar Ghana Jakadan Amurka a kasar Ghana Robert P. Jackson ya ba Charlotte Osei lambar yabo ta ''Mata Masu Jajircewa''. PPP Skills & Competency Development, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu, Arlington, VA, Amurka (2009) Basic & Advanced Securities, Securities Selling & Investment Advice, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Ghana, Accra (1997) 1992 Associationungiyar Lauyoyin Ghana, Kyau, Gwajin LLB na Ƙarshe, Jami'ar Ghana Littattafai “Citizenship, Customary Law and a Gendered Jurisprudence: A Socio-Legal Perspective.” by C. Kesson-Smith and W. Tettey in "Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana" (African social studies series), Brill Publishers, 25 Apr 2003, editors: Tettey, Wisdom J., Puplampu, Korbla P., Berman , Joshua Manazarta

22573

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20LaBastille

Anne LaBastille

Anne LaBastille (An haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933 - ta mutu ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011) marubuciya ce Ba'amurkiya, masanin yanayin kasa, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ita ce marubucin littattafai fiye da goma, ciki har da Woodswoman, Beyond Black Bear Lake, da Matan Jeji . Ta kuma rubuta labarai sama da 150 da kuma takardun kimiyya sama da 25. Asusun kula da namun daji na duniya da kungiyar masu binciken ne suka karrama ta saboda aikin da ta yi na farko a fannin kimiyyar halittu a Amurka da Guatemala. LaBastille ya kuma ɗauki hotuna da yawa na namun daji, da yawa daga cikin su an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen ɗabi'a. Farkon rayuwa da aure LaBastille an haife shi ne a Montclair, New Jersey, ɗa ɗaya tilo na Ferdinand LaBastille, farfesa, da Irma Goebel, mawaƙin makada, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa. Cikakken sunanta Mariette Anne LaBastille, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa amfani da sunanta na farko ba. Yayinda ake yawan rubuta ranar haihuwarta a matsayin Nuwamba 20, shekarar 1935, asalin haihuwarta shine a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933, wanda Valerie J. Nelson na Los Angeles Times ta gano yayin shirya labulen LaBastille. LaBastille ya yi aure na shekaru bakwai zuwa CV "Manjo" Bowes (an haife ta 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1919; ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012), mai gidan Covewood Lodge a kan Big Moose Lake, New York . Ba su da yara. Ilimi da aiki LaBastille samu ta Ph.D. a cikin Kimiyyar Lafiyar Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Cornell a shekara ta 1969. Har ila yau, tana da MS a cikin Gudanar da Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado a shekara ta (1958), da kuma BS a cikin Karewar Albarkatun Kasa daga Cornell shekara ta (1955). LaBastille ya fara ne a matsayin marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da yawa na namun daji, gami da Sierra Club da National Geographic . Ta zama mai lasisin Jagoran Jihar New York a cikin shekara ta 1970 kuma ta ba da sabis na jagora don jakunkunan baya da kwale-kwale zuwa Adirondacks. Ta kuma ba da karatuna na jeji da laccoci sama da shekaru arba'in, ta shiga ƙungiyoyin kiyaye tsaunuka masu yawa na New York Adirondack Mountains, kuma ta kasance a kan Hukumar Kula da Wakilcin Hukumar Adirondack Park na Kwamishinoni na tsawon shekaru 17. Ta yi tafiya cikin duniya kuma tayi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa don yin karatu da kuma rage tasirin lalata ruwan sama da gurɓataccen ruwa a tafkuna da namun daji. Jerin Woodswoman Shahararrun littattafan LaBastille, jerin Woodswoman, saƙo ne guda huɗu waɗanda suka shafi shekaru arba'in na rayuwarta a cikin tsaunukan Adirondack kuma sun ba da labarin dangantakarta da jeji. Wahayi daga Henry David Thoreau 's Walden, LaBastille ta sayi ƙasa a gefen wani tabki na dutse a cikin Adirondacks, inda ta gina katako a cikin shekara ta 1964. A farkon littafinta na farko, Woodswoman a shekarar (1976), ta rubuta yadda ake samun kayan aiki da gina gidan tare da taimakon wasu masassaƙan gida. Don kaucewa yanke tsohuwar gandun daji mai girma a kan kadarorin, ta sayi katako da aka riga aka yanke daga injin dutsen gida kuma ta yi amfani da katako da aka siyo kantin sayar da katako a ciki, rufin, murfin ƙofofi, da taga taga. Ragowar Woodswoman ta rubuta abubuwan da ta faru a cikin wannan katako ba tare da jin daɗi ba kamar wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo, da kuma binciken da ta yi a cikin jejin Adirondacks. A cikin littafinta na biyu, Bayan Lake Bear Black (1987), ta bayyana yadda ta gina ƙaramin gida na biyu, Thoreau II, a wani yanki mafi nisa na dukiyarta don samun ƙarin ƙwarewar Walden. Dukkan littattafan farko da na biyu sun binciki kawayenta, soyayyarsu, aurenta na baya, dankon zumuncinta da karninta makiyayan Jamusawa, yanayin yanayi da kwarararta, da kuma kokarin kiyayewa. Ta gudanar da bincike a kan hadari, kuma daga karshe ta mutu, katuwar farar fatar kudi mai suna grebe . Littattafai biyu na ƙarshe na jerin, Woodswoman III (1997) da Woodswoman IV (2003), kamfanin buga LaBastille ne ya buga su, "West of the Wind Publications, Inc". A cikin duka matakan, LaBastille ta hada da labaran da ke nuna irin wahalar da ke tattare da juzu'in aiki mai yawan gaske wanda ya kunshi rubuce-rubuce na kai tsaye, koyarwar ilimi, da aikin tuntuba kan kiyayewa, tare da burin ta na neman komawa daji. A cikin Woodswoman III, ta kuma tattauna yadda gurɓatattun abubuwa ke gurɓata tafkin ta na nesa; ita kadai ce tushen ruwan sha. Saboda wannan, ta sayi gonar gona kusa da ƙauyen Wadhams a cikin Garin Westport kusa da gabar yamma na Tafkin Champlain . Gidan gona yana da kayan aiki na zamani kamar waya da wutar lantarki, amma yana cikin iyakokin Adirondack Park . Ta rubuta a cikin Woodswoman IV yadda matsayinta mai tsauri game da ci gaban Adirondack Park ya haifar da sabani da makiya. Ta sami barazanar mutuwa, an fasa gidan nata da ke nesa kuma an kone gidan ajiye kayayyakin Westport. Ta fara aiki a kan Woodswoman V jim kaɗan bayan wallafa Woodswoman IV . Ta bayyana yadda buga kai da kai ya kasance mai fa'ida, amma ya kwashe lokaci mai mahimmanci da take buƙata don rubutu. Ba ta taɓa gama Woodswoman V ba . Aikin Documerica LaBastille na daga cikin Documerica Project wanda Protectionungiyar Kare Muhalli ta haɓaka (EPA). Daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1977, EPA ta ɗauki hayar masu ɗaukar hoto masu zaman kansu don ɗaukar hoto yankunan da ke da matsalolin mahalli, ayyukan EPA, da kuma a waje. Hotunan LaBastille galibi an ɗauke su ne a arewacin New York kuma ana nuna batutuwa daban-daban, gami da kyawawan dabi'u da namun daji, matsalolin muhalli, yaɗuwar birni, da rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka. Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa A cikin shekarun ta na baya, LaBastille ta fara rage ƙarancin lokaci a komawar dutsen ta. A cikin Woodswoman ta IV kuma a wata hira da mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Cornell, LaBastille ta lura cewa hauhawar yanayin duniya ya canza dukiyarta ta gefen tafki daga gida zagaye-zagaye zuwa shekara. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da farkon shekara ta 1970s, wani ɗan kankara mai kauri da aka kafa akan tafkin, don haka ya ba da damar yin dusar ƙanƙara a duk faɗin ta daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu. Amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa yanayin zafi na hunturu da ruwan sama na watan Fabrairu sun kai ga kankara ƙanƙan da kankara, yin tafiye-tafiye a ƙetaren tafkin cin amana da rashin tabbas. Ba tare da maƙwabta shekara-shekara ko waya a cikin yanayin gaggawa, LaBastille ta zaɓa don dakatar da kashe lokacin hunturu a cikin gidan. A maimakon haka sai ta dau tsawon lokaci a gonar ta kusa da Lake Champlain. Koyaya, ta rubuta cewa ta ajiye dutsen ta koma matsayinta na "wurin fakewa, amintacce, wuri ne mai lumana don rubutu da tunani. . . " . A cikin shekara ta 2007, har yanzu tana zaune na ɗan lokaci a cikin gidan ta na gefen tafki. A cikin shekara ta 2008, LaBastille ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta kasa kulawa da kanta a gida. John Davis, Daraktan Kiyayewa na Majalisar Adirondack, yana rubutu game da tafiyarsa ta cikin Adirondacks a shekara ta 2008 ta rubuta, "Ya ƙaunataccena abokiyar karatuna ta Park shekaru da yawa, Anne LaBastille ta kasance a karon farko cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ta ɓace lokacin rani a gidan ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta a arewacin nan, saboda ga damuwar lafiya. " . LaBastille ya mutu ne daga cutar Alzheimer a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Plattsburgh, New York a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011. Daraja 1974 Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya lambar Zinare don Adanawa 1980 Doctorates na Adabi da Wasikun Mutum daga Kwalejin Union, Schenectady, NY 1984 Bayyana Daraja daga Kungiyar Masu Binciken . 1986 Kyautar Tsoffin Daliban, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Kimiyyar Rayuwa 1987 Warner College of Natural Resources Daraja Alumnus / Alumna Award, Jami'ar Jihar Colorado 1988 Jade of Chiefs Award daga Writungiyar Marubutan Waje ta Amurka 1990 Doctor na girmamawa na Haruffa daga Kwalejin Ripon, Wisconsin. 1990 Dakta Mai Digiri na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Jiha ta New York a Albany Lambar Zinare ta 1993 daga ofungiyar Mace Masu Kula 1994 Roger Tory Peterson Award for National Nature Ilmantarwa. 2001 Wayne G. Basler Shugaban Kwarewa na Hadin Kai na Arts, Rhetoric and Science a East Tennessee State University. Kyautar Gwarzon Rayuwa ta 2008, Adirondack Awards Literary Awards 2008 Howard Zahniser Adirondack Award da theungiyar Kare Adirondacks ta bayar. Gwarzon girmamawa na watan Mata na Kasa na 2009, 2009: Mata Suna Kan Gaba Wajen Ceto Duniyarmu Littattafai Mulkin Bird na Mayas. LaBastille-Bowes, Anne. Anita Benarde ya kwatanta. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ. 1967. Farar Barewa. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973.  Daji Bobcats. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973. ISBN 0-912186-07-0 Possarancin Gida, Babban Abokin Ranger Rick. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1974. ISBN 0-912186-08-9 Iyalan Hatim. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa 1974. ISBN 0-912186-09-7 Yar Woods. LaBastille, Anne. EP Dutton, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-525-23715-1 Sanyawa: Namun Daji. LaBastille, Anne. Dutton, New York, 1980. ISBN 0-525-05910-5 Mata da Jeji. LaBastille, Anne. Littattafan Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1980. ISBN 0-87156-234-0 Beyond Black Bear Lake. LaBastille, Anne. Norton, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-393-02388-5 Mama Poc : Lissafin masanin kimiyyar halittu game da bacewar wani jinsi. LaBastille, Anne. WW Norton, New York. 1990. ISBN 0-393-02830-5 Duniyar jeji ta Anne LaBastille. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Litattafan Iska, Westport, NY 1992. ISBN 0-9632846-0-6 Tsuntsaye na Mayas: Tatsuniyoyin Maya : Jagoran filin zuwa tsuntsayen duniyar Maya : Kammalallen jerin tsuntsayen. Written and illustrated by LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1993. Woodswoman III: Littafin uku na abubuwan da Woodswoman ta yi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1997. ISBN 0-9632846-1-4 Jaguar Totem. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1999. ISBN 0-9632846-2-2 Babban Balaguron Adirondack na Clarence Petty : Jagorar jeji, matukin jirgi, kuma masanin kiyaye muhalli. Angus, Christopher; tare da gabatarwar LaBastille, Anne. Jami'ar Syracuse Press, Syracuse, NY 2002. ISBN 0-8156-0741-5 Woodswoman IIII: Littafi na huɗu na abubuwan da Woodswoman tayi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 2003 . Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje     Haifaffun 1935 Mutuwan 2011

6133

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Kepler

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) ya mai Jamus falaki da lissafi malami. Johannes Kepler (27 Disamba 1571 - 15 Nuwamba 1630) masanin taurari ne dan kasar Jamus, masanin lissafi da falaki da falsafar halitta sannan kuma marubucin wakoki ne. Mutum ne mai mahimmanci a juyin juya halin kimiyya na karni na 17, wanda aka fi sani da dokokinsa a kan motsi na duniya, da littattafansa Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, da Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae. Waɗannan ayyukan kuma sun ba da ɗaya daga cikin tushe na ka'idar Newton na maganadison kasa na duniya. Kepler malamin lissafi ne a makarantar hauza a Graz, inda ya zama abokin Yarima Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Daga baya ya zama mataimaki ga masanin ilmin taurari Tycho Brahe a Prague, kuma daga karshe masanin lissafin daular mulkin Sarki Rudolf na biyu da magadansa biyu Matthias da Ferdinand II. Ya kuma koyar da ilimin lissafi a Linz, kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Janar Wallenstein. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a fagen ilimin gani, ya ƙirƙiri ingantacciyar na'urar hangen nesa (ko Keplerian), kuma an ambace shi a cikin binciken na'urar hangen nesa (telescopic) na Galileo Galilei na zamani. Shi mamba ne na Accademia dei Lincei a Roma. Kepler ya rayu a zamanin da babu wani bambanci tsakanin ilmin taurari da taurarin kansu, amma akwai rarrabuwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin taurari (reshe na lissafi a cikin fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi) da kimiyyar lissafi (reshe na falsafar halitta). Kepler kuma ya shigar da hujjoji na addini da tunani a cikin aikinsa, wanda yakinin addini da imani da cewa Allah ya halicci duniya bisa ga wani tsari mai hankali wanda ake iya samunsa ta hanyar haske na dabi’a. Kepler ya bayyana sabon ilmin taurarinsa a matsayin "ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya, a matsayin " balaguro zuwa cikin Aristotle's Metaphysics, kuma a matsayin "kari ga Aristotle's On the Heavens", yana canza tsohuwar al'adar ilmin sararin samaniya ta hanyar yin magani. ilmin taurari a matsayin wani bangare na kimiyyar lissafi ta duniya. An haifi Kepler a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba 1571, a cikin Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt (yanzu wani yanki ne na Stuttgart a cikin Jahar Baden-Württemberg ta Jamus, mai nisan kilomita 30 yamma da tsakiyar Stuttgart). Kakansa, Sebald Kepler, ya kasance magajin gari. A lokacin da aka haifi Johannes, yana da ’yan’uwa biyu da ’yar’uwa ɗaya kuma dukiyar iyalin Kepler ta ragu lokacin da aka haife shi. Mahaifinsa, Heinrich Kepler, ya yi rayuwa mai wahala , kuma ya bar iyali sa’ad da Johannes lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyar. An yi imanin ya mutu a yakin shekaru tamanin a Netherlands. Mahaifiyarsa, Katharina Guldenmann, ta kasance likita ce. Johannes ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance mai rauni da rashin lafiya tun yana yaro. Amma duk da haka, ya kan burge matafiya a masaukin kakansa da kwarewarsa a ilmummuka ta ban mamaki . Lokacin yana yaro, Kepler ya shaida Babban Comet na 1577, wanda ya ja hankalin masana ilmin taurari a fadin Turai. An sanar da shi ilimin taurari tun yana karami kuma ya sami sha'awar hakan wanda hakan ya kasance har iya tsawon rayuwarsa. Yana da shekaru shida, ya lura da Great Comet na 1577, ya rubuta cewa "mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi zuwa wani wuri mai tsayi don ya duba shi. A cikin 1589, bayan ya yi makarantar nahawu, makarantar Latin, da makarantar hauza a Maulbronn, Kepler ya halarci Tübinger Stift a Jami'ar Tübingen. A can, ya karanci falsafa a karkashin Vitus Müller da ilimin tauhidi karkashin Jacob Heerbrand (dalibin Philipp Melanchthon a Wittenberg), wanda kuma ya koyar da Michael Maestlin lokacin yana dalibi, har ya zama Chancellor a Tübingen a 1590. Ya nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin ilimin lissafi kuma ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararren masanin taurari, yana yin duba ho ga abokan karatunsa. A ƙarƙashin umarnin Michael Maestlin, farfesa na Tübingen na lissafi daga 1583 zuwa 1631, ya koyi duka tsarin Ptolemaic da tsarin Copernican na motsi na duniya. Ya zama Copernican a lokacin. A cikin takaddamar ɗalibi, ya kare heliocentrism daga mahangar ka'ida da tauhidi, yana mai tabbatar da cewa Rana ita ce babbar tushen ƙarfin motsa jiki a cikin sararin duniya. Duk da sha'awarsa na zama minista, a kusa da ƙarshen karatunsa, an ba Kepler shawarar samun matsayi a matsayin malamin lissafi da ilmin taurari a makarantar Furotesta a Graz. Ya karbi mukamin a watan Afrilu 1594, yana da shekaru 22. Kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Tübingen, Kepler ya karɓi tayin koyar da ilimin lissafi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Georg Stadius a makarantar Furotesta a Graz (yanzu a Styria, Austria). A cikin wannan lokacin (1594-1600), ya ba da kalandar hukuma da yawa da tsinkaye waɗanda suka haɓaka sunansa a matsayin masanin taurari. Ko da yake Kepler yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da ilmin taurari kuma ya ɓata yawancin al'adar taurari, ya yi imani da gaske game da alaƙa tsakanin sararin samaniya da mutum. Daga ƙarshe ya buga wasu ra'ayoyin da ya nishadantar da shi yayin da yake ɗalibi a cikin Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1595, an gabatar da Kepler ga Barbara Müller, gwauruwa ’yar shekara 23 (sau biyu) tare da ’yar matashiya mai suna Regina Lorenz, kuma ya fara zawarcinta. Müller, wadda ita ce magajiyar magidanta da suka mutu, ita ma diyar mai masana'anta ce. Da farko mahaifinta Jobst ya yi adawa da auren. Ko da yake Kepler ya gaji sarautar kakansa. Jobst ya tuba bayan Kepler ya kammala aiki a kan Mysterium, amma haɗin gwiwa ya kusan faɗuwa yayin da Kepler ya tafi yana kula da cikakkun bayanai na ɗab'a. Barbara da Johannes sun yi aure a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1597.A cikin shekarun farko na aurensu, Keplers sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu (Heinrich da Susanna), dukansu sun mutu tun suna jarirai. "" Manazarta "" https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C&q=deutsches+ausspracheworterbuchhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophyhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary Mutanen

40876

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald%20Amundsen

Roald Amundsen

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (UK:/ˈɑːmʊndsən/,US:/-məns-/; Norwegian: [ˈrùːɑɫ ˈɑ̂mʉnsən] 16 ga Yuli, 1872 - ) ɗan ƙasar Norway ne mai binciken yankunan polar. Ya kasance babban jigo na lokacin da aka sani da Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. An haife shi a Borge, Østfold, Norway, Amundsen ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai binciken polar a matsayin abokin farko a Balaguron Antarctic na Belgian Adrien de Gerlache na 1897-1899. Daga 1903 zuwa 1906, ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa hanyar Arewa maso Yamma akan sloop Gjøa. A cikin shekarar 1909, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron Pole ta Kudu. Ya bar Norway a watan Yuni 1910 a jirgin Fram kuma ya isa Antarctica a cikin watan Janairu 1911. Jam'iyyarsa ta kafa sansanin a Bay of Whales da kuma jerin kayan da aka samar a kan Barrier (wanda ake kira Ross Ice Shelf) kafin ya tashi zuwa sandar a watan Oktoba. Jam'iyyar biyar, karkashin jagorancin Amundsen, ta zama ta farko da ta samu nasarar isa Pole ta Kudu a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 1911. Bayan yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a cikin shekarar 1918 don isa Pole Arewa ta hanyar wucewa ta Arewa maso Gabas a kan jirgin Maud, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron jirgin sama maimakon. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1926, Amundsen da wasu mutane 15 a cikin jirgin ruwan Norge sun zama masu binciken farko da aka tabbatar sun isa Pole ta Arewa. Amundsen ya bace a watan Yuni 1928 yayin da yake tafiya a kan aikin ceto don jirgin Italia na jirgin sama a cikin Arctic. Tun a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ne dai aka dakatar da neman gawar sa, wanda ba a gano gawarsa ba. Ƙuruciya Amundsen an haife shi ne a cikin dangin masu mallakin jiragen ruwa na Norway da kyaftin a Borge, tsakanin garuruwan Fredrikstad da Sarpsborg. Iyayensa sune Jens Amundsen da Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald shine ɗa na huɗu a gidan. Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya guje wa cinikin teku na iyali kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya zama likita, alƙawarin da Amundsen ya yi har mahaifiyarsa ta rasu yana da shekaru 21. Nan da nan ya bar jami'a don rayuwarsa a cikin teku. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, Amundsen ya ji daɗin karanta labaran Sir John Franklin na balaguron da ya yi a ƙasar Arctic. Amundsen ya rubuta "Na karanta su da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wanda ya tsara dukkan tsarin rayuwata". Tafiya ta Polar Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium Amundsen ya shiga Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium a matsayin abokin farko yana da shekaru 25 a 1897. Wannan balaguron, wanda Adrien de Gerlache ya jagoranta ta amfani da jirgin RV Belgica, ya zama balaguron farko da ya mamaye Antarctica. Belgica, ko bisa kuskure ko ƙira, ya kasance kulle a cikin kankara na teku a 70°30′S kusa da tsibirin Alexander, yamma da tsibirin Antarctic. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun jimre lokacin sanyi wanda ba a shirya su sosai ba. Ta hanyar kimar Amundsen, likita don balaguron, Ba'amurke Frederick Cook, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ma'aikatan daga scurvy ta hanyar farautar dabbobi da ciyar da ma'aikatan sabon nama. A cikin yanayin da 'ya'yan itacen citrus suka rasa, naman da ba a dafa shi ba musamman na dabba daga dabbobi sukan ƙunshi isasshen bitamin don hana scurvy har ma da wani sashi. Wannan wani muhimmin darasi ne ga balaguron balaguro na gaba na Amundsen. Amundsen da Cook daga baya sun karbi jagorancin jirgin lokacin da De Gerlache ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma A cikin shekarar 1903, Amundsen ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa iyakar Kanada ta Arewa maso Yamma tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Ya shirya wani karamin balaguro na maza shida a cikin jirgin kamun kifi mai tan 45-ton, Gjøa, domin samun sassauci. Jirgin nasa yana da daftarin da ba shi da zurfi. Dabararsa ita ce amfani da ƙaramin jirgi da rungumar bakin teku. Amundsen yana sanye da jirgin da ƙananan 13 Injin dizal paraffin (dizal). Sun yi tafiya ta Baffin Bay, tashar Parry sannan kuma ta kudu ta hanyar Peel Sound, James Ross Strait, Simpson Strait da Rae Strait. Sun yi lokacin sanyi biyu a tsibirin King William, a tashar jiragen ruwa na abin da ke a yau Gjoa Haven. A wannan lokacin, Amundsen da ma'aikatan jirgin sun koya daga Netsilik Inuit na gida game da dabarun rayuwa na Arctic, wanda ya sami mahimmanci a cikin balaguron da ya yi zuwa Pole ta Kudu. Alal misali, ya koyi yin amfani da karnukan sling don safarar kayayyaki da kuma sanya fatun dabbobi maimakon wuraren shakatawa masu nauyi, ulun, waɗanda ba sa iya hana sanyi sa’ad da aka jika. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

34964

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Mike%20Oquaye

Aaron Mike Oquaye

Aaron Mike Oquaye (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1944, ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne barista kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokoki na shida na Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta kasar Ghana,daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2021. Wani malami, jami'in diplomasiyya kuma ministan Baptist, a baya ya rike mukaman ministocin don makamashi da sadarwa kuma ya kasance babban kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya da Maldives a gwamnatin Kufuor. Rayuwar farko An haifi Haruna Mike Oquaye a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1944 a Osu, Accra zuwa E. G. N Oquaye na Osu da Felicia Awusika Abla Oquaye (née Azu) na Odumase-Krobo. Ya girma a Asamankese da ke yankin Gabas, inda ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Roman Katolika da Makarantar Midil ta Presbyterian kafin ya wuce zuwa Sakandaren Samari na Presbyterian (PRESEC), a Odumase-Krobo sannan kuma Apam Senior High School. Mahaifin Oquaye, E.G.N. Oquaye, ya kasance memba na kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a Asamankese. Ya kasance ma'ajin kuma babban mai kudi na UGCC, Gold Coast Party (GCP), National Liberation Movement (NLM) da United Party (UP) a Asamankese. Lokacin da Oquaye yana karami, danginsa sun karbi ’yan siyasa da manyan mutane irin su Dr. J. B. Danquah da Farfesa Kofi Abrefa Busia a matsayin baki a gidansu. Yayin da Okyenhene, Nana Ofori Atta II, yake gudun hijira a Accra, shi ma ya kasance mai ziyara na yau da kullun zuwa gidan dangin Oquaye a Asamankese. Ilimi da aikin shari'a Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Matasa ta Presbyterian don takardar shaidar matakin GCE "O" da Makarantar Sakandare ta Apam don Takaddun Takaddun matakin "A". Ya shiga Jami'ar Ghana daga bisani ya shiga Jami'ar London, a Lincoln's Inn, London. Yana rike da B.A. (Hons.) Kimiyyar Siyasa, L.L.B. (Hons.), B.L. da kuma PhD. Shi kwararren lauya ne kuma lauya, haka kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban abokin aikin lauyan sa. Shi lauya ne na kotun kolin Ingila da Wales, kuma babban memba ne a kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana, kuma lauyan wasu manyan kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kudi. Aikin ilimi Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Ghana, (Legon), kuma a baya ya kasance shugaban sashen nazarin kimiyyar siyasa kuma memba a kwamitin ilimi na jami'a, mafi girma a matakin kwalejojin. Ya sami Ph.D daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka da ke Landan, tare da lashe lambar yabo ta Rockefeller Senior Scholar Award a shekara ta, 1993 da lambar yabo ta Babban Fulbright Scholar Award a shekara ta, 1997. Ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar George Mason da ke Virginia. Daga shekarar, 1997 zuwa 1999, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kimiyyar siyasa ta Afirka (AAPS), mai hedkwata a Zimbabwe. Rubuce-rubuce da shawarwari Oquaye marubuci ne, wanda ya yi bincike kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai a kan shugabanci na gari, rikice-rikice, ilimin siyasa, raba mulki da ci gaba, haƙƙin ɗan adam, tsoma bakin soja a siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, raya karkara da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi. Yana bayar da shawarar haƙƙin mata, gami da tabbataccen mataki. Shi ne mawallafin littafin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta siyasa acikin Ghana a shekara ta, 1972 zuwa 1979, wanda a cikinsa ya kwatanta, tsakanin-alia, sojoji a matsayin abin da ya shafi Gwamnati da Siyasa a Afirka kuma ya ba da labarin cin zarafin bil'adama, siyasa mai rikici, tattalin arziki. rashin gudanar da mulki da kuma rashin aikin yi na kasa. Ya rubuta juzu'i na biyu, siyasa acikin Ghana a shekara ta, 1982 zuwa 1992, yana magana akan siyasar juyin juya hali, CDRs, Kotunan Jama'a, ikon jama'a, kyama mai kyau da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam na lokacin. An buga rubuce-rubucensa na masana a cikin mujallu na duniya kamar Human Rights Quarterly (Amurka), Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (Birtaniya), African Affairs (Birtaniya), da Review of Human Factor Studies (Kanada). Aikin siyasa A matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Ghana, Oquaye ya shiga yakin neman zaben J. B. Danquah / Kofi Abrefa Busia. Ya goyi bayan kiran da Busia ya yi na a gaggauta komawa mulkin farar hula don hana sojan jihar, tare da iyalansa, sun taimaka wajen kafa jam’iyyar Progress Party a Osu a shekarar, 1969. New Patriotic Party Al'adar United Party-Progress Party ta haifar da kafuwar, a cikin shekara ta, 1992, na New Patriotic Party (NPP), tare da Oquaye a matsayin memba na kafa. Ya kasance Sakataren Yanki na farko na NPP na Greater Accra a shekara ta, 1992, sannan kuma shine shugaban jam'iyyar na farko na mazabar gundumar Ga, wanda daga baya ya rabu zuwa gundumar Ga West da Ga East. Ya kasance sakataren kwamitin bincike kuma memba na kungiyar yakin neman zabe na farko na jam'iyyar NPP a kashi na uku na shekarar, 1992. Ya yi aiki da wasu jiga-jigan jam’iyyar NPP ta tsakiya, da suka hada da shugaban kasa John Kufuor, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, R. R. Amponsah, Farfesa Adu-Boahen, Peter Ala Adjetey, B. J. da Rocha da kuma Samuel Odoi-Sykes domin yakin neman nasara ga NPP a cikin babban zaben shekarar, 2000. Ana ganin rawar da ya taka wajen nasarar jam'iyyar, wanda ya hada da gudummawar aikin jarida da kuma shiga cikin sauran ayyukan jam'iyyar tsakanin shekarar, 1993 zuwa 2000. Babban Kwamishina kuma Ministan Jiha Daga shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2004, Oquaye ya zama Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya. Zamansa na babban kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya ya samu nasarori da suka hada da fadar shugaban Ghana da hadadden ofis. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005 ya zama Ministan Makamashi, daga baya kuma ya koma mukamin Ministan Sadarwa. Dan majalisa Oquaye ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin Dome-Kwabenya na NPP na tsawon wa'adi biyu, daga shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2012. Ya yanke shawarar ba zai sake tsayawa takara ba. Ya dauki nauyin dansa, Mike Oquaye Jnr. don yakar zama dan takarar majalisar tarayya na NPP. Amma dan nasa ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Sarah Adwoa Safo, wadda ta ci gaba da lashe kujerar. Daga shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2013, Oquaye ya kasance mataimakin kakakin majalisa na biyu. Joe Ghartey ne ya gaje shi a cikin shekarar, 2013. Shugaban Majalisar Oquaye ya taba zama shugaban majalisa a majalisa ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu. A cikin shekarar, 2021, New Patriotic Party ta tsayar da shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisa inda ya sha kaye a hannun Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu wanda Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta tsayar. Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin ya sanar a zaman farko na majalisar cewa an zabe shi da kuri'u 138 yayin da Mike Oquaye ya samu kuri'u 136. Rayuwa ta sirri Oquaye limamin cocin Baptist ne. Yana auren Alberta Oquaye (née Asafu-Adjaye) (Major Rtd.) kwararriyar ma'aikaciyar jinya. Shi ne mahaifin Mike Oquaye Jnr, Babban Kwamishinan Ghana na Indiya a halin yanzu. Abubuwan sha'awar sa sun haɗa da kallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis na tebur, karanta littattafai, rubutu, da sauraron kiɗa. Littafi Mai Tsarki Ayyukan da aka rubuta Politics in Ghana 1982-1992 - (Academic Literature, 2005) Democracy, Politics and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Ghana - (Academic Literature, Gold-Type Publication, 1995) Rigingimu A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2020, an yi ta cece-ku-ce a kafafen yada labarai kan rahotannin da ke cewa kakakin majalisar, Aaron Mike Oquaye ya yi barazanar haramtawa 'yan jarida da ke yada labaran wasu abubuwa a harabar majalisar banda zauren majalisar. A cikin watan Agusta shekara ta, 2020, ya ba da lacca ga jama'a a bikin ranar waɗanda suka kafa inda ya yi iƙirarin "yancin kai ba nunin mutum ɗaya bane, ƙoƙari ne na gamayya." A cewarsa, tsohon shugaban kasa Nkrumah kadai bai kamata a karrama shi kadai ba, sai dai dukkanin wadanda suka kafa kasar Ghana. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Nkrumah ba shi kaɗai ba ne a gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai duk da cewa ya yi gwagwarmayar kwatar 'yancin kan Ghana. Sekou Nkrumah, dan Nkrumah ya caccaki Farfesa Oquaye kan wadannan kalamai. A cewar Sekou, idan har shugaban majalisar yana son ya soki mahaifinsa marigayi, ya yi magana kan tsarin jam’iyya daya da PDA a zamanin Nkrumah. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane

5828

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaludin%20Faleh%20al-Kilani

Jamaludin Faleh al-Kilani

Jamaluddin Falih Al-Kilani (an haifeshi a shekarar 1972) a kasar Iraki. Malamin addinin Muslunci ne, kwararren marubuci ne, mai bincike, malamin masanin tarihi da hanyoyin ci gaba na al'ummar musulmai. Yana da kulawa ta musamman akan tarihin Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani da abubuwan da suka shafi makarantarsa ta Kadiriyya a tsawon zamani. Tun yana yaro, karatun tarihi shi ne babban abin kaunarsa. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani a karamar hukumar Dayali dake kasar Iraki a shekarar 1972. Jamaluddin Al-Kilani sharifi ne jikan Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani kuma jikan Sayyid Hassan dan Imam Aliyyu (karramallahu wajhahu) dan Nana Fadtimah (alaihassalam). Ilimi Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya yi makarantun firamare da sakandire a garin 'khadaul khalis' wanda yake a kasar Iraki; garin da yake a cike a wancan lokaci da manya-manyan masana na ilman zamani, na harshe da na addinin Musulunci. Ya samu shedar kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi daga Jami'ar Bagadaza, kamar yadda ya samu shaidar kammala karatun difloma a wannan Jami'a a fannin harshen Turanci. Ya samu shedar digirinsa na biyu a ɓangaren Tarihi da ci gaban harshen Larbci da addinin Musulunci. Shedar digirinsa na uku watau PhD ya same ta ne a kan falsafar tarihin Musulunci.  Tun yana yaro, Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya samu tarbiyya da kulawa ta musamman daga wurin mahaifinsa Dr Falih Al-Kilani, wanda mashhurin malami ne kuma marubucin rubutattun wakoki ne na adabin Larabci da addinin Musulunci a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Haka kuma ya samu kyakkyawar kulawa daga wurin babban malamin tarihi na kasar Iraki watau: Imadu Abdussalami Ra'uf. Malaman sa Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya hadu da malamai da yawa wadanda ya koyi karatuttuka a wajansu da wadanda suka bashi cikakken izini na karatu, karantarwa, bincike da rubutu a fannin Tarihi da danganen kabilun Larabawa, daga cikinsu a kwai: Imadu Abdussalami Ra'uf, Salim Al-Alusi, Abdulkarim Muhammad Mudarris, Ali Al-Wardi, Abdurrazaki Al-Hasani, Muhsin Mahdi, Sa'id Abdulfattah Ashur, Muhammad Ammarah da kuma babban masani na hanyoyin jaddada koyarwar addinin Musulunci watau Majid Arsan Al-Kilani. Ilimantarwar sa Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya koyar a makarantun firamare da sakandire wanda daga bisani ya zamto malami mai bada karatu da horarwa a jami'ar Bagadaza, Jami'ar Mosul da ta Mustansiriyyah, kadisiyyah, Basarah, Iskandariyyah, Darul Ulum diyobandi, Jami'ar Musulunci ta Maleshiya da sauransu. Tasirantuwa Ya tasirantu da Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani, Imadu Abdussalam Ra'uf, Mustapha Jawad Littattafan sa Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya rubuta litattafai da dama da harshen Larabci, wasu daga cikinsu an fassara su izuwa harasa daban-daban na duniya. Daga cikin litattafansa akwai: (1) Jugrafiyyatul Bazul Ashhab - wannan littafi littafi ne da aka yi amfani da ka'idodin bincike na zamani na ilmin Tarihi domin tantance riwayun da suka yi bayanin wuri ko kasar da aka haifi Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani. Tsari da abinda wannan littafi ya kunsa ya janyo hankulan masana da dama a duniya ta inda wannan littafi ya tabbatar da ingancin bayanin haihuwar Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani a garin 'Jilu' dake a kasar Iraki tare da korewarsa, bisa dogaro a kan hujjoji da dama, bayanan da suke nuna haihuwar Shehun a garin Tabarustan da yake a kasar Iran. Wannan littafi ya karbu sosai-da-sosai a inda kwafi 100,000 ya kare a dan takaitaccen lokaci, abinda ya janyo maimaita buga shi har sau hudu. Muhammad Mahmud Mustapha ya fassara wannan littafin izuwa harshen Hausa.  (2) Assheikh Abdulkadir Al-Kilani: Ru'uyah Tarikhiyyah Mu'asirah - littafi ne na tarihin rayiwar Shehu Abdulkadir.  (3) Dirasatu wa Tahkiku kitab Bahjatul Asrar.  (4) Attarikul Islami: Ru'uyatun Mu'asirah - littafi ne na tarihin Musulunci a zamanance.  (5) Min As-Shakki ila Al-yakini - littafi ne da yake tabbatar da ingancin danganen Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani da Annabinmu Annabi Muhammadu (salawatullahi wa salamuhu alaihi) cikakkiyar dangataka ta tsatso, bisa dogaro da hujjoji da kuma amfani da ka'idodin ilmi na zamani.  (6) Hakaza Takallamas Sheikh Abdulkadir.  (7) Tahkiku kitab Futuhul Gaib.  (8) Attarikhul Islami: Tafsirun Jadid.  (9) Al-Imamu Ahmadu Arrifa'i: Almuslihul Mujaddid. 10) Arrihlah war Rahhalah fit Tarikhil Islami.  (11) Al-Madkhal li Tarikhil Falsafatil Islamiyyah.  (12)Falsafatul Ishrak.  (13) Badi'uz Zaman Sa'idun Nursi: Kira'ah Jadidah fi Fikrihil Mustanir - littafi ne na tarihi da bayani a kan ilmin masanin Allah wanda aka yi shi a kasar Turkiyya watau Imam Annursi da bayanan nusarwa da ganarwa akan litattafansa wadanda ya rubuta su domin koya sanin Allah da hanyoyin fahimtar halittun Allah watau 'maarifa' bisa tsarin Sufanci madai-daici mai tafiya tare da zamani, domin kawo gyara da ci gaba na alkhairi ga al'ummar Annabi Muhammadu (salawatullahi wa salamuhu alaih). Littattafan Imam Annursi wadanda wannan littafi yake bayani a kansu su ne wadanda aka fi sani da 'Rasailun Nur'.  (14) Sauratur Ruh.  (15) Kurasanu Attarikhiyyah.  (16) Al-Kamusul Al-Kadiri. (17) Al-Imamu Abdulkadir Al-Jili: Tafsirun Jadid. Lambobin yabo Dr Jamaluddin ya samu yabo saboda kokarinsa da rubuce-rubucensa daga wurin manya-manyan malamai, kungiyoyi da Jami'o'i. Farfesa Majid Arsan Al-Kilani, Fahmi Jad'an da Farfesa Imadu Abdussalami Ra'ufu sun yabi Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani sosai-da-sosai tare da nuna girmamawarsu ga bincikensa da rubuce-rubucensa. Haka kuma jami'o'i, kwaleji-kwaleji da kungiyoyi da dama sun bashi lambobin yabo da karramawa, daga cikinsu akwai; IIOC - kwalejin addinin Musulunci dake London.  Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah - dake Indiya.  Jami'atu Kasid Mirbah - dake Aljeriya.  Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah - dake Islam Abad, Fakistan.  Gammayyar Kungiyoyin Musulunci dake Barazil.  Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah - dake Maleshiya.  Jami'ar Iskandariyah.  Kungiyar Gammayyar Malaman Iraki.  Jami'ar Mosul.  Jami'ar Ain Shams.  Jami'ar Bagadaza.  Jami'ar Salahuddin. Manazarta Iraqi malamai Rayayyun mutane Masu bincike na Iraqi

50581

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara%20Aronson

Zara Aronson

Zara Baar Aronson OBE ( née Baar ; acikin shekara na dubu daya dari takwas da tamanin da hudu zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu –) Yar jarida ce na tushen Sydney, edita, ma'aikacin jin daɗi, mata kuma mai gyara asalin Yahudawa. An kuma haife ta a Ostiraliya amma ta kwashe shekarunta na girma a Turai, kafin ta koma Sydney inda ta zama mai ra'ayin jama'a da kuma marubuciya zamantakewa da kuma 'yar jarida a yawancin manyan jaridu na biranen Australia. Ta ci gaba da ayyukan zamantakewa da na agaji da kuma nata sana'ar bugawa, abinci da abinci. Aronson ya taimaka wajen samar da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Mata da kuma reshe na gida na John O'London's Literary Circle, kuma ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma sakatariyar Majalisar Mata ta Ostiraliya . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta tara kudade ga Junior Red Cross ta hanyar sayar da littafin dafa abinci, bayan haka ta buga wani littafin girke-girke mai karɓa mai kyau, Ƙarni na Twentieth Cookery Practice . A rayuwarta ta kasance jami'in farar hula na Order of the British Empire saboda ayyukanta ga al'umma. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aronson a Sydney ga Moritz Baar, ɗan kasuwa a Hanover da London, da matarsa Zillah, née Valentine. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Turai tun tana Yar shekara uku, kuma ta fara karatu a makarantar Bradford Girls' Grammar School a Yorkshire, Ingila, sannan a Wiesbaden a Jamus. Iyalinta sun koma Sydney a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da Tara kuma, a cewar ƙamus na Biography na Australiya "sun halarci makarantar Mrs Morell". Ƙoƙarin farko Ta kasance memba na kwamitoci da yawa: Cibiyar Makafi Masana'antu ta Sydney, Kwamitin Gida na Thirlmere da Gidajen Sarauniya Victoria na Masu Amfani . Har ila yau, ta kasance memba ta kafa Majalisar Mata ta Ostiraliya, wadda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da shida, kuma ita ce sakatariyar da ta dace daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya da sakatariyar girmamawa daga shekara dubu daya da dari tara da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da takwas. Bayan Lucy, matar Henry Gullett, ta ƙarfafa ta zama marubuciya ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar Ƙasar Australiya da Ƙasar da kuma Labarin London na Illustrated . Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya ta rubuta wa Sydney Mail a matsayin editan zamantakewa bayan mutuwar Mrs Carl Fisher a ƙarƙashin sunan "Thalia". Daga 1894 zuwa 1899 ta rubuta shafi "Sydney Boudoir Gossip" a karkashin sunan alkalami "Zara" don Maitland Daily Mercury . Ta yi aure da Frederick Aronson a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1882 a Babban Majami'ar a Elizabeth Street, Sydney ta Rabbi AB Davis. Ma'auratan sun haifi jariri a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1883, amma jaririn ya mutu bayan kwanaki 13. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar Zelma kuma, a cikin 1889, Aronson ta haifi ɗa, Malcolm Phillip. Kamar mahaifin Zara, mijinta Frederick Aronson shima dan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa kayan adon juma'a da kasuwancin shigo da kaya, Frederick Aronson & Co a cikin 1899. Aronsons sun rayu a 8 Lancaster Villas, Ocean Street a Woollahra har zuwa 1901, kafin su ƙaura zuwa Melbourne yayin da mijinta ya karɓi reshen Melbourne na kamfaninsa. Miles Franklin ya faru Daga baya Aronson t noa koma Sydney kuma daga tsakanin 1903 zuwa 1904 ta yi aiki a mujallar gidan Sarauniyar wata-wata, inda — a cewar Kamus na Biography na Australiya — ita ce edita amma, tare da matar Bernhard Ringrose Wise, "ya rubuta da yawa. ita kanta, gami da ginshikan wasan kwaikwayo da na zamani”. Yayin da take cikin wannan yunƙurin ne ta sami sabani da Miles Franklin akan wani shafi da ta gabata ta rubuta a matsayin Thalia. A cikin watan Satumba na 1902 "Thalia" ya yi kuskuren kuskuren sunan sunan Franklin a matsayin "Francklin" kuma ya rubuta cewa "kayanta na sirri ya yi mata yawa, saboda ita gajere ce, ba ta da mahimmanci, kuma tana da fuskar fuska da ke nuna ƙananan hali har sai kun fara. san ta" da kuma cewa "tabbas ba ta yin ado da kyau, wanda kuma ya saba mata, saboda a zahiri ba ta da wani tunani game da abin sha'awa". Duk da haka ta yaba da hankali da ilimi. Aronson daga baya ta rubuta wa Franklin, amma ɗan'uwanta ya amsa. Aronson ya amsa "ko da yake na yi imani da cewa 'yar'uwarku ta nemi ku ba da amsa ga wasiƙarta, ina tsammanin wani a cikin gidanku zai iya koya muku ɗan ladabi ga wata mace edita" kuma "Ina jin Miss Franklin ba ta san ku ba. ta rubuto min irin wannan wasiƙa mai ban dariya, kamar yadda koyaushe nake ɗaukarta a matsayin aboki nawa", kodayake ta tambayi wane shafi Thalia ta rubuta wanda ya ba da laifi. Ba a rubuta martanin Franklin ba, duk da haka amsar Aronson ita ce “An nuna mani sakin layi na da ake tambaya kuma da gaske ban iya ganin wani abu mai girman kai a ciki ba. Lallai gashin Bakar Zuciya kuskure ne, amma sai kadan daga cikin kuskure irin wannan tabbas bai dace da ku ba" . Bayan mutuwarta A cikin shekarun baya ta kasance editan kayan ado na Jaridar Town da Country Journal ta Australiya da Sunday Times, da kuma wakilin zamantakewar Sydney na Telegraph . Bayan mijinta ya kafa reshe na kasuwancinsa a Perth, Western Australia, ta koma tare da shi kuma ta zama ɗan jarida ga Western Mail . Bayan ta koma Sydney shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma Sha hudu, ta koma 86 Darling Point Road, Darling Point . Ta taimaka wa kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Junior a kokarinsu na tallafa wa sojojin da ke yaki a yakin duniya na daya ta hanyar ba da kudaden da aka samu daga littafin dafa abinci, wanda ya tara sama da fam 500. Ɗanta, Malcolm, ya shiga soja a matsayin Direban Sufurin Motoci a cikin Rundunar Soja ta Sojoji kuma ya tafi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1916 akan HMAT Shropshire. A cikin 1917, Aronson ta samar da ingantaccen littafin dafa abinci na Twentieth Century Cooking and Home Decoration as Thalia, kuma zuwa 1918 ta fara dakunan shayi na Mary Elizabeth a 60 King Street, Sydney . Frederick ya mutu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ishirin da takwas. Ta ci gaba da gudanar da dakunan shan shayi na Mary Elizabeth, wanda Ma'aunin Ibrananci na Australasia ya bayyana a matsayin "wurin haduwa da yawancin mutanen Bohemian na Sydney", duk da haka a cikin 1932 ta bayyana fatarar kudi ta hanyar Hungerford, Spooner & Co. kuma a ƙarshe ta biya. masu bin ta. A wannan lokacin ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Mata, inda ta zama Sakatariyar Daraja ta al'umma lokacin da ta fara a watan Satumba 1925. Daga baya ta zama shugabanta kuma ta yi ritaya a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1941, Nora Kelly ta gaje shi. Ta kasance mai kafa reshe na gida na Da'irar Adabi na John O'London . A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1936 Aronson ta zama jami'ar farar hula a cikin Order of the British Empire (OBE). Aronson ta mutu a gidanta a Darling Point a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1944. An binne ta a sashin Yahudawa na makabartar Rookwood kuma an tsarkake ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1945. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

29968

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20%C6%B4ancin%20sakandire

Makarantar ƴancin sakandire

Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yanci, kuma aka sani da Freedom-South Riding, makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a Kudancin Riding, al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin kai a cikin Loudoun County, Virginia, Amurka mai nisan mil 25 yamma da Washington, DC Makarantar tana cikin Makarantun Jama'a na Loudoun County. Gudanarwa Shugabar Makarantar Sakandare ta Freedom Neelum Chaudhry. Chaudhry ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban makarantar kafin ya zama shugaban makarantar. Tarihi An buɗe 'yanci a cikin shekarata 2005, yana zana ɗalibansa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Broad Run, Makarantar Sakandare ta Loudoun County, da ƙaramin yanki na Makarantar Sakandare na Stone Bridge. Kafin shekarar makaranta ta 2011-2012 an yanke shawarar gudanar da wani ɓangare na azuzuwan farko a makarantar sakandaren da ke kusa, Mercer Middle School. Rijistar a Freedom ya haura sama da ɗalibai kimanin 2,000 (bayanin kula: ƙarfin ginin shine 1,600). Saboda sabon bude makarantar J. Michael Lunsford wannan ya yiwu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, makarantar sakandare ta John Champe ta buɗe don rage cunkoso. Kafin farkon shekarar makaranta ta 2015-2016, an faɗaɗa makarantar da kusan ƙafa 13,000. Malamai 'Yanci ya sami lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na Index na Ayyuka (VIP), waɗanda, tun daga shekarata 2007, sun gane ci gaba koyo da nasara kuma Gwamna na Virginia da Sashen Ilimi na Virginia ke ba su . Zane-zane 2010 Freedom Marching Band Season Nasaro: USSBA Arewacin Virginia Yanki, Satumba 25, shekarata 2010 - Matsayi na farko gabaɗaya a rukunin 5A Mafi kyawun Tasirin Gabaɗaya, Ayyukan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya, da Kare Launi 2009 Freedom Marching Band Season Nasarorin USSBA Northern Virginia Regional, Herndon High School, Satumba 26, shekarar 2009 - Matsayi na 3 gabaɗaya a cikin rukuni na 4A - bugun wuri na 1st USSBA Blue Ridge Showcase, James Wood High School, Oktoba 17, shekarar 2009 - Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a cikin rukuni 4 - Babban Tasiri Gabaɗaya - Babban Kiɗa Nasarar Lokacin Kwangilar 'Yanci na 2014: Gasar Wasannin Da'awa na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yanci, Maris 29, shekarar 2014 - Matsayi na 4 Gabaɗaya a PSO Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta WGI a Dayton, Ohio, Afrilu 10–12, 2014 - Matsayi na 7 Gabaɗaya a PSA 2011 Freedom Drumline Season Nasaro: Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa a Ƙasar Ƙarfafa na Runduna, Fabrairu 12, shekarata 2011 - Matsayi na 3 Gabaɗaya a PSO Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Potomac Falls, Fabrairu 19, shekarata 2011 - Matsayi na 2 Gabaɗaya a PSO 2010 Freedom Drumline Season Nasarorin: Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Cikin Gida na Atlantic, Chesapeake, VA, Maris 27–28, shekarar 2010 - Matsayi na 2 Gabaɗaya da AIA PSA Masu Lamban Azurfa tare da maki na ƙarshe na 90.488 - Matsayi na farko na Kayayyakin gani Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun CD, CD Hylton High School, Maris 20, shekarata 2010 - Matsayi na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA Gasar Yanki na Cikin Cikin Ƙungiyar Atlantic, Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Thomas Jefferson, Maris 13, shekarar 2010 - Wuri na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA tare da maki 86.05 - Matsayi na Farko - Babban Tasirin Wuri na Farko Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Mills Godwin, Maris 6, 2010 - Wuri na Farko Gabaɗaya a cikin PSA tare da maki 81.20 - Wuri na 1st Kayayyakin - Babban Tasirin Matsayi na 1st 2011 Freedom WinterGuard Season Complishments - Freedom Winterguard AA Nasara a TJHS: Broken Hallelujah Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Runduna, Fabrairu 12, 2011 - Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a CGSRA - An Sake Rarraba zuwa CGSA3. Gasar Yanki na Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta Potomac Falls, Fabrairu 19, 2011 - Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a CGSA3 - An Sake Rarraba zuwa CGSA2. 2010 Freedom Winterguard Season Nasarorin Gasar Wasannin Da'awa na Cikin Gida na Atlantic Indoor Association, Chesapeake, VA, Maris 27–28, 2010 - Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya da shekarar 2010 AIA CGSN Gold Medalists tare da maki na ƙarshe na 83.45 - Ya ɗauki duk taken. Gasar Yanki na Cikin cikin Ƙungiyar Atlantic, Makarantar Sakandare ta CD Hylton, Maris 20, 2010 - Matsayi na 1 gabaɗaya a cikin CGSN tare da maki 72.1 - Nasara kayan aiki, motsi, da taken gani Gasar Yanki na Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun na Mills Godwin, Maris 6, shekarata 2010 - matsayi na 1 gaba ɗaya a cikin CGSN tare da maki 62.5 Alkaluma Tun daga shekarar makaranta ta a shekarar 2016–17, 'Yanci ya kasance 0.4% Ba'amurke Ba'amurke/'Yan Asalin Alaska, 27.9% Asiya, 6.4% Baƙar fata, 9.0% Hispanic, 0.2% Ɗan Asalin Hawai / Tsibirin Pacific, 50.5% Fari, da 5.6% na launin fata da yawa. Wasan motsa jiki 'Yanci memba ne na Kungiyar Makarantar Sakandare ta Virginia (Class 5, Yanki 5C, gundumar Potomac) kuma tana fafatawa a matsayin Eagles a cikin waɗannan wasannin varsity da ayyuka: Wasanni maza: Ƙ Ƙwallon ƙafa Co-ed: Golf Wasannin Haɗin Kai : Kwando, Waƙa & Filaye Gasar zakarun jihar Virginia Kwando ('yan mata): shekarun 2009, 2010 Gymnastics: 2018, 2019 Lacrosse ('yan mata): 2016, 2018, 2019 Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

20898

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Sadiq

Umar Sadiq

Umar Sadiq Mesbah (An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997) dan Nijeriya ne kuma sana'ak ita ce kwallokafa kafa. Dan wasa ne mai taka leda a matsayin dan gaba na kulob din Spanish UD Almeria. Sadiq ya wakilci kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Najeriya, kuma ya kasance muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. Klub/ƙungiya Shekarun farko Haifaffen garin Kaduna ne, Sadiq ya fara wasan kwallon kafa a titunan garinsa tun yana karami. Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar Kusa Boys ta gida, kafin ya shiga "Future of Africa Football Academy" kuma daga karshe ya zama babban dan Kwallon kafa ta Abuja. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, Sadiq ya yi tafiya tare da FCA zuwa Croatia kuma ya halarci gasar matasa ta Kvarnerska Rivijera. Ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar kuma ya taimakawa tawagarsa ta zama zakara. Spezia Bayan nasarorin da ya samu a Croatia, ƙungiyar Spezia ta Italiya ta sayi Sadiq. Ya kasa yin kowane wasa na farko, amma yana wasa akai-akai don saita matasa. A cikin kakar shekara ta 2014-15, Sadiq ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a Campionato Primavera, inda ya ci kwallaye 26 cikin wasanni 24. Lamuni zuwa ga Lavagnese Ba da daɗewa ba da shiga Spezia, sannan kuma an ba da rancen Sadik zuwa ƙungiyar Lavagnese ta Serie D, sadiq shi ne ɗan wasa na farko a zagayen ƙarshe na kakar shekarar 2013-14. Lamuni zuwa ga Roma A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, Sadiq ya koma Roma a matsayin aro na shekara guda. An canza shi tare da abokin wasansa kuma dan kasar su Nura Abdullahi a kan kudi €250,000 kowanne tare da siyan siyan €1,250 million ga kowane dan wasa. Bayan da ya ci kwallaye takwas a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a Roma, Sadiq ya fara buga gasar Serie A a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya maye gurbin Juan Iturbe bayan minti 88 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Bologna. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, inda ya zira kwallaye. a mintuna bakwai kacal bayan da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mohamed Salah a minti na 82, wanda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta doke Genoa da ci 2 da 0. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekarar ta 2016, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a farkon wasaninsa a Roma, inda ya bude kwallon a minti na 7 na wasan da aka tashi canjaras 3-0 da Chievo. Ya kammala kakar wasanninsa da kwallaye biyu a wasanni shida da ya buga a gasar Serie A. Roma A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Roma ta yi amfani da zaɓin ta kuma ta sanya hannu a kan Sadik, da kuma Nura, har zuwa 30 ga Yunin 2020. Ya yi tafiya tare da kungiyar farko zuwa Amurka don gasar cin kofin zakarun duniya ta 2017, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan daya buga da Paris Saint-Germain, yayinda Roma ta sha kashi bayan fenareti. Lamuni zuwa ga Bologna A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, an aika Sadiq a matsayin aro zuwa Bologna har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin sayensa. Ya bayyana a wasannin Serie A bakwai, kafin ya koma Roma. Lamuni zuwa ga Torino A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Sadik zai koma Torino a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓi don sanya dindindin ta dindindin tare da sake siyarwa don goyon bayan Roma. Lamuni zuwa ga NAC Breda A watan Janairun a shekarar 2018, Sadiq ya koma matsayin aro na wata shida zuwa NAC Breda ta Holland tare da zabin tsawaitawa. Ya taimaka wa klub din da kyar don guje wa faduwa, yana bayar da gudummawa sosai da kwallaye biyar a wasanni 12 na Eredivisie. Lamuni zuwa ga Rangers A watan Yunin shekarar ta 2018, Sadiq ya shiga Scottish Firimiyan gefen Rangers a kan wani kakar-long aro. Bayan wasanni huɗu na ƙungiyar farko a duk gasa, an dakatar da ba da rancensa a ƙarshen shekara. Lamuni zuwa ga Perugia A watan Janairun shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya koma kungiyar Perugia ta Serie B har zuwa karshen kakar wasan. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 17, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa zuwa matsayi na takwas tare da damar lashe gasar zuwa Serie A ta hanyar wasan fidda gwani. Koyaya, Perugia ya sha kashi a zagayen share fage ga Verona bayan karin lokaci. Lamuni zuwa ga Partizan A farkon watan Yunin shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya kammala komawar sa aro zuwa kungiyar Partizan ta Serbia wanda ya hada da zabin saya. Ya buga wasan farko ne a hukumance a wasan da suka doke Inđija da ci 1-1 a ranar 21 ga Yuli. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke Mačva Šabac daci hudu da nema. Daga baya ya zira kwallon a wasan karshe da ci 3-1 da kungiyar Yeni Malatyaspor ta Turkiya a karawar farko a wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Europa League. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu don bai wa tawagarsa nasarar 2-1 a waje da Astana a rukunin L na Europa League. Pelé ya buga farko m kwallaye uku a wani 6-2 gida league nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba. Almería A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar ta 2020, Sadiq ya shiga kungiyar S Alinda ta Segunda División ta UD Almería kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Ayyukan duniya A watan Yunin a shekarar ta 2016, an saka Sadiq a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 18 na karshe a Najeriya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. Ya bayyana a duka wasannin kungiyar shida kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a nasarar matsayi na uku akan Honduras. Bayan nasarori biyu dayayi a nasara da yayi a Partizan da komawa zuwa Almería mai tasowa, Sadiq ya sami kira ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da aka kira don wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2022 da Benin da Lesotho a ranar 27 da 30 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021 bi da bi. Kididdigar aiki Daraja Kulab Roma Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2015-16 Na duniya Najeriya Wasannin Olympics: lambar tagulla ta 2016 Bayanan kula Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Musulman Najeriya Haifaffun 1997 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed translations

42000

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Boma%27s%20Wrath

Operation Boma's Wrath

Rundunar Operation Boma's Wrath wani farmaki ne da sojojin ƙasar Chadi suka ƙaddamar da yaki da Boko Haram. An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2020, mako guda bayan harin da kungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a sansanin sojin Chadi inda aka kashe sojojin Chadi 92. Manufar wannan farmakin dai shi ne rusa boyayyun sansanonin mayakan jihadi tare da fatattakar dakarunsu daga kasar Chadi. An kwashe kwanaki 10 ana gudanar da aikin, kuma a cewar sojojin na Chadi, an kashe kimanin ƴan ta'adda 1000, tare da lalata sansanonin su a kasar Chadi, da kuma kama ma'ajiyar makaman da aka ƙwace a baya daga Chadi. Fage   A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020 ƴan Boko Haram sun kai hari kan sansanin sojojin Chadi a wani tsibiri a tafkin Chadi. An kai wa sojojin Chadi hari da karfe 5 na safe inda suka yi ta gwabzawa da maharan har zuwa karfe 12 na dare lokacin da maharan suka tashi da kwale-kwale. A yayin harin an kashe sojojin Chadi 92, an lalata motocin sojoji 24, an kuma sace makamai na sojojin Chadi. Shugaban ƙasar Chadi Idriss Deby ya yi tattaki zuwa sansanin soji kwana guda bayan harin, ya ce sojojin na Chadi ba su taba rasa mutane da yawa a harin ba. An ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na ƙasa ga sojojin da suka mutu. Tsarin lokaci 27 Maris 2020 – An ayyana sassan Fouli da Kaya na yankin Lac a matsayin yankin yaƙi kuma dokar ta baci ta fara aiki a sassan guda. Al'ummomin farar hula da dama sun tsere daga yankin. 31 ga Maris, 2020 – An fara aiki kuma kasar Chadi ta tura dakaru zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta Nijar da Najeriya, Shugaban kasar Chadi, Idriss Deby ya tabbatar da cewa kasarsa na da yarjejeniya da Nijar da Najeriya. 1 ga Afrilu 2020 – An yi faɗa na farko. Kamfanin PR Nigeria ya samu faifan bidiyon sojojin kasar Chadi suna rera wakokin nasara masu ƙara kuzari da kuma hoton bidiyon sojojin Chadi suna dukan gawarwakin ƴan ta'adda har lahira. 2 ga Afrilu, 2020 – Shugaban sashen Fouli ya sanar da cewa mutane 20,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu daga yankunan da sojoji ke kai hare-hare, tun bayan fara aikin. 3 ga Afrilu, 2020 - Sojojin Chadi sun sanar da cewa a cikin sa'o'i 48 na farko, an kashe mayaƙan jihadi 76 yayin da sojojin Chadi 7 suka rasa rayukansu. Abubakar Shekau, shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram ya yi kira ga dakarunsa da su yi turjiya a wani faifan faifan sauti da aka saki. 4 ga Afrilu, 2020 – Shugaban ƙasar Chadi, Idriss Deby ya sanar da cewa an kawar da dukkanin tsibiran da ke tafkin Chadi daga hannun ƴan ta’adda, inda ya yaba da aikin dakarun tsaron kasarsa. 5 ga Afrilu, 2020 – Shugaban ktasar Chadi, Idriss Deby ya sanar da cewa sojojin kasar Chadi sun lalata sansanonin ƴan Boko Haram biyar, ya kuma bayyana cewa an tsarkake yankin Chadi daga ƴan ta’adda. An kai wasu sojojin Chadi da dama da suka jikkata zuwa asibiti a N'Djamena. 6 ga Afrilu, 2020 – Sojojin Chadi sun yi artabu da Boko Haram a Magumeri a Najeriya, ana zargin sun kubutar da sojojin Najeriya da ke hannunsu. Wasu ƴan Najeriya a shafukan sada zumunta sun yabawa Idriss Deby kan kokarin da yake yi na yaƙi da masu jihadi, yayin da wasu kuma suka yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da ya ɗauka na jagorantar sojojinsa zuwa kasar Najeriya. Idriss Deby ya fadawa shugaban Boko Haram, Abubakar Shekau "ya mika wuya ko ya mutu". Kakakin gwamnatin Chadi ya tabbatar da cewa an kawar da yankin Chadi gaba ɗaya daga ayyukan ta'addanci. 7 Afrilu 2020 – Abubakar Shekau ya mayarwa Idriss Deby martani cewa Boko Haram za ta bi shi, Abubakar ya kuma ce duk da koma bayan da sojojin Chadi suka yi wa ƙungiyarsa za su ci gaba da fafatawa. 9 ga Afrilu, 2020 – Sojojin ƙasar Chadi sun sanar da cewa an kashe mayaƙan Boko Haram kusan 1000 tare da lalata kwale-kwalen da suke dauke da su 50, yayin da sojojin Chadi 52 suka mutu sannan 192 suka jikkata. Kakakin sojin ya kuma ce an jibge sojojin Chadi a gabar tafkin Chadi na Nijar da Najeriya kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa a can har sai dakarun waɗannan ƙasashen biyu sun isa. Bayan haka A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2020 44 daga cikin 58 da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne sun mutu a gidan yari a Chadi. Rahoton likitocin ya nuna cewa an samu wani abu mai kisa a jikin fursunonin da suka mutu. Duk da nasarar da ake samu a hare-haren Boko Haram a ƙasar Chadi, har yanzu ana ci gaba da kashe jami'an soji da fararen hula. Nassoshi Boko Haram Hare-haren Boko Haram Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

36431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyanwu%20%28sculpture%29

Anyanwu (sculpture)

Anyanwu (Turanci: The Awakening ) wani sassaka ne na tagulla da ɗan wasan Najeriya Ben Enwonwu ya ƙirƙira tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1955. Alamar siffa ce ta tatsuniyar Igbo da kuma allahn Anii.An kirkiro shi ne domin bikin bude gidan tarihi na Najeriya a Legas a shekarar 1956 kuma har yanzu ana kan baje kolin a wajen gidan tarihin. Najeriya ta gabatar da sigar girman rayuwar ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1966 kuma an nuna shi a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York. An ƙirƙiri ƙananan ƙananan bugu da yawa na gaba tun daga lokacin. Form and interpretation Hoton hoton macen 'yar kabilar Ibo ce ta tatsuniyoyi kuma allahn duniya Ani.Wannan yanki alama ce ta al'adun sassaka na kabilar Igbo da kuma fasahar kasar Benin. Labarin ya yi nuni da gaisuwar fitowar rana, domin girmama babban allahn Igbo Chukwu. Ani yana tashi daga ƙasa don ya gaishe da rana kuma ya birkice zuwa sama. Tana sanye da riga da kayan ado da aka yi da murjani, kayan gargajiya na mutanen Edo. An yi wa kan ta samfurin wani hoton Edo na uwar Sarauniya. An ƙawata ta da mundaye masu daidaitawa a wuyan hannunta. Enwonwu ya yi ikirarin cewa hangen nesan gunkin ya zo masa a cikin mafarki, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "siffar mace mai kyan gani da ke fitowa daga rana cikin tsananin shawa mai haske...ta matso kusa da shi cikin wani babban baka mai lankwasa... fasalin fuskar Habasha na al'ada da kayan ado a kwance a kwance na ƙwanƙwasa na ƙwanƙwasa waɗanda suka koma sararin sama, suna jujjuyawa zuwa aya. Mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa Sylvester Ogbechie ya fahimci kamanceceniya tsakanin Anyanwu da babban jigon a cikin wani zanen 1946 da Enwonwu ya yi daga jerin waƙoƙinsa na Song of the City Ogbechie ya yi imanin cewa Enwonwu ya dace da manufar  da nau'i na gani na Anyanwu daga aikin 1921 Habasha Farkawa ta wani sculptor na Amurka Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller. Mai sukar Ayodeji Rotinwa ya bayyana wannan yanki a matsayin "lithe kuma ga alama a cikin motsi" da kuma bayyanar da kungiyar Négritude da ra'ayin uwa game da samar da Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Enwonwu ya bayyana cewa burinsa na kirkiro Anyanwu shine. domin nuna alamar al'ummarmu mai tasowa" yana jin cewa yana da:... Tried to combine material, crafts and traditions, to express a conception that is based on womanhood–woman, the mother and nourisher of man. In our rising nation, I see the forces embodied in womanhood; the beginning, and then, the development and flowering into the fullest stature of a nation–a people! This sculpture is spiritual in conception, rhythmical in movement and three dimensional in its architectural setting–these qualities are characteristic of the sculptures of my ancestors. Oliver Enwonwu, ɗan mai zane, ya bayyana wannan yanki a matsayin "[yana bayyana] buri na mutanen Afirka" da kuma cewa "...har yanzu yana da mahimmanci idan ya zo ga ci gaban baƙar fata" a cikin maganganun launin fata na zamani. Enwonwu ya yi watsi da kwatancen da ke tsakanin siriri na Anyanwu da kuma sassaka na Alberto Giacometti, yana mai da'awar cewa Giacometti da sauran masu zamani na Turai sun dace da ka'idodin kyawawan halaye na fasahar Afirka. Wannan sassaka alama ce ta Gidauniyar Ben Enwonwu, wadda aka kafa don inganta ayyukan Enwonwu da gado. Gidauniyar ta bayyana wannan yanki a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Ben Enwonwu wanda ya fi kwatanta gudunmawar sa na farko ga fasahar zamani a Najeriya da Afirka ta hanyar kirkiro wani sabon harshe na gani wanda ya shafi kishin kasa da na Pan-Africanist" da kuma cewa. Ƙarfin sassaka ya samo asali ne daga nasarar [Enwonwu] na haɗe-haɗe na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya waɗanda aka zana daga gadonsa na Edo-Onitsha tare da dabarun Yammacin Turai da salon wakilci". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana wannan sassaken a matsayin "alama ce ta fitowar rana ta sabuwar al'umma" da kuma cewa "yana wakiltar bangarori daban-daban na rana - hasken rana, alfijir, sake haifuwa, sabuwar rana, bege da farkawa" da kuma cewa matar. wanda aka nuna yana sanye da rigar masarautar Benin. Tarihi Asalin wannan sassaken an yi shi ne tsakanin shekarar 1954 zuwa 1955 a matsayin hukumar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa domin bikin kafa gidan tarihi na Najeriya a Legas. Sigar asali har yanzu tana nan, ana nunawa a wajen gidan kayan gargajiya. 1956 Version Enwonwu ya fito da cikakken girman sigar na biyu a cikin shekarar 1956 ta Enwonwu a cikin ɗakin studio na Burtaniya William Reid Dick. Enwonwu ya kera mutum-mutuminsa na Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu a cikin sutudiyo daya a wannan shekarar. Daga baya wani abokinsa ya siye shi daga Enwonwu da kansa a cikin shekarar 1970, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarin su na sirri har zuwa gwanjonsa na 2017 da Bonhams ya yi a cikin watan Fabrairu 2017 akan £ 353,000. 1966 Version An gabatar da sigar Anyanwu mai girma ta uku ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a wani biki na yau da kullun a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, 1966. Yana daga cikin tarin zane-zane na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wakilin dindindin na Najeriya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cif Simeon Adebo, ya gabatar da shi ga Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, U Thant jim kadan bayan cika shekaru shida da kafuwar Tarayyar Najeriya da kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Tsayinsa yakai ƙafa 10 inci kuma yana tsaye akan gindin marmara. Wannan sassaken yana cikin Ginin Taro tsakanin Kwamitin Tsaro da Majalisar Amintattu. Ƙananan bugu Aƙalla ƙananan bugu huɗu na sassaka an samar da su, yawanci tare da tagulla ko zinariya. Farashin ya karu sosai a cikin karni na 21st, siyarwar 2005 a Christie's na bugu na Bronze na Anyanwu na 1975 an sayar da shi akan £360, kuma a cikin 2012 an sayar da bugu a Arthouse Contemporary a Najeriya akan £110,000 (tare da kudade), kafa. rikodin aikin fasaha mafi tsada da aka sayar a gwanjo a Najeriya. An sayar da bugu na Anyanwu akan £237,000 (tare da farashin gwanjo) a cikin Maris 2021 a Bonhams a Landan. A cikin labarin 2021 na Jaridar Art, Ayodeji Rotinwa ya rubuta cewa "kowane lokaci" bugu na Anyanwu yana fitowa a kasuwar fasaha "... yana da halartar fanfare, sai dai ya shiga cikin nutsuwa ya mallaki sabon mai shi. da kyar a sake yin magana har sai bayyanar wani misali" da kuma cewa asalin sassaken da aka yi a gidan tarihi na kasa da ke Legas "yana kan wani lawn da ke matukar bukatar gyaran fuska kuma yara marasa sha'awar yin tafiye-tafiyen makaranta suna ziyartan su akai-akai". Rotinwa ya lura cewa babu ɗayan ƙananan bugu na wannan yanki da gidajen tarihi na jama'a na Najeriya suka samu. Shugaban Najeriya, Shehu Shagari, ya mika wa Elizabeth II da Yarima Philip, Duke na Edinburgh wani karamin bugu na Anyanwu a ziyarar da ya kai kasar Burtaniya a shekarar 1981. Yana daga cikin Tarin Sarauta na gidan sarautar Burtaniya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a YouTube - Oliver Enwonwu yana magana game da Anyanwu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20muggan%20kwayoyi%20a%20yammacin%20Afirka

Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka

A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, cinikin ƙwayoyi a Afirka ta Yamma ya haɓaka cikin sauri yayin da karuwar buƙatun Amurka da Turai na cocaine, cannabis, da sauran magunguna. Wannan ya haifar da fadada hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu, wadanda dukkansu suka bi ta yammacin Afirka . Hanya ɗaya da aka fitar da tabar wiwi a cikin gida daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Turai da Asiya . Wata hanyar kasuwanci ta kwashe hodar iblis daga Latin Amurka da tabar heroin daga Afghanistan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Turai da Amurka. A cikin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu, masu fataucin muggan kwayoyi sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwar Mali da Berber suka kirkira a lokacin mulkin mallaka don jigilar kwayoyi a cikin yankin, da kuma fadin yankin yammacin Afirka a matsayin tsaka-tsakin tasha daga Latin Amurka da kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa Turai. Amurka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda munanan iyakokin Afirka ta Yamma, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki. Da farko dai, an yi fasa-kwaurin miyagun kwayoyi ne da kadan; amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba kuma ana ci gaba da samun karuwar bukatar magunguna, kasashen yammacin Afirka - musamman Najeriya, Ghana, da Guinea-Bissau - an ba su amanar lodin hodar iblis da ya kai tan 135 zuwa 145 (a cewar UNODC ). Tun daga wannan lokacin Afirka ta Yamma ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a duniya, tare da haɓaka iri-iri da adadin magungunan da ake fataucin su ta yammacin Afirka, da kuma faɗaɗa cinikin ƙwayoyi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa wasu sassan nahiyar. Matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da ba da fifiko daga gwamnatocin yankin ya haifar da karuwar kungiyoyin da ke yaki da muggan kwayoyi a yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka, inda suka sauya fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da ayyukan cikin gida. Tarihi A cewar ɗan tarihi Emmanuel Akyeampong, kayayyakin cannabis a yammacin Afirka sun wanzu kafin tsakiyar karni na ashirin . A shekarar 1934 hukumomin mulkin mallaka na ci gaba da gwajin noman Coca a Calabar da sauran wurare a Najeriya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan sanda sun kama wasu manoman Najeriya da laifin noma da sayar da kananan tabar wiwi, wadanda ake jigilar su zuwa Turai da Amurka . Ana cikin haka ne masu tabar wiwi a Najeriya na siyan tabar wiwi da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dillalan Belgian Congo. A shekarar 1952 ne aka fara rubuta cewa an yi amfani da yammacin Afirka a matsayin wurin safarar mutane a shekarar 1952, lokacin da jami’an Amurka suka lura cewa wata kungiyar hadin guiwa ta Lebanon ta boye tabar heroin a yammacin Afirka domin gudun kada ‘yan sanda su kama su, da kuma kaucewa binciken jami’an da ke kan hanyar kasuwancin Turai. Tashin Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin babbar hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ya fara ne a kusan shekarun 1960, lokacin da Beatles da Swinging London suka shahara, kuma matasa maza da mata a Burtaniya da sauran sassan Turai sun nemi haramtattun kwayoyi . Tabar wiwi ya fi yawa, kuma rahotannin lokacin sun bayyana cewa ana fitar da tabar tabar da ake noman a yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya zuwa Turai da yawa. Kasuwancin miyagun kwayoyi ya zama matsala, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta fitar da wata doka cewa duk wanda aka samu da laifin fitar da wiwi zuwa kasashen waje za a daure shi na tsawon shekaru goma. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, 'yan Najeriya da dama da wasu 'yan kasuwa 'yan Ghana kan fita don yin ciniki bisa ka'idojinsu. Dillalan sun je wurare irin su Latin Amurka ko Asiya sun sayi kananan gungun kwayoyi masu yawa (yawanci hodar iblis ko tabar heroin), sannan suka sa ‘yan aike su fita su sayar da kadarorinsu. An yi hasashen cewa asalin fitar da muggan kwayoyi ya fara ne da daliban Afirka ta Yamma da ke zaune a EU da Amurka wadanda suka kasa karbar kudaden tallafin karatu, daga nan ne jami’an sojin ruwa na Najeriya suka dauki hayarsu wajen bayar da horo wadanda suka jibge a Indiya don kai kayan aikin. tabar heroin da suka saya, suka dawo da ita kasashen da suka zauna. Bayan 1982 Amurka da Turai sun lura da karuwar masu safarar kwayoyi a Najeriya a kasashensu. Amurka ta kama 'yan Najeriya 21 da laifin safarar kwayoyi, sannan da yawa daga baya. A Turai wani jami'in ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Jamus ta Yamma ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta gaba cewa Hamburg, Jamus na shigo da muggan kwayoyi daga Afirka ta Yamma, gami da tan daya da rabi na maganin asiri (mai yiwuwa marijuana) daga Ghana. Bukata Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2009, yawan shan hodar iblis ya rubanya a nahiyar Turai, a sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasashen Latin Amurka da dillalan Afirka ta Yamma sun kulla kawance domin saukaka zirga-zirgar miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar cin gajiyar jiragen sama da jiragen ruwa da ke shiga da fita daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka. Daga nan kuma aka yaɗa muggan ƙwayoyi ta Arewacin Amirka da Turai ta hanyar ƙabilun ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da albarkatu don safarar ƙwayoyi ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa. Bukatun cikin gida na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya bambanta ga yankuna da yawan jama'a daban-daban. Amfani da abubuwa masu rahusa, kamar tabar wiwi da tushen abin sha da ake kira akpeteshie, ya faɗo sosai kan masu aiki da talakawa. A Ghana, ƙungiyoyi kamar masu hakar ma'adinai, ma'aikatan aikin gona, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna amfani da waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta jure buƙatun rayuwa mai wahala ko kuma kwanakin aiki na wahala. Bukatun cikin gida na magunguna masu tsauri kamar su hodar iblis da tabar heroin, da kuma Mandrax da amphetamines, ana kallon al'adar a matsayin ana samun su ne kawai a tsakanin masu hannu da shuni . Sai dai kuma, faduwar farashin haramtattun magunguna masu tsada da kuma fadada hanyoyin amfani da su sun sa irin wadannan abubuwa su kasance cikin sauki ga ma'aikata a yammacin Afirka, musamman a tsakiyar gari. Ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari na abubuwa kamar hodar iblis da amphetamines ya sa su zama masu sha'awa ga ma'aikatan da ke da dogayen ayyukan aiki, da kuma ɗaliban da suke kwana suna karatu. Sakamakon ci gaba da yaɗuwar al'amuran duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, buƙatun abubuwa, musamman ma magunguna masu ƙarfi, ya bazu zuwa ga masu yawon bude ido da mazaunan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. Manyan hanyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka wadanda ke rura wutar wannan bukatu na samun ci gaba a wani bangare daga hannun dakarun gwamnati. Ba kamar hanyoyi daga Latin Amurka ko Asiya waɗanda suka sami ƙaruwar kulawa daga masu aiwatar da muggan ƙwayoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin cikas wajen safarar haramtattun abubuwa ta Yammacin Afirka. Cin hanci da rashawa da alakar siyasa da tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa ke kara rura wutar tsarin “jihar inuwar”, inda kudaden da ake samu daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi ke ba wa ‘yan wasan gwamnati damar gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kudadensu, sannan ‘yan siyasa ke samun madafun iko da tasiri bisa yadda za su iya samun kudade daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ta wannan ma'ana, jari da albarkatun gwamnati da aka samu daga cinikin magunguna su ma suna cikin buƙatu sosai. Shan miyagun kwayoyi Sabbin kasuwanni na haramtattun abubuwa da kuma karbuwar karbuwar kwayoyi masu tsauri ya haifar da shari'o'in shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa a shekarun 1980 da 1990, yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi ya karu matuka a tsakanin matasa da kuma talakawan birane. Ganin cewa kafin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi su yi jigilar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka, a yanzu sun fahimci cewa za su iya tara kudi ta hanyar sayar da kayayyakinsu a yankin. Sakamakon haka, kasashen da ke tsakiyar hanyoyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka—Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Saliyo, da Guinea-Bissau—duk sun ga karuwar shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi. A kasashe kamar Najeriya, akwai karancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na gwamnati da ake da su, wanda hakan ke barin masu shaye-shaye da iyalansu su tunkari illar kiwon lafiya da illar tattalin arziki da kansu. Yayin da wuraren da ke damun kungiyoyin da ke kula da muggan kwayoyi ya koma kan isar da magunguna ga kasashen Yamma, ba a mai da hankali sosai kan bukatar gida da sha. Yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka ba su da isassun ayyuka ko manufofin da aka sanya don gudanar da ayyukan shaye-shaye da kamfen na yaƙi da muggan ƙwayoyi yadda ya kamata. Sarrafa magunguna daga yankin ya ba da fifiko kan daidaita fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashen yammacin Afirka. Adadin yawan shaye-shayen kayan maye ya tsananta wasu batutuwa a Yammacin Afirka, gami da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da AIDS, yawan karuwanci, da yawan matalauta na birane waɗanda ke fama da tattalin arziki ta hanyar dogaro da kwayoyi. Shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin iyalai ya nuna tasiri mai dorewa a kan matasan birane kuma ya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar shan muggan ƙwayoyi tare da yawan damuwa da damuwa. Rikicin Casamance a Senegal misali ne na yadda karuwar bukatar kayayyaki a cikin gida ya haifar da damar kudi ga kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a yankin, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. Shigarwa Saboda karuwar bukatar magungunan haram da kuma karuwar riba daga haramtattun kwayoyi biyo bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1980, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma sun balle daga Afirka kuma suka samar da matsuguni a manyan garuruwa a duk fadin duniya don kafa hanyoyin sadarwar muggan kwayoyi . Kimanin kashi hudu zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na hodar iblis dake fitowa daga kasashen Latin Amurka zuwa Turai na ratsa yammacin Afirka. Dangane da noman miyagun kwayoyi a cikin gida, Najeriya da Ghana sun kasance kan gaba wajen samar da tabar wiwi a yammacin Afirka. Ana yin noman ne da haɗin gwiwar manoman yankin, waɗanda ke shuka amfanin gona irin su okra da tumatur tare da tabar wiwi don rage haɗarin kama tsiron ko lalata gonakinsu da gwamnati ke yi. Ana kuma noma tabar wiwi a wurare masu nisa ko kuma ƙarƙashin gandun daji don ɓoye tsirran daga hukumomi. Girman fargaba game da fadada samar da magungunan haram a yammacin Afirka ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan sarrafa wannan karuwar samar da abinci a matsayin burin da ya gabata, kan sauran batutuwa kamar amfani da muggan kwayoyi a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Manufofin kula da magunguna da ke tushen wadata sun yi mummunar tasiri ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka sami ƙarin ƙimar buƙatun haram ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba. Sufuri Rahoton Drug na Duniya ya bayyana cewa, "Cocaine da aka samu a Afirka ya samo asali ne daga Colombia da Peru kuma yawanci ana wucewa ta Brazil ." Heroin yakan bi ta yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, irin su Thailand, da kuma ta kasashen yammacin Asiya ta hanyar cakuduwar hanyoyin kan kasa da sufurin jiragen sama ta hanyar jigilar kaya . Ana tura waɗannan abubuwan daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin wucewa kai tsaye da hanyoyin sadarwar aikata laifuka waɗanda ƴan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ke taimakon. A wasu lokuta, masu fataucin har sun yi amfani da matafiya na kasashen waje da ba su ji ba, a matsayin masinja, ta hanyar sanya musu jakunkuna da ba su da alama a cikin kayansu domin a biya su. Tun da farko dai an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na kwantena da jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu wajen jigilar hodar iblis daga yankin Latin Amurka zuwa yammacin Afirka, amma tun lokacin da 'yan sandan kasashen ketare suka fara kula da tekun sosai, sai ga shi 'yan fashin sun fara amfani da jiragen dakon kaya na hannu na biyu wajen kai hodar iblis zuwa yammacin Afirka. Ana iya samun jirage cikin sauƙi, kuma matuƙan da ke son yin jigilar waɗannan jiragen suna da sauƙin hayar. Sakamakon rashin dogaron hanyoyin sadarwa na radar na Afirka ta Yamma da kuma ɗaukar hoto, jiragen narco na iya tashi zuwa yankin ba tare da an gano su ba. An yi safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa Turai daga Guinea-Bissau ta hanyar amfani da jiragen sama da jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke amfani da “ alfadarsu ”, ko kuma jiragen ruwa na mutane, wadanda ke hadiye kwaroron roba cike da hodar iblis domin kaucewa tsaron jiragen sama. Ana safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen yammacin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri. A lokacin da ’yan kasuwa ke tafiya a kan titin kan ƙasa, ’yan kasuwa suna ɓoye abubuwa da wasu kayayyaki kamar gawayi, koko, da ’ya’yan itace, don ɓoye wari da kamanni a wuraren binciken ’yan sanda daban-daban. Ana kuma tafiyar da kayayyaki ta hanyar tasi da motocin daidaikun mutane a lokutan da ofisoshin gwamnati da hanyoyin kasuwanci ba su da ka'ida, kuma damar ganowa ta ragu sosai. A karshe, masu safarar muggan kwayoyi za su kuma biya jami’an tsaro da jami’an kan iyakokin kasar kudadensu don safarar abubuwa ta hanyoyin kasa da na ruwa cikin walwala ba tare da ladabtar da su ba. Sakamakon Ƙasashen Duniya Ingantacciyar tsaron kan iyakar Amurka tare da " yakin kan kwayoyi " a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun yi mummunan tasiri ga kungiyar ( Daniel Barrera Barrera ), kwastomomin Colombian sun yi hasarar kuɗi mai yawa. Cibiyoyin laifuka daga Afirka ta Yamma, sun kuma bazu zuwa wasu yankuna - wato Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu mutane dake tsakiyar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun gudanar da ayyuka da kungiyoyi zuwa kudancin nahiyar, inda farashin zirga-zirga da hadarin ganowa ya yi kadan kuma ana samun sabbin kasuwanni na magunguna. Brazil da Venezuela sun zama manyan yankunan da ake safarar miyagun kwayoyi da ke kan yammacin Afirka. Tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2008 akwai metric tonne 46 na hodar iblis da 'yan sanda suka kama. Wannan ya zo daidai da yadda gwamnatin Venezuelan ta daina aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka (DEA). Rashin bin doka da oda a Venezuela, tare da rashin isasshiyar kula da iyakoki a kasashen biyu da kuma rashin isasshiyar kula da gabar teku a Brazil, na ba da damar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a kasashen biyu da makwabta. Kasashen Brazil da Venezuela na iya jigilar hodar iblis zuwa kasashen yamma da Afirka ta Kudu saboda rashin tsaro a nahiyoyin biyu. Maganin Magunguna Haɓaka kasancewar ƙungiyoyin fataucin biyu da ke aiki a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙaramar kasuwancin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma ya zaburar da kasuwannin cikin gida don samun nau'ikan magunguna. Kasuwancin gida na hodar iblis da tabar wiwi ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma, a wasu ƙasashe, ya yaɗa shan muggan kwayoyi a kusan kowane birni. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, marijuana (wanda aka noma da shi a sigar hashish ) ya rikide daga magani mara riba zuwa wanda ake sayar da shi a cikin gida kuma ana fataucinsa akan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a baya don hodar iblis da tabar heroin. A baya, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gwamnati da na gwamnati sun kafa matakan dakile fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau da aka yi niyya. Manyan kasashen da ke samar da muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka a tarihi sun matsa lamba kan gwamnatocin Afirka ta Yamma da su kafa manufofin azabtarwa da kuma aiwatar da tsauraran hanyoyi na sarrafa hanyoyin kasa da kasa. Hakazalika bincike mai alaka ya mayar da hankali kan adadin kame da aka yi ko kuma adadin magungunan da aka kama, maimakon dangantakar da ke tsakanin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wannan mayar da hankali kan kamawa da kamawa ya nuna cewa ba shi da wani tasiri a kan girman cinikin muggan kwayoyi na Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya sa masu fataucin yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin rugujewa da boye kawai. Wannan hanyar sarrafa ta, duk da haka, ta yi aiki don kai hari ga ƙananan masu noman cannabis da masu amfani da kayan maye, maimakon manyan masu fataucin kuɗi waɗanda ke da kuɗi da tasiri don guje wa azabtarwa. Sakamakon da aka samu na waɗannan manufofin tilastawa ya kasance mai tsauraran matakan tsaro a tashoshin jiragen sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, da sauran kan iyakokin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. An tarwatsa kudaden kasa da kasa tare da yin watsi da su dangane da hanyoyin sadarwa na miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashe a yunkurin dakile cin hanci da rashawa da alaka da gwamnati da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi. A kasashe irin su Najeriya, an kafa hukuncin kisa a matsayin wata hanya ta ladabtar da masu hannu da shuni a kowane mataki da kuma hana duk wani shiga harkar sayar da muggan kwayoyi. A Najeriya, wannan ba da fifiko ga tsauraran matakan sarrafa muggan kwayoyi, wanda ya ta'azzara sakamakon alakar da ke tsakanin Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Fataucin Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Kasa da kuma shugabancin kasar, ya haifar da mummunan yaki na muggan kwayoyi na cikin gida. Waɗannan matakan ba su ƙunshi cikakken tasirin fataucin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ba, kuma sun yi watsi da yadda fataucin ya haifar da al'adar shan muggan kwayoyi a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi da cibiyoyin birni. Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Magunguna Wani abin da ke haifar da saurin bunƙasa cibiyar safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ya kasance tushen cin hanci da rashawa a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, idan ba duka ba. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ’yan siyasa da yawa suna amfana da kuɗin da ake wawure ta hanyar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ba su da kwarin guiwa wajen hukunta manyan masu safarar muggan ƙwayoyi da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu laifi. A mafi ƙaramar matakin ƙasa, masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna biyan jami'an kan iyaka da jami'an tsaro don wuce abubuwan ta hanyoyin sadarwar kan ƙasa cikin aminci kuma cikin ƙarancin haɗari. Ana yin wannan tattaunawa da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyin fataucin sakamakon talauci da basussukan gwamnati da ke ba su damar biyan ma’aikatan gwamnati masu cin hanci da rashawa cikin arha. Yakin basasa, juyin mulkin soja, da sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatoci na kara ta'azzara cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. 'Yan siyasar da ke cikin wadannan gwamnatocin da ba su da kwanciyar hankali suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na sakandare, ba bisa ka'ida ba don samun karfin iko. A Guinea Bissau, shugabannin sojoji da suka kwace mulki bisa zargin rage cin hanci da rashawa sun shiga cikin harkokin cin hanci da rashawa da ke saukaka kwararar kwayoyi a kan iyakokin kasar. Yayin da ake ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin Afirka sun kirkiro kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa domin fara sauya salon safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashensu. Najeriya ta kirkiro da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta domin tantance jami’an gwamnati da ke daure da cin hanci da wawure dukiyar kasa a cibiyoyin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Wadannan yunƙuri na rage cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, da ma sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, sun gamu da cikas saboda raunin tsarin shari'a da kuma matakan cin hanci da rashawa da ke tattare da kowane mataki na gwamnati. Gyara Manufofin Magunguna A ci gaba da neman sabbin matakan kula da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da yin kwaskwarima kan matakan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun bullo da wasu tsare-tsare da suka mayar da hankali kan sauya akalar sauyi daga sarrafa fitar da haramtattun kayayyaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje. magungunan yaki da shan muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, da rage yawan shan magungunan da aka samu cikin sauki sakamakon cinikin muggan kwayoyi. Kasashen Turai da dama da hukumomin tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi sun yi niyya don rage cutar da masu amfani da su a Afirka da kuma na duniya baki daya. Wannan yana nuna sauyi daga tsoffin manufofin da aka mayar da hankali kan kawar da fatauci da shan haramtattun abubuwa gaba ɗaya, don neman yin maganin illolinsu. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun samu ne ta hanyar bayanan manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke neman karfafa bincike kan cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, ta hanyar inganta fasahohin tattara bayanai da kuma binciken wasu hanyoyin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai da sauran haramtattun kwayoyi baya ga hodar iblis da tabar heroin. Dangane da karuwar shaye-shaye a yammacin Afirka, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan yadda za a bi da masu shan muggan kwayoyi da masu shan kwayoyi. Daga mahangar garambawul, manufar ƙungiyoyin ita ce gane hanyoyin tashin hankali da rashin shari'a da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a baya, da kuma sauya manufofin manufofin a maimakon sauƙaƙe sarrafawa ta hanyoyin bincike da muhawara. Wurare a Yammacin Afirka Najeriya ’Yan sandan yankin da kuma ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC) sun lura cewa shigo da kayayyaki da safarar kwayoyi da dama da suka hada da tabar wiwi da hodar iblis na karuwa. Magungunan sun samo asali ne daga yankuna zuwa Latin Amurka da Afghanistan. Tabarbarewar harkar man fetur da kuma tabarbarewar masana’antar mai, da kuma sabbin haraji da kuma hana albarkatun kasa da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje a shekarun 1980, sun zaburar da ‘yan Najeriya da dama su koma ga rashin takaita cinikin magunguna. A tsawon lokaci, wannan ya haifar da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Najeriya a duniya waɗanda ke kewaye da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin DTO na Najeriya, ko Kungiyoyin Kasuwancin Magunguna. Kungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi na Najeriya ana gudanar da su ne ta hannun barayin muggan kwayoyi wadanda ke gudanar da hada-hadar dillalai, ko “masu yajin aiki”, wadanda ke aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani wajen gina alakar kasashen waje, gudanar da siyar da muggan kwayoyi, da kuma karya takardun doka. Su kuma wadannan ‘yan yajin suna daukar masinjoji, domin tabbatar da cewa ba su da wata alaka da barayin kwayoyi da suke aiki a karkashinsu. Isar da kasuwancin magunguna na duniya ya yi tasiri a cikin gida Najeriya ma. Tun a shekarar 1989, akwai asusun cibiyoyin shan muggan kwayoyi a Najeriya wadanda ke da yawan adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar tabar heroin ko hodar iblis. Wannan yanayin yana goyan bayan bayanan ƙididdiga na karuwa a cikin zinace-zinace na hodar iblis da tabar heroin a birane da birane a duk faɗin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma. Tun a shekarun 1990, an gano kokarin da Najeriya ke yi na dakile muggan kwayoyi a matsayin mafi inganci a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, duk kuwa da binciken da aka yi ya nuna yadda ake gudanar da ayyukanta. Hukumomin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya karkashin jagorancin hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa, sun taka rawar gani wajen hada kai da sauran kasashen Afirka wajen yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da kuma taka rawar gani a yankin. Su ma wadannan hukumomin Najeriya an sansu da dabarun ladabtarwa na musamman wajen tunkarar fataucin muggan kwayoyi, tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba da aka yi a baya da kuma yunkurin kawar da tabar wiwi gaba daya. Sai dai kuma, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kudaden gwamnati da na cikin gida sun ragu ga hukumomin da ke amfani da irin wadannan dabaru, lamarin da ke nuni da sauya salo da yunkurin yin garambawul a manufofin miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya. Sunan Najeriya a matsayin tushen kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa ya haifar da tashin hankali na kungiyoyi da kuma cin zarafi a kan 'yan Najeriya da aka yi musu kuskure a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya. Tsare da kuma mutuwar wasu da ake zargin ‘yan Najeriya masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a fadin nahiyar ya haifar da matsalar lafiya da kuma kare hakkin bil’adama. Guinea-Bissau Tun da Guinea-Bissau ta kasance yankin mulkin Portugal, 'yan Portugal ba sa buƙatar bizar Bissau-Guineans don shiga Portugal. Wannan yana ba da damar shigar da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba cikin sauƙi zuwa Turai ta amfani da "alfadara", ko tasoshin magungunan mutane. Talauci na kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sa cinikin muggan kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya sa a dace a kasar, domin cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na iya samun kasar kimanin dala biliyan 2 a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka kusan biyu na GDP na Guinea-Bissau. A cikin biranen Turai darajar hodar Iblis da kwayoyi na iya kai kimanin dala biliyan 20. Hare-haren da ake yi a kasar Guinea-Bissau ba bisa ka'ida ba ya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a kasar. Ghana An fara fallasa Ghana da tabar wiwi ta hannun sojojin Ghana da suka yi mu'amala da sinadarin a Kudancin Asiya lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Noma da amfani saboda haka ya bazu cikin sauri ta cikin manyan biranen kamar Accra . Ghana yanzu ita ce kasa ta biyu a yammacin Afirka wajen samar da tabar wiwi. Kungiyoyi da hanyoyin Najeriya sun bazu zuwa Ghana a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma cikin sauri suka fadada yayin da aka fara hukunta masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya da kuma hukunta su kan safarar muggan kwayoyi kuma Ghana ta zama mafi aminci, madadin hanyar sadarwa. Yawancin 'yan Ghana sun fara ne a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na miyagun ƙwayoyi ko masu jigilar kaya a yankin kuma cikin sauri sun haura zuwa manyan mukamai a ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka. Binciken fage a Ghana ya nuna cewa cinikin wiwi yana aiki ta hanyar da ake sayar da rarraba kayayyaki da jigilar kayayyaki. Ana sayen tabar wiwi ne daga manoman wasu kayan amfanin gona da ‘ya’yan itatuwa sannan a kai su wasu yankunan Ghana da sauran kasashe kamar Gambia da Senegal. Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Narcotics ita ce babbar hukumar tabbatar da muggan ƙwayoyi ta cikin gida kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da gano abubuwa, bincikar ƙwayoyi da kamawa, da isasshiyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin manyan kamawa da kamawa. Hukumar ta NCB na da amincewar kasa da kasa kan manufofinta na tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi, amma da yawa daga cikin ‘yan sandan Ghana na cikin gida ba su da wani abin dogaro kuma an san su da shiga cikin fasa kwaurin kwayoyi da sha a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu amfani da su. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran%20Bargo%20%28Leukemia%29

Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)

Leukemia (Hakanan an rubuta cutar sankara da haruffan /l uː ˈk iː m iːə / loo-KEE -mee-ə )ya kasan ce wani rukuni ne na cututtukan daji na jini wanda yawancin ke farawa a cikin`ƙasusuwa kuma yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin jini marasa al'ada. . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin jini ba su cika haɓaka ba kuma ana kiran su blasts ko ƙwayoyin cutar sankara Alamu na iya haɗawa da zub da jini da ɓarna, ciwon ƙashi, gajiya, zazzabi, da ƙara haɗarin cututtuka. Waɗannan alamun suna faruwa ne saboda rashin ƙwayoyin jini na al'ada. Ana ganewa su ta asalin hanyar gwaje-gwajen jini ko ƙwayar dake cikin ƙasusuwa. Ba a san ainihin dalilin cutar sankara ba. Haɗin abubuwan kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli (marasa kyau) an yi imanin hakan kuma yana taka rawa. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da shan taba, ionizing radiation, wasu sinadarai (irin su benzene ), kafin chemotherapy, da Down syndrome . Mutanen da ke da gadon cutar sankara su ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. Akwai manyan nau'ikan cutar sankara guda hudu - m lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), m myeloid leukemia (AML), cutar sankara ta lymphocytic na yau da kullun (CLL) da cutar sankara ta myeloid (CML) - da kuma nau'ikan da ba su da yawa. Cutar sankara da lymphomas duka suna cikin rukunin da ke shafar jini, ƙasusuwa, da tsarin lymphoid, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwayoyin hematopoietic da lymphoid . chemotherapy, farfesan ɓan garen magani, da kuma dashen ƙasusuwa, ban da kulawa da tallafi kamar yadda ake bukata. Ana iya sarrafa wasu nau'ikan cutar sankara tare da jira a hankali. Nasarar jinya ya dogara da nau'in cutar sankara da shekarun mutum. Sakamako ya inganta a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Yawan rayuwa na shekaru biyar shi ne 57% a Amurka. A cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da 15, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar ya fi 60% ko ma 90%, ya danganta da nau'in cutar sankara. A cikin yara masu fama da cutar sankara waɗanda ba su da kansa bayan shekaru biyar, da wuya ciwon daji ya dawo . A cikin 2015, cutar sankara ta kasance a cikin mutane miliyan 2.3 a duk duniya kuma ta haifar da mutuwar muta ne sama da 353,500. A cikin 2012 cutar ta fara haɓakawa a cikin mutane 352,000. Shi ne mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin yara, tare da kashi uku cikin hudu na cutar sankara a cikin yara shine nau'in lymphoblastic kuma mai tsanani. Duk da haka, fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100 na duk cutar sankara ana gano su a cikin manya, tare da CLL da AML sun fi yawa a cikin manya. Ya kuma fi faruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba . Rabewa Gabaɗaya rarrabuwa A asibiti da kuma pathologically, cutar sankarar bargo ya kasu kashi da dama manyan kungiyoyin. Kashi na farko yana tsakanin sifofinsa masu tsanani da na yau da kullum : Cutar sankarar bargo tana da saurin haɓaka adadin ƙwayoyin jini marasa balaga. Cunkushewar da ke haifar da irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin yana sa kasusuwan kasusuwa ya kasa samar da lafiyayyen ƙwayoyin jini wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin haemoglobin da ƙananan platelets . Ana buƙatar magani nan da nan a cikin cutar sankarar bargo mai tsanani saboda saurin ci gaba da tarawa na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, wanda sai ya zube cikin jini kuma ya yada zuwa wasu gabobin jiki. Siffofin cutar sankarar bargo sune mafi yawan nau'in cutar sankarar bargo a cikin yara . Ciwon sankarar bargo na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ɗimbin yawa na manyan ƙwayoyin jini, amma har yanzu mara kyau. Yawanci ana ɗaukar watanni ko shekaru don ci gaba, ƙwayoyin suna samar da su da yawa fiye da na al'ada, wanda ke haifar da yawancin fararen ƙwayoyin jini marasa kyau. Ganin cewa dole ne a yi maganin cutar sankarar bargo mai tsanani nan da nan, ana lura da nau'ikan na yau da kullun na ɗan lokaci kafin jiyya don tabbatar da iyakar tasirin jiyya. Ciwon sankarar bargo na yau da kullun yana faruwa a cikin tsofaffi amma yana iya faruwa a kowane rukuni na shekaru. Bugu da ƙari, an rarraba cututtuka bisa ga irin nau'in kwayar cutar ta jini. Wannan ya raba cutar sankarar bargo zuwa lymphoblastic ko lymphocytic leukemias da myeloid ko myelogenous sankarar bargo : A cikin ƙwayar cutar sankarar lymphoblastic ko lymphocytic, canjin ciwon daji yana faruwa a cikin wani nau'i na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wanda yakan ci gaba da haifar da lymphocytes, waɗanda suke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin leukemias na lymphocytic sun haɗa da wani nau'i na musamman na lymphocyte, cell B. A cikin cutar sankarar myeloid ko myelogenous, canjin ciwon daji yana faruwa a cikin wani nau'in tantanin halitta wanda yawanci yakan haifar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, wasu nau'ikan fararen sel, da platelets . Haɗa waɗannan rabe-rabe guda biyu yana ba da jimillar manyan nau'ikan guda huɗu. A cikin kowane ɗayan manyan nau'ikan, yawanci akwai ƙananan rukunai da yawa. A ƙarshe, wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba su da yawa ana ɗaukar su a waje da wannan tsarin rarrabawa. Nau'i na musamman Cutar sankara ta lymphoblastic (ALL) ita ce mafi yawan nau'in cutar sankarar bargo a cikin yara ƙanana. Har ila yau yana shafar manya, musamman masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama. Daidaitattun jinya sun haɗa da chemotherapy da radiotherapy . Subtypes sun hada da precursor B m lymphoblastic cutar sanka, bargo, precursor T m lymphoblastic, cutar sankara, sankarar bargon burkitt's, da sankarar bargo na biphenotypic. Yayin da mafi yawan lokuta na DUK suna faruwa ne a jikin yara, kashi 80% na mutuwar daga ALL suna faruwa shi kuma a jikin manya. Cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun (CLL) galibi tana shafar manya waɗanda suka haura shekaru 55. Wani lokaci yana faruwa a jikin ƙananan yara, amma kusan ba ya shafar yara. Kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa maza ne. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar shine 85%. Ba shi da magani, amma akwai magunguna masu tasiri da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i-nau'i shine B-cell prolymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo, cutace mai tsanani. Mummunan cutar sankarar bargo (AML) ta fi faruwa a jikin manya fiye da yara, kuma yawanci a cikin maza fiye da mata. Ana bi da shi da chemotherapy. Adadin tsira na shekaru biyar shine 20%. Nau'o'in AML sun haɗa da cutar sankarar bargo na promyelocytic, myeloblastic cutar sankarar bargo, da kuma megakaryoblastic. Cutar sankarar bargo ta myelogenous (CML) tana faruwa musamman a jikin manya; ƙananan yara kuma suna kamuwa da wannan cuta. Ana maganinta da imatinib (Gleevec a Amurka, Glivec a Turai) ko wasu magunguna. Adadin tsira na shekaru biyar shine 90%. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in cutar sankarar bargo shine myelomonocytic cutar . Leukemia mai gashi (HCL) wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani yanki na cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun, amma bai dace da wannan rukunin ba. Kusan kashi 80% na mutanen da abin ya shafa manyan maza ne. Ba a sami rahoton bullar cutar a jikin yara ba. HCL ba shi da magani amma ana iya magance shi cikin sauƙi. Rayuwa shine 96% zuwa 100% a cikin shekaru goma. T-cell prolymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo (T-PLL) cuta ce mai wuyar gaske da cutar sankarar bargo da ke shafar manya; an fi samun maza fiye da mata da wannan cuta. Duk da ƙarancinsa gabaɗaya, ita ce mafi yawan nau'in cutar sankarar mahaifa ta T. Kusan sauran cutar sankarar bargo sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin B. Yana da wuyar magani, kuma ana auna matsakaicin rayuwa a cikin watanni. Large granular lymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo na iya ƙunsar ko dai T-cell ko NK Kwayoyin ; kamar leukemia cell mai gashi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin B kawai, cutar sankarar bargo ce da ba kasafai ake gane ta da wuri ba (ba mai tsanani ba). T-cell cutar sankarar bargo yana haifar da cutar ta T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), kwayar cuta mai kamu da HIV . Kamar HIV, HTLV yana cutar da ƙwayoyin CD4+ T kuma suna yin kwafi a cikinsu; duk da haka, ba kamar HIV ba, ba ya halaka su. Madadin haka, HTLV yana “dauwama” ƙwayoyin T-cell masu kamuwa da cuta, yana ba su ikon yaduwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Nau'in kwayar cutar lymphotropic T-cell na mutum I da II (HTLV-I/II) suna da yawa a wasu yankuna na duniya. Clonal eosinophilia (wanda ake kira clonal hypereosinophilia ) rukuni ne na rikice-rikice na jini wanda ke nuna haɓakar eosinophils a cikin kasusuwa, jini. Suna iya zama pre-cancer ko ciwon daji . Clonal eosinophilia ya ƙunshi "clone" na eosinophils, watau, rukuni na eosinophils iri ɗaya waɗanda duk suka girma daga kwayar halittar kakanni iri ɗaya. Wadannan rikice-rikice na iya canzawa zuwa cutar sankarar jini na eosinophilic na yau da kullun ko kuma ana iya danganta su da nau'ikan myeloid neoplasms, lymphoid neoplasms, myelofibrosis, ko ciwon myelodysplastic . Pre-leukemia Cutar sankarar mahaifa ta wucin gadi, wacce kuma ake kira cutar sankarar bargo ta wucin gadi, ta haɗa da haɓakar ƙwayar cuta na megakaryoblasts marasa cutar kansa. Cutar ta iyakance ga mutanen da ke da Down syndrome ko canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta kamar na Down syndrome, yana tasowa a cikin jariri a lokacin daukar ciki ko jim kadan bayan haihuwa, kuma yana warwarewa a cikin watanni 3 ko, a cikin ~ 10% na lokuta, yana ci gaba zuwa megakaryoblastic cutar sankarar bargo . Ciwon sankarar mahaifa na wucin gadi shine yanayin pre-leukemia. Alamomi Alamun da aka fi sani a yara sune sauƙaƙan ƙullawar fata, zazzaɓi, da kuma ƙarar saifa ko hanta . Lalacewa ga kasusuwa, ta hanyar maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta na al'ada tare da adadi mafi girma na kwayoyin jini marasa girma, yana haifar da rashin jinin jiki, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin jini . Wannan yana nufin mutanen da ke fama da cutar sankarar bargo na iya samun sauƙin, zubar da jini da yawa, ko rage zub da jini na pinprick ( petechiae ). Farin ƙwayoyin jini, waɗanda ke da alaƙa wajen yaƙar ƙwayoyin cuta, ana iya danne su ko rashin aiki su. Wannan na iya sa garkuwar jikin mutum ta kasa yaƙar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi ko kuma ta fara kai hari ga sauran ƙwayoyin jikin. Domin cutar sankarar bargo tana hana tsarin garkuwar jiki yin aiki akai-akai, wasu suna fuskantar kamuwa da cuta akai-akai, kama daga tonsils masu kamuwa da cuta, raunuka a baki, ko gudawa zuwa ciwon huhu ko cututtuka masu haɗari . A ƙarshe, rashi na jan jini yana haifar da anemia, wanda zai iya haifar da dyspnea da pallor . Wasu mutane suna fuskantar wasu alamomi, kamar zazzabi, sanyi, gumi na dare, rauni a cikin gaɓoɓi, jin gajiya da sauran alamu na gama gari. Wasu mutane suna fama da tashin zuciya ko jin cikawa saboda girman hanta ; wannan zai iya haifar da asarar nauyi ba tare da gangan ba . Fashewar da cutar ta shafa na iya haɗuwa tare kuma su kumbura a cikin hanta ko a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph suna haifar da ciwo kuma suna haifar da tashin zuciya. Idan kwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo sun mamaye tsarin kulawa na tsakiya, to, alamun cututtuka (musamman ciwon kai ) na iya faruwa. Alamun cututtukan da ba a sani ba kamar migraines, seizures, ko coma na iya faruwa a sakamakon matsa lamba na kwakwalwa. Dukkan alamun da ke da alaƙa da cutar sankarar bargo ana iya danganta su zuwa wasu cututtuka. Saboda haka, cutar sankarar bargo a koyaushe ana gano ta ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen likita . Kalmar cutar sankarar bargo, wacce ke nufin 'fararen jini', ta samo asali ne daga sifa mai yawan adadin farin jinin da ke nunawa ga mafi yawan masu fama da cutar kafin a yi musu magani. Yawan adadin fararen sel na jini yana bayyana lokacin da aka duba samfurin jini a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, tare da ƙarin fararen ƙwayoyin jini akai-akai ba su girma ko rashin aiki. Yawan adadin ƙwayoyin sel kuma na iya tsoma baki tare da matakin sauran sel, yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa mai cutarwa a cikin adadin jini. Wasu mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar sankarar bargo ba su da adadin fararen jinin da ake iya gani yayin kirgawar jini na yau da kullun. Wannan yanayin da ba a san shi ba ana kiransa cutar sankarau . Har ila yau kasusuwa na dauke da kwayoyin farin jini masu cutar kansa wadanda ke kawo cikas ga samar da kwayoyin jini na yau da kullun, amma suna zama a cikin bargo maimakon shiga cikin jini, inda za a iya ganin su a gwajin jini. Ga mai fama da cutar sankarau, adadin farin jinin da ke cikin jini na iya zama al'ada ko ƙasa. Aleukemia na iya faruwa a cikin kowane ɗayan manyan nau'ikan cutar sankarar bargo guda huɗu, kuma yana da yawa a cikin cutar sankarar fata mai gashi . Duba kuma M erythroid cutar sankarar bargo Magungunan Antileukemic, magungunan da ake amfani da su don kashe ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo Gajiya mai alaka da cutar daji Cututtukan jini, babban nau'in cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da jini, gami da cutar sankarar bargo Multiple myeloma Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

30881

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia%20Suluhu%20Hassan

Samia Suluhu Hassan

Samia Suluhu Hassan (an haife ta a ranan 27 Janairu 1960) 'yar siyasar Tanzaniya ce wacce ke aiki a matsayin shugabar Tanzaniya ta shida kuma a yanzu. Ita mamba ce a jam'iyyar Social-Democrat Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Suluhu ita ce shugabar gwamnati mace ta uku a wata kasa ta Gabashin Afirka (EAC), bayan Sylvie Kinigi a Burundi da Agathe Uwilingiyimana a Ruwanda, kuma ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a Tanzaniya. Ta fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021 bayan mutuwar Shugaba John Magufuli a ranar 17 ga Maris 2021. Yar asalin Zanzibar Suluhu ta yi minista a yankin mai cin gashin kansa a lokacin gwamnatin shugaba Amani Karume. Ta taba zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Makunduchi daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2015 sannan ta kasance ministar kasa a ofishin mataimakin shugaban kasa kan harkokin kungiyar daga 2010 zuwa 2015. A shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar mazabar da ke da alhakin tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Suluhu ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasar Tanzaniya bayan babban zaben shekarar 2015, bayan an zabe ta a kan tikitin CCM tare da shugaba Magufuli. An sake zaben Suluhu da Magufuli a karo na biyu a shekarar 2020. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar rikon kwarya mace ta biyu a cikin EAC a takaice - shekaru 27 bayan Sylvie Kinigi ta Burundi, wanda ya kai kusan karshen shekara ta 1993. Rayuwar farko An haifi Suluhu a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekarata 1960 a Makunduchi, wani tsohon gari a tsibirin Unguja, a cikin masarautar Zanzibar. Ta yi karatun sakandare a shekarar 1977 kuma ta fara aiki.Daga baya, ta ci gaba da karatun gajerun kwasa-kwasan lokaci-lokaci.A shekara ta 1986, ta kammala karatun digiri a Cibiyar Gudanar da Ci Gaba (Jami'ar Mzumbe ta yau) tare da difloma mai zurfi a aikin gwamnati. Tsakanin shekarata 1992 zuwa 1994, ta halarci Jami'ar Manchester kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki.A cikin shekarata 2015, ta sami MSc dinta a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙin Al'umma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa-shirin tsakanin Buɗaɗɗen Jami'ar Tanzaniya da Jami'ar Kudancin New Hampshire. Aiki Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, Ma’aikatar Tsare-tsare da Raya Kasa ta dauke ta aiki a matsayin ma’aikaciya. Bayan kammala karatun digirinta na aikin gwamnati, an ɗauke ta aiki a wani aiki da Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya ta ɗauki nauyinta. Aikin siyasa A shekara ta 2000, ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar kujerar gwamnati. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mamba ta musamman a majalisar wakilai ta Zanzibar kuma shugaba Amani Karume ya nada ta minista. Ita ce mace daya tilo da ke rike da mukamin minista a majalisar ministocin kuma abokan aikinta maza “sun raina" saboda ita mace ce. An sake zabe ta a shekara ta 2005 kuma an sake nada ta a matsayin minista a wani babban fayil. A shekara ta 2010, ta nemi takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, inda ta tsaya a mazabar Makunduchi kuma ta yi nasara da fiye da kashi 80%. Shugaba Jakaya Kikwete ya naɗa ta a matsayin karamar ministar harkokin kungiyar. A shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar mazabar da aka dorawa alhakin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, dan takarar shugaban kasa na CCM John Magufuli ya zaɓe ta a matsayin abokin takararsa a zaɓen 2015, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takara a tarihin jam'iyyar. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2015 ta zama mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugaban kasa a tarihin kasar bayan nasarar Magufuli a zaben. An sake zaben Magufuli da Suluhu a karo na biyu na shekara biyar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2020. Fadar shugaban kasa A ranar 17 ga Maris din shekarar 2021, Suluhu ta sanar da cewa Magufuli ya mutu bayan ya yi fama da rashin lafiya; tun karshen watan Fabrairu ba a ga Magufuli a bainar jama'a ba. An rantsar da ita a matsayin magajinsa a ranar 19 ga Maris din shekarar 2021, kuma za ta yi aiki daidai da wa'adin shekaru biyar na Magufuli na biyu. Jinkirin da aka samu a farkon wa'adinta ya zo ne saboda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya ya fito fili ya bukaci mataimakin shugaban kasar da ya rantsar da shugaban kasa kafin ya hau kan kujerar shugabancin kasar; Shugabannin 'yan adawa sun nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar "vacuum" lokacin da 18 ga Maris ya wuce ba tare da an rantsar da Suluhu ba. Bayan an rantsar da ita, Suluhu ta zama shugabar kasa mace ta farko a Tanzaniya. Ita ce kuma Zanzibari ta biyu da ta rike mukamin, kuma Musulma ta uku bayan Ali Hassan Mwinyi da Jakaya Kikwete. Ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin mata biyu masu hidima a Afirka, tare da Sahle-Work Zewde ta Habasha. A tsarin mulkin kasar dai, tun da ta hau karagar mulkin Magufuli fiye da shekaru uku, idan ta kammala wannan wa'adi za ta samu cikakken wa'adi daya ne kawai idan ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a zabe mai zuwa. Gwamnatin Suluhu ta fara kokarin dakile annobar COVID-19 a Tanzaniya, sabanin shakkun kwayar cutar a zamanin Magufuli.An sanya dokar hana fita ta kwanaki 14 ga matafiya masu shigowa Tanzaniya daga ƙasashen da ke da sabbin bambance-bambancen SARS-CoV-2. An kuma ba baƙi shawarar su sanya abin rufe fuska, tsaftace kansu, da kuma aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a. Suluhu ta ba wa ofisoshin jakadanci da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa damar shigo da alluran rigakafin cutar a cikin kasar don yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje allurar rigakafin yau da kullun na Tanzaniya, wanda Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta ba da taimako. Rayuwa ta sirri A shekarar 1978, Suluhu ta auri Hafidh Ameirin, jami’in kula da harkokin noma wanda a shekarar 2014 ya yi ritaya.Suna da yara hudu. Diyarta Wanu Hafidh Ameir (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982), 'yar ma'auratan na biyu, kujera ce ta musamman a Majalisar Wakilai ta Zanzibar. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2021, an fara kamfen ɗin rigakafin COVID-19 a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta a Tanzaniya, tare da samun kashi na farko na rigakafin tare da yin kira ga dukkan 'yan Tanzaniya da su sami jabs suna cewa ƙasar "ba tsibiri ba ce". Manazarta

50505

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Bosco

Monique Bosco

Monique Bosco (watan Yuni ranar 8, shekara ta 1927 – watan Mayu ranar 17, shekara ta 2007) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Kanada haifaffiyar Austria . Fage An haifeta a Vienna acikin dangin Yahudawa-Austriya kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Faransa inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara ta 1931. Acikin 1940, Bosco tayi shekara guda a Saint-Brieuc, sannan ta nemi mafaka a Marseilles, inda ta ɓoye kuma ta daina zuwa makaranta. A shekara ta 1948 tayi hijira zuwa Montreal don shiga mahaifinta. Nan ta cigaba da karatun ta. Bosco tayi rajista a Jami'ar Montreal a Faculty of Arts kuma ta sami Masters dinta a shekara ta 1951 da PhD a shekara ta 1953. Acikin shekara ta 1961 ta buga Ƙaunar Ƙauna, littafinta na farko, kuma bayan shekara guda annada ta Farfesa na Adabin Faransanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Montreal. Ana ɗaukar Bosco ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na karatun Québécois na zamani. Tayi aiki da Radio Canada International daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1952, a matsayin mai bincike na Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kanada daga 1960 zuwa 1962 kuma a matsayin mawallafin La Presse, Le Devoir da Maclean's . Sanannen ayyuka An kwatanta aikin Bosco a matsayin guda ɗaya, mai tsanani, kuma cike da haruffa waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsu. Yawancin ayyukanta sun nuna ƙididdiga na al'ada daga bala'in Girkanci zuwa yanayin Quebec na zamani (kamar New Medea, shekara ta 1974). ; da Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve, shekara ta 1982). Jigogi na kadaici da sadarwa suna da yawa kuma Monique Bosco ta gabatar dashi cikin tsari, a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗu da litattafai da shayari, "rarraba halittu na duniya" - bisa ga furcin mawallafin Paulette Collet - fama dajin zafi na keɓewa, kin amincewa, tawaye da kuma laifi. Jigogi .Litattafan Bosco suna raba jigogi iri ɗaya - de / racination, jikin mace da aka keɓe, kaɗaici da haushi - amma suna ƙaruwa cikin tsananin baƙin ciki da fushi daga maƙarƙashiyar Un amour maladroit (1961) da Les infusoires (1965) zuwa La femme de Loth (1970) ). Wannan labari jiremiad ne maiƙarfi da ɗaci, kukan macen da aka ƙi wanda har yanzu bata fasa sha'awarta da wani allahn mutum ba. Sabuwar Medea ashek ashekara ta (1974) tana ɗaukar wannan fushin zuwa matsayi mafi girma, bata sami dama sosai wajen tabbatar da Medea ko babban aikinta ba, amma tana ƙarfafa girmamawa ga ƙarfin sha'awarta. Charles Lévy MD shekara ta (1977), duk da banality na take da kuma sanin halin da akeciki (shi ne monologue na mutum mai mutuwa), aiki ne mai tausayi da dabara, ikirari na mai rauni wanda ke daure da nasa. mata da al'ada ta wasu asali rashin kuzari. Littattafai masu zuwa, Portrait de Zeus peinte par Minerve (1982) da Sara Sage (1986), suna amfani da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma sun fi ɓullo da tsari da harshe. A cikin Portrait de Zeus salon waka-prose na raƙuman kalmomi da jumloli akai-akai tana haɗuwa tare da cakuɗar tatsuniyoyi da tarihin tarihi, adabi, da nassoshi na zamani don haifar da ɓarna daga darajar magabata. Sara Sage ta ɗauki labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Sarah, tajefa shi a Faransa alokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ta gabatar dashi daga hangen nesa na mutum na farko acikin waƙa, salon Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ke nuna fushi mai tsanani a kan dabi'un jinsin maza. Bosco ta juya zuwa tsarin gajeren labari a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s. Ta buga ƴan tarin jigogi: Boomerang (1987), Clichés (1988), Remémoration (1991), da Éphémères (1993). Hakanan, Bosco ta buga labari Le jeu des sept familles (1995). Labarun suna da yanayi kuma galibi suna gabatar da haruffan ciki sosai amma masu jan hankali. A cikin Éphémères haruffan sun fi tsayi. Le jeu de sept familles yana kwatanta raƙuman ra'ayoyin halayensa a yayin taron dangi-rabin su bourgeois Québécois ne sauran kuma ƴan ƙasar Kanada ne masu aiki. Littafi Mai Tsarki waka: Jeriko (1971) Shekaru 77-90 (1991) Lamento 90-97 (1997) Mai Girma (1998) gajerun labarai: Boomerang (1987) Clichés (1988) Tunatarwa (1991) Ephémères (1993) da novels: Amour maladroit (1961) Babban Shafi (1965) New Media (1974) Charles Levy (1977) Shabbat 70-77 (1978) Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve (1982) Sara Sage (1986) Le jeu des sept familles (1995) Eh bin! da gure. 2005 Kyautattuka Monique Bosco ta sami lambar yabo tafarko a Amurka a shekara tacikin 1961 don littafinta na farko Un amour maladroit . Ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar don almara na harshen Faransanci a cikin shekara ta 1970 don littafinta mai suna La femme de Loth ., kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Alain-Grandbois don aikinta Miserere . Anba Bosco Prix Athanase-David a cikin shekara ta 1996 kuma ta karɓi Prix Alain-Grandbois don waƙar ta acikin shekara ta 1992. Tarasu a Montreal tana da shekaru 79. Nassoshi Matattun 2007 Haifaffun 1927

58333

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkari

Inkari

A cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, (inkatawa) zabin mutum ne don inkarin gaskiya a matsayin hanya ta guje wa gaskiya mara dadi a hankali. Inkari wani aiki ne na asali wanda ba shi da ma'ana wanda ke hana tabbatar da wani abin tarihi ko abin da ya faru a lokacin da mutum ya ki yarda da gaskiyar da za a iya tabbatarwa ta zahiri. A cikin ilimin kimiyya, ƙaryatawa ita ce watsi da ainihin gaskiya da ra'ayoyin da ba a jayayya ba, abubuwan da ke da goyon baya mai kyau na ijma'in kimiyya a kan wani batu, don yarda da ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, masu rikici, ko ƙirƙira.. Sharuɗɗan ƙaryata Holocaust da ƙaryatãwa game da AIDS sun bayyana ƙaryatãwa game da gaskiyar da kuma gaskiyar al'amura, da kuma kalmar inkarin canjin yanayi yana bayyana musun ijma'in kimiyya cewa sauyin yanayi na duniyar duniya lamari ne na gaske kuma yana faruwa da farko. abin da ya faru a cikin yanayin ƙasa na kwanan nan ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam. Siffofin ƙin yarda suna gabatar da siffa ta gama gari na mutumin da yake ƙin yarda da hujjoji masu yawa da ƙoƙarin haifar da cece-kuce na siyasa a ƙoƙarin ƙin yarda da kasancewar yarjejeniya. Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙin yarda sun haɗa da addini, son kai (tattalin arziki, siyasa, ko kuɗi), da hanyoyin kariya da ake nufi don kare ruhin mai inkari daga gaskiya da tunani masu tada hankali; Irin wannan tashin hankali ana kiransa dissonance fahimi a cikin ilimin tunani. Ma'ana da dabara Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Didier Fassin ya bambanta tsakanin musun, wanda aka bayyana da shi a matsayin "lura ta zahiri cewa ana karyata gaskiya da gaskiya", da kuma musun ra'ayi, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "Mataki na akida wanda a tsare mutum ke mayar da martani ta hanyar kin gaskiya da gaskiya". Mutane da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka ƙi ba da shawarwari akan abubuwan da aka samu na al'ada da yarjejeniya ta kimiyya suna shiga cikin ƙin yarda lokacin da suke amfani da dabarun magana don ba da bayyanar gardama da muhawara ta halal, lokacin da babu. Tsari ne da ke aiki ta hanyar amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan dabaru guda biyar don kiyaye bayyanar halaltacciyar jayayya: (Maƙarƙashiya Theories) Yin watsi da bayanai ko lura ta hanyar ba da shawarar abokan adawar suna da hannu a cikin "maƙarƙashiyar danne gaskiya". (Cherry picking) Zabar takarda mai mahimmanci da ba ta dace ba da ke tallafawa ra'ayinsu, ko amfani da tsofaffin takardu, nakasu, da ɓatanci don sanya abokan hamayyarsu su zama kamar sun kafa ra'ayoyinsu akan raunin bincike. Diethelm and McKee (2009) lura cewa, "Masu ƙaryatawa yawanci ba su hana su da matsananciyar warewar ra'ayoyinsu ba, sai dai suna ganin hakan a matsayin wata alama ta jajircewarsu ta hankali game da ƙwararrun ƙa'idodin addini da kuma rakiyar daidaiton siyasa.". (Kwararrun Ƙarya) Biyan ƙwararre a fagen, ko wani fanni, don ba da rancen shaida ko sahihanci. Wannan yana tafiya kafada-da-kafada tare da mayar da masana da masu bincike saniyar ware. (Matsar da maƙallan raga) Ƙarƙashin shaidar da aka gabatar don mayar da martani ga takamaiman da'awar ta ci gaba da buƙatar wasu shaidun da ba za a iya cika su akai-akai ba aka Shifting baseline. (Sauran mahangar ma'ana) Galibi ɗaya ko fiye na kwatankwacin ƙarya, roƙon sakamako, bambaro, ko ja. Dabarun gama gari ga nau'ikan inkari daban-daban sun haɗa da shaidar da ba ta dace ba, daidaiton ƙarya, rabin gaskiya, da ƙirƙira kai tsaye. Alkalin Afirka ta Kudu Edwin Cameron ya lura cewa wata dabara ta gama gari da masu karyatawa ke amfani da ita ita ce "yin babban wasa na rashin tantance adadi da kididdiga". Masanin tarihi Taner Akçam ya bayyana cewa, an yi imani da ƙaryatawa da watsi da gaskiya, amma a haƙiƙanin gaskiya "yana cikin wannan yanki mai banƙyama tsakanin gaskiya da gaskiya inda irin wannan inkarin ya fara tsiro, ƙaryatãwa ce ke tabbatar da gaskiyarta kuma tana da nata gaskiyar. Mai da hankali kan dabarun furucin ta hanyar da ake samun ƙin yarda a cikin harshe, a cikin Alex Gillespie (2020) na Makarantar Tattalin Arziƙi na London ya sake nazarin dabarun kariyar harshe da a aikace don ƙin yarda da bayanai masu ɓarna. An tsara waɗannan dabarun ta fuskar tsaro guda uku: 1 Gujewa – Layin farko na kariya daga ɓarnar bayanai shine guje masa. 2 Delegitimizing - Hanya na biyu na tsaro shine kai hari ga manzo, ta hanyar ɓata amincin tushen. 3 Ƙuntatawa - Layin tsaro na ƙarshe, idan ba za a iya kauce wa ɓarnar bayanai ba ko ba za a iya ba da izini ba, shine don daidaitawa da iyakance tasirin ra'ayoyin masu rushewa. A cikin 2009 marubuci Michael Specter ya ayyana musun rukuni a matsayin "lokacin da gaba ɗaya ɓangaren al'umma, sau da yawa ke fama da raunin sauyi, ya kau da kai daga gaskiya don neman ƙaryar kwanciyar hankali". Ra'ayoyin da aka tsara da kuma ra'ayi Idan wani bangare na muhawara ya zargi daya da kin amincewa su shirya muhawarar. Wannan saboda zargin ƙaryatawa duka biyu ne na ka'ida da kuma ƙa'ida: na ka'ida domin yana ɗauke da ma'anar cewa akwai gaskiya ga da'awar da aka ƙaryata; magana ce tun da mai tuhumar ya nuna cewa ci gaba da musantawa ta fuskar hujjojin da aka gabatar yana haifar da tambayoyi game da dalilan dayan. Edward Skidelsky, malami a falsafa a Jami'ar Exeter ya rubuta cewa "Zargi na' musun' yana da tsanani, yana nuna ko dai rashin gaskiya da gangan ko yaudarar kai. Abin da ake ƙaryata shi shine, ta hanyar ma'ana, don haka a fili gaskiya cewa mai ƙaryatawa dole ne ya motsa shi. karkatarwa, mugunta ko makanta da gangan." Yana ba da shawarar cewa, ta hanyar shigar da kalmar ƙaryata zuwa ƙarin fagage na muhawarar tarihi da na kimiyya, "Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Fahimtar Fahimta - 'yantar da bincike na tarihi da na kimiyya daga akida - ana juyar da su cikin nutsuwa ". Wasu mutane sun ba da shawarar cewa saboda ƙin yarda da Holocaust sananne ne, masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke amfani da kalmar ƙaryatawa a wasu wuraren muhawara na iya nufin da gangan ko kuma ba da gangan ba cewa abokan hamayyarsu ba su fi masu ƙaryata Holocaust ba. Duk da haka, Robert Gallo et al. ya kare wannan kwatancen na ƙarshe, yana mai bayyana cewa musun cutar kanjamau yana kama da ƙaryar Holocaust tun da wani nau'i ne na ilimin kimiyya wanda "ya saba wa wani gagarumin binciken bincike" Siyasa da kimiyya HIV/AIDS Inkarin cutar kanjamau shi ne musun cewa kwayar cutar ta HIV (HIV) ita ce ke haifar da ciwon raunin garkuwar jiki (AIDS). An bayyana musun cutar kanjamau da kasancewa "daga cikin mafi yawan yunƙurin hana kimiyya". Wasu masu musun sun ƙi wanzuwar cutar kanjamau, yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa akwai kwayar cutar amma suna cewa kwayar cutar fasinja ce mara lahani ba ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba. Matukar masu musanta cutar kanjamau sun yarda da cutar kanjamau a matsayin cuta ta gaske, sun danganta ta da wasu haɗe-haɗe na amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin tsafta, da illolin maganin cutar kanjamau, maimakon kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Koyaya, shaidar da ke nuna cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamau tabbatacciya ce a kimiyance kuma al'ummar kimiyya sun yi watsi da kuma yin watsi da da'awar masu kishin cutar kanjamau dangane da kuskuren tunani, zaɓen ceri, da ɓarna na tsoffin bayanan kimiyya.[a] Tare da ƙin yarda da waɗannan gardama ta al'ummar kimiyya, abubuwan da ke hana cutar AIDS yanzu suna yaduwa ta hanyar Intanet. Thabo Mbeki, tsohon shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, ya rungumi kin amincewa da cutar kanjamau, yana mai shelar cewa talauci ne ke haddasa cutar kanjamau. Kimanin mutane 365,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau a lokacin shugabancinsa; an yi kiyasin cewa za a iya hana mutuwar mutane 343,000 da ba a kai ga haihuwa ba idan da an samu maganin da ya dace. Canjin yanayi Wasu kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, irin su ExxonMobil, sun ba da gudummawa ga "ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa na bogi da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya na bogi" waɗanda ke da'awar cewa kimiyyar dumamar yanayi ba ta dace ba, bisa ga sukar George Monbiot. ExxonMobil ba ta musanta ba da gudummawar kuɗin ba, amma mai magana da yawunta ya bayyana cewa tallafin kuɗin da kamfanin ke bayarwa ga rahotannin kimiyya baya nufin yana tasiri sakamakon waɗannan binciken. Newsweek da Uwar Jones sun buga labaran da ke nuna kamfanoni suna ba da gudummawar "masana'antar hanawa". A cikin mahallin kariyar kariyar mabukaci, an bayyana ƙin yarda a matsayin "amfani da dabarun zance da dabarun da za a iya faɗi don kafa shingen muhawara da la'akari da kowane nau'in gyara, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar lamarin ba." masu ba da shawara tare da masana masana'antu ko masana kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar, da ƙin ƙaddamar da yarjejeniyar Kyoto don tabbatarwa saboda rashin tabbas da suka ce suna cikin batun sauyin yanayi, 'yan jaridu sun buga misali da kin amincewa da siyasa. COVID 19 Kalmar "Musuluntar COVID-19" ko kuma kawai "COVID denialism" yana nufin tunanin waɗanda suka musanta gaskiyar cutar ta COVID-19, aƙalla har ya zuwa ƙin yarda da bayanan mace-macen COVID da aka sani a kimiyance. na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Da'awar cewa cutar ta COVID-19 an yi ta bogi ne, an yi karin gishiri, ko kuma ba ta da wata ma'ana ce ta ilimin kimiyya. Wasu shahararrun mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin musun COVID-19 sun haɗa da Elon Musk, tsohon shugaban Amurka Donald Trump, da tsohon shugaban Brazil Bolsonaro. Juyin Halitta Imani na addini na iya sa mutum ya musanta ingancin ka'idar kimiyya ta juyin halitta. Juyin halitta ana daukarsa a matsayin hujjar da ba za a iya jayayya ba a cikin al'ummar kimiyya da kuma a cikin ilimin kimiyya, inda matakin goyon bayan juyin halitta ya kasance a duniya, duk da haka wannan ra'ayi sau da yawa yana fuskantar adawa daga masu ilimin littafi mai tsarki. Ana gabatar da madadin ra'ayi sau da yawa azaman fassarar tatsuniyar halittar Littafin Farawa ta zahiri. Yawancin Kiristoci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna koyar da halitta kamar dai gaskiya ne a ƙarƙashin tutocin kimiyyar halitta da ƙira ta hankali. Imani da yawanci ya zo daidai da halitta sun haɗa da imani da tatsuniyar ambaliyar ruwa ta duniya, da tsarin geocentrism, da imani cewa duniya tana da shekaru 6,000-10,000 kawai. Ana kallon waɗannan akidu a matsayin ilimin ƙima a cikin al'ummar kimiyya kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin kuskure. Kasa Leda Imani da aka maye gurbinsa da cewa Duniya lebur ce, da kuma musun duk ɗimbin shaidun da ke goyan bayan kusan ƙasa mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar da kuma juyawa a cikin arni na 21st. Masu ba da goyon baya na zamani na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (ko flat-Earthers) sun ki yarda da kowace irin shaida ta sabawa, suna watsi da duk jiragen sama da hotuna daga sararin samaniya a matsayin yaudara da kuma zargin dukkanin kungiyoyi har ma da 'yan kasa masu zaman kansu da yin makirci don "boye gaskiya". Suna kuma da'awar cewa babu ainihin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya duniya, cewa tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa na bogi ne, kuma wannan karya ce daga dukkan gwamnatocin da ke da hannu a wannan babban rufa-rufa. Wasu ma sun yi imani da sauran taurari da taurari yaudara ne. Masu bin tsarin zamani na zamani suna ba da shawarar cewa sararin samaniya mai siffar kubba ya rufe duniya mai siffar diski. Hakanan suna iya da'awar, bayan Samuel Rowbotham, cewa Rana tana da nisan mil 3,000 (kilomita 4,800) a saman Duniya kuma wata da Rana suna kewaya duniya fiye da kewayenta. Ƙasar zamani na zamani sun yi imanin cewa Antarctica ba nahiya ba ce, amma ƙaƙƙarfan ruwa ne, mai katanga mai tsawon ƙafa 150 (46) ko mafi girma, wanda ke kewaye da kewayen duniya kuma yana kiyaye komai (ciki har da duk ruwan teku) daga fadowa daga sama. bakin. Flat-Earthers kuma sun tabbatar da cewa babu wanda aka yarda ya tashi sama ko bincika Antarctica, duk da sabanin shaida. A cewarsu, duk hotuna da bidiyo na jiragen ruwa da ke nutsewa a karkashin kasa da kuma kasan sararin samaniyar birni da gajimare da ke kasa da sararin sama, wadanda ke bayyana karkatar da duniya, an yi amfani da su ne, ko na’ura mai kwakwalwa, ko kuma na bogi. Don haka, ba tare da la’akari da kowace hujja ta kimiyya ko ta zahiri da aka bayar ba, Flat-Earthers sun kammala cewa an ƙirƙira shi ko an canza shi ta wata hanya. Lokacin da aka haɗa su da wasu abubuwan da aka gani kamar nauyi, faɗuwar rana, tides, husufi, nisa da sauran ma'auni waɗanda ke ƙalubalantar ƙirar ƙasa mai faɗi, masu da'awar suna maye gurbin bayanan da aka yarda da su tare da nau'ikan guntu waɗanda ke karkata ko fiye da sauƙaƙa yadda hangen nesa, taro, buoyancy, haske. ko wasu tsarin jiki suna aiki. Wadannan sauye-sauyen da ba kasafai suke dacewa da juna ba, a karshe ya bar masu da'awar duniya da yawa su yarda cewa irin wadannan abubuwan sun kasance "asirai" kuma za a yi karin bincike. A cikin wannan ƙarshe, masu bin tafarkin sun kasance a buɗe ga kowane bayani sai dai tsarin duniya wanda aka saba yarda da shi, yana mai da muhawara daga jahilci zuwa ƙaryatawa. Abincin da aka gyara ta kwayoyin halitta Akwai yarjejeniya ta kimiy cewa a halin yanzu akwai abinci da aka samo daga amfanin gona da aka gyara (GM) ba ya haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam fiye da abinci na yau da kullun, amma cewa kowane abinci na GM yana buƙatar a gwada shi akan kowane hali kafin gabatarwa. Koyaya, membobin jama'a ba su da yuwuwa fiye da masana kimiyya don fahimtar abincin GM a matsayin lafiya. Matsayin doka da ka'idoji na abinci na GM ya bambanta ta ƙasa, tare da wasu ƙasashe sun hana ko ƙuntata su, wasu kuma suna ba su izini da bambance-bambancen matakan ƙa'ida. Binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam ya nuna cewa sama da 70% na abokan adawar abinci na GM a Amurka sun kasance "cikakkiyar" a cikin 'yan adawar su, suna da kyama a tunanin cin abinci na GM, kuma "shaida ba su da hankali". Statins Ƙinƙarar Statin kin amincewa da ƙimar likita na statins, aji na magungunan rage cholesterol. Likitan zuciya Steven Nissen a asibitin Cleveland ya yi sharhi "Muna rasa yaƙin zukata da tunanin majiyyatan mu zuwa gidajen yanar gizon mu..." yana haɓaka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na likitanci. Harriet Hall yana ganin nau'in "hakuri na statin" wanda ya fara daga da'awar ilimin kimiyya zuwa rashin fa'ida na fa'ida da wuce gona da iri, duk wannan ya saba wa shaidar kimiyya. Ƙin cutar tabin hankali Inkarin cutar tabin hankali ko kuma inkarin rashin hankali shine inda mutum ya musanta samuwar tabin hankali. Duka manyan manazarta, da kuma ƙungiyoyin kimiya na ƙiyayya suna tambayar kasancewar wasu cututtuka. Wasu tsirarun masu bincike na ƙwararru suna ganin cututtuka irin su baƙin ciki ta fuskar al'adar zamantakewa kuma suna jayayya cewa maganinta shine gyara matsala a cikin al'umma, ba a cikin kwakwalwar mutum ba. Wasu mutane kuma na iya musun cewa suna da tabin hankali bayan an gano su, wasu manazarta suna ganin cewa wannan inkari yakan tashi ne ta hanyar rauni na narcissistic. Ƙungiyoyin anti-psychiatry irin su Scientology suna haɓaka rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta hanyar samun wasu hanyoyin da za su bi don ilimin hauka. Inkarin zabe Musanta zabe karya ce watsi da sakamakon sahihin zabe. Stacey Abrams ta musanta zaɓen gwamna na 2018 a Jojiya “zaɓe ne na gaskiya da adalci” kuma ya kashe dala miliyan 22 a cikin ƙarar “ba a yi nasara sosai ba. A cikin Amurka yayin 2022, ana ci gaba da satar ka'idar makirci game da zaben shugaban kasa na 2020. Tarihi Negationism na tarihi, musun gaskiyar tarihi da aka yarda da ita, babban abin damuwa ne tsakanin masana tarihi kuma galibi ana amfani da su don gurbata ko kuma karkatar da abubuwan tarihi da aka yarda da su. A yunƙurin sake fasalin abubuwan da suka gabata, an bambanta masu adawa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ba za a yarda da su ba a cikin maganganun tarihi da suka dace, kamar gabatar da takaddun jabun da aka sani a matsayin na gaske, ƙirƙira ƙwararrun ƙwararru amma dalilan da ba za a iya yarda da su ba don ƙin yarda da ingantattun takardu, suna danganta ƙarshe ga littattafai da tushe waɗanda ke ba da rahoton akasin haka. , yin amfani da jerin ƙididdiga don tallafawa ra'ayi da aka bayar, da kuma karkatar da rubutu da gangan.. Wasu kasashe, kamar Jamus, sun haramta sake fasalin wasu al'amura na tarihi, yayin da wasu ke daukar matakin taka tsantsan saboda wasu dalilai, kamar kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Wasu kuma suna ba da izinin ra'ayi na rashin amincewa, kamar California, inda aka hana yara makaranta koyo game da kisan kiyashin California. Inkarin kisan kiyashin Armeniya Musanya kisan kiyashin Armeniya ita ce da'awar cewa Daular Ottoman da jam'iyyarta mai mulki, wato Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), ba su yi kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kasar Armeniya ba a lokacin yakin duniya na daya - wani laifi da aka rubuta a cikin manyan shaidu kuma ya tabbatar da shi. mafi rinjayen malamai. Masu laifin sun musanta kisan kiyashin a yayin da suke aiwatar da shi, suna masu ikirarin cewa Armeniyawa a daular Usmaniyya an sake tsugunar da su saboda dalilai na soji, ba wai an kashe su ba. A sakamakon kisan kiyashin da aka yi, an lalata wasu takardu da aka tsara bisa tsari, kuma kin amincewa ya kasance manufar kowace gwamnati ta Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, tun daga shekarar 2023, sannan Jamhuriyar Azarbaijan ta karbe shi tun daga shekarar 1991. Aron hujjojin da CUP ta yi amfani da su wajen tabbatar da ayyukanta, kin amincewa da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniya ya dogara ne a kan zaton cewa “matsawar” Armeniyawa wani mataki ne na halal na kasa don mayar da martani ga wani bore na gaske ko na Armeniyawa wanda ya yi barazana ga wanzuwar daular a lokacin yaki. . Masu karyatawa sun ce CUP na da niyyar sake tsugunar da Armeniyawa maimakon kashe su. Suna da'awar cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya wuce gona da iri ko kuma suna danganta mutuwar da wasu dalilai, kamar yakin basasa da ake zargin, cuta, rashin kyawun yanayi, jami'an 'yan damfara, ko kungiyoyin Kurdawa da baragurbi. Masanin tarihi Ronald Grigor Suny ya taqaita babbar gardamar da cewa: “Ba a yi kisan kare dangi ba, kuma Armeniyawa ne suka aikata laifin”. Musu yawanci yana tare da "kalmomin ha'incin Armeniya, zalunci, aikata laifuka, da kishin yanki" Daya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka sa aka musanta hakan shi ne kisan gillar da aka yi ya ba da damar kafa kasar Turkiyya. Ganewa zai ci karo da tatsuniyoyi na kafa Turkiyya. Tun daga shekarun 1920, Turkiyya ta yi aiki don hana amincewa da kisan kiyashin a hukumance ko ma ambatonsa a wasu kasashe; wadannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da miliyoyin daloli da aka kashe wajen fafutuka, ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin bincike, da tsoratarwa da barazana. Har ila yau rashin amincewa ya shafi manufofin gida na Turkiyya kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun Turkiyya; Wasu ‘yan kasar Turkiyya da suka amince da kisan kiyashin sun fuskanci shari’a saboda “cin mutuncin Turkiyya”. Yunkurin da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi na karyata kisan kiyashin da aka kwashe tsawon karni na yi ya sanya ta bambanta da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi kisan kiyashi a tarihi. Ita ma Azerbaijan ta musanta kisan kiyashin da ake yi na nuna adawa da amincewarta a duniya. Galibin 'yan kasar Turkiyya da jam'iyyun siyasa a Turkiyya na goyon bayan manufofin gwamnatin kasar. Inkarin kisan kiyashin na taimaka wa rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh da kuma cin zarafin Kurdawa a Turkiyya. Kuri'ar 2014 na mutane 1500 da EDAM, cibiyar tuntuba ta Turkiyya ta gudanar, ya nuna cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na 'yan kasar Turkiyya sun amince da kisan kare dangi. Inkarin Holocaust Ƙin Holocaust yana nufin ƙaryata kisan kiyashin da Nazis suka yi wa Yahudawa miliyan 5 zuwa 6 a Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na 2. Yana da ainihin aikin da ba daidai ba wanda ya hana tabbatar da kwarewa ko wani abu na tarihi." A cikin wannan mahallin, kalmar. wani bangare ne na inkarin kisan kare dangi, wanda wani nau'i ne na inkarin siyasa. Nakba musunta Inkarin Nakba yana nufin yunƙurin rage daraja, ƙaryatawa da kuma kwatanta tsarkake ƙabilanci da aka yi wa Falasɗinawa a lokacin Nakba. inda aka kori kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan Falasɗinawa daga ƙasashensu da gudun hijira. Kisan kisa na Srebrenica Sonja Biserko, shugabar kwamitin Helsinki mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam a Sabiya, da Edina Bečirević, tsangayar laifuffuka, da binciken laifuka da na jami’ar Sarajevo, sun yi nuni da wata al’ada ta ƙaryata kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Srebrenica a cikin al’ummar Serbia, wanda ya ɗauki salo da yawa. da kuma gabatar da su musamman a cikin maganganun siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, doka da tsarin ilimi. Magana

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asusun%20Tallafawa%20Manyan%20Makarantun%20Ilimi

Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi

Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi mai suna TETFUND wani shiri ne da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa a shekara ta 2011, domin rabawa, sarrafa da kuma sanya ido kan harajin ilimi ga manyan makarantun mallakar gwamnati a Najeriya. An kafa tsarin TETFUND azaman samfurin Dokar Harajin Ilimi na shekarar alif 1993. Wannan Dokar ta soke Dokar Harajin Ilimi Cap. E4, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, shekara 2004, da Asusun Harajin Ilimi na 17, 2003 da kuma kafa Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantu da ke da alhakin sanyawa, sarrafawa da rarraba haraji ga manyan makarantun gwamnati a Najeriya. Kafin kafuwar shirin a shekara ta 2011, manyan makarantu mallakar gwamnati ba su da isasshen kudade. An tsara tsarin ne don inganta yadda ake tafiyar da kudaden da aka raba wa wadannan cibiyoyi. Fage Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1980s da kuma bayansa, lalacewar duk matakan ilimi ya kasance mai girma. Wuraren sun kusan rugujewa, malamai da malaman tarbiyya sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta. Ba da damar yanayi don ingantaccen koyarwa da koyo ya kasance babu. Gwamnatin shugaban kasa, Ibrahim Babangida ta lura da gaskiyar lamarin ta dauki matakin damke barakar. A cikin Disambar shekara ta 1990 Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Manyan Makarantu a Najeriya (Hukumar Grey Longe) don sake duba yancin kai bayan Hukumar Lord Ashby ta 1959. Hukumar Longe ta ba da shawarar da a ba da tallafin kudaden manyan makarantu ta hanyar harajin da aka kebe daga kamfanonin da ke aiki a Najeriya. An kafa kwamitin aiwatarwa a karkashin shugabancin Farfesa Olu O. Akinkugbe don aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton Hukumar Grey Longe kuma an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ASUU a ranar 3 ga Satumban, shekara ta 1992 kan bayar da kudade na jami'o'i . A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1993, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Harajin Ilimi No7 na 1993 tare da wasu ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da ilimi. Dokar ta sanya harajin kashi 2% kan ribar da ake iya tantancewa na dukkan kamfanoni a Najeriya. Wannan wata mafita ce da aka girka a gida don magance matsalolin kuɗi don sake gyara ababen more rayuwa da suka lalace, dawo da martabar ilimi da aka rasa da amincewa da tsarin tare da ƙarfafa ribar da aka samu; gina iyawar malamai da malamai; ci gaban malamai; haɓaka ƙirar samfuri; da dai sauransu. Dokar Harajin Ilimi na No7 na shekara ta 1993 ta umurci Asusun yin aiki a matsayin Asusun shiga tsakani ga duk matakan ilimin jama'a (Tarayya, Jiha da na gida). An yi watsi da wannan wa'adin da aminci tsakanin 1999 zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 2011 lokacin da aka soke dokar ET kuma aka maye gurbinta da Dokar Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantu, saboda gazawa da kalubale wajen gudanar da Asusun Amincewar Ilimi. Waɗannan gazawa da ƙalubale sun haɗa da: ETF ya yi nauyi da yawa kuma yana iya ba da tallafi kawai ga duk matakan cibiyoyin ilimi na jama'a a Najeriya; Kwafi na ayyuka da umarni na wasu Hukumomin da aka kafa bayan ETF, kamar Universal Basic Education (UBE) da Manufofin Ci gaban Ƙarni (MDGs); Lalacewar, ruɓe da ɓarna al'amurran da suka shafi kayan aiki a cikin manyan makarantun sun ci gaba da yin haushi yayin da ake ba da kuɗi kaɗan. Kafa Asusun Ilimin Manyan Makarantu An kafa Asusun Amintaccen Ilimi na Manyan Makarantu a matsayin Asusun Amintaccen Ilimi (ETF) ta Dokar No 7 na 1993 kamar yadda Dokar No 40 ta 1998 ta gyara (yanzu an soke kuma an maye gurbinsu da Dokar Asusun Amincewar Manyan Ilimi ta 2011). Wata hukuma ce da aka kafa don ba da ƙarin tallafi ga kowane matakin manyan makarantun gwamnati tare da babban manufar yin amfani da kuɗi tare da gudanar da ayyuka don gyarawa, maidowa da ƙarfafa ilimin manyan makarantu a Najeriya. Babban hanyar samun kudin shiga ga Asusun shine kashi biyu na harajin ilimi da ake biya daga ribar da ake iya tantancewa na kamfanonin da suka yi rajista a Najeriya. Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya (FIRS) ta tantance tana karɓar haraji a madadin Asusun. Ana fitar da kudaden ne don inganta ilimi gabaɗaya a makarantun tarayya da na jahohi musamman don samarwa ko kula da: Muhimman kayan aikin jiki don koyarwa da koyo; Kayan aiki da kayan aiki; Bincike da wallafe-wallafe; horar da ma'aikatan ilimi da haɓakawa, da; Duk wata bukata wacce, a ra'ayin Hukumar Amintattu, tana da mahimmanci kuma tana da mahimmanci don haɓakawa da kiyaye ƙa'idodi a manyan cibiyoyin ilimi.. Kwamitin mambobi goma sha daya ne ke tafiyar da asusun tare da wakilai daga shiyyoyin siyasar kasar nan shida da kuma wakilan ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayya da ma’aikatar kudi ta tarayya da kuma hukumar tara haraji ta kasa . Hukumar tana da ayyuka masu zuwa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokar: Kulawa da tabbatar da tattara Haraji ta Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya da tabbatar da canja wuri zuwa Asusun; Sarrafa da rarraba Harajin; Haɗa kai da ma'aikatu da hukumomin da suka dace waɗanda ke da alhakin tattarawa ko kiyaye Harajin lafiya; Karɓi buƙatun kuma yarda da ayyukan tebur bayan la'akari da kyau; Hakuri da bayar da kudade ga manyan makarantun gwamnati a Najeriya; Saka idanu da kimanta aiwatar da ayyukan; Zuba jari a cikin abubuwan da suka dace kuma masu aminci; Sabunta Gwamnatin Tarayya kan ayyukanta da ci gabanta ta hanyar rahotannin tantancewa na shekara-shekara a tsakanin jihohin tarayya idan har ana sa baki akai-akai; Yi bitar ci gaba da ba da shawarar ingantawa cikin tanade-tanaden Dokar; Yi irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka zama dole ko kuma suka dace da manufar Asusun a ƙarƙashin waɗannan Dokokin ko kuma waɗanda Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta iya ba su; Yi duk wani ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, ga duk waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kuɗin kuɗi daga Asusun akan amfani da kuɗin da aka karɓa daga Asusun; Gabaɗaya don tsara gudanarwa, aikace-aikace da fitar da kudade daga Asusun a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar. Kwamitin Amintattu zai gudanar da gudanarwa, gudanarwa da kuma fitar da harajin da wannan doka ta sanya a kan: Bayar da kuɗin duk manyan makarantun gwamnati Daidaito tsakanin shiyyoyin geo-siyasa guda shida na Tarayya idan aka shiga tsakani na musamman Daidaito tsakanin jihohin tarayya idan ana sa baki akai-akai Rarraba za ta kasance a kan rabon 2:1:1 tsakanin Jami'o'i, Polytechnics da College of Education. BOT za ta sami ikon yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka dace na kowane yanki na siyasa a cikin bayarwa da sarrafa harajin da wannan doka ta sanya a tsakanin matakan ilimi daban-daban. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Makarantu Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya

9594

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayajidda

Bayajidda

Bayajidda Wanda cikakken sunan shi shine(Abu Yazid ne) asalinsa ɗa ne ga sarkin Baghdad ne nasa cikin shi ana bayar da tarihin shi ne a matsayin wani jarumi wanda yazo daga Baghdad, ya zauna a cikin garin Daura inda a wancan lokacin anyi wata macijiya dake cikin garin take kuma takura ma mutanan dake cikin garin na daura inda macijiyar ke hana ibar ruwan rijiyar sai a rana guda daya ce ake ɗibar ruwa a rijiyar ta kusugu har yakai tana kashe mutanan da duk suke zuwa ibar ruwa a rijiyar ta kusugu in har ba ranar juma'a ba, a Wannan lokacin bayajidda ya kasan ce matafiyi ne tafiya ta kaishi cikin garin daura a inda ya sauka gidan wata tsohuwa me suna Ayyana dake cikin garin na daura a inda wata mace Ke sarautar garin na daura me suna Daurama, A Wannan lokacin Bayajidda ya isa garin a gajiye yunwa da kuma kishin ruwa na damun shi a inda tsohuwar daya sauka gidan ta, ta kawo masa abinci yaci ya Koshi ya nemi ta kawo masa ruwan sha ta nuna masa bata da ruwan da zata iya bashi yasha domin kowa dibar ruwan yake yana ajewa wanda har zai kaishi karshen satin dama kuma yazo ne cikin daren lahadi a inda tsohuwar Ke bashi labarin halin da garin yake baki daya wajen ruwan sha a inda ya nuna mata shifa zaije ya debo ruwan a cikin rijiyar nan wadda kowa Ke tsoro a duk fadin garin na daura jin hakan ya tayar ma tsohuwa da hankali sosai domin tasan in har yaje to ajalin sane yayi domin kuwa mutuwa zaiyi dole saboda haka tayi iya yinta wajen bashi haƙuri da kuma nuna mashi hatsarin da macijiyar take dashi amma ya kauda kai yaki ji,inda ya nemi tsohuwa ta bashi abun dibar ruwan ta yaje ya debo ruwa ba yadda ta iya tana kuka harda rike shi dan kada yaje amma sai da ya tafi a cikin daren wanda a Wannan lokacin kowa nata bacci harda munshari yaje bakin rijiyar ta kusugu ya jefa guga a cikin rijiya Sai yaji an rike yaja yaja yaji shiru yayi magana mutum ko aljani yaji shiru wanda hakan yasa ya jawo gugar shi da kyar da kyar har ya iso bakin rijiyar inda ya lura cewar macijiyar ce ta nan nade gugar wanda hakan yasa ya jawo ta macijiyar ta fasa kai wanda ke nuni da cewar zata cutar dashi inda yasa wukar shi mai kaifi ya sare mata kai ya raba kanta da kuma gangar jikin nata ya debi ruwan yasha kuma ya wanke jikin shi harma ya cika ma tsohuwar abun dibar ruwan ta ya kawo mata gida a wannan lokacin ne yabar waren takalmin sa guda daya a bakin rijiyar ta kusugu Wanda safiya nayi kowa ya fito dibar ruwa Sai ya koma gida a guje yaga abun mamaki macijiya a kwance wanda hakan yasa labari ya bade gari baki daya inda labari har ya kai fadar sarauniya Daurama wadda ke mulki a lokacin inda tazo da kanta ta gani abun yayi matukar yi mata dadi inda tasa a nemo mata wanda yayi wannan jarumtar domin ta biya shi tukwuici mai tsoka, a wannan lokacin ne gimbiya Daurama tasa kyauta mai tsoka inda akaita zuwa amma ba a samu, abun kamar da wasa har yakai fadar sarauniya Daurama inda tasa aka kawo warin kafar takalmin da bayajidda ya bari a bakin rijiyar ta kusugu kowa yazo yace nashi ne amma ina ba a samu ba wanda hakan yasa akayi shela duka Kauyukan dake karka shin ikonta da kowa yazo ya gwada takalmin nan da aka bari bakin rijiyar amma ba a samu wanda takalmin yayi ma daidai ba daga yayi kadan sai yayi yawa kowa yazo ba asamu wanda yayi ma daidai ba, daman kuma ya bar warin takalmin sane domin yasan dole a neme shi tsohuwa na ganin haka ta gane cewar toh ba kowa yayi aikin nan ba sai bakon ta daya sauka gidan ta na jiya da daddare ta tafi gida ta sanar dashi abun dake faruwa a gari wanda hakan yasa shima ya isa har cikin fadar sarauniya Daurama a inda shima yace shi ya kashe macijiya hakan yasa aka nemi shaida sai kuwa gashi ya fiddo kan maciya a jakar shi kuma ya gwada takalmin aka ga yayi mashi cif-cif da kafar sa ya fiddo dayen waren takalmin a cikin jakar shi yasa a nan ne fada ta cika da mamakin wannan bako gimbiya Daurama kuma ta cika alkawarin da tayi inda ta bashi kyautu ka masu yawa harma da rabin gari sarauniya Daurama ta bashi, karshe dai ya yanke shawarar zata aure shi bada dadewa ba abunka da daurin auren sarakai baifi sati biyu ba aka tara mutane aka daura aure aka sha bikin da ba a taba yin Irin saba a duk fadin daular ta Daura inda ya auri sarauniya Daurama. Hakan yayi matukar burge mutanan dake ciki da Wajen masarautar ta Daura a inda suka zaman auren su har aka samu karuwa yaya da dama wanda ake kira da Hausa bakwai da kuma banza bakwai dake cikin fadin arewacin Nigeria. Bibiyi Tarihin Zuwan Bayajidda da kafa masarautar daura ta sarauniya daurama. Gabatarwa. Bayajidda ana bayar da tarihin shi a a matsayin wani jarumi wanda yazo daga Baghdad, ya zauna a cikin garin Daura inda ya kashe maciya, sannan kuma ya auri sarauniya Daurama Tarihi dafarko ya sauka a Borno a inda aka aurar masa da diyar Sarkin Daular Borno wato Mai,sai yaji raɗe-raɗin cewa sarkin zai kashe shi ya gaje sojojinsa. Sai matarsa ta ce su gudu, sai suka gudu cikin dare. sa'annan daga bisani yatafi zuwa kasar Hausa, Ance ya sauka a garin Daura cikin dare a gidan wata tsohuwa, inda kishirwa yakamashi, ya bukaci tasamo masa ruwa,a lokacin kuma bata da ruwa ruwan da take dashi ya kare sai ya tambaye ta, a ina ne akwai rijiya Sai ta gaya masa cewar akwai (wani katon maciji dake hana a dibu ruwa da daddare), amma Bayajidda bai tsorata ba, yaje rijiyar, Sarkin(Maciji) yafito ya nemi hana shi dibar ruwan, Bayajidda yayi fada dashi yasamu ya sare masa Kai a karshe dai ya kashe Sarki, kuma ya diba ruwarsa yakawo wa tsohuwa, ta cika da mamakin yadda yasamo mata ruwa acikin daren nan yakawo mata. Da gari yawaye, mutanen gari sunzo dibar ruwa, sai suka tarar da sarki a kwance, gashi ansare masa kai, al'umman gari suka fara murna da biki, cewar daga wannan lokaci babu abinda zai rika hanasu dibar ruwa, sai dai ba'asan wanda yayi wannan jaruntakar ba, har yasamu yakashe Sarkin, amma sai aka sama yamance da warin takalminsa kafa daya a gindin ko bakin rijiyar. Mulki Daga nan sai Sarauniyar Daura tayi alkawarin bayar da rabin gari ga duk wanda yayi wannan jarunta, kawai dayan sawun takalminsa Dan a tabbatar, sai tsohuwa tazo ta bayar da labarin abinda yafaru da daddare, aka kira Bayajidda Sarauniya ta aurar masa da kanta, Bayajidda daga bisani tanada yaro da akekira "Bawo" da "Biram" daga matarsa Sarauniyar Borno, da kuma wani yaron "karbogari" daga kuyangarsa Bagwariya. Hausa bakwai da banza bakwai Bawo ne yagaji mahaifinsa kuma yahaifa ya'ya shida(6), wadanda sune suka zama Sarakunan Daura, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Kano da Rano. Wadannan, tareda Biram, wadda Shugaban ta shine dan Bayajidda daga wurin matarsa Sarauniyar Borno, sune suka Samar da "Hausa Bakwai" ko "Hausa 7". Dukda yake, dansa Karbogari wanda kuyangarsa BaGwariya ta Haifa masa, shima tanada ya Bakawai sune suka mulki Kebbi, Zamfara, Gwari, Jukun, Yoruba, Nupe da Yauri wadanda akekira da "Banza Bakwai" ko "Fake 7" Bibiliyo Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. Manazarta Jarumi a ƙasar Hausa

34349

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20immunity

State immunity

Koyarwa da ka'idojin kariya na kasa sun shafi kariyar da ake ba wa wata jiha daga shigar da kara a kotunan wasu jihohi. Dokokin sun shafi shari’ar da ake yi a kotunan wata jiha, ba na kotunan jihar ba. Dokokin sun samo asali ne a lokacin da ake tunanin cin zarafi ne ga wata kasa don kawo karar ta ko jami'anta a wata kasar waje. A yanzu ana samun ci gaba a jihohi daban-daban zuwa ga keɓantacce mai yawa ga tsarin rigakafi; musamman ana iya tuhumar wata jiha a lokacin da rikici ya taso daga cinikin kasuwanci da wata jiha ta shiga ko kuma wani “aikin da ba na mulki ba” na wata jiha. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Kaddarorinsu, wanda har zuwa shekarar 2015 ba ta fara aiki ba, za ta Kuma sake tsarawa da daidaita ka'idoji da kebantattun su. Ba ya ɗaukar shari'ar laifuka kuma baya ƙyale ayyukan farar hula (misali kuɗi) don cin zarafin ɗan adam akan jami'an jihohi inda aka yi cin zarafi a wata ƙasa. Lord Atkin (d.1944) ya lura da shi a babbar kotun Burtaniya a shekarar 1938:Kotunan kasar ba za su hana wani dan kasar waje cikas ba, ma’ana ba za su sanya shi ba tare da son ransa ba a cikin shari’a ko shari’a ta shafi shari’ar da ake yi wa mutumin ko kuma a nemi a karbo masa takamammen kadarori ko diyya. Babban abin da dokar ke nufi shi ne, wata kasa da duk wani mai mulki, sai dai idan ta zabi a yafe mata kariya, ba ta da hurumin kotunan kasashen waje da kuma aiwatar da umarnin kotu. Don haka ana kiyaye kishin doka, bisa ga al'ada tabbatar da duk wani ikon da ake ganin ba zai yiwu ba sai da izinin kasashen waje. Hujjoji don kuma a kan keɓantacce Wasu masu sharhi suna ganin bai kamata jihohi su kasance cikin kariya daga shari'o'in da suka shafi munanan take hakki ba . Suna jayayya cewa muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam kamar haƙƙin rayuwa da haramcin azabtarwa yakamata su kasance fifiko akan ƙa'idodin kariya na ƙasa (a fannin fasaha, sun zama ƙa'idodi na jus cogens ). Wasu kuma suna nuna cewa rigakafin ya kamata ya kasance ban da wanda ke ba da hujjar da ta dace, ba tare da wace jiha ba ta zama abin alhaki. Masu adawa da wannan nau'in keɓantawa suna nuni da cewa ayyukan farar hula da marasa rai a wata ƙasa suka kawo wa wata ƙasa ka iya yin mummunar illar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga jihohin biyu; kuma shari'ar farar hula na iya tayar da matsaloli masu wahala na tilastawa da kuma ikon mallakar yanki . Suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a yi keɓancewar kariya a kowace ƙasa a cikin dokar cikin gida ta kowace ƙasa, ta yadda ma'anar ƙasar za ta yi amfani da su na cin zarafi, ƙa'idar hujja, da ƙa'idodin shaida. A aikace A ƙarƙashin dokar al'ada ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasashe yawanci ba su da kariya daga shari'ar shari'a a wata jiha. A wasu lokuta ana samun kariyar kariya ga ƙasashe a kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa da shari'ar ƙasa da ƙasa; Amma kuma ba sai dai idan yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu kwangila (misali yin yarjejeniya game da hako mai da sayar da shi) ko kuma a cikin al'amuran iyakoki. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2012, game da batun <i id="mwKg">Jamus v.</i> <i id="mwKg">Italiya: Girka ta shiga tsakani</i>, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yanke hukunci da rinjaye na 12 zuwa 3 (12-3) cewa duk ƙoƙarin da kotunan cikin gida, tarurruka da kotuna suka yi na yin amfani da jus cogens da ke da alaƙa da dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa sun mamaye su. rigakafi na jiha. Shari'ar ta tabbatar da dokar shari'ar daga yanke shawara a baya.  ] Wasu masu sharhi sun soki matakin kan rashin rungumar wani yunkuri na yafe kariyar da ake yi a lokuta na take hakkin dan Adam. Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa shawarar ta nuna amincewar al'ada da al'adar kasa da kasa. Hukuncin kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ya shafi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashe da ke cikin kotun. Ko da yake shari'o'in na iya haɗawa da ayyukan da shugabanni ke ɗauka a matsayinsu na hukuma (kamar umurci sojojin ƙasar da su yi kisan kiyashi), ana tuhumar su a kan daidaikun mutane maimakon gwamnatin ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Amurka Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta shekarar 1812 The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon ya fassara dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada ta hana wani mai jirgin ruwa kara don dawo da wani jirgin ruwa da gwamnatin Faransa ta kama, wanda ya tsaya don gyara a Philadelphia. 1976 Dokar Immunities na Ƙasashen waje gabaɗaya ta haramtawa gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje, sai dai a lokuta da aka yi watsi da rigakafi na jihohi; wasu da'awar admiralty ; ko ƙarar ta ƙunshi ayyukan kasuwanci, azabtarwa a cikin Amurka (kamar hatsarin ababen hawa), ko kwace dukiyoyi da suka saba wa dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sashe na 221 na Dokar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci da Ingantacciyar Hukuncin Kisa na shekarata 1996 ya ƙara da banbanta ga waɗanda Amurka ke fama da ta'addanci, ga duk wata gwamnati da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amirka ta ayyana a matsayin mai ɗaukar nauyin ta'addanci . Dokar ba da izinin tsaro ta ƙasa na shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta shekarar 2008 ta ƙara keɓanta ga azabtarwa, kisan gilla, zagon ƙasa, da yin garkuwa da mutane . A shekara ta 2016, dokar da ke yaki da masu daukar nauyin ta'addanci, ta cire bukatar a saka sunan kasar da ke daukar nauyin ta'addanci a hukumance, ta yadda iyalan wadanda harin ya rutsa da su a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba su kai karar Saudiyya. Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Kariyar Jiha An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Kariyar Jiha a Basel a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1972 kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe 8: Austria, Belgium, Jamus, Luxembourg, Netherlands (na Turai Netherlands), Switzerland da Ingila. Biyar daga cikin waɗancan (Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg da Switzerland) suma ƙungiyoyi ne a cikin ƙarin yarjejeniya, wanda ke kafa Kotunan Turai a cikin lamuran Kariya . Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Dukiyoyinsu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Kaddarorinsu a ranar 2 ga Disamban shekarata 2004 amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. Yarjejeniyar ta buɗe don sanya hannu ga duk Jihohi har zuwa 17 ga Janairun shekarar 2007 kuma tana iya aiki a rana ta talatin bayan ranar ajiyar kayan aiki na talatin na amincewa, karɓa, amincewa ko shiga. Tun daga ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2015, akwai masu rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 28 kuma an ajiye kayan aikin 20 na amincewa. Duba sauran wasu abubuwan Kariya daga tuhuma (dokar duniya) Dokar Kariya ta Ƙasashen Waje (Amurka) Ƙarfin ikon yanki Nassoshi Dangane da shirin dokar kasa da kasa na Mayu 2005 daga masu magana Joanne Foakes da Elizabeth Wilmshurst, Gidan Chatham Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Kariyar Jiha Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Dukiyoyinsu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laifin%20Ya%C6%99i

Laifin Yaƙi

Laifin yaki wani aiki ne wanda ke haifar da mummunan keta dokokin yaki wanda ke haifar da dawainiyar aikata laifi. Misalai da laifukan sun hada da gangan ya kashe fararen hula ko fursunonin, da azabtarwa, da hallaka farar hula dukiyõyin su, da aka yi garkuwa, yin wani perfidy, raping, yin amfani da yara, pillaging, yana nuna cewa babu kwata za a ba, da kuma tsanani keta ka'idojin bambanci, proportionality, da kuma wajibcin soja . Batun aikata laifukan yaki ya samo asali ne a karshen karni na ashirin lokacin da aka tsara kundin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi yaki tsakanin kasashe masu mulkin kansu . Irin wannan bayanin ya faru ne a matakin ƙasa, kamar buga littafin Lieber Code a ƙasar Amurka, da kuma a matakin kasa da ƙasa tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyi a lokacin yayin taron Hague na shekarun 1899 da 1907. Bugu da dari, shari'o'in da aka yi a kotunan kasa a wannan lokacin sun kara bayyana doka. Bayan karshen Yakin Duniya na II, manyan cigaba a cikin dokar sun faru. Yawancin gwaji da akayi na masu aikata laifukan yaki na Axis sun kafa ka'idodin Nuremberg, kamar ra'ayin cewa laifukan yaki sun zama laifuka wadanda dokar kasa ta bayyana . Bugu da kari, Yarjejeniyar Geneva a cikin shekara ta1949 ta bayyana sabbin laifukan yaki kuma sun kafa cewa jihohi na iya yin ikon duniya game da wadannan laifukan. A karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, bayan kirkirar kotunan kasa da kasa da yawa, an bayyana karin nau'ikan laifukan yaki da suka shafi rikice-rikicen makamai banda wadanda ke tsakanin jihohi, kamar yake-yake na cikin gida . Tarihi Misalan farko Shari'ar Peter von Hagenbach da wata kotun wucin gadi ta Masarautar Roman ta Kudus ta yi a shekarar 1474 ita ce ta farko ta "laifukan yaki" ta duniya, kuma har ila yau ta alhakin daukar nauyi . An kuma yanke masa hukunci kuma an fille kansa saboda aikata laifuka da cewa "shi a matsayinsa na jarumi an dauke shi yana da hakkin hanawa", duk da cewa ya dade yanayin jayayya cewa "yana bin umarnin ne kawai". A shekarata 1865, Henry Wirz, wani hafsan Sojan Amurka, kotun soji ta tuhume shi kuma ta rataye shi saboda mummunan yanayi a Kurkukun Andersonville, inda fursunonin Yammacin tarayyar da yawa suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka . Yarjejeniyar Hague Yarjejeniyar Hague ta kasance yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tattauna a taro na Zaman Lafiya na Farko da na biyu a Hague, Netherlands a shekara ta 1899 da 1907, kuma sun kasance, tare da Yarjejeniyar Geneva, daga cikin bayanan farko na dokokin yaki da laifukan yaki a kungiyar internationalasa ta duniya wacce ba ta addini ba. Yarjejeniyar Geneva Yarjejeniyar Geneva yarjejeniyoyi ne masu alaqa guda hudu wadanda aka amince da su kuma aka cigaba da hadaka ta daga shekarata 1864 zuwa 1949 wadanda ke wakiltar tushen doka da tsarin gudanar da yaki karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Kowane dayan memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a halin yanzu ya amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda aka yarda da su a matsayin ka'idodin dokar kasa da kasa, wadanda ke suka dace da kowane yanayin rikici a duniya. Koyayar da ladabi ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva da aka zartar a cikin shekarar 1977 wanda ke dauke da mafi mahimmancin, cikakke kuma cikakkiyar kariya ta dokar agaji ta kasa da kasa ga mutane da abubuwa a cikin yakin zamani har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Jihohi da yawa da ke ci gaba da fadawa cikin rikice-rikicen yaƙi, wato Amurka, Isra’ila, Indiya, Pakistan, Iraki, Iran, da sauransu. Dangane da haka, jihohi suna rike lambobi daban-daban da dabi'u game da halayen lokacin yaƙi. Wasu masu sanya hannu sun saba ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta yadda ko dai ta amfani da sahihan doka ko kuma jan ra'ayin siyasa don kaucewa ka'idoji da dokokin. An sake inganta manyan taruka uku tare da faɗaɗa na hudu wanda aka ƙara a shekarar 1949: Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko don Inganta Yanayin Wadanda Sukaji rauni da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin Kasa (Taro na Amelioration na Yanayin Raunuka da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin a Field an karbe shi a 1864, an yi kwaskwarima sosai kuma an maye gurbinsa da Tsarin 1906, sigar 1929, daga baya kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko a 1949 ). Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu don Inganta Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa a Tekun (Taro na Amelioration na Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa da Ruwa a cikin Tekun an karɓi a shekarar 1906, muhimmanci bita da maye gurbinsu da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ta 1949). Taron Geneva na Uku dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki ( Yarjejeniyar <i id="mwdA">dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki</i> an zartar da ita a shekarar 1929, an yi kwaskwarima sosai tare da maye gurbin ta Taron Geneva na Uku na 1949). Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Hudu dangane da Kariyar Jama'a a Lokacin Yaƙin (wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekara ta 1949, ya dogara da bangarorin Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1907). An karbi karin ladabi biyu a cikin 1977 tare da na uku wanda aka ƙara a shekarar 2005, kammalawa da sabunta Yarjejeniyar Geneva: Yarjejeniyar I (1977) dangane da Kariyar Waɗanda Rikicin Makamai na Internationalasashe ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar II (1977) dangane da Kariyar waɗanda ke fama da Rikicin Nonasashen Duniya ba. Yarjejeniyar III (2005) dangane da Tallafin Distarin Alamar Musamman. Leipzig Gwajin Laifin Yaki An yi wa wasu tsirarun ma'aikatan sojan Jamusawa na Yaƙin Duniya na daya hukunci a cikin 1921 da Kotun Germanoli ta Jamhuriyar ta tuhumar su da aikata laifukan yaƙi. Yarjejeniyar London / Gwaji Nuremberg 1945 An inganta tunanin zamani game da aikata laifukan yaƙi a ƙarƙashin ƙararrakin Nuremberg bisa ma'anar cikin Yarjejeniyar London da aka buga a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1945. (Hakanan duba ka'idodin Nuremberg). Tare da laifukan yaki, kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma bayyana laifuffukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, wadanda galibi ake aikata su yayin yake-yake kuma a hada kai da laifukan yaki. Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas 1946 Har ila yau, ana kiranta da Titin Tokyo, Kotun Laifin Laifukan Yakin Tokyo ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kotu, an yi taronta a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1946, don gwada shugabannin Daular Japan game da laifuka iri uku: "Ajin A" (laifuka kan zaman lafiya ), "Ajin B" (laifukan yaki), da "Ajin C" (laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama), da aka aikata a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya 2002 A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2002, Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya, wata kotun da ke da hedikwata a Hague, ta kasance don gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen laifukan yaƙi da aka aikata a ko bayan wannan ranar. Kasashe da dama, musamman Amurka, China, Rasha, da Isra’ila, sun soki kotun. Har yanzu Amurka na cikin masu kallo. Mataki na goma sha biyu 12 na Dokar Roma ya ba da iko kan 'yan ƙasa da jihohin da ba sa kwangila idan an zarge su da aikata laifi a yankin ɗayan ɓangarorin jihar. An bayyana laifuffukan yaƙi a cikin ƙa'idar da ta kafa Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, wanda ya haɗa da: Kashe kaburbura na Yarjejeniyar Geneva, kamar su: Kisan ganganci, ko haddasa babbar wahala ko rauni mai tsanani ga jiki ko lafiya Azabtarwa ko cutar da mutum Rushewar doka ba bisa doka ba ko satar dukiya Tilasta fursunan yaƙi ya yi aiki a cikin rundunar maƙiya Haramta fursunonin yaƙi na hukuncin adalci Korar jama'a ba bisa doka ba, tsarewa ko canja wuri Yin garkuwa da mutane Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula Daidaita kai hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kashe mayaƙan da aka sallama Amfani da tutar sulhu Yankin yankin da aka mamaye Korar mazaunan yankin da suka mamaye Yin amfani da makamai masu guba Amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwa Yin amfani da yara sojoji Yin harbi a kan Magungunan Yaki tare da bayyananniyar alama. Abubuwan da ke gudana a matsayin ɓangare na rikice-rikice ba na duniya ba: Kisan kai, zalunci ko wulakanta mutane da azabtarwa Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula, ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Abubuwan da ke faruwa a matsayin ɓangare na rikicin duniya: Yin garkuwa da mutane Takaitawar aiwatarwa Ganima Fyade, bautar jima'i, tilasta karuwanci ko tilasta ciki Koyaya kotu tana da iko ne kawai akan wadannan laifuka inda suke "bangare ne na wani tsari ko manufa ko kuma wani bangare na babban kwamiti na irin wadannan laifuka". Manyan fitattu Shugabannin jihohi da na gwamnati Zuwa yau, na yanzu da tsoffin shugabannin kasa da shugabannin gwamnatocin da ake tuhuma da aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da: Großadmiral na Jamus da Shugaba Karl Dönitz da Firayim Ministocin Japan da Janar-Janar Hideki Tōjō da Kuniaki Koiso a bayan yakin duniya na II. An gabatar da tsohon shugaban kasar Serbia , Slobodan Miloševi to a gaban kotu, inda ake tuhumarsa da, kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama, da laifukan yaki a jamhuriyoyi uku. The tribunal found the prosecution had according to its rules and procedures; enough evidence was tailored, before the defense presentation, that, "a reasonable trier of fact, could conclude, the accused was responsible for the crimes charged." Wannan ya shafi babban nauyi na tuhumar Bosnia da Croatia, da kuma alhakin kowane mutum na tuhumar Kosovo. Babu wani hukunci da aka yanke, duk da haka, tunda ya mutu a tsare a cikin 2006, kafin a kammala shari'ar. Shi ma tsohon shugaban Laberiya Charles G. Taylor an kawo shi a Hague ana tuhumarsa da laifukan yaki; shari'arsa ta faro ne daga 2007 zuwa Maris 2011. An yanke masa hukunci a cikin Afrilu na 2012 na taimakawa da tallafawa laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. An kama tsohon Shugaban Sabiyawan Bosniya Radovan Karadžić a Belgrade a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2008 kuma aka gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Laifukan Yakin Yakin na Belgrade kwanaki kadan bayan haka. An mika shi zuwa Netherlands, kuma a yanzu haka yana Hague, a hannun kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia . An fara shari'ar a cikin 2010. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2016, an same shi da laifin kisan kare dangi a Srebrenica, laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama, 10 cikin tuhume-tuhume 11 gaba daya, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 40. An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a kan roko. Omar al-Bashir, tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, ana tuhumarsa da aikata laifuka uku na kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama da sauran laifukan yaki dangane da yakin 2003– a yankin Darfur na Sudan. Shugaban kasa na farko da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ke tuhuma da kisan kare dangi tare da samin sammacin kama mutane a Darfur . An gurfanar da tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi bisa zargin bada umarnin kisan masu zanga-zanga da fararen hula da Laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, a lokacin yakin basasar Libya na 2011, amma, an kashe shi kafin ya iya fuskantar shari'a a watan Oktoban 2011. Sauran fitattun masu gabatar da kara Yoshijirō Umezu, janar a cikin Sojojin Japan na Sarki Seishirō Itagaki, Ministan Yaki na Daular Japan Hermann Göring, Kwamandan Babban Luftwaffe . Ernst Kaltenbrunner da Adolf Eichmann, manyan membobin SS . Wilhelm Keitel, Janarfeldmarschall, shugaban kungiyar Oberkommando der Wehrmacht . Erich Raeder, Großadmiral, Babban Kwamandan Babban Kriegsmarine . Albert Speer, Ministan Makamai da Samar da Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin Nazi Jamus 1942–45. William Calley, tsohon hafsan sojan Amurka an same shi da laifin kisan kai saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin My Lai Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi da "Chemical Ali", wanda bayan Ba'athist Iraq ya zartar da hukuncin kisan gilla a ƙauyukan Kurdawa a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki; sannan kuma gwamnan Kuwait da ya mamaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokacin Yaƙin Fasha na Farko Ratko Mladić, wanda aka gurfanar da kisan kare dangi a tsakanin sauran take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin yakin Bosnia ; an kama shi a Serbia a watan Mayu na 2011 kuma an mika shi don fuskantar shari'a a Hague, inda aka same shi da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Joseph Kony, shugaban kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Lord Resistance Army, kungiyar' yan daba da ke aiki a Uganda. Ma'ana Laifukan yaƙi babban keta ƙa'idoji ne na dokokin al'adu da yarjejeniya game da dokar ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da ita  a matsayin laifukan aikata laifi wanda akwai alhakin mutum ɗaya. Ma'anar hada-hada ta aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da keta ka'idojin kariya na dokokin yaki, amma kuma ya hada da gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin aiki da ka'idojin yaki, kamar kai hari ga wadanda ke nuna tutar lumana ta sulhu, ko amfani da waccan tutar a matsayin dabara don hawa hari kan sojojin abokan gaba. A amfani da sinadaran da nazarin halittu makamai a yaƙi suna kuma haramta ta da yawa sinadaran makamai iko da yarjejeniyar da kuma Halittu Makamai Yarjejeniyar . Sanye da makiya kayan ko fararen kaya zuwa infiltrate maƙiyi Lines ga leken asirin ko ɓarna da gangan manufa ne istinbadi magajinsa na yaki, ko yãƙi a fama ko kisan gilla mutane bayan maƙiyi Lines yayin da haka ya ɓadda ba, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi m perfidy. Kai wa sojojin abokan gaba hari yayin da ake tura su ta hanyar hanyar leken asiri ba laifin yaki ba ne. Koyaya, Protocol I, Mataki na 42 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana kai hari ga masu lalatattun fastocin da suke fatarar jirgin nakasassu da masu ba da izinin sauƙaƙe da zarar sun sauka. Mataki na 30 na Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1907 ta IV - Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi a expasa a bayyane ya hana mayaƙan horo don azabtar da iesan leƙen asirin ba tare da shari'ar da ta gabata ba. Dokar yaƙi, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Rikicin Makamai, yana ba da izinin mahauta su shiga faɗa. Laifin yaƙi yana faruwa yayin da aka yi wa maƙiyi rauni ko azabar da ba dole ba. Laifukan yaƙi sun haɗa da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar cutar da fursunonin yaƙi ko fararen hula . Laifukan yaki wani lokacin wani bangare ne na lokuta na kisan gilla da kisan kare dangi duk da cewa wadannan laifuffuka an fi rufe su sosai a karkashin dokar agaji ta duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . A shekara ta 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba 1820, wanda ya nuna cewa "fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafin mata na iya zama laifukan yaki, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ko kuma aiwatar da wani babban aiki dangane da kisan kare dangi"; ga kuma yakin fyade A shekarar 2016, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta yanke wa wani hukuncin cin zarafin mata a karon farko; musamman, sun kara fyade ga hukuncin laifukan yaki na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwango Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo . Laifukan yaƙi kuma sun haɗa da kai hare-hare da gangan kan 'yan ƙasa da dukiyar ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, kamar harin Jafananci akan Pearl Harbor . Yayinda harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor ya faru yayin da Amurka da Japan suke cikin lumana kuma ba tare da wani dalili na kare kai ba, Kotun Tokyo ta ayyana harin don wucewa ta hanyar tabbatar da wajibcin soja don haka ya zama laifin yaki. Laifukan yaƙi suna da mahimmanci a dokar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa saboda yanki ne da aka haɗu da kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa kamar na Nuremberg da Tokyo . Misalai na baya-bayan nan sune Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia da kuma Kotun hukunta masu manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda, wadanda Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki karkashin Kashi na VIII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka kafa . A karkashin Ka'idojin Nuremberg, laifukan yaki sun banbanta da na cin zarafin zaman lafiya . Laifukan yaki da zaman lafiya sun hada da shiryawa, shiryawa, farawa, ko yin yakin wuce gona da iri, ko yakin keta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, yarjejeniyoyi, ko kuma tabbaci. Saboda za a iya muhawara kan ma'anar yanayin "yaki", kalmar "laifukan yaki" kanta ta ga amfani daban-daban a karkashin tsarin daban-daban na dokar kasa da kasa da ta soja. Yana da ɗan mataki na aikace-aikace a waje da abin da wasu za su iya ɗauka a matsayin yanayin "yaƙi", amma a cikin yankunan da rikice-rikice suka ci gaba har suka haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar jama'a. A wasu lokuta ana zargin shari'o'in yaƙi da ƙunshe da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara (" Adalcin Victor "), kamar yadda ba a zartar da wasu rikice-rikice a matsayin laifukan yaƙi ba. Wasu misalai sun hada da halakar Allies na biranen Axis a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kamar fashewar wuta na Dresden, harin <i id="mwAbw">Ofishin Taro</i> a Tokyo (mummunan harin bam guda ɗaya a tarihi), da fashewar atom na Hiroshima da Nagasaki . Dangane da harin bama-bamai lokacin yakin duniya na II, babu wata yarjejeniya ko kayan aiki na duniya da ke kare fararen hula musamman daga harin jirgin sama, saboda haka hare-hare ta sama kan fararen hula ba laifukan yaƙi a hukumance bane. Allies a shari’ar a Nuremberg da Tokyo ba su taɓa gurfanar da Jamusawa ba, gami da babban kwamandan Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, don kai harin bam a Warsaw, Rotterdam, da biranen Biritaniya a lokacin Blitz da kuma hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan biranen kawancen tare da V -1 bama-bamai masu tashi sama da roket V-2, ko Jafananci don kai hare-hare ta sama kan biranen China cike da mutane. Kodayake babu wasu yarjejeniyoyi musamman game da yakin jirgi, Yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 51 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana yin ruwan bama-bamai a biranen da fararen hula za su iya zama ba tare da la'akari da kowace hanya ba. (duba bama-bamai na sama da dokar ƙasa ). Rikici ya faru ne lokacin da Allies suka sake sanya POWs na Jamusanci (a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1929 akan fursunonin yaƙi ) a matsayin Enungiyar Maƙiya ta ararya (ana zargin ba a kiyaye ta 1929 Geneva Yarjejeniyar kan Fursunonin Yaƙi ba), da yawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tilasta aiki kamar share filayen ma'adinai . Zuwa Disamba 1945, watanni shida bayan yakin ya ƙare, hukumomin Faransa sun kiyasta cewa har yanzu ana kashe ko raunata fursunonin Jamusawa dubu biyu kowane wata a cikin haɗarin kwance ma'adinai. An canza kalmomin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 na 1949 da gangan daga na 1929 don Sojojin da suka "fada cikin iko" biyo bayan mika wuya ko yawan garkuwar makiyi yanzu an ba su kariya da kuma wadanda aka kama fursuna yayin yakin. A karkashin dokar rikici (LOAC), mutuwar waɗanda ba sa yaƙin ba dole ba ne cin zarafi; akwai abubuwa da yawa don la'akari. Ba za a iya sanya fararen hula abin abin kai hari ba, amma mutuwa / rauni ga fararen hula yayin gudanar da hari kan manufar soja ana mulkinta ne a karkashin ka'idoji kamar na daidaito da bukatar sojoji kuma ana iya halatta. Wajabcin soja "yana ba da izinin halakar rayuwar ... mutanen da rikice-rikicen yaƙe-yaƙe ba za su iya kiyaye halakar su ba; ... baya ba da izinin kashe bayin Allah marasa laifi don ramuwar gayya ko gamsar da sha'awar kashewa. Lalata dukiya don halal ya zama tilas dole ne a buƙaci buƙatun yaƙi. ” Misali, gudanar da aiki a rumbun ajiye makamai ko sansanin horar da 'yan ta'adda ba za a hana shi ba saboda wani manomi yana nome gona a yankin; manomi ba shine abin kawo hari ba kuma ayyukan zasuyi daidai da karfin soja. A gefe guda, fa'idodin soja na ban mamaki zai zama dole don tabbatar da aikin da ke haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko rauni ga dubban fararen hula. A cikin "grayer" shari'ar tambaya game da ko cutarwa da ake tsammani ta wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai ma'ana sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, Jihohi suka zaɓi amfani da mizanin "a sarari" don ƙayyade ko keta haddin laifi ya faru. Lokacin da babu wata hujja don aikin soja, kamar farar hula da aka sanya su abin kai hari, binciken kwatankwacin ba shi da muhimmanci don yanke hukuncin cewa harin ba shi da doka. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia Don bugun iska, matukan jirgi gaba ɗaya sun dogara da bayanan da ke fitowa daga kafofin waje (hedkwatar, sojojin ƙasa) cewa takamaiman matsayi shine ainihin abin sojan soja. Game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia, matukan jirgin NATO sun buge wani abu na farar hula ( ofishin jakadancin China a Belgrade ) wanda ba shi da muhimmancin soja, amma matukan jirgin ba su da ra'ayin yanke shi baya ga umarninsu. Kwamitin ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba za a sanya wa jirgin saman da ke da hannu cikin harin ba saboda an ba su mummunar manufa kuma bai dace ba a yi kokarin sanya alhakin aikata laifi ga abin da ya faru ga manyan shugabanni saboda an ba su bayanai marasa kyau. ta jami'an wata hukumar ". Rahoton ya kuma lura da cewa "Mafi yawan kayan da aka gabatar wa OTP sun kunshi rahotanni ne cewa an kashe fararen hula, galibi ana kiran a kammala da cewa an aikata laifuka. Raunin jingina ga fararen hula da lalata kayayyakin farar hula na iya faruwa saboda wasu dalilai. ” Dokar Rendulic An tuhumi Janar Lothar Rendulic na Jamusawa da bayar da umarnin rusa gine-gine da filayen fararen hula yayin da yake ja da baya daga wani harin da ake zargin abokan gaba da shi a cikin abin da ake kira siyasar duniya da aka kona saboda manufar soja ta hana amfani da fili ga makiya. Ya wuce gona da iri da aka hango amma yana jayayya cewa Hague IV ya ba da izinin halakar saboda ya zama wajibi a yi yaƙi. An wanke shi daga wannan tuhumar. Underarkashin "Dokar Rendulic" dole ne mutane su tantance wajibcin aikin soja bisa la’akari da bayanan da suke da su a wancan lokacin; ba za a iya yanke musu hukunci ba dangane da bayanan da suka zo a bayyane. Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin ƙasar Jerin laifukan yaki Zaluncin Bangladesh 1971 Laifukan yaƙi na ƙawance yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II Laifukan yaki na Burtaniya Laifukan yakin na Jamus Sakamakon Naziyanci na Jamusawa Holocaust Laifukan yaƙi na Wehrmacht Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas Kungiyar Daular Islama ta Iraki da binciken laifukan yaki na Levant Laifin yakin Italiya Laifukan yakin Japan Tsoma bakin da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yemen Laifukan Yaƙin Koriya Laifukan yakin Soviet Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Philippines Amurka laifukan yaki Matsalolin doka Dokar Kariyar Ba-Amurke Umurnin umarni Dokar yaƙi Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikici na Rikici (RULAC) Russell Tribunal Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da mamaye Iraki a 2003 Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki (Belgium) Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki na 1996 - shigar da Laifukan Yaki a cikin dokar Amurka Ikon duniya Dabam-dabam Tarihin Ta'addanci Mai shiga tsakani na farar hula Umurnin Commando Commissar oda Laifuka akan bil'adama Laifi akan zaman lafiya Laifin zalunci Gwajin likitoci Masana kimiyya Garkuwar ɗan adam Binciken Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Katyn kisan gilla Jerin sunayen tsoffin citizensan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba a ba su izini ba, gami da waɗanda aka ba su labarin don ɓoye hannu a cikin laifukan yaƙi don samun citizenshipan ƙasar Kwashewa Laifin Mass Laifi Kashe mutane Soja amfani da yara Nazarin ɗan adam na Nazi Kisan fursinonin NKVD Babu kwata Ka'idojin Nuremberg Farancin Razakars (Pakistan) Aikin Sentinel na Tauraron Dan Adam Kashe-kashen Srebrenica Ta'addancin Jiha Tashin bom Adalcin wucin gadi Mayaki mara doka Tashin hankali lokacin tashin hankali Binciken Sojoji na Hunturu Manazarta Kara karantawa  978-0-521-87609-4  978-0-521-54227-2 Hagopian, Patrick (2013). 'Yancin Amurka: Laifukan Yaki da Iyakokin Dokokin Duniya. Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Latsa.   978-0-8160-8083-0   978-0-521-72814-0  978-0-521-87088-7 Duba wasu abubuwan Laifuka akan Bil'adama Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Dokar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Dokar Doka Sauran manazarta Bunker na Australiya da Gidan Tarihi na Soja - abmm.org         Laifin Yaƙi: Yaƙi da Ilimin Hauka na Zalunci  Farkon 'Yancin Dan Adam; Nauyin Umurni: Mutuwar da Aka Saka a Tsaron Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikice-rikice na Makamai Kotun Musamman ta Iraki Laifukan Yakin Yaki Yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rwanda Kotun Ad-Hoc don Gabashin Timor CBC Digital Archives -Yancin Adalci: Masu Laifin Laifi a Kanada Binciken Laifin Laifin mamaye Iraki da Mamayar Iraki Daga Ronald C. Kramer da Raymond J. Michalowski Binciken 'Yancin Dan-Adam - Neman isa ga Diasporaungiyoyin Diasporaasashen Waje a Amurka don Shawarwarin Laifin Laifin Yaƙi ( FBI ) Dokokin Yarjejeniyar Geneva na Burtaniya (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1995 - wacce ta haramta Laifukan Yaki

23941

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU%20ZISHEN

LU ZISHEN

Labarin ya nuna Lu Da (), wanda daga baya ya zama sufiri mai suna Zhishen, kamar yana da fuska mai zagaye, manyan kunnuwa, hanci madaidaiciya, bakin mazugi da gemu wanda kusan ya rufe fuskarsa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban sansanin sojoji a Weizhou (渭州; kusa da Pingliang, Gansu na yau ). Wata rana Lu ya sadu kuma ya yi abota da Shi Jin da Li Zhong lokacin da ba ya aiki. Yayin da su ukun ke shaye -shaye a cikin masauki, sai suka ji mawaƙin Jin Cuilian yana kuka game da bala'inta. Wani attajirin mahauci, da aka fi sani da Butcher Zheng, ya jawo hankalin Jin, wanda ke makale a Weizhou tare da mahaifinta tsoho, don ya zama ƙwarƙwararsa a musayar kuɗi don binne mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya. Amma a gaskiya ba a mika kudi ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga gidan Zheng, matar mahauta, ta yi kishin ƙuruciyarta, ta kore ta. Koyaya, Zheng ya dage cewa dole ne Jin da mahaifinta su biya shi kuɗin, wanda ya tara manyan sha'awa. Ba a ba su izinin barin Weizhou ba har sai an warware "bashin". . Bayan jin labarin, Lu Da ya ba wa uba da 'yar kuɗi kuma ya tabbatar sun bar Weizhou lafiya. Daga nan sai ya tafi rumfar Zheng da nufin koyar da chap darasi. Yana tsokani Zheng ta hanyar ba shi umarni ya yanyanka nama zuwa yanki mai kyau. Zheng ya rasa haƙuri kuma ya kai masa farmaki. Lu Da sauƙaƙe ya durƙusa shi kuma da ƙarfi uku a fuskarsa ya kashe shi ba da gangan ba. Da ya fahimci cewa mahauci ya mutu, Lu Da ya gudu daga Weizhou. Yayin da yake gudu, Lu Da ba zato ba tsammani ya sadu da mahaifin Jin Cuilian, wanda ya zauna a gundumar Yanmen yayin da 'yarsa ta auri wani ɗan gida mai suna Zhao. Mafakar ta mafaka Lu a cikin gidansa amma wurin ba shi da cikakken tsaro. Zhao yana ba da shawarar Lu ya ɓoye asalinsa ta hanyar zama masanin addinin Buddha a gidan sufi na Manjusri a Dutsen Wutai kusa. Abban a gidan sufi ya karɓi Lu kuma ya ba shi suna "Zhishen", wanda ke nufin "sagacious". Daga yanzu ana kiran Lu Da da suna Lu Zhishen. Yana kuma samun laƙabin "Flowery Monk" saboda jikinsa yana yin tattoo da furanni. Ganin rayuwar monastic dreary, rana daya Lu Zhishen ya sayi kuma ya hade duka giyan da mai saida giya ya tsallake tsauni. lokacin da ya dawo mashayar monastery, malamin bauta ya tsayar dashi daga shiga kofa. ya shiga da karfi kuma ya duke su. Ya dawo cikin Hankalinshi lokacin da masu lura suka bashi dogayen kaya. Ya samu dama ta biyu. Ba da daɗewa ba, saboda sake jin gajiya, Lu Zhishen ya sauka zuwa garin da ke kusa. Akwai ya tambaye wani maƙeri yi shi a m da ma'aikatan yin la'akari 62 jin da takobi. Daga nan ya ziyarci masauki inda yake cin abinci da sha ba tare da takurawa ba, ya yi watsi da haramcin Buddha. Lokacin da sufaye a Dutsen Wutai suka ga Lu Zhishen ya dawo cikin maye, nan take suka rufe masa ƙofar. Amma Lu ya fasa mutum -mutumi biyu masu tsayi jingang da ke gefen ƙofar, ya shiga cikin gidan sufi, ya bugi sufaye kuma ya lalata ɗakin tunani. A wannan karon, abban ya yanke shawarar tura shi zuwa Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing babban birni. Arangama da Zhou Tong da Li Zhong A tafiyarsa zuwa Dongjing, Lu Zhishen ya wuce ta ƙauyen Plum Blossom kuma an mai tayin ko kuma an ba shi masauki kyauta na dare a gidan Squire Liu. Ya ji dangin suna kuka kuma ya gano cewa Zhou Tong, jagoran 'yan fashi daga Dutsen Plum Blossom da ke kusa, yana zuwa cikin wannan daren don auri' yar Squire Liu da karfi. Lu Zhishen ya yi ƙarya ga maƙarƙashiyar cewa zai iya nisantar da ɗan fashi da iya maganarsa. Zhou Tong ya juya a cikin kayan ado na ango ya tafi dakin aure inda ya ji hanyar zuwa gado cikin duhu. Lu, wanda ke kwance a kan gado, ya yi tsalle zuwa gare shi kuma ya ba shi kyakkyawar fa'ida. Zhou Tong ya tsere ya nemi Li Zhong, sarkin Dutsen Plum Blossom, da ya koma wurin Lu. Li Zhong ya yi mamakin ganin cewa sufi Lu Lu ne. Li Zhong ya gabatar da shi ga malamin, Zhou Tong ya kadu kuma ya yi alwashin ba zai sake damun Lius ba. Lu Zhishen ya ci gaba da tafiya. Ya sadu da Shi Jin, wanda ya zama ɗan fashin babbar hanya don samun kuɗi don tafiyarsa gida. Theungiyoyin biyu sun yi nasara don kashe da kashe wani malami da firist wanda ke bautar da sufaye na gidan sufi kuma ya riƙe mace a matsayin bawa. Ganawa Lin Chong A Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing, Lu Zhishen an sanya shi don kula da kayan lambu. A can ya rinjayi gungun masu satar kayan lambu. Ƙungiyar ta firgita da ƙarfinsa na zahiri da ƙwarewar yaƙi har suka yi masa hidima da son rai. Sun fi yi masa kauna yayin da ya ɗago wata itacen willow mai tushe mai ƙarfi tare da tsananin ƙarfi. Wata rana Lin Chong, malamin gadin masarautar, ya gamu da Lu yana aiki tare da manyan ma'aikatansa kuma yana mamakin ƙwarewar sa ta yaƙi. Sun zama 'yan'uwa masu rantsuwa . Lokacin da aka yi wa Lin Chong gudun hijira zuwa Cangzhou bayan Grand Marshal Gao Qiu ya tsara shi, wanda dan allahnsa ke kwadayin matar malamin, Lu a asirce shi da abokan rakiyarsa biyu. Ya ceci Lin lokacin da 'yan sandan biyu, da Gao ya ba su cin hanci, ke shirin kashe shi a dajin daji. An hana shi kashe mutanen biyu ta hanyar Lin, wanda ya ce su ƙananan ƙanana ne kawai ke aiwatar da oda. Lu yana tare da Lin har zuwa Cangzhou. Kafin ya bar Lin, ya farfasa wata bishiya tare da yajin aiki guda ɗaya don faɗakar da masu rakiya kada su yi wani abin ɓarna. Daga nan ya dawo Dongjing. Zama haramun Lu Zhishen dole ne ya tsere daga Dongjing lokacin da aka gano cewa shi ne sufaye wanda ya lalata shirin Gao Qiu na kashe Lin Chong. Ya zo ta wani masauki a Cross Slope, inda ake shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma mai gidan sun Sun Erniang, wanda ke yin burodi da naman ɗan adam. Mijin Sun Zhang Qing ya cece shi cikin lokaci. Zhang ya ba da shawarar cewa ya shiga cikin haramtacciyar dokar Deng Long a kan Dutsen Dodanni biyu a Qingzhou . Amma Deng yana ɗaukar shi a matsayin barazana kuma yana shinge hanyar kawai zuwa tudun. Lu ya tsere zuwa Yang Zhi, wanda shi ma ya zo don shiga Dutsen Twin Dragons. Yang ya ɗauki Lu zuwa Cao Zheng, mahauci wanda ya koyi fasahar yaƙi daga Lin Chong. Cao da Yang sun yi kamar an yi wa Lu magani kuma sun ɗauke shi zuwa Dutsen Dabo biyu don gabatar da shi ga Deng Long. Ba tare da zargin komai ba, Deng ya ba su damar shiga. Lu ya yi wa Deng kisan gilla yayin da ya gan shi kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban birni. Bayan shan kayen da 'yan bindigar Liangshan Marsh suka yi, babban sarki Huyan Zhuo ya tsere zuwa Qingzhou (a Shandong na yanzu ) da fatan zai fanshi kansa ta hanyar shafe' yan fashin a wurin. Ofaya daga cikin garuruwa masu ƙarfi shine Mount Twin Dragons, wanda, samun Huyan abokin hamayya mai ƙarfi, ya nemi taimako daga Liangshan. Song Jiang, babban kwamandan Liangshan a lokacin, ya zo Qingzhou da karfi ya kwace Huyan. 'Yan ta'adda na Dutsen Twin Dragons, wanda Lu Zhishen ke jagoranta, sun mamaye Liangshan. Rayuwa a Liangshan Lu Zhishen ya tafi gundumar Huayin don gayyatar Shi Jin da ƙungiyarsa a Dutsen Shaohua don shiga Liangshan. A Dutsen Shaohua, an gaya masa cewa Prefect He na Huazhou ne ya kama Shi lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin ceton wata mata da jami'in ya yi garkuwa da ita don burin sanya ta ƙwarƙwararsa. Lu ya je Huazhou shi kaɗai don ceton Shi, amma shi ya ganshi yana yin baƙon abu a cikin taron jama'a lokacin da yake tunanin kashe jami'in yayin da ya shiga cikin tawagarsa. Prefect Ya ja shi zuwa ofishinsa inda aka yi masa kwanton bauna aka kuma kama shi. Dutsen Shaohua ya juya zuwa Liangshan don neman taimako. Lauyoyin Liangshan sun garzaya zuwa Huazhou, suna jan hankalin Prefect He daga garin su kashe shi. Sun shiga Huazhou kuma suka ceto Lu Zhishen and Shi Jin. Mutuwa An nada Lu Zhishen a matsayin daya daga cikin jagororin sojojin Liangshan bayan Tauraruwar kaddara ta 108 sun hadu a cikin abin da ake kira Babban Taro. Yana daya daga cikin jarumai kalilan da ke adawa da neman Song Jiang na neman afuwa daga Sarki Huizong. Duk da haka yana cikin kamfen na yaƙi da mamayar Liao da sojojin 'yan tawaye a yankin Song bayan Liangshan ya sami afuwa. Ya ci nasara sosai lokacin da ya kama shugaban 'yan tawayen Fang La . Lokacin da kamfen ɗin ya ƙare bayan tawayen Fang La ya ƙare, Lu Zhishen ya dage kan ci gaba da kasancewa a Liuhe Pagoda a Hangzhou maimakon komawa Dongjing da kuri'a. A daren kafin sauran su tashi zuwa babban birnin, Lu ya farka daga baccin sautin tsawar da igiyar ruwa ta yi a cikin Kogin Qiantang da ke kusa yayin da ta yi karo da igiyar ruwa a bayan bankin. A wannan lokacin, ya fahimci saƙon annabci da aka ɓoye a cikin ayar da abban Dutsen Wutai ya ba shi . Ayar tana cewa: A farko biyu Lines fa Lu ta kama daga Fang La kuma Fang ta dama - hannunka mutumin Xiahou Cheng yayin da wadannan biyu koma zuwa Qiantang River ta tidal huda, wanda "da aminci ya isa" a kowace shekara a kan 18th ranar 8th Lunar watan. Sufaye na Liuhe Pagoda suna gaya wa Lu Zhishen cewa a cikin kalmomin kalmomin Buddha yuanji - wanda ya ƙunshi haruffan yuan (圓; "kammala da'irar") da ji (寂; "shiga shiru") - yana nufin mutuwa. Ganin cewa lokaci yayi da zai mutu, Lu Zhishen yayi wanka ya kunna wasu turare masu ƙamshi. Daga nan sai ya tsara wani ode kuma ya nemi Song Jiang ya zo ya gan shi. Amma ya riga ya wuce ya zauna akan kafafu akan zafu kafin Song ya iso. Waƙar tana karanta ode: Da yake furtawa a cikin ode cewa bai taɓa karanta nassosi a matsayin sufi ba kuma a maimakon haka ya yi kisa, Lu Zhishen ya nuna ya sami wayewar Buddha tare da fahimtar cewa komai yana da dalili ko kuma sanadi na karmic. An yi masa jana'izar da ta dace da ta babban firist. Duba kuma Lissafin Ƙananan haruffan haruffa#Labarin Lu Zhishen don jerin goyan bayan ƙananan haruffa daga labarin Lu Zhishen. Bayanan kula Nassoshi               Pages with unreviewed translations

23158

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Awash

Kogin Awash

Awash(wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da sunan Hawash; Oromiffa: Awaash, Amharic: አዋሽ, Afar: We'ayot,Somali: Webiga Dir) hanyar ta gaba daya tana cikin iyakokin Habasha kuma ta shiga cikin layukan da ke haɗe da juna wanda zai fara daga Tafkin Gargori ya ƙare a Tafkin Abbe (ko Abhe Bad) a kan iyaka da Djibouti, kimanin kilomita 100 (mil 60 ko 70) daga shugaban Tekun Tadjoura. Wannan shi ne babban magudanar ruwa mai cike da ruwa wanda ya mamaye wasu yankuna na yankunan,Amir, Oromia da Somalia, da kuma kudancin yankin Afar. A cewar Huntingford, a cikin ƙarni na 16 ana kiran kogin Awash babban kogin Dir kuma yana kwance a cikin ƙasar Musulmi. Bayani Awash ya tashi kudu da Mount Warqe, yamma da Addis Ababa a yankin Dandi, kusa da garin Ginchi, Yammacin Shewa Zone, Oromia. Bayan sun shiga ƙasan Babban kwarin Rift, Awash yana kwarara kudu don zagaya Dutsen Zuqualla ta wata hanyar gabas zuwa can arewa maso gabas, kafin shiga ruwan Koka. A can, ana amfani da ruwa don ban-ruwa na gonakin rake fadamu. A can gefen ruwa, Awash din ya wuce garin Adama da kuma Filin shakatawa na Awash. Daga nan sai babban mai wadata, kogin Germama (ko Kasam) ya haɗa shi a bankin hagu, kafin ya juya zuwa arewa maso gabas da kimanin 11° N 40° 30'E har zuwa arewa zuwa 12° kafin a juya gabas gaba ɗaya don isa tafkin Gargori. A cewar kayayyakin da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta wallafa, Kogin Awash yana da tsayin kilomita 1200. Frank Richardson Cana, a cikin Encyclopædia Britannica bugu na goma sha ɗaya labarin Abyssinia, ya bayyana ɓangarenta na tsakiya a matsayin "rafi mai zurfin gaske kusan ƙafa 200 [mita 61] faɗi da faɗi 4 ƙafa [mita 1.2] a lokacin rani, kuma yayin ambaliyar tana hawa 50 ko Ƙafa 60 [mita 15 ko 18] sama da alamar ƙaramin ruwa, don haka ambaliyar filayen na tsawon mil da yawa tare da bankunan biyu." Sauran rafuka na Awash sun haɗa da (cikin tsari zuwa sama): Logiya, Mille, Borkana, Ataye, Hawadi, Kabenna da Durkham Rivers. Garuruwa da birane tare da aikinta sun hada da Metehara, Awash, Gewane da Asaita. Tarihi Mutane sun rayu a kwarin Awash kusan tun farkon halittar. Tsakanin Awash ya kasance inda aka samo yawancin abubuwan da ke jikin mutum. Kwarin Awash daga kusan 9° N daga can ƙasa asalin gida ne na gargajiya na mutanen Afar da Issa. An haɗa kwarin Awash a matsayin ɓangare na Fatagar, Ifat, da Shewa. Bature na farko da ya gano hanyar Awash har zuwa ƙarshenta a cikin yankin Aussa shine Wilfred Thesiger a cikin 1933/1934, wanda ya fara daga garin Awash, ya bi tafkin har zuwa ƙarshensa na ƙarshe a Tafkin Abhebad, kuma ya cigaba da balaguronsa zuwa gabas zuwa Tadjoura. (Kodayake mai binciken L.M. Nesbitt ya bi wasu sassan hanyar Awash a 1928, sai ya juya baya daga kogin Asaita ya wuce arewa ta hanyar bakin ciki na Afar zuwa Bahar Maliya.) A cikin 1960, an kammala aikin Koka Dam a hayin Kogin Awash a wani wuri kusa da kilomita 75 daga Addis Ababa. Tare da buɗewa, ya zama babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a yankin. Sakamakon tafkin ruwa mai kyau, Tabkin Gelila (wanda kuma aka sani da Ruwan Koka), yana da yanki kusan kilomita murabba'in 180. Dukkanin tabki da madatsar ruwa suna fuskantar barazana ta hanyar ƙara lalatattun abubuwa. An sanyawa Bankin Awash na Bankin Duniya don Kogin Awash. Yanayi Yanayi na Basin Kogin Awash galibi ya rinjayi motsi na yankin haɗuwa tsakanin juna (ITCZ). A yayin motsinta zuwa arewa a cikin watan Maris zuwa Afrilu da komawa zuwa kudu, (ITCZ) ​​ya haifar da damuna biyu, mafi gajarta a watan Maris ('Belg'), da kuma wanda ya fi tsayi tsakanin Yuni da Satumba ('Kiremt'), wanda rabinsa ya fada daya lokacin damina. Lokacin-damina yakan zama kamar ruwa ne zuwa gabashin Habasha da kusan rashin daidaituwa zuwa yammacin Habasha. Lokaci tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris shine lokacin rani, ana kiransa 'Bega'. Yanayin busassun bushewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙanƙumi a cikin Rift Valley. Sabanin haka, tsaunukan tsaunukan sama na sama sama da 1600 mm na ruwan sama a cikin ca. wata shida a shekara. Hydrology Sauke ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa ya banbanta tsakanin ƙimomin da suka zarce 350mm a kowace shekara a cikin tsaunuka na sama kuma babu caji a ƙasan kwarin da ke ɓarke. Yawanci ana sake maida ruwan karkashin ƙasa a cikin shinge da tsaunuka sama da 1900m al, inda ruwan sama na shekara ya fi 1000mm. Hakanan yakamata a sake yin ƙaramar siket na yanki a gefen ƙwanƙolin dutsen mai aman wuta. Ruwan ƙasa na wucin gadi yana ɗaukar ƙarin wuri a gonakin ban ruwa a kwarin rift. Saukewa daga asarar tashar kogi da kuma ta hanyar kutsawa daga tabkuna na taka rawa a cikin Babban Hawan Habasha (MER) da kudancin Afar. Ilimin Lafiya Yawancin Kogin Awash wani ɓangare ne na gandun dajin Habasha wanda yake da ƙoshin lafiya. A tsaunukan tsaunuka na ƙasar Habasha masu dawa da dazuzzuka da ƙauyukan tsaunuka na Habasha sun fi yawa. Acasar daji ta Acacia-Commiphora da ke da ƙuri'a da ƙuraje suna da ƙarancin tsauni a cikin Rift. Ciyawar tankin yana da tasirin tasirin anthropogenic. A duk saman Basin Awash na sama da tsakiyar, ragowar nau'ukan savanna daban har yanzu ana bayyane a sarari. Sun kasance daga savannas na ƙaya a cikin ɓarkewar ƙasa, daji, ciyawa da savannas buɗe sama da mita 800 da savannas na katako a kan raƙuman ruwa da tsaunuka. Da kyar da gandun daji ya kasance a cikin Kogin Awash, tare da 'yan kaɗan ban da ƙananan tsire-tsire na eucalyptus. A wajen filin shakatawa na Filin shakatawa na Awash da dazuzzuka kusan an gama noma su da albarkatu. Wannan yana da asusun musamman na duk hanyoyin tudu. Ta haka murfin itacen da ya warwatse ya kasance daidai da yanayin asalin savannas, yayin da aka maye gurbin ciyawar da albarkatu. Tsayi mafi tsayi kawai har yanzu yana nuna gandun daji mai haɗe. An sake yin sake dashe a wani tsauni wanda ba za'a iya shuka shi ba tare da gandun daji na coniferous na biyu. Abubuwan da aka noma sune (cututtukan daji), masara, dawa, wake da kayan lambu. Da wuya makiyaya suka kasance a inda ake noma. Shanun suna kiwo a gefen filin da hanyoyin gefen hanya da kan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa. Wannan babban dalili ne guda daya na zaizayar kasa, saboda rufe ciyayin wani bangare. Suttura-kiwo al'ada ce ta gama gari a cikin Tekin Awash. Fauna Kasan kwarin Awash ɗayan ɗayan dabbobin daji ne na ƙarshe don ajiyar namun daji na Afirka. Dabba mai shayarwa yanzu ta mutu a Filin shakatawa na Yangudi Rassa, amma har yanzu ana samun ta a cikin Mile-Serdo Wild Ass Reserve. Sauran manyan dabbobin da ke yankin sun hada da Beisa Oryx, Soemmering's barewa, Dorcas gazelle, gerenuk da zebra na Grevy. Manazarta

43054

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%98afa%20a%20Ghana

Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Ghana

Ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce wasa mafi shahara a Ghana . Tun a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ce ke gudanar da wasan. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, Ghana na wakiltar Black Stars maza da mata Black Queens . Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza a cikin gida a Ghana ita ce Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana, kuma babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Ghana ita ce Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana . Tarihi Ya kasance a rubuce cewa an gabatar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Gold Coast a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta hannun 'yan kasuwa daga Turai . Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a lokacin hutu suna buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tsakanin su kuma wani lokaci tare da zaɓi na ƴan asalin ƙasar . Shahararriyar wasan ta yadu kamar wutar daji cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci a bakin tekun wanda kuma ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko, Excelsior, a shekara ta 1903 da Mista Biritaniya, ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamaica, wanda a lokacin shi ne Babban Malami na Philip Quaicoe. Makarantar Yaran Gwamnati a Cape Coast . Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Ghana Tawagar Black Stars na daya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na kasa a Afirka. Ghana ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka sau hudu. Sun kuma kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006 kafin Brazil ta kawar da su . A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2010 da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama tawaga ta uku a Afirka da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wasu fitattun 'yan wasan sun hada da Charles Kumi Gyamfi, Abédi Pelé, Abdul Razak, Tony Yeboah, Samuel Kuffour da Michael Essien . Ƙungiyoyin matasa ma sun yi nasara. Ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 a kai a kai tana fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 kuma ta lashe sau biyu kuma sau biyu ta zo ta biyu. Tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, kuma a shekarar 2009 Black Satellites sun kammala gasar sau biyu ta hanyar lashe gasar zakarun matasan Afirka na shekarar 2009 da kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20 na shekarar 2009 don haka suka zama dan Afirka na farko. Kasar da za ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20. A shekarar 1992, tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Olympic ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta samu lambar yabo a gasar wasannin Olympics, kuma a shekarar 2011 , Black Meteors ta samu kambin zakaran gasar wasannin Afirka ta 2011 a karon farko. Tsofaffin 'yan wasan kungiyar Black Stars irin su Sulley Muntari, Michael Essien, John Mensah da kyaftin Stephen Appiah duk sun fara farawa a wadannan gasa na matasa. A cikin shekarar 2014, Ghana na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe takwas da suka shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Unity ta farko. Manyan masu zura ƙwallaye Tun daga ranar 26 ga Yuni 2014, 'yan wasan da suka fi cin ƙwallaye ga manyan 'yan wasan kasar Ghana su ne: Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana Black Queens sun shiga duk gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA tun 1999. Ƙungiyar ta ƙasa tsallake zagayen farko a kowane lokaci. Har ila yau Ghana ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata sau uku a Najeriya . ‘Yan Ghana biyu, Alberta Sackey da Adjoa Bayor ne aka zaba a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan Afrika. Makarantun Kwallon Kafa Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ƙungiyoyin Turai da 'yan kasuwa sun fara kafa makarantun koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana. Daga cikin na farko akwai Ajax, Feyenoord, da Right to Dream . Ba kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin matasa a Ghana (kuma aka sani da colts), makarantun kimiyya suna ba da tsarin ilimi tare da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa. A cikin shekarar 2010s, makarantun gida sun fara bunƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. King James Asuming ya kafa Kumasi Sports Academy a Kumasi, wanda ba kamar yawancin makarantun Ghana ba, yana ba da wani shiri ga yara maza da mata. Makarantar Wasannin Wasannin Kumasi ta fara aikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata da yawa, gami da Blessing Shi ne Agbomadzi, mai tsaron baya ga Black Queens . Ernest Kufuor ya kafa Kwalejin Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Unistar a garin Kasoa-Ofaakor. Yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun fara wasa a Unistar, ciki har da Lumor Agbenyenu, mai tsaron gida na Black Stars . Unistar kuma an san shi da tasirinsa na birni. Yawancin mazauna garin sun shaida cewa Unistar ya jawo sabbin maziyartai, kasuwanci da mazauna garin, inganta ababen more rayuwa na garin da walwala baki ɗaya. Mohammed Issa ne ya kafa makarantar horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela a Accra tare da babban burin yin amfani da buƙatun ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya don haɓaka hangen nesa na matasa da ƙarfafa al'umma. Patmos Arhin, wanda a halin yanzu yana buga wa kulob din Boluspor na Turkiyya wasa, ya yi wasa a Kwalejin Soccer ta Mandela tsawon shekaru. Fitattun 'yan wasa Gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika da fitattun 'yan wasa A cikin shekarar 1990s, Abédi Pelé da Tony Yeboah sun sami kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA goma: shekaru goma masu zuwa Sammy Kuffour da Michael Essien sun sami kyautar Ballon d'Or . An jera Abédi Pelé a cikin 2004 " FIFA 100 " mafi girman 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ranar 13 ga Janairun 2007, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa na ta Afirka ta zabi Abédi Pelé, Michael Essien, Tony Yeboah, Karim Abdul Razak da Samuel Kuffour a matsayin membobin CAF 30 mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci. Bugu da kari, Abédi da Yeboah an zabe su a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na karni a cikin 1999 ta IFFHS . Maza Abédi Pelé – FIFA 100, WPOY Nom.1991, 9th 1992, 1991, 1992, 1993 APOY Winner, APOY Nom. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 5th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Karim Abdul Razak – 1978 APOY Winner, 6th 1983, 26th Best African Player of All Time Ibrahim Sunday – 1971 APOY Winner Samuel Kuffour - Ballon d'Or Nom. 2001, APOY Gunner-up 1999, 2001, 27th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Tony Yeboah – WPOY 9th 1993, Ballon d'Or 23rd 1995, APOY Gunner-up 1993, 3rd 1992, 6th 1991, 10th 1996, 24th Best African Player of All Time Michael Essien - Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA - 22nd 2005, 22nd 2006, 15th 2007 ; Ballon d'Or - 24th 2007 27th 2006, 22nd 2005 ; APOY - 2nd 2007, 3rd 2006, 3rd 2005, 11th Mafi kyawun dan wasan Afrika na kowani lokaci Mata Alberta Sackey - Nasara AWPOY na 2002 Adjoa Bayor – Nasara AWPOY 2003 Duba kuma  Football in Africa portal Manazarta

38952

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khami

Khami

Khami, (wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da Khame, Kame ko Kami ) birni ne da ya lalace wanda ke da nisan kilomita, 22 yamma da Bulawayo, a cikin Zimbabwe. Ya taba zama babban birnin, masarautar Butwa,na daular Torwa. Yanzu abin tunawa ne na kasa, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a 1986. Magana   Matsalolin da muke gani a yau wani ci gaba ne na tsarin gine-ginen da ya bayyana a Great Zimbabwe,a karni na 13 AD da kuma al'adun, damisa na gida wanda ya gina dandamali na bangon bango wanda za a gina gidaje a kansu. Khami ya nuna wani sabon abu wanda ya gane yanayin da aka gina.Yankin da ke kusa' da Khami, kasancewar kogin, yana da zafi kuma yana da matsala. da zazzabin cizon sauro. Dutsen da aka samu a Khami (laminar granite) ya bambanta da waɗanda aka samu a wasu yankunan Zimbabwe (biotite). Tare da cakuda dolerite, wannan dutse ya fi wuya a fashe kuma ya samar da dutsen gini mara siffa. Ana iya ƙiyasin cewa sama da kashi 60% na dutsen da aka samar a waɗannan, kaddarorin ba zai zama ingancin gini ba. Tushen ginin don haka yana buƙatar a yi su, amma ko da a lokacin duwatsun ba su dace da gina bangon busasshiyar dutse ba. Don haka magina sun yi gyare-gyare kuma suka samar da bangon riƙo. Abu na biyu, dandali na ginin ya sanya gidajen su yi sanyi fiye da na wuraren da ke ƙasa. Ya kuma kawar da matsalar zazzabin cizon sauro ga ‘yan gidan sarautar da suka zauna a wuraren da aka gina. Ganuwar bango ne mai riƙe nauyi wanda aka gina ba tare da turmi ba. Ba kamar na Babban Zimbabwe ba, wasu bangon da ke Khami suna da tushe da aka gina tare da manyan tubalan da aƙalla mutane huɗu za su ɗaga. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna wasu gine-ginen da aka tsara musamman a rukunin Hill Complex, wanda sarki ya mamaye. An fara gina hadadden ginin ta hanyar samar da filaye na bangon bango. An rufe waɗannan tsayayyun ganuwar ta hanyar bango mai inganci na tubalan dutse. An yi wa kowane filin ƙawanya sosai tare da ko dai ƙirar allo, herringbone, ko ƙirar igiya. Filayen sun jingina ciki don kada nauyi ya haifar da rushewa. Filayen da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar jingina a ciki suna da sandunan katako mai yiwuwa masu gadi su riƙe yayin da suke tafiya tare da manyan katanga masu tsayi da tsayi. Tarihi Khami shi ne babban birnin daular Torwa kusan shekaru 200 daga kusan shekara ta 1450 kuma da alama an kafa shi ne a lokacin bacewar jihar a Great Zimbabwe . Bayan haka (lokacin gargajiya shine 1683), Changamire Dombo ya ci nasara da shi wanda ya jagoranci rundunar 'yan tawayen Rozvi daga Mwenemutapa ("Monomotapa") Jahar. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa ba a mamaye wurin ba bayan da Rozvi ya karbi ragamar mulki. Rozvi ya yi wani wurin lokaci na Khami, Danamombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), sabon babban birninsu. A cikin 1830s Nguni da ke magana da mahara Ndebele mahara sun kori su daga Khami da da yawa daga cikin wuraren da suka kafa. Wurin Khami ya bayyana wasu gine-gine guda bakwai da dangin sarki suka mamaye tare da buɗaɗɗen wurare a cikin kwarin da talakawa suka mamaye. Rukunin ya ƙunshi madauwari, wani lokacin filaye, dandali na wucin gadi wanda ke lullube da busasshiyar bangon dutse. Katangar da aka yi wa ado mai tsayi mai tsayi 6m mai tsayi mai tsayi 68m na dandali mai tsauri yana dauke da zanen allo tare da tsawonsa duka. Matakan da ke tashi sama da mita 2-7 a sama, suna ɗauke da bukkoki na dhaka (laka) da tsakar gida inda waɗanda suke da ƙananan matsayi suke rayuwa. Ana iya ganin ragowar bukkoki na shanu da bukkoki na talakawa a ƙasan Dutsen Complex. Rushewar ta haɗa da shingen sarauta ko Hill Complex, wanda dole ne ya kasance a kan ƙasa mafi girma fiye da sauran gine-gine, ganuwar dutse da dandamalin bukka, da kuma giciye na Kirista da aka yi imanin cewa ɗan mishan na zamani ya sanya shi. Haka kuma akwai kango a gabashin kogin Khami. An yi imanin sauran dandamalin dabbobin shanu ne da kuma bangon da aka ajiye tare da sifa. Abubuwan da aka tono na baya-bayan nan (2000-2006) sun bayyana cewa bangon sassan yammacin Dutsen Complex duk an yi musu ado da chequer, herringbone, igiya, da kuma bambance-bambancen tubalan dutse. Kiyayewa A farkon shekarun 2000, gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tarihi na kasar Zimbabwe sun kaddamar da wani shiri na kiyayewa da na rikodi wanda manufarsa ita ce mayar da hankali kan kiyayewa da dawo da katangar dutse. Ya zuwa yau, manyan nasarorin da aka samu sune daidaitawa da dawo da katangar terrace akan dandamalin Babban, Cross da Arewa. Gallary Duba kuma Ziwa Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Afirka Damisa Kopje Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hotunan Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe Hanyar Hanyar Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe Khami Ruins National Monument - UNESCO World Heritage Center Khami

23990

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Kayan%20Tarihi%20na%20Kasar%20Sin

Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Kasar Sin

Gidan Kayan Tarihi na ƙasar Sin yana gefen Tiananmen Square a Beijing, China. Manufar gidan kayan gargajiya ita ce ilmantar da al'adu dangane da tarihin kasar Sin. Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ce ke ba da hurumin tafiyar da shi. Sakamakon ɓarkewar cutar Covid-19, an rufe gidan kayan tarihin har na wani dogon lokaci a shekarar 2020. Halartarsa ta ragu da kashi 78 cikin 100 a dalilin wannan Annobar, yadda mutane 1,600,000 kacal ne suka samu halartarsa a wannan shekara. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne a lokacin da yake ganiyar sharafinsa domin kuwa a cikin shekara ta 2020 yana kuma cikin matsayi na biyu a cikin Jerin gidajen kayan gargajiya da aka fi ziyarta, bayan Louvre. . Tarihi An kafa gidan kayan gargajiyar ne a cikin shekara ta 2003 ta hanyar haɗewar gidajen a dana kayan tarihi guda biyu waɗanda suka mamaye gida ɗaya tun shekarar 1959: Gidan Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin China a reshen Arewa (wanda ya samo asali daga Ofishin Gidan Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa da aka kafa a 1950 don adana abubuwan gado na juyin juya halin 1949 ) da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Sinawa a reshen Kudanci (tare da asali a duka Gidan Tarihin na Beijing, wanda aka kafa a 1949, da Ofishin Farko na Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, wanda aka kafa a 1912, An ba shi aiki don kiyaye mafi girman tarihin China). An kammala gininsa a shekarar 1959 a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Gine-gine guda goma da ke bikin cika shekaru goma da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Yana cika Babban Zauren Jama'a na adawa wanda aka gina lokaci guda. Tsarin yana zaune akan kuma yana da tsawon gaba na , tsayin hawa huɗu na jimlar , da fadin . Gaban yana nuna ginshiƙai murabba'i goma a tsakiyar ta. Bayan shekaru hudu na gyare -gyare, gidan kayan gargajiya ya sake buɗewa a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2011, tare da sabbin dakunan baje kolin 28, fiye da sau uku sararin baje kolin da ya gabata, da yanayin baje kolin kayan fasaha da wuraren ajiya. Tana da jimillar filin kusan 200,000 m 2 (ƙafafun ƙafa miliyan 2.2) don nunawa. Kamfanin Gerkan, Marg da Partners na Jamus ne ya tsara gyaran. Tattarawa Gidan kayan gargajiyar, wanda ya ƙunshi tarihin ƙasar Sin daga Yuanmou Man na shekaru miliyan 1.7 da suka gabata har zuwa ƙarshen daular Qing (daular karshe a tarihin kasar Sin), yana da tarin abubuwa na dindindin 1,050,000, tare da abubuwa masu daraja da yawa, wanda ba kasafai za a same su a gidajen tarihi a ko'ina cikin China ko sauran sassan duniya ba. Daga cikin mahimman abubuwa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na China akwai "Simuwu Ding" daga Daular Shang (mafi girman kayan ƙarfe na tagulla a duniya, akan kilo 832.84), murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i na daular Shang zun zunubi da huɗu tumaki shugabannin, a da manyan baiyanannun rubũtacce yammacin Zhou daular tagulla ruwa kwanon rufi, zinariya-inlaid daular Qin tagulla Tally a cikin siffar damisa, daular Han Jade binne kara sewn da zinariya thread, da kuma cikakken tarin daular Tang da sancai mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da yumɓu na Daular Song . Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana da tarin lambobi, gami da tsabar kuɗi 15,000 da Luo Bozhao ya bayar . Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana baje koli na dindindin da ake kira Hanyar Tsufa, wanda ke gabatar da tarihin China tun daga farkon Yaƙin Opium na Farko, tare da mai da hankali kan tarihin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da nasarorin siyasarta. Hotuna . Ƙididdigar agogo Saboda tsakiyar wurinsa a dandalin Tiananmen, an yi amfani da gaban gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga shekarun 1990 don nuna agogo ƙidaya da suka shafi lokutan muhimmiyar ƙasa, gami da miƙa mulkin mallaka na Hong Kong a 1997, canja wurin mulkin mallaka na 1999 na Macau, farkon wasannin Olympics na Beijing na shekarar 2008, da bude baje kolin duniya na 2010 a Shanghai . Jayayya Nunin watanni uku na alamar alatu Louis Vuitton a cikin 2011 ya haifar da wasu ƙorafe-ƙorafe na kasuwanci a gidan kayan gargajiyar, tare da Farfesa na Jami'ar Peking Xia Xueluan ya bayyana cewa a matsayin gidan kayan tarihin jama'a, yakamata "a zahiri kawai ya sadaukar da kansa ga waɗanda ba -inganta al'adun gargajiya. " Yves Carcelle, shugaban kuma babban jami'in Louis Vuitton Malletier, ya kare baje kolin ta hanyar cewa: "Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne abin da za ku gano. Ina tsammanin kafin kuɗi, akwai tarihi: shekaru 157 na ƙerawa da fasaha. ” Wasu masu suka sun kuma yi zargin cewa tarihin gidan kayan gargajiyar yana mai da hankali ne kan nasarorin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, yayinda ya rage ko watsi da batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa kamar Babban Leap Forward da Juyin Al'adu. Manazarta Tarihin Sin Sin Pages with unreviewed translations

6204

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahar%20Taraba

Jahar Taraba

Taraba (Fula: Leydi Taraba) jiha ce a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, sunanta daga sunan kogin Taraba ce da ta ratsa kudancin jihar. Babban birnin jihar ita ce Jalingo. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu ƙabilun Mumuye, Fulani, Jukunawa, Marghi, Jenjo, Wurkum, da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin arewacin jihar. Yayin da Jukun, Chamba, Tiv, Kuteb da Ichen wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen Mambila, Chamba, Fulani da Jibawa. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba. Tarihi An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga tsohuwar Jihar Gongola a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1991, da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Ibrahim Babangida . Labarin ƙasa Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da jihar Nasarawa da jihar Binuwai, arewa maso yamma da jihar Filato, arewa ma jihar Bauchi da jihar Gombe, arewa maso gabas da jihar Adamawa, da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar Kamaru . Binuwai, Donga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan ɗaukacin faɗin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da kogin Nijar. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Taraba ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko ƙananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka:   • Ardo Kola • Bali • Donga • Gashaka • Gassol • Ibi • Jalingo • Karim Lamido • Kurmi • Lau • Sardauna • Takum • Ussa • Wukari • Yorro • Zing Harsuna Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa: Ussa. Harshen Kuteb Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. Noma Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da shayi da gyada da auduga . Ana gona irin su masara, shinkafa, dawa, gero, rogo, da dawa a cikin kasuwanci, ana kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki da yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin Binuwai da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon zomo da kiwon alade a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar Kogin Benue, River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarma, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar. Ilimi Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa , waɗanda sun haɗa da: Jami'o'i Federal University Wukari Taraba State University Jalingo Kwararafa university Wukari Al'ada Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta wuraren yawon buɗe ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na Gashaka ; da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a Ibi, wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na Chamba a Donga, Takum da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a Bali, Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na Kutebs a Takum da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da ƙabilu da dama da suka haɗa da Kuteb, Chamba, Yandang, Mumuyes, Mambila, Wurkums, Jenjo, Jukun, Ichen, Tiv, Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei . Wawa, Vute, Fulani, Hausa and Ndola . Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta ƙunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, shekara ta 2003). Album Sananun Mutane Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba) - Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. Emmanuel Bwacha - Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa Theophilus Danjuma – sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) Darius Ishaku - tsohon Gwamnan Taraba. Saleh Mamman, Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya Mahmud Mohammed - Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya Jolly Nyame - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba Danbaba Suntai - Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, Ɗan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba. Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC) Shuaibu Isa Lau - Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa Abubakar Sani Danladi - Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023. Ali Sani Kona - Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce. Danbaba Danfulani Suntai - Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba Anna Darius Ishaku - Matar tsohon Gwamna Darius Dickson Ishaku Agbu Kefas - Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu. Haruna Manu - tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Abbas Njidda Tafida - Sarkin Masarautar Muri Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state Jihohin Nijeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

58323

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirka%20A%20%28Musulunci%29

Shirka A (Musulunci)

Shirka ( širk) a Musulunci zunubi neshirka (watau bautar wani ko wanin Allah). Musulunci ya koyar da cewa Allah ba ya tarayya da kowa da siffofinsa na Ubangiji. An haramta yin shirka da Allah bisa koyarwar Musulunci da Tauhidi (kadaitaka). Mušrikkun (pl. na mušrik ) su ne masu yin shirka, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "tarayya" kuma yana nufin karbar wasu alloli ba tare da Allah (a matsayin "abokan tarayya"). Alkur'ani ya dauki shirka a matsayin zunubin da ba za a gafarta wa mutumin da ya mutu bai tuba ba. Magana Kalmar širk ta fito ne daga tushen Larabci Š - R - K (da ),tare da ma'anar ma'anar"raba". A cikin mahallin Kur'ani, yawanci ana fahimtar ma'anar "raba a matsayin abokin tarayya daidai", don haka shirka yana nufin "danna abokin tarayya ga Allah". A cikin Alqur'ani, shirka da kalmar mušrikkun ()—wadanda suka yi shirka da kulla makirci ga Musulunci-sukan yi nuni ga makiyan Musulunci (kamar yadda yake a cikin At-Tawbah aya ta 9:1-15). Alqur'ani Bauta wa komai face Allah A cewar Encyclopedia of Islam,Kur’ani ya bayyana “sau biyu” a cikin suratun Nisa,aya ta 48 da ta 116, “cewa Allah yana yafe dukkan zunubai sai daya” wato shirka (“abokan tarayya”). Malaman tafsirin Alkur’ani sun jaddada cewa bautar gumaka na Larabci kafin zuwan Musulunci ya kirkiro abubuwan bautawa da yawa, waɗanda aka fi sani da alloli uku Manāt,Al-LātdaAl-’Uzza, abokan tarayya na Allah (kamar yadda Alkur’ani ya yi magana a cikin sura ta 53) kalmar mushrikūn (na ɗaya: mushrik) ana sau da yawa ana fassara shi zuwa Turanci a matsayin "mushrikai". Abubuwan da ake bautawa banda Allah ana kiran su shuraka.: 41.: 77 Bayan Yinin Kiyama,za a jefa su a cikin Jahannama tare da Shaidanun (Shaidan) da Shaidanun Aljanu, : 41 wanda kuma aka ce maguzawa suna sadaukarwa don samun kariya. Yin biyayya ko kula da mutane maimakon Allah Wani nau'i na shirka da aka ambata a cikin Alqur'ani At-Tawbah shine ɗaukar malamai, sufaye,annabawa, firistoci,malaman tauhidi, malaman addini,lauyoyi na addini, ko shayatin a matsayin Ubangiji (s) a aikace ta hanyar bin koyarwarsu,da/ko ta hanyar bin k,oyarwarsu. hukunce-hukuncensu a kan halal a lokacin da ya saba wa shari’a ko koyarwar da aka saukar da Allah: Tafsirin tiyoloji Musulmai na zamanin da, da falsafar Yahudawa sun gano imani da Triniti tare da bidi'a ta shirka a cikin Larabci(shituf a Ibrananci), ma'ana "abokan tarayya",wajen iyakance rashin iyaka na Allah ta hanyar danganta allahntakarsa da wanzuwar zahiri. A mahangar tauhidi, mutum ya yi shirka ta hanyar danganta wani karami da Allah.Ana yin zunubi ne idan mutum ya yi tunanin akwai abokin tarayya tare da Allah wanda ya dace a bauta masa.Ya zo a cikin Alkur’ani cewa: “Allah ba Ya gafarta a yi shirka da Shi,kuma Yana gafarta wani abu, wanda Yake so, yi shirki da Allah, hakika,shi ne makircin zunubi mai girma.”(k.Nisa 4:48). Wasu masu bin tafsirin Sufanci na Musulunci suna ganin imani da wanin Allah a matsayin nau'in shirka (shirka).Hakan ya haɗa da allolin ƙarya amma kuma imani da wasu hanyoyin wan zuwa.Imani da tauhidi yakan yarda da shi,kamar shaidan a matsayin tushen sharri ko kuma yancin son rai a matsayin tushen abin da ya hau kan halittun Allah,ana dai-daita su da imani da wasu iko da ba Allah badon haka aka yi tir da su. Charles Adams ya rubuta cewa Alkur’ani ya caccaki Ahlul Kitabi da kafiri saboda kin amince wa da sakon Muhammadu a lokacin da ya kamata su kasance farkon waɗanda suka yarda da shi a matsayin ma’abota ayoyin da suka gabata,kuma ya keɓance kiristoci saboda watsi da hujjar hadin kan Allah.Ayar Al-Ma'idah 5:73 ("Hakika sun kafirta [kafara] wadanda suka ce: Allah na ukun uku ne"),a tsakanin sauran ayoyi,an fahimci al'ada a Musulunci a matsayin watsi da koyarwar Triniti na Kirista,amma ƙwararrun ilimi na zamani sun ba da shawarar wasu fassarori.Wasu ayoyin Alqur'ani sun yi musun kafircin allahntakar Isa Almasihu dan Maryama, kuma suna zargin mutanen da suka yi daidai da Allah a matsayin kafirai,wadanda za su fuskanci azaba ta har abada a cikin Jahannama. Har ila yau,Kur'ani bai amince da sifa ta Yesu a matsayin Ɗan Allah ko kuma Allah da kansa ba amma yana girmama Yesu a matsayin annabi kuma manzon Allah, wanda aka aiko zuwa ga bani Isra'ila. Wasu masu tunani na musulmi irin su Mohamed Talbi sun kalli mafi girman gabatarwar Kur'ani na akidun Triniti da Allahntakar Yesu (Al-Ma'idah 5:19; 5:75-76; 5:119) kamar yadda dabarar da ba na Kirista ba, waɗanda Ikilisiya ta ƙi. Cyril Glasse ya soki amfani da kafirun [pl. na kafir ] don siffanta Kiristoci a matsayin "sako da amfani". A cewar Encyclopaedia of Islam, fikihun Musulunci na gargajiya yana da ahl al-kitab "yawanci ana ganin su a hankali fiye da sauran kuffari [pl. na kafir ]," kuma "a ka'idar," musulmi yana aikata wani laifi mai hukunci idan ya ce wa Bayahude. ko Kirista, "Kai kafiri." A tarihance, Ahlul Kitabi da ke zama na dindindin a karkashin mulkin Musulunci suna da damar samun matsayi na musamman da aka fi sani da dhimmi, kuma wadanda suka ziyarci kasashen musulmi sun sami wani matsayi na daban da aka fi sani da musta’amin . shirka babba da karama Ana amfani da kalmar shirka ta hanyoyi guda biyu: ma'anar shirka da wani abu wanda ba shirka ba face wani nau'i na zunubi. zuwa kashi biyu bisa ga Musulunci: Babbar shirka ( Shirk-al-Akbar ): bayyane kuma bayyane Yar karamar shirka ( Shirk-al-Asghar ): boye ko boye Babban shirka Babbar shirka ko shirka akbar tana nufin shirka ne bayyanan ne kuma an siffanta shi da siffofi guda biyu: Domin ya hada kowa da Allah a matsayin abokin tarayya (ya yi imani da abin bautawa fiye da daya). Don danganta sifofin Allah da wani (don yin imani da wani abu ko wanin Allah yana da sifofin Ubangiji). Ibn Taimiya da Salafiyyah Sauran tafsirin sun raba babbar shirka zuwa manyan rukunai guda uku.A cewar Salafiyya Shirka ana iya aikata ta ta hanyar aiki da nau'ika guda uku.Ibn Taimiyya ne ya fara gabatar da wannan bambancin. Rububiyyah (Ubangiji) Wannan nau'i na shirka yana nufin ko dai imani da cewa wasu sun yi tarayya da Ubangiji a kan halitta a matsayin dai-dai yake da shi ko kusa da shi,ko kuma imani da cewa babu ubangiji kan halitta kwata-kwata. Shirka ta tarayya: shirkan da ya shafi shirka “wasu” da Allah Shirka ta hanyar kore: shirka a rubūbīyah (Ubangiji) Al-Asma wa's-Sifat (suna da sifa) Wannan nau'i na shirka ya kunshi duka ayyukan kafirai,na baiwa Allah sifofin halittarsa da kuma sanya sunayen Allah da sifofin sa ga halittu. Shirka ta hanyar mutumtaka: a wannan bangaren na shirka, an baiwa Allah siffa da dabi'u na mutane da dabbobi. Girman mutum akan dabbobi yana sa surar mutum ta kasance da masu bautar gumaka suka fi amfani da ita wajen wakiltar Allah a cikin halitta. Don haka, ana yawan zana surar mahalicci, ko gyara, ko kuma sassaƙa su a siffar ’yan Adam masu siffar zahirin waɗanda suke bauta musu. Shirka ta hanyar Allah: wannan nau'in shirka yana da alaƙa da al'amuran halitta ko abubuwan da aka ba su ko da'awar sunayen Allah ko sifofinsa. Misali, Larabawa na da sun kasance suna bautar gumaka wadanda sunayensu ya samo asali daga sunayen Allah. Manyan abubuwan bauta guda uku su ne Al-lat (an karbo daga sunan Allah al-Elah), al-'Uzza (wanda aka karbo daga al-'aziz), da al-Manat (wanda aka karbo daga al-Mannan). A zamanin Muhammadu, akwai kuma wani mutum a yankin Larabawa mai suna Yamamah, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi annabi ne kuma ya ɗauki sunan Rahman, wanda a Musulunci na Allah ne kaɗai. Al-'Ibadah (ibada) A cikin wannan nau'i na shirka,ana gudanar da ayyukan ibada ga wanin Allah,kuma ana neman ladan ibada daga halitta,maimakon mahalicci.Kamar yadda ya zo a cikin rukunan da suka gabata,shirka a cikin al-Ibadah tana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu. Wannan nau'i na shirka yana faruwa ne a lokacin da duk wani aiki na ibada ya kasance yana nufin wanin Allah.Yana wakiltar nau'in bautar gumaka mafi bayyananne wanda Allah ya aiko annabawa a kansa,musamman kuma ya kira taron mutane da su bar shi.Misalin wannan shirka shine istigfari da shiga aljanna,wanda Allah ne kadai ke iya azurtawa,daga wanin Allah. Yar karamar shirka Karamar shirka,ko Shirke-e-Asghar. Mutum yana aikata ta ne ta hanyar yin tauhidi (babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah) face yana da tunani da ayyukan da ba su nuna wannan imani ba: Mahmud ibn Lubayd ya ruwaito. Mahmud bn Lubayd kuma ya ce: Umar bn Khattab ya ruwaito cewa, Manzon Allah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ya ce:"Duk wanda ya rantse da wanin Allah, ya aikata wani aiki na kafiri ko shirka."(Al-Tirmizi ne ya inganta <i id="mwAR0">shi</i>, da kuma <i id="mwASA">Saheeh</i> na Al-Hakim). Kamar yadda Ibn Mas’ood ya ce, ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammad ya ce:“Cewa na rantse da Allah a kan karya shi ya fi soyuwa a gare ni fiye da in rantse da wani a kan gaskiya. Duba kuma   Bakar Dutse Haramun Henotheism Musulunci da sabo Makarantun islamiyya da rassa Ra'ayin Musulunci game da Triniti Ra'ayoyin Musulunci game da mutuwar Yesu Maguzanci Larabawa kafin musulunci Shahada (confession) Tagut (tsaki) Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shirk in legislation

15881

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Aina

Jackie Aina

Jacquelyn Lonje Olayiwola Oyeshola Bolayemi Aina  (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1987) wadda aka fi sani da 'Jackie Aina' Ba'amurkiya ce 'yar asalin Najeriya da ke amfani da kafar tashar YouTube. Tana yin batutuwa kan abubuwan da suka shafi shawarwari ga mutane kan sauya launin fata da kuma kwalliya. Tana da hadin gwiwa tare da Anastasia Beverly Hills, Sephora da kuma Sigma Beauty. Tarihin Rayuwa Jackie Aina an haife ta ga mahaifiyar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke kuma mahaifin Najeriya dan asalin Yarbawa . Bayan shekaru biyu na kwaleji, Aina ta shiga Amurka Reserve Army . Yayin da take aiki a Hawaii, ta gano cewa tana da ƙwarewa a matsayin mai ƙirar kwalliya kuma an yi mata aikin MAC Cosmetics . A cewar 'yar kasuwa, Aina "ana ci gaba da fada mata a wuraren kirga kayan kwalliya cewa yanayin da take son gwadawa ba zai yi aiki a fuskarta ba", don haka ta fara kirkirar bidiyo "game da kayan da kallon da take so wadanda za su iya aiki ga kowa". Gwagwarmaya A matsayinta na mai gwagwarmaya kan bambance-bambancen dake cikin masana'antar kayan kwalliya, Aina ta bayar da hujjar cewa mutane masu launi ba su da wakilci sosai kuma galibi ana yin biris da su a masana'antar kyau, kuma ta soki lamirin inuwar kayan shafa don ba na kowa ba. Ta ci gaba da nuna rashin jeri jeri inuwar duhu don tushe a cikin layi. Ta gaya wa Bustle a cikin 2018, "Dukkanmu mun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban kuma mun kuma zo cikin tabarau daban-daban da iri, kuma abin da ke iya zama wani abu da zan yarda da shi na manta da shi ba batun wani ne ba." Baya ga inuwar gidauniya, Aina ta ce inuwar ido, ja da launukan lebe ba na duniya ba ne don launin fata. Duk da yake sukar da Aina ke yi wa kamfanonin kayan kwalliya ya lalata dangantakar da ta yi da yawancin su, tana mai tabbatar da cewa burinta ba zai taba tozarta su ba. Yawancin kamfanonin kayan kwalliya sun amince da sukar ta, wanda ya haifar da nasarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su da Aina. Aina ba ta yarda da mutanen da ke da'awar cewa "ba sa ganin launi", tana mai cewa sun yi biris da al'amuran launin fata kuma suna hana ta tattauna su. A cikin zanga-zangar bidiyo ta YouTube, ta yi kwas na kwalliyar kwalliya ta fari da fari, kuma daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta sanya kayan da ba daidai ba. Bayan co-kafa IT Cosmetics kuma Shugaba Jamie Kern Lima ya soki masana'antar kyau saboda hotunan mata ba tare da hadawa da rashin gaskiya ba, Aina, wacce a baya ta soki kayan kwalliyar IT, ta fuskance ta da sauran masana'antar game da kebe mutane masu launi da karban suka daga wata farar mace. Hadin gwiwa A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, Aina ta haɗa kai da elf Kayan shafawa don kirkirar palette inuwar ido. Bustle ya ba da rahoton cewa paletin "ya haɗa da sautin lu'u-lu'u guda biyar da launuka masu ƙyalƙyali tare da shimmery da matte mai ƙarewa" kuma ya bayyana launuka kamar "tsirara-ish mauve, taupe na jan ƙarfe, burgundy mai duhu, zinare mai sheƙi, da zurfin teal". Wannan zai zama farkon haɗin gwiwar Aina don sayarwa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. A colin Watan Maris shekarar 2017, Sigma Beauty ta fito da saitin goge biyar "Dole ne a sami" wanda Aina ta ƙirƙira. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Aina ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙaddamar da fure biyu na zinare masu haske, La Bronze da La Peach, tare da Artist Couture. Shahararriyar zakara ga mata da maza masu launin fata, Aina ta bayyana ra'ayinta cewa samfurin gidauniyar ta kayan kwalliya mai suna Too Fuskanta ba ta samar da wadatattun inuwa ba, Too Faced ta sanar da hadin gwiwa da ita don fadada zangon inuwar gidauniyar Haihuwar Wannan. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, an faɗaɗa zangon inuwa daga 24 zuwa 35 tabarau. Tara daga cikin sabbin inuwa goma sha ɗaya Aina ta tsara su, inda da yawa suka sayar. Ta ce ta saurari ra'ayoyin mabiyanta na kan layi da sauran tasirin launi. Aina ta ce haɗin gwiwar ba sakamakon illar da Fenty Beauty ta yi wa masana'antar kwalliyar ba ne bayan da ta ƙaddamar da gidauniya a cikin tabarau 40 a shekarar 2017, kuma ita da Too Faced ba su da labarin hakan. Ta kuma ce alamar ta kai gare ta a kokarin fadada kayayyakin na su tun kafin ta samu irin wadannan mabiya a yanar gizo. Aina ta fada wa Bustle a shekarar 2018 cewa za ta kirkiro layin kwalliya kafin shekarar 2019. A watan Agusta shekarar 2019, Aina ta fito da palette mai inuwa tare da haɗin gwiwar Anastasia Beverly Hills. A kan tabarau ɗin da aka haɗa, Aina ta ce, "paletin na kowa da kowa ne amma fifikata shi ne tabbatar da cewa na zaɓi inuwar da za ta yi aiki musamman don duhun duhu da zurfin duhu." Yanayin Forvr A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, Aina ta sanar da sakin layin kayan gida, Forvr Mood, wanda zai sayar da kyandirori, kayayyakin kula da fata, da turare. Kyauta A 49th NAACP Image Awards a 15 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2018, Aina lashe NAACP Image Award for "YouTuber na bana". NAACP ta gabatar da rukunin kyautar tare da hadin gwiwar Google, a shekarar 2018. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

12220

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98aura%20daga%20Ghana%20zuwa%20Jamus

Ƙaura daga Ghana zuwa Jamus

Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus ya fara a farkon shekarun 1950 a lokacin da wata manufa ta yammacin Jamus ta ba da izinin tafiya tsakanin ɗalibai daga wasu kasashen Afirka zuwa Jamus don cigaba da karatunsu. Wannan manufar ita ce samar wa daliban ilimi da za su yi amfani a kasarsu ta asali lokacin da suka dawo. Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2009, akwai 'yan kasar Ghana kimani 40,000 wadanda ke da asalin kaura a Jamus; Inda 'yan kasar ta Ghana da ke kaura ta Ghana 'da kuma' karni na biyu da na uku na 'yan Ghana da aka hakura a Jamus da yaran daga kawancen hadin gwirar da ba su yi kaura ba da kansu'' , a cewar Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). A cewar (GTZ), akwai adadi mai yawa na baki ba tare da izini ba, yawancinsu sun isa Jamus tare da takardar izinin shiga amma suna zama ba tare da izinin zama ba bayan lokacin da aka ba su. Sanadi da Dalilai na Kaura Matsalar tattalin arziki, yake-yake, rikice-rikice na kabilanci da gwagwarmaya na rayuwa sune dalilin mutane da yawa sun bar kasarsu ta asali. Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin duniya ya hadu da karancin tsoro kuma yana karuwa kowace shekara. Dalilan tattalin arziki, yawaitar talauci da kuma yawan jama'a suna daga wasu dalilan da ke tasiri ga mutane su bar gidajensu ko kuma asalinsu. Nau'ikan Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus Za'a iya ganin nau'ikan kaura guda uku a cikin tarihin mutanen Ghana da ke kaura zuwa Jamus. Sun hada da kaura don ilimi, kaura neman mafaka, da kaura don haduwa da iyali. Ba kasafai aka ba wa bakin hauren 'yan kasar ta Ghana takardar izinin shiga ba. Hijira ta Neman Ilimi Yawancin baki masu neman ilimi suna kaura zuwa kasashe na uku bayan sun kammala karatunsu a Jamus. Hijirar mai Neman Mafaka Baki daga wannan lema sun zama wadanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Tun daga shekarun 1970, mawuyacin halin tattalin arziki da rikice-rikice siyasa a lokacin gwamnatocin sojoji a Ghana sun fadada adadin 'yan gudun hijirar Ghana da suka nemi mafaka a kasashen Turai da na Afirka. Takaddar karbar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Ghana ta cigaba da kasancewa kasa da kashi daya, yayin da hukumomi ke nuna yawancin Ghanaan gudun hijirar Ghana a matsayin yan gudun hijirar tattalin arziki. Mutane 112 ne kacal tsakanin 1983 da 2007 aka karba a matsayin a yan gudun hijirar siyasa.. Haduwa ta Iyali Baƙi a cikin wannan lema suna ɗaukar matsayin waɗanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yan ƙasar Ghana na ƙaura suna zuwa Jamus ta hanyar haɗuwa da dangi. Hijirar yau da Kullum da kan Lokaci zuwa Jamus Kungiyar kasashen Duniya don Hijira ta fassara kaura ta yau da kullum a matsayin kaura wanda ke faruwa a cikin bin ka'idodi na kasar asalin, kaura, da makoma. (IOM) ta kuma bayyana kaura ta al'ada kamar motsin mutane wadanda ke faruwa a waje da dokoki, ka'idoji, ko yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ke jagorantar shigowa ko fita daga asalin, jigilar kaya, ko makoma. Akwai hanyoyi don kaura don duka motsi na yau da kullum. Hanyoyi na Yau da Kullum Ofishin harkokin waje na tarayyar Jamus ya ba da shawarar hanyoyi daban-daban don aminci da kaura bisa doka dangane da dalilin kaura. Hanyan yau da kullum ana nufin samun visa. Samun Visa Gajeran zaman visa Ofishin jakadancin na Jamus ya ba da izinin karbar takardar visa ta Schengen na dan gajeran lokacin (har zuwa 90 kwanakin a tsakanin tsawon kwanaki 180) a cikin Jamus (da kasashen Turai a cikin yankin Schengen) don yawon shakatawa, ziyarar ko kuma dalilai na kasuwanci. Ana bukatar masu neman izini don cike fom, sanya alkawura. Ofishin jakadancin dake Accra ya ba da jerin abubuwan da ake bukata na takaddar visa. Visa na Tsawon Lokaci Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma ba da takardar izinin zama na dalibai ga dalibi, haduwa da iyali, takardar neman aiki a tsakanin wasu, da bayar da bukatunsu. Hijira na Lokaci Shiga da fice Afirka zuwa Turai ta hanyoyin da ba bisa doka ba yana da muhimmanci. Yawancin baki da ke yin irin wadannan tafiye-tafiye sun fito ne daga kasashen Afirka masu tasowa da ke neman ingancin rayuwa a Turai. Baki yawanci sukan je Arewacin Afirka, musamman Libya, wanda ya zama farkon tashi kaura zuwa Turai ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga Libya, suna tafiya cikin jirgi a tekun Bahar Rum. Wadansu bakin haure kuma suna bi ta kasa ta hanyar Enutawan na Ceuta da Melilla, suna fuskantar mummunan rauni har ma da mutuwa. Masu fataucin mutane da masu fataucin mutane sun yi amfani da halin da ake ciki don samun kudi a ciki, galibi suna yin wa baki kawancen game da dama a Turai. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2019, IOM kididdiga ta nuna cewa mutuwar da aka yi wa lakabi da manyan hanyoyin uku na Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Italiya, Malta da Cyprus a watan Yumi na 2019 sun kai mutane 555. Zuwa watan Disamba na 2019, adadin ya haura zuwa 738 tare da nutsar da ruwa, cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, matsananciyar yunwa, rashin lafiya da rashin damar kiwon lafiya da rashin ruwa a jiki sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan kasar Ghana na kan gaba sosai a tsakanin bakin haure da ke fatan zuwa Turai duk da cewa kasar ta aminta da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar siyasa fiye da sauran kasashen da bakin haure suke. Kimanin 'yan kasar Ghana 5,636 ne suka isa Italiya ta jirgin ruwa a shekarar 2016. A cikin 2017, yankin Brong-Ahafo, wanda yanzu ya kasu kashi uku na Ahafo, Brong da Bono Gabas, suna da mafi yawan kaura. Cikin mutane 4,092 da suka dawo daga Libya, mafi yawan 1,562, wanda ke wakiltar kaso 38.17 bisa dari, sun fito ne daga Brong Ahafo. Yankin Ashanti yana da 601, wanda ke nuna kashi 13.63. Amincewa da Hijira na yasar Jamus Yawancin mutanen da suka zo neman zama a Jamus ana tura su gudun hijira saboda da'awar su na neman mafaka, da 'yancin sake saduwa da dangi, ba su yi nasara ba. Masu neman mafaka kawai wadanda suka karbi dayan nau'ikan kariya hudu an ba su ikon zama. Siffofin guda hudu sun hada da Kariyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Shigarwa zuwa Mafaka, Kariyar Tallafi, da kuma dokar hana fitar dangi. Yawancin lokaci, masu neman nasara sune wadanda ba za su iya ba da shaidar zalunci a kasarsu ta asali da sauran manyan kalubalen gida ba. Mutanen da suka zo Jamus don inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin su ba 'yan gudun hijira bane. Bugu da kari, kaura daga wannan kasar ta EU zuwa wancan baya izinin sake neman izinin zama a wata kasar EU. Hakanan Jamus tana ba da taimako don dawo da son rai na wasu bakin haure. Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje 'Yan Ghana a Jamus - DAAD Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Hijira PDF Visa da Tafiya zuwa Jamus Mutuwar Hijira Tunani

14864

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Olutoyin%20Aganga

Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga

Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga (An haife shi ne a shekara ta alif (1955),ya kasance kuma shi ne Ministan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci da zuba jari a Nijeriya.Janar Obasanjo ne ya fara tantance shi sannan Shugaba Jonathan ya nada shi a matsayin Ministan Kudi daga ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 2010 har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2011. Nasarori An yaba wa Mista Aganga da cewa shi ke da Alhakin dimbin sauye-sauye da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da - kafa Asusun Kula da masarautu na Kasar baki daya; tun bayan Euro Bond na farko; ya shugabanci Bankin Duniya da IMF a shekara ta 2010, ya jagoranci taron karo na 8 na Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (MC8) a Geneva a shekara ta 2011 (Ba’amurke na farko da ya shugabanci waɗannan kungiyoyi); Ya sanya Najeriya a sahun gaba don sanya hannun jari a Afirka, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙwarin gwuiwar masana'antun ƙasar baki daya. Har ila yau, shi ke da alhakin tsarawa da kuma bayar da aikin titin jirgin ƙasa na farko a(Abuja zuwa Kaduna) dake Nijeriya. Hakanan ma shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Marina Express, na farko da ya fara harkar jirgi a Legas. Ya zauna a kan wasu kwamitoci ciki har da Kwamitin Shawara na ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu tasowa wadda ke Burtaniya. Mista Aganga ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu saka hannun jari a Najeriya, gwargwadon kwarewar sa a kasashen duniya da cikin gida, da kuma tarihin sa a ciki da wajen gwamnati. Wasu takamaiman nasarorin da ya samar sun hada da: 1. Cikakkiyar sauya fasalin Ma’aikatar Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari ta Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya (FGN) (MITI) zuwa ma’aikatar tattalin arziki mai lamba ta 1 a Najeriya. 2. Kamfanin sarrafa bashin Najeriya mai aiki, Kamfanin Kula da Kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON), don inganta harkar kudi da kawo kwanciyar hankali a harkar banki bayan rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya da ke aiki tare da Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN). 3. A matsayinsa na shugaban taron WTO MC8 na ministocin, ya aza harsashin yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta WTO na farko sannan kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala yarjejeniyar a Bali, Indonesia, a shekara ta 2013. Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar ciniki ta bangarori da dama a cikin shekaru 13 na kungiyar WTO. 4. Initiaddamar da manufofi da dama don fadada tattalin arzikin Najeriya don mayar da Nijeriya ta dogara da shigo da kayayyaki da samar da ayyukan yi. Wadannan manufofin sun hada da manufofin mota, da manufofin sukari, da auduga, da manufofin sutura, da kuma hadin gwiwa wajen samar da sabuwar manufar noman shinkafa. Ya aiwatar da manufofin ciminti wanda ya haifar da wadatar kai a cikin ciminti, karshen shigo da siminti zuwa Najeriya, kuma a karon farko a tarihin Najeriya, kamfanoni sun fara fitar da siminti. 5. Wanda aka yi rikodin manyan nasarori a matsayin Ministan FGN na Kasuwanci & Zuba Jari waɗanda suka haɗa da: a) Juya masana'antu zuwa sashi na biyu mafi saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Najeriya [Ofishin Kididdiga na Najeriya (NBS)] b) Tattara hanyoyin saka hannun jari da faɗaɗa wasu manyan fannoni inda Najeriya ya kasance yana shigo da dogaro kamar (sukari zuwa manufofin sukari), sukari, wato, sinadarin Petro, matatar mai, taki da ciminti. c) Ya samu gagarumar ci gaba a adadin kamfanoni a bangaren Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise (MSME) daga miliyan 17.2 a 2010 zuwa miliyan 32.4 a 2014, kuma aikin yi wa ma'aikaci kirkirar shi ma ya karu daga sama daga miliyan 37 a 2010 zuwa Miliyan 60 a 2014 (NBS). d) atedaddamar da ƙasashe shirin farko na ingantaccen ƙasa tare da UNIDO. e) Rage farashin rajistar kasuwanci da 50% na SME's da 25% na manyan kamfanoni. Ya kuma kafa aikin yin rijista na awanni 24 a wasu biranen kasuwanci, sannan ya kaddamar da tsarin yin rijistar ta yanar gizo Ya kuma gabatar da tsarin biza na isowar Visa ga masu saka jari. f) A lokacin da yake Minista na MITI, Najeriya ta yi wa lamba 1 lamba ta World Street Journal Frontiers Market index a matsayin kasuwar kan iyakokin da aka fi kallo a duniya. g) NLI ta kasance sila ce ga hangen nesan tattalin arzikin Najeriya 20: 2020. Ilimi da asali Aganga ya yi karatunsa ne a jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya inda ya sami digiri na B.Sc a fannin kimiyyar halittu a shekarar ta 1977 da kuma jami'ar Oxford ta ƙasar Ingila inda ya samu digiri a fannin ilimin tauhidi a shekarar ta 2000. Aganga ya cancanci zama Akawun Kamfanin a shekara ta 1983. Kwarewar sana'a Aikinsa na ƙwarewa ya ƙaru sama da shekaru arba'in, yana riƙe da matsayi na jagoranci da yawa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Mista Aganga a baya ya kasance Manajan Darakta tare da Goldman Sachs a Landan, yana aiki a cikin babban dillali, wanda ke rufe Hedge Funds. Kafin wannan, ya kasance Darakta tare da Ernst & Young, London da ke da alhakin rufe al'adun gargajiya da sauran kamfanonin saka hannun jari da suka hada da Venture Capital, Daidaitan Kamfanoni, da Kuɗaɗen Hedge. Kafin wannan, ya kasance yana da alhakin wasu abokan cinikin Japan da kamfanoni a wasu masana'antu da suka hada da mai da gas, mota, inshora, FMCG da gine-gine. Mista Olusegun Aganga shi ne wanda ya kirkiro kuma shugaban Kamfanin 3V Partners Ltd., wani kamfanin bunkasa kadara da kamfanin saka jari ya mai da hankali kan wasu bangarorin tattalin arzikin da aka gano ciki har da kayayyakin more rayuwa. 3V yana da kasancewa a cikin Burtaniya. A bangaren gwamnati ya fara aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Shugaban Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya; sannan a matsayinta na Ministan Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba jari. Shirin Shugabanci da Asusun Dukiyar Mai Girma (SWF) A shekarar 2006, Aganga ya kafa kungiyar Shugabancin Najeriya. Ya jagoranci kafa Asusun Bayar da Dukiyar Nijeriya. Canza wurin ma'aikata A watan Yulin 2011, Shugaban ya sake tura Aganga zuwa sabuwar Ma’aikatar Ciniki da Zuba Jari, domin ba Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala damar komawa a matsayin Ministar Kuɗin Najeriya. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2013, Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta canza sunan Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari zuwa Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari. Rayuwar Ƙashin kai Aganga ya auri Abiodun Aganga (née Awobokun). Yana da yara hudu. Sannan kuma suruki ne ga tsohon Gwamnan soja na Kungiya ta Jihar Kwara Kyaftin Salaudeen Latinwo . Babbar yayarsa ita ce Mercy Latinwo Rigima kan Naɗin Aganga Minista A shekarar 2010, jam'iyyar PDP reshen jihar Legas ta nuna adawa da nadin minista Aganga a kan cewa yana cike mukamin minista na jihar Legas amma ba a haife shi a jihar ba. A watan Yunin 2011, sake takarar Minista Aganga ya sha adawa da reshen jihar Legas na PDP, amma majalisar dattijai ta amince da Aganga a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2011 a matsayin Minista. A dukkan lokutan biyu Janar Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya ya zabi Aganga a matsayin minista. Matakin Hukumar bayar da sakamako Oktoba 2010 A watan Oktoba na 2010, Fitch hukumar bayar da sakamako ta yanke hangen nesan a kan darajar “BB” zuwa “mara kyau” daga “barga” saboda cire kudi daga Asusun danyen mai da aka samu da kuma faduwar kudin kasashen waje. Aganga wanda yake a wancan lokacin, Ministan Kudin Najeriya, ya bayyana cewa matakin da Fitch Ratings ya dauka na rage hangen nesa game da matsayin kasar ya kasance "ladabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba". Shigo da Shinkafa ya ƙare a 2014 A watan Oktoba na 2011, Aganga, Ministan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Najeriya ya sanar da cewa shigo da shinkafa a Najeriya nan ba da dadewa ba a karshen shekarar 2014. Najeriya ta yi amfani da nau’ikan manufofin cinikayya daban-daban kamar takunkumin shigo da kayayyaki, da kuma dakatar da shigo da shinkafa kai tsaye a lokuta daban-daban daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 1995. Duk sun gaza. Pages with unreviewed translations

60189

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Herrmann

Victoria Herrmann

Articles with hCards Victoria Herrmann yar Amurka ce mai ba da labarin ƙasa kuma mai magana, da canjin yanayi . Ita ce shugabar gudanarwa na Cibiyar Arctic, National Geographic Explorer, da Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Georgetown ta Walsh School of Foreign Service, inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Arctic da siyasa da yanayi . canza karbuwa a cikin Amurka da Yankunan Amurka. Herrmann Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Amirka ce don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IDAN / TO Jakadan kuma yana aiki don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da mata a cikin STEM . An ba ta suna a cikin Forbes 30 Under 30 list, National Trust for Historic Preservation 's 40 under 40 list, Shugaban Matasan Arewacin Amurka ta Abokan Turai, ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a cikin Manufofin yanayi a duk duniya ta hanyar Apolitical, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da "CAFE 100 - masu canza canji masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke ɗaukar mataki don magance wasu matsalolin da suka fi dacewa a Amurka da kuma a duniya" na tsohon lauyan Amurka Preet Bharara . Rayuwa da ilimi An haife shi a Paramus, New Jersey,Herrmann ya fara sha'awar al'amuran muhalli . Ta girma Bayahudiya kuma ta ambaci kwarewar kakaninta a matsayin wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust a matsayin wahayin bincikenta da bayar da shawarwari kan tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan al'ummomin da ba su da hakki. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Paramus . A cikin 2012 ta kammala BA a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa da tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Lehigh kuma daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Junior Fellowship na shekara guda a Carnegie Endowment for International Peace a Washington, DC, inda ta yi aiki kan sufuri mai dorewa da manufofin yanayi a birane. Herrmann ya koma Kanada a cikin 2013 a matsayin Fulbrightgrantee, ya kammala MA a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Norman Paterson ta Jami'ar Carleton . A cikin 2014 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gates Cambridge don karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Binciken Scott Polar . A cikin 2017 Herrmann an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bill Gates Sr. Award don sadaukar da kai don inganta rayuwar wasu, kuma a cikin 2019 ta sami PhD dinta daga Jami'ar Cambridge . A cikin shekarar karshe ta PhD, Herrmann ya shafe watanni uku a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin Shirin Harkokin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Christine Mirzayan. Manufar Arctic da bincike na ƙaura Herrmann ya shiga Cibiyar Arctic a cikin 2015, kuma a cikin 2016 ya zama Shugaban kungiyar kuma Daraktan gudanarwa. Tana jagorantar tsare-tsare don cimma manufarta don sanar da manufofin don adalci, dorewa, da amintaccen Arctic . Herrmann yana kula da aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar bincike na duniya kuma yana kula da wata ƙungiya a fadin Arewacin Amirka da Turai. Karkashin lokacin Herrmann, Cibiyar Arctic ta ci gaba da matsayi a matsayin babban-75 na tunani ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania 's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program kuma mujallar Prospect ta zaba a matsayin mafi kyawun Makamashi da Muhalli na Amurka. Ita ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya ce a manufofin Arctic, kuma ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma ta yi wa Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka bayani da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Makamashi da Albarkatun Kasa akan Arctic. tsaro da sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2017-2018 ta yi aiki a matsayin Editan Bita na Alaska don Ƙididdigar Yanayi na Ƙasa na huɗu kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Wakilan Amurka guda biyu zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Duniya . Herrmann ya zauna a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Arctic na Amurka tun daga 2019 kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Matasa ta Arctic. Binciken Herrmann yana mai da hankali kan ƙaura da sauyin yanayi ya jawo, ƙaura, da ƙaura a cikin Arctic, Kudancin Pacific, da Amurka. A cikin 2016–2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar mai bincike don aikin Eroding Edges na Amurka, aikin bincike na ƙasa-da-ƙasa na ƙasa. Ta zagaya ko'ina cikin kasar inda ta yi hira da shugabannin kananan hukumomi 350 don gano abin da ake bukata don kare al'ummomin bakin teku daga illolin sauyin yanayi da ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Tare da haɗin gwiwar National Trust for Historic Preservation kuma tare da goyon baya daga JMK Innovation Prize, wani aiki na gaba zuwa Eroding Edges yana kawo taimakon fasaha kai tsaye ga ƙananan garuruwa da matsakaitan ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da nisa daga yanki da tattalin arziki. Aikin bincikenta na National Geographic na yanzu, Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Sauyin yanayi, Matsuguni, da Matsuguni a Fiji, yana bincikar sakamakon yanayin da ya haifar da alaƙar al'adun gargajiya . Ita ce Babban Mai Binciken Na Bincika Na Bincika Haɗin Kan Cibiyar Hijira ta Arctic a cikin Harmony: Cibiyar Sadarwar Tsare-tsare Kan Littattafai, Matsuguni, da Al'adu akan Motsi wanda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta ba da tallafi. Herrmann ya haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa memba na 700+ don sauƙaƙe buɗe hanyar sadarwa, haɓaka musayar ladabtarwa, da gina sabbin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya, masu ruwa da tsaki, da masu aiki don bincika hanyoyin da direbobi da sakamakon ƙaura na bakin tekun Arctic ke haɗuwa tare da yin hulɗa tare da ɗayan. wani da kuma gano abubuwan da ke faruwa ga al'umma. Sadarwar canjin yanayi Herrmann yana aiki duka a matsayin mai sadarwa na kimiyya don masu sauraron jama'a kuma a matsayin mai binciken ilimi da ke nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa na canjin yanayi . Ta buga labarai sama da 20 na bita na mujallu da surori na littattafan ilimi. Binciken nata yana mai da hankali kan yadda hotunan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ke gina dabi'u, ganowa, da ra'ayoyin iko game da ƙaurawar sauyin yanayi, al'ummomi masu rauni, da manufofin Arctic. Herrmann ya bayar da hujjar cewa malanta canjin yanayi na iya kuma yakamata ya sanar da takamaiman aiki, da kuma yadda aiki zai iya wadatar da malanta. A cikin tattaunawa game da binciken da ta yi a jami'o'i, ta ƙarfafa sauran masu bincike don gano muryar jama'a tare da auna mahimmancin labarun don ƙarfafa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. Herrmann ya ba da jawabai sama da 50 na jama'a, gami da mahimman bayanai a National Trust for Historic Preservation 's PastForward, Cibiyar Smithsonian 's Stemming the Tide: Dabarun Duniya don Dorewa Al'adu Ta Hanyar Canjin Yanayi, da Hugh O 'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation Congress World Leadership Congress. Herrmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "canjin yanayi labari ne game da rasa abubuwan da suka sa mu zama mu", kuma "kowa yana da rawar da zai taka a cikin hanyoyin magance yanayi." A matsayin National Geographic Explorer, Herrmann ya ba da jawabai da yawa na jama'a game da manufofin canjin yanayi, ba da labari, da ayyukan al'umma. Tattaunawarta daga matakin National Geographic Society sun haɗa da Zaɓin Kaddamar da Kayi wahayi zuwa gabatarwa don CreativeMornings da kuma wata mahimmin kwamiti a bikin Explorers, inda aka nuna ta a cikin tattaunawa tare da Andrew Revkin, Emma Marris, Leland Melvin, da Ian Stewart don tattaunawa. duniyar da ke cikin hadari. Ta kuma gabatar da abubuwan balaguro na ƙasa kamar National Geographic On Campus. Herrmann yana da sha'awar ƙarfafa matasa, kuma ya yi aiki tare da National Geographic Education don ƙara fahimtar yanayi da damar yin aiki na gida. Ta taimaka wajen samarwa kuma an nuna ta a cikin karatun kan layi Koyar da Canjin Yanayi na Duniya a cikin Ajin ku, ya gabatar da labarun yanayi a duk faɗin Amurka don shirin Classroom na Explorer, kuma ya sauƙaƙe da kuma ba da jagoranci ga matasa masu ba da labari a sansanin Hotuna na National Geographic don matasa a Louisiana . . A cikin 2021, Herrmann ya kasance fitaccen Explorer a cikin Tashoshin Talabijin Na ABC Mallakar Mu Amurka: Yanayi na Bege tare da haɗin gwiwar National Geographic Partners . Ta akai-akai rubuta ra'ayi guda game da canjin yanayi da manufofin Arctic don The Guardian, Scientific American, da CNN . Har ila yau, Herrmann ya bayyana sau da yawa a matsayin gwani a cikin labarai, ciki har da NPR's Science Jumma'a, On Point, Duk Abubuwan da aka La'akari, da Ƙarshen Ƙarshe ; Labaran ABC ; da BBC, da sauransu. A cikin 2019 Herrmann an nada shi Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IF / THEN Ambassador, kuma mai ba da shawara ne don ganin mata a cikin binciken canjin yanayi da 'yan mata masu shiga cikin STEM . An nuna Herrmann a matsayin abin koyi ga 'yan mata a cikin STEM ta Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Ƙasa Ad Council s She Can STEM campaign. Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi Labaran jarida 2020 Herrmann, V. "Hanyoyin Sadarwar Dabaru na Majalisar Arctic: Shekaru 20 na Hoton Da'irar." Jaridar Dabarun Sadarwa. doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09384-2 2020 Marchman, P., Siders, AR, Leilani Main, Kelly, Herrmann, V., Butler, Debra. "Shirya Matsar Matsugunin Matsuguni don Amsa Canjin Yanayi: Matsalolin Dabaru Da yawa." Ka'idar Tsara da Ayyuka. 2020 Raspotnik, A, Groenning, R., da Herrmann, V. "Tale na Biranen Uku: Ma'anar Garuruwan Smart Ga Arctic." Polar Geography. Karba 2019 Herrmann, V. "Haihuwar Hanyar Man Fetur Dogara: Labaran Mai da Ci Gaba a Arewa." Binciken Amirka na Nazarin Kanada, 49: 2, 301-331, 2019 Herrmann, V. "Rushewar ƙauyuka a cikin Labari na Canjin Yanayi na Amurka: Aikin Jarida, Hankali, da Hukuma a Shishmaref, Alaska." Littattafai na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geofuri na Amirka, 109:3, 857-874, 2017 Herrmann, V. "Tsaron Al'umma na Arctic a COP21: Bambance-bambancen Maganar Tsaro da Kayan aiki a Tattaunawar Yanayi." SIYASA, 20:3, 65–82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97174 . 2017 Herrmann, V. "Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Maɗaukaki don La'akarin Abubuwan Al'adun Al'adu a cikin Manufofin Hijira masu Alaƙa da Sauyi, Matsuguni da Matsuguni." Binciken Archaeological daga Cambridge, 32 (2), 182-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.23647 . 2017 Herrmann, V. "'Yan Gudun Hijira na Canjin Yanayi na Farko na Amirka: Cin Hanci da Ƙarfafawa a cikin Bayar da Labarun Jarida." Binciken Makamashi da Jaridar Kimiyyar zamantakewa, 31, 205-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.033 . 2016 Herrmann, V. "Sa hannun jari a cikin Al'umma: Ƙirƙirar Ƙirar Makarantun Makarantu don Arctic na Amurka." Yanayin Geography, 39:4, 239–257, 2016 McCorristine, S. da Herrmann, V. "'The Old Arctics': Sanarwa na Franklin Search Expedition Veterans in British Press: 1876-1934." Rikodin Polar, 39: 4, 215-229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000728 . 2016 Herrmann, V. "Yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Warming: Labarun Kayayyakin da Aka Sake Fa'ida Daga Saman Duniya." Polar Geography, 38:4, 289–305, 2015 Herrmann, V. "Cujin Yanayi, Arctic Aesthetics, and Indigenous Agency in the Age of the Anthropocene." Littafin Shekara na Dokar Polar, 7: 1, 375-409, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_015 . manazarta Rayayyun mutane Chajin yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21920

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassel%20Jradi

Bassel Jradi

Bassel Zakaria Jradi ( , Larabcin Lebanon, furuci da Larabci: [ˈBeːsil zakaˈrijja ˈʒraːdi, -de ] ; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1993) shi ne ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a kulob din Cyprus na Apollon Limassol da ƙungiyar ƙasar Lebanon . Yawancin lokaci ana sanya shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare, Jradi kuma yana iya yin wasa a fuka-fuki biyu, a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, kuma a matsayin tara na ƙarya . Bayan ya yi wasa na shekaru uku a Denmark - na B93, AB, da Nordsjælland - Jradi shekarar ya koma Norway a shekara ta 2014, inda ya sanya hannu kan Strømsgodset . Bayan bin bashi tare da Lillestrøm, ya ci kwallaye 10 kuma ya taimaka bakwai bayan komawarsa Strømsgodset a shekarar 2017; an zabe shi ne don kyautar "Dan wasan da yafi so" a gasar . A cikin shekara ta 2018, bayan shekaru hudu a Norway, Jradi ya koma bangaren Hajduk Split na Croatia, sannan ya koma Apollon Limassol a Cyprus a shekara ta 2021. An haife shi a Denmark ga iyayen Lebanon, Jradi ya buga wa Denmark wasa a matakin kasa da kasa a matakin matasa kafin ya sauya sheka zuwa Lebanon a shekara ta 2015. Ya wakilci Lebanon a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta AFC na shekara ta 2019, a wasan rukuni-rukuni da Qatar . Klub Farkon aiki Kasancewa mai bayanin martaba ga Danishungiyar Danish ta 2 ta B93, ya ci gaba da gwaji tare da OB da Blackburn Rovers . A ƙarshe, duk da haka, ya ƙare har ya sanya han'nu kan kwangila tare da ƙungiyar rukunin 1 na AB . Bayan nuna abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a cikin rigar AB, an kira shi don ƙungiyar U-21 ta Danish, kuma a ƙarshen kakar 2012-13, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi tare da kungiyar Superliga ta Nordsjælland . Jradi ya ci kwallaye takwas kuma ya taimaka sau uku a zamansa a AB. Strømsgodset da rance ga Lillestrøm A watan Yuli na shekara ta 2014, Jradi aka saya da Strømsgodset, da kuma sanya hannu am kwangila wanda zaidade har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2017. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Jradi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lillestrøm a Tippeligaen a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen shekara, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a raga a wasanni 26. Godiya ga ayyukansa a lokacin kakar Eliteserien na shekara ta 2017 tare da Strømsgodset, ya ci kwallaye 10 kuma ya taimaka bakwai, Jradi an zabe shi ne don kyautar " Folkets favorittspiller " ((an wasan da aka fi so da mutane) a shekarar ; sannan ya shiga cikin jerin sunayen karshe na mutane hudu. Hajduk Raba 2018–19 kakar A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Jradi ya koma kungiyar Hajduk Split ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Croatian ta farko a yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Burinsa na farko ga kungiyar ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2019, a wasan da suka doke Slaven da ci 2-0. Ya sake zira kwallaye a wasan da ya biyo baya, wanda aka buga kwana huɗu bayan haka, da Rudeš a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-4. Jradi ya ƙare kakar 2018–19 da kwallaye biyu a wasanni 25, inda ya taimakawa ƙungiyarsa ta zama ta huɗu a gasar. Lokacin 2019-20 A ranar 18 Ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2019, Jradi ya ci kwallon farko ta neman cancantar shiga gasar Europa a wasan gida da Gżira United . Koyaya, kungiyarsa tayi rashin nasara akan dokar kwallaye a waje kuma an fitar da ita daga wasannin share fagen. A fafatawar madawwamiya da Dinamo Zagreb a gasar, a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 2019, Jradi ya ci kwallon daya tilo a minti na 56, kafin a kore shi daga fili bayan ya karbi katin gargadi biyu a lokacin wasan. Godiya ga rawar da ya taka a wasan, an zabi Jradi Man of the Match kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa kaiwa saman tebur a karon farko cikin kwanaki 1,399. Bayan wasan, dan wasan ya ce: "Wannan wasa ne na hauka tare da mahaukatan magoya baya. Rediwarara. Red cards, raga, komai yayi hauka ". On 29 June 2020, Hajduk Split extended Jradi's contract, which was due to expire in July, for an additional year. On 25 July 2020, Jradi scored from outside the box and assisted a goal against Inter Zaprešić, in a 4–1 away win in the last matchday of the season. Jradi ended the season with three league goals in 32 games. Lokacin 2020-21 A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2020, a wasan 3 na gasar, Jradi ya ba da taimakonsa na farko na kakar wasa a kan Slaven Belupo, a wasan da aka tashi 2-2. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2021, Jradi ya ƙi sabunta kwangilarsa tare da Hajduk Split, yana son komawa zuwa wata ƙungiyar ta hanyar musayar 'yan wasa kyauta ta hanyar canja wurin rani mai zuwa. Shugabannin sun tura shi don yin horo tare da ajiyar sauran lokacin a matsayin nau'i na "azabtarwa". A cewar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Croatian, duk da haka, ba zai iya buga wasannin hukuma ba a matsayin "dan wasan da ya girmi 21 wanda ya riga ya buga akalla wasanni biyar a lokacin kakar wasa ga kungiyar farko, ba zai iya buga wa kungiyar ta B ba" A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, Jradi da Hajduk Split sun amince da dakatar da kwantiraginsa bisa yarda da juna; ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 81 a duk wasannin da ya yi a shekara uku da ya yi. Apollon Limassol A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni 2021, Jradi ya koma Apollon Limassol na rukunin farko na Cypriot . Ayyukan duniya Bayan buga wasa ga dukkan kungiyoyin matasa na kasar Denmark, Jradi ya yanke shawarar wakiltar Lebanon a duniya a matakin manya. A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, ya buga wasansa na farko don Lebanon wanda ya ci kwallon 1-2 a wasan sada zumunci da Iraki, daga karshe aka doke su da ci 3-2. Bayan kammala wasan, game da zabin kungiyar kasarsa tsakanin Lebanon da Denmark, ya ce: "kasashen biyu suna da matukar muhimmanci a wurina. Babbar shawara ce ”. Kodayake a cikin Janairu a shekara ta 2018 Jradi ya bayyana cewa yana da niyyar taka leda a Denmark, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar an kira shi zuwa Lebanon don wasan sada zumunci da Uzbekistan da Australia . A watan Disamba shekara ta 2018, an kira shi don a shekara ta 2019 AFC Asian Cup team. Bayan buga dukkannin mintuna 90 a wasan farko na rukuni da Qatar, Jradi ya fada cikin rashin jituwa tare da koci Miodrag Radulović kuma daga baya aka kore shi daga kungiyar kasar har zuwa sauran gasar. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, Footballungiyar Kwallon Labanan (LFA) ta ba da sanarwar keɓancewa daga Jradi daga ƙungiyar ƙasa, tare da takwaransa Joan Oumari, saboda ƙin kiran da aka yi don buga wasan neman cancantar shiga Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2022 da Koriya ta Arewa . Bayan bayar da gafara yana bayanin dalilansa na kin amsa kiran, LFA ta cire wariyar kuma an sake sanya Jradi cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a ranar 19 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019. Statisticsididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Sakamakon da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen Labanon da farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin Jradi. Daraja Strgodmsgodset Eliteserien ta zo ta biyu: 2015 Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bassel Jradi at DBU (in Danish) Bassel Jradi at FC Nordsjælland (in Danish) Bassel Jradi at Hajduk Split (in Croatian) Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1993 Pages with unreviewed translations

29379

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Taal

Umar Taal

Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou TALL ( Umar ibn Sa'id al-Futi Tal, ), ( – 1864 CE ), an haife shi a yankin Futa Tooro, Senegambia, shugaban siyasar yammacin Afirka ne, malamin Islama, Tijani Sufi da kwamandan sojan Toucouleur wanda kuma ya kafa Daular Toucouleur na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ya kuma mamaye yawancin abin da ake kira Guinea, Senegal, da Mali . Suna An rubuta sunan Omar Tall daban-daban: musamman, sunansa na farko yawanci ana fassara shi da Faransanci da sunan Omar, kodayake wasu kafofin sun fi son Umar ; da patronymic, ibn Sa'id, sau da yawa kuma yana tsallake. da kuma karshe kashi na sunansa, Tall ), ana rubuta su daban-daban da tsayi, Taal ko Tal . A honorific El Hadj (wato al-Hajj ko el-Hadj), ajiye wani Musulmi wanda ya samu nasarar sanya Hajj zuwa Makka, Earsbe Omar Tall sunan da yawa a cikin matani, musamman waɗanda suke a cikin Larabci. Daga baya kuma ya dauki manyan masu daraja Amir al-Mu'minin, Khalifa, Qutb (tushen duniya), wazirin Mahdi, Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya (majikin hatimin waliyyai), da Almami (Imam). Rayuwar farko An haifi Omar Tall kimanin shekara ta 1794 a Halwar a cikin Imaman Futa Toro ( Senegal a yau); shi ne na goma cikin yara goma sha biyu. Mahaifinsa shi ne Saidou Tall, daga kabilar Torodbe, mahaifiyarsa kuwa Sokhna Adama Thiam. Omar Tall ya halarci wata madrassa kafin nazari a kan Hajj a shekara ta 1828, ya dawo a shekara ta 1830 El Hadj da aka qaddamar a cikin Tijaniyya, sa'an nan Ya daidaita a kan khalifa na Tijaniyya sufi 'yan'uwantaka a cikin Sudan . El-Hadj ya dauki Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya mai daraja Tijjani . Wannan ikon zai zama ginshikin ikonsa na kansa wanda ya zama dole don jagorantar 'yan Afirka. Lokacin da ya dawo daga aikin Hajji ya yada zango kusa da Damascus a can ya haɗu da Ibrahim Pasha, Omar Tall yayi abokantaka da Pasha ya ya bawa dansa maganin zazzaɓi kuma ya warke daga zazzaɓi mai kisa, Omar Tall ya samu kwarin guiwa sosai da yanayin da Pasha ya kafa. Ya zauna a Sakkwato Daga shekara ta 1831 zuwa shekara ta 1837, ya auri mata da dama, daya daga cikinsu diyar Halifan Fulani ce ta Khalifan Sokoto, Muhammed Bello . A cikin 1836, Omar Tall ya koma Imamancin Futa Jallon, sannan ya koma Dinguiraye a shekara ta 1840, a Guinea ta yau, inda ya fara shirye-shiryen jihadinsa . A can ya tsara mabiyansa zuwa ƙwararrun runduna ta kusan 50,000, ɗauke da makaman Faransa da masu ba da shawara na yamma. A shekara ta 1852 ya shelanta jihadi a kan maguzawa, da maguzawan musulmi, da turawa masu kutse, da sarakunan Futa Toro da Futa Jallon masu ja da baya. Omar Tall ya yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka na wuce gona da iri. Ya musanta muhimmancin riko da Mazhaba kuma ya fifita Ijtihadi ko hukunci na addini. Ya koyar da cewa ya kamata mumini ya bi shiriyar Shaihin Sufaye wanda yake da ilimin gaskiya na Ubangiji nan take. Ko da yake Omar Tall bai taba daukar Mujaddadi ko Mahdi ba, amma mabiyansa suna kallonsa a matsayin haka. Ya zama torodbe manufa na farfaɗo da addini da cin nasara a kan arna. Cin nasara na farko Omar Tall ya yi kira ga al’ummar Futa Toro bisa korafe-korafen da suke yi da manyan sojoji. Har ila yau, al'ummarsa sun yi kira ga mutane marasa tushe daga kabilu dabam-dabam wadanda suka sami sabon salo na zamantakewa da kuma damar cin galaba a karkashin tsarin Musulunci. Jihadinsa ya fara ne da cin Futa Toro kuma a shekara ta 1862 daularsa ta hada da Timbuktu, Masina, Hamdallahi, da Segu . A cikin shekara ta 1848, sojojin Omar Tall's Toucouleur, sanye take da makaman Faransa, sun mamaye yankuna da yawa makwabta, arna, Malinké kuma sun sami nasara cikin gaggawa. Omar Tall ya matsa zuwa yankin Kayes na kasar Mali a yau, inda ya ci garuruwa da dama tare da gina wani katafaren katanga a kusa da birnin Kayes wanda a yau ya zama wurin yawon bude ido. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 1857, Omar Tall ya shelanta yaki a kan masarautar Khasso. Ya shiga rikici da Faransawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kafa ikon kasuwancinsu a gefen kogin Senegal. Omar Tall ya yiwa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kawanya a sansanin Madina . Yakin bai yi nasara ba a ranar 18 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar lokacin da Louis Faidherbe, gwamnan Faransa na Senegal, ya isa tare da dakarun agaji. A shekara ta 1860 Omar Tall ya kulla yarjejeniya da Faransawa wadanda suka gane nasa, da mabiyansa, fannin tasiri a Futa Toro kuma ya sanya musu jihohin Bambara na Kaarta da Segu . Bambara da Masina ,. Omar Tall ya ɗora ɗansa Ahmadu Tall a matsayin limamin Segu, ya yi tattaki zuwa Nijar, kan imaman Masarautar Hamdullahi. Fiye da 70,000 sun mutu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku da suka biyo baya. Mafi yanke hukunci shine a Cayawel, inda Amadu III, Sarkin Masina, ya ji rauni. Djenné ya fadi da sauri sannan faɗuwar ƙarshe da halaka Hamdullahi a watan Mayu 1862. Mutuwa da gado A cikin shekara ta 1862, a cikin neman sabon yanki, Omar Tall da mabiyansa sun mamaye Masarautar Massina (Masina), wanda babban birninta ya kasance a Hamdullahi . Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, na darikar Sufi Qadari, ya jagoranci hadakar wasu jahohin kasar domin tinkarar wannan farmakin da Ahmad ya yi tir da shi da cewa haramtacciyar yakin musulmi ne akan musulmi. Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da, Inter alia, Masina da Timbuktu . Omar Tall ya kama Hamdullahi a ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 1862. A yanzu Omar Tall yana iko da Nijar ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya, ya ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu, amma a shekara ta 1863 rundunar hadaka ta Tuaregs, Moors, da Fulas suka fatattake su . A shekara ta 1863, kawancen ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Omar Tall da dama, inda suka kashe hafsoshin Tall Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla da Alfa 'Uthman. A halin da ake ciki kuma, an yi tawaye a ƙasar Masina a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ba Lobbo, kani ga sarkin Masina da aka kashe, Amadu III . A wajen murkushe tawaye, A lokacin bazara na 1863, Omar Tall ya sake mamaye birnin Hamdullahi, kuma a watan Yuni rundunar Balobo ta hadakar Fulas da Kountas sun yiwa sojojin Omar Tall kawanya a can. Mabiya Balobo sun kama Hamdallahi a watan Fabrairun 1864. Omar Tall ya gudu ya yi nasarar kai shi wani kogo a Degembere (a cikin Bandiagara Escarpment ) inda ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1864. Yayan Omar Tall Tidiani Tall ya gaje shi a matsayin sarkin Toucouleur, ko da yake dansa Ahmadu Tall, wanda ke aiki daga Ségou, ya yi aiki da yawa wajen kiyaye daular. Duk da haka, Faransanci ya ci gaba da ci gaba, a ƙarshe ya shiga Ségou kanta a 1890. Jihar jihadi ta Omar Tall ta shiga cikin daular Faransa ta yammacin Afirka da ke girma. Omar Tall ya kasance fitaccen mutum a Senegal, Guinea, da Mali, duk da cewa gadonsa ya bambanta da kasa. Inda 'yan Senegal da yawa sukan tuna da shi a matsayin gwarzo na adawa da Faransa.  Mali kafofin ayan bayyana shi a matsayin mai mamaye wanda ya shirya hanya domin ta Faransa ta raunanar da yammacin Afirka. Omar Tall kuma yayi fice a cikin littafin tarihin Maryse Condé na Segu . Har wala yau ya kasance mai fada a ji a cikin darikar Tijjaniyya da sauran kungiyoyin kawo sauyi, wadanda suka jaddada muhimmancin tsarin addinin Musulunci. Jihar Umar Tall ta hana rawa, shan taba, barasa, laya, bukukuwan maguzawa, da bautar gumaka. An dakatar da ayyuka da yawa da ba na Musulunci ba. An kuma aiwatar da waɗannan dokokin sosai, musamman ma hana barasa. Omar Tall ya soke harajin da ba a san shi ba ya maye gurbinsu da zakka, harajin filaye, da jizya . An iyakance masu auren mace fiye da ɗaya ga mata huɗu kawai. Omar Tall kuwa, ba ya sha’awar abubuwan dabaru na cusa addinin Musulunci kamar ginin kotuna, madrassa, da masallatai. Babban aikin da gwamnatin Umar Tall ta yi shi ne yaƙin farauta, bauta, tara ganima, da gyara ɗabi'u. A cikin Senegambia, ana tunawa da muhimmancinsa a lokacin "lokacin jihadi" a matsayin "ba juriya ga Turawa ba amma "lalata arna" a yammacin Sudan. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayarwa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal abin da ake kira takobin Omar Tall - wanda a zahiri takobin Ahmadu Tall ne, dan Omar Tall - ga gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal. Zuriyar sarauta Bayanan kula da nassoshi Asalin wannan labarin ya dogara ne akan fassarar labarin da ya dace daga Wikipedia na Faransa, wanda aka dawo dashi ranar 1 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2005, wanda kuma ya kawo maɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa: Tushen harshen Ingilishi : Davidson, Basil . Afirka a Tarihi . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. BO Oloruntimehin. Daular Segu Tukulor . New York: 'Yan Jarida (1972). Farashin 391002066 Willis, John Ralph. A Tafarkin Allah: Son al-Hajj Umar . London: Kasa, 1989. Mai hikima, Christopher. Tekun Hamada: Adabin Sahel . Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2001. Mai hikima, Christopher. Yambo Ouologuem: Marubuci Bayan Mulkin Mallaka, Tsagerun Musulunci . Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 1999. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Legends na Afirka Taswirar Daular Toucouleur Fayilolin sauti Wolof Yabon Wakar Umar Tall ( RealAudio file) Manazarta Tarihin Mali Sufi Sufaye Malaman Musulunci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50936

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Constantine

Mildred Constantine

Mildred Constantine Bettelheim(28 ga Yuni,1913–Disamba 10,2008)wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga fastoci da sauran zane-zane a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Tarihin Rayuwa Constantine (ta yi amfani da sunanta na sana'a)an haife shi a 1913 a Brooklyn, New York .Ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar New York kuma ta halarci makarantar digiri na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico. Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin daga 1931 zuwa 1937 a matsayin mataimakiyar edita akan mujallar Parnassus.Ta sadu da Rene d'Harnoncourt,maigidanta na gaba a matsayin darekta na Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,yayin da take aiki a Washington,DC a Ofishin Mai Gudanarwa na Inter-American Affairs.Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Mexico, a cikin 1936,a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Hagu na Yaƙi da Fascism,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar zane-zanen siyasar Latin da Tsakiyar Amurka.An nuna tarin fosta na Latin Amurka da ta shirya a ɗakin karatu na Majalisa kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi. Yayin da take birnin Washington,ta sadu da Ralph Bettelheim,wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Ostiriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki.Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1942. Daga 1943 zuwa 1970,Constantine ya yi aiki a sashen gine-gine da ƙira na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani,a matsayin abokin kula da kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da shawara,inda ta taimaka wajen yada tarin abubuwan da ke da wuyar rarrabawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su,wanda ta kira "kayan gudun hijira.".Nunin ta 1948 Posters na Polio shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka sadaukar don dalilai,kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban. Ta shirya nune-nunen nune-nunen na solo don masu zane-zane da kayayyaki ciki har da Alvin Lustig,Bruno Munari,Massimo Vignelli da Tadanori Yokoo wanda The New York Times ya bayyana a matsayin"ma'anar sana'a."Nunin nune-nunen ta masu fa'ida a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha da kayan ado sun haɗa da Olivetti:Zane a Masana'antu a 1952, Alamun Titin a 1954,da nunin 1962 na Wasika ta Hannu. Constantine ya shirya baje kolin na 1968 mai taken Kalma da Hoto,wanda shine nuni na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan fastoci a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga karni na 20,wanda kataloginsa ana daukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke tattara tarihin fosta.A cikin nazarinsa na Janairu 1968 na nunin,mai sukar fasaha John Canaday na The New York Times ya rubuta:"Sabon nune-nunen nune-nunen fastoci na gidan kayan tarihi na zamani,wanda aka buɗe jiya a ƙarƙashin taken Kalma da Hoto,yana da kyau sosai har tsawon minti ɗaya kuna mamakin dalilin da yasa allunan talla suka lalace,"lura da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen fosta 35 a baya amma hakan ya kasance.mafi girmansa kuma cewa yayin da mafi yawan fastocin suna kallon kwanan watan bayan ƴan shekaru,abubuwan da Constantine ya zaɓa daga tarin fastoci 2,000 na gidan kayan gargajiya"suna da ƙarfi kamar lokacin da aka buga su."Binciken Critic Hilton Kramer a cikin The Times,ya bayyana nunin a matsayin wanda ya ƙunshi fastoci 300 daga lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1967,wanda Constantine ya zaɓa bisa la'akari da"darajar su," kodayake Kramer yana jin cewa nunin ba zai iya bayyana ƙarshen-1960s ba.foster fad wanda zane-zanen kwakwalwarsa da ya yi imani bai dace da fitattun zane-zane na zamanin farko ba. Constantine ya mutu yana da shekaru 95 a ranar 10 ga Disamba,2008 na ciwon zuciya a gidanta a Nyack,New York. Yadi Har ila yau Constantine ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta game da tufafi.Tare da Jack Lenor Larsen,Constantine ya gyara bangon bango wanda ya zagaya biranen 11 daga 1968-1969 kuma ya rubuta Beyond Craft: The Art Fabric a 1973. A cikin 1972,Mildred Constantine ya sake buga Alice Adams's Gina 1966 a cikin littafinta Beyond Craft.Ta rubuta littafin tare da Jack Lenor Larsen wanda shine farkon zurfafan kallon motsin fasaha na fiber.Wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da yadda fasahar fiber ya samo asali, ya bayyana manufofinsa na ado,da kuma kare aikin da aka yi da fiber a matsayin "kyakkyawan fasaha." Bayan da ta tashi a 1971 daga gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,ta samar da nune-nunen nune-nunen da litattafai a kan batutuwa na caricature,zane-zane,zane-zane na ado da daukar hoto,da kuma ƙaddamar da 1988 Frontiers a Fiber: Amirkawa,da 2002 suna nuna Ƙananan Ayyuka a Fiber .Dukansu sun ja hankali ga zane-zane da zane-zane Marubuci Constantine ya rubuta ko ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan fasahar fiber da sauran batutuwa:. 1960 Art Nouveau:Art da Design a Juya na Karni,edita(tare da Peter Selz ) 1969 Kalma da Hoto:Posters daga Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani(tare da Alan M. Fern) 1973 Beyond Craft:The Art of Fabric (tare da Jack Lenor Larsen ) 1974 juyin juya halin Soviet Film Posters 1981 Fabric Art:Mainstream 1983 Tina Modotti:Rayuwa mai rauni 1986 The Art Fabric:Mainstream 1997 Duk Tufafi 1999 25 na 25th:Glancing Back, Gazing Ahead(tare da Lloyd Cotsen, Jack Lenor Larsen da Patricia Mal) 2000 Theo Leffmann(tare da Mary Jane Jacob,Theo Leffmann da David Mickenberg ) 2004 Jack Lenor Larsen:Mahalicci da Mai Tara (tare da David Revere McFadden ) Duba kuma Mata a fagen tarihin fasaha Nassoshi Kara karantawa

54928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville%20Football%20Club

Woodville Football Club

Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Woodville kungiya ce ta kwallon kafa ta Australiya wacce ta fafata a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australiya (SANFL) daga 1964 zuwa 1990, lokacin da ta haɗu a 1991 tare da Kungiyar Kwando ta Yammacin Torrens don kafa Woodville-West Torrens Eagles . An kafa shi a yankunan yammacin Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, Woodville ya samo sunansa daga yankin da yake ciki. Rashin nasarar kulob din ba a iya kwatanta shi ba a cikin VFL ko WAFL tare da kulob din da ke karɓar cokali na katako 9, ciki har da sau 6 a jere 1980-1985, a cikin shekaru 27 yayin da kawai ke yin wasan karshe sau 3 ba tare da babban bayyanar karshe ba. Tarihin kulob din Akwai nassoshin jarida game da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Woodville tun daga karni na 19, lokacin da Woodville da Adelaide suka kasance ƙungiyoyi kawai, amma an kafa kulob din na zamani a 1938 don yin wasa a gasa ta gida. A shekara ta 1959 kungiyoyin SANFL na yanzu sun amince da gabatarwar daga Woodville da Gundumar Tsakiya don fadada gasar daga kungiyoyi takwas zuwa goma a kan tanadin da za su shiga gasar tsaron SANFL a kan shekaru biyar kafin su sami shiga gasar a shekarar 1964. An san kungiyar da sunan "Woodville Woodpeckers". Lokacin da aka fara shi ya kasance alama ce ta magajinsa (ko rashin shi) ga sauran wanzuwarsa. Kungiyar ta lashe wasanni uku kawai, duk a kan Gundumar Tsakiya. A cikin lokutan 27 a cikin SANFL, Woodville ya kai wasan karshe sau uku kawai: a 1979, 1986 da 1987; mafi kyawun sakamako shine matsayi na 3 a 1986. Dan wasan da ya fi cin nasara a Woodville shine Malcolm Blight, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Magarey ta SANFL kuma ya sami zaɓi a cikin ƙungiyar All Australian a shekarar 1972. Daga baya zai buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arewacin Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Victoria (VFL), inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Brownlow a shekarar 1978 kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar 'yan wasan da suka lashe lambar yabo mafi girma a gasar SANFL da VFL. Blight ya koma Woodville a 1983 a matsayin Kyaftin-Coach, yana jagorantar kulob din ta hanyar mafi kyawun lokacinsa. Lokacinsa na farko a Adelaide bai yi nasara ba, tare da kulob din ya gama da cokali na katako. Daga can kungiyar ta fara tsayawa kuma a shekara ta 1986 an dauke ta da damar da za ta samu a gasar farko, amma ta kammala ta 3 bayan ta sha kashi a hannun firaministan Glenelg a wasan karshe. Sun kuma kai wasan karshe a shekarar 1987, amma sun zo na 5, inda suka rasa wasan karshe ga Glenelg. Blight ya tsaya a ƙarshen 1987 kuma an maye gurbinsa da mashahurin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Adelaide da kuma sau hudu Magarey Medallist Russell Ebert. A karkashin kocin Ebert, Woodville ya lashe gasar SANFL Night a shekarar 1988, gasar Escort Cup, inda ya doke Port Adelaide 14.12 (96) zuwa 7.9 (51) a filin kwallon kafa. Zai zama ganima ta ƙarshe da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Woodville za ta ci a cikin SANFL. Woodville ya kuma lashe gasar cin kofin Coca-Cola a shekarar 1972, gasar tsakanin kungiyoyi wadanda ba su shiga hudu na karshe ba. A matsayin kulob din da ke fama da iyakantaccen magoya baya da kudade, akwai kira na yau da kullun a cikin shekarun 1980 don haɗa Woodville tare da wani kulob. A cikin 1990, tare da shigar da Adelaide Crows na Kudancin Australia a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (tsohon VFL), an yanke shawarar haɗa Woodville tare da makwabciyar West Torrens Football Club. A cikin lokacin da ya dace, Woodville da West Torrens sun zana su don yin wasa da juna a wasanninsu na ƙarshe, tare da Woodville ya fito da nasara da maki 50, 24.10 (154) zuwa 15.19 (104) a Adelaide Oval. Kafin wasan an gabatar da tatsuniyoyi da yawa daga kungiyoyin biyu ga taron. Kyaftin din Woodville a wasan karshe shi ne sanannen tsohon soja Ralph Sewer (kyaftin din Romano Negri na yau da kullun yana cikin tawagar amma ya tsaya a gefe don wasan karshe don ba Sewer girmamawa). Sewer mai shekaru 38 wanda ke wasa wasan sa na 382 kuma na karshe na kwallon kafa na SANFL. "Zip Zap" kamar yadda aka sani, ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Woodville a shekarar 1969 kuma yana wasa wasan sa na 325 ga kulob din. Ya kasance babban mai tsalle-tsalle na Woodville a shekara ta 1975, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyau & Fairest a shekara ta 1978, a wannan shekarar an ba shi lambar yabo ta Life Membership daga kulob din da Player Life Membership manipud SANFL. Sewer, wanda ya buga wasanni 57 ga masu fafatawa na Glenelg daga 1981-84, shine kawai dan wasan da ya buga a cikin shekaru arba'in na kwallon kafa a cikin SANFL.

34471

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%20Tembien

Kola Tembien

Kola Tembien ( Tigrinya , "Lower Tembien") yanki ne a yankin Tigray , Habasha . An sanya masa suna a wani bangare bayan tsohon lardin Tembien . Wani yanki na Mehakelegnaw Zone, Kola Tembien yana iyaka da kudu da Abergele, a yamma da Kogin Tekeze wanda ya raba shi da yankin Semien Mi'irabawi (Arewa maso Yamma), a arewa da kogin Wari wanda ya raba shi da Naeder . Adet da Werie Lehe, a gabas ta yankin Misraqawi (Gabas), kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Degua Tembien . Garuruwan da ke Kola Tembien sun hada da Guya da Werkamba . Garin Abiy Addi yana kewaye da Kola Tembien. Alƙaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 134,336, wanda ya karu da kashi 28.13 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 66,925 maza ne, mata 67,411; 0 ko 0.00% mazauna birni ne. Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,538.39, Kola Tembien yana da yawan jama'a 52.92, wanda ya kai 56.29 fiye da matsakaicin yanki na mutane 0 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya adadin gidaje mafi girma a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaita na mutane 8,871 zuwa gida guda, da gidaje 28,917. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce suna yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 99.86% suna ba da rahoton hakan a matsayin addininsu. Kididdiga ta kasa a shekarar 1994 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan gundumar mai mutane 113,712, wadanda 56,453 maza ne, 57,259 kuma mata; 8,871 ko kuma 7.8% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Kola Tembien ita ce Tigrai (99.88%). An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.82%. Kashi 98.23% na yawan jama'ar kasar Habasha mabiya addinin kirista ne, kuma kashi 1.69% musulmi ne . Game da ilimi, 9.15% na yawan jama'a an dauke su karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin Zone na 14.21%; 8.64% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 0.72% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a makarantar sakandare, kuma 0.86% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 suna manyan makarantun sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 86% na gidajen birane da kashi 17% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; Kashi 11% na birane da kashi 3% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida. Tarihin Kola Tembien Duba: Tarihin Tembien Rock coci Kamar sauran gundumomi da yawa a cikin Tigray, Kola Tembien yana riƙe da kason sa na majami'u da aka sassaƙa dutse ko na ɗaya. Waɗannan a zahiri an sassaƙa su daga dutsen, galibi kafin 10th C. CE. Fitattun wuraren tarihi a wannan yanki sun haɗa da gidan sufi na Abba Yohanni da cocin guda ɗaya na Gebriel Wukien, waɗanda dukkansu ke arewacin Abiy Addi. An kafa majami'u shida da aka sassaƙa dutse tare da gangaren dutsen Degua Tembien . Mika'el Samba ( ) cocin dutse gaba daya dutsen da aka sassaka a Adigrat Sandstone . Akwai jerin ƙwayoyin kabari da ke jagorantar babban sararin samaniya. Da yake wannan ba cocin ƙauye ba ne, mutane suna zuwa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma galibi ana kulle shi. Firistoci suna halarta musamman a ranar Mika'els, rana ta goma sha biyu ga kowane wata a kalandar Habasha . Majami'ar Maryam Hibeto ), wanda ba a san shi ba a gefen dajin coci da makabarta, kuma an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone, tare da ƙwararrun pronaos a gabansa. Na waje na ginshiƙin mallaka yana da babban birni biyu. An sassaƙa rufin, kuma a kowane gefe akwai ɗakuna masu tsayi biyu waɗanda zasu iya zama farkon motar asibiti, ko kuma zama wuraren zama. Babban kofar shiga cocin yana kan ƙananan matakai, ƙasa da matakai da yawa kuma nan da nan da shiga, wani tafkin ruwa mai siffar rectangular wanda aka ciyar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa dama. Kasan ba daidai ba ne kuma ginshiƙan sun yi tagumi tare da fitowar bazara suna zuwa rabin ginshiƙan da yanke manyan manyan abubuwa. Cocin Welegesa ( ) an sare shi a cikin Adigrat Sandstone . Ƙofar gine-ginen cocin a haƙiƙance wani yanki ne na dutsen da ke samar da shinge ko tsakar gida biyu, duka da aka sassaka kuma a buɗe zuwa iska. A cikin farfajiyar farko akwai kaburbura da yawa, kuma tsakanin su biyun, wani shinge na dutse tare da giciye a cikin taga bude a tsakiyar. Ikilisiyar da ta dace, mai hawa uku, ƙorafi huɗu a cikin zurfin, ana shigar da ita daga kowane bangare ta hanyoyi da aka sassaƙa. Silinkin cocin yana da tsayi iri ɗaya a ko'ina, tare da manyan kaya, manyan baka da ƙorafi zuwa kowane bay, tare da tsinken tabo a cikin babban falo. Shirin yana da nagartaccen tsari, tare da axis na tsakiya da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu da kuma fili guda biyu da aka bude a cikin dutsen. Sabuwar cocin Medhanie Alem rock da aka sare a Mt. Werqamba ( ) yana cikin tsakiya, ƙarami mafi girma (a cikin Adigrat Sandstone ). Babban a cikin tsaunukan arewa maso yammacin Abiy Addi, cocin dutsen Geramba ( ) an sare shi a saman dutsen farar ƙasa silicified, ƙarƙashin bakin bakin murfin basalt . An sassaka ginshiƙan da danni, ko da yake ɗan gicciye a cikin tsari kuma tare da manyan manyan bango an gyaggyarawa da yawa kafin tsirowar tarkace. Itsiwto Maryam rock Church ( ) an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone . Karamar cocin tana da rufin da ba a saba gani ba mai ci gaba da hawa zuwa tsakiyar hanyar tare da sassakakken giciye diagonal zuwa sashe na ƙarshe da gicciye da aka sassaƙa sama da baka zuwa cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki. Silin yana da lebur zuwa mashigin gefen tare da filaye masu tsayi masu tsayi suna tafiya cikin tsayin daka cikin cocin, suna yin tsinkaya tare da samar da ci gaba mai dorewa - yayi kama da aikin aiki bin al'adar Tigrayan. Ba a ba da izinin shiga cocin ba saboda haɗarin rushewa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tsaunukan Degua Tembien a gabas, akwai ƙarin majami'u takwas na dutse da kogo na halitta tare da coci a ƙofarta. Noma Wani samfurin kididdiga da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001 ya yi hira da manoma 27,665 a wannan gundumar, wadanda ke rike da matsakaicin kadada 0.81. Daga cikin hectare 22,402 na fili masu zaman kansu da aka yi bincike, 85.28% na noma ne, 0.87% kiwo, 10.78% fallow, 0.23% na itace, da 2.84% an sadaukar da su ga sauran amfanin. A kasar da ake nomawa a wannan gundumar, an shuka kashi 78.02 cikin 100 a hatsi, kashi 4.61 cikin 100 na hatsi, kashi 1.82 cikin 100 na mai, kashi 0.08 cikin 100 na kayan lambu. Yankin da aka dasa a gesho ya kai kadada 36; adadin ƙasar da aka dasa a cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ya ɓace. Kashi 77.26% na manoman duk sun yi noman noma da kiwo, yayin da kashi 19.75% kawai suke noma, kashi 2.98% kuwa kiwo ne kawai. Filayen filaye a wannan yanki an raba tsakanin kashi 89.01% na mallakar filayensu, da kuma 10.48% na haya; kashi dari da aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna rike da filayensu a karkashin wasu nau'ikan wa'adin ya bata. Geomorphology Kola Tembien na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare a tsaunukan Habasha inda ake samun zaizayar iska . Ana yin dunes a cikin gida a wurare masu inuwar iska. Tafkunan ruwa A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da Addi Asme'e . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa ; Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa . Sake tsara gundumar 2020 Tun daga shekarar 2020, yankin gundumar Kolla Tembien na cikin sabbin gundumomi masu zuwa: Kolla Tembien (sabo, karami, woreda yamma da Abiy Addi) Kayeh Tehli woreda (arewa maso gabas na Abiy Addi, tare da garuruwan Workamba da Addeha) garin Abiy add Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Najeriya%20na%20gargajiya

Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya

Al'adar Najeriya, Ta samo asali ne daga ƙabilun Najeriya da yawa. Ƙasar tana da yaruka (harsuna) 527, bakwai daga cikinsu sun ɓace. Najeriya kuma tana da yaruka da ƙabilu sama da guda ɗari da hamsin (1150). Manyan ƙabilun guda uku sune: hausawa galibinsu a arewa, yarbawa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma, da kuma Igbo inyamurai galibinsu a kudu maso gabas. Akwai wasu kabilun da yawa da ke da yawan mutane a fadin sassa daban-daban na kasar. Mutanen Kanuri suna yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mutanen Tiv na arewa ta tsakiya da kuma Efik - Ibibio. Mutanen Edo sun fi yawa a yankin tsakanin yankin Yarbawa da ƙasar Igbo. Yawancin Edo suna da Krista. Ana bin wannan rukuni  daga mutanen Ibibio / Annang / Efik na kudu maso kudancin Najeriya da Ijaw na Neja Delta. Sauran kabilun Najeriya, wasu lokuta ana kiransu 'marasa rinjaye', ana samun su a duk faɗin ƙasar amma musamman a arewa ta tsakiya da kuma ɓangaren midul belt (Middle belt). A bisa ga al'ada matasa basu cika zama waje ɗaya ba (Nomadic) saboda haka Fulani za a iya samunsu a duk faɗin yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka. Fulani da Hausawa galibinsu Musulmi ne yayin da Ibo mafi yawansu kirista ne kuma haka ma mutanen Efik, Ibibio, da Annang. Yarabawa daidai suke da yuwuwar zama Krista ne ko Musulmi amma Yarbawa Musulmi sunfi kirista yawa amma ba sosai ba. Ayyukan addini na asali suna da mahimmanci ga dukkan kabilun Najeriya, kuma sau da kiristoci sunfi al'adar da ake kira (syncretism). Manyan al'adun ƙabilun Najeriya Al'adun Efik-Ibibio Al’adun Efik-Ibibio na gabar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga al’adun Najeriya, musamman al’adun yankin kudu. A takaice dai kamar haka: Harshen Efik-Ibibio : Ana yin wannan yaren a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom da kuma jihar Cross River. Tana da yarurruka daban-daban kamar yaren Annang, yaren Oron, da sauran su. Harshen Efik-Ibibio yana da tasiri sosai a kan harsuna da sunayen mutanen kudancin Najeriya. Masu Kare : Al'adun Efik-Ibibio sun samu karbuwa daga kungiyar asiri, Ekpe, wanda ya kasance dan asalin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. "Ekpe", ma'ana 'Damisa', ya zama sanannen alama a al'adun Efik-Ibibio wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a sauran al'adun kabilun Najeriya. Rubutawa : Nsibidi sanannen rubutun asalin yan asalin mutanen Efik ne wanda Ekpe ya kirkireshi ta mutanen Efik-Ibibio. Abinci : Ana zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya kusa da Tekun Atlantika, mutanen Efik-Ibibio suna da albarkatu da kayan lambu iri iri. Abincinsu sananne ne a duk faɗin Najeriya ciki har da sanannen miyar Afañg, Edikang Ikong miyan, miyar barkono, Ukwoho, Atama, Eritañ, shinkafa dafa-duka (jollof-rice), da sauransu. Bini Bini suna cikin yankin Kudu maso Kudu na zamani a Nijeriya. Wani lokacin ana kiransu Edos kuma suna kewaye da wasu al'adun kabilu kamar Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ishan, Yarabawa da sauransu. Al'adar Yarbawa Yarbawa suna cikin yankin yammacin Najeriya kuma shugabancinsu yana da masarauta. Suna da sarakuna waɗanda aka yarda su auri mata kamar yadda suke so da shugabanni da mutane masu taken. Suna kuma yin bautar gargajiya, suna girmama gumaka kamar Sango; allahn tsawa, Oya, Ogun; allahn ƙarfe ... da dai sauransu. Yarbawa suna da fara'a sosai kuma suna maraba da mutanen wasu ƙabilu da ƙasashe. Al'adar Igbo Gabashin Najeriya gida ne na ƙabilar inyamurai, waɗanda akasarinsu kiristoci ne. Addininsu na gargajiya an san shi da Omenani . Ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma sarakunan da aka fi sani da Eze Igwes ke jagorantar su . Waɗannan alkaluman kuma ana sa ran za su ba da taken ga maza da mata waɗanda suka cika sosai. An san wannan da suna taken Nze na Ozo. Mutane masu taken yawanci ana magana dasu sosai, ana girmama su sosai kuma ana san su sosai a cikin al'ummomin su. Al'adar Hausa-Fulani Hausawa da Fulani suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya. Najeriya ta kunshi kabilu da al'adu da dama, hausa fulani itace mafi girma ko kuma mafi yawan al'umma a nigeria kuma suna daga cikin mutane masu karrama baƙi da fara'a da son baƙi suna girmama juna musamman shuwagabannin su. Dukda cewa hausawa da fulani kabilu ne daban amma ana daukar su a matsayin kabila daya saboda kusancin dake akwai tsakanin kabilun biyu da kuma yadda Addinin su ya zamo ɗaya shine Addinin Musulunci. Hausa A kasar Hausa akwai al'adu daya wanda Hausawa ke amfani da su kowace shekara wadanda ake kira Hawan Sallah. Al'adun Fulanin kuma suna daukar "Shaɗi" a matsayin abubuwan bikinsu na shekara shekara. Haka kuma Auratayya ta ƙara danƙon dangantaka tsakanin Fulani da Hausawa. Adabin Najeriya Najeriya ta shahara da adabin turanci . Abubuwa Faɗa Baya, na Chinua Achebe, littafi ne mai mahimmanci a adabin Afirka. Tare da sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya, an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 50, yana mai da Achebe marubucin Afirka mafi fassara a kowane lokaci. Wani dan Najeriya da ya taba lashe kyautar Nobel Wole Soyinka ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga ciki da dabi'un Afirka, maimakon nuna dan Afirka a matsayin na bako, kamar yadda farin mutum zai ganshi." Najeriya tana da wasu fitattun marubutan adabin turanci. Wadannan sun hada da Femi Osofisan wanda ya fara buga wani littafin Kolera Kolej a 1975; Ben Okri wanda aikinsa na farko, (The Famished Road) aka buga shi a cikin 1991 da (Buchi Emecheta) wanda ya rubuta labaran da aka samo daga abubuwan da ta samu na rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata wanda ke inganta kallon mata ta hanyar iya yin aure da samun yara. Helon Habila, Sefi Atta, Flora Nwapa, Iquo DianaAbasi Eke, Zaynab Alkali da Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie da sauransu su ne mashahuran marubutan Nijeriya waɗanda ake karanta ayyukansu a ciki da wajen ƙasar. Baya ga masu magana da Ingilishi na yau da kullun, yawancin mutane, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku, suna magana da pidgin na Najeriya, wanda yake da mahimman ƙamus na Turanci. Hakan ya zama yaren da ya zama ruwan dare sakamakon hakan. Ingilishi Pidgin wani nau'i ne na yare. Misali, "Yaya kake '' yana nufin" Yaya kake ". Palm Wine Drinkard, sanannen labari ne da Amos Tutuola ya rubuta a ciki. Sai dai kuma a ƙarƙashin haka akwai Yaren Hausa wanda, kusan ko wane yare a Najeriya yana sha'awar yinshi saboda haka ne ma Yaren yafi ko wane yare yawa da watsuwa da kuma sauƙin fahimta. Masana'antun finafinai ta kudancin Najeriya Tun daga shekarun 1990 masana'antar fina-finai ta kudancin Nijeriya, wani lokaci ana kiranta " Nollywood ", ta zama ƙungiya mai saurin haɓaka al'adu a duk kudancin Najeriya. Saboda fina-finai, tasirin yamma kamar kiɗa, suturar yau da kullun da hanyoyin magana ana samun su a duk faɗin Nijeriya, har ma da arewacin sai dai ba sosai ba saboda akwai tsananin ra'ayin mazan jiya wato ra'ayin bin Dokokin Addinin Musulunci. Mai jarida Wasanni Magoya bayan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Ingila kamar Manchester United, Arsenal, Manchester City, Liverpool da Chelsea galibi suna rarrabewa fiye da kabilanci har ma da bambancin addini don raba abin da ya dace a kungiyoyin Premier. Football ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar, da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Super Eagles", ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya ce, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ke gudanarwa. A cewar FIFA World Rankings, Najeriya tana matsayi na 31 kuma tana matsayi na biyu mafi girma a tsakanin kasashen Afirka bayan Senegal (na 20). Matsayi mafi girma da Nijeriya ta taɓa kaiwa a kan matsayin shi ne na 5, a cikin Afrilu 1994. Abinci Abincin Najeriya yana ba da dunƙulen gargajiyar carbohydrates na gargajiya irin su doya da rogo da kuma kayan miya na kayan lambu waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su. Masara wani irin shuka ne da ake yawan noma shi a Nijeriya. Abinda 'yan Najeriya suka yaba dashi saboda karfin da yake bayarwa, garri shine "abu na farko a abinci a kudancin Najeriya" hatsi na rogo wanda za'a iya cin sa da shi azaman abinci kuma bashi da tsada sosai. Doya ake akai-akai soyayyen ko dai soyayyen dankalin turawa. Waken Najeriya, ya sha bamban da koren wake, ya shahara sosai. Nama kuma mashahuri ne kuma suya ta Nijeriya —kamar nama mai wanda yake gasasshe ne— sanannen ɗanɗano ne. Naman daji, nama daga namun daji kamar ɓaure da rakumin dawa, shima ya shahara. Kayan dabinon da aka tatsa suna yin giyar gargajiya sai dai ita giya ba'a cika samunta a yakin arewa ba saboda Musulmai sune a yankin kuma giya haramun ce a Musulunci, hasalima ƴan Arewa sun kyamaci duk wani mai shanta, ruwan inabi, da kuma rogo mai yisti. Abincin Najeriya yana da yaji, galibi a yamma da kudancin ƙasar, har ma fiye da na Indiya . Wasu karin misalan kayan abincin su na gargajiya sune eba. Da kuma tuwo da Miyan kuka sakwara (pounded yam), iyan, fufu da miyan kamar okra, ogbono da egusi . Fufu alama ce ta Najeriya don haka take a Chinua Achebe's Abubuwa Fada Baya, misali. Achebe's magnum opus littafi ne da aka fi karantawa a cikin adabin Afirka na zamani. Waƙa LafiyaKiɗan Nijeriya ya haɗa da nau'ikan mutane da yawa da mashahuran kiɗa, wasu daga cikinsu an san su a duniya. Mawaki kuma mai rajin kare zamantakewar mata Fela Kuti ya taka rawa sosai wajen bunkasa kide-kide a Najeriya. Mawaƙan gargajiya suna amfani da kayan kida iri-iri, kamar su gangunan Gongon . Kora da kakaki ma suna da mahimmanci. Sauran maganganun al'adu na gargajiya ana samun su a masquerades daban-daban na Najeriya, kamar Eyo dodonni, Ekpe da Ekpo na Dodanni na mutanen Efik / Ibibio / Annang / Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da Arewacin Edo dodo. Bayyanannun Yarabawa na wannan al'ada sune Gelede na Dodanni. Albarkatun kasa Babban mahimmin tushe na bayanai game da fasahar zamani ta Najeriya shine Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani da Zamani wanda Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic dake Lagos ke gudanarwa. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Inganta Zuba Jarin Nijeriya, da kuma Naija (Investway Gateway), suna ba da cikakken bayani kan al’adun kasuwancin Najeriya. Tufafi Mata suna sanya dogayen riguna masu gudana da mayafai da aka yi daga kasuwannin gida waɗanda suke rini da saƙar masana'anta a cikin gida. Matan Kudancin Najeriya sun zabi sanya tufafi irin na yamma. Saɓanin yankin Arewacin Najeriya su suna sanya tufafi yadda Addinin Musulunci ya tsara musu mata da lulluɓi wanda yake rufe dukkan jikin su maza kuma da babbar riga Malum-Malum da kuma hula wani lokacin hadda Rawani. Mutane a yankuna na biranen Najeriya suna yin ado irin na yamma, matasa galibi sanye da wando da T-shirt. Sauran maza da mata na Najeriya galibi suna sanya salon gargajiya da ake kira Buba . Ga maza rigar da ke kwance a kasa zuwa rabin cinya. Don mata, sutturar rigar ta ɗan sauka ƙasa da kugu. Sauran kayan suturar sun hada da gele, wanda shine kwalliyar mata. Ga maza ana kiran nasu kwalliyar gargajiya fila . A tarihi, Kwalliya a Najeriya shine sanya nau'ikan yadudduka daban-daban. Auduga an shafe sama da shekaru 500 ana yin kwalliya a Najeriya. Hakanan ana amfani da siliki (ana kiransa tsamiya a Hausa, sannan a Yarbanci, akpa-obubu a Igbo, da sapar ubele a Edo ). Wataƙila shahararriyar kwalliyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin tufafin Najeriyar ita ce ɗab'in Dutchan (Dutch), wanda aka samar a cikin (Netherlands). Kasuwar shigo da wannan masana'antar ta mamaye kamfanin Holland na Vlisco, wanda ke siyar da masana'antarsa ta Dutch wax din tun daga ƙarshen 1800s, lokacin da aka siyar da masana'anta a hanyar kasuwancin kamfanin na cikin teku zuwa Indonesia. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sanya sifofin Najeriya da Afirka, tsarin launi, da zane a cikin zane na Vlisco don zama babban bin sa alama. Najeriya tana da kabilu sama da 250 kuma a sakamakon haka, akwai nau'ikan salon tufafi na gargajiya. A al'adar Yarbawa, mata suna sanya iro (wrapper), buba (sakakkiyar riga) da gele (nade kai). Maza suna sanya buba (babbar riga), sokoto (wando mai ɗaurin jaka), agbada (riga mai yawo tare da manyan hannaye) da fila (hula). A al’adar kabilar Ibo, kayan al’adun maza su ne Isiagu (babbar riga), wacce ake sawa da wando da hular gargajiya ta ’yan kabilar Ibo da ake kira Okpu Agwu . Al'adar Hausawa Matan suna sanye da rigar atamfa mai lullubi, mayafai biyu da mayafin hannu. Mazan Hausawa suna sanya barna ko kaftans (doguwar riga) tare da dogayen hular kwalliya. Matan suna sanya mayafi da riga kuma suna rufe kawunansu da hijabi (mayafi). Duba kuma Gine-ginen Najeriya Waƙar Najeriya Al'adun Nok Bukukuwa a Najeriya Jerin gidajen tarihi a Najeriya Manazarta Ross, Zai. " Fagen fasaha da waka a Najeriya ." ( Taskar labarai ) BBC. 20 Nuwamba 2013.1.  http://www.ethnologue.com/ 2. https://allafrica.com/stories/200810130780.html 3. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2678893 4. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-534099821/contemporary-african-poetry-a-postcolonial-reading 5. https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/from-achebe-to-adichie-top-ten-nigerian-authors/ 6. http://answersafrica.com/nigerian-people-culture.html Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youcef%20Bela%C3%AFli

Youcef Belaïli

Mohamed Youcef Belaïli (; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na hagu don ƙungiyar Brest ta Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria. Rayuwar farko An haifi Belaili a ranar 14 ga Maris din shekarar 1992 a Oran. Ya fara wasa a matsayi na matasa tare da RCG Oran sannan kuma tare da MC Oran. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon tafiya, sannan zuwa Espérance de Tunis Youcef Belaïli ya fara wasan kwallon kafa da RCG Oran, sannan ya koma kungiyar ajiyar MC Oran, Belaïli kakarsa ta farko a gasar Division 1 ta kasance tare da CA Bordj Bou Arreridj, kuma wasansa na farko ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Maris din shekarar 2010 da MC El Eulma a matsayin maimakon, kuma bayan kakar wasa daya kacal, Belaïli ya koma MC Oran na yanayi biyu. A farkon kakar wasa, Belaïli ya fara bayyana kansa kuma burinsa na farko shine a kan USM Alger a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban Shekarar 2010, kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta biyu Belaïli ya zama muhimmin wani yanki kuma kungiyoyi da yawa a ciki da wajen kasar ke bukata. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2012, Belaïli ya tafi Tunisiya don tattaunawa game da tafiya zuwa kulob din Tunisiya na Espérance de Tunis. Bayan kwanaki biyu, ya sanar da cewa ya amince da yarjejeniyar sirri da kungiyar kuma zai rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Belaïli ya koma Espérance bisa a hukumance, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku na Yuro miliyan 2. A ranar 20 ga Yuli, Belaïli ya fara bugawa Espérance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ASO Chlef a matakin rukuni na 2012 CAF Champions League. A minti na 77 Belaïli ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Yannick N'Djeng a lokacin da ya ji rauni a taimakawa Esperance ta lashe wasan. kuma duk da zuwansa a karshen wasan. 2011-12 kakar kuma ya buga wasanni uku kawai, amma ya lashe kambu na farko a tarihinsa kuma shine Tunisiya Ligue Professionnelle 1. Komawa Algeria kuma CAF ta dakatar da ita A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2014, Belaïli ya shiga USM Alger a kwangilar shekaru biyu a albashi na kowane wata na dinari miliyan 5 a matsayin mafi girman albashi a cikin Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1. Belaïli ya kasance daya daga cikin tauraro saboda kwarewarsa ta fasaha kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa ga nasara musamman a karawar da suka yi da JS Kabylie inda ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar a mintunan karshe a wasan da aka yi rashin nasara sakamakon rasuwar dan wasan Albert Ebossé. Bodjongo wanda wani makami da wani da ba a san ko wanene ba ya jefa a kai a lokacin da kungiyoyin ke barin filin. Belaïli saboda ya gwada tabbatacce ga Cocaine a lokacin anti-doping iko da za'ayi a lokacin wasan da MC El Eulma a kan 7 Agusta 2015 kirgawa ga CAF Champions League. Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwantiraginsa da USM Alger ya kare a farke. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2016 ne kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni da ke Lausanne ta sanar da cewa ta yanke hukuncin rage hukuncin daurin Blaili zuwa shekaru biyu, inda ta kara da cewa dan wasan ya sha taba Hookah kwana biyu gabanin wasan ba tare da sanin abin da ke cikinsa ba, inda ta ce bai aikata laifin ba. duk wani kuskure ko gafala mai gani. Bayan shekara guda, Belaïli ya shiga Angers SCO a Ligue 1 . amma kwarewar ba ta yi nasara ba yayin da ya buga wasa daya kawai a Coupe de la Ligue. Tafiya zuwa Gulf sannan kuma zuwa Turai A kan 26 Janairu 2018, Belaïli ya yanke shawarar barin ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa na Esperance de Tunis. Komawarsa ta samu nasara bisa dukkan ka'idoji kuma ya kasance a bayan komawarsa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, ko dai a matakin lakabi ya lashe biyar daga cikinsu ciki har da lakabi biyu a jere a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CAF. Bayan lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika da tawagar kasar. Belaïli ya yanke shawarar daukar sabon gogewa a wannan karon tare da Al Ahli na Saudi Arabia na tsawon yanayi uku a yarjejeniyar da ta wuce dala miliyan uku. amma bai yi nasara ba saboda bai dace da wurin ba don yanke shawarar barin shiga maƙwabcin Qatar SC . A can Belaïli ya samu abubuwansa inda ya zura kwallaye 13 ciki har da hat-trick da ya zura a ragar Al-Ahli wanda shi ne na farko a fagen kwallon kafa. A gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA da kuma bayan kammala wasan da Morocco, mahaifin Youcef Belaïli, wanda shi ne manajansa, ya sanar da dakatar da kwantiragin ta hanyar amincewar juna. Ayyukan kasa Matasa An kira Belaili a Aljeriya U23 don shiga gasar UNAF U-23 na 2010. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2010, ya zura kwallo a raga a minti na 54 a kan Kamaru U23. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin wani bangare na tawagar Algeria a gasar cin kofin CAF U-23 na 2011 a Morocco. Babban Belaili ya kasance babban memba a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019. A cikin shekarar 2021, Belaili ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Larabawa ta FIFA ta 2021 a Qatar. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Morocco Belaili ya zura kwallo a raga daga yadi 40 a cikin karin lokacin da ya ba kungiyarsa tazarar maki 2-1. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Qatar Belaili ya zura kwallo ta biyu a bugun fenareti bayan mintuna 15 na raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya sa Aljeriya ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan karshe. Haramta yin amfani da kwayoyi A watan Satumba na 2015, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta dakatar da Youcef Belaïli na tsawon shekaru 2 saboda ya gwada inganci ga Cocaine a lokacin da ake sarrafa maganin kara kuzari da aka yi a wasan da MC El Eulma a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015 a gasar cin kofin CAF. Ya yarda da gaskiyar, Bellaili an gwada shi a karo na biyu tabbatacce a doping bayan cinye samfurin da aka haramta na (Cocaine ), a lokacin wasan da tawagarsa ta yi da CS Constantine na zagaye na biyar na Ligue Professionnelle 1, wanda aka buga a 19 Satumba 2015 a Constantine. An dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwangilarsa da USM Alger ta ƙare. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2016, FIFA ta tabbatar da cewa tana ba da tsawaita dakatarwar shekaru hudu don yin aiki a duniya har zuwa 19 ga Satumba 2019. Kididdigar sana'a Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta zura a raga, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Belaili. Girmamawa Espérance de Tunis Tunisiya Professionnelle 1 : 2011-12, 2013-14, 2017-18, 2018-19 CAF Champions League : 2018, 2019 Tunisia Super Cup : 2019 Algeria U23 Gasar UNAF U-23 : 2010 Aljeriya FIFA Arab Cup : 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2019 Mutum Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka : 2019 Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA Arab Cup: 2021 Manazarta External links Youcef Belaïli at DZFoot.com (in French) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane

32027

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame%20Thiam

Mame Thiam

Mame Baba Thiam (an haife shi ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba, 1992). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar Süper Lig Kayserispor da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Aikin matasa An haife shi a Nguidile, Louga Region, Thiam ya bar Italiya tun yana ƙarami. An zabe shi zuwa yankin Veneto Allievi na ƙungiyar Coppa Nazionale Primavera, gasa da sauran wakilan yanki na Italiya a cikin kakar 2007–08. A matakin kulob din ya taka leda a Real San Marco, daga , babban yanki na gundumar Venice. A cikin shekarar 2008, kulob din Veneto Treviso ya sanya hannu. A cikin Janairu 2009 ya sanya hannu ta Internazionale daga Treviso tare da Samuel Longo. Nan da nan ya shiga kungiyar Inter Allievi Nazionali under-17, ya zira kwallaye 4 a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun (matakin rukuni). Saboda Inter's <i id="mwMg">Primavera</i> under-20 tawagar da yawa 'yan wasan, wato Denis Alibec, Mattia Destro, Simone Dell'Agnello, Giuseppe Angarano da Longo, Thiam ya bar Sassuolo 's Primavera tawagar a watan Agusta 2009. Kungiyar Emilia-Romagna ta kuma aro Alberto Gallinetta kuma ta ajiye adadin tsoffin 'yan wasan Inter ta hanyar tsawaita lamuni ko kuma ba da damar sanya hannu kai tsaye daga Inter, kamar Pellegrino Albanese, Raffaele Conforto da Giorgio Schiavini. Thiam shi ne dan wasan gaba tare da Diego Falcinelli, wanda kuma daga Inter Academy. Koyaya kocin ya yi amfani da wasu tsari kuma ya fi son Falcinelli a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya duk da Thiam shima ya taka rawar gani. A wannan kakar Thiam ya zura kwallaye 4. A lokacin kakar wasa, Inter ta kulla yarjejeniya mai rikitarwa tare da Sassuolo, wanda ya ba Thiam damar shiga Sassuolo kyauta a cikin Janairu 2010 (Inter ta yi rajistar asarar € 71,000), sannan Thiam ya sake shiga Inter a ranar 30 ga Agusta a co. -mallakar yarjejeniya, tare da kwangilar Thiam da aka bi da shi azaman kadari na kudi a cikin asusun Sassuolo da kuma kadari marar amfani a cikin asusun Inter, da kuma kulob din "iyaye" na kwangilar haɗin gwiwar ya zama Sassuolo maimakon Inter. Tare da tawagar Inter Primavera, ya zira kwallaye 4 a cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullum, a bayan 'yan wasan Dell'Agnello, Alibec da dan wasan tsakiya Milan Jirásek. Ya kuma ci 2011 Torneo di Viareggio tare da ajiyar. Lamunin Serie C1 A kan 30 Agusta 2011, ya tafi Avellino daga Inter Milan. Ya yi wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a kan 25 Satumba da Viareggio a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Gianluca De Angelis. Ya fara fara wasansa na farko da Sorrento. Ya buga wasan na gaba, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan 13, 16 da 30 Oktoba (zagaye 7, 8 da 10), tare da Zigoni, Fabrizio Lasagna da De Angelis bi da bi. Koyaya, bayan fari na burin Thiam ya rasa wurin farawa, kuma ya zama madadin De Angelis da Zigoni. Ya sake komawa farawa XI akan 7 Maris 2012, tare da haɗin gwiwar Zigoni. A watan Yuni 2012 Inter kuma ta sami Thiam kai tsaye, kamar yadda Sassuolo ya ba da haƙƙin rajista na 50% na Thiam. A kan 12 Yuli 2012, Thiam ya koma wani kulob na matakin uku, Kudancin Tyrol ( German , Italian ). Lanciano da Juventus A kan 15 Yuli 2013, Thiam ya shiga kulob din Serie B Lanciano akan canja wuri kyauta. A ranar 30 ga Janairu 2014, Lanciano ya rattaba hannu kan mai tsaron gida Laurențiu Brănescu a cikin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa don tsabar kuɗi €250,000 da haƙƙin rajista na 50% na Thiam (50% "katin" na Thiam an ƙima shi akan €1.4 miliyan; 50% "katin" na Brănescu ya kasance. Yuro miliyan 1.65). Thiam ya sanya hannu a Kwangilar tare da The Old Lady. Thiam ya shafe sauran lokacin 2013-14 a Lanciano. Ya ci gaba a Lanciano a cikin kakar 2014-2015. A watan Yuni 2015 Juventus ta sanya hannu kan Thiam kai tsaye kan wani Yuro 800,000; a ranar 8 ga Yuli Lanciano ya sanya hannu kan Filippo Penna (kimanin € 340,000) da Marco Di Benedetto (ba a bayyana ba) a matsayin diyya. Zulte Waregem (loan) A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2015, Thiam ya sanya hannu tare da Zulte Waregem a cikin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi. Yunkurin ya sa Juventus ta sami ragi na rattaba hannu ga waɗanda ba na Tarayyar Turai ba (wani rabo daga Carlos Tevez ), wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu daga baya Alex Sandro, wanda ya ƙidaya a matsayin wanda ba EU ba. Bayan aro Thiam ya koma Juventus don wasan share fage na kakar wasa. PAOK (lamuni) A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Thiam ya koma PAOK akan aro. Empoli (layi) A kan 13 Janairu 2017, Thiam ya sanya hannu tare da Empoli a cikin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi. Ya zura kwallo a ragar AC Milan a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017, wanda ya baiwa Empoli maki 3 mai mahimmanci a fafatawar da suka yi daga faduwa. Ya kuma taka leda a karshe zagaye na kakar, wanda Empoli relegated ta rasa zuwa riga relegated Palermo. Bayan lamunin, Thiam ya sake komawa Turin don sansanin pre-season. An ba da rahoton cewa ya soke kwangilar da Juventus a cikin amincewar juna a watan Satumba na 2017. Esteghlal A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Thiam ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya Kwangilar tare da Esteghlal bayan ya ci jarrabawar likita. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 25 da zai saka a gasar, duk da haka ya zabi saka lamba 7 da ya fi so a gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC saboda babu kowa. Thiam ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da suka doke Sepidrod da ci 3-0 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Ali Ghorbani a minti na 82. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Esteghlal a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da suka buga da Al-Hilal inda ya ci kwallo ta farko a kungiyar. Kwallon ita ce kwallo ta 200 da Esteghlal ya ci a tarihin gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta AFC kuma ta zama tawaga ta farko a Iran da ta kai wannan matsayi. A ƙarshe Esteghlal ya ci 1 – 0 kuma Thiam shi ne aka naɗa shi Man of the Match saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, Thiam ya buɗe asusunsa na zira kwallaye a gasar tare da bugun ƙwallo a cikin nasara da ci 4–1 a waje da Foolad. Ya kuma bayar da taimakon wata kwallo a wannan wasan. A ranar 6 ga Maris, ya ci wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 2–2 a gasar zakarun Turai da suka yi kunnen doki da Al-Ain, kuma an ba shi suna "Man of the match" a karo na biyu a jere. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, Thiam ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Esteghlal ya ci inda suka doke Khooneh be Khooneh da ci 1–0 a gasar cin kofin Hazfi ta 2018, inda ya lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko da kulob din. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, ya ci hat-trick ɗin sa na farko a nasara da ci 3–1 akan Zob Ahan. Kwallaye uku da ya ci ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kulob din a kasashen waje, inda ya zarce tarihin da Jlloyd Samuel ya kafa na cin kwallaye 11 a ranar da ya rasu. Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan zagaye na biyu na mako na 16 kuma an saka shi a cikin rukunin 16 na mako. Thiam ya kammala kakar wasansa ne da kwallaye goma sha biyu a dukkan wasannin da ya buga a wasanni 13, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na 3 a gasar a waccan kakar. Ajman A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2018, Thiam ya shiga ƙungiyar UAE Ajman daga Esteghlal FC akan kwantiragin shekaru biyu akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Thiam ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, a gasar lig da ta doke Al-Nasr da ci 1-0, inda ya ci wa kulob din kwallo ta farko. Kasımpaşa A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2019, Thiam ya koma kungiyar Kasımpaşa ta Turkiyya Süper Lig kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga Agusta da Trabzonspor. A wasa na gaba, ya zura kwallo ta farko a kulob din a ci 4-1 da Alanyaspor. Fenerbahce A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2020, Thiam ya shiga ƙungiyar Süper Lig Fenerbahçe akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Kayserispor A lokacin bazara na 2021 dan kwallon Afirka ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Kayserispor ta tsakiyar Anadolu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ayyukan kasa Thiam ya fara wakilcin tawagar kasar Senegal a wasan sada zumunta da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Morocco da ci 3-1 a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Girmamawa Esteghlal Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba na AIC (bayanai ta football.it) Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

17129

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ibn%20Muhammad%20Al-Fulani%20Al-Kishwani

Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani

Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani ya kasance a farkon ƙarni na 18 masanin ilmin lissafi, masanin taurari, sufi, da kuma masaniya daga Katsina, Arewacin Najeriya ta yanzu . Al-Kishwani ya yi karatu a Gobarau da ke Katsina kafin ya tashi zuwa Alkahira, Misira a 1732, inda ya wallafa littafi a cikin larabci wani aiki mai taken, "Yarjejeniyar kan Maganganun Amfani da Haruffa" wanda shi ne rubutun ilimin lissafi na tsarin aiki don gina filayen sihiri har zuwa tsari 11. Rayuwar Muhammad Al-kishnawi Al-Kishnawi malamin fulani ne haifaffen garin Dan Rako dake cikin garin Katsina (a jihar Katsina ta zamani). Dan Rako ya shahara wajen hada kai da ’yan kasuwar Wangara daga kasar Mali, wadanda suka kafa yankin. Daga baya Muhammad Bello ya kori garin kuma babu shi[4]. An haife shi a cikin iyali musulmi kuma ya yi karatun addini da littafinsa mai tsarki, al-Qur'ani. Daga cikin malamansa akwai Muhamamd al-Wali al-Burnawi, sanannen malami daga Kanem-Bornu, Muhammad Fudi, mahaifin Usman dan Fodio, da Muhammad al-Bindu "Booro Binndi", wani mashahurin malami daga Kanem-Bornu. sanannen malami wanda ya shahara a kasar Hausa da Bornu kuma ya ja hankalin dalibai da dama. aikin hajji zuwa Hijaz. Yana rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da Mai Qaddara Ya kubutar da ni, kuma mai rahama ya umarce ni da in ziyarci AnnabinSa, mafificin salati da salati a gare shi, da yin hajjin xakinSa mai tsarki. , Na zauna a can na dan lokaci kuma na girma ta hanyar wadannan addu'o'in ... [kuma] na ciyar da aikina na gode masa, Mai rahama don variegating a areborrum a gare ni, ƙaramin magana [sha'rat lisanan] lalle ne ga wannan mafi girman falala [ni'am] ] da Ya yi mani….[6]: 249 Kamar kalmomin ƙarfafawa ga mai karatu ya rubuta: Kada ku yi kasala, domin wannan jahilci ne kuma ba bisa ƙa'idodin wannan fasaha ba. Kamar masoyi, ba zaku iya fatan samun nasara ba tare da juriya mara iyaka ba. Tafiya zuwa Makka ta kasance mai wahala, kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga mahajjatan Afirka ta Yamma suna hutu a birnin Alkahira kafin su ci gaba da tafiya. Wannan al'ada ce da fitattun mutane irin su Mansa Musa, shahararren sarkin Mali, suka yi a lokacin aikin hajji a karni na 14. Bisa irin wannan hanya, al-Kishnawi shi ma ya tsaya a birnin Alkahira kafin ya zarce zuwa Makka daga karshe ya zauna a Madina. A lokacin da yake Hijaz al-Kishnawi ya samu damar ganawa da kuma koyi da malamai daga sassa daban-daban na duniyar Musulunci. A cikin shekarun 1733-1734, ya koma birnin Alkahira, inda ya samu masauki a kusa da jami'ar Azhar. Ya sadaukar da kansa wajen rubuce-rubuce, kuma a cikin shekaru hudu na farko a Alkahira, ya kammala fitattun ayyuka, da suka hada da Al-Durr al-manẓūm, Bahjat al-āfāq, Bulūgh al-arab, da Durar al-yawāq Al-Kishnawi ya shahara a Masar, daga baya ya zama malamin Hassan al-Jabarti, mahaifin fitaccen masanin tarihin Masar Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti.[7] Abd al-Rahman ya rubuta cewa mahaifinsa "ya koyi fasaha na lambobi da wuraren sihiri na zahiri da fasahar juzu'i" daga al-Kishnawi. A shekara ta 1741, Al-Kishnawi ya rasu yana da shekaru 42 a duniya a gidan Hassan al-Jabarti a birnin Alkahira. An binne shi ne a dakin taro na malamai da ke birnin Alkahira[8 Al-Kishwani ya mutu a Alkahira, Masar a 1741. Yana da shekaru 42. Sanannan ayyukan shi Yawancin ayyukansa yanzu suna a ɗakin karatu na al-Azhar a Alkahira. Wasu ana adana su a Darul-kutub, wasu kuma wuraren adana bayanai a Morocco, Nigeria da London.[5]: 15 A matsayin kalmomin karfafa gwiwa ga masu karatu ya rubuta cewa: Kada ku bari, domin wannan jahilci ne ba bisa ka'ida ba. wannan fasaha ... Kamar masoyi, ba za ka iya fatan samun nasara ba tare da juriya mara iyaka ba.[9] Wasu daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa su ne: Bulugh al-arab min kalām al-ʿarab: aikin nahawun larabci wanda aka yi kwanan nan a wajajen shekara ta 1736-7. Bughyat al-mawāli fī tarjamat Muḥammad al-Wāli: a biography of Muhamamd al-Wali al-Burnawi (one of his teacher). Manḥ al-qudū: waƙa ce mai aiki da hankali da aka ɗauko daga Mukhtasar al-Sanusī. Izālat al-’ubū ‘an wajh minaḥ al-quddūs: sharhin Mukhtasar al-Sanusi. Sharhin Kitāb al-durr wa'l-tiryāq fī 'ilm al-awfāq na Abd al-Rahman al-Jurjani kan ilimin haruffa da sunayen Allah masu girma, wanda aka kammala a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1734. Littattafai uku akan Durar al- yawaqit fi 'ilm al-huruf wa'l asma'. Mughnī al-mawāfi 'an jamī' al-khawāf: a numerological work on the magic square da aka kammala ranar 29 ga Janairu 1733. Al-Durr al-manẓūm wa khulāṣat al-sirr al-maktūm fī 'ilm al-ṭalāsim wa'l-nujūm : Shahararren sharhinsa akan bangarori uku na "ilimin asiri", wanda aka kammala a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1733.[6]: 264-265 [10]: 141 Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya

29898

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanan%20ruwa%20na%20kogin%20lu%27u-lu%27u

Magudanan ruwa na kogin lu'u-lu'u

Kogin Lu'u-lu'u (ko Zhujiang) Basin yana daya daga cikin manyan kogin kasar Sin, dake kudancin kasar Sin, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 453,700 a lardin Guangdong, da Guangxi, da Guizhou, da Yunnan, da Hunan, da Jiangxi da Fujian, da kuma wani yanki na arewa maso gabashin Vietnam . Kogin lu'u-lu'u yana kunshe da manyan magudanan ruwa guda uku: kogin Xi, kogin Bei, da kogin Dong, da kuma kananan koguna masu yawa a cikin kogin Pearl Delta . Kogin Xi shi ne mafi girma a cikin tsawon kilomita 2,214, kuma matsakaicin gangaren kogin ya kai 0.58%. Kogin Bei mai tsawon kilomita 468 yana da matsakaicin gangaren kogin shine 0.26%. Tsarin ruwan Dong yana da babban rafi mai tsawon kilomita kimanin 520 tare da matsakaicin gangaren kogin shine 0.388%. Jimillar yawan ruwan da ake samu a duk shekara a duk shekara ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 345.8, wanda shi ne na biyu kawai ga kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin. . Ambaliyar ruwa a kogin lu'u-lu'u na faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya DA aka samu. Tunda kuma yankin kogin yana da fadi kuma tsananin ruwan sama yana da yawa, ambaliya a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na sama da na tsakiya suna da sauri, kuma babu tafkuna a tsakiyar kai. Don haka, idan aka ci gaba da samun ruwan sama mai tsanani, ambaliya ta kan yi ta da kololuwa da yawa a cikin dogon lokaci, tana jefa matsakaita da na kasa cikin hadari a cikin garuruwan da ake da kasa da yawan jama'a, da filayen noma da ke gefen kogin. wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma yana shafar zaman lafiyar al'umma. Halayen ambaliya Kogin Lu'u-lu'u na kogin ruwan sama ne kuma ambaliya ta fito ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwan sama kamar haka: Yanayin yanayi Tun da ruwan sama mai yawa ya shafi damina mai zafi , kuma sanyi da ƙungiyoyi masu dumi suna cikin jituwa. Har ila yau,, yana shafar yanayin yanayin, Kuma ya haifar da nau'in ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda yawanci yakan faru a watan Afrilu zuwa Yuli, mai suna farkon lokacin fa aka samu ambaliya. Guguwa Ruwan sama mai yawa kuma yana shafar guguwar, wadda takan faru a watan Agusta zuwa Satumba, wanda ake kira lokacin ambaliya daga baya. Ruwan sama a lokacin ambaliya ya kai kusan kashi 80% na duk shekara. Siffofinsa sune: yawan ruwan sama mai yawa, tsananin ƙarfi da tsayi mai tsayi. Tsarin tsari na yau da kullun: Kogin Bei na farko, sannan kogin Dong da kogin Xi. Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama: Kogin Bei yana yankin daga Yingde zuwa Qingyuan, kogin Dong yana yankin tsaunin Jiulian, Xunwu da Shangping, yayin da kogin Xi yana cikin tsaunin Miao a saman kogin Gui, da Xingren a Laowang. Dutsen da Duan a Dutsen Daming. Guguwar ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a bakin rafin ta hada da birnin Haifeng zuwa Huidong dake a gabashin Guangdong, da Enping zuwa Yangjiang dake yammacin Guangdong, da Qinzhou zuwa Dongxing dake kudancin Guangxi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 24h a cikin kwano shi ne kusan 100-200mm, ƙimar bambancin shine 0.35 ~ 0.65, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 24h shine 848mm (Tashar Jinjiang Enching). Bambance-bambancen da ake samu a shekara-shekara na kwararar ruwa a cikin kwano ya yi daidai da ruwan sama, cewa yawan ruwan da ake samu a lokacin ambaliya daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba ya kai kashi 70% zuwa 80% na yawan ruwan shekara-shekara. Tun da yawan ruwan sama da yawan gaske a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, yawancin magudanan ruwa suna da siffar fantsama, kuma ambaliya tana da sauƙin tattarawa cikin babban kogin a lokaci guda. Akwai tuddai da yawa a saman sama da na tsakiya, kuma saurin haɗuwar ambaliya yana da sauri. Babu ajiyar tafkin a tsakiyar tafki, wanda yana da sauƙi don haifar da ambaliya tare da kololuwa masu yawa da yawa. Mafi girman kololuwar ambaliya a kogin Bei da kogin Dong sau da yawa yana fitowa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, kuma ambaliya tana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 7 zuwa 15. Mafi girman kololuwar ambaliya a kogin Xi ya kan bayyana ne daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, yayin da mafi yawan ambaliyar ruwa takan faru ne daga watan Yuni zuwa Yuli, wanda ke daukar a ƙalla kwanaki 30 zuwa 45. Ambaliyar Xi ita ce babbar hanyar ambaliya a kogin Pearl Delta. A wasu lokuta ambaliyar ruwan kogin Xi da na Bei na haifar da munanan bala'i a kogin Pearl Delta. Kowace shekara lokacin guguwa yana daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ƙasar guguwa daga Shenzhen, Guangdong, zuwa Estuary River Estuary a Taishan . Guguwa mai karfin iska 8 ko sama a tsakiya tana faruwa ne akan matsakaita sau 2 zuwa 3 a kowace shekara, da kuma guguwa mai karfi na matakan 10 zuwa 11 duk bayan shekaru biyu 2 zuwa 3. Mamayewar guguwar, wani lokacin yana haifar da hawan guguwa . Ambaliyar Ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Kogin Lu'u-lu'u na yawan faruwa, musamman ma a tsaka-tsaki, ƙasa da kuma tudu. Littattafan tarihi sun bayyana irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa da yawa. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, an samu ambaliya sau 125 a daular Ming a kogin Xi, sau 181 a daular Qing, da kuma sau 17 a Jamhuriyar Sin . An samu ambaliya guda 24 a kogin Bei kafin shekarar 1949 da kuma manyan ambaliya 14 a kogin Dong daga 1864 zuwa 1985. A cikin ƙananan raƙuman kogin Lu'u-lu'u da kuma a cikin delta, fiye da kadada a ƙalla 32,200 na ambaliya ya shafa ko kuma ya shafi filayen noma . Akwai sau 26 a karni na 18 da sau 36 a karni na 19. Daga shekarata 1915 zuwa Shekarar 1949, an sami sau 22 na ambaliya na noma wanda ya wuce kadada 66,700. An samu ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani guda 12 tun daga shekarar 1949. Bayan shekarun 1990, ambaliya ta "94.6", "96.7" da "98.6" ta afku, wanda barnar ta yi matukar tsanani. Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Musamman A watan Yuli na shekarar 1949, an fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Xi da kogin Bei. Ambaliyar ruwan ta kasance wani kwale-kwale na kogin Xi sakamakon ruwan sama mai karfi da aka yi da tsarin yanayin yanayi na gaba. Ambaliyar ta samo asali ne daga kogin Lancang kuma kogin Liujiang ya fi girma. Kololuwar ambaliya ta tashar Wuzhou ta kai mita kusan 48,900 a cikin dakika guda, wanda ya yi daidai da ambaliya da aka shafe shekaru 50 ana yi. Nau'i ne na kololuwa guda ɗaya mai saurin gudu sama da cubic mita 30,000 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Bayan kwanaki 18, ambaliyar ta kwanaki 30 ta kai mita biliyan 88.4, wanda shi ne na farko a cikin jerin ambaliya mafi girma na kwanaki 30. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 1959, kogin Dong ya yi ambaliya sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa da aka samu ta hanyar yanayin yanayi na gaba. Ambaliyar ta samo asali ne daga Boluo . Tashar ta Boluo tana da ma'aunin kololuwar gudun mita 12,800 a cikin dakika daya da kuma rage darajar 14,100 cubic mita a sakan daya, wanda yayi daidai da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru 100. A watan Yuni na shekarar 1994, an yi ruwan sama sau 13 a jere a kudancin kasar Sin. Kogin Xi da kogin Bei sun kasance a cikin shekaru 50 a lokaci guda. Lokacin da kogunan biyu suka yi ambaliya, sai suka shiga cikin layin kogin Pearl Delta. Ruwan ruwa a cikin yankin delta ya tashi sosai, kuma babban matakin ruwa ya dade na dogon lokaci. Fiye da kwanaki 10. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi garuruwa 70 na Guangxi da kuma gundumomi 39 a Guangdong, wanda ya haifar da kusan murabba'in mita miliyan 1.25 na filayen noma a Guangdong da Guangxi. Yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kai miliyan 21.48, inda mutane 446 suka mutu, da kuma asarar tattalin arziki kai tsaye na kusan yuan biliyan 28.4. A watan Yulin shekarar 1996, an yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a kudu maso gabashin Yunnan da tsakiyar Guangxi na gabar kogin Pearl. Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama ta kasance a tsohon yankin Kogin Bei. Daga ranar 12 zuwa 19 ga Yuli, ruwan sama ya kai 1,692 mm, kuma iyakar ruwan sama ya kai 779 mm a cikin sa'o'i 24 ya kasance Guangxi. Matsayi mafi girma na yankin Zhuang mai cin gashin kansa. Da misalin karfe 20 na safiyar ranar 19 ga wata, tashar Liuzhou ta nuna kololuwar ruwan da ya kai mita 92.43, wanda ya zarce matakin gargadin ruwan da ya kai mita 10.93, kuma yawan ambaliya ya kai 33700m³/s. Ruwa ne a cikin shekaru 130. Filayen noman da abin ya shafa ya kai murabba'in mita 480,000, kuma mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kai miliyan 8.17, tare da mutuwar mutane 249. Mafi girma a Guangxi. Kashi 90% na titunan birnin Liuzhou mai masana'antu sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa. Daga ranar 5 zuwa 27 ga Yuni, shekarar 1998, an yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a kogin Pearl. An yi mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Xi cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin kololuwar ambaliyar ta kai mita 26.51 a tashar ruwa ta Zhangzhou tare da kwararar kololuwar 52,900m³/s, wadda ita ce ambaliya ta biyu mafi girma a tashar Zhangzhou tun bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi na lardunan Guangdong da Guangxi (yankin masu cin gashin kai), ba a samu karyewa a kowane bangare na kogin ba. Yawan mutanen da guguwar da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa ya kai miliyan 14.98, yankin da amfanin gona ya shafa ya kai 903,300 hm², mutane 156 suka mutu, kuma asarar tattalin arzikin kai tsaye ya kai Yuan biliyan 16.03. A farkon watan Yulin shekarar 2001, yankunan gabar tekun Guangxi da kogin Xi sun cika da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da guguwa mai lamba 0103 da mai lamba 0104, ta haddasa. Kogin Yujiang ya fuskanci ambaliya mafi girma tun kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin. A ranar 8 ga Yuli, tashar Hydrological ta Nanning ta nuna matakin kololuwar ruwa na 77.18m da iyakar gudu na 13400m³/s. Guguwa da ambaliya sun haddasa bala'in mutane miliyan 14.465 a Guangxi da Guizhou, mutane 32 sun mutu sakamakon bala'in, kuma asarar tattalin arzikin kai tsaye ya kai yuan biliyan 15.174. Lokacin daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba shi ne lokacin mahaukaciyar guguwa a kudu maso gabashin kasar Sin. Karkashin guguwa mai karfi, wani lokacin ta kan kai ga tashin hankali, wanda ke haddasa rugujewar katangar tekun da ke gabar tekun gabar kogin Pearl Delta. Matakan kariya Akwai ƙafar ƙafa 926,600 na ƙasar noma da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi barazana a kogin Pearl, wanda ya shafi al'umma miliyan 20. Ambaliyar ruwan Pearl ta fi ta'allaka ne a yankunan da suka hada da kogin Pearl Delta, kogin Lancang, da kogin Liutun. Waɗannan yankuna suna da yawan jama'a da haɓaka tattalin arziki. Ko da yake yawancin waɗannan wuraren suna da kariyar shinge, ƙa'idodin sarrafa ambaliya ba su da ƙarfi. Sai dai shingen Bei da ke Guangzhou, wanda ke kare kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da ka iya faruwa a cikin shekaru 20, yawancinsu suna da kariya ne kawai na shekaru 10 da ake sa ran za a yi. Bisa ga ka'idar "haɗin daskarewa, iska da ajiya", a cikin 1980s, an tsara ayyukan sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa guda uku tare da dikes: (1) Haɗin gwiwar aikin shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na tsakiya da na ƙasa na Yamma da Kogin Bei. Gina Tafkin Ruwa na Feilaixia a tsakiyar kogin Bei zai iya sarrafa magudanar ruwa na 34,097. km², wanda ya kai kashi 73% na Kogin Beitun. Ya fi ba da kariya ga ɓangarorin Guangzhou da ƙananan kogin Bei. Yankin fa'ida shine hekta 106,600 kuma yawan jama'a ya kai miliyan 3.38. Tafkin ruwa na Feilaixia yana ba da hadin kai tare da ƙarfafa Beijiang Dike don kare ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, wanda ke ba Guangzhou damar jure shekaru 300-500 na ambaliya daga kogin Bei. Gina madatsar ruwa ta Longtan a kogin Hongshui a saman kogin Xi na iya sarrafa magudanar ruwa da yawansu ya kai kimanin 98,500. km² da karfin sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa na biliyan 7 m³ An gina Tafkin Da Tengxia a cikin birni, tare da yankin magudanar ruwa mai sarrafa kansa na 197755 km² da ƙarfin ajiyar ambaliya na biliyan 2 m³. Aikin hadin gwiwa na Dukkanin tafkunan Longtan da Datengxia na iya shawo kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Xi yadda ya kamata. Tsarin aikin kula da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi tafkunan ruwa guda uku na sama da magudanan ruwa masu kama da juna na iya tabbatar da kiyaye kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa a muhimman yankunan Guangzhou da Delta. (2) Tsarin injiniya na sarrafa ambaliya tare da diks na tsakiya da na ƙasa na kogin Yujiang. An gina Tafkin Baise a Yujiang, kuma yankin da ake kula da shi ya kai kusan 19,600. km². Ƙa'idar kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Nanning City za a iya haɓaka shi zuwa shekaru 50 ta ka'idar tafki. An sake gina Tafkin Laokou tare da hangen nesa, kuma yankin da aka sarrafa ya kasance 73,344 km², yana lissafin kashi 99.5% na yankin sama da Nanning. Haɗin gwiwar yin amfani da tsarin biyu zai ba da damar ma'aunin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Nanning ya kai shekaru 100. (3) Haɗin tsarin aikin sarrafa ambaliya na tsakiya da ƙananan kogin Dongpu, sabon kogin Fengfeng da Maple Dam, yankin kula da Tafkin Baipenzhu shi ne 11,740. km², yana lissafin kashi 43.5% na yankin magudanar ruwa. Haɗin gwiwar amfani da tafkunan ruwa guda uku, tare da ƙarfafa magudanan ruwa, na iya ɗaga matakan kiyaye ambaliya na tsakiya da na ƙasa na kogin Dongjiang zuwa shekaru ɗari. Manazarta Kogi Ruwa Magudanai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

31999

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday%20Oliseh

Sunday Oliseh

Sunday Ogochukwu Oliseh (an haife shi 14 Satumba 1974) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. A cikin taka leda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƴan wasan tsakiya na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Sana'ar wasa Ɗan wasan tsakiya na jiki tukuna fasaha mai baiwa na tsaro, Oliseh ya taka leda a manyan kungiyoyin Turai ciki har da Ajax, Borussia Dortmund da Juventus. Oliseh ya buga wasanni 63 na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a Najeriya, kuma ya buga gasar cin kofin duniya na 1994 da 1998. Oliseh kuma ya shiga cikin tawagar da ta lashe lambar zinare ta 1996. CAF ta zaɓi Sunday Oliseh a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na uku a Afirka a shekarar 1998. An fi tunawa da shi a wasan da suka buga da Spain a matakin rukuni a gasar cin kofin duniya a 1998, yayin da Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 3-2. Fernando Hierro ne ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Oliseh da gudu ya harbi golan Spain Andoni Zubizarreta da mamaki. Duk da cewa ya zama kyaftin din Najeriya a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a 2002, an cire Oliseh daga cikin tawagar kasarsa ta gasar cin kofin duniya a karshen wannan shekarar saboda dalilai na ladabtarwa. Bayan da Oliseh ya yi ritaya daga buga gasar cin kofin duniya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2002 saboda ya jagoranci kungiyar saboda suna bukatar alawus-alawus da ba a biya su. A cikin Maris 2004, Borussia Dortmund ta kori Oliseh bayan da ya caccaki abokin wasansa Vahid Hashemian yayin da yake kan aro a VfL Bochum bisa zargin kalaman wariyar launin fata. A cikin Janairu 2006, yana da shekaru 31, Oliseh ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa bayan ya buga rabin kakar wasa a babban kulob na Belgium KRC Genk. Aikin gudanarwa Oliseh ya fara aikin horarwa ne a kasar Belgium tare da kungiyoyin matasa a rukunin Verviers na uku na Belgium, musamman kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 19. Ya sauke karatu zuwa ƙungiyar farko a matsayin babban kocin kakar 2008–09 Verviers. A lokacin lokacin 2014 – 15, an nada shi a matsayin Babban Koci kuma Manajan kulab na RCS VISE Belgium 3rd Division. A cikin 2015-16, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta nada babban mai horas da 'yan wasan na Najeriya (Super Eagles of Nigeria) inda ya yi kididdigar ban sha'awa; Wasanni 14 (Asara 2 kacal) an ci kwallaye 19, an ci 6. Ya samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta CHAN da aka yi a kasar Rwanda, inda ya samu tikitin shiga rukuni na rukuni na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018, sannan kuma a wasansa na farko a matsayinsa na babban kocin Najeriya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar AFCON ya samu kunnen doki a Tanzaniya. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na kocin Najeriya da misalin karfe 2:28 na safe ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 2016 daidai wata daya a fafatawar da kungiyar ta yi da Fir'auna Masar a gasar cin kofin AFCON. Bai cika watanni 8 da zama kocin ba saboda karya kwantiragi, rashin goyon baya, rashin biyan albashi da alawus ga 'yan wasansa, Asst. Koci da kansa. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 2016, an sanar da cewa an nada Oliseh a matsayin sabon manajan Fortuna Sittard . An kore shi ne a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2018, kuma ya yi iƙirarin dalilin da ya sa aka kore shi saboda ya ƙi shiga cikin ayyukan da ba a sani ba a kulob din. Bayan shekaru biyu ba tare da kulob ba, a cikin Maris 2020, Oliseh ya bayyana cewa ya ki amincewa da "ayyuka biyu daga kungiyoyin Belgium", amma ya jira tayin da ya dace. Salon wasa Kodayake Oliseh da gaske ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, Jonathan Wilson ya lura a cikin labarin 2013 don The Guardian cewa ya kasance farkon misali na mafi kyawun fassarar wannan rawar, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan riƙe ƙwallon da wucewa maimakon kallon kawai. lashe mayar mallaka. Rayuwa ta sirri ’Yan uwansa, Azubuike da Egutu, su ma ƙwararrun ’yan ƙwallon ƙafa ne; wani dan uwa shine Churchill Oliseh kuma dan autansa Sekou Oliseh . Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Kulob Ajax Shekaru : 1997-98 Kofin KNVB : 1997–98, 1998–99 Juventus UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Borussia Dortmund Bundesliga : 2001-02 UEFA Cup : 2001-02 Ƙasashen Duniya Najeriya U23 Lambar Zinare ta Olympic : 1996 Najeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 1994 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka-Asiya : 1995 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sunday Oliseh at fussballdaten.de (in German) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1974 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

13535

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa%20Pataky

Elsa Pataky

Elsa Lafuente Medianu wacce akafi saninta da Elsa Pataky (an haife ta ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, 1976). yar fitar Sipaniya ce, yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai shirya fim. An san Pataky saboda rawar da ta taka amatsayin Elena Neves a <i>Fast and Furius Franchise</i> . Ta fito a fina-finai kamarsu Snakes a on a Plane a shekarar(2006), Giallo da shekara ta (2009) da kuma Give 'Em Hell, Malone a shekarar (2009). Ta kuma tauraruwa cikin fim din Di Di Hollywood shekara ta(2010). Farkon rayuwa da Karatu Pataky an haife ta Elsa Lafuente Medianu a Madrid, Spain, , 'yar José Francisco Lafuente, wani dan Spanish Masanin ilimin rayuwa, da kuma Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist na Romanian da Hungarian zuri'a. Tana da ɗan ƙaramin dan uwanta: Cristian Prieto Medianu, darektan silima. Tana amfani da sunan 'Elsa Pataky' daga kakarta: Rosa Pataky. Pataky ta halarci Universidad CEU San Pablo, karatun aikin jarida da kuma daukar darasi. Ban da yaren Sifeniyanci da Romaniyanci, ta iya Ingilishi da Turanci da Furanci da Faransanci sosai. Aiki Pataky memba ne na kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Madrid Teatro Cámara de Ángel Gutiérrez. Daga ƙarshe, ta bar makaranta lokacin da aka jefa ta cikin jerin talabijin Al salir de clase . Wasu fina-finanta na baya sune haɗin gwiwar tare da Burtaniya da Faransa, waɗanda suka gabatar da ita ga aiki a cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci. Ta kasance a cikin jerin talabijin na Sarauniya Sword (2000) kamar yadda Señora Vera Hidalgo, matar mai daukar nauyin Gaspar Hidalgo da uwargidan Kyaftin Grisham, waɗanda aka yaba a cikin sunayen farko amma suna bayyana a cikin 14 kawai daga cikin 22 a cikin shirye-shirye. Hakanan tana da rawar gani a cikin jerin talabijin Los Serrano, tana wasa malami Raquel, wanda ya kasance soyayya da ɗalibinsa Marcos ( Fran Perea ). =Fina-finai Pataky ta fito a cikin fina-finai sama da 10 na Mutanen Espanya tare da haɗin gwiwa a cikin fim ɗin Faransa Iznogoud (2004). Hakanan ta kasance a kan rahoton watan Agusta na shekarar 2006 game da Maxim . An jefa ta a cikin shekara ta 2009 a cikin jerin Mujeres Asesinas na Mexico kamar Paula Moncada a cikin wasan "Ana y Paula, Ultrajadas". Ta kuma alamar tauraro a cikin aikin noir film ba 'em Jahannama, Malone da Dario Argento ' s Giallo . Pataky ta zama fuskar mace don farawa ta jerin layin kayan ado na Forcearfin Forcewallon Forceaƙwalwa na Forcearshe na Ultarshe na Forcearshe, wanda ke gaban tauraron kwallon kafa Cristiano Ronaldo . Ta yi amfani da Jami'in Elena Neves a cikin fim din Fast Five, tare da Dwayne Johnson a matsayin abokin aikinta, Luka Hobbs. MTV Networks 'NextMovie.com ta sanya mata suna daya daga cikin' Yan Bagogi da za a duba a shekarar 2011. Pataky ta kasance mai tsayawar ne ga Natalie Portman a ƙarshen lamunin yabo na ƙarshe a Thor: The Dark World . Ta ba da izinin matsayinta na Elena Neves a cikin Fast &amp; Furious 6 na shekarar (2013), Furious 7 na shekarar (2015), da kuma Fast of the Furious na shekarar (2017), kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na jerin Azumi da kuma fim ɗin Furious . A cikin shekarar 2018 ta tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na gidan talabijin na Australiya mai suna Tidelands kamar Adrielle Cuthbert. An saki shi ne a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2018 akan Netflix . Rayuwar sirri Ta fara yin soyayya da Ba’amurke ɗan wasa Amrien Brody a shekarar 2006. Don bikin ranar haihuwar Pataky a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2007, Brody ya saya mata ginin karni na 19 a New York . Pataky da Brody an nuna su a gidansu na New York a cikin shafi mai shafi 35 don HELLO! mujallar a watan Oktoba shekarar 2008. Ma'auratan sun watse a shekara ta 2009. Ta fara hulɗa da ɗan wasan Australia Chris Hemsworth a farkon shekarar 2010 bayan ganawa ta hanyar wakilansu. Pataky da Hemsworth sunyi aure fiye da hutun Kirsimeti a shekara ta 2010. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare: yarinya, India Rose, wacce aka haifa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2012, da tagwaye, Tristan da Sasha, waɗanda aka haife su a watan Maris na shekarar 2014. A cikin shekara ta 2015, Pataky da Hemsworth sun tashi daga Los Angeles zuwa Byron Bay a ƙasarsu ta asali Australia. Kyautar € 310,000 A watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, Pataky ya lashe € 310,000 a Kotun Koli ta Spain game da buga ƙungiyar Ediciones Zeta. A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2007, mujallar Interviu, mallakar Zeta, ta buga hotuna marasa kyau na Pataky da aka ɗauka tare da dogon tabarau yayin Pataky tana canza tufafi yayin daukar hoto na mujallar Elle . Kungiyar Zeta ta ce za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Filmography Fim Talabijin Haɗin waje Official website Elsa Pataky on IMDb Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

22199

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindFreedom%20International

MindFreedom International

MindFreedom International gamayyar ƙasa da ƙasa ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu tushe guda ɗari da dubban ɗaiɗaikun membobi daga ƙasashe goma sha huɗu. An kafa shi ne a Amurka, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1990 don bayar da shawarwari game da tilasta tilasta shan magani, takunkumi na likita, da kuma ba da izini na aikin lantarki . Its bayyana manufa shi ne kare hakkokin mutanen da suka An labeled da tabin hankali cuta . Membobinsu a bude suke ga duk wanda ke tallafawa 'yancin dan adam, gami da kwararru kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, masu bada shawara, masu fafutuka, da dangin su. MindFreedom an gane da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattalin arziki da al'ummar Council a matsayin hakkin dan Adam NGO da shawara kan zakara Status . Asali da manufa MindFreedom International ta samo asali ne daga motsin tsira daga masu tabin hankali, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsananin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekara 1970 da kuma tarihin mutum na cin zarafin ƙwaƙwalwa da wasu tsofaffin marasa lafiya suka fuskanta maimakon maganganun rashin ilimi na maganin ƙwaƙwalwa. Abubuwan da suka gabata na MFI sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu haƙuri a cikin shekarun 1970s kamar Portland, Oregon -based Insane Liberation Front da theungiyar 'yantar da Mancin Marasa Lafiya a New York. Babban mahimmin rubutu a cikin ci gaban ilimi na motsi na tsira, aƙalla a cikin Amurka, shine rubutun Judi Chamberlin na shekara ta 1978, A kan namu: Sauran Maganganun Masu haƙuri zuwa Tsarin Lafiyar Hauka . Chamberlin ya kasance mai haƙuri da haɗin gwiwa tare da kafa Liberationancin entsancin Marasa Lafiya. Yin hada-hada a kusa da tsohuwar jaridar Dendron, a karshen shugabannin 1988 daga da yawa daga manyan kungiyoyin masu raunin tabin hankali na kasa da na gari sun ji cewa ana bukatar wani hadin kai mai zaman kansa, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam kan matsaloli a tsarin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A waccan shekarar aka kafa Coungiyar Taimako Ta Internationalasa (SCI). A Cikin shekara ta 2005 SCI ta canza suna zuwa MFI tare da David W. Oaks a matsayin darekta. Aikin farko na jama'a na SCI shine gabatar da taro da zanga-zanga a watan Mayun shekara ta 1990 a Birnin New York a lokaci guda kamar (kuma kai tsaye a wajen) taron shekara-shekara na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka. Many of the members of MFI, who feel that their human rights were violated by the mental health system, refer to themselves as 'psychiatric survivors'. MFI is a contemporary and active coalition of grassroots groups which are carrying forward the historical tradition of survivor opposition to coercive psychiatry. It does not define itself as an antipsychiatry organization and its members point to the role which 'compassionate' psychiatrists have played in MFI. Activists within the coalition have been drawn from both left and right wing of politics. MFI tana aiki ne a matsayin dandali don dubunnan membobinta don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da gogewarsu, don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin tallafi da shirya kamfen masu fafutuka don tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tabin hankali. Coalitionungiyar haɗin gwiwar tana la'akari da ayyukan hauka na 'lakabin da ba kimiyya ba, tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi, tsare kansa, takurawa, ba da son rai, electroshock' a matsayin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2003, membobin kungiyar Mindf Freedom guda takwas, karkashin jagorancin babban darakta a lokacin David Oaks, sun fara yajin cin abinci don tallata jerin "kalubalen" da suka gabatar ga kungiyar masu tabin hankali ta Amurka (APA), Babban Likitan Amurka da kuma National Alliance akan Ciwon Hauka (NAMI). Mambobin MFI guda takwas sun kalubalanci APA, Babban Likitan Amurka da NAMI da su gabatar da MFI tare da "tabbataccen hujja cewa rashin tabin hankali cuta ce ta kwakwalwa." Ta hanyar ci gaba da yajin-yunwa fiye da wata ɗaya, MFI ya tilasta  APA da NAMI don shiga muhawara tare da su kan wannan da sauran batutuwa. MindFreedom ta bayyana Shirye-shiryen Garkensu a matsayin "duka don ɗaya kuma ɗaya don duka" cibiyar sadarwar mambobi. Lokacin da memba da ke rajista ke karɓar (ko kuma ake la'akari da shi) ba da kulawar tabin hankali ba, ana aika faɗakarwa zuwa indungiyar Sadarwar MindFreedom a madadin wannan mutumin. Sannan ana sa ran membobin cibiyar sadarwar su shiga cikin tsari, mai kyau, ayyukan rashin ƙarfi -gamawa, aiwatar da siyasa, sanarwa da faɗakarwar kafofin watsa labaru, juriya mara amfani, da dai sauransu-don dakatar ko hana tilasta cutar. SCI's first public action was to stage a counter-conference and protest in May 1990 in New York City at the same time as (and directly outside of) the American Psychiatric Association's annual meeting. Duba kuma Anti-psychiatry Biopsychiatry controversy Clifford Whittingham Beers Electroconvulsive therapy Elizabeth Packard Icarus Project Involuntary commitment Involuntary treatment John Hunt Judi Chamberlin Kate Millett Leonard Roy Frank Linda Andre List of psychiatric survivor related topics Lyn Duff Mad Pride Mentalism (discrimination) National Empowerment Center Psychiatric survivors movement Recovery model Self-help groups for mental health Services for mental disorders Ted Chabasinski Peter Lehmann World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje MindFreedom.org - Shafin yanar gizo na MindFreedom Adabi Oaks, David W. (2007). 'MindFreedom International: Activungiyoyi don' Yancin Dan Adam a matsayin Tushen Juyin Juya Hali a Tsarin Lafiyar Hauka '. A cikin Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds. ), Sauran Bayan Psywararrun chiwararrun (pp. 328–336). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Bugawa. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (Birtaniya),  (Amurka). E-Littafin a cikin 2018. Oaks, David W. (2007). 'MindFreedom International - Haɗin kai für Menschenrechte als Grundlage einer gewaltfreien Revolution im psychosozialen System'. A cikin: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 344-352). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3 . E-Littafin a cikin 2018. Taylor, Dan (2007). 'MindF Freedom Ghana: Yin gwagwarmaya don Yanayin Humanan Adam na Marasa Lafiya'. A cikin Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds. ), Sauran Bayan Psywararrun chiwararrun (pp. 336–342). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Bugawa. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (Birtaniya),  (Amurka). E-Littafin a cikin 2018. Taylor, Dan (2007). 'MindFreedom Ghana - Unser Kampf um humane Lebensbedingungen für Psychiatriebetroffene'. A cikin: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 352-358). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3 . E-Littafin a cikin 2018. Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Muhalli Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed translations

31190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lin%20Georgescu

Călin Georgescu

Călin Georgescu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) babban ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Romania ne a cikin ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ƙwararren ƙwarewa a fagen, bayan shekaru 17 na hidima a yankin muhalli a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An nada Georgescu a matsayin darektan zartarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Global Sustainable Index Institute a Geneva da Vaduz na lokacin 2015-2016. Kafin wannan, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Turai don Club of Rome (2013-2015). Hakanan memba ne na Club of Rome International a Switzerland. Ilimi An haifi Georgescu a unguwar Cotroceni na Bucharest, ɗan Scarlat Georgescu da Aneta Georgescu, née Popescu. Ya kammala karatun digiri na Kwalejin Reclamation Land, Nicolae Bălcescu Institute of Agronomy a Bucharest (1986) kuma ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin ƙasa a 1999. Aiki Georgescu ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta kasa a Bucharest daga 2000 zuwa 2013. Wani ikon da aka amince da shi a cikin tsare-tsare da tsara manufofin jama'a, Gwamnatin Romania ta nada shi don daidaita haɓaka nau'ikan dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa na ƙasa (a cikin 1999 da 2008), daidai da jagororin Dabarun Turai don Dorewa. Ci gaba. Ya haɗu da cikakken ilimin ka'idoji da ayyuka na ci gaba mai dorewa tare da ƙwarewar aikin hannu ta hanyar yin aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da kuma tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a don tsarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma bi ta hanyar kammala wasu ayyuka na musamman a karkashin gida. Ajanda 21 (wanda Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya qaddamar a 1992) don fiye da gundumomin Romania 40. Wani tsohon babban jami'in shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Georgescu ya kuma rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman game da illar haramtacciyar motsi da zubar da kayayyaki masu guba da haɗari da sharar gida kan jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam Wakilin kwamitin UNEP na kasar Romania. Ya kuma rike mukamai kamar: Mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Muhalli, Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Daraktan Sashen Kungiyoyin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Romania, Babban Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Rum ta Rum da kuma zartarwa. darektan Cibiyar kere-kere da ayyukan raya kasa. A cewar wata sanarwa da aka bayar a watan Nuwamba 2020, Georgescu ya bayyana cewa Ion Antonescu da Corneliu Zelea Codreanu jarumai ne wanda ta hanyarsu "ya rayu tarihin kasa, ta hanyar su yana magana kuma ya faɗi tarihin ƙasa kuma ba ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi na ikon duniya da ke jagorantar Romania a yau ba. na dan lokaci". An gabatar da Georgescu a matsayin Firayim Minista ta Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), jam'iyyar da ta shiga Majalisar Romania bayan zaben majalisar dokokin Romania na Disamba 2020. A lokacin rikicin siyasar Romania na 2021 wanda ya haifar da tsige shi daga ofishin majalisar ministocin Cîțu, jam'iyyar ta sake ba shi shawara. Kafofin yada labarai da dama sun soki Georgescu saboda kalamansa na goyon bayan Rasha, wasu ma suna daukarsa a matsayin wakilin muradun Rasha a Romania. Labarai Romania a Crossroads, Editura Logos, Bucuresti, 2014 da Editura Christiana, 2016 (bugu na biyu da aikin ƙasar) "Pentru un ideal comun" [Don Neman Manufa gama gari], Kamfanin Bugawa na Kamfanin, Bucharest, 2012. "Romaniya după criză. Reprofesionalizarea" [Romania bayan rikicin. Sake fasalin Professionalwararru], masu gudanarwa da Călin Georgescu, Kamfanin Bugawa na Kamfanin, Bucharest, 2010. "Trezirea la realitate" [Kira na Farkawa], a cikin Rumunan bayan-criză. Reprofesionalizarea României III [ Romania bayan Rikicin], Rahoton IPID na 3, Bucharest, 2010, shafi. 5-15. "Recladirea capitalului uman" [Rebuilding Human Capital], in Șansa României: oamenii. Reprofesionalizarea României II [ Dama ga Romania: Yin fare akan Mutane ], Rahoton IPID na 2, București, 2009, shafi. 7-18. "Romania a Hauwa'u na Millennium na Uku", a cikin Millennium III, batu na musamman a kan "Wane Sojoji ne ke Tuki Turai?, Taron Tarayyar Turai na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Roma", Bucharest, 23-24 May 2008, pp. 95-103. "Reprofesionalizarea României" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Romania ], Rahoton IPID na 1st, Bucharest, 2008; marubuci kuma edita. Dabarun Ci gaban Dorewar Ƙasa ta Romania 2013-2020-2030, (akwai cikin Romanian da Ingilishi), Gwamnatin Romania, Bucharest, 2008; Manajan Ayyuka. Planurile Locale de Dezvoltare Durabilă “Agenda Locală 21” [Shirye-shiryen Ci gaba Mai Dorewa na Gida ƙarƙashin Tsarin Gida na 21], don ƙananan hukumomi 40, 2000-2008; Manajan Ayyuka. Dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa na ƙasa, (samuwa cikin Romanian da Ingilishi), Shirin Raya Ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bucharest, 1999; Manajan Ayyuka. Romania 2020, Editura Conspress, București, 1998, Edita. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Club of Rome ( https://www.clubofrome.org/ ) Cibiyar Nazarin Turai ta Club of Rome ( http://www.clubofrome.eu/ ) Cibiyar Ma'anar Dorewa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - UNGSII ( http://www.ungsii.org/ ) Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - Ofishin Babban Kwamishina - OHCHR ( http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx ) Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - UNDP ( http://www.undp.org/ Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - UNEP ( http://www.unep.org/ ) Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta ƙasa Dezvoltare Durabilă ( http://www.ncsd.ro ) Strategia Națională pentru Dezvoltarea Durabilă a României / National Sustainable Development Strategy ( http://strategia.ncsd.ro/ ) Labarai da hirarraki - TVR 2 - "Legile Afacerilor" (Dokokin Kasuwanci), 5 Satumba 2016 - a cikin Romanian Călin Georgescu despre naționalism, ortodoxie, lupta politică - 8 Yuni 2016 - in Romanian Călin Georgescu: "Nu recunosc conducerea acestei țări", 29 Maris 2015 - in Romanian Călin Georgescu - interviu la Realitatea TV , 25 Satumba 2014 - in Romanian "Romania are nevoie de un stat care își servește cu abnegație cetățenii", 3 ga Maris 2014 - in Romanian "Lideri farashin. Babban mahimmanci" -a cikin Romanian, “Skilled Leaders for Crucial Decisions” a cikin Ingilishi, kalmar mafari zuwa fitowar Romanian na "Bankrupting Nature, Denying our Planetary Boundaries" na Anders Wijkman da Johan Rockström (kamfani, Bucharest, 2013) -a cikin Turanci. " Trebuie restabilit echilibrul între raţionalitatea economică şi suportabilitatea socială", hira da Adina Ardeleanu, BURSA, 27 Oktoba 2011. - in Romanian BIDIYO Călin Georgescu este invitatul lui Victor Ciutacu la emisiunea "Vorbe Grele" la Antena 3, 26 Agusta 2011. "Avem ce învăța de la alții, dar problemele noastre tot noi trebuie să le rezolvam", hira da Călin Georgescu na RomaniaPress.ro, 3 Agusta 2011. - in Romanian "Nişa României: agricultura eco" : Călin Georgescu, darektan executiv al Centrului Naţional pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă din România ["Romania's Niche: bio noma": Călin Georgescu, babban darektan Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta kasa, Sabina Fati, hira da Sabina Fati. 5 Yuli 2011.-a cikin Romanian Ƙwararrawar tattalin arziƙi: Masanin Călin Georgescu la Dezbaterile Wall-Street.ro [Maɓallai don farfaɗo da tattalin arziƙin ƙasar nan da nan: kwararre Călin Georgescu a muhawarar Wall-Street.ro], 4 Yuli 2011.- in Romanian BIDIYO: "Pentru omenire, criza actuală nu este o problemă, ci ceea ce urmează după ea" 1 ga Yuni, 2011. Emisunea PRIM PLAN – integrala poate fi vazuta la INREGISTRARILE SAPTAMANII, Luni: 20-06-2011.- in Romanian "Viitorul va fi al creierului și al minții" Makoma Za ta kasance na Kwakwalwa da Hankali, hira da Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, Afrilu 2011. BIDIYO "Interviu în exclusivitate cu Călin Georgescu, unul dintre liderii europeni ai grupului de la Roma" Romanian Despre soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată a țării [Maɓallan farfaɗowar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa nan take], hira da Dr. Alex Todericiu, 15 Disamba 2010, Wall Street, INTERVIU - Calin Georgescu: Despre solutii pentru o relansare economica imediata a tarii (in Romanian) . "Poporul român va dainui, criza e provocată de trufie și lacomie" [Mutanen Romania za su daure. Rashin banza da kwaɗayi sun jefa mu cikin rikici.], hira da Irina Ursu da Lucian Hainăroșie, 16 Nuwamba 2010, www.ziare.com, Calin Georgescu: Poporul roman va dainui, criza e provocata de trufie si lacomie - Interviu (a cikin Romanian). "Sunt oameni pregătiţi să-şi dedice viaţa reconstruirii acestei ţări" [Muna da mutanen da suke shirye su bauta wa ƙasar] ta Anca Hriban da Roland Cătălin Pena, 29 Oktoba 2010, Ziua Veche, (a cikin Romanian). ”Călin Georgescu: Romania nu este aceasta ” [Călin Georgescu: Wannan ba Romania ba ce], hira da George Rădulescu, 15 Oktoba 2010, Adevărul, Călin Georgescu: „Romani nu este aceasta” (a cikin Romanian). BIDIYO. "Expertul Călin Georgescu la videochatul Adevărul: În patru ani, Romania ar putea să devină lider european " www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/Expertul_in_Dezvoltare_Drabila_Calin_Georgescu_va_fi_prezent_de_la_ora_13-00_la_vidochatul_adevarul-ro_0_348565358.html (a cikin Romanian). "Măsurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi" [Austerity Measures in a Rush], hira da Călin Georgescu na Stelian Negrea, Financiarul, 15 Yuni 2010, Calin Georgescu: "Masurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi" | Interviu (a cikin Romanian). “N-am văzut încă o gândire coerentă pentru repornirea motoarelor economiei” [Babu Haɗin Kai akan Sake Fara Injin Tattalin Arziki], hira da Călin Georgescu na Cristian Andrei, Puterea, 13 ga Mayu 2010, (a cikin Romanian). "Haɗa da drum cu profesioniștii!" [Tafi tare da ƙwararrun], labarin ta Călin Georgescu, Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje na Romania, Satumba/Oktoba 2009; Mai sana'a » Taskar Blog » Mergeti la drum cu profesionistii! - Blogul Alianței Profesioniștilor pentru Progres (cikin Romanian). "Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru Romania" [Masu Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Romania], hira da Călin Georgescu, Jurnalul Național, 9 Yuli 2009, "Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România" (a cikin Romanian). "Reprofesionalizarea României" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Rumaniya], hira da Călin Georgescu na Cristian Banu, Siyasa Cadran, No 67, 2009, Cadran politic - Revista lunara de analiza si informare politica (a cikin Romanian). "Incompetenţa generează corupţia" [Rashin Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru], hira da Călin Georgescu na Ovidiu Nahoi, Adevărul, 9 Disamba 2008, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Incompetenta-genereaza-251tia_6 Romanian . Kafofin yada labarai sun ruwaito "Romania nu mai este un stat, ci o corporatie condusa de straini", 22 Nuwamba 2016 - in Romanian "Motivatia: Romania" , 1 Satumba 2014 - in Romanian "Ya soluție pentru ieșirea din criză: dezvoltarea durabilă" [Hanyar fita daga cikin rikicin: ci gaba mai dorewa], labarin da Green Revolution Association, 9 Nuwamba 2010, CSR Romania. - in Romanian "Romani după-criză. Reprofesionalizarea" [Romania bayan Rikicin. Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru], na Dumitru Constantin, 12 Oktoba 2010, Cotidianul. - in Romanian "Reprofesionalizarea României: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric da Dumitru Costin" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Romania: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric da Dumitru Costin], na I.Culianu, Wordpress, 23 Yuni 2010, Reprofesionalizarea Romaniemi, Dan Georges Dumitru: Calitrun Costin . "Desemnarea unui reprezentant al României în funcţia de Raportor na musamman ONU" [Nadin Wakilin Romania a matsayin Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman], Sanarwar manema labarai, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Bucharest, 21 Yuni 2010, http://www.mae.ro/index . .php?unde=doc&id=44086&idlnk=2&cat=4 . "Pledoarie pentru competenţă, distributism şi economie civică" [Plea for Competence, Distributive Growth and Civic Economy] na Ovidiu Hurduzeu, 18 Yuni 2010, http://atreifortaromaniaprofunda.blogspot.com/2010/2010 gwargwado.html . "Reprofesionalizarea României - lansarea unui proiect naţional" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Romania: Ƙaddamar da Aikin Ƙasa], na Roxana Mazilu, Siyasa Cadran, No 67, 2009 http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?&title=27 =? Reprofesionalizarea . "Anii vacilor slabe" [The Lean Years], na Emil Hurezeanu, Cotidianul, 6 Maris 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050731/http://old.cotidianul.ro/anii_vacilor_slabe-79.html . "Formarea elitelor profesionale-soluția pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a României" [Koyarwar ƙwararrun Elites: Magani don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa], EurActiv, 3 Maris 2008, http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%72008 /Formarea-elitelor-profesionale-solutia-pentru-dezvoltarea-durabila-a-Romaniei.html . "L'IPID a lance le volume La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie", Investir en Roumanie, 29 Fabrairu 2008, Investir da Roumanie : L'IPID a lance le volume "La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie" - actualités économiques et opportunités d'affaires en Roumanie . "Pentru reprofesionalizarea României e nevoie de proiecte solide" [Don dawo da Kwarewar Romania na Bukatar Kyawawan Ayyuka], EurActiv, 12 Oktoba 2006, http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articlereprotesion/8a -Romaniei-e-nevoie-de-proiecte-solide.html . Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

43320

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamo%20Wolde

Mamo Wolde

Degaga "Mamo" Wolde (an haife shi 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 - 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2002), ɗan tseren gudu ne na Habasha wanda ya yi gasa a tseren guje-guje da tsalle -tsalle, da wasannin guje-guje na titi . Ya kasance wanda ya lashe tseren marathon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968 . Rayuwar farko An haifi Degaga a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 a Ada'a ga dangin Oromo . Ƙanensa, Demissie Wolde (b. 8 ga Maris ɗin 1937), shi ma ya zama tauraro mai tsere na duniya. A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya koma Addis Ababa . Aikin wasanni A bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1956, Degaga ya yi gasar tseren mita 800 da 1,500 da kuma gudun gudun hijira 4x400 Bai yi takara ba a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1960, lokacin da Abebe Bikila ya zama ɗan Habasha na farko da ya ci lambar zinare. Degaga ya yi iƙirarin rashin zuwan nasa ne saboda burin gwamnati na tura shi aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya zuwa Kongo a lokacin rikicin Kongo . A cewarsa, a rikicin da gwamnati ta yi da kwamitin Olympics na Habasha, wanda ke son ya shiga gasar, bai kai shi ko wane irin yanayi ba. Sai dai dan wasa Said Moussa Osman, wanda ya wakilci Habasha a tseren mita 800 a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1960, ya bayyana cewa Degaga ya sha kashi a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, kuma bai samu shiga ƙungiyar ba. Tun daga shekarar 1960, hankalin Degaga ya canza daga tseren nesa zuwa nesa mai nisa. Ya yi wa Habasha alama ta farko a gasar tseren ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ya ɗauki gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar, Spain, inda ya yi nasara a shekarar 1963 da shekarar 1964, da kuma Cross de San Donostin a San Sebastian, Spain, a cikin shekarun guda. Ya sanya na huɗu a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1964, wanda Billy Mills na Amurka ya lashe a ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali a tarihin gasar Olympics. Demissie kuma ya zama dan tseren gudun fanfalaki. Dukkansu 'yan'uwan sun fafata a Tokyo, a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics na shekarar 1964 . A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1964, a gasar Olympics ta Habasha, gasar da aka gudanar a gudun mita 8,000, Degaga ya yi nasara da gudu 2:16:19.2, daƙiƙa 4/10 na dakika kacal bayan Abebe Bikela, inda Demissie ya ƙare da 2:19:30, a matsayi na uku. Ko da yake Degaga ya fice da wuri, Demessie, bayan ya kasance cikin jagororin da suka fi yawa a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1964, ya kare a matsayi na goma a 2:21:25.2. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1965, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa na karo na biyu na shekarun1964-1965 na Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Abebe da Degaga sun halarci wani gagarumin biki na rabin gudun marathon. Sun gudu daga Arsenal a Central Park a 64th Street & Fifth Avenue a Manhattan zuwa Singer Bowl a wurin baje kolin. Suna ɗauke da littafin rubutu mai ɗauke da gaisuwa daga Haile Selassie . A cikin shekarar 1967, ya maimaita nasararsa a San Sebastian da Elgiobar, kuma ya sake yin nasara a taron na ƙarshe a shekarar 1968. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968, Degaga ya zama dan Habasha na biyu da ya lashe zinari a tseren gudun fanfalaƙi. Tun da farko a gasar Olympics, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, Degaga ya ci lambar yabo ta uku a gasar Olympics inda ya zama na uku a cikin 2:15:08 a gasar gudun fanfalaƙi ta 1972, yayin da Demissie ya zo na 18 a 2:20:44.0. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 . Ya zargi matsayinsa na uku a gasar Olympic da aka nuna a shekarar 1972 kan takalma mara kyau da jami'an Habasha suka tilasta masa. Ya zama mutum na biyu kacal a tarihin Olympics (Bikila shi ne na farko) da ya samu lambar yabo a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Olympics. Duka waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gaban Degaga, Frank Shorter daga Amurka, da kuma dan ƙasar Belgium Karel Lismont za su maimaita abin da Degaga ya yi a shekarar 1976 yayin da suka zo na biyu da na uku a bayan Waldemar Cierpinski na Gabashin Jamus. Cierpinski ya maimaita nasararsa a shekarar 1980. Erick Wainaina shi ne na baya-bayan nan kuma shi ne kawai sauran wanda ya yi gudun hijira don cim ma wannan nasarar, ya kare na uku a Atlanta a shekarar 1996 da na biyu a Sydney a shekarar 2000. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 . Aikin soja A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya shiga cikin Imperial Guard . Daga baya ya yi aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Koriya daga shekarar 1953 zuwa ta 1955. Kamawa A shekarar 1993, an kama Degaga bisa zarginsa da hannu a wani kisa na Red Terror a lokacin mulkin kama-karya Mengistu Haile Mariam . Ya ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa yana nan a wajen kisan, shi ba shi ne dan takara kai tsaye ba. IOC ta yi kamfen ne ga gwamnatin Habasha domin a sake shi. A farkon shekara ta 2002 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari. Saboda haka, an sake shi ne saboda ya shafe shekaru tara a tsare yana jiran shari'arsa. Mutuwa A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun 2002, Degaga ya mutu daga ciwon hanta yana da shekaru 69, 'yan watanni bayan sakinsa. Ya yi aure sau biyu kuma yana da ‘ya’ya uku; ɗa, Samuel, tare da matarsa ta farko, da yara biyu, Addis Alem da Tabor, tare da matarsa ta biyu. An kama Degaga a maƙabartar cocin Saint Joseph a Addis Ababa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1932 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

42355

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Hamer

Harshen Hamer

Hamer ko Hamer-Banna (Hamer: hámar aapó ) harshe ne a cikin reshen Kudancin Omotic na dangin harsunan Afroasiatic . Mutanen Hamar da Banna da masu magana da Karo suna magana ne a kudancin Habasha . Akwai nau'in pidginized a cikin amfanin gida. Fassarar sauti Consonants Hamer yana da wuraren magana guda shida na baƙaƙe, da kuma ɗabi'u goma sha ɗaya na magana, ko da yake tsarin ba gaba ɗaya ne ba. /p/ na iya kasancewa a matsayin [ɸ] a kowane matsayi, sai dai a matsayin /pp/ da /mp/, wanda a kowane lokaci ana gane shi azaman [p]. Wayoyin wayoyi da yawa suna da abubuwan da suka faru na tsaka-tsaki ko kuma na prevocalic: /VbV/: [β] /Vka/: [x] /#qa/: [qʼ] /#qo, #qu/: [ʔ] /VɓV/: [b], [β] /VɗV/: [d], [ʔ] /#tʼa, #tʼi/: [ʦʼ] /VtʃʼV/: [tʃ] /n/ assimilates to a following velar (i.e., as [ŋ]). Consonant length is distinctive non-initially. Long /ɾ/ is realized as a trilled /r/. /n/ yana kamanceceniya da maɓalli mai zuwa (watau kamar [ŋ]). Tsawon baka yana bambanta ba da farko ba. Dogon /ɾ/ ana gane shi azaman trilled /r/. Wasula Akwai wasula na asali guda biyar An ƙara raba wasulan zuwa manyan nau'i biyu (tare da na ukun kasancewar yanayin "umlaut" saman (duba ƙasa)). Rukunin I wasalan sun fi guntu, an sanya su cikin pharyngealized, kuma sun ja da baya tushen harshe. Rukunin rukuni na II sun fi tsayi, suna da girma, kuma suna da tushen harshe na gaba. Wasili Harmony ya wanzu a cikin cewa kowace tushen kalma da kowane kari yana cikin ko dai nau'in I ko II. Lokacin da nau'in tushensa ba su yarda ba, wani nau'i na umlauting yana faruwa. Wasan wasali maras kyau yana riƙe ainihin wurin faɗar sa, kuma ana furta shi tsakanin madaidaicin nau'in wasali na I da na II, watau matsakaicin tsayi, da mara alamar pharyngealization, glottalization ko tushen harshe. Gabaɗaya, wasulan (s) na suffix suna yin umlauting, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan kari na "ƙarfi" waɗanda ke riƙe nau'in su, kuma suna haifar da wasulan tushen yin umlauting. Akwai wasali na shida mara sauti, /ə/, wanda ke bayyana a cikin magana ta zahiri don "karye" in ba haka ba tari mara inganci. Babu buƙatar ɗaukar wannan sautin waya, kuma babu takamaiman dalilin da zai sa ya buƙaci grapheme, saboda yana faruwa gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ke ainihin tsarin allophonic. Sillable da tsarin kalma Tsarin silsilar shine kawai (C)V(C), ko da yake baƙaƙe-ƙarshen ba safai ba ne. Zaɓuɓɓukan aƙalla wasula uku an rubuta su. Ba a rubuce-rubucen igiyoyi fiye da baƙaƙe biyu. Akwai ƙa'idodi masu yawa (mafi yawa masu sauƙaƙa) waɗanda ke tafiyar da metathesis da epenthesis lokacin da gungu masu haɗaka suka bayyana. A taƙaice, akwai nau'ikan tari guda uku: "mai inganci", "na musamman", da "marasa inganci". Ingantattun tagulla ba sa samun canji tsakanin sifofin su na asali da na sama. Tari na musamman suna fuskantar wani nau'in canji (gaba ɗaya metathetic) a cikin sifofin su. Rukunin da ba daidai ba suna saka sautin mara waya /ə/ tsakanin baƙaƙe biyu domin ƙirƙirar sifofin su. Rubutun Rubutu Babu wani tsarin rubutu na hukuma don Hamer, kodayake an gabatar da tsarin boko da yawa, tare da rubutun Gə'əz . Har yanzu, babu wani motsi don amincewa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin a hukumance. "Lydall" romanization Wannan shine boko da Jean Lydall yayi amfani dashi. Watakila ma'auni ne na gaskiya, kawai ta kasancewarsa wanda aka gabatar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke akwai. Consonants Kashi na I wasula Kashi na II wasula Wasulan wasali Waɗanda aka ƙera ana rubuta su ta amfani da harafin don ainihin sautinsu, haɗe da layi. Asalin Gə'əz   Ana ba da wasiƙu a ƙasa tare da sunayen Amharic na gargajiya. Layukan da aka yiwa alama da jajayen duhu suna da ma'anoni na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayanin su a cikin tebur ba: ana amfani da layin ʾÄlf don wasalan Rukuni na II ba tare da baƙaƙen da ya gabata ba, yayin da layin ʿÄyn ake amfani da shi don nau'in wasali na I ba tare da baƙon wanda ya gabata ba. Ilimin Halitta Sunaye Sunaye ba su da jinsi ko adadi na asali, amma suna iya zama na miji, na mace, da jam’i, dukkansu ukun suna da bambanci (wato ba za a iya sanya suna ga jinsi da jam’i ba). Duk da yake waɗannan ɓangarori ba su zama wajibi ba, suna haifar da yarjejeniya akan sifa da fi'ili. Alamun juzu'i sune: Siffofin da suka fara da "t" ana iya haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa tushen, kuma yawanci ana amfani da su tare da sunaye masu rai. Sauran nau'ikan za a iya haɗa su zuwa tushen ko zuwa tushe. Ga sunayen da ba su da rai, alamar namiji yawanci rahusa ne, yayin da alamar mace tana ƙara girma. Misali, tukunyar yumɓu daa. Daatâ (namiji) yana nufin ƙaramin tukunyar yumbu, yayin da dáano (mace) babbar tukunya ce. Canje-canje a cikin harshe, yin amfani da namiji a matsayin raguwa ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda yake jujjuya jinsi na kyauta. Bayanan kula Nassoshi Lydall, Jean (1976): "Hamer" a cikin: Bender, M. Lionel (ed. ): Harsunan da ba na Yahudawa ba na Habasha . East Lansing: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. pp. 393-438. Lydall, Jean (1988): Jinsi, Lamba da Girma a Hamar. a cikin: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne da Fritz Serzisko (eds. ): Cushitic-Omotic: Takardu daga Taron Taro na Duniya akan Harsunan Cushitic da Omotic, Cologne, Janairu 6-7, 1986 . Hamburg. shafi na 77-90. Lydall, Jean (2005): Tarin yare na Hamär. in: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2 . Wiesbaden. shafi 981-982. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan Hamer Aikin Rosetta: Jerin Hamer-Banna Swadesh Harsuna Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

6525

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Zakzaky

Ibrahim Zakzaky

Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan mayun 1953) malamin addinin musulunci ne, kuma shugaba a bangaren mabiya Shi'a kuma Dan gwagwarmayar addini a Najeriya. Shi ne ya kafa kungiyar 'yan' uwa musulmi ko kuma ace muslim bothers a shekara ta alif 1979 a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria, mutanen gari kuma na ce masu 'yan Shi'a ko 'yan Burazas. Zakzaky yasha tuhuma da dauri da dama saboda Gwagwarmayar sa da yakeyi akan rashin adalci tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kasar sa ke fuskanta. A tsarin gwagwarmayarsa ya dage akan cewa Musulunci ne kadai zai kawo mafita ga rikitattun matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, wadanda a tsawon shekaru suke maida cigaban kasar baya. A wata lakca da ya gabatar na tunawa da Makon Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio (May 2023) da kungiyar Academic Forum of Islamic Forum ta shirya, Zakzaky ya bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da Jihadin Uthman Bn Fodio domin ganin Musulunci ya zama mai Hukunci. wannan fata nasa ba'a Najeriya kadai ba har ma da kasashen yammacin Afirka baki daya. A wata lacca da ya gabatar a daidai wannan lokaci a garin Sokoko (20 ga Mayu, 2023), daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Dokta Nasir Hashim ya bayyana cewa, ba wai gadar zalunci da cin zali da mulkin mallaka ba ne, amma burin Zakzaky shi ne kawai fata ga Afirka. Tarihin Ibrahim Zakzaky Haihuwar Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky An haifi Sheikh Ibrahim Al'zakzaky a garin Zariya na jihar Kaduna Najeriya a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif da dari tara da hamsin da you (1953), dai-dai da (15 Sha'aban 1372 AH). Ya halarci makarantar Allo sannan sai ya wuce makarantar Larabci a shekara ta alif (1969-1970), Sannan ya yi makarantar larabci ta SAS a garin Kano daga alif 1971-1976, inda ya samu iliminsa na grade II. Sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) a garin Zariya (1976-1979), inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan fannin ilimin sanin tattalin arziki (Economics) inda ya samu kyakkyawan sakamako saboda ya kasance dalibi mai hazakar gaske. A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a ne Malamin ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai Musulmai ta kasa wato (MSSN). Daga bisani kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban babbar kungiyar ta kasa mai kula da kasashen waje a shekarar 1979. Daga nan ne kuma Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky ya fara nuna goyon bayansa ga juyin juya halin da aka yi a kasar Iran a shekarar 1979. Daga nan kuma sai Zakzaky ya tafi kasar ta Iran. Bayan dawowarsa daga Iran ne ya cigaba da yada Gwagwarmayar dawo ma addini a kasar har zuwa shekarun 1990 inda ya tara mabiya masu dimbin yawa akasari matasa ne masu kaunar addini. Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky ya kafa kungiyar da ake kira 'Islamic Movement in Nigeria wadda ada ake kira da 'Muslim brothers' ko kuma 'yan'uwa musulmi a Hausance. Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi Wannan kungiya ta El-zakzaky ta sha fama da rikice-rikice da rigingimu tun daga farkon kafata har zuwa yanzu. Fitattu daga cikin rikicin da kungiyar ta fuskanta sun hada da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 da kuma na shekarar 2014 da na 2015. Rikicin Yan shi'a na 2014 a Zariya A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2014 ne aka samu tashin hankali tsakanin yan kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi mabiya zakzaky da sojojin Najeriya a birnin Zariya, a yayin gudanar da lumanar zanga zanga akan nuna goyon bayan mutanen falasdinu inda mutane 35 suka rasa rayukansu ciki har da 'ya'yan Ibrahim Zakzaky guda uku (3). 'Ya'yan shugaban kungiyar da aka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu daliban injiniyarin ne a wata jami'a dake china, dayan kuma dalibi ne a jami'atu Mustapha dake Lebanon. Rikicin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adama na duniya da dama ciki har da babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta duniya. Rikicin kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi na 2015 Haka ma a birnin na Zariya ne a shekarar 2015 sakamakon 'yan kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi mabiya Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky sun tare hanyar da babban Hafsan Sojojin Kasar na wannan lokacin, wato Tukur Yusuf Buratai zai wuce a lokacin wata ziyara da ya kai birnin na Zariya. Sai sojojin suka bude wuta a kan 'yan Shi'an, wadanda suka tare hanyar. Lamarin da ya yi muni sosai inda har ya kai ga rushe muhallan ibadarsu da ma makabartar mabiya Shi'a din. Sannan daruruwan mabiya kungiyar sun rasa rayukan su. Haka nan dai lamarin ya yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan na hannun daman Shaikh Zakzaky wato Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud Turi' da wasu daga cikin 'ya'yan jagoran wato Ibrahimu Zakzaky. Shi ma da kansa Zakzaky da mai ɗakinsa Zinatu sun samu munanan raunuka a lokacin tashin hankalin inda daga bisani jami'an tsaro sukayi awon gaba da su aka kai su gidan gyara halin hukumar kasar ta Najeriya na tsare da su har zuwa shekarar 2021 sannan aka sallamesu. Saidai kuma 'ya'yan kungiyar ta 'yan'uwa musulmi sun yi ta gwagwarmaya da yin zanga-zanga a wasu daga biranen kasar domin ganin an sakar masu jagoran nasu. Wanda dai lamarin na zanga-zangar ya haddasa wadansu tashe tashen hankulan inda har aka samu rashin rayuka da dama. Amma sakamakon zaman wata kotu a kasar wanda ta yi a ranar 2 ga Disambar 2016, ta yanke hukuncin umartar hukumar Najeriya da ta gaggauta sakin Sheikh Zakzaky da matarsa tare da biyansa diyyar naira miliyar 50, tare da wadansu kudirorin. A watan Janairu na 2018 ne aka soma jin duriyar malam Ibrahim zakzaky, inda ya gabatar da wani takaitaccen jawabi wanda ba a san ko wanne waje ba ne. Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai Shaikh Alzakzaky ya auri matarsa Zeenah Ibrahim zakzaky, suna da 'ya'ya tara tare da shi. Yanzu 'ya'yansu uku suka rage namiji daya da mata biyu. Uku daga 'ya'yan Zakzaky an kashe su ne Zariya, a lokacin zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna goyon Falasdinu, su ne Ahmad Ibrahim Zakzaky, Hamid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Mahmoud Ibrahim Zakzaky, kuma hakan ya faru ne a 2014, a karkashin Gwamnatin Goodluck Ebele. Har ila yau, an kara kashe wasu yayansa maza ukku a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban 2015, wanda suka hada da Ali Haidar Ibrahim Zakzaky, Humaid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Hammad Ibrahim Zakzaky. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa, Muhammadu Buhari. Sake Karanta Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya Rikicin ranar Qudus a Zariya Rikicin Zariya na 2015 Shi'a Shi'a a Najeriya Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1953

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa

Rawa

Rawa wani nau'in fasaha ne mai ɗauke da zaɓaɓɓun zaɓaɓɓu na motsin ɗan adam . Wannan motsi yana da kyan gani da kwatanci na alama, kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin rawa ta masu yi da masu kallo a cikin wata al'ada. Dance za a iya kasafta kuma aka bayyana ta Choreography, ta sharhin na ƙungiyoyi, ko ta wurin tarihi lokaci ko wuri na asali . Wani muhimmin bambanci shi ne za a zana tsakanin mahallin wasan kwaikwayo da rawar rawa, kodayake waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan ba koyaushe basa rabuwa gaba ɗaya; dukansu na iya samun ayyuka na musamman, ko na zaman jama'a, na bikin, na gasa, na batsa, na faɗa, ko na alfarma / liturgical . Sauran nau'ikan motsin mutum wani lokaci ana cewa suna da inganci irin na rawa, gami da wasan tsere, wasan motsa jiki, nishadantarwa, wasan motsa jiki , wasan ninkaya, ƙungiyoyin motsa jiki, da sauran nau'ikan wasannin motsa jiki. Ayyuka da haɓakawa Rawan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda kuma ake kira wasan kwaikwayo ko raye-raye na kide kide, an tsara shi da farko a matsayin abin kallo, yawanci ana yin wasan kwaikwayon ne a kan wasan kwaikwayo ta masu rawa na virtuoso. Sau da yawa yakan ba da labari, wataƙila ta amfani da mime, kayan ado da shimfidar wuri, ko kuma kawai yana iya fassara fassarar kayan kiɗa, wanda galibi keɓaɓɓe ne. Misalan wasan rawa ne irin na yamma da rawan zamani, Rawan Indiya na gargajiya da raye-raye na Sinanci da Jafananci. Yawancin nau'ikan sifofi na yau da kullun suna kan rawa ne kaɗai, amma rawar rawa na iya bayyana a cikin wasan opera da sauran siffofin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Rawa ta shiga rawa, a wani bangaren, ko rawa ta jama'a, ta rawa, ta rawa, ta rawa irin ta layi, da'ira, sarka ko rawa ta murabba'i, ko rawar takwara kamar wacce aka saba da ita a yammacin rawa ta yamma . da farko don manufa ɗaya, kamar hulɗar zamantakewa ko motsa jiki, na mahalarta maimakon masu kallo. Irin wannan rawar ba safai take da wani labari ba. A rukunin dance da kuma kungiyar soja de rawa, a social abokin dance kuma a Efes de deux, sãɓã wa jũna bayyananne. Ko da rawa za a iya yi don kawai don gamsar da mai rawa. Masu rawa masu rawa galibi suna amfani da ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya da matakai amma, alal misali, a cikin al'adun raye-raye na kiɗan lantarki, yawancin jama'a na iya yin rawa kyauta, ba tare da waɗanda suke tare da su ba. A gefe guda kuma, wasu al'adu suna shimfida dokoki masu tsauri game da wasu raye-raye wanda a misali, maza, mata da yara na iya ko dole ne su halarci. Asali Shaidun archeological don raye-raye na farko sun hada da zane-zane na shekaru 9,000 a Indiya a Rock Shelters na Bhimbetka, da zane-zanen kabarin Masar waɗanda ke nuna adon rawa, kwanan wata c. 3300 BC. An ba da shawarar cewa kafin ƙirƙirar rubutattun harsuna, rawa ta kasance muhimmiyar ɓangare na hanyoyin baka da kuma yadda ake gabatar da labarai daga zuriya ɗaya zuwa na gaba. A amfani da dance a ecstatic trance jihohi da kuma warkar da rituals (as lura a yau a da yawa zamani "m" al'adu, daga Brazil Rainforest ga Kalahari Desert ) yana zaton sun kasance wani farkon factor a cikin zamantakewa da ci gaban dance. Za a iya samun nassoshi game da rawa a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta tun da wuri; Rawa ta Girkanci ( horos ) ana kiranta Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch da Lucian . Baibul da Talmud suna nuni ne ga al'amuran da yawa da suka danganci rawa, kuma suna ƙunshe da kalmomin raye-raye sama da 30. A cikin tukwanen kasar Sin tun daga zamanin Neolithic, an nuna rukunin mutane suna rawa a layi suna rike da hannu, kuma an samo kalmar Sinanci da farko don "rawa" a rubuce cikin kasusuwa na oracle . Anyi bayanin rawa a cikin Lüshi Chunqiu . Rawa ta farko a tsohuwar kasar Sin tana da alaƙa da sihiri da al'adun shamanic. A lokacin karni na farko na KZ a Indiya, an kirkiro matani da yawa waɗanda suke ƙoƙari su daidaita al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun. Bharata Muni 's Natyashastra (a zahiri "matanin wasan kwaikwayo" ) ɗayan matani ne na baya. Ya fi dacewa da wasan kwaikwayo, inda rawa take taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Indiya. Ya karkasa rawa zuwa nau'ikan hudu - na zamani, na al'ada, na yau da kullun, da kuma na fassara - da kuma cikin nau'ikan yankuna hudu. Rubutun yayi bayani dalla-dallan hannu ( mudras ) da rarraba ƙungiyoyi da gabobi daban-daban, matakai da sauransu. Wata al'ada mai karfi ta cigaba da raye-raye tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba a Indiya, har zuwa zamanin yau, inda take ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin al'ada, al'ada, kuma, musamman, masana'antar nishaɗin Bollywood. Sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan raye-raye na zamani suma za'a iya samo su ga rawa ta tarihi, ta al'ada, ta al'ada, da ta kabilanci . Rawa da kiɗa Rawa gaba ɗaya, kodayake ba ta musamman ba, ana yin ta tare da rakiyar kiɗa kuma mai yuwuwa ko ba a yi ta cikin lokaci zuwa irin wannan kiɗan. Wasu rawa (kamar su rawa rawa ) na iya ba da kayan aikin sa a madadin (ko ƙari) kiɗa. Yawancin nau'ikan kide-kide da raye-raye da yawa an ƙirƙiri juna kuma ana yin su tare tare. Fitattun misalai na raye-raye na gargajiya / hada kiɗa sun haɗa da jig, waltz, tango, disko, da salsa .Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa suna da nau'in rawa iri ɗaya kamar kiɗa na baroque da raye-raye na baroque ; sauran nau'ikan rawa da kiɗa na iya raba nomenclature amma an haɓaka daban, kamar kiɗan gargajiya da rawa ta gargajiya . Rawa da kari Rhythm da rawa suna da alaƙa mai zurfi a cikin tarihi da aiki. Dan rawa dan Amurka Ted Shawn ya rubuta; "Tunanin rhythm wanda ke ƙarƙashin duk karatun raye -raye wani abu ne wanda zamu iya magana akai har abada, kuma har yanzu ba mu gama ba." Waƙar kiɗa tana buƙatar manyan abubuwa guda biyu; na farko, bugun bugun-a-kai-akai (wanda kuma ake kira "bugun" ko "dabara") wanda ke tabbatar da ɗan lokaci kuma, na biyu, ƙirar lafazi da hutawa wanda ke tabbatar da halayen mita ko ƙirar rhythmic. Nauyin bugun jini yana daidai daidai da tsawon lokaci zuwa mataki mai sauƙi ko ishara. Raye-raye gabaɗaya suna da yanayin halayyar mutum. Tango, misali, galibi ana rawa cikin 2</br> 2 lokaci a kusan 66 beats a minti daya. Asali a hankali, wanda ake kira da "sannu a hankali", yana ɗaukar tsiya ɗaya, don haka cikakken "dama - hagu" yayi daidai da ɗaya 2</br> 2 auna. Asalin gaba da baya na rawa ana kidaya su - "a hankali-a hankali" - yayinda adadi da yawa ana kirga su "a hankali - mai saurin-sauri. Kamar yadda ake fasalta sautunan kiɗa ta hanyar ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi da rauni, haka maimaitar motsa jiki sau da yawa ya dogara da sauya muscular ƙungiyoyi "masu ƙarfi" da "marasa ƙarfi". Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan canjin na dama-hagu, na gaba-baya da faduwa, tare da alaƙar haɗin jikin mutum, to abu ne na al'ada cewa raye-raye da yawa da kiɗa da yawa suna cikin mitsi biyu da rabi . Koyaya, tunda wasu irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar ƙarin lokaci a cikin wani juzu'i fiye da ɗayan - kamar tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata don ɗaga guduma fiye da bugawa - wasu raye-rayen raye-raye suna faɗuwa daidai da yanayi cikin mita uku . Lokaci-lokaci, kamar yadda a cikin raye-rayen gargajiya na Balkans, al'adun rawa suna dogara ne da rikitarwa masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ari, hadaddun raye-raye da aka hada da tsayayyen jerin matakai koyaushe suna buƙatar jimloli da karin waƙoƙin wani tsayayyen tsayi don su bi wannan jerin. Aikin rawa, matakan kansu, suna haifar da "kwarangwal na farko na rawar rudu" wanda dole ne ya riga ya kasance ga kowane raye raye na kade-kade, yayin rawar kanta, kamar kida, tana buƙatar kiyaye lokaci kamar dai yadda maimaitattun maimaita motsi suke kamar yadda tafiya, jan ruwa da tonowa suke yi, yayin da suka zama masu ladabi, wani abu mai ingancin rawa. Don haka, raye-raye na kiɗa ya tashi a farkon rawa, don haka tsoffin Masarawa suka danganta asalin rawa zuwa ga Athotus na allahntaka, wanda aka ce ya lura cewa kiɗan da ke rakiyar al'adun addini ya sa mahalarta su yi tafiya a hankali kuma sun kawo waɗannan ƙungiyoyi zuwa mizani gwargwado. Irin wannan ra'ayin, cewa rawa ta samo asali ne daga rawar kide-kide, har yanzu ana samun sa a cikin renaissance Turai a cikin ayyukan maigidan rawa Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro wanda ke magana game da rawa a matsayin motsi na jiki wanda ya taso kuma ya bayyana a ciki, motsi na ruhaniya yana yarda da "matakan kuma cikakkun jituwa na jituwa "wanda ya faɗo kan kunnen ɗan adam, yayin da, a baya, Mechthild na Magdeburg, yana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ce ta rayuwa mai tsarki wanda aka kwatanta a cikin faɗin Yesu" Na busa sarewa kuma ba ku yi rawa ba ", ya rubuta; Thoinot Arbeau ya yi bikin bikin karni na 16 na karnin-rawa Orchésographie, hakika, ya fara ne da ma'anoni sama da tamanin da ke da ganga. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, an wakilci rawa a cikin shekaru daban-daban kamar yadda ta fito a matsayin amsa ga kiɗa tukuna, kamar yadda Lincoln Kirstein ya nuna, aƙalla wataƙila mawuyacin kiɗan ya tashi ne daga rawa. Shawn concurs, yana mai cewa rawa "ita ce fasaha ta farko ta jinsin mutane, kuma matrix din da duk wasu fasahohin suka fito da ita" kuma har ma da " mita a cikin wakokinmu na yau sakamako ne na lafazin da motsa jiki ya wajabta, kamar yadda rawa da karatu ana yinsu lokaci guda " - wata magana da aka goyi baya ta hanyar amfani da kalmar" ƙafa "don bayyana mawaƙan mawaƙan waƙoƙi. Scholes, ba mai rawa ba amma mawaƙi, yana ba da goyan baya ga wannan ra'ayi, yana faɗi cewa tsayayyen matakan waƙa, na biyu, uku ko huɗu zuwa sandar, kalmomin daidai da daidaito, ƙididdigar yau da kullun, bambanci da maimaitawa, na iya zama duka dangana ga tasirin "ba shi da lissafi" na rawa a kan kiɗa. Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, da farko mawaƙi kuma malami, ya ba da labarin yadda binciken motsa jiki na masu kaɗa fiyani ya kai shi ga "gano cewa jin motsin kiɗa da ke tattare da yanayin yanayi yana kira ne ga jijiyoyin jiki da amsar jijiyoyin gabaɗaya", don haɓaka horo na musamman da aka tsara don daidaita halayen juyayi da haifar da haɗin gwiwa na tsokoki da jijiyoyi "kuma a ƙarshe don neman haɗi tsakanin" fasahar kiɗa da fasahar rawa ", wanda ya tsara cikin tsarin sa na eurhythmics . Ya karkare da cewa "salon waka ne kawai a sanya shi cikin sautin motsi da motsi kai tsaye ba tare da nuna son rai ba". Saboda haka, kodayake babu shakka, kamar yadda Shawn ya tabbatar, "abu ne mai yiyuwa a ci gaba da rawa ba tare da kiɗa ba kuma ... kiɗa yana da cikakkiyar damar tsayawa da ƙafafunsa ba tare da wani taimako daga rawa ba", amma "fasahar biyu za ta kasance koyaushe mai alaƙa kuma dangantakar na iya zama mai fa'ida duka ga rawa da waƙa ", fifikon fasaha ɗaya a kan ɗayan yana da ma'ana. The kowa Ballad matakan na waka da jama'a-songs daukan su sunan daga dance, kamar yadda ya aikata da wakar, mai ban mamaki a da'irar dance . Yawancin sunayen waƙoƙi da yawa an sanya musu suna " waltz " ko " minuet ", misali, yayin da aka samar da raye-raye da yawa na raye-raye waɗanda suka dogara da kayan waƙoƙin da ba a fahimta ba, kamar su 2 da 3 Partungiyoyin Partirƙira, Adams Violin Concerto da Andantino . Hakazalika, wakoki galibi an tsara su kuma ana sanya musu suna bayan raye-raye ko ayyukan kide-kide, yayin da rawa da kiɗa duk sun ja ra'ayinsu na "ma'auni" ko "mita" daga waƙa. Shawn ya faɗi tare da amincewa da bayanin Dalcroze cewa, yayin da fasahar kiɗan kiɗa ta ƙunshi rarrabewa da haɗawar tsawon lokaci, ɗan hutu da lafazi "bisa ga tsarin ilimin lissafi", na "ririn roba" (watau rawa) "shine keɓe motsi a sarari, don fassara ƙimomin lokaci mai tsawo ta hanyar saurin motsi da gajere ta hanzari, daidaita lokutan dakatarwa ta hanyar sauye-sauye iri-iri da kuma nuna karin sauti a cikin maɓuɓɓugansu da yawa ta hanyar ƙarin nauyin jiki, ta hanyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki ". Shawn duk da haka yana nuni da cewa tsarin lokacin kade-kade wani "abu ne da mutum ya kirkira, abu ne na wucin gadi .... wani kayan aiki ne da aka kera, alhali kuwa kari wani abu ne da ya kasance koyaushe kuma ya dogara da mutum ba kwata-kwata", kasancewar shi "lokaci mai gudana ne wanda tunaninmu na mutane ya kasu zuwa raka'a masu dacewa ", yana mai ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya rayar da waka ta hanyar komawa ga dabi'u da hangen nesa na rawa. Ba'amurkiyar 'yar rawa a farkon ƙarni na 20 - Helen Moller ta faɗi kawai cewa "yana da kari kuma yana da tsari fiye da daidaituwa da launi wanda, daga farkon, ya haɗa kiɗa, waƙa da rawa tare a cikin ƙungiyar da ba ta narkewa." Hanyoyi don rawa Wakar rawa Concert dance, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, kullum dogara ga ta manyan sikelin-nau'i a kan wani labari da ban mamaki tsarin. Movement sungiyoyi da motsin rai na waƙa an tsara su ne da nufin lalata halayen mutane da manufofin haruffa da ɓangarorinsu a cikin makircin. Irin waɗannan buƙatun wasan kwaikwayon suna neman tsawaitawa, ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci fiye da waɗanda aka saba da su cikin salon rawa mara rawa. A gefe guda, bellet blanket, wanda aka kirkira a cikin karni na 19, yana ba da damar tsaka-tsakin rawa mai rawa wanda ya zama cikakkiyar ballet "mara makirci" a cikin ƙarni na 20 kuma hakan yana ba da izinin saurin, rawar rawa mai saurin motsawa kamar ta petit ruwayar Sanannen sanannen shine Rawar Cygnets a cikin aiki biyu na Swan Lake . Ballet ta samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo na kotu na karni na 16 da 17 na Faransa da Italiya kuma na ɗan lokaci masu raye-raye suna yin raye-raye da aka haɓaka daga waɗanda suka saba da suite na kiɗa, duk an bayyana su ta hanyar amintattun kalmomin da ke kusa da kowane rawa. . Waɗannan sun bayyana kamar raye-rayen ɗabi'a a zamanin soyayya ta ƙasa . Ballet ta kai ga yaduwar abubuwa a cikin rayuwar soyayyar, tare da babbar ƙungiyar makaɗa da ra'ayoyin kiɗa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba sa ran kansu cikin sauƙin fahimta da kuma rawa wanda ya jaddada mime mai ban mamaki. An bukaci mahimmin ra'ayi game da kari, wanda Rudolf Laban ya ambace shi da "kari da sifa" na motsi wanda ke sadar da ɗabi'a, motsin rai da niyya, yayinda wasu al'amuran kawai ke buƙatar daidaitaccen aiki da mataki da kiɗa mai mahimmanci ga sauran salon rawa, don haka, ga Laban, Turawan zamani ba su iya fahimtar ma'anar "dadaddiyar juyayyar motsi", yanayin da ya fara canzawa a cikin karni na 20 tare da ire-iren abubuwan da Igor Stravinsky ya gabatar na Ruwan bazara tare da sabonsa harshe mai ma'ana wanda ke nuna jin dad'in rayuwar zamanin baya. Salon rawa irin na gargajiya na Indiya, kamar rawa, galibi suna cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, don haka akwai kamantawa da juna tsakanin magana da rawa "tsarkakakke". A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, an bayyana abubuwan biyu daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake yin su daban ba. Abubuwan rhythmic, waɗanda ba su da fasaha da fasaha, an san su da nritta . Duk wannan da rawa mai bayyana (nritya), kodayake, suna da alaƙa da tsarin rhythmic ( tala ). Malaman makaranta sun dace da tsarin motsa jiki wanda ake kira bol don bukatun masu rawa. Tsarin gargajiya na Jafananci na rawa-gidan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Kabuki da Noh, kamar rawa-wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya, rarrabe tsakanin ba da labari da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. Babban rukuni uku na kabuki sune jidaimono (na tarihi), sewamono (na gida) da kuma shosagoto (raye-raye). Da ɗan kamannin haka, Noh ya bambanta tsakanin Geki Noh, wanda ya danganci ci gaban makirci da labarin aiki, da Furyū Noh, raye-rayen da suka hada da wasan acrobatics, kayan wasan kwaikwayo, haruffa da yawa da kuma mataki na bayani dalla-dalla. Raye-raye na zamantakewar jama'a, waɗanda aka yi niyya don hallara maimakon na masu sauraro, na iya haɗa da nau'ikan mime da labarai, amma yawanci ana tsara su sosai da yanayin waƙar da ke motsawa, don haka kalmomin kamar waltz da polka suna nuni zuwa ga abubuwa na kiɗa kamar ga rawa kanta. Ofafafun ƙafafun 'yan rawa na iya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na kiɗan, kamar a rawa rawa . Rawar Afirka, alal misali, ta samo asali ne daga tsayayyun matakai na yau da kullun, amma kuma na iya ba da izini mai yawa na fassarar rhythmic: ƙafafu ko akwati suna alama alamar bugun jini yayin da ake ɗaukar rudani da kafaɗa, gwiwoyi, ko kai, tare da mafi kyawun masu rawa a lokaci guda suna ba da filastik magana ga duk abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin polyrhythmic . Al’adun gargajiya Afirka   Rawa a Afirka an haɗa ta sosai a cikin al'umma kuma manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma ana yawan nuna su cikin raye -raye: ana yin rawa don haihuwa da jana'iza, bukukuwan aure da yaƙe -yaƙe. Rawar gargajiya tana ba da ɗabi'a ta al'ada, gami da al'adun addini da ƙa'idodin jima'i; ba da motsin zuciyar da aka danne, kamar baƙin ciki ; motsa membobin al'umma su ba da haɗin kai, ko yaƙe -yaƙe ko niƙa hatsi; aiwatar da ayyukan ibada na ruhaniya; da ba da gudummawa ga haɗin kan zamantakewa. Ana yin dubban raye -raye a fadin nahiyar. Za a iya raba waɗannan zuwa na gargajiya, na al'ada, da na gargajiya: raye -rayen al'adun wata al'umma, raye -rayen da aka ƙirƙiri kwanan nan cikin kwaikwayon salo na gargajiya, da raye -rayen da ake watsawa da yawa a makarantu ko darussa masu zaman kansu. Sojoji da yawa, irin su mishan mishan na Turawa da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka, sun canza rawar Afirka, waɗanda galibi ke danne al'adun rawa na gida kamar na lalata ko jan hankali. Rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na zamani har yanzu tana hidimomin ayyukanta na al'ada a cikin sabbin abubuwa; rawa na iya yin bikin ƙaddamar da asibiti, gina al'umma don ƙaura daga ƙauyuka a cikin biranen da ba a sani ba, kuma a haɗa su cikin bukukuwan cocin Kirista. Asiya   Duk raye -rayen gargajiya na Indiya suna da digiri iri -iri da aka kafe a cikin Natyashastra don haka suna raba fasali na gama gari: alal misali, mudra (matsayi na hannu), wasu matsayin jiki, motsi kafa da haɗar wasan kwaikwayo ko bayyananniya ko abhinaya. Kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya yana ba da rakiyar raye -raye da masu rawa na kusan duk salo suna sa ƙararrawa a kusa da idon sawun su don nuna ƙima da haɓaka haɓakar. A yanzu akwai nau'ikan yanki na rawa na gargajiya na Indiya. Rawa kamar "Odra Magadhi", wanda bayan shekaru da yawa na muhawara, an gano shi don gabatar da Mithila na yau, nau'in rawar Odisha na Odissi (Orissi), yana nuna tasirin rawa a cikin mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin yankuna daban -daban. Yankin Punjab da ya mamaye Indiya da Pakistan shine asalin asalin Bhangra . An san shi sosai a matsayin salon kiɗa da rawa. Yawanci yana da alaƙa da bukukuwan girbi na dā, ƙauna, kishin ƙasa ko al'amuran zamantakewa. An haɗa kiɗan ta da kayan kiɗan da ake kira 'Dhol'. Bhangra ba kawai kiɗa bane amma rawa ce, bikin girbi inda mutane ke bugun dhol (drum), rera Boliyan (waƙoƙi) da rawa. Ya ci gaba da haɓaka tare da bikin Vaisakhi na Sikhs . Rawar da aka yi a Sri Lanka ta haɗa da raye-rayen shaidan ( yakun natima), al'adar da aka ƙera a hankali har zuwa cikin Sri-pre-Buddhist na baya wanda ya haɗu da tsoffin " Ayurvedic " dabarun cutar tare da yin amfani da hankali kuma ya haɗa fannoni da yawa ciki har da ilimin sararin samaniya na Sinhalese. Ana iya ganin tasirin su akan raye -rayen gargajiya na Sri Lanka . Rawa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya galibi al'adun gargajiya ne na raye -raye waɗanda aka sabunta su zuwa wani zamani. Za su hada dabke, tamzara, Assuriyawa jama'a dance, Kurdish dance, Armenian dance kuma Turkish dance, da sauransu. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan raye -raye galibi sun haɗa mahalarta shiga juna ta hanyar riƙe hannu ko hannu (dangane da salon rawa). Za su yi motsi na rhythmic tare da ƙafafunsu da kafadunsu yayin da suke zagaya filin rawa. Shugaban raye -rayen gabaɗaya zai riƙe sanda ko mayafi . Turai da Arewacin Amurka     Rawar gargajiya ta bambanta a duk faɗin Turai kuma mai yuwuwa ta dawo shekaru ɗari ko dubban shekaru, amma da yawa suna da fasali iri ɗaya kamar hallartar ƙungiyar da mai kira ke jagoranta, riƙe hannu ko haɗa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mahalarta, da tsayayyun nau'ikan kiɗan da aka sani da caroles. Wasu, kamar rawar maypole gama gari ne ga al'ummomi da yawa, yayin da wasu kamar céilidh da polka suna da tushe sosai a cikin al'adu ɗaya. An kawo wasu raye -raye na al'adun Turai kamar rawar murabba'a zuwa Sabuwar Duniya kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na al'adun Amurka. Ballet ta haɓaka da farko a Italiya sannan kuma a Faransa daga tabarau na kotun da suka haɗa kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, waƙa, waƙa, kayan ado da rawa. Mambobin kotun sun ɗauki matsayin masu yin wasan. A lokacin mulkin Louis XIV, shi kansa ɗan rawa, rawa ta ƙara daidaitawa. Kwararrun masu rawa sun fara maye gurbin 'yan kootu, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da lasisi ga masu rawa. Kwalejin koyar da rawa ta farko ita ce Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy), wanda aka buɗe a Paris a 1661. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta farko da aka kafa, mai alaƙa da Kwalejin; wannan rukunin ya fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar maza duka amma a cikin 1681 an buɗe don haɗawa da mata ma. Rawan kide -kide na karni na 20 ya kawo fashewar bidi'a a cikin salon rawa wanda ke nuna fasahar fasahohin 'yanci. Farkon majagaba na abin da aka sani da rawa ta zamani sun haɗa da Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman da Ruth St. Denis . Dangantakar kiɗa da rawa tana zama tushen Eurhythmics, wanda Emile Jaques-Dalcroze ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya yi tasiri ga haɓaka rawa ta zamani da rawa ta zamani ta masu fasaha irin su Marie Rambert . Eurythmy, wanda Rudolf Steiner da Marie Steiner-von Sivers suka haɓaka, sun haɗu da abubuwa na yau da kullun waɗanda ke tunatar da rawa ta gargajiya tare da sabon salo na 'yanci, kuma sun gabatar da sabon hadaddun ƙamus don rawa. A cikin shekarun 1920, muhimman wadanda suka kafa sabon salo kamar Martha Graham da Doris Humphrey sun fara aikinsu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an haɓaka nau'ikan salon rawa iri -iri; ga Rawan zamani . Rawar Baƙin Baƙon Ba'amurke ta bunƙasa a wurare na yau da kullun, maimakon a cikin ɗakunan rawa, makarantu ko kamfanoni. Taɓa rawa, disko, rawa jazz, raye -raye, raye -raye na hip hop, lindy hop tare da alakarta da yin kida da kida da rawa da rawa sun yi tasiri a duniya. Hanyoyin raye-raye da ke haɗa fasahar rawa ta gargajiya tare da raye-raye na Ba'amurke suma sun bayyana a ƙarni na 21, gami da Hiplet . Latin Amurka   Dance rawa ce ga rayuwar zamantakewar Latin Amurka da al'adu. Samba na Brazil, tango na Argentina, da salsa na Cuba mashahuran raye -raye ne na abokan tarayya, da sauran raye -raye na ƙasa - merengue, cueca, plena, jarabe, joropo, marinera, cumbia, bachata da sauransu - muhimman abubuwan al'adun ƙasashensu ne. Bukukuwan Carnival na gargajiya sun haɗa waɗannan da sauran raye -raye a cikin manyan bukukuwa. Rawar rawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙira ƙira na gama gari tsakanin yawancin al'adu da ƙabilun Latin Amurka . Rawar ta taimaka wajen haɗaka yawancin jama'ar Afirka, Turai, da 'yan asalin yankin. Wasu nau'ikan rawar rawa, kamar capoeira, da motsi na jiki, musamman halayyar quebradas ko canjin ƙashin ƙugu, an hana su daban -daban kuma an yi bikin su a duk tarihin Latin Amurka. Amurka Hip -hop ya samo asali ne daga New York, musamman a yankin da ake kira Bronx. An halicce shi ne ga waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya a cikin al'umma kuma da alama ba su da murya a cikin al'umma da ke kewaye da su saboda rashin wadatarsu. Ya taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin yanayi ɗaya su taru su yi magana game da batutuwa masu wahala ta amfani da motsi da ji. Ilimin rawa Ana ba da karatun rawa ta hanyar zane -zane da shirye -shiryen ɗan adam na cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. Wasu jami'o'in suna ba da Bachelor of Arts da manyan digiri na ilimi a cikin Dance. A dance nazari manhaja iya kẽwayẽwa wani bambancin kewayon darussa da batutuwa, ciki har da dance yi da kuma yi, Choreography, ethnochoreology, kinesiology, dance tsarin rubutu, da kuma dance far . Kwanan nan, an haɗa rawar rawa da motsa jiki a wasu makarantu cikin darussan lissafi don ɗaliban da ke da nakasa na ilmantarwa, naƙasasshiyar motsin rai/ɗabi'a da/ko rashin kulawa ta rashin hankali (ADHD). Sana'o'i Ƙwararrun masu rawa Kwararrun masu rawa suna yawan aiki akan kwangila ko don takamaiman wasanni ko samarwa. Rayuwar ƙwararrun dan rawa gaba ɗaya ɗaya ce ta canza yanayin aiki koyaushe, matsin lamba mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin albashi. Sakamakon haka, ƙwararrun masu rawa suna buƙatar ƙara yawan abin da suke samu don samun kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi. A cikin Amurka ƙwararrun masu rawa suna cikin ƙungiyoyi (kamar American Guild of Musical Artists, Screen Actors Guild and Actors 'Equity Association ) waɗanda ke kafa yanayin aiki da mafi ƙarancin albashi ga membobin su. Dole ƙwararrun masu rawa su mallaki yawan wasannin motsa jiki. Don jagorantar aiki mai nasara, yana da fa'ida kasancewa iri -iri a cikin salon rawa daban -daban, samun tushen fasaha mai ƙarfi da yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan horo na jiki don kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya. Malaman rawa Malaman raye galibi suna mai da hankali kan koyar da wasan rawa, ko horar da masu rawa masu gasa, ko duka biyun. Yawanci suna da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin nau'ikan rawar da suke koyarwa ko koyawa. Alal misali, dancesport malamai da kocina ne sau da yawa gasa rawa ko tsohon dancesport aikatawa. Malaman raye-raye na iya zama masu zaman kansu, ko makarantun raye-raye ko cibiyoyin ilimi gaba ɗaya da shirye-shiryen rawa. Wasu suna aiki don shirye -shiryen jami'a ko wasu makarantu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwararrun rawa na gargajiya (misali, rawa) ko kamfanonin rawa na zamani. Wasu kuma suna aiki da ƙananan makarantun raye -raye masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da horon rawa da koyar da wasan kwaikwayo ga nau'ikan rawa daban -daban. Mawaƙa Choreographers sune waɗanda ke tsara ƙungiyoyin raye -raye a cikin raye -raye, galibi ana koyar da su jami'a kuma galibi ana ɗaukar su aiki don takamaiman ayyuka ko, da wuya a iya yin aiki akan kwangila a matsayin mazaunin mawaƙa na wani takamaiman kamfanin rawa. Gasar Gasar rawa rawa ce da aka shirya inda masu fafatawa ke yin raye -raye a gaban alkali ko alkali don samun kyaututtuka, kuma a wasu lokuta, kyaututtukan kuɗi. Akwai manyan nau'ikan wasannin raye -raye da yawa, waɗanda aka bambanta musamman ta hanyar salo ko salon raye -raye da aka yi. Manyan nau'ikan wasannin rawa sun haɗa da: Rawar gasa, wacce aka yarda da nau'ikan salon rawa iri-iri, kamar su acro, ballet, jazz, hip-hop, lyrical, da tap . Buɗe gasa, wanda ke ba da izinin salon rawa iri -iri. Misalin wannan shine shirin TV Don haka kuna tunanin zaku iya rawa . Dancesport, wanda aka fi mayar da hankali ga gidan rawa da rawa Latin . Misalan wannan sune shirye -shiryen TV Suna rawa tare da Taurari da Rawanin Rawa . Single-style gasa, kamar; rawa highland, ƙungiyar rawa, da rawa ta Irish, waɗanda ke ba da izinin salon rawa ɗaya kawai. Bugu da kari, akwai wasannin gasa na rawa da yawa da aka gabatar a talabijin da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. Gallery Duba kuma Art Shafin zane -zane Shaci na rawa Fihirisar labaran rawa Jerin lambobin yabo na rawa Jikin mutum Bayanan kula Manazarta   Abra, Allison. "Tafi zuwa fadar sarauta: tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu na rawa da zauren rawa a Biritaniya, 1918 - 1960." Tarihin Biritaniya na zamani (Sep 2016) 30#3 pp. 432-433. Blogg, Martin. Dance da Bangaskiyar Kirista: Wani Sanin Ilimi, Lutterworth Press (2011),  Carter, A. (1998) The Routledge Dance Studies Reader . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16447-8 . Cohen, S, J. (1992) Rawa A Matsayin Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo: Karanta Tushen a Tarihin Rawa daga 1581 zuwa Yanzu . Kamfanin Princeton Book Co.  . Daly, A. (2002) Manyan Gestures: Rubutu akan Rawa da Al'adu . Jami'ar Wesleyan Press . ISBN 0-8195-6566-0 . Miller, James, L. (1986) Matakan Hikima: Rawar Cosmic a Tsarin gargajiya da Kiristanci, Jami'ar Toronto Latsa . ISBN 0-8020-2553-6 . Hanyoyin waje Hotunan tarihi na rawa daga 3300 BC zuwa 1911 AD daga Project Gutenberg Gidan Tarihi na Raye -raye na Amurka da Zauren Fame Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin%20Dutse

Garin Dutse

Garin Dutse na Zanzibar (Larabci: مدينة زنجبار الحجرية), kuma aka sani da Mji Mkongwe (Swahili don "tsohon garin"), tsohon yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, babban birnin Zanzibar, a Tanzaniya. Sabon yanki na birnin ana kiransa da Ng'ambo, Swahili don 'daya bangaren'. Garin Dutse yana yammacin bakin tekun Unguja, babban tsibiri na tsibiri na Zanzibar. Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Zanzibar, kuma cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji da kuma cinikin bayi a karni na 19, ta ci gaba da rike mahimmancinta a matsayin babban birnin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka hade juna don kafa Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya, Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, tare da Garin Dutse a matsayin kujerar karamar hukuma. Garin Dutse birni ne mai fitattun tarihi da fasaha a Gabashin Afirka. Gine-ginensa, wanda akasari tun daga karni na 19, yana nuna tasiri iri-iri da ke tattare da al'adun Swahili, yana ba da cakuda musamman na abubuwan Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa da Turai. A saboda wannan dalili, an sanya garin a matsayin cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya a cikin 2000. Saboda gadonsa, Dutsen Town kuma babban abin jan hankali ne a Tanzaniya, kuma babban ɓangaren tattalin arzikinta ya dogara da ayyukan da suka shafi yawon buɗe ido. Bayanin Zuciyar Garin Dutse galibi ta ƙunshi ɗimbin ƴan ƴaƴan lunguna da gidaje, shaguna, kasuwanni da masallatai. Tunda yawancin tituna sun fi kunkuntar motoci, garin ya cika makil da kekuna da babura. Gaban tekun yana da fiɗaɗaɗɗen tituna kuma mafi girma, mafi yawan gine-gine da aka sanya akai-akai. Gine-ginen Garin Dutse yana da fasali daban-daban, sakamakon haduwar al'adun Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, Turai da Afirka. Sunan "Garin Dutse" ya fito ne daga ko'ina da amfani da dutsen murjani a matsayin babban kayan gini; wannan dutse yana ba wa garin siffa, launin dumi ja. Gine-gine na gargajiya suna da baraza, dogon benci na dutse tare da bangon waje; Ana amfani da wannan azaman tafarki mai tsayi idan ruwan sama mai yawa ya sa tituna ba su da amfani, ko kuma a matsayin benci don zama, hutawa, zamantakewa. Wani mahimmin fasalin mafi yawan gine-gine shi ne manyan veranda da aka keɓe ta hanyar zane-zane na katako. Filayen da aka fi sani da gidajen Zanzibari su ne ƙofofin katako da aka ƙawata, tare da sassaƙaƙƙun sassaka da kayan kwalliya, wani lokaci tare da manyan sandunan tagulla na al'adar Indiyawa. Ana iya bambanta manyan kofofi iri biyu: na salon Indiya sun yi zagaye sama da sama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin salon Larabawan Omani suna da rectangular. Sau da yawa sassaƙaƙe na Musulunci ne a cikin abubuwan ciki (misali, da yawa sun ƙunshi ayoyin Kur'ani), amma ana amfani da wasu alamomi lokaci-lokaci, misali, furannin magarya na Indiya a matsayin alamar wadata. Garin Dutse yana da manyan gine-gine na tarihi, da dama daga cikinsu ana samun su a bakin teku; waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoffin fadojin sarakuna, garu, majami'u, masallatai, da sauran gine-ginen hukumomi. Yayin da aka haɗa garin Dutse a cikin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2000, wannan nadi ba ya ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga kayan tarihi na garin. Duk da kafa Hukumar Kula da Lafiya, kusan kashi 80% na gine-gine 1,709 na Garin Dutse suna cikin tabarbarewar yanayi. Da yake dutsen murjani yana da sanyi sosai, ana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don yawancin waɗannan gine-gine. Wasu manyan ayyukan gyarawa (musamman a bakin teku) an yi su a cikin 'yan lokutan nan ta Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC). Tarihi Medieval Zanzibar Rubutun Greco-Roman tsakanin ƙarni na 1 da na 3, Periplus na Tekun Erythraean, ya ambaci tsibirin Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς), wanda tabbas Unguja ne. Zanzibar, kamar bakin tekun da ke kusa, masu magana da Bantu sun zauna a farkon karni na farko. Abubuwan da aka gano na kayan tarihi a Fukuchani, da ke arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Zanzibar, ya nuna mazauna yankin noma da kamun kifi tun daga karni na 6 AZ a ƙarshe. Yawan adadin dabobin da aka samu yana nuna gine-ginen katako, kuma an sami ƙwanƙolin harsashi, masu niƙa, da kuma baƙin ƙarfe a wurin. Akwai shaida don iyakance haɗin gwiwa a cikin kasuwanci mai nisa: an sami ɗan ƙaramin tukwane da aka shigo da shi, ƙasa da 1% na jimillar tukwane da aka samo, galibi daga Gulf kuma kwanan wata zuwa karni na 5 zuwa 8. Kamanceceniya da rukunan zamani kamar Mkokotoni da Dar es Salaam na nuni da gamayyar gungun al'ummomin da suka bunkasa zuwa cibiyar farko ta al'adun tekun teku. Garuruwan da ke gabar teku, ciki har da na Zanzibar, da alama sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tekun Indiya a farkon wannan lokaci. Kasuwanci ya ƙaru cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci da yawa tun daga tsakiyar karni na 8 kuma a ƙarshen karni na 10 Zanzibar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar kasuwancin Swahili. Shangani, asalin garin kamun kifi wanda ya haɓaka zuwa Garinn Dutse, ƙaramin yanki ne, wanda ba shi da mahimmancin rukunin Swahili wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 11. Manyan garuruwa a Unguja Ukuu, Kizimkazi, da Tumbatu sune ikon tsibirin daga karni na 8 zuwa na 16. Turawan Portugal sun gina coci a Shangani a farkon karni na 16, kuma Sarauniyar Unguja ta arewa ta gina wani gida a can a tsakiyar karni na 17. Lokacin da Zanzibaris da Pembans suka kori Portuguese a karni na 17, masu kishin gida sun gayyaci Sultan na Oman ya yi amfani da ikon siyasa don musanya kariya daga ramuwar gayya ta Portuguese. An gina wani ɓangare na cocin Portuguese a cikin sansanin Omani, wanda ke da sojoji kusan hamsin. Sarkin ya kuma nada wani hakimin karamar hukuma, amma har yanzu ikon siyasa na hannun Mwinyi Mkuu, a wannan lokacin Sarauniya Fatima. Abubuwan da aka tona a tsibirin Pemba na kusa, amma musamman a Shanga a cikin tsibiran Lamu, sun ba da kyakkyawan hoto na ci gaban gine-gine. An gina gidaje da katako (c. 1050) kuma daga baya a cikin laka tare da bangon murjani (c. 1150). An ci gaba da sake gina gidajen tare da ƙarin kayan dindindin. Ya zuwa karni na 13, an gina gidaje da dutse, kuma an hade su da laka, kuma karni na 14 ya ga yadda ake amfani da lemun tsami wajen hada dutse. Masu arziki ne kawai za su gina gidaje na dutse da lemun tsami, ƙarfin kayan da ke ba da damar yin rufin rufi, yayin da yawancin jama'a ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu hawa guda ɗaya mai kama da na karni na 11 da 12. A cewar Tom Middleton da Mark Horton, tsarin gine-gine na waɗannan gidaje na dutse ba su da wani abu na Larabawa ko Farisa, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ci gaban gine-gine na gida. Yayin da aka sake gina yawancin gine-ginen Garin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin Omani, wuraren da ke kusa da su sun bayyana ci gaban Swahili, da Zanzibari, gine kafin karni na 15. Mulkin Omani Garin Dutse yana tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta kuma Turawa na farko da suka taka ƙafa a tsibirin Zanzibar su ne Portuguese. Turawan Portugal sun mallaki tsibirin sama da ƙarni 2 kuma suka fara gina ginin Dutsen Dutse na farko, Tsohon Kagara. Sai dai kuma a karshen karni na 17 ne masarautar Oman ta mamaye tsibirin tare da kammala katanga don hana kai hare-hare a nan gaba. Wataƙila an fara gina gidajen dutse na farko a cikin Dutsen Town a cikin 1830s, a hankali ya maye gurbin wani ƙauyen kamun kifi da ke kusa da Tsohon Kagara. A lokacin ne masarautar Oman ke iko da tsibiran Zanzibar, Mombasa da gabar tekun Swahili. A cikin 1840, Sultan Said bin Sultan ya motsa kujerarsa daga Muscat, Oman, zuwa Garin Dutse, wanda hakan ya shiga zamanin ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin sabon babban birnin Oman da Zanzibar. Da Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya, dukiyar Sarkin Musulmi ta fadi. Tattalin arzikin Muscat ya tabarbare kuma yawancin Omani sun yi hijira zuwa Zanzibar. Haɓaka yawan al'ummar Larabawa a tsibirin ya sauƙaƙe ƙarin haɓaka kuma ƙarin gine-gine sun fara bunƙasa a cikin garin. Bugu da ƙari, an gina manyan gine-ginen sarauta kamar Gidan Al'ajabi da Fadar Sarkin Musulmi. A shekara ta 1861, sakamakon yakin da aka yi tsakanin gidan sarautar Omani, Zanzibar da Oman sun rabu, inda Zanzibar ta zama sarki mai cin gashin kanta karkashin Sultan Majid bin Said. A cikin ƙarni na 19 Dutse Town ya bunƙasa azaman cibiyar kasuwanci. Ya shahara musamman ga cinikin kayan yaji (mafi yawan cloves) da bayi. Kusan tsakiyar karni, sultan yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Birtaniya; David Livingstone, alal misali, an san ya zauna a Dutsen Town a 1866 yayin da yake shirya balaguron ƙarshe zuwa cikin Gabashin Afirka. A daidai wannan lokacin, al'ummomin baƙi da yawa daga Oman, Farisa da Indiya sun kafa a sakamakon tsananin kasuwancin garin. Sarkin Zanzibar ya karfafa bakin haure 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje wadanda suka yi arziki sosai kuma suka zauna a cikin birnin wadanda suka kawo bambancin gine-ginen birnin. Ikon Mulkin Mallaka A cikin shekarun da suka wuce na karni, Sarakunan Zanzibar sannu a hankali sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu a yankin Gabashin Afirka zuwa Daular Jamus da Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, tare da yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar kanta ta zama kariyar Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1896, ba zato ba tsammani daga Zanzibari Omanis suka yi wa mulkin Birtaniya ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin yaki mafi guntu a tarihi: Sarkin Musulmi ya mika wuya bayan minti 45 na harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi a garin Dutse da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi. A lokacin kariyar Birtaniyya, Sarkin Musulmi ya ci gaba da rike wasu madafun iko kuma Dutsen Dutse ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci don cinikin yau da kullun. Duk da cewa a baya garin yana da karamin titin jirgin kasa Turawan Ingila sun yi titin jirgin kasa daga Garin zuwa kauyen Bububu. Burtaniya ba ta ba da tallafin manyan abubuwan ci gaba a garin ba kuma sun ba wa sarkin damar gudanar da al'amuran tsibiran daga garin dutse. Birtaniyya ta ba Mombasa da Dar es Salaam gata a matsayin tashoshin kasuwancinsu a Gabashin Afirka. Juyin juya halin Zanzibar A shekara ta 1964, garin Dutse shi ne gidan wasan kwaikwayo na juyin juya halin Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da kawar da sarkin da kuma haifar da gwamnatin gurguzu karkashin jagorancin Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe tare da ‘yan gudun hijira musamman Larabawa da Indiyawa suka tsere daga tsibirin sakamakon juyin juya hali. Larabawa da Indiyawa sun bar duk abin da suke da shi kuma ASP ya yi sauri ya mamaye tsofaffin gidaje tare da mayar da su gine-ginen jama'a. A cikin 1964, lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka haɗu suka kafa Tanzaniya, Stone Town ya ci gaba da zama babban birni da kujerar gwamnati ga Zanzibar, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na sabuwar ƙasa. Labarin ƙasa Garin Dutse yana kusa da tsakiyar gabar tekun Unguja ta yamma, akan wani ɗan ƙaramin tudu da ke shiga tashar Zanzibar. Babban matsuguni mafi kusa a gabar Tekun Tanzaniya, kusa da Dutsen Dutse, shine Bagamoyo (zuwa kudu maso yamma). Garin Dutse wani yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, wanda kuma ya hada da 'Sabon Garin' na Ng'ambo ("Sauran Gefen"), wanda galibi ya mamaye cikin Unguja zuwa kudu maso gabas. Layin raba tsakanin Garin Dutse da Ng'ambo shine titin Creek. Alkaluma Alamomin ƙasa Gine-gine da wuraren tarihi Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi (ko "Palace of Wonders", wanda kuma aka sani da "Beit-al-Ajaib"), wanda ke kan titin Mizingani kusa da gabar tekun Dutsen Town, kuma tabbas shine mafi sanannun wuraren tarihi na Dutsen Town. An gina ta a shekara ta 1883 kuma an mayar da ita bayan yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896. A da gidan Sarkin Musulmi, ta zama wurin zama na jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi bayan juyin juya hali. Wannan dai shi ne gini na farko a Zanzibar da ya samu wutar lantarki, haka kuma shi ne gini na farko a gabashin Afirka da ya samu na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Tun 2000, an sadaukar da cikinsa ga gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili da Zanzibar. A watan Disambar 2020, yayin gyaran ginin, wani babban yanki na ginin ya ruguje a wani babban hatsari. Tsohon Kagara ("Ngome Kongwe" a cikin Swahili), kusa da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi, wani babban kagara ne na dutse wanda Omani ya gina a karni na 17. Wanda kuma aka fi sani da sansanin Omani da sarakunan farko suka gina shi don kare birnin daga mamayewar Turawa. Yana da siffar murabba'i mai nisa kuma tsakar gida yanzu cibiyar al'adu ce mai shaguna, wuraren bita, da ƙaramin fage inda ake gudanar da raye-rayen da nunin kiɗan kullun. Hakanan ana amfani da wurin katanga don bikin fina-finai na Zanzibar na kasa da kasa. Wani hamshakin attajiri dan kasar Indiya ne ya gina Tsohuwar Dispensary (ko "Ithnashiri Dispensary") daga 1887 zuwa 1894, don yin hidima a matsayin asibitin sadaka ga matalauta amma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman rarrabawa. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun gine-gine na Garin Dutse, tare da manyan baranda na katako da aka sassaka, tagogin gilashi, da kayan ado na stucco na zamani. Bayan fadowa cikin rugujewa a shekarun 1970 da 1980, AKTC ta gyara ginin daidai gwargwado. Fadar Gidan tarihi (wanda kuma aka sani da "Sultan's Palace", "Beit el-Sahel" a cikin Larabawa) wani tsohon fadar sarki ne, a bakin teku, zuwa arewacin gidan abubuwan al'ajabi. An gina shi ne a karshen karni na 19, kuma a yanzu yana dauke da wani gidan tarihi game da rayuwar yau da kullum na gidan sarautar Zanzibari, ciki har da kayayyakin Sayyida Salme, wata tsohuwar gimbiya Zanzibar da ta yi gudun hijira tare da mijinta zuwa Turai. Edward Steere, bishop na uku na Zanzibar ya gina Anglican Cathedral na Cocin Christ, akan titin Mkunazini a ƙarshen karni na 19. An gina babban cocin ne a wani babban yanki a tsakiyar garin Dutse wanda a baya ya karbi bakuncin babbar kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar; An zaɓi wurin da gangan don bikin ƙarshen bauta, kuma bagaden yana a daidai wurin da babban wurin bulala na kasuwa ya kasance. Wani abin tunawa ga bayi, da kuma gidan tarihi na tarihin bauta, banda cocin. An gina cocin Roman Katolika na St. Joseph da ’yan mishan na Faransa suka gina a tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1897. An gina majami’ar ne bisa na Cathedral na Marseille, fuskarta, mai manyan tudu biyu, tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wuraren tarihi. Garin Dutse kuma ana iya gani daga nesa lokacin tafiya cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Cocin yana aiki har yanzu a yau kuma yana gudanar da taro na yau da kullun a ranar Lahadi. Lambunan Forodhani wani karamin wurin shakatawa ne a cikin babban tekun tafiya na Garin Dutse, daidai gaban Tsohon Kagara da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi. Kungiyar Aga Khan Trust for Culture ta mayar da gonar kwanan nan kan dala miliyan 3. Kowace yamma bayan faduwar rana, lambuna suna karbar bakuncin shahararriyar kasuwa mai son yawon bude ido da ke sayar da gasasshen abincin teku da sauran girke-girke na Zanzibari wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da mazauna gida. Sufuri Titunan Garin Dutse suna da kunkuntar sosai kuma kusan isa ko'ina a cikin garin dole ne a yi da ƙafa. Ƙananan tituna suna ba da inuwa kuma kusan komai yana samuwa daga cikin garin. Sai dai kuma, a kan tituna masu fadi a tarihi, ana amfani da kekuna na baya-bayan nan don safarar mutane da kayayyaki. Ana iya samun garin daga Zanzibar da sauran yankin ta hanyoyin shiga uku. Babban nau'in jigilar jama'a a Zanzibar shine tasi mai raba daladala; kuma babban tashar yana kusa da Kasuwar Darajani. Daladalas ya haɗa Garin Dutse zuwa wurare da dama na tsibiri, kamar Bububu (ƙauyen da ke arewa da Dutsen Dutse), filin jirgin sama, filin wasa na Amaan, Jangombe, da Magomeni. Don dogon tafiye-tafiye, akwai "mabasi" (Swahili don "bas", "basi") guda ɗaya, waɗanda manyan motoci ne da aka daidaita don jigilar fasinja. Babban tashar "mabasi" kuma yana kusa da Kasuwar da kuma hanyar sadarwar "mabasi" a fadin tsibirin kuma ita ce hanya mafi arha ta hanyar tafiya mai nisa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Zanzibar yana tsakiyar Garin Dutse kuma jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun daga Dar es Salaam da Pemba suna haɗa garin zuwa babban yankin. Garin kuma yana kusa da babban filin jirgin saman tsibirin. Filin jirgin saman Zanzibar mai nisan kilomita 9 (mil 5.6) kudu da Dutsen Town yana da jirage zuwa babban yankin Tanzaniya (musamman Arusha da Dar es Salaam) da kuma sauran manyan filayen jiragen saman Afirka kamar Nairobi, Mombasa, da Johannesburg. Yinayi Garin Dutse tare da dukan tsibiran Zanzibar suna fuskantar irin wannan yanayi a duk shekara. Tsibirin na da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara a duk shekara tare da mafi zafi watanni shine Fabrairu da Maris sannan watanni masu sanyi su ne Yuli da Agusta. A mafi yawancin watanni na shekara ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa tare da dogon lokacin damina mai tsayi daga Maris-Mayu da gajeriyar lokacin damina daga Nuwamba-Disamba. Ƙananan lokacin rani yana faruwa tsakanin Disamba-Fabrairu da Mayu-Agusta kuma saboda haka shine lokacin yawon buɗe ido saboda yawon shakatawa na bakin teku a tsibirin. Sanannen mazauna Freddie Mercury (Farrokh Bulsara), jagoran mawaƙin Burtaniya Sarauniya, an haife shi a Garin Dutse. Ali Muhsin al-Barwani, ministan harkokin wajen Zanzibar mai cin gashin kansa na farko Bi Kidude, mawaki David Livingstone, mai binciken Scotland, mishan kuma ɗan mulkin mallaka Tippu Tip, mai cinikin bayi Hotuna Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%20Lewis

Brenda Lewis

Brenda Lewis (Maris 2, 1921 - Satumba 16, 2017) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar wasan operatic soprano, kuma ita ce daraktar Opera kuma mai koyar da waka. Tarihi Ta karanci pre-medicine a takaice at (Pennsylvania State University)inda kuma ta kasance memba a kulob din glee. Daga nan ta sami gurbin karatu a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Curtis inda ta kasance ɗalibin Emilio de Gogorza da Marion Freschl. Yayin da take daliba a Curtis, Lewis ta fara wasan opera nata na farko a watan Disamba 1939 tana da shekaru 18 a matsayin 'Prima giovinetta' a Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro tare da Sylvan Levin's Philadelphia Opera Company (POC). Ta bayyana a wasu karin ayyuka da POC a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa,ciki har da Esmeralda a cikin (The Bartered Bride) (1940), Minni a cikin Die Fledermaus (1940), Giulietta a cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Hoffmann (1941), Marschallin a cikin Der Rosenkavalier (1941), Yarinya a Spiel oder Ernst (1941), da Dorabella a cikin Così fan tutte (1942). Aiki May 1944 Lewis ta fara halarta ta Manhattan, New York City a Broadway tare da Kamfanin New Opera kamar yadda Hanna Glawari a cikin Bazawar Merry ta Lehar gaban Jan Kiepura.Tare da wannan kamfani an kuma gan ta a Broadway a 1944 a matsayin jarumar take a Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's Il segreto di Susanna.A cikin 1948 ta koma Broadway don nuna rawar da ƙungiyar Chorus ta mata ta taka a farkon shirin Britten's The Rape of Lucretia na Amurka. A shekara mai zuwa ta ƙirƙiri matsayin Birdie Hubbard a cikin farkon duniya na Marc Blitzstein's Regina. Daga baya ta bayyana matsayin take a waccan opera a New York City Opera (NYCO) a cikin 1953 da 1958. Ta sake komawa Broadway sau biyu a lokacin aikinta, duka a cikin kiɗa: kamar yadda Lotta Leslie a cikin Yarinya a Pink Tights (1954) tare da Tauraruwar ballet ta Faransa Zizi Jeanmaire da soprano Marni Nixonkuma a matsayin Mme. Cole a cikin Cafe Crown (1964). A ƙarshen 1944/farkon 1945 Lewis ya yi rawar Saffi a cikin Gypsy Baron a cikin balaguron balaguron Amurka na NYCO wanda shine ɗan kwakwalwa na impresario Sol Hurok.] Daga nan ta yi ta farko ta Cibiyar Lincoln tare da NYCO a matsayin Santuzza a cikin Cavalleria rusticana. Ta ci gaba da rera wasu karin ayyuka tare da NYCO a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, ciki har da Cio-Cio-San a Madama Butterfly, Donna Elvira a cikin Don Giovanni, Idiomantes a cikin Idomeneo, Marenka a cikin Bride Bartered, Marguerite a Faust, da take. rawar a Carmen da Salome da sauransu. A cikin 1959 ta nuna Zinida a cikin ainihin aikin Robert Ward's He Who Gets Slapped. Matsayinta na ƙarshe tare da NYCO shine a cikin wani farkon duniya: rawar take a cikin Lizzie Borden na Jack Beeson a 1965. WGBH ta yi fim ɗin wannan aikin a Boston kuma an watsa shi a cikin ƙasa akan PBS a cikin 1967. Ayyukanta na ƙarshe a Met shine Marie a Wozzeck a cikin Fabrairu 1965. Lewis ta ba da wasanta na farko na duniya a Opéra de Montréal a 1945. Ta yi bayyanuwa da yawa a Teatro Municipal a Rio de Janeiro a cikin 1940s da 1950s, gami da matsayin Venus, Musetta, Santuzza, Marguerite, Marina, da Donna Elvira. A Vienna Volksoper ta nuna matsayin taken a cikin farar hula na Austrian na Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate (1956) da Irving Berlin's Annie Get Your Gun (1957). Ta rera waƙa da yawa tare da San Francisco Opera daga 1950 zuwa 1952, gami da Cherubino a cikin Aure na Figaro, Donna Elvira, Giorgetta a Il tabarro, The Marschallin, Musetta, da Salome. A cikin 1956 ta nuna Salome don wasan opera na farko da Houston Grand Opera ta gabatar. A cikin 1960 ta ƙirƙiri rawar Sara a farkon wasan opera na Kirsimeti na Philip Bezanson na Golden Child wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Opera ya ba da izini ga talabijin.. A cikin 1965 ta yi Marie a Wozzeck a Lyric Opera na Chicago tare da Geraint Evans a cikin taken taken. Ɗaya daga cikin wasan opera na ƙarshe da ta yi shine kamar Rosalinde a Kamfanin Grand Opera na Philadelphia a ƙarƙashin sandar Carlo Moresco a cikin Disamba 1967. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga wasan opera a ƙarshen 1960s, Lewis ta ba da lokacinta don shiryawa da kuma jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New Haven Opera daga 1963 zuwa 1973. Daga nan ta shiga sashin koyar da murya a Hartt School of Music a 1973 inda ta koyar da murya da murya shirya wasan opera dalibi na shekaru masu yawa. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Leo da Michael Asen, tare da madugu kuma violist Simon Asen (1911-1984), wanda ta aura daga 1944 har zuwa saki a 1959. Jim kadan bayan rabuwarta da Asen, ta auri injiniya Benjamin Cooper wanda ya kafa kungiyar fasaha ta Amurka. Ta haifi 'yarsu mai suna Edith Cooper a shekara ta 1960. Sun kasance da aure har zuwa mutuwar Cooper a 1991. Mutuwa ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2017 a gidanta da ke Connecticut tana da shekara 96. Mutuwa ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2017 a gidanta da ke Connecticut tana da shekara 96. Manazarta

16004

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remi%20Fani-Kayode

Remi Fani-Kayode

Cif Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode, QC, SAN, CON (1921–1995) ya kasance babban ɗan siyasar Nijeriya, mai kishin ƙasa, ɗan kishin ƙasa, ɗan ƙasa kuma lauya. An zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin firaminista na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya a shekarar 1963 kuma ya taka rawa a tarihin shari'ar Najeriya da siyasa daga karshen shekarar 1940 har zuwa shekara ta 1995. Asalin iyali da rawar da suka taka a tarihin kasa Fani-Kayode ya fito ne daga fitattun kuma yayan Ibo yan asalin kabilar Ife daga kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Kakansa, Rev. Emmanuel Adedapo Kayode, Firist ne na Anglican wanda ya sami digiri na biyu na Kwalejin Fasaha a Kwalejin Fourah Bay, wanda a wancan lokacin wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Durham . Wannan ya faru a cikin shekarar 1885. Mahaifinsa, Victor Adedapo Kayode, ya karanci aikin lauya kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Selwyn, Cambridge a shekarar 1921, an kira shi zuwa Masallacin Tsakiya a shekarar 1922, sannan ya ci gaba da zama fitaccen lauya sannan kuma ya yi hukunci a Najeriya .Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Mrs. Aurora Kayode, née Fanimokun, wacce ta kasance ofa ga mai martaba Rev. Joseph Fanimokun, shi ma firist ne na darikar Anglican . Ya kuma sami digirinsa na biyu na kwalejin Fourah Bay College sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban makarantar sanannen CMS Grammar School a Legas, yana aiki daga shekarar 1896 zuwa shekara 1914. Wannan makarantar mishan ce wacce Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya kafa . A watan Yulin na shekarar 1958, ya yi nasarar gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a Majalisar Tarayya da ke Legas. Ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a sami 'yanci a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1960 (mintuna na Hansard, shekarar 1958; Richard Sklar's "Jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya: Powerarfi a cikin Nationasashen Afirka na gaggawa", World Press, p. 269; shafi na. 269; Fushin Farfesa Onabamiro na "Haskakawa a Tarihin Nijeriya", p. 140). A cikin shekarar 1959, an sake yin wani motsi wanda aka tura a Majalisar Dokokin Nijeriya suna neman a ɗan yi wa Fani-Kayode garambawul na watan Yulin, 1958. Wannan sabon kudirin, wanda Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya gabatar, ya nemi a sanya ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1960 don samun ‘yanci, wanda tuni Majalisar ta karba kuma ta amince da shi kuma wanda hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Ingila suka amince da shi, ya kamata a sauya shi daga 2 ga watan Afrilu na waccan shekarar zuwa 1 ga watan Oktoba a maimakon haka. Wannan kudirin gyaran ne daga baya majalisar ta zartar kuma ta amince da shi kuma Turawan Ingila suka amince da shi, kuma ta haka ne aka kawo ranar samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1960, Ilimi da rayuwar sana'a Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya kammala a King's College, Lagos, ya tafi Downing College a Jami'ar Cambridge, a 1941. Sannan ya yi jarrabawar lauyan Burtaniya kuma ya zo na farko a cikin shekarar sa ga duka Commonungiyar Commonasashe ta Burtaniya . An kira shi zuwa Barikin Birtaniyya a Masallacin Tsakiya a cikin 1945, sannan aka ci gaba da nada shi Sarauniyar Lauya a shekarar 1960 (shi ne ɗan Najeriya na uku kuma mafi ƙarancin shekaru da aka taɓa yi wa QC). Daga baya, ya zama Babban mai ba da shawara na Nijeriya a cikin 1977 (shi ne ɗan Najeriya na uku da aka yi wa SAN). Ya kafa kamfanin lauya na farko dan asalin Najeriya a cikin 1948 tare da Cif Frederick Rotimi Williams da Cif Bode Thomas, lauyoyi biyu da aka horar a Cambridge da Jami'ar London, bi da bi. Ana kiran kamfanin lauyoyin da suka kafa "Thomas, Williams da Kayode". A shekarar 1970, ya kafa wani kamfanin lauyoyi da ake kira "Fani-Kayode da Sowemimo" tare da tsohon abokinsa, Cif Sobo Sowemimo SAN, Harkar siyasa Cif Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar Samun Independancin Nijeriya. A cikin shekarar 1952 shi, tare da Rotimi Williams, Bode Thomas da wasu mutane, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun tsare su saboda rawar da suka taka da kuma rawar da ya taka a gwagwarmaya da Turawan Ingila. An zabe shi shugaban kungiyar matasa ta Action Group a shekarar 1954. Ya kafa reshen matasa ga jam'iyyar wadanda ke sanye da "bakar riga" kuma ya yi amfani da "sauro" a matsayin alamarsu don nuna kyamar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Sa'an nan, a shekarar 1954, da Oloye Fani-Kayode an zabe cikin Tarayya majalisar dokokin a kan dandamali na Cif Obafemi Awolowo 's Action Group, kuma ya ci gaba da yaki domin Najeriya ta Independence daga can. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na Tarayya na Kungiyar Rukuni kuma a cikin wannan girmamawa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, tare da Sakataren Tarayya, Cif Ayo Rosiji, a cikin kungiya da tafiyar da kungiyar Action Group . Shi, tare da Cif Awolowo, SO Ighodaro, EO Eyo, Adeyemi Lawson da SG Ikoku, sun wakilci Action Group a taron Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na London na shekarar 1957. A cikin shekara ta 1957, ya jagoranci tawagar Lauyoyin Action Group wadanda suka wakilci kuma suka yi gwagwarmaya don mutanen tsirarun Arewa a Hukumar 'yan tsiraru ta Willinks a kokarinsu na kirkirar yankin bel na tsakiya wanda da an sassaka shi daga tsohuwar Yankin Arewa na Najeriya . A watan Yulin 1958, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Najeriya a Majalisar Tarayya (mintuna na Hansard, 1958; shafi na 5). 269; Farfesa Onabamiro "Ra'ayoyin Tarihin Najeriya", p. 140). A shekarar 1959, Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya yi murabus daga kungiyar Action Group ya kuma shiga Majalisar kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru, jam’iyyar adawa. A shekarar 1960, aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban NCNC a Majalisar Yammaci. A shekarar 1963, an zabe shi Mataimakin Firayim Minista na tsohon Yankin Yammacin Najeriya a karkashin Cif Samuel Akintola a karkashin inuwar Jam’iyyar National Democratic Party ta Najeriya .An kuma nada shi Ministan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi na Yankin Yamma a wannan shekarar. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1966, Manjo Kaduna Nzeogwu, wani hafsan Sojan Najeriya na cire Ibo, ya yi yunƙurin aiwatar da juyin mulkin soja na farko a tarihin Nijeriya. Yunkurin, duk da cewa daga karshe bai yi nasara ba, ya haifar da zubar da jini da yawa kuma an kashe manya-manyan membobin jam'iyyar da ke mulki, sojoji da gwamnatin wannan lokacin ta hanyar kisan gilla. Da sanyin safiyar yau ne masu juyin mulkin, karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Emmanuel Nwobosi, suka kai hari tare da mamaye gidan Chief Remi Fani-Kayode, Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Yankin Yamma. Fani-Kayode ya gallaza wa Fani-Kayode a gaban danginsa gaba daya kuma a gaban dansa, Femi Fani-Kayode, wanda zai zama Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya shekaru 40 bayan haka . Daga nan sai suka tura shi zuwa wani wurin da ba a sani ba. Bayan barin gidan Fani-Kayode masu sauya sheka, tare da Fani-Kayode a hannunsu, sun tafi gidan Ibadan na Cif SL Akintola, wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yankin. Sun shiga gidansa kuma suka kashe shi a gaban danginsa duka. Sun kuma raunata jikan nasa da surukarsa. Cif Fani-Kayode ya ga yadda 'yan sara suka suka kashe abokinsa SL Akintola, kuma daga can aka dauke shi zuwa canton soja da ke Legas inda shi ma aka shirya za su kashe shi. Koyaya, sa'a gareshi, lokacin da ya isa canton sojoji na Ikeja a Lagas, sojojin masu biyayya karkashin ikon Laftanar Kanal sun sami ƙarfi, suka mamaye su. Yakubu Gowon (wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kasar). Fani-Kayode ya sami 'yanci daga masu biyayya kuma sun ajiye shi a cikin gida mai aminci har sai an dawo da doka da oda a kasar. Dakarun da ke da aminci sun dakatar da yunƙurin juyin mulkin kuma an kashe duk shugabanninsa ko an kama su kuma an tsare su. Daga cikin manyan jami'an gwamnati da manyan hafsoshin soja da aka kai wa hari a gidajensu kuma wadanda masu tayar da kayar baya da masu yunkurin juyin mulki suka kama a wannan daren, ciki har da Sir Ahmadu Bello (Firayim Ministan yankin Arewa), Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (Firayim Ministan Ministan), Cif Okotie-Eboh (Ministan Kudi), Janar Maimalari (Babban hafsan sojan kasa), Birgediya Ademulegun (Kwamandan Garrison na Arewa) da sauransu da yawa, Cif Remi Fani-Kayode, tare da Sir Kashim Ibrahim ( Gwamnan yankin Arewa) su kadai ne ba a kashe ba. Sakamakon haka, Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya karbi mulki daga ragowar gwamnatin Tafawa Balewa a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, washegari bayan nasarar da aka samu na dakile tawayen Manjo Nzeogwu da kuma yunkurin juyin mulki. Sannan ya hau kujerar Shugaban kasa na Tarayyar Najeriya kuma Babban Kwamandan askarawan Najeriya. Koyaya, bayan 'yan watanni shi da kansa aka hambarar da shi a wani juyin mulkin arewa mai nasara wanda aka aiwatar a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1966, wanda kuma Laftanar Kanal ya jagoranta. Murtala Mohammed da Laftana Kanar Yakubu Gowon (kamar yadda suke a da). A lokacin juyin mulkin, an kame Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi a cikin garin Ibadan, tare da mai masaukinsa Janar Adekunle Fajuyi, da wasu sojojin arewa karkashin jagorancin Manjo Theophilus Danjuma (kamar yadda yake a da). Daga nan aka sa duka mutanen biyu aka tafi da su zuwa wani gefen gefen daji inda aka cire su duka biyu aka harbe su. Irin wannan mummunan halin ne na juyin mulkin “ramuwar gayya” na arewa da aka yi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966, wanda aka kashe ƙasa da hafsoshin sojojin Ibo 300 da ba-kwamishina. Wannan ya faru ne saboda cewa, a cikin wasu korafe-korafen, jami'an na arewa suna da ra'ayin cewa Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi ya yi sassauci da Manjo Nzeogwu da sauran abokan aikin sa bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin Ibo na 15 da yawancin arewa ( Hausa - Fulani ) da shugabannin siyasa na yamma (Yarabawa) da manyan hafsoshin soja an yi musu kisan gilla. Zargin da jami'an 'yan arewa suka yi na cewa akwai wani irin hadin baki da fahimtar juna tsakanin kungiyar Nzeogwu da Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi wanda ya kara ruruta wutar ganin cewa shi kansa Aguiyi-Ironsi dan kabilar Ibo ne. Shekaru 40 bayan kisan nasa, dan Aguiyi-Ironsi, Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi, ya zama Ministan Tsaron Najeriya kuma ya karbi wannan matsayin daga hannun Janar Theophilus Danjuma, mutumin da ya kashe mahaifinsa shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Mutane da yawa sun faɗi cewa ɓarnar ɓarnatar da hafsa hafsoshin arewa ya yi a watan Yulin shekara ta 1966, wanda ya ga kisan Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi da sauran manyan hafsoshi da yawa daga hakar Ibo wanda kuma daga baya ya haifar da yakin basasar Najeriya da kanta, an dasa shi a kan wannan ƙaddarar daren 15 ga Janairu ta zubar da jinin Manjo Nzeogwu da mutanensa, wadanda akasarinsu 'yan Ibo ne. Bayan juyin mulki na farko da aka taba yunkurin yi a Najeriya a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1966, Remilekun Fani-Kayode da wasu manyan mutane da dama duk gwamnatin soja ta Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ta tsare . Daga baya aka sake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1966, bayan tayar da kayar baya ta arewa, karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar. Murtala Muhammed da Manjo Theophilus Danjuma. Bayan Laftanar Col. Yakubu Gowon ya zama Shugaban Kasar, Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya bar Najeriya tare da danginsa gaba daya ya koma garin Brighton da ke gabar teku a kudu maso gabashin Ingila.Sun zauna a gida suka zauna can gudun hijira shekaru da yawa. A shekarar 1978, yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka assasa kuma suka assasa National Party of Nigeria . A shekarar 1979, an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jam’iyyar na kasa kuma saboda irin gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga ci gaban kasa, Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Umarnin Nijar . Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekarar 1994, ya kasance memba na dattawan kungiyar dattawa ta National Republican Convention (NRC), daya daga cikin jam’iyyun siyasa biyu da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta kafa a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya. Bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na Cif Moshood Abiola a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1993, Cif Remilekun Fani-Kayode na daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi rubuce-rubuce a fili kuma suka yi magana sosai game da sokewar. Har ma ya je kotu kan batun. A shekarar 1994, gwamnatin Janar Sanni Abacha ta nada shi cikin kwamitin binciken Kayode Eso wanda ya gudanar da bincike yadda ya kamata tare da taimakawa tsabtar bangaren shari'ar Najeriya tare da kawar da ita daga gurbatattun alkalai. Iyali Cif Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya auri Cif (Mrs) Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode. Su biyun suna da yara biyar: Akinola Adedapo Fani-Kayode, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Femi Fani-Kayode, Mrs. Toyin Bajela da Mrs. Tolu Fanning. Cif Remilekun Fani-Kayode ya kuma haifi wasu yara hudu: Mrs. Aina Ogunbe, Mrs. Remi Nana Akuffo-Addo, Tokunbo Fani-Kayode da Ladipo Fani-Kayode. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

2376

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingila

Ingila

Ingila kasa ce da ke cikin tarayyar kasar Ingila. Tana da iyaka da ƙasar Wales zuwa yamma da Scotland a arewacinta. Tekun Irish yana arewa maso yamma da yankin Tekun Celtic na Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu maso yamma. An raba shi daga nahiyar Turai ta Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas da English Channel zuwa kudu. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi kashi biyar cikin takwas na tsibirin Biritaniya, wanda ke arewacin Tekun Atlantika, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai sama da 100, kamar tsibirin Scilly da tsibirin Wight. Yankin da ake kira Ingila da farko mutane na zamani ne suka fara zama a lokacin Upper Paleolithic, amma ya ɗauki sunansa daga Angles, ƙabilar Jamusanci da ta samo sunanta daga yankin Anglia, wanda ya zauna a cikin ƙarni na 5th da 6th. Ingila ta zama kasa mai haɗin kai a cikin karni na 10 kuma tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na al'adu da shari'a a duniya tun lokacin Age of Discovery, wanda ya fara a cikin karni na 15. Harshen Ingilishi, Cocin Anglican, da Dokokin Ingilishi — tushen tsarin dokokin gama gari na wasu ƙasashe da yawa a duniya—an bunƙasa a Ingila, kuma tsarin mulkin majalisar dokokin ƙasar ya sami karbuwa sosai daga wasu ƙasashe. Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18 na Ingila, yana mai da al'ummarsa zuwa ƙasa ta farko mai ci gaban masana'antu a duniya. Ƙasar Ingila na da karancin tsaunuka da filayen ƙasa ne, musamman a tsakiya da kudancin Ingila. Koyaya, akwai tudu da tsaunuka a arewa (misali, gundumar Lake da Pennines ) da kuma a yamma (misali, Dartmoor da Shropshire Hills ). Babban birnin kasar shine London, wanda ke da yanki mafi girma a cikin Burtaniya. Yawan jama'ar Ingila sun kai miliyan 56.3  kuma daga ciki sun ƙunshi kashi 84% na yawan jama'ar Burtaniya, sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a kusa da London, Kudu maso Gabas, da gundumomi a cikin Midlands, Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yorkshire, waɗanda kowannensu ya haɓaka a matsayin manyan yankuna na masana'antu a lokacin Karni na 19. Masarautar Ingila - wacce bayan 1535 ta hada da Wales - ta daina zama wata kasa ta daban a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 1707, lokacin da Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai suka aiwatar da sharuddan da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya haifar da kawancen siyasa tare da Masarautar Scotland don ƙirƙirar Mulkin Biritaniya. A cikin 1801, Biritaniya ta haɗe da Masarautar Ireland (ta hanyar wata Dokar Tarayyar) ta zama Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland. A cikin 1922 Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Irish ta balle daga Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya kai ga canza sunan na biyu zuwa Ƙasar Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland. Asali Sunan "Ingila" ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci sunan , wanda ke nufin " Land of the Angles ". Angles na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun Jamusawa waɗanda suka zauna a Biritaniya a lokacin Early Middle Ages. Angles sun fito ne daga yankin Anglia a yankin Bay of Kiel (jahar Schleswig-Holstein ta Jamus a yanzu) na Tekun Baltic. Farkon amfani da kalmar, kamar yadda " ", yana cikin fassarar ƙarshen ƙarni na tara zuwa Tsohon Turanci na Bede 's History Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Daga nan sai aka yi amfani da kalmar ta wata ma’ana ta dabam da ta zamani, ma’ana “ƙasar da turawan Ingila ke zaune”, kuma ta haɗa da mutanen Ingilishi a yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Scotland a yanzu amma a lokacin yana cikin masarautar Ingila ta Northumbria . Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya rubuta cewa Littafin Domesday na 1086 ya hade dukan Ingila, ma'ana mulkin Ingila, amma bayan 'yan shekaru bayan Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Sarki Malcolm III ya fita "daga Scotlande zuwa Lothian a Ingila", don haka amfani da shi. Maganar farko da aka tabbatar game da Angles tana faruwa a cikin aikin ƙarni na 1 na Tacitus, Jamusanci, wanda kalmar Latin ana amfani da shi. Ma’anar asalin sunan kabila ita kanta malamai sun yi sabani da shi; an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga siffar tsibirin Angeln, siffar angular. Ta yaya kuma me ya sa aka samu kalmar da aka samo daga sunan ƙabilar da ba ta da ma'ana fiye da sauran, irin su Saxon, don amfani da ƙasar gaba ɗaya kuma ba a san mutanenta ba, amma ga alama wannan yana da alaƙa da al'adar (custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones) ko Ingilishi Saxon don bambanta su da Saxons na nahiyar (Eald-Seaxe) na Old Saxony tsakanin kogin Weser da Eider a Arewacin Jamus. A cikin Scottish Gaelic, wani harshe wanda ya haɓaka a tsibirin Burtaniya, kabilar Saxon ta ba da sunan su ga kalmar Ingila ( .); haka ma, sunan Welsh na harshen Ingilishi shine " ". Sunan soyayya ga Ingila shine Loegria, wanda ke da alaƙa da kalmar Welsh don Ingila, , kuma ya shahara ta amfani da shi a cikin almara Arthurian . Hakanan ana amfani da Albion ga Ingila, ko da yake ainihin ma'anarsa ita ce tsibirin Biritaniya gaba ɗaya. Tarihi Hotuna Manazarta

31355

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartarwar%20Majalisar%20dinkin%20duniya%20akan%20hakkin%20kananan%20manoma

Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma

Zartarwa akan Haƙƙin manoma (UNDROP ), a hukumance sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce game da haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, wani ƙuduri ne na UNGA kan haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da "fahimtar duniya", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya shi cikin tsarin ta a shekara ta 2018. Tarihi Asali A cikin shekara ta 2008, La Via Campesina ne ya ƙaddamar da sanarwar 'yancin manoma - Mata da maza wanda, tare da goyon baya daga sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sashin Yancin Dan Adam. Daga nan ne aka yi amfani da wannan rubutaccen tsarin a matsayin tushe tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2019 don tattaunawa da rubutun sanarwar UNDROP ta ƙarshe. Tattaunawar ta sami goyon bayan kungiyoyin al'ummomi irin su La Via Campesina, FIAN International, ko kuma Europe–Third World Centre (CETIM), har ma da kungiyoyin masana kimiyya irin su Ƙungiyar kananan manoma na Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, da Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da dama. Hakkokin manoma Manufar haƙƙin ƙauye ya ginu akan haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da aka amince da su, da dai sauransu, a cikin Yarjejeniyar kuma Shuka ta FAO da kuma Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu. Tattaunawar rubutu Kafin a fara tattaunawar Kaddamar Tattaunawar, wadda Bolivia ta jagoranta da farko, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya kaddamar da shi kuma a karshe Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi. Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2018, an gabatar da daftarin kuduri A/HRC/39/L.16 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kare hakkin dan adama, wanda Algeria, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Masar, Haiti, Kenya, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines suka goyi bayan, Afirka ta Kudu, Togo, Venezuela da kuma kasar Falasdinu. Daga baya an amince da shi tare da kuri'u 33 na amincewa, kasashe 11 kuma suka ki amincewa ( Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Jamus, Iceland, Japan, Jamhuriyar Koriya, Slovakia, Slovenia da Spain) da 3 da (Australia, Hungary da Ingila) a matsayin kudurin HRC. 39/12. Kwamitin Na Uku Majalisar A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da wani taron hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin kasashen waje, don tattauna daftarin UNDROP, inda wakilan Bolivia, Indonesia, Tarayyar Turai, Cuba da Afirka ta Kudu suka yi tsokaci. An gabatar da daftarin kuduri (A/C.3/73/L.30) ga kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba ta hanyar wakilin Bolivia tare da mai ba da gudummawa daga Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Portugal, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Venezuela . A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, daftarin ya sami goyon baya daga Benin, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Masar, Eritrea, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Pakistan, Saint Kitts da Nevis . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saliyo, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe . Daga baya aka gabatar da shi don kada kuri'a, wanda sakamakon ya kasance mai inganci: tare da kuri'u 119 da suka amince, kuri'u 7 suka nuna adawa (Australia, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States of America) da 49 suka ki. Babban majalisi Na tsarin na 73 A babban taronta karo na 55 a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 2018, zama na saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da kuduri mai lamba 73/165, mai kunshe da UNDROP a matsayin kari, wanda gabatarwa ke karantawa:Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Da yake maraba da amincewar da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta yi, a cikin kudurinta mai lamba 39/12 na 28 ga Satumba 2018,1 na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara. Ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin makala ga wannan kuduri; Yana gayyatar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da kungiyoyi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati don yada sanarwar da kuma inganta girmamawa da fahimtar duniya; Ya bukaci Sakatare-Janar ya hada da rubutun sanarwar a cikin bugu na gaba na Hakkokin Dan Adam: Tarin Kayayyakin Duniya.Kafin amincewa da hakan, wakilin Switzerland (daya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashen da ba su ci gaba ba) ya bayyana game da UNDROP cewa "yana neman taƙaita haƙƙin manoma a cikin takarda guda don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da suke ciki. Alamar siyasa ce mai matukar muhimmanci.” Kasashen da suka kada kuri'ar amincewa sun hada da Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua da Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Central Central Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Kongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Djibouti, Dominika, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Ecuador, Masar, El Salvador, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Moldova, Rwanda, Saint Kitts da Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent da Gre nadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Saliyo, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia da Zimbabwe . Musamman, kasar Austiraliya, Guatemala, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, Burtaniya da Amurka sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar . Kasashen da suka nuna rashin amincewa a zaben su ne Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Faransa, Jojiya, Jamus, Girka, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Italiya, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Poland, Koriya ta Kudu, Romania, Rasha, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Arewacin Macedonia, Turkiyya, Tuvalu, Ukraine, da Vanuatu. Abubuwan da ke ciki Tsokaci Gabatarwar tana tunawa da jerin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman: Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya , Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya , Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata , Alkawari akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu , Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa , Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata . Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara , Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Baƙi , abubuwan da suka dace na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya , Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin Ci Gaba , Sanarwa kan Haqqoqin ‘Yan Qasa , Har ila yau, gabatarwar ta ambaci ajanda na 2030 don ci gaba mai dorewa, da kuma dokokin duniya masu dacewa, kamar: Yarjejeniyar Shuka (ITPGRFA), Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu da Yarjejeniyar "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Use" da suka taso daga Amfani da su , Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO game da Alhaki na Gudanar da Mulkin Filaye, Kamun Kifi da Dazuzzuka a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa, Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Samar da Dorewa Kananan Kamun Kifi a cikin Tsarin Abinci da Kawar da Talauci. Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Tallafawa Ci gaban Ci gaban Haƙƙin Samun Isasshen Abinci a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa , Mukalai na 1, 2, 27 da 28: tanadi na gaba ɗaya Mukalai na 1 ya bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyi, Labari na 2 da 28 sun mayar da hankali kan babban wajibcin ƙasashe, sashe na 27 kuma ya lissafa nauyin da ke kan tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci . Mukala na 3: daidaito Mukala na 3 ya gabatar da manufar daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci tsakanin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara. Mukala na 4: mata Mataki na 4 na tunawa da babbar rawar da mata ke takawa a yankunan karkara, kuma ya yi kira da a daina nuna wariya ga mata, daidaita daidaiton jinsi, da shigar mata da shigar da su a kowane mataki. Mukala na 5 da 18: hakkin yanayi Mataki na 5 ya mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin manoma na samun albarkatun kasa, ciki har da albarkatun halittu, da kuma jin dadin hanyoyin ci gaba, musamman ma ci gaba mai dorewa . Mataki na 18 ya cika ta ta hanyar ba da takamaiman haƙƙoƙin zuwa tsaftataccen muhalli, aminci da lafiya ga duk mutanen da ke aiki da rayuwa a yankunan karkara. Mukala na 6, 7, 8 da 9: 'yanci da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa Wannan bangare na sanarwar yana magana ne akan ' yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutane da kuma 'yancin walwala, 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi da bayyana ra'ayi, da kuma 'yancin ƙungiyoyi Mukala na 10, 11 da 12: Adalci Mataki na 10, 11 da 12 sun mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin shiga, 'yancin samun bayanai, da 'yancin yin shari'a, ciki har da samun adalci, cudanya cikin aminci, da kuma hakkin yin magani da ramuwa idan aka keta haƙƙin manoma. . Mukala na 13, 14 da 16: hakkokin aiki Waɗannan matakai biyu suna magana game da haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙin yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya, tare da yanayin aiki da ya dace. Mataki na 16 ya kasance mai dacewa, kuma yana mai da hankali kan 'yancin samun kudin shiga mai kyau, 'yancin zabar da kula da rayuwar mutum, da hanyoyin samar da abin da aka zaba. Mukala na 15: ikon mallakar abinci Mataki na 15 ya binciko ɗaya daga cikin manyan buƙatun ƙungiyoyin manoma a cikin shekaru: ' yancin abinci, amincin abinci da ikon mallakar abinci . Mukala na 17: hakkin sauka Mukala na 19: hakkin iri/shuka Mukala na ashirin da 20: haƙƙin rayayyun halittu Mukala na ashirin da daya: hakkin ruwa da tsaftataccen tsarin ruwa Mukala na 22 da 23: 'yancin samun lafiya da tsaro Wannan sashin yana ginawa akan haƙƙin kowa don jin daɗin mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali ( haƙƙin lafiya ), kuma ya haɗa da takamaiman abubuwa kamar batun maganin gargajiya . Mataki na ashirin da hudu: hakkin gidaje Mukala na ashirin da biyar: haƙƙin ilimi Mukala na ashirin da shida: 'yancin al'adu, ilimin gargajiya da maganganun gargajiya Wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman ilimin gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya . Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗin ciki Haƙƙin ɗan adam Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar Haƙƙin abinci Yarjejeniyar Shuka ta FAO (ITPGRFA) Motsin manoma Ta hanyar Campesina Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara kamar yadda babban taron ya amince da shi, 17 Disamba 2019 a cikin kuduri mai lamba 73/165. Sigar da aka kwatanta ta Via Campesina ta buga Bayyana Haƙƙin Ƙauye - Mata da Maza. Mazaunan Duniya suna buƙatar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Makiyaya ta Duniya , shawara ta farko ta Via Campesina Bayanan kula da manazarta    Amintattun halaye na duniya Kundin shekara ta 2018 Harkokin 'yancin dan adam Tarihin 'yancin dan adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50008

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling%20na%20Uganda

Shilling na Uganda

Shilling ( Swahili ; gajarta: USh ; ISO code : UGX ) kudin Uganda ne. An raba shi a hukumance zuwa centi har zuwa 2013, saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da shilin yanzu ba shi da wani yanki. Sanarwa Ana rubuta farashin shilling na Uganda a cikin nau'in x/y, inda x shine adadin shillings, yayin da y shine adadin a cents. Alamar daidaita ko saƙa tana wakiltar adadin sifili. Misali, an rubuta cent 50 a matsayin " -/ " da shilling 100 a matsayin " 100/ " ko "100/-". Wani lokaci gajartawar USh ana yin riga-kafi don rarrabewa. Idan an rubuta adadin ta amfani da kalmomi da lambobi, kawai prefix kawai ake amfani da shi (misali USh 10 miliyan). An ƙirƙira wannan ƙirar akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima, waɗanda a cikin su aka rubuta adadinsu a wasu haɗe-haɗe na fam (£), shillings (s), da pence (d, na dinari ). A cikin wannan bayanin, an ƙididdige adadin kuɗin ƙasa da fam a cikin shillings da pence kawai. Tarihi Shilling na farko na Uganda (UGS) ya maye gurbin shilling na Gabashin Afirka a 1966 daidai. Bayan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, an fara amfani da sabon shilling (UGX) a shekarar 1987 wanda ya kai tsohon shilling 100. Shilling yawanci tsayayyiyar kudi ne kuma ya fi yawa a yawancin hada-hadar kudi a Uganda, wacce ke da ingantacciyar kasuwan musanya ta ketare tare da rahusa. Dalar Amurka kuma tana karbuwa sosai. Hakanan ana amfani da Sterling da ƙari Yuro . Bankin Uganda ya rage adadin manufofinsa zuwa kashi 22 cikin 100 a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2012 bayan rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na watanni 3 a jere. Tsabar kudi Shilling na farko A cikin 1966, an gabatar da tsabar kuɗi a cikin ƙungiyoyin -/ , -/ , -/ da -/ da 1/ da 2/ . An buga tsabar -/ , -/ da -/ a cikin tagulla, tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin da aka buga a cikin cupro-nickel. Shilling 2 kawai aka fitar da shi a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1972, an fitar da tsabar kudi na kofi-nickel 5-shilling amma an cire su daga rarrabawa kuma yanzu ba su da yawa. A cikin 1976, karfe-plated tagulla ya maye gurbin tagulla a cikin 5- da 10-cent da kofi-nickel-plated karfe maye gurbin cupro-nickel a cikin 50-cent da 1-shilling. A cikin 1986, an fitar da tsabar nickel-plated-karfe 50-cent da 1-shilling, sulalla na ƙarshe na shilling na farko. Shilling na biyu A cikin 1987, an gabatar da jan karfe-plated-karfe 1/ da 2/ da bakin karfe 5/ da 10/ tsabar kudi, tare da 5/ da 10/ mai lankwasa-daidaitacce heptagonal a siffar. A cikin 1998, an gabatar da tsabar kudi don 50/ , 100/ , 200/ da 500/ . Ƙungiyoyin da ke yawo a halin yanzu sune 50/ , 100/ , 200/ , 500/ , da 1,000. Takardun kuɗi Shilling na farko A cikin 1966, Bankin Uganda ya gabatar da bayanin kula a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5/ , 10/ , 20/ da 100/ . A cikin 1973, an gabatar da 50/ bayanin kula, sannan 500/ da 1,000/ a 1983 da 5,000/ a 1985. Shilling na biyu A cikin 1987, an gabatar da bayanin kula a cikin sabon kuɗi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5/ , 10/ , 20/ , 50/ , 100/ da 200/ . A cikin 1991, an ƙara 500/ da 1,000/ bayanin kula, sannan 5,000/ a 1993, 10,000/ a 1995, 20,000/ a 1999, 50,000/ a = 2003 da 2,000/ Bayanan banki a halin yanzu suna yawo 1,000 / , 2,000 / , 5,000/ , 10,000/ , 20,000/ da 50,000/ . A cikin 2005, Bankin Uganda yana la'akari da ko zai maye gurbin ƙananan ƙima kamar 1,000/ tare da tsabar kudi . Ƙaƙƙarfan bayanin kula na ɗabi'a yana yin baƙar fata a cikin amfanin yau da kullun, galibi suna da ƙazanta sosai kuma wani lokacin suna tarwatsewa. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2010, Bankin Uganda ya fitar da wani sabon iyali na bayanin kula da ke nuna daidaitaccen zanen kuɗaɗen banki wanda ke kwatanta arziƙin tarihi, na halitta, da al'adun Uganda. Hakanan suna ɗaukar ingantattun fasalulluka na tsaro. Hotuna guda biyar sun bayyana akan duka ƙungiyoyin shida: Tsarin tabarma na Uganda, kwandon Uganda, taswirar Uganda (cikakke da layin equator), abin tunawa da Independence, da bayanin martabar wani mutum sanye da rigar Karimojong. Gwamnan bankin Uganda Emmanuel Tumusiime Mutebile ya ce sabbin takardun ba su zama wani gyara na kudin ba, kuma ba siyasa ce ta sa aka yi su ba. Ya ce sake fasalin ya biyo bayan bukatar bin ka’idojin kasa da kasa da kuma doke masu jabun jabun. Uganda ita ce kasa ta farko a Afirka da ta gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin tsaro SPARK akan jerin takardun kudi na yau da kullun. SPARK alama ce ta tsaro na gani da manyan bankunan duniya suka gane kuma ana amfani da su akan takardun banki da yawa don kariya daga jabun. Bayanan kula na yanzu Tun daga watan Afrilu 2023, waɗannan su ne takardun banki na Shilling na Uganda da ke gudana: 50,000/= rawaya 20,000/ ja 10,000/ purple 5,000/ kore 2,000/ shuɗi 1,000/ ruwan kasa Farashin musayar Tun daga ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2011, dalar Amurka ɗaya (USD) ta kai dalar Amurka 2,800/ . Farashin musaya ya ragu zuwa USh 2,901/ zuwa dalar Amurka 1 a watan Satumbar 2011, kuma ta koma USh 2,303/ zuwa dalar Amurka 1 akan 13 ga Fabrairu, 2012. Nassoshi   Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

27344

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Film%20and%20Television%20Awards

South African Film and Television Awards

Kyautar Fim da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu 'South Africa' (wani lokaci ana kiranta da Golden Horns ; ko kuma wata sa'in SAFTAs ) bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Afirka ta Kudu ne na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Kasa da Gidauniyar Bidiyo (NFVF) ta shirya, don girmama ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin fim ɗin gida. masana'antar talabijin kamar yadda alkalan sa kai suka tantance. Wadanda suka yi nasara a rukuni daban-daban ana ba su kyautar mutum-mutumi, a hukumance da ake kira Golden Horn, da satifiket. Kyautar, wanda aka fara gabatarwa a cikin 2006 a Gallagher Estate, kwamitin da NFVF ke kula da shi. Zaɓuɓɓu, waɗanda aka gabatar, da waɗanda suka yi nasara ana zabar su ta hanyar alƙalai da aka kafa do tantancewa. 'Yan asalin kasar Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa) ne kadai suka cancanci samun wannan kyauta. Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) shine abokin hulɗar watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na hukuma kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi. Kyautar fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 13 (wanda akayi lokacin killacewa saboda Corona - Quarantine Edition-ceremony) an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sun City Metro ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekarar 2021 ta Edem, Henry-Kendall A. Kuma ya tattara sama da masu kallo sama da miliyan 1 a SAFTAs 2021 Zoom Link Asali A taron fim na indaba na farko a watan Agustan shekarata 2005, wakilan masana'antar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da jagora daga gidauniyar fina-finai da bidiyo ta kasa (NFVF), sun shirya bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara. Kyautar za ta zama hanyar girmamawa, murna, da haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙirƙira, da ƙarfafa haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar. Tun bayan bikin kaddamar da kyaututtukan na karkashin kulawar hukumar ta NFVF kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tafiyar da shi. Babban jami'in gudanarwa na NFVF na yanzu shine shugabar, yayin da sauran sassan hukumar ta ƙunshi masu watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na kasa, kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu (SASFED), Guild Writers' na Afirka ta Kudu (WGSA), da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. A wajen bikin karramawar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 6, shugaban NFVF na lokacin kuma shugaban kwamitin SAFTA, Eddie Mbalo, ya sanar da cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin “masu kula da kyaututtukan”. Sanarwar ta biyo bayan murabus din Eddie Mbalo ne, “da fatan” za a kaddamar da makarantar da sabon shugaba. Makwanni kafin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 7 shugabar hukumar ta NFVF na yanzu, Zama Mkosi, ta ba da rahoton cewa wani karamin kwamiti na musamman ya zana daftarin tsarin mulki na Kwalejin. An saki kundin tsarin mulki ga masana'antar don amsawa, ta bayyana cewa "muna iya samun nasara a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa." An tsara shi akan makarantun duniya, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Hoto na Motsi da Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Biritaniya . NFVF ta ce ba za ta iya ba da cikakken tallafin makarantar ba, yana mai cewa za su "tafiya tare" masana'antar don sanya makarantar ta zama "hankali na kudi". Kyautar Golden Statue Tun lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko a cikin shekarar 2006, kowane mai nasara yana karɓar mutum-mutumi mai suna Golden Horn da takardar shedar nasara don karrama ƙwararrun ƙirƙira. Fuskokin da ke jikin mutum-mutumin sun dogara ne akan kayan tarihi daga ko'ina cikin Afirka, wasu tun daga 800 AZ, kuma suna nuni da shugabannin Lydenburg . Kawukan mutum uku an sassaka su kamar ƙahonin shanu da kama da sifofin da aka samu akan akwatunan shaƙa na asali. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi sun kasance sananne matsayin memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Tare da ƙahoni suna magana ne ga harshen wuta kuma, a ƙarshe, fitowar rana a matsayin "tambarin haske, ƙawa da babban ka'ida na yanayi". Ƙirƙirar ra'ayi a bayan kofin an gina shi akan ƙarfin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amincewa da mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar. Cancantar da shiga Dangane da jagororin kwamitocin bayar da kyaututtuka, ƴan ƙasa da mazaunan dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu ne kawai suka cancanci naɗa; a wasu nau'ikan wannan doka ta shafi shugaban furodusa ne kawai. A cikin nau'ikan lambar yabo ta talabijin, mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki na kamfanin dole ne su kasance Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin hali na co-productions tare da kasashen waje kamfanonin, ne kawai m inda wani "muhimmin rabo" na m yanke shawara da aka yi da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da samar da aka bokan da National Film da Video Foundation. Kwamitin SAFTA yana aika kira don shigarwa, yawanci kusan watan Agusta. Don lambar yabo ta fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu na 10, an ba wa mahalarta damar gabatar da kafofin watsa labaru ta kan layi, kafin a gabatar da fom ɗin shigarwa akan layi kuma a aika da kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar sabis na gidan waya zuwa manyan ofisoshin NFVF a Johannesburg . A cikin nau'ikan shirye-shiryen gidajen talabijin da ake nunawa a bainar jama'a a kowace tashoshi na gida tsakanin 1 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Yuli sun cancanci. Dole ne a jera nunin talabijin, tare da aƙalla kakar wasa ɗaya. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai ko mai produsa zai gabatar da mafi kyawun sassa biyu na fim dinshi, tare da jerin takamaiman nau'ikan da suke da su don shiga gasan. A cikin nau'ikan fina-finai, fina-finan da aka baje kolin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu a tsakanin 1 ga Janairu zuwa 31 ga Disamba ne suka cancanci gasar. An rage mafi ƙarancin lokacin shigar da fina-finai do kaddamar da fim a gasar daga mintuna 70 zuwa mintuna 41 don lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin na 10. Ga kowane nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo an ƙaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na mafi kyawun al'amuransu, don baiwa alkalan kallon kewayon su. Idan an ƙaddamar da shigarwa ba daidai ba, nan da nan an hana shi daga wannan rukunin. Tsarin hukunci Kwamitin SAFTA yana fara kowane tsarin shari'a, ta hanyar zabar alkalai guda uku ko fiye. Waɗannan shugabanni suna kula da matakai biyu, suna ba da katin ƙima kuma suna jagorantar alkalai a kowane rukuni. ’Yan fim da ƙwararrun talbijin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gogewar shekaru goma, ko waɗanda alkalai suka ɗauka “masu aminci”, na iya ba da kai don zama alkali. A cikin 2011, kwamitin SAFTA ya fara haɗa waɗanda suka yi nasara a baya da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin tsarin shari'a don "ƙarfafa fahimtar abokan gaba". Ba a bayyana sunayen alkalan a bainar jama'a, don kare sirrin su da kuma kawar da duk wani tursasa da zai iya yiwuwa a yayin gudanar da aikin. A cikin 2016, akwai kusan alkalai 300 da aka yi amfani da su a duk lokacin aikin. An gudanar da zaman shari'ar ne a manyan biranen Afirka ta Kudu guda uku, Johannesburg, Cape Town da Durban . Bayan zargi daga masana'antar talabijin, kwamitin SAFTA sun haɗa gwiwa tare da kwamitin Emmy Awards a shekarar 2015 don dubawa da ba da shawara game da inganta tsarin shari'a. Sakamakon haka, alkalai sun kada kuri'a ne kawai a cikin sana'arsu ba kowane bangare ba yayin matakin farko na yanke hukunci. Mataki na daya Zagayen farko na hukunci, ko lokacin tantancewa, shine lokacin da ake yi la'akari da duk fina-finai da aka shigar. Yawanci yana faruwa sama da makonni shida a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba shekara kafin bikin. Tsarin tacewa yana rage adadin shigarwar zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta biyar kuma mafi girman ƴan wasan ƙarshe bakwai a kowane rukuni. Idan akwai shigarwar uku ko ƙasa da haka a cikin nau'in, an dakatar da kyautar na shekara. Wannan sau da yawa ya shafi lambobin yabo na fasaha, inda kamar yadda ƙofar shigarwa na iya zama ƙasa don manyan nau'ikan kyauta kamar Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Sabulun TV, Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim. An raba alkalan zuwa “matakai”, kowane kwamiti ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a rukunin da aka bayar. Misali, alkalan da suke daraktocin talabijin za su yi hukunci ne kawai ga nau'ikan jagorar talabijin (ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba). Dole ne bangarorin su zabi Shugaban Kwamitin da Mataimakin Shugaban, wadanda ke shiga cikin bangarorin biyu na hukunci. Sabon shugaban alkalai da aka nada ne ya ƙirƙiri katin ƙima, bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa a cikin wani nau'i da aka bayar. Wannan ma'auni yawanci yana tsakanin tambayoyi uku ko hudu, tare da kowace tambaya tana samun kima cikin biyar. Wannan shine misalin abin da katin ƙima na jagorar talabijin zai yi kama da: Da zarar an ƙidaya duk katunan maki, manyan ƴan takara bakwai na ƙarshe a kowane rukuni su matsa zuwa mataki na biyu. Mataki na biyu Matakin karshe yana gudana tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu tare da sabbin alkalai. Waɗannan alkalai ba su da ilimin abunda ya faru a mataki na farko na kashi na farko kuma, an sake raba su zuwa bangarori na musamman. Ana ƙarfafa kowane kwamiti ya sami aƙalla taro ɗaya, ta Skype ko cikin mutum, don tattauna waɗanda za su ƙare a rukuninsu. Wani mai binciken kudi yana halarta yayin tarurrukan don tantance cewa tattaunawa “ta kasance mai ‘yanci da adalci”, kuma ba ra’ayi daya ya mamaye shi ba. Bayan wadannan tattaunawa, alkalan sun mika katin makinsu ga kwamitin SAFTA. Abubuwan samarwa guda uku waɗanda ke karɓar mafi girman maki sun sanya jerin sunayen waɗanda aka zaɓa, waɗanda galibi ana sanar da su a farkon-Fabrairu. Masu binciken, wanda kwamitin SAFTA ya ba su, sun kididdige maki na karshe da aka gabatar kuma su ne kadai suka san wadanda suka yi nasara kafin maraicen karramawar. Bukukuwa An gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa ne a shekarar 2006, an yi bugu 12 a yau. Lokuta tunawa Ƙungiyoyi sun janye gabatarwansu (2008) A cikin 2008, Mfundi Vundla, wanda ya kirkiri shahararren sabulun TV na Generations, ya janye daga lambar yabo ta 3rd na fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar yin watsi da duk zabukan wasan kwaikwayon, daraktoci, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. SABC ce ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen shigarwa, ba tare da tuntuɓar shugaban furodusan ba, Friedrich Stark, wanda sunansa ke cikin aikace-aikacen. Daga nan ne wani ɗan ɗalibi ya sanya hannu, ya saba wa ka'idodin shigar SAFTA. Vundla ya bayyana cewa shigar da Generations a bikin Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu na biyu da lambar yabo ta Talabijin ta SABC "ta tura ta" kuma SAFTA ta amince da su bayan an riga an kammala aikin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya sanya ayar tambaya kan ingancin bikin, Vundla ya bayyana cewa ba za a sake “tilasta shi” shiga ba kuma dole ne a fara samun kyaututtukan na gidansu. Ƙungiyar samar da Generations ba ta halarci bikin ba, kamar yadda Vundla ya bayyana cewa yana so ya guje wa "ƙirƙirar ra'ayi cewa Generations ta kowace hanya tana goyon bayan (SAFTAs)". Shugaban NFVF, Eddie Mbalo, a bainar jama'a ya bayyana "ɓacin ransa" game da shawarar da Vundla ya yanke na janye sunayen 'yan takarar kuma ya yi imanin cewa "an hana ƙungiyar damar amincewa" ta masana'antar. Rukunin lambar yabo Kyaututtuka na musamman Za a iya ba da wasu kyaututtuka na musamman bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Zartarwa da Kwamitocin Shari'a na SAFTA. Duba kuma Jerin lambobin yabo na talabijin Jerin Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu da Talabijin Cinema na Afirka ta Kudu Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Jerin jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu Kyautukan gidajen talebijin Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40237

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai

Hokusai

Katsushika Hokusai (葛飾 北斎, c. 31 Oktoba, 1760–10 Mayu 1849), wanda aka fi sani da Hokusai, ɗan wasan ukiyo-e ne na Jafan a zamanin Edo (wato lokacin Edo), mai aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma mai tsara zane. An fi saninsa da jerin zanukansa na katako mai sunaThirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, wanda ya haɗa da fitaccen zanen The Great Wave off Kanagawa. Hokusai ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ukiyo-e daga salon hoto wanda ya fi mayar da hankali akan kuyangu da 'ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin salon fasaha mai faɗi wanda ya mai da hankali akan shimfidar kasa, tsirrai, da dabbobi. Hokusai ya ƙirƙiri zanensa na tarihi mai suna Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji a matsayin martani ga bunƙasar sufuri na cikin gida a Japan kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na sha'awar Tsaunin Fuji. Wadannan zanuka ne musamman (The Great Wave off Kanagawa alda kuma Fine Wind, Clear Morning) suka jawo masa daukaka ba wai a kasar Japan ba kadai harda sauran kasashen duniya ma. An fi sanin Hokusai da zanukansa na katako na ukiyo-e, amma ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da zanen fenti da kuma da na littattafai. Tun yana ƙarami, ya ci gaba da aiki tare da inganta salonsa har zuwa rasuwarsa a lokacin yana da shekaru 88. A cikin dogon rayuwarsa a matsayin shahararren mai zane, Hokusai ya samar da zanuka sama da guda 30,000, zanuka na kwafin katako, da hotunan littattafai baki daya. Acikin zanukansa na musamman da kuma fasahar sa na musamman, Ana daukar Hokusai a matsayin daya daga cikin mashahurai tarihin zane. Articles with hCards Kuruciya Ba'a san takamaiman kwanan watan na ranar haihuwar Hokusai ba, amma galibi ana tsammanin shi azaman ranar 23 ga watan 9 na shekara ta 10 na zamanin Hōreki (a cikin tsohuwar kalandar, ko 31 Oktoba 1760) ga iyalinsa, a gundumar Katsushika na Edo, babban birnin kasar Tokugawa Shogunate. Sunansa na yarinta shine Tokitaró. An yi ittifakin cewa mahaifinsa shine Nakajima Ise, mai hada madubi ga mutanen Shogun. Mahaifin Hokusai bai taɓa mai da shi magajinsa ba, don haka tana iya yiwuwa mahaifiyarsa ƙwarƙwara ce. Hokusai ya fara zane tun yana dan shekara shida, watakila ya koya ne daga wajen mahaifinsa, wanda aikinsa ya hada da yin zanuka a jikin madubai. An san Hokusai da aƙalla sunaye guda talatin a lokacin rayuwarsa. Yayin da yin amfani da sunaye da yawa ya kasance al'ada ce ta masu zane na kasar Japan na wancan lokacin, adadin sunayensa sun zarce duk wani babban mai zane na Japan. Sunayensa na sauyawa da sauri, kuma sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da canji a cikin zane-zane da salonsa, wanda ake amfani da su don rarraba rayuwarsa zuwa lokuta daban daban. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, mahaifinsa ya tura shi don yin aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai da ɗakin karatu na ba da lamuni, sanannen wuri ne a birnin Japan, inda karatun labarai da aka rubuta akan katako ya kasance shahararren abun nishaɗi ga matsakaita karfi da kuma attajirai. A shekaru 14, ya yi aiki a matsayin dan koyo ga wani mai sarrafa katakai, har zuwa lokacinda ya kai shekaru 18, lokacin da ya koma ɗakin studiyo na Katsukawa Shunshō. Shunshō ya kasance mai zane ne na ukiyo-e, wanda ke amfani da salon zane akan katako da kuma na fenti wadanda Hokusai zai koya, ya kuma zamo shugaban makarantar da ake kira Katsukawa. Ukiyo-e, kamar yadda masu zane irin su Shunsho suka yi, suna mayar da hankali akan hotunan kwarkwarori, ' yan wasan kwaikwayo na (bijin-ga) da kuma kabuki (yakusha-e) waɗanda suka shahara a biranen Japan na lokacin. Bayan shekara guda, sunan Hokusai ya canja a karo na farko, sa’ad da ubangidansa ya sa masa suna Shunrọ. A karkashin wannan sunan ne ya fara zanensa na farko, jerin hotunan jaruman kabuki da aka buga a shekarar 1779. A cikin shekaru goma da ya yi aiki a ɗakin studiyo na Shunsho, Hokusai ya auri matarsa ta farko, wacce ba a san ta sosai ba sai dai ta mutu a farkon shekarun 1790. Ya sake yin aure a shekara ta 1797, ko da yake ita ma wannan mata ta biyu ta rasu bayan wani dan lokaci kadan. Ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'ya'ya mata uku tare da waɗannan mata biyu, kuma ƙaramar 'yarsa Ei, wanda aka fi sani da Ōi, ta zamo mai zane kuma daga bisani mataimakiyarsa. Littafinsa na Fireworks in the Cool of Evening at Ryogoku Bridge in Edo () daga wannan lokacin na rayuwar Hokusai.) Gabanin mutuwar Shunsho a 1793, Hokusai ya fara binciko wasu nau'ikan zaune, ciki har da salo irin na Turai wanda ya koya ta hanyar wani zane da ya samu a na Faransa da Holland. Ba da daɗewa ba Shunkō, babban almajirin Shunsho ya kore shi daga makarantar Katsukawa, wataƙila saboda kasancewarsa dalibi a makarantar Kanō abokan hamayyarsu. Wannan al'amari ya kasance, kamar yadda ya bayyana, ya ƙarfafa masa gwiwa: "Abin da ya ƙarfafa haɓakar salon zane na shi ne wulakanci da na sha a hannun Shunkō." Bugu da kari, Hokusai ya canza jigon ayyukansa, ya daina zana hotunan kwarkwarori da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo wanda hakan ya kasance jigo na al’adun zanen ukiyo-e. Maimakon haka, ya mayar da hankali wajen zanen wurare da hotuna na rayuwar yau da kullum na mutanen Japan daga matakai daban-daban na zamantakewa. Wannan sauyi na jigo ya janyo cigaba ga ukiyo-e da kuma sana'ar Hokusai. Samartakarsa Lokaci na gaba ya kasance haɗin gwiwar Hokusai da Makarantar Tawaraya da kuma karɓar sunan "Tawaraya Sōri". Ya samar da zanuka da yawa ga mutane don lokuta na musamman ( surimono ), da zanuka akan waƙoƙi na nishadi (kyōka ehon) a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarar alif 1798, Hokusai ya cire sunansa a zaman ɗalibi kuma ya koma mai zane mai zaman kansa, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da wata makaranta a karo na farko, yana ɗauka sabon suna wato Hokusai Tomisa. A shekara ta 1800, Hokusai ya cigaba da ƙara haɓaka amfani da ukiyo-e don wasu dalilai ba wai zanen mutane ba kadai. Ya kuma karɓi sunan da za a fi saninsa da shi, Katsushika Hokusai, sunan na farko na nufin ɓangaren Edo inda aka haife shi, na ƙarshen kuma na nufin 'studiyon arewa', don girmama Tauraruwar Arewa, alamar allahntaka mai mahimmanci a cikin addininsa na Buddha Nichiren. A cikin wannan shekarar, yayi zane akan shimfidar wurare guda biyu, Shahararrun mahangar Babban Birnin Gabas da Wurare takwas na Edo (Tokyo a yau). Ya kuma fara jan hankalin dalibai, inda a karshe ya koyar da dalibai 50 a tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya zama sananne a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, duka saboda aikin zane-zane da basirar tallan kansa. A lokacin bikin Edo a shekara ta 1804, ya ƙirƙiri wani babban hoto na shugaban addinin Buddha Daruma, wanda aka ce ya kai murabba'in mita 200, yana amfani da tsintsiya da bokiti cike da tawada. Wani labarin kuma ya sanya shi a cikin kotun shōgun Tokugawa Ienari, an gayyace shi a can don yin gasa tare da wani mai zane wanda ya yi zane-zane na gargajiya na gargajiya. Hokusai ya zana shudi mai lankwasa a takarda, sannan ya kori wata kaza wadda aka tsoma kafafunta da jajayen fenti a kan hoton. Ya bayyana zanen ga shōgun a matsayin wani fili da ke nuna kogin Tatsuta da jajayen ganyen maple suna shawagi a cikinsa, inda ya lashe gasar. Tsakanin 1804 zuwa 1815 Hokusai ya haɗa kai da mashahurin marubuci Takizawa Bakin akan jerin littafai da aka kwatanta. Musamman mashahurin labari mai ban sha'awa shine Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki (Bayan Tatsuniyoyi na Crescent Moon, 1807-1811) tare da Minamoto no Tametomo a matsayin babban hali, kuma Hokusai ya sami suna tare da zane-zanensa na kirkira da karfi, amma haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare bayan ayyuka goma sha uku. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da dalilin da ya sa suka wargaza haɗin gwiwarsu, irin su mutane masu sabani da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna kan yadda ake zana misalai. Hokusai kuma ya ƙirƙiri kundi da yawa na fasahar batsa ( shunga ). Hotonsa mafi shahara a cikin wannan nau'in shine Mafarkin Matar Mai Kamun Kifi, wanda ke nuna wata budurwar da aka haɗe da jima'i tare da dorinar dorinar ruwa, daga Kinoe no Komatsu, littafi mai girma uku na shunga daga 1814. Hokusai ya mai da hankali sosai kan samar da aikinsa. A cikin wasiƙun da ya yi tare da Toshisen Ehon, bugu na Jafananci na tarihin waqoqin Sinanci, Hokusai ya rubuta wa mawallafin cewa mawallafin Egawa Tomekichi, wanda Hokusai ya yi aiki da shi a baya kuma wanda yake mutuntawa, ya kauce daga salon Hokusai wajen yankan nama. wasu shugabannin. Ya kuma rubuta kai tsaye zuwa ga wani blockcutter da ke cikin aikin, Sugita Kinsuke, inda ya bayyana cewa baya son salon makarantar Utagawa wanda Kinsuke ya yanke ido da hancin adadi kuma ana buƙatar gyara don buga na ƙarshe ya kasance daidai da salon sa. A cikin wasiƙarsa, Hokusai ya haɗa da misalan duka salon kwatanta idanuwa da hanci da kuma salon makarantar Utagawa. A cikin 1811, yana ɗan shekara 51, Hokusai ya canza sunansa zuwa Taito kuma ya shiga lokacin da ya ƙirƙiri Hokusai Manga da etehon daban-daban, ko littattafan fasaha. Waɗannan litattafan da suka fara a 1812 tare da Darussan Sauƙaƙe a cikin Sauƙaƙen Zane, an yi nufin su azaman hanya mai dacewa don samun kuɗi da jawo ƙarin ɗalibai. An buga juzu'in farko na Manga (ma'anar zane-zane bazuwar) a cikin 1814 kuma ya kasance nasara nan take. A shekara ta 1820, ya samar da litattafai goma sha biyu (tare da wasu uku da aka buga bayan mutuwa) waɗanda suka haɗa da dubban zane-zane na abubuwa, tsire-tsire, dabbobi, masu addini, da mutanen yau da kullum, sau da yawa tare da sautin ban dariya. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, 1817, ya zana babban Daruma a wajen Hongan-ji Nagoya Betsuin a Nagoya. Wannan hoton tawada a kan takarda ya auna mita 18 × 10.8, kuma taron ya jawo ɗimbin jama'a. An ba da labarin wannan wasan a cikin wata shahararriyar waƙa kuma ya sami sunan " Darusen " ko "Daruma Master" Ko da yake an lalata asalin a 1945, takardun talla na Hokusai daga wancan lokacin sun tsira kuma an adana su a Gidan Tarihi na Nagoya City. A shekarar 1820, Hokusai ya sake canza sunansa, wannan lokacin zuwa "Iitsu," wani canji wanda ya nuna farkon lokacin da ya sami shahara a matsayin mai zane a cikin Japan. Ayyukansa mafi girma, Ra'ayoyi talatin da shida na Dutsen Fuji, ciki har da shahararren Babban Wave daga Kanagawa da Red Fuji an samar dashi a farkon 1830s. Ana iya ganin sakamakon binciken hangen nesa na Hokusai a Manga a nan cikin Babban Wave inda ya yi amfani da abin da za a iya gani a matsayin hangen nesa na yamma don wakiltar zurfin da girma. Ya zama sananne sosai cewa an ƙara ƙarin kwafi goma a cikin jerin. Daga cikin fitattun fitattun bugu da ya yi a wannan lokaci akwai Ziyarar Ruwan Magudanar ruwa na Larduna da Tekun Hikima da Ra'ayin da ba a saba gani ba na gadajen da aka yi bikin a Larduna . Ya kuma fara samar da adadi dalla-dalla na hotuna na furanni da tsuntsaye ( kachō-e ), gami da filla-filla na Poppies da Flock of Chickens. Tsufansa Lokaci na gaba, wanda ya fara a 1834, inda Hokusai ya koma aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan "Gakyō Rōjin" ( ; "Tsohon Mutum da ya haukace Hauka akan zane"). A wannan lokacin ne ya yi zanensa mai suna "One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji", wani muhimmin silsilar, gabaɗaya la'akari da "fitaccen zanen wurare daga cikin zanukansa ba littafi ". A cikin shekara ta 1839 ne, gobara ta lalata ɗakin studiyo na Hokusai inda yawancin ayyukansa suka kone. A wannan lokacin, aikinsa ya fara dusashewa yayin da matasan masu zane irin su Andō Hiroshige suka zama sanannu. A lokacin yana da shekaru 83, Hokusai ya yi tafiya zuwa Obuse a lardin Shinano ( Nagano Prefecture a yanzu) bisa gayyatar wani hamshakin manomi, Takai Kozan inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru da dama. A lokacin da yake a Obuse, ya ƙirƙiri zanuka na musamman da dama waɗanda suka haɗa da Masculine Wave da kuma Feminine Wave. Tsakanin shekara ta 1842 zuwa 1843, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "fitarwa na yau da kullum" ( nisshin joma ), Hokusai yan zana zakin kasar sin ( shishi ) a kowace safiya da tawada a kan takarda a matsayin wani kariya ga duk wani mummunan abu. Hokusai ya ci gaba da aiki kusan har zuwa ƙarshe, inda ya zana Dodon Gudun Hayaki daga Dutsen Fuji da Tiger a cikin Dusar ƙanƙara a farkon 1849. Ko da yaushe yana neman samar da ingantacciyar aiki, da alama ya yi furuci a kan gadon mutuwarsa, “Idan da sama za ta ƙara mini shekaru goma kawai. Sai sauran shekaru biyar, sannan zan iya zama ainihin mai zane." Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1849 kuma an binne shi a Seikyō-ji a Tokyo (Taito Ward). A haiku da ya yi jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa yana karanta: "Ko da yake a matsayin fatalwa, zan taka da sauƙi, filayen bazara." Tasiri kan fasaha da al'adu Hokusai ya sami nasarori a fagage daban-daban a matsayin mai zane. Ya yi zane-zane don zane-zane na littattafai da bugu na katako, zane-zane, da zane fiye da shekaru 70. Hokusai ya kasance farkon mai gwaji tare da hangen nesa na yamma a tsakanin masu fasahar Japan. Sesshū Tōyō da sauran nau'ikan zanen Sinawa sun yi tasiri ga Hokusai da kansa. Tasirinsa ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin duniya zuwa abokansa na yamma a cikin karni na sha tara na Turai tare da Japonism, wanda ya fara da sha'awar tattara kayan fasaha na Japan, musamman ukiyo-e, wanda za a ga wasu samfurori na farko a Paris, lokacin da kusan kusan. A shekara ta 1856, ɗan wasan Faransa Félix Bracquemond ya fara cin karo da kwafin littafin Hokusai Manga a wurin taron bitar nasa. Ya rinjayi motsi na Impressionism, tare da jigogi da ke nuna aikinsa yana bayyana a cikin aikin Claude Monet da Pierre-Auguste Renoir, da Art Nouveau, ko Jugendstil a Jamus. Yawancin masu fasaha na Turai sun tattara katakonsa, ciki har da Degas, Gauguin, Klimt, Franz Marc, August Macke, Manet, da van Gogh. Degas ya ce game da shi, "Hokusai ba mai fasaha ɗaya ba ne kawai a tsakanin sauran mutane a cikin Duniya mai iyo. Shi tsibiri ne, nahiya, duk duniya a cikinsa.” Hermann Obrist 's whiplash motif, ko Peitschenhieb, wanda ya zo don misalta sabon motsi, aikin Hokusai ya rinjayi a fili. Ko bayan mutuwarsa, nune-nunen kayan fasaharsa na ci gaba da girma. A cikin 2005, Gidan kayan tarihi na Tokyo ya gudanar da baje kolin Hokusai wanda ke da mafi yawan baƙi na kowane nuni a wannan shekarar. An kuma baje kolin zane-zane da dama daga baje kolin Tokyo a Burtaniya. Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya ya gudanar da nunin nunin farko na zane-zane na Hokusai na shekara mai zuwa ciki har da 'Babban Wave''' a cikin 2017. Hokusai ya yi wahayi zuwa ga lambar yabo ta Hugo - gajeriyar labari daga marubucin almarar kimiyya Roger Zelazny, "24 Ra'ayoyin Dutsen Fuji, na Hokusai", inda jarumin ya zagaya yankin da ke kewaye da Dutsen Fuji, yana tsayawa a wuraren da Hokusai ya zana. Wani littafi na 2011 game da hankali ya rufe da waƙar "Hokusai Says" na Roger Keyes, wanda ya riga ya bayyana cewa "[s] wani lokaci waƙa yana kama ran ra'ayi fiye da kowane abu." A cikin Encyclopædia Britannica na 1985, Richard Lane ya siffanta Hokusai a matsayin "tun daga karni na 19 na baya [yana da] burge masu fasaha na Yamma, masu suka da masu sha'awar fasaha iri ɗaya, fiye da, yuwuwa, fiye da kowane mai fasaha na Asiya guda ɗaya". 'Littafan Siyar da Hoto na Store da Ukiyo-e' na Hokusai ya nuna yadda ake sayar da ukiyo-e a lokacin; ya nuna yadda ake sayar da waɗannan kwafin a shagunan gida, kuma talakawa za su iya siyan ukiyo-e. Ba kamar yadda aka saba ba a cikin wannan hoton, Hokusai ya yi amfani da hanya mai launin hannu maimakon yin amfani da shingen katako da dama. 'Yar ƙaramarsa Ei tana da manga da fim ɗinta mai suna Miss Hokusai . ToAn fitar da wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da mai zane a Japan a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2021. An kaddamar da shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Tokyo na 33. Bayanan kula Manazarta   Lane, Richard (1978). Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-211447-1;  . Nagata, Seiji (1995). Hokusai: Genius of the Japanese Ukiyo-e. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Ray, Deborah Kogan (2001). Hokusai: The Man Who Painted a Mountain. New York: Frances Foster Books.  ISBN 978-0-374-33263-1. Smith, Henry D. II (1988). Hokusai: One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji. New York: George Braziller, Inc., Publishers.  ISBN 978-0-8076-1195-1. Weston, Mark (1999). Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and Women. New York: Kodansha International.  ISBN 978-1-56836-286-1. Kara karantawa Janar tarihin rayuwa Bowie, Theodore (1964). Zane na Hokusai. Jami'ar Indiana Press, Bloomington. Forrer, Mathi (1988). Hokusai Rizzoli, New York. ISBN 978-0-8478-0989-9 . Forrer, Mathi; van Gulik, Willem R., da Kaempfer, Heinz M. (1982). Hokusai da Makarantansa: Zane-zane, Zane-zane da Littattafan da aka kwatanta. Frans Halsmuseum, Haarlem. ISBN 978-90-70216-02-3 Hillier, Jack (1955). Hokusai: Zane-zane, Zane da Yanke itace. Phaidon, London. Hillier, Jack (1980). Art na Hokusai a cikin Misalin Littafi. Sotheby Publications, London. ISBN 978-0-520-04137-0 . Lane, Richard (1989). Hokusai: Rayuwa da Aiki. EP Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-24455-4 . van Rappard-Boon, Charlotte (1982). Hokusai da Makarantarsa: Jafananci Buga c. 1800–1840 (Kasidar Tarin Jafananci, Rijksmuseum, Sashe na III). Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Takamaiman ayyukan fasaha Ga masu karatu waɗanda ke son ƙarin bayani kan takamaiman ayyukan fasaha na Hokusai, ana ba da shawarar waɗannan ayyuka na musamman. Hillier, Jack, da Dickens, FW (1960). Fugaku Hiyaku-kei (Ra'ayoyi dari na Fuji daga Hokusai) . Frederick, New York. Kondo, Ichitaro (1966). Trans. Terry, Charles S. Ra'ayoyi talatin da shida na Dutsen Fuji na Hokusai . Cibiyar Gabas-Yamma, Honolulu. Michener, James A. (1958). Littattafan Sketch na Hokusai: Zaɓuɓɓuka daga 'Manga . Charles E. Tuttle, Rutland. Morse, Bitrus (1989). Hokusai: Mawaka ɗari . George Braziller, New York. ISBN 978-0-8076-1213-2 . Narazaki, Muneshige (1968). Trans. Mafi kyawun, John. Ayyukan Jagora na Ukiyo-E: Hokusai - Ra'ayoyi Talatin da Shida na Dutsen Fuji . Kodansha, Tokyo. Art monographs Monographs sadaukarwa ga ayyukan fasaha na Hokusai: Goncourt, Edmond de (2014). Muhimmancin Hokusai. Bournemouth, Parkstone International. ISBN 978-1-78310-128-3. Goncourt, Edmond de (2014). Hokusai Mega Square.'' Bournemouth, Parkstone International. ISBN 978-1-78310-566-3 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hokusai-kan Museum (Obuse, Japan) Hokusai website Works by Hokusai Mai zane-zanen Japan Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20E.%20Ray

Charlotte E. Ray

Charlotte E. Ray (13 ga Janairu, 1850 - Janairu 4, 1911) lauyar Amurka ce. Ita ce bakar fata ta farko lauya a Amurka. Ray ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Howard a 1872. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita a gundumar Columbia Bar, kuma mace ta farko da ta shigar da kara a gaban Kotun Koli na Gundumar. An yi amfani da shigar da ita a matsayin misali ga mata a wasu jihohin da suka nemi izinin shiga Bar. Ray ta bude ofishin lauyanta, talla a wata jarida da Frederick Douglass ke gudanarwa. Duk da haka, ta yi aiki da doka na ƴan shekaru kawai saboda rashin son kai ga ƴan Afirka da mata ya sa kasuwancinta ya kasance mai dorewa. Daga baya Ray ta ƙaura zuwa New York, inda ta zama malama a Brooklyn. Ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar zaɓen mata kuma ta shiga Ƙungiyar Mata masu launi ta ƙasa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Charlotte Ray a Birnin New York zuwa Charlotte Augusta Burroughs da Reverend Charles Bennett Ray. Reverend Ray ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin motsi na abolitionist kuma ya gyara wata jarida mai suna The Colored American. Charlotte tana da ’yan’uwa shida, ciki har da ’yan’uwa mata biyu, Henrietta Cordelia da Florence. Ilimi yana da mahimmanci ga mahaifinta, wanda ya tabbatar da kowace 'ya'yansa sun tafi jami'a. Charlotte ta halarci makarantar da ake kira Cibiyar Ilimin Matasa masu launi (yanzu ana kiranta Jami'ar District of Columbia) a Washington DC, ta kammala karatun a 1869. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wuraren da bakar fata za ta iya samun ingantaccen ilimi. Bayan haka Ray ta zama malami a Jami'ar Howard a Sashen Al'ada da Shirye-shirye, wanda shi ne Makarantar Prep na Jami'ar. Yayin koyarwa a Howard, ta yi rajista a Sashen Shari'a, kamar C. E. Ray. Charlotte Ray ta sauke karatu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1872, tana kammala shirin shekaru uku, a matsayin mace ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Howard. Majiyoyi sun ce ta kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa, amma Jami'ar Howard ba ta sami babin Phi Beta Kappa ba har zuwa 1953. Yayin da take makarantar shari'a an yi imanin ta kware a fannin shari'a. An bayyana ta a matsayin matar da Janar O. O. Howard, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na Jami'ar Howard ya ambata, da cewa "karanta mana kasida kan kamfanoni, ba a kwafi daga litattafai ba amma daga kwakwalwarta, cikakken bincike na daya daga cikin mafi m tambayoyi na shari'a." Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa Mary Ann Shadd Cary ita ce mutumin da ake tambaya. Rigimar shiga An shigar da ita Makarantar Shari'a ta Howard a gundumar Columbia a 1872 saboda ta yi rajista a ƙarƙashin sunan "C. E. Ray" kuma Ray ta yi amfani da wani madadin suna don ɓoye jinsin ta don kada a soke shigar ta nan take. A cewar wasu, ba a tabbatar da amfani da baƙaƙen da ta yi ba, kuma da ba za a buƙaci haka ba, domin Jami’ar Howard a wannan lokaci tana da ƙayyadaddun manufofin yarda da maza da mata baƙi. Ayyuka masu zaman kansu An shigar da Ray a Gundumar Columbia Bar a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1872, kuma ta yarda ta yi aiki a Kotun Koli na Gundumar Columbia ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1872. An lura da alƙawarin nata a cikin Woman's Journal kuma ta sami shigarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Women of the Century. Ray ta fara aikinta mai zaman kanta na dokar kasuwanci a cikin 1872, talla a cikin jaridu irin su New National Era and Citizen, mallakar Frederick Douglass. Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa tana fatan ta kware a kan dokar mallakar gidaje, wanda zai shafi karancin fitowa a kotu. Duk da haka, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa tana aiki a kotu. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki kuma ta yi jayayya a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Columbia, inda ta shigar da karar Gadley v. Gadley (vt. Godling v. Godling Godling A wannan yanayin, ta kare wata mata da ba ta da ilimi da ke neman a raba auren da mijinta ya zagi. Takaddamar dai ta ta’allaka ne a kan dalilan “shaye-shaye na al’ada” da kuma “zaluntar mu’amala, da ke jefa rai ko lafiya ga jam’iyyar da ke korafi”. Koke-koken Ray ta haifar da tashin hankali a auratayya a fili, inda ta kwatanta wani lamari da mijin ya fara karya gadon, har matar ta kwanta a kasa, sannan “ya sauko daga benen, ya samu gatari, ya dawo, ya yage katako a ciki falon", da nufin ya sa matarsa faduwa ta karya wuyanta. An ce Charlotte Ray ta kasance mai iya magana, mai iko, kuma "daya daga cikin mafi kyawun lauyoyi a kan hukumomi a kasar." Duk da haka duk da haɗin gwiwarta da tallace-tallace na Howard, ba ta iya kula da tsayayyen abokin ciniki ba, wanda zai iya ɗaukar kanta. Ba tare da la'akari da iliminta na shari'a da ƙwarewar shari'ar kamfani ba, mutane da yawa ba su yarda su amince da mace baƙar fata da shari'o'in su ba. Lauyan Wisconsin Kate Kane Rossi, a 1897, ta tuna cewa "Miss Ray ... ko da take lauya na yanke shawara iyawa, saboda son zuciya bai iya samun isasshen shari'a kasuwanci da kuma ta daina ... mai aiki." Maimakon haka ta koma koyarwa, tana aiki a tsarin makarantar Brooklyn. Rayuwa ta sirri Mawaƙ Henrietta Cordelia Ray 'yar uwarta ce. A lokaci guda duka ’yan’uwa mata uku malamai ne. Charlotte ta daina koyarwa na ɗan lokaci don yin aiki da doka, kuma Henrietta Cordelia ta daina koyarwa don samun malamanta da rubuta waƙoƙi. Ray ta halarci taron Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Ƙasa ta New York a 1876. Bayan 1895 Ray tana da alama tana aiki a Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi. Ta yi aure a ƙarshen 1880s kuma ta zama Charlotte E. Fraim. A cikin 1897 ta ƙaura zuwa Woodside, Long Island, inda ta mutu sakamakon mummunar cutar sankarau tana da shekaru 60 a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1911. Girmamawa bayan mutuwa A cikin Maris 2006, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas ( (Boston, MA) babi na Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity International ta zaɓi girmama Ray ta hanyar sanya sunan sabon babin da aka yi mata lakabi da ita, don amincewa da matsayinta na mace ta farko Ba'amurke lauya. Manazarta Mutuwan 1911

33815

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%20%28littafi%29

Pet (littafi)

Pet wani labari ne na burin matasa da akayi a 2019 / hasashe labarin almara na marubuci ɗan Najeriya Akwaeke Emezi. Ya zo gabannin littafin Bitter, wanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 2022. Fage Dangane da littafin Pet, Emezi ya mayar da hankali wajen rubuta littafin da matasa ke son karantawa a yayin da suke tasowa. A labarin, akwai wata yarinya baƙar fata wacce ta sauya jinsinta a yayin da iyayenta da al'ummarta suka goyi bayanta - kuma tayi abubuwa ban sha'awa amma bata kasance cikin haɗari - sai dai suna da mahimmanci na musamman. A Tsarin littafin, Lucille ta samo asali ne daga tsarin da Toni Morrison ta yi amfani da su a cikin almara. Aqidar garin (“We are each other’s harvest. We are each other’s business. We are each other’s magnitude and bond") magana ce daga Gwendolyn Brooks ' ode zuwa Paul Robeson . Labari Jam wata budurwa ce da ke zaune a Lucille, wani gari a Amurka. Lucille wani nau'i ne na utopia; tarihin yankin ya nuna cewa mutanen kirki ke fatattakar mutanen banza. A Lucille, babu sauran shaidanu. Kuma haka kowa yake tsammani. Wata rana, Jam ta zamiye kuma ta faɗi kan zanen mahaifiyarta (wani nau'in zane mai dauke da abubuwa masu kaifi a ciki. ) Jinin Jam ya sako halittar da mahaifiyarta ke zanawa: Pet. Pet ta sanarwa Jam cewa halittar ta zo ne don kawar da wani dodo da ke zaune a Lucille. 'yan wasa Jam ita ce jarumar novel. Yarinyar Baƙar fata mai shekaru 15, ba ko da yaushe take magana ba. Jam tana samun goyon baya da ƙauna daga danginta da al'ummarta. Bitter ita ce mahaifiyar Jam, mai zane. Aloe mahaifin Jam. Redemption abokin Jam ne. da dan dambe Pet shine dodo da aka haɗa daga zanen mahaifiyarta Bitter. Moss ɗan'uwan Redemption ne Hibiscus kawun Fansa ne Malachita ita ce mahaifiyar Redemption Beloved uban Fansa ne Whisper shine mahaifan Fansa Glass ce inuwar fansa (matar Hibiscus) Jigogi A cikin wata hira da akayi da Teen Vogue dangane ƙirƙirar littafin, Emezi ya nuna cewa littafin na nuna bambanci tsakanin tasowa a Najeriya da kuma zama a Amurka ya yi tasiri sosai kan babban jigon littafin:“Amma daya daga cikin abubuwan da na fi so dangane da tasowa a gida (a Najeriya) shi ne cewa kowa na bakin ciki sosai kan abin da ke faruwa. Kamar lokacin da gwamnati ke kokarin kashe ka, gwamnati na kokarin kashe ka. Pet, ya zuwa yanzu, shine mafi yawan littafina na Amurka, an saita shi a Amurka, game da Amurka ne. A nan, mutane ba sa yarda da abin da ke faruwa a kusa da mu, ba sa kallon abubuwa kai tsaye." Littafin kuma ya yi magana game da cin zarafin yara, amincewa da tsarin adalci, ra'ayoyin da ke kewaye da utopia da abota, da kuma tunanin baki da fari game da mugunta. Salon sadarwa suna da mahimmanci musamman a cikin littafin, haka nan, kamar yadda Jam zaɓaɓɓe ne amma ba mai magana bane. Salon adabi Jam yana sadarwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin littafin, daga baki zuwa amfani da hannu na magana da aksain hakan, zuwa sadarwar tunani. An gabatar da waɗannan a cikin nau'ikan rubutu daban-daban a cikin labari. Tarihin bugawa Pet ya kasance a cikin jerin wallafa na farko don Make Me a World Imprint na Penguin Random House, kokarin da marubucin yara Christopher Myers ya jagoranta. Tambarin, ya mai da hankali kan buga littattafai daban-daban, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin fall 2019. Faber &amp; Faber na Burtaniya ne suka buga littafin, da kuma mawallafan Farafina a Najeriya. liyafa A cikin bita mai tauraro, Kirkus Reviews ya nuna cewa "wannan labari mai girma ya harbe taurari kuma ya fashe da sararin sama tare da haskakawa." A cikin sharhin da aka yi tauraro a Mako-mako na Mawallafa, mai bitar ya ce "Labarin Emezi na kai tsaye amma tacit labarin rashin adalci, yarda da shi ba tare da wani sharadi ba, da kuma muguntar da bil'adama ke ci gaba da yi ya zama labari mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'awa wanda masu sha'awar tsoro za su cinye da sauri." The Horn Book Magazine kira Pet "a haunting da poetic aiki na speculated almara." A cikin wani bita na The New York Times, marubuci Ibi Zoboi ya rubuta cewa "Emezi, wanda dan Najeriya ne, ya haɗa al'adar baka ta Afirka tare da ma'anar kalmomi masu ma'ana da aka nade a cikin kusan fassarar al'ada na wasu daga cikin gaskiyar ɗan adam." Tasiri Asalin Jam a matsayin wanda dangi- da al'umma suka goyar wa baya wajen sauya jinsi ya shahara sosai. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Pet ya kasance dan wasan karshe na lambar yabo ta kasa ta 2019 don Young People's Literature. An kira Pet a jerin mujallu 100 Mafi kyawun Littattafan Fantasy na Duk Lokaci. Jaridar New York Times ta nada Pet daya daga cikin 25 mafi kyawun littattafan yara na 2019. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

29808

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira%20Muratova

Kira Muratova

Articles with hCards Kira Georgievna Muratova ( ; 'yar Roma ce; Ukraine ; née Korotkova, 5 Nuwamba 1934 - 6 Yuni 2018 ) ɗan Soviet ne - Ukrainian daraktan fim ɗin da ya ci lambar yabo, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zuriyar Romanian/Yahudanci, sananne ga salon shugabanci nata da ba a saba gani ba. Fina-finan Muratova sun yi ta yin katsalandan a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, duk da haka Muratova ya sami nasarar fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin fina-finan Rasha na zamani kuma ya sami damar gina aikin fim mai nasara daga 1960s gaba. Muratova, tare da Nikita Mikhalkov, Vadim Abdrashitov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Aleksei Jamus, da Aleksei Balabanov ana ganin su ne manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda suka fuskanci rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet duk da haka sun sami nasarar ci gaba da aikinsu na fim daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. An kwatanta ayyukanta a matsayin mai yiyuwa 'daya daga cikin fitattun fitattun fina-finai na fina-finai na duniya.' Muratova ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha a Odessa, inda ya kirkiro mafi yawan fina-finanta a Odesa Film Studios . Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Kira Korotkova a cikin shekara ta 1934 a Soroca, Romania ( Moldova a yau) ga mahaifin Rasha da mahaifiyar Romania (an asalin Bayahude Bessarabian ). Iyayenta duka ƴan gurguzu ne kuma membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci . Mahaifinta, Yuri Korotkov, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist a yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Romania sun kama su kuma suka harbe bayan tambayoyi. Bayan yakin, Kira ta zauna a Bucharest tare da mahaifiyarta, likitan mata, wanda ya bi aikin gwamnati a cikin Socialist Romania . A 1959, Kira ta kammala karatun ta daga Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography a Moscow, qware a cikin shiryarwa. Bayan kammala karatun Korotkova ya sami matsayi na darekta tare da Odessa Film Studio a Odessa, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black kusa da 'yar asalinta Bessarabia . Ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin ƙwararrunta na farko a cikin 1961 kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakin studio har sai da rikici ya sa ta koma Leningrad a 1978. A can ta yi fim daya tare da Lenfilm Studio, amma daga baya ya koma Odessa. Fina-finan Muratova sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai ga jami'an Soviet saboda yaren fim ɗinta na wauta wanda bai bi ka'idodin gurguzanci ba. Masanin fina-finai Isa Willinger ya kwatanta tsarin fim na Muratova da Soviet Avant-garde, musamman ga Eisenstein na abubuwan jan hankali. Sau da yawa an dakatar da Muratova daga yin aiki a matsayin darekta na tsawon shekaru a kowane lokaci. Kira ta auri 'yar'uwarta darektan studiyo na Odessa wato Oleksandr Muratov a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ta hada fina-finai da yawa tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Marianna, amma nan da nan suka sake aure kuma Muratov ya koma Kiev inda ya fara aiki tare da Dovzhenko Film Studios . Kira Muratova ta kiyaye sunan tsohon mijinta duk da aurenta da mai zane na Leningrad kuma mai tsarawa Evgeny Golubenko. Bayan zamanin Soviet A cikin 1990s, lokaci mai mahimmanci yazo wa Muratova a lokacin da ta daukar sabon fim bayan kowane shekaru biyu ko uku, sau da yawa tana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan jirgin. Aikinta The Asthenic Syndrome (1989) an kwatanta shi a matsayin 'babban aikin banza' kuma shine kawai fim ɗin da aka dakatar (saboda tsiraici na maza da mata) a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet perestroika . Sauran fina-finan nata da aka fitar a wannan lokacin sun hada da misali, The Sentimental Policeman (1992), Passions (1994), Three Stories (1997) da kuma gajeren wasiƙa (1999) zuwa Amurka. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu Muratova take fito dasu acikin shirye-shirye su ne Renata Litvinova da Natalya Buzko . Muratova ta fina-finan yawanci productions na Ukraine ko co-productions tsakanin Ukraine da kuma Rasha, ko da yaushe a cikin Rasha harshen, ko da yake Muratova iya magana da Ukrainian kuma bai ƙin Ukrainianization na Ukrainian cinema. Muratova ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin juya halin Ukrainian na 2014 masu zuwa. An gabatar da fina-finan Muratova a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Berlin (1990, 1997), Cannes, Moscow, Rome, Venice da dai sauransu. Kusa da Aleksandr Sokurov, An dauki Muratova a matsayin darektan fina-finai na harshen Rashanci na zamani. Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a matsayin postmodern, yin amfani da eclecticism, parody, gyare-gyare na dakatarwa, rugujewar labari da ƙwaƙƙwaran gani da sauti, da 'ɗaucin ɓacin rai da ke nuna tashin hankali, rashin ƙauna, al'umma mara kyau. A cikin fim dinta, Labari Uku, ta bincika 'mugunta an ɓoye a cikin wani kyakkyawan harsashi marar laifi, kuma gawawwakin sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado.' Ta kasance mai sha'awar Sergei Parajanov kuma ta mayar da hankali kan 'ornamentalism' an kwatanta shi da nasa kuma ya kasance mai adawa da gaskiya, tare da 'maimaitawa yana ba da siffar kowane yiwuwar', tare da fim ɗin ta na ƙarshe, Maɗaukaki Gida mai kyau game da cinema kanta ba ta ƙare ba. kamar a ce 'spool of cinema ta ci gaba da zare da ƙwanƙwasa, zare da ƙwanƙwasa'. Nadi da kyaututtuka Sai kawai a lokacin gasar Perestroyka ne Muratova ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a da kuma lambar yabo ta farko. A cikin 1988, bikin fina-finai na mata na duniya Créteil (Faransa) ya nuna na farko game da ayyukanta. Fim ɗinta Daga cikin Grey Stones an nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1988 Cannes Film Festival . A cikin shekara ta 1990, Fim ɗinta na Asthenic Syndrome ya lashe kyautar Silver Bear Jury Grand Prix a Berlinale . A cikin 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leopard of Honor don rayuwarta oeuvre a Locarno International Film Festival (Switzerland) kuma a cikin 2000, an ba ta kyautar Andrzej Wajda Freedom Award. A cikin 1997, an shigar da fim ɗinta Labaru Uku a cikin Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 47 . Fim ɗinta na shekara ta2002 Chekhov's Motifs an shigar dashi cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 24th na Moscow An nuna fim ɗinta The Tuner a bikin Fim na Venice a 2004. Fina-finan nata sun sami lambar yabo ta "Nika" ta Rasha a 1991, 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009 da 2013. A cikin 2005, an nuna wani bita a Cibiyar Lincoln a Birnin New York. A cikin 2013, an nuna cikakken kallon fina-finanta a bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam . Order of Prince Yaroslav mai hikima Order of Friendly Mutane Artist na Ukraine 1993 Shevchenko National Prize An yi watsi da ayyukanta a bisa kuskure a cikin darussan Nazarin Fim ko kuma a cikin tattaunawa kan 'manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci' a cewar mai sukar fina-finai na kwanan nan, Bianca Garner. Fina-finai Littattafai A kan wani yunƙuri na majiɓincin fasaha Yuri Komelkov, Atlant UMC ya buga wani kundi a kan aikin Kira Muratova. A cikin wannan kundin, marubucin hotuna, Konstantin Donin, ya tsare kansa a cikin firam ɗin fim ɗin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na allo na fim ɗin Biyu-in-one . A cikin shekara ta 2005, IB Tauris ya buga wani bincike kan rayuwa da aikin Muratova a cikin jerin Sahabbai na KINOfiles Filmmakers. Duba kuma Jerin sunayen daraktoci mata Fim din mata Sinima na Rasha Cinema na Ukraine Manazarta Adabi Donin [Донин, К. A.]. Кадр за кадром: Кира Муратова. Хроника одного фильма. К.: ООО «Атлант-ЮЭми», 2007. 119 с. . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kira Muratova Kira Muratova fan site (Rasha) - fina-finai, biography, labarai, tambayoyi, articles, photo gallery Hira da Muratova 2006 Nika Takaitacciyar Biyu cikin Daya Hotunan Muratova Kira Muratova da Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Kwaminisanci Kira Muratova Mutuwar 2018 Haihuwan 1934 Mutane daga Soroca Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa Darektocin fim na kasar Russi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

14649

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki%20Minaj

Nicki Minaj

Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (An haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1982),wadda akafi sani da Nicki Minaj ( /m ɪ n ɑː ʒ / ), ita ne mai Trinidadian-American rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, da kuma model.An haife ta a gundumar Saint James na Port of Spain kuma ta tashi ne a gundumar Queens da ke New York City, ta sami karbuwa a wurin jama'a bayan ta saki kayan hadawa na Playtime Is Over (2007), Sucka Free (2008), da Beam Me Up Scotty (2009) . farkon aikin ta,Minaj aka san ta da kayayyaki da kuma wigs, ta bayyana kwarewa,da kuma yin amfani da alter egos da wasulla,da farko British cockney.Bayan fara waka tare da Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, a shekara ta (2009 ) Minaj ta saki studio album din tana farko, Pink Friday (2010),wanda ta karba lamba daya a Amurka Billboard 200 ginshiƙi kuma aka bokan sau uku platinum ta Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA). Kundin ya samar mada Minaj Billboard Hot 100 zama na farko acikin biyar, "Super Bass" Kundin wakokinta na biyu, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012) ya ga Minaj ta matsa zuwa ga rawar-pop tare da mai da hankali kan waƙar ta. An fara faifan kundin a saman jadawalin a kasashe da yawa,wanda ya haifar da Billboard Hot 100 guda daya acikin biyar, "Starships". Minaj na uku da na hudu na kundin faifai, The Pinkprint (2014) da Queen (2018), sun nuna ficewa daga salon raye-rayen rawar rubuce-rubucen da ta gabatar da kuma komawa tushenta na hip hop,tare da tsohuwar da ke haifar da Billboard Hot (100) na farko a cikin- guda biyar " Anaconda ". Yanayinta a kan remix na Doja Cat's"Say So " da 6ix9ine" haɗin gwiwar. Trollz",duka an sake su a cikin shekarar (2020) sun nuna alamar farko da na biyu a ɗaya a cikin Hot (100) bi da bi, tare da na biyu, sun sa ta zama ta biyun 'yar wasan mata da fara fitowa a saman jadawalin bayan Lauryn Hill shekara ta (1998). A wajen kiɗa, aikin fim na Minaj ya haɗa da rawar murya a cikin animated films Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) da The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) gami da matsayin tallafi a cikin finafinan ban dariya na The Other Woman (2014) da kuma Barbershop: The Next Cut (2016). Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a lokacin twelfth season na American Idol a shekara ta (2013). An ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu fasahan saurin na rap a kowane lokaci, Minaj ta sayar da kimanin fayafayan rikodin miliyan( 100 ) a duk duniya, yana mai da ta ɗaya daga cikin world's best selling music artists. A tsawon rayuwar ta, Minaj ta sami yabo da yawa, gami da kyaututtukan kiɗa na Amurka guda shida, BET Awards goma sha biyu, kyaututtukan kiɗa na MTV Video Music Awards guda huɗu, <i id="mwaA">Kyaututtukan</i> Kiɗa na <i id="mwaA">Billboard</i> guda huɗu, da Mata biyu na <i id="mwag">Allon</i> Kyautuka a cikin Wakokin . An kuma zabe ta don( 10) Grammy Awards. Minaj itace mafi girman-ranked mace rapper a kan allon-tallan ' jerin saman artists na shekarar( 2010s). A cikin shekara ta (2016 ) Minaj ta kasance cikin jerin Lokaci na shekara-shekara na mutane( 100) masu tasiri a duniya.. Rayuwar farko Onika Tanya Maraj an haife ta ne a Saint James a ranar( 8) ga watan Disamba, shekarar (1982)Mahaifinta, Robert Maraj, babban jami'in harkokin kuɗi kuma mawaƙiyan bishara na ɗan lokaci, na Dougla ne (Afro-Trinidadian mahaifiyar da Indo-Trinidadian mahaifin ) zuriya.Mahaifiyarta, Carol Maraj, ita ma mawaƙa ce ta bishara tare da asalin Afro-Trinidad. Carol ta yi aiki a cikin ɓangarorin biyan kuɗi da na lissafi a lokacin ƙuruciya ta Minaj.Mahaifin Minaj ya kasance mai yawan shan giya da sauran kwayoyi, kuma yana da saurin fushi, tana ƙona gidansu a cikin watan Disamba shekarar ta (1987).Tana da wani dattijo mai suna Jelani, wata ƙanwarta mai suna Maya, ƙanin ta mai suna Micaiah, da kuma ƙanwarta mai suna Ming. Yayinda yake karamin yaro, Minaj da dan uwa sun zauna tare da kakanta a Saint James. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta koma Bronx a cikin New York City don halartar Kwalejin Monroe, kawo dangin zuwa Queens lokacin da Minaj ke da shekara biyar. A lokacin, dangin suna da gida a titin 147th. Minaj ya tuna, "Bana tunanin cikin gidana. Mahaifiyata ta motsa ni, amma ba ta da tsayayyar gida. Na so na zama mai tsayayyen gida. ” Minaj ta sami nasarar saurarar karatun shiga Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art da kuma Arts, wanda ke mai da hankali kan zane da zane-zane . Bayan kammala karatu, Minaj ta so zama 'yar fim, sai aka sanya ta a wasan Off-Broadway A Cikin Abin da Ka Manta a shekarar ta (2001). A lokacin da take da shekaru( 19) yayin da take fama da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran aiki a wani Red Lobster a cikin Bronx, amma an kore ta saboda rage darajar kwastomomi. Ta ce an kore ta daga "aƙalla ayyuka (15" )saboda dalilai iri ɗaya.. Ayyuka == Manazarta ==

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20basasar%20Najeriya

Yaƙin basasar Najeriya

Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (wanda ya fara daga 6 watan Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Najeriya da Biafra ko yakin Biafra, yakine da aka gwabza tsakanin Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Biyafara, kasa ce mai ballewa wacce ta tabbatar 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya. a shekarar 1967. Janar Yakubu Gowon ne ya jagoranci Najeriya, yayin da Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu ya jagoranci kasar Biafra . Biafra dai na wakiltar kishin kasa ne na kabilar Ibo, wadanda shugabancinsu ke ganin ba za su iya zama tare da gwamnatin tarayya karkashin muradun Hausa-Fulani Musulmi na Arewacin Najeriya ba. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, tattalin arziki, kabilanci, al'adu da addini wanda ya biyo bayan mayar da Najeriya mulkin mallaka daga Birtaniya a hukumance daga 1960 zuwa 1963. Abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin a 1966 sun hada da juyin mulkin soji, juyin mulki, da kuma masu kyamar Igbo a Arewacin Najeriya . Gudanar da ayyukan hakar mai da ake samun riba a yankin Neja Delta shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma ya kasance wani bangare na goyon bayan Faransa ga Biafra. A cikin shekara guda, sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya sun yi wa kasar Biafra kawanya, inda suka kuma kame cibiyoyin mai a gabar teku da kuma birnin Fatakwal . An sanya shingen ne a matsayin manufar da aka yi niyya a lokacin da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wanda ya haifar da yunwar da fararen hular Biafra ke yi. A cikin shekaru biyu da rabi da aka yi ana yakin, an sami asarar rayukan sojoji kusan dubu dari 100,000 gaba daya, yayin da tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 2 Miliyoyin fararen hula na Biafra sun mutu saboda yunwa. A tare da Yaƙin Vietnam na lokaci ɗaya, Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko a tarihin ɗan adam da aka tallata ta hanyar talabijin zuwa sassa na duniya. A tsakiyar shekarar 1968, hotunan yaran Biafra masu fama da tamowa da yunwa sun cika kafafen watsa labarai na kasashen Yamma . Halin da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ke fama da shi ya zama sanadin ci gaba a kasashen ketare, lamarin da ya ba da damar samun karuwar kudade da kuma shaharar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa. Biafra ta sami tallafin jin kai na kasa da kasa daga fararen hula a lokacin tashin jirgin saman Biafra, lamarin da ya karfafa kafa kungiyar likitocin da ba su da iyaka bayan karshen yakin. Birtaniya da Tarayyar Soviet su ne manyan masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Najeriya, yayin da Faransa, Isra'ila (bayan 1968) da wasu kasashe suka goyi bayan Biafra . Matsayin Amurka a hukumance daya ne na tsaka-tsaki, la'akari da Najeriya a matsayin "hakin Biritaniya", amma wasu na fassara hakan akan ƙin amincewa da Biafra da fifita gwamnatin Najeriya. Fage Bangaren kabilanci Ana iya danganta yakin basasa da hadewar turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1914 na Northern protectorate, Lagos Colony da Southern Nigeria protectorate (daga baya aka sake masa suna Gabashin Najeriya ), wanda aka yi niyya don ingantacciyar gwamnati saboda kusancin wadannan guraben . . Duk da haka, canjin bai yi la’akari da bambance-bambancen al’adu da addinan mutanen kowane yanki ba. Gasa don neman iko na siyasa da tattalin arziki ya ta'azzara tarzoma. Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, da yawan jama'a 45.2 miliyan daya kunshi fiye da 300 kabilu da al'adu daban-daban . Lokacin da Najeriya ta yi mulkin mallaka, manyan kabilun ta uku su ne Igbo, wadanda suka kafa kusan kashi 60-70% na al'ummar Kudu maso Gabas; Hausa-Fulani na Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 67% na al'ummar yankin arewacin kasar; da Yarbawa, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar yankin Kudu maso Yamma. Duk da cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna da nasu na asali, amma a shekarun 1960, jama’a sun watsu a fadin Najeriya, inda dukkanin kabilun uku suka samu wakilci a manyan biranen kasar. . Lokacin da yakin ya barke a 1967, har yanzu akwai 'yan kabilar Igbo 5,000 a Legas . Sarakunan gargajiya da Musulmi Hausa-Fulani a Arewa sun kasance mazan jiya da suka hada da sarakuna da suka hada da Sarkin Musulmi. An dauki wannan Sultan a matsayin tushen duk wani iko na siyasa da ikon addini. Tsarin siyasar Yarbawa a kudu maso yamma, kamar na Hausa-Fulani, shi ma ya kunshi jerin sarakuna, Oba . Sarakunan Yarbawa kuwa, ba su da mulkin kama-karya fiye da na Arewa. Tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Yarbawa saboda haka ya ba da damar haɓaka motsi sama, bisa ga abin da aka samu maimakon dukiya da mukami da aka gada. Siyasa da tattalin arzikin tarayya Turawan mulkin mallaka sun raba Najeriya gida uku – Arewa, Yamma da Gabas—wani abu ne da ya kara ta’azzara bambance-bambancen da aka samu na tattalin arziki da siyasa da zamantakewa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Najeriya. An raba kasar ta yadda Arewa ta fi yawan al’umma da yawa fiye da sauran yankuna biyu idan aka hade. Har ma a yau yawan jama'a ya kasance babban batu na siyasa a Najeriya. A kan haka ne aka bai wa yankin Arewa mafi yawan kujeru a Majalisar Tarayya da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka kafa. A cikin kowace shiyya guda uku, kabilun da suka fi rinjaye, Hausa-Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo, sun kafa jam’iyyun siyasa wadanda duk asalinsu na yanki ne kuma suka dogara da kabilanci : Jam’iyyar NPC ta Arewa; Kungiyar Action a Yamma (AG); da Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) a Gabas. Duk da cewa wadannan jam’iyyu ba su kasance daya kadai ba ta fuskar kabilanci ko yankinsu, tarwatsewar Nijeriya ya yi sanadin kasancewar wadannan jam’iyyu da farko sun kasance a yanki daya da kabila daya. Hotuna Manazarta