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32153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubakar%20Kouyat%C3%A9 | Boubakar Kouyaté | Boubakar " Kiki " Kouyaté (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mali wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar Metz ta Ligue 1 da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mali.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
Kouyaté ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwallon kafa a shekara ta 2013 tare da "Esperance Football Club de Médine" a Bamako a mataki na uku da na biyu a kwallon kafa ta Mali. Ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Morocco Kawkab Marrakech, yana wasa a Botola. Bayan kammala na uku a kakar wasa ta baya, a Kawkab ya cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin CAF ta 2016, kuma kulob din ya kai matakin rukuni. A Kawkab bai samu tikitin shiga gasar ba, kuma ya kare a mataki na 14 a Botola. Kouyaté ya bar kulob din a karshen matakin rukuni.
Sporting CP
A ranar 26 ga Agusta 2016, Kouyaté ya sanya hannu tare da babbar kulob na Portuguese Sporting CP, kuma an sanya shi zuwa ƙungiyar B. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a LigaPro a ranar 11 ga Satumba a wasan da suka yi da Varzim. Kouyaté ya buga wasanni 32 a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya buga wasa tare da Ivanildo Fernandes a tsakiya, yayin da kungiyar ta kare a mataki na 14.
An haɗa Kouyaté a cikin babbar ƙungiyar a wasa karon farko a 12 ga watan Oktoba 2017 a wasan Taça de Portugal da ARC Oleiros. Ya yi 12 bayyanuwa tare da ajiyar a 2017-18 LigaPro, amma ya sami rauni a 4 Fabrairu 2018 da Cova da Piedade, ya ɓace a sauran kakar wasa. Sporting B ta kammala kakar wasa a mataki na 18 kuma ta koma mataki na daya. An rusa kungiyar ne bayan kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta gwammace shiga sabuwar gasar ta ‘yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Portugal fiye da taka leda a mataki na uku. Kouyaté yana wasa tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a La Liga Revelaçao a lokacin canja wurin sa, bayan da ya buga wasanni 18.
Troyes
A cikin watan Janairu 2019, Kouyaté ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 3.5 tare da Troyes AC a rukuni na biyu na Faransa, Ligue 2, wanda manajan kulob din na Portugal, Rui Almeida ya kawo. Wasan sa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu yana wasa minti na ƙarshe na 1-1 da Metz. Cikakken halartan sa ya zo makonni biyu bayan haka, zuwa Niort, ya maye gurbin Jérémy Cordoval a dama-dama. Kouyaté zai fara wasanni biyar masu zuwa, biyu na karshe a hannun dama na baya uku, amma an tashi daga hutun rabin lokaci da Sochaux a ranar 15 ga Maris. Ba zai sake sake farawa ba har sai ya ci 2–4 a ranar 10 ga Mayu da Clermont, wasan da ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din. Na goma a lokacin siyan sa, a Troyes ya kasance cikin fafatawa don haɓakawa ta atomatik har zuwa ranar wasan ta ƙarshe. Troyes ya yi rashin nasara a wasan gaba na wasan kusa da na karshe zuwa Lens, kuma Kouyaté ya gama kakarsa ta farko ya bayyana sau 12. Bayan kakar, Almeida ya tafi Caen.
Kouyaté ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya ci kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Lens da ci 2-1 a gasar Coupe de la Ligue ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, sannan kuma ya zura kwallo a wasanni biyu na gaba a gasar Ligue 2. Kouyaté ya buga mafi yawan wasanninsa a hannun dama na kociyan Laurent Batlles da ya fi so a baya sau uku, inda ya fara wasanni 14 na kungiyar a gasar a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zura kwallaye biyar, wanda ya isa ya sanya shi kan gaba a kungiyar. mai zura kwallo a raga. Ya fara buga wasanni biyu na farko na Troyes daga hutu, amma ya samu rauni a karawarsu da Le Havre a ranar 27 ga Janairu. Kouyaté zai sake fitowa sau ɗaya a wannan kakar, yana fitowa daga benci na ƙarin lokaci da Paris FC a ranar 6 ga Maris, kafin a soke kakar wasan saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Faransa. Kouyaté ya kare ne a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallo a kulob din, kuma Troyes ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na hudu, da maki biyu a matsayi na daya a gasar Ligue 1, bayan da aka soke wasannin share fage. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa a lokacin kakar wasa, Kouyaté ya sami matsayi a benci a cikin ƙungiyar L'Équipe na kakar wasa a Ligue 2. Bayan kakar wasa, an ruwaito Kouyaté ya jawo sha'awar kulob din Ingila na Nottingham Forest.
Metz
A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2020, Kouyaté ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Metz har zuwa 2024.
Ayyukan kasa
Kouyaté yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Mali da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar 2015.
Kouyaté ya karbi kiransa na farko a watan Satumba na 2017 don wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Morocco. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2019 ya buga wa Mali wasan sada zumunci da Senegal. An saka Kouyaté a cikin 'yan wasan Mali don gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2019. Mali ta samu nasara a rukuninsu, amma ta sha kashi a zagaye na 16 a hannun Ivory Coast, kuma Kouyaté ya fara wasansu na karshe na rukunin da Angola.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
25209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh%20Al-Fawzan | Saleh Al-Fawzan | Saleh Al-Fawzan (Larabci: صالح بن فوزان الفوزان; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1933) malamin addinin Islama ne kuma ya kasance memba na manya - manyan kungiyoyin addini a Saudi Arabia. Ana yi masa kallon babban malamin addinin Musulunci a Saudiyya.
An kuma fassara sunan mahaifinsa Al-Fozan ko Al-Fawzaan. An kuma san shi da Saleh Ibn Fawzan Ibn Abdullah, Saleh Ibn Fawzan al-Fawzan, Saalih Ibn Fowzaan Ibn 'Abdullaah Ibn Fowzaan,'
Tarihin Rayuwa
Dangane da tarihin rayuwarsa a fatwa-online.com, Fawzan dangin Fawzan ne daga mutane/kabilar ash-Shamaasiyyah. Mahaifinsa ya mutu tun yana karami, kuma daga baya danginsa ne suka haife shi. Ya koyi Alƙur'ani, ginshiƙan karatu da rubutu daga limamin masallacin garinsu.
Ilimi
Fawzan yayi karatu a makarantar gwamnati a ash-Qamariyah lokacin da aka buɗe a shekara ta alif 1948. A shekarar 1950 ya kuma kammala karatunsa a makarantar Faysaliyyah a Buraydah sannan daga baya aka nada shi malami a makarantar. Fawzan ya shiga Cibiyar Ilimi a Buraydah lokacin da aka buɗe ta a shekarar 1952, kuma ya kammala karatun ta a shekarar 1956. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami’ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud da ke Riyadh, inda a farko ya yi karatu a tsangayar Sharia, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1960, kafin ya sami digiri na biyu da na uku a Fiqhu.
Aiki
A cewar fatwa-online.com, bayan kammala digirinsa na uku, ya zama malami a tsangayar Shari'ah a cibiyar ilimi ta Imam Muhammad da ke Riyadh kafin a mayar da shi sashin kula da manyan makarantu a cikin Kwalejin Ka'idojin. Addinin (usool ad-deen). Daga baya ya zama shugaban kotun koli ta shari'ar Saudiyya, inda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban. Daga nan ya koma koyarwa a can bayan lokacin mulkinsa ya ƙare.
Tun daga shekarar 2013, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Manyan Malamai, babbar kungiyar addini ta Saudi Arabiya, wacce ke ba sarki shawara kan lamuran addini. Haka kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na Kwamitin Dindindin na Binciken Addinin Musulunci da Fatawa, kwamitin Majalisar Manyan Malamai. Majalisar tana fitar da hukunci a fikihu na fikihu kuma tana shirya takardun bincike ga Majalisar Manyan Malamai. Yana daya daga cikin manyan malamai a cikin shirin rediyon Nur Ala al-Darb, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma shahararrun shirye-shiryen da ake watsawa a tashar rediyon Alqur'ani, inda manyan manyan malamai ke amsa tambayoyi da bada fatawa."
Kalamai masu rikitarwa
Ra'ayoyin Al-Fawzan kan bautar-da aka bayar a cikin laccoci da aka yi rikodin akan kaset-sun fito fili kuma sun haifar da cece-kuce a shekarar 2003. A cikin faifan an ambato shi yana cewa, "Bautar wani bangare ne na Musulunci (a yanayin yaƙi) ... Bautar wani bangare na jihadi, kuma jihadi zai dawwama muddin akwai Musulunci.” Dangane da fassarar zamani da Musulunci ya kawar da bauta gaba daya, ya kori masu yada shi yana cewa, "Jahilai ne, ba malamai ba ... Duk wanda ya fadi irin wannan magana kafiri ne."
A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2014, Al-Fawzan ya musanta cewa ya ba da fatawar da ta hana 'duk abin da za ku iya ci' buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen abinci, yana mai cewa kawai ya ce buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yakamata su tantance adadin don kada mutane su ƙare siyan "wanda ba a sani ba". Al-Fawzan ya ce a cikin sanarwar da ya wallafa a shafin sa na yanar gizo. "Gaskiyar ita ce an tambaye ni game da wani abin mamaki a wasu gidajen abinci inda masu gidan ke gaya wa abokan cinikin su: ku ci abin da kuke so daga abincin da aka nuna kuma ku biya kuɗi ɗaya. Na ce: Wannan ba a sani ba kuma ba za a iya sayar da abin da ba a sani ba har sai an bayyana shi. kuma an gano su, ”in ji sanarwar.
An sake ba Saleh al-Fawzan kulawa a kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma a watan Mayu shekarar 2016 bayan da ya ayyana haramta daukar hotuna a wani faifan bidiyo da MEMRI ta buga a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2016. A cewar The Independent, "Da yake magana a wani gidan talabijin da aka watsa, Sheikh Saleh Bin Al- Fawzan, An tambayi Fawzan game da "sabon yanayin ɗaukar hotuna da kuliyoyi" wanda "ya bazu tsakanin mutanen da ke son zama kamar Turawan Yamma". Shehin malamin ya fara bayyana rashin imani, yana tambaya: "Menene ?! Me kuke nufi hotuna da kuliyoyi?" Sannan ya ayyana: "An haramta ɗaukar hotuna. Maguna ba su da mahimmanci a nan." Lokacin da aka sake tambayarsa game da "sabon yanayin", sai ya ce: "Bayyana mani wannan yanayin. An haramta ɗaukar hotuna idan ba don larura ba - ba tare da kuliyoyi ba, ba tare da karnuka ba, ba da kyarketai, ba tare da komai ba."
Malaman Larabawa Hala Al-Dosari (abokin aikin Cibiyar Radcliff a Harvard) da Abdullah Alaoudh (babban abokin Jami'ar Georgetown kuma dan Salman al-Awdah) sun yi iƙirarin cewa Mohammed Bin Salman ya ɗauki Saleh al-Fawzan a matsayin uba. Wata guda kafin kisan Jamal Khashoggi, al-Fawzan ya yi shelar fatwa mai barazana yana kiran kashe masu sukar gwamnatin Saudiyya.
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta danganta kalaman kiyayya da Saleh al-Fawzan ya yi wa Shi'a da rafida lokacin da ya kira wadannan kungiyoyin "yan uwan Shaidan" kuma musamman game da wani bangare na mabiya Shi'a a matsayin "kafirai" wadanda ke "karya game da Allah, annabinsa, da yarjejeniya. addinin Musulunci". Hala Al-Dosari ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa al-Fawzan yana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin tsiraru na Musulunci a matsayin bidi'a.
Manazarta |
32868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keagan%20Dolly | Keagan Dolly | Keagan Larenzo Dolly (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Kaizer Chiefs a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya lashe kyautar matashin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Premier na kakar wasa a kakar 2013 zuwa 2014 bayan ya nuna manyan ayyuka kuma ya zama babban ɗan wasa ga Mamelodi Sundowns.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Mamelodi Sundowns
An haife shi a Johannesburg, Gauteng, Dolly ya fara buga kwallon kafa a Westbury Arsenal, daga baya ya koma School of Excellence inda Mamelodi Sundowns ya hango shi. Bayan burgewa a tsarin matasan su ya ci gaba da sanya hannu tare da Ajax Cape Town.
Ajax Cape Town
Dolly ya kammala tafiya zuwa Ajax Cape Town kuma wannan shine watakila inda Dolly ya yi wa kansa suna. A lokacin da ya ke Ajax ya lashe kyautar matashin dan wasan Premier Soccer League na kakar 2013–14. Wannan ya jawo Sundowns ta dawo da shi daga Ajax Cape Town a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, amma saboda yawancin 'yan wasan da ke zama iri ɗaya da Keagan a wannan kakar, Sundowns ta zaɓi aro shi zuwa Ajax don ɗan wasan ya sami ƙarin lokacin wasa.
Komawa Mamelodi Sundowns
Sundowns sun hada Dolly ga tawagarsu a kamfen na 2015–16 kamar yadda suka yi niyya don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar su don gasar da kuma gasar zakarun CAF. Dolly tare da Sundows sun ci gaba da lashe gasar a kakar 2015-16, kuma kai tsaye sun cancanci shiga gasar zakarun CAF. Kungiyar AS Vita Club ta fitar da Sundowns a wasan zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afrika ta Caf amma da faruwar lamarin an fitar da kungiyar AS Vita a gasar saboda ta yi amfani da dan wasan da bai cancanta ba a wasannin share fage na gasar Orange CAF ta 2016. Gasar Zakarun Turai. An dawo da Sundowns zuwa gasar kuma tare da bajintar Dolly da daukacin kungiyar, Sundowns ta ci gasar. Dolly, Billiat da Onyango an zabi su ne a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan Inter-Club na shekara (Based in Africa) wanda abokin wasan Keagan Dennis Onyango ya lashe. An haɗa Dolly a cikin 2016 CAF Team na shekara. Tare da fitattun wasanni daga Dolly a ƙarshe ya jawo sha'awa daga kungiyoyi daban-daban a Turai. A cikin Satumba 2016 an sanar da cewa Olympiacos FC na sha'awar sanya hannu kan Dolly.
Rikicin Kwangila da Mamelodi Sundowns
A watan Nuwamba 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa Sundowns sun dauki tauraron dan wasan tsakiyar su zuwa DRC don yin hamayya da batun siyan kusan Yuro 750,000 da aka rubuta a kwantiraginsa, wanda aka sanya hannu watanni 17 kafin Sundowns ya ce ya yi kadan. Hujjar ita ce kuskuren da Sundowns ta yi, kuma suna son a gyara shi kan kudi kusan fam miliyan 1.5. A ƙarshe Sundowns ta yi nasara a shari'ar kuma an sabunta batun siyan zuwa fam miliyan 1.5.
Montpellier
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu 2017, an sanar da cewa Dolly ya sanya hannu tare da Montpellier HSC. Ya bar kulob din a lokacin rani 2021.
Kaiser Chiefs
Dolly ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a watan Yuli 2021, yana shiga Kaizer Chiefs.
Ayyukan kasa
'Yan Kasa da shekara 23
Keagan Dolly ya buga wa ’yan kasa da shekara 23 wasa kuma ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta matasa ‘yan kasa da shekaru 23 a shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Senegal. Gasar dai ta kasance a matsayin ta CAF na neman tikitin shiga gasar kwallon kafa ta Olympics, wadda Afrika ta Kudu ta samu gurbin zuwa matsayi na uku. Dolly ya zama kyaftin din Afirka ta Kudu yayin gasar kwallon kafa ta maza ta lokacin bazara ta 2016.
Kwallayensa na kasa
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera ƙwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko, ginshiƙi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Dolly.
Salon wasa
Dolly da farko yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan winger ko lokaci-lokaci a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, ya kan yi wasa a matsayin dan wasan gefe na hagu na kulob da kasa. Saboda yawan kuzarinsa da basirar wasansa; wannan matsayi yana ba shi damar yin harbi da ƙafarsa mai ƙarfi. Ramin ɗan wasan ƙafar ƙafar hagu yana da ikon ɗaukar kowane matsayi a bayan layin gaba. Matsanancin saurinsa da ikonsa na kusa ya ba shi damar yin yawo cikin aljihun sarari a kusa da filin wasa kamar yadda ɗan wasan Manchester United Juan Mata . Shi ma tsohon dan wasan Afirka ta Kudu Steven Pienaar ya yi hasashen Dolly kan zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayayyaki da Afirka ta Kudu ta taba kerawa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Kamar Steven Pienaar, Dolly ya fito daga Westbury, ƙauyen da ke da launin fata a Johannesburg. Ya yi karatu a babbar makarantar sakandare ta Potchefstroom Boys.
Girmamawa
Mamelodi Sundowns
Telkom Knockout : 2015
Premier League : 2015–16
CAF Champions League : 2016
Afirka ta Kudu U23
Gasar cin Kofin Afrika U-23 Matsayi na uku: 2015
Mutum
Matashin Dan Wasan PSL: 2013–14
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1993
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Low | Vanessa Low | Vanessa Low OAM (an haife ta 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1990) ƴar wasan Paralympic ne haifaffiyar Australiya wanda ke fafatawa a cikin tseren (T42) da abubuwan tsalle-tsalle. An kuma haife ta a Gabashin Jamus, ta sami shedar zama ‘yar ƙasar Ostireliya a watan Yuli a shekara ta ( 2017).
A cikin shekara ta (2016) look Low ita ce kawai 'yar wasan guje-guje ta mata tare da yanke ƙafafu biyu na sama da gwiwa. Duk da wurin da aka yanke waɗannan sassa kuma duk da cewa ta yi fafatawa da 'yan wasan da ke da cikakkiyar ƙafa daya, ta yi nasarar kai wasan ƙarshe na dukkan wasannin tsere da tsalle-tsalle a duka wasannin nakasassu na lokacin rani na shekarar ( 2012) da aka yi a London da kuma na nakasassu na lokacin bazara na shekarar (2016) a Rio. A Rio ta lashe lambar zinare da tseren mita (4.93 ) a tseren tsalle( T42 ) da lambar azurfa a gasar (T42 100m). An maimaita wannan a cikin wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekara ta (2020) a Tokyo tare da lambar zinare mai tsayi (T63) da rikodin duniya duk da cewa an rarraba ta (T61).
Tarihin sirri
An haifi Low a ranar (17 ) ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (1990) a Schwerin, Jamus ta Gabas, kuma ta girma a Ratzeburg. A watan Yunin a shekara ta (2006)
tana da shekaru (15) jirgin ƙasa ya buge ta a wani dandalin layin dogo bayan ta rasa daidaito. Hatsarin ya sa an yanke ƙafarta ta hagu kuma ya bar ta cikin hammata tsawon wata biyu. A lokacin tiyatar ceton rai an tilastawa likitocinta yanke dayar ƙafarta. Ya ɗauki Low shekaru biyu don sake koyon tafiya da amfani da kayan aikinta.
Low ta auri ɗan wasan nakasassu na Australiya Scott Reardon.
Sana'ar wasanni
Low ta ji daɗin wasanni kafin haɗarinta, kuma tana son ci gaba da wasa bayan haɗarin. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ta samu ƙwarin gwuiwa daga ɗan wasan nakasassu ɗan kasar Amurka Cameron Clapp. Ta fara wasan guje-guje ne a shekarar (2008) kuma ta fara buga manyan wasanni a wannan shekarar, amma ta karya gwiwarta a shekarar (2009) abin da ya sa ta fita daga gasar har tsawon watanni uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka zaɓe ta a matsayin ƴar wasa da zata fafata a wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙasar Jamus, inda ta je Christchurch a New Zealand don fafatawa a gasar wasan Duniya na shekarar (2011) IPC. A can ta kare na hudu a cikin dogon tsalle kuma ta ci tagulla a tseren mita( 100 na T42).
A cikin shekara ta (2012) Low ta ci dukka gabannin biyun tseren mita( 100) da abubuwan tsalle-tsalle don wasannin nakasassu na bazara a London. An buɗe dogon tsalle a cikin nau'i uku,( F42 zuwa F44) kuma an yanke shawarar akan tsarin maki. Mafi kyawun sakamakonta na (3.93m) ya sa ta kare a matsayi na shida. A cikin tseren ta rubuta lokaci na (16.78) wanda ya bar ta a waje da matsayi na lambar yabo, ta ƙare ta hudu a bayan abokin wasan Jana Schmidt. Low ta ji takaicin rawar da ta taka a wasannin da kuma horon da ta yi gaba ɗaya har zuwa gasar Paralympics. Ta tuntubi mai horar da ita, Steffi Nerius, kuma ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasanni masu gasa.
A cikin shekara ta (2013) Low ta ziyarci abokiyarta da kuma ɗan wasan Jamus Katrin Green, wanda ke zaune a Amurka kuma ta auri ɗan wasan Amurka Roderick Green. Yayin horo tare da Greens, Low ta sami sha'awar wasannin motsa jiki ta sake farfaɗowa kuma ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma ta ɗauki Roderick a matsayin sabon mai horar da ita. A karshen shekara ta dawo wakiltar Jamus, a wannan karon a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar (2013) a Lyon. A can ne ta samu lambobin tagulla biyu, a tseren gudun mita (100 ) da tsalle mai tsayi. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ta ga wani babban ci gaba a tsayin daka, lokacin da ta fafata a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta IPC na shekarar (2014) a Swansea. Nisanta na mita (4.24) wani babban ci gaba ne a manyan gasannin da ta yi a baya, inda ba ta yi tsallaken mita hudu ba. Sakamakon ya sa ta lashe zinare, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ta doke manyan abokan hamayyarta biyu na duniya: Schmidt da Martina Caironi ta Italiya.
A cikin ginin har zuwa wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekarar (2016) a Rio, Low ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar (2015) a Doha. A cikin tseren mita (100 )ta buga mafi kyawun mutum na( 15.41) don lashe lambar azurfa, amma nisan da ta yi a duniya na (4.79m )a cikin tsalle mai tsayi wanda ba kawai ya ba ta zinare ba har ma ya sanya ta a matsayin 'yar wasa don doke Rio.
A wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekara ta (2016) a Rio de Janeiro, Low ta lashe lambar zinare tare da nisan rikodin duniya na (4.93m )a cikin tsalle mai tsayi na (T42 da) lambar azurfa a gasar (T42 100m )tare da mafi kyawun mutum na (15.17s).
A gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekara ta (2019) a Dubai, ta ci lambar zinare a tseren tsalle na mata (T61-63) da tsalle na( 4.68m). Ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta farko da ta wakilci Australia.
Low ta fafata a Ostiraliya a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta bazara ta shekarar (2020 ) a Tokyo. Ta lashe lambar zinare na (T63 ) na mata na tsalle-tsalle, inda ta zarce tarihin da aka yi a baya sau uku a cikin ruwa, tsallen da ta yi na karshe ya kasance ( 5.28m).
Low tana horar da Iryna Dvoskina. ,
Karramawa
(2020) - Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata na Ostiraliya( 2019).
2022 -) Medal na odar Ostiraliya don hidimar wasanni a matsayin mai cin lambar zinare a wasannin nakasassu na Tokyo (2020.) balance.
(2022 )- Wasannin guje-guje na Ostiraliya Amy Winters lambar yabo ga 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara It took Low two years to relearn to walk using her prostheses.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanka | Fanka | Fanka wata Na'ura ce, wacce take bada iska ta hanyar amfani da maganaɗisu imma dai na wutan-lantarki (electricity) Ko na hasken-rana wato (soler system).
Tarihi
An yi amfani da punkah (aka fan) a Indiya a kusan 500 KZ. Fannonin hannu ne wanda aka yi daga bamboo tube ko wasu fiber na shuka, wanda za'a iya jujjuyawa ko fantsama don motsa iska. A lokacin mulkin Biritaniya, kalmar Anglo-Indiyawa ta fara amfani da ita da nufin wani babban fanfo mai lilo, wanda aka kafa a saman rufi kuma wani bawa mai suna punkawallah ya ja.
Don dalilai na kwandishan, masanin daular Han kuma injiniya Ding Huan (a shekara ta 180 AZ) ya ƙirƙira injin jujjuyawar da hannu mai ƙafa bakwai wanda ya auna mita 3 (10 ft) a diamita; a cikin karni na 8, lokacin daular Tang (618-907), Sinawa sun yi amfani da wutar lantarki don jujjuya ƙafafun fanfo don sanyaya iska, yayin da injin rotary ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin daular Song (960-1279).
A cikin karni na 17, gwaje-gwajen masana kimiyya ciki har da Otto von Guericke, Robert Hooke, da Robert Boyle, sun kafa ainihin ka'idodin vacuum da iska. Masanin gine-ginen Ingila Sir Christopher Wren ya yi amfani da tsarin iskar iska da wuri a cikin Majalisun Dokoki da ke amfani da bello don yaɗa iska. Zane na Wren zai zama mai haɓakawa da haɓakawa da yawa daga baya. Masoyan rotary na farko da aka yi amfani da su a Turai shine don samun iska a cikin karni na 16, kamar yadda Georg Agricola (1494-1555) ya kwatanta.
John Theophilus Desaguliers, injiniyan dan Burtaniya, ya nuna nasarar yin amfani da tsarin fanfo don fitar da iska daga ma'adinan kwal a shekara ta 1727 kuma ba da jimawa ba ya shigar da irin wannan na'ura a majalisar. Kyakkyawan samun iska yana da mahimmanci musamman a mahakar ma'adinan kwal don rage masu fama da asphyxiation. Injiniyan farar hula John Smeaton, kuma daga baya John Buddle ya shigar da famfunan iska a cikin ma'adanai a Arewacin Ingila. Koyaya, wannan tsari bai yi kyau ba kamar yadda injinan ke da alhakin rushewa.
Steam
A cikin 1849 an yi wani fanti mai tuƙi mai nisan mita 6, wanda William Brunton ya tsara, ya fara aiki a Gelly Gaer Colliery na South Wales. An baje kolin samfurin a babban baje kolin na 1851. Haka kuma a shekara ta 1851 David Boswell Reid, wani likita dan kasar Scotland, ya sanya magoya baya guda hudu masu amfani da tururi a rufin Asibitin St George's da ke Liverpool, ta yadda matsin lambar da magoya bayan suka yi zai tilasta masu shigowa. iska zuwa sama da kuma ta matsuguni a cikin rufi. James Nasmyth, Bafaranshe Theophile Guibal, da J.R. Waddle ne suka inganta fasahar.
Electrical
Tsakanin 1882 zuwa 1886 Schuyler Wheeler ya ƙirƙira fanka mai amfani da wutar lantarki. Wani kamfani na Amurka Crocker & Curtis Electric Motor Company ne ya tallata shi. A cikin 1885 wani fanin lantarki kai tsaye na tebur yana samun kasuwa ta Stout, Meadowcraft & Co. a New York.
A shekara ta 1882, Philip Diehl ya ƙirƙira fanni na farko da ke hawa saman rufin lantarki a duniya. A cikin wannan matsanancin lokaci na ƙirƙira, magoya bayan giya, mai, ko kananzir sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. A shekara ta 1909, KDK na Japan ya fara ƙirƙira na'urorin lantarki da ake samarwa da yawa don amfanin gida. A cikin 1920s, ci gaban masana'antu ya ba da izinin samar da magoya bayan karfe a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, yana kawo farashin fan saukar da ƙyale masu gidaje masu yawa don samun su. A cikin 1930s, Emerson ne ya ƙera ƙwararren kayan ado na farko ("Silver Swan").A cikin 1940s, Crompton Greaves na Indiya ya zama mafi girma a duniya na masana'antar silin lantarki na musamman don siyarwa a Indiya, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin shekarun 1950, tebur da masu sha'awar tsayawa an ƙera su cikin launuka masu haske da ɗaukar ido.
Window da kwandishan na tsakiya a cikin 1960s ya sa kamfanoni da yawa dakatar da samar da fanfo, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, tare da karuwar wayar da kan farashin wutar lantarki da yawan makamashin da ake amfani da su don zafi da sanyaya gidaje, juya. Magoya bayan rufin zamani masu salo na ƙarni sun sake zama sananne sosai a matsayin rukunin kayan ado da ingantaccen ƙarfi.
A cikin 1998 William Fairbank da Walter K. Boyd sun ƙirƙira babban fan ɗin silin mai ƙaramin girma (HVLS), wanda aka ƙera don rage yawan kuzari ta hanyar amfani da dogayen ruwan fanfo suna juyawa cikin ƙaramin sauri don matsar da iskar da yawa.
Ire-iren fanka
Akwai fanka kala-kala kamar;
Ta sama (ceilling fan) wannan itace mafi yawan fanka wacce ake amfani da ita agidaje musamman birane domin tana amfanine da wutan-lantarki kuma ana rataye tane a silin wato saman daki.
Sai ta teburi (table fan) wannan ita ana ajiye tane akan teburi ko akasa gwargwadon yadda kake bukatar ta domin zamani ya kawo sauki yanzu haka anyi me chargi ga gudu domin aja hankalin mai siya.
Sai tower fan itamadai ana ajiyetane akasa saboda tanada tsawo kuma tana matukar bada iska ako ina acikin daki kusurwa zuwa kusurwa tanada na'urar sarrafawa (remote control). Takan huro iska daga cikinta zuwa waje me matukar sanyi domin sanyayawa.
Sai tsayayya (pedestal fan) itama kamar tower tanada remote control wanda zaibaka daman sarrafata yanda kake bukata kuma takan bada iska gaya kwarai.
Exhaust fan fankace wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kayata bayin wanka. Ana amfani da itane domin tsane jiki idan mutum ya yi wanka ya tsane jikinsa.
Wall mounted fan itace wacce ake sakawa ajikin bango saboda akan samu saman dakin mutun yayi sama ko kasa sosai to itace zabi na daidai ga kakan wannan matsalan.
Misting fan tana amfanine wajen fitar da tsananin zafi musanman agu mai cunkoso ko taron jama'a domin tanada karfi sosai tayadda zata iya fitar da shi kuma tasamarda wani sabon iskan.
Ta kasa (Floor fan) akanyi amfani da itane waje sanyaya iska adaki tanada kokari wajen samarda ingantaccen iska ga maigida.
Akwai wacce ake cewa industrial fan wannan industrial fan anasatane ama'aikata wadanda suke a manyan injina domin sanyayasu kuma yanada matukar shan gas. Akwai hand fan itace ake sakawa ajakka wacce take anfani DA chaji , 'yar karamace madaidaiciya kuma tana bada iska sosai.
Ta tsaye (standing fan) akwai ta sama
Manazarta |
48916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Bankin%20Kongo | Babban Bankin Kongo | Babban Bankin Kongo (, Lingala) shi ne babban bankin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Manyan ofisoshin bankin suna kan Boulevard Colonel Tshatshi a La Gombe a Kinshasa.
Bankin ya tsunduma cikin haɓaka manufofi don haɓaka hada-hadar kuɗi kuma memba ne na Alliance for Financial Inclusion. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, 2012 Babban Bankin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi takamaiman alkawurran hada-hadar kudi a karkashin sanarwar Maya.
Ayyukan yanki
Babban bankin yana gudanar da hanyar sadarwa na reshen yanki a fadin DRC, kasa mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Ana iya samun rassa a Lubumbashi, Goma, Kamina, Kasumbalesa, Kikwit, Tshikapa, Ilebo da Matadi. A garuruwan da babban bankin kasa ba ya nan, ana iya nada bankin kasuwanci ya wakilce shi; Trust Merchant Bank yana yin irin wannan rawar a Likasi da Kolwezi.
Tarihi
Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
Daga shekarun 1886 zuwa 1908, Sarki Leopold II na Belgian ya yi mulkin Kwango Free State a matsayin yanki mai zaman kansa. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, 1887, ya ba da wata doka ta sarauta wacce ta kafa Franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen asusu na Jamhuriyar Kwango, da Ruanda-Urundi. A cikin shekarar 1890, yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar ta sanya Ruanda-Urundi a cikin yankin daular Jamus ta tasiri a Afirka. Sakamakon haka, Rupie na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus ya zama kudin hukuma a Ruanda-Urundi duk da cewa Franc ya ci gaba da yaduwa a can. A cikin shekarar 1908, Belgium ta ɗauki alhakin kai tsaye ga Kongo, ta karɓe ta daga Leopold; Sakamakon haka, Kongo ta Belgian ta zama memba na ƙungiyar lamuni ta Latin.
A cikin shekarar 1909, da yawa daga cikin bankunan Belgium sun kafa Banque du Congo Belge tare (Yaren Holland: Bank van Belgisch Kongo; Turanci: Bank of the Belgian Kongo). Wannan ya 'yantar da Bankin ya zama wakili a cikin Kongo ga dukkan manyan bankunan Belgium maimakon a matsayin wani reshe ko haɗin gwiwa na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Koyaya, babban bankin shine Société Générale de Belgique kuma a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai bankin. A cikin shekarar 1911 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta bai wa Bankin ikon mallaka na shekaru 25 akan haƙƙin ba da bayanin kula ga mulkin mallaka kuma ta nada shi a matsayin wakili na kasafin kuɗi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Bankin ya fitar da takardun banki na farko a cikin shekarar 1912.
Bayan shan kashin da Jamus ta sha a yakin duniya na farko, Beljiyam ta dauki matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruanda-Urundi. Sai Belgium ta sanya su cikin yankin Kongo Franc.
Yarjejeniya ta 10 ga watan Oktoba 1927 ta sake duba batun ba da bayanin kula kuma ta tsawaita ikon mallakar bankin har zuwa 1 ga watan Yuli 1952. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Belgium ta shiga karkashin mulkin Jamus. Bankin Ingila sannan ya dauki matakin shiga na wucin gadi a cikin al'amuran Kongo kuma an jera Franc Franc a cikin London.
A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1952, washegarin bayan wa'adin mulkin bankin ya kare, sabuwar kafa Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi ta dauki nauyin bayar da bayanan kula. Banque Centrale du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi ya wargaje ne bayan da Belgian Kongo ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. An kirkiro Banque Nationale du Congo a shekara ta 1964 don zama sabon babban bankin Kongo.
Kimanin shekaru hudu daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1964, Banque d'Emission du Rwanda et du Burundi sun yi aiki a matsayin babban bankin kasashen da ke da alaka. A shekarar 1961 Ruwanda ta zama jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta; a shekara mai zuwa Burundi ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekarar 1964 kowace jiha ta kafa babban bankinta, Bankin Royal na Burundi da Banque Nationale du Rwanda. A cikin shekarar 1966, Burundi ta zama jamhuriya kuma babban bankinta ya canza suna zuwa Banque de la République du Burundi.
Lokacin da Kongo ta canza suna zuwa Zaire a shekarar 1971, Banque Nationale du Congo ya zama Bankin Zaire. Sai kuma a shekarar 1997, lokacin da sunan kasar ya zama Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, bankin ya dauki sunan da yake yanzu.
Duba kuma
Tattalin Arzikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Jerin gwamnonin Banque Centrale du Congo
Babban bankuna da kudaden Afirka
Manazarta
Sources
Banque du Congo. 1959. Banque du Congo belge, 1909-1959 . Bruxelles, Buga L. Cuypers
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Official site of Banque Centrale du Congo |
29288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Epigenetics | Ciwon Daji Epigenetics | Ciwon daji epigenetics shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG ) fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja. Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa. Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana kuma riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya. A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka.
Makanikai
DNA methylation
A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci. Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma. Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa.
Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA ; APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic.
Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa . Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation
Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis .
CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin . Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine . Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa.
Gyaran tarihi
Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome . A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4 . Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta.
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis. A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation ( H4K16ac ), wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16.
Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da tumorigenesis sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ), da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 ( H3K9me ) da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 ( H3 . ). shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta).
Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka.
Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa.
Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin . Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa.
DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 - RAD50 - NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da γH2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated . RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin ( BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa.
MicroRNA gene yin shiru
A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono - wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin.
Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji
Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki.
MicroRNA da gyaran DNA
Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa. Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA. Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da ciwon daji (duba m neoplasms ).
Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na cututtukan ciwon hanji . Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa.
Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al. ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ATM (miR-421), RAD52 (miR-210, miR-373), RAD23B (miR-373), MSH2 (miR-21). ), BRCA1 (miR-182) da P53 (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ATM (miR-18a, miR-101), DNA-PK (miR-101), ATR (miR-185), Wip1 (miR-16), MLH1, MSH2 da MSH6 (miR-155), ERCC3 da ERCC4 (miR-192) da UNG2 (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya.
Har zuwa 15% na ƙarancin MLH1 -rauni a cikin cututtukan daji na hanji na lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana saboda wuce gona da iri na microRNA miR-155, wanda ke danne furcin MLH1. Duk da haka, yawancin cututtukan daji na hanji 68 da aka rage tare da rage bayanin furotin MLH1 na rashin daidaituwa na DNA an gano cewa sun yi kasala saboda methylation na epigenetic na tsibirin CpG na MLH1 .
A cikin 28% na glioblastomas, furotin gyaran DNA na MGMT ya gaza amma mai tallata MGMT ba methylated bane. A cikin glioblastomas ba tare da methylated MGMT masu tallata ba, matakin microRNA miR-181d yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bayanin furotin na MGMT kuma makasudin miR-181d kai tsaye shine MGMT mRNA 3'UTR ( yankin MGMT mRNA mafi girma uku da ba a fassara shi ba ). Don haka, a cikin kashi 28% na glioblastomas, ƙara yawan magana na miR-181d da rage maganganun gyaran enzyme MGMT na iya zama sanadi. A cikin 29-66% na glioblastomas, gyaran DNA yana da kasawa saboda epigenetic methylation na kwayar <i id="mwAUs">MGMT</i>, wanda ya rage bayanin furotin na MGMT.
Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A ( HMGA ), sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran ( HMGA1 da HMGA2 ) abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin HGMA1 da HMGA2 an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a .
Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na ~ 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa HMGA1 na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. Baldassarre et al., ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene BRCA1 kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa BRCA1 . Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na BRCA1 gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1.
HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai tallata ERCC1, don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA. Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba).
Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin HMGA sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a)) suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase . Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) BRCA1 da ERCC1 DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa.
Hanyoyin gyaran DNA
Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi.
Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji.
Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga carcinogenesis .
Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka RAD51 da BRCA2, ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin gwiwa . Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan RAD51 da BRCA2, irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na RAD51 da BRCA2 da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa RAD51 ko BRCA2 fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda RAD51 ko BRCA2 ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar RAD51 ko BRCA2 zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta.
gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. Fen1, Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono, , neuroblastomomas, , da huhu. Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin ETS mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar MMEJ suma an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba MMEJ don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi.
Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA
Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( HRR ). Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa ).
A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic). Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na PMS2 magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin PMS2, yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1.
Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin carcinogenesis, tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin lahani da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table).
Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren haɗakar fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da lahani na filin . Duk da yake babu wata fa'ida ta zahiri ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar jigilar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic.
Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan maye gurbi . Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da carcinogenesis . Dangane da tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya, ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu. (Haka kuma duba mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji . ) Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani. A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba.
Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar haɗin fassarar kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26074 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Krige | Alice Krige | Alice Maud Krige ( /k r Na ɡ ə / ; an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1954) ne a kasar Afrika ta Kudu jaruma da kuma m. Matsayin fim ɗin ta na farko ya kasance a cikin Chariots of Fire a shekarar (1981) a matsayin mawaƙin Gilbert da Sullivan Sybil Gordon. Ta taka rawar biyu na Eva Galli/Alma Mobley a cikin Labarin fatalwa, a shekarar(1981) da Sarauniyar Borg a cikin Star Trek: Saduwa ta Farko a shekarar (1996).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Krige a Upington, Lardin Cape (yanzu Northern Cape ), Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Patricia, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da Louis Krige, likita. Daga baya Kriges sun ƙaura zuwa Port Elizabeth, inda Alice ta girma a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "very happy family", tare da 'yan'uwa biyu, ɗayansu ya zama likita ɗayan kuma Farfesa na tiyata.
Krige ta halarci Jami'ar Rhodes a Grahamstown, Afirka ta Kudu tare da shirye -shiryen zama likitan ilimin halin ɗabi'a . Ta juya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo bayan ta ɗauki aji na wasan kwaikwayo a Rhodes, sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir na Arts da BA Hons a wasan kwaikwayo, tare da banbanci. Ta ci gaba zuwa London don halartar Babban Makarantar Magana da Wasan kwaikwayo.
Sana'a
Krige ta fara wasanninta na farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a shekarar 1979, kuma ta bayyana a matsayin Lucie Manette a cikin fim ɗin talabijin A Tale na Biranen Biyu . Ta ci gaba da wasa Sybil Gordon a cikin Chariot of Fire da Eva Galli/Alma Mobley a cikin Labarin fatalwa, duka a cikin shekarar 1981. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Plays and Players, kazalika da Laurence Olivier Award don Mafi Sababbin Masu Sabon Alƙawari, bayan ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 1981 West End na George Bernard Shaw 's Arms and the Man .
Daga nan ta shiga Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare, tana wasa Cordelia a King Lear da Edward Bond 's Lear, Miranda a The Tempest, Bianca a The Taming of the Shrew, da Roxanne a Cyrano de Bergerac . Ta kuma bayyana a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo irin su Thomas Otway Venice Preserv'd a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London da Toyer a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arts a Yammacin Ƙarshe .
Krige ta buga Bathsheba a cikin Sarki David a shekarar(1985) da Mary Shelley a Haunted Summer a shekarar (1988), kuma ya fito a cikin fina -finai masu ban tsoro kamar Ghost Story, Sleepwalkers, Silent Hill da Gretel & Hansel .
A cikin Star Trek: Saduwa ta Farko, Krige ya buga Sarauniyar Borg, wacce ke ƙoƙarin haɗe Duniya cikin ƙungiyar Borg. Ta lashe Mafi Kyawun Jarumar Tallafawa a Kyautar Saturn ta shekarar 1997 don wannan rawar. Ta koma wannan halin a cikin wasan Star Trek Star Trek: Armada II da kuma a cikin Star Trek: Voyager jerin fina -finai "Endgame" a 200. Ayyukan almara na kimiyya sun faɗaɗa cikin talabijin, tare da manyan ayyuka a cikin miniseries sabawa na Dinotopia da Frank Herbert's Children of Dune . Ta yi aiki tare da 'Yan'uwan Quay a cikin "Cibiyar Benjaminamenta, ko Wannan Mafarkin da Mutane ke Kira Rayuwa" kuma tare da Guy Maddin a "Twilight of Ice Nymphs".
A watan Afrilu shekarar 2004, an ba Krige lambar girmamawa Litt. D. digiri daga Jami'ar Rhodes .
Krige ta fito a cikin wasu fina-finai da aka yi don talabijin da miniseries. Ta fito a cikin fina -finan talabijin Baja Oklahoma shekarar(1988) da Ladykiller shekarar (1992) da miniseries Island Ellis (1984) da Scarlet and Black shekarar (1993). Ta buga mahaifiyar Natalie Wood a cikin Sirrin Natalie Wood shekarar (2004), kuma ta yi tauraro a matsayin Joan Collins a Daular: Yin Nishaɗin Laifi . Tana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa akan Deadwood, kuma baƙo ya yi tauraro a kan Ƙafar ƙafa shida a ƙarƙashin, Doka & Umarni: Nufin Laifi, The 4400 da Dirty Sexy Money .
A cikin shekarar 2008, tana da babban matsayi kamar Sannie Laing, mahaifiyar Sandra, a Skin, tarihin rayuwar Sandra Laing . Fim din ya bincika batutuwan yarinyar da hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu suka sanya wa suna “Mai launi” a lokacin wariyar launin fata, duk da cewa iyayenta farare ne. A cikin shekarar 2011, Krige ya fito a kakar wasan karshe ta BBC ta Spooks, tana wasa wakilin Rasha guda biyu Elena Gavrik. Krige ya kuma fito a cikin wasan karshe na wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Waking the Dead, a shekarar 2011. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Krige ya fito a fina -finan Solomon Kane, Mai Koyar da Boka da Thor: Duniyar Duhu . Ta taka rawar Amira a cikin jerin farko da na biyu na Mai Zalunci don F/X, kuma kwanan nan ta yi aiki da BBC akan jerin The Syndicate and Partners in Crime . A cikin shekarar 2016, ta bayyana a jerin sirrin Netflix The OA .
A cikin shekarar 2012, Krige ya samar da fasalin da ya ci lambar yabo Jail Kaisar, bincike game da ƙaramin sanannen ƙuruciyar Julius Caesar, wanda aka yi fim a gidajen yari guda uku masu aiki tare da fursunoni masu hidima ɗari da ɗimbin ƴan wasan da suka haɗa da Derek Jacobi da John Kani. Paul Schoolman ne ya rubuta Jail Kaisar.
A cikin shekarar 2015, Krige ya karɓi Kyautar Jury ta Musamman a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya don Zaman Lafiya, Zaburarwa da Daidaitawa a Jakarta, tare da Andy Garcia da Jimmy Carter don rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin Shingetsu, inda ta yi aikin likitan tiyata na Likitoci ba tare da Iyakoki, gaban Gunter Singer.
Rayuwar mutum
Marigayiya Krige ta yi aure da marubuci kuma darakta Paul Schoolman a shekarar 1988.
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Alice Krige
Alice Krige
Tattaunawar Alice Krige a www.sci-fi-online.com
Alice Krige a Wanene Wanene Kudancin Afirka
Mata
Mutanen Afrika ta Kudu
Pages with unreviewed translations |
32379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetu%20Afahye | Fetu Afahye | Fetu Afahye biki ne da sarakuna da al'ummar Cape Coast da ke yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana suka gudanar. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Satumba na kowace shekara. Al'ummar Oguaa na Cape Coast na gudanar da bikin Fetu Afahye ne duk shekara domin a baya an samu bullar cutar a tsakanin mutanen da ta kashe mutane da dama. Mutanen sun yi addu’a ga Allah da ya taimake su su rabu da cutar. Don haka ana gudanar da bikin ne domin tsaftace garin da kuma hana wata annoba da ta addabi jama’a.
Tarihi
Fetu Afahye biki ne na shekara-shekara da jama'a da sarakunan yankin gargajiya na Cape Coast a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana ke yi. A wani lokaci an sami annoba a Cape Coast kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna. Wannan abu ne mai ban tsoro kuma don haka ya bukaci mutanen Cape Coast su yi kira da a tsoma baki daga allolinsu. Duk da haka, an yi imanin cewa mazaunan Cape Coast da kewaye sun iya kawar da wannan annoba tare da taimakon gumakansu, saboda haka, sunan "Fetu" - asali Efin Tu ("ya kawar da datti"). Ana kuma yin bikin tunawa da girbi mai yawa daga teku tare da gudanar da ayyukan ibada don gode wa alloli 77 na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa.
An taba haramta wa Fetu Afahye a lokacin mulkin mallaka na kasar, musamman Cape Coast, kuma ana kiranta da "Black Christmas" don kwatanta shi a matsayin mummunan al'ada. Omanhen (babban sarki) a wancan lokacin, wanda ake kira da Osabarimba Kodwo Mbra V, Okyeame Ekow Atta, ya musanta wannan tunanin a matsayin yaudara. Tsakanin 1948 zuwa 1996, a karshe dai aka sake komawa bikin, bayan gwagwarmayar addini daga wasu muhimman mutane a yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Yanzu ana amfani da bikin a matsayin kalanda don lokutan noma na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa kuma ana kiran wannan al'amari da sunan "Afehyia", ma'ana "madauki na yanayi".
Bikin Fetu Afahye
Ana fara shirye-shiryen bikin ne a cikin makon ƙarshe na watan Agusta. A cikin wannan lokaci, yankin Traditional Oguaa yana karbar baƙi da yawa daga sassa daban-daban na rayuwa, da kuma jama'a daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar ko a wajen ƙasar waɗanda 'yan asalin jihar Oguaa ne. Ainihin bikin ya biyo baya a ranar Asabar ta farko ta Satumba.
Kafin ainihin bikin, Omanhen ya kasance a tsare har tsawon mako guda. A cikin wannan lokaci na tsare, yana yin tunani da kuma neman hikima daga mahalicci (Aboadze) da kakanni, da kuma neman kulawar likita a inda ya dace daga likitansa don ba shi damar fitowa ta jiki da tunani don ayyuka masu zuwa kamar bayarwa. ayyukansa don nasarar bikin. A karshen tsare Omanhen, ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cikin fara'a kuma ya tafi gidan stool don yin liyafa, yana neman albarka daga gumakan jihar Oguaa 77 da jama'a suka yi imani da shi ne ke tafiyar da al'amuran yankin gargajiya na Oguaa.
An kuma lura cewa kafin bikin, an haramta duk wani shagali na bugu da bugu da kari kamar yadda al’ada ta tanada, da kuma kamun kifi a tafkin Fosu, kwance a tsakanin Babban Asibitin Gwamnati da kuma mikewa zuwa wani wuri mai suna Aquarium, don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da lumana. muhalli. An yi imanin cewa an yi hakan ne domin baiwa ruhin jihar Oguaa damar karbar ragamar jagorancin masu shirya bikin. Ana yin wannan yawanci kafin 1 ga Satumba.
Su ma masu kula da tafkin Fosu (Amissafo) na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa suna zuba liyafar cin abinci a bakin tafkin tare da yin kira ga ruhin kakanninsu da su kawar da duk wata mummunar alama da za ta iya samu ga maziyartan da suka halarci bikin. Manufar zuba liyafar ita ce kuma a yi kira ga girbi mai yawa na kifi da amfanin gona. A cikin duka, suna kira ga wadata.
Wani muhimmin taron da aka lura shi ne "Amuntumadeze" - a zahiri ma'ana "ranar lafiya" - ranar da manya da matasa suka yi kokarin tsaftace muhalli, ciki har da share shara daga magudanan ruwa da aka shake da zanen dukkan gine-gine a yankin, da nufin kawata kewaye kafin ainihin babban durbar na "Bakatue".
Ana gudanar da sintiri a tafkin Fosu kusa da wurin ibadarsa a duk ranar litinin da ta wuce na watan Agusta. Jama’a da dama ne suka taru a wurin ibadar domin kallon bajekolin limamai da limamai na yankin gargajiya. Ana yin wannan baje kolin ne da daddare har zuwa safiya. A cikin wannan dare, firist da limamai suna yin kaɗa da rawa kuma ana kiran ruhin kakanninsu su faɗi abin da zai faru a shekara mai zuwa. A ranar Talata mai zuwa kuma ana ganin ayyuka da yawa, kamar ayyukan ibada da ake gudanarwa a wurin ibadar Fosu, kuma a karshe ana yin regatta da kwale-kwale da rana a kan tafkin Fosu bayan cin abinci na Omanhen a wajen.
Sakamakon hana kamun kifi a tafkin Fosu a baya, Omanhen shine mutum na farko da ya fara jefa tarunsa, sau uku a jere. don buɗe tafkin a hukumance ga jama'a. Domin Omanhen ya kama kifi da yawa yana nuna lokacin kamun kifi mai wadata mai zuwa. Jama'a na musamman ne ke nuna wannan taron a tsakiyar harbe-harbe na miyagu. Wannan shi ake kira "Bakatue".
Duk da haka, a cikin ba da yanayi maraba ga 'yan asalin da suka yi balaguro, sarakunan yankin gargajiya na Oguaa sun ware ranar Laraba don karbar da kuma tarbar 'yan kasar Cape Coast. Haka kuma wannan rana ta kasance tana yin kamfe da raye-raye na kamfanonin Asafo, kungiyoyin tsagerun gargajiya guda bakwai. Ana kuma lura da ita a matsayin ranar zamantakewa da warware batutuwa.
Ana gudanar da wani biki na addini a gaban gidan ibada na Nana Paprata a daren ranar Alhamis, tare da raye-raye da raye-raye ("Adammba") don kiran ruhin kakanni don baiwa firistoci da firistoci damar yin bokanci. Wannan bikin yakan kasance har zuwa safiya. Babban makasudin wannan bikin shine tsarkake yankin gargajiya na Oguaa daga duk wani mugun ruhi. A daidai wannan lokacin, ana buƙatar bijimi koyaushe don tsarkake yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Kafin wannan tsarkakewar, ana aika bijimin zuwa hubbaren Nana Tabir don tsarkake bijimin don yin hadaya a ranar ƙarshe. Daga baya sai a yi hadaya da wannan bijimin a Paparatam (wurin Durbar na yankin gargajiya na Ogua). An fi saninta da itacen audugar alharini inda Omanhen a ranar qarshe yake zaune tare da manyan hakimansa da manyan hakimansa, a gefen majalisar dattawa. A wajen taron, Omanhen ya yi jawabi ga jama’a da maziyartan yankin gargajiya na Oguaa, inda ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a baya. Bayan jawabin na jihar, Omanhen ya nufi kofar shiga, tare da manyan hakimansa da sarakunansa na bangarensa zuwa wurin ibadar Tabir, inda aka daure saniya da gabobinta. Omanhen yana zuba liyafa tare da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban, yana kira ga kakanni da su shiga cikin jihar Oguaa. Ana nan sai ya dauki wuka ya yanka saniyar wa Allah.
Bayan sadaukarwar Omanhen, bikin Fetu ya kai kololuwar ranar Asabar ta farko ga watan Satumba. Wannan rana ta musamman ta jawo hankulan jama'a na musamman ga jerin gwanon Kamfanonin Asafo, wadanda galibi ke yin fareti a kan titin Cape Coast daga Kotokuraba ta dandalin Chapel zuwa babban fada. Jama'a daga sassa daban-daban na kasar sun ziyarci Cape Coast domin gudanar da wannan biki. A wannan rana ne ake gudanar da taron sarakunan gargajiya domin tattaunawa kan al'amuran da suka shafi yankin gargajiya na Oguaa da kuma kamfanonin Asafo guda bakwai da za su bayar da gudumawarsu wajen tabbatar da tsaro a yankin na Oguaa. An yi wannan rana ne da yin ganguna da raye-raye da kuma kwararowar shaye-shaye domin shigar da jihar cikin sabuwar shekara ta lafiya da kwanciyar hankali.
Batutuwa na zamani, irin su raye-rayen jihar Afahye, abinci na gida, wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, tufafi da tufafin gargajiya, da dai sauran nau'o'in kayan tarihi na al'adu, sun haɗa da ba da fuska ga abubuwan da ake yi na bukukuwa, musamman rawa mai salo da ɗaukar ido. na Miss Afahye.
Bayan kammala bukukuwan, za a gudanar da gagarumin bikin ne a ranar Lahadi, yayin da ake gudanar da taron hadin gwiwa na dukkan mabiya darikar Kirista a filin shakatawa na Victoria Park domin mika godiya ga Allah Madaukakin Sarki da ya taimaka wa yankin gargajiya na Oguaa domin samun zaman lafiya. Bugu da kari, ranar bikin ita ce neman kudi ga yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Bisa la'akari da haka, Omanhen da sarakunan sassansa da kuma dattawa sun halarci bikin cocin tare da yin amfani da damar wajen sanar da ranar bikin shekara mai zuwa.
Manazarta |
43063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20kwallon%20kafa%20ta%20kasar%20Eritrea | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Eritrea | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Eritrea ( Tigrinya ) tana wakiltar Eritrea a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya kuma hukumar kula da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Eritrea (ENFF) ce ke kula da ita. Ana yi mata laƙabi da Red Sea Boys. Ba ta taɓa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ba . Kulab ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na Red Sea na cikin gida ne ke samar da kayan da za a yi wa 'yan wasan ƙasar, Ƙungiyar ta wakilci FIFA da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF).
Tarihi
Tawagar Eritrea ta halarci gasar sada zumunci a Sudan a shekarar 1992, shekarar kafin Eritiriya ta samu 'yancin kai . Eritrea ta shiga gasar cin kofin CECAFA na 1994, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka ta shirya, ko da yake ba a kafa ENFF ba sai shekarar 1996. Cikakken na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa ya kasance a gasar cin kofin CECAFA na shekarar 1999, shekara bayan ENFF ta shiga CAF da FIFA. Sun halarci zagayen neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2000 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2002, da kuma bugu na gaba har zuwa shekarar 2008. Sun kuma bayyana lokaci-lokaci a gasar cin kofin CECAFA .
A gasar cin kofin Afrika da aka buga a shekara ta 2000, Eritrea ta yi kunnen doki da Kamaru a gida da ci 1-0 a gida . Sun kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin ƙungiyoyin su uku, kuma sun tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba inda suka kara da Senegal da Zimbabwe, amma daga ƙarshe sun yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni huɗu a matakin ƙarshe.
A zagayen farko na wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2002, an tashi kunnen doki ne da Najeriya, kuma an doke su da ci 4-0 a wasan waje, bayan sun tashi babu ci a gida. Kocin shi ne Yilmaz Yuceturk .
A zagayen farko na wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006, Sudan ta kasance abokiyar hamayyar Eritrea a zagayen farko. Eritrea ta sha kashi a karawar farko da ci 3-0, kafin kuma a tashi babu ci a Asmara . Kocin ɗan Eritrea Tekie Abraha .
A rukuni na 6 na wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2008, ƙarƙashin jagorancin dan Romania Dorian Marin, Eritrea ta zo ta biyu a bayan Angola, ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar ƙarshe. Sau biyu sun doke Kenya sannan suka yi kunnen doki a gida da Angola.
A zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 Eritrea ta kara da Rwanda . An tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a karawar farko a birnin Asmara (kuma ta ga kwallon farko da Eritrea ta ci a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya), amma Rwanda ta yi wasa na biyu da ci 3-1.
Shekarun baya-bayan nan an ga yawan 'yan gudun hijira da ke barin Eritrea, da wasu 'yan wasa da ke balaguro zuwa gasa a kasashen waje sun yi amfani da damar tserewa. A watan Disambar shekarar 2012, 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Eritrea 17 da likitan ƙungiyar sun ɓace bayan gasar cin kofin CECAFA a Uganda kuma dukkansu sun nemi mafaka a kasar. 'Yan wasa huɗu na ƙungiyar Red Sea FC sun sauya sheka bayan wasan CAF Champions League a shekara ta 2006 a Nairobi, Kenya, da kuma mambobin ƙungiyar har 12 bayan gasar cin kofin CECAFA a Tanzaniya ta shekarar 2007 . Wasu 'yan wasa 6 sun nemi mafaka a Angola a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2007 bayan wasan share fage na rukuni na 6 na gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2008 . Wasu 'yan wasa uku daga cikin tawagar kasar sun nemi mafaka a Sudan .
Eritrea ta fice daga gasar cin kofin CECAFA ta shekarar 2008, kuma daga gasar share fage ta gama gari da gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2010 . Idan aka yi la’akari da yawan ‘yan wasan da ke neman mafaka, gwamnatin Eritiriya ta fara bukatar ‘yan wasa su biya lamunin nakfa 100,000 kafin tafiya kasashen waje.
Eritrea ta dawo gasar cin kofin CECAFA a 2009 a Nairobi. An tattaro matasan tawagar da horo na kwanaki 12 kacal. A rukunin B , sun yi kunnen doki da Zimbabwe, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Rwanda da ci da 1. Cikin sauki Tanzania ta doke su da ci 4-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe. Tawagar ta 12 sun gaza kai rahoton dawowar jirgin, kuma sun nemi taimakon ƙungiyar ‘yan gudun hijira ta Kenya. An yi imanin cewa suna buya ne a Eastleigh, wani yanki da ke gabashin birnin Nairobi, inda bakin haure da dama ke da su. Nicholas Musonye, babban sakatare na CECAFA, ya ji tsoron kada gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kin barin tawagar ta fita kasashen waje nan gaba. Daga baya hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kenya ta ba 'yan wasan 12 mafaka na wucin gadi. Goma sha ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan 'yan wasan sun yi tafiya zuwa Adelaide a Ostiraliya tare da biyu daga cikinsu, Samuel Ghebrehiwet da Ambes Sium, sun rattaba hannu kan Gold Coast United a gasar A-League a watan Agustan 2011.
A zagayen farko na wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018, 'yan wasa goma daga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Eritrea sun ki komawa gida bayan buga wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a Botswana kuma an ba su mafaka a can.
A watan Satumbar 2019, wasu mambobi hudu na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 sun nemi mafaka a Uganda bayan da ƙungiyar ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar. Bayan 'yan watanni a cikin Disamba, wasu 'yan wasa bakwai da aka zaɓa a cikin tawagar kasa da kasa sun ki komawa gida sun nemi mafaka a Uganda bayan gasar. A watan Oktoban 2021, 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa biyar na ƙungiyar mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na ƙasar su ma sun ɓace a lokacin da suke aikin ƙasa da ƙasa a Uganda.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Jami'in Eritrea
Eritrea ta FIFA.com
Tsare-tsare da sakamako
Tarihin martaba
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20de%20Gabaret | Nicolas de Gabaret | Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret de Saint-Sornin (18 ga Agusta 1641 - 25 ga Yuni 1712)wani jami'in mulkin mallaka ne na Faransa wanda ya kasance gwamnan Grenada a Yammacin Indies na Faransa,sannan sama da shekaru ashirin yana gwamna Martinique.Ya kasance mataimakin babban hakimin Antilles na Faransa,kuma sau biyu yana rike da mukamin gwamna janar na Antilles na Faransa.A shekarar da ta gabata ya zama gwamnan Saint-Domingue
Shekarun farko
An haifi Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1641 a Saint-Martin-de-Ré,Charente-Maritime.Iyayensa sune Mathurin Gabaret (1602-1671),Laftanar Janar na sojojin ruwa da Marie Baron.A ranar 10 Afrilu 1673 ya auri Marie-Anne Grassineau des Enfrais des Essarts a La Rochelle,Charente-Maritime. Sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai.Ta hanyar aurensa ya zama mai kula da Saint-Sornin( fr )a sashen Vendée.Ɗansu,kuma Gabriel-Jean-Nicolas de Gabaret,ya gaji gidan sarauta na Saint-Sornin.
Gwamnan Grenada
An nada Gabaret gwamnan Grenada na sarki a 1680. Gabaret ya kasance mai hannun jari a matatar sukari na Mouillage akan Martinique,kamar yadda Marquis de Maintenon ya kasance.A shekara ta 1683,an ba da sunayen su duka a cikin gunaguni game da cinikin haramtacciyar hanya a tsibirin.Hanya daya da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce ta loda sukari a Martinique,a bayyana adadin da ake fitarwa zuwa ga jami’in kwastam na gida,a tashi zuwa yankin Ingilishi na tsibirin Saint Christopher a sayar da shi,sannan a maye gurbinsa da sukari daga yankin Faransa na tsibirin sannan a ci gaba da zuwa Faransa.Sarkin ya san haramtacciyar fatauci amma ba zai iya yin kome ba don tabbatar da doka.
Gwamnan Martinique
A cikin watan Yuli na 1689 sarki ya nada Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut gwamnan tsibirin Saint Christopher kuma ya ba shi mukamin laftanar janar na tsibiran Amurka,wanda mutuwar Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent ya rabu da shi.A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1689 Louis XIV ya nada Gabaret gwamnan Martinique a madadin Guitaut.Gabaret ya shigar da baturin Saint-Nicolas don kare bakin tekun Saint-Pierre.
A cikin 1693 Gabaret da gwamna Janar Charles de Courbon de Blénac sun kori turawan Ingila lokacin da suka yi yunkurin mamayewa da karfin mazaje 4,000. Yakin Ingila karkashin Admiral Francis Wheler yana da jiragen yaki 15 3 jiragen wuta na kashe gobara 28 da sojoji kusan 2,000,wanda Barbados ya kara wasu maza 1,000. Gabaret an shirya don kare Saint Pierre a kan Ingilishi,amma a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1693 sun ketare garin suka ci gaba da kare Cul-de-Sac Marin a kudu maso gabashin tsibirin. Turawan Ingila sun mamaye wani babban yanki da 'yan adawa kadan.Ƙarfafa turancin Ingilishi a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Janar Christopher Codrington ya isa cikin makonni biyu,amma haɗin gwiwar ba su shiga cikin mummunan fada ba.Bature ya ɗauki bayi 3,000 baƙar fata,wanda aka kiyasta akan £ 60,000.Sun kai hari mara inganci a kan Saint Pierre,sannan suka bar tsibirin.Gabaret an mai da shi chevalier na Order of Saint Louis a 1701.
Mukaddashin gwamna janar
Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut,mukaddashin gwamnan Antilles,ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1702.A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1702 aka nada Gabaret mukaddashin laftanar gwamna har zuwa lokacin da Charles-François de Machault de Belmont ya isa Martinique a ranar 4 ga Maris 1703.
A lokacin Yaƙin Mulkin Mutanen Espanya,a ranar 6 ga Maris 1703 wani jirgin ruwa na Ingila mai ɗauke da jiragen ruwa 45 ɗauke da sojoji 4,000 da sojoji 4,000 sun isa Guadeloupe,wanda gwamna Charles Auger ya yi ƙoƙarin kare shi daga manyan sojojin Ingila.A ƙarshen Maris Machault de Bellemont ya isa Martinique yana kawo haɓakar Gabaret zuwa na biyu a matsayin kwamandan Antilles ( laftanar du roi au gouvernement général ) a madadin Guitaut. Ya sami mai son Robert yana tattara abubuwan ƙarfafawa don Guadeloupe.Gabaret ya isa Guadeloupe tare da ƙarfafawa a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1703 kuma ya dauki kwamandan tsaro.Mataimakansa na sansanin sune Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé,gwamnan Marie-Galante,da biyu daga cikin hadiman sarki Louis Gaston de Cacqueray de Valmenier da Jean Clair Dyel Du Parquet.Gabaret ya yi amfani da dabarun da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba a Guadeloupe, yana lalata albarkatu kafin ya dawo daga mahara zuwa cikin gida,sannan ya tursasa su yayin da cututtuka,sha da rashin abinci ya rage musu karfi.Hanyar taka tsantsan na Gabaret ya ba Ingilishi lokaci don haifar da babbar illa ga tsibirin. > Barnar da aka yi wa masu shukar ba su yi farin ciki sosai ba.Ya yi tasiri.Turawan Ingila sun janye sojojinsu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1703 kuma suka tashi daga jirgin ruwa bayan kwanaki uku.
Machault ya mutu a Martinique a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1709. An sake nada Gabaret a matsayin gwamna janar.
Shekarun baya
Raymond Balthazar Phélypeaux an nada shi gwamna kuma Laftanar-janar na tsibiran Faransa da babban yankin, kuma an karbe shi a Martinique a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1711. Phélypeaux ya gano cewa Gabaret ya ƙyale garu da batura na Martinique ya bar shekaru biyu.Ya fara aiki a kan maido da tsaro,kuma a lokacin da Gabaret ya ki amincewa da umarninsa ya dakatar da shi a ranarga Afrilu 1711.Gabaret ya mutu bayan an nada shi gwamnan Saint Domingue don samun ladan ayyukansa.Ya mutu a Saint Domingue a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1712. |
22336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20%C6%98asashen%20Duniya%20Ta%20Bada%20Agajin%20Gaggawa | Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya Ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa | Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa Ga Mutane ( IFRC ) ƙungiya ce ta taimakon agaji a duniya da ke kaiwa ga mutane miliyan 160 kowace shekara ta hanyar 192 kungiyoyin na Duniya ta 192. .Tana aiki kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan bala'i da na gaggawa don biyan buƙatu da haɓaka rayuwar mutane masu rauni. Yana yin hakan ba tare da nuna wariya ba game da ƙasa, launin fata, jinsi, imanin addini, aji da ra'ayoyin siyasa.
IFRC wani bangare ne na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement tare da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross (ICRC) da kuma Nationalungiyoyin 192asa na 192. Thearfin IFRC ya ta'allaka ne da hanyar sadarwar sa kai, ƙwarewar al'umma da 'yanci da tsaka tsaki. Yana aiki don inganta ƙa'idodin agaji, a matsayin abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin ci gaba da kuma magance bala'i. Yana lallashe masu yanke shawara suyi aiki don bukatun mutane masu rauni. Yana aiki don ba da ƙarfi ga al'ummomin lafiya da aminci, rage lahani, ƙarfafa ƙarfi da haɓaka al'adun zaman lafiya a duniya.
Tarihi
Kafata
A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1919, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, wakilai daga Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta liedasashen Allied Powers (Masarautar Ingila, Faransa, Italiya, Japan, da Amurka) sun hallara a Paris don kafa kungiyar Red Cross (LORCS) ) wanda burinta ya bayyana shine "karfafawa da hadin kai, don ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kungiyoyin da ke da kungiyar Red Cross da kuma inganta kirkirar sabbin Kungiyoyi". Henry P. Davison ne, wanda a lokacin shine shugaban kwamitin Red Cross na Amurka “Kwamitin Yaki”, da wannan shirin tare da goyon bayan Woodrow Wilson, Shugaban Amurka na Amurka. Janar David Benden ne ya taimaka wa Davison wanda ya zama Babban Darakta na farko. Wannan sabuwar tarayyar ta kirkiri kungiyar ta faɗaɗa aikin ƙasa da ƙasa na kungiyar Red Cross fiye da maƙasudin aikin Kwamitin Internationalungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya (ICRC) don haɗa da taimakon agaji dangane da abubuwan larurar da ba ta hanyar rikici ba. Baya ga daidaito na ayyukan agaji da bala'oi da bala'oi na gaggawa suka haifar, aikin ƙungiyar shi ne taimaka wa kuungiyoyin nasa da aka kafa da ci gaban su, musamman a lokacin zaman lafiya.
Baya ga bayar da taimako ga waɗanda annoba ta shafa, bala’o’i na ƙasa (girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa) da kuma yunwa, an haɓaka wasu ayyuka biyu a cikin shekarun farko na gasar. Kuma Babban aiki shine inganta kiwon lafiya ta hana cututtuka da haɓaka horon ma'aikatan jinya da masu sa kai. Sauran ayyukan shine ƙirƙirar iorananan Red Cross a cikin kungiyoyi duniya, waɗanda suka gabatar da yara da ɗalibai ga Red Cross tare da kwasa-kwasan ilimi daban-daban kuma ta saka su cikin ayyukan taimako na zahiri.
Kafa kungiyar, a matsayin ƙarin kungiyar Red Cross ta duniya tare da ICRC, ba tare da rikici ba. Kungiyar ta ICRC, a wani matakin, tana da matukar damuwa game da yiwuwar hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Tushen layin ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙoƙari na lalata matsayin jagoranci na ICRC a cikin kungiyar kuma don sauya ayyukan da ƙwarewar sannu-sannu zuwa ɗayan hukumomi. Kazalika, Davison ba ya son haɗawa da kungiyar na kasashe madu karfi waɗanda suka sha kaye, wato Jamus, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria da Turkey, wanda hakan ya saba wa ka'idar ICRC ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, farkon wasannin ya kasance mai sauri saboda ya ɗauki kwanaki 154 tsakanin yarda da Shugaba Wilson da haɗa shi. Wannan saurin samuwar ya tilasta Davison yanke hanya kuma ya bar maganganun da ba a warware su ba kamar bayyanannen tsarin doka da ayyukanta, ayyukanta da kuɗaɗen shiga.
An tattauna damuwa game da zaman tare tsakanin layin da ICRC a yayin Taro na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross sau uku a jere a shekarun (1921, 1923, 1926). Dokokin da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1928 a taron XIIIth na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross a Hague sun fayyace kuma sun tabbatar da matsayin kowace ƙungiya. A cikin wannan shekarar, aka kafa "Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" don daidaita ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin ICRC da kungiyar, aikin da daga baya Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent suka karbe shi .
A cikin shekarata 1920, “Babban Kwamitin, wanda aka kirkireshi daga wakilan Allies masu nasara”, maraba da ƙarin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa; 27 daga cikin al'ummomin membobi 31 an wakilta a cikin shekarata 1920. Kuma A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ƙungiyar ta karɓi ciungiyoyin 25asa na 25, gami da Red Crescent na Masar da Red Lion da Sun na Iran. Bayan bin Dokokin Red Cross ta Duniya a cikin shekarata 1928 (wanda aka sake sabuntawa a shekarar 1952 da 1986, wanda aka yiwa kwaskwarima a 1995 da 2006), Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden da Norway) sun dawo cikin ƙungiyar bayan sun yi murabus shekaru uku da suka gabata saboda rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a cikin motsi na kungiyar Red Cross. Kungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent na Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga ƙungiyar yayin taron Taron Duniya na XVth a cikin 1934. A tsakiyar shekarata 1930s, wasan ya zama gama gari na gaske, tare da registeredungiyoyin Kungiyoyin 58 masu rajista.
Sakatariya a kan tafiya
Hedikwatar kungiyar, mai suna sakatariya, an kafa ta ne da farko a Geneva. Lig ɗin ya ƙaura sakatariyarsa daga Geneva zuwa Paris a cikin shekarata 1922 tare da takaitaccen kasafin kuɗi da rage ma'aikata. Bukatar ƙaura daga ICRC don haɓaka haɓakar ƙungiyar ta ainihi wani ɓangare ne na yanke shawara. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, shekarata 1939, 'yan kwanaki bayan mamayar da sojojin Jamus suka yi wa Poland, an tura ma'aikatan gasar a Paris zuwa Geneva. Kungiyar ta yi imanin cewa za ta iya tabbatar da ci gaban aikinta daga ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki kamar Switzerland. Har wa yau, ofisoshin sakatariyar suna nan a Geneva, amma sai a 1959 ne sakatariyar ta koma hedkwatarta ta yanzu a Petit-Saconnex.
Abinda Aka Cimma
A cikin shekarun farko na gasar, aikin ya kasance mai tasiri sosai kuma ya ƙunshi yawancin rikodin bayanai da ƙididdigar da za a raba tare da Kungiyoyin Duniya. Manufa ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta a kan yanayin yanayin wadanda suka kamu da cutar typhus a Poland, da kuma ci gaba da yada bayanai zuwa ga kasashen da ke kewaye da su don hana yaduwar irin wadannan cututtukan. Aikin tallafi na farko da aka gabatar a gasar bayan girgizar kasa da aka yi a shekarata 1923 a Japan wanda ya kashe kusan mutane 200,000 kuma ya bar wasu da yawa da suka ji rauni kuma ba su da matsuguni. A karo na farko, Nationalungiyoyin Red Cross na 35asa ta 35 sun halarci aikin haɗin gwiwa na ICRC da ƙungiyar, wanda aka ba da kuɗin rikodin na franc Swiss miliyan 277.
Lig ɗin ya fara bayar da buƙatun a cikin shekarata 1925 amma ba a ba da roko ba koyaushe don duk bala'i. A cikin shekarun 1920s da 1930s bala'in ya kasance ƙaramin aiki, a bayan lafiyar jama'a, jinya da ayyukan matasa. Kungiyoyi na Kasashe, tare da taimakon ƙungiyar a cikin shekarata 1920s, sun kasance a shirye mafi kyau don magance bala'i kuma saboda haka ba sa buƙatar taimako na waje. Bugu da kari, Babban Tsananin ya haifar da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki a duk duniya, yana mai kiran kungiyar da ta sadaukar da kai sosai ga shirye-shiryen talauci.
Shekarun 1930s sun ga yadda ake amfani da mota, ci gaban kayan ababen hawa saboda haka ƙaruwar zirga-zirga da asarar rayuka. Ligin ya zama jagora a rigakafin taimakon farko don hatsarin hanya, ta hanyar kafa a 1932 Kwamiti na Dindindin kan Taimako na Farko kan Hanyoyi, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu motoci daban-daban.
Yayin da duniya ke gab da zuwa wani yaƙin, ayyukan layin sun ragu sosai. Ko ta yaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar da ICRC ya ci gaba da haɓaka. Ligin ya ba da tallafi ga ICRC a ƙarshen 1930s, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Sifen da Yaƙin Sino-Japan na biyu, ta hanyar gabatar da ƙararraki da kafa wuraren rabon abinci da magunguna ga fararen hula. Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa, wanda ICRC ta kirkira a shekarata 1941, ya kafa umarnin hadin gwiwa da ICRC, yana tabbatar da ci gaba da ba da goyon baya ga kungiyoyi Ƙasashen Duniya cikin yaƙin da ke ta ƙaruwa. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kuma karawa kungiyoyin masu mazan kansu 'yanci kuma ta ba su damar ci gaba da ayyukansu na agaji na farar hula ba tare da haifar da saɓani da jayayya, jihohin da ke tsaka tsaki ba.
Bayan an kwashe shekaru shida ana hutu, kwamitin gwamnonin ya yi taronsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar shekarata 1945. Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya samar da sabon karfin motsawa ga gasar yayin da ta dawo da alakarta da kungiyoyin andasa kuma ta ba da taimako ga yankunan da yaƙi ya shafa.
A watan Disambar 1948 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gayyaci kungiyar Red Cross Societies, tare da ICRC da AFSC, don shiga cikin shirin agajin gaggawa na dala miliyan 32 da ke aiki tare da Falasdinawa 'yan gudun hijira. An ba League ɗin alhakin Lebanon, Syria da Jordan .
Biyo bayan mummunan yanayi da ya addabi wasu sassan duniya tsakanin shekarata 1951 da 1954, ayyukan agaji na laliga sun fara aiki kuma ba su da cikakken bayani gaba ɗaya. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ƙungiyar ta ba da buƙatu da yawa kuma ta nuna ƙwarewa sosai a ayyukan agajin bala'i. A ƙarshen shekarata 1950s, an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin Crossungiyoyin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Casa na Red Crescent da aka sani saboda mulkin mallaka . A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, akwai sama da al'ummomi 100 a duniya. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1963, gasar tare da ICRC tare suka karɓi kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya .
A shekarar 1983, kungiyar Red Cross ta ciungiyoyin an sauya mata suna "ofungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent" don nuna yawan reflectungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin operatingasa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin alamar Red Crescent. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ƙa'idodi bakwai masu mahimmanci na Harkar, kamar yadda aka karɓa a taron XXth na Duniya na Red Cross a 1965, an haɗa su cikin ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar. Sunan ƙungiyar ya sake canzawa yayin Babban Taron na 1991 zuwa aikin da yake a yanzu na yanzu "kungiyar nada Redasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Society" (IFRC). A cikin 1997, ICRC da IFRC sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Seville wanda ya kara bayyana ayyukan kungiyoyin biyu a cikin Harkar.
Har zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s duk ayyukan agaji an amsa su a matsayin Tarayya ɗaya a cikin tsari da yawa. An yi amfani da al'ummomin kasa masu ba da gudummawa don ba da tallafi ta Sakatariyar Tarayya, tare da kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam don tallafa wa Tarayyar don magance bala'i a ƙarƙashin daidaitawa da jagorancin Sakatariyar Tarayyar. Mayar da hankali a wancan lokacin ta kasance ne daga ƙungiya ɗaya, tare da manufa ɗaya, manufa ɗaya don tallafawa 'yar'uwar jan giciye ko kuma jinjirin wata jamaa da bala'i ya shafa.
Guguwar Mitch ta shafi ƙasashe kaɗan a Amurka ta Tsakiya a 1998. Za a iya ɗaukar ƙoƙarin agaji na bala'i ɗayan ayyukan magance bala'i wanda ya canza yanayin sassaucin ra'ayi tsakanin membobin Tarayyar Duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hulɗar da juna ya zama sabon ƙa'ida, kuma rage yawan jan gicciye daga ƙasashe masu arziki da ke amsa bala'i da faɗaɗa ayyukan ci gaba suna ci gaba da haɓaka a cikin shekarun 2000s, gami da ƙaruwar al'ummomin jajayen jinjirin da ke aiki a duniya.
A cikin 2004, IFRC ta fara aikinta mafi girma har zuwa yau bayan bala'in tsunami a Kudancin Asiya . Fiye da Nationalungiyoyin 40asashe 40 sun yi aiki tare da masu ba da agaji sama da 22,000 don kawo agaji ga dimbin waɗanda abin ya shafa da aka bar su ba tare da abinci da wurin kwana ba kuma suna cikin haɗarin annoba.
Dabarun 2020 jagoranta - shirin gama kai na IFRC don tunkarar manyan matsalolin agaji da ci gaban wannan shekaru goma - IFRC ta himmatu wajen ceton rayuka da sauya tunani .
Ayyuka masu nauyi
IFRC tana daidaita tsakanin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Red Crescent a duk faɗin duniya. IFRC tare da ICRC suna tallafawa kafuwar sabbin Soungiyoyin Nationalasa a cikin ƙasashen da babu wata hukuma ta hukuma. Kungiyar duniya ta karɓi memba a cikin IFRC kawai bayan ICRC ta amince da ita. IFRC tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyin kasashen da abin ya shafa - da ake kira Hostungiyar Nationalasa ta Hostungiyar (HNS) - da Soungiyoyin ofasashe na wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke son bayar da taimako - wanda ake kira kungiyar kasashe (PNS). Daga cikin taron ƙasashen duniya na 190 da aka shigar da su ga Babban Taron IFRC a matsayin cikakkun membobi ko masu sa ido, kimanin 25-30 suna aiki a kai a kai kamar PNS a wasu ƙasashe. Wadanda suka fi aiki sune kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka, da Red Cross ta Burtaniya, da Red Cross ta Jamus, da kuma kungiyar Red Cross ta Sweden da Norway . Wani babban aiki na IFRC wanda ya sami kulawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shine jajircewarta don yin aiki da daidaitaccen tsari, hana amfani da ma'adinai a duniya da kuma kawo taimakon likita, halayyar mutum, da na zamantakewar jama'a ga mutanen da ma'adinan ƙasa suka ji rauni.
Ayyukan da aka bayyana na IFRC za'a iya taƙaita su kamar haka:
don inganta ka'idodin jin kai da dabi'u
don tallafawa Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa
don tallafawa ayyukan inda ake samun kuɗi
Red Cross Red Crescent ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwar jin kai a duniya tare da:
Kusan masu aikin sa kai miliyan 11.6
Fiye da ma'aikata 473,000 da aka biya
Fiye da Redungiyar Red Cross da Red Crescent sama da 165,000 fiye da rassa / rassa
Mutane miliyan 19.4 da suka ba da gudummawar jini ga hidimomin jini na Societyungiyar Jama'a a duk duniya
Fiye da mutane miliyan 11 suka sami horo a Taimakon Farko ta byungiyoyin Nationalasa
Fiye da mutane miliyan 106.5 suka isa ta Sabis na Tsawon Lokaci da Ci Gaban Shirye-shirye
Fiye da miliyan 49.5 suka isa cikin 2016 ta hanyar amsar bala'i da dawo da shirye-shirye da wuri
Jimlar kudin shiga sama da biliyan 23.4 na Switzerland a cikin 2016, tare da jimlar kashe-kashe sun wuce biliyan 23.1 na Switzerland
Kungiyoyi
IFRC tana da sakatariya a Geneva . Hakanan yana da ofisoshin yankuna biyar da ofisoshi da yawa na ƙasashe da yawa a duk duniya. Babban sakataren shi ne Jagan Chapagain (Nepal). IFRC tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakan shugaban kasa guda hudu, shugaban hukumar kudi da wakilan kungiyar Kasa ta 20. Mafi girman ƙungiyar IFRC ita ce Babban Taron wanda ke taruwa kowace shekara biyu tare da wakilai daga dukkanin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa. Daga cikin sauran ayyuka, Babban Taron yana zaɓar shugaban ƙasa. Shugaban IFRC na yanzu shi ne Francesco Rocca, wanda shi ma ya cika matsayin shugaban kungiyar Red Cross ta Italiya .
Shugabannin Tarayya
, the president of the IFRC is Francesco Rocca (Italian Red Cross). The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber-Hotz (Swiss Red Cross), Miguel Villarroel (Venezuela Red Cross), Abdoul Azize Diallo (Senegalese Red Cross Society), Kerem Kinik (Turkish Red Crescent), Chen Zhu (Red Cross Society of China).
1919–1922: Henry Davison (American Red Cross)
1922–1935: John Barton Payne (American Red Cross)
1935–1938: Cary Travers Grayson (American Red Cross)
1938–1944: Norman Davis (American Red Cross)
1944–1945: Jean de Muralt (Swiss Red Cross)
1945–1950: Basil O'Connor (American Red Cross)
1950–1959: Emil Sandström (Swedish Red Cross)
1959–1965: John MacAulay (Canadian Red Cross)
1965–1977: José Barroso Chávez (Mexican Red Cross)
1977–1981: Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigerian Red Cross Society)
1981–1987: Enrique de la Mata (Spanish Red Cross)
1987–1997: Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander (Venezuela Red Cross)
1997–2001: Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg (Norwegian Red Cross)
2001–2009: Don Juan Manuel Suárez Del Toro Rivero (Spanish Red Cross)
2009–2017: Tadateru Konoe (Japanese Red Cross Society)
2017–present: Francesco Rocca (Italian Red Cross)
Kudade da batun su
IFRC ana daukar nauyinta ne ta hanyar gudummawar da doka ta ba ta daga Soungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin Jama'a, isar da sabis na filin ga abokan shirin, da kuma gudummawar son rai daga masu ba da taimako kamar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da daidaikun mutane. Sharuɗɗan gudummawar doka na kowace Societyungiyar areasa an kafa ta ta Hukumar Kuɗi kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita. Fundingarin kuɗi, musamman don ayyukan agaji ba da tsammani, ana ɗaukaka su ta hanyar kiran gaggawa. Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, Shugaban Hukumar Kudi ya kasance Mista Chrystold Chetty (Seychelles) da Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar ita ce Ms Kathryn Forbes (Amurka). Daga 2016, Shugaba shine Mista Abdulkader Husrieh. An zabi Ms Kathryn Forbes a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin binciken kudi da Hadari yayin da aka zabi Mista Chrystold Chetty a matsayin mamba a Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent.
Alamar taken da sanarwa
Alamar IFRC haɗuwa ce ta jan giciye da kuma jinjirin wata mai launin fari a bango na fari, wanda ke kewaye da jan madaidaicin kusurwa ba tare da ƙarin rubutu ba. Jan gicciye, asalin alama ce ta Harkar, yana hagu yayin da jinjirin jaririn ya bayyana zuwa dama. Per Humanitatem ad Pacem shine taken farko na IFRC (Mataki na 1 na Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya). Bayanin manufa na IFRC, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin "Dabarar 2010" ita ce inganta rayuwar mutane masu rauni ta hanyar tattara ikon dan Adam . Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, taken da ake yi na dukkan ayyukan Harka na Kasa da Kasa shine Ikon ofan Adam . A watan Disambar 2003, taron kasa da kasa karo na 28 a Geneva ya zartar da taken taron Kare Mutuncin Dan Adam a matsayin sabon take ga dukkanin Harkar.
Alamar hukuma ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement da aka buga a watan Afrilu 2016 an bayyana shi a matsayin jar giciye da alamun alam masu launin jan an haɗa su gefe ɗaya, kewaye da kalmomin "INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT" a ɗayan ko wasu daga cikin yarukan hukuma (Larabci), Sinanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Rashanci ko Sifen). An bayyana shi don amfani lokacin da ICRC, Federationungiyar ofasa ta ofasa ta Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent da Redungiyar Crossasa ta Crossasa da Redungiyoyin Cungiyar Crescent suna aiki tare don dalilai na gaggawa na jin kai, ko jigo ko kamfen na damuwar duniya.
Ka'idodin Asali guda bakwai waɗanda ke jagorantar aikin IFRC da membobinta sune: ɗan adam, rashin nuna bambanci, tsaka tsaki, 'yancin kai, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da kuma gama gari.
Dangantaka tsakanin Kungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Red Crescent Movement
IFRC ta shiga rikici da ICRC a lokuta daban-daban, da farko kuma lokacin da kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka ta yi barazanar maye gurbin ICRC tare da kirkirar kungiyar a matsayin "ainihin Red Cross ta duniya" bayan yakin duniya na farko . Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa game da matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun taimaka wajen daidaita dangantaka, farawa da yarjejeniyar 1928, Yarjejeniyar Seville ta 1997 kuma kwanan nan thearin Mearin na 2005. Yarjejeniyar Seville ta ba IFRC jagora a duk wani yanayin gaggawa wanda ba ya faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikice-rikicen yaƙi (wanda a cikin haka ICRC ke ɗaukar nauyi). Rikicin kungiya yanzu ya ragu.
Bayani
Manazarta
- rukunin yanar gizo
- shafin hukuma
Crossungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Movementungiyar Cungiyar Red Crescent
Pages with unreviewed translations
Tarihi
Kungiyoyi
Shugabannin Tarayya |
7473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra | Anambra | Jihar Anambra jiha ce dake yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An kafa jihar a ranar 27, ga watan Augustan, 1991. Jihar Anambara ta hada iyaka da Jihar Delta daga yamma, Jihar Imo daga kudu, Jihar Enugu daga gabas, sai Jihar Kogi daga arewa.
Dangane da kidayar jama'a na shekara ta 2006, akwai mazauna garin fiye da miliyan 4.1 a Jihar Anambra. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar alif 1976 daga tsohuwar Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. An sanyawa jihar suna bayan rafin Kogin Anambra. Babban birnin jihar itace Awka, birnin da ke samun yawaitar jama'a da kimanin mutum miliyan 300,000 zuwa miliyan 3 a tsakanin shekara ta 2006 da shekarar 2020. Birnin Onitsha, birni mai dumbin tarihi mai tashar jirgin ruwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka na turawa, wanda ya kasance har yau muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci a jihar.
Ana mata inkiya da "Fitilar Kasa" (wato "Light of the Nation"), Jihar Anambra itace jiha ta takwas a yawan jama'a a Najeriya, duk da cewa an musanta hakan sosai, bisa la'akari da cewa Birnin Onitsha ta kai kimanin miliyan 5 ta fuskar yawan a shekara ta 2019. Akwai tarin al'umma masu yawa a Adamawa, duk da cewa itace ta biyu a karancin girma. Yankin da aka sani a matsayin Anambra a yau ta kasance tushen cigaba na yankuna da dama tun a karni na 9 (bayan rasuwar Yesu), wanda ta hada Masarautar Nri, wacce babban birni ta itace mai dumbin tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu. Mafi akasarin mazauna Anambra Inyamurai ne. A yau, Jihar Anambra ta kasance babban birni, Kuma ta dauki matakai da dama na rage talauci.
Asalin Kalma
An kikiri sunan Anambra ta hanyar hade kalmomin Anam da branch. Anam wata alqarya ce a yankin Omambala kuma kabilar Inymaurai na karshe da turawa suka riska yayin da suke haurawa zuwa kudancin Najeriya ta hanyoyin ruwa. A da ana kiran yankin Anambra a yau da suna 'Anam branch' (reshen Anam) na kusa da makwabtansu na Arewa. Hakan ta sa Anam da sauran alkaryun dake kewaye da ita suka zamo kananan hukomomi a lokacin da aka bata Jiha. A yanzu Anam na yankin karamar hukumar Anambra ta Yamma tare da Olumbanasa.
Tarihi
Tarihin Anambra ya faro ne tun daga karni na 9 Bayan mutuwar Yesu, kaman yadda tsaffin ma'adanai suka nuna a yankin Igbo-Ukwu da Ezira. Suna da ayyuka kyawawa da dama na sarrafa karafa, murjani, azurfa, tagulla da kuma laka. Akwai tarihin tsarin sarauta na musamman a yankin, wanda ta fara a yankin Anambra tun daga c. 948 AD har zuwa 1911. A wasu birane kamar Ogidi da sauransu, iyalai marasa karfi da dukiya na iya gadon sarauta na tsawon karni da dama.
Turawan Burtaniya sun amince da wasu daga cikin wadannan sarakunan na gargajiya a tsarin mulkinsu na mulki da ba na kai tsaye ba, na yankin mulkin mallakarsu ta Kudancin Najeriya. A farkon karni na 19, sun nada wasu daga cikinsu matsayin shugabannin yanki kuma suka basu ikon karban haraji da sauran matsayi.
Anambra na daga cikin yankin Inyamurai da ta shiga cikin tawayen da ya jawo kafa Jamhuriyar Biyafara a 1967, bayan rashin jituwa da Arewacin Najeriya. A lokacin yakin yakin Najeriya da Biyafara tsakanin (1967–1970), injoniyoyin Biyafara sun gina wani dan filin jirgin sama a birnin Uli/Amorka (wacce ake wa lakabi da "Annabelle"). Ta wannan filin jirgi ne wasu kasashe kamar Sao Tome da sauransu ke kawo wa yankin Biyafara agaji na abinci, magunguna da sauransu. Ta wannan tashar jirgi ne sojojin sama na Amurka kamar Alex Nicoll da makamansu ke kawo akayi agaji da dama ga al'ummar Biyafara.
Don tsananin kyamar wahalhalu da koke-koken matuwa na mutane da dama a yankin Biyafara ta sanadiyyar yunwa, hadi da cigaba da tozarta yankunan kasar da sojojin saman Najeriya ke yi yasa Carl Gustaf von Rosen ya ajiye aiki a matsayin sojan sama mai kai agajin gaggawa na Red Cross. Ya taimakawa 'yan Biyafara wajen samar da tawagar sojojin sama na mutum biyar da jiragen Malmö MFI-9 a yankin filin jirgin sama dake Uga. Ya sanyawa wannan tawagar suna "Babies of Biafra" don tunawa da jarirai da suka mutu da yunwa a Biayafara.
An kafa tsohuwar Jihar Anambra a shekarar alif 1976 daga sashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, wacce babban birninta ke Enugu. A 1991, sauyin tsari yasa an raba Jihar Anambra zuwa jihohi biyu, Jihar Anambra da kuma Jihar Enugu. Babban birnin Anambra itace Awka.
Labarin kasa
Birane da yankun gudanarwa
Jihar Anambra na samun ruwan sama na kimanin kashi 2.2% a duk shekara, mafi akasarin mutanen jihar na zaune ne a birane. Ta kasance daga cikin jihohin da suka fi kowacce habakar birane a Najeriya.
Muhimman biranen Jihar Anambra sune Onitsha, kamar biranen Okpoko, Ogbaru; Nnewi, da kuma Awka, wato babban birnin jihar. Biranen Awka da Onitsha sun cigaba tun kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. Awka itace cibiyar masana'antu na daular Nri. Onitsha kuma birnin jiha ce a Neja, inda ta cigaba a matsayinta na tashar jirgin ruwa da kuma cibiyar cinikayya.
Onitsha birnin kasuwanci ce dake habaka cikin sauri, kuma ta cigaba ta zamo mashahuriyar birni da kai har yankunan Idemili, Oyi da karamar hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, da kasuwar ta dake daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni Nahiyyar Afurka ta kudu.
Sauran muhimman birane a Anambra sun hada da: Abagana, Abba, Abacha, Umueri, Abatete, Achalla, Achina, Adazi Ani, Adazi-Enu, Adazi-Nnukwu, Agukwu, Aguleri, Agulu, Aguluezechukwu, Aguluzigbo, Ajalli, Akpo, Akpu, Akwaeze, Akwukwu, Alor, Amaetiti, Amansea, Amanuke, Amaokpala, Amawbia, Amesi, Amichi, Amorka, Anam, Anaku, Atani, Awa, Umueri, Awba-Ofemili, Awgbu, Awka-Etiti, Awkuzu, Azia, Azigbo, Ebenator Ozulogu, Ebenebe, Ekwulobia, Ekwulumili, Enugwu-Adazi, Enugwu-Agidi, Enugwu Aguleri, Enugwu Ukwu, Ezinifite, Ezinihite, Eziowelle, Ezira, Ichi, Ichida, Ideani, Ifitedunu, Ifite-Ogwari, Igbakwu, Igbariam, Igbedor, Igbo-Ukwu, Ihembosi, Ihiala, Ikenga, Inoma, Iseke, Isuaniocha, Isulo, Isuofia, Lilu, Mbosi, Mgbakwu, Mmiata Anam, Nando, Nanka, Nawfia, Nawfija, Nawgu, Ndikelionwu, Ndi-okpaleke, Ndiukwuenu, Nibo, Nimo, Nise, Nkpologwu, Nkpor, Nkwelle-Ezunaka, Neni, Nnobi, Nnokwa, Nsugbe, Nteje, Nzam, Oba, Obeledu, Obosi, Ochuche-Umuodu, Ogbunike, Ogbunka, Ogidi, Ojoto, Okija, Oko, Okpeze, Omasi, Omogho, Omor, Onneh, Ora-Eri, Oraifite, Oraukwu, Orsumoghu, Ossomala, Osumenyi, Owerre-ezukala, Owelle-Olumbanasa, Ozubulu, Ubuluisiuzor, Ufuma, Uga, Ugbenne, Ugbenu, Uke, Ukpo, Ukpor, Ukwalla-Olumbanasa, Ukwulu, Uli, Umuanaga, Umuawulu, Umuchu, Umudioka, Umueje, Umuerum, Umueze Anam, Umuoba Anam, Umudora Anam, Umumbo, Umunnachi, Umunankwo, Umunya, Umunze, Umuoji, Umuomaku, Umuona Unubi, Odekpe-Oluumbanasa, Utuh,Odeh-Olumbanasa, Igbokenyi Olumbanasa, Odomagwu-Olumbanasa, da kuma Allah/Onugwa-Olumbanasa.
Kananan hukumomi
Aguata
Awka ta Arewa
Awka ta Kudu
Anambra ta Gabas
Anambra ta Yamma
Anaocha
Ayamelum
Dunukofia
Ekwusigo
Idemili ta Arewa
Idemili ta Kudu
Ihiala
Njikoka
Nnewi ta Arewa
Nnewi ta Kudu
Ogbaru
Onitsha ta Arewa
Onitsha ta Kudu
Orumba ta Arewa
Orumba ta Kudu
Oyi
Wuri
Jihar ta hada iyaka da Jihar Delta daga yamma, Jihar Imo da Rivers daga kudu, Jihar Enugu daga gabas da kuma Jihar Jihar Kogi daga arewa. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Anambra wacce ke kwarara a yankin kuma ta kasance reshen ne na Kogin Neja.
Inyamurai ne mutanen asali na jihar (wanda ke da kashi 99%) da 'yan kwararan mutane wadanda ke amfani da wasu harsunan kuma mafi yawancinsu na zaune ne a yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar.
Jihar Anambra itace ta takwas a yawan mutane a Najeriya kuma itace ta biyu a cushewar jama'a bayan jihar Lagos (jiha). A duk nisan kilomita 45km tsakanin yankuna akwai kwauyukan da kananan birane dake zaune a daji wanda ya baiwa mutanen yanki matsakaicin cushuwar jama'a na kimanin 1,500–2,000 na mutane duk tafiyar kilomita square.
Albarkatun kasa
Jihar Anambra na da arzikin man fetur, gas, bauxite, da ceramic. Tana da kaso akalla 100 na kasan noma.
Jihar Anambra na da wasu albarkatun da suka shafi noma da kiwo kaman kiwon kifi da noma, da kuma amfani da dabbobi wajen noma da kuma kiwo.
Fetur da gas
A shekara ta 2006, anyi bikin tunawa da matatar mai na 'yan kasuwa na farko a Najeriya, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), wacce akayi a yankin Aguleri. Gwamnatin tarayya ta bai wa kamfanin Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL) na mai kamfanin OPR lasisin gina matatar man fetur mai iya tace barrel 55,000 a duk rana (~7,500 t/d).
Acikin shekara ta 2012, bayan kokarin da gwamna Peter Obi yayi tare da sauran masu hannun jari a kamfanin Orient Petroleum, Jihar Anambra ta zamo jiha mai samar da man fetur da kanta a Najeriya. Kamfanin man na Anambra na tsotso man fetur daga kwarin Kogin Anambra.
A ranar 2 ga watan Augustan 2015, kamfanin Orient Petroleum Resources Plc ta sanar cewa tana shirin kara yawan man fetur da take samarwa da barrel 3000 a duk rana zuwa watan Satumba na 2015, saboda ta fara sabon aiki a sabbin rijiyoyin mai a yankin filayen mai na Aguleri. Wani kamfani na mutanen garin Nails and Stanley Ltd, na shirin samar da matatar gas a Umueje dake karamar hukumar Ayamelum don tallafawa harkokin tattalin arziki da kuma ma'aikatun mai da gas a jihar.
Tattalin arziki
Noma na daga cikin muhimmin sashin tattalin arziki a Anambra. Manja, Masara, Shinkafa da rogo na daga cikin kayan da ake nomawa a yankin. Kamun kifi na daga cikin muhimman al'amurra a jihar.
Kamfanin da ya fara kera ababen hawa a Najeriya Kamfanin Innoson na nan a yankin Nnewi na Jihar Anambra.
Mutane daga kowanne sako na Yammacin Afurka na halartar kasuwar Onitsha don cinikayya, wanda hakan na kara bunkasa tattalin arzikin jihar, kuma ya sanya ta daya daga cikin manyan biranen kasuwanci na Afurka.
Anambra ta kasance cibiyar kirkire-kirkire ce, kere-kere, da samarwa. Akwai kirkire-kirkire da dama a Anambra, a sanadiyyar ilimi wanda hakan ya kara wa jihar yawan kudin shiga.
Fitar da albarkatun noma daga yankin Jihar Anambra ya karawa jihar kudaden shiga, a shekara ta 2017, an samun kimanin miliyan $5 a sanadiyyar fitar da ganyen yakuwa.
Akwai tarin man fetur da gas a Najeriya, da yankin Anambra Basin da ke tarin mai na 1000 trillion cubic da ba'a tsotso ba. Jihar na da rijiyoyin mai fiye da guda 13 a Anambra. Jihar Anambra na da ikon tace akalla barrel 100,000 a rana, yayinda matatun mai na gida watau Orient Petroleum, da kuma Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO) suke aikin taxewa.
Sufuri
Anambra na da hanyoyi masu kyau zuwa wasu jihohin Najeriya. Kogin Neja ya hada Onitsha da sauran tashoshin jirgin ruwa na Port Harcourt a Jihar Rivers da Bururu da Warri a Jihar Delta. Akwai gadar Neja ta biyu a Onitsha wanda ake kan ginawa.
Birane da gine-gine
Tun karshen shekarun 1990, an samu yawaitar hijira daga kauyuka zuwa birane, wanda hakan yasa biranen Anambra suka cika makil da mutane: kusan kaso 62% na mutanen kasar na zaune ne a birane.
Al'adu da wuraren ziyara
UNESCO sun lissafo Ogbunike Caves a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na duniya. ya kasance daya daga cikin wurin tarihi da akafi ziyara a Jihar Anambra. An kasa ta cikin jerin kogunan sandstone (Lateritic na shekarun Campanian-Miocene). Kogon Owerre Ezukala da makwararan ruwa (waterfall) sun kasance wuraren ziyara a jihar. Ana daukar wadannan koguna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Afurka.
Wurin tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu: wata tsohuwar hari ce da tayi kaurin suna a kere-kere karafuna kyawawa; masu ziyara na cigaba da zuwa don ganin kere-keren tagulla.
Jihar Anambra na da nau'oin abinci iri-iri, wanda suka hada da farar miya mai yaji na mutanen China, hamburger, sharwarma da kuma shahararriyar miyan onugbu.
Coci
Cocukan Jihar Anambra sun hada da cocukan Catholic, Anglican da Pentecostal. Cocin Catholic cathedral baban coci ne dake yankin 13B New Nkisi Rd, GRA 434106, Onitsha. Shi kuma cocin Anglican Cathedral coci ne dake GRA 434106, Onitsha.
A Jihar Anambra akwai cocukan Pentecostal da dama wadanda suka hada da: God Church, Redeemed Church, House on the Rock, Dominion City,[60] Dunamis, Winners' Chapel, da kuma cocin Christ Embassy.
Ilimi
Anambra tayi fice a fannin ilimin zamani a Najeriya, musamman a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. A shekara ta 2018, dalibai biyar daga makarantar sakandare na Regina Pacis Model, Onitsha, sun lashe kyautay zinare a wani gasar World Technovation Challenge da akayi a Silicon Valley, San Francisco.
Makarantun gaba da sakandare na gwamnati
The Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK), Awka, wacce ke da asibitin koyarwa na zamani a Nnewi da reshe a Umunya and Ukpo. Akwai sashin phamasy a Agulu, a makarantar Preliminary studies dake Mbaukwu, da kuma kwalijin noma.
Jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, wacce akafi sani da Anambra State University, wanda ake kira a da da, Anambra State University of Science and Technology (ASUTECH), mai haraba biyu, daya a Uli, da wani a Igbariam
Federal Polytechnic, Oko
Jami'ar Nwafor Orizu (wanda aka sani da Nwafor Orizu College of Education), Nsugbe
Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze
Anambra State Polytechnic,wanda aka sai da Anambra State College of Agriculture, Mgbakwu
Makarantu masu zaman kansu
Tansian University, Umunya
Madonna University, Okija
Paul University, Awka
Legacy University, Okija
St Peter's University, Achina da haraba a birnin Onneh
The UA College of Science & Technology Isuofia
The University of America College of Science and Technology.
Grundtvig Polytechnic, Oba
Buckingham Academy of Management and Technology, Ogidi
Onit College of Education, Mbaukwu
Awka itace babban birnin jihar, kuma itace cibiyar masana'antu karfe da sarrafawa a Najeriya.
Akwai masu ilimi da dama dangane da sauran kasashen Najeriya. Daliban jihar cin lashe kyautuka da dama na gasar kasa da duniya baki daya. Wannan abun la'akari ne dangane da sauran jihohin Najerya. Daliban dake shiga makarantun firamare da sakandare na da yawa a yankin. A kwannan, Jihar Anambra ta fidda dalibai mafi yawa da zasu rubuta jarabawar JAMB a Najeriya. A tsakanin shekarun 2011/2012 zuwa 2014, dalibanta sun sami mafi kyawun sakamako a jarabawar WAEC da NECO.
Makarantun sakandare na kwana na jihar Anambra na daga cikin ingantattun makarantu a Najeriya. Gwamnatin jihar ta mayar da hankali sosai a ingancin ilimin sakandare.
Siyasa
Za'a iya alakanta siysar Anambra a matsayin mai canza. An samu rikice-rikice iri-iri kafin karni na 21, an sama rudani da yawa a jihar. Sanadiyyar cewa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Najeriya, sai yasa ake kiran ta da "Hasken Kasar Najeriya" (The Light of The Nation). A ranar 29 May 1999, an rantsar da Chinwoke Mbadinuju a matsayin gwamnan jihar na farko, bayan mulkin soja na tsawon lokaci. Gwamnatinsa ta sama matsaloli daban daban: wanda sukayi fice sune, rike albashin malaman makaranta, wanda ya janyo yajin aikin malaman sakandare na duka makarantun jihar.
Kafin mulkin Mbadinuju, karatun sakandare kyauta ne a jihar. Gwamnatinsa ta wajabta biyan naira 3,000 a duk term a daukakin makarantun sakandare na jihar, wanda hakan ya jawo zanga zanga a yankuna da dama na jihar. Mutane suna alakanta gazawar mulkin Mbadinuju da iyayen gidansa; wanda ya gaje shi ma ya sha fama da iri wadannan matsaloli. A ranar 26 ga watan May 2003 ne, aka rantsar da Chris Ngige a matsayin gwamnan jihar, amma an tsige shi a shekarar ta 2006, bayan dan takarar APGA, Peter Obi ya maka shi kara a kotu akan magudin zabe. Kotun Enugu ta yanke hukuncin cewa nasarar zabe da Ngige yayi ya kasance ta hanyar magudi kuma ta umurce shi da ya bar kujerar.
Wani sashe na majalisar dokokin Jihar Anambra ta kori Obi inda ta musanya shi da mataimakin shi Virginia Etiaba, A ranar 9 Febrerun 2007 ne, Etiaba ya maida ikon gwamnati ga Obi, bayan kotu ta haramta cire Obi da akayi.
A ranar 14 ga watan Aprelu 2007 ne, aka sake zaben Peter Obi don komawa makaminsa a wa'adi na biyu, bayan adawa mai zafi a aka tafka da Chris Ngige tare da tsohon gwamnan Bankin Najeriya Charles Soludo da kuma Andy Uba, wani mai fada aji a jihar. Sauran 'yan takara sun hada da; Mrs Uche Ekwunife, Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu da dai sauransu. 'Yan takara mutum 25 suka fito zaben, an tabbatar da Obi a matsayin gwamna bayan yayi nasara da kaso 30% daga na biyunsa. An rantsar da Willie Obiano a ranar 17 March 2014 matsayin gwamnan jihar bayan ya ci zabe a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamban 2013. An sake rantsar da Willie Obiano a matsayin gwamna a karo na biyu a ranar 17 March 2018 bayan yayi nasarar lashe zabe a ranar 18 November 2017. Daga nan an mika wa Charles Soludo kujerar gwamnan Jihar Anambra wanda yayi nasara a ranar 17 March 2022.
Sanannun mutane
Professor Chinua Achebe – native of Ogidi and best known for the classic, Things Fall Apart; first African writer whose books are standard curricula in schools and universities across the world
Chimamanda Adichie – writer, won the Orange Prize for Fiction (2007) and a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (2008)
Dora Akunyili – ex-head of NAFDAC and former (17 December 2008 – 15 December 2010) Minister of Information won international awards for cleansing Nigeria of the scourge of fake drugs
Emeka Anyaoku – first black secretary-general of the Commonwealth and recipient of South Africa's Order of the Companions of Oliver Reginald Tambo for his role in initiating talks between the apartheid state and the African National Congress
Cardinal Francis Arinze – once considered a potential Pope
Ukpabi Asika – political scientist and administrator from Onitsha; East Central State administrator during and after the Nigerian Civil War
Nnamdi Azikiwe Owelle of Onitsha – first president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy MBE – London-based artist; first black artist to paint a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; one of the UK Women of the Year in 2002 and 2003; represented the UK at the Council of Europe; in 2009 she was made an MBE
Chief Oliver De Coque – popular Nigerian highlife musician and guitarist
Professor Kenneth Dike – pre-eminent scholar of African History and native of Awka; first indigenous vice-chancellor of the University of Ibadan and founder of the National Archives
Cyprian Ekwensi – MFR, writer of international repute
Dr. Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme – from Oko town; politician; architect; first executive vice-president of Nigeria, serving 1979–1983
Philip Emeagwali – winner of the 1989 Gordon Bell Prize for Supercomputing
Bonaventure Enemali – commissioner for Youth Empowerment and Creative Economy
Professor Ben Enwonwu – native of Onitsha; first Nigerian sculptor of international repute with artwork gracing the United Nations headquarters
Ken Erics – multi-award-winning Nollywood actor, producer, CEO of KEN ERICS Productions, writer and occasional musician
Ezego – entrepreneur who allegedly amassed wealth through dubious and diabolical means
Chukwuemeka Ezeife – former Governor of Anambra State and Presidential Adviser on Political Matters to President
Flavour (Chinedu Okoli) – popular singer and songwriter
Cletus Ibeto – industrialist and businessman from Nnewi
Chukwuemeka Ike – writer of many books including Toads forSsupper, Bottled Leopard, and Expo 77; hails from Ndikelionwu in Anambra State; was the traditional ruler Ikelionwu XI; first registrar of the West African Examination Council
Godwin Maduka – doctor, businessman, philanthropist, founder of Las Vegas Pain Institute and Medical Center
Hon. Ifeanyi Chudy Momah – lawyer and legislator; Honorable Member representing Ihiala in the Federal House of Representatives
Ebube Muonso – religious leader
Emeka Nwokedi – conductor and music director
Professor Humphrey Nwobu Nwosu – professor of political science; former NEC chairma; conducted the freest, fairest and most credible election so far in Nigeria
Oseloka H. Obaze (born 1955) – diplomat, politician and author
Professor Chike Obi – mathematician famous for his work on non-differential equations; won the 1985 ICTP Prize and developed a special solution for Fermat's Last Theorem;
Lieutenant-General Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor – appointed as military advisor, Assistant Secretary General Office of Military Affairs, UN Office of Peacekeeping Operations, New York; previously served as commander of the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) Artillery Brigade in Liberia in 1996 and 1997
Emeka Offor – chairman of Chrome Group
Dim Emeka Ojukwu – native of Nnewi, the leader of the secessionist Biafra Republic
Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu – native of Nnewi; first Nigerian millionaire and first president of the Nigerian Stock Exchange
Dr. Senator Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo (1941–2003) – native of Ogbunike; president of the Senate of Nigeria
Professor Uche Okeke – native of Nimo; one of the foremost Nigerian fine artists; founder of the Uli movement
Chief P.N. Okeke-Ojiudu – politician and Businessman and the first minister of agriculture in the Nigerian first republic
Pius Okigbo, CON – world-renowned economist; first economic advisor to the Federal government of Nigeria (1960–1962); first Nigerian Ambassador to the European Community; renowned for bringing to light over $12 billion missing in oil windfall receipts from the Central Bank of Nigeria during the first Gulf War
Amobi Okoye – youngest American football player to play for the NFL (2004), currently a free agent
Professor Samuel Okoye – black Africa's first PhD in Radio Astronomy; with Antony Hewish of the University of Cambridge, discovered the radio source of Crab Nebula neutron star
Chinyere Stella Okunna – first Nigerian female professor in mass communication
Azuka Okwuosa – former Anambra State Commissioner for Works and Transport
Azikiwe Peter Onwualu – former director general and chief executive officer of the Raw Materials Research and Development Council
Chi Onwurah – British Labour Party politician, elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central, becoming the first female British MP of African origin
Allen Onyema - Chairman of Air Peace
Oscar N. Onyema – OON, chief executive officer of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and chairman of Central Securities Clearing System
Nwafor Orizu – hails from Nnewi, Nnewi South; first Senate President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Osita Osadebe – popular Nigerian highlife musician; holds the Nigerian record for the highest selling album
P-Square (Peter and Paul Okoye) – identical twins and Afro-R&B giants
Professor Charles Chukwuma Soludo – famous economist who spearheaded Nigerian economic reform from 1999 to 2008; ex-head of the Central Bank of Nigeria
Blessed Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (born in Aguleri, Anambra State, 1903 – died Leicester, England, 1964) – ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Archdiocese of Onitsha, Nigeria; later a Cistercian monk at Mount Saint Bernard Monastery in England; Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1998
Fabian Udekwu (1928–2006) – professor of surgery and trailblazer of open heart surgery in Africa
Chief Jerome Udoji – from Ozubulu; social reformer; first African to be made a District Officer by the Colonial Administration
Chuka Umunna – British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Streatham constituency
Duba kuma
Anam
Uli, Anambra
Manazarta
Jihohin Nijeriya |
30041 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanar%20da%20Sharar%20gida%20a%20India | Gudanar da Sharar gida a India | Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Sauyin yanayi na kasar (MoEF&CC). A cikin shekarana 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shwk2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta kasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko.
Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.
Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030.
Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki
</br>Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda haɓakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da haɓakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum [1]. Ingantacciyar SWM babban ƙalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasar da ke samun saurin haɓakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana daɗa wahala a Indiya saboda ƙasa ce daban-daban da ke da ƙungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban.
Duk da cigaba a yankunan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da ƙima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da ƙasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi ɗorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya [4], duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka.
E-sharar gida a Indiya
Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5. kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum.
Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya ƙara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida
An ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana buƙatar ƴan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai haɗari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan birni.
An umurci kananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma haɗa su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga.
Ana buƙatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG waɗanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana buƙatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su.
An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kuɗin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a.
Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da ƙimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ƙi . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don haɗa haɗin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar wutar lantarki.
Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya
Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara.
Haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, haɓakar al'ummar birane, haɓakar rayuwa da haɓaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin a duk faɗin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, haɓakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da ƙarin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin haɓakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20.
Shirye-shiryen tushen birni
A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta buɗe Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, ƙoƙarin tsaftace ƙasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa da / ko ƙoƙarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin.
Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zaɓe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore (an ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun Karnataka ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen ɗan ƙasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci ƙarar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, Mumbai, yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh).
Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT).
MoEFCC ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka haɗa, yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.
Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu
Gwamnatin Indiya ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin ƙwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana ɗaukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan buƙatun kafin cancanta. Ƙungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun haɗa da matsananciyar buƙatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zaɓin yanayin PPP; fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da haɗin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kuɗi a kuma ɓangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kuɗin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau waɗanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. Akwai fuskoki da yawa waɗanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Muhalli na Indiya
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24152 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alok%20Sharma | Alok Sharma | Alok Sharma (an haife shi 7 watan Satumba, shekarar alif ta 1967) ɗan siyasan Burtaniya ne da ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban COP26 kuma Ministan Ƙasa a Ofishin Majalisar tun daga shekara ta 2021. Sharma ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na baya a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci don jagorantar COP26. Sharma tana riƙe da cikakken matsayin Majalisar. Sharma ya kasance dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (MP) don Karatun Yammaci tun 2010 .
Sharma ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Firayim Minista Theresa May a matsayin Karamin Ministan Gidaje daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa shekara ta 2018 da kuma Karamin Ministan Ayyuka daga shekara ta 2018 zuwa shekara ta 2019. A cikin 2019, Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya nada shi a cikin Majalisar Minista a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Ci gaban Kasashen Duniya . An kara masa girma zuwa Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu a sake fasalin majalisar ministocin 2020, ofishin da ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2021.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Sharma a Agra, arewacin Indiya, amma ya koma Karatu tare da iyayensa lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyar kuma yana da tarbiyyar Hindu. Mahaifinsa Prem ya shiga cikin siyasar Conservative a cikin Karatu kuma ya zama shugaban yankin Berkshire na Conservatives kuma ya taimaka kafa Abokan Majalisun Conservative na Indiya. An taso Sharma a cikin unguwannin Karatu na Earley da Whitley Wood kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Gabatarwa, Karatun Makarantar Blue Coat a Sonning da Jami'ar Salford, daga inda ya kammala karatun digiri tare da BSc a Fisik ɗin Aiki tare da Lantarki a shekara alif ta 1988.
Sharma daga baya ya cancanta a matsayin mai ba da lissafi, ya yi horo tare da Deloitte Haskins & Sells a Manchester kafin ya koma cikin shawarar kuɗi na kamfanoni tare da Nikko Securities sannan Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, inda ya riƙe manyan mukamai a London, Stockholm da Frankfurt . Sharma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga abokan ciniki a cikin kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan haɗin kan iyakoki da saye, jerin abubuwa da sake fasalin.
Sharma Gwamna ne na wata makarantar firamare ta cikin Karatu. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin siyasa na kwamitin harkokin tattalin arziki na Bow Group.
Aikin siyasa
Dan majalisa
An zaɓi Sharma a matsayin ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Conservative na mazabar Reading West a shekara ta 2006. Ya kuma an zabe a matsayin MP for Karatun West a shekara ta 2010 janar zaben, inda ya lashe a mafiya yawa daga 6.004 bayan da ja da baya daga cikin Labor MP Martin Salter .
A babban zaben shekarar shekara ta 2015 an sake zabensa tare da karin rinjaye na 6,650.
A babban zaben shekarar 2017, ya lashe kujerar sa da ragin ragi, mafi rinjaye na 2,876. Lokacin da aka sake zaɓen shi, Sharma ya rubuta a shafin sa na yanar gizo: "Bayan na girma a cikin Karatu kuma kasancewa mutumin Karatu na cikin gida, na yi farin ciki da aka sake zaɓen ni a mazaba a garin na."
A babban zaben shekara ta 2019 Sharma ya haɓaka rinjayen sa zuwa 4,117.
Aikin majalisa na farko (2010–2016)
Sharma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zaɓin Kimiyya da Fasaha tsakanin watan Yuli shekara ta 2010 da Fabrairu 2011 da Kwamitin Zaɓin Baitulmali tsakanin Satumba 2014 da Maris 2015.
Sharma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative daga 2012 zuwa 2015 kuma shugaban cocin Conservative Friends of India a 2014.
A watan Satumbar 2011, an nada Sharma Sakatare mai zaman kansa na Majalisar (PPS) ga Mark Hoban, Sakataren Kudi na Baitulmali . A lokacin da yake PPS, Sharma ya zauna a kan wasu kwamitocin lissafin jama'a da suka haɗa da lissafin kuɗi guda biyu, Dokar Gyaran Banki ta shekara ta 2013 da Dokar fansho ta shekara ta 2011. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin PPS ga Sir Oliver Letwin, tsohon Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster wanda ke da cikakken alhakin Ofishin Majalisar .
Bayan mutuwar masu keke biyu a Purley akan Thames, Sharma ya yi kamfen a shekara ta 2014 don tsawaita zaman gidan yari ga waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar tuƙi mai haɗari. Sharma ya fara muhawara a Majalisar kan batun kuma ya goyi bayan takarda kai, wanda iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa suka fara, wanda ya sami sa hannun sama da guda 55,000.
Sharma ya yi fafutuka don rage adadin manyan motoci na farko a cikin jiragen ƙasa da ke aiki a babbar hanyar Yammacin Turai tsakanin Karatu da London. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, ya gudanar da taro tare da Ministan Railway Claire Perry da Babban Daraktan Manajan Daraktan Yammacin Yammacin Turai Mark Hopwood don tattauna shawarwari don haɓaka ƙarfin Aji don rage cunkoso.
A cikin 2016, an nada Sharma a matsayin "Wakilin kayayyakin more rayuwa a Indiya" na Firayim Minista.
Karamin Ministan (2016–2019)
Sharma ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na Majalisar a Ofishin Harkokin Kasashen Waje da na Commonwealth daga watan Yuli shekara ta 2016 zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta 2017.
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2017 an nada shi Ministan Gidaje, inda ya maye gurbin Gavin Barwell wanda ya rasa kujerarsa a babban zaben shekara ta 2017 .
A matsayin Karamin Ministan Gidaje, Sharma ne ke da alhakin martanin Gwamnati game da gobarar Grenfell Tower . Ya jawo hankulan kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da aka hange shi a bayyane yayin da yake ba da sanarwa ga Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 5 ga Yuli 2017.
A watan Janairun 2018, ya zama karamin Ministan Ayyuka .
Sakataren Ƙasa na Ƙasashen Duniya (2019–2020)
Boris Johnson ya nada Sharma a matsayin sakataren harkokin raya kasa da kasa bayan murabus din Rory Stewart a watan Yulin 2019. Da ya hau kan rawar, ya ce: "Na yi farin ciki. . . Za mu yi aiki a duk fadin gwamnati don isar da Brexit da kuma tabbatar da taimakon Burtaniya yana magance kalubalen duniya wanda ya shafe mu duka. "
A watan Oktoba, Sharma ya bayyana cewa yana son yin amfani da karfin da Burtaniya ke da shi a kan Bankin Duniya don mayar da hankali kan amfani da asusun Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya na goma sha tara kan yaƙar canjin yanayi, gina tattalin arziƙi mai ɗorewa da haɓaka haƙƙin mata .
Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu (2020–2021)
Bayan korar Andrea Leadsom a sake fasalin majalisar ministocin 2020, an nada Sharma a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu, inda ya fara aiki a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu.
A matsayinta na Sakataren Gwamnati, Sharma na ɗaya daga cikin masu magana da gwamnati a taron taƙaitaccen coronavirus na yau da kullun daga Titin Downing. A watan Yunin 2020, ya bayyana cikin rashin lafiya yayin da yake gabatar da sanarwa a zauren majalisar. Kodayake ya yi gwaji don COVID-19 wanda ya dawo mara kyau, lamarin ya haifar da tambayoyi game da shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke na kawo ƙarshen amfani da majalisar da ba ta dace ba kuma ta sa 'yan majalisar su koma zauren majalisar. An shawarci wasu ma’aikatan Sashen Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana’antu da kada su koma bakin aikinsu ta Ƙungiyar Sabis na Jama’a da Kasuwanci, waɗanda suka ce akwai ƙarancin shaidar cewa sashen ya ba da isassun matakan rigakafin cutar.
A watan Yulin 2020, Sharma ya umarci jami'ai da su sayi rabin OneWeb, kamfanin sadarwar tauraron dan adam, kan dalar Amurka miliyan 500. Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Kamfanonin Bharti ne suka sayi kamfanin daga fatarar Babi na 11 .
Sharma ya gabatar da majalisar, tare da taimakon Lord Callanan, Dokar Tsaro da Zuba Jari ta Kasa 2021 .
Shugaban COP26 (2021 -present)
Baya ga nadinsa a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2020, Sharma kuma an nada shi Shugaban Babban Taron Canjin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 (COP26), sakamakon korar Claire Perry O'Neill a cikin Janairu 2020. A wancan lokacin an shirya taron ne a watan Nuwamba 2020; a cikin Mayu 2020 an sake tsara shi don Nuwamba 2021.
A ranar 8 ga Janairu 2021, Sharma ya bar matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati don zama Shugaban COP26 na cikakken lokaci, kuma shugaban Kwamitin Aiwatar da Yanayi. Ya koma ofishin majalisar ministocin ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na cikakken memba na majalisar. Sharma yana aiki a matsayin karamin minista, a cikin ofishin majalisar.
Tsakanin Janairu da Yuli 2021 Sharma ya tashi mil 200,000 zuwa kasashe 30 don tarurruka a matsayin shugaban kasa; wannan ya haɗa da ƙasashe shida ja jerin, amma ba lallai ne ya ware bayan kowane tafiye-tafiye ba yayin da aka keɓe shi daga ƙa'idodin keɓewa na COVID-19 a matsayin "bawan kambi".
Makarantun kyauta
Sharma ya goyi bayan buɗewa a mazabar sa ta Yammacin karatu na ɗaya daga cikin makarantun kyauta na farko a Ingila: An buɗe dukkan Makarantar Saints Junior a watan Satumbar 2011 kuma ta sami ƙimar 'fice' a cikin rahotonta na Ofsted na farko.
An kuma nada Sharma mai kula da Makarantar Wren, sabuwar makarantar sakandare kyauta da aka buɗe a Yammacin Karatu a watan Satumba na 2015. Sharma ya goyi bayan Cibiyar Ilimin Karatu ta Yamma don samun amincewar sabuwar makarantar kuma yana taimakawa makarantar don samun madaidaicin wurin da ya dace.
Filin jirgin saman Heathrow
Sharma ya kasance mai goyon bayan faɗaɗa faɗaɗa Filin jirgin saman Heathrow kuma ya yi magana don goyan bayan ƙara yawan hanyoyin jirgin sama a Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila, yana mai cewa "rashin ƙarfin cibiya yana kashe ayyukan Burtaniya da saka hannun jari." Wannan duk da adawa a mazabarsa; a cikin 2009 ya ce: “Titin jirgin sama na uku a Heathrow zai haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli da ingancin rayuwar miliyoyin mutane. Lokaci ya yi da Gwamnati za ta yi watsi da shirye -shiryenta na titin jirgin sama na uku kuma, idan aka zaɓi Gwamnatin Conservative, tabbas za mu dakatar da wannan bala’in muhalli. ”
Dandalin Shugabannin Gabas ta Yamma
Sharma ya kafa Dandalin Shugabannin Gabas ta Yamma, dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin kasuwanci, don inganta tattaunawa tsakanin Turai, Indiya da China. Theresa May, a lokacin ita ce Sakatariyar Cikin Gida, ita ce ta ba da muhimmin jawabi a taron farko, wanda aka yi a London a watan Satumbar 2014.
Brexit
Sharma ya goyi bayan Burtaniya ta kasance cikin Tarayyar Turai kafin zaben raba gardama na 2016 . Ya goyi bayan yarjejeniyar ficewar Firayim Minista Theresa May a farkon 2019, sannan kuma ya goyi bayan yarjejeniyar ficewar Firayim Minista Boris Johnson a watan Oktoba 2019.
Rayuwar mutum
Sharma ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Caversham, Yana karatu tare da matarsa da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Matarsa 'yar Sweden ce. Sharma ya yi rantsuwa a zauren majalisar a kan Bhagavad Gita a 2019.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1967
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33203 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotimi%20Fani-Kayode | Rotimi Fani-Kayode | Articles with hCards
Oluwarotimi Adebiyi Wahab Fani-Kayode (20 Afrilu 1955–21 Disamba 1989) haifaffen Najeriya ne mai daukar hoto, wanda ya koma Ingila yana dan shekara 12 don tserewa yakin basasar Najeriya. An halicci babban jikin aikinsa tsakanin 1982 da 1989. Ya binciko tashe-tashen hankula da jima'i, kabilanci da al'adu suka haifar ta hanyar hotuna masu salo da tsararru.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Rotimi Fani-Kayode a Legas, Najeriya, a cikin watan Afrilu 1955, a matsayin ɗa na biyu na fitaccen gidan Yarbawa ( Cif Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode da Chief Mrs. Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode) wanda ya koma Brighton, Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1966, bayan juyin mulkin soja da yakin basasa da ya biyo baya. Rotimi ya tafi wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya don karatun sakandare, ciki har da Kwalejin Brighton, Kwalejin Seabright, da Millfield, sannan ya koma Amurka a 1976. Ya karanta Fine Arts and Economics a Jami'ar Georgetown, Washington, DC, da BA, ya ci gaba da MFA a Fine Arts & Photography a Cibiyar Pratt, New York City. Duk da yake a New York, yayi zaman abokantaka tare da Robert Mapplethorpe, wanda ya yi iƙirarin a matsayin tasiri a kan aikinsa.
Fani-Kayode ya koma Birtaniya ne a shekarar 1983 inda ya zama memba na Brixton Artists Collective, inda ya fara baje kolin wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen kungiyar da aka gudanar a dakin wasan kwaikwayo na Brixton kafin ya ci gaba da nunawa a wasu wuraren baje koli a Landan. Ya mutu a asibiti sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake murmurewa daga rashin lafiya mai alaka da AIDS a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba 1989. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana zaune a Brixton, London, tare da abokin rayuwarsa kuma mai haɗin gwiwa Alex Hirst.
Aiki
Fani-Kayode ya yarda cewa aikin Mapplethorpe na farko ya rinjayi shi amma kuma ya tura iyakokin fasahar nasa, binciken jima'i, wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka da kuma tashin hankali da rikice-rikice tsakanin liwadi da haɓakar Yarabawa ta hanyar jerin hotuna a cikin launi da baki da kuma. fari. Yayin da Rotimi Fani-Kayode ya yi iƙirarin Robert Mapplethorpe a matsayin tasiri akan aikinsa, Fani-Kayode yana aiki tare da jigogi na Baroque yayin da Mapplethorpe yayi aiki tare da Classical.
Dangantakarsa da addinin Yarbawa ta faro ne daga iyayensa. Fani-Kayode ya bayyana cewa iyayensa masu bautar Ifa ne, bawan Orisha, kuma masu kula da wuraren ibada na Yarbawa, abin da ya faru da farko wanda ya sanar da aikinsa. Da wannan gadon, sai ya yunƙura don haɗa sha'awa, al'ada, da baƙar fata jikin namiji. Abubuwan da ya faru na addini sun ƙarfafa shi ya yi koyi da dabarun mallaka na Yarbawa, ta hanyar da firistocin Yarbawa suke sadarwa da alloli da jin daɗi. Misalin irin wannan dangantaka tsakanin Hotunan Fani-Kayode da na Yarbawa 'dabarun jin daɗi' an nuna shi a cikin aikinsa, Bronze Head (1987). Burinsa shi ne ya sadar da hankalin masu sauraren da ba su san da shi ba da hada ra’ayin Yarbawa da na Yamma (musamman Kiristanci). Wannan al'ada ta haɗa kayan ado da batsa na addini sun tilasta wa mai kallo gani da tsokana.
Ana iya ganin wannan a farkon aikinsa, musamman "Sonponnoi" (1987). Sonponnoi yana daya daga cikin manyan orishas a cikin pantheon na Yarbawa; shine allahn ciwon huhu. Sakamakon irin karfin da yake da shi, sai ya jawo tsoro har mutane suka ji tsoron fadin sunansa, ya zama bare, yana zaune a karkara maimakon kasa. A cikin hoton akwai wani baƙar fata marar kai, wanda aka yi masa ado da farare da baƙaƙen tabo, yana riƙe da kyandirori uku masu kona a makwancinsa. Fani-Kayode ya ƙawata wannan adadi da tabo don wakiltar ƙanƙara na Sonponnoi da alamun ƙabilun Yarbawa. Kyandir mai kona sau uku akan makwancinsa yana haifar da ma'anar cewa jima'i yana ci gaba har ma a cikin rashin lafiya. Hakanan yana wakiltar yadda bangaskiyar Kirista ta maye gurbin al'adar Yarbawa tare da kawo cuta tare da ita a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A wata hanya, Fani-Kayode ya bayyana cewa wannan Orisha baƙon abu ne, amma ya miƙa saƙon alama na hoton, yana magana da shi ya yi Allah wadai da jima'i a lokacin da yake zaune a yammacin duniya wanda ya ci karo da addinin kakanninsa.
Musamman ya ambaci Esu, manzo kuma allahntakar marar hanya wanda galibi ana siffanta shi da tsayayyen azzakari, akai-akai a cikin hotunansa. Zai zana madaidaicin azzakari cikin da yawa daga cikin hotunansa don bayyana irin nasa sha'awar jima'i. Fani-Kayode na tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ''Bakar Namiji, Farin Namiji'' ya haɗu da jigogin launin fata da jima'i tare da nunin dalla-dalla na dangantakar ibada da Allah. Yawancin wannan aikin yana nuna rashin fahimta da za a iya danganta shi da Esu, wanda ke tattare da dakarun adawa. Da yake magana kan Esu, ya nace, "Eshu yana shugabanta a nan [. . . ] Shi ne Mai dabara, Ubangijin mararraba (matsakanci tsakanin jinsi), wani lokaci yana canza alamomi don ya batar da mu [. . . ] Watakila ta haka ne sake haifuwa ya kasance.” Esu kuma ya bayyana a cikin hoton Fani-Kayode, Babu wani abu da zai rasa IX. Ana fahimtar kasancewar Esu a cikin launi na abin rufe fuska; ta yin amfani da ratsin fari, ja, da baƙar fata abin rufe fuska yana wakiltar Esu. Ko da yake waɗannan launuka suna wakiltar Esu, abin rufe fuska da kansa ba shi da fifiko a yin abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka; Wannan jigon da hankali yana kusan karkatar da abin rufe fuska don wakiltar babban “ƙaunan Afirka” (masu sukar ra’ayin “primitiveness” wanda jama’ar Turai suka narke).
Fani-Kayode ya rabe-raben ma'anar zama za a iya bincikarsa a cikin 1987 '' Head Bronze." A cikin hoton, ya yanke wani bakar jikin mutum don bayyana kafafunsa da gindinsa yayin da yake shirin zama a saman wani sassaken Ife na tagulla. Ana sanya sculpture na Ife akan faranti, stool, ko tsaunin kafa, kuma an sanya shi da dabara a tsakiyar firam ɗin hoton. Yawanci, kan tagulla a cikin hoton yana nufin girmama Sarkin Ife. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin hoton Fani-Kayode, ya yi wa masarautar Yarbawa dadi. Hoton yana wakiltar gudun hijira da kuma liwadi, sassa biyu na duniyarsa. Jikin da aka yanke yana nuna alamar rarrabuwar kawuna, matsayinsa yana nuni da jima'insa da sassakawar alama ce ta daɗaɗɗen ƙa'idodin zamantakewar rayuwar da yake ƙoƙarin rushewa.
Aikinsa na ƙarshe, wanda aka ba shi mai suna "Saduwa" (1995), yana nuna haɗakar dangantakarsa da addinin Yarbawa. Da alama yana fitar da ra'ayoyin Yarbawa na sanyi da ƙarfi. Yana nuna cewa "natsuwa ce ta tarayya da duniyar ruhaniya." Ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da ke cikin jerin, "The Golden Phallus," na wani mutum ne mai abin rufe fuska kamar tsuntsu yana kallon mai kallo, tare da dakatar da azzakarinsa a kan wani igiya. An bayyana hoton a matsayin wani abin ban dariya na yadda baƙar fata ke da nauyi a hannun ƙasashen yammacin duniya. A cikin wannan hoton (The Golden Phallus), kamar yadda a cikin Fani-Kayode's Bronze Head, akwai mayar da hankali ga liminality, ruhaniya, ikon siyasa, da tarihin al'adu - ɗaukar manufofin da aka gani a matsayin 'tsohuwar' (a cikin nunin '' gargajiya' 'yan Afirka art.) da kuma sake gabatar da su a matsayin archetype na zamani.
Gado
Fani-Kayode da wasu da dama sun ɗauke shi a matsayin baƙon waje kuma mai kwatancen baƙi. Fani-Kayode, duk da haka, ya yi imanin cewa saboda wannan hoton nasa, ya taimaka wajen tsara aikinsa na mai daukar hoto. A cikin hirarrakin da aka yi masa, ya yi magana a kan kwarewarsa na kasancewarsa baƙon waje dangane da ƴan Afirka, amma kuma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa an tilasta masa yin hijira. Ficewar da ya yi daga Najeriya tun yana karami ya shafi lafiyarsa. Ya fuskanci jin kamar yana da "kadan ya rasa." Amma sai aka siffata asalinsa daga tunanin waninsa kuma aka yi bikin. A cikin aikinsa, batutuwan da Fani-Kayode ke yi, musamman baƙar fata ne, amma kusan ko da yaushe yakan bayyana kansa a matsayin baƙar fata a yawancin ayyukansa, wanda za'a iya fassara shi a matsayin mai nunawa da kuma gani na tarihin kansa. Yana kwatanta fasahar sa a matsayin "Baƙar fata, ɗan Afirka, daukar hoto na ɗan kishili" Yin amfani da jiki a matsayin wurin da aka keɓe a cikin hotonsa, ya sami damar bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin sha'awar batsa da dabi'un ruhaniya na kakanninsa. Ƙwarewarsa mai rikitarwa na tarwatsewa, rarrabuwa, ƙin yarda, da rabuwa duk sun daidaita aikinsa. Fani-Kayode ya kalubalanci rashin ganuwa na "Kwanyar Afirka", ko kuma kin amincewa da madadin jima'i na Afirka, a cikin duka biyun.
Duniyar Yamma da Afirka. Gabaɗaya, ya nemi sake fasalin ra'ayoyin jima'i da jinsi a cikin hotonsa, yana nuna cewa jima'i da jima'i suna bayyana tsattsauran ra'ayi da "daidaitacce" saboda al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa amma a zahiri suna da ruwa da kuma ra'ayi. Koyaya, ya nemi musamman don haɓaka ƙima a cikin fasahar zamani na Afirka, wanda ya buƙaci shi ya magance abubuwan gadon mulkin mallaka da na Kirista waɗanda suka danne ƙiyayya da gina ra'ayi mai cutarwa na baƙar fata. A lokacin da ba a wakilta masu fasaha na Afirka, cikin tsokana ya tunkari batun ta hanyar yin magana da kuma tambayar abin da bakar fata ke yi. (charlotte) Ana iya fassara tasirinsa na homoerotic a cikin yin amfani da jikin namiji baƙar fata a matsayin bayyanar da manufa, sha'awa da abin da ake so, da kuma sanin kai don mayar da martani ga jikin baƙar fata da aka rage zuwa abin kallo. Ya iya nuna wa duniya da waɗanda ke cikin duniyar fasaha kawai nawa baƙar fata muryoyin ke da mahimmanci. Ba da labarin bangaran su kuma ba wai kawai batun abin da wani ya kwatanta su ba.
Ba wai kawai ana yabon Fani-Kayode ba saboda ra'ayinsa na ra'ayi na Afirkanci da ƙwazo (da ƴaƴan Afirka), ana kuma yaba masa don iya haɗa siyasar kabilanci da jima'i tare da lalata da kyan addini. Wani mai suka ya kuma bayyana aikinsa a matsayin "neo-romantic," tare da ra'ayin Hotunan nasa suna haifar da ma'anar kyakkyawa mai wucewa.
Ayyukansa suna cike da wayo, ban dariya, da sharhi na siyasa da zamantakewa. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga muhawarar fasaha da ke tattare da cutar HIV/AIDS.
nune-nunen
Ya fara baje koli a cikin 1984 kuma ya halarci nune-nune da yawa a lokacin mutuwarsa a 1989. An baje kolin aikinsa a Burtaniya, Faransa, Austria, Italiya, Najeriya, Sweden, Jamus, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurka.
Fani-Kayode ya fara baje kolin a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda Brixton Artists Collective ke gudanarwa. Ya baje kolin a cikin nunin rukuni guda uku a Gidan Gallery: Babu Sharhi, Disamba 1984; Ganin Diversity, Fabrairu 1985 da Nunin Membobi na Shekara-shekara, Nuwamba 1985.
Bambanci iri ɗaya, nunin rukuni a Aikin Kamara, Yuli 1986
The Invisible Man, nunin rukuni a Goldsmith's Gallery, 1988
ÁBÍKU - Haihuwar Mutuwa, nunin mutum ɗaya a Cibiyar 181 Gallery (Hammersmith), Satumba/Oktoba 1988
Musanya Hoton Hoto na Amurka/Birtaniya, nunin rukunin yawon shakatawa a Camerawork & Jamaica Arts Center, New York, 1989
Kwayoyin rigakafin Ecstatic: Tsayar da tatsuniyoyi na AIDS, nunin rukunin yawon shakatawa, Sunil Gupta da Tessa Boffin suka tsara, 1990, Gallery Impressions, York; Ikon Gallery, Birmingham; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Battersea, London.
A cikin 1988, Fani-Kayode tare da wasu masu daukar hoto (mafi yawansu sun taru don Tunani na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Brixton Artists Collective ) - ciki har da Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo da Armet Francis - sun kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Hoto Baƙar fata (yanzu ana kiranta Autograph ABP) kuma ta zama kujera ta farko. Ya kuma kasance memba mai aiki na Black Audio Film Collective . Ya kasance babban tasiri a kan matasa masu daukar hoto baƙar fata a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s.Bayan mutuwar 1992, an ci gaba da yin wasu cece-kuce game da ayyukan da aka danganta ga Fani-Kayode.
Labarai
Saduwa. London: Autograph, 1986.
Bakar Namiji/Bakar Namiji. Landan: Gay Men's Press, 1988. Hotuna daga Fani-Kayode, rubutu daga Alex Hirst.
Jikunan Kwarewa: Labarun Game da Rayuwa tare da HIV. - Nunin rukuni a Camerawork a cikin 1989
Hotunan auto. Kamara RF-K Maris 1990 (An haɗa shi a cikin talla don nunin amma ba a nuna aikin ba saboda mutuwarsa ta kwatsam a cikin Disamba 1989).
Nunin Tunawa da Tunawa da Tunawa. 198 Gallery, Disamba 1990 (Brian Kennedy, Mujallar Iyakar Birni, ta nemi gudummawar don ba da kuɗin nunin. ) Rubuce-rubucen kasida ta Alex Hirst da Stuart Hall.
Hotuna. Hoton ABP, London, 1996. Daga Fani-Kayode da Alex Hirst.
Rarraba Kyamara ta Mark Sealy shafuffuka na 226-232.
Da kuma Furen Jini: Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Hoto da 1980s. da W Ian Bourland.
Magana
“An gina asalina ne daga ma’anar wani abu na, ko na al’ada, launin fata, ko kuma na jima’i. Abubuwa uku ba su rabu a cikina ba. Hoto shine kayan aikin da na fi jin kwarin gwiwa wajen bayyana kaina. Hoto ne, don haka - Baƙar fata, ɗan Afirka, daukar hoto na ɗan kishili - wanda dole ne in yi amfani da shi ba kawai a matsayin kayan aiki ba, amma a matsayin makami idan zan yi tsayayya da hare-hare kan mutuncina kuma, hakika, rayuwata bisa ga sharuɗɗan kaina."
"A kan abubuwa guda uku ni baƙo ne: a cikin al'amuran jima'i; ta fuskar ɓarnawar ƙasa da al'adu; da ma'anar rashin zama irin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun aure da iyayena za su yi fata."
“Ina yin hotunana na dan luwadi ne da gangan. Bakar fata daga duniya ta uku a baya ba su bayyana wa mutanensu ba ko kuma ga yammacin duniya wani lamari mai ban tsoro: suna son junansu.”
"Ina ƙoƙarin fitar da yanayin ruhaniya a cikin hotuna na ta yadda ra'ayoyin gaskiya su zama masu shakku kuma su kasance a buɗe don sake fassarawa. Wannan yana buƙatar abin da limaman Yarabawa suka kira dabarar jin daɗi.”
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16005 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idara%20Victor | Idara Victor | Idara Victor ƴar fim ce mai asali da ƙasashen Najeriya da Amurika, kuma ƴar fim ce wacce aka fi sani da rawar da take takawa a fim ɗin Rizzoli & Isles da kuma Turn: Washington's Spy.
Rayuwa da aiki
Idara Victor an haife ta ne a Brooklyn, New York, ga iyayenta Barbara da Stan Victor, dukansu daga jihar Akwa Ibom da ke kudancin Najeriya, kuma ita ce ɗiyar tsakiya ta ƴan mata uku, waɗanda suka girma a Brooklyn da Long Island. Idara "ance ita ce mafi yawan surutu a cikin ƴan uwan ta", kuma ta fara rawa da kidan piano tana 'yar shekara takwas, hakan ya kuma sa ta fara waka opera aria a karon farko tana' yar shekara 15 a gasar da baje kolin jihar. Tana 'yar shekara 13 ta lashe gasar Miss New York Junior Teen. Wani wakili ne ya gano ta a bikin nuna kayan kwalliya, kuma ta tura shi zuwa ga sana'ar kirkira, amma ta yi niyyar neman aiki ne. Sakamakon nasarorin karatun da ta samu, an sanya ta a cikin shirin karatun sakandare na Wharton School of Business a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta karanci yadda ake kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Tare da kawayenta ta yi wasanni a wuraren shakatawa a kusa da Philadelphia kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a ɓoye, ta je wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sauraro da kuma yin rajista yayin da take gida a New York a lokacin hutun bazara.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da kiɗa
A UPENN har yanzu tana yin karatun Shakespeare kuma tana rawa tare da shahararriyar rawa salon African Rhythms West African ballet da kuma rawar Afro-Cuba a lokacin hutu. Lokacin da Victor ta kammala karatu, sai ta bar tayin aiki a mujallar InStyle, ta fara yin ƙade-kaɗe da ƙawarta Mike "Double-O" ( Kidz In The Hall ), kuma ta fara samun horo a Lee Strasberg Theater Institute, wani rukunin makarantar Tisch na makarantar Arts . Ta haɓaka jama'arta masu fasaha tare da abokai da yawa daga shirin NYU, kuma ƙawarta Hyun Kim ta haɗa ta da 'yar fim ɗin Ba-Amurke Adepero Oduye don tallafawa jagoranci. Domin ciyar da karatun nata, Idara ta samar da wani shagon sayar da tufafi na yanar gizo mai suna Girled-Out, sannan kuma ana horar dashi kullun tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yayin da take kallon Cate Blanchett a cikin fim, "gaskiya za ta kama ni, zan yi tunani, Ina mutuwa na 2013; Tabbas zuciyata ta tsaya, kuma idan ban tashi zuwa can ba kuma nima in aikata shi, zan iya ma kiyaye shi har abada. "Yanzu a cikin New York City, John Caird ya gabatar da ita a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kai tsaye daga kwaleji, yana ɗaukar Victor don wasanninta na fara "abin ban mamaki da na koya shi ne lokacin da na ci gaba as Cosette, Ni ce mace Ba-Amurkiya ta farko da ta taba taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon na tsawon shekaru 20 ". Idara Victor ya ci gaba da horo da aiki a New York, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya kama aiki a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a The Theater na Jama'a ( The Bacchae ), Lincoln Center ( Farin Ciki ), da Roundabout Theater Company ( The Tin Pan Alley Rag ), don yin aiki tare da darektoci Susan Stroman, Joanne Akalaitis, James Lapine, Stafford Arima da Tina Landau . Idara Victor soprano ne na wasan kwaikwayo na dabi'a, shima ya rera wakar wasan kwaikwayo na Joplin Treemonisha, kuma yayi a bikin karramawa na 85th Academy Awards .
Talabijan da fim
Yayinda take cikin karatunta, Idara Victor ta fara fitowa a fuska a fim ɗin indie "Not Just Yet" matsayinta na farko a talabijin shine a cikin TV TV Starved, tana wasa da Sterling K. Brown . A lokacin zamanta a Les Misérables, ta kuma taka rawar maimaituwa a kan Guiding light mai shiryarwa kuma ta fito a tallan talabijin Low and Order, Doka da oda: SVU, Duk Yarana da Yadda ake yin sa a Amurka . Bayan komawa zuwa Los Angeles, ta fito a cikin manyan rawar a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da Mad Men, Private Practice, Grey Anatomy, da Castle . Ta kuma taka rawa a maimaitawa da jagoranci a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai The young and the Restless, Shirye-shiryen Unicorn-It, Vegas (lokuta uku a cikin 2013) da Issa Rae 's Choir (zanguna 8 a 2013). Game da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kai tsaye, farkonta ya kasance a NY a cikin 2008, lokacin da ta yi a cikin tallan tallan da aka nuna a cikin Camelot tare da New York Philharmonic. A cikin 2013, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Oscars (85th Academy Awards), wanda Seth MacFarlane ya shirya, tare da jagorancin fim din 2012 Les Misérables .
Daga watan Agusta 2014 zuwa Satumba 2016, mai yiwuwa sanannen sananniyar rawarta ita ce hali Nina Holiday, mai sharhi game da lamuran aikata laifi da fasahar IT ta Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Boston, a cikin jerin laifuka na Amurka Rizzoli & Isles . Idara Victor ya zama memba na castan wasa na yau da kullun na kakar 6, maye gurbin marigayi Lee Thompson Young . Baya ga matsayinta na Nina Holiday, Victor yana da rawar sakewa a wasan kwaikwayo na AMC Turn: Washington Spies, daga 2014-2017, kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen 2016 Pure Genius da An American Girls Story . Ta shiga cikin sabon fim din Alita: Battle Angel daga marubuci kuma furodusa James Cameron da darakta Robert Rodriguez, suna wasa da Christoph Waltz . An saki fim din a watan Fabrairun 2019.
Finafinai
Manazarta
Ƴan fim
Mata da suka kafa kamfani
Mata a Najeriya |
15892 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Cuppy | DJ Cuppy | Florence Ifeoluwa Otedola (an haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga Watan Nuwamba shekarar, 1992)ta kuma kasan ce, wacce aka fi sani da Cuppy, ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya furodusa kuma mawakiya ce. Ita ‘yar hamshakin dan kasuwar nan na Najeriya ne Femi Otedola . Ta girma ne a Legas ta koma Landan tana karatu
Ilimi
Cuppy ta zauna a Ilupeju tsawon shekaru shida 6 kafin ta koma Ikeja inda ta halarci makarantar Grange, Ikeja . Daga nan ta sake komawa Landan don GCSEs da A-Levels. Ta kammala karatu a King's College London a watan Yunin shekarar 2014, tare da digiri a fannin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a harkar waka daga jami’ar New York a shekarar 2015.
Ayyuka
A cikin 2014 Cuppy itace mazaunin DJ a MTV Africa Music Awards a Durban . Daga nan ta yi wasa a Tatler da Christie's Art Ball a London, da kuma a Taron Kasuwanci na Lokacin Lafiya a cikin Garin Mexico .
A watan Yunin shekarar 2014, ta fito da House of Cuppy a matsayin farkon hada kayanta a London da Lagos, kafin ta fara shi a New York a ranar 2 ga Watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. Tare da House of Cuppy, ta samar da remixes na waƙoƙin EDM-esque ta manyan masanan afropop.
A waccan shekarar, Cuppy ta kuma ƙaddamar da kasuwancin kiɗa na London da kasuwancin samar da abun ciki, Vungiyar Kiɗa ta Red Velvet.
A cikin Watan Janairu shekarar 2015, Cuppy ta kasance a bangon mujallar Guardian Life . Murfin ta yi bikin sabon ƙarni na matan Afirka. A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Cuppy an sanya shi sunan DJ na hukuma don shekarar 2015 Char Baron Charity a Dubai, kuma ta zama aikin Afirka na farko da ta yi a taron. An gabatar da ita a cikin fitowar 2015 Afrilu zuwa Mayu na Forbes Woman Africa .
A watan Yunin sheakarar 2015, Cuppy ta fito da House of Cuppy II
A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Cuppy ta fara rangadin DJ na farko zuwa birane 8 a Afirka, mai taken "Cuppy Takes Africa". Ta ziyarci Najeriya, Senegal, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda da Afirka ta Kudu . Yawon shakatawa na “Cuppy Takes Africa” ya hada da wasannin kwaikwayo, manyan hadin gwiwar masu zane-zane, da kuma ayyukan sadaka da Bankin GTB da Gidauniyar Dangote ke tallafawa . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Jay-Z 's Roc Nation .
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, "Cuppy Take Africa" an watsa shirye-shiryenta ne a gidan talabijin na Fox Life Africa a matsayin silsiloli daki-daki 8. A cikin shekarar 2016, Cuppy mazaunin DJ ne na MTV2's Uncommon Sense tare da Charlamagne Tha God .
Ta samar da wakoki biyu, "Vibe" da "Yadda Nake", wanda ya fito a fim din "Afrobeats" EP na Young Paris wanda aka fitar a ranar 24 ga Watan Maris,shekarar 2017
A ranar 13 ga Oktoba,shekarar 2017, ta fito da "Green Light", wakarta na farko a hukumance. Wakar ta kunshi baƙo daga mawakin Nijeriya kuma furodusa Tekno .
A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2018, ta fito da "Vybe", wajan waƙoƙin ta na biyu. Wakar ta kunshi baƙo daga mawakin Ghana Sarkodie.
A ranar 24 ga Watan Agusta, shekarar 2018, ta saki Kuɗi, na uku a hukumance wanda yake nuna LAX
A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba,shekarar 2018, ta fito da Werk, ta huɗu da ta fito tare da Skuki.
A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019, ta yi aiki tare da Kwesi Arthur don Abena na biyar
A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2019, ta saki Gelato, a nan na shida tare da Zlatan .
A cikin shekarar 2020, Cuppy an saka ta a cikin mujallar Forbes ta 30 a ƙarƙashin aji 30.
A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, ta zama mai daukar nauyin 'Africa Now Radio' a Apple Music Beats 1
A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin, shekarar 2020, ta fito da Jollof On The Jet, karo na bakwai da ta fito tare da Rema & Rayvanny.
A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2020, Ta bayyanar da kundi na farko Original Copy.
Zane
A cikin hira da mujallar Tush, Cuppy ta bayyana sautinta kamar "Neo-Afrobeats", wanda shine haɗakar gidan Electro da Afrobeats .
Rayuwar mutum
DJ Cuppy ta kasance a bude kan magana game da dangantakarta da rayuwarta. Ta haɗu da manyan mashahurai a cikin nishaɗin Najeriya da wasanni. Tana da dangantaka da dan kwallon Najeriya Victor Anichebe amma sun rabu a shekarar 2017. Wani mawaƙi dan Najeriya Sean Tizzle ya fito fili ya yarda cewa yana cikin dangantaka da Cuppy lokacin da ya sanya hoton Cuppy tare da cike da kauna cike da soyayya “Allah ya albarkaci Kabecina na Ifeoluwa aka Cuppy… Kamar Jay Z da Beyonce… Kawai Ni n Ne na Gaba Abiamo #MyAbiamoKindaGirl #Kissuna ". Zamu iya jin kauna! A cikin 2018, Cuppy ya ƙare dangantaka da Shugaba na Stargaze nishaɗin Asa Asika, ma'auratan sun san juna tun kafin ta zama DJ.
A Afrilu 14, 2020, DJ Cuppy ta bayyana a shafin Twitter cewa ita maras cin nama ce.
Kyauta
A watan Yunin shekarar 2018, Cuppy ta ƙaddamar da Gidauniyar Cuppy. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, gidauniyar ta shirya Gadar Gala kuma ta tara sama da N5bn don shirin Save the Children. Businessan kasuwar Najeriya Dangote da mahaifinta sun ba da gudummawa ga harkar.
Ambasada
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2014, Ministan yawon bude ido, al'adu da wayar da kan kasa (Edem Duke) ya nada Cuppy a matsayin jakadan yawon bude ido na kamfen din "Fascinating Nigeria" na kasar. Cuppy ya zama daya daga cikin jakadun Pepsi na DJ tare da wasu 3 a Najeriya .
A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2018, Cuppy an sanar da ita a matsayin Jakadiyar DJ na Farko na Pepsi . Ta fito a cikin fim din "#NaijaAllTheWay" na Pepsi duk tauraruwar kasuwanci gabanin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018.
A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2018, Cuppy ta sanar a matsayin Ambasadan Ilimin enan Kasa na Duniya.
A ranar 28 ga Watan nuwamba, shekarar 2018, Cuppy aka sanar a matsayin Ambasada For Save The Children UK
Mara aure
Duba kuma
Jerin sunayen DJ na Najeriya
Jerin mutanen Yarbawa
Manazarta
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mawakan Najeriya Mata
Haifaffun 1992 |
15243 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Shoneyin | Lola Shoneyin | Lola Shoneyin (an haifi Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin; a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1974 a Ibadan, Nigeria ) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ’yar Nijeriya wacce ta ƙaddamar da littafinta na farko, Sirrin Rayuwar Matan Baba Segi, a Burtaniya a cikin watan Mayu shekarar 2010. Shoneyin ta kirkiri suna a matsayin mai son kasada, mai barkwanci da kuma fadin magana (galibi ana sanya ta a cikin tsarin mata), bayan da ta wallafa wakoki uku. A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 2014 an kuma sanya ta cikin jerin mawaka na Afirka a jerin 39 na marubutan Afirka 39 da suka Sahara waɗanda shekarunsu ba su kai 40 ba tare da ƙwarewa da hazaka don ayyana yanayin adabin Afirka. Lola ta lashe lambar yabo ta PEN a Amurka haka kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Ken Saro-Wiwa a harkar rubutu a Najeriya. Ita ma tana cikin jerin wadanda za a ba su kyautar Orange a Burtaniya saboda littafinta na farko, Sirrin Matan Baba Segi, a shekarar 2010. Tana zaune a Legas, Nijeriya, inda take gudanar da bikin Aké Arts da Book Festival duk shekara . A cikin shekara ta 2017, an ba ta suna ta Mutum na Adabin Afirka na bywararren tlewararriyar Britwararru .
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin an haife ta a Ibadan, babban birnin jihar Oyo, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, a cikin shekarar 1974. Ita ce kuma 'yar auta a cikin' ya'ya shida kuma mace tilo. Iyayenta, Cif Tinuoye Shoneyin da Mrs. Yetunde Shoneyin ( née Okupe), yan asalin Remo ne daga jihar Ogun .
Rayuwar Shoneyin tana da tasiri matuka ga rayuwarta, musamman samar da abubuwa game da auren mata fiye da daya don sabon littafinta na farko; kakanta na wajen uwa, Abraham Olayinka Okupe (a shekarar 1896 da shekara ta 1976) shi ne basaraken gargajiya na Iperu Remo kuma yana da mata biyar. Ya hau gadon sarauta a shekarar 1938 ya mutu a shekara ta 1976.
Ilimi da aiki
Tana da shekara shida, ta tafi makarantar allo a Burtaniya, ta halarci Makarantar Cargilfield, Edinburgh ; Makarantar Collegiate, Winterbourne, Bristol, da Fettes Junior School a Edinburgh . Ta dawo gida Najeriya bayan da gwamnatin soja ta daure mahaifinta a lokacin, ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Abadina. Daga baya ta yi digirinta na BA (Hons) daga Jami'ar Jihar Ogun a shekarar 1994/95.
Rubutun farkon Shoneyin ya kunshi shayari da gajerun labarai. Misalan farko na aikinta sun bayyana a cikin Post Express a shekara ta 1995, wanda ke ba da wani ɗan gajeren labari game da wata mata 'yar Nijeriya da ta bar mijinta don wata mata' yar Austriya. Wannan labarin ya fara tattaunawa game da luwadi a cikin yanayin Najeriya.
Littafin wakokinta na farko, Don haka Duk Lokacin da take zaune a kan Kwai, gidan Ovalonion, Nigeria, ne ya buga shi a shekarar 1998. Shoneyin ta halarci shahararren Shirin Rubutun Duniya a Iowa, Amurka, a watan Agusta 1999 kuma ta kasance a wannan shekarar Mashahurin Malami ne a Jami'ar St. Thomas (Minnesota) .
Littafin wakokinta na biyu, Song of a Riverbird, an buga shi a Nijeriya (Gidan Ovalonion) a shekarar 2002. Yayin da take zaune a Ingila, ta sami digiri na koyarwa daga Jami'ar Metropolitan ta London a 2005.
Shoneyin ta kammala littafinta na farko a shekarar 2000. Littattafinta na biyu, Harlot, ya dan sami shahara, amma labarin wata yarinya da ta tashi cikin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya har ta samu arziki a matsayin "Madame" har yanzu ba a buga shi ba. Shoneyin ta koma kan littafinta na uku, Sirrin Rayuwar Matan Baba Segi, wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 2010.
Kamfanin rogo na rogo, Nijeriya, ya buga waƙoƙin Shoneyin na uku, don ofaunar Jirgin, a cikin Fabrairu 2010. Mayowa da Masquerades, littafin yara, shi ma Jamhuriyar congo ta buga shi, a watan Yulin shekarar 2010.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Tana auren likitan likitoci Olaokun Soyinka, ɗan lambar yabo ta Nobel Wole Soyinka .
Ayyuka
Litattafai
Sirrin Rayuwar Matan Baba Segi, London: Wutsiyar Maciji, Mayu 2010.
Wadanda aka zaba cikin wadanda aka zaba domin samun kyautar Orange a shekara ta 2011, lashe lambar yabo ta adabi ta PEN Oakland Josephine Miles ta shekarar 2011 sannan kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta kungiyar marubutan Najeriya biyu.
An fassara shi zuwa harsuna bakwai, an buga shi a cikin Italiyanci azamanin Prudenti Come Serpenti .
Gajerun labarai
"Mace a Lokacinta", Post Express Jaridu, 1996
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar Gizo
Hirar Matan Mace ta BBC, 6 Afrilu 2010
Haifaffun 1974
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
17928 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google | Google | Google babban kamfani ne dake ƙasar Amurka. An san shi ne don ƙirƙira da gudanarwar ɗayan manyan injunan bincike na yanar gizo na Duniya (WWW) ma'ana (("World" "Wide""Web")), Kowace rana fiye da mutane biliyan suna amfani da shi. Hedikwatar Google (wanda aka fi sani da" Googleplex ") yana cikin Mountain View,California,wani ɓangare na Kwarin Silicon.Taken Google a halin yanzu shi ne "A yi abin da ya dace".
Tun daga ranar 2 ga Satumbar 2015, Google mallakar wani sabon kamfani ne mai suna Alphabet Inc, wanda ya karbe wasu ayyukan na Google, kamar motocinsa marasa matuƙi.Kamfani ne na jama'a da ke kasuwanci a kan NASDAQ ƙarƙashin tambarin GOOG da GOOGL.
Injin bincike na Google na iya nemo hotuna, bidiyo, labarai, rukunin labarai na Usenet, da abubuwan da za a saya ta kan layi Zuwa watan Yunin 2004,Google yana da shafukan yanar gizo biliyan 4.28 a kan rumbun adana bayanansa, da hotuna miliyan 880 da sakonnin Usenet miliyan 845 - abubuwa biliyan shida. Gidan yanar gizon Amurka na Google yana da matsayin Alexa na 1, ma'ana shine gidan yanar gizon da akafi ziyarta a duniya.Sanannen abu ne cewa wasu lokuta mutane suna amfani da kalmar "[ https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/google google]" a matsayin fi'ili da ke nufin "neman wani abu a Google";amma saboda sama da rabin mutanen da ke yanar gizo suna amfani da shi,"google" an yi amfani da shi wajen "bincika yanar gizo".
Tarihi
Larry Page da Sergey Brin, ɗalibai biyu a Jami'ar Stanford, Amurka, sun fara BackRub a farkon shekarar alif 1996. Sun sanya shi cikin kamfani, Google Inc., a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1998. a garejin abokinsu a Menlo Park, California . A watan Fabrairun, shekara ta alif 1999, kamfanin ya koma adireshin sa 165 University Ave., Palo Alto, California, sannan ya koma wani wuri da ake kira Googleplex.
A watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001, tsarin ƙididdigar Google (PageRank, don faɗin wane bayanin ne ya taimaka) ya sami Patent na Amurka.Hakkin mallakar ya kasance ga Jami'ar Stanford, tare da Lawrence (Larry) Page a matsayin mai ƙirƙira (mutumin da ya fara tunanin).
Google yana da kaso mai tsoka ta hanyar America Online da InterActiveCorp. Tana da ƙungiya ta musamman da aka sani da ƙungiyar Magani ta Abokin Hulɗa (PSO) wacce ke taimakawa wajen yin kwangila, yana taimakawa inganta asusun, kuma yana ba da taimakon injiniya.
Yadda Google ke samun kuɗi
Google na samun kuɗi ta hanyar talla . Mutane ko kamfanonin da suke son mutane su sayi kayansu, sabis, ko ra'ayoyi suna ba Google kuɗi, kuma Google yana nuna talla ga mutanen da Google ke tsammanin za su danna tallan. Google yana samun kuɗi ne kawai lokacin da mutane suka danna mahaɗin, don haka yana ƙoƙari ya sani game da mutane yadda zai yiwu don kawai nuna tallan ga "mutanen kirki". Yana yin hakan tare da Google Analytics, wanda ke aika bayanan zuwa Google duk lokacin da wani ya ziyarci gidan yanar gizo. Daga wannan da sauran bayanan, Google yayi bayanin martaba game da mutum, sannan yayi amfani da wannan bayanin don gano waɗanne tallace-tallace za'a nuna.
Sunan "Google"
Sunan "Google" kuskure ne na kalmar googol . Milton Sirotta, dan wa ga masanin lissafin Amurka Edward Kasner, ya yi wannan kalmar a 1937, don lamba 1 ta biyo sifili dari (10 100 ). Google yayi amfani da wannan kalmar saboda kamfanin yana son yin abubuwa da yawa akan Gidan yanar gizo mai sauƙin samu da amfani. Andy Bechtolsheim ya yi tunanin sunan.
Sunan babban ofishin Google, "Googleplex," wasa ne akan wani daban, har ma mafi girman lamba, " googolplex ", wanda yake 1 yana biye da googol ɗaya na sifili 10 10 100
Kayan Google
Manhajar Komi da ruwan ka ta "<b id="mwYA">Android"</b>tsarin aiki ne na wayoyin hannu kuma asalin Google ne suka sanya shi a wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Open Handset Alliance, wanda Google ke jagoranta. Shine babban mai gasa ga Apple 's iOS da Windows Phone ta Microsoft (yanzu an daina aiki).
Google Adsense shiri ne na kyauta wanda yake bawa masu wallafa gidan yanar gizan girma damar nuna tallan Google masu dacewa da samun kudi.
Google Analytics shine ingantaccen tsarin nazarin gidan yanar gizo wanda yake baiwa mutum cikakken fahimta game da zirga-zirgar yanar gizon sa da tasirin kasuwancin sa.
Faɗakarwar Google Faɗakarwar Google sune sabuntawar imel na sabon sakamako mai dacewa na Google (yanar gizo, labarai, da sauransu) dangane da zaɓin tambayar mutum ko batun sa.
Google Allo manhajar soft waya ne don tattaunawa tare da sauran mutane kai tsaye.
Mataimakin Google shine aikace-aikacen mataimaki na kamala wanda aka gina a cikin na'urori masu komi da ruwan ka.
Blogger kayan aiki ne na kyauta wanda yake bawa masu amfani damar wallafa shafuka a shafin yanar gizon Google.
Littattafan Google suna ba mutane damar bincika littattafai.
Kalanda na Google kalandar kan layi ne.
Google Chrome shine gidan yanar gizo wanda Google yayi.
Google Docs shine Google na kan layi cike da takardu.
Google Drive editan takardu ne na kan layi.
Google Earth sigar 3D ce ta Google Maps tare da duniyar dijital .
Ƙungiyoyin Google wuri ne don masu amfani don tattauna batutuwa. Google ya sayi Deja News a 2001 kuma ya sanya shi cikin ƙungiyoyin Google.
Google Images ne wani image search mai amfani .
Taswirar Google sabis ne daga Google don samar da hotunan tauraron ɗan adam da taswirar hanya don ko'ina cikin duniya.
Labaran Google wani kayan aiki ne wanda ke nuna labaran labarai daga kafofin labarai sama da 4,500. Taskar Labaran Google
Google Pay hanya ce ta biyan kudi ta yanar gizo. Masu amfani zasu iya aika kuɗi ta amfani da katunan kiredit ko asusun banki ga sauran masu amfani.
Hotunan Google software ne don tsarawa da kuma gyara hotuna.
Google Play yanki ne da ke da wasanni, da sauran abubuwa.
Abubuwan Google kayan aiki ne na kayan aikin Google.
Binciken Google shine mai amfani bincike.
Kasuwancin Google yana bawa mai amfani damar sanin abubuwan sayarwa akan yanar gizo .
Google Translate sabis ne na fassarar kan layi. Zai iya fassara shafukan yanar gizo da rubutu zuwa wasu yarukan.
Shafukan Google sabis ne don yin rukunin yanar gizo.
Bidiyon Google mai amfani ne na binciken bidiyo .
Google sabis ne na sada zumunta wanda yayi kama da Facebook . An ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin a ranar Yuni 28, 2011.
Gmel sabis ne na imel da Google ya fara a 2004 . Ana kiransa Google Mail a Ingila da Jamus . Masu amfani suna samun sarari kyauta don adana imel.
Hangouts ɗan aike ne na kai tsaye inda mutum zai iya magana da abokai.
Labs na Tafiya a gefe
YouTube sabis ne na tallata bidiyo wanda Google ta saya daga PayPal akan dala biliyan 1.65 kuma yanzu ana gudanar dashi azaman sabis na Google.
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Sauran yanar gizo
Injin bincike
Google
Kamfanoni
Kimiyya
Fasaha |
51442 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviva%20Cantor | Aviva Cantor | Aviva Cantor (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) yar jaridar Amurka ce,malami kuma marubuci.Mai ba da shawara na mata da dimokiraɗiyya na rayuwar jama'ar Yahudawa,Cantor ya kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka abubuwan Yahudawa masu ci gaba sama da shekaru 40.Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1968 na Yancin Yahudawa a New York,ƙungiyar Sihiyoniya ta Socialist,kuma ta kasance editan kafa editan Jaridar Yancin Yahudanci.JLP tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na farko da suka ba da shawarar mafita ta ƙasashe biyu (1968).
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Aviva Cantor a cikin 1940 kuma ya girma a Gabashin Bronx ta hanyar gargajiya amma iyayen Orthodox waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amirka daga Rasha bayan yakin duniya na farko.Ta halarci Makarantar Ramaz,makarantar Yahudawa ta Orthodox, ta kammala karatun sakandare a matsayin Valedictorian.1957.Ta shafe shekaru biyu tana karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Kudus,kuma ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard a 1961 kuma daga Makarantar Graduate na Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia a 1963.A karshen shekarun 1969 ta shiga harkar fafutukar neman yancin kasar Biafra,ta kuma zama mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin mawaka da marubuta na Biafra.
A cikin 1976,ta ƙaddamar kuma ta kafa Lilithmujallar mata ta Yahudawa mai zaman kanta ta kwata-kwata,wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin editan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar 1987,kuma don abin da ta rubuta akai-akai.Labarinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa,ciki har da Ms.,Muryar Ƙauyen,da Isra'ila Horizons,da kuma a cikin litattafai da dama.Rahotonta ga Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarun Yahudawa (JTA) kan al'ummar Yahudawan Amurka,Isra'ila,jerin sassanta da yawa kan al'ummomin Yahudawa na waje-ciki har da Cuba,Argentina, Ostiriya,Turai ta Tsakiya da Kenya-da kuma hirar da ta yi da mutane kamar Gerhard Riegner,Carl Sagan,David Wyman,da Renee Epelbaum,an haɗa su a duniya.
After teaching the first Jewish feminist course in the Jewish Free High School in 1972, she compiled, edited and annotated several editions of The Jewish Woman, 1900–1985: A Bibliography, the 4th of which was published by BiblioPress in 1986 and 1987. Her children's book manuscript, Tamar's Cat: A Story of the Exodus, won first prize in the Sydney Taylor Children's Book Manuscript Contest of the Association of Jewish Libraries in 1991. She is also the author of several plays, including Esther and the Three Fools: A Feminist Purimshpiel; Moses and Tziporah with the Pesky Ex-Slaves in the Desert; and Hamlet's Secrets, a comedy.
A cikin 1995,Harper San Francisco ta buga babban aikinta na 548,Matan Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa:Legacy of Patriarchy in Jewish Life,binciken mata na tarihin Yahudawa,al'adu da ilimin halin dan Adam (wanda ke da shafuka 100 na ƙarshen bayanin).Aikin yana sanya rayuwar Yahudawa ta gargajiya da ta zamani a ƙarƙashin na'urar duban mata.
Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwanta na tsakiya shine cewa buƙatun rayuwar Yahudawa a cikin "gaggawa na kasa" na shekaru 2,000 na gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin yanayi na zalunci da haɗari ya zama dole a canza al'ummomin gida zuwa milieus da aka sanar da dabi'un mata na rashin tashin hankali,aɗin kai,dogara da juna,tausayi,da ijma'i.Mutumin Bayahude mai manufa ya canza "daga macho zuwa mentsch" ta hanyar haramtacciyar ta'addanci iri-iri da sake fasalin namiji a matsayin koyo da ilimi.A lokaci guda kuma,an ba wa mata damar damawa da yawa don tabbatarwa,amma idan ya kasance cikin muradun rayuwar jama'a.An horar da ta don zama "mai ba da tabbacin altruistic-mai tabbatarwa" (a cikin gamayya,ma'anar gargajiya ta kalmar "mai kunnawa" watau, mai gudanarwa).Hakika mazaje ba su gushe suna mallake al’umma ba,sun yanke shawara a kan manufofinta da dokokinta,da zabar shugabancinta (aji sun taka rawa a nan).
Cantor ya yi imanin cewa wannan nasarar da aka samu na sauyi na matsayi da rayuwar jama'a ya tabbatar da cewa tunanin maza na tashin hankali,ko da kuwa ya zama kwayoyin halitta,za a iya shawo kan su idan maza da mata suna da isasshen kuzari kuma suna sane da adalci na duniya mai zaman lafiya,daidaito,a cikin ruhun wahayin annabi Ishaya.
Other activities
Cantor kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kare dabba kuma shine Mataimakin Shugaban "CHAI:Damuwa don Taimakawa Dabbobi a Isra'ila,"wanda Nina Natelson ya kafa a 1984 don taimakawa al'ummar jin dadin dabbobi na Isra'ila don inganta yanayin dabbobin gida a cikin ƙasa mai kawai.ƴan SPCAs da yawancin al'ummomin baƙi waɗanda ba su da al'adar kariyar dabbobi da yanayin yaƙi mai gudana. Ya tsara dokar kare dabbobi ta Isra'ila;gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na ɗan adam da yawa (ciki har da ɗaya don yaran Yahudawa da Larabawa a Tel Aviv SPCA),wurin IB.Cibiyar Ilimi ta Singer Humane wadda ta gina;kuma sun gudanar da muhimman taruka,ciki har da na malamai kan alakar cin zarafin dabbobi,cin zarafi a cikin gidada kuma laifukan manya wadanda suka azabtar da dabbobi tun suna yara,da kuma wani kan hanyoyin da za a bi wajen amfani da dabbobi wajen gwaji.
CHAI ta gina matsuguni a Tiberias,tana kula da shirin spay-neuter na wayar hannu da shirin gyaran doki.Ita da kungiyar 'yar uwarta ta Isra'ila,HAKOL Chai,sun ceci karnuka da kuliyoyi da dama da aka ji rauni ko aka yi watsi da su a harin da aka kai wa Sderot.Marigayi Rep. Tom Lantos,wanda ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta CHAI,ya kasance mai goyon bayan aikin da ya dace,kamar yadda wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Isaac Bashevis Singer.Cantor ya rubuta rukunin Ilimin Dan Adam mai darasi 10 yana zana gabaɗaya akan tushen Yahudawa,wanda ya hana zalunci ga dabbobi (ko da yake Yahudanci ya ba da izinin yanka don abinci,dokar Yahudawa ta buƙaci tsarin ya kasance kusa da mara zafi sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu;wannan yanayin ba ya samun yawa sosai.A yau,musamman a Kudancin Amirka ).
In the 1980s, she initiated an ultimately successful Women's Appeal for the release of Soviet Prisoner of Conscience Ida Nudel.
Cantor kuma memba ne na hukumar ba da shawara ta Tuna Cibiyar Mata
Rayuwa ta sirri
Cantor ya yi aure na tsawon shekaru 38 ga dan jarida Murray Zuckoff,wanda ya bayyana kansa "mai juyin juya hali,"Sihiyoniya dan gurguzu kuma dan jarida mai bincike (mai ba da rahoto na Paterson Morning Call kuma editan JTA),wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci da alkalami.Ya kuma kasance malami mai kwazo a CUNY.Zuckoff yana son Isra'ila,Yiddish,kuliyoyi.littattafai,kiɗa,fasahar jama'a da Star Trek.Ya rasu a shekara ta 2004. Cantor kuma yana tsara kiɗan liturgical kuma yana ɗaukar hoton cat ɗinta azaman abin sha'awa.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Cantor, Aviva. Matar Bayahude, 1900-1985: Littafin Rubutu . New York, NY: Biblio Press, 1985, 1986.
Cantor, Aviva: "The Egalitarian Hagada." New York: Littattafan Beruriah, 1991, 1992, 1994.
Cantor, Aviva. Mata Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa: Gadon sarauta a rayuwar Yahudawa . San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995.
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1940 |
60896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyar%20Shuwaka | Miyar Shuwaka | Miyar Shuwaka Sananniyar miyace a kasar hausawa wanda take da matukar amfani
Yanda Akeyin Miyar
Abubuwan da za a bukata
• Ganyen Shuwaka
• Manja
• Naman shanu
• Kayan ciki
• Kifi banda
• Danyen kifin karfasa
• Magi
• Kori
• Kifin ‘cryfish’
• Attarugu
Hadi
A kankare fatar danyen kifin karfasa sannan a dora a wuta hade da magi da ruwa sannan a dafa har sai ya yi laushi sosai sannan a sauke. A cire kashin cikin kifin gaba daya, sannan a zuba a turmi a daka shi har sai ya yi laushi sannan a kwashe a ajiye a gefe.
A wanke naman shanu da kayan ciki a dora a kan wuta da gishiri kadan. Sannan a wanke bandar kifi a cikin ruwan zafi a cire kayar kifin.
Bayan naman da kayan cikin sun nuna sannan a zuba su a cikin tukunya tare da bandar kifin da kifin ‘cryfish’ da kuma dakakken kifinkarfasar. Sannan a dora wankakkiyar shuwaka a wuta da jajjagen attarugu da kori.
Sannan a gauraya su a zuba magi da manja. Idan ganyen shuwakar ya nuna sai a sake gauraya girkin a sauke. Za a iya hada wannan irin miyar da kowane irin tuwo.
Amfanin Miyar
Shuwaka wata ciyawace mai launin kore(greenish) wacce take girma a sassa daban daban a kasashen Nahiyar Afrika dama wasu a nahiyar Turai zuwa wasu yankuna na kasashen Larabawa (Arabs countries). A harshen Turanci ana kiranta da suna BITTER LEAF,su kuma Yarbawa suna ambatonta da suna EWERU,a yayinda kabilar Igbo suke yi mata laqabi da suna ONUGBU.
Komai na wannan ciyawar daci ke dashi kama daga ganyenta (leaves),saiwarta(roots) da itaciyarta waton (stem).
Kabilar Igbo suna amfani da ganyen su yi abinci musamman miya
,su kuma Yarbawa sun dauki shiwaka a mastsayin magani wanda suka tarar kakanninsu na amfani da ita tun azal.
A kasar Hausa musamman a arewacin Najeriya,mata masu jego su suka fi yawan amfani da shiwaka da mata masu shayarwa.
Bisako amfanin wannan ciyawar ya fi gaban a nanata bawai ga mata kadaiba harta ma ga maza.Da dama abinda wasu suka dauki shiwaka kayan matane kawai.A dalili da haka yasa na zurfafa bincike akan shiwaka da kuma yin rubutu na musamman akan alfanon da take da shi ga lafiyar al'umma.
Wannan ciyawar kamar yanda nace kusan komai nata daci ke gare shi,wanda hakan na karantar damu cewa rayuwa fa daci ke gareta.Mutanen da sun fi son abu mai daci fiye da abubuwan dake da zaki ,a yayinda mutanen wannan zamanin suka fi bukatar shan kayan zaki da maiko kawai wanda shi yasa ga cutukka nan birjit a cikin al 'umma domin mafiyawan cutukan dake damuwarmu nada alaqa da abincin da muke ci.mun fi son mu ci biskit da chocolate mu sha yoghurt mu kwankwadi coke da ice cream.
Dukda yake yawan shan abu mai daci nada illa ga jiki musamman ga hanta(liver) sai dai kuma dacin dake ga shiwaka baya illata jiki asali maganine na musamman ga jiki.Na sha jin kareri kan shuwaka na illata jiki dan daci ke gareta,wannan ba gaskiya bane,indai an sha a yanda aka shawani cutarwa a tare da ita.dacin dake gareta ba irin na madaci ko bedi bane.
Shuwaka na wanke hanta daga kwayoyin cuta
.Hanta ita ce abu mafi nauyi a cikin jikin dan adam inda hantar babban mutum (adulta) ke da nauyin kilogram 1 zuwa 3 waton (1 to 3kg).zuqar suga da kwankwadar giya da shan magungunna barkatai na illata hanta(liver) wanda kusan duk abinda ya shafi hantar mutum to a hakika jiki zai fuskanci barazanar kamuwa da curuta.
2.koda (kidney) wata muhimmiyar halittace dake aikin fitarda duk waste materials daga cikin jiki kamar fitsari wanda shiwaka na taimakon kodar sosai dan karfafa aikinta.
3.Shiwaka na maganin ciwon ciki musamman ga jarirai,idan aja ga jariri yana ta mulle mulle yana tsuwa to sai uwar ta nemi shuwaka ta sa6e ta zuba ruwan pure water sai ta tace da kyau ta sha lita daya bayan awa daya sai ta shayarda jinjirin nono a hakika za a ga waraka da yardar Allah.
4.Diabeties-Ina masu fama da ciwon suga shekara da shekarru to ga magani sahihi kuma mujarribun sai dai akoi bukatar bayani anan wajen sosai ta yanda za ayi amfani da shuwaka da kuna yanda za a sarrafata.
5.Idan kana fama da yawan tinane tinane to sai a tace shiwaka a sanya dan garin dabino kadan haka sai a zuba zuma a sha cup daya a kullum.kwakwalwa zata washe.
6.Kasala marar misaltuwa -A nemi ganyen shiwaka a sa6e a sha liter daya da safe haka za a maimaita da yamma.Ayi haka na tsawon wata daya.
7.Gudawa : Idan anci wani abinci wanda ya lalata ciki to a sha shiwaka.
8.Arthrities : shi ma a sha shiwaka a kullum ayi suraci da ruwanta.za ayi mamaki
9.Rashin cin abinci a koshi shima sai a sha shiwaka
10.Gudawa ga yaranda ke shan nono a sabili da rikicewar nonon sai uwar ta tace shiwaka ta sha a sanda zata konta,haka idan gari ya waye zata sha.
11.Wankin dattin ciki
12.Maganin tsutsar ciki
13.Bayan gari mai tauri
14.Stroke
15.Rashin yin bacci(Insomnia)
16.Cutukan da ake dauka ta saduwa(sexually transmitted Diseases )
17.Kumburin ciki da zafin ciki
18.Basir mai kumbura dubura.
19.Zafin ciki (internal heat) ko kaga kana bayan gari amma hayaqi na tashi a ciki
20.karin ruwan nono ga mata masu shayarwa anan sai a rinka
yin kununta ana sha.
21.Tana tsaftace nonon da ya gur6ace
22.Pneumonia da tarin sanyi
23.cutukkan fata sai a sa6eta a shafawa wajen dake da matsalar.
24.Indigestion
25.Malaria sai a rinka sha ana suraci da ruwanta ko wanka dasu amma da duminsu.
26.Weight loss- sassauta nauyin jiki sai a fake shan shiwaka bayan anci abinci sannan aje a motsa jiki da kyau.a yi haka na tsawon wata daya.za a ga canji
27.ANTIBIOTIC ce ina nufin tana kashin kwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
28.Idan kana neman ka tsaftace cikinka daga yawan tugugi da tsuwa to sai ka gyara shiwaka ka sha.
29.Mata masu fama da matsalar rashin haihuwa to a fake amfani da shiwaka.
Manazarta |
24713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Smith | Adam Smith | Adam Smith Yakasance mutum ne me tattali an haife shi ne a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da ashirin da uku (06-1723) miladiyya. Ana masa lakabi da Father of Economics.
Haihuwa
An haifa Adam Smith shekarar alib (06-1723) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Mutuwa
Ya mutu shekara ta (17-07-1790) a garin Panmure House, Edinburgh United Kindom.
Manazarta
^ Smith is identified as a North Briton and Scot. [5]
b. ^ In Life of Adam Smith , Rae writes: "In his fourth year, while on a visit to his grandfather's house at Strathendry on the banks of the Leven, [Smith] was stolen by a passing band of gypsies, and for a time could not be found. But presently a gentleman arrived who had met a Romani woman a few miles down the road carrying a child that was crying piteously. Scouts were immediately dispatched in the direction indicated, and they came upon the woman in Leslie wood. As soon as she saw them she threw her burden down and escaped, and the child was brought back to his mother. [Smith] would have made, I fear, a poor gypsy." [15]
c. ^ During the reign of Louis XIV , the population shrunk by 4 million and agricultural productivity was reduced by one-third while the taxes had increased. Cusminsky, Rosa, de Cendrero, 1967,
Los Fisiócratas, Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, p. 6
d. ^ 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance, 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War, 1667–1668 War of Devolution, 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
e. ^ The 6 editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments were published in 1759, 1761, 1767, 1774, 1781, and 1790, respectively. [75]
Citation
1. ^ a b "Adam Smith (1723–1790)" . BBC .
Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2019. "Adam Smith's exact date of birth is unknown, but he was baptised on 5 June 1723."
2. ^ Nevin, Seamus (2013). "Richard Cantillon: The Father of Economics". History Ireland . 21 (2): 20–23. JSTOR 41827152.
3. ^ Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith . Transaction Publishers. p. 302.
4. ^ Stedman Jones, Gareth (2006). "Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy". In Aprile, Sylvie; Bensimon, Fabrice (eds.). La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons . Créaphis. pp. 21–47.
5. ^ Williams, Gwydion M. (2000). Adam Smith, Wealth Without Nations . London: Athol Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-85034-084-6 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
6. ^ "BBC – History – Scottish History" .
www.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 10 April 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
7. ^ *Brown, Vivienne (5 December 2008). "Mere Inventions of the Imagination': A Survey of Recent Literature on Adam Smith" . Cambridge University Press . 13 (2): 281–312. doi : 10.1017/S0266267100004521 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
Berry, Christopher J. (2018). Adam Smith Very Short Introductions Series . Oxford University Press . p. 101.
ISBN 978-0-198-78445-6 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
Sharma, Rakesh. "Adam Smith: The Father of Economics" . Investopedia . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved
20 February 2019.
8. ^ * "Adam Smith: Father of Capitalism" .
www.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
Bassiry, G. R.; Jones, Marc (1993). "Adam Smith and the ethics of contemporary capitalism". Journal of Business Ethics. 12 (1026): 621–627. doi : 10.1007/BF01845899 . S2CID 51746709 .
Newbert, Scott L. (30 November 2017). "Lessons on social enterprise from the father of capitalism: A dialectical analysis of Adam Smith". Academy of Management Journal .
2016 (1): 12046. doi : 10.5465/ambpp.2016.12046abstract .
ISSN 2151-6561 .
Rasmussen, Dennis C. (28 August 2017). The Infidel and the Professor: David Hume, Adam Smith, and the Friendship That Shaped Modern Thought. Princeton University Press . p. 12.
ISBN 978-1-400-88846-7 .
9. ^ "Absolute Advantage – Ability to Produce More than Anyone Else" . Corporate Finance Institute .
Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
10. ^ "Adam Smith: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk .
Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
11. ^ John, McMurray (19 March 2017). "Capitalism's 'Founding Father' Often Quoted, Frequently Misconstrued" . Investor's Business Daily .
Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
12. ^ a b Rae 1895 , p. 1
13. ^ Bussing-Burks 2003 , pp. 38–39
14. ^ Buchan 2006 , p. 12
15. ^ a b c Rae 1895 , p. 5
16. ^ "Fife Place-name Data :: Strathenry" . fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
17. ^ a b c Bussing-Burks 2003 , p. 39
18. ^ Buchan 2006 , p. 22
19. ^ Bussing-Burks 2003 , p. 41
20. ^ Rae 1895 , p. 24
21. ^ a b c d Buchholz 1999 , p. 12
22. ^ Introductory Economics . New Age Publishers. 2006. p. 4. ISBN 81-224-1830-9 .
23. ^ Rae 1895 , p. 22
24. ^ Rae 1895 , pp. 24–25
25. ^ a b Bussing-Burks 2003 , p. 42
26. ^ Buchan 2006 , p. 29
27. ^ Scott, W. R. "The Never to Be Forgotten Hutcheson: Excerpts from W. R. Scott," Econ Journal Watch 8(1): 96–109, January 2011. [1]
Archived 28 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ "Adam Smith" . Biography . Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
29. ^ Rae 1895 , p. 30
30. ^ Smith, A. ([1762] 1985). Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres [1762]. vol. IV of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984). Retrieved 16 February 2012
31. ^ a b Bussing-Burks 2003 , p. 43
32. ^ Winch, Donald (September 2004). "Smith, Adam (bap. 1723, d. 1790)". Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press.
33. ^ Rae 1895 , p. 42
34. ^ Buchholz 1999 , p. 15
35. ^ Buchan 2006 , p. 67
36. ^ Buchholz 1999 , p. 13
37. ^ "MyGlasgow – Archive Services – Exhibitions – Adam Smith in Glasgow – Photo Gallery – Honorary degree" . University of Glasgow .
Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
38. ^ a b c Buchholz 1999 , p. 16
39. ^ Buchholz 1999 , pp. 16–17
40. ^ Buchholz 1999 , p. 17
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Bibliography
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ISBN 1-881508-72-2 .
Campbell, R.H.; Skinner, Andrew S. (1985). Adam Smith . Routledge . ISBN 0-7099-3473-4 .
Coase, R.H. (October 1976). "Adam Smith's View of Man". The Journal of Law and Economics . 19 (3): 529–46. doi: 10.1086/466886 .
S2CID 145363933 .
Helbroner, Robert L. The Essential Adam Smith .
ISBN 0-393-95530-3
Nicholson, J. Shield (1909). A project of empire;a critical study of the economics of imperialism, with special reference to the ideas of Adam Smith .
hdl :2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4th8nc9p .
Otteson, James R. (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8
Palen, Marc-William (2014). "Adam Smith as Advocate of Empire, c. 1870–1932" (PDF). The Historical Journal . 57 : 179–198. doi :10.1017/S0018246X13000101 . S2CID 159524069 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2020.
Rae, John (1895). Life of Adam Smith . London & New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7222-2658-6 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
Ross, Ian Simpson (1995). The Life of Adam Smith . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828821-2 .
Ross, Ian Simpson (2010). The Life of Adam Smith (2 ed.). Oxford University Press.
Skousen, Mark (2001). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of Great Thinkers . M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0480-9 .
Smith, Adam (1977) [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76374-9 .
Smith, Adam (1982) [1759]. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments . Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-012-2 .
Smith, Adam (2002) [1759]. Knud Haakonssen (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59847-8 .
Smith, Vernon L. (July 1998). "The Two Faces of Adam Smith". Southern Economic Journal . 65 (1): 2–19. doi : 10.2307/1061349 . JSTOR 1061349 .
S2CID 154002759 .
Tribe, Keith; Mizuta, Hiroshi (2002). A Critical Bibliography of Adam Smith . Pickering & Chatto.
ISBN 978-1-85196-741-4 .
Viner, Jacob (1991). Douglas A. Irwin (ed.). Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04266-7 .
Further reading
Wikisource has the text of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature 's article about Smith, Adam .
Butler, Eamonn (2007). Adam Smith – A Primer .
Institute of Economic Affairs .
ISBN 978-0-255-36608-3 .
Cook, Simon J. (2012). "Culture & Political Economy: Adam Smith & Alfred Marshall" . Tabur .
Copley, Stephen (1995). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0-7190-3943-6 .
Glahe, F. (1977). Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776–1976 . University Press of Colorado .
ISBN 0-87081-082-0 .
Haakonssen, Knud (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0-521-77924-3 .
Hardwick, D. and Marsh, L. (2014). Propriety and Prosperity: New Studies on the Philosophy of Adam Smith . Palgrave Macmillan
Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Smith, Adam (1723–1790)". Smith, Adam (1732–1790) . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage; Cato Institute . pp. 470–72.
doi :10.4135/9781412965811.n287 .
ISBN 978-1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 .
OCLC 750831024 .
Hollander, Samuel (1973). Economics of Adam Smith . University of Toronto Press.
ISBN 0-8020-6302-0 .
McLean, Iain (2006). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century.
Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0-7486-2352-3 .
Milgate, Murray & Stimson, Shannon. (2009). After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy. Princeton University Press.
ISBN 978-0-691-14037-7 .
Muller, Jerry Z. (1995). Adam Smith in His Time and Ours. Princeton University Press .
ISBN 0-691-00161-8 .
Norman, Jesse (2018). Adam Smith: What He Thought, and Why It Matters. Allen Lane.
O'Rourke, P.J. (2006). On The Wealth of Nations .
Grove/Atlantic Inc. ISBN 0-87113-949-9 .
Otteson, James (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life . Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-01656-8 .
Otteson, James (2013). Adam Smith . Bloomsbury.
ISBN 978-1-4411-9013-0 .
Phillipson, Nicholas (2010). Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life , Yale University Press,
ISBN 978-0-300-16927-0 , 352 pages; scholarly biography
McLean, Iain (2004). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century Edinburgh University Press
Pichet, Éric (2004). Adam Smith, je connais ! , French biography. ISBN 978-2843720406
Vianello, F. (1999). "Social accounting in Adam Smith", in: Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, Distribution and capital. Essays in honour of
Pierangelo Garegnani , London: Routledge,
ISBN 0-415-14277-6 .
Winch, Donald (2007) [2004]. "Smith, Adam". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/25767 .
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Wolloch, N. (2015). "Symposium on Jack Russell Weinstein's Adam Smith's Pluralism: Rationality, Education and the Moral Sentiments". Cosmos + Taxis
"Adam Smith and Empire: A New Talking Empire Podcast," Imperial & Global Forum , 12 March 2014.

Mutanen Sukotilan |
14784 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Wilhelm%20Amo | Anton Wilhelm Amo | Anton Wilhelm Amo ko Anthony William Amo (cf. 1703 - c. 1759) ya kasance masanin falsafar Afirka ne daga asalin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu. Amo ya kasance farfesa a jami'o'in Halle da Jena a Jamus bayan ya yi karatu a can. Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ne suka kawo shi Jamus a shekarar 1707 a matsayin bawa, kuma aka ba su kyauta ga Dukes August Wilhelm da Ludwig Rudolf von Wolfenbüttel, mahaifinsu Anthony Ulrich ne ya ba shi kulawa a matsayin memba na iyali, Duke na Brunswick -Wolfenbüttel. Amo shi ne ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da aka sani ya halarci jami'ar Turai.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Amo ya kasance Nzema (mutanen Akan). An haifeshi ne a garin Axim a yankin yamma na kasar Ghana ta yanzu, amma yana da shekaru kusan hudu sai kamfanin Dutch West India suka dauke shi zuwa Amsterdam. Wasu bayanan sun ce an dauke shi a matsayin bawa, wasu kuma cewa wani mai wa'azin da ke aiki a Ghana ne ya tura shi Amsterdam. Gaskiyar magana ita ce an ba shi "kyauta" ga Anthony Ulrich, Duke na Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, wanda aka kai shi fadarsa a Wolfenbüttel.
Amo ya yi baftisma (kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da shi) a cikin ɗakin sujada na fada. An yi masa ɗawainiya a matsayin ɗan gidan Duke, kuma ya sami ilimi a Wolfenbüttel Ritter-Akademie (1717-21) da kuma a Jami'ar Helmstedt (1721-27).
Ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Halle, wacce ya shiga Makarantar Shari'a a shekara ta alif 1727. Ya gama karatunsa na share fage a cikin shekaru biyu, ya ba da taken nasa mai suna Dissertatio Inauguralis de Jure Maurorum in Europa (1729). Wannan rubutun a kan The Rights of Moors in Europe ya ɓace, amma an buga taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin Annals na jami'ar sa (1730). Don karatunsa na gaba Amo ya koma Jami'ar Wittenberg, yana karatun dabaru, ilimin lissafi, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari, tarihin, doka, ilimin tauhidi, siyasa, da magani, kuma ya ƙware da harsuna shida (Ingilishi, Faransanci, Dutch, Latin, Girkanci, da Jamusanci) . Ilimin likitanci musamman shine ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin tunaninsa na falsafa daga baya.
Ya sami digirin na uku a falsafa a Wittenberg a shekara ta alif 1734; rubutunsa (wanda aka buga kamar yadda On the Absence of Sensation in the Human Mind and its Presence in our Organic and Living Body) yayi jayayya game da tagwayen Cartesian don nuna fifikon zahiri game da mutum. Ya yarda cewa daidai ne a yi magana game da tunani ko ruhi, amma ya yi jayayya cewa jiki ne maimakon hankali wanda ke fahimta da ji.
Duk abin da ya ji, yana rayuwa; duk abin da yake rayuwa, ya dogara da abinci; duk abin da ya rayu kuma ya dogara da abinci ya girma; duk abin da yake wannan dabi'ar a ƙarshe an warware shi zuwa cikin ƙa'idodinsa na asali; duk abin da za a warware a cikin ka'idojinsa na asali hadadden abu ne; kowane hadadden yana da bangarorinsa; duk abin da wannan gaskiyar yake to jiki ne mai rarraba. Idan saboda haka hankalin ɗan adam ya ji, to ya zama jiki ne mai raba.
(A Ἀπάθεια (Apatheia) of the Human Mind 2.1)
Aikin falsafa da rayuwa ta gaba
Amo ya koma Jami'ar Halle don yin karatu a falsafa a karkashin sunan da ya fi so na Antonius Guilelmus Amo Afer. A 1736 ya zama farfesa. Daga karatuttukansa, ya samar da babban aiki na biyu a cikin 1738, Treatise on the Art of Philosophising Soberly and Accurately, wanda a ciki ya kirkiro ilimin kimiya na kusanci sosai amma ya sha bamban da na masana falsafa kamar John Locke da David Hume. A ciki ya kuma bincika kuma ya soki kurakurai kamar rashin gaskiyar ilimi, koyarwar akida, da nuna wariya.
A cikin 1740 Amo ya sami mukamin falsafa a Jami'ar Jena, amma yayin da yake can ya sami canje-canje da yawa don munana. Duke na Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ya mutu a 1735, ya bar shi ba tare da tsohon mai kula da shi da mai kare shi ba. Hakan ya yi daidai da canje-canje na zamantakewar jama'a a cikin Jamus, wanda ke zama mai ƙarancin fahimta da ɗabi'a kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Wadanda suka yi jayayya game da batun wariyar da ilimi (da kuma 'yancin Afirka a Turai) suna sake dawowa kan wadanda suka yi yakin neman babban ilimi da zamantakewar al'umma, kamar su Christian Wolff.
Amo ya shiga wani kamfen mara dadi daga wasu makiyansa, gami da taron jama'a da aka shirya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Halle. A ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar komawa ƙasar haihuwarsa. Ya tashi a cikin jirgin ruwan Kamfanin Yammacin Indiya na Dutch zuwa Ghana ta Guinea, yana isowa kusan 1747; mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwarsa suna zaune a can. Rayuwarsa daga nan ta zama ba ta da duhu. A cewar aƙalla rahoto ɗaya, an kai shi wani sansanin soja na Dutch, Fort San Sebastian a Shama, a cikin 1750s, ƙila don hana shi shuka rashin yarda a tsakanin mutanensa. Ba a san takamaiman kwanan wata, wuri, da yanayin da ya mutu ba, duk da cewa mai yiwuwa ya mutu a kusan 1759 a sansanin soja da ke Shama a Ghana.
Gado
An ambaci Amo a cikin Abbé Grégoire's De(1808).
A watan Agusta na 2020, a cikin 'batun mulkin mallaka' na sunayen wuri bayan mutuwar George Floyd, babban birnin Jamus Berlin ya yanke shawarar sake sunan Mohrenstraße zuwa "Anton-Wilhelm-Amo-Straße" don girmama shi.
A 10 Oktoba 2020, Google ta yi bikin sa da Google Doodle.
Ayyuka
Dissertatio inauguralis de iure maurorum in Europa, 1729 (rasa).
Dissertatio inauguralis de humanae mentis apatheia, Wittenberg, 1734.
Disputatio philosophica continens ideam distinctam eorum quae competunt vel menti vel corpori nostro vivo et organico, Wittenberg, 1734(Ph.D. rubutun).
Tractatus de arte sobrie et accurate philosophandi, 1738.
Karin karatu
Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2017) The African Enlightenment, edited by Sam Dresser, AEON, 13 December 2017
Smith, Justin E. H. (2013). "The Enlightenment’s ‘Race’ Problem, and Ours"
Manazarta
'Yan falsafan Jamus |
30018 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20karamci | Ƴancin karamci | Ƴancin karamci ( [hɔs̠ˈpɪt̪iʊ̃] ; , xenia, προξενία) shi ne tsohuwar ra'ayin Greco-Roman na karimci a matsayin haƙƙin allahntaka na baƙo da kuma aikin allahntaka na mai masaukin baki. Irin kwatankwacin su sun kasance kuma ana san su a wasu al'adu, kodayake ba koyaushe da wannan sunan ba. A cikin Helenawa da Romawa, masaukin yana da nau'i biyu: na sirri da na jama'a.
Na sirri
A zamanin Homeric, duk baƙi, ba tare da togiya ba, an ɗauke su a ƙarƙashin kariya na Zeus Xenios, allahn baƙi da masu ba da fatawa, kuma suna da haƙƙin karɓar baƙi . (Yana da shakka ko kuma, kamar yadda ake zato,An dauke su a facto ; sun kasance baƙi ne. ) Nan da nan da isowarsa, baƙon ya sa tufafi da nishaɗi, kuma ba a yi tambaya game da sunansa ko magabata ba har sai an cika aikin baƙo. Lokacin da bakon ya rabu da mai masaukin nasa ana yawan ba shi kyauta (ξένια), to Amman Kuma wani lokaci ma mutuwa (ἀστράγαλος) yakan karye a tsakaninsu. Kowannensu ya ɗauki bangare, an kafa alaƙar dangi, kuma mutuwar da aka karye ta zama alamar ganewa; don haka membobin kowane iyali sun samu a cikin sauran runduna da masu tsaro idan akwai bukata.
Rashin cin zarafi daga rundunar ayyukan baƙo yana iya haifar da fushin alloli; amma ba ya nuna cewa akwai wani abu da ya wuce wannan hukumci na addini don kiyaye haƙƙin matafiyi. Irin wannan al'adu da alama sun wanzu a tsakanin mutanen Italiya. [ sautin ] A cikin Romawa, karimci mai zaman kansa, wanda ya wanzu tun farkon zamani, an fi bayyana shi daidai kuma bisa doka fiye da tsakanin Helenawa, ƙulla tsakanin mai masaukin baki da baƙo yana kusan ƙarfi kamar na tsakanin majiɓinci da abokin ciniki. Ya kasance daga yanayin kwangila, wanda aka yi ta hanyar alkawari, manne hannaye, da musayar yarjejeniya a rubuce ( tabula hospitalis ) ko na alama ( tessera ko alama), kuma an mayar da shi gado ta hanyar rabon amsa. Fa'idodin da baƙon ya samu shine, haƙƙin baƙon baƙi lokacin tafiya da kuma, sama da duka, kare mai masaukinsa (wakiltar shi a matsayin majiɓincinsa) a kotun shari'a. Kwangilar ta kasance mai tsarki kuma ba ta da laifi, an yi ta da sunan Jupiter Hospitalis, kuma za a iya rushe ta ta hanyar wani aiki na yau da kullun.
Jama'a
Wannan haɗin kai na sirri ya zama al'ada bisa ga wata jiha ta nada ɗaya daga cikin 'yan ƙasar waje a matsayin wakilinta Proxenos (πρόξενος) don kare duk wani ɗan ƙasarta da ke tafiya ko mazaunin ƙasarsa. Wani lokaci mutum ya zo gaba da son rai don yin waɗannan ayyuka a madadin wata jiha etheloproxenos (ἐθελοπρόξενος). Gaba ɗaya ana kwatanta proxenus da ɗan ƙarami na zamani ko mazaunin minista. Ayyukansa sun hada da ba da baki ga baki daga jihar da ya ke zama wakilinsa, gabatar da jakadunta, da ba su damar shiga majalisa da kujeru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma kula da muradun kasuwanci da siyasa na jihar da su. an nada shi ofishinsa.
Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa idan irin wannan ofishi na gado ne; Don haka dangin Callias a Athens sun kasance proxeni na Spartans . Mun sami ofishin da aka ambata a cikin rubutun Corcyraean mai yiwuwa daga karni na 7 BC, kuma ya ci gaba da girma mafi mahimmanci kuma akai-akai a cikin tarihin Girkanci. Babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa an taɓa haɗa kowane nau'i na kai tsaye a ofishin, yayin da kashe kuɗi da matsalar da ke tattare da shi dole ne galibi ya yi yawa sosai. Watakila karamcin da ya zo da shi ya isa lada. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare a cikin babban girmamawa da daraja da aka biya ga proxenus, kuma wani ɓangare a cikin ƙarin ƙarin girma da yawa da aka ba da umarnin musamman na jihar wanda wakilinsa ya kasance, kamar 'yanci daga haraji da nauyin jama'a, haƙƙin samun dukiya a Attica. shigar da majalisar dattijai da kuma mashahuran majalisa, kuma watakila ma cikakken dan kasa.
Ga alama gidan masaukin jama'a kuma ya kasance a tsakanin jinsin Italiya; amma yanayin tarihinsu ya hana shi zama mai mahimmanci kamar na Girka. To Amman Duk da haka, al'amuran sun faru na kafa karimcin jama'a tsakanin biranen biyu ( Roma da Caere, Livy v. 50), da kuma garuruwan da suka shiga matsayi na abokin ciniki ga wasu fitattun Roman, wanda ya zama majibincin irin wannan gari. Majalisar dattijai ta kan ba baki 'yancin karbar baki daga kasashen waje har zuwa karshen jamhuriyar. Masu masaukin baki na jama'a suna da 'yancin yin nishaɗi a kuɗin jama'a, shigar da sadaukarwa da wasanni, haƙƙin siye da siyarwa akan asusun kansa, da kuma gabatar da wani mataki a doka ba tare da sa hannun wani majiɓincin Romawa ba.
Za a sami cikakken littafin tarihin batun a cikin labarin a Daremberg da Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiqutés, wanda za a iya ƙara Rudolf von Jhering . Die Gastfreundschaft im Altertum (1887); duba kuma Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (ed 3rd., 1890).
Asibitin Medieval
A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, an tsawaita kalmar, a duk faɗin Turai, don komawa zuwa ginin ko hadaddun gine-ginen da aka haɗe zuwa gidan sufi, inda mahajjata da sauran ƙananan baƙi za su iya samun baƙi ko masauki, gami da masaukin da aka gina.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Proxeny
Xenia (Girkanci)
Dokar baƙo
Nanwatai
Melmastia
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje |
30384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20cikakken%20hanyoyin%20samun%20ku%C9%97in%20muhalli | Kididdigar cikakken hanyoyin samun kuɗin muhalli | Ƙididdigar cikakken kuɗin muhalli ( EFCA ) hanya ce ta lissafin farashi wanda ke gano farashi kai tsaye da kuma rarraba farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar tattarawa da gabatar da bayanai game da yiwuwar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da fa'idodi ko fa'ida.a takaice, game da "Tsarin ya kasu Kashi uku "ga kowane zaɓi madadin. Har ila yau, an san shi da lissafin kuɗi na gaskiya ( TCA ), amma, kamar yadda ma'anar "gaskiya" da "cikakke" su ne ainihin ra'ayi, masana sunyi la'akari da kalmomi biyu masu kasancewa Na iya Zama matsala.
Tun da farashin da fa'idodi yawanci ana la'akari da su dangane da muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da tasirin zamantakewa, cikakken ko ƙoƙarin farashi na gaske ana kiransa da "layin ƙasa sau uku". Yawancin ma'auni yanzu suna wanzu a wannan yanki ciki har da Sawun Muhalli, alamun yanayi, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida don fuskantar layi sau uku ta amfani da ma'aunin ecoBudget. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO) tana da ƙa'idodi da yawa da aka yarda da su masu amfani a cikin FCA ko TCA ciki har da iskar gas, jerin ISO 26000 don alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni da ke zuwa a shekarata 2010, da ma'auni na ISO 19011 don dubawa ciki har da duk waɗannan.
Saboda wannan juyin halitta na kalmomi a cikin jama'a amfani da musamman, kalmar cikakken farashi a halin yanzu an fi amfani da ita wajen lissafin gudanarwa, misali kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kudi. Sannan Kuma Amfani da sharuɗɗan FCA ko TCA yawanci suna nuna ƙarancin ra'ayin mazan jiya na ayyukan gudanarwa na yanzu, da haɓaka haɓakawa ga GAAP don magance fitar da sharar gida ko shigar da albarkatu.
Ra'ayoyi
Cikakkun lissafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi mahimman ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bambanta shi da daidaitattun dabarun lissafin kuɗi . Kuma Jeri mai zuwa yana haskaka ainihin ƙa'idodin FCA.
Yin lissafin kuɗi don:
Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya (duba bayanin da ke ƙasa);
Ƙirar ɓoye da abubuwan waje;
Kudin sama da kai;
Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba;
Farashin bisa ga tsarin rayuwar samfurin.
Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya
Ƙididdigar kuɗi don samun ko amfani da albarkatu. Ƙididdiga shine ƙimar tsabar kuɗi na albarkatun kamar yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, kuma ana yin fitar da abin hawa ne lokacin da aka sayi abin hawa, amma farashin abin hawa yana faruwa ne tsawon rayuwar sa (misali, shekaru goma). Sannan Dole ne a ware kudin abin hawa na wani lokaci domin duk shekara da aka yi amfani da shi yana taimakawa wajen rage darajar abin hawa.
Boyayyen farashi
Ana nuna ƙimar kayayyaki da ayyuka azaman farashi ko da ba a haɗa kuɗaɗen kuɗi ba. Sannan Wata al'umma na iya samun tallafi daga jiha, misali, don siyan kayan aiki. Wannan kayan aiki yana da daraja, duk da cewa al'umma ba su biya shi da tsabar kuɗi ba. Kuma Kayan aiki, saboda haka, yakamata a kimanta su a cikin binciken FCA.
Tallafin gwamnati a masana'antar samar da makamashi da abinci yana rage farashin gaske ta hanyar farashin samfur mai arha. Wannan magudin farashin yana ƙarfafa ayyuka marasa dorewa kuma yana ƙara ɓoye ɓarna na waje da ke tattare da samar da mai da kuma aikin noma na zamani.
Kudin sama da kai tsaye
FCA tana lissafin duk kuɗaɗen kai da kai tsaye, gami da waɗanda aka raba tare da sauran hukumomin jama'a. Kudin sama da kai tsaye na iya haɗawa da sabis na doka, tallafin gudanarwa, sarrafa bayanai, lissafin kuɗi, sannan da siye. Kudin muhalli kamar farashin kai tsaye sun haɗa da cikakken kewayon farashi a duk tsawon rayuwar samfurin ( Kimanin Zagayowar Rayuwa ), wasu daga cikinsu ma ba sa nunawa a cikin layin ƙasan kamfanin. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ƙayyadaddun kuɗin gudanarwa da sauransu.
Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba
Fitar kuɗin da ya gabata da na gaba sau da yawa ba sa bayyana akan kasafin kuɗi na shekara a ƙarƙashin tsarin lissafin kuɗi. Kudin da suka gabata (ko na gaba) sune farkon saka hannun jari masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da ayyuka kamar siyan motoci, kayan aiki, ko wurare. Filayen gaba (ko ƙarshen baya) kuɗi ne da ake kashewa don kammala ayyuka kamar rufe kayan aiki da kulawa bayan rufewa, ritayar kayan aiki, da fa'idodin lafiya da ritaya bayan aiki.
Misalai
Gudanar da sharar gida
Jihar Florida tana amfani da kalmar lissafin cikakken farashi don sarrafa shara. A cikin wannan misalin, FCA wata hanya ce ta tsari don ganowa, tarawa, da bayar da rahoton ainihin farashin sarrafa shara . Kuma Tana yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma na gaba, ƙima (sabis da sabis na tallafi) farashi, da farashin aiki.
Integrated m tsarin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi ayyuka da hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙazamin shara na birni (MSW). Ayyuka sune tubalan ginin tsarin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tarin sharar gida, aiki da tashoshin canja wuri, jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, sarrafa sharar gida da zubar da shara, da sayar da kayayyaki. Sannan Hanyoyi su ne kwatancen da MSW ke bi a cikin tsarin sarrafa tsattsauran ra'ayi (watau ma'anar tsara ta hanyar sarrafawa da kuma halin da ake ciki) kuma sun haɗa da sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa makamashi, da zubar da ƙasa . Ana raba farashin wasu ayyuka tsakanin hanyoyi. Fahimtar farashin ayyukan MSW yakan zama dole don tattara farashi na gabaɗayan tsarin sharar gida, kuma yana taimaka wa gundumomi tantance ko za su samar da sabis da kanta ko kwangilar sa. Koyaya, a cikin la'akari da canje-canjen da suka shafi nawa MSW ya ƙare har ana sake yin fa'ida, takin, jujjuyawa zuwa makamashi, Kuma ko cika ƙasa, ya kamata manazarcin ya mai da hankali kan farashin hanyoyin daban-daban. Fahimtar cikakken farashi na kowane hanyar MSW muhimmin mataki ne na farko a cikin tattaunawa ko za a canza magudanar ruwa na MSW wata hanya dabam.
Amfani
Gano farashin sarrafa MSW
Lokacin da gundumomi ke kula da ayyukan MSW ta hanyar kuɗin haraji na gabaɗaya, farashin gudanarwa na MSW na iya yin asara tsakanin sauran abubuwan kashewa. Tare da FCA, manajoji na iya samun ƙarin iko akan farashin MSW saboda sun san menene farashin.
Duba cikin kololuwa da kwaruruka a cikin kashe kuɗi na MSW
Yin amfani da dabaru irin su raguwa da amortization, FCA tana samar da ingantaccen hoto na farashi na shirye-shiryen MSW, ba tare da murdiya ba wanda zai iya haifar da mayar da hankali kawai akan kashe kuɗin kuɗi na shekara.
Bayyana farashin MSW ga ƴan ƙasa a sarari
FCA tana taimaka muku tattarawa da tattara bayanan da ake buƙata don bayyana wa ƴan ƙasa abin da ainihin sarrafa shara ke kashewa. Ko da yake wasu mutane na iya tunanin cewa sarrafa sharar gida kyauta ne (saboda ba a biya su ta musamman don ayyukan MSW ba), wasu na iya ƙima darajar sa. FCA na iya haifar da lambobin "layi na ƙasa" waɗanda ke magana kai tsaye ga mazauna. Bugu da ƙari, sannan kuma jami'an jama'a na iya amfani da sakamakon FCA don amsa takamaiman matsalolin jama'a.
Ɗauki hanya mai kama da kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW
Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan farashi, FCA tana haɓaka mafi kyawun tsarin kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW. Masu amfani da kaya da ayyuka suna ƙara tsammanin ƙima, kuma wanda ke nufin daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin inganci da farashin sabis. FCA na iya taimakawa wajen gano dama don daidaita ayyuka, kawar da rashin aiki, da sauƙaƙe ƙoƙarin ceton farashi ta hanyar ingantaccen tsari da yanke shawara.
Haɓaka matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin yin shawarwari tare da masu siyarwa
Lokacin la'akari da keɓantawar sabis na MSW, ƙwararrun manajojin sharar gida na iya amfani da FCA don koyon abin da farashinsa (ko farashi) don yin aikin. Kuma A sakamakon haka, FCA mafi kyawun matsayi na hukumomin jama'a don yin shawarwari da yanke shawara. FCA kuma na iya taimaka wa al'ummomi masu gudanar da ayyukan jama'a su tantance ko farashinsu yana da gogayya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Ƙimar haɗakar da ta dace na ayyukan MSW
FCA tana ba manajoji ikon kimanta farashin kowane kashi na tsarin sharar su, kamar sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa-makamashi, da kuma share ƙasa. FCA na iya taimaka wa manajoji su guje wa kura-kurai na gama gari a cikin tunani game da sarrafa sharar gida, musamman ga kuskuren kula da farashin da aka kauce masa azaman kudaden shiga.
Kyakkyawan tsarin MSW
Kamar yadda ƙarin al'ummomi ke amfani da FCA kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon, manajoji za su iya "ma'auni" ayyukansu zuwa al'ummomi iri ɗaya ko ƙa'idodi. Wannan kwatancen na iya ba da shawarar zaɓuɓɓuka don "sake aikin injiniya" ayyuka na yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da birane, gundumomi, da garuruwa suka san abin da ake kashewa don sarrafa MSW da kansa, kuma za su iya gano duk wani tanadi da zai iya fitowa daga aiki tare.
Abinci da Noma
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sami kulawa mai yawa don Cikakkun Kuɗi na Ƙididdiga (FCA) ko Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya (TCA) a fagen abinci da aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2013 da 2016, Amintaccen Abinci mai Dorewa ya shirya tarurruka biyu kan Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya a Abinci da Noma, a Burtaniya da Amurka bi da bi. FAO ta buga karatu guda biyu a cikin shekarar 2014 da 2015 tare da TCA-bincike na tasirin asarar abinci ("Food wastage sawun: cikakken kididdigar ƙididdiga" ) da kuma wani TCA-bincike na jimlar tasirin samar da abinci na duniya akan Babban Jarida. ("Tasirin Babban Jari na Halitta a Aikin Noma" ). A cikin rahoton farko, FAO ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓarnawar abinci a kan jarin halitta ya kai dala biliyan 700 a duk shekara yayin da ɓoyayyun tasirin zamantakewa ya kai dala biliyan 900. A cikin rahoton na biyu, hukumar ta FAO ta yi kiyasin lalacewar muhallin da ake noman abinci a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 2330 a kowace shekara.
Dalilai na reno
An gano dalilai daban-daban na ɗaukar FCA/TCA. Mafi mahimmancin abin da ke da alaƙa ya haɗa da hasashen kasuwa ko matsalolin ƙa'ida da ke da alaƙa da yin watsi da cikakken sakamako na gabaɗayan tsari ko taron da aka lissafa. Kuma A cikin tattalin arzikin kore, wannan shine babban abin damuwa da tushe ga sukar matakan kamar GDP . Bangaren jama'a sun yi niyyar matsawa zuwa matakai na dogon lokaci don gujewa zargin nuna son kai ga wasu hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke da alama suna da ma'ana ta kudi ko tattalin arziki a cikin gajeren lokaci, amma ba na dogon lokaci ba.
Masu yanke shawara na kamfani wani lokaci suna kiran matakan FCA/TCA don yanke shawarar ko za a fara tunowa, gudanar da aikin kula da samfur na son rai (nau'i na tunawa a ƙarshen rayuwar amfanin samfur). Kuma Ana iya ƙarfafa wannan a matsayin shinge ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba waɗanda sharar da samfur ta shafa. Na'urori masu tasowa na FCA, irin su Mataki na Halitta, mayar da hankali kan waɗannan. A cewar Ray Anderson, wanda ya kafa wani nau'i na FCA / TCA a Interface Carpet, ya yi amfani da shi don yin watsi da yanke shawara da ke kara yawan Sawun Ecological da kuma mayar da hankali ga kamfanin a fili a kan dabarun tallace-tallace mai dorewa.
Ilimin halittu na birni da yanayin masana'antu suna fuskantar FCA da gaske - ɗaukar ginin da aka gina a matsayin nau'in halittu don rage sharar kansa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Lissafin muhalli
Gyaran farashin muhalli
Asusun riba da asarar muhalli
Abubuwan waje
Ma'anar Ci gaba na Gaskiya
Farashin dama
Lamunin gurɓatawa
Jimlar farashin mallaka
Kudin rayuwa gabaɗaya
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manazarta | Manazarta | Manazarta ita ce dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa inda abu ɗaya ya tsara, ko kuma ya zama hanyar da za a haɗa ta ko danganta ta, da wani abin. Abu na farko a cikin wannan dangantakar ana cewa yana nufin abu na biyu. An kira shi suna don abu na biyu. Abu na biyu, shine wanda abu na farko yake nuni zuwa gareshi, ana kiran shi mai duba abu na farko. Suna yawanci magana ce ko magana, ko wasu wakilcin alama . Mai yin fassarar na iya zama komai - abu ne na abu, mutum, abin da ya faru, wani aiki, ko kuma ra'ayin da ba a fahimta.
References/Manazarta iya dauka a kan da yawa siffofin, ciki har da: a tunani, mai azanci shine ganewa cewa shi ne audible (onomatopoeia ), gani (rubutu), olfactory, ko tactile, wani tunanin jihar, dangantaka tare da sauran, spacetime daidaita, m, ko alpha-Tazarar, abu na zahiri ko samar da makamashi. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da hanyoyi waɗanda suke ɓoye ambaton da gangan daga wasu masu lura, kamar yadda yake a cikin rubutun kalmomi .
Abubuwan da aka ambata a cikin fannoni da yawa na ayyukan ɗan adam da iliminsu, kuma kalmar tana ɗaukar tabarau na ma'ana musamman ga abubuwan da ake amfani da su. An bayyana wasu daga cikinsu a cikin sassan da ke ƙasa.
Etymology da ma'anarsa
Kalmar reference an samo ta ne daga Turancin Ingilishi na , daga Ma'anar Faransanci ta Tsakiya, daga Latin mai nunawa, "don ɗaukar baya", an ƙirƙira shi daga prefix re - da ferre, "don ɗaukar". Da yawan kalmomi sun samo asali ne daga tushe guda, gami da miƙa wasiƙa, alƙali, mai ba da ra'ayi, rago, raba gardama .
Fi'ili da aka koma (zuwa) da maɓoɓansa na iya ɗaukar ma'anar "haɗi zuwa" ko "haɗa zuwa", kamar yadda yake a cikin ma'anonin isharar da aka bayyana a wannan labarin. Wata ma'anar ita ce "shawara"; wannan yana bayyana a cikin irin waɗannan maganganu kamar aikin tunani, teburin tunani, bayanin aiki, da dai sauransu
Semantics
A ilimantance, galibi ana fassarashi azaman dangantakar dake tsakanin sunaye ko karin magana da abubuwa waɗanda aka sanya musu suna. Saboda haka, kalmar "Yahaya" tana nufin mutumin Yahaya. Kalmar "shi" tana nufin wasu abubuwan da aka ambata a baya. Abin da ake magana a kai ana kiran shi mai duba kalmar. Wasu lokuta ana kiran dangantakar kalma-abu " lalatawa "; kalmar tana nuna abu. Dangantaka ta hira, dangantakar daga abu zuwa kalma, ana kiranta " misali "; abun yana misalta abin da kalmar take nufi. A cikin nazarin aiki, idan kalma tana nufin kalmar da ta gabata, kalmar da ta gabata ana kiranta da " antecedent ".
Ma'ana
Gottlob Frege yayi jayayya cewa ba za'a iya daukar isharar da ma'ana iri daya ba : " Hesperus " (tsohon sunan Girka ne ga tauraron maraice) da " Phosphorus " (tsohon sunan Helenanci na tauraron asuba) duk suna nufin Venus, amma gaskiyar taurari cewa '"Hesperus" shine "Phosphorus"' har yanzu yana iya zama mai ba da bayani, koda kuwa an riga an san ma'anar "Hesperus" da "Phosphorus". Wannan matsalar ta haifar da Frege don rarrabe tsakanin ma'ana da bayanin kalma. Wasu shari'o'in suna da kamar suna da rikitarwa da baza a sanya su cikin wannan tsarin ba; yarda da ra'ayi na tunani na biyu na iya zama dole don cike gibin. Duba kuma Yanayin magana
Alamar yare
Babban ma'anar alamar harshe shine haɗuwa da abun ciki da bayyanawa, na farkonsu na iya koma wa ƙungiyoyi a cikin duniya ko kuma nuna ƙarin ra'ayoyi marasa ma'ana, misali tunani. Wasu sassa na magana suna wanzuwa ne kawai don isharar magana, watau anaphora kamar karin magana . Theungiyar rukunin abubuwan da ake nunawa suna nuna ishara game da mahalarta biyu a cikin jumla. Waɗannan na iya zama wakili (ɗan wasa) da haƙuri (aiki a kan su), kamar yadda yake a cikin "Mutumin ya wanke kansa", jigon da mai karɓa, kamar yadda yake a "Na nuna Maryamu ga kanta", ko wasu haɗuwa da dama da za a iya samu.
Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
A kimiyyar kwamfuta, nassoshi sune nau'ikan bayanai waɗanda suke nuni zuwa wani abu a wani wuri a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ana amfani dasu don gina nau'ikan tsarin bayanai iri-iri, kamar jerin jeri . Gabaɗaya, tunani shine ƙimar da ke ba da damar shirin don kai tsaye ga takamaiman abun bayanan. Yawancin harsunan shirye-shiryen suna tallafawa wani nau'i na tunani. Don takamaiman nau'in bayanin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin harshen C ++, duba bayanin (C ++) .
Maganar tunani tana da mahimmanci a cikin ka'idar bayanan bayanai ; duba mutuncin magana .
Laburare da kimiyyar bayanai
Bayani game da nau'ikan buga abubuwa da yawa na iya zuwa ta hanyar lantarki ko kuma na'urar da ake iya karantawa. Ga littattafai, akwai ISBN kuma don labaran labarai, mai gano abu na Dijital (DOI) yana samun dacewa. Bayani akan Intanet na iya isar zuwa ga Mai gano Kayan Kayayyaki (URI) .
Ilimin halin dan Adam
A cikin sharuddan shafi tunanin mutum aiki, a kai-reference aka yi amfani da tunani don kafa ganewa da kwakwalwar a lokacin kai-bincike. Wannan yana neman bawa mutum damar ci gaba da gabatar da kansa ta hanyar wayewar kai. Koyaya, hakanan yana iya haifar da tattaunawa mai zagayawa, yana hana canjin tunani.
Dangane da Ka'idar Sarrafawa (PCT), yanayin tunani shine yanayin zuwa ga abin da tsarin sarrafa ke fitarwa ya canza adadin da ake sarrafawa. Babban batun shine cewa "Duk halayyar tana daidaitacce duk lokacin da yake kusa da kula da wasu adadi game da takamaiman yanayin ishara."
Malanta
A malamai da kuma malanta, wani tunani ko bibliographical tunani ne wani yanki na bayanai bayar a wani Nisan ko bibliography wata rubuta aikin kamar wani littafi, labarin, muqala, rahoton, oration ko wani rubutu irin, tantancewa da aka rubuta aiki na wani mutum amfani da halittar wancan rubutu. Bayanin kundin adana bayanai galibi ya hada da cikakken sunan marubucin, taken aikinsu da shekarar da aka buga su. Babban dalilin nassoshi shine bawa masu karatu damar bincika tushen rubutu, ko don inganci ko kuma karin sani game da batun. Irin waɗannan abubuwa galibi ana lasafta su a ƙarshen aiki a ɓangaren da aka yiwa alama na Nassoshi ko Bibliography .
Nassoshi suna da mahimmanci musamman don amfani da ƙididdiga, tunda yin kwafin kayan ta wani marubuci ba tare da ishara mai kyau ba da / ko ba tare da izini da ake buƙata ana ɗauka sata ce, kuma yana iya zama daidai da keta haƙƙin mallaka, wanda zai iya zama batun batun shari'a . Wani sashin tunani ya ƙunshi waɗancan ayyukan waɗanda aka ambata a cikin ainihin matanin aiki. A bambanci, a bibliographical sashe sau da yawa ya ƙunshi ayyukansu ba kawo sunayensu by marubucin, amma amfani da bango karatu ko jera a matsayin yiwuwar amfani ga mai karatu.
Riƙe littafin rubutu yana bawa mutum damar amfani da nassoshi don ƙungiya ta kansa, ko waninsa ya fahimci tsarin isharar amfani. Koyaya, malamai sunyi nazarin hanyoyin ishara saboda babbar rawar da suke takawa wajen sadarwa da aiki tare tsakanin mutane daban-daban, da kuma rashin fahimtar juna da ka iya tasowa. Nazarin ilimin zamani na nassoshi na kundin tarihi ya bunkasa tun karni na 19.
Doka
A cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka, ishara ita ce takaddar da za a iya amfani da ita don nuna yanayin ilimi a wani lokaci kuma saboda haka na iya sanya ƙirƙirar da'awar ta kasance bayyananne ko tsammani . Misalan nassoshi haƙƙin mallakar kowace ƙasa ne, tallan mujallu, Ph.D. takaddun da aka lissafa kuma ta haka ne masu sha'awar samun bayanai game da batun suke samunsu, kuma zuwa wani abu na Intanet wanda ake samun saukin hakan.
Zane
A cikin zane-zane, ma'ana abu ne wanda aka dogara da aiki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da:
wani zane mai zane
haifuwa (watau hoto)
wani abu da aka lura kai tsaye (misali, mutum)
ƙwaƙwalwar mai zane
Wani misalin abin misali shine samfuran ayyukan kide kide daban-daban ana hada su cikin sabo.
Duba kuma
Tsoho (nahawu)
Kwatantawa
Hanyar gaba ɗaya
Hyperlink
Indexicality
ISO 690
Harafin Shawara
Alamar da alama
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Reference.com - sabis ne na neman kundin bayanai da yawa, da mai ba da samfuran bincike na yare
References.net - kundin adireshi na kayan aiki da yawa akan yanar gizo
Refmuseum.com - Gidan adana kayan tarihin kan nassoshi
Manazarta
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48523 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20kai | Mallakar kai | Mallakar kai, ita ce manufar dukiya a cikin jikin mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin haƙƙin ɗabi'a ko na dabi'a na mutum don samun mutuncin jiki wanda ke nufin ya zama keɓaɓɓen mai kula da kuma jikin kansa ciki har da rayuwar mutum, inda 'kamewa' na nufin yin kowane abu. tsangwama ta jiki da 'keɓaɓɓen' na nufin gami da haƙƙin tilasta hana wasu mutane sarrafa ta.
Mallakar kai babban ra'ayi ne a cikin falsafar siyasa da yawa waɗanda ke jaddada ɗabi'a, kamar 'yanci, sassaucin ra'ayi, da anarchism . Tunda ma’anar take-taken kadara ta haɗa da haramcin bayyanannen wasu mutane da ke da’awar mallakar dukiya a kan albarkatu ɗaya a lokaci guda, ana samun haƙƙin sarrafawa ko tsoma baki a jikin mutum ta kowace hanya ta sabani.
' yancin kai na mutum, 'mulkin mutum' ko ikon kai an fahimci gabaɗaya don nuna haƙƙin mallaka na mutum ciki har da mallakar kansa wanda ake kira mummunan ikon mallaka, amma kuma ya haɗa da kin amincewa ko 'yanci daga ikon mallaka mai kyau inda mummunan ikon mallaka ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallaka da tabbatacce. mulkin mallaka ya haɗa da 'yancin ɗora wa mutane umarni da biyayya ko mulkin mallaka
ko kuma kawai a ba shi yancin samun wani abu na tattalin arziki. Ra'ayi da ke hannun 'masu sassaucin ra'ayi mara kyau'. A bisa ka'ida na shari'a ana samun ikon mallaka ta mutum A, mai ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar aiwatar da ka'idar iko akan mutum B wanda baya buƙatar kowane aikin ɗabi'a na son rai na B, inda sakamakon shari'a B ya zama batun shari'a (na wajibi) ma'ana B ya karɓi mummunan ko tabbataccen wajibci ta hanyar halayya ta dukiya ta A, inda aka fahimci dukiya a matsayin tushen dalilin ayyukan mutum misali aikin jiki. Misalan ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka mara kyau shine kafa tuta ko ɗaga shinge akan ƙasar da ba ta da mallaka a baya . Misalan ingantattun ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka suna sanya hannu kan Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ko cire Excalibur daga dutse. Lura cewa ingantattun ƙa'idodin ikon mallaka sun keta yarda (ƙididdigar) batun shari'a a cikin ma'anar rashin son kai, amma ƙa'idar ikon mallaka mara kyau ba ta ma'ana ba.
A cikin wannan labarin an fahimci mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin bautar ba da son rai na shari'a ( bautar bautar ) yana nufin mutum a ƙarƙashin 'bautar da doka ta doka' bisa ga ƙa'idar ikon ikon mallaka na sama, don haka bautar da ba ta son rai ta fahimci nufin a matsayin yarda (ba da izini) da aiki kamar yadda yake. kowane tabbataccen wajibi inda aka ɗauka ra'ayin 'yanci na rashin son rai. Misalai na mutanen da galibi ke yin hidimar ba da son rai a cikin doka su ne yara game da iyayensu, mazauna game da ikon mulkin ƙasarsu da kuma ɗaukar sojoji game da babban jami'insu. Yi la'akari da cewa aikin ɗaukar ciki, a bisa doka ƙa'ida ce mai ƙarfi wanda ke sanya nauyin (tabbatacce) na iyaye akan iyaye wanda ba ya keta ikon kai ko sanya bautar da ba ta dace ba ta shari'a saboda an ɗora wa kansu ta hanyar dabi'a ta kansu. tsoma baki tare da zygote a matsayin ka'idar takunkumi ko ka'ida ta adalci. Misali na 'ka'idar iko' wanda ke sanya mummunan takalifi ga wasu shine ka'idar doka ta ƙa'ida ta asali, wanda shine da'awar da ke haifar da ius a cikin da'awar rashin kyau da ake kira take hakkin mallaka. Hakazalika, alƙawarin yin biyayya ga umarni yana haifar da tabbataccen wajibci, ta hanyar aiwatar da alƙawarin iko (kwangilar) kuma ba bautar son rai ba ce ta doka. A lura cewa ikon ɗan adam da mulkin mallaka a kan ɗan adam ( tilasta bin doka ba tare da son rai ba), dukansu suna ba wa mai haƙƙin yancin yin amfani da tashin hankali don aiwatar da nufinsu, amma tare da mulkin mallaka, batun dole ne ya kasa umarnin da aka bayar da farko don wannan haƙƙin ya faru. . Akasin haka, idan wani mai dukiya, watau bayi ko ’ya’ya, ya gudu, to, har yanzu mai shi ne farkon alhakin abin da ya aikata idan ya ci gaba da da’awar mallakarsa, amma ba za a iya yin shari’a a kan bawan ba saboda dukiya da mai shi. shine asalin abin alhaki don aikata mummunan aiki.
Lura cewa 'yancin mallakar dukiya a cikin mutum' ana kiransa haƙƙin mutum, kuma gabaɗaya cin zarafi ne na mallakar kai ko yancin kai. Misali ' yancin mantawa ya hana kowane mutum ci gaba da kima a kan sauran mutane. Lura cewa haƙƙin rayuwa wani lokaci ana kiransu a matsayin wani ɓangare na mallakar kai kuma ana haɗa shi cikin ma'anar da ke sama lokacin da aka fahimce shi a matsayin rashin tauyewa ga laifin sakaci kawai na kisa.
Duba kuma
Bayanan kula da Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mallakar Kai
The Ego da Nasa Archived (kuma an fassara shi azaman Mutum da Dukiyarsa, babban aikin masanin falsafar Jamus Max Stirner )
Falsafar 'Yanci
Menene mutum mai iko? |
20458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Sojan%20Najeriya | Makarantar Sojan Najeriya | Makarantar Sojan Najeriya da ke Zariya, wacce aka kafa a matsayin Kamfanin-Boys-Company of Nigeria a shekara ta 1954, an kafa ta ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar cibiyar horas da 'yan sintiri ta Najeriya ta Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). An kafa makarantar tare da wasu mutane uku a cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Afirka ta Yamma a Gambiya, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana ), da Saliyo . An tsara shi ne bayan ysungiyar Wuraren Sojojin Birtaniyya . Makarantar soja ta yanzu ta kasance a ranar 20 watan mayun, shekara ta 1954. Makarantar Sojan Najeriya (NMS) tana da bataliyar ɗalibai wacce ta ƙunshi kamfani 4 a farkon shekarunta: Kamfanin Alpha, Kamfanin Bravo, Kamfanin Charlie, da Kamfanin Delta. An kuma kara ƙarin kamfanoni uku: Kamfanin Echo, Kamfanin Foxtrot, da Golf Company. Kamfanin Boys kamar yadda a da ake kiransa an kafa shi ne a matsayin cikakkiyar cibiyar horarwa a karkashin rajista da gudanar da rusasshiyar Cibiyar Horar da Kayayyakin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (NRTC) yanzu Depot NA.
Tarihi
Manufar makarantar ita ce samar da "kwararru da kwararrun ma'aikata" don maye gurbin NCOs na Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da suka tafi. Don haka, an ba da fifiko sosai kan horon soja da na ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1958, Yara maza daga Makarantar sun zauna don jarrabawar Janar ta Soja ta ƙasashen waje kuma makarantar ta canza zuwa matsayin takardar shaidar makaranta.
, an canza sunan "Kamfanin Samari" zuwa Makarantar Sojan Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 1965 saiti na farko na Yara ya ɗauki jarrabawar Hukumar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) inda suka yi rawar gani sosai. Tare da kuma gabatar da sabon Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi, Makarantar yanzu tana gudanar da shirin horarwa na shekaru shida wanda ya kasu zuwa kananan da manyan azuzuwan shekaru uku bi da bi. An kafa Kwamitin Gwamnoni don kula da tafiyar da makarantar.
Don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa mai inganci, Horar da Sojoji da Ilimin Ilimi, an raba makarantar zuwa manyan Fuka-fuka 5: Hedkwatar, reshen soja, Wingar Ilimi, Bataliyar Samari da Kamfanin Gudanarwa. Babban kwamanda na Makarantar, wanda a lokacin ake kira Kamfanin Samari, shi ne Kyaftin Wellington Duke Bassey.
Ilimi
Makarantar Sojan Nijeriya tana ba ɗalibanta horo na ilimi da na soja. Kowane yaro soja kamar yadda ake kiran ɗalibai yana da yini ɗaya a mako don horar da sojoji yayin da sauran ranaku huɗu na mako suka keɓe don horar da ilimi. Kamar sauran makarantun sakandare, ɗaliban suna zana jarabawar kammala karatun manyan makarantun Afirka ta Yamma kafin kammala karatun. Hakanan ɗaliban suna da damar da za su sami kwamiti a cikin Sojojin Nijeriya a matsayin sojoji masu zaman kansu a kan nasarar kammala horo da kammala karatun su daga makarantar sakandare.
Kungiyar farko ta ɗalibai an san ta da "Firstan Farko na "abi'a" waɗanda suka kasance 'ya'ya maza da kuma masu kula da hidimtawa sojoji. Koyaya za a iya gano tarihinta na soja zuwa shekara ta 1951 lokacin da tunanin kafa "Kamfanin Samari" tare da tsarin Boys Wing na Sojojin Birtaniyya ya kasance ga kowane Coasashen Yammacin Afirka Wato: Gambia, Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria da Saliyo. Makarantar soja ta Najeriya tana alfahari da kanta saboda nasarorin da ta samu a gasar yanki da ta ƙasa, wasan kwaikwayo da gasar wasanni. Hakanan ance tana da ɗayan mahimman matakan ilimi da ilimi a ƙasar, fiye da yawancin manyan makarantun farar hula a Najeriya.
Tsoffin ɗalibai
NMS ta samar da Manyan hafsoshin soja da Manyan Ma’aikata a bangarorin Gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. har zuwa yau ta samar da mataimakin shugaban soja, da shugabannin hafsoshin tsaro hudu da shugaban babban taron kasa. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban makarantar sun haɗa da:
Tunde Idiagbon
Joseph Garba
John Shagaya
Jeremiah Useni
John Inienger
Salihu Ibrahim
Buba Marwa
Yakubu Mu'azu
Alexander Ogomudia
Abubakar Sani Bello
Abdulkareem Adisa
Sanata David Mark
George Alily
Raji Rasaki
Akolisa Ufodike
Abdussamad Dasuki
Zamani Lekwot
Abayomi Olonisakin
Gidaje
Don ƙarfafa ayyukan wasanni da gasa yayin da halartar ya ƙaru, an ƙirƙiri gidaje huɗu: Exham, Inglis, FairBanks da Swynnerton. Wadannan sunaye daga baya aka canza su zuwa Giffard, Tranchard, Whistler da Lugard.
Kamar yadda Makarantar ta canza zuwa matsayin takardar shaidar Makaranta jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yanci, an canza sunayen gidajen zuwa Lagos, Ibadan, Enugu da Kaduna. Sababbin sunayen an zabi su ne don nuna manyan biranen kasar.
A cikin shekara ta 1976, an ƙara ƙarin gidaje biyu kuma an sake canza sunayen. Sabbin sunayen gidajen sun nuna sunayen kamfanonin soja: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot.
An ƙara ƙarin ƙarin: Gulf, kamfani na 7. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, Makarantar ta canza zuwa tsoffin sunayen Kaduna, Lagos, Ibadan da Enugu, tare da Abuja, Calabar da Zariya da aka baiwa ƙarin sabbin kamfanonin Echo, Foxtrot da Gulf.
Kwamandoji
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Sojoji da yawa a lokuta daban-daban suna ba da umarni. Su ne kamar haka:
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar Yanar gizo ta Ex Boys of School Military Nigerian, Zaria a Burtaniya
Tashar yanar gizo ta Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya
Gidan Tsoffin Samari na Makarantar Sojan Najeriya, Zariya
Makarantun Gwamnati
Makarantu
Makaranta
Makarantun Najeriya
Gine-gine
Gini
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29927 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadar%20Gobi | Hamadar Gobi | Hamadar Gobi: (/ˈɡ oʊ bi /), Wani babban hamada ne ko yanki mai buroshi a Gabashin Asiya . Ya shafi sassan arewaci da arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin da kuma na kudancin Mongoliya. Mazaunan hamadar Gobi suna da iyaka da tsaunin Altai da ciyayi da ciyayi na Mongoliya a arewa, da hamadar Taklamakan a yamma, ta hanyar Hexi Corridor da Tibet Plateau zuwa kudu maso yamma da kuma filin da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin wato China zuwa kudu maso gabas. .
Gobi shi ne hamada na 6 mafi girma a duniya kuma na biyu mafi girma a Asiya bayan hamadar Larabawa . Sanannen abu ne a tarihi a matsayin wurin da manyan biranen da yawa ke kan hanyar siliki .
Gobi hamada ce ta inuwar ruwan sama, wanda Tibet Plateau ya kafa, wanda ke hana hazo daga Tekun Indiya zuwa yankin Gobi.
Ilimin sanin ƙasa
Gobi ya auna sama da kimanin daga kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas da daga arewa zuwa kudu. Hamada ta fi faɗi a yamma, tare da layin da ke haɗa tafkin Bosten da Lop Nor (87°-89° gabas). A cikin shekarata 2007, ta mamaye wani babban yanki a cikin yanki.
A cikin ma'anarsa mafi faɗi, Gobi ya haɗa da dogon zangon hamada wanda ya tashi daga ƙafar Pamirs (77 ° gabas) zuwa tsaunin Khingan mafi girma, har 116-118 ° gabas, a kan iyakar Manchuria ; kuma daga tudun tudun Altay, Sayan, da Yablonoi a arewa zuwa tsaunukan Kunlun, Altyn-Tagh, da tsaunukan Qilian, waɗanda suka zama gefuna na arewa na Tibet Plateau, a kudu.
Wani yanki mai girman gaske a gabas na babban kewayon Khingan, tsakanin kogin Songhua (Sungari) da na saman ruwan Liao-ho, ana la'akari da shi na Gobi ne ta hanyar amfani da al'ada. Wasu masana ilmin kasa da kuma nazarin halittu sun gwammace su yi la'akari da yankin yammacin yankin Gobi (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama): rafin Tarim na Xinjiang da hamadar Lop Nor da Hami ( Kumul ), a matsayin hamada na daban kuma mai zaman kanta, wanda ake kira Desert Taklamakan .
Yawancin Gobi ba yashi ba ne amma ya tona asirin dutse.
Yanayi
Gaba ɗaya, Gobi hamada ce mai sanyi, tare da sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta ke afkuwa akan kururuwar sa. Bayan kasancewar arewa mai nisa, kuma tana kan tudu mai kusan kimanin sama da matakin teku, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin kusan na ruwan sama duk shekara a Gobi. Ƙarin danshi yana kaiwa sassan Gobi a lokacin hunturu yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke kadawa daga iska daga Siberian Steppes. Wadannan iskoki na iya sa Gobi ya kai a cikin hunturu zuwa a lokacin rani.
Duk da haka, yanayin Gobi yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matsayi, tare da saurin canjin yanayin zafi wanda ya kai . . Wadannan na iya faruwa ba kawai na yanayi ba amma a cikin sa'o'i 24.
A kudancin Mongoliya, an yi rikodin yanayin zafi ƙasa da . Akasin haka, a cikin Alxa, Mongoliya ta ciki, ya haura sama da a watan Yuli.
Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin lokacin sanyi shine sanyi , yayin da mafi yawan lokuta a lokacin rani yana da zafi . Yawancin hazo yana faɗuwa a lokacin bazara.
Duk da cewa damina ta kudu maso gabas ta isa yankin kudu maso gabas na Gobi, yankin a duk fadin wannan yanki yana da tsananin bushewa, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da kwayar cutar Siberiya ta fi karfi. Wasu Yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar hamadar Gobi suna da saurin girma na tsiro saboda wannan aikin damina . Yawancin yankunan arewacin Gobi suna da sanyi da bushewa, wanda hakan ya sa ya kasa tallafawa girma da yawa; Wannan yanayin sanyi da bushewa ana danganta shi da ƙwayoyin cutar hawan jini na Siberiya-Mongoliya. Don haka, guguwar yashi mai ƙanƙara da dusar ƙanƙara na bazara da farkon bazara da farkon Janairu (hunturu).
Kiyaye, muhalli, da tattalin arziki
Hamadar Gobi ita ce tushen manyan burbushin halittu masu yawa, ciki har da ƙwayayen dinosaur na farko, ashirin da shida daga cikinsu, tsayin su ya kai inci 9 (23 cm), an gano su a cikin shekarata 1923.
Masanan binciken burbushin halittu da masu binciken burbushin halittu sun yi tono a cikin Nemegt Basin a arewa maso yammacin yankin Gobi Desert (a Mongolia), wanda aka sani da dukiyar burbushinsa, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko, ƙwai dinosaur, da kayan aikin dutse na farko, kimanin shekaru a ƙalla 100,000.
Duk da matsanancin yanayi, waɗannan hamada da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna kula da dabbobi da yawa, ciki har da berayen baƙar fata, ƙwanƙolin marmara, raƙuman Bactrian daji, jakin daji na Mongolian da masu yashi . Damisa dusar ƙanƙara, gobi bears da wolf ke ziyartan su lokaci-lokaci. Kadangare sun dace da yanayin hamadar Gobi, inda aka rarraba kusan nau'ikan 30 a iyakar kudancin Mongolian. Mafi yawan ciyayi a hamadar Gobi su ne ciyayi da suka dace da fari. Wadannan shrubs sun haɗa da gishiri sparrow's saltwort ( Salsola passerina ), launin toka mai launin toka, da ƙananan ciyawa kamar ciyawa da allura . Sakamakon kiwo na dabbobi, adadin ciyayi a cikin hamada ya ragu. An kafa manyan wurare ne ajiyar yanayi da yawa a cikin Gobi, gami da Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, Great Gobi A da Great Gobi B Yanki mai Kariya .
Wurin yana da hatsarin tattakewa da dabbobi da ababen hawa a kan hanya (sakamakon taimakon mutane ya fi yawa a cikin hamadar Gobi ta gabas, inda ruwan sama ya fi yawa kuma yana iya ɗaukar dabbobi). A Mongoliya, awaki sun lalatar da wuraren ciyayi, waɗanda makiyaya ke kiwon su a matsayin tushen abinci na ulun cashmere .
Hamada
Hamadar Gobi tana fadada ta hanyar kwararowar hamada, cikin sauri a gefen kudu zuwa kasar Sin, wanda ya kai . na ciyawar ciyawa da ake cinyewa kowace shekara. Guguwar kura ta karu a tsakanin shekarar 1996 zuwa shekarar 2016, lamarin da ya kara yin illa ga tattalin arzikin kasar Sin. Sai dai kuma, a wasu yankunan kwararowar hamada ta ragu ko kuma ta koma baya.
Iyakar arewa da gabas tsakanin hamada da ciyayi suna canzawa kullum. Wannan yawanci saboda yanayin yanayi kafin lokacin girma, wanda ke yin tasiri akan ƙimar ƙashin ƙura da ci gaban shuka.
Ana danganta fadada yankin na Gobi da ayyukan dan adam, a cikin gida sakamakon sare dazuzzuka, kiwo, da karanci albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sauyin yanayi .
Kasar Sin wato China ta yi kokari da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sassauta yaduwar hamada, wadanda aka samu wasu nasarori. Shirin gandun daji uku na arewa (ko "Green Great Wall") wani aikin dashen itatuwa na gwamnatin kasar Sin ne wanda aka fara shi a shekarar 1978 kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2050. Manufar shirin ita ce mayar da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar dasa bishiyar aspen da sauran itatuwa masu saurin girma a kan 36.5. hekta miliyan a fadin wasu kananan hukumomi kimanin 551 a larduna 12 na arewacin kasar Sin.
Ecoregions
Gobi, wanda aka fayyace, ana iya raba shi zuwa busassun bushes guda biyar, dangane da bambancin yanayi da yanayin yanayi:
Gabashin Hamadar Gobi, gabas mafi kusa da yankin Gobi, wanda ya mamaye yanki . Ya tashi daga Dutsen Mongoliya ta ciki a China zuwa Mongoliya. Ya haɗa da tsaunukan Yin da wurare da yawa masu ƙasƙanci tare da kwanon gishiri da ƙananan tafkuna. Tana da iyaka da yankin Mongolian-Manchurian ciyayi zuwa arewa, Kogin Yellow River zuwa kudu maso gabas, da yankin hamadar Alashan Plateau zuwa kudu maso gabas da gabas.
Alashan Plateau wani yanki na hamada, yana yamma da kudu maso yammacin hamadar Gobi ta Gabas. Ya ƙunshi raƙuman hamada da ƙananan tsaunuka da ke kwance tsakanin kewayon Gobi Altai a arewa, tsaunin Helan zuwa kudu maso gabas, da tsaunin Qilian da yankin arewa maso gabashin Tibet Plateau a kudu maso yamma.
Kogin Gobi Lakes Valley steppe hamada, ecoregion ya ta'allaka ne da arewa da hamadar Alashan Plateau, tsakanin tsaunukan Gobi Altai zuwa kudu da tsaunin Khangai a arewa.
Dzungarian Basin Semi-hamada, ya haɗa da rafin hamada da ke kwance tsakanin tsaunukan Altai a arewa da kewayon Tian Shan a kudu. Ya hada da yankin arewacin lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin, ya kuma yadu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Mongoliya. Yankin hamadar Alashan Plateau yana a gabas, kuma kwarin Emin ya taka zuwa yamma, akan iyakar China da Kazakhstan .
Tian Shan kewayo, ya raba yankin Basin na Dzungarian da ke cikin hamadar Taklamakan, wanda wani yanki ne mara nauyi, mai yashi mai yashi wanda ke kewaye da manyan tsaunukan Tibet Plateau zuwa kudu da Pamirs zuwa yamma. Hamadar Taklamakan ta hada da Hamadar Lop .
Gabashin Gobi hamada steppe
Filayen ya bambanta sosai, kodayake babu wani babban bambance-bambance a tsayin tsaye. Tsakanin Ulaanbaatar ( ) da ƙaramin tabkin Iren-dubasu-nor. ), fuskar ta lalace sosai. An raba faffadan ɓangarorin lebur da basins ta ƙungiyoyin tsaunuka masu saman lebur na ɗan ƙaramin tsayi a ƙalla ), ta hanyar da duwatsu masu banƙyama ke fitowa a matsayin tudu da keɓantattun talakawa. Kasan ɓangarorin suna kwance mafi yawa tsakanin sama da matakin teku. Gaban kudu, tsakanin Iren-dutiasu-nor da kogin Yellow, ya zo wani yanki mai faffadan tuddai masu juye-juye tare da filayen tudu, na karshen yana kan tsayin 1000-1100. m kuma na farko a cikin . Gandun dajin suna da yawa ko ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a wasu lokuta "bays" na ciyayi suna shiga.
Yayin da ake gabatowa kan iyakar Hyangan, ƙasar a hankali ta haura zuwa . sannan zuwa . Anan ƙananan tafkuna akai-akai suna cika ɓacin rai, ko da yake ruwan da ke cikin su galibi gishiri ne ko maras nauyi. Duk a nan kuma na kudancin Ulaanbaatar, rafuka suna yawan girma kuma ciyawa suna girma ko ƙasa da yawa. Ta cikin dukkan sassan tsakiya, har sai an kai tsaunuka masu iyaka, bishiyoyi da shrubs ba su nan. Laka da yashi sune manyan abubuwan da aka samu; magudanan ruwa, musamman a arewa, ana yawan tono su sau zurfi. A wurare da yawa a cikin ɗakin kwana, busassun kwari ko ɓacin rai a kudu, gadaje na loess, a Ikon lokacin farin ciki, an fallasa su. Yammacin hanyar daga Ulaanbaatar zuwa Kalgan, ƙasar tana ba da kusan siffofi na gaba ɗaya, sai dai cewa tsaunuka ba su warwatse ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ƙungiyoyi amma sun fi ƙarfin ma'anar bugun jini, galibi gabas zuwa yamma, yamma-arewa-yamma zuwa gabas-kudu. -gabas, da yamma-kudu-yamma zuwa gabas-arewa-gabas.
Tsawon tsaunuka sun fi girma, na tsaunukan da ke tsakanin , da waɗanda ke cikin jeri daga Dari biyu mafi girma, kodayake a wasu lokuta sun kai tsayin . Tsaunukan ba sa kafa sarƙoƙi masu ci gaba, amma sun haɗa da ƙugiya na gajerun ƙugiya da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke tasowa daga tushe ɗaya kuma suna tare da labyrinth na kwazazzabo, magudanar ruwa, glazs, da kwanduna. Amma filayen teburi, waɗanda aka gina su da jajayen rijiyoyin Han-gai ( Obruchev 's Gobi formation) waɗanda ke halayen yankunan kudancin gabashin Mongoliya, ba su nan a nan ko kuma suna faruwa ne kawai a wani yanki, kusa da kogin Shara-muren. . Ana haɗuwa da su sosai ta hanyar gullies ko busassun magudanan ruwa. Ruwa ya yi karanci, babu rafuka, babu tafki, babu rijiyoyi, da hazo ba safai ba. Iskar da ta tashi daga yamma da arewa maso yamma, kuma turbaya ta mamaye kasar kamar a cikin Taklamakan da hamadar Lop . Halayen flora sune tafarnuwa daji, Kalidium gracile, wormwood, saxaul, Nitraria schoberi, Caragana, Ephedra, saltwort da ciyawa Lasiagrostis splendens . Albasar daji ta taana Allium polyrrhizum ita ce babban binciken da dabbobin kiwo da yawa ke ci, kuma 'yan Mongoliya suna da'awar cewa hakan yana da mahimmanci wajen samar da daidaitattun bayanai masu kama da hazelnut na raƙumi airag (madara mai ƙima).
Babbar hamadar ya ketare ta hanyoyi da dama na kasuwanci, wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani da su tsawon dubban shekaru masu yawa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci akwai waɗanda daga Kalgan (a Babban Ganuwar) zuwa Ulaanbaatar ( ); daga Jiuquan (a Gansu ) zuwa Hami ; daga Hami zuwa Beijing ( ); daga Hohhot zuwa Hami da Barkul; kuma daga Lanzhou (a Gansu) zuwa Hami.
Alashan Plateau Semi-hamada
Yankin kudu maso yammacin Gobi, wanda aka fi sani da Xitao da Ƙananan Gobi, ya cika sarari tsakanin babban madauki na arewa na kogin Yellow a gabas, kogin Ejin a yamma, da tsaunin Qilian da ƙunƙarar sarkar dutse na Longshou., a tsayi, a kudu maso yamma. Hamadar Ordos, wacce ta mamaye yankin arewa maso gabas na Ordos Plateau, a cikin babban madauki na arewa na Kogin Rawaya, wani bangare ne na wannan yanayin. Yana cikin tsakiyar kwandon manyan ɓangarori Har guda uku waɗanda Potanin ya raba Gobi gaba ɗaya a cikinsu.
"A zahiri," in ji Nikolai Przhevalsky, "launi ne mai kyau, wanda a cikin dukkan yiwuwar sau ɗaya ya kafa gado na babban tafkin ko teku." Ya kammala wannan ne bisa la’akari da matakin yanki na gaba daya, yumɓu mai tauri mai ƙarfi da ƙasa mai yashi da kuma, a ƙarshe, tafkunan gishiri waɗanda ke mamaye mafi ƙanƙanta sassa. Tsawon ɗarurruwan kilomita, ba a iya ganin komai sai yashi mara kyau; a wasu wuraren, suna ci gaba har zuwa yanzu ba tare da hutu ba cewa Mongols suna kiran su Tengger (watau sama). Waɗannan faɗuwar faɗuwar ruwa ba su da ruwa kwata-kwata, haka nan babu wani tsaunuka da ke kawar da yashi mai rawaya da ba a karye ba, wanda ke jujjuya shi da ɗimbin wurare na yumbu mai gishiri ko kuma, kusa da ƙafar tsaunuka, tare da shingle bakarare. Ko da yake a duk faɗin ƙasa mai matsakaicin tsayi mai tsayi , wannan sashe, kamar sauran sassa na Gobi, yana da kambi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na tsaunuka da raguwa na akalla guda 300. m a cikin girma. Tsire-tsire yana iyakance ga wasu nau'ikan bushes da dozin iri iri na ciyawa da ganyaye, wanda ya fi dacewa shine saxaul ( Haloxylon ammondendron ) da Agriophyllum gobicum . Sauran sun hada da prickly convolvulus, filin wormwood ( Artemisia campestris ), acacia, Inula ammophila, Sophora flavescens, Convolvulus ammanii, Peganum da Astragalus nau'in, amma duk dwarfed, nakasassu da yunwa. Dabbobin sun ƙunshi kaɗan amma tururuwa, kerkeci, fox, kurege, bushiya, marten, lizards masu yawa da wasu ƴan tsuntsaye, misali sandgrouse, lark, stonechat, sparrow, crane, Mongolian ground jay ( Podoces hendersoni ), ƙaho mai ƙaho ( Eremophila alpestris ), da kuma crested lark ( Galerida cristata ).
Dzungarian Basin Semi-hamada
Kwarin Yulduz ko kwarin Haidag-gol ( ) wani karamin hamada ne wanda wasu fitattun mambobi biyu na tsaunukan Shanashen Trahen Osh ke kewaye, wato chucis da kracenard pine rallies, suna tafiya a kai tsaye da nesa da juna. Kuma Yayin da suke tafiya kudu, suna hayewa da juyewa, suna komawa gabas da yamma bi da bi, tare da tafkin Bosten a tsakanin. Waɗannan jeri guda biyu suna nuna gefen arewa da kudanci bi da bi na babban kumburi, wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas na kusan digiri ashirin na tsayi. A gefenta na arewa, Chol-tagh yana gangarowa da ƙarfi, kuma ƙafar ƙafarsa tana da ɗimbin ɓacin rai, kama daga Lukchun ( ). ƙasa da matakin teku) zuwa Hami ( sama da matakin teku). A kudancin Kuruk-tagh akwai hamadar Lop Nur, hamadar Kum-tagh, da kwarin Bulunzir-gol . Ga wannan babban kumburi, wanda ke tasowa tsakanin iyakokin Chol-tagh da Kuruk-tagh, Mongols suna ba da sunan Ghashuun-Gobi ko "Desert Gishiri". Yana da kusan haye daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma ana bi da shi ta wasu ƙananan jeri-jeri, rafuffukan da sarƙoƙi na tsaunuka. A ƙasan tsakiyarsa yana gudanar da wani babban kwari mai tsayi, fadi, a tsayin . Chol-tagh, wanda ya kai matsakaicin tsayi na , ba ta cika ba, kuma kafarta ta arewa tana kan kunkuntar bel na yashi mara kyau, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa ga bakin ciki da aka ambata a sama.
Kuruk-tagh shi ne rarrabuwar kawuna, ɓarna da ɓarna na wani yanki na dutse wanda a da ya fi girma mara misaltuwa. A yamma, tsakanin Tafkin Bosten da Tarim, ya ƙunshi guda biyu, maiyuwa uku (3), manyan jeri, waɗanda, ko da yake sun karye a ci gaba, suna gudana gabaɗaya a layi daya da juna, kuma suna runguma a tsakanin su da yawa ƙananan sarƙoƙi na tsayi. Waɗannan ƙananan jeri, tare da manyan jeri, sun raba yankin zuwa jerin tsayi; ƴan ƴan ƴan ƙwari, galibi suna layi ɗaya da sarƙoƙin dutsen da ke kewaye, waɗanda suke gangarowa kamar matakai masu tsayi, daga gefe guda zuwa ga ɓacin rai na Lukchun, ɗayan kuma zuwa jejin Lop.
A lokuta da yawa waɗannan kwaruruka na latudinal ana kange su ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa ko tudu, gabaɗaya tsayin daka a ƙasan kwarin. Inda irin wannan tsaunuka ke wanzuwa, gabaɗaya akan sami, a gefen gabas na ƙoramar maɗaukakiyar, wani baƙin ciki mai kama da kasko, wanda wani lokaci ko wani lokaci ya kasance gindin tsohon tafkin, amma yanzu ya kusa busasshen kwandon gishiri. Tsarin yanayin a haƙiƙa yana kama da wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na tsaunin Kunlun . Tsarin ruwa na Ghashiun-Gobi da Kuruk-tagh an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka ambata na kwarin latudinal. Yawancin manyan rafukan, maimakon su gangara kai tsaye cikin waɗannan kwaruruka, suna ketare su a hankali kuma su juya yamma kawai bayan sun yanke hanyarsu ta ɗaya ko fiye na shingen karkata.
Zuwa mafi girman kewayo akan babban kumburi Grigory Grum-Grshimailo yana ba da sunan Tuge-tau, tsayinsa shi ne sama da matakin teku kuma wasu sama da kambi na kumburi kanta. Wannan kewayon da ya ɗauka na cikin tsarin Choltagh ne, yayin da Sven Hedin zai sanya shi ga Kuruk-tagh. Wannan na ƙarshe, wanda tabbas yayi kama da kewayon Kharateken-ula (wanda kuma aka sani da Kyzyl-sanghir, Sinir, da Dutsen Singher ), wanda ke kallon kudancin gabar Tekun Bosten, ko da yake ya rabu da shi ta hanyar drift-yashi. Hamadar Ak-bel-kum (White Pass Sands), da farko yajin aikin yamma-arewa-maso-yamma zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas, amma a hankali yana kewayawa kamar scimitar zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas kuma a lokaci guda a hankali yana raguwa a tsayi sosai.
A 91º gabas, inda babban kewayon tsarin Kuruk-tagh zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas, huɗu daga cikin rassan sa sun ƙare, ko kuma sun mutu ba zato ba tsammani, a kan bakin ciki mai zurfi (wanda Sven Hedin ya gani). gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na tsohon babban tafkin Lop-nor ta Tsakiyar Asiya), tare da gaba da su da tashoshi masu kama da tsarin Pe-shan (Boy-san) (duba ƙasa). Kuruk-tagh yana ko'ina cikin ɗan ƙaramin yanki, amma kusan gaba ɗaya bakarare, kasancewar gaba ɗaya ba ta da rayuwar dabbobi, sai dai ga kurege, kurege da raƙuma, waɗanda ke yawan ƴan ƙanana, tarwatsewar tsaunuka. Tsire-tsire, waɗanda ke iyakance ga waɗannan wuraren guda ɗaya, sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi an iyakance su ga bushes na saxaul (Haloxylon), anabasis, reeds (kamish), tamarisks, poplars, da kuma Ephedra .
Tarihi
Binciken Turai
Gobi dai na da dadadden tarihi na zaman mutane, galibin mazaunan makiyaya ne. A farkon a karni na 20, yankin yana karkashin ikon Manchu-China, kuma Mongols, Uyghurs, da Kazakhs ne suka fi zama. Hamadar Gobi gabaɗaya ta kasance sananne ne kawai ga waɗanda ba na waje ba, saboda bayanan sun keɓance ne ga abubuwan lura da kowane matafiya da ke shiga cikin hanyoyinsu na hamada. Daga cikin masu bincike na Turawa da suka ba da gudummawar fahimtar Gobi, mafi mahimmanci sune kamar haka:
Duba wasu abubuwan
Kurar Asiya
Geography na Mongoliya
Geography na kasar Sin
Green bangon China
Jerin hamada ta yanki
Tsutsar mutuwa ta Mongolian ( olgoi khorkhoi ), an ce tana zaune a Gobi a Mongoliya
ambato
Gabaɗaya nassoshi
Owen Lattimore . (1973) "Komawa yankin Arewacin kasar Sin". Jaridar Geographical, Vol. 139, Lamba 2 (Yuni 1973), shafi. 233-242.
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Taswira, daga "China the Beautiful"
Flicker: Hotuna masu alamar gobi
Tarihi
Hamada
Ruwa
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
59537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia%20Abello | Lucia Abello | Lucía Abello 'yar Chile ce mai kula da ɗakin karatu, masaniyar halitta kuma masaniyar tsire-tsire.Ta kasance mai kula da bincike- bincike, rubuce-rubuce da rarraba tsire-tsire na asali a yankinta da kuma ƙasarta, da kuma amfani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto da wallafe-wallafen rubutu. Ta kuma kasance mai kula da inganta karatu daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a tare da girmama tsarin muhalli.
Articles with hCards
Gidajen karatu da muhalli
Lucía Abello itace mai kula da tsarin ɗakin karatu na yankin Los Rios. Kafin wannan matsayi ta kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Doñihue da Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta San Vicente.
Abello ta fara rawar gani ta musamman acikin ɗakunan karatu waɗanda suka haɗada kiyaye muhalli da kimiyyar bayanai.Wannan yana da mahimmanci a Chile da sauran sassan Latin Amurka inda ake canja ilimi game da bambancin halittu da yanayi ga masu koyo ta hanyar karatun. Amatsayinta na darektan ɗakin karatu a ɗakin karatu na jama'a a Doñihue, ta kirkiro haɗin gwiwa da shirye-shiryen ilimi tsakanin ɗakin karatu da Parque Safari. Ta bada tambayoyi da yawa, kuma Cibiyar Yankin UNESCO ta amince da aikinta don inganta littattafai a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Acikin 2012 an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mai Kula da Laburaren Shekarar, mafi girman girmamawa da ƙungiyar National Library Association ta Chile (Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Chile [es]).
Kyaututtuka da bambance-bambance
Kyautar Kyauta. Garin mai daraja na Doñihue saboda aikinta na musamman (1995).
Cibiyar Ilimi ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Claudio Arrau León de Doñihue: Don goyon bayanta na yau da kullun ga ɗalibai a cikin aikinsu a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu (2003).
Gudanar da karatu don horarwa a Gidauniyar Germán Sánchez Ruipérez, Salamanca, Spain da Asusun Littafin Majalisar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Kasa ta bayar (2004).
Majalisar Yankin Al'adu da Fasaha tana ba da haraji ga membobin Hukumar Yankin, ginshiƙai masu mahimmanci na sabon tsarin al'adu (2007).
Kyautar Mai Kyautar Laburaren da Kwalejin Masu Litattafan Chile ta bayar, 2012
Makarantar Aikin Gona ta San Vicente de Paul, Quimávida, Coltauco: Don gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin ɗalibanmu (2013).
Gundumar Doñihue mai daraja a cikin Godiya ga shekaru 20 na aikinta a cikin ilimin gari (2014).
Kwalejin Masu Litattafai na Peru. Haɗuwa a matsayin memba na girmamawa (2014).
An zaba don haɗa Cibiyar Horar da Kasa da Kasa ta Masu Sabunta Laburaren Laburaren (INELI- Iberoamérica), wanda CERLALC ta aiwatar a cikin ƙasashe 10 na Latin Amurka, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Germán Sánchez Ruipérez da Gidauniya ta Bill da Melinda Gates.
An zaba ta Kwalejin Masu Gidan Litattafai na Chile don zama mai horar da Shirin Advocacy na Duniya (IAP - IFLA LAC - ODS da Agenda 2030 (2016).
Kyautar FILSA 2022 don inganta masu karatu
Littattafai
Rago, Sebastián, Gálvez, Francisca; Abello, Lucía. (2021). Amfani da al'ada na tsire-tsire na Chile Volume I: Natives. Valparaíso: Duniyar Takarda.
Abello, Lucía. Laburaren da alakarsa da ilimi. Kwamitin. Taron Kasa na VII na Litattafan Jama'a. National Library of Colombia, 30 ga Nuwamba zuwa 7 ga Disamba 2020.
Abello, Lucía; Sarakuna, Josefina; Cuevas, Claudia; Fuentes, María Angélica. Littattafai, Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba (SDG) da Agenda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2030: Takaitaccen Zaɓin Ayyukan Laburaren Kyakkyawan a Chile (2019) / Kwalejin Hukumar IFLA na Masu Gidajen Laburaren Chile.
[Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka samo asali ne a lokacin da za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin. "Wuraren halitta. Misalai don samar da sarari na halitta a cikin ɗakin karatu" (PDF). Rashin fahimta. Cibiyar Yankin don Ci gaban Littafin a Latin Amurka da Caribbean.
Abello, Lucía (2017). Hanyar horo ta Ecoguides a cikin garin Doñihue: Binciken wasu nau'ikan karatun da ke ba da gudummawa ga SDGs na Agenda 2030, daga ɗakin karatu na gari na Doñihue, Chile. Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2017 - Wrocław, Poland - Litattafan karatu. Haɗin kai. Society. a cikin Taron 139 - Sashe na V - Yankuna.
Abello, Lucía da Reyes Muñoz, Josefina (2017) Taswirar halin da ake ciki na ɗakunan karatu a Chile da kuma yadda suke ba da gudummawa ga ajanda ta 2030 ta hanyar Ayyukan Laburaren Kyau (BPB). Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2017 - Wrocław, Poland - Litattafan karatu. Haɗin kai. Society. a cikin Taron 161 - Latin Amurka da Caribbean.
Ɗan rago, Sebastián; Abello, Lucía; Gálvez, Francisca. Tsire-tsire masu cin abinci da magani na Chile da sauran sassan duniya (2017).
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Binciken Adesmia pirionii I.M. Johnst. (Fabaceae) a cikin Alhué, cajón del Pichi, cordillera de la Costa, Alhué), Babban Birni, Chile. Chloris Chilensis Shekara 16 N°1.
Abello, Lucía (2011) Ilimi na Muhalli daga Laburaren Jama'a: buƙata mai mahimmanci. 109 - Sabuntawa mai ɗorewa da bayanan kore ga kowa - Ci gaba da Muhalli da Ƙungiyar Sha'awa ta Musamman. Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2011
Abello, Lucía da Ricci, Marcia Joyas de Doñihue da Roblería del Cobre de Loncha National Reserve.
Marticorena, Alicia; Alarcón, Diego; Abello, Abello; Atala, Cristian . Tsire-tsire masu hawa, Epífitas da Parasitas na asali na Chile. Jagoran filin[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2010]. Concepción, Corma.
Abello, Lucía. Laburaren Jama'a: tsakanin inganta karatu da karatu na dijital. Kwarewar Laburaren Jama'a na Doñihue. 2nd. Iberoamerican Congress of Librarianship: "Libraries da sabbin karatu a cikin sararin dijital". [Hasiya]
Abello, Lucía. Matsayin dakunan karatu da masu sana'a game da amfani da al'adu: Takaitaccen tunani. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 24]
Abello, Lucía. Laburaren jama'a: wakili na hada zamantakewa da al'adu. Kwarewar ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Doñihue., 2006 . A cikin 1st National Congress of Public Libraries, Santiago (Chile), 8-10 Nuwamba 2006.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
20th-century births |
29767 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Da%27awa%20fa%20yanci | Haƙƙin Da'awa fa yanci | Wasu masana falsafa da masana kimiyyar siyasa sun bambanta tsakanin haƙƙin da'awar da ƴanci . Haƙƙin da'awa, haƙƙi ne wanda ya ƙunshi nauyi, ayyuka, ko wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori game da mai haƙƙin. Sabanin haka, haƙƙin 'yanci haƙƙi ne wanda baya haifar da wajibai a kan wasu ɓangarori, a'a kawai 'yanci ko izini ga mai hakki. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan ma'anoni biyu na "haƙƙi" ya samo asali ne daga masanin shari'a na Amurka Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld bincike game da su a cikin aikinsa na seminal Conceptions Fundamental Legal Conceptions, Kamar yadda Aiwatar da Shari'a Reasoning da sauran Legal Essays a shekarata (1919).
Haƙƙoƙin ‘yanci da neman haƙƙoƙan juna saɓanin juna ne: mutum yana da haqqin da zai ba shi damar yin wani abu face babu wani wanda yake da haqqin da ya hana shi yin haka; haka kuma, idan mutum yana da hakki akan wani, wannan ’yancin na wani yana da iyaka. Wannan saboda ra'ayoyin deontic na wajibci da izini sune De Morgan dual ; An halatta mutum ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a wajabta masa ba ya bar su, kuma ya wajaba ya yi duka kuma kawai abubuwan da ba a ba shi izinin barin su ba.
Bayanin
'Yancin da mutum yake da shi na x ya kunshi 'yancinsa na yin ko samun x, yayin da hakkinsa na x ya kunshi wajibci ga wasu don ba shi damar yin ko samun x . Misali, tabbatar da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki shine tabbatar da cewa kuna da izinin yin magana cikin 'yanci; wato ba wani abu da kuke aikatawa ba daidai ba ne ta hanyar yin magana cikin walwala. Amma wannan haƙƙin ƴancin ba shi da kansa ya haɗa da cewa wajibi ne wasu su taimake ka ka sadar da abubuwan da kake son faɗa, ko ma cewa ba za su yi kuskure ba wajen hana ka yin magana ba tare da ɓatanci ba. Fadin wadannan abubuwa na nufin tabbatar da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; don tabbatar da cewa wajibi ne wasu su guji (wato an hana su) hana ku yin magana ba daidai ba (wato ba daidai ba ne su yi hakan) ko ma kila dole ne su taimaka wa ƙoƙarin ku na sadarwa (wato, zai kasance). ba daidai ba ne su ki irin wannan taimakon). Akasin haka, irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba su haifar da haƙƙin yanci ba; Misali dokokin da suka haramta adalci na banga (kafa da'awar doka ta 'yanci) don haka ba sa yarda ko ba da izinin duk ayyukan da irin wannan ta'addancin zai iya hana.
Alal misali: Duniya mai 'yanci kawai, ba tare da wani haƙƙin da'awar ba, ta ma'anar za ta zama duniyar da aka ba da izinin komai a cikinta kuma ba a hana wani aiki ko tsallakewa ba; Duniyar da babu wanda zai iya da'awar cewa an zalunce su ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Sabanin haka, duniyar da ke da haƙƙoƙin ƴancin kai kawai kuma babu ƴancin kai za ta zama duniyar da babu wani abu a cikinta kawai aka ba da izini, amma duk ayyukan sun kasance ko dai na wajibi ne ko kuma an hana su. Maganar cewa mutane suna da da'awar 'yanci - watau cewa an wajabta wa mutane kawai su guji hana juna aikata abubuwan da suka halatta, 'yancin 'yancinsu ya iyakance ne kawai ta hanyar wajibcin mutunta 'yancin wasu - shi ne babban jigo na masu sassaucin ra'ayi . theories na adalci .
Haƙƙin oda na biyu
Binciken asali na Hohfeld ya haɗa da wasu nau'ikan haƙƙi guda biyu: ban da da'awar (ko haƙƙin da suka dace) da 'yanci (ko gata ), ya rubuta game da iko, da kariya . Sauran sharuɗɗa biyu na bincike na Hohfeld, iko da kariya, suna nufin 'yanci da iƙirari na biyu, bi da bi. Iko su ne haƙƙoƙin 'yanci game da gyare-gyaren haƙƙoƙin farko, misali Majalisar Dokokin Amurka tana da wasu iko don gyara wasu haƙƙoƙin doka na ƴan ƙasar Amurka, gwargwadon iya aiwatarwa ko cire ayyukan doka. Immunities, akasin haka, haƙƙin da'awar ne game da gyare-gyaren haƙƙoƙin oda na farko, misali Jama'ar Amurka suna da, bisa ga Tsarin Mulkinsu, wasu ƙayyadaddun kariya da ke iyakance ikon Majalisar Dokokin Amurka don gyara haƙƙoƙinsu na doka. Don haka, rigakafi da iko galibi suna ƙarƙashin da'awa da yanci daga marubutan daga baya, ko kuma a haɗa su cikin "haƙƙi masu aiki" ('yanci da iko) da "haƙƙin m" (da'awa da kariya) da Duk abubuwan da suka danganci haka.
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi daban-daban azaman tubalan gini don bayyana ingantattun al'amura masu rikitarwa kamar yanki na musamman. Misali, ‘yancin yin amfani da kwamfuta za a iya la’akari da shi a matsayin ‘yancin ’yanci, amma mutum yana da ikon barin wani ya yi amfani da kwamfutar ka (ba su ’yancin walwala), da kuma da’awar da wasu ke yi na amfani da kwamfutar. ; da ƙari, kuna iya samun haƙƙoƙin kariya da ke kare da'awarku da 'yancin ku game da kwamfutar wato na'ura Mai kwakwalwa. ]
Sauran abubuwa
Tsarin tsarin mulki
Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki
'Yanci da lasisi
Hakkoki mara kyau da tabbatacce
Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Siffar Haƙƙin: Tsarin Bincike na Hohfeldian, Sashe na Haƙƙin 2.1, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Da'awar Haƙƙin & Haƙƙin 'Yanci, Haƙƙin Dan Adam sashe na 3b, Encyclopedia na Falsafa na Intanet
Bambanci Tsakanin Dama da 'Yanci, Farfesa William E. May
Yadda ake yin Abubuwa Tare da Hohfeld , 78 Matsalolin Shari'a na Zamani 185 (2015), Pierre Schlag
Da'awa
Yanci |
24122 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasahar%20Ma%C9%97annin%20komfuta | Fasahar Maɗannin komfuta | Ana iya rarraba faifan maɓallan komputa ta hanyar fasahar makulli da suke amfani dasu. Kwamfuta maɓallan alfanun lambobi yawanci suna da sauyawa masu ɗorewa 80 zuwa 110, Zaɓin fasahar canzawa yana shafar maɓallin kewayawa (kyakkyawar amsar da aka danna maɓalli) da kuma tafiya kafin tafiya (nisan da ake buƙata don tura maɓallin don shigar da rubutu tabbatacce). Wasu sabbin samfuran madannai suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan fasahar fasahar zamani don samun ƙarin tsada.
Iri-iren Maballin Komputa
Maballin Mimbren
Akwai maɓallan membrane wainda iri biyu ne, maɓallan membrane masu laushi da maɓallan membrane masu cikakken tafiya:
Faife-Mikakke mimbren galibi ana sam dukkaan kayan wuta kamar murhun onin na lantarki ko kuma naurar daukar hoto . Zane na yau da kuma kullum ya ƙunshi nau'i uka. Layi na sama yana da alamun da aka buga a gabansa da kuma ratsi masu jan hankali da aka buga a bayansa. A karkashin wannan yana da shimfidar wuri, wanda ke rike layin gaba da na baya don kar su saba haduwa da lantarki. Layer ta baya tana da ratsi-ƙuli mai bugawa daidai da na gaban gaba. Lokacin da aka haɗu tare, raƙuman suna yin grid. Lokacin da mai amfani ya tura ƙasa a wani matsayi, yatsan su na tura layin gaban ta ƙasa ta hanyar layin da ke kara kaɗan don rufe kewaya a ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɗin layin. Wannan yana nunawa ga kwamfuta ko mai sarrafa sarrafa keyboard cewa an danna wani maɓalli na musamman.
Gabaɗaya, faifan maɓanɗakikwana ba su samar da wata sanarwa ta zahiri ba. Sabili da haka, na'urorin da ke amfani da waɗannan batutuwan ƙara ko haskaka haske lokacin da aka danna mabuɗin. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin mawuyacin yanayi inda tabbatar da ruwa-ko kwararar abu mai kyau. Kodayake anyi amfani dasu a farkon kwanakin komputa na sirri (akan Sinclair ZX80, ZX81 da Atari 400 ), amma an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kwalliyar da ta fi dacewa da kuma maballan maɓallin inji.
Maballin keɓaɓɓen maɓallin mimbrem sune maɓallan komputa na yau da kullun. Suna da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen maballin roba / maballin canzawa waɗanda ke latsawa a kan membrane don nuna alamar lamba a cikin matrix mai sauya wutar lantarki.
Maballin sauyam mabudi
Maballin madannin Dom- matattara ce na membrane mai faren allo da maɓallan keɓaɓɓu na inji. Suna kawo alamun jirgin zagaye biyu tare a ƙarƙashin roba ko faifan maɓallin sarrafaffen kasa wato (silicon） ta amfani da maɓallan "dome" na ƙarfe ko kuma mulkokin da aka kafa na polyurethane. Maɓuɓɓukan dome na ƙarfe an ƙirƙira su da ɓangaren bakin ƙarfe waɗanda, idan aka matsa su, suka ba mai amfani da haske, ingantaccen martani mai tasiri. Wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan maɓallan kwalliyar suna da yawa ainun, galibi abin dogaro ne ga sama da hawan keke miliyan 5, kuma ana iya saka su a cikin nickel, azurfa ko zinariya. Sauye-sauyen dome na roba, wanda galibi ake kira polydomes, an ƙirƙira su da tururuwa na polyurethane inda ake rufe kumfa na ciki a cikin hoto. Duk da yake dom dayawa wato (polydomes）galibi suna da rahusa fiye da ƙarancin ƙarfe, amma suna da ƙarancin na ƙarfe, kuma galibi suna da ƙayyadaddun yanayin rayuwa. Polydomes ana ɗaukarsu masu nutsuwa ne, amma masu tsabtace jiki sukan same su "mushy" saboda dome da ke rugujewa baya samar da sakamako mai ma'ana kamar na ƙarfe. Ga ko dai ƙarfe ko polydomes, lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, sai ya rushe dome, wanda ya haɗa alamun biyu kuma ya kammala haɗin don shigar da halin. Misali akan allon PC galibi an yi masa zinare.
Dukansu fasaha ne na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maballan kasuwar yau. Irin wannan fasaha ta canzawa ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin masu kula da hannu, wayoyin hannu, mota, kayan masarufi da na'urorin kiwon lafiya. Ana kiran maɓallan maɓallin Dome-switch kai tsaye.
Maballin sauya almakashi
Hali na musamman na maɓallin komboutocin komputa - mai canza almakashi. Mabuɗan suna haɗe da maballin ta hanyar filastik guda biyu waɗanda ke tsarke cikin yanayi mai kama da "almakashi", kuma a kama su da maballin da madannin. Har yanzu yana amfani da sandunan roba, amma inji na musamman 'almakashi' ya danganta keycap zuwa wani abin gogewa wanda ke lalata dome na roba tare da gajeren tafiya fiye da maɓallin dome na roba. Hakanan maɓallan almakashi mai sauya almakashi suna amfani da membran membobin 3-a matsayin kayan lantarki na sauyawa. Hakanan galibi suna da ɗan gajeren gajeren tafiya mai nisa (2 mm maimakon 3.5 - 4 mm don daidaitaccen dome-canza makullin dubawa). Irin wannan maɓallan maɓallin maɓallin ana samun su a kan maballan da aka gina akan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka da maɓallan da aka tallata a matsayin 'ƙaramin martaba'. Waɗannan maɓallan suna gaba ɗaya shiru kuma maɓallan suna buƙatar ƙaramin ƙarfi don latsawa.
Maballin mabuɗin Scissor-sauya yawanci ya fi tsada tsada. Suna da wahalar tsaftacewa (saboda iyakantaccen motsi na maɓallan da maɓallan haɗe-haɗe da yawa) amma kuma ba za su iya samun tarkace a cikinsu ba saboda rata tsakanin maɓallan galibi ƙananan ne (saboda babu buƙatar ƙarin ɗaki don ba da damar 'kunnawa' a cikin madannin, kamar yadda aka saba samu akan mabuɗin membrane).
Maballin Mai Kargo
A cikin irin wannan madannin keyboard, latsa madanni yana canza karfin abin kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya. Samfurin ya kunshi gammarorin D-dimbin yawa na makunnin katun don kowane canji, an buga shi a kan allon zagaye (PCB) kuma an rufe ta da siririn fim mai narkewa wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai lantarki .
Duk da mahimmancin ra'ayi, tsarin canzawar karfin yana da sauki a zahiri..Amman shikum mai motsi ya ƙare da wani lebur kumfa mai faɗi game da girman ƙaramar kwamfutar asfirin, an gama shi da takin aluminum Akasin sauyawa shine PCB tare da maɓallin kumburi. Lokacin da aka danna mabuɗin, sai a tsare sirrin ɗin ɗin a saman PCB, ya zama sarkar mai daisy na masu ƙarfi guda biyu tsakanin maballin tuntuɓar kanta da kanta ta rabu da mai bakin ciki, kuma ta haka ne ya “gajerta” gammayen hulɗar tare da sauƙin ganuwa mai saurin amsawa. tsakanin su. Yawancin lokaci wannan yana ba da izinin bugun jini ko bugun jini don a ji daɗi. Saboda sauyawa ba shi da ainihin ma'amala da lantarki, babu tsinkayen dole. Mabuɗan ba sa buƙatar a danna su sosai don a motsa su, wanda ke ba wasu mutane damar buga sauri. Mai firikwensin ya ba da isasshen bayani game da matsayin maɓallin don bawa mai amfani damar daidaita batun motsawa (maɓallin kewayawa). Ana iya yin wannan daidaituwa tare da taimakon kayan haɗin software kuma daban-daban don kowane maɓalli, idan an aiwatar da haka.
Maballin IBM sarrafaffe na F shine makullan maɓallin keɓaɓɓe wanda ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan bazara a kan PCB mai aiki, daidai da maɓallin M Model na baya wanda yayi amfani da membrane a maimakon PCB.
Kamfanin da aka fi sani da fasaha mai sauyawa (electrostatic) shine Topre Corporation daga kasan Japan. Koyaya, yayin da aka siyar da samfuran su akan eBay, Amazon, da sauran shafuka n tallata haj na yana gizo, galibi basu da yawa a manyan sassan duniya. Maɓallan maɓalli na Topre suna amfani da bazara ƙasa da dome na roba. Dome yana ba da yawancin ƙarfi wanda ke hana danna maɓallin, kama da mabuɗin maɓallin membrane, yayin bazara yana taimakawa tare da ɗaukar ƙarfin aiki.
Makullin makunnin inji
Kowane maɓalli keɓaɓɓiyar maɓalli na ƙunshe da cikakken maɓalli a ƙasa. Kowane maɓallin canzawa yana ƙunshe da gidaje, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da tushe, da kuma wasu lokuta wasu bangarorin kamar su ganye mai banbanci ko maɓallin kewayawa. Sauye-sauye sun zo a cikin bambance-bambancen guda uku: "linzami" tare da juriya daidai, "tactikal" tare da ciwan da ba a ji ba, da "danna" tare da duka karo da na sauraro. Dogaro da juriya na bazara, mabuɗin yana buƙatar matsin lamba da yawa don motsawa da zuwa ƙasa. Siffar tushe da ƙirar gidan sauyawa ya bambanta nisan motsawa da nisan tafiyar mai sauyawa. Za'a iya canza sautin ta farantin, harka, shafawa, har ma da maɓallan maɓalli. Makullin injina suna ba da damar cirewa da maye gurbin maɓallan maɓalli, amma maye gurbinsu ya fi zama gama gari tare da mabuɗin maɓallin keɓaɓɓe saboda yanayin fasali iri ɗaya
Maballin keɓaɓɓe yana da tsawon rai fiye da membrane ko maɓallan sauya-dome-switch. Cherry MX sauyawa, alal misali, suna da tsawon rayuwar da ake tsammani ana latsa miliyan 50 a kowane canji, yayin da masu sauyawa daga Razer suna da darajar rayuwa mai latsa miliyan 60 a kowane canji.
Babban mai canzawa na inji wato (switch）a harshen turanci a yanzu shine Cherry . Harfa na ilektiri, tsohon babban furodusa ne, ya ƙare samarwa a farkon a shekaran 2000, amma sauye sauyen Alps ana ci gaba da yin su ta wasu kamfanoni kamar su Matias, Xiang Min (XM), Tai-Hao (APC) da Hua-Jie (AK). Sauran masana'antun canza sheka sun hada da Gateron, Kaihua (Kailh), Gaote (Outemu), Greetech, TTC da Omron .
Mashigar Rubutu Mai S
Yawancin masanan buga rubutu sun fi son bugawa maballan bazara. Hanyar bazara ( U.S. Patent 4,118,611 ) a saman canzawar shine ke da alhakin taɓawa da amsawar keyboard. Wannan inji yana sarrafa ƙaramar guduma wacce ta buge makunnin wuta ko membrane.
In 1993, two years after spawning Lexmark, IBM transferred its keyboard operations to the daughter company. New Model M keyboards continued to be manufactured for IBM by Lexmark until 1999, when Unicomp purchased the keyboard technology.
Yau, Unicomp ne ke ƙera sabbin maɓallan buckling-spring. Unicomp kuma yana gyara tsofaffin mabuɗan IBM da Lexmark.
Maballin madannin Hall yana amfani da maganadisu da firikwensin tasirin Hall maimakon sauyawa tare da lambobin sadarwa na inji. Lokacin da maɓalli ke baƙin ciki, yana motsa maganadisu wanda mai auna sigar aiki ya gano shi. Saboda basa buƙatar tuntuɓar jiki don aiwatarwa, Maballin maɓallin Hall yana da matukar dogaro kuma yana iya karɓar miliyoyin maɓallan bugu kafin ya kasa. Ana amfani dasu don aikace-aikacen amintattu masu ƙarfi kamar su shuke-shuke da makamashin nukiliya, matukan jirgin sama, da mahalli masu masana'antu masu mahimmanci. A sauƙaƙe ana iya sanya su mara ruwa, kuma suna iya tsayayya da turɓaya da yawa. Saboda ana buƙatar maganadiso da firikwensin kowane maɓalli, da kuma kayan sarrafa lantarki na al'ada, suna da tsada don ƙera su.
Na'urar hangen nesa ta laser kusan girman linzamin kwamfuta na aiwatar da ƙididdigar maɓallan mabuɗi a saman shimfide, kamar tebur ko tebur. Wannan nau'ikan maɓallan maɓallin kewayawa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da PDAs da wayoyin hannu, kuma yawancin samfuran suna da igiyoyi da za'a iya ja da su da kuma damar mara waya. Koyaya, rikicewar bazata ko bazata na laser zai yi rijistar maɓallin keystroke maras so. Hakanan, idan matsalar aiki ta laser, gaba ɗayan rukunin ba su da amfani, sabanin mabuɗan maɓallan al'ada waɗanda za a iya amfani da su koda kuwa an cire abubuwa da dama (kamar maɓallan maɓallin). Irin wannan nau'in madannin na iya zama abin takaici don amfani tunda yana da saukin kamuwa da kurakurai, koda a yayin rubutu na yau da kullun, kuma rashin cikakkiyar amsawar da zai iya sanya shi ma rashin saukin amfani da mai amfani da maɓallan maɓallin mafi ƙarancin inganci.
Maballin Mai Nadi
Maballan da aka yi da sarrafaffen kasa wato silicone mai sauƙi ko kayan polyurethane za su iya birgima a cikin dam. Daidaita madannin keyboard na iya lalata layukan membrane na ciki. Lokacin da aka rufe su gaba ɗaya a cikin roba, suna da ƙarfi. Kamar maɓallan maɓallin membrane, an ba da rahoton cewa suna da matukar wahalar amfani da su, saboda babu ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da su, kuma silikan ɗin zai jawo hankalin datti, ƙura, da gashi.
Fasaha ta kimiyyar gani
Hakana kuma an san shi da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen hoto, maɓallin keɓaɓɓen haske, madannin hoto mai amfani da lantarki, da kuma fasahar gano maɓallin gani da ido.
Harley E. Kelchner ne ya gabatar da fasahar madannin gani da ido a shekarar 1962 don amfani dashi a cikin injin buga rubutu da nufin rage hayaniya da ke samarwa ta hanyar kunna madannin buga rubutu.
Fasaha mai amfani da faifan maɓalli tana amfani da na'urori masu fitar da haske da firikwensin hoto don gano maɓallan aiki da kyau. Mafi yawanci emitters da firikwensin suna a kewaye, an ɗora su akan ƙaramin PCB . Ana nusar da haske daga gefe zuwa gefe na cikin madannin keyboard, kuma za'a iya toshe shi ta hanyar makullin da aka kunna. Yawancin maɓallan gani suna buƙatar aƙalla katako 2 (galibi katako a tsaye da katako a kwance) don tantance maɓallin kunnawa. Wasu mabuɗan maɓalli na gani suna amfani da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen maɓalli na musamman wanda ke toshe haske a cikin wani takamaiman tsari, yana ba da katako ɗaya kawai a kowane layi na maɓallan (galibi katako a kwance).
pHanyar maɓallin kewayawa mai sauƙi ne - ana aika katako mai haske daga emitter zuwa firikwensin karɓa, kuma maɓallan maɓallin da aka kunna, suna nunawa, ƙyamar ko kuma ba haka ba suna hulɗa tare da katako, wanda ya haifar da maɓallin da aka gano.
Wasu maɓallan maɓallin gani na farko sun iyakance a tsarin su kuma suna buƙatar keɓewa ta musamman don toshe hasken waje, babu wani aiki mai maɓalli da yawa da aka tallafawa kuma ƙirar ta iyakance ga takaddun murabba'i mai kauri.
Fa'idodi da fasahar kidan kimiyyar gani ita ce cewa tana ba da faifan maɓalli na gaske, mai jure ƙura da ruwa; kuma yana amfani da kusan kashi 20% na PCB, idan aka kwatanta shi da membrane ko maɓallan sauya dome, yana rage ƙarancin lantarki . Advantagesarin fa'idodi na fasahar keɓaɓɓiyar maɓallin kewayawa a kan sauran fasahohin keyboard kamar tasirin Hall, laser, mirginewa, da maɓallan mabuɗi suna kwance cikin farashi (Maballin tasirin tasirin Hall) da kuma jin - fasahar makullin gani da ido ba ta buƙatar maɓallan maɓalli daban, da mahimmancin ji na buga rubutu ya kasance iri ɗaya sama da shekaru 60.
Kwararren maɓallin kewayawa na DataHand yana amfani da fasahar gani don fahimtar maɓallin kewayawa tare da katako mai haske da firikwensin ta kowane maɓalli. Ana riƙe mabuɗan a cikin wurin hutunsu ta maganadisu; lokacin da aka shawo kan ƙarfin maganaɗisu don danna maɓalli, ana buɗe hanyar gani kuma an yi rijistar maɓallin kewayawa.
Kashewa
Lokacin da aka buge maɓalli, sai ya juya (ko ya yi bounces) ga abokan hulɗarsa sau da yawa kafin ya daidaita. Idan aka sake shi, sai ya sake juyawa har sai ya koma yadda yake. Kodayake hakan na faruwa ne a kan karamin sihiri wanda ba za a iya ganinsa ba ga idanuwa, amma ya isa ga kwamfutar ta yi rajistar bugun jini da yawa ba da gangan ba.
Don warware wannan matsalar, mai sarrafawa a cikin keyboard yana "ba da ma'anar" maɓallan, ta hanyar tattara su a kowane lokaci don samar da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen "tabbatacce" wanda (yawanci) ya dace da abin da galibi keɓaɓɓiyar lamba ce. Fuskokin maɓallan membrane na farko sun iyakance bugun bugawa saboda dole ne su yi rawar gani. Wannan matsala ce sananne akan ZX81 .
Mabudi
Ana amfani da maɓallan maballi a kan maballan tafiye-tafiye na cikakken tafiya. Duk da yake madannan maballin zamani ana buga su sama-sama, ana kuma iya yin su da shuɗi biyu, za a iya buga laser, a buga sublimation, a zana su, ko kuma za a iya yin su da wani abu mai haske tare da abubuwan da aka saka a takarda.
Hakanan akwai maɓallan maɓalli waɗanda ƙananan bawo ne waɗanda aka sanya su a kan maɓallan tushe. Waɗannan an yi amfani da su a kan maballan PC na IBM.
Sauran sassan madannin komfuta
Maballin PC na zamani kuma ya haɗa da mai sarrafa sarrafawa da fitilun nuna alama don ba da amsa ga mai amfani game da yanayin mboyar a ciki. Dogaro da wayewar shirye-shiryen mai sarrafawa, maballan na iya bayar da wasu fasaloli na musamman. Mai sarrafawa yawanci sau ɗaya cibiya 8048 microcontroller bambancin. Matatar sauya madannin keyboard tana da wayoyi ga abubuwan shigarta kuma tana aiwatar da maɓallan shigowa kuma tana aika sakamakon zuwa layin serial (maɓallin kebul) zuwa mai karɓar a cikin babban akwatin kwamfutar. Hakanan yana sarrafa hasken " makullan makullin ", " lambar kulle " da " ƙulli makulli " fitilu.
Gwajin gama gari na ko kwamfutar ta faɗi tana danna maɓallin "makullin rufe". Maballin kewayawa yana aika lambar maɓallan zuwa direban keyboard da ke aiki a cikin babbar kwamfutar; idan babbar kwamfutar tana aiki, tana umartar haske da ya kunna. Duk sauran fitilun fitilun suna aiki iri ɗaya. Direban faifan ma yana bin sauyin motsi, alt da yanayin sarrafawa na maballin.
Maballin Apple komfuta
Shiko maballin Apple kamfanin Apple inc ne suka sarrafa shi domin komfutocin apple. dayawan sabon kere-kere na maballin apple an riga da an fitar dasu a wancan lokacin, wainda suka hada da Apple Extended Keyboard. A halin yanxu, Apple suna amfani da a（Bluetooth and USB）
Matatar sauya allon rubutu
Maballin sauyawa na maɓallin keyboard ana zana shi sau da yawa tare da wayoyi masu kwance da wayoyi na tsaye a cikin layin wutar lantarki wanda ake kira da'irar matrix . Yana da maballin sauyawa a wasu ko duk hanyoyin tsinkaya, da yawa kamar nuni mai yawa. Kusan dukkan maɓallan maɓallan suna da maɓallin sauyawa a kowane mahadar, wanda ke haifar da "makullin fatalwa" da "maɓallin kewayawa" lokacin da aka danna maɓallan da yawa ( mirgine ). Tabbas, galibi yafi tsada, mabuɗan maɓallan suna da diode tsakanin kowane mahaɗan, yana barin maɓallin microcontroller ya iya fahimtar kowane maɓallan maɓallan lokaci ɗaya ana matsewa, ba tare da ƙirƙirar maɓallan fatalwa ba.
Jerin madannai na madannai
Tsarin keyboard
AZERTY
QWERTY
QWERTZ
Taswirar madannai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje |
32097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al%20Fajr | Fayçal Fajr | Faycal Fajr (; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga kulob ɗin Süper Lig Sivasspor.
Sana'a/Aiki
Farkon aiki
An haifi Fajr a cikin birnin Rouen kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din Sottevilais Cheminots na gida. A cikin shekarar 2000, ya shiga makarantar matasa na ƙungiyar kwararru Le Havre. Bayan shekaru uku, an sake Fajr bayan an gaya masa cewa ba shi da buƙatun jiki don ci gaba da zama. Ya, daga baya, ya koma gida don shiga kulob din garin Rouen . Fajr ya shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din kuma, a cikin shekarar 2005, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da CMS Oissel. Tare da Oissel, ya taka leda a cikin Championnat de France amateur 2, rukuni na biyar na ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa.
Bayan wasanni biyu suna wasa a kan babban ƙungiyar Oissel, a cikin shekarar 2008, Fajr ya koma rukuni ɗaya don shiga tare da Étoile Fréjus Saint-Raphaël, wanda aka sani da ES Fréjus. A kakar wasa ta farko da kungiyar, ya buga wasanni 29 inda ya zura kwallaye hudu. Fréjus ya ƙare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin sa, duk da haka, saboda Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion ( DNCG) ta sanya takunkumi a kan kungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Championnat National, an ba kulob din wuri a rukuni na uku. Bayan ya taka leda a matsayin maye a kakar farko da kungiyar, Fajr ya zama dan wasa a kakar wasa ta farko a kungiyar a National. Ya bayyana a wasannin lig 29 yayin da Fréjus ya kammala tsakiyar tebur. A kakar wasansa na karshe da kungiyar, Fajr ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar. Ya buga manyan ayyuka a cikin bayyanuwa (34) da kwallaye (8). Fréjus ya kammala kamfen a matsayi na shida.
Kayin
Bayan nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da Fréjus, Fajr yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa, musamman Nice, Dijon, Lens, da Reims. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2011, an tabbatar da cewa zai koma kulob din Caen na Ligue 1 kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Washegari aka kammala canja wurin. Fajr da aka sanyawa riga mai lambar 29 shirt da kuma lokaci guda sanya ƙwararrunsa da kulob na halarta a karon a ranar 28 Agusta a cikin wani league wasa da Rennes. Bayan kwana uku, a wasan Coupe de la Ligue da Brest, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Caen a ci 3-2. Caen ya koma gasar Ligue 2 a kakar wasa ta farko, amma ya taimaka musu su dawo kakar wasanni biyu daga baya. A cikin kakar 2013 zuwa 2014, ya zira kwallaye 8 a raga a wasanni 35 kuma Caen ya ci gaba da zama babban mataki na Ligue 1.
Spain
A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014, Fajr wuce ya likita da kuma kammala tafi zuwa La Liga gefe Elche. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a rukunin a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, inda ya zo a madadin Ferrán Corominas a wasan da suka tashi 0-3 da FC Barcelona.
A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015 Fajr an ba da rancensa ga 'yan wasan ƙungiyar Deportivo de La Coruña, na shekara guda. Gaba da yakin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dindindin tare da kulob din.
A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2017, Fajr ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Getafe CF, har yanzu a cikin rukuni na farko.
Daga baya
A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Fajr ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa Caen. Bayan shekara guda, ya koma Getafe.
A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Fajr ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Sivasspor na Süper Lig na Turkiyya.
Ayyukan kasa
An haife shi kuma ya girma a Faransa, Fajr ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Morocco a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 2018 da Equatorial Guinea a ci 1-0.
A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 da Morocco ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Morocco ta buga wasanta da Iran da Portugal da Spain a matakin rukuni. A wasan da Morocco ta buga da Spain Fajr ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda Youssef En-Nesyri ya ci saura minti tara.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kwallayensa na kasa
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Morocco ta ci.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Fayçal Fajr at BDFutbol
Fayçal Fajr – French league stats at LFP – also available in French
Fayçal Fajr at L'Équipe Football (in French)
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19595 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir%20Ahmed%20Qureshi | Bashir Ahmed Qureshi | Bashir Ahmed Qureshi ( Sindhi: An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da tara1959A.c – ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2012) sanannen ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Sindhi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM), a wata ƙungiya mai kishin ƙasa ta Sindhi a Sindh, wanda GM Syed ya kafa . An kashe shi ta hanyar ban mamaki tare da jinkirin guba. yana da shekara 54 a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2012.
Rayuwar farko
Basheir Qureshi an haife shi da ga Ghulam Murtaza Qureshi, a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959 a Motan Pur Mohalla da ke Ratodero, Larkana District a Sindh .
Ya fara siyasarsa ne a matsayin dalibi, kuma ma'aikacin kungiyar daliban Jeay Sindh ( JSSF ) a lokacin karatun sa na farko a jami'ar aikin gona, Tando Jam, Sindh. A matsayinsa na dalibi, ya kuma taka rawar dimokiradiyya ta hanyar shiga cikin yunkurin maido da dimokiradiyya MRD a lokacin Janar Ziaul Haq .
Bayan mutuwar shugaba GM Syed (wanda shi ne mai ba shi shawara a siyasance), jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar zaben Qureshi a matsayin sabon shugaban JSQM.
Qureshi ya bar bazawararsa, ‘ya’ya maza uku da mata hudu. Babban dansa Sunan Qureshi shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar mai ci a yanzu (JSQM).
Yunkurin siyasa
Ya shiga cikin siyasar ɗalibai kuma ya shiga Kungiyar Dalibai ta Jeay Sindh a shekara ta 1976. An zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Tarayya; Rukunin Tando Jam a shekara ta 1980 amma bayan shekaru biyu a shekara ta (1982) aka zaɓi shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tsakiyar Tarayya. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Tarayyar Tarayya a shekara ta 1986. A cikin shekara ta 1990, aka sake zaban shi a wannan mukamin. Koyaya, a cikin shekara ta 1995, Jeay Sindh Quami Mahaz an kafa shi lokacin da yake bayan mashaya amma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Mai haɗawa. An kuma zabe shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Mahaz a Shekara ta 1996 kuma a karshe aka zabe shi a matsayin Shugaba a shekara ta 1998. Mista Bashir ya taka rawa wajen jawo hankalin mambobin Tarayyar kuma ya yi aiki tukuru don karfafa Tarayyar.
A ƙarshe, an sake shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1986. An sake kama Mista Bashir a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988 bayan tarzomar Sindhi-Mohajar. A wannan karon, an daure shi na tsawon watanni 18. Bugu da ƙari, an kama shi a ranar 2 Janairu 1994 (mulkin PPP) na shekaru biyu. Daga baya an kama shi a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1999 a kan hanyarsa ta halartar bikin haihuwar Saeen GM Syed kuma an sake shi a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1999 bayan gwagwarmayar watanni 11. Mista Bashir ya ci gaba da zama a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 6 da watanni 10. Shi ne marubucin littafinsa mai suna "Jaagya Junge Jawaan" a cikin harshen Sindhi, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1989 wanda yake tarin jawabai daban-daban da ya gabatar. An baiwa Mr. Bashir lambar yabo ta "GM Syed National Award" a shekara ta 1997. An kama shi a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, daga masu gadin kuma an caje shi da laifin ɗaukar makamai, kotu ta sake shi saboda an ba da lasisin makaman. Kama shi ya haifar da zanga-zangar atomatik kuma an kammala yajin aiki a duk cikin Sindh.
Lokaci
An zaba a matsayin shugaban Tarayya ; Andoungiyar Tando Jam a shekara ta 1980.
An zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban JSSF a 1982 kuma ya zama shugabanta na tsakiya a shekara ta 1986.
An zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin hadaddiyar kungiyar JSQM a shekarara ta 1995.
An zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Mahaz a shekara ta 1996.
An zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban JSQM a shekara ta 1998.
Maris 'Yanci
Bashir Qureshi kaddamar Freedom Maris a karkashin taken " Sindhi "(Sindh na son 'Yanci) a ranar 23 ga watan Maris a kowace shekara. Wannan ya bukaci matsayin mai cin gashin kansa na Sindh da kuma tattakin da nufin jawo hankalin manyan kasashen duniya da UNO game da cin amanar mutanen Sindh da kasar Pakistan ta yi tun a shekara ta 1947.
Gudummawar Jama'a
Qureshi ya ba da gudummawa wajen warware rikice- rikicen kabilanci a tsakanin kabilun Sindhi daban-daban, kuma ya kafa al'adar daukar wakilai zuwa kungiyoyin da ke hamayya da su don shawo kansu da karfafa musu gwiwa don warware rikicinsu na zubar da jini ta hanyoyin sasanta rikice-rikice na gargajiya, ta hanyar shigar da mashahuran mutane.
Mutuwa
Qureshi ya mutu da ban mamaki yana da shekaru 54 a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012 a Sakrand (Sindh). Qureshi ya ziyarci magoya bayan JSQM a ƙauyen Dari Magsi, Gundumar Nawabshah, lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani ya fita daga hayyacinsa bayan cin abincin dare tare da sauran abokan aikin jam'iyyar. Ya koka da ciwon kirji da tari. An canza Qureshi zuwa asibitin gida, inda ya mutu da misalin 2:45 na safe.
Guba
A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012, kungiyar likitoci da masu binciken cututtukan daga cibiyoyin likitocin gwamnati na Sindh sun ba da rahoton cewa dalilin mutuwar Bashir Qureshi na iya zama babban phosphorus ko kamawar zuciya, amma sun kasa tabbatarwa. Dan gwagwarmayar jam'iyyar ya yi ikirarin cewa an ba shi guba, amma danginsa ba sa son bincike kuma sun ki taimakawa kwamitin binciken.
Duba kuma
Sindhudesh
GM Syed
Sojojin Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
Sindh
Masarautar Sindhu
Sindhi
Kwarin Indus
Hyder Bux Jatoi
Abdul Wahid Aresar
Qadir Magsi
Jerin mutuwar da ba a warware ba
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
An aika gawar shugaban JSQM Bashir Qureshi zuwa Ratodero bayan binciken gawa - A cikin Bidiyo
Bayani game da Sindhudesh
Haifaffun 1959
Mutuwan 2012
Mutanen Larkana
Mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25179 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Al-Munajjid | Muhammad Al-Munajjid | Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid (محمد صالح المنجد) (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekarar ta alif 1960/30 Dhul hijjah,1380) fitaccen malamin addinin Islama ne Bafalasdine da Saudiya, wanda ake ganin masani ne mai daraja a cikin kungiyar Salafi (a cewar Al Jazeera); kuma wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon fatwa IslamQA, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen yanar gizon Islama, kuma (a cewar Alexa.com har zuwa watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015) gidan yanar gizon da ya fi shahara a duniya kan batun Musulunci gabaɗaya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Al-Munajjid haifaffen kasar Falasdinawa ne da ke gudun hijira a Aleppo, Syria a shekarar 1960, kuma ya girma a Saudi Arabia. Ya halarci makarantar firamare, ta tsakiya da ta sakandare a Riyadh. Sannan ya koma Dhahran a masarautar Saudiyya, inda ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a. Ya yi karatun digiri a jami’ar King Fahd ta Man Fetur da Ma’adanai (KFUPM) da ke Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, inda ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Gudanar da Masana’antu. Al-Munajjid ya karanci shari'ar Musulunci a ƙarƙashin malamai 'Abd al-Aziz ibn Baaz, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, Abdullah Ibn Jibreen, Saleh Al-Fawzan, da Abdul-Rahman al-Barrak. Shi ne limami a masallacin Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz da ke birnin Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia kuma shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara bude gidan yanar gizo mai wakiltar Musulunci a Saudiyya.
Ayyuka
Koyarwa
Ya koyar da darussa da dama, kamar:
Tafsir Ibn Kathir
Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari
Fataawa Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah
Sharh Sunan at-Tirmidhi
Sharh Kitaab at-Tawheed daga Shaykh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab
Sharh ‘Umdat al-Ahkaam fi’l-Fiqh daga al-Haafiz ‘Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi
Sharh Kitaab Manhaj as-Saalikeen fi’l-Fiqh daga Shaykh as-Sa‘di
Yana ba da laccoci kan halayen Musulunci a ranar Laraba, kuma yana yin azuzuwan kowane wata a Riyadh da Jeddah
Yana da shirye-shirye a gidan rediyon al-Kareem mai suna Bayna an-Nabi (sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam) wa Ashaabihi, ana watsa shi a ranar Asabar da karfe 2 da rabi na yamma, da Khutuwaat 'ala Tareeq al-Islaah, ana watsa shi. Laraba da karfe 1.00 na yamma, ana maimaitawa a ranar Litinin da karfe 6.45 na yamma.
Ya bayyana a cikin shirye -shiryen TV da bidiyo da yawa waɗanda ke gabatar da darussa daban -daban, jimlar fiye da sa'o'i 4500 na sauti sama da shekaru 23.
IslamQA.info
A cikin shekarar 1996, Al-Munajjid ya ƙaddamar da tambaya da amsa gidan yanar gizon Musulunci, IslamQA.info. Shafin yanar gizon ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan tambayoyi da amsoshi akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid, mai kula da wannan rukunin ya shirya, yarda, gyara, gyara, gyara ko gyara." An dakatar da IslamQA.info a Saudi Arabia saboda tana fitar da fatawoyi masu zaman kansu. A Saudi Arabiya, Majalisar Manyan Malamai ta masarautar tana da nauyi da ikon ta na fitar da fatawa. Majalisar ta ba da wannan ikon ne kawai ta ba da fatawa ta hanyar dokar sarauta da aka bayar a watan Agusta na shekarar 2010 (yayin da aka yi takunkumi tun shekarar 2005, ba safai ake aiwatar da su ba); Christopher Boucek ya bayyana wannan matakin a matsayin "sabon misalin yadda jihar ke aiki don tabbatar da fifikon ta akan tsarin addinin kasar."
Ya zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Al-Munajjid yana da mabiya 820,000 a shafin Twitter. A cikin shekarar 2020, Alexa ya lissafa IslamQA.info a matsayin mafi mashahuri a duniya kan batun Musulunci.
Ra'ayoyi
Tauhidin Musulunci
Al-Munajjid ya yi imanin cewa makarantun Mu`tazila, Ash'ari, da Maturidi na ilimin tauhidi na Musulunci ba daidai ba ne wajen yin amfani da Ilm al-Kalam (dalili ko zance mai ma'ana) don bayyana Al-Qur'ani kuma suna cin karo da Al-Qur'ani da Sunnah duka. Siffofin da Allah ya siffanta wa kansa ba sa bukatar bayani ko tafsiri maimakon haka bai kamata musulmi ya ƙaryata sifofin Allah ba ko kuma ya kamanta Allah da halittunsa amma ya yarda da maganganun Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani ba tare da tambaya ba.
'Yancin addini
Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa Musulmin da ke goyon bayan gina majami'u a kasashen Musulunci don mayar da martani ga masallatan da aka ba da izinin gina su a kasashen da ba na Musulunci ba "jahilai ne" kamar yadda addinin Musulunci bai yarda a tallata wani da ke bauta wa wanin Allah ba.
Mutum -mutumi da hotuna
Al-Munajjid ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama dole a ruguje mutum-mutumi da gumaka wadanda za su iya jarabtar mutane ko rudar su, ko gine-gine ne, mutane ne, dabbobi ko abubuwa marasa rai.
Mata
Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar matan Musulmi su rufe dukkan jikinsu gami da fuska (nuna ido kawai) da hannaye. Wannan hukuncin wajibi ne. Ya bambanta dangane da idan matar tana kusa da mazajen Mahram ko wadanda ba Mahram ba. A kusa da Mahram ba a buƙatar su kiyaye niƙabi. Ana buƙatar mata su zauna a cikin gidajensu sai dai idan suna tare da muharramansu kuma an hana su tuƙa motoci kamar yadda "hakan ke haifar da mummunan sakamako" kamar kasancewa "ita kaɗai da mutumin da ba muharramai ba, bayyanawa, haɗuwa mara hankali da maza, da aikata ayyukan haram saboda abin da aka haramta wadannan abubuwan a cikin su”.
Bauta
A cikin fatawa ta watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Al- Munajjid ya bayyana cewa an yarda mutum ya sadu da bawan da ya mallaka ko yana da aure ko a'a; kuma matar sa ko matan sa ba su da wani hamayya. Mace Musulma "ba ta da ikon ƙin mijinta ya mallaki bayi mata ko ya sadu da su [...] Malamai sun haxu a kan wannan kima, kuma babu wanda aka halatta ya ɗauki wannan aikin a matsayin haramci, ko ya hana shi. Duk wanda ya aikata haka, ya kasance mai zunubi, kuma yana aikata abin da ya saba wa ijma’in malamai”.
Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa lallai bautar ta samo asali ne saboda Jihadi a kan kuffar (kafirai) da buƙatar sanin abin da za a yi da waɗanda aka kama fursunoni kuma ta haka suka zama dukiya; lura da cewa “A ka’ida bautar ba abu ne da ake so ba” kamar yadda Musulunci ya karfafa kwato ‘yanci don kaffarar zunubai. Yakamata a kula da bayi cikin “alheri” gami da samar da abinci da sutura.
Luwadi
Al-Munajjid ya yi imanin cewa "Laifin luwadi yana daga cikin manyan laifuka, mafi munin zunubai kuma abin kyama ga ayyuka, kuma Allah ya hukunta wadanda suka aikata ta hanyar da bai hukunta sauran al'ummomi ba." Yakamata a kashe 'yan luwadi kodayake an yi jayayya da hanyar har da konewa, jefa bango a kansu, tsare su har zuwa mutuwa a cikin "wuri mafi muni", jifa, ko jefawa daga mafi girman gini. Wadanda aka tilastawa yin aikin ko kuma sun kasance kananan yara an kebe su daga hukunci.<ref>IslamQA Fatwa 38622: The punishment for homosexuality retrieved October 17, 2015 | "It was narrated from Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq that he is to be burned and from others that he is to be executed. It was narrated from some of them that a wall is to be knocked down on top of him until he dies beneath it. And it is said that both should be detained in the foulest of places until they die. It was narrated from some of them that he should be taken up to the highest place in the town and thrown down from it, to be followed with stones, as Allaah did to the people of Loot. This was narrated from Ibn 'Abbaas. According to the other report, he is to be stoned. This was the view of the majority of the salaf."'''</ref>
Kalamai masu rikitarwa
Dangane da dalilin girgizar ƙasa da girgizar ƙasa ta Tekun Indiya na 2004: “Matsalar ita ce bukukuwan [Kiristoci] suna tare da abubuwan da aka hana, ta lalata, abin kyama, zina, giya, rawa mai maye, da… da shagalin biki. fam a minti daya kuma mawaƙi yana cin fam 50,000 a sa’a guda, kuma suna tsalle daga otal zuwa wani daga dare zuwa wayewar gari. Sannan ya shafe tsawon dare yana sabawa Allah. Asiya, yayin bikin waɗannan abubuwan da aka hana? A daidai lokacin da fasikanci ya tashi, Allah ya ɗauki fansa akan waɗannan masu laifi. "Wadanda suke yin bikin sun kashe abin da suke kira 'Sabuwar Shekarar' a wuraren shakatawa, mashaya, da otal -otal. Allah ya buge su da girgizar kasa. Ya gama da ma'aunin Richter. Duk matakan tara sun tafi. Dubun dubbai sun mutu." An ce sun kasance masu yawon bude ido a lokacin hutun Sabuwar Shekara wadanda suka je tsibirin murjani mai cunkoson jama'a don lokacin hutu, sannan kuma wannan girgizar kasa ta same su, wanda Ubangiji Madaukakin Sarki ya haifar. Ya nuna musu fushinsa da karfinsa. Ya nuna masu fansa. Shin akwai wanda ke koyan darasin? Shin ba zai yiwu ba a buge mu kamar su? Me ya sa muke tafiya yadda suke? Me yasa muke son zama kamar su, tare da hutunsu, abubuwan da aka hana su, da bidi'arsu?"
Littattafai
Koonu ‘ala al-Khayr A‘waanan (Ku Kasance Masu Taimakawa Cikin Nagarta)
Arba‘oona Naseehah li Islaah al-Buyoot (Gidan Musulmai: Shawarwari 40)
33 Sababan li’l-Khushoo‘ (Hanyoyi 33 na Raya Khushoo ‘a cikin Sallah)
Al-Asaaleeb an-Nabawiyyah fi ‘Ilaaj al-Akhtaa’ (Hanyoyin Annabi Na Gyara Kuskuren Mutane)
Saba‘oona Mas’alah fi’s-Siyaam (Batutuwa 70 da suka shafi Azumi)
‘Ilaaj al-Humoom (Magance Damuwa da Damuwa)
Al-Manhiyaat ash-Shar‘iyyah (Abubuwan da aka hana)
Muharramaat istahaana biha Katheer min an-Naas (Haramce -hukuncen da ake ɗaukar su da sauƙi)
Madha taf‘alu fi’l-Haalaat at-Taaliyah (Abin da ya kamata ku yi a cikin yanayi na gaba)
Zaahirat Da‘f al-Eemaan (Raunin Imani)
Wasaa’il ath-Thibaat ‘ala Deen-Illah (Ma'anar Tsayawa: Tsayuwa A Musulunci)
Ureedu an Atooba Walaakin… (Ina Son Tuba, Amma…)
Shakaawa wa Hulool (Matsaloli da Magani)
Siraa‘ ma‘a ash-Shahawaat'' (Yin gwagwarmaya da Whims da buri)
Manazarta |
24036 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco%20Sour | Pisco Sour | {{Infobox
cocktail|iba=yes|name=Pisco Sour|sourcelink=pisco-sour|image=Pisco sour 20100613b.JPG|alt=Photograph|caption=Peruvian pisco sour|type=cocktail|pisco=yes|served=straight|garnish=Angostura bitters (1 dash)|drinkware=old|ingredients=* 60 ml Pisco
30 ml lemon juice
20 ml simple syrup
1 egg white
Several drops of aromatic bitters at the end|prep=Vigorously shake contents in a cocktail shaker with ice cubes, then strain into a glass and garnish with bitters.|timing=All day|footnotes=}}.
Pisco mai tsami shine hadaddiyar giyar giya ta asalin Peru wacce ta saba da abinci daga Peru da Chile . Sunan abin sha ya fito ne daga pisco, wanda shine giyar sa ta asali, da kalmar hadaddiyar giyar mai tsami, dangane da ruwan lemu mai tsami da kayan zaki. Ruwan pisco na Peruvian yana amfani da pisco na Peru azaman giyar giya kuma yana ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, madara mai sauƙi, kankara, fararen kwai, da haushi na Angostura . Siffar Chile ɗin iri ɗaya ce, amma tana amfani da pisco na Chile da lemun tsami na Pica, kuma yana cire haushi da fararen kwai. Sauran bambance - bambancen hadaddiyar giyar sun haɗa da waɗanda aka kirkira da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar abarba ko tsirrai kamar ganyen coca.
Ko da yake da shiri na pisco-tushen gauraye abubuwan sha yiwu kwanakin baya zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai 1700s, masana tarihi da kuma abin sha masana sun yarda cewa hadaddiyar giyar kamar yadda aka sani a yau aka ƙirƙira a cikin farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s a Lima, babban birnin kasar Peru, da Amirka, ma'aikacin bar Victor Vaughen Morris. Morris ya bar Amurka a shekarar dubu daya da casa'in da uku 1903 don yin aiki a Cerro de Pasco, wani gari a tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da uku 1916, ya buɗe Bar na Morris a Lima, kuma salon saloon ya zama sanannen wuri ga manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Ana samun tsofaffin sanannun ambaton pisco a cikin jaridu da tallan mujallu, tun daga farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s, don Morris da mashayarsa da aka buga a Peru da Chile. Pisco tsami ya sami sauye - sauye da yawa har sai Mario Bruiget, wani mashahurin dan kasar Peru da ke aiki a Barikin Morris, ya kirkiro girke -girke na Peruvian na zamani na hadaddiyar giyar a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta ƙara Angostura haushi da fararen kwai zuwa gauraya.
Masu shaye - shayen hadaddiyar giyar suna ɗaukar pisco tsami a matsayin classic Amurka ta Kudu. [upper-alpha 1] Chile da Peru duk suna da'awar pisco tsami a matsayin abin shan su na ƙasa, kuma kowannensu yana tabbatar da ikon mallakar giyar ta barasa-pisco; saboda haka, miyar pisco ta zama muhimmiyar magana da aka saba yin muhawara a kan al'adun Latin Amurka . Kafofin watsa labarai da mashahuran mutane da ke sharhi kan takaddamar sukan bayyana fifikon su don sigar hadaddiyar giyar a kan ɗayan, wani lokacin kawai don haifar da rigima. Wasu masu kera pisco sun lura cewa rigimar tana taimakawa inganta sha’awar abin sha. Nau'ikan pisco guda biyu da bambance -bambancen biyu a cikin salon shirya pisco tsami sun bambanta a cikin samarwa da dandano. Peru tana bikin hutu na shekara -shekara don girmama hadaddiyar giyar yayin Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu.
Suna
A lokaci m yana nufin gauraye drinks dauke da wani tushe sayar da giya (Bourbon, ko wasu sauran wuski), lemun tsami ko lemun tsami ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma wani abun zaki. Pisco yana nufin giyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. Kalmar kamar yadda ake amfani da abin sha ta fito ne daga tashar Pisco ta Peru. A cikin littafin Latin Amurka da Caribbean, masanin tarihi Olwyn Blouet da masanin tarihin ƙasa Brian Blouet sun bayyana ci gaban gonakin inabi a farkon mulkin mallaka na Peru da yadda a cikin rabin rabin karni na goma sha shida kasuwar sayar da giya ta samo asali daga buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyukan ma'adinai. a cikin Andes . Buƙatar da ke biyo baya don ƙara ƙarfin abin sha ya sa Pisco da garin Ica da ke kusa suka kafa abubuwan shaye -shaye "don yin ruwan inabi ya zama ruwan inabi," kuma samfurin ya sami sunan tashar jiragen ruwa daga inda aka murƙushe shi kuma aka fitar da shi.
Tarihi
Bayan Fage
An kawo kurangar inabi ta farko zuwa Peru jim kaɗan bayan da Spain ta ci ta a ƙarni na sha shida 16. Masu tarihin Spain daga lokacin da aka lura da yin ruwan inabi na farko a Kudancin Amurka ya faru a cikin hacienda Marcahuasi na Cuzco . An kafa manyan gonakin inabi na 16 da 17 na Amurka a kwarin Ica na kudu maso tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarun dubu daya da dari biyar da arbai'in 1540, Bartolomé de Terrazas da Francisco de Carabantes sun dasa gonakin inabi a Peru. Carabantes kuma sun kafa gonakin inabi a Ica, daga inda Mutanen Spain daga Andalucia da Extremadura suka gabatar da inabi zuwa Chile.
Tuni a cikin karni na sha shida16, mazaunan Spain a Chile da Peru sun fara samar da aguardiente distilled daga inabi mai ɗaci. Tun aƙalla shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da hudu 1764, an kira aguardiente na Peru "pisco" bayan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa; amfani da sunan "pisco" don aguardiente sannan ya bazu zuwa Chile. Hakkin samarwa da siyar da pisco, wanda har yanzu ana yi a Peru da Chile, shine batun takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.
A cewar masanin tarihi Luciano Revoredo, shirya pisco tare da dabino na lemo har zuwa karni na sha takwas 18. Ya dogara da da'awar sa akan wata majiya da aka samo a cikin Mercurio Peruano wanda yayi cikakken bayanin haramcin aguardiente a Lima's Plaza de toros de Acho, mafi tsufa a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ana kiran abin sha Punche ( Punch ), kuma bayi ne suka sayar da shi. Revoredo ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa wannan abin sha ya kasance magabaci na pisco na Californian, wanda Duncan Nicol ya ƙirƙira a Barikin Bankin San Francisco, California. Dangane da shirin labarai na dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya 1921 daga Jagoran Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, wata jaridar Turanci daga Peru, sanannu a gundumar Barbary Coast ta San Francisco sanannu ne ga Pisco Sours a lokacin "tsoffin ranakun kafin Volstead ." Kwararren mai dafa abinci Duggan McDonnell yayi la’akari da cewa wannan yana danganta shahara (ba asali) na hadaddiyar giyar pisco a San Francisco tun daga farkon girgizar ƙasa ta 1906 da ta lalata Barbary Coast. A girke-girke na pisco-based punch, gami da fararen kwai, mai binciken Nico Vera ya samo shi a cikin littafin girki na Peruvian Manual de Cocina a la Criolla ; saboda haka, McDonnell yayi la'akari da cewa "[i] t yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya cewa 'Cocktail' wanda ya zama ɗan tsami na pisco ... an shirya shi na ɗan lokaci a Lima kafin a haɗa shi cikin littafin dafa abinci. ”
Asali
Tushen pisco ya samo asali ne a Lima, Peru. Victor Vaughen Morris, Ba'amurke ne ya ƙirƙiro shi daga gidan Mormon mai daraja na zuriyar Welsh, wanda ya koma Peru a 1904 don yin aiki a kamfanin jirgin ƙasa a Cerro de Pasco . Baƙin Amurkawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa cibiyar hakar ma'adinai ta Andean na Cerro de Pasco, sannan birni na biyu mafi girma a Peru, don yin aiki a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda attajirin nan Alfred W. McCune ya kafa . Morris, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kantin kayan fure a Salt Lake City, ya shiga aikin McCune don gina abin da ya kasance mafi girman layin dogo a duniya da sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe na birni. A yayin bikin kammala aikin jirgin kasa a watan Yuli na 1904, Morris, wanda aka dorawa alhakin kula da bukukuwan, ya tuno da fara hada pisco a cikin abin sha bayan kusan mahalarta dubu biyar 5,000 na Amurka da na Peru (ciki har da mashahuran mutane da manyan mutane) sun cinye duk wadataccen wuski .
Morris ya ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Peru, Lima, tare da matarsa Peruvian da yara uku a dubu daya da dari tara da sha biyar 1915. Bayan shekara guda, ya buɗe gidan cin abinci —Morris 'Bar-wanda ya zama sananne ga duka manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Morris, wanda galibi yana gwada sabbin abubuwan sha, ya haɓaka miyar pisco azaman bambance -bambancen miyar wuski. Masanin tarihin Chilean Gonzalo Vial Correa shima ya danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Gringo Morris daga Barris na Morris na Peru, amma tare da ƙaramin bambanci na sanya masa suna William Morris.
Akwai wasu bambance -bambance a kan ainihin ranar da Morris ya kirkiro mashahurin hadaddiyar giyar. Masanin ilimin halittu Dale DeGroff ya tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙira abin sha a cikin 1915, amma wasu kafofin suna jayayya cewa wannan ya faru a cikin 1920s. Jaridar yanar gizo ta Chile El Mercurio Online musamman ta musanta cewa masana tarihi sun danganta shekarar ƙirƙirar abin sha kamar 1922, yana mai ƙara da cewa "a cikin dare Morris ya ba abokansa mamaki da sabon abin sha wanda ya kira pisco m, ƙa'idar da ta haɗa pisco na Peru tare da tsami na Amurka" (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Una noche Morris sorprendió a sus amigos con una nueva bebida a la que llamó pisco sour, una fórmula que funde lo peruano del pisco con el 'sour' estadounidense. " ).
]
Abin girke -girke na farko na tsami na Pisco shine na hadaddiyar giyar mai sauƙi. A cewar mai binciken Peruvian Guillermo Toro-Lira, "ana ɗauka cewa ɗanɗano ne na pisco tare da ruwan lemun tsami da sukari, kamar yadda wuski mai tsami na waɗannan kwanakin." Yayin da girke -girke na hadaddiyar giyar ke ci gaba da haɓaka, rajistar mashaya ta nuna cewa abokan ciniki sun yi tsokaci kan ci gaba da inganta ɗanɗanon abin sha. Mario Bruiget, ɗan ƙasar Peru daga Chincha Alta wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin aikin Morris wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1924 ya haɓaka sigar girkin na Peruvian na zamani. Abincin Bruiget ya ƙara haushin Angostura da fararen kwai a gauraya. 'Yar jarida Erica Duecy ta rubuta cewa bidi'ar Bruiget ta kara da "sifa mai sarkakiya da kumfar kai" a cikin hadaddiyar giyar.
Morris yayi amfani da tallace -tallace don haɓaka mashayarsa da ƙirƙirarsa. Tsohuwar sanannen ambaton ruwan pisco ya bayyana a cikin fitowar Satumba 1920 na mujallar Peru ta Hogar . Wani tsohon talla ya bayyana a cikin Afrilu 22, 1921, bugun mujallar Peru Mundial . A cikin mujallar, ba wai kawai aka bayyana tsami na pisco a matsayin abin sha mai launin fari ba, amma abin da aka ƙirƙira an danganta shi da "Mister Morris." Daga baya, a cikin 1924, tare da taimakon abokin Morris Nelson Rounsevell, mashaya ta yi tallan yankinta da ƙira a Valparaíso, Chile. Talla ta fito a cikin jaridar Valparaíso South Pacific Mail, mallakar Rounsevell. A shekara ta 1927, Bar Bar na Morris ya sami babban fa'ida ga hadaddiyar giyar sa, musamman tsami na pisco. Brad Thomas Parsons ya rubuta cewa "rajista a Morris Bar ya cika da babban yabo daga baƙi waɗanda suka yi tsokaci game da abin sa hannu."
Sanannen masu halarta a Bar na Morris sun haɗa da marubutan Abraham Valdelomar da José María Eguren, masu baje kolin Richard Halliburton da Dean Ivan Lamb, masanin ɗan adam Alfred Kroeber, da 'yan kasuwa Elmer Faucett da José Lindley . A cikin abin tunawa, Lamb ya tuno da gogewarsa tare da tsami na pisco a cikin Bar na Morris, yana mai cewa "ya ɗanɗana kamar abin sha mai daɗi" kuma yana jin bacin rai bayan ya sha na biyu duk da ƙin yarda da mashaya cewa "yawanci ya isa. "
Yaɗa
Bayan lokaci, gasa daga sandunan kusa da tabarbarewar lafiyar Victor Morris ya haifar da koma baya da faduwar sana'arsa. Saboda tsarin mulkinsa da ke taɓarɓarewa, Morris ya ba da mafi yawan mashaya zuwa ga ma'aikatansa. Ƙari ga matsalar, masu fafatawa a kusa, kamar Hotel Bolívar da Hotel Lima Country Club, suna da sanduna waɗanda suka kwace abokan ciniki daga Bar na Morris. Bugu da ƙari, Toro-Lira ya gano cewa Morris ya zargi hudu daga cikin tsoffin mashawartansa na satar dukiyar ilimi bayan sun tafi aiki a ɗayan waɗannan cibiyoyin gasa. A cikin 1929, Morris ya ba da sanarwar fatarar kuɗi kuma ya rufe gidan saloon. Bayan 'yan watanni, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, Victor Vaughen Morris ya mutu sakamakon cirrhosis .
Masanin tarihi Luis Alberto Sánchez ya rubuta cewa, bayan Morris ya rufe mashayarsa, wasu daga cikin mashayan sa sun bar aiki a wasu wuraren. Bruiget ya fara aiki a matsayin mashaya don Grand Hotel Maury da ke kusa, inda ya ci gaba da hidimar girkinsa na tsami. Nasarar da ya samu tare da abin sha ya haifar da al'adar baka ta Limean na gida don haɗa otal ɗin Maury a matsayin asalin gidan pisco tsami. Sánchez, wanda a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma yana yawan ziyartar Barikin Morris, ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa cewa wasu daga cikin masu koyon Morris, Leonidas Cisneros Arteta da Augusto Rodríguez, sun buɗe sandunan nasu.
Kamar yadda sauran tsoffin masu koyon Morris suka sami aiki a wani wuri, su ma sun ba da girke -girke na tsami na pisco. Tun aƙalla 1927, pisco sours ya fara sayar da shi a Chile, musamman a Club de la Unión, babban kulob na manyan mutane a cikin gari Santiago . A cikin shekarun 1930, abin sha ya shiga California, ya isa sanduna har zuwa arewacin birnin San Francisco. Restaurateur Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr., yana tunawa da hidimar pisco sours a ainihin tiki mashawarci Vic a Oakland, a 1934, ga matafiyi wanda ya karanta labarin hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mujallar Life. Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, hadaddiyar giyar kuma ta sami hanyar zuwa New York.
Beatriz Jiménez, ɗan jarida daga jaridar El Mundo ta Spain, ya nuna cewa a cikin Peru, otal -otal na alfarma na Lima sun karɓi tsami na pisco a matsayin nasu a cikin 1940s. Bonanza na mai ya ja hankalin Peru zuwa ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. A cikin littafin jagorar sa na 1943 wanda ke haɓaka "fahimtar ɗan adam tsakanin Amurka" a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, mai bincike Earl Parker Hanson ya rubuta cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Peru sun fifita pisco da "sanannen tsami". Daga cikin baƙi baƙi zuwa Lima akwai shahararrun 'yan wasan Hollywood waɗanda sha'awar pisco ta burge su. Jiménez ya tuno al'adun baka na da'awar Ava Gardner mai cutarwa dole John Wayne ya ɗauke shi bayan ya sha sours na pisco da yawa. An ce Ernest Hemingway da Orson Welles sun kasance manyan magoya bayan abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "abin sha na Peruvian." A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ray Milland ya tuna shan abin shan giya a Fadar Gwamnatin Lima a lokacin shugabancin Bustamante na 1940s, da farko ya gano shi "abin sha mai ban sha'awa" sannan, bayan ya gabatar da "kyakkyawan jawabin sadaukarwa" wanda nasa nasa ya danganta da nasa. hadaddiyar giyar, wacce ake kira da suna "ƙaƙƙarfan tsami mai tsami."
A cikin 1969, Sánchez ya rubuta cewa Hotel Maury har yanzu yana ba da "ingantaccen" Pisco Sour daga Bar na Morris. Pan American World Airways ya haɗa da tsami na pisco a cikin ɓangaren shawarwarin sha don bugun littafin littafin Encyclopedia of Travel na 1978, yana gargadin matafiya zuwa Peru cewa "[t] tsami mai tsini yana da laifi, amma yana da ƙarfi." jaridar Bolivia Ted Córdova Claure ya rubuta, a cikin 1984, cewa Hotel Bolívar ya tsaya a matsayin abin tunawa ga lalacewar oligarchy na Peru (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " Este hotel es un monumento a la decadencia de la oligarquía peruana. " ). Ya lura da yankin a matsayin gidan gargajiya na tsami na pisco kuma ya ba da shawarar a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun otal a Lima. A zamanin yau, Otal ɗin Bolivar yana ci gaba da ba da hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mashayar ta "El Bolivarcito", yayin da Country Club Lima Hotel ke ba da abin sha a cikin "Barikin Ingilishi".
Shiri da bambance -bambancen karatu
Tsami na pisco yana da hanyoyi uku na shiri. Ana yin hadaddiyar giyar ruwan pisco ta Peru ta hanyar hada pisco na Peru tare da Key ruwan lemun tsami , syrup mai sauƙi, farin kwai, Angostura bitters (don ado ), da kankara. An samar da hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Chile ta gauraya Pisco na Chile tare da ruwan limón de Pica, sukari foda, da kankara. Daniel Joelson, marubucin abinci da mai sukar abinci, ya bayar da hujjar cewa babban banbanci tsakanin nau'ikan pisco mai tsami "shine 'yan Peru gabaɗaya sun haɗa da fararen kwai, yayin da mutanen Chile ba sa yin hakan." Siffar daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa, wacce ta lissafa tsami na pisco a cikin “ Sabbin Abubuwa na Zamani ,” yayi kama da na Peru, amma tare da banbancin cewa yana amfani da ruwan lemun tsami, maimakon ruwan lemun tsami, kuma baya rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. daban -daban na pisco.
Akwai bambance -bambance masu yawa a cikin pisco da ake amfani da su a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. A cewar masanin abinci da giya Mark Spivak, bambancin yana cikin yadda ake samar da abubuwan sha biyu; alhali "Pisco na Chilean ana samarwa da yawa," sigar Peruvian "an yi ta cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi." Masanin tarihin hadaddiyar giyar Andrew Bohrer ya mai da hankali kan kwatancensa akan ɗanɗano, yana mai cewa "[i] n Peru, an yi pisco a cikin tukunya har yanzu, an cika shi da hujja, kuma ba ta tsufa; yayi kama da grappa . A Chile, ana yin pisco a cikin ginshiƙi har yanzu kuma yana tsufa cikin itace; yayi kamanceceniya da ɗan ƙaramin haske. ” Masanin ilimin tsirrai na ƙasar Chile Patricio Tapia ya ƙara da cewa yayin da masu samar da pisco na Chilean ke haɗe hannun inabi, masu kera Peru suna da takamaiman nau'ikan pisco waɗanda ke amfani da ƙanshin inabi irin su Yellow Muscat da Italia . Tapia ya kammala wannan shine dalilin da yasa kwalaben pisco na Peru suna nuna shekarar girbin su kuma sigar Chile ba.
Bambance -bambancen ruwan pisco ya wanzu a Peru, Bolivia, da Chile. Akwai gyare -gyare na hadaddiyar giyar a cikin Peru ta amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar maracuya (wanda aka fi sani da' ya'yan itacen sha'awa), aguaymanto, da tuffa, ko kayan gargajiya irin su ganyen coca. Lima's Hotel Bolivar yana ba da babban sigar hadaddiyar giyar, mai suna pisco catedral catedral, wanda aka ƙirƙira don baƙi da ke zuwa da sauri daga babban cocin Katolika na kusa. A cikin Chile, bambance -bambancen sun haɗa da Ají Sour (tare da barkono kore mai yaji), Mango Sour (tare da ruwan mangoro ), da Sour de Campo (tare da ginger da zuma). A Bolivia, bambancin Yunqueño (daga yankin Yungas ) ya maye gurbin lemun tsami da ruwan lemu.
Akwai hadaddiyar giyar kamar pisco m a Chile da Peru. Ana yin piscola na Chilean ta hanyar hada pisco da cola . Algarrobina hadaddiyar giyar, wacce aka shahara a arewacin Peru, an yi ta ne daga pisco, madara mai taƙaddama, da ruwan tsami daga itacen algarroba na Peru. Sauran hadaddiyar giyar da ke kan pisco na Peru sun haɗa da chilcano (wanda aka yi da pisco da ginger ale ) da capitán (wanda aka yi da pisco da vermouth ). Wani irin wannan hadaddiyar giyar, daga Amurka, shine pisco na Californian, wanda aka yi shi da pisco na Peru, abarba, da lemo.
Shahara
Duggan McDonnell ya bayyana pisco tsami a matsayin "mafi kyawun hadaddiyar giyar Latin Amurka, mai kaushi, daidaitacce, mai haske amma mai wadata," ya kara da cewa "Barkeeps a duk Arewacin California za su tabbatar da cewa sun girgiza da yawa Pisco tsami. Ita ce hadaddiyar giyar farin zaƙi kuma mafi ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya ". 'Yar jaridar Ostireliya Kate Schneider ta rubuta cewa miyan pisco" ya shahara sosai cewa akwai bikin ranar Pisco Sour International a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Fabrairu kowane shekara, kazalika da shafin Facebook wanda ke da abubuwan so sama da 600,000. " A cewar ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Chile Rolando Hinrichs Oyarce, maigidan gidan cin abinci a Spain, "Pisco tsami yana da ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Cebiche, don haka ba a san su sosai ba" (Mutanen Espanya: " El pisco sour es bastante internacional, al igual que el cebiche, por lo tanto no son tan desconocidos "). A cikin 2003, Peru ta ƙirƙiri " Día Nacional del Pisco Sour " (National Pisco Sour Day), ranar hutu ta gwamnati da aka yi bikin ranar Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu. Yayin Taron Shugabannin Tattalin Arzikin APEC na 2008, Peru ta inganta pisco mai tsami tare da karbuwa sosai. An ba da rahoton hadaddiyar giyar ita ce mafi kyawun abin sha ga masu halarta, galibi shugabanni, 'yan kasuwa, da wakilai.
Jayayya ta asali
Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Victor Vaughen Morris a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira hadaddiyar giyar pisco. Duk da haka, labarin asalin hadaddiyar giyar yana da rikitarwa tare da binciken da ke nuna akasin haka. Dangane da girke - girke daga littafin girki na Peruvian 1903 Manual de Cocina a la Criolla, mai bincike Nico Vera yayi la'akari da cewa "asalin Pisco Sour na iya zama hadaddiyar giyar gargajiya da aka yi a Lima sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata." Bisa ga clipping daga 1921 West Coast Jagoran labarai article, McDonnell gan shi yiwu cewa pisco m iya samun zahiri samo asali a San Francisco, la'akari da bugu da žari da cewa a lokacin wannan lokaci da birnin samu wani "fashe na hadaddiyar giyar kerawa," da wuski m hadaddiyar giyar "yana da yalwa da yawa," da "gaskiyar cewa an sanar da Pisco a matsayin ruhu na musamman" a cikin birni. .
Don kare Morris, ɗan jarida Rick Vecchio yayi la'akari da cewa "koda akwai wani abu mai kama da wanda ya riga ya kasance" ga hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Morris, bai kamata a yi shakkar cewa "shine farkon wanda ya fara hidima, ingantawa da kammala abin da aka sani yau ba. kamar yadda Pisco Sour. " McDonnell kuma yayi la'akari da cewa, ba tare da la’akari da ainihin asalin sa ba, pisco m "na Peru ne." A cewar marubucin al'adu Saxon Baird, fashewa don girmama Morris yana tsaye a gundumar Lima ta Santiago de Surco "a matsayin shaida ga gudummawar Morris ga al'adun Peru na zamani da ƙasar da ya kira gida fiye da rabin rayuwarsa."
Duk da wannan, akwai takaddama mai gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru game da asalin tsami na pisco. A Chile, wani labari na gida ya ɓullo a cikin 1980s yana danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Elliot Stubb, wakilin Ingilishi daga jirgin ruwa mai suna Sunshine . Tarihin ɗan ƙasar Chile kuma masanin tarihi Oreste Plath ya ba da gudummawa ga yada almara ta hanyar rubuta cewa, a cewar jaridar Peru ta El Comercio de Iquique, a cikin 1872, bayan samun izinin sauka, Stubb ya buɗe mashaya a tashar Iquique ta Peru a lokacin kuma ya ƙirƙira pisco tsami yayin gwaji da abin sha. [upper-alpha 6] Duk da haka, mai bincike Toro-Lira yayi jayayya cewa labarin ya ƙaryata ne bayan da aka gano El Comercio de Iquique yana nufin ainihin abin da aka ƙera na ƙoshin wuski. Labarin Elliot Stubb da zarginsa da ƙirƙira ƙusar ƙushin wuski a Iquique shima ana samunsa a cikin littafin 1962 da Jami'ar Cuyo, Argentina . Wani bayani daga labarin jaridar yana da Elliot Stubb yana mai cewa, "Daga yanzu ... wannan zai zama abin sha na yaƙi, abin sha da na fi so, kuma za a sa masa suna Whiskey Sour "(a cikin Mutanen Espanya:" En adelante dijo Elliot - éste será mi trago de batalla, - mi trago favorito -, y se llamará Whiskey " Gishiri. ").
Wasu masu kera pisco sun bayyana cewa takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru na taimakawa haɓaka sha'awar giya da takaddamar nuna yanayin ƙasa .
American Celebrity shugaba Anthony Bourdain kusantar da hankali ga hadaddiyar giyar lokacin, a wani episode ya Travel Channel shirin Ba a Ajiye, ya sha a pisco m, a Valparaiso, Chile, kuma ya ce "yayi kyau, amma ... gaba lokaci, zan yi biya. " Mai watsa shirye -shiryen Rediyon Radioas del Perú ya ba da rahoton cewa Jorge López Sotomayor, mai gabatar da shirin na Chile kuma abokin tafiya na Bourdain a Chile, ya ce Bourdain ya sami tsami na pisco da ya sha a Valparaíso a matsayin mai ban sha'awa kuma bai cancanci ƙoƙarin ba (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " A mí me dijo que el pisco sour lo encontró aburrido y que no valía la pena. " ). Lopez ya kara da cewa kwanan nan Bourdain ya zo daga Peru, inda ya sha sois da yawa wanda yake ganin ya fi ɗanɗanon dandano na Chile.
A cikin 2010, mawaƙin Mexico-mawaƙa Aleks Syntek ya sanya dariya a shafin Twitter cewa pisco tsami ɗan ƙasar Chile ne, kuma bayan ya karɓi martani mai mahimmanci ga furucinsa, ya nemi afuwa kuma ya ambaci cewa wasa kawai yake yi. Mai watsa shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na Mexico kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Adal Ramones shi ma ya yi barkwanci game da tsami na pisco, dangane da badaƙalar leƙen asirin Chile -Peru ta 2009, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Ramones, mai son Pisco na Peru, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da leƙen asirin, ya tambayi abin da 'yan Chile ke leƙen asiri a cikin Peru, yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama yadda ake yin tsami (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ¿Qué quieren espiar los chilenos? Ó Cómo hacer pisco tsami? " ). A cikin 2017, lokacin da aka gaya wa miyan pisco "cikakken ɗan Chile ne" ta wani mai yin hira a gidan rediyon Chile, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ed Sheeran ya yi sharhi cewa ya fi son ɗanɗano pisco na Peru.
Duba kuma
Jerin hadaddiyar giyar
Jerin piscos
Abincin giya na Peruvian
Singani.
Bayanan kula
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20917 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Nijar | Mata a Nijar | Mata a Nijar mata ne waɗanda suka fito ko suke zaune a ƙasar Nijar ta Afirka ta Yamma. Wadaynnan matan suna daga cikin yawan mutanen da kashi 98% na masu riƙo da addinin Musulunci ne . Mafi yawa daga cikin dokokin da gwamnatin Nijar ta ɗauka don kare 'yancin matan Nijar galibin lokuta sun dogara ne da imanin musulmi.
Matan Nijar, ba za a ruɗe su da Najeriyar ba, sun ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan ƙabilun akwai matan Hausawa, da matan Fulani, da matan Zarma - Songhai, da matan Azbinawa. Hausawa a Nijar za'a iya gane su ta hanyar sutura su ta sanya abaya da zane da wani daidai da rigan, shugaban taye da shawl.
Ayyukan gargajiya har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin wasa a cikin Nijar. Rayuwar iyali ga 'yan mata na iya zama babban kalubale a cikin al'ummar musulmin farko. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halayen suna da illa ga rayuwar ƙasar, kamar ci gaban talauci da jahilci.
Ranar hutu a Jamhuriyar Nijar wacce aka fi sani da ranar mata ta Nijar ( Journée nationale de la femme nigérienne ) da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu, don tunawa da macen da mata suka yi a shekarar 1992 a Yamai a lokacin taron kasa, suna neman shigar mata sosai a cikin ƙasa. cibiyoyi. Hutu ne wanda ya zama "Tunawa da ƙasa" a ranar 25 Nuwamban shekarar 1992.
Tsarin al'ada
Nijar ƙasa ce a Afirka ta Yamma . Ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekarata 1960, kuma tana ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyya ɗaya da mulkin soja har zuwa shekarar 1991. Yawancin ƙasar suna da yanayin zafi, bushe, hamada. Tana da kusan mazauna miliyan 20. Kabilun sune: Hausawa 53.1%, Zarma / Songhai 21.2%, Abzinawa 11%, Fulani (Peul) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other / basu da 0.9%. Galibi al'umar karkara ce, kuma kusan duk yawan jama'a suna yin addinin Musulunci.
Haihuwa da rayuwar iyali
Uwa a cikin Nijar na da matsaloli masu yawa. Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, rashin dacewar kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, mata suna cikin mawuyacin hasara lokacin da suka haifi yaransu na fari.
Auren yara ƙanana al’ada ce da ta zama ruwan dare a Nijar. Kimanin kashi 75% na 'yan matan Nijar sun yi aure kafin ranar haihuwar su 18. Kodayake wani lokacin tare da haɗin gwiwar dangin su, galibi ana siyar da ƴan mata don aurar da yara ko aikin lalata. Aikin wahaya yana ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar cin zarafin' yan mata 'yan shekaru 9, suna sayar da su a matsayin bayin gida ko kuma' yan mata masu yin lalata da su. Nijar wuri ne na bai daya na fataucin mutane, kasancewar tana da tushe, hanyar wucewa, kuma makoma ta ƙarshe ga waɗanda fataucin ya shafa a ciki da wajen kan iyakokin ƙasar. 'Yan mata mata, waɗanda aka siyar a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadagon su, a lokacin da maigidan yake so a cikin tsarin al'adar bawan gargajiya da wahaya ke haifarwa.
Mafi girman TFR (kusan yara / mata 7) a duniya haɗe da ƙarancin haihuwa na ƙuruciya ya nuna cewa youngan matan Nijar suna da yara a wani matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Yawan auren ƙananan yara, a dabi'ance, zai haifar da iyaye mata kanana da kuma yawan haihuwa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru a tsakanin yara mata na farko a Nijar ya kai shekaru 18.1, wanda ya zo na biyu bayan na kusa da Chadi.
Tare da auren yara, yawan haihuwar samari, da ma mafi girma TFR yana zuwa mutuwar mata . Tare da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 555 cikin 100,000 da ake haifa, dole ne iyayen mata a Nijar su shawo kan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a baya don tabbatar da cewa duka rayuwar ta fita cikin nasara. Rashin ingantaccen kiwon lafiya, isassun kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya, da walwala da tattalin arziki duk suna taimakawa ga ƙasar Nijar wajen yawan mace-macen mata. Hakanan baya taimakawa lokacin da iyaye mata ke haihuwa yayin samari.
Hakkokin mata
Yawan karatun jahilci a Nijar na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaranci a duniya. Matsakaicin ƙasa shine 19.1% tare da ilimin mata a 11%, mafi ƙanƙanci a duniya. . Wannan bayanan na waɗancan shekaru 15 ne da sama da hakan na iya karatu da rubutu. Ilimi, kodayake yana da dama, amma bai zama ruwan dare ba ga mata matasa. Kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mata, duk shekarunsu, sun shiga cikin tsarin ilimin. Wararrun al'adun noma, irin na Nijar, ba koyaushe ke ba da muhimmanci ga ilimin boko ba.
Tashin hankalin jinsi ya zama koina a Nijar. Ana wulakanta mata sosai a Nijar, kuma bayanan sun dawo da hakan. Nijar ita ce kan gaba wajen yawan haihuwa da haihuwa a duniya , zuwa yanzu. Akwai karancin taimako na shari'a idan ya zo ga batun gurfanar da masu cin zarafin. An ba da rahoton cewa wasu mata a Nijar na ganin cewa abin da suka saba na cin zarafin cikin gida ne. Ayyukan gargajiya galibi suna da yawa yayin da al'umma ke ɗaukar mata da ƙarancin daraja saboda haka al'ada ce ta barin waɗanda aka cutar ba tare da adalci ba. Cin zarafin mata 'yan Nijar ya halatta ta ƙarni na wannan al'adar kuma da wuya wata ƙa'idar doka ta canza hanya. An yi tanadi don rage yawan tashin hankali, amma sun kasa haifar da sanannen canji.
Manazarta
Hoton matan Abzinawan Nijar biyu
Matan Nijar suna kan gaba wajen aiwatar da aikace-aikace don kare danginsu yayin matsalar abinci mai gina jiki (A kallo: Niger) na Chris Tidey
NIGER: Fyade da duka da aka yiwa mata da ake gani abu ne na al'ada
Matan Nijar
Mata
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Nijar
Pages with unreviewed translations |
51006 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20Najeriya | Taron Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya | Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke jagorantar masu tunani da kuma kare manufofi da aka kafa a Najeriya. NESG tana inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Kungiyar ce mai zaman kanta, mai ba da jam'iyya kuma mai son siyasa. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an kafa ta a matsayin mai zaman kanta a 1996.
Manufofin, NESG sun haɗa da gina cibiyar bincike ta farko don taimakawa wajen tallafawa masu ruwa da tsaki wajen aiwatar da manufofi, tsara shirye-shirye da dabarun don mayar da martani ga duk wani sabon abu a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da na duniya da kuma samun cikakken tsarin aiki na tattalin arziki.
Ra'ayi na gani
Don zama Afirka da ke jagorantar masu zaman kansu masu tunani da suka himmatu ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya na zamani da ya hada da duniya.
Aikin
Don ingantawa da kuma tallafawa sake fasalin tattalin arzikin Najeriya zuwa budewa, hadawa-hadar, mai dorewa kuma mai gasa a duniya
Tarihi
A taron koli na farko a watan Fabrairun 1993, shugabannin kasa sun binciki abubuwan da suka faru a duniya na 1992-2020 kuma sun bayyana ka'idojin gina tattalin arziki mai gasa a Najeriya, a fadin abin da wakilai suka kira 'Sabon iyakoki'. Wannan ya kunshi Ilimi, Daidaitawa, Kasuwanci, Rarraba, Infrastructurisation, da Democratisation. Bayan kwanaki na tattaunawa da shawarwari, Gwamnatin Tarayya a NES # 1 ta karɓi falsafar tattalin arziki mai tushe wanda zai zama tushen karni na 21 na Najeriya.
A kan taron koli na tattalin arziki da suka biyo baya, wannan falsafar tattalin arziƙi ta zama tushen shawarwarin sake fasalin da ya ƙare a cikin Agendas na Ci Gaban Kasa da yawa. Ta hanyar NES # 3 (1996), Yarjejeniyar Mai Amfani ta Kasa ita ce akwai buƙatar hangen nesa na kasa. Wannan taron ya ba da shawarar Sanarwar hangen nesa ta kasa ga Najeriya nan da shekara ta 2025: Níger za ta zama ƙasa mai tsari, mai mulki, adalci da wadata, da ke da haɗin kai a cikin ci gaba da aiki. Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar 'Shirin Canji' daga 1996 zuwa 2010, yana kafa tushe ga ajanda na 'Vision 2010'. Biye da shawarwari masu yawa na NES # 3, Kwamitin 'Vision 2010' na Najeriya, wanda ya kunshi mambobi 240 wadanda suka fito ne daga N ESG, sun gabatar da rahoton 'Binciken 2010'; saboda haka an sadaukar da NAS # 4 don aiwatarwa.
A shekara ta 2001, Najeriya ta canza zuwa Dimokuradiyya ta Afirka ta zamani ta ƙarni na 21 kuma tare da ci gaban kashi 10%. Rahotanni na Bankin Duniya sun lura da Najeriya a cikin kasashe 'MINT' tare da damar tattalin arziki don shiga kasashen 'BRICS', da kuma manyan kasasa 20 mafi wadata a duniya. An ba da shawarar buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi da burin gaske. Wannan ya haifar da bayyana 'Tsarin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Kasa (NEEDS)' da kuma 'Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban Tartalin Ruwa na Jiha (SEEDs) ' a cikin NES # 10 da aiwatar da shi a N ES # 11 a 2005. Tare da hadin gwiwar NEEDS-SEEDs a wurin, masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa sun lura da rashin haske dangane da hangen nesa na Najeriya a kan bangare-da-bangare, da kuma fahimtar labaran duniya na Nigeria da ke shiga ƙungiyar 20, a tsakiyar nasarar sake fasalin da ake samu a fadin bangarori kamar Sadarwa, Sufuri, Bankin da Kudi da Fensho. Wannan ya haifar da taken taron koli na 2007: 'Nijeriya: Matsayi don Top 20 League', wanda aka jaddada ta hanyar bayyana 'Vision 20:2020'. Saboda haka, 'Vision 20:2020' na Najeriya shine kokarin kasa da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga NES da nufin bunkasa da bunkasar Najeriya, kasar da ta fi yawan jama'a a Afirka, da kuma kawo ta cikin ƙungiyar manyan tattalin arzikin duniya 20 a shekarar 2020.
'Vision 20:2020' na Najeriya ya kafa ajanda ta kasa tare da manufofi da burin cimma ci gaban tattalin arziki da sauri da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin tattalin arzikin 20 mafi girma a girman GDP. Binciken yadda hangen nesa 20:2020 ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na karɓa da aiwatarwa ya nuna mummunar aiki. Tun daga shekara ta 2009, Najeriya tana da gwamnatoci biyu tare da nasu shirye-shiryen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda ka'idar ta dace da sharuddan hangen nesa 20:2020. Sabon daga cikin wadannan tsare-tsaren shine 'Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban (ERGP) ' 2017-2020; shirin da aka yi niyyar farfado da tattalin arziki da ake buƙata a cikin gajeren lokaci wanda ya kafa hanya don ci gaban tattalin arzikin da ya dace.
A cikin 2022, Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya ta nada Olaniyi Yusuf a matsayin sabon shugabanta. Mista Yusuf, wanda har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi mataimakin shugaban NESG ne na farko, ya maye gurbin Asue Ighodalo, wacce aka naɗa a shekarar 2018 bayan ritayar Mutanen Kyari Bukar.
Taron Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya
Taron Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya (NES) shine babban taron NESG kuma an shirya shi tare da hadin gwiwar hukumar tsara kasa ( NPC). Taron Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya ya ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan samar da aiki, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici (SME), gasa, rushe ginshiƙan cin hanci da rashawa, ƙarfafa ci gaban ci Gaban Ci Gabas da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa da daidaita ajandar cibiyar ci Gaba ta dogon lokaci tare da burin ciwon Ci gaban Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shekaru 29, Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya ta cika abubuwa da yawa dangane da sakamakon bincike da aiwatar da shirye-shirye, gami da tarurruka, taro, da bita.
Taron farawa
Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya ce ta gabatar da taron farawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban taron, Tarin Tashin Takiyar Najeriya (NES) a cikin 2017. Yana aiki a matsayin dandamali ga 'yan kasuwa don girma da tallafawa kasuwancin su. Taron farawa na Pitching ya zo da damar yin amfani da shi don jagoranci da sabis na ba da shawara na sana'a. An kuma gudanar da taron farawa na farawa a cikin 2019 a taron cika shekaru 25 tare da masu nasara suna karɓar tallafi.
Kwamitin Siyasa
Kwamitocin manufofi 13 sune kamar haka:
Kwamitin Manufofin Makamashi
Kwamitin manufofin kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire
Kwamitin manufofin masana'antu da ma'adanai masu ƙarfi
Hukumar kula da aikin gona da tsaro na abinci
Kwamitin manufofin ababen more rayuwa da kayan aiki
Kwamitin manufofin ilimi
Kwamitin manufofin gwamnati da cibiyoyin
Hukumar saka hannun jari da manufofin gasa
Kwamitin hada-hadar kudi, hada hada kudi da manufofin kasuwannin kudi
Kwamitin manufofin dorewa
Yawon shakatawa, baƙi, nishaɗi, masana'antu da wasanni a matsayin kasuwanci
Kwamitin manufofin kiwon lafiya
Kwamitin manufofin tattalin arziki na dijital
Tsarin Kwamitin Manufofin NESG ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka sani da ƙungiyoyin Thematic. Akwai kungiyoyi 44 da suka hada da tsarin kwamishinan manufofi na NESG.
Haɗin gwiwa
NESG / NGF Tattalin Arziki Roundtable (NNER)
Tebur din Tattalin Arziki na NESG / NGF (NER) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Taron Gwamnonin Najeriya da N ESG . Tebur ɗin yana aiki tare da 'yan ƙasa don inganta hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki a cikin rukuni waɗanda ke iya amfani da hanyoyin tattalin arziƙi don ƙirƙirar ayyuka a fannin dabaru, noma, ajiya da sauransu.
Triple Helix Roundtable (NTHR)
An ƙaddamar da Triple Helix Roundtable (NTHR) a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2019 a matsayin dandamali na dindindin don aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati-academia-masana'antu don inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba na kasa a Najeriya. Ita ce bayyanar farko ta samfurin Triple-Helix a cikin ƙasar, wanda ya zo bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa (NUC) (don ilimi) da Ƙungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (noman masana'antu), da kuma zaman hulɗa da koma baya wanda aka gudanar daga baya.
Duk da yake babban burin hadin gwiwar masana'antu da masana-antu shine sake farfado da tsarin ilimi mafi girma na Najeriya, babban manufar dogon lokaci shine don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, masana kimiyya da kuma masanaʼantu don 'yan wasan uku su iya yin aiki tare don haɓaka mafita ga matsaloli masu mahimmanci da aiwatar da ajanda don ci gaban tattalin arziki. NTHR tana neman inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin waɗannan 'yan wasan don babban burin haɓaka ci gaba ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa cikin tattalin arzikin da ke jagorantar kirkire-kirkire da ilimi.
Tebur na Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi (DMR)
An kafa Roundtable na Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi (DMR) kan sake fasalin bashi da kuma kudade na zamantakewa a watan Maris na 2021 ta kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG) tare da goyon bayan Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA). Ana sa ran Roundtable zai samar da fahimta, shaidu da shawarwari game da kula da bashin da dorewa, tare da hangen nesa don shiga masu tsara manufofi kan sake fasalin bashini da kuma kudade na zamantakewa a yankin Yammacin Afirka, ta amfani da Najeriya a matsayin binciken shari'a. Biyan jama'a a cikin ECOWAS sun tashi sama da ninki huɗu tun lokacin sauya bashin (2005-2006).
NESG Bridge Fellowship
An fara NESG Bridge Fellowship a cikin shekara ta 2019 ta kwamitin daraktoci don bikin cika shekaru 25 na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya (NES # 25). NESG, tare da hadin gwiwar LEAP Africa, ta kaddamar da N ESG Bridge Fellowship, da burin samar da sabon rukunin matasa masu hangen nesa tare le jagoranci, bincike da ƙwarewar bayar da shawarwari don ba da gudummawa ga sake fasalin manufofi a Najeriya.
Shiga tsakani
Dokar Majalisar Girma ta Kasa
NESG ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen bayar da shawarwari kafin wucewa da sanya hannu a cikin dokar dokar majalisar zuma ta kasa ta 2019. Dokar tana neman sanya kasuwar tsaba ta fi tsari kuma tana bawa Majalisar Tsire-tsire ta Aikin Gona ta Kasa (NASC) damar buga littattafan Tsiro na Kasa a kai a hankali da ke nuna nau'ikan iri da farashin da suka cancanci takardar shaidar a Najeriya.
Dokar Kula da Ingancin takin mai
NESG da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki sun haɗu don tabbatar da wucewar Dokar Kula da Ingancin Abinci ta 2019 don taimakawa kare manoma daga karancin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya faruwa sakamakon amfani da takin da aka lalata. Dokar ta kuma nemi ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ba da damar kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar taki don bunƙasa da Inganta yawan amfanin gona.
Dokar Kare Tsire-tsire (PVP)
NESG tare da haɗin gwiwa tare na Hadin gwiwar Canjin Aikin Gona a Afirka (PIATA), tare le AGRA, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation da USAID, sun haɗa kai da Majalisar Ajin Goma ta Kasa (NASC) don tallafawa aikin dokokin da za su samar da tsarin kariya iri-iri ga Najeriya. Ana sa ran PVP lokacin da aka ba da doka zai karfafa saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa na kasuwanci da kuma taimakawa ci gaban cibiyar darajar aikin gona ta Najeriya.
Dokar Tsaro da Ingancin Abinci ta Kasa (Foodorado)
Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG) a cikin aikinta don tabbatar da abinci mai aminci, mai gina jiki da mai araha ga duk 'yan Najeriya suna tallafawa aiwatar da aiwatarwar dokar tsaro da ingancin abinci. Ta hanyar Majalisar Kasuwancin Kasashen Duniya (NASSBER), Hadin gwiwar Canjin Aikin Gona a Afirka (PIATA), tare da AGRA, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Cibiyar Bill & Melinda Gates da USAID, NESG tana aiki tare tare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya da sauran ma'aikatan da suka dace da hukumomin gwamnati don tallafawa aikin dokokin da za su tallafa da inganta lafiyar abinci da tsaro ga Najeriya.
NASSBER
An kafa Babban Kwamitin Kasuwancin Kasashen Duniya (NASSBER) a cikin 2016 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, NESG da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya a kan Dokar Kasar tare da tallafi daga shirin ENABLE2 na Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Duniya ta Burtaniya don shiga tsakani wajen inganta yanayin kasuwanci a hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba ta amfani da kayan aikin majalisa.
Rediyon NESG
Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG) ta kaddamar da ayyukan rediyo da kwasfan fayiloli a watan Fabrairun 2021 tare da manufar fadada shawarwarin bincike da yin manufofi masu tasiri ga duk 'yan Najeriya, gami da masu sauraro na fasahar birane, da kuma mazaunan karkara.
A kokarinmu na ba da mahimman bayanai ga duk 'yan Najeriya a cikin diaspora, birane, yankunan birni da yankuna na karkara, NESG tana kirkirar podcast na gargajiya wanda zai sanar da mazaunan gari da na yankunansu da abubuwan da ke cikin gida kuma yana taimakawa wajen sadarwa shirye-shiryen da za su haifar da hada kai ga dukkan' yan Najeriya. Laoye Jaiola, babban jami'in zartarwa, NESG ya ce.
Cibiyar Sabunta Manufofin (PIC)
PIC wani shiri ne a cikin NESG wanda ke neman inganta ƙira da aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shiryen gwamnati a Najeriya ta hanyar darussan daga halayyar da kimiyyar zamantakewa da sauran kayan aikin manufofin. Yin aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da al'ummomin duniya, PIC na tallafawa ci gaba da kokarin da ake yi a kan muhimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci kamar Manufofin Ci Gaban (SDGs) musamman Daidaitaccen Jima'i, Babu Talauci, Ilimi mai inganci, Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a, Haɗin Kai ga Manufo.
Cibiyar Innovation Manufofin ita ce cibiyar manufofin jama'a ta farko a yankin Sahara ta Afirka da aka sadaukar da ita ga amfani da ka'idar halayyar, kayan aiki da gwaji don sanar da tsarin zamantakewa / tsarin manufofi da aiwatarwa. Manufar PIC ita ce ta zama babbar kungiyar kimiyyar halayyar cikin gida ta Najeriya, tana tallafawa ingantaccen shugabanci ta hanyar nazarin halayen. PIC na neman inganta tsarin manufofi da aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Najeriya da kuma sanya al'adun yin manufofin da suka danganci shaida a cikin gwamnati.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Saleh | Adam Saleh | Adam Muhsin Yehya Saleh (ادم محسن يحيى صالح /s æ l ə / SAL -ə . an Haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin, shekara ta 1993) ne American YouTube hali na Yemen asalin daga New York City .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adam Saleh a Brooklyn, New York City, daga iyaye ƴan ƙasar Yemen. Ya tafi Manhattan "Center For Science and Mathematics High School" na tsawon shekaru uku, to amma ya koma makarantar Al-Madinah bayan an kore shi saboda ya bugi kwamfutar shugabansa a matsayin martani a gare shi na nuna wariyar launin fata ga mahaifiyarsa. Babban burin sa shine ya zama lauya.
Ayyukan YouTube
TrueStoryASA
Ya fara yin bidiyon YouTube a shekara ta 2012 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tashar YouTube "TrueStoryASA" tare da abokan makarantar sakandare Abdullah Ghuman da Sheikh Akbar. Babban burin sa shine ya zama lauya. Ya sami farin jini a duk ƙasar lokacin da ya fito a The Ellen DeGeneres Show nuna don wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. Ranar da fitowar Ellen zai bayyana, yana da gwaji na ƙarshe, amma ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da Ellen ; daga baya ya bayyana wannan a matsayin juzu'i a rayuwarsa ta cikakken mai amfani da YouTube wato Youtuber. Saleh ya fara fitar da shirin "Diamond Girl" guda ɗaya a ranar 3 ga Mayun shekarar 2015, wanda ke dauke da Sheikh Akbar da Mumzy Stranger a matsayin wani bangare na TrueStoryASA. A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2015, ya fitar da wakar sa ta farko, "Hawaye" wanda ke dauke da Zack Knight, a matsayin kyauta ga ɗan uwan sa da kawun sa. Kawun Saleh ya mutu ne sakamakon hatsarin mota kwanaki kaɗan kafin a ɗaura auren ɗan uwan nasa. Saleh ya bayyana kawun nasa da cewa mutum ne mai matuƙar farin ciki kuma ya kasance muhimmin dangi kuma idan ya mutu a irin wannan yanayin ya bar danginsu cikin alhini. Hanyar kawun nasa ya mutu ya bar tabon hankali kamar yadda Saleh ya bayyana a baya cewa yana daga cikin dalilan da yasa bashi da lasisin tukin mota. A watan Satumbar 2017, Saleh ya fitar da kundi na farko wanda ake kira Babi na II wanda ke nuna hadin gwiwa tare da masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da "Waynak" (tare da Faydee ), "Tsunami", "Duk Game da Soyayya", "Motto" (tare da Kennyon Brown), da "Duk Zaka Iya Mu'amala "(tare da Demarco ). A ranar 18 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2018, ya yarda da ƙalubalen kasancewa abokin adawar dambe na KSI na gaba.
3MH tashar
Saleh ya zama wani ɓangare na wata tashar haɗin gwiwa, "3MH" tare da Sheikh Akbar, Karim Metwaly da Slim Albaher. TrueStoryASA da 3MH sun rabu a cikin Mayun shekarar 2015. Bayan TruestoryASA ya ƙare, Saleh ya karɓi duka manyan tashoshi da vlog kuma ya canza musu suna "Adam Saleh" da "Adam Saleh Vlogs". An yi sabani game da dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin suka rabu. Wasu jita-jita sun ce matsalar ta kasance tsakanin Saleh da Akbar, kuma da yawa daga cikin masoyan Saleh na zargin manajan nasa da raba kawunan. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya ƙirƙiri bidiyo da yawa azaman soyayyar YouTuber.
Damben YouTube na 2019
Kafin wasan damben sa na ƙwararru na farko, Ya kasance ɗan damben mai son gaske tare da rikodin 13-0 don farawa amma an soke lasisin faɗarsa saboda bidiyon faɗan titi da ya bazu a Duniya.
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban, shekara ta 2019, Saleh ya ci wasan dambensa da Marcus Stephenson.
Rigima
Wani faifan bidiyo wanda aka ɗora a tashar YouTube ta Saleh a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 ya zama sananne a duniya. A cikin bidiyon, Saleh da Sheikh Akbar sun yi jayayya da juna a gaban wani jami'in 'yan sanda sanye da kayan yamma amma ɗan sanda ya yi biris da su. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, suka sake yin faɗa yayin da suke sanye da kayan gargajiya amma a wannan karon ɗan sandan ya dakatar da su kuma ya nuna rashin da'a da su. Bidiyon ya samu ra'ayoyi sama da 200,000 a YouTube kuma kafofin yaɗa labarai sun ɗauke shi. Jama'a game da bidiyon sun nuna adawa ga jami'in ɗan sandan. Daga baya Saleh ya ce an shirya bidiyon ne don sake "abubuwan da suka faru a baya da suka faru", kuma ana nuna shi a matsayin misali ga wasu game da yadda waɗannan abubuwa zasu iya faruwa ga mutane a kan tituna kawai idan sun yi ado da wata 'ta daban'. Ɓangaren New York na majalisar kan alakar Amurka da Musulunci (CAIR), wacce a baya ta fitar da faifan bidiyon a matsayin misalin nuna wariya ga Musulmai, ta nemi gafara daga Saleh da Akbar inda ta ce "Musulmai sun riga sun kasance a ƙarƙashin madubin hangen nesa kuma don yin hakan don kawai a sami rahusar talla ba abin yarda bane. Bai kamata a yi ƙoƙarin ba da dalilin ba; kawai su nemi afuwa kuma su nemi mutane su yafe musu abubuwan da suka aikata na rashin kulawa ”
A wani bidiyo na YouTube, Saleh ya yi ikirarin cewa ya shiga cikin akwati a cikin akwatin jigilar kaya daga jirgin Tigerair daga Melbourne zuwa Sydney. Duk da haka, hotunan tsaro na Filin jirgin saman Melbourne sun tabbatar da cewa lamarin yaudara ce bayan da suka samar da bidiyon da ke nuna Saleh ya hau jirgin tare da kamfanin jirgin yana mai lura da cewa ba za a ɗora jakarsa mai nauyi a cikin jirgin ba tare da bincike ba kuma ba za a ɗauki fasinja a cikin jigilar jirgin mara zafi ba fito da gumi.
A watan Disambar 2016, Saleh ya sanya bidiyon a ciki inda ya yi ikirarin an cire shi daga jirgin Delta Air Lines a Filin jirgin saman Heathrow saboda jin larabci. Duk da haka, wasu fasinjojin sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu, suna masu ikirarin cewa Saleh yana damun sauran fasinjojin, kuma shi ma kansa bayanin na Delta ya ce Saleh yana ihu da tsokanar wasu. Ikirarin Saleh ya haifar da muhawara kan "'Yancin Tashi".
A cikin 2018, Saleh, da sauran masu amfani da YouTube wato YouTubers da yawa, sun shiga cikin wani binciken na Trending na BBC don inganta gidan yanar gizon EduBirdie, wanda ke ba masu amfani damar sayen kasidu (inganta yaudara).
A watan Yulin 2020, Saleh ya sanya TikTok inda yake nuna shi yana sumbatar yarinya. Wannan ya haifar da martani a gareshi saboda ayyukansa. Abokansa da danginsa suma sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da ayyukan Saleh a shafukan sada zumunta. Daga baya Saleh ya faɗa a wani faifan bidiyo da aka saka a tashar Albaher cewa koda bai sumbaci yarinyar ba sai dai ya rungume ta ko kuma bai taba ta ba, da har yanzu zai samu martani. Ya kuma nuna rashin jin daɗinsa da rashin jin daɗinsa ga mai wa'azin Ali Dawah, yana mai kiransa da "phony" kuma ya fi son Mufti Menk a kansa saboda bidiyon Dawah da ke sukar Saleh da masoyansa.
Rikodin damben ƙwararru
Waƙoƙi
Faya-faya
Waƙoƙi da bidiyo na kiɗa
2015: "Diamond Girl" (with Sheikh Akbar feat. Mumzy Stranger )
2015: "Tears" (feat. Zack Knight)
2015: "Tomorrow's Another Day" (feat. Mumzy Stranger)
2017 "All You Can Handle" (feat. Demarco)
2017 "Waynak" (feat. Faydee)
2017: "Partner in Crime" (with Slim)
2017: "Gimme That" (feat. Zack Knight)
2017: "The Motto" (feat. Kennyon Brown)
2018: "Instagram Famous" (Adam Saleh x Zack Knight)
2020: "Ya Ghayeb" (Adam Saleh)
2020: "Crash & Burn" (Adam Saleh x Zack Knight)
2021: "Mashallah" (Fousey x Adam Saleh)
Wanda aka nuna a ciki
2017: "On My Way" (James Yammouni & Faydee feat. Adam Saleh)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Adam Saleh's channel on YouTube
Adam Saleh's channel on YouTube
Larabawa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
28140 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomplay%20Music | Boomplay Music | Boomplay Music sabis ne mai yawo da zazzagewa ta hanyar Transsnet Music Limited.Kamfanin TECNO Mobile, Transsion Holdings ne ya fara kaddamar da wannan hidimar a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Boomplay yana da freemium da sabis na tushen biyan kuɗi; Fasali na asali kyauta ne tare da tallace-tallace ko iyakancewa, yayin da ƙarin fasaloli, kamar zazzagewa don wasan layi da sauraron talla ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. A halin yanzu ana samun sabis ɗin don amfani da Yanar Gizo, Android da iOS. Tun daga watan Agusta 3, 2018, Boomplay Music ya yi rikodin shigarwa miliyan 10 daga shagon Google Play App. A halin yanzu yana da masu amfani da miliyan 75.
Tarihi
Waƙar Boomplay ta fi mai da hankali kan abubuwan kiɗan gida da na birni na Afirka kuma an fara ƙaddamar da ita a Najeriya a cikin 2015. Kiɗa na Boomplay ya fito da "Boomplay Music Version 2.1" a cikin Maris 2016 yana gabatar da Premium Subscription ɗin sa wanda ya ƙunshi sabis na biyan kuɗi, sauraren talla da zazzagewa don wasan layi. A cikin Maris 2017 Boomplay Music ya fito da Shafin 3.0 wanda ya ƙunshi sabon tambari, sake fasalin Interface Mai amfani, fasalin da ke biyo baya da kuma gabatar da sabon fasalin "Buzz" wanda ke ba masu amfani damar samun damar samun labarai na nishaɗi ba tare da barin app ba. A cikin 2017, ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Best African App' a Kyautar Innovation na AppsAfrica a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu kuma a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2017 ta sanar da haɗin gwiwa tare da TuneCore. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2018, Boomplay Music ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya don rarraba abun ciki daga alamun kiɗan na Universal. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo babban kasida ta UMG na masu fasaha na gida da na duniya ciki har da Eminem, Tekno, Post Malone, Nicki Minaj, Lady Zamar, Lil Wayne, Bob Marley, Brenda Fassie, Wurld, J. Cole, Dr Tumi, Nasty C, 6lack, Diana Ross, Hugh Masekela, Jon Bellion, Lady Gaga, Tamia, Maroon 5, AKA & Anatii, Tjan, Jah Prayzah, Nonso Bassey, Mafikizolo, Cina Soul, Ella Mai, and Mr Eazi to its users. A cikin Disamba 2018, an fitar da sigar iOS ta app. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group. Sharuɗɗan haɗin gwiwar sun ba da damar Boomplay don rarraba kasida mai yawa na Warner Music na fiye da waƙoƙi miliyan ɗaya ga al'ummar masu sauraron sa a ƙasashe goma; Kamaru, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Najeriya, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda da Zambia. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kuɗaɗen dalar Amurka miliyan 20 wanda Maison Capital ke jagoranta sannan Seas Capital da sauran masu saka hannun jari na dabaru suka biyo baya. A cikin 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa Boomplay yana aiki tare da ɗan kasuwan Croatian Centili don haɓaka samfuran biyan kuɗi na bayanai. Abokan ciniki suna samun maki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don musayar bayanai, za su iya shiga cikin talla da gasa don cin nasara bayanai, kuma suna iya ba da bayanai ga wasu masu amfani. An kaddamar da wannan fasalin a Najeriya tun da farko, amma ana sa ran za a yada shi zuwa sauran kasashen da Boomplay ke aiki a cikinsu.
An sanar da Billboard a cikin Oktoba 2021, cewa za a ƙara bayanai daga rafukan Boomplay zuwa bayanan da aka yi amfani da su wajen tattara Billboard Hot 100, Billboard 200 da sauran sigogin bayanan Billboard.
Abokan hulɗa
A cikin Mayu 2019, Boomplay ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rarrabawa tare da Believe Digital rarraba ayyukan. An kafa Believe a cikin Paris a cikin 2004 ta Denis Ladegaillerie a matsayin sashin rarrabawa da sabis na kan layi na duniya da alamar rikodin cikin gida. Tare da ofisoshin 32 a cikin yankuna 16, abokan cinikin kamfanin sun hada da Scorpio Music, Kitsune, Sinanci Man Records, Fargo, Baco Records, Afrique Caribes Productions da Yellow. Hakanan a cikin 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Sony, da hukumar kare haƙƙin indie ta duniya Merlin.
Fadadawa
Boomplay Music ya sanar da ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar buɗe ofishinta na Kenya a watan Agustan 2016. Ya buɗe ofishin Tanzaniya A cikin Afrilu 2017. A halin yanzu tana da ayyuka da ofisoshin gida a Najeriya, Kenya, Ghana da Tanzaniya.
Asusu da biyan kuɗi
Tun daga Janairu 2018, nau'ikan biyan kuɗi na Boomplay guda biyu, duka suna ba da lokacin saurare mara iyaka da ingantaccen ingancin sauti (har zuwa 320kbit / s bitrate) sune:
Manazara
Mawaƙa |
24793 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Kelly | Chip Kelly | Chip Edward Kelly (an haife ta ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963). shine kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka wanda shine babban kocin UCLA Bruins . Ya zama mashahuri a matsayin babban kocin Oregon Ducks daga 2009 zuwa 2012, wanda ya jagoranci bayyanar wasannin kwana huɗu na BCS, gami da Wasannin Gasar Wasannin Kasa na 2011 BCS. Wannan nasarar ta sa ya yi aiki a matsayin babban koci a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na yanayi hudu, uku tare da Philadelphia Eagles (2013-2015) kuma daya tare da San Francisco 49ers (2016).Aikin NFL na Kelly ya kasance bai yi nasara ba, kawai yana yin wasannin a farkon kakar sa tare da Philadelphia, wanda hakan ya sa aka kore shi daga kungiyoyin biyu.Bayan barin NFL, Kelly ya koma kwallon kafa na kwaleji a 2018 don horar da UCLA.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kelly a Dover, New Hampshire . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester kuma ya sami Bachelor of Science a ilimin motsa jiki daga Jami'ar New Hampshire a shekarar 1990. Ya buga wasan kwata -kwata a Manchester Central kuma ya koma baya a Jami'ar New Hampshire. Bugu da ƙari, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara da ƙwallon kwando a lokacin karatun sakandare.
Aikin koyawa
Shekaru na koyawa na farko
Kelly ya shiga matsayin koyawa a 1990 a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin sakandare da na musamman na ƙungiyar sabo. A shekara mai zuwa, ya kasance mai layin layi na waje da kuma kocin aminci mai ƙarfi ga ƙungiyar varsity. A cikin 1992, ya tafi Jami'ar New Hampshire a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan baya . Ya bar ya zama mai kula da tsaro a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins na tsawon lokaci guda. Ya koma almajirin sa a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan baya na yanayi uku masu zuwa (1994 - 96). Ya zo daidai lokacin da zai ƙirƙiri wani shiri na toshe yanki don tauraron Jerry Azumah . Daga shekarar1995 zuwa 1998, saurin sauri ya ɗaga martabar ƙwallon ƙafa ta UNH yayin da ya yi sauri don abin da ya kasance rikodin FCS 6,193 yadi. Ya canza zuwa mai koyar da layin ɓarna na yanayi biyu (1997 - 98).
An haɓaka Kelly zuwa mai gudanarwa na ɓarna a New Hampshire a shekarar (1999 - 2006). Laifukan Wildcats sun kai matsakaita fiye da yadudduka 400 a kowane wasa na babban laifi a cikin bakwai daga cikin lokutan sa guda takwas A shekarar 2004, makarantar ta karya rikodin makaranta 29; yana tattara yadi 5,446 na duka laifi da zira maki 40 ko fiye a wasanni bakwai. Mafi kyawun fitowar su shine a cikin shekarar 2005 lokacin da Wildcats ya gama na biyu a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya (493.5 ypg), na uku a zira kwallaye (41.7 ppg) da na biyar a wucewa (300.1 ypg). Sun kammala kakar tare da rikodin 11 - 2.
Gridiron Club na Greater Boston ya nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Kolejin na Shekara ta hanyar kakar 2005 ban da zabin da ya yi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu horar da ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji" ta Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Amurka. A cikin shekara 2006, ɗan wasan baya Ricky Santos ya lashe kyautar Walter Payton a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kelly, bayan Santos ya gama na biyu a zaɓen kyautar a shekara ta 2005.
Kelly, tare da babban kocin Florida Gators Dan Mullen, tsohon mai kula da cin zarafin Winnipeg Blue Bombers Gary Crowton da babban kocin jihar Ohio Ryan Day, suna cikin abin da ake kira "Mafia New Hampshire" saboda dukkansu suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da New Hampshire.
Ducks na Oregon (2007 - 2012)
Kelly ya horar da Ducks na Oregon zuwa wasannin BCS a cikin kowane yanayi hudu na sa a matsayin babban koci; da 2010 Rose Bowl, 2011 BCS National Championship Game, 2012 Rose Bowl da 2013 Fiesta Bowl . Ya horar da Oregon zuwa gasa uku a jere a jere daga shekarata 2009 - 2011 da taken rabon taro a shekarar 2012. Oregon ta lashe wasan tasa na BCS na biyu a jere bayan da suka ci #5 Kansas State a 2013 Fiesta Bowl. Abin da za a iya ɗauka shine mafi mahimmancin sashin karatun Kelly a Oregon, duk da haka, shine ya sanya bayanan da ba a ci nasara ba akan Ducks da aka fi ƙiyayya, Oregon Beavers da Washington Huskies, wani abu wanda kocin Oregon bai taɓa cimmasa ba.
An ba shi lambar yabo ta Coach of the Year 2009 da 2010, 2010 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year, 2010 Walter Camp Coach of the Year, 2010 Sporting News Coach of the Year, 2010 AFCA Coach of the Year Award da 2010 Associated Press Kocin Shekara .
Mai gudanar da laifi
An yi hayar Kelly a matsayin mai gudanar da hare -hare a Oregon a watan Fabrairu shekarata 2007. Babban harin da ya ba da na cin zarafi ya kasance nasara nan take a Oregon.
A farkon kakar sa a matsayin mai gudanar da hare-hare a Oregon, Ducks sun jagoranci Pac-10 wajen zira kwallaye (38.15 ppg) da cikakken laifi (467.54 ypg), sannan kuma ya zama ƙungiyar ƙwallo mafi ƙima yayin tara mafi yadi a tarihin kwallon Oregon . Kafin zuwan Kelly a Oregon, Dennis Dixon ya yi gwagwarmaya a cikin yanayi uku na farko a kwata -kwata. A karkashin jagorancin Kelly, Dixon shine Pac-10 Laifin Dan Wasan Shekara kuma ya fito a matsayin dan takarar Heisman Trophy.
A cikin shekarar 2008, Ducks sun sake jagorantar Pac-10 wajen zira kwallaye (ppg 41.9) da cikakken laifi (484.8 ypg), yayin da keta alamar rikodin makaranta ya saita kakar da ta gabata.
Shugaban koci
A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2009, Oregon ya sanar da cewa za a inganta babban kocin Mike Bellotti zuwa daraktan wasanni; saboda haka, za a inganta Kelly a matsayin babban kocin.
2009 kakar
Kelly ya taimaka wa Ducks su sami kulawar ƙasa a cikin shakara ta 2009 bayan tashin hankali na #5 USC Trojans a ranar 31 ga Oktoba. Kelly ya zama kocin Pac-10 na farko da ya lashe gasar zakara a farkon kakar sa, inda ya aika da Ducks zuwa Rose Bowl a karon farko tun daga shekarata 1995. Ducks sun yi fatan lashe Rose Bowl na farko tun daga shekara na 1917, amma an mamaye su a asara zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2009 Kelly ya kasance mai suna Pac-10 Coach of the year. Shi ne kocin Ducks na biyu da ya sami wannan girmamawa, ɗayan kuma shine Rich Brooks (sau biyu).
2010 kakar
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2010, Kelly ya dakatar da Jeremiah Masoli na kakar bayan da dan wasan kwata-kwata ya amsa laifin yin fashin digirin digirgir na biyu, yana mai nuna shekara ta biyu a jere da aka dakatar da wani babban dan wasa. Daga baya an kori Masoli daga cikin tawagar sakamakon kamun da aka yi da tabar wiwi da laifukan tuki da dama.
A farkon Oktoba, Kelly ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa matsayi na #1 akan AP, Harris, da USA Today Coach Poll, ya biyo bayan 'yan makonni bayan wani #1 BCS ranking. Tare da cin nasara 37-20 akan Beavers na Jihar Oregon a ranar 4 ga Disamba, a shekarar 2010, Kelly ya jagoranci Ducks zuwa kammalawar 9-0 a wasan taro, inda suka lashe taken Pac-10 na Arewa a jere. Tare da Darron Thomas a kwata -kwata da wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Doak Walker LaMichael James a guduwa baya, Ducks ya kai maki 49.3 da yadudduka 537.5 a kowane wasa a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun.
A watan Disamba, bayan kakar 12-0 da ba a ci nasara ba da kuma ƙarshen lokacin #2 BCS ranking, an zaɓi Oregon don buga #1 Auburn Tigers a wasan zakarun ƙasa na BCS a ranar 10 ga Janairu shekarata 2011. Tigers, sun fita daga Taron Kudu maso Gabas , Gene Chizik ne ya horar da su, kuma sun sami nasarar Heisman Trophy a kwata -kwata a Cam Newton . Ducks sun yi asara, 22–19, akan na ƙarshe, na filin yadi 19 na Wes Byrum. Ya kasance mafi kusa da cewa wata ƙungiya daga yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific ta sami nasarar lashe gasar zakarun ƙasa tun lokacin da aka nada Washington zakara tare tare da Miami a 1991.
Dangane da nasarorin kocin nasa, Kelly ya karɓi kyautar Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year, Walter Camp Coach of the Year kuma an ba shi suna Pac-10 Coach of the Year don shekara ta biyu da ke gudana. Kelly ya kuma lashe Kocin AP na Shekara .
2011 kakar
Lokacin shekarar 2011 ya fara da #3 Ducks suna fuskantar #4 LSU Tigers a cikin Cowboys Classic inda aka ci su 40 - 27. Oregon ya lashe wasanni tara na gaba, gami da nasarar fashewa 53 - 30 a #3 Stanford .
Tafiyar a jere da aka dawo zuwa Gasar BCS da alama ta kasance mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, amma sun ci su 38-35 ta #18 USC lokacin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin filin Oregon ya gaza yayin da lokaci ya ƙare.
Ducks sun lashe gasar zakarun Pac-12 na uku kai tsaye bayan da suka doke UCLA a wasan farko na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa na Pac-12. Sun wakilci Pac-12 a cikin Rose Bowl kuma sun ci #10 Wisconsin 45-38. Wannan shine bayyanar Rose Bowl na biyu a cikin shekaru uku kuma na shida gaba ɗaya. Wannan ita ce shekara ta Oregon a jere a cikin wasan kwano na BCS.
Ducks sun gama kakar 12-2 (8-1 Pac-12) tare da matsayi na #4 na ƙarshe .
2012 kakar
Babban mashawarcin Oregon na lokaci-lokaci LaMichael James ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da babban kakar sa na shekarar 2012 don NFL da fara kwata-kwata Darron Thomas, tare da aikin fara rikodin 23-3, abin mamaki kuma ya yanke shawarar barin farkon don NFL.
Jagorancin sabon jaririn Marcus Mariota a wasan kwata -kwata da babban jigo Kenjon Barner, Oregon ya birge zuwa nasarori goma kai tsaye kafin daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa #14 Stanford a cikin ƙarin lokaci 17-14 a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba. Oregon yana da damar biyu don doke Stanford da burin filin amma ƙoƙarin duka ya ci tura. Kelly's Ducks zai sake komawa don doke #16 Jihar Oregon a cikin Yaƙin Basasa don shekara ta biyar kai tsaye kuma ya buga #5 Kansas State a cikin 2013 Fiesta Bowl . Ducks sun tabbatar sun yi yawa ga Jihar Kansas yayin da suka yi nasara zuwa nasarar 35 - 17 a shekara ta huɗu ta Oregon a jere a cikin wasan kwano na BCS.
Ducks sun gama kakar 12-1 (8-1 Pac-12) tare da matsayi #2, sanya su a cikin manyan biyar na ƙimar kakar ƙarshe don kakar wasa ta uku a jere.
A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, shekarar 2013, The Oregonian ya ba da rahoton cewa Jami'ar Oregon ta yi tayin sanya shirin ƙwallon ƙafa a gwajin shekaru biyu don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin NCAA da ake zargin ya faru a lokacin Kelly a matsayin shugaban koci. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, shekarar 2013 Kwamitin NCAA kan Tashe -tashen hankula ya ba da rahotonsa na kammala bincike kan yadda Oregon ke amfani da ayyukan duba ƙwallon ƙafa. Oregon ya karɓi shekaru 3 na gwaji, rage tallafin karatu, amma ba a hana kwano ba. Kelly ta sami hukuncin kisa na watanni 18, wanda hakan zai sa ɗaukar wani ma'aikacin NCAA ya zama da wahala. Wannan cikas ya zama abin ƙyama, duk da haka, bayan Kelly ya shafe shekaru huɗu masu zuwa yana koyarwa a cikin NFL.
NFL sha'awa
Kocin New York Giants Tom Coughlin ya yi ƙoƙarin hayar Kelly a matsayin kocin kula da inganci ashekarata 2006 lokacin da Kelly ya kasance mai gudanar da hargitsi a Jami'ar New Hampshire . Kelly ya ƙi tayin kuma jim kaɗan bayan ya zama mai gudanar da ayyukan ɓarna a Jami'ar Oregon .
A cikin bazara na shakarata 2009, Jon Gruden da Kelly sun shafe kwanaki da yawa a Tampa, Florida, suna tattaunawa kan dabaru, ci gaba, da dabarun ɓarna. A watan Nuwamba na 2010, Kelly ya ziyarci Pete Carroll a cibiyar koyon aikin Seattle Seahawks yayin makon bye na Oregon.
A cikin Janairu a shekaran 2012, Tampa Bay Buccaneers sun yi hira da Kelly don matsayin babban kocin amma ya ƙi ɗaukar aikin saboda yana da "kasuwancin da bai gama kammalawa" tare da Ducks.
A lokacin kashe -kashe na shekarata 2012, Kelly ya sadu da kocin New England Patriots Bill Belichick don tattauna yadda ya aiwatar da laifin "blur" da ya gudu a Oregon. New England ta fara aiwatar da laifin cikin sauri tun 2007. Marubucin Oregonian John Canzano yayi hasashen cewa Kelly yana jiran matsayin kocin New England Patriots don samun samuwa.
A farkon Janairu nq shekarata 2013, ƙungiyoyin NFL da yawa sun nuna sha'awa kuma Buffalo Bills, Cleveland Browns da Philadelphia Eagles sun yi hira da Kelly. Bayan ganawar sa’o’i bakwai da Browns sannan taron na awa tara da Eagles, ESPN Adam Schefter ya ruwaito cewa Kelly da farko ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Oregon. Mako guda bayan haka, Kelly ya karɓi tayin daga Philadelphia kuma ya zama babban kocin Eagles.
Philadelphia Eagles (2013–2015)
Saltvelt, Mark (2013) Tao na Chip Kelly: Darasi daga Babban Kocin Amurka . Buga Bugawa.
Saltvelt, Mark (2015) Sarrafa Hargitsi: Juyin Kwallon Kafa na Chip Kelly . Buga Bugawa. ISBN 1626818231
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29242 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalilan%20Ciwon%20Daji | Dalilan Ciwon Daji | Ciwon daji yana faruwa ne ta hanyar canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da hadakar kwayoyin cuta marasa tsari da samuwar kari . Babban dalilin ciwon daji (wanda ba na iyali ba) shine lalacewar DNA da rashin zaman lafiya . Kadan daga cikin cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi na gado. Yawancin cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da muhalli, salon rayuwa, ko fallasa ɗabi'a. Ciwon daji gabaɗaya baya yaɗuwa a cikin ɗan adam, kodayake ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar oncoviruses da kwayoyin cutar kansa . Kalmar " muhalli ", kamar yadda masu binciken ciwon daji ke amfani da ita, tana nufin duk wani abu da ke waje da jiki wanda ke hulda da mutane. Yanayin bai iyakance ga yanayin yanayin halitta ba (misali fallasa abubuwa kamar gurɓatacciyar iska ko hasken rana), to amma kuma ya haɗa da yanayin rayuwa da halayen dabi'a.
Fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na mutuwar ciwon daji a duk duniya (kuma kusan kashi 75-80 a cikin Amurka) ana kuma iya kaucewa ta hanyar rage fallasa ga abubuwan da aka sani. Abubuwan muhalli na yau da kullun wadanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar kansa sun hada da fallasa ga sinadarai daban-daban da wakilai na jiki (amfani da taba yana da lissafin 25-30% na mutuwar cutar kansa), gurbataccen muhalli, abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), da kuma radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, aqalla wani bangare, ta hanyar canza aikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel. Yawanci yawancin irin waɗannan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta ana buƙatar kafin ciwon daji ya taso. An yi ta maimaita tsufa kuma akai-akai a matsayin muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi lokacin da ake kimanta abubuwan hadari don ci gaban ciwon daji na musamman. Yawancin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na salula wadanda ke da hannu wajen hadaka ciwon daji suna taruwa yayin tsarin tsufa kuma a karshe suna bayyana kamar ciwon daji.
Genetics
Ko da yake akwai fiye da 50 nau'in ciwon daji da za a iya gane su, ƙasa da 0.3% na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi mai alaka da cutar kansa kuma wadannan ba su wuce 3-10% na duk cututtukan daji ba. Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado bane ("ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci"). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na iyali cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta wanda gadadden maye gurbi a cikin daya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta ke sa wadanda abin ya shafa su kamu da cutar kansa kuma yana iya haifar da farkon farkon wadannan cututtukan. Ko da yake ciwon daji yana nuna hasarin ciwon daji, hadarin ya bambanta. Ga wasu daga cikin wadannan cututtuka, ciwon daji ba shine farkon sifa ba kuma ba kasafai ake samun sakamako ba.
Yawancin cututtukan ciwon daji suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu hana ɗari wadanda ke daidaita hadakar kwayoyin cuta. Sauran maye gurbi na yau da kullun suna canza aikin kwayoyin halittar DNA, oncogenes da kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen samar da hanyoyin jini . Wasu maye gurbi da aka gada a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2 tare da fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na hadarin kansar nono da kansar kwai . Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka gada wadanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na launin fata sun hada da familial adenomatous polyposis da na gado maras polyposis colon cancer ; duk da haka, wadannan suna wakiltar kasa da kashi 5% na cututtukan daji na hanji. A lokuta da yawa, ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don gano maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko chromosomes da ke wucewa ta cikin tsararraki.
Halin maye gurbi ana rarraba su azaman germline ko somatic dangane da nau'in tantanin halitta inda suke bayyana ( kwayoyin kwayoyin cuta sun hada da kwai da maniyyi da kwayoyin somatic su ne wadanda ke samar da jiki). Ana kuma aiwatar da maye gurbin kwayoyin cuta ta cikin tsararraki kuma suna kara hadarin cutar kansa.
Ciwon daji
Ataxia telangiectasia
Bloom ciwo
BRCA1 & BRCA2
Fanconi anemia
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gadon nono da ciwon daji na kwai
Gadon ciwon daji mara polyposis
Li-Fraumeni ciwo
Basal cell carcinoma ciwo
Von Hippel-Lindau cuta
Werner ciwo
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Ma'aikatan jiki da sunadarai
Musamman abubuwa, da aka sani da carcinogens, an danganta su da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Misalai na yau da kullun na carcinogens marasa radiyo ana shakar asbestos, wasu dioxins, da hayakin taba. Ko da yake jama'a gabadaya suna danganta cutar sankarau da sinadarai na roba, yana iya yiwuwa ya taso a cikin abubuwan halitta da na roba. An kiyasta cewa kusan mutuwar cutar kansa 20,000 da sabbin cututtukan daji 40,000 kowace shekara a Amurka suna da alaqa da zama. A kowace shekara, aƙalla mutane 200,000 ne ke mutuwa a duniya sakamakon cutar kansa da ke da alaqa da wuraren aikinsu. Miliyoyin ma'aikata suna fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar kansa kamar su kansar huhu da mesothelioma daga shakar asbestos fibers da hayakin taba, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene a wuraren aikinsu. An yi imanin ciwon daji da ke da alaƙa da sana'ar mutum yana wakiltar tsakanin 2-20% na duk lokuta. Yawancin mutuwar kansar da ke haifar da hadarin sana'a na faruwa a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Damuwar aiki baya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci akalla a cikin huhu, launin fata, nono da kuma prostate cancer. Shiga Operation Ranchhand a Vietnam a lokacin yakin Vietnam, ko zama kusa da filin wasan golf, ko zama a gona zai kara haɗarin ƙwayoyin lymphoma wadanda ba Hodgkins ba saboda fallasa ga sinadaran 2,4-D. Lokacin da aka haxa 2,4-D tare da wani magungunan kashe qwari ko herbicide, 2,4-T, a wani rabo na 50:50, an san su tare da Agent Orange.
Shan taba
Shan taba yana da alaqa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, kuma yana haifar da 80% na kansar huhu . Shekaru da yawa na bincike ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin shan taba da ciwon daji a cikin huhu, makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna ƙaramar hadarin kamuwa da cutar sankarar jini ta myeloid, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, ciwon hanta, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na gallbladder, glandar adrenal, kananan hanji, da cututtuka na yara daban-daban. Hayakin taba ya kunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin uku na duk mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma kusan ɗaya cikin biyar a duniya. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. Duk da haka, adadin masu shan taba a duniya yana karuwa, wanda ya haifar da abin da wasu kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin cutar ta taba .
Sigari na lantarki ko e-cigare na'urorin lantarki ne na hannu wadanda ke kwaikwayi jin shan taba. Yin amfani da dogon lokaci na yau da kullun na babban karfin lantarki (5.0V) sigari na lantarki na iya haifar da sinadarai masu kirkirar formaldehyde a mafi girman matakin fiye da shan taba, wanda aka kaddara zai zama haɗarin kansa na rayuwa na kusan sau 5 zuwa 15 fiye da shan taba. Koyaya, gabaɗayan aminci da tasirin lafiyar sigari na dogon lokaci har yanzu ba a tabbata ba.
Kayayyaki
Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da ciwon daji da farko ta hanyar jiki, maimakon sinadarai, illa ga sel. Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma, wanda shine ciwon daji na membrane serous, yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu. Sauran abubuwa a cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa na halitta da kuma kayan aikin asbestos na roba kamar su wollastonite, attapulgite, gilashin ulu, da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasiri. Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe da nickel, da silica crystalline ( quartz, cristobalite, da tridymite ). Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar shakar kananan guntu) kuma suna bukatar tsawon shekaru don hadaka ciwon daji. Kwayoyin cutar sankara na sana'a sun haɗa da:
arsenic
asbestos
benzene
beryllium
cadmium
chromium
ethylene oxide
nickel
Plutonium
salon rayuwa
Yawancin abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban suna ba da gudummawa ga hadaka hadarin kansa. Tare, abinci da kiba suna da alaqa da kusan 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun hada da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabadaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates. Shaidar don tallafawa wadannan canje-canjen abinci ba tabbatacce ba ne.
Barasa
Barasa misali ne na sinadari na carcinogen. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin rukuni na 1 carcinogen . A Yammacin Turai kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da barasa. A duk duniya, kashi 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da kashi 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji ana danganta su da barasa. Musamman, an nuna amfani da barasa yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, ciki, hanta, ovaries, da hanji. Babban tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji ya hada da kara yawan bayyanar da acetaldehyde, carcinogen da rushewar samfurin ethanol. An ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin, ciki har da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da ke da alaƙa da barasa, canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation, da shigar da damuwa na oxidative a cikin kyallen takarda.
Abinci
An danganta wasu takamaiman abinci da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa suna da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon prostate, da kansar pancreatic. Ana iya bayyana wannan a wani bangare ta kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi. Abubuwan haɗari da yawa don haɓakar ciwon daji na launi sun haɗa da yawan cin mai, barasa, ja da naman da aka sarrafa, kiba, da rashin motsa jiki. Abincin gishiri mai yawa yana da alaqa da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, gurɓataccen abinci akai-akai, yana da alaƙa da ciwon hanta. An nuna taunan goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki.
Dangantakar da ke tsakanin abinci da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin kamuwa da cutar kansa a kasashe daban-daban. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan cin abinci mai yawan gishiri da kuma ciwon daji na hanji ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka saboda yawan cin naman da aka sarrafa da kuma jan nama. Al'ummomin bakin haure sun kasance suna hadaka yanayin haɗarin cutar kansa na sabuwar kasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya zuwa biyu, suna ba da shawarar alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da kansa.
Kiba
A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da hadakar nau'in ciwon daji da yawa kuma shine kashi 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Kowace shekara, kusan sabbin cututtukan daji 85,000 a Amurka suna da alaƙa da kiba. Mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar bariatric don asarar nauyi sun rage kamuwa da cutar kansa da mace-mace.
Akwai dangantaka tsakanin kiba da ciwon hanji, ciwon nono bayan al'ada, ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon koda, da ciwon daji na esophageal. An kuma danganta kiba da kamuwa da cutar sankarar hanta. Fahimtar yanzu game da tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji a cikin kiba yana da alaƙa da karancin matakan furotin na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan hadakar insulin-kamar abubuwan habakawa) da hormones na jima'i ( estrogens, androgens da progestogens ). Nama na adipose kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai kumburi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji.
An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine . Fiye da rabin sakamako daga abinci shine saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki maimakon cin abinci mai kyau.
Hormones
Wasu hormones suna taka rawa wajen haɓakar ciwon daji ta hanyar haɓaka yaduwar kwayar halitta . Abubuwan haɓaka masu kama da insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis.
Hormones sune mahimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary, da testis, da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar kashi . Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin dalilin da yasa wadannan mata ke da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono. Hakazalika, mazan zuriyar Afirka suna da matakan testosterone mafi girma fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai, kuma suna da daidai da matakin cutar kansar prostate . Maza na asalin Asiya, tare da kananan matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da kananan matakan ciwon daji na prostate.
Sauran abubuwan kuma sun dace: mutane masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu hormones masu alaqa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da hadari mafi girma na tasowa ciwon daji da ke hade da waɗannan hormones. A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da ke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da ƙananan matakan wadannan hormones, kuma ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma .
Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi, kuma don haka yana hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone. Saboda hormones na steroids suna da karfi masu haifar da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin wasu kwayoyin cutar kansa, canza matakan ko aiki na wasu kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da wasu ciwon daji su daina girma ko kuma su fuskanci mutuwar kwayar halitta. Watakila mafi yawan sanannun misali na maganin hormonal a cikin ilimin oncology shine amfani da zabi na estrogen-receptor modulator tamoxifen don maganin ciwon nono. Wani nau'i na ma'aikatan hormonal, masu hana aromatase, yanzu suna da rawar fadadawa a cikin maganin ciwon nono.
Kamuwa da kumburi
A duk duniya, kusan kashi 18% na cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da cututtuka masu yaduwa . Wannan rabo ya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban na duniya daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suma suna taimakawa. Kwayoyin cututtuka waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji akai-akai sune tushen lalacewar DNA ko rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta.
Kamuwa da cuta shine babban haɗari ga cutar sankarar mahaifa da hanta. Kwayar cutar da ke haifar da ciwon daji ana kiranta oncovirus . Wadannan sun hada da papillomavirus ɗan adam ( ciwon mahaifa ), cutar Epstein-Barr ( cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma ), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus ( Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas ), hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta ( hepatocellular carcinoma ), da Human T. Kwayar cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias).
A kasashen da suka ci gaba na Yamma, cutar papillomavirus (HPV) da cutar hanta ta B (HBV) da kuma cutar hanta ta C (HCV) su ne cutar kanjamau. A Amurka, HPV yana haifar da mafi yawan ciwon daji na mahaifa, da kuma wasu ciwon daji na farji, farji, azzakari, dubura, dubura, makogwaro, harshe da tonsils. Daga cikin kwayoyin cuta na HPV masu haɗari, HPV E6 da E7 oncoproteins suna hana ƙwayoyin kwayoyin cuta suppressor lokacin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta. Bugu da ƙari, oncoproteins da kansa suna haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta na al'ada, wanda ke haifar da haɗarin ci gaban ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke da ciwon hanta na ciwon hanta B sun fi sau 200 suna iya kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta fiye da waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar ba. Ciwon hanta, ko daga kamuwa da cutar ciwon hanta na kullum ko kuma cin zarafi na barasa, yana da alaƙa da kansa tare da ci gaban ciwon hanta, amma haɗuwa da cirrhosis da ciwon hanta na ƙwayar cuta yana nuna mafi girman hadarin ciwon hanta.
Bacteria da parasites
Wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin cuta kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Helicobacter pylori wanda ya haifar da ciwon ciki . Hanyar da H. pylori ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya haɗawa da kumburi na yau da kullum ko aikin kai tsaye na wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta . Kwayoyin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun haɗa da Schistosoma haematobium ( squamous cell carcinoma na mafitsara ) da kuma hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis ( cholangiocarcinoma ). Kumburi da ƙwan tsutsa ke haifarwa ya bayyana shine hanyar da ke haifar da ciwon daji. Wasu cututtukan cututtuka na parasitic kuma na iya ƙara kasancewar mahadi na carcinogenic a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ciwon daji. Cutar tarin fuka, wanda mycobacterium M. tarin fuka ya haifar, an kuma danganta shi da ci gaban ciwon huhu.
Kumburi
Akwai shaidar cewa kumburi kanta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hadakawa da ci gaban ciwon daji. Kumburi na yau da kullum zai iya haifar da lalacewar DNA a kan lokaci da kuma tarin sauye-sauye na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa. Kumburi na iya taimakawa wajen yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogensis da ƙaura na kwayoyin ciwon daji ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment tumor . Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi suna cikin hadarin hadaka cututtukan daji na launi.
Radiation
Har zuwa kashi 10 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji masu barna suna da alaqa da fallasa hasken rana, gami da duka radiation marasa ionizing da radiation ionizing . Ba kamar abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai ko jiki don ciwon daji ba, ionizing radiation yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel ba da gangan ba. Idan ya faru ya bugi chromosome, zai iya karya chromosome, ya haifar da adadi mara kyau na chromosomes, rashin kunna ɗaya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta a cikin bangaren chromosome da ya buga, share sassan jerin DNA, haifar da fassarar chromosome, ko haifar da chromosomes. sauran nau'ikan rashin daidaituwa na chromosome . Babban lalacewa yakan haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta, amma ƙananan lalacewa na iya barin barga, wani ɓangaren tantanin halitta mai aiki wanda zai iya yaduwa da haɓaka zuwa kansa, musamman idan kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari sun lalace ta hanyar radiation. Matakai uku masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna da hannu a cikin ƙirƙirar ciwon daji tare da radiation ionizing: sauye-sauyen yanayin halitta zuwa tantanin halitta, samun rashin mutuwa ta salula (rasa al'ada, tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa mai iyaka), da daidaitawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin samuwar kwayar cuta. Ko da kwayar cutar ba ta bugi DNA kai tsaye ba, yana haifar da martani daga sel waɗanda ke ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi a kaikaice.
Radiation marasa ionizing
Ba kowane nau'in radiation na lantarki ba ne carcinogenic. Rawanin makamashi mara karfi akan bakan na'urar lantarki da suka hada da rakuman radiyo, microwaves, infrared radiation da hasken da ake iya gani ba ana tsammanin ba saboda basu da isasshen kuzari don karya haɗin sinadarai . Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki, da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji . Koyaya, binciken bai sami daidaiton alaƙa tsakanin hasken wayar salula da haɗarin kansa ba.
Hasken makamashi mai ƙarfi, gami da hasken ultraviolet (wanda yake a cikin hasken rana), hasken x-ray, da radiation na gamma, gabaɗaya carcinogenic ne, idan an karɓa cikin isassun allurai. Tsawon tsawaitawa zuwa hasken ultraviolet daga rana zai iya haifar da melanoma da sauran cututtukan fata. Yawancin cututtukan da ba su da haɗari ba su ne cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba waɗanda ba su haifar da radiation ultraviolet ba. Shaida bayyananniya ta kafa radiation ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaicin raƙuman raguman ionizing UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba, waɗanda sune mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji a duniya.
Ionizing radiation
Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita, da radon gas. Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi bane musamman. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation shine tushen hadakar cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, haifar da nau'i na biyu na ciwon daji. Radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a mafi yawan sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi, da kuma kowane shekaru, duk da cewa radiation-induced tabarbarewar ciwace-ciwacen daji yakan dauki shekaru 10-15, kuma zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 40, ya bayyana a asibiti, kuma radiation-jawowa. cutar sankarar bargo yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru 2-10 don bayyana. Radiation-induced meningiomas wani baƙon abu ne mai rikitarwa na kumburin hanji. Wasu mutane, irin su waɗanda ke da ciwon basal cell carcinoma ko retinoblastoma, sun fi sauƙi fiye da matsakaici don bunkasa ciwon daji daga bayyanar radiation. Yara da matasa suna da yuwuwar haɓaka cutar sankarar bargo da ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma.
Hakanan ana amfani da ionizing radiation a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita . A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, hoton likitanci yana ba da gudummawar kusan adadin radiation ga jama'a kamar na baya-bayan nan. Dabarun magungunan nukiliya sun haɗa da allurar magungunan rediyo kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini. Maganin rediyo da gangan yana isar da allurai masu yawa na radiation zuwa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da ke kewaye da shi azaman nau'in maganin cuta. An kiyasta cewa 0.4% na ciwon daji a cikin 2007 a Amurka sun kasance saboda CTs da aka yi a baya kuma wannan na iya karuwa zuwa 1.5-2% tare da ƙimar amfani da CT a wannan lokaci guda.
Bayyanar mazaunin ga radon gas yana da irin wannan haɗarin kansa kamar shan taba . Ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka, kamar rayuwa kusa da tashar makamashin nukiliya, an yi imanin cewa ba su da wani tasiri ko kadan akan ci gaban ciwon daji. Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, irin su radon iskar gas tare da shan taba.
Dalilan da ba kasafai ba
Dashen gabobi
Ci gaban ciwace-ciwacen da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako daga dashen sassan jiki yana da wuyar gaske. Babban abin da ke haifar da ciwace-ciwacen gabobi da ke da alaƙa da alama yana da cutar melanoma, wanda ba a gano shi ba a lokacin girbi na gabbai. Haka kuma an sami rahotannin sarcoma na Kaposi na faruwa bayan dasawa saboda ficewar ƙwayoyin masu ba da taimako da kwayoyin cuta suka kamu da cutar.
Tashin hankali
Raunin jiki da ke haifar da ciwon daji ba kasafai ba ne. Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa ya haifar da ciwon daji na kashi, alal misali, ba a taɓa tabbatar da hakan ba. Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono, ko kansar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne konewar da ake ta yi a wani bangare na jiki, irin wadanda ake samar da su daga kangare da na’urorin dumama na kairo (masu dumin hannun gawayi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman ma idan akwai sinadarai masu cutar kansa.
Yawan shan shayi mai zafi mai zafi na iya haifar da ciwon daji na esophageal. Gabaɗaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji ya taso, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya rigaya ya kasance, a lokacin aikin gyaran raunin da ya faru, maimakon ciwon daji wanda ya haifar da ciwon kai tsaye. Koyaya, raunin raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya haɓaka haɓakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi.
Watsawar uwa- tayi
A {asar Amirka, kusan mata masu juna biyu 3,500 suna fama da rashin lafiya a kowace shekara, kuma an lura da watsa cutar sankarar bargo mai tsanani, lymphoma, melanoma da carcinoma daga uwa zuwa tayin. Ban da cututtukan da ba kasafai ake yadawa ba da ke faruwa tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabbai kaɗan kawai, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai yaduwa ba . Babban dalilin wannan shine kin amincewa da ƙwayar nama wanda rashin daidaituwa na MHC ya haifar. A cikin mutane da sauran kasusuwa, tsarin rigakafi yana amfani da antigens na MHC don bambanta tsakanin "kai" da "wadanda ba na kai ba" saboda wadannan antigens sun bambanta da mutum zuwa mutum. Lokacin da aka ci karo da antigens wadanda ba na kansu ba, tsarin rigakafi yana amsawa da tantanin halitta da ya dace. Irin wadannan halayen na iya karewa daga kwayar kwayar cuta ta hanyar kawar da kwayoyin da aka dasa.
Manazarta
Cutar daji
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48861 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Ha%C9%97in%20%C6%98ididdigar%20Muhalli%20da%20Tattalin%20Arziki | Tsarin Haɗin Ƙididdigar Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki | Tsarin Ƙididdigar Muhalli-Tattalin Arziki (SEEA), wani tsari ne don tattara ƙididdigar da ke danganta ƙididdigar muhalli da ƙididdigar tattalin arziki. An kwatanta SEEA a matsayin tsarin tauraron dan Adam zuwa Tsarin Asusun Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SNA). Wannan yana nufin cewa an yi amfani da ma'anoni, jagorori da hanyoyin aiki na SNA akan SEEA. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar kwatanta kididdigar muhalli da ƙididdiga na tattalin arziki kamar yadda iyakokin tsarin ke ɗaya bayan wasu sarrafa kididdigar shigarwa. Ta hanyar nazarin kididdiga kan tattalin arziki da muhalli a lokaci guda yana yiwuwa a nuna nau'o'i daban-daban na dorewa don samarwa da amfani. Hakanan zai iya nuna sakamakon tattalin arziki na kiyaye ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli.
Iyakar
SEEA tsarin tauraron dan adam ne na SNA wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan asusu da yawa. A cikin fa'ida, ana iya bayyana yankin a matsayin mai ba da damar duk wani mai amfani da kididdiga don kwatanta al'amuran muhalli da tattalin arziki na gabaɗaya, sanin cewa kwatancen sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan iri ɗaya, alal misali, matakan gurɓatawar da masana'antar kera ke haifar za a iya danganta su da takamaiman. tattalin arzikin wannan masana'antar.
Ana iya siffanta yankuna daban-daban na SEEA a takaice kamar haka:
Gudun kayan aiki da makamashi
Ta wannan ana nufin kwararar kayayyaki da makamashi ta hanyar tattalin arziki, misali, man fetur, albarkatun kasa da sinadarai, tare da hayakinsu, na iya zama iskar hayaki, gurbatar ruwa ko sharar da wadannan kwararar ke haifarwa. Bayanai game da hayaki, sama da duka zuwa iska, an buga su ga ƙasashe da yawa, musamman, ƙasashen Turai masu bin SEEA. Babban bambanci tsakanin ƙididdiga na al'ada da hayaki a cikin asusun muhalli suna da alaƙa da iyakokin tsarin. Misali, abubuwan da aka samar don bayar da rahoton hayakin iskar zuwa Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) sun dogara ne akan iyakokin kasa yayin da asusun fitar da iskar da ke bin SEEA ke amfani da iyaka na takamaiman tattalin arziki (wannan shine. "ka'idar zama" na asusun kasa). Ana nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a cikin hayaƙin sufuri kamar yadda duk hayaƙin da tattalin arziƙin ya haifar yana cikin SEEA. Misali, fitar da hayaki daga manyan motoci, jiragen ruwa ko jiragen sama ana kasaftawa kasarsu ta asali, koda kuwa hayakin ya faru ne a wajen iyakokin kasar nan. Haka kuma, a cikin kayayyakin UNFCCC, “transport” wani yanki ne na musamman na kansa kuma ba zai yiwu a san rabon gidaje da na masana’antu daban-daban a cikin hayakin sufuri ba.
Sauran kididdigar da aka ɓullo da dangane da kwararar abubuwa sune asusun kwararar kayan aiki na tattalin arziƙi kuma har yanzu ana haɓaka su ne asusun kwararar makamashi da na ruwa .
Kididdigar tattalin arzikin muhalli
Matsalolin tattalin arziki waɗanda aka riga an haɗa su cikin asusun ƙasa amma suna da fa'ida a bayyane ta muhalli, kamar saka hannun jari da kashe kuɗi a fannin kare muhalli, haraji da tallafi masu alaƙa da muhalli, da rarraba ayyukan muhalli da aikin da ke tattare da su, da dai sauransu. A ka'ida, harajin muhalli da kuma kashe kuɗaɗen kare muhalli ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin ɓangarori biyu na tsabar kuɗi ɗaya. Dukansu suna haifar da farashin da ke cikin hanyoyin samarwa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cin gajiyar muhalli ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A daya hannun kuma, kudaden da ake kashewa wajen kare muhalli suna yin lissafin kashe kudade kan matakan da suka dace na inganta muhalli, yayin da a daya bangaren kuma, haraji na lissafin kudaden da gwamnati ta gindaya don cin moriyar muhalli. Don haka, a cikin jimillar kuɗin da ake samarwa, ana iya ƙara harajin muhalli da aka biya don kashewa kan kare muhalli.
Duba kuma
Faɗin tattalin arziƙin kayan yawo asusu
Asusun kashe kuɗin kare muhalli
Tsarin Kididdigar Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki na Ruwa
Sauran muƙaloli masu alaƙa
Ecometrics
Green lissafin kudi
Samfurin shigar-samfurin
Tsarin Asusun Ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sadaukar da gidan yanar gizon don tsarin lissafin muhalli-Tattalin Arziki
Sashin sadaukar da Eurostat zuwa Asusun Muhalli da kididdigar muhalli
Ƙungiyar birni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Ƙungiyar London
Kwamitin Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli - Lissafin Tattalin Arziki
gidan yanar gizo na Eurostat
OECD da EEA bayanan bayanai akan kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don manufofin muhalli da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa
Ƙididdiga na Sweden ta sadaukar sashe akan Asusun Muhalli
Lissafin Muhalli: Bayani da Bayanai a Austria
NAMEA – gauraye asusu a lissafin muhalli a Austria |
30797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbenga%20Olawepo-Hashim | Gbenga Olawepo-Hashim | Gbenga Toyosi Olawepo (an haife shi 28 ga Yuni 1965) ɗan Najeriya ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗan kasuwa.
Sunan Olawepo ya fara daukar kanun labarai ne a lokacin da shi da wasu shugabannin dalibai uku na Jami’ar Legas suka shiga cikin dakin ‘yan sandan Najeriya mai cike da cunkoson jama’a a cikin watan Afrilun 1989 a matsayinsa na mai adawa da wariyar launin fata. Gwamnatin mulkin soji da ke kara danniya da rashin hakuri da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Najeriya sai ta ba da umarnin a tsare dalibin mai fafutuka. Editan Ilimi na Jaridar Guardian Express - Joe Idika- ya wallafa wani rahoto na musamman kan halin da ‘yan hudu-Olawepo, Oyerinde, Akhaine da Ewebiyi- ke ciki- a wani abu da ya tona asirin halin da ake ciki na tsare fursunonin da ake tsare da su a ofisoshin ‘yan sandan Najeriya. Rahoton ya kuma ƙasance labari ne na jajircewa na ban mamaki na quartet da aka nuna a lokacin ziyarar Mrs. Thatcher game da manufofin gwamnatinta na nuna wariyar launin fata, wanda zanga-zangar dalibai da ma'aikata ta kasance.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Olawepo a Yelwa, Yauri, Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu dake Arewacin Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1965. Olawepo ya fara nuna halayen jagoranci a makarantar sakandare. A cikin 1984, an zabe shi Shugaban kungiyar Dramatic Society kuma daga baya ya nada shi Shugaban Lafiya a Kwalejin Cherubim da Seraphim, Ilorin . A shekarar 1986 a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kwara, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Janar-Sakataren ƙungiyar Matasa ta Youth Solidarity on Southern Africa in Nigeria (YUSSAN) kuma ya kasance mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen fina-finai, tara sa hannun hannu don tara tallafin gida da waje don yakar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma goyon bayan darussa na al'ummar Angola, Mozambique da Namibiya . Ya kasance memba na Local Orgasing Committee na ''Massive Freedom at 70 Nelson Mandela Concert'' da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Lagos Nigeria. Shigarsa a cikin harkar tsattsauran ra’ayi ya kara tsananta lokacin da aka zaɓe shi jami’in hulɗa da jama’a na kungiyar dalibai ta kasa (NANS) a watan Yulin 1988. Hakan dai ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyar daliban ke bijirewa dokar hana fita da gwamnatin soja ta yi . A matsayinsa na mai magana da yawun kungiyar daliban Najeriya ya kasance a fagen daga da hukumomin sojin kasar. Ya yi magana game da " 'yancin ƙungiyoyin da ba za a iya raba su ba, kuma babu wani dokar soja da za ta iya cirewa," ya yi magana game da ƴancin ilimi na jama'a tare da yakin neman komawa mulkin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulkin da aka zaɓa.
A watan Mayu-Yuni 1989, yana cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar anti-SAP da dimokuradiyya wanda kungiyar dalibai ta kasa [www.whirledbank.org/development/sap] ta shirya. Wannan tawaye ya kasance a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya sami goyon baya a kan iyakokin yanki da na kabilanci; Har ila yau, ta samu kulawar kasa da kasa yayin da ta tafi lokaci guda tare da daliban da suka yi zanga-zanga a dandalin Tiananmen da ke birnin Beijing da kuma boren neman dimokradiyya a gabashin Turai. Gwamnatin soja ta yi masa lakabi da ''juyin mulkin farar hula'' tare da mayar da martani game da hakan tare da yin amfani da sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma mummunan karfi. Domin murkushe zanga-zangar, gwamnatin sojan kasar ta tura tankunan kwantar da tarzoma, jirage masu saukar ungulu na ƴan sanda da kuma 'yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma suna harbin masu zanga-zangar.
Tsare
A ƙarshen boren, sama da mutane dari biyu ne 'yan sanda suka yi kiyasin kashe su, wasu da dama suka jikkata, an kuma tsare wasu dalibai masu fafutuka. An daure Olawepo a gidan yari na tsawon watanni hudu a gidan yari a karkashin dokar tsare mutane mai lamba 2 ta shekarar 1984 kamar yadda aka gyara. An tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba. An sake shi ne bayan wata fafatawar shari’a da lauyansa, Marigayi Shugaban Kungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya, Alao Aka-Bashorun ya jagoranta, da wani gangamin kasa da kasa da Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Duniya, Kungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya, Amnesty suka shirya. International da Human Rights Watch . Kungiyar Amnesty International ta ayyana shi a matsayin '' Fursunan lamiri '' a cikin 1989. Shari’ar sa da ta Gbenga Komolafe da mai shari’a Tajudeen Odunowo ya yanke ta zama Loco classicos a tarihin shari’a a Najeriya domin wannan ne karo na farko da kotu za ta ba da umarnin a saki wani da ake tsare da shi a karkashin dokar tsare tsare mutane mai lamba 2. Bayan da aka sake shi daga tsare a watan Disamba 1989 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Legas, ya ci gaba da ba da himma a harkokin kasa da kasa. A cikin 1990, an nada shi Sakataren Gudanarwa na kasa-Sakataren Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam inda ya yi aiki a takaice kuma ya ninka a matsayin daya na kungiyar tuntuba ta kasa- kungiyar masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam karkashin jagorancin Aka-Bashorun da ’yan siyasa masu kishin kasa kamar su. marigayi RBK Okafor, Kola Balogun, marigayi Mbadiwe, Mahmoud Waziri da Alhaji Tanko Yakassai. Kungiyar, National Consultative Forum (NCF), ta kafa wa kanta manufar shirya taron kasa a matsayin wani dandali na tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da sake fasalin tarayyar Najeriya. NCF ta jawo wani bangare na tsoffin sakatarorin dindindin na Najeriya a karkashin Alison Ayida da Tayo Akpata. Olawepo, wanda ya gaji Femi Ojudu a yanzu shi ne manajan darakta na ''The News Magazine'' wanda ya zo hutu daga aikinsa na African Concord, ya yi aiki sosai tare da Babban Sakatare, Marigayi Dokta Beko Ransome-Kuti, wajen kula da sakatariyar.
Canza cikas ga rayuwar dama-kasuwanci
Bayan Olawepo ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Legas, sai ya fuskanci matsala nan take: me zai yi da makomarsa. Hukumomin jami’ar karkashin jagorancin hukumomin soji da ke neman bata masa rai sun kwace takardar shaidar sa. Ma'anar wannan a cikin al'ummar da ta ba da kyauta mai yawa akan takaddun shaida maimakon ƙwarewa shi ne cewa ba zai iya samun aiki a matsayin wanda ya kammala digiri a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba ko kuma a cikin aikin gwamnati. Wannan kuma yana nufin ba zai iya neman karatun digiri ba.
Ƙalubalen da ke sama ya tilasta Olawepo shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a cikin 1991 bayan ya tsaya a CDHR. Yana da sha'awar sanya kwarewarsa a matsayinsa na ƙwararren mai sadarwar jama'a don yin ciniki amma sai ya sake yin rawa tare da samar da dokar Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Najeriya da Majalisar Masu Tallace-tallacen Talla- duk sun buƙaci takardar shaidarsa don cancantar yin rajista don yin talla ko talla. dangantakar jama'a. A yanzu dai tsohon dan gwagwarmayar dalibin ya fuskanci matsananciyar matsin lamba kan ya roki hukumomi da ‘yan uwa da ƴan uwa da suke ganin makomarsa a yanzu ta lalace musamman idan ba ya ofis kuma a halin yanzu babu wanda ya ke magana kan lamarinsa.
Duk da haka, Gbenga ya ƙi ya roƙi waɗanda suka azabtar da shi amma ya ɗauka a cikin matakansa. Ya ga wata dama ta fita daga cikin cikas bayan karanta littattafai masu shafuka dubu kan sadarwar siyasa a Amurka da Ingila. Ya kai ga yanke shawarar kafa rigar majagaba a harkokin sadarwa na siyasa, don haka ya kaucewa iyakokin da Dokar Talla da Hulda da Jama'a ta sanya. Bayan fara tabarbarewa tare da haɗa Prompt Link Ltd., shirin sa na sadarwar siyasa ya tashi yadda ya kamata tare da haɗakar da ''Setandsell Ltd''. Ya sanya kamfaninsa gaba da hukumomin talla na gargajiya wadanda ya kore su a matsayin masu tallan kayayyaki kawai. Zai ce "ba za ku iya hada mutane kamar cakulan ba". Ya yi wa kansa kasuwa inda ya yi shiru ya zama sarki a gonarsa; ya mai da cikas zuwa manyan damammaki kuma ya zarce manyan shingen da ya samu riba mai yawa kan jarinsa. Har ila yau, yana da bukatu iri-iri a fannin makamashi a Turai, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashen Afirka.
Siyasar ɓangaranci
Tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar dalibai ya banbanta a siyasar bangaranci . Jaridar Nigerian Tribune, jaridar da marigayi shugaban masu kishin kasa na Najeriya, Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya kafa, ta kama wannan da kyau. A wani lokaci jaridar ta rubuta cewa: “A fagen siyasar Najeriya, akwai na Saraki, matasa Azikiwe, matasa Adedoyin ’ya’yan jiga-jigan jiga-jigan siyasa da kudi amma akwai tsirarun sunaye da suka sanya kansu a fagen siyasa. kamar Gbenga Olawepo, tauraro mai tasowa mara fadowa baya ko tura wani ubangida ko baya ga duk wata daular kuɗi. Maganar shugabannin siyasa masu tasowa wannan wani bincike ne na gaskiya ''.
1995 ita ce farkon shigarsa siyasar ɓangaranci lokacin da ya zama sakataren yada labarai na National Democratic Labour Party (NDLP) a cikin shirin mika mulki da gwamnatin Abacha ta sanar. Daga karshe an hana jam’iyyarsa da ta wasu ‘yan siyasa irin su Solomon Lar, SPP na Alhaji Rimi, Ciroma da Bamanga Tukur ta ANC rajista. Maimakon samun masauki a jam’iyyun da sojoji suka kafa, Olawepo ya samu alaka da ƴan siyasa masu kishin kasa wadanda ke adawa da marigayi shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya Sani Abacha . Wannan kungiya ta ‘yan siyasa ta fara shiryawa ne a kusa da Cibiyar Jama’a da G-34 daga baya kuma suka fara kafa Jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP).
Olawepo ya taka rawa sosai wajen kafa jam’iyyar PDP. Shi da wasu mutane biyu, Dahiru Awesu Kuta da Dubem Onyia, sun taimakawa Farfesa. Jerry Gana, Sakataren tsarin kafa jam'iyyar. Ya kuma bayar da gudunmawar kayan aiki ga jam’iyyar baya ga gudunmawar tunani wanda ya kara masa daraja a jam’iyyar. Daga cikin wannan, Prof. Gana ya ce: “Lokacin da tsarin dawo da dimokuradiyya ya zo a 1998/1999, yana daya daga cikin matasan da suka tsaya tare da mu domin mu kyale tsarin dimokuradiyya na gaskiya ya gudana. Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka zo wurinmu ko da a lokacin da gwamnatin ta yi mana tsangwama a lokacin a G-34, mutum daya da ya yi fice a kowace rana, kowane lokaci shi ne Gbenga. Ni ne sakataren jam’iyyar PDP na farko da na canza sheka daga G-34, an gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki da tsarin jam’iyyar a cikin sa’o’i 24 a ofishina da kuma a jarida Gbenga. Kuma magana da ƙarfin hali, yana bayyana cewa yana cikinsa. Yana da irin wannan ikon da ba a saba gani ba don yin babbar sadaukarwa ga duk abin da ya yi imani da shi. Misali, bayan zanga-zangar Anti-SAP a lokacin da ya bar Najeriya a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Ghana don wakilcin '' kungiyar daliban Afirka duka '' a bikin matasa da dalibai karo na 13 da aka gudanar a Koriya, an ba shi damar zama a Turai yana gudun hijira . tunda hukumomin soja ke farautarsa a Najeriya. Duk da haka, ya yi tayin komawa gida, yana mai cewa, ''muna da aikin yi a Najeriya''.
Olawepo ya sake nuna jarumtaka lokacin da Janar Abacha ya mutu kwatsam a shekarar 1998, a jajibirin cikar shirin da ya yi na rikidewa zuwa mulkin kama-karya na farar hula. Ƴan biyun Olawepo da Dan Nwanyawu, wanda yanzu shi ne Shugaban Jam’iyyar Labour ta kasa, tare da Jerry Gana, sun koma barikin sojoji na Fort IBB- da ke Abuja, wanda ke dauke da Babban Hafsan Soja na lokacin, Gen. Ishaya Bamayi - wani jigo a babban hafsan soji, don gabatar da takardar da ke nuna wasu alkiblar mika mulki ga dimokradiyya. Shirin ƙarshe na miƙa mulki ya nuna matuƙar shigarsu. Amma abin ya kasance mai hatsarin gaske da aka yi a lokacin da makomar al'umma ta rataya a kan ma'auni da kuma lokacin da aka samu gagarumin yunkuri na sojoji. Olawepo ya taka rawa sosai a tsarin mika mulki. A shekarar 1998/1999, ya kasance sakataren kwamitin raya mata da matasa na kwamitin mika mulki da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na lokacin, Cif Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa. Ya kuma taimaka wa babban mai magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP na lokacin – Sanata Anietie Okon- wajen tafiyar da dimbin na’urorin yada labarai na jam’iyyar a lokacin yakin neman zaɓe da kuma lokacin sauya shekar.
A babban taron da PDP ta yi na farko a watan Agusta 1999, hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwan nan, Olawepo, an zabi mataimakin sakataren yaɗa labarai na kasa. A matsayinsa na mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na jam’iyya mai mulki, ya samu kambun kasancewarsa shugaba mara tsoro kuma mai gaskiya wanda ya fadi gaskiya ga mulki. Ya bayar da shawarar bin tsarin mulkin jam’iyya da dimokuradiyyar cikin gida wajen gudanar da mulkin jam’iyya, da nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a harkokin mulki. A cikin gwamnatin da tun farko aka shagaltu da cece-kuce a bangaren zartarwa, duk da cewa yana kusa da Shugaban kasa, sai ya fito fili ya nuna goyon bayansa ga yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙoƙarin da ake yi na ganin shugabannin Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa su rika bin diddigi. Ya himmatu ga wani tsari na akida, ko da dokinsa ya yi kaca-kaca. “Ana iya tunawa da lokacin da ya yi a wancan lokacin saboda irin tsayuwar daka da ya yi a daidai lokacin da muradin kai na daidaikun jama’a suka zama albarusan jam’iyyar PDP. Shi da kan sa ya yi yaki da wata dabara da manyan jami’an jam’iyyar na kasa suka kitsa domin tsawaita wa’adin jami’an jam’iyyar wanda ya saba wa dokokin jam’iyyar. Abin ban haushin matsayinsa shi ne da ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana da hakan. Haushi da kura da wannan al’amari ya haifar, za a iya cewa sun taimaka wajen sauke shi daga mukaminsa da kuma wahalar da ya sha a PDP; irin wannan nasarar da ba kasafai ake samu ba na ƙa'ida ta sirri kan wata dama ta siyasa ta nuna shi a matsayin dan siyasa na gaba''.
Duk da cewa an mayar da shi ofishinsa bayan an kwashe tsawon lokaci ana fafatawa a kotu, an yi ta gwabza kazamin faɗa a kan tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya na cikin gida da kuma bin tsarin da ya dace a jam’iyyar wanda ya kai ga ficewar wasu ubanni da suka kafa jam’iyyar ciki har da Olawepo daga jam’iyyar yayin da ta ke kara nuna kyama. - dimokuradiyya tare da jami'anta suna kara yin aiki ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Rikicin da ya barke a jam’iyyar PDP, ya jawo Olawepo mafi kyawu, wanda masu sukar sa ba za su yi watsi da shi ba. Da yake magana game da Olawepo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya na yanzu kuma tsohon sakataren jam'iyyar PDP na kasa, Cif Ojo Maduekwe, ya ce, "rayuwar mutane irin su Olawepo ya kamata ta zaburar da mu mu yi magana mai kyau game da kanmu. Gbenga mutum ne mai motsi na ciki ba ya tsoron tsayawa shi kadai, ba ya tsoron kada a yi masa farin jini, ba ya tsoron kallon kallo. Mutumin da yake kokawa a ciki yana sauraron kaɗe-kaɗe na sararin samaniyarsa, yana sauraron yabon ruhun da ke cikinsa wanda ya kasance da sararin sama, wanda dole ne ya ci nasara kuma ya bi ta wannan hanyar, ya jagoranci wasu kuma suna bin wanda zai iya gani. sararin sama a tare da shi, na irin waɗannan abubuwa ne na tarihi, na irin waɗannan abubuwa ne masu girma”.
Bayan ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP da ya taimaka wajen kafa shi, dan kasuwan ya ci gaba da harkokinsa na bangaranci a jam’iyyar adawa. A watan Afrilun 2007, ya tsaya takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Democratic People’s Party (DPP) a jihar Kwara kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben da mutane da yawa ke ganin ya lashe zaben. Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun ce zaben na shekarar 2007 a matsayin maguɗi.. Ya yi takara da sakamakon zaɓen bai yi nasara ba a gaban kotun daukaka kara. Tare da zafi da tsarin shari'a, Olawepo ya koma makaranta a Jami'ar Buckingham don "hutawa ya kama". Kimanin shekaru ashirin kenan da barin Jami'ar Legas inda begensa na neman wani shiri na gaba da kammala karatunsa na farko ya cika da jami'ar ta hana shi satifiket na tsawon shekaru shida bayan kammala karatunsa a zamanin mulkin soja. A shekarar 2019 ya tsaya takarar shugabancin Najeriya karkashin jam’iyya ta uku wato People’s Trust, inda ya ƙalubalanci shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, kuma ɗan takarar babbar jam’iyyar adawa, Atiku Abukakar.
Kyauta
Ya samu karramawa da karramawa da dama wadanda suka hada da: Kyautar Shugabancin Afirka Kwame Nkrumah wanda kungiyar dalibai ta nahiyar - All African Student Union - a Accra, Ghana a 2003; Kyautar Tsohon Soja-a cikin 2005 a Caracas, Venezuela ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Matasan Demokiradiyya ta Duniya, (WFDY). Ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta 2000 Nigerian Union of Journalist Award for Professionals Excellent.A cikin 2008 an ba shi Max Bellof don kyakkyawan aiki a jarrabawar farko a kan MA a cikin shirin Harkokin Duniya na Jami'ar Buckingham, United Kingdom. . Ya gabatar da kasidu a kan ''Bakin Ciki na Afirka Biyu- Aids da Yaƙe-yaƙe, Kalubalen Afirka na Dimokraɗiyya''. Ya kuma rubuta takardun ilimi da yawa. Ya gudanar da ayyuka masu ƙalubale da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance wakilin Najeriya a wajen jana'izar Hafez al-Assad, shugaban kasar Syria a 2001. A gida, ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin duba kundin tsarin mulki na PDP a shekara ta 2000 kuma mamba a kwamitin gyara zabe na jam'iyyar Democratic People's Party da aka kafa bayan zaben 2007. Ya yi tafiya sosai kuma ya ziyarci kasashe sama da 27. Yana da sha'awar kasuwancin duniya a fannin makamashi kuma ana ba shi ayyukan agaji. Shi Kirista ne kuma ya yi aure da ƴaƴan. Aurensa da wuri ya sami matsala wanda ya kai ga saki.
Suka
Tsoffin takwarorinsa na masu fafutuka sun sha suka a kan alaƙarsa da tsohon shugaban gidan yari na mulkin soja, Janar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida . Haka kuma wasu masu lura da al’amuran siyasa na sukar sa da cewa ya fi karfin aƙida a lokacin da ya kamata ya yi aiki da shi, wanda hakan ya janyo masa hasarar siyasa a wannan ƙasa ta Najeriya.
Magana
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20of%20the%20New%20World | Symphony of the New World | Symphony of the New World
(Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya) ƙungiyar makaɗa ce ta kade-kade a birnin New York. Ita ce kungiyar kade-kade ta farko mai hade da launin fata a Amurka. Symphony ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965 a Carnegie Hall, wanda Benjamin Steinberg ya jagoranta, wanda ya ce game da ƙungiyar makaɗa: "Muna da basira da yawa a wannan birni, kuma dole ne mu samar da damar da za mu gabatar da shi ga jama'a."
Mawakan wasan kwaikwayo sun kammala karatun makarantun kiɗa kamar Juilliard, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Eastman, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Manhattan, da New England Conservatory. An watsa shirye-shiryensa a gidan rediyon Muryar Amurka da na Sojoji ga masu sauraro a duk duniya.Mujallar Ebony ta furta ta, "saboda fasaha da dalilai na zamantakewa, babban ci gaba a tarihin kiɗa na Amurka."
Steinberg ya ci gaba da zama darektan kiɗa da jagora har zuwa 12 Disamba 1971, lokacin da rikici tsakaninsa da wasu daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ya haifar da murabus ɗinsa a baya jim kaɗan kafin a fara don wasan ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sandarsa. Matsalolin kuɗi, sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziƙi na gabaɗaya da kuma jinkirin karɓar $100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ya haifar da soke sauran wasannin kide kide na 1971–72. Symphony ta ba da kide-kide na karshe a ranar Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 1978.
Ƙirƙira
In 1940, Steinberg had begun to work with conductors Dean Dixon and Everett Lee to establish the first fully integrated professional symphony orchestra in the U.S. The dream never materialized because of insufficient funds.
When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed on July 2, flutist Harold Jones remembered: "There was a nucleus of people: Elayne Jones, Harry Smyles, Joe Wilder, Wilmer Wise, Kermit Moore, Lucille Dixon. We all got together and had these meetings. 'Are we interested?' Everyone jumped to the idea. 'Yes. Let's do this. We're going to do it -- have an integrated orchestra.' The standards of the musicians were very high. We had to deal with personnel. Designating the spots to play was a big-time meeting. Benny organized who was going to be first chair, who was going to be second. Then he asked, 'How many concerts would you like to do?' We discussed it, and he took it to heart. Benny went out and got the money. He asked Zero Mostel, who was doing A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum on Broadway at the time."
Jerin tarurrukan sun samar da sanarwar manufa don Symphony of the New World, wani nau'i na ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam. An zaɓi sunan don nuna tabbacin cewa ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe ba "ba na duniyar yau ba ne". Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta sanarwar manufa a matsayin Daraktan Kiɗa da masu kafa 11: Alfred Brown, Selwart R. Clarke, Richard Davis, Elayne Jones, Harold M. Jones, Frederick L. King, Kermit D. Moore, Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson, Ross. C. Shub, Harry M. Smyles, da Joseph B. Wilder.Manufar The Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sune:
1 Don ƙirƙirar damar aiki don yawancin malamai masu ban sha'awa masu ban mamaki masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba su da yawa a cikin wannan duniyar ta sadarwar Orchertras.
2 Don gabatar da ƙwararrun masu gudanarwa kuma, a matsayin babban nauyi, ƙwararrun masu jagoranci waɗanda ba fararen fata ba ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru.
3 Don ba da kide-kide na mafi girman ma'auni na fasaha da ƙwararru a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kamar yankunan Bedford-Stuyvesant da Harlem na birnin New York. Koyaya, ƙungiyar makaɗa za ta fito lokaci-lokaci a cikin Carnegie Hall da Cibiyar Lincoln, da kuma a yawancin makarantu da kwalejoji na birni.
4 Don haka a kafa Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don mai da ita fitilar al'adun al'ummarmu a idanun mutanen Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka.
Mawaƙin ya yi muhawara tare da mawaƙa baƙi 36 da farare 52.Bayan bayanin manufa, Symphony ya so ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa mata, da; a cikin 1975 darakta na lokacin ya ce kashi 40% baƙar fata ne, yawancin waɗanda suka kasance mata baƙar fata ne. Daga cikin masu tallafawa na asali na ƙungiyar mawaƙa akwai Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Paul Creston, Ruby Dee, Langston Hughes, Hershy Kay, Gian Carlo Menotti, Zero Mostel, Ruggiero Ricci, da William Warfield.
Kyautar $ 1000 daga Ƙungiyar Assurance Life Equitable Life, kyauta daga asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller, da kuma yawancin ƙananan gudummawa daga magoya bayan Baƙar fata sun ba da goyon baya na farko ga Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya.Zero Mostel shi ma ya ba da gudummawa.
Ayyuka
A ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965, watanni biyu bayan "Lahadi na Jini" tafiya hakkin jama'a daga Selma zuwa Montgomery kuma daidai watanni uku kafin Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965 ta fara aiki, Symphony of the New World ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Hall Carnegie. Soprano Evelyn Mandac ya rera waƙar Francesco Cilea's aria "Iu son l'umile ancella" daga opera ɗinsa, Adriana Lecouvreur da "Depuis le jour" daga Louise na Gustave Charpentier. Allan Booth shi ne mawaƙin soloist na piano, kuma Joe Wilder ya buga ƙaho don Stravinsky's Petrouchka. Trumpeter Wilmer Wise ya tuno da cewa: "Wasu mutane suna kuka saboda wani abu ne da muka yi mafarki akai kuma a karshe ya cika. A rayuwata ban taba jin yadda na yi ba lokacin da na zauna a kan dandalin tare da Benjamin Steinberg a cikin cikakkiyar hadaddiyar kungiyar makada. - saboda yawanci, ni ne wanda ke haɗa shi."
Shiri
yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa.
Shirin yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa. A tarihin kade-kade na al'ummar kasar ba a taba yin irin wannan hadaddiyar hadaddiyar guntun wakoki ba. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Carnegie Hall, Symphony of the New World zai maimaita shirinsa a Harlem a ranar Lahadi da yamma, Mayu 9, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha, 135th Street da Convent Avenue.Wannan wasan kwaikwayo zai kasance na farko a cikin dogon zango na shirin Symphony na yin a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu karamin karfi da kuma isar da jama'a a wajen duniyar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya.
Tunanin wasan kwaikwayo ya dade yana fatan mai gudanarwa Steinberg, wanda a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ya yi aiki kafada da kafada tare da masu kula da Negro na Amurka, Dean Dixon da Everett Lee, da kuma masu kida maras farar fata marasa adadi. A cikin Mayu 1964, Mista Steinberg da gungun mashahuran mawaƙa 13 sun shirya wani kwamiti na kafawa don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ƙa'idar haɗakar launin fata za ta sami cikakkiyar magana. An kwashe kusan shekara guda ana gudanar da wannan aikin na fasaha. Tun daga farkonsa, wasan kwaikwayo ya kiyaye tsauraran manufofin karɓar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru kawai.
A cikin samar da guraben aikin yi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa waɗanda har yanzu ba su sami karbuwa sosai a cikin kade-kade na kade-kade na wannan ƙasa ba, Symphony of the New World yana da nufin zama misali na ƙa'idar daidaiton launin fata-in-aiki ga ƙungiyoyin kiɗan a duk faɗin. kasar. A cikin imanin cewa yawancin mawakan mu na kade-kade ba na duniyar yau ba ne, ta kira kanta Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya. Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta ba da lambar yabo ta Symphony don a iya ba da gudummawar da za a cire haraji don tallafawa abin da zai iya zama mafi mahimmancin al'adun zamaninmu.
Ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1965, Leonard Bernstein ya rubuta wa Donald L. Engle, Daraktan Asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller don Kiɗa.
Masoyi Engle: Abin farin ciki ne a gare ni in iya ba da shawarar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don kyauta mai yawa. A gaskiya ban ji ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yi ba. Amma na ji kuma na san Mista Steinberg, wanda ya gudanar da ɗayan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru 15 da suka wuce (1950 Broadway Production na Peter Pan). Yana da matuƙar iyawa da baiwa; kuma na tabbata a karkashin jagorancinsa kungiyar makada za ta bunkasa. Mafi mahimmancin duka, ba shakka, shine haɓakar zamantakewar al'umma a bayan aikin - haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gaske. Nasarar wannan aikin tabbas zai kara kuzari iri ɗaya, kuma yana iya samar mana da babban matakinmu na farko daga cikin rashin adalci da rashin tunani wanda yanzu muka sami kanmu tare da mawaƙin Negro.
Ina girmama naku, Leonard BernsteinSymphony ta sami kyautar $ 5,000 "don daidaitawa biyu don ɗaya", kuma ya sami damar haɓaka dala 10,000 da ake buƙata tare da taimako daga Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Amurka (wanda ya ba da $ 1,000) da Kyautar Fasaha ta Ƙasa (wanda ya ba da $ 25,000 a 1967); Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York akan Fasaha ta dauki nauyin ba da tallafin shagali a unguwannin New York City masu karamin karfi.A lokacin rayuwarta, ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma tana samun tallafi daga Gidauniyar Ford, Exxon Foundation da Kyautar Fasaha ta ƙasa.
Yawancin kide-kide masu nasara da haɗin gwiwa sun biyo baya. James DePreist shine babban jagoran bako na Symphony. John Hammond shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, wanda ya haɗa da Marian Anderson, Leontyne Price, da Zero Mostel. Anderson da Mostel suma ƴan wasan fasaha ne, tare da Modern Jazz Quartet, George Shirley da William Warfield.Haka kuma an sami ci gaba. Marilyn Dubow, 'yar soloist tare da wasan kwaikwayo, ta sami kujera a cikin New York Philharmonic a matsayin mace ta farko ta violin. Elayne Jones, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa, ta shiga San Francisco Symphony a matsayin mace bakar fata ta farko. Tunanin baya a kwanakinta tare da Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya, Jones ya tuna, "Haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙungiyarmu ba a yarda da shi ba har sai mun sami mutanen da ke tallafa mana. Dole ne mu sami gudummawa don fara kafa ƙungiya mai mahimmanci kuma don samun nasara. goyon bayan kungiyar! Dole ne mu fara samun 'yan wasa don wannan makada, abin da nake tunawa shi ne yadda ta kasance mai sarkakiya da kuma abin da muka shiga, kuma mun yi maganin wadanda suka ce ba za a iya yi ba."
A cikin 1968, Symphony of the New World ya yi farkon Address don Orchestra, wanda ɗan wasan pianist da farfesa na Kwalejin Smith George Walker suka shirya, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha a Harlem. Sun sake yin ta washegari a Cibiyar Lincoln . A cikin wani kide-kide na musamman don watan Tarihin Baƙar fata a cikin 1974, Symphony ya fara Wade Marcus 'A Moorish Sonata da kuma, tare da Ruggiero Ricci, 1864 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra ta Cuban mawaki Joseph White wanda Paul Glass ya sake gano shi, farfesa. a Kwalejin Brooklyn.A cikin wani wasan kide-kide na 1969, Mostel ya nuna farin ciki, ciki har da rahotannin da aka bayar a cikin 'yan wasan kade-kade, a cikin wasansa na farko da Rossini ya wuce Semiramide.
Ƙarshen ƙungiyar makaɗa
A shekara ta 1971, ƙungiyar makaɗa da magoya bayanta suna da kyakkyawan fata ga kakar wasa, amma kakar 1971 ba ta ƙare ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Steinberg ya saba yi shi ne ya nemi manyan ƴan wasa su zauna kujera ta biyu, don haka mawaƙin da ke zuwa zai iya samun damar samun gogewa. Kowa yayi murna da yin hakan, har sai da mutum daya ya canza ra'ayinsa. Bangarorin biyu suka bullo. Daga ƙarshe Steinberg ya yi murabus daga fage a zauren Philharmonic kafin wani wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1971, don haka wasan zai iya ci gaba. Duk da haka shi ne ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo. Rikicin ya tafi ga sasantawa, kuma an kwace ikon Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya daga Steinberg a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1972."Egos", in ji Joe Wilder. "Abin da ya shafi girman kai ne. Na yi matukar alfahari da kasancewa memba na kungiyar makada, amma na ji haushin wasu kalaman kabilanci ga Ben Steinberg ya yi murabus." memba kuma violist Alfred Brown: "Akwai wasu mutane - ba mafi rinjaye ba - wadanda ke da matsala tare da shi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna jin ya kamata madugu ya zama baƙar fata. Ba ni ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ina son shi sosai. Ya kasance mai tunani sosai. "
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1972, Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta wasiƙarsa ta tara kuɗi ta ƙarshe. Ya ce: "Yana da matukar nadama cewa dole ne mu ba da shawarar cewa, saboda takaddama na cikin gida da kuma matsalolin kudi na rashin tabbas da ke tasowa daga halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki na yanzu, Symphony of the New World yana soke sauran wasanni na 1971-1972. Ba wai kawai mun ci gaba da fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki da ke fuskantar dukkanin cibiyoyin al'adu marasa riba ba a wannan kakar, amma saboda matsalolin, wasu dala 100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ba za a iya samun su cikin lokaci don ba da izinin kammala wannan lokacin wasan kwaikwayo ba."Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dage da ɗimbin kide-kide masu ban sha'awa, inda ta fara halarta a Washington, D.C., a watan Oktoba 1975kuma ta koma Hall Hall Carnegie a matsayin tushen gidanta a wannan watan. A cikin Maris 1977, wani mai bita na New York Times ya yaba da "tsaron fasaha" na masu wasan kwaikwayon, yana yin hukunci a kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu mafi kyawun ƙungiyar makaɗa . Koyaya, kuɗi ya kasance matsala ta shekara-shekara. A cikin Fabrairu 1975, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tilasta soke wani shiri na kide kide don dalilai na kuɗi. Jagora George Byrd, wanda ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Oktoba 29, 1972, ya ce, "Da alama a gare ni macabre cewa Black Panthers sun sami sauƙin samun kuɗi fiye da Symphony na New World." Lokacin 1977-78 da alama ya kasance waƙar swan na symphony. The New York Times Arts and Leisure sashe ya jera Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya concert na Lahadi, Afrilu 9, 1978, kuma babu kwanan wata fiye da haka. Da alama ƙungiyar mawaƙan da ta rikiɗe ta narke ba tare da jin daɗi ko ma sanarwa ba. Duk da kyakkyawan ƙarshensa, mawakan da ke cikin taron Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sun ji daɗin kasancewa cikin aikin. "Ya gina bege a inda akwai kadan," in ji Harold Jones mai fafutuka. "Wannan ya nuna cewa a matsayinmu na bakaken fata mun biya hakkinmu, kuma za mu iya yin hakan kamar yadda kowa zai iya yi, a irin wannan lokaci ne a rayuwata ta cika ni da shi, ina dai fatan hakan ya dawwama. Ilham. domin a iya yin haka a cikinmu baki daya. An gudanar da wani nune-nune na tunawa da cika shekaru 50 na kafuwar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya a dakin karatu na jama'a na New York a shekara ta 2014. Takardun kungiyar makada suna zaune ne a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baki na Schomburg.
"Concert Black" na Terrance McKnight
Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya zai kasance mai da hankali kan littafin mai zuwa na Terrance McKnight mai masaukin baki WQXR, Concert Black. A cikin wata kasida ga mujallar National Sawdust, ya rubuta cewa: "A yawancin biranen Amurka za ku sami al'ummomi biyu na mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi na gargajiya: ɗaya Baƙar fata da fari ɗaya. Babban abin da ke cikin Concert Black shine lokacin da waɗannan al'ummomin biyu suka taru a ciki. New York a cikin 1960s don kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa ta farko da ta haɗa ƙwararru a cikin ƙasar. Symphony of the New World ta buga kide-kide daga 1965-1978, kuma a lokaci guda fiye da 80% na masu biyan kuɗi sun kasance mutane masu launi. "Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya ya yi nasara wajen gina sababbin masu sauraro don da kuma cim ma al'adu daban-daban a cikin zauren wasan kwaikwayo. Duke Ellington da Modern Jazz Quartet sun yi tare da wannan ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Marian Anderson da Martina Arroyo sun bayyana tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Akwai masu jagoranci na Black kuma sun kasance masu jagoranci na Black. mawaƙa a kai a kai suna wakilta kuma fiye da ƴan mawakan Asiya sun kasance a cikin sahu, wanda ba kasafai ake samu ba a lokacin. Symphony of the New World shi ne inda cibiyoyin al'adunmu suka ce suna son kasancewa."
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
12292 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya | Ahmadiyya | Ahmadiyya (Urdu احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) tafiyar imani ce ta addini wadda aka kafa ta a karni na (19), Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ne wanda mabiyan sa suka hakikance kan cewar shine Mahdi ya kafa tafiyar. An kafa tafiyar ne tun kafin Indiya ta rabu zuwa wannan Indiyar ta yanzu wato rabewar ta da Pakistan da Bangladesh.
Ahmad yaso ya sabunta Musulunci, tare da da'awar dawo da ainahin koyarwa ta addinin Musulunci.a shekara ta alif( 1914), tafiyar ta rabe zuwa gida biyu, a sakamakon wanda zai zamo magajin Ahmad kuma har yanzu wadannan bangarorin sunanan.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad yayi da'awar cewa ya cika annabatar Mahdi. Ana yi masa lakani da Mujaddadi na karni na( 14), kuma Yesun da aka alkawarta zuwan sa.
Yan Ahmadiyya na daukar kansu a matsayin Musulmai kuma suna da'awar sunayin addinin Musulunci ne wanda Annabi Muhammad ya koyar.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ya kafa tafiyar ne a shekara ta alif(1889 ), kuma ya saka mata suna Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Fatan sa shine ya dawo da ruhin Musulunci. .
Ainahin tafiyar Ahmadiyya ya tsage zuwa gidaje biyu bayan rasuwar Nooruddin,magajin Ghulam Ahmad na farko.
Wadannan tafiyoyin biyu sune Jama'ar Ahmadiyya da kuma Jama'ar Ahmadiyya ta Lahore (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam, AAIIL). Bangarorin nada bambanci ga hanyar koyarwa a tsakanin su.
Babban bangare na Jama'ar Ahmadiyya na da rassa a sama da kasashen duniya (190), babbar cibiyarta na a birnin Landan na Ingila.
Karamin tsagin kuma da akafi sani da Jama'ar Ahmadiyya na Lahore nada cibiya a Lahore, kuma anfi sanin su a Jamani, Autraliya da Pakistan.
Abinda ke kawo rigima shine fahtar Ahmadiyya dangane da rasuwa da dawowar Annabi Isah da kuma mahangar su ga Jihadi.
Hakanan ma Yan Ahmadiyya Nada bambancin fahimta da ayar nan ta Kur'ani( 33:40. ), Wannan aya tana magana akan cewa Annabi Muhammad shine cikamakon Annabawa. Sai dai mabiya Jama'ar Ahmadiyya ta Lahore basu da taraddadi dangane da wannan batun domin su basu kallon Mirza Ghulam Ahmad matsayin Annabi. A wannan dalilin ne yasa sukafi kusanci da akidar Musulunci.
Yan Ahmadiyya sun fassara Kur'ani da dukkannin manyan harsunan duniya. Kuma suna yada akidun su da da'awar su awa (24), a tashoshin su na talabijin din su wadanda suka hada da, MTA 1,MTA 2, MTA 3 (domin Larabawa masu kallo) kuma kwanannan suka kaddamar da sabuwar tashar MTA Africa. Yan Ahmadiyya na samar da malamai, likituci,masu kare yancin Dan Adam a kasashen da suka cigaba.
Zarge-Zarge
Musulmai mabiya Sunnah na kallon yan Ahmadiyya da masu aikata Bidi'a saboda imanin da sukayi cewa Ahmad Ghulam Annabi ne kuma shine Mahdi kuma Annabi Isah da zai dawo kuma basu yadda da ce Annabi Muhammad ne Annabin karshe ba.
Dangane da yadda yaso ya Annabtar da kansa kuwa yace shine Annani Isah kuma yadawo ne domin ya karya Gicciye. Mafi rinjayen musulmai basu danganta Yan Ahmadiyya da wannan sunan, sunadai kallon su ne a matsayin wasu masu wani sabon Addini wanda wani ya samar. Ba kamar Musulunci ba wanda shi Annabi Muhammad ne yazo dashi amma bashine ya samar da shiba..
Akida
Acikin akida da abubuwan da Yan Ahmadiyya sukayi imani dashi akwai shika-shikan Musulunci guda biyar (wato, Shahada, Sallah, Azumi, Zakka, Hajji) kuma suke yinsu, sannan kuma sunyi imani da shika-shikan imani guda shida kamar dai yadda Musulmai Mabiya Sunnah sukayi. Hakanan kuma sun yadda da Al Kur’ani kuma suna kallon Ka'aba matsayin Alkibla lokacin da zasuyi Sallah, kuma suna bin Sunnah da Hadisi.
Alkalumma
Yazuwa shekarar 2016,an kiyasta adadin kasashe( 209) ne a duniya inda za'a iya samun yan Ahmadiyya. Babu kasar da Ahmadiyya ke da rinjaye. A wasu kasashen kamar Pakistan an haramta Ahmadiyya gabatar daya. Gabadaya wannan dalilinne yasa yakasance abu mai wahala ga Ahmadiyya ta kafa wasu kungiyoyinta masu zaman Kansu. Sakamakon haka Yan Ahmadiyya na ikirarin sunkai gwamman miliyoyi; bugu da kari wasu majiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ruwaito cewar akwai kididdigar adadin jama'ar Ahmadiyya sunkai miliyan( 10 zuwa 20), gaba dayan duniya anyi kiyasin yan Ahmadiyya sunkai adadin kaso( 1% ),na al'umar Musulmai. a shekara ta (2001), wata Insakulofidiya mai suna Christian Encyclopedia ta wallafa cewar Tafiyar Ahmadiyya tafi kowacce darika a Musulunci saurin yaduwa. Ta kuma kiyasta cewa kasar da tafi kowacce yawan yan Ahmadiyya itace Pakistan, da kiyasin (4%), na al'umar kasar. Sai kuma Jama'ar Ahmadiyya ta Lahore mai mabiya( 0.2% ), a kasar ta Pakistan. An kiyasta cewa yan Ahmadiyya ka iya kaiwa (60,000 zuwa miliyan 1 a Indiya)..
Manazarta
International Official Site
Musulunci |
27904 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela%20Deckert | Gisela Deckert | Gisela Deckert (Gisela Haagen,19. Yuni 1930 a Berlin) yar asalin kasar Jamus kuma likitar dabbobi ce kuma mai taka tsantsan.
Farkon Rayuwa
Gisela Deckert ta girma a Schöneiche kusa da Berlin. Daga 1948 ta karanci ilimin dabbobi a Jami'ar Humboldt a Berlin sannan ta kammala karatun digiri a kan ayyukan gini a cikin warblers. Wannan ya biyo bayan digiri na uku tare da Erwin Stresemann tare da binciken Ethologische Untersuchungen am Feldsperling.
Gisela Deckert ta kasance koyaushe mai zaman kanta. Ta shirya rahotannin ƙwararrun halaye da halayyar ɗabi'a don Tierpark Berlin. Don talabijin na GDR ta shirya abubuwan tarihin tarihin halitta daga finafinan dabbobi na kasashen waje. Ya kirkiro rahotannin masana ilimin muhalli a matsayin tushen kirkirar wuraren kariya da ayyukan kariya na nau'ikan.
Gisela Deckert tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar kiyaye yanayin yanki a yankin tafkin Dahme. Dangane da dokar al'adun yanki na farko na GDR, ta kafa sashen kula da kayan ado da na halitta na gundumomin Königs Wusterhausen da Zossen a 1971. Daga 1980 ta shugabanci ƙungiyar ornithology na gundumar Königs Wusterhausen na forungiyar Yanayi da Muhalli (GNU) a cikin ƙungiyar al'adun GDR. Daga 1990 ta kasance mai aiki a kan kwamitin Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU), Regionalverband Dahmeland e.V. kuma ita ce shugabar ta farko daga 2006 zuwa 2009. Tun shekara ta 2009 ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar NABU ta yankin Dahmeland. Daga 1993 zuwa 2001 tana kan kwamitin ba da shawara na karamar hukumar kiyaye yanayin gundumar Dahme-Spreewald. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin amintattu na Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park tun daga 2001. Yana nufin barazanar zuwa fauna na gida daga tururin iska kuma yana ta yin kamfen don kare wuraren gandun daji a kusa da Kallichen a matsayin yanki mai kariya daga yanayin tun 2010.
Kyauta
Zinariya na kiyaye dabi'a na Naturschutzbund Jamus
2010: Medal Medal na Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus
Ayyuka
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nestbautechnik deutscher Sylviiden. In: J. Orn. 96, 1955, S. 186–206.
Zwergammern (Emberiza pusilla) bei Berlin beobachtet. In: J. Orn. 99, 1958, S. 104.
Der Feldsperling. Die neue Brehm-Bücherei. Zimsen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1968.
Zur Ethologie und Ökologie des Haussperlings (Passer d. domesticus L.). In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 15, 1969, S. 1–84.
mit Kurt Deckert: Wie verhalten sich Tiere? Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1974.
Siedlungsdichte und Nahrungssuche bei Elster, Pica p. pica (L.) und Nebelkrähe, Corvus corone cornix (L.) In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 26, 1980, S. 305–334.
Tiere-Pflanzen-Landschaften. Vom Gleichgewicht in der Natur. Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1988.
Bugawa a cikin jerin Kiyaye Halitta a Dahmeland na NABU Dahmeland:
Wie verhalten wir uns in Naturschutzgebieten? 1992, S. 22.
Der Flußregenpfeifer – Vogel des Jahres 1993. 1993, S. 3–5.
Die Nachtigall – Vogel des Jahres 1995. 1995, S. 28–29.
Die Bedeutung von Brachland für den Artenschutz. 1995, S. 42–46.
Der Kiebitz (Vanellus vanellus) – Vogel des Jahres 1996. 1996, S. 32–36.
Verfemte Räuber. 1997, S. 32–40.
Das Naturschutzgebiet Töpchiner Seen und die Bedeutung von Wildnis für den Naturschutz. 1998, S. 6–15.
Die Feldlerche – Vogel des Jahres 1998. 1998, S. 15–16.
Sind nur gefährdete Arten schützenswert? 1998, S. 11–19.
Das Naturschutzgebiet Mahnigsee-Dahmetal. 1999, S. 20–21.
Bugawa a cikin littafin NABU Dahmeland da Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park, Prieros, ISSN 1869-0920 :
Die Tierwelt unserer Parks. 2000, S. 55–58
Was lebt denn da an der alten Eiche? 2001, S. 63–65.
Das Röhricht und seine Bewohner. 2002, S. 62–64.
Die Entwicklung zum naturnahen Wald. 2003, 52–54.
Feldreine und Gehölze der Agrarlandschaft. 2004, S. 8–11.
Verlust der Biodiversität durch eingeschleppte Arten. 2006, S. 8–11.
Wovon ernähren sich Kormorane? 2006, S. 82–84.
Unsere Tierwelt verändert sich.2007, S. 84–90.
Fledermäuse, nächtliche Insektenjäger. 2008, S. 9–15.
Darüber ist viel zu wenig bekannt – Ein Apell zum Mitmachen. 2008, S. 94–98.
Der NABU zieht Bilanz. 2009, S. 13–21.
Zwanzig Jahre NABU Dahmeland e.V. 2009, S. 22.
Das Klima und wir Menschen. 2010, S. 7–13.
Wanderungen durch Feld und Flur. 2011, S. 62–64.
Wandern an Seen und Flüssen. 2011, S. 98–100.
Warum war gerade der Kormoran Vogel des Jahres 2010? – Eine aktuelle Nachbetrachtung. 2010, S. 122–125.
Fischotter – ein heimlicher Bewohner unserer Gewässer. 2012, S. 16.
Sommergoldhähnchen, ein Gartenvogel. 2012, S. 24.
Der Gartenrotschwanz. 2012, S. 128.
Der Wendehals. 2013, S. 54.
Die Zossener Heide. 2013, S. 116–118.
Klimapolitik gegen Artenschutz? 2014, S. 83–84.
Erfolge beim Erhalt der Artenvielfalt? 2014, S. 83–84.
Das Leben der Sperlinge. 2016, S. 36–39.
Wir füttern unsere Gartenvögel. 2016, S. 46–47.
Bedeutung der Wälder für Artenvielfalt und Klimaschutz. 2017, S. 76–79.
Adabi
Hans Sonnenberg: Immer mit der Natur. Das Wirken der Biologin Dr. Gisela Deckert im Dahmeland. JahreBuch des NABU Dahmeland und Naturpark Dahme-Heideseen. Prieros 2009, ISSN 1869-0920, shafi na 7-13.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1930
Rayayyun Mutane |
54821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Lyon | Garry Lyon | Garry Peter Lyon (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1967) tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya kuma ya kasance kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa, ya kasance yafi zama mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai na kwallon kafa na Australiya, yana fitowa a talabijin, rediyo da jaridu. Ya kuma horar da shi a lokacin Dokokin Jerin Kasa da Kasa. Shi ne dan wasan VFL / AFL na baya-bayan nan da ya zira kwallaye goma a wasan karshe, bayan ya yi hakan a wasan Semi-Final na biyu na 1994 da Footscray, kuma na farko tun bayan George Goninon na Geelong a 1951, shekaru 43 da suka gabata.
Rayuwa ta farko
Lyon, ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan Hawthorn Peter Lyon, an haife shi a Devonport, Tasmania . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya koma Victoria.
Ayyuka
VFL / AFL
An dauki Lyon daga Kyabram Football Club kuma ya fara wasa a 1986 tare da Melbourne Football Club, yana wasa a 1988 VFL Grand Final . Da sauri ya zama babban dan wasa a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL), daga baya aka sake masa suna Australian Football League (AFL), inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko mafi kyau da mafi kyau a Melbourne a shekarar 1990. Ya zama kyaftin din Melbourne a shekarar 1991 kuma daga bisani ya zama kyaftin na Melbourne mafi tsawo a tarihin kulob din har sai an sake shi daga rawar bayan kakar 1997 saboda imanin kulob din cewa zai sha wahala daga raunin da yawa. An san Lyon da wasa tare da raunin baya da yawa, kuma kasancewarsa a filin duk da irin wannan wahala ya gan shi a matsayin wahayi ga abokan aiki.
Lyon ya gama aikinsa bayan ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu mafi kyau da mafi kyau na Melbourne kuma an ambaci sunansa a cikin kungiyoyi uku na Australia. Ayyukansa sun ƙare sakamakon karuwar matsalolin baya. Ƙafar da ta karye, wanda aka buga sau da yawa a kan AFL Footy Show, ya ƙare kakar 1987. A ƙarshe, ya gama da wasanni 226 na VFL / AFL da kwallaye 426 a 1999, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi kyau ga dan wasan Melbourne.
Yanayin Asalin
Lyon ta samu nasarar samun nasarar Jihar Asalin Victoria, an fara zabar ta ne a shekarar 1988 a kan Yammacin Australia. A shekara ta 1989 ya taka leda a wani shahararren wasa da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, inda Tony Lockett, Jason Dunstall da Dermott Brereton duk suka taka leda a cikin layi daya na gaba, suna yin kyau a cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1991, Lyon ta zira kwallaye daya a kan Kudancin Australia. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 1992 a kan wannan adawa. A shekara ta 1993, ya yi wasa a babban mataki a wasan karshe na Carnival na Jihar asalin da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, inda ya zira kwallaye uku kuma an ambaci shi a cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1994, an ba shi suna Kyaftin na Victoria, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "babban girmamawa". A shekara ta 1995, an nada shi mataimakin kyaftin din a kan Kudancin Australia, inda ya zira kwallaye daya. Lyon babban mai goyon bayan Victoria da Jihar Asalin ne kuma ya ce game da wasa Jihar Asirin cewa "yana son shi". Har ila yau, babban mai goyon bayan asalin asalin da aka sake gabatar da shi, kuma ya bayyana horo da wasa tare da 'yan wasa mafi kyau a wasan a matsayin "mafarki ya zama gaskiya" kuma "ya ɗauki kwarewar buga kwallon kafa zuwa wani matakin". Ya ce ya kamata a baiwa manyan 'yan wasa na yau irin wannan girmamawa.
Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai
Ayyukan rediyo na Lyon ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 a kan 3AW, kuma a shekara ta 2004 ya dauki bakuncin Morning Glory a kan SEN 1116. A shekara ta 2005, ya koma 3AW, kuma ya bayyana a Sports Today tare da bayar da tsokaci na musamman ga tashar AFL. A shekara ta 2007, Lyon ya koma Triple M inda ya ba da tsokaci na musamman a wasannin Jumma'a da Asabar da yamma har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2015.
Lyon marubuciya ce ga jaridar The Age kuma ta rubuta littattafan yara, gami da waɗanda ke cikin jerin Specky Magee tare da FLyon ya zama mai ba da shawara na yau da kullun a kan The <i id="mwVg"><a href="./AFL_Footy_Show" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="225" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"The Footy Show (AFL)","description":"Australian TV series or program","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q7734727"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="mw-redirect cx-link" id="mwVw" title="AFL Footy Show">AFL Footy Show</a></i> marigayi a cikin aikinsa na wasa. A shekara ta 2006, tare da <a href="./James_Brayshaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="227" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"James Brayshaw","thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/James_Brayshaw.jpg/80px-James_Brayshaw.jpg","width":80,"height":113},"description":"Australian cricketer and media personality","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q6130183"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWA" title="James Brayshaw">James Brayshaw</a>, ya ɗauki matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin shirin bayan <a href="./Eddie_McGuire" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="228" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"Eddie McGuire","thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eddie_McGuire_2018.1.jpg/80px-Eddie_McGuire_2018.1.jpg","width":80,"height":120},"description":"Australian media personality and television host","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q5336301"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWQ" title="Eddie McGuire">Eddie McGuire</a> ya zama Shugaba na <a href="./Cibiyar_sadarwa_tara" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="229" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"Nine Network","description":"Australian television network","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q1432195"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWg" title="Cibiyar sadarwa tara">Cibiyar Sadarwa tara</a>. A baya ya yi aiki tare da Brayshaw a kan The Sunday Footy Show kuma a 2005 a kan Any Given Sunday, tare da kasancewa mai gabatar da <a href="./Wasannin_Commonwealth_na_Melbourne_na_2006" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="233" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"2006 Commonwealth Games","description":"Multi-sport event in Melbourne, Australia","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q659207"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="mw-redirect cx-link" id="mwXw" title="Wasannin Commonwealth na Melbourne na 2006">wasannin</a> Melbourne Commonwealth 2006 a kan Nine. A shekara ta 2007 ya zama memba a kan shirin Footy Classified .elice Arena .
Bayan nasarar da Melbourne ta samu, Lyon ta sami girmamawa na gabatar da kofin firaministan AFL na 2021 ga kyaftin din Max Gawn da kocin Simon Goodwin a Perth bayan da Aljanu suka lashe tutarsu ta farko a cikin shekaru 57.
Koyarwa
Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Lyon ya shiga aikin horarwa. Ya horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa ta Australia, ya fara a shekara ta 2001, kuma ya kasance kocin na tsawon shekaru hudu a jere kafin Kevin Sheedy ya maye gurbinsa. Rubuce-rubucen dokoki na kasa da kasa shine nasarori biyu daga wasanni hudu.
Kididdigar wasa
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Dan wasan crick na Australiya Nathan Lyon ana kiransa "Garry", bayan Garry Lyon .
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Bayanan wasanni na Elite
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Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1967 |
21304 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawu%20Sumaila | Kawu Sumaila | Suleiman AbdulRahaman wanda aka fi sani da Kawu Sumaila ( OFR ) (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada( 27 )ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015). Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta( 6) data (7 ) a Najeriya . Ya kasance memba na All Progressive Congress (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da ke Jihar Kano ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad.
Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano, inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci,a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK).
Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a cikin ilimin addinin Islama kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a Sumaila dake Kano tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) Jami'ar Oxford (UK) Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [
Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a
An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Laburare ta Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA
Harkar siyasa
Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira People's Democratic Party (PDP) . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da PDP a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999 l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) .
A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Sumaila / Takai Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin( 2007)zuwa(2011) da( 2011)zuwa(2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) .
Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 )shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa.
A zaɓen shekara ta 2023 Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.<ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-gaya-loses-senatorial-seat-to-nnpps-kawu-sumaila-in-kano/ref/>
Nasarorin siyasa
Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a Maiduguri da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan Kano, Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006). Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (OFR) a watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ).
Manazarta
Mutanen Najeriya
Yan siyasa
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Mutanen Afirka
Mutane Kano
Mutane Jihar kano
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39855 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi%20Yusuf%20Ali | Abdullahi Yusuf Ali | Abdullahi Yusuf Ali, CBE, MA, LL. M, FRSA, FRSL ( /ɑː ˈliː / ; 14 Afrilu 1872 - 10 Disamba 1953) barista ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya rubuta littafai da dama game da Musulunci ciki har da tafsirin Alkur'ani. Magoya bayan yunƙurin yaƙin Birtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na ɗaya, Ali ya karbi CBE a 1917 saboda ayyukan da ya yi. Ya mutu a London a 1953.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ali a garin Bombay na ƙasar Indiya, ɗan Yusuf Ali Allahbuksh (ya rasu a shekara ta 1891), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Khan Bahadur Yusuf Ali, wanda ɗan asalin Shi'a Isma'ili ne a al'adar Dawudi Bohra, wanda daga baya ya zama Sunna kuma wanda ya juya baya ga sana’ar gargajiya ta al’ummarsa ta kasuwanci, maimakon haka ya zama Sufeton ‘yan sanda na Gwamnati. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya sami laƙabin Khan Bahadur a aikin gwamnati. Lokacin yana yaro, Abdullah Yusuf Ali ya halarci makarantar Anjuman Himayat-ul-Islam sannan ya yi karatu a makarantar mishan ta Wilson College, duka a Bombay. Ya kuma sami ilimi na addini kuma a ƙarshe ya iya karatun kur'ani gabaɗaya. Yana magana da harshen Larabci da Ingilishi sosai. Ya mayar da hankalinsa kan kur’ani da karatun tafsirin kur’ani tun daga farkon waɗanda aka rubuta a farkon tarihin Musulunci. Ali ya yi digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci a Jami'ar Bombay a watan Janairun 1891 yana da shekaru 19 kuma an ba shi takardar shaidar karatun bombay don yin karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge ta Ingila.
Ali ya fara zuwa Biritaniya ne a shekarar 1891 inda ya karanta fannin shari'a a Kwalejin St John's College da ke Cambridge da kuma bayan ya kammala karatunsa na BA da LL. B a cikin 1895 ya koma Indiya a cikin wannan shekarar tare da matsayi a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Indiya (ICS), daga baya aka kira shi Bar a Lincoln's Inn a 1896 ba ya nan. Ya samu MA da LL. M a shekara ta 1901. Ya auri Teresa Mary Shalders (1873-1956) a Cocin St Peter's a Bournemouth a cikin 1900, kuma tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace: Edris Yusuf Ali (1901-1992), Asghar Bloy Yusuf Ali (1902-1971). ), Alban Hyder Yusuf Ali (1904-), da Leila Teresa Ali (1906-). Matarsa da 'ya'yansa sun zauna daban-daban a Tunbridge Wells, St Albans da Norwich yayin da Ali ya koma bakin aikinsa a Indiya. Ya koma Biritaniya a 1905 a kan hutu na shekaru biyu daga ICS kuma a wannan lokacin an zaɓe shi Fellow na Royal Society of Arts da Royal Society of Literature. Ali ya fara jan hankalin jama’a ne a Biritaniya bayan ya gabatar da wata lacca a Royal Society of Arts da ke Landan a shekarar 1906, wanda mai ba shi shawara Sir George Birdwood ya shirya. Wani mai ba da shawara shi ne Lord James Meston, tsohon Laftanar Gwamna na Lardunan United, wanda, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Memba na Kuɗi na Gwamnatin Indiya ya naɗa Ali a mukamai a gundumomi daban-daban a Indiya wanda kuma ya ƙunshi gajeren lokaci biyu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare (1907). sannan Mataimakin Sakatare (1911-12) a Sashen Kudi na Gwamnatin Indiya.
Iyali da aiki
Khizar Humayun Ansari, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa a ƙamus na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ya rubuta game da Ali:
Abdullah Yusuf Ali ya kasance na Ƙungiyar musulmin Indiya daga kwararrun iyalai wadanda suka damu da matsayi. A kokarinsa na neman tasiri, nuna wariya, idan ba rashin hankali ba, ya zama babban sifa na dangantakarsa da Birtaniya. A lokacin da ya inganta lokaci na rayuwarsa ya gauraye da yawa a cikin manya-aji da'irori, assiduously noma dangantaka da mambobi na Turanci elite. Ya burge shi musamman da dabi'un da a fili da kuma jin daɗin waɗanda yake tarayya da su, kuma, a sakamakon haka, ya zama Anglophile marar kuskure. Aurensa da Teresa Shalders bisa ga al'adar Cocin Ingila, karbar bakuncin liyafar ga masu nagarta da masu girma, dandanonsa ga kayan tarihi da al'adu na Hellenic da sha'awar jarumarsa, sha'awar sana'a a Indiya a matsayin hanyar daidaitawa. rarrabuwar ƙabilanci da zamantakewa, da bayar da shawararsa na yada tunanin masu ra'ayin ra'ayi da na zamani ta hanyar ilimin boko, duk ƙoƙari ne na gaske na shiga cikin al'ummar Birtaniya.
Tafiyarsa akai-akai tsakanin Indiya da Biritaniya ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar aurensa kuma matarsa Teresa Mary Shalders ta yi rashin aminci a gare shi kuma ta haifi ɗan shege a cikin 1910, hakan yasa ya sake ta a 1912 kuma ya sami kulawa. ’ya’yansu huɗu, wadanda ya bar su tare da gomnati a Ingila. Duk da haka, 'ya'yansa sun ƙi shi kuma a ziyarar zuwa London a nan gaba a cikin 1920s da 1930s ya zauna a National Liberal Club. A 1914 Ali ya yi murabus daga ICS ya zauna a Biritaniya inda ya zama amintaccen masallacin Shah Jehan a Woking kuma a 1921 ya zama mai kula da asusun gina masallacin gabashin London. Yayin da yakin duniya na ɗaya ya ɓarke, ba kamar musulmi da yawa a Biritaniya ba waɗanda suka ji daɗin ba da goyon bayan yakin da Birtaniya ke yi da 'yan uwan musulmi na Daular Usmaniyya, Ali ya kasance mai matukar goyon baya ga gudunmawar Indiyawa ga yunƙurin yaƙin, har zuwa wannan. rubuta labarai, ba da jawabai na jama'a da gudanar da yawon shakatawa na Scandinavia kuma an naɗa shi CBE a cikin 1917 don ayyukansa na wannan dalilin. A wannan shekarar ya shiga ma'aikatan Makarantar Nazarin Gabas a matsayin malami a Hindustani.
Ya auri Gertrude Anne Mawbey (1895 – 1984) a shekara ta 1920, kuma ta ɗauki sunan musulma ‘Masuma’ ta dawo tare da shi zuwa Indiya don gujewa tsangwamar da ma’auratan suka sha daga ‘ya’yan Ali daga aurensa na farko, wanda ya fusata shi da sabuwar matarsa. A cikin wasiyyarsa Ali ya ambaci dansa na biyu Asghar Bloy Yusuf Ali wanda ya yi nisa har ya kai ga cin zarafi, zagi da tsananta mini lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Tare da Mawbey yana da ɗa, Rashid (an haife shi 1922/3), amma wannan auren kuma ya ƙare cikin rashin nasara. Ya kasance haziki mai daraja a Indiya kuma Sir Muhammad Iqbal ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Islamia a Lahore, yana aiki daga 1925 zuwa 1927 da kuma daga 1935 zuwa 1937. Hakanan ya kasance Fellow da syndic na Jami'ar Punjab (1925-8 da 1935-9) kuma memba na Kwamitin Binciken Jami'ar Punjab (1932-33). Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai Ideals Educational Muslim (1923),Muhimman Abubuwan Islama (1929), Ilimin halin kirki: Aims and Methods (1930), Personality of Man in Islam (1931), da The Message of Islam (1940). Koyaya, sanannen aikinsa na ilimi shine fassararsa zuwa Turanci da tafsirin Kur'ani, Kur'ani Mai Girma: Rubutu, Fassara da Tafsiri (1934-8; bugu na 1939-40), wanda ya kasance ɗayan biyu mafi girma. Fassarar Ingilishi da ake amfani da su sosai (ɗayan shine fassarar Marmaduke Pickthall ). Ya yi aiki a tawagar Indiya zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1928.
Bayan shekaru
A cikin Disamba 1938 yayin da yake rangadi don inganta fassararsa, Ali ya taimaka wajen buɗe Masallacin Al-Rashid, masallaci na uku a Arewacin Amirka, a Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada. A cikin 1947 Ali yana cikin yawancin Indiyawan da suka dawo Indiya bayan samun 'yancin kai don ɗaukar Muƙaman siyasa. Duk da haka, a wurinsa matakin bai yi nasara ba, ya koma Landan inda ya zama mai rauni a hankali da jiki, yana zaune a keɓe da danginsa da kuma tsarin mulkin Birtaniya da ya yi tarayya da su a baya. Ba wani ƙayyadadden wurin zama ba, Ali ya shafe mafi yawan shekaru goma na rayuwarsa ko dai yana zaune a National Liberal Club, a cikin Royal Commonwealth Society ko kuma yawo kan titunan London da rayuwa cikin talauci duk da yana da £20,578 16s 3d a banki. A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1953 'yan sanda sun gano Ali ba shi da hali kuma yana cikin ruɗani a wata kofa a Westminster. An sallame shi washegari kuma wani gida na Majalisar gundumar Landan don tsofaffi a Titin Dovehouse a Chelsea ya ɗauke shi. Anan ya sami bugun zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba kuma an garzaya da shi asibitin St Stephen da ke Fulham inda ya mutu shi kadai a ranar.
Babu wani dangi da ya yi ikirarin gawar amma babban hukumar Pakistan ta san Ali; sun shirya jana'izarsa da binne shi a sashin musulmi a makabartar Brookwood kusa da Woking.
Tafsirin Alqur'ani
An buga juzu'i 30 na fassarar Alqur'ani. A Saudi Arabiya, Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci, ta gyara ainihin fassarar Yusuf Ali. The Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project, wanda "musamman ya fi mayar da hankali ga mazhabar Shi'a goma sha biyu ", ya yi nazarin bugu na fassarar Ali don tabbatar da ko sun kiyaye fahimtar Ali na ainihin rubutun Larabci. Sun tabbatar an sami sauye-sauye.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haifaffun 1872
Mutuwan 1953
Marubuta daga Mumbai
Dawoodi Bohras
Mafassarin Alqur'ani zuwa Yaren Ingilishi
Ɗalibin Jami'ar Mumbai
Ɗalibin Kwalejin St John's, Cambridge
Mamba a Lincoln's Inn |
57781 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9%20Sonthonax | Léger-Félicité Sonthonax | Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (7 Maris 1763-23 Yuli 1813) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma Jacobin kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Girondist,wacce ta fito a cikin 1791.A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, ya mallaki sojojin Faransa 7,000 a Saint-Domingue a lokacin wani bangare na juyin juya halin Haiti. Sunansa a hukumance shine Kwamishinan farar hula.Daga Satumba 1792,shi da Polverel sun zama ainihin masu mulkin Saint-Domingue wadanda ba bayi ba.Domin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Brissot,taron da aka yi a ranar 16 ga Yuli,1793 ya tuhumi su,amma jirgin da zai dawo da su Faransa bai isa ƙasar ba sai Yuni 1794,kuma sun isa Faransa a lokacin.na faduwar Robespierre.An yi musu shari’a ta gaskiya a shekara ta 1795 kuma an wanke su daga tuhumar da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi musu. Sonthonax ya yi imanin cewa turawan Saint-Domingue ’yan sarauta ne ko kuma ’yan aware,don haka ya kai hari ga ikon soja na fararen fata kuma ta yin hakan ya nisanta mazaunan mulkin mallaka daga gwamnatinsu.Yawancin gens de couleur (mazauna masu gauraya na mazauna yankin) sun tabbatar da cewa za su iya kafa kashin bayan soji na Saint-Domingue idan aka ba su hakki,amma Sonthonax ya ki amincewa da wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda ya tsufa bayan tashin bayi na Agusta 1791.Ya yi imanin cewa Saint-Domingue zai buƙaci tsohon sojan bauta a cikin sahu na sojojin mulkin mallaka idan ana so ya tsira.A watan Agusta 1793,ya yi shelar 'yanci ga dukan bayi a lardin arewa.Masu sukarsa sun yi zargin cewa an tilasta masa kawo karshen bautar ne domin ya ci gaba da mulkin kansa.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Oyonnax,Faransa a ranar 7 ga Maris,1763,ɗan ɗan kasuwa mai wadata,Sonthonax lauya ne a Majalisar Dokokin Paris wanda ya samu matsayi a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.Dukiyar Sonthonax ta kasance saboda kasuwancin mahaifinsa,wanda ya ɗauki mutane da yawa daga yankin aiki,kuma ya sa mahaifinsa ya zama mafi arziki a ƙauyen. Sonthonax ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Dijon,ya zama sanannen lauya tare da taimakon mahaifinsa mai arziki. Memba na Society of the Friends of the Blacks,ya zama mai alaka da Jacques Pierre Brissot kuma daga baya ya daidaita kansa da Girondists.
Manufar
A cikin watan Agustan 1791, tawayen bayi ( Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta) ya barke a yankin arewacin Saint-Domingue,zuciyar tattalin arzikin noman sukari na tsibirin.Har ila yau,Saint-Domingue ya fuskanci rikice-rikice tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma mutanen da ke da 'yanci (da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu bambancin launin fata),da kuma tsakanin wadanda ke goyon bayan juyin juya halin Faransa da wadanda ke sake kafa Daular Ancien — ko kasawa.cewa,don 'yancin kai na Saint-Domingue.
A cikin 1792,Saint-an aika Sonthonax,Étienne Polverel da Jean-Antoine Ailhaud zuwa yankin Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haïti ) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar juyin juya hali. Sun kasance tare da Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes,wanda aka nada gwamnan Saint-Domingue. Ya maye gurbin gwamna Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande Tawagar ta hada da sojoji 6,000. Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba, amma sun zo ne don tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun maza suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne. D'Esparbes yayi aiki da kwamishinonin kuma ya zama sananne tare da masu shuka sarauta. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1792,kwamishinonin sun kori d'Esparbès kuma suka sanya sunan vicomte de Rochambeau gwamnan Saint-Domingue.
Babban burinsu shi ne kiyaye ikon Faransanci na Saint-Domingue da aiwatar da daidaiton zamantakewa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta ba da kwanan nan ga gens de couleur kyauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar 4 Afrilu 1792.Dokar ta sake kafa ikon Faransa na Saint-Domingue,ta ba da cikakken zama dan kasa da daidaiton siyasa don 'yantar da bakar fata maza da maza masu 'yanci, amma ba ta 'yantar da bayi ba.Maimakon haka,an ba shi aikin da ya yi nasara a kan tawayen bayi kuma ya sa bayi su koma gonaki.Da farko Sonthonax ya yi fatali da kawar da bautar don samun goyon bayan turawan da ke tsibirin.Da isowarsa,ya gano cewa wasu fararen fata da ’yan adam masu launin fata sun riga sun ba da haɗin kai ga ’yan tawayen bayi.Ya yi gudun hijira da yawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ba za su yarda da masu launi ɗaya ba kuma sun sami nasarar shawo kan ta'addancin bayi a wajen Arewa.
An aika Sonthonax da Polverel zuwa Saint-Domingue, kamar yadda suka yi shelar lokacin da suka isa, ba don kawar da bautar ba amma don ba wa ’yantattun maza, ba tare da la’akari da launi na fatar jikinsu ba, daidaiton haƙƙoƙi, wanda aka ba su ta hanyar dokar 4 ga Afrilu.,1792.Amma a ƙarshe, duk bayi a lardin arewa sun sami 'yanci a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1793, ta Sonthonax, da kuma a lardunan yamma da kudu, daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,ta hanyar Polverel. Bayan shelar,Sonthonax ya rubuta amsa ga waɗanda suka yi hamayya da shawararsa da Polverel a shekara ta 1793 na ba wa waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun bayi wannan sabon ’yanci.Ya bayyana imaninsa mai ƙarewa cewa ya kamata a ba wa waɗannan 'yan Afirka 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya kare shawararsa na 'yantar bayi ba kuskure ba ne. Shelar Sonthonax Au nom de la République ya bayyana rawar da ya taka a juyin juya halin Musulunci.Ya kuduri aniyar yin tsattsauran shawara don hana Biritaniya da Spain samun nasara a yunkurinsu na karbar ikon Saint-Domingue.
'Yanci da rikici
A cikin Fabrairu 1793, Faransa ta shelanta yaki a kan Birtaniya,wanda ya gabatar da sabuwar matsala ga Sonthonax.Duk wadanda ya kebe a kokarin tabbatar da juyin juya halin Faransa a Saint-Domingue sun ci gaba da kokarin tserewa zuwa yankin yammacin Indiyan Yamma na Burtaniya (musamman Jamaica),inda mahukuntan mulkin mallaka suka ba da mafaka ga masu adawa da juyin juya hali na Faransa.Yawan fararen fata a cikin mulkin mallaka ya ragu sosai har sai 6,000 kawai ya rage bayan Yuni 1793.
A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 wani yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba na karɓar iko da babban birnin kasar ta sabon gwamnan soja mai tausayi ga fararen fata,François-Thomas Galbaud,ya kai ga tashin bam da kona Cap-Français (yanzu Cap-Haïtien ).Watakila konawar ta faru ne ta wurin masu ruwa da tsaki 1,000 wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba a cikin sojojin Galbaud.Sonthonax ya nada Janar Étienne Laveaux gwamna kuma ya kori Galbaud daga mulkin mallaka bayan alkawarin ’yanci ga tsoffin bayi da suka amince su yi yaki a madadin kwamishinonin da kuma gwamnatin jamhuriyar Faransa da suke wakilta.Har ya zuwa wannan lokaci kwamishinonin suna ci gaba da fafatawa da bakar fata, wanda tashin hankalinsu ya fara a watan Agustan 1791.'Yantar da su babbar nasara ce ga dukkan sojojin bayi,kuma tarihin baka ya nuna cewa yana kara musu kwarin gwiwa.A ranar 24 ga Yuni,1793,kashi 60% na mutanen farar fata sun bar Saint-Domingue tare da Galbaud,galibi ba su dawo ba.
A ranar 29 ga Agusta,b1793, tare da jita-jita na 'yanci,Sonthonax ya ɗauki mataki mai mahimmanci a shelar 'yancin bayi a lardin arewa (tare da iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancinsu).Daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,a gefensa,Polverel ya ci gaba da 'yantar da bayi a lardunan yamma da kudu.
A wannan lokacin ne,kuma saboda sabon salon ba da haƙƙin baƙar fata,Toussaint Louverture ya fara gyara falsafar siyasarsa don rungumar Faransa maimakon Spain;duk da haka,ya yi taka-tsan-tsan kuma yana jiran amincewar Faransa ta 'yantar da shi kafin ya sauya bangarori a hukumance.Ranar 4 ga Fabrairu,1794, Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta amince da wannan doka,tare da yin amfani da shi ga dukan yankunan Faransanci,ciki har da Guadeloupe.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ƙarƙashin dokar tuhuma, a wannan rana, ba a bayyana sunayen Sonthonax da Polverel a cikin taron ba, ko da Dufay,mataimakin Saint-Domingue da Sonthonax ya aiko don bayyana wa wakilan taron. dalilin da ya sa aka kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka.
'Yanci ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Amurka.
Yawan bayi na Saint-Domingue ba su yi tururuwa zuwa bangaren Sonthonax kamar yadda ya yi tsammani ba, yayin da masu shuka farar fata suka ci gaba da yi masa turjiya. An haɗu da su da yawa daga cikin ’yan adam masu launi waɗanda ke adawa da kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka, yawancinsu masu shuka kansu ne. Ba sai da maganar amincewa da 'yantar da gwamnatin Faransa ta dawo cikin mulkin mallaka ba Toussaint Louverture da gawawwakinsa na ƙwararrun bayin yaƙi sun zo ga ƙungiyar Republican ta Faransa a farkon Mayu 1794.
Canji a cikin iskar siyasa a gida ya sa a tuno da Sonthonax zuwa Faransa don kare ayyukansa.Bayan isowarsa a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1794, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan adam masu launi, waɗanda aka aiko shi da farko don ya kare,ba su da aminci ga Faransa,kuma ya kamata Jamhuriyar ta sanya bangaskiyarta ga ’yantattun bayi.Vindicated, Sonthonax ya koma Saint-Domingue a karo na biyu. Faransa ce ta tura Comte d'Hédouville ya zama gwamnan tsibirin,amma daga baya aka tilasta masa ya gudu.
Komawa Faransa
Toussaint, a halin yanzu, yana ƙarfafa matsayinsa. Farans Janar din bakar fata ya shirya Sonthonax ya bar Saint-Domingue a matsayin daya daga cikin zababbun wakilansa a shekarar 1797,kuma lokacin da Sonthonax ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa,Toussaint ya sanya shi karkashin wani jirgin ruwa da ya nufi Faransa a ranar 24 ga Agusta.Ya rasu a garinsu bayan shekaru 16.
Bayanan kula
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina | Elmina | Elmina, wanda aka fi sani da Edina ta Fante na gida, birni ne kuma babban birnin gundumar Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem da ke gabar tekun kudu na Ghana a Yankin Tsakiya, yana kan bakin teku a Tekun Atlantika, kilomita 12 ( 7+1⁄2 mil) yamma da Cape Coast. Elmina ita ce mazaunin Turai na farko a Yammacin Afirka kuma tana da yawan mutane 33,576.
Tarihi
Kafin isowar Fotigal ɗin, ana kiran garin Anomansah ("madawwami" ko "abin sha mara ƙarewa") daga matsayinsa akan tsibirin tsakanin tekun Benya da teku.
A cikin 1478 (lokacin Yaƙin Mutuwar Castilian), wani jirgin ruwa na Castilian na caravels 35 da jirgin ruwan Fotigal sun yi babban yaƙin sojan ruwa kusa da Elmina don sarrafa kasuwancin Guinea (zinariya, bayi, hauren giwa da barkono melegueta). Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da nasarar sojan ruwa na Fotigal, sannan kuma amincewar hukuma daga masarautar Katolika na ikon mallakar Fotigal akan yawancin yankuna na Yammacin Afirka da ke takaddama a cikin yarjejeniyar Alcáçovas, 1479. Wannan shi ne yakin mulkin mallaka na farko tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai. Da yawa za su zo.
Garin ya girma a kusa da São Jorge da Mina Castle, wanda Diogo de Azambuja na Fotigal ya gina a 1482 a kan wani gari ko ƙauye mai suna Amankwakurom ko Amankwa. Ita ce hedikwatar Fotigal ta Yammacin Afirka don kasuwanci da cin dukiyar Afirka. Sha'awar Fotigal na asali shine zinari, tare da jigilar 8,000 zuwa Lisbon daga 1487 zuwa 1489, oza 22,500 daga 1494 zuwa 1496, da oza 26,000 a farkon karni na sha shida.
Daga baya tashar jiragen ruwa ta faɗaɗa don haɗawa da dubun dubatar bayi da aka bi ta hanyar kasuwancin Elmina, dubu goma zuwa sha biyu daga 1500-35 kadai. A shekara ta 1479, Fotigal na safarar bayi daga nesa har zuwa Benin, wanda ya kai kashi 10 na cinikin da ake yi a Elmina, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen share filaye don yin noma.
Wurin da Elmina ya sanya ya zama wani muhimmin wuri don sake samar da jiragen ruwa da ke zuwa kudu zuwa Cape of Good Hope akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya. Bayan shekaru na kasuwancin Fotigal a gabar tekun Elmina, Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami labarin ayyukan ribar da ke faruwa ta hanyar Barent Eriksz na Medemblik, ɗaya daga cikin farkon 'yan kasuwa da masu kewaya Guinea. Ericksz ya koya game da ciniki a gabar tekun Elmina yayin da yake fursuna a Principe kuma daga baya ya zama babban abin amfani ga Dutch dangane da samar da bayanan yanki da ciniki. Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya kame Elmina a 1637; a cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa galibi ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar cinikin bayi. Turawan Burtaniya sun kai hari a garin a cikin 1782, amma ya kasance a hannun Dutch har zuwa 1872, lokacin da aka siyar da Tekun Gold na Dutch ga Burtaniya. Sarkin Ashanti, mai da'awar suzerain, ya ki amincewa da canja wurin, kuma ya fara yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na uku na 1873-1874.
Elmina kuma gida ne na Sansanin Coenraadsburg akan St. Jago Hill, wanda Fotigal ya gina a 1555 a ƙarƙashin sunan Forte de Santiago; an yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci. A cikin 1637 Dutch sun ci nasara da sake masa suna, bayan sun ƙwace babban gidan Elmina. A yau, babbar masana'antar tattalin arzikin Elmina ita ce kamun kifi, samar da gishiri da yawon shakatawa. Gidan Elmina yana da kusanci da Cape Coast Castle, wani sansanin tarihi mai mahimmanci sanannu ga rawar da ya taka a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic.
Tattalin Arziki
Tun daga 2003, Elmina, tare da masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, sun fara The Elmina Strategy 2015, babban aiki don inganta fannoni da yawa na garin, wanda ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa da sarrafa sharar gida wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka lafiyar 'yan ƙasa, gyara masana'antar kamun kifi da tashar jiragen ruwa. na cikin Elmina, yawon shakatawa da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi, ingantattun ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da ingantattun ayyukan ilimi.
Yanayi
Yawon shakatawa
Baya ga Castle na Elmina da Sansanin Coenraadsburg, manyan wuraren yawon shakatawa a Elmina sun haɗa da Makabartar Mutanen Holland da Gidan Tarihi na Elmina Java.
Bikin
Elmina gida ce ga Bikin Bakatue na shekara -shekara, bikin teku da al'adun kamun kifi na gida, wanda ake yi a ranar Talata na farko na Yuli kowace shekara.
An fassara Bakatue yana nufin "buɗe rafin" ko "malalawar Lagoon". An yi bikin ne domin tunawa da kafuwar garin, Elmina da Turawa suka yi. Ana kuma yin biki don roƙon allahn, Nana Benya ta ci gaba da kare jihar da jama'ar ta.
Gallery
Manazarta
Littafin tarihin
Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
Newitt, Malyn, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668, Routledge, New York, 2005. |
13256 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala%20Yousafzai | Malala Yousafzai | Malala Yousafzai ( Urdu ; Pashto ; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997A.C), wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna Malala, ta kasance yar gwagwarmayar Pakistan ce don ilimin mata kuma itace mace mafi karancin shekaru data samu lambar yabo ta Nobel. An san ta ne don bayar da kariya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, musamman ilimin mata da yara a cikin mahaifarta ta Swat Valley a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, arewa maso yammacin Pakistan, inda Taliban a koyaushe ta Kuma hana yara zuwa makaranta . Batun bayar da tallafin nasa ya zama wani yunkuri na kasa da kasa, kuma a cewar tsohon Firayim Minista Pakistan Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, ta kuma zama "shahararren dan kasa" na kasar.
Yousafzai an haife ta ne a cikin dangin Pashtun a Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iyalinta sun zo ne don gudanar da jerin makarantu a yankin. Ta yin la'akari da Muhammad Ali Jinnah da Benazir Bhutto a matsayin misalai na mata, musamman tunanin mahaifinta da aikin dan adam ya karfafa mata gwuiwa. A farkon shekara ta 2009, lokacin tana shekara 11-12, ta rubuta wani shafin yanar gizo mai taken ga Urdu ta BBC wacce ke bayyana rayuwar ta a lokacin da ƙungiyar Taliban ta yi garkuwa da Swat . A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, ɗan jarida Adam B. Ellick ya yi wani ɗan jaridar New York Times game da rayuwarta yayin da rundunar sojan Pakistan ta sa baki a yankin. Ta tashi a cikin martaba, inda ta ba da tambayoyi a cikin bugu da talabijin, kuma mai fafutuka Desmond Tutu ne ya ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta duniya .
A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2012, yayin da suke cikin wata bas a gundumar Swat, bayan sun gama yin jarrabawa, wani ɗan bindiga na Taliban ya harbe Yousafzai da wasu 'yan mata biyu a wani yunƙurin kisan gilla don ramuwar gayya; dan bindigar ya gudu daga wurin. Bullet din ya bugi Yousafzai a kai inda ta kasance a cikin mawuyacin hali a Cibiyar Rawalpindi na Cardiology, amma daga baya yanayin ta yayi sauki haryasa yadda za a tura ta zuwa asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth a Birmingham, UK. Yunkurin rayuwarta ya haifar da zubar da jini na kasa da kasa don Yousafzai. Deutsche Welle ta ba da rahoto a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2013. cewa Yousafzai mai yiwuwa ta zama "shahararren matashiya a duniya". Makonni bayan yunƙurin kisan, ƙungiyar manyan malamai guda hamsin a Pakistan suka ba da fatwā a kan waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe ta. Gwamnati, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin mata sun musanta kungiyar Taliban a duniya. Jami'an kungiyar Taliban sun mayar da martani ga Allah wadai da kara yin Allah wadai da Yousafzai, tare da nuna tsare-tsaren wani yunƙurin kisan na biyu, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wajibin addini. Bayanin su ya haifar da ƙarin la'antar ƙasashen duniya.
Bayan murmurewarta, Yousafzai ta zama fitacciyar mai fafutukar neman ' yancin ilimi . An kafa ta ne a Birmingham, ta haɗu da Asusun Malala, ƙungiyar ba da riba tare da Shiza Shahid, kuma a cikin shekarar 2013. ta wallafa ni Am Malala, babbar kasuwa ce ta duniya. A shekarar 2012, ita ce ta karba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta farko ta kasar Pakistan da lambar yabo ta Sakharov ta 2013. A shekarar 2014, ita ce ta hadin-kai da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta shekara ta 2014, tare da Kailash Satyarthi na Indiya. Tana da shekaru 17 a lokacin, ita ce mafi ƙaramar shekaru mafi kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel. A shekara ta 2015, Yousafzai ya kasance batun aikin Jaridar Oscar wanda aka zaba mai suna He Named Me Malala . Labaran 2013, 2014 da 2015 na mujallar Time sun bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri a duniya. A shekara ta 2017, an ba ta kyautar zama 'yar asalin Kanada ta girmamawa kuma ta kasance mafi ƙaramin mutum da zai yi magana da Gidan Gidan Gidan Kanada . Yousafzai ya halarci Sakandaren Edgbaston a Ingila daga shekarar 2013. zuwa shekara ta 2017, kuma a halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na farko a Falsafa, Siyasa da kuma tattalin arziki a dakin Margaret Hall, Oxford .
Farkon rayuwa
Yaro
An haifi Yousafzai ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1997 a gundumar Swat ta lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na arewa maso yammacin Pakistan, a cikin dan karamin aji. Ita ce 'yar Ziauddin Yousafzai da Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Iyalinta Sunni Muslim ne na kabilar Pashtun . Iyalin ba su da isasshen kuɗi don haihuwar asibiti kuma a sakamakon haka, an haife Yousafzai a gida tare da taimakon maƙwabta. An ba ta sunanta na farko Malala (ma'ana "mai baƙin ciki") bayan Malalai na Maiwand, sanannen mawaƙi Pashtun kuma mace jarumi daga kudancin Afghanistan. Sunanta na ƙarshe, Yousafzai, na babban Pashtun ne wanda ke da rinjaye a cikin kwarin Swat na Pakistan, inda ta girma. A gidanta da ke Mingora, ta zauna tare da brothersan uwanta biyu, Khushal da Atal, iyayenta, Ziauddin da Toor Pekai, da kaji guda biyu.
tana magana sosai da harshen Pashto, Urdu da Turanci, Yousafzai ta kasance tayi mafi yawan karatun ta ne daga mahaifinta, Ziauddin Yousafzai, wanda mawaki ne, malamin makaranta, kuma mai fafutukar neman ilimi, yana gudanar da jerin makarantu masu zaman kansu da aka sani da Khushal Public School. A cikin hirar, Yousafzai sau daya ta ce ta yi fatan ta zama likita, ko da yake daga baya mahaifinta ya karfafa mata gwiwar shiga siyasa. Ziauddin ya kira 'yarsa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, wanda ya ba ta damar bacci da daddare kuma ya yi magana game da siyasa bayan an tura' yan uwanta su kwana biyu.
Yousafzai ta samu kwarin gwiwa ne daga Muhammad Ali Jinnah da Firayim Minista Benazir Bhutto, Yousafzai sun fara magana game da haƙƙin ilimi tun daga farkon Satumba na 2008, lokacin da mahaifinta ya kai ta Peshawar don yin magana a kulob ɗin ' yan jaridu na gida. "Me zai hana kungiyar Taliban kawar da hakkina na na ilimi?" Yousafzai ta tambayi masu sauraron ta a cikin jawabin da jaridu da tashoshin talabijin suka mamaye duk yankin. A shekara ta 2009, Yousafzai ya fara a matsayin ɗan farauta sannan kuma malamin ƙwararraki a Cibiyar Yaki da Peacean Jarida na Shirin Raunin Mwararrakin Pakistan na Open Minds Pakistan, wanda ke aiki a makarantu a yankin don taimakawa matasa su shiga tattaunawa mai ma'ana kan al'amuran zamantakewa ta hanyar kayan aikin na aikin jarida, muhawara ta jama'a da tattaunawa.
A matsayina na mai tallata shafin BBC
A karshen shekarar 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan na shafin intanet na BBC Urdu tare da abokan aikinsa sun bullo da wata sabuwar hanya ta rufe tasirin kungiyar Taliban a Swat . Sun yanke shawarar nemar wata budurwa don sanya rubutu game da rayuwar ta a yanar gizo ba tare da sanya sunanta ba. Wakilinsu a Peshawar, Abdul Hai Kakar, ya kasance tare da wani malami da ke makarantar, Ziauddin Yousafzai, amma bai samu wata dalibar da ke son yin hakan ba, saboda iyalai sun dauke su da hadari sosai. A ƙarshe, Yousafzai ya ba da shawarar ɗiyarsa, Malala mai shekaru 11. A wannan lokacin, Mayakan Taliban karkashin jagorancin Maulana Fazlullah suna karbe kwarin Swat, hana talabijin, kide kide, karatun mata, da mata daga siyayya. An nuna gawarwakin 'yan sanda da aka fille a farfajiyar birni. Da farko, wata yarinya mai suna A'isha daga makarantar mahaifinta ta amince da rubuta takarda, amma daga baya iyayen yarinyar sun hana ta yin hakan saboda suna tsoron daukar fansa daga kungiyar Taliban. Onlyayan kaɗai shine Yousafzai, ɗan shekara huɗu da ƙarancin masu hidimar, kuma a aji na bakwai a lokacin. Editoci a BBC gaba daya sun yarda. "Mun dade muna tauye tashe-tashen hankula da siyasa a cikin Swat dalla-dalla amma ba mu da masaniya kan yadda talakawa ke rayuwa a karkashin kungiyar Taliban", in ji Mirza Waheed, tsohon Editan Editan BBC na Urdu. Saboda sun damu da amincin Yousafzai, editocin BBC sun dage kan cewa ta yi amfani da gurbataccen rubutun. An buga adireshin ta ne ta hanyar layi na "Gul Makai" (" masara masara " a cikin Urdu), sunan da aka karɓa daga halayya a cikin rubutun almara.
A ranar 3 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 2009, Yousafzai ya fara shiga shafin yanar gizo na BBC Urdu. Ta na rubuta bayanan bayanan sannan ta mika wa ɗan jaridar da ke bincika da kuma yi musu imel. Blog din ya yi tunanin tunanin Yousafzai lokacin Yaƙin Swat na Farko, yayin da ake gudanar da ayyukan soji, ƙarancin girlsan mata sun nuna zuwa makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, makarantarta ta ƙare.
A Mingora, 'yan Taliban sun kafa doka cewa babu' yan matan da za su iya zuwa makaranta bayan 15 ga
watan Janairu shekarar 2009. Tuni kungiyar ta rusa makarantun ‘yan mata sama da dari. A daren da aka fara amfani da dokar an cika makil da tashin manyan bindigogi, a tashin Yousafzai sau da yawa. Kashegari, Yousafzai ita ma ta karanta a karon farko labarai daga shafinta wanda aka buga a wata jaridar gida.
Bayan bin dokar, kungiyar ta Taliban ta lalata wasu makarantun yankin. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2009, Yousafzai ya rubuta cewa: "Jarrabawarmu ta shekara-shekara ta fito ne bayan hutu amma hakan zai yiwu ne kawai idan kungiyar Taliban ta ba 'yan matan makaranta. An gaya mana cewa mu shirya wasu surori don jarrabawa amma bana jin karatuna. " A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, har yanzu makarantun 'yan mata sun kasance rufe. A cikin haɗin kai, makarantu masu zaman kansu na yara sun yanke shawarar ba za su buɗe ba har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, kuma sanarwa ta bayyana suna cewa. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, Yousafzai da ɗan'uwanta sun koma garinsu na Mingora, inda tituna suka zama ba kowa, kuma an sami "saɓo mai zafi". "Mun je babban kanti don sayowa mahaifiyarmu kyauta amma an rufe, yayin da a baya ta kasance ta kasance har yanzu a bude. An kuma rufe sauran shagunan ", ta rubuta a cikin shafinta. An sace gidansu kuma an saci gidan talabijin din su.
A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, ana iya jin karar harbe-harben bindiga a titunan Mingora, amma mahaifin Yousafzai ya sake ta ta cewa: "Kada ku ji tsoro - wannan yana harbi ne don neman zaman lafiya." Mahaifinta ya karanta a cikin jaridar cewa gwamnati da 'yan bindigan za su rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya gobe. A daren ranar da ta gabata, lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar samar da zaman lafiya a cikin gidan rediyon FM nasu, an sake wani mummunar harbe-harben bindiga a waje. Yousafzai ya yi magana da 'yan Taliban game da al'amuran kasa na nuna Babban Maganar a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu. Kwana uku daga baya, na gida Taliban shugaban Maulana Fazlulla sanar a kan FM rediyo tashar cewa ya aka dage haramcin da mata ilimi, da kuma 'yan mata za su yarda su halarci makaranta har jarrabawa da aka gudanar a ranar 17 Maris, amma suka yi sa burqas .
A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, Yousafzai ya rubuta a shafin ta cewa ita da abokan karawarta "sun yi wasa da yawa a aji kuma muna jin daɗin rayuwarmu kamar yadda muke yi a da". Kasancewa aji na Yousafzai ya kasance yara 19 daga cikin 27 har zuwa 1 Maris, amma har yanzu kungiyar Taliban tana cikin yankin. Har ila yau ana ci gaba da fashewa, kuma aka kwashe kayayyakin taimako da aka tanada don mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. Bayan kwanaki biyu kacal, Yousafzai ya rubuta cewa akwai artabu tsakanin sojoji da Taliban, kuma za a iya jin karar harbe-harbe: “Mutane na sake fargabar cewa zaman lafiya na iya dorewa. Wasu mutane suna cewa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba ta dindindin ba ce, karya ce kawai ta yin fada. ”
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, Yousafzai ya rubuta game da takarda ta kimiyya wanda ta yi aiki mai kyau, kuma ya kara da cewa Taliban ba ta binciken motocin kamar yadda suke yi a da. Blog ɗin ya ƙare a 12
watan Maris shekarar 2009.
Bayan kammala kundin tarihin na BBC, wakilin New York Times, Adam B. Ellick ya kusanta da Yousafzai da mahaifinta game da yin fim din. A cikin watan Mayu, Sojojin Pakistan sun ƙaura zuwa yankin don karɓar iko a lokacin Yaƙin Swat na biyu . An kori Mingora kuma an bar dangin Yousafzai kuma suka rabu. Mahaifinta ya tafi Peshawar don yin zanga-zanga da zauren neman goyon baya, yayin da aka tura ta zuwa cikin gari don zama tare da dangi. "Da gaske na dame saboda bani da litattafai da zan karanta," An yi fim din Yousafzai a cikin shirin.
A wannan watan, bayan da ya soki masu tayar da kayar baya a wani taron manema labarai, mahaifin Yousafzai ya sami barazanar kisa ta rediyon wani kwamandan kungiyar Taliban. Yousafzai mahaifinsa ya yi wahayi sosai a gwagwarmayar mahaifinta. A wannan bazara, a karon farko, ta yi alƙawarin zama ɗan siyasa kuma ba likita ba, kamar yadda ta taɓa fatan kasancewa. A farkon watan Yuli, sansanin yan gudun hijirar ya cika sosai. Firayim Minista ya yi sanarwar da aka dade ana jira yana mai cewa ba shi da wata matsala idan an koma rafin Swat. Sojojin Pakistan sun kori ‘yan kungiyar Taliban daga biranen da kuma cikin gari. Iyalin Yousafzai sun sake haduwa, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009 suka kama hanyar gida. Sun yi tsayawa ne farko - don ganawa da wasu gungun masu fafutukar ganin an gayyaci shugaban wakilin musamman na Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a Afghanistan da Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke . Yousafzai ya roki Holbrooke da ya sa baki a lamarin, ya ce, "Jakadan da aka mutunta, idan zaku iya taimaka mana a iliminmu, don haka ku taimaka mana." Lokacin da dangin ta suka dawo gida, sun tarar ba ta lalace ba, kuma makarantar ta ba da matsala kawai.
Bayan aiwatar da shirin, an yi wa Yousafzai hira a tashar ta Pashto -language ta AVT Khyber, da harshen Urdu ta Daily Aaj, da ta Toronto Star . Ta sake fitowa karo na biyu a kan Babban Maganar Babban Magana a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2009. An bayyana asalin ayyukanta na rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a labaran daga Disamba 2009. Ta kuma fara bayyana a talabijin don tallata a bainar Jama'a game da ilimin mata. Daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010 ta kasance shugabar majalisar gundumar yara ta Gidauniyar Khpal Kor har zuwa shekarar 2009 da 2010.
A shekarar 2011 Yousafzai ta sami horo tare da kungiyar ba da karfi ga 'yan mata ta gida, Aware Girls, wanda Gulalai Ismail ke jagoranta wanda horon ya hada da shawarwari kan hakkin mata da karfafawa juna gwiwa ta hanyar kwantar da hankula ta hanyar kawar da akasi ta hanyar ilimi.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin Afirka ta Kudu, ya zabi Yousafzai a matsayin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Duniya ta theungiyar Dutchungiyar Yaƙin Duniya na Yaren mutanen Holland na ƙungiyar KidsRights . Ita ce yarinyar 'yar Pakistan ta farko da aka zaba domin bayar da kyautar. Sanarwar ta ce, "Malala ta yi yunƙurin tashi tsaye don kanta da sauran matan kuma ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa da na duniya don sanar da duniya cewa 'yan mata su ma suna da' yancin shiga makaranta." Wannan kyautar ta sami kyautar ta Micela Mycroft ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Bayaninta na jama'a ya tashi sama lokacin da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta Pakistan watanni biyu bayan haka a watan Disamba. A ranar 19 ga
watan Disamba shekarar 2011, Firayim Minista Yousaf Raza Gillani ya ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta kasa. A yayin gabatar da karar ta, Yousafzai ta bayyana cewa ita ba memba ce ta kowace jam’iyya ba, amma tana fatan samun wata jam’iyya ta kasa da za ta bunkasa ilimi. Firayim Minista ya umarci hukumomi da su kafa harabar IT a Swat Degree College for Women bisa bukatar Yousafzai, sannan aka sake sunan makarantar sakandare saboda girmamawa. Zuwa shekarar 2012, Yousafzai na shirin tsara Gidauniyar Malala, wacce za ta taimaka wa yara mata marasa galihu shiga makaranta. A cikin 2012, Malala ta halarci Makarantar Harkokin Ciniki ta Marxist ta kasa da kasa.
Kokarin kisan kai
Yayin da Yousafzai ya zama sananne, haɗarin da ke fuskanta yana ƙaruwa. An buga barazanar kisa a cikin jaridu kuma ta zame a karkashin ƙofarta. A Facebook, inda ta kasance mai amfani da aiki, ta fara karɓar barazanar. A ƙarshe, wani mai magana da yawun Taliban ya ce an tilasta musu "su yi aiki." A ganawar da aka yi a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2012, shugabannin kungiyar ta Taliban baki daya sun yarda a kashe ta. A ranar 9 ga
watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, wani dan bindiga dan Taliban ya harbe Yousafzai yayin da ta hau kan wata yarinya bayan ta yi jarrabawa a kwarin Swat na Pakistan. Yousafzai yana dan shekara 15 a lokacin. A cewar rahotanni, wani dan bindiga mai dauke da bindiga ya yi ihu: "Wanene a cikinku Malala? Yi magana, in ba haka ba zan harbe ku duka. ” Bayan an gano shi, an harbe Yousafzai da harsashi guda daya, wanda ya yi tafiyar inci 18 daga gefen idonta na hagu, ta hanyar wuyansa ya sauka a kafada. An kuma raunata wasu 'yan mata guda biyu a cikin harbi: Kainat Riaz da Shazia Ramzan, dukkansu sun aminta da kansu bayan harbe-harben, don yin magana da manema labarai tare da ba da cikakken bayani game da harin.
Kiwon lafiya
Bayan harbin, an kayar da Yousafzai zuwa asibitin sojoji a Peshawar, inda likitocin suka tilasta su fara aiki bayan kumburin da ya samu a sashin kwakwalwar ta, wanda harsashi ya lalata lokacin da ta shiga kanta. Bayan awanni biyar da aka yi, likitoci sun samu nasarar cire harsashin, wanda ya kwana a kafada kusa da igiyar kashin ta. Kashegari bayan harin, likitoci sun yi aikin tilas, wanda aka cire wani sashin kwananta don ba da damar kumburi.
A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, wani kwamiti na likitocin Pakistan da na Biritaniya sun yanke shawarar tura Yousafzai zuwa Kwalejin Sojojin Sama na Kimiyyar Zuciya a Rawalpindi . Mumtaz Khan, likita, ta ce tana da damar samun kashi 70 cikin dari na rayuwa. Ministan cikin gida Rehman Malik ya ce za a tura Yousafzai zuwa Jamus, inda za ta iya karbar magani mafi inganci, da zaran ta natsu ta yi balaguro. Ofungiyar likitoci za su yi tafiya tare da ita, kuma gwamnati za ta ɗauki nauyin maganin ta. Likitocin sun rage ragewar Yousafzai a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba, kuma ta motsa dukkan gabobin guda hudu.
Bayar da gudummawar kula da Yousafzai ya zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, Yousafzai ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila don neman magani, likitoci da danginsa sun yarda da shi. Jirgin saman nata ya sauka a Birmingham, England inda aka yi mata jinya a Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth, daya daga cikin kwarewar wannan asibitin shine kula da sojojin da suka jikkata a rikici. Dangane da rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa "[t] shi gwamnatin Pakistan tana biyan duk safarar sufuri, ƙaura, likita, masauki da tallafin abinci don Malala da ƙungiyarta."
Yousafzai ta fita daga cikin kwayar cutar ta ne a ranar 17 ga
watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, tana mai da martani da kyau a jiyya, kuma an ce tana da kyakkyawar damar murmurewa gaba daya ba tare da wata lahani ta kwakwalwa ba. Updatesaukakawar daga baya a 20 da 21 Oktoba sun bayyana cewa ta kasance mai kwanciyar hankali, amma har yanzu tana fama da kamuwa da cuta. Ya zuwa 8 ga watan Nuwamba, aka ɗauke ta hoto zaune a gado. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, Yousafzai ta yi tiyata tsawon awa takwas da rabi, domin gyara farjin fuska .
Ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013, an sallami Yousafzai daga asibiti don ci gaba da murmurewa a gidanta na wucin gadi na dangi a West Midlands, inda ta yi karatun likita na mako-mako. An yi aikin na tsawon awanni biyar a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu don sake gyara kwanyar ta kuma maido da jinta da kwayar halittar cochlear, bayan daga nan ne aka ba ta rahoton cewa tana cikin kwanciyar hankali. Yousafzai ya rubuta a watan Yulin shekarar 2014 cewa fuskarsa ta warke har zuwa kashi 96%.
Yunkurin kisan ya karɓi ɗaukacin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya kuma ya haifar da watsuwar juyayi da fushi. An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da wannan harbi a biranen Pakistan da dama kwana guda bayan harin, kuma sama da mutane miliyan biyu suka sanya hannu kan takaddamar neman 'yancin Ilimi, wanda ya haifar da amincewa da na farkon Hakkin Ilimin Ilimi a Pakistan. Jami'an Pakistan sun bayar da kyautar rupee miliyan 10 ($ 105,000) ga bayanan da suka kai ga kama maharan. Da yake mayar da martani game da damuwar sa, mahaifinta Yousafzai ya ce: "Ba za mu bar kasarmu ba idan 'yata ta rayu ko ba ta kubuta ba. Muna da akidar da ke karfafa zaman lafiya. Taliban ba za ta iya dakatar da duk muryoyin masu zaman kansu ba ta hanyar amfani da harsasai. "
Shugaban Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari ya bayyana harbin a matsayin hari kan "mutane masu wayewa". Sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya kira shi "mummunan aiki da tsoratarwa". Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya gano wannan harin "abin zargi ne, abin kyama ne kuma abin ban tausayi", yayin da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta ce Yousafzai "ya kasance mai karfin gwiwa wajen tsayar da 'yancin' yan mata" kuma cewa maharan sun "barazana waccan irin karfafawa ”. Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Biritaniya William Hague ya kira harbi "da ban tsoro" kuma ya "ba da mamaki ga Pakistan da duniya".
dukda cewa harin anyi Pakistan, "some fringe Pakistani political parties and extremist outfits" have aired conspiracy theories, such as the shooting being staged by the American Central Intelligence Agency to provide an excuse for continuing drone attacks. The Pakistani Taliban and some other pro-Taliban elements branded Yousafzai an "American spy".
United Nations petition
On 15 October 2012, UN Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown, the former British Prime Minister, visited Yousafzai while she was in the hospital, and launched a petition in her name and "in support of what Malala fought for". Using the slogan "I am Malala", the petition's main demand was that there be no child left out of school by 2015, with the hope that "girls like Malala everywhere will soon be going to school". Brown said he would hand the petition to President Zardari in Islamabad in November.
Muna kira ga Pakistan da ta amince da wani shiri na isar da ilimi ga kowane yaro.
Muna kira ga dukkan kasashe da su haramta nuna wariya ga 'yan mata.
Muna kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da su tabbatar da cewa yara miliyan 61 na makarantu daga waje suna cikin ilimi a karshen shekarar 2015.
Kashegari bayan harbin, Ministan cikin gida na Pakistan Rehman Malik ya bayyana cewa an gano dan bindigar Taliban wanda ya harbe Yousafzai. ‘Yan sanda sun bayyana Atta Ullah Khan, dan shekara 23, dalibin sakandaren digiri a fannin sunadarai, a matsayin dan bindigar a harin. ya ci gaba da kasancewa a manya, watakila a Afghanistan.
Yousafzai ya sha yin Allah wadai da zaluncin Rohingya a Myanmar . A watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, Asusun na Malala ya fitar da wata sanarwa wacce Yousafzai ya bayar da hujjar cewa, 'yan kabilar Rohingya sun cancanci "zama' yan kasa a kasar da aka haife su kuma sun rayu tsawon tsararru" tare da "daidaitattun hakkoki da dama." Ta yi kira ga shugabannin duniya, musamman a Myanmar, da su "dakatar da zaluncin da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Rohingya Musulmai marasa rinjaye na Burma." A watan Satumbar shekarar 2017, lokacin da yake magana a Oxford, Yousafzai ya ce: "Wannan ya kamata ya zama batun batun 'yancin ɗan adam. Yakamata gwamnatoci suyi ma ta. Mutane suna gudun hijira, suna fuskantar tashin hankali. " Yousafzai ya kuma sanya wani sanarwa a shafinsa na Twitter yana mai kira ga Aung San Suu Kyi wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel da ta yi Allah wadai da yadda mutanen Rohingya ke yi wa Myanmar. Suu Kyi ta nisanta kanta daga bangarorin da ke rikici, ko yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin da ake yiwa ‘yan kabilar Rohingya, lamarin da ke haifar da sukar da ake musu .
A shekarar 2014, Yousafzai ta bayyana cewa, tana fatan dawowa Pakistan sakamakon karatun ta a Burtaniya, kuma Benazir Bhutto ya yi wahayi, ta ce za ta nemi Firayim Minista: "Idan zan iya taimakawa kasata ta hanyar shiga gwamnati ko zama Firayim Minista, Tabbas zan tashi cikin wannan aiki. " Ta maimaita wannan manufar a cikin 2015 da 2016. Koyaya, Yousafzai ya lura a cikin shekarar 2018 cewa burinta ya canza, yana mai cewa "yanzu da na hadu da shugabanni da firayim minista da yawa a duniya, da alama dai abubuwa ba su da sauƙi kuma akwai wasu hanyoyi da zan iya kawo canjin Ina so in gani". A cikin wata hira da David Letterman, don nunin Netflix ya nuna My Guest Needs Babu Gabatarwa, an tambayi Yousafzai: "Shin kun taɓa son riƙe matsayin siyasa?" ya amsa "Ni? A'a?"
Tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya shirya fitowar Yousafzai a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Brown ya kuma nemi cewa mai ba da shawara McKinsey Shiza Shahid, aboki na dangin Yousafzai, shugaban asusun bayar da agaji na Yousafzai, wanda ya sami goyon bayan Angelina Jolie . Mataimakin shugaban Google Megan Smith shi ma ya na zaune a kan kwamitin asusun.
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2012, kamfanin ba da shawara Edelman ya fara aiki ga Yousafzai bisa ka'ida ta musamman, wanda a cewar kamfanin "ya shafi samar da aikin ofishi ga Malala". Ofishin yana aiki da mutane biyar, kuma mai magana da yawun Jamie Lundie ne ke shugabanta. McKinsey kuma ya ci gaba da ba da taimako ga Yousafzai.
A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2013, ranar haihuwar Yousafzai ta 16, ta yi jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin kira ga kasashen duniya su sami ilimi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ambaci taron "Ranar Malala". Yousafzai ya sa wando na Benazir Bhutto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan shine jawabinsa na farko na jama'a tun bayan harin, wanda ya jagoranci zaman matasa na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da masu sauraron matasa sama da 500 masu fafutukar neman ilimi daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Yousafzai ya sami guraben haihuwa da yawa. Ban Ki-moon, wanda shi ma ya yi jawabi a wurin taron, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "gwarzonmu". Yousafzai ya kuma gabatar da zauren tare da "Ilimin da muke so", Yanke Matasan Matasa na neman ilimi wanda Matasa don Matasa suka rubuta, a cikin wani tsari wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Addinai ta Duniya ta ba da ilimi na farko, gaya wa masu sauraron sa. :
Gwamnatin Pakistan ba ta ce uffan ba game da bayyanar da UN ta Yousafzai ta yi, a wani matsin lamba da ta yi a gaban manema labarai da kafofin watsa labarun Pakistan.
An yi amfani da kalmomin daga jawaban don "Yi Magana", waƙar da Kate Whitley ta zartar ta rediyon BBC 3 da watsa shirye-shiryenta a Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 2017.
Lambar Nobel ta zaman lafiya
A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2014, Yousafzai ya ba da sanarwar a zaman mai cin gajiyar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta shekarar 2014 don gwagwarmayar da ta yi na hana yara da matasa da kuma 'yancin dukkan yara na ilimi. Da yake ya samu kyautar tun yana dan shekara 17, Yousafzai shi ne ƙarami mafi kyautar Nobel. Yousafzai ya raba kyautar tare da Kailash Satyarthi, mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara daga Indiya. Ta shi ne na biyu a Pakistan da ya sami Nobel Prize bayan shekarar 1979 Physics yabon Abdus Salam .
Bayan da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, akwai yabo, amma kuma wasu ba su yarda da shawarar ba. Wani lauya dan kasar Norway, Fredrik Heffermehl, ya yi tsokaci game da an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel: “Wannan ba don kyawawan mutane ne da suka yi kyawawan abubuwa ba kuma suna farin cikin karɓar su. Duk wannan bashi da amfani. Abin da Nobel ya ke so kyauta ce da ta inganta daminar duniya. ”
Adán Cortés, a college student from Mexico City and asylum seeker, interrupted Yousafzai's Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony in protest for the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping in Mexico, but was quickly taken away by security personnel. Yousafzai later sympathised, and acknowledged that problems are faced by young people all over the world, saying "there are problems in Mexico, there are problems even in America, even here in Norway, and it is really important that children raise their voices".
In March 2018, Yousafzai was the subject of an interview with David Letterman for his Netflix show My Next Guest Needs No Introduction. Speaking about the Taliban, she opined that their misogyny comes from a superiority complex, and is reinforced by finding "excuses" in culture or literature, such as by misinterpreting teachings of Islam. On the topic of her attackers, Yousafzai comments that "I forgive them because that's the best revenge I can have". Pointing out that the person who attacked her was a young boy, she says that "He thought he was doing the right thing".
Littafin tunawa da Yousafzai Na Malala: Labarin Yarinyar da Ta Tsayar da Ilimi kuma Jaridar Taliban ce, wacce aka rubuta tare da yar jaridar Birtaniyya Christina Lamb, wacce Little, Brown da Kamfanin Kamfanin Amurka suka buga tare da Weidenfeld & Nicolson a Burtaniya. Wani mai sharhi ga Jaridar The Guardian ya kira littafin "mara tsoro" kuma ya ce "masu kiyayya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya zasu yi kyau su karanta wannan littafin", kodayake ta soki "mai taurin kai, sanin-duk-muryar wakilin kasashen waje" wacce aka hada baki tare da Yousafzai na. Wani mai sharhi na jaridar Washington Post ya kira littafin "riveting" kuma ya rubuta "Zai yi wuya a iya hango labarin tarihi da ke tafiya sosai, baya ga rubutaccen tarihin Anne Frank." Nishaɗin Mako-mako yana ba da littafin "B +", yana rubuta "Muryar da ta ɗumama ƙarfin Malala na iya zama ɗan ƙaramin magana a nan, a cikin Ni Ni Malala, mai yiwuwa godiya ga abokiyar marubutan, amma saƙonsa mai ƙarfi ba shi da tushe."
Yousafzai shi ne batun shirin fim na shekarar 2015 He Named Me Malala, wanda aka zaba domin bayar da lambar yabo ta Academy don Kyauta mafi kyawu . A cikin 2017, an ba da sanarwar wani fim din Hindi Giop Makha mai suna Gul Makai, tare da Reem Sameer Shaikh wanda ya nuna mata.
Yousafzai authored a picture book, Malala's Magic Pencil, which was illustrated by Kerascoët and published on 17 October 2017. By March 2018, The Bookseller reported that the book had over 5,000 sales in the UK. In a review for The Guardian, Imogen Carter describes the book as "enchanting", opining that it "strikes just the right balance" between "heavy-handed" and "heartfelt", and is a "welcome addition to the frustratingly small range of children's books that feature BAME central characters". Rebecca Gurney of The Daily Californian gives the book a grade of 4.5 out of 5, calling it a "beautiful account of a terrifying but inspiring tale" and commenting "Though the story begins with fantasy, it ends starkly grounded in reality."
A watan Maris shekarar 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa littafin Yousafzai na gaba Muna Rukuni: Za a buga Labarun Gaske na Rayuwa 'Yan gudun hijira a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 ta Little, Brown da Kamfanin Matasa Masu Karatu. Littafin ya shafi 'yan gudun hijirar ne, kuma ya hada da labarai daga rayuwar Yousafzai tare da wadanda mutanen da ta sadu da su. Da yake magana game da littafin, Yousafzai ya ce "Abin da ke neman ɓacewa a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na yanzu shine bil'adama a bayan ƙididdiga" kuma "mutane suna zama' yan gudun hijira yayin da ba su da wani zaɓi. Wannan ba zabinku na farko bane. " Riba daga littafin zai tafi zuwa asusun ba da agaji na Yousafzai Malala. Ta ziyarci Ostiraliya tare da yin Allah wadai da manufofinta na mafaka kuma idan aka kwatanta manufofin shige da fice na Amurka da Turai bai dace da na matalautan kasashe da Pakistan ba. An saki littafin a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2019.
Aure
Malala Yousafzai ta yi aure a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, tana da shekara 24. Ta ce a da ta yiwa aure mummunar fahimta ne sai daga baya ta gane cewa ba haka ba ne.
Dubi kuma
Farida Afridi
Bibi Aisha
Muzoon Almellehan
Humaira Bachal
British Pakistanis
Children's rights
Sahar Gul
Aitzaz Hasan
Women's education in Pakistan
Women's rights in 2014
Women's rights in Pakistan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
"Malala: Wars Never End Wars", DAWN, 2013 interview with audio clips of Yousafzai
Class Dismissed: Malala's Story, English-language documentary
Profile: Malala Yousafzai, BBC News with links to related stories
July 2013 United Nations speech in full (with 17 min. Al Jazeera video)
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh%20Protasov | Oleh Protasov | Oleh Valeriyovych Protasov (Ukrainian ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1964) tsohon dan kwallon Ukraine ne da kuma Soviet wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. Ya kasance babban mamba na kungiyar tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun (1980) da kwallaye (28) da ya ci wa Tarayyar Soviet ya zamo na biyu a tarihin kungiyar, bayan Oleh Blokhin da yaci kwallaye (42). Ya kamata a yi la’akari da cewa sunansa sau da yawa ana rubuta shi ne da Oleg a yawancin ƙasashen duniya, musamman a lokacin da yake matsayin dan wasa.
A tsakanin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2014 da watan Maris shekara ta 2015 ya kasance mai bada horo ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Romania Astra Giurgiu.
Wasanni
Kulab
Oleh Protasov ya fara wasan kwallon kafa yana dan shekara (8) a garinsu na Dnipropetrovsk a Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, inda ya taka leda har zuwa shekara ta ( 1987). A cikin shekara ta ( 1987) Protasov ya koma bugawa Soviet - manyan Kattai na kwallon kafa na Ukraine , Dynamo Kyiv . Gabaɗaya, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya ci Gasar Soviet sau biyu kuma an ba shi Footan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet na shekara ta( 1987). Ya ci kwallaye (125) a Gasar Soviet, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na (8) da ya fi kowa cin kwallaye a tarihin Gasar.
Bayan faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, Oleh Protasov ya sami damar yin wasa a kasashen waje. A shekarar 1990, ya koma kungiyar Olympiacos Piraeus ta Girka . Ya bar Olympiacos a 1994, ya yi wasa a Gamba Osaka, Veria FC, kuma a ƙarshe Proodeftiki FC, daga inda ya yi ritaya a 1999.
Kungiya na kasa da kasa
Protasov ya buga wa Soviet Union wasa sau (68) ciki har da Kofin Duniya na FIFA da (1986) da (1990) da kuma Euro (88) inda ya ci kwallaye biyu. Ya kuma buga wasa daya a kungiyar Ukraine, a shekara ta (1994).
A cikin shekarar( 1983) Protasov ya shiga cikin Summer Spartakiad na Jama'ar USSR a cikin ƙungiyar Ukrainian SSR.
Aikin horarwa
Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Protasov ya shiga aikin koyarwa, kuma ya jagoranci Olympiacos Piraeus zuwa taken Girka a shekara ta (2003). A cikin shekarar (2005) ya horar da kungiyar Romania Steaua București .
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
A watan Disamba na shekarar (2005) Oleh Protasov ya dawo cikin Ukraine don horar da kungiyar garinsu, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, bayan wasan UEFA Cup mai ban sha'awa tare da Steaua București. Protasov ya barshi da ra'ayin kansa kuma yana kan kyakkyawar magana da dukkanin kungiyar da kuma masu kungiyar.
A kakarsa ta farko ta shekara ta (2005 zuwa 2006) a matsayin kocin Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Oleh Protasov ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa mataki na (6) a gasar Premier ta Ukraine. A na gaba, kakar shekara ta (2006 zuwa 2007) Protasov ya inganta akan wannan, ya kammala na (4) a gasar.
A cikin kakar ( 2007 zuwa 2008) kungiyar sa ba zato ba tsammani ta jagoranci gasar cin kofin gabanin hutun hunturu, kafin wani mummunan rashi na biyu ya bar kungiyar a mataki na( 4) kuma. Dnipro ta kori shi a ranar (29) ga watan Agusta shekarar (2008) bayan rashin nasara daga AC Bellinzona a wasan cancantar cin kofin UEFA.
Kuban Krasnodar
Bayan haka, Protasov ya karɓi FC Kuban Krasnodar a cikin yankin kusa da Rasha. Kwanan nan aka sake Kuban zuwa Gasar Farko ta Rasha . A karkashin jagorancin Protasov, kungiyar ta kare ta( 2) a kan teburin gasar, da maki (8) a kan sauran abokan karawar ta. Wannan kammalawa ya basu damar samun daukaka zuwa Premier League ta Rasha .
Koyaya FC Kuban yana fama da matsalar tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar (2008 zuwa 2009) wanda ya rage kasafin kuɗaɗen. A wata yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya da kungiyar, Protasov ya bar kungiyar a ranar( 19) ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar (2008).
Iraklis Tassalunika
Bayan haka, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu ta darajar euro (400,000) a kowace shekara tare da Iraklis Thessaloniki, farawa daga bazarar (2009). A ranar (30) ga watan Oktoba, Iraklis FC ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da kwantiragin su, bayan ci (5) da ci gaba da ci a Super League da Kofin Girka.
Astra Giurgi
A ranar 13 ga watan Octoba a shekara ta (2014), Oleg yazama manajan a FC Astra Giurgiu. An cireshi 2 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta ( 2015).
Aris Thessaloniki
Protasov ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Aris Thessaloniki, duk da cewa Arvanitidis da aka kora daga shugaban sashen kula da kwallon kafa na kulob din, ya sa mai son Aris ya dakatar da yarjejeniyar bayan mintina (15) na sanarwar.
Daraja
Kulab
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
Topungiyar Tarayyar Soviet : 1983
Kofin Tarayyar Tarayyar Soviet : 1986
Dynamo Kyiv
Topungiyar Soviet ta Tarayya: 1990
Kofin Soviet : 1989–90
Olympiacos
Kofin Girka : 1989–90, 1991–92
Na duniya
kungiyar Soviet
Gasar cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA : Wanda ya zo na biyu a shekarar 1988
Kowane mutum
Dan kwallon Soviet na Shekara : 1987
Soviet Top League wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye (3): 1985, 1987, 1990
UEFA Azurfa Taya: 1984
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Kwallaye a sashin kasa da kasa
Na sirri
Protasov ya auri Natalia (née - Lemeshko), 'yar Yevhen Lemeshko .
Manazarta
Adireshin waje
Info on Dnipro official website (in list)
Oleh Protasov at Kopanyi-Myach.info |
15055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbemisola%20Ruqayyah%20Saraki | Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki | Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki a yanzu ita ce Karamar Ministar Sufuri ta Tarayyar Nijeriya, wacce Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 2019 kuma ta kasance tsohuwar sanata wacce aka zaba da ta wakilci yankin Kwara ta Tsakiya a shekarar, 2003 a karkashin jamiyyar Peoples Democratic Party. An zabe ta a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta, 1999 mai wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya na Ilorin ta Yamma dake Jihar Kwara . Ta kasance 'yar uwa ga tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Tarayyar Nijeriya wato Bukola Saraki .
Kwarewa
Saraki ya halarci jami’ar Sussex a kasar Ingila inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki . Ta yi bautar kasa a bankin Najeriya na Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Lagos . Ta yi aiki da Bankin Societe Generale (Najeriya) tare da mukamin Shugaban Kasuwar Kudi sannan daga baya ta zama Shugabar Asusun Gidaje. Daga shekara ta, 1994 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Babban Darakta na Ashmount Insurance Brokers, Lagos.
Mahaifinta shine Abubakar Olusola Saraki, wanda ya kasance babban sanata a jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta biyu a shekara ta, 1979zuwa1983 kuma mahaifin siyasa a jihar Kwara. Dan uwanta, Abubakar Bukola Saraki ya kasance gwamnan jihar Kwara, Najeriya daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2003 zuwa 2011 kuma ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta 8 na Najeriya .
Tun daga yarinta, Allah ya albarkace ta da samun damar kai tsaye ga mutane daga kowane fanni da kuma batutuwan da suka shafe su. Wannan fallasawar da wuri da misalin iyaye za ta ci gaba don yanke shawarar yanke shawarar shiga fagen siyasa da sanar da dabarun tawali'u, jin kai da haƙuri da ke ƙaunarta ga membobinta da abokan aikinta har zuwa yau. A farkon rayuwarta ta ɗauki abubuwan da suka wuce rayukan mutane kawai kuma ta haɓaka sha'awar yin alamun kirki.
Daga wata gidauniyar ilimi wacce ta ga yadda ta tsallaka duniya da numfashi ta hanyar neman lada a fagen ilimi zuwa manyan masana a bangaren kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar banki kuma kwararriya a fannin inshora, Gbemi ta zana wa kanta wata sana'ar a matsayin mai fasaha. a Najeriya.
Harkar siyasa
An zabi Saraki a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar, 1999 a karkashin inuwar jam’iyyar All People Party (APP). Ta gudu a karkashin laima na jam'iyyar PDP, (PDP) ga majalisar dattijai a shekara ta, 2003 da kuma lashe kujerar, wakiltar mazabar Tsakiya District of Jihar Kwara. Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta (2007) kuma ta sake cin nasara, inda ta zama Sanata a tarayyar Najeriya na tsawon shekaru takwas a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2011). A shekarar ( 2011) ta tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Kwara a karkashin jam’iyyar ACPN, inda ta fadi a zaben a hannun dan takarar PDP Abdul Fatah Ahmed . A matsayinta na dan majalisa a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2011) ta kasance mamba a kwamitoci da yawa. A zaman majalisar dattijai a shekara ta, (2007 zuwa 2011) Saraki ya shugabanci kwamitin majalisar kan tsara kasa, magance talauci da kuma tattalin arziki. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje.
Kuma a dabi'ance, bayan samun ci gaba a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, GRS ta zama 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya mafi kyawu, tare da mafi yawan kudurorin da aka gabatar kuma kowace mace ta amince da ita a tarihin siyasar Najeriya.
Ta gina sana'arta ta musamman a siyasance bisa muhimmiyar tasiri ga rayuwar mutanenta da kuma jiharta ta Kwara. Ta shugabanci kwamitoci daban-daban kuma ta kara fadada fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da shugabanci da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin jagoranci a matsayin wani bangare na gina ingantacciyar kasa.
Daga cikin wasu, ta kasance mamba a cikin kwamitocin majalisar masu zuwa:
1. Kwamitocin majalisar kan harkokin jiragen sama;
2. Gidan Balaguro na Kasashen Waje;
3. Kasafin Kudi da Ofishin Bincike;
4. Ruwan Ruwa;
5. Keɓancewa;
6. Ayyuka na Musamman;
7. Sufuri.
Baya ga kasancewa shugabar kwamitocin da muka ambata, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje kuma ta kasance cikin wadannan kwamitocin:
1. Media da Jama'a;
2. Harkokin Mata da ci gaban Matasa;
3. Muhalli da Lafiyar Qasa; da Asusun Jama'a.
4. Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattawa kan Kasuwanci;
5. Dokoki da Kasuwanci, Harkokin 'Yan Sanda;
6. Harkokin Gwamnati da Jirgin Sama.
Ta kuma kasance memba a Majalisar ECOWAS mai dawowa.
Kwarewar dokoki a majalisar da majalisar dattijai, shugabanci da membobin mambobin kwamitocin daban-daban da kuma kwarewar rayuwa mai yawa sun baiwa GRS damar samar da kyakkyawar fahimta kan mahimman batutuwan da ke fuskantar Najeriya. Ita jagora ce mai hangen nesa wacce ke aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta kimar kasar mu a muhimman fannoni kamar talauci, rashawa, ci gaban tattalin arziki, ilimi, makamashi, kiwon lafiya, noma, albarkatun ruwa da karfafawa mata da matasa.
Sanata Gbemi Saraki ya kasance mai albarka tare da kwarewa mai ban mamaki, ƙarfin hali da ƙwarewar aiki kamar yadda aka nuna ta rikodin rikodin doka. Wannan Sanatan mai aiki tukuru ya gabatar da wadannan kudade ga Majalisar Dattawa tun a shekarar, 2003:
1. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (Kafa) ta shekarar, 2004
2. Kamfanin Bunkasa Yawon Bude Ido na Najeriya (Kwaskwarima) Bill ta shekarar, 2004
3. Hatsunan kariya (Amfani da Dole) Bill ashekara ta, 2004
4. Majalisar Taimakawa Shari'a (Kwaskwarima) Bill na shekarar, 2004
5. Samun guraben aiki (Bugawa) Billb na shekarar, 2005
6. Bayyanar da Shawarwarin Jama'a Bill a shekara ta, 2005
7. Samun illswarewa da Asusun Amintaccen Ci Gaban na shekara ta, 2007
8. Asusun Harajin 'Yan Sanda a shekarar, 2007
9. Dokar Tsaron Gaggawa 2007
10. Dokar Yaki da Ta’addanci ta shekarar, 2008
11. Dokar Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Gida
12. Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Aiki ta shekarar, 2009
Saraki ya kasance dan majalisar ECOWAS mai dawowa. Saraki ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) a shekarar, 2015. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2016, Shugaba Muhammed Buhari ya nada Saraki a matsayin Shugaban Jami’iyya kuma Shugaban Jami’ar Tarayya, Otuoke, Jihar Bayelsa . https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/female-ministers-profile/%7Ctitle=Sanarwar Ministan Mata | kwanan wata = 2019-07-26 | shafin yanar gizon = Vanguard News | language = en-US | damar-kwanan 2019-08-01}} </ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2017, an kuma nada Saraki a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi 16 da za su sake tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar a shekara ta, 2009 da Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Jami’o’i (ASUU)
A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada ta a matsayin Karamar Ministar Sufuri .
Gbemi Saraki kwararre ne kuma mai ba da shawara game da sa hannun matasa da kuma shiga cikin ci gaban zamantakewa.
Duba kuma
Jerin mutanen hausa
Manazarta
Ƴan Najeriya
Mutane daga Kwara
Haihuwan 1965
Yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22138 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Seda | Jon Seda | Jonathan Seda (an haife shi ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarata 1970). ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. Kuma ɗan dambe ne mai son bita wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin Gladiator a wani fim ɗin dambe wanda aka yi a shekarar 1992.
Ya taka rawar Chris Pérez tare da Jennifer Lopez a cikin fim ɗin Selena da kuma jami'in tsaro Antonio Dawson a NBC na Chicago PD. Ya kuma taka rawar Paul Falsone a cikin wasan Homicide: Life on the Street . Ya kuma taka rawar US Marine John Basilone, mai kambar lambar girmamawa a Tom Hanks da Steven Spielberg ya bisa zuwa Band of Brothers, The Pacific.
Rayuwar farko
An haife Seda na a Manhattan ga iyayen asalin Puerto Rican kuma ya girma ne a Clifton, New Jersey.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Clifton, abokai biyu sun shawo kan Seda cewa ya kamata ya fara dambe, don haka ya fara aiki a dakin motsa jiki.
Yayi dambe a wasu wuraren motsa jiki a ciki New Jersey kuma ba da dadewa ba ya zama mai tsere a gasar New Jersey Golden Gloves. A matsayin dan koyo mai son dambe, Seda yana da tarihin nasara 21 da rashin nasara daya.
Ayyuka
Farkon fim din seda ya kasance a fim din dmbe ne mai suna Gladiator a shekarar (1992), inda ya taka rawar Romano, Ɗan damben Cuban. Tun daga nan ya yi aiki a cikin fina-finai daban-daban da jerin TV. A cikin shekarar 1995, an zabi Seda Mafi Kyawun Shugabancin Mata a Gwarzon Ruhu saboda rawar da ya taka a fim din Ina son shi kamar wancan (1994), kishiyar Rita Moreno da Lauren Vélez. A shekarar 1996, an zabi shi a matsayin Palme d'Or (Kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan wasa) a bikin Fina -Finan Cannes, saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Blue a fim din The Sunchaser, wanda ya sabawa jarumi Woody Harrelson.
Seda ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron fina-finai kamar su Hispanic lokacin da ya nuna Chris Pérez a tare da Jennifer Lopez a cikin Selena (1997), fim din dai ya danganci ainihin labarin mawaƙiyar mai suna Tejano , Selena Quintanilla-Perez, wand aka kashe ta a kan hanyarta ta zuwa babban taron ta na waka. Seda ta bugawa mijinta Selena.
Har ila yau kuma, a cikin 1997, Seda ya fito a matsayin mai binceke a bangaren tsaro mai suna Paul Falsone akan NBC :Homicide: Life on the street . Marubutan, sunyi amfani da damar tarihin damben nasa, suka rubuta koyo mara riga a cikin wani yanki, wanda ya tabbatar da kyawawan halayensa ga ɗan sanda mai binciken Laura Ballard . Seda ya kuma yi dambe a gaban Jimmy Smits a cikin fim din Darajan Daukaka (2000).
Matsayinsa na farko a kan babban allo ya kasance a matsayin jarumi a cikin Sarki Rikki na 2002, sake yin tunanin Shakespeare 's Richard III a Gabas LA .
Seda ta fito a fina-finai sama da dozin biyu, gami da Bad Boys II (2003) a matsayin Roberto, da kuma bayyanar talabijin da yawa. Baya ga Kashe-kashe, yana da manyan ayyuka kamar Dino Ortolani a Oz, Matty Caffey a cikin Duba na Uku, Paul Falsone (a cikin hanyar kisan kai tare da Doka da oda ), Gida, da CSI: Miami . An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagorori uku a cikin HBO na yakin duniya na II na ƙaramin jerin Pacific (wanda aka fitar a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2010), wanda ke nuna Marine John Basilone . Seda ya fito a matsayin tauraron bako a cikin wani shiri na Sanarwa na Konewa, kuma a 2007 ya yi fito-na-fito a cikin waƙar Ludacris "Loveaunar Runaway ", a matsayin mai zagi, mai maye.
Seda ya bayyana a lokutan Treme 2-4 a matsayin Nelson Hidalgo, mai haɓaka ƙasar da ke da alaƙa da siyasa daga Dallas wanda ke taimakawa da taimako na agaji a bayan Katrina New Orleans . Ya fito a fim din Larry Crowne (2011), wanda ya yi fice tare kuma Tom Hanks ya wallafa shi kuma ya ba da umarni. Hanks ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa a cikin Pacific, wanda Seda ya yi fice. A cikin 2013, Seda ya fito tare da Sylvester Stallone, Christian Slater, da kuma Jason Momoa a cikin Walter Hill - Daidaitaccen wasan Bullet zuwa Shugaban .
A cikin 2012, Seda ya fara nuna mai binciken Antonio Dawson a cikin ikon mallakar <i id="mwlg">Chicago na</i> Dick Wolf, wanda ya fara yin fim a cikin Chicago Fire a cikin rawar da yake maimaituwa sannan kuma, a cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan 'yan wasa na Chicago PD a cikin 2017, Seda ya ɗauka rawar da yake takawa a wani zagaye, Chicago Justice, wanda aka soke shi bayan kakarsa ta farko. 'Yarsa Haley ta yi baƙo a kan Chicago PD a matsayin babbar shaida a tashin bam. A watan Yulin 2017, an sanar da cewa Seda zai koma Chicago PD biyo bayan soke shari'ar Chicago . A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, an ba da rahoton cewa jami'an NBC / Wolf Entertainment sun sanar da Seda cewa ba za su sabunta kwantiraginsa ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya bar jerin jim kadan bayan yanayi shida.
A cikin 2020, Seda zai taka rawar gani na Dr. Benjaminamine Glass a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na NBC na La Brea wanda David Appelbaum ya rubuta, duk da haka Seda zai dawo kuma zai nuna Dr. Sam Velez bayan an ɗauki jerin.
Rayuwar mutum
Seda ya auri tsohuwar budurwarsa, Lisa Gomez, a shekarar 2000. Ma'auratan suna da yara huɗu.
Filmography
Fina-finai
Talabijan
Duba kuma
Jerin Puerto Ricans
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Jon Seda | Game da | Birnin Chicago PD | NBC
Yanar gizo Jon Seda
Manazarta |
31324 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar%20Yanayi | Matsalar Yanayi | Matsalar yanayi, kalma ce da ke bayyana ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, da tasirinsu ga muhalli.
An yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana barazanar ɗumamar yanayi ga duniya, da kuma yin kira da a daƙile sauyin yanayi mai tsanani.
Misali, a cikin mujallar BioScience, labarin Janairu 2020, wanda masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 a duk duniya suka amince da shi, ya bayyana cewa "rikicin yanayi ya zo" kuma "ana bukatar karuwar ma'auni a kokarin da ake yi na kiyaye halittunmu don gujewa wahala da ba za a iya samu ba. ga rikicin yanayi."
Waɗanda suka yi imani da wannan kalmar tana haifar da tsananin barazanar da duniya ke fuskanta daga ci gaba da fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi kuma za ta iya taimakawa wajen zaburar da irin yunƙurin siyasa da aka daɗe ba a ba da shawarar yanayi ba. Sun yi imanin cewa, kamar yadda "ɗumamar yanayi" ta haifar da haɗin kai da goyon baya ga aiki fiye da "canjin yanayi", calling climate change a crisis could have an even stronger impact. kiran canjin yanayi rikicin na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi.
Wani bincike ya nuna cewa kalmar tana yin kira da amsa mai ƙarfi ta motsin rai wajen isar da ma'anar gaggawa, amma wasu taka tsantsan cewa wannan martanin na iya zama mara amfani, kuma yana iya haifar da sakamako na koma baya saboda hasashe na masu faɗakarwa. karin gishiri. and may cause a backlash effect due to perceptions of alarmist exaggeration.
Tushen kimiyya
Yayin da aka daɗe ana amfani da harshe mai ƙarfi wajen bayar da shawarwari, siyasa da kafofin watsa labaru, har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010 al'ummar kimiyya a al'adance sun kasance cikin takurawa cikin harshensu. Koyaya, a cikin sanarwar Nuwamba 2019 da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2020 na mujallar kimiyyar BioScience , ƙungiyar sama da masana kimiyya 11,000 sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwatanta ɗumamar yanayi a matsayin gaggawar yanayi ko rikicin yanayi ya dace. Masanan kimiyya sun bayyana cewa ana buƙatar "ƙaramar haɓakar sikelin a cikin ƙoƙarin" don adana biosphere, amma an lura da "alamun daɗaɗɗa masu ban tsoro" gami da ci gaba da haɓaka yawan dabbobi, samar da nama, asarar murfin itace, amfani da mai, jigilar iska, da CO 2 fitar da hayaƙi-a lokaci guda tare da haɓakar haɓakawa a cikin tasirin yanayi kamar hauhawar yanayin zafi, narkewar ƙanƙara ta duniya, da matsanancin yanayi.
Hakanan a cikin Nuwamba 2019, wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Nature ta ƙaddamar da cewa shaida daga wuraren da ke nuna yanayin yanayi kaɗai ya nuna cewa "muna cikin yanayin gaggawa na duniya", yana bayyana gaggawa a matsayin samfur na haɗari da gaggawa, tare da abubuwan biyun da aka yanke hukuncin zama "m" . Labarin Yanayi ya yi nuni da Rahotannin Musamman na IPCC na baya-bayan nan (2018, 2019) wanda ke ba da shawarar za a iya ƙetare maki kai tsaye na kowane mutum tare da kaɗan kamar 1-2. °C na matsakaicin ɗumamar yanayi (dumamar yanayi na yanzu shine ~1 °C), tare da ɗimbin ɓangarorin duniya na maki mai yiwuwa tare da ɗumamar ɗumama.
Ma'anoni
A cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi, Pierre Mukheibir, Farfesa na Water Futures a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney, ya bayyana cewa kalmar rikici "mahimmanci ne ko yanke shawara ko yanayi da zai iya haifar da wani batu ," wanda ya shafi "al'amuran da ba a taba gani ba. ." Ma'anar ƙamus ta ce "rikici" a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin "lokacin juyi ko yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali ko haɗari," kuma yana nuna cewa "yana buƙatar ɗaukar mataki a yanzu in ba haka ba sakamakon zai zama bala'i." Wata ma’anar kuma ta bambanta kalmar daga ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi sannan kuma ta bayyana rikicin yanayi a matsayin “abubuwa iri-iri da sauyin yanayi mara kyau ke haifarwa ko barazana ga wannan duniyar tamu, musamman ma inda wadannan illolin ke da tasiri kai tsaye ga bil’adama”.
Amfani da kalmar
Na tarihi
Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore ya yi amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice tun a shekarun 1980, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rikicin Yanayi (wanda aka kafa a 2004).
Wani rahoto na 1990 daga Jami'ar Amirka na Nazarin Dokokin Duniya ya haɗa da zaɓaɓɓun kayan da suka yi amfani da kalmar "rikici". Ƙunshe a cikin wannan rahoton, "Ƙa'idar Alkahira: Game da Haɗin Kai a Duniya game da Rikicin Yanayi" (Disamba 21, 1989) ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan al'ummomi... za su ba da haɗin kai a kan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Dole ne su yi alkawura masu wahala ba tare da bata lokaci ba don magance wannan rikicin."
Kwanan nan
A ƙarshen 2010s, kalmar ta fito "a matsayin muhimmin yanki na ƙamus na shaho na yanayi", wanda Green New Deal, The Guardian, Greta Thunberg, da ƴan takarar siyasar Demokraɗiyya na Amurka kamar Kamala Harris suka karbe shi. A lokaci guda kuma, ya shigo cikin amfani da ya fi shahara "bayan faɗuwar gargaɗin kimiyya da farfaɗo da kuzari a cikin duniyar shawarwari".
A ƙarshen 2018, Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta kafa Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar kan Rikicin Yanayi, kalmar da ɗan jarida ya rubuta a cikin The Atlantic shine "tunatar da yadda siyasar makamashi ta canza a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata". Kwamitin sauyin yanayi na asali (wanda aka kafa a cikin 2007) an kira shi Kwamitin Zaɓar Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Makamashi da ɗumamar Duniya, kuma an soke shi lokacin da 'yan Republican suka sake samun ikon majalisar a 2011.
Jama'a Citizen ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2018, ƙasa da kashi 10% na labarai a cikin manyan jaridun Amurka 50 sun yi amfani da kalmomin "rikici" ko "gaggawa". A cikin 2019, wani kamfen na "Kira shi Rikicin Yanayi" yana kira ga manyan kungiyoyin watsa labarai da su yi amfani da kalmar, ya bayyana cewa a cikin 2018, kawai 3.5% na sassan labaran talabijin na ƙasa suna magana game da canjin yanayi a matsayin rikici ko gaggawa, (50 na 1400), kodayake Jama'a Jama'a sun ba da rahoton sau uku adadin ambaton, 150, a cikin watanni huɗu na farkon 2019.
Shekarar 2019 ta zama wani wuri mai canzawa ga ilimin harsunan yanayi, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarin mahimmancin harshe da adireshin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da shi a taron Aiki na Yanayi; roƙon ƙungiyoyin labarai don canza harshensu ta hanyar Al Gore's Climate Reality project, Greenpeace and the Sunrise Movement; zanga-zangar a wajen ginin The New York Times don tilasta sauyin; da kuma canjin Mayu 2019 a cikin jagorar salon The Guardian .
Biyo bayan amfani da "rikicin yanayi" na Satumba 2018 da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya António Guterres ya yi, a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019 The Guardian a hukumance ta sabunta jagorar sa don nuna fifikon "gaggawa na yanayi, rikici ko rugujewa" da "dumi na duniya". Babbar Edita Katharine Viner ta bayyana cewa, "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa muna yin daidai a kimiyance, yayin da muke tattaunawa da masu karatu a fili kan wannan muhimmin batu. Kalmar nan 'canjin yanayi', alal misali, tana jin daɗin jin daɗi da laushi lokacin da abin da masana kimiyya ke magana akai shine bala'i ga ɗan adam." The Guardian ya zama babban abokin tarayya a cikin Rufe Yanayi Yanzu, wani yunƙuri na ƙungiyoyin labarai da aka kafa a cikin 2019 ta Columbia Journalism Review da The Nation don magance buƙatar ɗaukar yanayi mai ƙarfi.
A watan Yunin 2019, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Spain EFE ya ba da sanarwar kalmar da ta fi so rikicin climática (rikicin yanayi), tare da ƴar jaridar Grist Kate Yoder tana mai cewa "waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun tashi a ko'ina", yana mai cewa "rikicin yanayi" yana "damuwa da ɗan lokaci". A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Hindustan Times ita ma ta karɓi kalmar saboda "canjin yanayi" "ba ya nuna daidai girman barazanar wanzuwar". Hakazalika, Warsaw, jaridar Poland Gazeta Wyborcza ta yi amfani da kalmar "rikicin yanayi" maimakon "sauyin yanayi", babban edita na sashin Gazeta na zielono (jarida a cikin kore) wanda ke bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa. takarda ta taba rufe.
Akasin haka, a watan Yuni, 2019 Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta "Rikicin yanayi da gaggawar yanayi ba su da kyau a wasu lokuta kamar ma'anar 'canjin yanayi'. Amma ba koyaushe ba ne mafi kyawun zaɓi. . . Misali, 'rikicin yanayi' na iya haifar da ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a wasu batutuwan siyasa." Sabuntawar ya sa farfesa na aikin jarida Sean Holman ya ce "ƴan jarida suna da nasaba da dabi'u biyu masu gasa a yanzu" - don faɗi gaskiya da nuna rashin son zuciya - amma ta hanyar faɗin gaskiya 'yan jarida suna nuna son kai ga "yawan al'umma. .. (cewa) kada ku yi imani da gaskiya".
A watan Yunin 2019, an kama masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi 70 da suka yi zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jaridar New York Times, suna kira ga jaridar da ta yi amfani da jumlar "rikicin yanayi" ko "rikicin yanayi", zanga-zangar ta kasance wani bangare na matsin lamba na jama'a wanda ya tilasta Majalisar City sanya New York birni mafi girma don ɗaukar sanarwar gaggawar yanayi a hukumance.
A cikin Mayu 2019, aikin yanayi na Al Gore mai suna Climate Reality Project (2011-) ya gabatar da buɗaɗɗiyar koke ga kungiyoyin labarai da su yi amfani da "rikicin yanayi" a maimakon "canjin yanayi" ko "dumar yanayi", yana mai cewa "lokaci ya yi da za a watsar da sharuɗɗan biyu. a al'ada". Hakanan, Saliyo Club, Sunrise Movement, Greenpeace, da sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ci gaba sun shiga cikin wata wasiƙar Jama'a ta 6 ga Yuni, 2019 ga ƙungiyoyin labarai, suna kira gare su da su kira canjin yanayi da rashin aikin ɗan adam "abin da yake-a rikicin–da kuma rufe shi kamar daya”.
A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ƙamus na Oxford sun haɗa da "rikicin yanayi" a cikin gajeren jerin sunayensa don kalmar shekarar 2019, ƙirar da aka tsara don gane kalmomin da "suna nuna ɗabi'a, yanayi, ko abubuwan da ke cikin shekara mai wucewa" kuma hakan ya kamata ya sami "ɗorewa". yuwuwar a matsayin ma'anar mahimmancin al'adu".
A cikin 2021, jaridar Finnish Helsingin Sanomat ta ƙirƙiri nau'ika guda takwas waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, suna ganin yadda ƙanƙara ke narkewa cikin shekaru da yawa. Daraktan fasaha na jaridar ya nuna cewa rubutun duka yana haifar da kyawun yanayin muhalli kuma ya zama hoto mai gani na bayanai .
A cikin sabuntawar 2021 zuwa Gargaɗi na Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil'adama, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa shaidar kusa ko ketare wuraren abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci na tsarin Duniya suna taruwa, cewa hukunce-hukuncen 1990 sun amince da dokar ta-baci ta yanayi, wanda akai-akai. kuma ana buƙatar samun sabuntawa game da rikicin yanayi ko gaggawar yanayi, cewa COVID-19 " murmurewa kore " bai isa ba kuma ana buƙatar tsarin tushen tushen canje-canje sama da siyasa.
Madadin kalmomi
Bincike ya nuna cewa abin da ake kira al'amari, ko kuma yadda aka tsara shi, "yana da matuƙar tasiri a kan yadda masu sauraro suka gane cewa al'amarin" da kuma "na iya yin tasiri mai zurfi a kan abin da masu sauraro ke yi". A wasu lokuta ana bayyana tasirin sauyin yanayi cikin sharuɗɗan kama da rikicin yanayi, kamar:
"Masifu na yanayi" (an yi amfani da shi dangane da shirin David Attenborough na 2019 da lokacin gobarar daji ta Australiya ta 2019-20 )
" barazanar da ke shafar duniya" ( Asusun namun daji na Duniya, 2012—)
"Rushewar yanayi" ( Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Peter Kalmus, 2018)
"hargitsi na yanayi" ( Taken labarin New York Times, 2019; ƴan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019; da ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019)
"Lalacewar yanayi" ('Yan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019)
"dumi na duniya" ( Richard A. Betts, Met Office UK, 2018)
"Gaggawar yanayi" ( wasiƙar gargaɗin masana kimiyya 11,000 a cikin BioScience, kuma a cikin The Guardian, duka 2019),
"Rushewar muhalli", "rikicin muhalli" da "gaggawa na muhalli" (duk abin da mai fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg ya gabatar, 2019)
"narkewar duniya", "Ƙasa mai Ciki", "Babban Rugujewa", da "Tsarin Duniya" (ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019)
" bala'i na yanayi "da" yanayin yanayi " ( The Guardian, 2019)
Baya ga "rikicin yanayi", an bincika wasu sharuɗɗan daban-daban don tasirinsu ga masu sauraro, gami da "ɗumamar yanayi", "canjin yanayi", da "lalata yanayi", da kuma "lalacewar muhalli", "yanayin yanayi". rashin zaman lafiya", da kuma "rushewar muhalli".
Tasiri
A watan Satumba na 2019, ɗan jaridar Bloomberg Emma Vickers ya gabatar da cewa kalmomin rikice-rikice - ko da yake batun ɗaya ne, a zahiri, na ilimin tauhidi - na iya zama "na nuna sakamako", yana ambaton kuri'ar 2019 ta Washington Post da Gidauniyar Iyalin Kaiser suna cewa 38% na Amurka manya sun kira sauyin yanayi "rikici" yayin da adadinsu ya kira shi "babban matsala amma ba rikici ba". Shekaru biyar da suka gabata, manya na Amurka suna la'akari da shi rikicin ya kai kashi 23%.
Akasin haka, amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice a cikin sanarwar gaggawar yanayi da ba ta dauri ba ta yi tasiri ba (har zuwa Satumba 2019) wajen sanya gwamnatoci su “sauya cikin aiki”.
Damuwa game da kalmomin rikici
Wasu masu sharhi sun rubuta cewa "tsarin gaggawa" na iya samun illoli da yawa. Musamman, irin wannan tsararru na iya ba da fifiko ga sauyin yanayi a fakaice fiye da wasu muhimman batutuwan zamantakewa, ta yadda za su karfafa gasa tsakanin masu fafutuka maimakon hadin kai da kawar da rashin amincewa a cikin yunkurin sauyin yanayi da kansa. Yana iya ba da shawarar buƙatar mafita ta gwamnati, wanda ke ba da ɗorewa na dogon lokaci fiye da yadda jama'a ke yi, wanda kuma za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "wanda aka ɗora kan al'ummar da ba su so". A ƙarshe, yana iya zama mara amfani ta hanyar haifar da kafirci (rashin sakamako mai ban mamaki nan da nan), rashin ƙarfi (a fuskar matsalar da ke da kama da ƙarfi), da janyewa-maimakon samar da ayyuka masu amfani na dogon lokaci.
Tare da irin wannan layi, mai binciken sadarwa game da yanayin Australiya David Holmes ya yi tsokaci game da al'amarin "rashin gajiyawa", wanda gaggawar mayar da martani ga barazanar ke yin hasarar roƙon sa na tsawon lokaci. Holmes ya ce akwai "iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin ma'ana" don irin wannan harshe, yana mai gargadin cewa zai iya rasa masu sauraro idan lokaci ya wuce ba tare da manufofi masu ma'ana da ke magance matsalar ba.
Wasu sun rubuta cewa, ko "koko don tsoro ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa kuma mai ma'ana" a fili lamari ne mai rikitarwa amma cewa amsar ita ce "yawanci ba", tare da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna lura da martanin mutane game da haɗari (yaki, tashi, ko daskare) na iya zama rashin lafiya. Yarda da cewa tsoro shi ne "cinyayyen motsawar magana", Sander Van Der Linden, Forvors "Ƙungiyar Kulawar Zango'i, kuma ba ta da cikakkiyar wahala saboda "mutane sun san cewa za a iya guje wa rikice-rikice kuma za a iya magance su".
Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Katharine Hayhoe ya yi gargaɗin a farkon 2019 cewa warware rikicin "yana da tasiri kawai ga waɗanda suka damu da sauyin yanayi, amma rashin gamsuwa game da mafita". Ta ƙara da cewa "har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba" ga waɗanda suke ganin masu fafutukar yanayi "su kasance masu tayar da hankali kaji kananan yara", tana mai cewa "zai ƙara ƙarfafa tunaninsu da suka rigaya - da kuma kuskure".
A watan Yuni 2019, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta cewa kalmar rikicin yanayi "na iya ɗaukar ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a cikin wasu bayanan siyasa".
Ƴan jarida biyu na Jamus sun yi gargadin cewa "rikicin" na iya fahimtar kuskuren da ke nuna cewa sauyin yanayi ya kasance "rikici ne" - rikice-rikice "ko dai an warware su ko kuma sun wuce" - ko kuma a matsayin kasa ta wucin gadi kafin komawa ga al'ada wanda a gaskiya ba haka ba ne. mai yiwuwa.
Nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam da neuroscientific
Wani bincike na 2013 (N=224, galibin ɗaliban jami'a) ya binciki martanin mahalarta bayan sun karanta rubuce-rubucen da aka kwaikwayi daban-daban. Binciken ya kammala da cewa " rikicin yanayi ya fi haifar da koma baya na rashin imani da kuma rage hasashe na damuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda hasashe na wuce gona da iri", kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a maimakon haka ya kamata a kasance da sauran sharuddan ("rikitar yanayi" da "dumamar yanayi"). ana amfani da shi, musamman lokacin sadarwa tare da masu sauraro masu shakka.
Wani farkon binciken kimiyya na 2019 (N = 120, an raba daidai tsakanin ƴan Republican, 'yan Democrat da masu zaman kansu) ta wata hukumar ba da shawara ta talla ta ƙunshi ma'aunin electroencephalography (EEG) da ma'aunin fata na galvanic (GSR). Binciken, auna martani ga sharuɗɗan "rikicin yanayi", "lalacewar muhalli", "rushewar muhalli", "raguwar yanayi", "dumamar yanayi" da "sauyin yanayi", ya gano cewa ƴan jam'iyyar Democrat suna da 60% mafi girma na martani ga " rikicin yanayi" fiye da "canjin yanayi", tare da amsa daidai tsakanin 'yan Republican ninki uku. "Rikicin yanayi" an ce ya "yi aiki mai kyau dangane da martani a cikin bangar siyasa kuma ya haifar da mafi girman martani a cikin masu zaman kansu". Binciken ya kammala da cewa kalmar "rikicin yanayi" ya haifar da martani mai karfi fiye da "tsaka-tsaki" da "garewa" kalmomi kamar "dumamar yanayi" da "canjin yanayi", don haka yana ƙarfafa ma'anar gaggawa - ko da yake ba mai karfi ba ne kamar yadda ya kamata. haifar da rashin fahimta wanda zai sa mutane su haifar da jayayya. Duk da haka, babban jami'in kamfanin da ke gudanar da binciken ya lura gabaɗaya cewa ƙarfin visceral na iya komawa baya, yana ƙayyadad da cewa wani lokaci tare da amsa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, "lalacewar muhalli", "watakila ana ganinsa a matsayin mai faɗakarwa, watakila ma yana nuna zargi, wanda zai iya haifar da jayayya. da turawa."
Magana
(advertising perspective by a "professional namer")
(Nature joining Covering Climate Now.)
Vol. 58 (3).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Covering Climate Now (CCNow), haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin labarai "don samar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da kuma labarun yanayi na gaggawa" ( Take )
"Rikicin yanayi", ƙamus.com ( Archive )
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Adejumo | Olusegun Adejumo | Olusegun Adejumo ɗan Najeriya ne mai zane-zane,wanda aka san shi da zane-zanen mutane, Shi ne daraktan Gidan Zane-Zane, kuma a halin yanzu shi ne shugaban Guild of Professional Fine Artists Nigeria.
Adejumo yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Legas, Najeriya.
Ilimi, rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Adejumo a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1965 a Legas. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Ilimi ta Yaba a shekarar 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1987 kuma ya kammala da Babbar difloma ta kasa (HND) a aikin zane. Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekara ta 1988, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Malami mai Zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Jihar Legas. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Kamfanin Talla a shekara ta 1988.
Nunin
Shirya ayyukan
2017: Bankalubalen Fasaha na Bankin Union.. OneDraw Gallery tare da haɗin gwiwar Union Bank of Nigeria PLC
2017: Co-curator tawagar gwamnatin jihar Legas, Nunin Kwana na Kwana 3 Rasheed Gbadamosi Eko Art Expo, Lagos a 50
Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen nune-nunen
2014: motsin rai, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos
2011: Les Designs d 'Olusegun Adejumo, City Mall, Lagos
2011: Manufa da Manufofin, Gidan Gidan Gida, Port Harcourt
2010: Yi baje kolin neman kudi don tallafawa kansar nono da sankarar mahaifa, Bloom Project, Hall Hall, Lagos
2007: Maganganu, Sandiland Arcade, VI Lagos
2004: Kwanan nan, Gidan Bayanai na Truview, Lagos
2004: Aikin Zane Zane, Fasali Na Daya, Gidan Tarihin Framemaster, Lagos
1998: Akan Neman, Gidan Baƙon Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Lagos
1994: Zane-zanen kwanan nan, Chevron Estate, Lagos
1994: Zane-zanen kwanan nan a cikin Ruwan ruwa, Fenchurch Gallery, Lagos
1992: San uwan juna daban-daban, Sans Culturel Francaise, Alliance Francais, Lagos
1992: San uwan juna daban-daban, Club, Sheraton Hotels da Towers, Lagos
Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen ƙungiyoyi
2016: Catharsis, Kungiyoyin kwararrun kwararrun mawaƙa na Najeriya, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2016: Oreze IV, wani taron baje kolin girmamawa ga Mai Martaba Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, Obi na Onitsha (Agbogidi)
2015: Art ne Life (Inganta Fasaha da Al'adar Nijeriya), Total Village, Lagos
2015: Oreze IV, wani taron baje kolin girmamawa ga Mai Martaba Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, Obi na Onitsha (Agbogidi)
2015: Kayayyaki marasa iyaka, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2014: Bambanci na 2, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2012: Ba komai sai Gaskiya, Gidan Tarihi na Mydrim, Lagos
2012: Tare, Babban Taron Tattalin Arzikin Kudu-Kudu, Asaba
2012: Cikakken Muhimmin, Nunin Hotunan Zamanin Najeriya, Siffofi da Fasaha, London 2012 Wasannin Olympic & Paralympic, Stratford
2010: Crux of Matter, Guild na ofwararrun Artwararrun Artwararrun ofwararrun Nijeriya, Lagos
2010: maras lokaci, Nunin Baje kolin Annual na 10, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos
2010: Tsohuwar zamani, Jihar Legas tana bikin Nijeriya a 50, Federal Palace Hotel, Lagos
2009: Launuka na Fata, Nunin Tallafawa Yaran da ke Rayuwa da Gidauniyar Cancer, Filin lasisin zane-zane, Lagos
2009: Yin tafiya tare da Masters, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Lagos
2009: Besançon vu par Nina et Adejumo, Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, Jami'ar de Frache Comte Besançon Faransa
2009: Tattaunawa tsakanin Al'adu, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Alliance Française da Society of Nigerian Artist, Lagos
2008: resofar shiga, ildungiyar Artwararrun Artwararrun ofwararrun Nigeriawararrun Nijeriya, Lagos
2008: Nunin baje koli, Lagos
2008: Nunin Bugun Giclee, Hue Concept, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2008: Ruwan Oktoba, ofungiyar Artwararrun Nigerianwararrun Nigerianan Nijeriya, Nigerianasar Legas
2008: Launuka na Fata, Nunin Tallafawa Yaran da ke Rayuwa da Cutar Kansa, Lagos
2007: Jarin, Sachs Gallery, Lagos
2007: Launuka na Fata, Nunin Tallafawa Yaran da ke Rayuwa da Cutar Kansa, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2007: Treananan asuresananan Bayanai, Fairananan Fasaha na Fasaha, Framemaster Ltd, Lagos
2007: Hotunan Hellenic da Mawallafin Fasaha Hudu na Nijeriya a Fassara, Ofishin Jakadancin Girka, Lagos
2006: Baje kolin Firimiya, Kungiyar Ruwan Ruwan Najeriya, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2005: Sabuntawa, ofungiyar Artwararrun Nigerianan Nijeriya, Gidan Tarihi na Mydrim, Lagos
2005: Concert of Five, Gidan Rediyon Rayuwa, Abuja
2005: 5th Exhibation Pastel Exhibition, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos
2004: Zanen Hotuna, Gidan Hoto na Hourglass, Lagos
2004: Matrix da Muse, Framemaster Gallery, Legas
2004: An zaba ne don bikin baje koli na 19 na Philadelphia na Artpo, Gallery na Oktoba, USA
2002: Manyan bayanai, Nunin Kayan Tarihi na Shekarar 2 na shekara, Gidan Tarihi na Mydrim, Lagos
2002: Rockungiyar Aso Rock, Gidauniyar Afirka ta Fasaha, Legas
2002: Jigida, Babban Room, Gidan Grosevenor, Lane Park, Landan
2000: Takeauki Mace guda ɗaya, Atrium Gallery, London
2000: Haske na Farko, Gidan Tarihin Vermilion, Lagos
2000: Bayan Bango, Gidan Tarihin Vermilion, Lagos
1998: Daga Gidan Jariri, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Yaba, Cibiyar Goethe, Legas
1997: Young Master Artist Club, Gallery Gallery, Lagos
1997: Artist shida, Gidan Tarihi na Mydrim, Lagos
1994: Rahamar Ibada, Mauba Gallery, Lagos
1994: Bar shi ya gudana, Gidan Tarihin Mydrim, Lagos
1992: Dubun dubatar Tunani, Gidan Tarihi na Mydrim, Lagos
1991: Fantsar launuka, Sarkar Abincin Terri, Lagos
1989: Fasaha da Sana'o'in Najeriya, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Lagos
1988: Tattarawa, Barnette Gallery, Lagos
'Yan gwanjo
2013: Arthouse Contemporary Limited 'Na Zamani da Na Zamani', Lagos
2013: TKMG, Terra Kulture Mydrim Gallery, Gasar Hannun Kwalliyar Legas
2011: TKMG, Terra Kulture Mydrim Gallery, Tallan Art, Legas
2011: Arthouse Contemporary Limited 'Na Zamani da Na Zamani', Lagos
Ayyukan da aka zaba
Rufin Fresco, Hasumiyar Gidaje huɗu Masu Neman Shawarwari (Ginin Iliya akan titin Ereko)
Hoton Farfesa Odunjo na Sashin Nazarin Lafiyar Jiki, Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas
Hoton 1988 Rotary President, Barrister Solaru, Rotary Club District 911
Zaɓin ƙwarewar bita
2011: Tarihin rayuwa- Wole Soyinka, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Kasa, Legas
Zaɓaɓɓun zane zane
Babu Abinci ga Eze, Farafina Littattafan Ilimi, Kachifo Limited
Babu Makaranta ga Eze, Farafina Littattafan Ilimi, Kachifo Limited
Gurasa Kawai Don Eze, Farafina Littattafan Ilimi, Kachifo Limited
Taron karawa juna sani
2012: Na raba kwarewar aikina, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife
2011: Rayuwa a matsayin Mai zane-zane a cikin karni na 21, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife
2008: Yan Najeriya Suna Aiki. Taron Masu Ruwa Da Fasaha Na Nijeriya 3 na Cibiyar Bunkasa Fasaha ta Afirka (AARC)
2007: Matashin Mawaki da Wurin Kasuwarsa - Yin iyo Akan Ruwa (Art Zero), National Gallery of Art, Lagos
Kyauta da ikon zama
2016: Zama, lectungiyoyin Artan Wasan Afirka Ta Yamma, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Jamhuriyar Benin
2015: Girmamawa ga Gidauniyar Efua Nubuke ta Gabas Legon, Accra, Ghana
2013: Zama, lectungiyoyin Artan Wasan Afirka Ta Yamma, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Jamhuriyar Benin
2012: Zama, lectungiyoyin Artan Wasan Afirka Ta Yamma, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Jamhuriyar Benin
2011: Zama, lectungiyoyin Artan Wasan Afirka Ta Yamma, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Jamhuriyar Benin
1997: Jerin sunayen wadanda aka zaba don Kyautar Hadin gwiwar Dukiyar Jama'a
1984: Mafi Kyawun ɗalibai a Fannin Fasaha, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Kyautar Gidan Gala na Gong
Haɗa kai da membobinsu
Kungiya ta Fine Artist Nigeria (GFAN)
Ofungiyar Mawallafin Nigerianan Nijeriya (SNA)
Stoneungiyar Kasashen Duniya, Nijeriya (ISLN)
Coungiyar Ruwan Ruwa ta Najeriya (WSN)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Official Website
One Draw Gallery
Mutane
Yan'siyasan Najeriya |
51658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20%C9%97an%20Adam%20a%20kasashen%20Musulmi | Hakkokin ɗan Adam a kasashen Musulmi | Hakkokin dan Adam a kasashen musulmi, sun kasance abin cece-kuce shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da ƙasa (INGOs) irin su Amnesty International (AI) da Human Rights Watch (HRW) suna ci gaba da samun take haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasashen musulmi. Daga cikin batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda akai-akai a ƙarƙashin tabo akwai 'yancin LGBT, 'yancin yin jima'i a wajen aure, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayin siyasa. Batun 'yancin mata kuma shi ne abin da ake tafka muhawara mai zafi.
Lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa (UDHR) a shekara ta 1948, Saudiyya ta ki sanya hannu a kan ta saboda suna da ra'ayin cewa shari'ar Musulunci ta riga ta tsara hakkokin maza da mata. Sa hannu kan UDHR an ga bai zama dole ba. Abin da UDHR ta yi shi ne ta fara muhawara kan hakkin dan Adam a duniyar Musulunci. Bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi ta OIC ta amince da ayyana 'yancin dan adam a birnin Alkahira.
Sanarwar 'Yancin Ɗan Adam a Alkahira a Musulunci
Kasashe mambobin kungiyar OIC sun rattaba hannu kan CDHR a shekarar 1990 a taron ministocin harkokin waje karo na 19 da aka gudanar a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar. An gani a matsayin amsar UDHR. A zahiri, CDHR an “tsare shi ne bayan UDHR mai ɗaukar nauyi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1948”. Manufar CDHR ita ce ta "yi hidima a matsayin jagora ga kasashe membobi kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama." CDHR ta fassara karantarwar kur’ani kamar haka: “Dukkan mazaje daidai suke ta fuskar mutuncin dan’adam na asali da wajibai da wajibai, ba tare da nuna wariya ba dangane da kabilanci, launi, harshe, imani, jinsi, addini, alaka ta siyasa, zamantakewa, matsayi ko wasu la'akari. Addinin gaskiya shi ne tabbacin daukaka irin wannan daraja ta hanyar tabbatar da mutuncin dan Adam.” A saman nassoshi ga Kur'ani, CDHR ta kuma yi ishara da koyarwar annabci da al'adar shari'a ta Musulunci.
Yayin da ake iya kallon CDHR a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki na kare hakkin bil'adama ga kasashen musulmi, masu sharhi na yammacin duniya sun yi suka. Na ɗaya, takaddun ƙwararru ce. Dokar shariah ta riga ta share CDHR - "dukkan hakkoki da 'yancin da aka tanada [a cikin sanarwar Alkahira] suna karkashin Shari'ar Musulunci." Hakanan, ko da yake ƙasashe membobin suna da alamun bin dokar shariah, waɗannan dokokin suna ganin kamar ba a yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya ba idan ya zo ga "[danne] ƴan ƙasarsu ta hanyar amfani da azabtarwa, da ɗaurin kurkuku ba tare da shari'a da ɓacewa ba." Abdullah al-Ahsan ya bayyana hakan a matsayin yunƙurin Machiavellian da ke “zama barna a duniyar musulmi.
Kasashe
Bahrain
Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi jawabi ga Masarautar Bahrain game da batun kare hakkin bil adama da ta yi a baya. Bayan tattaunawar karshe tsakanin EU da Bahrain da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 2019, wakilin musamman na EU kan kare hakkin dan Adam ya gudanar da wata tattaunawa a farkon shekarar 2021 tare da Bahrain wanda ya tabo batun azabtar da fursunoni, da cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, da tsare Hassan Mushaima ba bisa ka'ida ba. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, da Abduljalil al-Singace. EU na da nufin sauya batutuwan da aka bayyana a farkon shekarar 2021 da aka shirya tattaunawa da Bahrain.
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
Saudiyya ta kasance karkashin tabo kan kare hakkin dan Adam tsawon shekaru da dama, inda ta samu karin kulawa tun farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. Yawancin lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1980 yana da alaƙa da fahimtar Saudi Arabiya game da batun da kuma ƙin sanya hannu kan UDHR. Lokaci bayan haka an sami gagarumin ci gaba a kan lamarin. Lamarin dai ya fara ne da yadda Saudiyya ta tafiyar da yakin Gulf na biyu a shekarar 1991, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin dadi da adawa a tsakanin 'yan kasar. Bayan haka, wasu gungun 'yan kasar Saudiyya sun yi yunkurin kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil'adama mai suna "Committee for Defence of Letimate Rights" ("CDLR"). A cikin makonni da kafa ta, hukumomin Saudiyya sun kame da yawa daga cikin mambobinta da magoya bayanta. Bayan sakin babban wanda ya kafa kwamitin kuma shugaban kasa Almasari, an yi wa kwamitin garambawul a birnin Landan inda ya samu kulawa daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na duniya. Ayyukan na CDLR sun ba da ƙarin haske game da halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Saudi Arabia wanda a baya ya kasance cikin sirri.
Abubuwan da suka biyo baya tun farkon shekarun 1990 kamar kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, yakin Gulf da kuma harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Amurka a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, sun kara yin tasiri kan batun kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Saudiyya, fiye da yadda ya kamata. kowace kasa. Tun bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, Saudiyya ta ci gaba da bude kofa ga hukumomin kasa da kasa; sun kuma taka rawa tare da taka rawar gani a fagen kare hakkin dan adam. Ƙasar ta ba da izinin ziyartar Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da Ƙungiyoyin Aiki. Har ila yau Saudiyya ta shiga cikin yarjejeniyoyin shari'a na kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, wanda ke nufin cewa kasar na bin ka'idar Yarjejeniyar kawar da wariyar launin fata (CERD), Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'in nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW). Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci (CAT) da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC).
Yayin da wasu ke yaba ci gaban da aka samu, wasu kuma na ci gaba da sukar kasar. A cikin wani bita game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Saudi Arabia a 2013 da CountryWatch ta yi, an ce Saudi Arabiya tana da "ƙananan rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam" tare da dokar ƙasar "ba ta ba da kariya ga yawancin hakkoki na yau da kullun ba". Rahoton ya ci gaba da yin bayani dalla-dalla kan kurakuran da ake samu a kasar nan kamar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin gaskiya, kasantuwar hukunce-hukuncen hukumce-hukumce da rashin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangarori uku na gwamnati (watau bangaren shari’a, zartarwa da na majalisa).
Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, mahukuntan Saudiyya sun kara kaimi wajen murkushe masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama. Yawancin masu fafutuka, ciki har da wanda ya ba da bayanai ga Amnesty International, an tsare ko kuma bayyana a gaban kotu don gudanar da ayyukansu, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa mahukuntan Saudiyya na shirin ci gaba da murkushe 'yan adawa cikin lumana. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam sun bace, ana gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, a daure su, ko tilasta musu yin hijira.
Pakistan
Galibi ana kallon yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Pakistan a matsayin mara kkykyau a wajen masu sa ido na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. Da farko, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973 sau biyu yana yin umarni da “za a yi isasshiyar tanadi ga ‘yan tsiraru” a cikin gabatarwar sa, kuma gyara na hudu (1975) ya ba da tabbacin kujeru akalla shida a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ‘yan tsiraru za su rike su domin kare ‘yancinsu da ‘yancinsu. Duk da haka, rikodin hakkin ɗan adam na Pakistan ya ragu a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya na Janar Zia mai samun goyon bayan Amurka. Janar Zia ya gabatar da Shari'ar Shari'a wanda ya kai ga Musuluntar da kasar. Gwamnati mai ci a Pakistan tana da alhakin azabtarwa, kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, da kuma take hakkin dan Adam. Musuluntar tilastawa da kuma kashe-kashen girmamawa ya zama ruwan dare a Pakistan.
Turkiyya
Mutane da yawa suna kallon Turkiyya a matsayin abin koyi ga al'ummar musulmi inda aka yi sulhu mai gamsarwa tsakanin dabi'un wayewar Musulunci, Yammacin Turai da Rasha. Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da aka ambata na ci gaban da Turkiyya ta samu a kokarinta na kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shi ne yadda kasar ta yunkuro wajen gamsar da sharuddan Tarayyar Turai na kasancewa mamba. A shekara ta 2000, AI, a bayan ziyarar da ya kai kasar don lura da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama, ya gano cewa Turkiyya na nuna alamun nuna gaskiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen musulmi. A shekara ta 2002, wani rahoton AI ya bayyana cewa, majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta zartas da dokoki guda uku "...da nufin daidaita dokokin Turkiyya da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na Turai." Haka kuma rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa "An ba AI izinin bude reshe a Turkiyya a karkashin dokar kungiyoyi."
Wasu daga cikin sabbin matakan kare hakkin bil'adama da Turkiyya ta dauka sun hada da "kunshi na hudu na yin kwaskwarima ga shari'a da aka amince da shi a watan Afrilu, wanda ke karfafa kare hakkin bil adama, ciki har da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma yaki da rashin hukunta laifukan azabtarwa da cin zarafi, tsarin samar da zaman lafiya. wanda ke da nufin kawo karshen ta'addanci da tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin kasar da share fagen warware matsalar Kurdawa, da shirin samar da dimokuradiyya a watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 wanda ya tanadi kara yin gyare-gyare, wanda ya kunshi muhimman batutuwa da suka hada da amfani da harsunan da ba na Turkanci ba, hakkin tsiraru."
An kuma sami karin ci gaba a fagen kare hakkin mata inda Turkiyya ta kasance kasa ta farko da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai da ta yaki cin zarafi a cikin gida. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta kafa wani kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan daidaiton damammaki ga maza da mata don duba rage rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.
Duk da wannan ci gaban da aka samu, har yanzu akwai muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke damun ƙasar. A cikin rahoton kare hakkin bil'adama na shekarar 2013 da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar, daga cikin matsalolin da suka samu gagarumar suka sun hada da tsoma bakin gwamnati kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taron jama'a, rashin gaskiya da 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a da rashin isasshen kariya ga masu rauni. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ma ta kai ga bayyana cewa an samu koma baya a hakin bil'adama a kasar. A cewar rahoton, hakan ya faru ne a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati a shekarar 2013. A karkashin jagorancin Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, jam'iyyar da ke mulki ta kara zama mai nuna rashin hakuri da "yan adawar siyasa, zanga-zangar jama'a, da kafafen yada labarai masu suka".
A farkon watan Yulin shekarar 2020 ne majalisar zartaswar kasar ta soke matakin da majalisar ministocin kasar ta dauka na kafa gidan tarihi a shekarar 1934, tare da soke martabar wannan gidan tarihin, sannan kuma shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ya bayar da umarnin a kai ga matakin. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ya ba da umarnin mayar da Hagia Sophia matsayin masallaci.
Iran
Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran tana daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin hakkin bil'adama na kowace kasa a duniya. Daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama da suka addabi jamhuriyar, akwai "yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi na gudanar da zabe, wanda ya tauye hakkin 'yan kasa na sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana ta hanyar zabe mai inganci, tauye 'yancin jama'a, gami da 'yancin yin taro, magana, " da latsawa; da kuma yin watsi da mutuncin mutanen da aka tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko azabtarwa, ko kashe su."
A shekara ta 2014, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa, duk da canje-canjen da aka yi ga kundin hukunta laifukan, har yanzu ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa cikin sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya haifar da ɗayan mafi girman adadin kisa a duniya. A kan haka, hukumomin tsaro suna tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan adawa. An haramtawa jam’iyyun adawa da dama da kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dalibai da dama kuma an kulle fursunonin siyasa da dama.
Gabaɗaya ƙasar ta rufe kanta ga tsoma baki daga waje. Gwamnati ta ki amincewa da bukatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na samun rahoton wakilin musamman Ahmed Shaheed kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ko da yake sun sanar da cewa za a ba da izini ga kwararru biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya su ziyarci kasar a shekarar 2015.
Duba kuma
Mata A Musulunci
Yarjejeniya Ta Larabawa Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam
Tarihin yancin ɗan adam a farkon halifancin musulunci
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya
Hakkokin dan Adam a cikin nassosin Alkur'ani
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
3286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghawa | Zaghawa | Mutanen Zaghawa, ana kuma kiran su Beri ko Zakhawa, ƙabilun Musulmin Sahelian ne waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Libya, gabashin Chadi, da yammacin Sudan, ciki har da Darfur .
Zaghawa suna magana da yaren Zaghawa, wanda shine yankin Saharar gabas. Makiyaya ne, kuma irin garken tumakin da suke kiwata larabawa ke kira Zaghawa. Su makiyaya ne kuma suna samun yawancin abincinsu ta hanyar kiwon shanu, raƙuma da tumaki da kuma girbin hatsin daji. An kiyasta cewa akwai tsakanin 4,000,000 zuwa 4,512,000 Zaghawa.
Sunaye
Tarihin masarautar Kanemite, Girgam, yana nufin mutanen Zaghawa a matsayin Duguwa . A yau, Zaghawa suna kiran kansu Beri, yayin da larabawa da adabi ke kiransu da "Zaghawa". A cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilun Afirka, kalmar Beri (wani lokacin Kegi) ta haɗa da mutanen Zaghawa, Bideyat da Bertis, kowannensu ya haɗu a sassa daban-daban na Chadi, Sudan da Libya.
Tarihi
An ambaci Zaghawa a cikin rubutun harshen larabci na gargajiya. Balaraben karni na 9 al-Ya'qubi, ya rubuta game da su a matsayin "Zaghawa waɗanda ke zaune a wani wuri da ake kira Kanem," kuma ya ci gaba da jera jerin wasu masarautu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Zaghawa. A tarihance, mutanen Zaghawa suna da kyautuka a kan mafi yawan ƙananan al'ummomin da suka faɗaɗa yankin Sahel tsakanin Tafkin Chadi zuwa masarautar kwarin Nil na Nubia, Makuria da Alwa .
Mutanen Zaghawa suna kasuwanci tare da yankin Nilu da yankin Maghreb a cikin karni na 1 miladiyya. Abubuwan da aka ambata tun farko a cikin rubutun na karni na 8 an yi su ne tare da mutanen Toubou na arewacin Chadi da kudancin Libya, kuma masana sun yi imanin cewa biyun sun kasance ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa. Rubutun ƙarni na 11 sun ambaci cewa sarakunan masarautar Zaghawa sun karɓi Musulunci, kuma aƙalla suna a matsayin waɗanda ba Musulmi ba.
Binciken farko na larabci ya bayyana Zaghawa a matsayin "baƙauran makiyaya". Masanin binciken kasa na karni na 12 Al-Idrisi da Yaqut na karni na 13 sun bayyana tasirin Zaghawa a kusa da wani yanki mai nisa, kuma sun ambaci garuruwan Kanem, Manan da Anjimi.
Ibnu Sa'id, duk da haka, a rubuce a 1270 ya bayyana cewa Manan babban birni ne na masarautar Kanem har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka musulunta, suka ci yankin, sannan babban birnin ya koma Njimi . Zaghawa sun ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin Manan, in ji Ibn Said. Koyaya, bayanan Kanem basu ambaci Zaghawa ba, kuma wataƙila sun ƙaura ne sannan suka ƙaura zuwa yankin da suke yanzu. Ana kiran wannan yankin Dar Zaghawa, ko "ƙasar Zaghawa".
Kodayake karyewar garin Zaghawa ya karye ne sakamakon hauhawar Kanem a yankin Tafkin Chadi, amma Zaghawa ya ci gaba da iko da wasu yankuna na gabashin Kanem, kuma a karshen karni na 14 ne kawai aka ambaci yankin Darfur a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta Masar tarihi da kuma masanin ilimi na ƙasa Maqrizi . Bayan tashin Darfur da Kanem, da alama Zaghawa sun mallaki yankunan hamada kawai kuma sun daina zama babbar ikon yanki.
Jama'a da al'adu
Al’adun gargajiyar Zaghawa sun gudanar da rayuwa mafi yawanci ta makiyaya, wadanda suka hada da dangin makiyaya da doki, jakuna, awaki da garken tumaki da ke mai da hankali. A lokacin da suke da karfi sosai kafin sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka fatattakarsu suka wargaza su, an san su da fatake da 'yan kasuwa masu rakuma da dawakai, suna sarrafa wasu hanyoyin safarar Saharar Sahara.
Suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta Sunni ta Musulunci, amma sun ci gaba da wasu ibadunsu na jahiliyya irin su karama - hadaya ta dabbobi don kawar da miyagun ruhohi. Thearnin da suka musulunta ya kasance batun muhawara da ƙaramin yarda, tare da kimantawa daga 13 zuwa farkon karni na 17. A zamanin yau, suna rayuwa mara kyau, suna girma da kayan masarufi kamar gero da dawa, da sauran abinci kamar suƙo, kankana, kabewa, gyaɗa da okra.
An yi imanin cewa al'ummar Zaghawa na cikin babbar kabilar Berber da ake samu a Arewacin Afirka. Berbers suna da dogon tarihi da wadata a yankin kuma ana ɗaukar su ɗaya daga cikin ƴan asali na farko na Arewacin Afirka. Ana tunanin Zaghawa sun fito ne daga al'ummomin masu magana da harshen Berber kuma suna da kamanceceniya da al'adu da harshe da sauran ƙungiyoyin Berber . Duk da haka, Zaghawa sun ɓullo da nasu asali da al'adu na tsawon lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yanki na musamman na yankin Sahara zuwa yankunansu na yanzu a Libya, Chadi da Sudan . Tarihin farko da aka rubuta na Zaghawa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni da yawa kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin Chadi da Sudan. Zaghawa suna da al'adun gargajiya masu tarin yawa kuma sun kiyaye yarensu, al'adu da al'adunsu na musamman, duk da kalubalen da suka fuskanta a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da rikice-rikice na makamai da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa.
Tsarin zaman jama'a
Zungiyar Zaghawa ta kasance tsintsiya maɗaurinki ɗaya kuma ta haɗa da kyan gani. Sashin babba ya kasance na sarakuna da mayaƙa, ƙasa da su akwai 'yan kasuwa da' yan kasuwa, waɗanda a ƙasan akwai ƙwararrun masu fasaha waɗanda ake kira Hadaheed (ko Hadahid ). Waɗannan castan wasan sun yi rawar gani, kuma sana'o'in da suka gada sun haɗa da aikin baƙin ƙarfe, mafarauta, tukwane, aikin fata da kuma mawaƙa kamar su ganga. A al'adance ana kallon aikin kere-kere a cikin al'ummar Zaghawa a matsayin datti da kuma matsayin mara kima, kasancewar mutane daga asalin arna da yahudawa wadanda suka shigo cikin musulinci sannu a hankali. Wasu daga cikin rubutun Larabawa na farko suna magana ne da tsarin Zaghawa da "sarakunan maƙeri mai girman kai da ba za a iya tsammani ba".
Kalmar "maƙeri" ya kasance kalma ce ta wulakanci a al'adun Zaghawa, in ji Anne Haour - farfesa a Nazarin Afirka da Masana Tarihi na Zamani, kuma "idan aka haife maƙeri ɗaya zai kasance maƙeri". -Ungiyoyin maƙasudin maƙarƙashiya na Zaghawa ba ci ko haɗuwa da maƙerin maƙeri. Thean ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci ya kasance bayi. Matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma da kuma manyan mutane kamar na masu sana'ar fata a cikin mutanen Zaghawa yayi kama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin jama'ar Fur .
Tasirin zamani
Duk da yake basu da ƙarfi sosai a Sudan, amma sun mamaye Chadi a siyasance. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar, Idriss Déby da tsaffin firaministocin Chadi da dama su ne Zaghawa, da sauran mambobin gwamnati da yawa. Don haka Chadian Zaghawa sun kasance mutane masu tasiri a cikin siyasar yankin. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani a Chadi, Libya da Sudan, ƙabilar Zaghawa ta tsunduma ciki sosai, musamman ta hanyar ƙawancen dabarun yaƙi da wasu ƙabilu kamar su Fur .
Koyaya, a Sudan, 'yan Zaghawa sun tsunduma cikin rikicin Darfur, kuma sun yi asara mai yawa daga matsalolin can. Zaghawa na Sudan na daga cikin al'ummomin da ke zaune a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Darfur da gabashin Chadi inda ɗaukar yara sojoji cikin kungiyoyin' yan tawaye matsala ce da ke ci gaba.
'Yan ƙabilar Zaghawa suna daga cikin kabilun da ke Darfur wadanda ake kira "Afirka" kamar yadda ake kiran wasu kabilun da suka yi fada da su "Balarabe".
Sakamakon mishan mishan na Tijani Musulmai daga Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda suke tafiya a cikin yankinsu don yin aikin hajji a Makka, shugabanin ya musulunta . A cikin 1940s, da Zaghawa fara kunna zuwa ga Musulunci daga Animism en sun mayar. A Darfur, 'yan Zaghawa sanannu ne saboda tsoron Allah. Sakamakon faɗan da ake yi a Darfur, inda 'yan tawayen larabawa na cikin gida ke kai hare-hare saboda asalinsu na kabilanci, 100,000 sun zama' yan gudun hijira a kan iyakar Chadi. Wani ɗan ƙabilar Zaghawa mai suna Daoud Hari ya rubuta wani abin tarihi game da Darfur da ake kira The Translator sannan wata mata ‘yar kabilar Zaghawa mai suna Dr. Halima Bashir ta hada hannu tare da Damien Lewis mai suna‘ Hawaye na Hamada ’, waɗanda dukkansu suka yada ilimi game da ta’asar da aka yi a Darfur.
Manazarta
Jama'ar Afirka
Bidiyon Aljazeera Turanci a kan mutanen Zaghawa na Chadi
Ethnogenesis daga tare da Kasar Chadi, Dierk Lange (1993)
Bidiyon kiɗa "Zaghawa Yarinya" ("بري تلي") na Majid Kurbiya, tare da fassarar Turanci da bayanan kula
Bidiyon kiɗa "Bari mu tafi, Matasa" ("شبابي قوبي كيدي") na Haydar wad Fa, tare da Fassarar Ingilishi da rubutu
Mutanen Cadi
Mutanen Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Kabila
Kabilun Larabawa |
29990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mutanen%20New%20York | Ƴancin mutanen New York | Humans of New York ( HONY ) bulogi ne ya haɗa hoto da littafin hotuna da hirarraki da aka tattara akan titunan birnin New York .
An fara a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2010 ta mai daukar hoto Brandon Stanton, 'yan Adam na New York sun ci gaba da girma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun Littafin ya shafe makonni 31 akan jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times. Daruruwan shafukan yanar gizo na "'Yan Adam" tun daga lokacin mutane a garuruwa daban-daban na duniya suka kirkiro da HONY.
A watan Maris na shekarata 2016, Stanton ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Donald Trump wanda ya yadu a Facebook, inda ya samu sama da mutane miliyan 2.3 da sama da hannun jari sama da miliyan 1.1, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi rabawa a tarihin Facebook.
Stanton ya tattara hotuna a kusan kasashe 20 da suka hada da Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, da Pakistan. A cikin Janairu 2015, ya yi hira da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a Ofishin Oval. Har ila yau, a cikin shakarar 2015, Stanton ya rufe rikicin ƙaura na Turai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) don kamawa da raba abubuwan da suka ji daɗi na 'yan gudun hijirar a Turai da ke tserewa yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabas ta Tsakiya . A watan Satumban shekarata 2016, Stanton ya yi hira da 'yar takarar shugabancin Amurka Hillary Clinton.
Blog
Birnin New York
Brandon Stanton ya fara shafin sa a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Da farko, ya shirya tattara hotuna 10,000 na New York kuma ya tsara su akan taswirar birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba aikin ya samo asali, duk da haka, lokacin da Stanton ya fara tattaunawa da batutuwansa kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan maganganu da labaru tare da hotunansa. Tare da wannan sabon tsari, blog ɗin ya fara girma cikin sauri. A cikin 'yan watanni, HONY ya shahara sosai har lokacin da Stanton ya sabunta matsayinsa na Facebook da gangan da harafin "Q", sakon nasa ya sami mutane 73 a cikin minti daya. , Al'ummar New York sun sami sha'awa fiye da miliyan 18 a shafin Facebook.
Wani wuri
A cikin Disamba shekarata 2012, Stanton ya kwashe makonni biyu yana tattara hotunan titi a Iran.
Bayan harin bam na Marathon na Boston, Stanton ya kwashe tsawon mako yana tattara hotunan titina a Boston, Massachusetts. A lokacin taron shekarar 2014 SXSW, ya shafe mako guda a Austin, Texas, inda aka gudanar da taron, don tattara hotuna na Texans.
A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2014, Stanton ya fara wani "Yawon shakatawa na Duniya" na kwanaki 50 tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da tattara hotuna da labaru a kasashe goma sha biyu: Iraki, Jordan, Isra'ila, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Ukraine, Indiya ., Nepal, Vietnam, da kuma Mexico .
A watan Agusta Na shekarata 2015, Stanton ya tafi Pakistan don ɗaukar hoto. Ya yi amfani da aikin da ya yi wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da kokarin Syeda Ghulam Fatima na taimaka wa masu sana'ar bulo 'yan Pakistan wadanda suka zama ma'aikata .
Dangane da hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR), Stanton ya je Turai ne a shekarar 2015 domin kamo bakin haure da ‘yan gudun hijira da ke neman mafaka a Turai daga kasashensu na asali, wadanda galibi wuraren yaki ne. Wannan ya haifar da tallafi da yawa, gudummawa, da wayar da kan jama'a game da rikicin ƙaura na Turai . Stanton ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da BBC cewa dole ne ya yi amfani da sabon salon hirar ga wadannan batutuwa, domin bai dace a yi tambaya kan abubuwan da suka gabata ko kuma nan gaba ba.
A yayin bala'in COVID-19 Stanton ya karɓi ƙaddamarwa daga kowa a cikin duniya a karon farko, yana tambayar mabiyansa "mafi kyawun labarunsu, masu ɗaukaka" don ƙarfafa mutane yayin rikicin. Da yake ba da dalilinsa, ya ce "Ina tsammanin abin da ke da taimako shine waɗannan allurai da tunatarwa na rayuwa ta al'ada, farin ciki na yau da kullum, farin ciki na yau da kullum, soyayya ta al'ada.
Littattafai
Littafin farko na Stanton dangane da hoton hoto, wanda kuma ake kira Humans of New York, an sake shi a watan Oktoba 2013. An buga ta St. Martin's Press, littafin ya sayar da kwafi 30,000 a cikin preorders kadai. An yi hira da Stanton gabanin sakin Bill Weir don labarin ABC News Nightline mai taken "'Mutane na New York': Hoton Gone Viral". , Littafin ya kasance a kan <nowiki></nowiki>The New York Times</nowiki> Best Seller list for 31 weeks and was the number one Non-fiction Best Seller for one week in 2013 and again in 2014 .
A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2015, Stanton ya saki littafinsa na biyu, Humans of New York: Stories, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan labarun da aka tattara a cikin aikinsa. Littafin debuted a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015 a lamba daya a kan kuma ya kasance lamba daya sake a wata mai zuwa.
Tallafawa
Mutanen New York sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na taimakon agaji da dama. Bayan Hurricane Sandy, Stanton ya yi tafiya zuwa yankunan da aka fi fama da su a cikin birnin New York don daukar hotunan mazauna, masu sa kai, da masu amsawa na farko da suka rayu ta hanyar lalata. Daga nan sai Stanton ya ha]a hannu da wanda ya kafa Tumblr David Karp don kaddamar da shirin tara kudade na Indiegogo ga wadanda guguwar ta shafa. Tare da ainihin burin , sun tara $86,000 a cikin sa'o'i 12 na farko kuma sun kai jimillar $318,530 a ƙarshen yakin. Duk abin da aka samu ya tafi zuwa ga Stephen Siller Tunnel to Towers Foundation, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta iyali wacce ta taka rawa sosai a ƙoƙarin Guguwar Sandy.
A cikin shekarata 2013, HONY ya ƙaddamar da wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don taimakawa mai daukar hoto Duane Watkins da matarsa sun ɗauki ɗa daga Habasha. Makasudin $26,000 kuma an wuce shi cikin mintuna 90 kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya tara jimillar $83,000. Kuɗaɗen da suka wuce gona da iri sun tafi asusu na ilimi don yaron da aka ɗauke da 'yar uwarsa.
A cikin shekarar 2014, Stanton ya kafa wani kamfen na Indiegogo don aika wani yaro da ya dauki hoto tare da danginsa hutu zuwa wani wurin kiwon dabbobi a Colorado bayan ya san cewa burin yaron shine ya mallaki doki. A cikin mintuna 15 da ya wallafa wannan kudiri a shafinsa na Facebook, an cimma burin dalar Amurka 7,000 da ta tara jimlar $32,167. Bayan biyan kuɗin tafiya, Stanton ya ba da gudummawar sauran dala 20,000 ga Cibiyar Riga ta New York Therapeutic Riding, ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa wajen samar da hawan doki ga yara masu nakasa. [ Madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata ]
A cikin Janairu shekarata 2015, Stanton ya yi hoto da hira da wani yaro mai shekaru 14 daga Brownsville, Brooklyn, Vidal Chastanet, wanda ya ce babban tasirinsa shi ne shugaban makarantarsa a Mott Hall Bridges Academy, Nadia Lopez. Stanton ya yi amfani da Indiegogo don tara sama da $1,419,509 a cikin gudummawa daga masu ba da gudummawar 51,476 waɗanda suka ba wa ɗaliban Mott Hall dama kamar ziyarar harabar kwaleji, shirye-shiryen bazara, da asusun tallafin karatu. A sakamakon yakin, Stanton, dalibi, da shugabansa an gayyaci su ziyarci Fadar White House a shekarun 2015. Daga baya a cikin 2015, Stanton ya ziyarci Pakistan da Iran don jerin hotuna masu tafiya a cikin watan Agusta. Ya kammala sashe kan Pakistan ta hanyar bayyana Syeda Ghulam Fatima, shugabar kungiyar Bonded Labour Liberation Front, kungiyar da ke aiki don 'yantar da ma'aikatan da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan bada lamuni . Tallafin Indiegogo na Stanton na gaba ya tara sama don ƙungiyar.
A cikin Mayu shekarata 2016, Stanton ya raba jerin tambayoyi tare da marasa lafiya na yara a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering a Birnin New York. Bayan jerin abubuwan, ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don tallafawa binciken ciwon daji na yara a Memorial Sloan Kettering da kuma ayyukan tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga marasa lafiya da danginsu. A cikin kwanaki uku na farko sama da mutane 10,000 sun ba da gudummawar sama da dala 350,000, kuma a cikin makonni uku yakin neman zaben ya samu sama da dala miliyan 3.8 daga mutane sama da 100,000. A cikin watan Agustan 2016, a cikin jerin hotuna mai taken, "Raunuka marasa ganuwa," Stanton ya gabatar da hirarraki da tsoffin sojojin Amurka daga yakin Iraki da Afghanistan. Jerin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar sa-kai, Headstrong Project, don ba da haske game da gwagwarmayar lafiyar ɗan adam. Yaƙin neman zaɓe mai alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ya zarce burin $100,000 a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka fiye da rabin dala miliyan.
Stanton ya ziyarci Rwanda a watan Satumba shekarata 2018. Tun daga ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2018, ya fara ba da labarin kisan gillar da aka yi a shafinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da hotuna da dama daga mutanen da abin ya shafa. A shafinsa, ya bayyana manufarsa: “A cikin makon da na yi a kasar Rwanda, na mai da hankali kan labaran mutanen da suka dauki matsayi a lokacin kisan kare dangi. Waɗannan ƴan kabilar Hutu ne da suka yi kasada da rayukansu don kare ƴan Tutsi. A Ruwanda ana kiran su da 'Masu Ceto.'" A hade tare da jerin shirye-shiryen, ya shirya wani kamfen na GoFundMe don cin gajiyar Gidan Marayu na Gisimba da ke Ruwanda da Gidan Gisimba da aka tsara amma ba a gina a Uganda ba. Ya karawa kamfen din da daga asusun Patreon na HONY, da kuma ga kowace gudummawar da ta wuce gudummawar 5,000th. Gangamin ya cimma burinsa na a cikin sa'o'i 18. Stanton ya kuma goyi bayan wani kamfen na ƙungiyar Little Hills, wanda ke shirin gina asibitin yara na farko na Rwanda.
DKNY
A cikin shekarar 2013, wani fan ya lura cewa an yi amfani da hotunan HONY ba tare da izini ba a cikin nunin taga DKNY a wani shago a Bangkok . Bayan samun labarin cin zarafi, Stanton a bainar jama'a ya nemi DKNY ya ba da gudummawar a cikin sunansa ga babin YMCA a unguwar Bedford-Stuyvesant na birnin New York. An raba buƙatun tallafin sama da sau 40,000 akan Facebook, kuma bayan matsananciyar matsin lamba a shafukan sada zumunta, DKNY ta ba da uzuri ga jama'a tare da amincewa da ba da gudummawar . Stanton yayi amfani da Indiegogo don tara ƙarin $103,000.
Mutanen New York: Jerin
A kan Agusta 29, 2017, daftarin aiki Humans of New York: The Series , dangane da blog, farko a kan Facebook Watch a matsayin wani ɓangare na cewa premium abun ciki dandali ta ƙaddamar. Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2017, Stanton yayi hira da New Yorkers sama da 1200 akan bidiyo. Kashi na ɗaya ya ƙunshi sassa goma sha uku waɗanda suka tashi daga tsawon mintuna goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin da biyar kuma sun tabo jigogi gama gari a cikin hirarrakin. Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarata 2017, shi ne jerin abubuwan da aka fi bi akan Facebook Watch..<ref name="huffingtonpost"></ref>
Duba wasu abubuwan
Mutane da sunan Bombay
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41358 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari%20a%20Kaduna%20da%20Abuja%2C%20Yuni%202014 | Hari a Kaduna da Abuja, Yuni 2014 | A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 25 ga watan yunin shekarar 2014, an kai wasu hare-hare a tsakiyar Najeriya. A ranakun 23-24 ga watan Yuni, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari a wasu ƙauyukan jihar Kaduna, inda suka kashe mutane kusan 150. An ɗora alhakin kai harin kan ƴan ƙabilar Fulani. A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2014, wani bam ya tashi a Emab Plaza dake babban birnin tarayya Abuja, inda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 21. Dangane da harin bam din, sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmaki kan sansanonin 'yan bindiga biyu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, inda suka kashe fiye da mutane 100.
Wai-wa-ye
20,000
Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe a Najeriya tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014 a hare-haren da ƴan ta'addar Boko Haram ke jagoranta. Ƙungiyar Boko Haram dai na adawa da mayar da Najeriya zuwa kasashen Yamma, wanda suke ganin shi ne ummul haba'isin aikata laifuka a ƙasar. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa dokar ta ɓaci a cikin watan Mayun 2013 a jihar Borno a yaƙin da take yi da masu tada ƙayar bayan. Sakamakon murƙushe ƴan ta’addan, ya kasa daidaita ƙasar.
Tsananta
Hare-haren mayaƙan Boko Haram sun ƙara tsananta a shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta kashe Kiristoci fiye da 100 a ƙauyukan Doron Baga da Izghe. Haka kuma a cikin watan Fabrairu, an kashe yara maza 59 a harin da aka kai a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Jihar Yobe.
Zargi
A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, an zargin ƙungiyar Boko Haram da haddasa mutuwar mutane kusan 4,000 a shekarar 2014. Daga nan ne ƴan bindiga suka kai hari wata makaranta suka yi garkuwa da ƴan mata 276, waɗanda 57 daga cikinsu suka tsere a garin Chibok. Lamarin ya jawo hankalin duniya kan halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kuma ƙasashen yammacin duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa wajen yakar ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Sai dai an ci gaba da kai hare-hare. A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, an kashe mutane 118 a wani harin bam da aka kai a birnin Jos. Washegari, an kashe mutane goma sha biyu a wani samame da aka kai wani ƙauye. Daga baya ƙungiyoyin ƴan banga sun kafu a ko’ina a Arewa, tare da samun nasarar daƙile wasu hare-haren.
Gwoza
Hare-haren da aka kai a karamar hukumar Gwoza da ke jihar Borno na da wuya a iya tabbatar da su saboda rashin kyawun ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwa.
MEND
Har ila yau, Najeriya na fuskantar hare-hare daga ƙungiyar MEND.
Hari a ƙauyukan Kaduna
A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari a ƙauyukan Kabamu da Ankpong a jihar Kaduna, inda suka kashe mutane 38 a cewar shugaban ƴan banga, Christopher Chisom. Gwamna Ramalan Yero, ya tabbatar da faruwar harin, kodayake rahotanni sun ce ƙauyukan sun kai harin kamar Fadan Karshi da Nandu. Ya ce an kashe mutanen ƙauyen 17 da misalin karfe 10 na dare a Fadan Karshi, tare da kama ko kashe mahara biyu. Da karfe 2 na safe wasu ‘yan bindigar kuma sun kashe mutane 21 a Nandu. “Da yawa” wasu kuma sun sami raunuka, kodayake ba a samu takamaiman adadi ba. Shugaban ƙungiyar ta (Ninzon Progressive Youths Organisation) ya ce wata wasiƙar barazana daga Fulani ta yi gargaɗi kai harin a farkon watan.
Ƙauyuka bakwai
A yammacin wannan rana, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari wasu ƙauyuka guda bakwai: Dogon-Daji, Gani, Hayin-Kwanta, Kabani, Kabamu, Kobin, da Naidu. A cewar Chisom, an kashe ƙarin wasu mutane 123 a harin da aka kai cikin dare: 38 a Kobin, 30 a Kabamu, 21 a Dogon-Daji, 16 a Naidu, 9 a Gani, 5 a Hayin Kwanta, 4 a Kabani. Ƙungiyar kiristoci ta Najeriya CAN, ta kuma ruwaito cewa an kashe aƙalla mutane 100 a hare-haren. Rahotanni sun ce biyu daga cikin maharan suna sanye da kakin ƴan sanda. Ba a fitar da adaɗin waɗanda suka mutu a hukumance ba.
Ba a dai san ko su waye waɗanda suka kai harin ba, duk da cewa an kama wasu Fulani makiyaya guda uku a harin da aka kai ranar 25 ga watan Yuni. Mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta CAN ya ce "Na yi imanin cewa su 'yan ta'adda ne saboda Fulanin da muke rayuwa da su ba za su iya yin wannan abu ba." Ya kuma ce wannan ya nuna cewa addini ne ya sa aka kai harin. An kuma samu bindiga ƙirar AK-47 guda uku da alburusai 158 a kamen. Karamar hukumar Sanga ta sanya dokar hana fita ta sa'o'i 24 sakamakon hare-haren.
Harin bom a Emab Plaza
Wani abin fashewa ya fashe a Emab Plaza, cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci da ke birnin tarayya Abuja da misalin karfe 16:00 na ranar 25 ga watan Yuni kusa da ofisoshin gwamnatin tarayya. Fashewar wadda ta faru a lokacin da ake yawan samun cunkoso, ya haifar da hayaki mai yawa. Wani ganau ya ruwaito cewa: “Mun ji wata babbar hayaniya kuma ginin ya girgiza . . . Mun ga hayaki da mutane cikin jini. Hargitsi ne kawai." A cewar rahotannin hukuma, an kashe aƙalla mutane 21 a harin. Jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito an samu mutuwar mutane aƙalla 30 tare da yiyuwar samun karin wasu adadin. Sama da mutane 50 ne suka jikkata a harin.
An harbe wanda ake zargi da yunƙurin tserewa daga wurin. Wata jaka da yake ɗauke da ita na ɗauke da ƙarin wasu bama-bamai acikin jakar. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta mayar da martani kan harin ta hanyar kai farmaki kan sansanonin ‘yan bindiga guda biyu. A cewar Ministan Tsaro, an kashe kusan mayaƙan 50 a kowane wuri. Sojoji biyu ne aka kashe a samamen. Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya dakatar da taron Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka domin ganawa da iyalan waɗanda fashewar ta shafa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni. “’Yan Najeriya suna fafutuka, suna tunanin yadda za su bayar da tasu gudummawar ga ci gaban [al’umma] kuma suna aiki tukuru don kula da iyalansu [yayin da] wasu ke shagaltuwa da kashe mutane,” in ji shi.
Ba a ɗauki alhakin kai harin ba, amma rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai gaba ɗaya na alaƙanta tashin bam din da ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Mako guda kafin hakan, bayanan sirri na gwamnati sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar na shirin yin awon gaba da manyan motocin dakon mai tare da kai su cikin babban birnin ƙasar, waɗanda ke maƙare fam da bama-bamai.
Manazarta
2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Abuja
Boko Haram
Jihar Kaduna
Harin bam a Najeriya |
60051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea%20Butter%20Baby | Shea Butter Baby | Shea Butter Baby shine kundi na halarta na farko na mawakiyar Amurka kuma marubuci Ari Lennox . An sake shi a kan Mayu 7, 2019, ta Dreamville da Interscope Records . Elite mai shirya Dreamville ne ya samar da kundin. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin kundi na Dreamville's in-house producers: J. Cole, Elite, Omen, Ron Gilmore, da Christo, da sauransu.
Fage
An rattaba hannu kan Ari Lennox zuwa Dreamville Records a cikin 2015 bayan da kiɗanta ke yawo a cikin lakabin. Daga ƙarshe, sun tashi da ita zuwa ɗakin studio don yin aiki akan nassoshi don Rihanna, amma waƙoƙin sun raunata zuwa Lennox saboda ta kasance "ba ainihin mawallafi ga sauran masu fasaha ba," kuma ta rubuta bayanan sirri don kanta.
Saki da haɓakawa
A kan Yuli 16, 2018, Ari Lennox ya fito da jagorar guda ɗaya, "Bugawa Cream", don kundi na farko, tare da rakiyar bidiyon kiɗa akan Satumba 5. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Ari ya fito da waƙoƙi guda huɗu na talla : "Shades na Choke 40", "Grampa", "Babu Daya" da "Tsarin Ƙaura".
Waƙar take kasancewa ɗaya ce ta biyu " Shea Butter Baby " tare da J. Cole, an sake shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2019, wanda ya fara bayyana akan sautin Creed II akan Nuwamba 16, 2018. Waƙar tana tare da faifan bidiyo na kiɗa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2019 kuma ta zarce ra'ayoyi miliyan uku ta YouTube a cikin makon farko. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, Ari Lennox ya ba da sanarwar ranar saki da jerin waƙoƙin kundin, kuma ya fitar da guda na talla na biyar " Up Late ", kuma an fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na waƙar a ranar 14 ga Mayu. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, an fitar da wani wasan kwaikwayon rai na waƙar "Na kasance" a Nunin Launuka. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, ta fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na " BMO ", wanda Child ya jagoranta.
Yawon shakatawa
A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, ta sanar da rangadin farko na kanun labarai, tare da fara wasan farko a ranar 12 ga Mayu kuma ta ƙare a ranar 14 ga Yuni a garinsu na Washington, DC, tare da ayyukan tallafi Baby Rose, Mikhala Jene, da Ron Gilmore. Kashi na biyu na rangadin yana a Turai wanda zai fara a watan Disamba.
Remix EP
A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2020, an saki Shea Butter Baby (Remix EP), wanda ke nuna bako daga Doja Cat, Smino, da Durand Bernarr . Ya ƙunshi remixes don waƙoƙin "BMO", "I Been" da "Facetime".
Rubutu da rikodi
Ari Lennox ya yi magana da Complex game da tsarin rubuta kundin yana mai cewa, "kawai duk abin da ke faruwa a rayuwata nan da can. Wani lokaci yana da kyau sosai." Ta gaya wa XXL game da abubuwan da ta bayyana a cikin kundin tana cewa "Ina waƙa game da gidana na farko, game da son karya niggas - idan ranka yana da kyau to wa ya damu? Ina da wannan haɗin gwiwa da ake kira "Static" [inda] na yi magana game da damuwa ta ta hanya mai ma'ana. Kawai yawan jima'i, rai, soyayya da hip-hop."
Ta fara aiki a kan kundi na farko da sauri bayan an sanya hannu a Dreamville, kuma ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don kammalawa. Ron Gilmore yayi magana game da tsarin rikodin da kuma yadda kundin ya samo asali zuwa nau'i na ƙarshe a cikin hira da Revolt, yana cewa:
Omen ya samar da " BMO " wanda ke kwatanta "Space" na Galt MacDermot. Manajan Ari, Justin LaMotte ya nemi Omen ya aika fayil ɗin don su yi aiki a kai, amma kwamfutarsa ta lalace kuma fayilolin sun ɓace. Bayan ya sake yin bugun, ya shiga tare da Ron Gilmore kuma ya ƙara wasu kiɗa, tare da Elite yana taimaka musu tweak wasu sauti. Christo ya kirkiro bugun don "Broke", tare da ƙarin masu samarwa suna ƙara "wasu walƙiya ko shirye-shirye nan da can." JID ya aika a cikin ayarsa don yin waƙar a cikin minti na ƙarshe kafin ya shiga cikin kundin. A ƙarshen "Magana da Ni", Elite da Gilmore sun sa Carlin White ta buga wasu ganguna masu rai a cikin "Latin tsagi" a ƙarshen.
Elite ya kuma yi magana game da "Static" kasancewar waƙar da ya fi so a cikin kundi yana cewa "lokacin da na fara jin an sake kunnawa, na ji daɗi. Na ji bugu-bugu, kuma yana jawo motsin raina - don haka idan hakan ya faru da waƙar, koyaushe ina jin cewa ta musamman ce, domin na san idan ina jin haka, wani daga wurin zai ji haka.” Ari ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Sabon Apartment" ita ce waƙa mafi mahimmanci a cikin kundin yana cewa "ya bambanta, yana da ban mamaki kuma ya fito daga raina. Yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga mutane su ƙaura lokacin da za su iya kuma su fuskanci duniyarsu da nasu sararin samaniya. Yana da mahimmanci a yi bikin hakan." Duk lokacin da aka tambayi waƙar game da rashin yin kundin, Ari zai ƙi yarda da gaske. Skits a kan kundin da aka samo daga rikodin sauti daga Ari's Instagram Live, wanda shine ra'ayin Cole don adana tarihin hotunan.
Mahimman liyafar
A Metacritic, wanda ke ba da ƙimar daidaitacce daga cikin 100 don sake dubawa daga wallafe-wallafen al'ada, kundin ya sami matsakaicin maki 81, yana nuna "yabo na duniya".
Rubutun don Pitchfork, Ann-Derrick Gaillot ya ce, "Kundi na halarta na farko daga mawaƙa mai rairayi-mai raira waƙa yana motsa shi ta hanyar jin daɗin jin daɗi da rai kuma yana da masaniyar warkarwa na rataye a kan kujera tare da babban aboki." Marubucin ya tabbatar da cewa kundi "ya kafa tushen ruhi na ruhi da kuma R & B a cikin gaskiyar gaskiya, yana jujjuya ra'ayin cewa mace mai amincewa da kanta ta zamani dole ne ta kula da facade na allahntaka. Akwai iko, ta ba da shawara, a cikin bikin mara kyau da ɗan ɓarna, maimakon ɓarke na gaskiya mai gogewa mai santsi." Rubutun don Exclaim!, A. Harmony ya ce kundin "labari ne mai ban sha'awa mai zuwa na zamani wanda ke da daɗi a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi."
Cherise Johnson ta HipHopDX ta ce faifan album ɗin "haƙiƙa yana gamsar da ƙishirwa don irin salon rawa da shuɗi wanda ke jin daɗin ruhi, kamar abincin da aka dafa a gida bayan ya dawo gida daga kwaleji a karon farko. Aikin zamani ne mai zuwa, cike da kalmomi masu gaskiya waɗanda aka goyi bayansu tare da kayan aiki na gaske kuma suna magana ga tsarar matan Baƙar fata waɗanda kawai suke son zama kansu - kuma a fili, babu wanda, ba Ari ba, yana jiran izini. " Tyrell Nicolas na Clash ya ba da kyakkyawan bita na kundin, yana mai cewa "yana gudanar da haɓaka R&B na zamani tare da wasu sauti kamar rai, funk, da blues, duk yayin gabatar da mu ga Ari Lennox na yau - da kuma abubuwan da ke jagorantar ta kowane motsi. ." Marubucin ya ci gaba da cewa "Wataƙila mafi kyawun al'amari na 'Shea Butter Baby' shine ingantacciyar rashin laifi wanda ke ratsa shi - tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin da ke cikin sarari tsakanin waƙoƙin ya ba da sha'awar Ari Lennox, tsoro, sha'awa, da kuma niyya." Amira Rasool na Paper ya rubuta game da batutuwan kundin yana mai cewa "Ga matsakaita mai sauraro, jigogin soyayya da soyayyar da aka rasa tsakanin masoya biyu na iya ficewa a cikin kundin, amma ga Lennox, karfafawa mata bakar fata da matsayinsu a duniya. shine abinda take fata zai haska."
Yabo
Ayyukan kasuwanci
Tare da kwanaki uku kawai na bin diddigin, kundin ya yi muhawara a lamba 104 akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mw8A">Billboard</i> 200 na Amurka, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa lamba 67 a mako mai zuwa. Ya kuma yi kololuwa a lamba 38 akan ginshiƙin Albums na Top R&B/Hip-Hop, da lamba 7 akan taswirar R&B na Amurka .
Waƙa da jeri
Samfuran ƙididdiga
Samfuran "Chicago Boy" "Gengis" na Chico Hamilton .
Samfuran "BMO" "Space" na Galt MacDermot .
Samfuran "Broke" "Lullaby" by Chargaux feat. Glas mai laushi.
"Sabon Apartment" samfurori "Ƙasar Sha'awa" ta Hubert Laws .
Samfurin "Kwaji Bulala" "Biyu daga cikinmu" na Cameo .
Samfuran "Static" "Duba Cikin Sama" na RAMP .
Ma'aikata
Charts
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42351 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Hamar | Mutanen Hamar | Al'ummar Hamar (wanda kuma ake yiwa laƙabi da Hamer ) al'umma ce dake zaune a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar Habasha . Suna zaune ne a gundumar Hamer, wani yanki mai albarka na kwarin kogin Omo, a cikin shiyyar Debub Omo na yankin Kudancin Ƙasa, Ƙasa, da Jama'a (SNNPR). Galibinsu makiyaya ne, don haka al’adunsu na ba shanu daraja sosai.
Alkaluma
Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2003 ta ba da rahoton mutane 46,532 a cikin wannan ƙabila, waɗanda 10,000 daga cikinsu mazauna birane ne. Mafi rinjaye (99.13%) na zaune ne a yankin SNNPR.
Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasar Habasha na 1994, akwai masu magana da yaren Hamer 42,838, da kuma 42,448 mutanen Hamer da suka gane kansu, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 0.1% na yawan al'ummar Habasha.
Al'adu
An san Hamar da al’adar su ta musamman ta “tsallake bijimi,” wadda ke sa yaro ya zama babba. Na farko, ƴan'uwa mata suna rawa da gayyatar bulala daga mazan da suka zama manya; wannan yana nuna goyon bayansu ga masu farawa, kuma tabonsu ya ba su damar cewa wanda za su aura.
Dole ne yaro ya yi ta gudu ta taɓa da baya sau biyu a saman bijimai kuma ana yi masa ba'a idan ya kasa.
Mutanen ƙabilar sau da yawa za su yi gyaran gashin kansu da yumɓu, suna ƙirƙirar wani nau'i-nau'i wanda aka yi amfani da nau'ikan launi daban-daban, galibi ja da fari, kuma a cikin sassauci yumɓu suna ƙirƙirar ƙaramin bututun da ke fitowa inda suke da gashin tsuntsaye daga farautarsu.
Mataimakin shugaban hukumar Hamer Bena, Ato Imnet Gashab, ya bayyana cewa ƴan ƙabilar bakwai ne kawai suka taɓa kammala karatun sakandare.
Mingi, a cikin addinin Hamar da ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa, shine yanayin ƙazanta ko "ƙazanta ta al'ada". An kashe mutum, sau da yawa yaro, wanda ake ɗaukan mingi ta hanyar tilastawa ta dindindin daga ƙabila ta hanyar barin shi shi kaɗai a cikin daji ko kuma ta nutse a cikin kogi.
Duba kuma
Harshen Hamer
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Lydall, Jean, da Ivo Strecker (1979). Hamar Kudancin Habasha . A cikin juzu'i uku: v. 1.: Jaridar Aiki; v. 2: Baldambe yayi bayani; v. 3: Tattaunawa a Dambaiti. Arbeiten aus dem Institut fur Volkerkunde der Universitat zu Göttingen, Bd. 12-14. Hohenschaftlarn: Klaus Renner Verlag. ISBN 3-87673-063-5 (aya 1); (aya 2); (aya 3).
Giansanti, Gianni (2004). Bata Afrika . Rubutu da hotuna daga Gianni Giansanti; Gabatarwar ethnographic na Paolo Novaresio. Fassara daga Italiyanci. Da audio CD. Vercelli, Italiya: White Star. ISBN 88-544-0006-8 .
Strecker, Ivo A. (1988). Ayyukan Zamantakewa na Alama: Nazarin Anthropological . Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 60. London; Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-19557-7 .
Fina-finai
1973 - River of Sand na Robert Gardner launi, 83 min
1994 - Sweet Sorghum: 'Yar mai zane-zane ta tuna da rayuwa a Hamar, Kudancin Habasha : wani fim na Ivo Strecker da Jean Lydall da 'yar su Kaira Strecker. Farashin IWF. Watertown, Massachusetts: Bayanan Ilimi albarkatun, [an saki c. 1997]. VHS. Mai gabatarwa/mai ba da labari, Kaira Strecker; furodusa, Rolf Husmann.
1996 saki - "The Hamar Trilogy." Jerin fina-finai uku na Joanna Head da Jean Lydell; Filmakers Library, NYC ya rarraba. Taken da ke cikin jerin sune: Matan Masu Murmushi, Yan Mata Biyu Suna Farauta da Hanyar Soyayya .
2001 - Duka's ilemma: Ziyarar Hamar, Kudancin Habasha . Fim ɗin Jean Lydall da Kaira Strecker. Watertown, Massachusetts: Ɗaliban Ilimi na Documentary, wanda aka saki a cikin 2004. DVD. Kamara, sauti, da gyarawa, Kaira Strecker; Anthropology da samarwa, Jean Lydall.
2001 – The Last Warrior aruman: Kabilar Hamar da Karo: Neman Mingi . Ƙaddamarwar Trans Media; Tauraron Kudu. Princeton, New Jersey: Fina-finai don 'Yan Adam & Kimiyya. VHS. Daga Jarumai Na Karshe: Ƙabilu Bakwai Akan Ƙarshen Ƙarshe. Jerin mai gabatarwa / mai gudanarwa, Michael Willesee Jr.; marubuci / darekta, Ben Ulm. ISBN 0-7365-3606-X .
Hotuna
2003 - Nyabole: Hamar – Kudancin Habasha . CD. Gidan kayan tarihi na Berlin jerin. An yi rikodin tsakanin 1770 da 1776 kuma an buga shi a asali akan LP 1768. Mainz, Jamus: Wergo.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mutanen Hamar na Kwarin Omo, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Hamer
Shafin Hamer daga BBC
Mutanen Afirka
Tashar ganowa
Bidiyon kasuwar kauyen Hamer - YouTube
Bidiyon tsallen bijimi - YouTube
Hotunan ƴan kabilar Hamar, Fabrairu 2010
Hamer da mutanen kwarin Omo (Hotuna daga Jean Buet) Archived
Kabilu
Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka |
53966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsi%20Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna Nervous Conditions (1988), wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter . A cikin 2020, littafinta Wannan Jikin Makoki ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker . A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia ( yanzu Zimbabwe ), ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa. Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko, kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta. Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi. A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya." Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka. A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko .
A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell. Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission. Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare), kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex . A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai.
Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci. Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi. Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Katshaa! da Mavambo . Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!” Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: Lost of the Soil (1983), Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba, da Na Uku . A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma.
Sana'a
1980s da 1990s
A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin Whispering Land . A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna She No Longer Weeps, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare. Littafinta na farko, Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka . Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London . Yanayi na Jijiya, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989. Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ' ya'ya mata na Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya. Ana ɗaukar Yanayin Jijiya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta, kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya.
A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin . Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus. A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare. Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin Neria, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe. Fim ɗinta na 1996 Child's Child, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin . Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau .
2000 gaba
A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya. Fim dinta na 2005 Kare Kare Zvako ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan . Fim dinta Peretera Maneta a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar. Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare. Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera. Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA).
Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar £ 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da £ 500." Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, Littafin Ba, wani mabiyi ga Yanayin Jijiya . Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara . Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar. Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka.
Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014. A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama. Littafinta na uku, Wannan Jikin Makoki, Mabiyi na Littafin Ba da Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin New York Times a matsayin "wani gwaninta" da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. . ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162.
A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar Bomb, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da Yanayin Jijiya . Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. ... [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin Yanayin Jijiya ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. . . . Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa."
A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar. m
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa. Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020.
A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022.
Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu.
A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta, ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950.
A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge .
PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani ... don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu". A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa .
A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara.
A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga. An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020.
A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka." A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.
Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa
1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don Yanayin Jijiya
2005: Kare Kare Zvako ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
2018: Yanayin Jijiya da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya
2020: Wannan Jikin Makoki da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker
2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai
2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara)
Jerin ayyuka
Na Uku (wasa)
Rashin Ƙasa (wasa), 1983
"Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin Ƙasar Wasiƙa
Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba (wasa), 1987
Yanayin Jijiya, 1988,
Littafin Ba, 2006,
Wannan Jikin Makoki , 2018,
Baƙar fata da Na mata (marubuta), 2022,
Filmography
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
Petri Liukkonen.
"Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", Sabon Rubutu, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", New Stateman, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", AlJazeera, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" , 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga", Kankare, 27 Fabrairu 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42444 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Andam | Kenneth Andam | Kenneth Ekow Andam (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 1976) ɗan wasan tseren Ghana ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi gasa a tseren mita 4×100 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 a Sydney, Ostiraliya. Andam Ba-Amurke ne a fagen track and field yayin da yake fafatawa a Jami'ar Brigham Young.
Personal
An haifi Kenneth Ekow Andam a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 1976. ɗan Takoradi, Ghana. Iyayensa su ne Kenneth da Janet Andam, kuma an ruwaito alaƙar addininsa a matsayin Mormonism.
Wasan motsa jiki
Junior athlete
A cikin shekarar 1995, Andam ya lashe gasar tsalle-tsalle sau uku a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka a Bouaké, Ivory Coast (mita 15.63) da gasar zakarun Afirka ta Yamma a Long Jump a Banjul, Gambia. Ya kuma kafa tarihin tsalle- tsalle a tsakanin yankuna uku na mita 16.02 a WA, wani gari ne dake arewacin Ghana a lokacin gasar da aka yi tsakanin yankuna a shekarar 1995 kuma an ba shi kyautar namijin da ya fi kowanne dan wasa a gasar a waccan shekarar.
Aikin koleji
Andam ya halarci Jami'ar Brigham Young inda ya yi fafatawa a gasar tsere da filin wasan Cougars a tseren mita 100, mita 200, tseren mita 4×100, da tsalle mai tsayi. Tun daga 2012, yana riƙe da manyan maki goma don BYU a kowane taron, gami da rikodin makaranta a cikin 4×100 relay da aka saita a cikin 1999 tare da ɗan wasan Ghana Leonard Myles-Mills (38.88 seconds). Andam yana matsayi na uku a jerin mafi kyawun lokaci na BYU bayan Frank Frederick da Myles-Mills, kuma na uku a bayan Frederick da Oluyemi Kayode.
An ba da izini ga Andam sune lambobin yabo na Yammaci (WAC), gami da sabon ɗan shekara biyu na ciki da waje, Kyautar Taron Dutsen Yamma (MWC) da rikodin track and field da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa (NCAA) Duk Darajojin Amurka. Tun daga 2011, yana riƙe da rikodin taron Mountain West na kowane lokaci a cikin mita 60 da mita 200 na cikin gida, da na waje na mita 100 da mita 200.
A cikin 1999, Andam ya kasance na 11 a cikin al'umma a cikin mita 100 da na 7 a cikin mita 200 kuma shine zakaran WAC a cikin tsalle mai tsayi da kuma 4 X 100 relay. A cikin dogon tsallen, ya ji rauni a lokacin da ya sauka kuma ya kasa yin takara a gasar tseren mita 60 da 20. A 1999 NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship a Boise, Idaho, ya ci gaba tare da Myles-Mills zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na 200 mita da kuma 4 X 100 relay tawagar, matsayi na 1 a cikin al'umma, wanda ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe. tare da mafi sauri Semi-final lokacin. Andam ya ji rauni kafin wasan karshe, kuma a karshe kungiyar ta BYU ta zo na uku a kasar.
Andam ya ji rauni tare da karaya a cikin watan Janairu 2000, amma ya murmure don buga wasan kwaikwayo wanda sau biyu ya ba shi lakabin Wasan Waje na Mako na Dutsen West Conference Men's Outdoor Track and Field Athleth of the Week. A waccan kakar, shi ne zakaran MWC a cikin mita 100 da 200, kuma ya cancanta a cikin mita 100 da 4 X 100 don Gasar Waje da Filayen Maza na 2000 NCAA a Durham, North Carolina.
A gasar gasar Mountain West na 2001, Andam ya sami lambar yabo ta Mazaje Mai Girma. Kafin 2001 NCAA Track and Field Championship a Eugene Oregon, Andam ya kasance a matsayi na 8 a cikin al'umma don mita 100. A wasan karshe, ya buga lokacin 10.39 don kammala a 7th.
Gasar kasa da kasa
A cikin shekarar 1999, Andam ya wakilci Ghana a tseren mita 200 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 1999 a Seville, Spain. Ya kare a matsayi na shida a cikin zafinsa na farko (21.31 seconds) kuma ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A shekara ta 2000 a gasar cin kofin Afrika a Algiers, Andam ya sami lambar tagulla a cikin mita 100 (dakika 10.33) da kuma lambar zinare a tawagar 'yan gudun hijirar Ghana na 4×100 (39.90 seconds). A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 a Sydney, ya wakilci Ghana a cikin 4 X 100; duk da haka, tawagarsa ta kasa gamawa a zafafan wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar. Andam kuma ya fafata a tseren mita 100 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2001 a Edmonton, Canada. A cikin zafinsa na farko, ya zo na uku a 10.40 don samun tikitin zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, Andam da kyar bai samu tikitin shiga gasar ba inda ya kare a matsayi na hudu da maki 10.26.
Other ventures
Andam yana da littattafai guda uku da AuthorHouse ya buga mai suna Scarlet Minor Chronicles wanda jerin littattafai ne guda biyar tare da littattafai biyu na ƙarshe da har yanzu ke kan ci gaba.
Andam ya kafa WorldVuer Inc., kamfanin sadarwa na kafofin watsa labaru wanda ya ƙera fasahohin mallakar mallaka don sadarwa mai zurfi da bayanai. Andam kuma ya kafa Globa, Inc. tare da Johan Meyer don samar da banki ta wayar hannu da aikawa da wayar hannu ga 'yan Afirka a fadin nahiyar da danginsu da ke zaune a kasashen waje. Andam kuma ya kafa Payodd, mai sarrafa ƴan kasuwa da dandamalin ma'amala ta wayar hannu ga masu siye da kasuwanci a duk duniya, don samar da sassauci wajen sarrafa biyan kuɗi wanda 'yan kasuwa ke buƙata don rage farashin saye da samar da kudaden shiga ga kasuwancin su. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa OS Petro, Inc., wanda kamfanin mai da iskar gas ne mai rangwame da tanadi a Ghana da Namibiya. Andam kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban SIDE EQUITY, kamfani da ke ba da gudummawar ayyukan fasaha, albarkatun kasa, da kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da su. Andam ya kafa Sleek Media Group. Andam kuma shi ne ya kafa kamfanin Beverly Air LTD, kamfanin raya gidaje da ke mayar da hankali kan ayyukan ci gaban al’umma a Ghana da ma nahiyar Afirka baki daya.
A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, 2018, Andam ya amsa laifinsa a Kotun Lardi ta Hudu ta Utah zuwa ga Zamba dangane da saka hannun jari a Globa, Inc. Ya kasa gurfana a kan hukuncin da aka shirya yi masa, wanda hakan ya sa aka bayar da sammacin kama shi a duk fadin jihar bayan an ki amincewa da bukatar lauyan nasa na ci gaba da yanke hukuncin a ranar 4/3/2018. Lauyan Andam ya shigar da kara na janye karar da aka yi masa. An sanya ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2018 za a ci gaba da sauraron karar. Andam a halin yanzu yana gudun hijira daga doka, yayin da ya amsa laifin zamba a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka (Jihar Utah v. Kenneth Ekow Andam, Case No.151401901, Kotun Lardi ta Hudu, gundumar Utah, Jihar Utah), amma ya kasa bayyana saboda hukuncin da aka yanke masa ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2018.
rikodin wasanni
Outdoor
Indoor
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozak%20Esu | Ozak Esu | Ozak-Obazi Oluwaseyi Esu (an haife ta a 23 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1991) injiniyan lantarki ce yar Najeriya wanda ita ce jagoran fasaha a BRE Center for Smart Homes and gine (CSHB) . A baya ta yi aiki a Cundall a Birmingham, tana tsara ayyukan lantarki don ayyukan gine-gine.
Karatu
Ozak Esu an haife ta ne a Kaduna, Nijeriya. Ta kammala jarrabawar A-Level a lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma labarin kasa a Legas . Ta ce matsalar makamashi a Najeriya na daga abunda yasa ta karanci injiniya a jami’a. Katsewar wutar lantarki sau da yawa wanda na samu wanda ya sa na yanke shawarar ɗaukar sha'awar kimiyyar lissafi ".
A shekarar 2008 ta koma Burtaniya, inda ta sami digiri na farko a bangaren Injiniyanci da Injiniyan lantarki. Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Nijeriya. Ta samu tallafin kudi na £ 54,000 don karatun digiri na biyu, kuma ta sami digirin-digirinta a cikin shekarar 2016, tana aiki a kan hadarin iska wanda James Flint ke kula da shi. Her PhD ta nuna damar don samar da na'urori masu sauƙin rahusa a cikin kayan lantarki na masu amfani da wutar lantarki don sanya ido a kan yanayin saɓon iska. Kusa da wallafa ayyukanta a cikin mujallolin kimiyya, Esu an gabatar da ita a shirin sabuntawa makamashi (renewable energy) da kuma rawar da akayi game da taro na kasa da kasa (vibrating testing international conference) a Turai da Amurka. A cikin shekarar 2013 ta gabatar a taron Harnessing the Energy - Mata na Injiniyan Mata .
Aiki da bincike
Esu ta shiga Cundall Johnston da Partners a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 a matsayin injiniya na digiri yayin da ta kammala digirin digirgir a jami'ar Loughborough. Ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙirar fasaha, da kuma sa ido a kan ginin makarantun firamare da na sakandare fiye da goma sha shida a duk faɗin Ingila a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na kamfanin. Har ila yau tana cikin membobin ƙirar ƙira don Ofishin Tsarin Kayan Wuta na Makamashi a Birmingham, an ba shi lambar yabo ga Majalisar Councilasar Burtaniya don Ofisoshin 'Fit Out of Workplace' Midlands Regional Award 2017. A shekara ta 2017 an inganta ta zuwa injiniyan lantarki . A cikin wannan rawar Esu ya kasance yana da alhakin jagorantar, gudanarwa da kuma daidaita kimanta abubuwan lantarki na yau da kullun, da kuma ƙirar sabbin ayyukan ginin lantarki, kazalika da yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai .
A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Esu ya shiga cikin BRE (Ginin Binciken Ginin) a matsayin jagorancin fasaha a BRE Center don Smart Homes da Gine-ginen (CSHB) . CSHB ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "cibiyar hadin gwiwar masana'antu, makarantun gaba da gwamnati. Yana aiki don haɓaka amfani da samfurori masu kyau da sabis a cikin yanayin da aka gina, don haɓaka fa'idodi don duka kuma magance kalubale na yau da kullun a cikin Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) " .
A wannan mataki Esu ke dauke da nauyin gudanar da bincike akan fannoni da dama dangane da smart buildings, scoping new projects da developing proposals da propositions dinsu. Haka yasa ta sama damar 'to bring her PhD expertise to bear on the subject of “smart cities” ' .
A tare da aikinta, Esu tana amatsayin malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Bath, Jami'ar Lincoln, Jami'ar Loughborough da Jami'ar London South Bank.
Huldar jama'a da banbance-banbance
Esu ke sadaukar da lokaci don ayyukan da ke inganta bambancin, hadawa, daidaici, da kuma neman karfafawa mata da kabilu masu karamin karfi aiki da karatu a makarantu masu alaka da STEM. Wadannan sun hada da hidima cikin ayyukan kamar yadda panellist for Association for Black da kuma 'yan tsiraru Kabilanci Engineers (AFBE-UK), bincike dalibi gudummawa ga Loughborough University Athena Swann Award kwamitin binciken shingen hana dalibai mata daga ci gaba a kan ga matsayin a masana ilimi, da kuma kula da tarbiyyar a Gidauniyar Visiola, Nigeria.
Esu tana bayyana iliminta da kokarinta ga knanan yara, da daliban jami'o'i, cigaba kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da karatun lissafi da ayyukansu. Ta Kuma shiga cikin fafutuku da dama Kamara Ayyuka a STEM, Portrait of an Engineer, da HM Government Year of Engineering 2018. Esu ta bayyana a Made in Birmingham da Channel 4 Extreme Cake Makers.
Kyauta da girmamawa
In 2013, Esu ta lashe na farko na Energy Young Entrepreneur Scheme (Energy YES) worth £2,000 sanda take aiki tare da yantakaran doctoral daga MEGS (Midlands Energy Graduate School). Esu an sanyata cikin jerin "The Telegraph’s Top 50 Women in Engineering under 35" a 23 Yuni 2017. Ita ce ta 2017 Institution of Engineering and Technology Young Woman Engineer of the Year. A Satumbar 2017, ta lashe Institution of Engineering and Technology Mike Sargeant Career Achievement Award for Young Professionals dangane da gudunmuwarta a fannonin Injiniya da fasaha.
Manazarta |
22479 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Rayuwar%20Iyali | Haƙƙin Rayuwar Iyali | Haƙƙinin rayuwar iyali haƙƙi ne na kowane mutum don a girmama tsarin rayuwar danginsa, kuma ya kasance tare da kiyaye danginsa. An yarda da wannan haƙƙin a cikin kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban na duniya, gami da Mataki na 16 na Sanarwar Universalan Adam ta Duniya, Mataki na 23 na Yarjejeniyar Coasa da 'Yancin Siyasa, da Mataki na 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da' Yancin Dan Adam .
Ma'ana
Canjin yanayin iyali yana buƙatar ma'anar abin da iyali ya ƙunsa. Babu wata hamayya da ke nuna cewa dangantaka tsakanin mata da miji, abokan aure (de facto), iyaye da yara, ‘yan’uwa, da‘ dangi na kusa ’kamar tsakanin kakanni da jikoki yana wakiltar iyali kamar yadda ake buƙata ƙarƙashin haƙƙin rayuwar iyali. Kalubale ya kasance inda nau'ikan dangantakar iyali ta zamani suka ɓullo da cewa har yanzu doka ba ta fito fili ta amince da su ba. "Kasancewar… na rayuwar iyali tambaya ce ta gaskiya" kuma ana yanke hukunci akai-akai a karkashin kowane yanayi na gaskiya. Kotun Turai na ’Yancin’ ɗan Adam ya bayyana cewa lokacin da take yin la’akari da abin da ya kuma ƙunshi dangantakar iyali Kotun “dole ne ta yi la’akari da ci gaban da ake samu a cikin al’umma da kuma canje-canje game da yadda ake fahimta game da zamantakewar jama’a, halin mutumtaka da kuma batun dangantaka, gami da cewa babu guda ɗaya tak. hanya ko zaɓi ɗaya a fagen jagoranci da rayuwar dangin mutum ko rayuwa ta sirri ”. Canulla dangi na iya yankewa.
Dangantaka da 'yancin yin aure
Haƙƙinin yin aure yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin rayuwar iyali, duk da kuma haka haƙƙoƙin biyu ba su da kama. An ba da haƙƙin aure a bayyane a cikin duk kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, mahimmanci samar da cewa dukkan mutane suna da 'yancin yin aure kuma sun sami iyali. Haƙƙin rayuwar iyali galibi yana nufin haƙƙin mutum don ƙirƙirar da kula da zamantakewar iyali. An bayyana a cikin X, Y da Z v United Kingdom cewa a halin da ake ciki an fitar da mai mata daga jihar abokin tarayyarsu saboda asalinsu, babu keta haddin ikon yin aure kasancewar mutanen sun riga sun yi aure, don haka dole ne a yi la’akari da haƙƙin rayuwar iyali.
Kalubale
Babban yanki na rikici yana faruwa tsakanin ikon Amurka don sarrafa shigarwa da zama a cikin iyakokinta da kuma tasirin wannan ikon akan haƙƙin ɗan adam na rayuwar iyali. A cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ƙa'idar ta gabaɗaya ta nuna cewa wata ƙasa tana da haƙƙin tsara shigarwa da zama a cikin yankinta. Lokacin da wannan ikon sarrafawa ya haifar da kora daga mutum, wannan na iya haifar da keta haƙƙin mutum na zama tare da danginsu. Wannan rikice-rikicen yana faruwa ne inda baƙi ya kasance mata, mahaifi ko dangi na ɗan wata Jiha, kuma Jiha tana son cire ko ƙin shigowa baƙin haure. Lokacin da aka gabatar da ƙalubale gaban Kotuna ko hukumomin sa ido, dole ne a daidaita tsakanin haƙƙin Jiha na aiwatar da dokokin ƙaura da kiyaye zaman lafiyar jama'a, da kuma tasirin aiwatar da waɗannan dokokin zai shafi haƙƙin mutum na rayuwar iyali . An jaddada cewa ba aikin sa ido ba ne ga "sa ido kan manufofin shige da fice na gwamnati, amma don bincika ko an tabbatar da hakkin mai nema ga rayuwar iyali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba".
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta kasance Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a ranar 10 Disamban shekara ta 1948, yana bayyana haƙƙin duniya da kowa ke da shi ba tare da la'akari da dalilai na asali ba. Ana iya tabbarwa cewa UDHR yanzu yana wakiltar dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta al'ada, kuma don haka yana da ikon tilasta doka akan Jihohi.
Tanadin da ya shafi haƙƙin dangi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin doka ta 16 (3) ta UDHR kamar haka:
Turai
Tsakanin Turai Yarjejeniyar Turai akan 'Yancin Ɗan Adam da Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai sun kasance a matsayin tushen haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali.
Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Ɗan Adam
Labarin ya dora alhaki mai kyau da mara kyau a kan Jihohi; ba wai kawai ana buƙatar Jiha ba ne don kare jama’arta daga tsangwama ba bisa son rai ba daga hukumomin gwamnati, dole ne kuma ta samar da tsare-tsarenta na shari’a na cikin gida da zai ba da damar ci gaban “rayuwar iyali ta yau da kullun”. .
Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Turai
Afirka
An bayyana kariyar iyali da ƙungiyoyin masu rauni a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a a cikin Mataki na 18, yana cewa:
Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila haƙƙin rayuwar iyali 'haƙƙi ne mai cancanta' a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Ɗan Adam ta shekara ta 1998. Wannan cancantar ta baiwa hukuma damar yin katsalandan game da haƙƙin rayuwar iyali idan ta kare haƙƙin wasu ne ko don maslahar al'umma. A ranar 9 ga Yulin shekara ta 2012 sabbin Dokokin Shige da Fice sun fara aiki a cikin Burtaniya, wanda ke ba da nauyi mafi girma ga ikon Amurka na sarrafa ikon shiga da zama idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin mutum na rayuwar iyali. Wannan tunanin yana taƙaita ikon mutum don fuskantar nasarar ƙalubalen da suka yi imanin sun keta haƙƙinsu na asali na rayuwar iyali.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Aure
Iyali
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20425 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98abilar%20Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri (Kanouri, Kanowri, da Yerwa, Bare Bari da sauran sunaye masu yawa) ƙabilu ne na Afirka waɗanda ke zaune a mafi yawan ƙasashen tsohuwar Kanem da daular Bornu a Nijar, Najeriya, Sudan, Libya da Kamaru. Wadanda galibi ake kira Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin yare, da yawa daga cikinsu wadanda suke da bambanci da Kanuri. Yawancinsu suna gano asalinsu zuwa layin mulkin masarautar Kanem-Bornu, da kuma jihohin abokan cinikinta ko lardunan. Ya kuma bambanta da makwabtan makiyaya na Toubou ko Zaghawa, kungiyoyin Kanuri a al'adance suna zaman kashe wando, yin noma, kamun kifin Chadi, da tsunduma cikin kasuwanci da sarrafa gishiri.
Bayan Fage
Ƙabilar Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan rukuni da yawa, da kuma tantance su da sunaye daban-daban a wasu yankuna. Yaren Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu kuma har yanzu shine babban yare a kudu maso gabashin Niger, arewa maso gabashin Nigeria da arewacin Kamaru, amma a Chadi an iyakance shi ga handfulan masu magana a cikin biranen.
Mafi yawan ƙabilar Kanuri suna zaune a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda masarautar Bornu ta samo asali ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka kafa tun kafin Ƙarni na 1000 CE. Kimanin masu magana da Kanuri miliyan 3 ke zaune a Nijeriya, ba tare da wasu masu magana da yaren Manga ko Mangari 200,000 ba. Mutanen Nga a cikin jihar Bauchi sun gano asalinsu daga ƙabilar Kanuri.
A kudu maso gabashin Nijar, inda suka fi yawa a cikin masu yawan tayar da zaune tsaye, Kanuri ana kiransu Bare Bari (sunan Hausawa). Yawan Kanuri dubu dari hudu a Nijar ya haɗa da rukunin Manga ko Mangari, wanda yawansu ya kai 100,000 (1997) a yankin gabashin Zinder, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu kamar sun bambanta da Bare Bari .
Kimanin mambobi 40,000 (1998) na ƙungiyar Tumari, wani lokacin ana kiranta Kanembu a Nijar, wasu keɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyin Kanuri ne da ke zaune a yankin N'guigmi, kuma sun bambanta da mutanen Kanembu na ƙasar Chadi. A cikin mashigar Kaour ta gabashin Nijar, Kanuri ya kara kasu kashi biyu zuwa Bla Bla subgroup, yawan su yakai 20,000 (2003), kuma sune mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙabilar gishiri da masana'antar kasuwanci ta Bilma.
Kanuri yana magana da ire-iren Kanuri, ɗayan yarukan Nilo-Saharan . Rarrabawar sun haɗa da yarukan Manga, Tumari, da Bilma na Kanuri ta Tsakiya da yaren Kanembu da ya bambanta.
Gado da al'adun addini da al'adun jihar Kanem-Bornu, ƙabilar Kanuri galibi Musulmin Sunni ne.
A Chadi, masu magana da Kanembu sun banbanta kansu da manyan kabilun Kanuri. Kanembu suna tsakiya a lardin Lac da kuma lardin Kanem na kudu. Kodayake Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu, a cikin Kasar Chadi, masu magana da Kanuri sun iyakance ga kaɗan daga masu magana a cikin biranen. Kanuri ya kasance babban harshe a kudu maso gabashin Nijar, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru.
A farkon shekarar 1980s, Kanembu ya kasance mafi yawan ɓangare na yawan lardin Lac, amma wasu Kanembu suma sun rayu a Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture . Da zarar asalin ƙabilar Masarautar Kanem-Borno, waɗanda ƙasashe a wani lokaci sun haɗa da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kudancin Libya, Kanembu ta riƙe alaƙa fiye da kan iyakar Chadi. Misali, dangin dangi da na kasuwanci sun hada su da Kanuri na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A cikin Chadi, Kanembu da yawa na lardin Lac da Kanem suna da alaƙa da Alifa na Mao, gwamnan yankin a zamanin mulkin mallaka.
Asalin mutanen makiyaya ne, Kanuri suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Nilo-Sahara da yawa waɗanda ke da asalin Sahara ta Tsakiya, suka fara fadada a yankin Tafkin Chadi a karshen karni na 7, kuma suka shagaltar da 'yan asalin Nilo-Saharan da Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) ) masu magana. A al'adar Kanuri, Sef, ɗan Dhu Ifazan na Yemen, ya isa Kanem a ƙarni na tara kuma ya haɗu da mutane zuwa daular Sayfawa . Wannan al'adar, wataƙila samfurin ne daga tasirin Islama na gaba, wanda ke nuna alaƙar da asalin Larabawa a zamanin Islama. Tabbacin shaidar asalin statean asali a yankin Tafkin Chadi ya faro ne zuwa kusan 800 KZ a Zilum.
Addini
Amfani da karin magana a bayyane ya ke a cikin addinin Kanuri na Islama inda ake amfani da su don taimakawa wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a zamantakewa da kuma koyar da ma'anonin abubuwa. Waɗannan karin magana an ƙirƙira su ne da tsofaffin maza masu hikima tare da mahangar ra'ayi dangane da halin da ake ciki da kuma wane darasi da ake ƙoƙarin koyarwa. Misalai galibi suna magana ne akan abubuwan da aka samo a rayuwar yau da kullun. Koyaya, ana amfani da abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karin magana ta yadda za su koyar da halaye na zamantakewa, imani ko gogewa. Sau da yawa ana gina karin magana a kusa da ayyukan da ake buƙata waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, amma ana sanya su don a sauƙaƙe su gani kuma a yi amfani da su ga wasu, yanayi mai tsanani. Za'a iya amfani da karin magana na Kanuri a matsayin wata hanya ta tsoratarwa ko gargaɗi ga mutane game da ayyukan wauta ko haɗari, amma kuma na iya zama mai sauƙin zuciya da ƙarfafawa.
Kanuri sun zama musulmai a karni na 11. Kanem ya zama cibiyar karatun musulmai kuma Kanuri ba da daɗewa ba ya mallaki duk yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Chadi da kuma daula mai ƙarfi da ake kira Kanem Empire, wacce ta kai tsayi a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai lokacin da suke mulkin yawancin Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Yankunan gargajiya
Bayan faɗuwar Daular Bornu da kuma Scramble for Africa a cikin ƙarni na 19, Kanuri ya kasu kashi biyu karkashin mulkin Masarautun Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus.
Duk da asarar da Kanuri ta yi, Shehu na Bornu ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Masarautar Bornu. Wannan jihar ta Kanuri / Kanembu ta gargajiya tana kula da tsarin al'adar ƙabilar Kanuri da ke zaune a Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya amma ta amince da Kanuri miliyan 4 a ƙasashe maƙwabta. Shehun ("Sheik") na Bornu ya zaro ikonsa daga jihar da aka kafa kafin 1000 CE, masarautar Kanem-Bornu.
Layin mulki na yanzu, daular al-Kanemi, ya samo asali ne daga hawan Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi a farkon karni na 19, tare da raba daular Sayfawa da ta yi mulki daga kusan 1300 CE. Shehu na 19, Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi ya gaje shi.
Shugabannin siyasa
A Najeriya, shahararrun shugabannin Kanuri bayan samun ‘yanci sun haɗa da‘ yan siyasa Kashim Ibrahim, Ibrahim Imam, Zannah Bukar Dipcharima, Shettima Ali Monguno, Abba Habib, Muhammad Ngileruma, Baba Gana Kingibe, tsohon shugaban GNPP Waziri Ibrahim, da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Sani Abacha . A Nijar, shugabannin siyasa na Kanuri sun haɗa da tsohon Firayim Ministan Nijar Mamane Oumarou, da tsohon Shugaban Nijar, Mamadou Tandja.
Yankin Kanuri a Najeriya
Wata takamaiman ƙaramin Ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da ya fito a cikin shekarar 1950s, wanda ke kan Bornu. Wasu '' Pan-Kanuri '' masu kishin ƙasa sun yi da'awar yanki na don yankin abin da suka kira "Babban Kanowra", gami da lardunan Lac da Kanem na zamani a Chadi, Yankin Arewa mai Nisa a Kamaru da Yankunan Diffa da Zinder a Nijar da darfur a Sudan .
A cikin shekarar 1954, aka kafa kungiyar 'Yan Matasa ta Borno (BYM) kuma suka taka rawa a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa mai yanki har zuwa karshen mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa ta samu' yanci.
Manazarta
Majiya
"Kanuri" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. An shiga 2 Afrilu 2009.
Fuchs, Peter (1989). Fachi: Sahara-Stadt der Kanuri . 2 vol.., Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Fuchs, Peter (1983). Fachi: Das Brot der Wüste . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Lange, Dierk. "Ethnogenesis daga cikin yankin Chadi: Wasu Tunani kan Tarihin Kanem-Borno", Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 39 (1993), 261-277. .
Malone, Martin J. "Society-Kanuari" . Atlas na Attaura . Jami'ar Kent a Canterbury da Jami'ar Durham (Ingila, Ingila). (Babu kwanan wata. ) An shiga 5 Yuli 2019. An adana 4 Mayu 1997.
"Kanuri" . Afrikanische Sprachen. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag akan layi (27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008).
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kanuri . Jami'ar Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya.
Kabila
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan Nijeriya |
40797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashi%20a%20Baga%2C%202015 | Kisan kiyashi a Baga, 2015 | Kisan kiyashin na Baga na shekarar 2015 wani jerin kashe-kashe ne da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram ta kai a garin Baga da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, tsakanin 3 ga watan Janairu zuwa 7 ga watan Janairun 2015.
An fara kai harin ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu lokacin da ƴan Boko Haram suka mamaye wani sansanin soji da ke hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke ɗauke da dakaru daga Chadi, Nijar da Najeriya. Daga nan ne mayakan suka tilastawa dubban jama'ar yankin, inda suka yi ta kashe-kashen jama'a wanda ya kai ga ranar 7 ga wata.
An ba da rahoton asarar rayuka “dayawa” amma ba a san iyakarsu ba. Kafofin yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun ruwaito cewa an kashe "sama da mutane 2,000" ko kuma "ba a ji duriyarsu ba", amma kafofin yada labaran cikin gida sun ba da rahoton mutuwar "a kalla mutum dari", yayin da ma'aikatar tsaron Najeriya ta ce ƙasa da mutane 150 ne aka kashe, ciki har da maharan. Jami’an gwamnati da dama sun musanta cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya yi yawa kamar yadda aka ruwaito, wasu ma na ikirarin cewa ba a taba yin kisan gilla ba ko kuma sojojin Najeriya sun fatattaki ‘yan bindigar daga yankin, lamarin da jami’an yankin da waɗanda suka tsira da ransu (daga harin), da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya suka musu ta iƙirarin na jami'an gwamnatin.
Garin Baga da aƙalla wasu garuruwa 16 ana tunanin an ruguza su, yayin da aka ce sama da mutane 35,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, inda ake fargabar wasu da dama sun nutse a lokacin da suke kokarin tsallakawa tafkin Chadi da wasu da suka maƙale a tsibirai a tafkin. Hare-haren an ce sun yi sanadin kai hare-haren Boko Haram zuwa sama da kashi 70% na jihar Borno, yayin da shugaban ƙungiyar, Abubakar Shekau, ya ɗauki alhakin kisan kiyashin a wani sakon faifan bidiyo, yana mai cewa "ba su da yawa" kuma kungiyar ta tawaye "ba zasu daina ba".
Wai-wa-ye
Garin Baga, a jihar Borno, ya kasance wurin da wani sansanin sojojin Najeriya da ke zama hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), rundunar ƙasa da ƙasa ta sojojin Najeriya da Nijar da kuma Chadi da aka kafa a shekarar 1994 domin tunkarar kan iyakar boda, matsalolin tsaro da kuma a baya-bayan nan, yakar ta’addancin yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram. A saboda haka ne ake kyautata zaton garin na da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga ƙungiyar Boko Haram, kasancewar shi ne babban gari na karshe a Arewacin jihar Borno da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Najeriya, kuma wani muhimmin sansanin soji na dakarun gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa.
Kisa da hare-hare
An fara kai hare-haren ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, lokacin da Mayaƙan Boko Haram da dama suka kwace garin Baga suka mamaye hedikwatar MNJTF da sansanin soji da ke garin.
An kai hari hedikwatar MNJTF
A cewar Sanata Ahmed Zanna, wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Borno ta tsakiya, sojojin gwamnati - duk da kasancewar hedkwatar hadin gwiwa, sojojin Najeriya ne kawai suke a can a lokacin - sun yi tir da 'yan ta'addan, waɗanda suka "kai hari daga kowane bangare", na tsawon sa'o'i. amma daga karshe "sun saje cikin fararen hula da ke tserewa cikin daji". Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sun kwace makamai da motoci da dama kamar yadda Zanna ta bayyana.
A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan harin, mayakan sun tilastawa mazauna garin Baga shiga ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. A yammacin ranar Talata, 6 ga watan Janairu, wasu mazauna yankin biyu sun ba da rahoton cewa Mayaƙan sun fara ƙona gine-ginen yankin ta hanyar amfani da bama-baman fetur da bama-bamai, kuma a cewar waɗanda suka tsira sun ci gaba da kashe mutanen da suka rage. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, wani mazaunin garin, ya bayyana girman barnar da aka yi ta hanyar bayar da rahoton cewar, "Babu wani gida ɗaya da ke tsaye a wurin (ba'a rushe ko lalata shi ba)." A cewar Musa Bukar, shugaban karamar hukumar Kukawa, an lalata dukkanin kauyuka 16 na karamar hukumar, kuma ko dai an kashe mazaunansu ko kuma an tilasta su, sun gudu.
Yawan mace-mace
Har yanzu dai ba a san girman kisan ba, kuma rahotanni (da aka haɗa) sun bambanta.
A cewar Human Rights Watch:
Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Baga da wasu kauyuka 16 da ke kewaye ba, inda aka yi kiyasin “da dama” zuwa 2000 ko sama da haka. "Babu wanda ya tsaya ya kirga gawarwakin," wani mazaunin yankin ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch. "Dukkanmu muna gudu ne domin mu fice daga garin a gaban mayakan Boko Haram da suka karɓe iko da yankin".
Bukar ya bayyana cewa an kashe sama da mutane dubu biyu. Zanna ya ce dubu biyu “ba a ji duriyarsu ba”; wasu majiyoyin sun ce an kashe “da dama” ko kuma “fiye da ɗari”. Aƙalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu a harin farko na ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, a cewar Baba Abba Hassan, hakimin gundumar, daga baya ya ƙara da cewa "har yanzu akwai ɗaruruwan gawarwaki birjik a kan titunan garin" kuma mata da yara da dama na daga cikin waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su. bayan da Mayaƙan suka bi su cikin daji.
Sai dai Hassan, ya musanta cewa harin na ranar 7 ga watan Janairu bai taɓa faruwa ba, kuma adadin waɗanda suka mutu 2,000 "abin takaici ne". Wasu majiyoyin gwamnati da dama sun yi watsi da ikirarin adadin mace-macen da aka yi, wanda ke nuna cewa ya ragu sosai. Sai dai gwamnatin Najeriyar ta yi watsi da yawan hare-haren da ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a baya-bayan nan, kuma a lokuta da dama, ciki har da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a garin Baga a shekarar 2013, inda mayakan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ke da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula sama da mutane 200.
Bayan nan, da Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira
Amnesty International ta fitar da hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka ɗauka a ranakun 2 da 7 ga watan Janairu wanda ke nuna cewa a Garin Baga, mai girman ƙasa da murabba'in kilomita biyu, kusan gine-gine 620 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata su gaba ɗaya. A Doron Baga, mai nisan kilomita 2.5, jiragen kamun kifi da suke a rana ta 2 ba a gamsu ba a yanzu, kuma "fiye da gine-gine 3,100 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata sakamakon gobara da ta shafi mafi yawan garin mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 4."
Daniel Eyre, wani mai bincike na kungiyar Amnesty International a Najeriya ya bayyana cewa: “Harin Baga da garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi, da alama zai iya zama mafi muni da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a cikin jerin munanan hare-hare da ƙungiyar ke kai wa. Idan ta tabbata rahotanni da aka bayar na yawan gidaje da aka lalata a yankin gaskiya ne to suma ɗaruruwan da aka kashe ko ma fararen hula dubu biyu ne aka kashe shima gaskiya ne, wannan ya nuna tashin hankali da zubar da jini na hare-haren da Boko Haram ke ci gaba da kai wa fararen hula.”
Maina Maaji Lawan, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno, kuma Sanata mai wakiltar yankin Borno ta Arewa a yanzu, ya yi tambaya kan dalilin da ya sa aka ce sojoji sun tsere daga sansanin, yana mai cewa: “Lallai akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba da ya sa sojojin mu suka yi watsi da mukamansu a kowanne lokacin da aka kai hari daga Boko Haram.” Wannan ya biyo bayan yawaitar sojojin Najeriya da yawansu ya kai ɗari, waɗanda suka tsere daga filin daga a yaƙin da suke da mayaƙan Boko Haram a yakin. A cewar Lawan, harin na nufin kashi 70% na jihar Borno a yanzu za su kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Boko Haram.
Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya bayyana cewa an yiwa ‘yan gudun hijira 1,636 rajista bayan harin. A cewar rahotanni masu zaman kansu da jami’an yankin, an yi tunanin aƙalla mutane dubu 35,000 sun tsere daga yankin. "Gawawwakin sun bazu a kan tituna", a cewar waɗanda suka tsira, yayin da ake tunanin daukacin al'ummar Baga sun gudu, wasu zuwa Kamaru da Cadi. Kimanin mutane dubu 20,000 ne suka nemi mafaka a sansanin da ke kusa da Maiduguri, babban birnin jihar Borno, da kuma wasu 10,000 a Monguno suna jiran a kai su (can sansanin). Bukar ya ce a yanzu garin ya kasance “kusan babu shi. Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil’adama na yankin sun bayyana cewa wasu mata da suka tsere daga garin sun shaida musu cewa an yi garkuwa da ‘ya’yansu mata, wasu ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 10.
Firaministan kasar Cadi Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet ya bayyana cewa aƙalla ƴan Najeriya dubu 2,500 da ƴan kasar Chadi su 500 ne suka nemi mafaka a makwabciyar ƙasar sakamakon hare-haren, wasu daga cikinsu dake ƙoƙarin tsallake tafkin Chadi cikin kwale-kwalen sun lodi fiye da kima. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tsallakawa tafkin ana fargabar sun nutse, yayin da ɗaruruwan wasu sama da dari biyar suka maƙale a mabanbanta tsibiran da ke cikin tafkin. A cewar jami'an yankin da suka yi magana da ƴan gudun hijira ta wayar tarho, ƴan gudun hijirar suna "mutuwar rashin abinci, sanyi da zazzabin cizon sauro" a ɗayan "tsibirin da sauro yayi wa ƙawanya".
Martani da Suka
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki abin da suke ganin rashin isassun rahotannin kisan kiyashi a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa newsmedia, lamarin da ke nuni da yadda ake nuna son kai ga al'amuran da suka shafi nahiyar afirka. Wasu kuma sun yi Allah-wadai da matakin da gwamnatin Najeriya da kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida suke yi ko kuma suka yi watsi da hare-haren, inda suka ƙara da cewa rashin jin daɗin jama'ar ƙasar ne a karshe ya haifar da irin kulawar da ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na kasashen waje suka ɗauka kan kisan gilla. An yi la'akari da martanin da jami'an gwamnati suka bayar na da alaƙa da zaɓen shugaban ƙasar da aka yi kaca-kaca da shi a Wannann shekara, (2015).
Da farko jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun bayyana cewa "dakarun sansani sun awaken da aka aje su" kuma cikin sauri suka musanta cewa an kai hari a Baga. Wata jarida mai goyon bayan gwamnati, ta nakalto wani masunta na yankin, ta yi ikirarin cewa a maimakon haka sojojin Najeriya sun yi wa ƴan Boko Haram ‘mummunan illa’ a garin Baga, kuma garin na ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati. Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojoji, Air Marshal Alex Badeh, da farko ya musanta cewa an karɓe iko da hedikwatar MNJTF amma daga baya ya yarda cewa an kwace iko da wurin.
Wurin da aka kai harin a jihar Borno mai nisa da ke arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, wanda mafi yawansa ke hannun ƴan Boko Haram, da kuma “kamar yadda tashe-tashen hankulan Najeriya ke faruwa a kai a kai ya ragu” dangane da rashin ingancin labarin kisan kiyashin. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa an danne kafafen yaɗa labarai a jihar Borno, inda a lokuta da dama shaidun da ke da bayanai ba su da alaƙa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sannan kuma maganganun da sojoji ke yi ba su da inganci. Ana kuma ganin jaridun Najeriya ba su bayar da cikakken labarin harin da aka kai a Baga ba. Wani kwararre ya ce: "Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun ɗauki labarin ne kawai bayan da BBC ta ba da labarin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ana ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kuma mutane suna ƙara ruɗewa."
Jaridu da yawa ba su bayar da rahoton kisan gilla kwata-kwata ba, kuma waɗanda suka yi, a lokuta da dama, ko dai sun yi nuni da harin farko na farko a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu kuma sun ba da alƙaluma da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke yawo a wasu wurare. Wani kanun labarai na wata jarida ya bayyana cewa "BBC ta yi ƙarya" wajen bayar da rahoton cewa an kai hari na biyu na 7 ga Janairu.
Goodluck Jonathan
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa kan rashin bayar da labarin kisan kiyashin, musamman idan aka kwatanta da na harin da aka kai a birnin Paris na hare haren Charlie Hebdo (wanda bama akasar ya faru ba), a kwanaki kaɗan da suka gabata. Sai dai kuma, shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, a lokacin da yake kamfen ɗin sake tsayawa takara a Enugu da jam’iyyarsa ta Peoples Democratic Party a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, da kansa ya yi Allah wadai da abubuwan da suka faru a birnin Paris a matsayin “mummunan harin ta’addanci”, tare da ƙauracewa yin wani sharhi kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Baga. Rashin yin tsokaci kan hare-haren da Jonathan ya yi ya janyo masa suka bama a iya kasar ba, a duniya baki ɗaya; Julius Malema, shugaban jam'iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu mai ra'ayin riƙau, kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar matasan jam'iyyar Youth League mai mulki, ya tozarta Jonathan, yana mai cewa:
A ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, Goodluck, tare da babban hafsan tsaron kasa Badeh, mai baiwa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Sambo Dasuki, da wasu manyan kwamandojin soji da dama, sun kai ziyarar bazata a birnin Maiduguri, inda suka gana da gwamnan Borno, Kashim Shettima, a filin jirgin saman birnin, a wuri da aka tsaurara tsaro. Ziyarar ta kasance cikin sirri "kuma Jonathan bai ce uffan ba game da ziyarar tasa ko hare-haren da aka kai a wurin. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, mambobin ƙungiyar Young Global Leaders, World Economic Forum|of the World Economic Forum, ciki har da Hafsat Abiola-Costello, ɗiyar marigayi zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa M.K.O. Abiola, ya wallafa wata budaddiyar wasiƙa a cikin jaridar The Guardian zuwa ga Jonathan inda ya buƙace shi da ya daina yin shiru kan hare-haren, yana mai cewa “ya gamu da bala’i da rashin sanin makamar aiki”, martani na kama da martanin da ya yi akan sace ‘yan matan makarantar Chibok.
Manazarta
2015 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya |
31016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Connolly%20%28Marubuci%29 | John Connolly (Marubuci) | John Connolly (an Haife shi 31 Mayu 1968) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Irish ne wanda aka fi sani da jerin litattafan sa wanda ke nuna Jami'i n tsaro mai zaman kansa Charlie Parker.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ilimi da farkon aiki
Connolly yayi karatu a Synge Street CBS kuma ya Kammala karatun sa ns BA a Turanci daga Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin, da Masters a aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Dublin City . Kafin ya zama cikakken marubuci, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, mashawarci, ma'aikacin ƙaramar hukuma, ma'aikaci a kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Harrods da ke Landan.
Sana'ar rubutu
Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na jaridar The Irish Times, ya yi takaici da wannan sana'a, kuma ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, wato "every Dead", a cikin lokacin da ya dace (ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar labarai ga takarda, mafi yawan hira da su. sauran kafaffen marubuta).
Every dead ya gabatar da masu karatu ga jarumi Charlie Parker, wani tsohon dan sanda da ke farautar wanda ya kashe matarsa da 'yarsa. An zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Mafi kyawun Novel na Farko kuma ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Shamus na 2000 don Mafi kyawun Litattafan Ido na Farko, wanda ya sa Connolly ya zama marubuci na farko a wajen Amurka dayake cin nasara.
Tun daga lokacin Connolly ya rubuta ƙarin littattafai a cikin jerin Parker, 19 har zuwa na 2019, da kuma wanda ba na Parker ba. Har ila yau, ya ƙaddamar da wani nau'i na laifuka tare da wallafe-wallafen tarihin labarun fatalwa da kuma Littafin Abubuwan da suka ɓace, wani labari game da tafiya mai zuwa na yaro ta hanyar daular fantasy a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu na Ingila. Ayyukan fina-finai da talabijin na ayyukansa suna ci gaba a halin yanzu; farkon wanda ya fara bayyana ga masu sauraro ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labarin " The new Daughter ", and star, Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero .
Connolly ya kuma zagaya don tallata kaddamar da littattafansa. A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a kantin sayar da littattafai a Ireland, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong da Taiwan don inganta rashin kwanciyar hankali .
Littafi na bakwai a cikin jerin Charlie Parker, The Reapers, an buga shi a cikin 2008. Ya bambanta da littattafan da suka gabata a ciki cewa an ba da labarin ne daga mahangar abokan Parker da abokan yaƙi, Louis da Angel. Louis da Angel wasu ma'aurata ne da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba waɗanda kokarinsu da jin daɗinsu wani lokaci su nema tushen taimako na ban dariya . Louis mutum ne mai ban mamaki, baƙar fata ne babba wanda ya kasance mai kashe mutane a biyashi, amma ya yi ritaya; Angel shikuma ƙaramine ɗan ƙasar Latino ne kuma tsohon ɗan fashi. Suna bayyana a fili cikin littattafan Charlie Parker a matsayin abokansa na kusa, suna bayyana kansu lokacin da Parker ke buƙatar taimako da kariya ta ƙwararru daga abokan gabansa.
Littafin Parker na tara, mai suna The Whisperers, an buga shi a cikin 2010; na goma, The Burning Soul, a cikin 2011. The wrath of angels, littafi na goma sha ɗaya na Charlie Parker, Hodder & Stoughton ne suka buga a Burtaniya a cikin watan Agusta 2012, kuma Atria/Emily Bestler Books ya sake shi a Amurka aranar 1 Janairu 2013. Wolf in Winter, wanda aka buga a cikin 2014, ya wakilci canji daga labarin mutum na farko na al'ada na Charlie Parker zuwa ra'ayi na mutum na uku, motsi da ke ci gaba a cikin A Song of Shadows (2015) da A Time of torment (2016). The book of bones(2019) yana nuna ƙarshen jerin abubuwan da suka fara tare da novella "The Fractured Atlas," wanda aka haɗa a cikin Waƙar Dare: Nocturnes Vol. 2 (2015), kuma shine mabiyi na gaskiya ga Mace a cikin Woods .
2009 alama ce ta buga littafin farko na Connolly musamman ga matasa masu karatu, The Gates . An buga wani mabiyi a cikin 2011 azaman hell's bell a Burtaniya kuma azaman Infernals a cikin Amurka. Littafi na uku a cikin jerin Samuel Johnson, The Creeps, an buga shi a cikin 2013. Har ila yau, Connolly ya haɗu tare da abokin aikinsa, dan jarida Jennifer Ridyard, a kan Tarihi na Mahara, Fantasy trilogy ga matasa masu karatu: Conquest (2013), Empire (2015), da Dominion (2016) .
Connolly ya haɗu tare da ɗan'uwa ɗan Irish marubuci Declan Burke don shirya Littattafi "To die" Mafi Girma Marubuta Sirrin Marubuta na Duniya akan Mafi Girman Sirrin Littattafan Duniya, tatsuniyoyi marasa ƙima da aka buga a watan Agusta 2012 ta Hodder & Stoughton kuma a cikin Oktoba 2013 ta Atria / Emily Bestler Littattafai. Littattafin to die An zaɓeshi amatsayin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Edgar Award ta Marubutan Sirrin Amurka, ya ci lambar yabo ta Agatha don Mafi kyawun almara, kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Anthony don Mafi Muhimmancin Aikin Noma.
A cikin 2017, Connolly ya juya sha'awar shekaru da yawa tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci Stan Laurel a cikin littafin da ya yi, binciken almara na shekarun ƙarshe na ɗan wasan barkwanci. Horror Express, wani littafi na monograph wanda ya dogara da fim din 1972, an zaba shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Babban Nasara a cikin Ƙirarrun Fiction.
Jigogi
An jawo Connolly zuwa al'adar almara na laifuka na Amurka, saboda ya zama mafi kyawun matsakaici ta hanyar da zai iya bincika al'amurran tausayi, halin kirki, ramuwa da ceto. Ya ba da kyauta ga marubutan tsofaffi Ross Macdonald, James Lee Burke, da kuma Ed McBain a matsayin tasiri, kuma sau da yawa ana yaba wa rubuce-rubucen a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa da kuma introspective style of prose.
Jerin Litattafan
Charlie Parker
Duk abin da ya mutu (1999)
Dark Hollow (2000)
Irin Kisa (2001)
The White Road (2002)
The Reflecting Eye (2004) (littattafan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Nocturnes )
Black Angel (2005)
Rashin kwanciyar hankali (2007)
Masu girbi (2008)
Masoya (2009)
Masu Watsawa (2010)
The Burning Soul (2011)
Fushin Mala'iku (2012)
Wolf a cikin Winter (2014)
Wakar Inuwa (2015)
Lokacin azaba (2016)
Parker : A daban-daban (2016)
Wasan Fatalwa (2017)
Mace a cikin Woods (2018)
Littafin Kasusuwa (2019)
Dirty South (2020)
Samuel Johnson jerin
Gates (2009)
The Infernals (2011), wanda aka buga a matsayin Karrarawa na Jahannama a cikin Burtaniya
Abubuwan da suka faru (2013)
Littafin Tarihi na Maharan trilogy
Nasara (2013)
Daular (2015)
Mulki (2016)
Sauran litattafai
Miyagun mutane (2003)
Littafin Abubuwan Batattu (2006)
Shi: Novel (2017)
Tarin gajerun labarai
Nocturnes (2004) - tarin litattafai na tatsuniyoyi da littafai biyu suka ƙare, 9 daga cikinsu rubuce-rubuce ne na labarun da aka rubuta don gabatarwa a gidan rediyon BBC Labarun fatalwa guda biyar Daga John Connolly : The Erlking, Mista Pettinger's Demon, Mr Gray's Fooly, The Ritual na Kasusuwa, Nocturne.
Waƙar Dare: Nuwamba 2 (2015)
Gajerun labarai
"Biri Inkpot" (2004) - a cikin Kamar A Charm: A Novel In Voices - tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan asiri 15, (wanda kuma ke cikin Nocturnes ). Karin Slaughter ta gyara .
"Mr. Gray's Fooly" (2005) - a cikin Mata masu haɗari - tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan laifuka 17. Otto Penzler ne ya gyara shi.
"The Cycle" (2005) - a karkashin sunan Laura Froom (bayan titular vampire a cikin wani labari daga Nocturnes ) a cikin Moments: Short Stories by Irish Women Writers a Aid of the Victims of Tsunami . Ciara Considine ne ya gyara shi.
"A Haunting" (2008) - a cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Downturn: Tsayawa-Labaran-Dare-Dare Daga Marubuta Fiyayyen Kuɗi .
"Li'azaru" (2010) - a cikin Sabon Matattu - tarihin labarun aljanu wanda Christopher Golden ya shirya.
"The Caxton Lending Library & Depository Book" (2013) - Littafin Bibliomystery da aka buga azaman e-rubutu, takarda da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bugu ta The Mysterious Bookshop, New York
"The Wanderer in Unknown Realms" (2013) - wani novella da aka buga ta hanyar lantarki ta Hodder & Stoughton da Atria/Emily Bestler Books kuma a cikin ƙayyadadden bugu na mawallafin.
Labarin Gaskiya
Daidaitawar fim
Sabuwar Yarinya (2009) - wani bangare Dangane da ɗan gajeren labari na wannan sunan Nocturnes, tare da Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero, wanda Luiso Berdejo ya jagoranci, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na John Travis.
(Mai yiwuwa) The Gates, The Infernals, da The Creeps - samu don ci gaba ta DreamWorks Studios a matsayin yiwuwar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, Nuwamba 2015
Kyaututtuka
Wanda aka zaɓa: 1999 Bram Stoker lambar yabo (Littafi na Farko), don kowane abu da ya mutu
Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2000 Barry (Mafi kyawun Littafin Laifukan Biritaniya), don kowane abu da ya mutu
Wanda ya ci nasara : 2000 Shamus Award (Mafi kyawun PI Novel), don kowane abu da ya mutu
Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2001 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Dark Hollow
Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2002 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Killing Kind
Wanda ya ci nasara: 2003 Barry Award (Best British Crime Novel), don The White Road
Wanda aka zaɓa: 2005 CWA Short Story Dagger Award, don "Miss Froom, Vampire"
Wanda aka zaɓa: 2007 Hughes & Hughes Novel na Shekarar Irish, don Littafin Abubuwan Batattu
Wanda ya ci nasara : 2012 Agatha Award (Mafi kyawun labari), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don
Wanda aka zaɓa: 2013 Edgar Award (Mafi Mahimmanci/Biography), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don
Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar HRF Keating na 2013, tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutuwa Don
Wanda ya ci nasara : 2013 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Aikin Nonfiction), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu don
Nasara : 2014 Edgar Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton & Depository Book, Littattafai
Wanda ya ci nasara: 2014 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Ba da Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton & Depository Book, Littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki
Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar Barry na 2016 (Best Novel), don Waƙar Shadows
Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker na 2018 (Nasara mafi girma a cikin Ƙarfafawa), don Horror Express
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
John Connolly at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1968 |
20692 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Anaang | Mutanen Anaang | Anaang (kuma an
rubuta shi da Annang ) ƙabilanci ne na Kudancin Najeriya wanda filayen shi ya kasance cikin kananan hukumomi 8 daga cikin 31 na yanzu a jihar Akwa Ibom : Abak, Essien Udim, Etim Ekpo, Ika, Ikot Ekpene, Obot Akara, Oruk Anam, Ukanafun a jihar Akwa Ibom, da kuma 3 daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 17 a jihar Abia : Ugwunagbo, Obi Ngwa, da Ukwa ta Gabas na jihar Abia. Sun kasance a cikin tsohuwar Abak da Ikot Ekpene yanki na Lardin Anaang, da kuma wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Opobo yanki na Lardin Uyo, a cikin tsohon Yankin Gabashin Najeriya. Sunan da ya dace da Ika na Akwa Ibom shine Ika-Annang. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekarar 2018, akwai kimanin masu magana da Annang miliyan 4 a Akwa Ibom, jihar Abia da sama da masu magana da magana sama da miliyan da ke zaune a wajen waɗannan jihohin.
Wuri
Mutanen Anaang suna cikin Kudancin Najeriya sannan kuma musamman jihar Akwa Ibom da jihar Kuros Ribas da Abia (Ikwuano, ukwa). Annangs sun rayu a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, yankunan bakin ruwa na Najeriya tun shekaru aru aru kafin zuwan Turawa. Babban birnin siyasa na mutanen Anaang ita ce Karamar Hukumar Ikot Ekpene.
Al'adu
Ƙungiyar al'ummar Anaang ta uba ce . Kowane mutum yana gano matsayinsa a cikin zamantakewar duniya daga Ilip, wanda a zahiri aka fassara shi "mahaifar". Don haka ɗan'uwa / 'yar'uwa daga Ilip ɗaya yana nufin cewa zasu iya gano asalinsu zuwa uwa ɗaya ko uba ɗaya. Wadanda zasu iya gano asalinsu ga iyaye daya sunada Ufok (a zahiri gida ko mahadi). Yawancin ufoks sune Ekpuks ko dangi da yawa kuma Ekpuks (dangin dangi) sunada "Ilung" (ma'ana ƙauye) kuma ƙauyuka da yawa sun zama " abie " ko dangi. Wannan yana cikin hanyoyi da yawa kwatankwacin tsarin da sauran mutanen kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ke amfani da shi amma ya fi karko.
Jagoranci a iyali, nasaba, kauye, ko matsayin dangi ya kasance hakki ne na maza, kuma dangin nasaba ya shafi mata koda bayan aure. Akwai al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyi da yawa ( Ulim wanda ake kira "udim") ga maza da mata waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a rayuwar ƙauyukan gargajiya. Mutane suna da auna ta biyu da lambar kuma iri mambobin a Ulim da kuma ta da nasarorin da daya ko fiye Ulims. Gudanar da mulki ne ta hanyar tsofaffin maza waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin ɓangaren majalisar dokoki da ake kira Afe Ichong, wanda Abong Ichong (Shugaban ƙauye da Clan Cif) ke jagoranta wanda ke shugaban da shugaban zartarwa amma ba tare da ikon da ya wuce abin da Afe Ichong ya bayar ba. Za'a iya nada shugaba ta hanyar Afe ko kuma iya zama ofishin gado.
Anang suna magana da yaren Annang kuma suna yin masarufi bayan girbin yam don alamar ziyarar ruhohin kakanni, ko ekpo . Wannan kuma shine sunan ƙungiyoyin maza waɗanda suka taɓa yin tasiri sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Ibibio. Abubuwan da aka sassaka Anang tare da manyan abubuwa, waɗanda aka sani da iliok, waɗanda ake ɗauka masu haɗari kuma membobin ekpo ne kawai za su iya kallon su. Sauran masks suna nuna kyakkyawan ruhu, ko mfon .
Ofarfin kowane mutum, dangi (ko rukuni game da wannan al'amari) yawanci ya dogara ne da yarda da ƙauye ko dangi ta hanyar wannan tsarin zamantakewar hadadden. A cikin wannan duka, matan Anang ba su da cikakken iko ga maza. Maimakon haka matan Anaang abokan aiki ne kuma shugabanni a fannoni da yawa na al'adun Anaang, gami da yin aiki a matsayin manyan mata firistoci "Abia Iyong" a cikin bautar Eeng ko kuma masu warkarwa a cikin rukunin warkarwa. Mace ta farko da aka fi sani da Aliaha tana da mahimmanci kuma tana umarnin girmamawa cikin dangi da nasaba. Wasu al'adun sun yarda da cewa haihuwar fari mace ta kasance a cikin gidan mahaifiyarta. Kungiyoyin mata kamar su "abi-de" da "Nyaama", da "Isong Iban" suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen baiwa mata murya da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Babu wasu shingaye na al'ada ko na al'ada wadanda ke hana mata samun manyan mukamai ko mukamai.
Anaangs suna darajar ikon yin magana da kyau da iya magana ta amfani da karin magana abin so ne sosai, musamman tsakanin shugabannin. Masanin halayyar ɗan Adam na Amurka, Peter Farb, ya bayyana cewa sunan "Anaang" a cikin wannan rukunin yana nufin "waɗanda suke magana da kyau". Mutumin da yake da baiwar iya magana yana iya yabawa sau da yawa kamar Akwo Anaang, ma'ana "Mutumin Anaang".
Ɗakin kitso
Ɗakin kitso a gargajiyance inda ake yiwa 'yan mata' yan mata budurwa cikin shirin aure. Yarinya mai kiba an santa da suna mbobo . Wannan lokaci ne na babban bikin kauye. A wani bangare na shirye shiryen aurenta an kuma umarci yarinyar kan yadda zata zama matar aure. Zata zauna a daki a tsirara don a lura da kitson da take yi, kuma zata kwana akan gadon gora wanda ake tunanin zai mata kitso. Hakanan an yi shi ne don ya sauƙaƙa mata cikin sauƙaƙa.
Hakanan an yi amfani da wannan don dalilai na haihuwa a lokacin don matan da ba su haihuwa kuma a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na shiga cikin al'ummomin ɓoye.
Tarihi
Tarihin baka
Dangane da al'adar baka, Abiakpo ya zo yankin arewacin Anaang ne daga Eka Abiakpo. Iyalan Ukana, Utu, Ekpu, Ebom da Nyama sun bi su cikin sauri ( Turawan ingila sun haɗu da waɗannan rukunin kuma suka ba su suna Otoro), da sauran dangin Anaang. Anaang da dukkan mutanen Akwa Ibom da Kuros Ribas na Jihohin Najeriya (mutanen AkwaCross) sun mallaki yankinsu a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya na gabar teku tsawon dubunnan shekaru.
Isungiyar tana da alaƙa da Efiks da Ibibios . Hijira ta kawo kungiyoyin zama a tsakanin Twi na Ghana inda sunan Anaang ke nufin "ɗa na hudu". Daga Ghana, kungiyar ta koma gabas zuwa Kamaru ta yanzu . A cikin tsaunukan Kamaru ne ƙungiyar ta ɓarke amma daga baya suka isa wannan yankin a yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya . An yarda da jinsi kuma kungiyoyin sun tsara kansu zuwa dangi bisa ga asalin danginsu wanda aka fi sani da Iman, irin wannan tsarin ya faɗaɗa har zuwa yankin makwabtansu na arewa, Igbo .
Rubutaccen tarihi
Ba ayi rubutu ba sosai game da mutanen Anaang ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Tradersan kasuwar Turai na farko da suka isa yankin ƙetara kogin suna kiran ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a wajen yankunan bakin teku a matsayin mazaunan gboasar Egbo-Sharry. Rubutun farko da aka ambata game da Anaang shine a cikin asusun Sigismund Koelle game da bayi da aka 'yanta a Saliyo . Ya ambaci wani bawa mai suna Ebengo wanda ya fito daga Nkwot a Abak . An kama Ebengo kuma an sayar da shi ga Fotigal amma daga baya wani jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Burtaniya ya sake shi kuma daga baya ya zauna a Waterloo, Saliyo . Sojojin Burtaniya sun lissafa yarukan da bayi suka yi magana a cikin jirgin da aka kama da suna "Anaang". Ambaton na biyu shi ne bayanin abin da ake kira da Yaƙin Ikot Udo Obong. Baturen ingila ya bayyana kashe mutanen Anaang da Sarki Jaja na Opobo ya yi a matsayin hukunci na bijirewa umarnin sa da kuma cinikin dabinon kai tsaye da ‘yan kasuwar na Burtaniya maimakon su bi ta kansa a matsayin mutum na tsakiya. A yakin da ya biyo baya, turawan ingila sun shiga tsakani kuma tare da taimakon Anaangs, sun kame Sarki Jaja tare da tura shi zuwa West Indies . Ingilishi ya kafa matsayi na soja a Ikot Ekpene a cikin 1904.
Bayan bin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya tare da canje-canje da hana su a cikin ayyukan farauta na da, Anaang ya ga hare-haren da namun daji. Yayin da mazaje suka tafi yaki a yakin duniya na biyu wadannan hare-hare sun tsananta. Hukumomin Burtaniya sun kira hare-haren kisan kai kuma sun dora alhakin hakan kan "dabbancin 'yan Afirka". Ana zargin Anaang da kasancewa cikin kungiyar asiri da ake kira Ekpeowo ( The Human Leopards Society ). An yi jayayya cewa kashe-kashen da aka haifa sakamakon tawaye ga Turawan Burtaniya a wasu wurare a Afirka ya haifar da bayyana hare-haren damisa a matsayin kisan da hukumomin Burtaniya suka yi tsakanin Anaang. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 kusan mutane 196 aka kashe a cikin yankin Ikot Okoro a cikin ƙaramar Hukumar Oruk Anam ta yanzu; an kafa ofishin ‘yan sanda na Ikot Okoro ne saboda wannan dalilin. Burtaniya ta yanke wa mutane 96 hukunci tare da kashe mutane 77 da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba. An hana addinin Anaang mai suna Idiong kuma an kama firistocin. An kona labarai da kayan bautar a bainar jama'a kuma waɗanda ba su musulunta ba sun zama abin zargi.
Anaangs suna da tarihi da suna na rashin tsoro da damar ƙauyuka da dangi su haɗa kai don yaƙar abokin gaba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa suka sami damar rayuwa kusa da cibiyar Aro, Arochukwu tare da mashahurin Ibini Ukpabi oracle . Wani rukuni na musamman mai ban sha'awa, ko "Warrior cult", shahararrun mayaƙan Oko ne. Wannan rukunin yaƙin yana aiki sosai a cikin shekarun 1950. Waɗannan jarumawan an dauke su da rauni ga shigar wukake, mashi, da kibiyoyi. A lokuta daban-daban an gwada adduna masu kaifi a sassan jikin mambobin.
Anaang sun sha wahala kisan ƙare dangi a lokacin yaƙin basasar Najeriya . Yaƙin ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku (1967-1970) kuma Anaang ya rasa adadi mai yawa na mutanenta. Tasirin yaƙin da kuma sakaci da Anaang yanzu ya zama batun siyasa mai mahimmanci kuma tushen tashin hankali a yankin.
Rubutun yare
ɓangarorin yaren Annang na iya fahimta ga masu magana da harshen Efik, Ibibio, Oron, Eket (wanda aka fi sani da Ekid ) na Tsohuwar Masarautar Calabar . Kodayake ba a rubuta tsarin magana ta Anaang ba, amma masana ilimin harshe yanzu sun samar da rubutun yadda ake magana wanda ke ba da damar samar da rubutattun abubuwa cikin yaren (Idem-Agozino & Udondata, 2001). A yaren Annang, kalmar "ilung" na nufin ƙauye yayin da a Ibibio ana kiranta "Idung". Babban bambancin yare tsakanin Annang da sauran yaruka shine babban amfani da harafin "L" a maimakon "r" ko "d", da kuma amfani da "g" a maimakon "w". Yaren Annang yana da sauti sosai amma yare ne na son rai, watau kalmomin suna fita cikin sauƙi daga harshenku fiye da Ibibio.
Yawan jama'a
Najeriya
Jihar Akwa Ibom
Jihar Kuros Riba
Binuwai (Mutanen Efik-Ibibio sune na huɗu mafi yawan kabilu na asalin asalin Binuwai na Najeriya)
Equatorial Guinea (a da Fernando Po )
Kamaru
Ghana
Ƙasashen waje:
Cuba
Yammacin Indiya
Lambobin Annang
Lambobi daga sifili zuwa goma sha biyu:
Manazarta
Brink, PJ (1989) Dakin Kiba a tsakanin Annang na Najeriya. Anthropology na Kiwon Lafiya 12 (1) p. 131 - 143.
Ekanem, JB (2002) lasungiyoyi Masu Fuskantarwa: Annang Ba (tare da) Kiristanci na tsaye ba: An Ethnography (Alloli, Mutane, da Addini, A'a. 3), Peter Lang Publishing: Brussels ISBN 0-8204-4687-4 .
Enang, K. (1987) Wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin Addini game da Annang. A cikin Afirkaana Marburgensia: Cross River Religion, Hackett, RIJ (ed) Sonderheft 12 (12) 21 - 34.
Koelle, W. (1854) Polyglotta na Afirka da aka ambata a Udo, EU (1983) Tarihin Mutanen Annang, Apcon Press Ltd. Calabar, Najeriya.
Livingstone, WP (1916) Mary Slessor na Calabar: Majagaba Mishan, BiblioBazaar, .
Meek, CK (1937) Doka da Iko a cikin Triabilar Najeriya. Oxford, Ingila. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa .
Nuhu, Litinin Effiong (1988) Shari'ar Ibibio Union 1928-1937.
Nair, Kaanan. K. (1972) Siyasa da zamantakewa a Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya, 1841–1906 ;: Nazarin iko, diflomasiyya da kasuwanci a Old Calabar (Cass laburare na nazarin Afirka. Janar karatu), London, Frank Cass, .
Pratten, D. (2007) Kisan Kai-Damisa: Tarihi da Jama'a a Mulkin Mallaka na Najeriya. Indianapolis, Jami'ar Jami'ar Indiana. ISBN 978-0-253-34956-9
Udondata, J & Idem-Agozino, U. (2001) Annang Orthography, Uyo, Masana Latsa.
Udo, EU (1983) Tarihin Mutanen Annang, Calabar, Nijeriya. Kamfanin Apcon Press Ltd.
Umoh, E. (2004) Taswirar Annang tare da kan iyaka, Plano TX. Amurka.
Waddell, HM (1893) Shekaru Talatin da tara a Afirka ta Yamma da Yammacin Indiya. London. Frank Cass Ltd.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Nanungiyar Gado ta Annang
Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Kabila
Harsuna
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34413 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafiza%20Azad | Nafiza Azad | Articles with hCards
Nafiza Azad yar Fijian-Kanada matashiyar mawallafiyar fantasy. Littafinta na farko, The Candle and the Flame, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 2019.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Azad a Lautoka, Fiji. Damar samun damar shiga kayan karatu ba su da iyaka: garinsu ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu guda ɗaya kawai, kuma masu karatu suna iya aron littattafai biyu kawai a lokaci guda, don haka Azad da ƙawayenta sukan yi labarai don nishaɗi. A shekarar 2001, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ta ƙaura zuwa Kanada tare da danginta. Azad ta shiga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekara ta 2007, inda ta fara karatun ilmin halitta da nufin zama likita. Duk da haka, daga baya ta zaɓe ta zama babbar jami'a a Turanci a maimakon haka, da kuma burin yin aiki a rubuce. Rubutun nata ya kunshi wani novel, wanda ta ce ta rubuta bayan wani farfesa ya ce ba ta yi ba. Mashawarcin karatun ta shine Maggie de Vries . Azad a halin yanzu yana zaune a Vancouver .
Aiki
Aikin farko na Azad, The Candle and the Flame, Scholastic ne ya buga shi a cikin shekarar 2019. Ta yaba wa marubucin Ba’amurke G. Willow Wilson – wanda, kamar ita, mace ce kuma musulma – a matsayin babban tasiri kan shawarar da ta yanke na ci gaba da aikin rubuce-rubuce, inda ta bayyana cewa karanta littafin littafin Wilson na Alif the Unseen ya sa ta ji “kamar na yi a karshe. sami wani tunani […] Ina da haƙƙi ga abubuwan da suka faru na kaina”, daga baya yana ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta almara na ta. Bugu da ƙari, ta buga littafin SA Chakraborty's New City of Brass da Franny Billingsley's Chime a matsayin tasiri a kan makirci da salon rubutun The Candle da Flame. A matsayinta na marubuciya, Katelyn Detwailer ta wakilce ta a Jill Grinberg Gudanar da adabi.
A halin yanzu ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma marubuci kuma mai gudanarwa a Littafin Wars.
Ayyuka
Candle da harshen wuta (2019)
Candle da harshen wuta shine littafin farko na Azad. An fara buga shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2019 ta Scholastic Press, tambarin Scholastic Inc.
An tsara littafin ne a cikin hanyar siliki na almara na birnin Noor, inda mutane da Djinn - ruhohin allahntaka daga tarihin addinin musulunci suke rayuwa tare da juna. Makircinta ya biyo bayan wata matashiya mai suna Fatima, wadda tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin da ya halaka mutanen garin na asali, kuma ta tsunduma cikin rikici tsakanin mazauna garin na Ifrit (ajin Djinn) da kuma mugayen ruhohi. da aka sani da Shaidan. Birnin yana da wahayi kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa na al'adun Kudancin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da littafin da ke ɗauke da kalmomi cikin Larabci, Punjabi, Urdu da Hindi.
Azad ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta littafin The Candle and the Flame ne a matsayin martani ga karuwar nuna kishin kasa da kyamar baki, da kuma nunawa masu karatu kimar al’adu da bambancin ra’ayi. Ta yi imanin cewa 'ruhun bambance-bambance da al'adu daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga adabin yara', domin yana ba yara da matasa daga sassa daban-daban damar ganin kansu a cikin labaran da suke samu, tare da ba su damar koyo game da su. kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da ba sa cikin su. A wata hira da marubuci Hafsah Faizal, Azad ya ce 'Na gaji sosai da ƙiyayyar da ake yi a kan hanyarmu, don haka na yanke shawara a kan wani jarumin musulmi'. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa littafin ya nuna imaninta na mata, inda ta bayyana cewa 'mafi yawa game da mata su kasance mata a cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin da zai yiwu', kuma ta hanyarsa tana fatan nunawa ga masu karatu' cewa mata na iya zama masu karfi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. ba tare da bukatar daukar takobi ba'.
Gabaɗaya liyafar novel ɗin ya yi kyau. Caitlyn Paxson, rubutawa ga NPR, ya yaba da ƙarfin Azad don gina duniya, tare da lura da musamman "hankalin dalla-dalla da sadaukar da harshe". Amna Maque ta Littattafai, a halin da ake ciki, ta bayyana Candle da Harashin a matsayin 'kyakkyawan halarta na farko' tare da 'rubutun zurfafawa' da kuma 'rikitaccen simintin gyaran zuciya'. Dukansu masu sukar, duk da haka, sun lura cewa wasan kwaikwayo na littafin ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da Paxson ya rubuta cewa 'Musamman, rabi na farko yana ɗaukar lokaci don gano hanyarsa, tare da na biyu yana ɗaukar sauri.'
Marubuciya Rena Barron ta lura da littafin 'lush, ingantaccen ginin duniya', yana mai bayyana cewa 'wajibi ne a karanta shi ga mutanen da ke son fantasy brimming tare da kyawawan rubuce-rubuce da tatsuniyoyi'; Har ila yau, ya samu yabo daga wasu mawallafa na Matasa Adult da almara irin da suka hada da Rachel Hartman, Rebecca Lim da Ausma Zehanat Khan .
Daji (2021)
Haƙƙoƙin Littafin Matasa na biyu na Azad, The Wild Ones: A Broken Anthem for a Girl Nation, Margaret K. McElderry Books ya samu, tambarin Sashin Yara na Simon da Schuster, a cikin Maris 2020. Bin gungun matasa 'yan mata masu karfin sihiri a cikin labari mai ra'ayoyi da yawa da jigogi na mata, ana sa ran buga littafin a lokacin rani na 2021.
Yabo
Azad ta samu nade-nade don samun lambobin yabo kamar haka:
2020
William C. Morris YA lambar yabo ta halarta ta farko don Candle da Flame (wanda ya zo na karshe).
Kyautar Sunburst don Kyau a cikin Littattafan Kanada na Fantastic don Candle da Flame (da aka jera).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Nafiza Azad at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Rayayyun mutane |
40498 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-hujja | Jari-hujja | Jari-hujja tsarin tattalin arziki ne da ya ginu bisa kebantaccen ikon mallakar hanyoyin samar da ayyukansu don samun riba. Siffofin jari-hujja na tsakiya sun haɗa da tara jari, kasuwanni masu gasa, tsarin farashi, kadarori masu zaman kansu, sanin haƙƙin mallaka, musayar ra'ayi, da aikin albashi. A cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwa, yanke shawara da saka hannun jari ana ƙaddara ta masu mallakar dukiya, dukiya, ko ikon sarrafa babban jari ko ikon samarwa a kasuwannin jari da kasuwannin kuɗi-yayin da farashin da rarraba kayayyaki da sabis ke ƙayyade ta hanyar gasa a cikin kayayyaki da kasuwannin sabis.
Masana tattalin arziki, masana tarihi, masana tattalin arziki na siyasa da masana ilimin zamantakewa sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin nazarin tsarin jari-hujja kuma sun gane nau'ikansa iri-iri a aikace. Wadannan sun hada da laissez-faire ko jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta, anarcho-capitalism, jari-hujja na jiha da jari-hujja. Siffofin jari-hujja daban-daban suna da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na kasuwanni masu 'yanci, mallakar jama'a, cikas ga gasa ta kyauta da manufofin zamantakewar da jihohi suka amince da su. Matsayin gasa a kasuwanni da rawar shiga tsakani da tsari gami da iyakokin ikon mallakar jihohi sun bambanta a nau'ikan tsarin jari-hujja. Matsakaicin yadda kasuwanni daban-daban suke da 'yanci da kuma ka'idojin da ke bayyana kadarorin masu zaman kansu al'amura ne na siyasa da siyasa. Yawancin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja da ake da su haɗaɗɗun tattalin arziƙi ne waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwa na kasuwanni masu 'yanci tare da shiga tsakani na jihohi kuma a wasu lokuta shirin tattalin arziki.
Tattalin arzikin kasuwa ya wanzu a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gwamnati da yawa kuma a lokuta daban-daban, wurare da al'adu daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin jari-hujja na zamani sun bunƙasa a Yammacin Turai ta hanyar da ta kai ga juyin juya halin masana'antu. Tsarin jari-hujja tare da matakai daban-daban na shiga tsakani na gwamnati tun daga lokacin suka zama masu rinjaye a yammacin duniya kuma suna ci gaba da yaduwa. Haɓakar tattalin arziƙi wata dabi'a ce ta tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.
Asalin kalma
Kalmar "'yan jari hujja", ma'ana mai mallakar babban jari, ya bayyana a baya fiye da kalmar "jari-hujja" kuma kwanan wata zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. "Capitalism" an samo shi daga capitale, wanda ya samo asali daga , kalmar late Latin bisa , ma'ana "kai" wanda kuma shine asalin "chattel" da "cattle" a ma'anar dukiya mai motsi (kawai daga baya kawai a koma ga dabbobi kawai). ya fito a cikin ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13 don yin nuni ga kuɗi, hannun jari, adadin kuɗi ko kuɗin da ke ɗauke da riba. A shekara ta 1283, an yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar babban kadarorin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma sau da yawa ana musanya shi da wasu kalmomi-dukiya, kuɗi, kuɗi, kaya, dukiya, kadara da sauransu.
Hollantse (German) Mercurius yana amfani da "'yan jari-hujja" a cikin shekarun 1633 da 1654 don komawa ga masu mallakar jari. A cikin kalmar Faransanci, Étienne Clavier ya yi magana game da 'yan jari-hujja a cikin shekarar 1788, shekaru huɗu kafin yin amfani da Ingilishi na farko da Arthur Young yayi a cikin aikinsa Travels a Faransa (1792). A cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na siyasa da haraji (1817), David Ricardo ya yi nuni ga "dan jari hujja" sau da yawa. Mawaƙin Ingilishi Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya yi amfani da “ɗan jari hujja” a cikin aikinsa Table Talk (1823). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na farko, Menene Dukiya? (1840), don komawa ga masu babban jari. Benjamin Disraeli yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na 1845 Sybil.
Fara amfani da kalmar "jari-hujja" a ma'anarta ta zamani an danganta shi ga Louis Blanc a cikin shekarar 1850 ("Abin da na kira 'jari-hujja' wato a ce rabon jari da wasu ke ware wasu) da kuma Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. a cikin shekarar 1861 ("Tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin abin da babban jari, tushen samun kudin shiga, ba ya zama na wadanda suka yi aiki ta hanyar aikin su"). Karl Marx akai-akai yana magana akan " capital" da kuma "yanayin samar da jari hujja" a Das Capital (1867). Marx bai yi amfani da tsarin jari-hujja ba amma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da babban jari, tsarin jari-hujja da tsarin jari-hujja, wanda ke bayyana akai-akai. Saboda kalmar da masu sukar tsarin jari-hujja suka kirkiro kalmar, masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin tarihi Robert Hessen ya bayyana cewa kalmar "jari-hujja" ita kanta kalma ce ta disparagement da kuskuren tattalin arziki. Bernard Harcourt ya yarda da bayanin cewa kalmar ba ta dace ba, ya kara da cewa a cikin kuskure yana nuna cewa akwai wani abu kamar "jari" wanda ke aiki a wasu hanyoyi kuma ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyar tabbatattun dokokin tattalin arziki na kansa.
A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar "jari-hujja" ta fara bayyana, bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a cikin shekarar 1854, a cikin novel The Newcomes by marubuci William Makepeace Thackeray, inda kalmar ke nufin "mallakar jari". Har ila yau, bisa ga OED, Carl Adolph Douai, Ba'amurke ɗan gurguzu da abolitionist, ya yi amfani da kalmar "hanyar jari-hujja" a cikin shekarar 1863.
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
38916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Rupert | Johann Rupert | Articles with hCards
Johann Peter Rupert, (an haife shi 1, ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1950) ɗan kasuwan hamshakin attajirin Afirka ta Kudu ne, wanda shine babban ɗan ɗan kasuwan nan Anton Rupert, da matarsa Huberte. Shi ne shugaban kamfanin kayayyakin alatu na kasar Switzerland Richemont. da kuma kamfanin Remgro na Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga Afrilu 2010, ya kasance Shugaba na Compagnie Financiere Richemont . Rupert da dangi sun kasance a matsayi na biyu a cikin mafi arziki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin jerin Forbes na 2021, tare da kiyasin darajar dalar Amurka biliyan 7.1.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Rupert ya girma a Stellenbosch, inda ya halarci Paul Roos, Gymnasium da Jami'ar Stellenbosch, yana nazarin tattalin arziki da dokar kamfani. Ya bar jami’ar ne don ci gaba da sana’ar kasuwanci, amma a shekarar 2004 jami’ar ta ba shi digirin girmamawa a fannin tattalin arziki.
A cikin shekarar 2008, an ba shi digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Metropolitan Nelson Mandela . An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ɓoyewa" ta Financial Times da Barron's, Rupert da wuya ya ba da tambayoyi kuma yana guje wa al'amuran jama'a. A shekara ta 2006 ita ma jaridar ta kira shi "Rupert the Bear" don yin hasashen matsalar tattalin arzikin duniya.
Rupert ya bayyana juyayinsa da imani da ra'ayin samun kudin shiga na duniya .
Sana'ar kasuwanci
Rupert ya yi aikin koyon kasuwanci a birnin New York, inda ya yi aiki a Chase Manhattan na tsawon shekaru biyu da kuma Lazard Freres na tsawon shekaru uku. Daga nan ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1979 ya kafa bankin Rand Merchant wanda ya kasance shugaban bankin.
1984: Haɗe RMB da Rand Consolidated Investments, samar da RMB Holdings, kuma ya bar shi ya shiga kamfanin mahaifinsa, kungiyar Rembrandt .
1988 An kafa Compagnie Financiere Richemont a cikin 1988 kuma an nada shi Babban Daraktan Rothmans International plc a 1988. Jaridar Sunday Times ta ba shi suna "Dan kasuwa na shekara" a cikin wannan shekarar.
1989: An nada mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Rembrandt.
1990: An nada shi jagoran kasuwanci na shekara ta jaridar Die Burger da Chamber of Commerce na Cape Town . Kamfanin Richemont na Vendôme Luxury Group SA.
1991: An nada shi Shugaban Rembrandt Group Limited kuma a cikin 1992 an nada shi daya daga cikin 200 "Shugabannin Duniya na Gobe" ta Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, Davos, Switzerland.
1993: Ya karɓi lambar yabo ta MS Louw daga AHI ("Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut").
1996: Mai suna Sunday Times Business Times's Businessman of the Year a karo na biyu.
1997: An Nada Mai Gudanarwa Shugaban Kamfanin Gold Fields South Africa Ltd.
1999: Gidauniyar Kasuwar Kyauta ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da lambar yabo ta 1999 Kyauta.
2000: Restructured Rembrandt Group Limited da kafa Remgro Limited da VenFin Limited. An nada Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Compagnie Financière Richemont SA. Shugabanin manyan kamfanoni 100 ne aka zaba "Mafi tasiri a harkokin kasuwanci" a Afirka ta Kudu.
2004: Jami'ar Stellenbosch ta ba da digiri na girmamawa a fannin tattalin arziki.
Shekara ta 2008 ne aka zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu wanda shugabannin manyan kamfanoni 100 suka yi, a karo na uku.
2009 An nada "Jami'in" na Faransa "Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur" ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar Faransa
An zaɓa a matsayin ɗan kasuwan giya na duniya na shekara ta 2009. a Meininger "Kwarewar Wine da Ruhi" bikin kyaututtuka a Düsseldorf, Jamus.
2009: Nada Shugaban Jami'ar Stellenbosch
2010 An nada Mataimakin Shugaban Ziyarar Golf na Turai
Jami'ar St Andrews, Scotland ta ba da digiri na girmamawa
Sauran abubuwan sha'awa
Rupert tsohon dan wasan cricket ne kuma ya kafa Laureus Sport for Good Foundation a cikin 1990. Laureus ya ba da gudummawar ayyuka 65 a duniya, tare da burin amfani da wasanni don magance matsalolin zamantakewa, yana mai da hankali kan yara marasa galihu. Ya haɗu da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Wasanni tare da abokansa Morne du Plessis da Tim Noakes . Rupert kuma ya kirkiro Gary Player da aka kera, Leopard Creek Golf Club a Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu wanda yana daya daga cikin manyan kwasa-kwasan golf uku a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma mai lamba 25 a wajen Amurka (Golf Digest). Ya kuma taka leda a gasar gayyata ta Golf na shekara-shekara don taimaka wa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu da abokinsa Gary Player wajen tara kuɗi don ayyukan agaji na yara daban-daban. Yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ziyarar PGA ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma Shugaban Hukumar Bunkasa Golf ta Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2007 an zabe shi a zauren Fame na Wasannin Afirka ta Kudu kuma a cikin 2009 an shigar da shi cikin Gidan Golf na Afirka ta Kudu.
Bayan mutuwar ƙanensa Anthonij a wani hatsarin mota a shekara ta 2001 ya mallaki gidan giya na L'Ormarins. Anthonij, shi ne shugaban Rupert & Rothschild Vignerons. Rupert ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki don haɓaka gonar don tunawa da ɗan'uwansa marigayi.
Ya kasance memba na Gidauniyar Afirka ta Kudu kuma amintaccen gidauniyar dabi'ar Kudancin Afirka, Cibiyar Gudanarwa a Kudancin Afirka, Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da Die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns da Manajan Amintacce kuma memba na kwamitin saka hannun jari, Nelson. Asusun Yara na Mandela. Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya ta Daimler Chrysler.
Yana bin sawun mahaifinsa, Anton, Johann Rupert kuma mai kishin kiyayewa ne. Baya ga adana kimanin hekta 25,000 a yankin Graaff Reinet, shi ne kuma shugaban gidauniyar Peace Parks.
Rigingimu
Lokacin da mujallar zane ta Burtaniya * ta bayyana harshen Afrikaans a matsayin "daya daga cikin yare mafi banƙyama a duniya" a cikin fitowar sa ta Satumba na 2005 ( dangane da abin tunawa da Harshen Afirka ), Rupert ya mayar da martani ta hanyar janye tallace-tallace na kamfanonin kamfanoninsa irin su cartier ., Van Cleef & Arpels, Montblanc da Alfred Dunhill daga mujallar.
A cikin Disamba 2016, an bayar da rahoton cewa Rupert ya bar Bell Pottinger a matsayin PR hukumar Richemont, zargin Bell Pottinger da gudanar da wani gangamin kafofin watsa labarun a kansa, don karkatar da hankali daga m ' kama jihar ' zargin da aka yi a gidan Gupta .
A watan Satumba na 2017, Rupert, a lokacin babban taron shekara-shekara na Richemont a Geneva, ya bayyana amfani da kalmar "Radical Economic Canjin" da Bell Pottinger ya yi a matsayin "kawai kalmar code don sata", domin a rufe "Kwamar Jiha" ta abokan cinikinsu, sanannen dangin Gupta. Canjin tattalin arziki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wata manufa ce da shugaba Jacob Zuma ke jagoranta don rage rashin daidaiton launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.
A cikin 2018 Rupert ya haifar da cece-kuce a Afirka ta Kudu saboda maganganun da ya yi yayin wata hira da PowerFM . An soki shi saboda musanta zargin da ake yi na samun jarin mulkin mallaka na farar fata, da labarinsa na tsarin bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afrikaner, da kuma kalaman da ya yi dangane da dabi'ar ceto bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan faruwar lamarin Rupert ya bayar da uzuri kan kalaman nasa. Shugaban jam'iyyar Black First Land First da ke da cece-kuce, Andile Mngxitama bayan haka ya bayyana cewa, kalaman Rupert ne dalilin cin zarafin farar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.
Duba kuma
Jerin hamshakan attajirai na Afirka ta Kudu tayar kima
Manazarta
1- Chancellor". sun.ac.za. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1950
Johann rupert
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42267 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20ilimin%20likitanci | Ilimin ilimin likitanci | Pedology (daga Girkanci: πέδον, pedon, "ƙasa"; da λόγος, tambura, "nazari") wani horo ne a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa wanda ke mai da hankali kan fahimta da siffanta samuwar ƙasa, juyin halitta, da ka'idojin ka'idoji don yin ƙirar ƙasa, sau da yawa a ciki. mahallin yanayin yanayi. Ana ganin ilimin ilimin kimiyya sau da yawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassa biyu na binciken ƙasa, ɗayan kuma shine edaphology wanda a al'adance ya fi dacewa da aikin gona kuma yana mai da hankali kan yadda kaddarorin ƙasa ke tasiri ga al'ummomin shuka (na halitta ko noma). A cikin nazarin mahimman abubuwan abubuwan da ke faruwa na ƙasa, misali samuwar ƙasa (aka pedogenesis ), masana ilimin ilimin ilmin ilmin halitta suna ba da kulawa ta musamman ga lura da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da rarraba ƙasa, da sanya jikin ƙasa zuwa mafi girma na ɗan lokaci da sararin samaniya. Ta yin haka, masana ilimin ilimin ilmin halitta suna haɓaka tsarin rarrabuwar ƙasa, taswirar ƙasa, da ka'idoji don nuna alaƙar ɗan lokaci da sarari tsakanin ƙasa. Akwai wasu ƙananan ƙa'idodi na ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin halitta; wato ilimin ilmin halitta da kuma ƙasa geomorphology. Pedometrics yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka dabarun ƙididdige ƙasa, musamman don dalilai na zayyana kaddarorin ƙasa yayin da ƙasa geomorphology yana nazarin alaƙa tsakanin hanyoyin geomorphic da samuwar ƙasa.
Dubawa
Ƙasa ba wai kawai goyon bayan ciyayi ba ne, amma kuma pedosphere, wurin da yawancin hulɗar tsakanin yanayi ( ruwa, iska, zazzabi ), rayuwar ƙasa (micro-kwayoyin, shuke-shuke, dabbobi) da ragowarsa, kayan ma'adinai na ma'adinai . na asali da kuma ƙara dutsen, da matsayinsa a cikin shimfidar wuri. A lokacin samuwarta da asalin halittarta, bayanin martabar ƙasa a hankali yana zurfafawa kuma yana haɓaka nau'ikan sifofi, wanda ake kira 'horizons', yayin da ake kusantar daidaiton yanayi.
Masu amfani da ƙasa (irin su masana aikin gona ) sun nuna damuwa da farko game da yanayin ƙasa. Sun gan shi a matsayin matsakaici wanda kaddarorin sinadarai, na zahiri da na halitta suna da amfani ga ayyukan aikin gona. A daya bangaren kuma, masana ilmin ilmin ilmin halitta da ilmin kasa ba su fara mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikacen aikin gona na halayen kasa ba (dabi'ar kaddarorin) amma dangane da yanayin da tarihin shimfidar wurare. A yau, akwai haɗin kai na hanyoyin ladabtarwa guda biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na shimfidar wuri da kimiyyar muhalli.
Pedologists yanzu kuma sha'awar a aikace aikace-aikace na mai kyau fahimtar pedogenesis tafiyar matakai (juyin halitta da kuma aiki na kasa), kamar fassara ta muhalli tarihi da kuma tsinkaya sakamakon canje-canje a cikin ƙasa amfani, yayin da agronomists fahimci cewa noma ƙasa ne mai hadaddun matsakaici matsakaici., sau da yawa yana faruwa daga dubban shekaru na juyin halitta. Sun fahimci cewa ma'auni na yanzu yana da rauni kuma cewa kawai cikakken ilimin tarihinsa yana ba da damar tabbatar da amfani da shi.
Ra'ayoyi
Muhimman ra'ayoyin ilimin ilimin yara sun haɗa da:
Complexity a cikin ƙasa genesis ya fi na kowa fiye da sauki.
Ƙasa tana kwance a mahaɗin yanayi na duniya, biosphere, hydrosphere da lithosphere . Don haka, cikakken fahimtar ƙasa yana buƙatar ɗan ilimin yanayin yanayi, climatology, ecology, ilmin halitta, ilimin ruwa, geomorphology, ilimin ƙasa da sauran ilimomin duniya da dama da kimiyyar halitta .
Ƙasar ta zamani tana ɗauke da tambarin matakai na pedogenic waɗanda ke aiki a baya, kodayake a yawancin lokuta waɗannan tambarin suna da wahalar gani ko ƙididdige su. Don haka, ilimin ilmin lissafi, palaeogeography, glacial geology da paleoclimatology yana da mahimmanci don ganewa da fahimtar asalin ƙasa kuma ya zama tushen tsinkaya canjin ƙasa na gaba.
Manyan abubuwa biyar, abubuwan da aka samu na waje ( yanayin yanayi, kwayoyin halitta, taimako, kayan iyaye da lokaci ), da ƙananan ƙananan, waɗanda ba a iya ganewa da yawa, suna tafiyar da matakan pedogenic da ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙasa.
Halayen ƙasa da shimfidar ƙasa, misali, lambar, girma, siffofi da kuma shirye-shiryen jikin ƙasa, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa, digiri na homogeneity na ciki, gangara, al'amari, matsayi mai faɗi, shekaru da sauran kaddarorin da dangantaka, ana iya lura da aunawa.
Daban-daban tsarin mulki na bioclimatic ko hadewar tsarin pedogenic yana haifar da ƙasa mai bambanta. Don haka, siffofi na musamman, da ake iya lura da su, misali, tarin yumbu a cikin sararin sama, ana samar da su ta wasu haɗe-haɗe na matakai na pedogenic da ke aiki a kan lokuta daban-daban.
Pedogenic (ƙasa-ƙafa) matakai suna aiki don ƙirƙirar da lalata tsari ( anisotropy ) a cikin ƙasa; waɗannan matakai na iya ci gaba a lokaci ɗaya. Sakamakon bayanan ƙasa yana nuna ma'auni na waɗannan matakai, na yanzu da na baya.
Ka'idodin ilimin yanayin ƙasa na Uniformitarianism ya shafi ƙasa, watau, ayyukan pedogenic da ke aiki a cikin ƙasa a yau suna aiki na dogon lokaci, baya zuwa lokacin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a saman ƙasa. Waɗannan matakan suna da mabambantan matakan magana da ƙarfi akan sarari da lokaci.
Matsakaicin ƙasa daban-daban na iya haɓaka, lalacewa da/ko koma baya a kowane rukunin yanar gizo, azaman abubuwan halittar ƙasa da abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo, misali, ciyayi, lalata, geomorphology, canji.
Akwai 'yan tsohuwar ƙasa kaɗan (a yanayin yanayin ƙasa) saboda ana iya lalata su ko binne su ta hanyar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayin ƙasa, ko kuma canza su ta hanyar canjin yanayi ta yanayin rashin ƙarfi a saman duniya. Kadan daga cikin ci gaban ƙasa ya koma bayan lokacin Tertiary kuma yawancin ƙasa da saman ƙasa ba su girme Pleistocene Epoch ba. Duk da haka, ƙasƙan da aka kiyaye su ( paleosols ) suna da kusan ko'ina a cikin yanayin ƙasa (na tushen ƙasa) a cikin mafi yawan lokutan yanayin ƙasa. Tun da suna rikodin shaidar canjin yanayi na daɗaɗɗen yanayi, suna ba da babbar fa'ida don fahimtar juyin halitta a cikin tarihin ƙasa.
Ilimi da fahimtar asalin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci wajen rarrabuwa da taswira .
Tsarin rarrabuwar ƙasa ba zai iya dogaro gabaɗaya akan hasashe na asali na asali ba, duk da haka, saboda tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta ba safai ake lura da su ba kuma saboda tsarin ilimin halittar jiki yana canzawa akan lokaci.
Ilimin asalin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci kuma na asali ga amfani da ƙasa. Tasirin ɗan adam akan, ko daidaitawa, dalilai da hanyoyin samar da ƙasa za'a iya sarrafa su da kuma tsara su da kyau ta amfani da ilimi game da asalin ƙasa.
Kasa masana'antun yumbu ne na halitta ( laka ya haɗa da tsarin ma'adinai na yumbu da barbashi ƙasa da 2 µm a diamita). Shales a duk faɗin duniya suna, zuwa ga wani adadi mai yawa, kawai yumbu na ƙasa waɗanda aka kafa a cikin pedosphere kuma ya ɓace kuma aka ajiye su a cikin raƙuman teku, don zama mai haske a kwanan baya.
Sanannen likitocin ilimin, yara
Olivier de Serres ne adam wata
Vasily V. Dokuchaev
Friedrich Albert Fallou
Konstantin D. Glinka
Eugene W. Hilgard
Francis D. Hole
Hans Jenny
Curtis F. Marbut
Bernard Palissy
Duba kuma
Abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyyar noma
Jerin batutuwan ƙasa
Pedogenesis
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ilimin kimiyyar kasa |
14003 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioma%20Chukwuka | Chioma Chukwuka | Chioma Chukwuka (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1980A.c), itace wanda aka lasafta ta Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha ko Chioma Akpotha yar wasan Najeriya ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai. A shekara ta 2007 ta sami lambar yabo ta Movie Movie Academy Award don "Mafi nuna fina-finai a cikin jagorancin jagoranci", kuma lambar yabo ta Afro Hollywood ta nuna mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar da ta dace a shekarar 2010.
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Chioma Chukwuka ce a jihar Legas, Kuma ta girma ne daga Oraifite, karamar hukumar Ekwusigo, jihar Anambra, Nigeria. Ta kammala karatun ta na firamare a Onward Nursery da Primary School a jihar Legas, daga nan ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'Yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Onitsha, Jihar Anambra don yin karatun sakandare. Daga nan kuma ta wuce zuwa Jami’ar Jihar Legas, inda ta karanci Banki da Kudi.
Aiki
Rawar da Chioma Chukwuka ta fara takawa da farawarta a cikin fim shine cikin fim din "The Apple" a shekarar 2000. Ta kuma yi rawar gani a fim ɗin The Handkerchief a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2007 ta sami kyautar mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a jagora "a kyautar Academy Movie Awards don fim ɗin Sins of the naman . Tare da shekaru 20 na gwaninta, ta yi tauraron fina -finai a cikin fina-finai sama da 350 na Nollywood, ta samar fina-finai 6 kuma suna da lambobin yabo da yawa a cikin ta. A matsayinta na mai shirya fina-finai, Chioma ta fito da wasu fina-finai sama da 8 wadanda suka hada da wadanda aka zaba wadanda aka baiwa kyautar On Bend Knees . Ita ce kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mai ba da shawara. Ta ƙaddamar da wani tsarin inganta ƙarfin gini a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Masterclass Tare da Chioma (Masterclasschioma.com) inda matasa masu koyar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu zane-zane, masu shirya fina-finai, da sauran ƙwararrun masana'antu ke koyar da su.
Babban-aji tare da Chioma
A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani tsari na samar da ƙarfafawa da ake kira Masterclass With Chioma, inda ake son baiwa, musamman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai, masu zane-zane,' yan wasan kwaikwayo da sauran ƙwararrun masana'antu kan abin da ake buƙatar yin ta a fim, TV., da wasan kwaikwayo.
Yarjejeniyar yarda
Chioma Akpotha ta zama jakadiyar talla ta Erisco Foods a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018. Chukwuka ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada mai farin jini ga wasu kamfanoni na kasuwanci na Najeriya da na duniya, gami da Globacom Nigeria, wani kamfanin sadarwa, Omo Detergent da Harpic Cleaner.
Rayuwar mutum
Chukwuka ta auri Franklyn Akpotha a shekarar 2006.
Fina-finai
Amatsayin yar'wasa
2000: The Apple
2000: Three Musketeers
2000: Handkerchief
2002: Sunrise
2002: The Final Clash
2003: Disguise
2003: Handsome
2003: Real Love
2003: Romantic Attraction
2004: Foul Play
2004: Unbroken Promise
2004: Two Become One
2004: Promise & Fail
2004: Legacy
2004: Home Sickness
2004: Heavy Rain
2004: Circle of Tears
2005: War for War
2005: Years of Tears
2005: Sins of the Flesh – Chukwuka won the African Movie Academy Award in 2007 for Best Actress for her role in this movie
2005: Second Adam
2005: Sacred Tradition
2005: Real Love 2
2005: Real Love 3
2005: Moment of Truth
2005: Knowing You
2005: Golden Moon
2005: Azima
2005: Fake Angel
2005: Eagle's Bride
2005: The Bridesmaid
2006: Wisdom of the Gods
2006: Zoza
2006: Traumatized
2006: Total Crisis
2006: Tears in My Heart
2006: Strange Love
2006: Sound of Love
2006: Serpent in Paradise
2006: Saviour
2006: The Saint
2006: Royal Insult
2006: Royal Doom
2006: On My Wedding Day
2006: Naked Sin
2006: On My Wedding Day
2006: Last Dance
2006: Holy Family
2006: Games Men Play || Directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen
2006: End of Discussion
2006: Desperate Ambition
2006: Dead in Faith
2006: Chinwe Okeke
2006: Asunder
2006: Ass on Fire
2006: Death In Faith
2007: Double Game
2008: Red Soil
2008: World Of Our Own
2008: Wind Of Sorrow
2009: Odum Na Akwaeke
2011: The Throne Is Mine
2011: Nne Ifedigo
2012: Cry No More
2013: On Bended Knees
2014: Heart Of Gold
2014: Warrior Sisters
2014: Aziza
2014: Warrior Sisters
2014: Sabina Makosa
2014: Magic Dragon
2014: Unforgiven
2014: Police On Duty
2014: Village Commando
2014: Nwaogo The House Maid
2015: Agbaranze
2015: Ezi Nwa Di Uko
2015: Rain Of Hope
2015: Chinasa My Love
2015: Nwanyi Nnewi
2015: Kamsi The Freedom Fighter
2015: The Lioness
2015: Amarachi
2015: Coffin Business
2015: Anelka
2015: Udu Bundle
2016: Rain Of Hope
2016: Evil Coffin
2016: Genesis Of Love
2016: The Flute Boy
2016: Marriage Crisis
2016: Sister Maria
2016: Akwaeke
2016: Wives On Strike I
2017: Evil Culture
2017: 2nd Coming Of Christ
2017: Innocent Murderer
2017: My Mother My Pain
2017: All For Love
2017: Heart of Ulimma
2017: King Uremma
2017: Reign Of Truth
2017: God Of Liberation
2017: My Mother
2017: Jehovah Witness
2017: Local Queen
2017: Somto
2017: Christmas Is Coming
2017: Choked
2017: Bird Watcher
2017: Village Champion
2017: The Unforeseen Truth
2017: Dangerous Confession
2017: Innocent Murderer
2017: The Tradition
2017: Broken Vow
2017: Beyond Trust
2017: Tender Heart
2018: Sound of Wisdom
2018: Let Me Love You 1
2018: Let Me Love You 2
2018: Deeper Than Pain
2018: Desperate Twins
2018: In Love Again After Heartbreak 1
2018: In Love Again After Heartbreak 2
2018: My Drum of Love 1
2018: My Drum of Love 2
2018: Life After Marriage
2018: Immortal Love 1
2018: Immortal Love 2
2018: Cause for Love 1
2018: Cause for Love 2
2018: Cause for Love 3
2018: Cause for Love 4
2018: Cause for Love 5
2018: Cause for Love 6
2018: The Ghost and the Tout
2018: Lara & the Beat
2019: Void
2019: For Want Of A Queen
2019: In Your Dreams
2019: The Street Kid
2019: Rain of LOVE
2019: Dark Cloud
A matsayin mai shiryawa
2013: A Kan Knees
2016: Kukan Mutuwar
2017: Zaɓa
2017: Bird Watcher
2019: Ga Fatan Sarauniya
2019: A cikin Mafarkan ku
2019: ruwan sama na soyayya
2019: Girgije mai duhu
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1980 |
30502 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20itatuwa%20a%20Australia | Sare itatuwa a Australia | Filaye a Ostiraliya an bayyana kawar da ciyayi da sare itatuwa a Ostiraliya. Filaye ya haɗa da kawar da ciyayi da wuraren zama, gami da zubar da gandun daji na asali, dazuzzuka, savannah, gandun daji da ciyayi na asali da magudanar ruwa na yanayi don maye gurbin noma, birane da sauran amfanin ƙasa.
Filayen ƙasa muhimman batu ne na muhalli a Ostiraliya . Gwamnatocin Jihohi ne suka sanya dokar hana fasa filayen. Wannan manufar ta bai wa Ostiraliya damar yin biyayya ga alƙawarin da ta yi na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto .
Dalilai
Abubuwan da ke haifar da share ƙasa gabaɗaya an yarda da su. Sannan Kuma Waɗannan su ne faɗaɗa aikin gona, faɗaɗa abubuwan more rayuwa, hakar itace da haɓaka birane.
Noma
Babban abin da ke motsa ƙasa a Ostiraliya shine samar da noma, musamman dabbobi . Inda amfanin ƙasa da ruwan sama suka ba da izini, share ƙasa yana ba da damar haɓaka aikin noma da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa. Kuma Ana ganin share fage a matsayin ci gaba, kuma akwai ra'ayi gabaɗaya cewa an barnatar da ƙasa sai dai idan an bunƙasa shi.
A tarihi, Ƙungiyoyin Commonwealth da gwamnatocin Jihohi sun goyi bayan share fage a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na ingantaccen kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Daban-daban na ci gaba na cibiyoyi don aikin noma sun haɓaka ribar tattalin arziƙin daga share fage, tare da ba da filaye masu arha tare da jarin kamfani a cikin nau'ikan lamuni ko rangwamen haraji. Sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun haɗa da Tsarin Matsakaicin Ƙasar Sabis na War, lamunin banki mara ƙarancin ruwa da shirye-shiryen tallafin kuɗi kamar taimakon agajin fari.
Yawancin filayen da aka share a Ostiraliya an haɓaka su don noman shanu, tumaki da alkama. 46.3% na Ostiraliya ana amfani da su don kiwo na shanu a kan ƙananan hamada tare da ciyayi na halitta. Wannan kasa ta bushe sosai kuma ba ta da haihuwa don amfanin noma (ban da wasu kiwo na kangaroo). Wasu daga cikin wannan ƙasar kiwo an kawar da su daga "sharar da itace". 15% na Ostiraliya a halin yanzu ana amfani da su don duk sauran ayyukan noma da gandun daji akan mafi yawan wuraren da aka share. Kuma A New South Wales, yawancin dazuzzukan da suka rage an share su, saboda yawan amfanin ƙasa. Har ila yau, ci gaban birane shine sanadin wasu filaye, kodayake ba babban direba ba. A cikin Babban Birnin Ostiraliya alal misali, ci gaban birane da yawa ya faru akan filayen noma da aka share a baya.
A Tasmania, aikin noma ne ke tura filaye saboda sare dazuzzuka na asali ya ƙi yankin da yake sake bayyanawa.
Gobarar daji a Ostiraliya
Gobarar daji a Ostiraliya na faruwa akai-akai a cikin watanni masu zafi na shekara.
Tasiri
Filayen ƙasa yana lalata shuke-shuke da muhallin gida sannan kuma yana kawar da abinci da wuraren zama waɗanda sauran nau'ikan na asali suka dogara da su. Sharewa yana ba da damar ciyawa da dabbobi masu cin zarafi don yadawa, yana rinjayar hayakin iskar gas kuma zai iya haifar da lalata ƙasa, irin su yashwa da salinity, wanda hakan zai iya rinjayar ingancin ruwa.
The following table shows the native vegetation inventory assessment of native vegetation by type prior to European settlement and as at 2001-2004. (Given in units of square kilometres)
Yanayin ƙasa
Kamar yadda murfin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga yanayin ƙasa, sharewar ƙasa yana haifar da matsi mai mahimmanci akan yanayin ƙasa. Kuma Cire ciyayi kuma yana barin ƙasa babu komai kuma yana da rauni ga zaizayar ƙasa. Kwanciyar ƙasa yana da mahimmanci don gujewa lalata ƙasa .
Zaizayar kasa
Lalacewar ƙasa yana da matukar mahimmancin matsin lamba akan yanayin ƙasa saboda yana lalata ciyayi da wuraren zama da kuma hana ciyayi da sauran halittun da ke zaune a cikin ciyayi daga sake dawowa, don haka yana haifar da madauki na "mara kyau". Sannan kuma Tsire-tsire na ƙasa shine tushen samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga ƙasa. Idan an cire ciyayi, akwai ƙarancin kwayoyin halitta da ke samuwa don wargajewa da cika abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa. Fitar da ƙasa ga zaizayar ƙasa yana haifar da ƙara raguwar abubuwan gina jiki . yankunan dazuzzukan ya kuma shafi ingancin ruwan da ke kewayen Babban Barrier Reef
Salinity
Wani sakamakon sharer ƙasa shine salinity dryland . Dryland salinity shine motsin gishiri zuwa saman ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Kuma A Ostiraliya, akwai gishiri mai yawa da aka adana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yawancin ciyayi na Australiya sun dace da ƙarancin yanayin ruwan sama, kuma suna amfani da tsarin tushe mai zurfi don cin gajiyar kowane ruwa da ke ƙasa. Wadannan suna taimakawa wajen adana gishiri a cikin ƙasa, ta hanyar rage yawan ruwan ƙasa don kada gishiri ya tura sama. Kuma Koyaya, tare da share ƙasa, raguwar adadin ruwan da tushen bishiyun ya tashi a baya yana nufin teburin ruwan ya tashi zuwa saman, yana narkar da gishiri a cikin tsari. Salinity yana rage yawan amfanin shuka kuma yana shafar lafiyar koguna da magudanan ruwa. Salinity kuma yana shafar rayuwar tituna da sauran ababen more rayuwa, wanda ke shafar tattalin arziki da sufuri.
Halittar halittu
Rushewar nau'ikan 108 (2 dabbobi masu shayarwa 2, tsuntsu 2 da nau'in tsiro 97) an danganta shi da sharewa. ƙasa ya kasance mai nuna matsi na kawar da ciyayi, lafiya da juriyar ciyayi da suka rage suma sun dogara ne akan girman guntuwar da nisan su da juna. Kuma Hakanan gaskiya ne ga nau'ikan da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan gutsuttsuran mazauni . Karami kuma mafi keɓance ragowar, mafi girman barazanar daga matsi na waje yayin da iyakokinsu (ko gefuna) suka fi fuskantar tashin hankali. Hakanan matsi yana ƙaruwa tare da nisa tsakanin gutsuttsura.
Canjin yanayi
Filayen filaye shine babban tushen hayakin iskar gas na Ostiraliya, yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 12 cikin ɗari ga jimillar hayaƙin Australia a shekarata 1998. Cire ciyayi yana lalata microclimate ta hanyar cire inuwa da rage zafi . Hakanan Kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi a duniya ta hanyar rage ƙarfin ciyayi don ɗaukar carbon dioxide . Har ila yau, share fage na iya zama alhakin rage yawan ruwan sama da kuma yuwuwar kwararowar hamada da kuma zaizayar kasa.
Yanke gandun daji da matsanancin yanayi
Ƙungiya ta bincika tasirin yanayi da fari ta hanyar nazarin ruwan sama na yau da kullun da yanayin zafi daga Mark 3 GCM.
Wannan aikin, irinsa na farko, ya nuna karuwa a yawan kwanakin bushewa (<1mm ruwan sama) da kwanakin zafi (mafi yawan zafin jiki> 35). °C), raguwar yawan ruwan sama na yau da kullun da kuma yawan ruwan sama a ranakun damina, da kuma ƙaruwar lokacin fari a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka gyara. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun kasance masu mahimmanci a ƙididdiga na tsawon shekaru a duk faɗin gabashin Ostiraliya kuma musamman ma an bayyana su a lokacin al'amuran El Niño masu ƙarfi.
Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa LCC ya kara tsananta yanayin yanayin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi a kudu maso yamma da gabashin Ostiraliya, shiyasa don haka ya haifar da fari mai dorewa kuma mafi tsanani.
Martani
Tun daga shekarun 1980, yawan share fage ya ragu saboda canza halaye da kuma fahimtar illolin sharewar. Gwamnonin Queensland da New South Wales sun aiwatar da dokar hana share filaye a cikin shekarata 1990s da farkon shekarar 2000s. Ostiraliya ta kasance kan gaba wajen saran gandun daji, kasa daya tilo da ta ci gaba da yin hakan.
Dukansu Queensland da New South Wales suna lura da share ƙasa a kowace shekara ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam a ƙarƙashin Nazarin Landcover da Bishiyoyi na Jiha.
Dokokin sharewa
Yanzu ana sarrafa sharewa ta hanyar doka a Yammacin Ostiraliya, Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria, New South Wales, da zuwa ƙaramin digiri a Queensland . Hanyoyin sarrafa filaye sun sha bamban sosai tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen, kuma duk da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da illar lalacewar filaye, manoma gabaɗaya sun yi adawa da matakan da za a ɗauka.
Dokokin tarayya
Ana sarrafa share ƙasa a kaikaice ta hanyar dokar tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kariyar Halittu ta 1999 (Cth), wacce kuma za ta iya amfani da ita idan akwai nau'ikan da ke da kariya ta tarayya (tsiri ko dabba) ko al'ummomin muhallin da ke cikin haɗari a ƙasar da ake tambaya. .
Gudanar da wuta
Ya danganta da kusanci zuwa babban haɗari ga wuraren kashe gobarar daji a kowace jiha, ana iya amfani da dokar 10/30 ko dokar 10/50. Wannan yana ba da damar yanke bishiyu a cikin mita 10 na gidaje ko share ƙasa a cikin mita 30 ko 50 na gida. Sannan Kuma Wannan yana rage mai don wuta kusa da gidaje wanda ya tabbatar da tasiri tun lokacin aiwatarwa.
New South Wales
Tsare-tsare ciyayi a cikin NSW ana tsara shi ta Dokar Sabis na Ƙasa ta shekarar 2013 (NSW) da kuma ta hanyar karewa kan mazaunin nau'ikan barazanar da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar Kare Diversity 2016 (NSW). Hakanan ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar sarrafa haɓakawa da Kayan Tsarin Muhalli (EPI) ƙarƙashin dokar tsara amfani da ƙasa, wato Dokar Tsare Tsare da Muhalli 1979 (NSW). Dokar tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokar Kare Halittu ta shekarar 1999 (Cth) na iya kuma amfani da ita idan akwai nau'ikan da ke cikin barazanar tsaro ta tarayya (tsiri ko dabba) ko al'ummomin muhallin da ke cikin haɗari a ƙasar da ake tambaya. An keɓance nau'ikan da aka keɓe a cikin Dokar Biosecurity 2015 kuma masu mallakar kadarorin za su iya share su a kowane lokaci.
A cewar gwamnatin jihar jihar ta yi asarar kadada 54,000 na ciyayi na itace a shekarar 2019.
Queensland
Share ciyayi na asali a cikin Queensland ana tsara shi ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Tsirrai ta shekarata 1999 da Dokar Gudanar da Tsirrai (Regrowth Clearing Moratorium) Dokar a shekarata 2009 . Dokar EPBC ta Tarayya kuma na iya aiki (duba sama)
Matsakaicin farashin a Queensland ya ragu daga kololuwa a cikin shekarata 1990s, bayan nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe daga ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa da al'ummomi a duk faɗin Queensland.
Kudancin Ostiraliya
Tsare-tsare ciyayi na asali a cikin SA ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar Dokar Tsirrai ta shekarar 1991 (SA). Dokar EPBC ta Tarayya kuma na iya aiki (duba sama).
Kananan hukumomi
A cikin birane ko birane, cire bishiyu ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar dokokin majalisa da aka tsara a cikin abin da ake kira odar kiyaye itace (TPO). Wannan tsarin dokokin ya fi dacewa don nuna ƙayyadaddun manufofin tsare gandun daji na birni na majalisa. Sannan Kuma Manufofin gama gari sun haɗa da samar da ingantattun halittu masu koshin lafiya, haɓaka ɗimbin halittu da rage tasirin tsibiri mai zafi ta hanyar riƙe bishiyoyi da shirye-shiryen dashen bishiya. TPO's yawanci zai haɗa da muhimmiyar rajistar bishiyar wacce ke lissafin mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyin bishiyar da aka kare da wuraren da ba za a iya cire su a kowane yanayi ba. TPO's kuma sun zo tare da keɓancewa waɗanda ke ba masu mallakar kadar damar cire bishiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kuma Keɓancewa na iya haɗawa da matsakaicin tsayi da yaduwar bishiyoyi waɗanda ke buƙatar izinin majalisa don cirewa da jerin nau'in keɓancewar nau'ikan waɗanda za'a iya cirewa ba tare da la'akari da tsayi da yadawa ba.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Gidauniyar kiyayewa ta Australiya 2007, An duba 26 Oktoba 2007.
Ofishin Greenhouse na Ostiraliya 2000, Sharer ƙasa: Tarihin zamantakewa, Commonwealth of Ostiraliya, Canberra. An shiga 29 Oktoba 2007.
Benson, JS 1991, Tasirin shekaru 200 na matsugunin Turai akan ciyayi da flora na New South Wales, Cunninghamia, 2:343-370.
Cogger, H, Ford, H, Johnson, C, Holman, J da Butler, D 2003, Tasirin Sharar Kasa akan Dabbobin Australiya a Queensland, Gidauniyar Dabbobin Dabbobin Duniya Australia, Sydney
Ƙungiyar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Commonwealth (CSIRO) 2007, Ƙasa da Ruwa, https://www.clw.csiro.au/issues/salinity/faq.html Archived Laraba 29 Oktoba 2007.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, Jihar Rahoton Muhalli, duba 26 Oktoba 2007.
Sashen Muhalli da Gado na 2005, Tsarin Ba da Bayanin Tsirrai na Ƙasa (NVIS) Mataki na 1, Siffar 3.0 Manyan Ƙungiyoyin ciyayi,
Diamond, Jared, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 ( ). Duba babi na 13 mai take « "Ma'adinai" Ostiraliya » (shafi na 378-416).
Giles, D 2007, Damuwar share ƙasa na Jiha, a cikin The Courier-Mail, 28 Oktoba 2007.
Binciken Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ruwa na Ƙasa, Tsire-tsire na yanzu 1998 a cikin Binciken Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ruwa na 2001, Commonwealth of Ostiraliya, duba 29 Oktoba 2007.
Thackway, R & Cresswell, ID (eds.) 1995, Tsarin Yanki na Biogeographic na wucin gadi don Ostiraliya: Tsari don saita fifiko a cikin Tsarin Haɗin kai na Tsarin Reserve na ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Australiya, Canberra.
Ofishin Kididdiga na Australiya, www.abs.gov.au, an duba 26 Oktoba 2007.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%20Plateau | Jos Plateau | Tsaunin Jos Plateau wani tudu ne dake kusa da tsakiyar Najeriya. A sanadiyyar sunan tsaunin na plateau ya ake kiran yankin Jihar Filato wacce ke cikin garin kuma yiwa babban birnin jihar, Jos lakabi da ita. Tsaunin ya kasance gida ga mutane masu al'adu da harsuna daban-daban. Tsaunin ya kunshi ciyayi na montane grassland, savannas, kuma dazukan gida ne ga nauika daban daban na tsirrai da dabbobi wadanda suka bambamta da na sauran kewaye garin sannan ta kunshi gandun daji na Jos Plateau-savanna mosaic ecoregion .
Labarin Kasa
Ta mamaye kimanin fili 8600 km² kuma tana da iyaka da mita 300-600 na scarpments kusa da yawancin iyakarta. Tare da matsakaicin bisa na mita 1,280, itace yanki mafi girma da ke da fiye da tsayin mita 1,000 a Najeriya, tare da bisa na mita 1,829m, daga tudun Shere Hills. Rafuka da dama sun samo tushen su daga tsaunin. Kogin Kaduna yana kwarara daga gangaren yamma, ya bi ramukan kudu maso yamma don hadewa da rafin Niger. Kogin Gongola yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa rafin Benue. Kogin Hadejia da Yobe suna kwarara ta arewa maso gabas zuwa tafkin Chadi.
Duwatsu
Tsaunin Jos Plateau ya kunshi nau'ikan duwatsu guda uku. Tsofaffin granites wanda ke da alaka da shekarun Cambrian da Ordovician. Matsakaitan granites suna da alaka da shekarun Jurassic kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na jerin da suka haɗa da Aïr Massif a tsakiyar Sahara. Har ila yau, akwai duwatsun volcano da basalt wanda aka amayar tun lokacin Pliocene. Matsakaitan granites kuma suna dauke da tin da ake hakowa tun farkon karni na 20, lokacin da kuma bayan Turawan mulkin mallaka.
Yanayi
Yanayin da ke kan tsaunin na da zafi amma ya fi sauran yankunan kewayen garin sanyi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi/sanyi na farawa daga 15.5 ° C zuwa 18.5 °C a cikin watanni mafi sanyi zuwa 27.5 °C zuwa 30.5 °C a cikin watanni mafi zafi. Ruwan sama na farawa daga 2,000 mm a kowace shekara a kudu maso yamma zuwa 1,500 mm ko ƙasa da haka a yanayin kafewa ns arewa maso gabas. Ruwan sama a garin Jos na kai 1,411 mm a kowace shekara. Ruwan sama ya danganta da yanayi sosai, yana faɗowa mafi yawa tsakanin Yuni da Satumba tare da Yuli da Agusta watanni mafi sanyi. Iskar da ke ɗauke da danshi tana fitowa daga kudu da yamma, kuma ruwan sama ya fi girma a kan gangaren kudu- da yamma.
Flora da fauna
Ciyayi asali na yankin sun kasance kaman mosaic na savanna,"Forest–savanna mosaic"open woodland, da kuma forest savanna. Ayyukan ɗan adam sun rage yawan bishiyoyin tsaunin, sannan kuma mafi yawancin tudu a yanzu an rufe su da filayen ciyawa. Kananan wurare na gandun daji da daji sun kasance a kan tudu da wuraren da ba za a iya isa ba, ciki har da kudanci da yamma, tare da koguna, da kuma duwatsu. Tsaunin ya kasance gida ne kawai ga mutanen yammacin Afirka na klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus ), da kuma tsuntsaye masu yawa da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mole-bera na Najeriya ( Cryptomys foxi ), Fox's shaggy rat ( Dasymys foxi ), rock firefinch ( Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis ), da Jos Plateau indigobird ( Vidua maryae ).
Mutane
Plateau na Jos na zaune a Tsakiyar Najeriya, kuma ko a wannan yanki akwai bambancin al'adu da dama, akwai harsuna da mutane iri-iri. Barbour et al. (1982:49) ya nuna fiye da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci guda 60 ke rayuwa a kan tsunin. Yawancin harsunan tsaunin suna cikin dangin Chadic, wanda ke cikin dangin Afro-Asiya. Biyu daga cikin manyan kabilun Filato su ne Berom, a arewacin Filato, da kuma Ngas a kudu maso gabas. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Mwaghavul, Pyem, Ron, Afizere, Anaguta, Aten, Irigwe, Chokfem, Kofyar, Kulere, Miship, Mupun da Montol.
Plateau na Jos gida ne ga tsaffin al'adun Nok, wanda aka sani da kyawawan zane-zane na terracotta. Bayan turawan mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, Jos Plateau ya zama yanki mai ma'adinai kuma daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren yawon bude ido a Najeriya, sai dai a farkon karni na 21 ya kawo cikas ga harkokin yawon bude ido sakamakon wani sabon rikici da ya barke tsakanin kiristoci da musulmi, sakamakon sabanin kabilanci da na siyasa a tsakanin. mazauna Jos Plateau.
Barazana da kiyayewa
Tsaunin Jos wani yanki ne mai yawan jama'a wanda ke da hasarar ɓangarorin ciyayi na asali da itacen daji zuwa gonaki da kuma tara itace; sauran dabbobin da suka rage yawanci sun iyakance ga ƙananan yankuna a cikin mafi nisa da kuma bakin kogi. A halin yanzu babu wani shirin kiyayewa don wannan muhallin. Sakamakon aikin hako ma'adinan tin wasu 320 km² na ƙasar noma ya damu. Tun daga lokacin manoman yankin sun samu bunkasar lamarin saboda amfani da na gargajiya da na zamani da ake amfani da su wajen takin zamani wadanda suka hada da taki, tokar sharar gari da takin zamani. Kimanin 1,199 km², ko 9%, na ecoregion yana cikin wurare masu kariya. Wuraren da aka kiyaye sun haɗa da tsaunin Jarawa, Jere, Rafin Bawa, Panshanu, Kogin Guram, Assob Bachit, Kurra Jekko, da gandun dajin Abak.
Manazarta
Barbour, KM, et al., masu gyara. 1982 Najeriya a Taswirori . Hodder da Stoughton, London.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hiking on the plateau
Tsaunuka a Najeriya |
24316 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinka%20Faleti | Yinka Faleti | Adeyinka Faleti (an haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da sabain da shida 1976A.c), ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Najeriya-Ba'amurke ne kuma tsohon sojan Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya ga Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a zaɓen 2020 . Ya kammala digirinsa na farko a Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka a West Point tare da Likita Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington.
Ya baya aiki a matsayin darektan zartarwa na kungiyar agaji Forward Ta Ferguson, da Babban Mataimakin shugaban United Way of Greater St. Louis, a jihar m a St. Louis Circuit Ministan Shari'a ta Office, da kuma wani lauya kai kara a dokar kasa da kasa, tabbatattun Bryan kõgon.
Faleti yana zaune tare da matarsa, Ronke, da yaransu hudu a St. Louis, Missouri.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Faleti a Legas, Najeriya . A tsakiyar 1970s, mahaifinsa ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka kuma ya koma New York City . Mahaifiyarsa ta tafi bayan shekaru uku kuma ta bar Faleti tare da kakanninsa har sai da ya sami Visa. Shekaru 7 bayan tafiyar mahaifinsa, Faleti ya isa Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy a New York kuma ya sadu da mahaifinsa da kannensa biyu a karon farko. Da girma, danginsa sun zauna a New York, Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, da Texas.
Faleti ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Texas tare da difloma ta sakandare. Ya ci gaba da nazarin injiniyan abubuwan da suka shafi ɗan adam a Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka kuma ya kammala a 1998. A cikin 2007, ya sami digiri na JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington.
Sana'a
Ayyukan soja (1998 - 2004)
Bayan kammala karatu daga West Point, Faleti ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin jami'in da ke aiki daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ya yi balaguro biyu a Kuwait : yawon shakatawa na farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Desert Spring kuma rangadin na biyu ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Enduring Freedom . Hakanan ya kasance jagoran ƙungiyar tankuna a Fort Hood kuma ya sami horo tare da sojoji 15 a cikin tankokin M1A2.
A lokacin tashi daga aikin soja, ya kai matsayin Kyaftin da kwamandan Kamfanin.
Makarantar Shari'a (2004 - 2007)
A 2004, Faleti ya bar aikin soja ya koma St. Louis don fara makarantar koyon aikin lauya a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington. Yayin halartar makarantar lauya, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar ɗaliban ɗaliban lauyoyin WashU Law. Ya kuma fafata a cikin Kungiyar Bayar da Shawarar fitina, ya sami Mafi kyawun Mai Bayar da Shawara a 2005, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a ƙungiyar ƙarshe ta 2006.
Aikin lauya (2007–2013)
Bayan kammala karatun lauya a 2007, Faleti yayi aiki a matsayin lauyan tuhuma a wurin St. Louis wurin kamfanin lauyoyi na duniya Bryan Cave (yanzu Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner). A cikin 2011, ya zama mai gabatar da kara na jihar a Ofishin Lauyan St. Louis Circuit kuma yayi aiki kusan shekaru uku.
Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Sa -kai (2013–2019)
A cikin 2013, Faleti ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Philanthropic, Donor, da Sabis na Al'umma a United Way of Greater St. Louis. A lokacinsa a United Way, ya ba da umarnin tara kuɗi da ƙoƙarin sa kai kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300 ga St.
A cikin 2018, ya zama Babban Darakta na Ci gaba Ta hanyar Ferguson, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta St. Louis da aka kafa don aiwatar da canje-canjen da Rahoton Hukumar Ferguson ya gabatar. Bayan mutuwar Michael Brown a Ferguson, gwamnan Missouri Jay Nixon ya nada haɗin gwiwar shugabannin yankin don kafa Hukumar Ferguson. Hukumar ita ce ta kammala “cikakken nazari mai zurfi, mai ɗorewa da rashin daidaituwa kan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da ke hana ci gaba, daidaito da aminci a yankin St. Louis,” wanda ya ƙare a cikin rahoton Hukumar Ferguson a 2015.
An ba Faleti lambar yabo ta ƙwararrun masu aikin ƙaura a cikin Kyautar Mosaic Workplace Awards na St. Louis Mosaic na 2018 don aikinsa a Forward Ta Ferguson.
Dan takarar sakataren harkokin waje na Missouri (2019–2020)
A watan Oktoba na 2019, Faleti ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana neman Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a 2020 tare da dan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft . Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Missouri ta sanar da shi a matsayin wanda aka zaba a watan Afrilu 2020. Ya bayyana cewa yana yin takarar mukami ne "don kara samun damar kada kuri'a, rage shinge ga shigar masu kada kuri'a da karewa da girmama tsarin shirin mu na jefa kuri'a." Idan aka zabe shi, zai kasance Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da zai riƙe ofis a jihar Missouri.
Faleti ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na jihar gabaɗaya lokacin da ya tara kuɗi sama da ninki 7 na adadin abokin hamayyarsa, ɗan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft, a cikin kwata na biyu na 2020. Baya ga zaben gwamna, Faleti a wannan lokacin ya taso fiye da duk wani ɗan takarar da ke neman kujerar gwamna a jihar Missouri.
Tallafin Faleti ya haɗa da Bari Amurka ta Zabe, St. Louis Post Dispatch, St. Louis American, Vote Vets, Missouri AFL-CIO da St. Louis Labour Council, End Citizens United, Access MO, PAC na Ƙungiya, St. Indivisible St. Louis, Planned Parenthood Action Asusun da NARAL Missouri.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1976
Rayayyun mutane
Yan Nijeriya mazauna Amurika
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40192 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra | Orchestra | Orchestra (/ˈɔːrkɪstrə/Italiyanci: Italian: [orˈkɛstra]) babban gungu ne na kayan kida na gargajiya, wanda ke haɗa kayan kida daga iyalai daban-daban. Akwai manyan sassa huɗu na kayan aikin:
kayan kirtani na baka, kamar violin, viola, cello, da double bass
woodwinds, kamar sarewa, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, da bassoon
Kayan aikin ƙarfe, kamar ƙaho, ƙaho, trombone, cornet, da tuba
kayan kida, irin su timpani, gangunan tarko, gangunan bass, kuge, triangle, da tambourine, da kayan kidan mallet.
Wasu kayan kida irin su piano, garaya, da celesta na iya fitowa a wani lokaci a cikin sashe na madannai na biyar ko kuma suna iya tsayawa su kadai a matsayin kayan kidan soloist, kamar yadda kidan kide-kide da wake-waken da, don wasan kwaikwayo na wasu kade-kade na zamani, electronic instruments da gita.
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yamma na iya zama wani lokaci ana kiranta a ko kuma kade-kade na philharmonic (daga Girkanci phil-,"soyayya", da "jituwa"). Ainihin adadin mawakan da aka yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na iya bambanta daga mawaƙa saba'in zuwa sama da ɗari, ya danganta da aikin da ake kunnawa da girman wurin. A (wani lokaci mawakan kide-kide) karamin gungu ne wanda bai wuce mawaka hamsin ba. Mawakan da suka kware a waƙar Baroque, alal misali, Johann Sebastian Bach da George Frideric Handel, ko kuma repertoire na gargajiya, irin su Haydn da Mozart, sun kasance sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ke yin repertoire na Romantic kamar waƙoƙin Ludwig van. Beethoven da Johannes Brahms. Hankulan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yau da kullun ta girma a cikin karni na 18th da 19thƘarnu, kololuwa tare da manyan makada (wanda ya kai 120 'yan wasa) sun yi kira ga ayyukan Richard Wagner, daga baya, kumaGustav Mahler.
Yawancin mawaƙa suna da jagorancin jagora wanda ke jagorantar wasan kwaikwayon tare da motsi na hannu da hannu, sau da yawa yana sauƙaƙa wa mawaƙa don gani ta hanyar amfani da sandar madugu. Jagora yana haɗa ƙungiyar makaɗa, saita lokaci kuma ya tsara sautin ƙungiyar. Jagoran yana kuma shirya makada ne ta hanyar jagorantar atisaye a gaban taron jama'a, inda jagoran ya ba wa mawakan umarni kan fassarar wakokin da ake yi.
Jagoran sashin violin na farko -wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da kide-kide-shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar mawakan. A zamanin kiɗan Baroque (1600–1750), mawaƙan kide-kide suna jagorantar ƙungiyar makaɗa, ko kuma mawaƙin mawaƙa da ke yin ɓangarorin basso continuo a kan garaya ko sashin bututu, al'adar da wasu 20th suka yi. karni da 21st An ci gaba da gungun wakokin farkon karni. Mawakan suna wasa da yawa na repertoire, gami da kade-kade, wasan opera da ballet overtures, kade-kade na kayan kida na solo, da kuma a matsayin tarin ramin wasan operas, ballets, da wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kida (misali, Gilbert da Sullivan operettas).
Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa masu son sun haɗa da waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare ko sakandare, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na matasa, da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta al'umma; biyun na ƙarshe yawanci sun ƙunshi mawaƙa daga wani birni ko yanki.
Kalmar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta samo asali ne daga harshen Girkanci ὀρχήστρα (ƙungiyar mawaƙa), sunan yankin da ke gaban wani mataki a tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Girka.
Tarihi
Baroque and classical eras
A zamanin Baroque, girman da tsarin ƙungiyar makaɗa ba a daidaita ba. Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin girman, kayan aiki da salon wasa-sabili da haka a cikin sautin sauti na ƙungiyar makaɗa da palette-tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na Turai. Mawakan Baroque sun fito ne daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kade-kade (ko ensembles) tare da ɗan wasa ɗaya kowane bangare, zuwa manyan kade-kade masu yawa tare da 'yan wasa da yawa a kowane bangare. Misalai na ƙananan nau'ikan su ne ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Bach, misali a cikin Koehen, inda ya sami damar yin amfani da tarin har zuwa 'yan wasa 18. Misalai na manyan kade-kade na Baroque zasu hada da makada na Corelli a Rome wanda ke tsakanin 'yan wasa 35 zuwa 80. Don wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, ana haɓaka su zuwa 'yan wasa 150 don lokuta na musamman.
A zamanin gargajiya, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta zama mafi daidaitawa tare da ƙarami zuwa matsakaicin yanki na kirtani da sashin iska mai ƙarfi wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na oboes, sarewa, bassoons da ƙaho, wani lokaci ana ƙara su da kiɗa da nau'i-nau'i na clarinets da ƙaho.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40178 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet | Sonnet | Sonnet wani nau'i ne na waƙa wanda ya samo asali daga waƙar da aka tsara a court Mai Tsarki na Sarkin Roma Frederick II a cikin Sicilian birnin Palermo. Mawaki na ƙarni na 13 kuma notary Giacomo da Lentini an lasafta shi da ƙirƙirar sonnet, kuma Makarantar mawaƙa ta Sicilian waɗanda suka kewaye shi sannan suka yada fom ɗin zuwa mainland. Farkon sonnets, duk da haka, ba sa rayuwa a cikin ainihin yaren Sicilian, amma sai bayan an fassara su zuwa yaren Tuscan.
Kalmar "sonnet" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Italiyanci sonetto (lit. "karamin waƙa", wanda aka samo daga kalmar Latin sous, ma'ana sauti). Zuwa karni na 13 ya nuna waka mai layi goma sha hudu wadanda suka biyo bayan tsari da tsari mai tsauri.
A cewar Christopher Blum, a lokacin Renaissance, sonnet ta zama "yanayin zabi na nuna soyayya". A wannan lokacin, kuma, an ɗauki fom ɗin a cikin wasu yankuna da yawa na yaren Turai kuma daga ƙarshe an ɗauki kowane batu abin karɓa ga marubutan sonnets. Rashin haƙuri tare da tsarin da aka saita ya haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin ƙarni, ciki har da watsi da iyakar quatorzain har ma da waƙoƙin gaba ɗaya a zamanin yau.
Romance languages
Italiyanci
An yi imanin cewa Giacomo da Lentini, shugaban makarantar Sicilian karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Frederick II ne ya kirkiro sonnet. Peter Dronke ya yi tsokaci cewa akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci ga sassauƙan tsarin sa wanda ya ba da gudummawar rayuwa fiye da yankin sa. Siffar ta ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na quatrains da ke biye da tercets guda biyu tare da tsarin waƙa mai ma'ana ABABABAB CCDCD, inda ake aiwatar da hankali a cikin sabuwar hanya bayan Midway break. William Baer ya ba da shawarar cewa layukan farko na takwas na farko na sonnets na Sicilian sun yi kama da na Sicilian folksong stanza mai layi takwas da aka sani da Strambotto. Da wannan, da Lentini (ko duk wanda ya ƙirƙira fom) ya ƙara tercets biyu zuwa Strambotto don ƙirƙirar sabon sigar sonnet mai layi 14.
Sabanin haka, Hassanally Ladha ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin Sicilian sonnet da abun ciki ya zana waƙar Larabci kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙirƙirar" ta Giacomo da Lentini ko wani memba na Makarantar Sicilian ba. Ladha ya lura cewa "a cikin farkon Sicilian, sonnet evinces wallafe-wallafen adabi da kuma epistemological lamba tare da qasida", kuma ya jaddada cewa sonnet ba ya fito lokaci guda tare da zaton ta ma'anar 14-layi tsarin. "A bayyane yake, ƙoƙarin rufe sonnet daga magabata na Larabci ya dogara ne akan ma'anar sabuwar waƙar da Giacomo ba ta dace ba: tsira a cikin karni na goma sha uku, wakokinsa ba su bayyana a cikin goma sha huɗu ba, amma sai dai layi shida, ciki har da hudu. layuka, kowanne da hemistiches biyu da “tercets” biyu kowanne a cikin layin da ya shimfida sama da layuka biyu. A ra'ayi na Ladha, sonnet ya fito a matsayin ci gaba na al'adar sha'awar soyayya a ko'ina cikin duniyar Bahar Rum kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu nau'i kamar Sicilian strambotto, Provencal canso, Andalusi Larabci muwashshah da zajal, da kuma qasida.
Guittone d'Arezzo ya sake gano nau'in sonnet kuma ya kawo shi zuwa Tuscany inda ya daidaita shi zuwa yaren Tuscan lokacin da ya kafa Siculo-Tuscan, ko makarantar waƙoƙin Guittonian (1235-1294). Ya rubuta kusan 250 sonnets. Daga cikin rundunar sauran mawaƙan Italiyanci waɗanda suka biyo baya, sonnets na Dante Alighieri da Guido Cavalcanti sun fito fili, amma daga baya mafi shahara kuma mafi tasiri shine Petrarch.
Tsarin tsarin sonnet ɗin Italiyanci na yau da kullun yayin da yake haɓaka ya haɗa da sassa biyu waɗanda tare suka samar da ƙaramin nau'i na "hujja". Na farko, octave ya samar da "shawarwari", wanda ke bayyana "matsala" ko "tambaya", sannan kuma sestet (tercets biyu) wanda ke ba da shawarar "ƙuduri". Yawanci, layi na tara yana fara abin da ake kira "juyawa", ko "volta", wanda ke nuna alamar motsi daga shawara zuwa ƙuduri. Ko da a cikin sautin sauti waɗanda ba su bi tsarin matsala/ƙuduri ba, layi na tara yakan nuna alamar “juyawa” ta hanyar nuna canjin sautin, yanayi, ko matsayin waƙar.
Daga baya, tsarin ABBA ABBA ya zama ma'auni na sonnets na Italiyanci. Da sestet akwai yuwuwa daban-daban guda biyu: CDE CDE da CDC CDC. A cikin lokaci, an gabatar da wasu bambance-bambancen akan wannan tsarin waƙar, kamar CDC DCD ko CDE DCE. Petrarch yakan yi amfani da tsarin ABBA ABBA don octave, sannan ko dai CDE CDE ko CDC CDC rhymes a cikin sestet.
A farkon karni na 14 akwai misalan farko na jerin sonnet wanda aka haɗe game da jigo ɗaya. Wannan jerin Folgore da San Geminiano ne ke wakilta akan watannin shekara, ya biyo bayan jerin sa a ranakun mako. A kwanan baya kadan, Dante ya buga La Vita Nuova, wani sharhin labari wanda ya bayyana sonnets da sauran nau'o'in lyrical da suka shafi ƙaunar mawaƙa ga Beatrice. Yawancin sonnets akwai Petrarchan (anan ana amfani dashi azaman salon salo kawai tunda Dante ya riga ya rigaya Petrarch). Babi na VII yana ba da sonnet "O voi che per la via", tare da sestets biyu (AABAAB AABAAB) da quatrains guda biyu (CDDC CDDC), da Ch. VIII, "Morte villana", tare da sestets guda biyu (AABBBA AABBBA) da quatrains guda biyu (CDDC CDDC). Petrarch ya bi sawun sa daga baya a cikin karni na gaba tare da 366 sonnets na Canzionere, wanda ya ba da tarihin ƙaunarsa na tsawon rayuwarsa ga Laura.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48391 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20J.%20Hudner%20Jr. | Thomas J. Hudner Jr. | Thomas Jerome Hudner Jr. (Agusta 31, 1924 - Nuwamba 13, 2017) wani jami'in sojan ruwan Amurka,ne kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa . Ya kai matsayin kyaftin, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukan da ya yi na kokarin ceton rayuwar dan wasansa, Ensign Jesse L. Brown, a lokacin yakin Chosin Reservoir a yakin Koriya .
An haife shi a Fall River, Massachusetts Hudner ya halarci Kwalejin Phillips a Andover, Massachusetts,da Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka . Da farko bai sha'awar jirgin sama ba, daga ƙarshe ya tashi ya shiga Fighter Squadron 32, ya tashi da F4U Corsair a lokacin barkewar yakin Koriya. Lokacin da ya isa kusa da Koriya a watan Oktoba 1950, ya tashi ayyukan tallafi daga jirgin saman USS Leyte .
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekarar, 1950, Hudner da Brown na daga cikin gungun matukan jirgi da ke sintiri a kusa da tafkin Chosin, lokacin da sojojin kasar Sin suka bude wuta kan jirgin ruwan Corsair na Brown, kuma ya yi hadari. A yunƙurin ceto Brown daga jirgin da ya kona, da gangan Hudner ya yi karo da nasa jirgin a kan wani dutse mai dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yanayin sanyi don taimakawa Brown. Duk da wannan yunƙurin, Brown ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma Hudner ya tilasta wa barin jikin Brown a baya, saboda helikwafta mai ceto ba zai iya tashi a cikin duhu ba kuma Hudner ya ji rauni a cikin saukowa.
Bayan faruwar lamarin, Hudner ya rike mukamai a cikin jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwan Amurka da dama tare da na'urorin sufurin jiragen sama da dama, gami da takaitaccen lokaci a matsayin babban jami'in USS . Kitty Hawk yayin yawon shakatawa a yakin Vietnam, kafin ya yi ritaya a 1973. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya yi aiki da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji a Amurka. The Arleigh Burke -class jagorar lalata makami mai linzami USS Ana kiransa USS .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi,
An haifi Hudner 31 ga Agusta 1924 a Fall River, Massachusetts . Mahaifinsa, Thomas Hudner Sr., dan kasuwa ne dan asalin Irish wanda ke gudanar da jerin shagunan kayan abinci, Kasuwan Hudner. Daga baya aka haifi 'yan'uwa uku, suna James, Richard, da Phillip.
,Hudner ya shiga babbar makarantar Phillips a Andover, Massachusetts, a cikin 1939. Iyalinsa suna da dogon tarihi a makarantar, tare da mahaifinsa ya kammala karatunsa a 1911 kuma kawunsa,Harold Hudner, ya kammala karatunsa a 1921. A ƙarshe, ƙananan yara uku na Hudner za su halarci makarantar; James a 1944, Richard a 1946 da Phillip a 1954. A lokacin da yake cikin makarantar sakandare, Thomas ya kasance mai aiki a kungiyoyi da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a cikin ƙungiyar waƙa ta makaranta da kuma memba na kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da lacrosse, jami'in aji, memba na majalisar dalibai, kuma mataimaki. mashawarcin gida.
Sana'a
Bayan, harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor da shigar Amurka yakin duniya na biyu, Hudner ya ji jawabin shugaban makarantar Claude Fuess wanda daga baya ya ce ya zaburar da shi shiga aikin soja. Ɗaya daga cikin 10 daga Phillips, don a yarda da shi a makarantar kimiyya daga ajinsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a Annapolis, Maryland, a 1943 kuma ya sauke karatu a 1946. A lokacin da aka ba shi izini, duk da haka, Duniya Yaƙin II ya ƙare. Hudner ya halarci Kwalejin Naval tare da wasu manyan abokan karatunsa, ciki har da Marvin J. Becker, James B. Stockdale, Jimmy Carter, da Stansfield Turner . Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a makarantar kimiyya, daga karshe ya zama dan wasa na farko a baya ga karamar kungiyar varsity .
Bayan kammala karatun, Hudner ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in sadarwa a cikin jiragen ruwa da yawa. A cikin shekarunsa na farko a soja, Hudner, ya ce ba shi da sha'awar jirgin sama. Bayan rangadin aiki na shekara guda a cikin jirgin ruwa mai nauyi na USS na <i id="mwXQ">Baltimore</i> Helena, wacce ke aiki a bakin tekun Taiwan, ya koma mukamin jami'in sadarwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Base Pearl Harbor inda ya yi aiki na wata shekara. A 1948, Hudner ya zama mai sha'awar sufurin jiragen sama, kuma ya nemi makarantar jirgin sama, yana ganinsa a matsayin "sabon kalubale". An yarda da shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Pensacola a Pensacola, Florida, inda ya kammala horon jirgin sama na asali, kuma an tura shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Corpus Christi a Texas, inda ya kammala horar da jirgin sama mai zurfi kuma ya cancanta a matsayin jirgin ruwa a watan Agusta 1949. Bayan taƙaitaccen posting a Lebanon, an sanya Hudner zuwa VF-32 a cikin jirgin dakon jirgin USS Leyte, yana tuka F4U Corsair. Daga baya ya ce ya ji daɗin wannan aikin, saboda yana ɗaukar Corsair a matsayin "aminci da kwanciyar hankali".
Yaƙin Koriya
A daren ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 1950, sassa goma na sojojin Koriya ta Arewa sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki kan makwabciyar kasar a kudu, Jamhuriyar Koriya. Sojojin na 89,000 sun yi tafiya cikin ginshiƙai shida, sun kama sojojin Jamhuriyar Koriya da mamaki, wanda ya haifar da cin zarafi. Ƙananan sojojin Koriya ta Kudu sun yi fama da rashin tsari da kayan aiki, kuma ba su shirya yaki ba. Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa mafi girma a lambobi sun lalata tsayin daka daga sojojin Koriya ta Kudu 38,000 da ke gaba kafin ta fara tafiya a hankali zuwa kudu. Yawancin sojojin Koriya ta Kudu sun ja da baya a fuskantar mamaya. Koriya ta Arewa sun yi nisa kan hanyarsu ta zuwa birnin Seoul na Koriya ta Kudu cikin sa'o'i, lamarin da ya tilasta wa gwamnati da sojojinta da suka ruguza ja da baya zuwa kudu.
Don hana rugujewar Koriya ta Kudu Kwamitin Sulhun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'ar tura dakarun soji . Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta Bakwai ta aika Task Force 77, karkashin jagorancin jirgin ruwan USS Valley Forge, da British Far East Fleet sun aika da jiragen ruwa da yawa, ciki har da HMS Triumph, don samar da tallafin iska da na ruwa. Ko da yake sojojin ruwa sun tare Koriya ta Arewa tare da harba jirgin sama don jinkirta sojojin Koriya ta Arewa wannan kokarin kadai bai hana sojojin Koriya ta Arewa juggernaut a kudu. Daga baya shugaban Amurka Harry S. Dukkanin rukunin sojojin ruwa na Amurka da jiragen ruwa ciki har da Leyte an sanya su cikin faɗakarwa. Jirgin yana cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, kuma Hudner bai yi tsammanin za a tura shi zuwa Koriya ba, amma a ranar 8A watan Agusta wani jirgin agaji ya isa yankin kuma an umurci Leyte zuwa Koriya. Kwamandojin sojan ruwa sun ji matukan jirgin a Leyte sun fi horarwa da shirye-shirye fiye da na sauran masu jigilar kaya, don haka suna cikin wadanda aka fara aika zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Leyte ya tashi daga mashigin Gibraltar ƙetare Tekun Atlantika da Quonset, sannan ta hanyar Canal Panama da San Diego, California, Hawaii, da Japan kafin ya isa tekun Koriya a kusa,da 8.Oktoba.
Jirgin ya hade da Task Force 77 a arewa maso gabashin gabar tekun Koriya, wani bangare ne na wasu jiragen ruwa 17 na rundunar sojojin Amurka ta Bakwai,ciki har da jirgin saman USS Tekun Philippine, jirgin yakin USS Missouri, da jirgin ruwa USS Juneau. Hudner ya yi jigilar mishan 20 a cikin ƙasar. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da hare-hare akan layukan sadarwa, yawan adadin sojoji, da kayan aikin soja a kusa da Wonsan, Chongpu, Songjim, da Senanju .
Bayan shigar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin cikin yakin a karshen a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1950, an aike da Hudner da tawagarsa zuwa tafkin Chosin, inda aka gwabza kazamin yakin tsakanin X Corps (Amurka) da sojojin sa kai na jama'a na 9. Sojoji. Kusan dakaru 100,000 na kasar Sin sun yi wa sojojin Amurka 15,000 kawanya, kuma matukan jirgin da ke Leyte suna ta shawagi da dama a kowace rana don hana Sinawa mamaye yankin.
Medal of Honor action
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1950, Hudner na cikin wani jirgin sama guda shida da ke tallafawa, sojojin kasa na Amurka da sojojin kasar Sin suka makale A 13:38, ya tashi daga Leyte tare da babban jami'in squadron Laftanar Kwamandan Dick Cevoli, Laftanar George Hudson, Laftanar Junior Grade Bill Koenig, Ensign Ralph E. McQueen, da kuma Na farko Naval Aviator na Amurka, Ensign. Jesse L. Brown, wanda shi ne wingman na Hudner. Jirgin ya yi tafiya daga wurin Task Force 77 zuwa Tafkin Chosin, yana tashi daga mintuna 35 zuwa 40 a cikin tsananin lokacin sanyi zuwa kusancin kauyukan Yudam-ni da Hagaru-ri. Jirgin ya fara nemo wuraren da ake hari a gefen yammacin tafkin, inda ya rage tsayin su zuwa a cikin tsari. > Sa'o'i uku da aka gudanar da bincike da lalata aikin, wani yunƙuri ne na binciken ƙarfin sojojin kasar Sin a yankin.
Ko, da yake jirgin bai ga wani dan kasar Sin ba, da karfe 14:40 Koenig ya yi wa Brown rediyo da alama yana bin mai Watakila lalacewar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar kananan bindigogi daga sojojin kasar Sin, wadanda aka san su suna buya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma yi wa jiragen da ke wucewa kwanton bauna ta hanyar harbi da bindiga. Aƙalla harsashi ɗaya ya fashe layin mai. Brown, ya rasa karfin man fetur kuma ya kasa sarrafa jirgin, ya jefar da tankunan man fetur dinsa na waje da rokoki kuma ya yi yunkurin saukar da jirgin a wani wuri mai dusar ƙanƙara a gefen dutse. Brown ya fado a cikin wani kwari mai siffar kwano a kusan, kusa da Somong-ni, a bayan layin Sinanci, kuma a cikin yanayin 15-digiri (- 10 ° C). Jirgin ya watse da ƙarfi a kan tasiri kuma ya lalace. A cikin hatsarin, ƙafar Brown ta makale a ƙarƙashin fuselage na Corsair, kuma ya tube kwalkwali da safar hannu a ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansa, kafin ya yi wa sauran matukan jirgin hannu, waɗanda ke zagawa kusa da sama. Hudner da sauran matukan jirgin sama sun yi tsammanin Brown ya mutu a cikin hatsarin, kuma nan da nan suka fara rediyo na ranar maya ga duk wani jirgin sama mai nauyi a yankin yayin da suke mamaye dutsen don kowane alamar sojojin kasa na kasar Sin na kusa. Sun sami alamar cewa helikwafta mai ceto zai zo da wuri, amma jirgin Brown yana shan taba kuma gobara ta tashi kusa da tankunan mai na ciki.
Hudner ya yi ƙoƙari a banza don ceto Brown ta hanyar koyarwa ta rediyo, kafin da gangan ya yi karo da jirginsa, ya gudu zuwa gefen Brown yana ƙoƙarin yin kokawa da shi daga tarkace. Yayin da yanayin Brown ke kara ta'azzara da minti daya, Hudner ya yi yunkurin nutsar da gobarar jirgin cikin dusar ƙanƙara kuma ya janye Brown daga cikin jirgin, duk a banza Brown ya fara zamewa a cikin hayyacinsa, amma duk da cewa yana cikin matsanancin zafi, bai yi kuka ga Hudner ba. Wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya isa da misalin karfe 15:00, kuma Hudner da matukinsa, Laftanar Charles Ward, sun kasa kashe wutar injin da na’urar kashe gobara. Sun yi ƙoƙari a banza don su 'yantar da Brown da gatari na mintuna 45. Sun yi la'akari a taƙaice, bisa ga buƙatar Brown, yanke ƙafarsa da ta kama. Brown ya rasa hayyacinsa na ƙarshe jim kaɗan bayan haka. Kalmominsa na ƙarshe da aka sani, waɗanda ya gaya wa Hudner, shine "ka faɗa wa Daisy ina sonta." Jirgin mai saukar ungulu, wanda bai iya aiki a cikin duhu ba, an tilasta masa barin da dare tare da Hudner, ya bar Brown a baya. An yi imanin cewa Brown ya mutu jim kadan bayan raunin da ya samu da kuma tsananin sanyi. Babu wani sojan kasar Sin da ya yi barazana ga wurin, watakila saboda yawan iska da matukan VF-32 ke da shi.
Hudner ya roki manyan jami'an da su ba shi damar komawa cikin tarkacen jirgin don taimakawa wajen fitar da Brown, amma ba a ba shi damar ba, saboda wasu jami'an sun tsoratar da wani harin kwantar da tarzoma na helikwafta masu rauni wanda ya haifar da ƙarin hasarar rayuka. Domin kare gawar da jirgin sama daga fadawa hannun China ko Koriya ta Arewa, sojojin ruwan Amurka sun yi ruwan bama-bamai da napalm a wurin da jirgin ya fado bayan kwanaki biyu; Ma'aikatan jirgin sun karanta Addu'ar Ubangiji ta rediyo yayin da suke kallon yadda harshen wuta ke cinye jikin Brown. Matukin jirgin sun lura cewa gawarsa ta damu kuma an sace masa tufafi, amma har yanzu yana makale a cikin jirgin. Ba a taɓa gano ragowar Brown da jirgin ba. Brown shine jami'in sojan ruwa na Amurka na farko da aka kashe a yakin.
Lamarin da ya faru a ranar 4 ga Disamba ya hana Hudner gida na tsawon wata guda, yayin da ya ji rauni a bayansa a sauka, raunin da ya ce ya ci gaba har tsawon 6.ku 8shekaru. Ya tashi ayyukan yaƙi 27 a lokacin yaƙin, yana aiki a can har zuwa 20 ga Janairu 1951, lokacin da aka juya Leyte, zuwa Tekun Atlantika. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1951, Hudner ya karɓi Medal of Honor daga Shugaba Harry S. Truman, ya sadu da gwauruwar Brown, Daisy Brown, a cikin wannan tsari. Su biyun sun kasance suna tuntuɓar juna na yau da kullun na akalla shekaru 50 bayan wannan taron. Shi ne memba na farko da ya sami lambar yabo a lokacin yakin Koriya, kodayake wasu da yawa za su sami lambar yabo don ayyukan da suka faru kafin 4.Disamba 1950. [lower-alpha 1]
Hudner ya ce lokaci-lokaci ana sukarsa saboda abin da ya aikata, kuma "kusan 90" mutane sun gaya masa cewa ya yi sakaci. Kwamandojinsa sun lura cewa matakin nasa na iya jefa matukin jirgin sama cikin hatsari kuma ya sadaukar da jirgin sama, sukar Hudner daga baya ya ce bai sa ya yi nadamar shawarar da ya yanke ba, domin yana jin hakan wani yunkuri ne na lokaci-lokaci. Duk da haka, daga baya kwamandojin sun ba da umarnin hana matukan jirgi sauka a irin wannan hanya don kokarin ceton ’yan bindiga da suka fadi. A cikin tunani daga baya, Hudner ya nuna bai dauki kansa a matsayin jarumi ba saboda ayyukansa.
Daga baya aikin Navy
Bayan samun lambar yabo ta girmamawa, an mayar da Hudner zuwa Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da jirgin sama a tashar jirgin ruwa na Naval Air Corpus Christi a Texas, a 1952 da 1953. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Kamfanin Carrier Division 3, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Task Force 77 kuma yana aiki a kusa da Japan, a 1953 da 1954. A cikin 1955 da 1956, ya yi aiki a Squadron Development Squadron 3 a tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Atlantic City a New Jersey, inda ya tashi da jirage masu tasowa da na gwaji. A wannan lokacin, an horar da shi a kan jirgin sama mai amfani da injin jet .
Tun daga watan Oktoba na 1957, Hudner ya yi aiki a cikin shirin musaya tare da Sojan Sama na Amurka, yana tashi tsawon shekaru biyu tare da Squadron na Fighter-Interceptor na 60 a Otis Air Force Base a Barnstable County, Massachusetts . A lokacin wannan aikin, ya tashi F-94 Starfire da F-101 Voodoo . Daga nan sai aka kara masa girma zuwa kwamanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa har zuwa 1962, lokacin da ya halarci Kwalejin Yakin Sojan Sama a sansanin sojojin sama na Maxwell a Montgomery, Alabama . Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Yuli 1963, ya koma aikin tashi sama kuma aka nada shi babban jami'in Fighter Squadron 53, ya tashi da F-8E Crusader a cikin USS . Ticonderoga . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa, Hudner ya zama kwamandan VF-53. Bayan wannan aikin, an mayar da shi matsayi a matsayin Jami'in Horar da Jagoranci a ofishin Kwamanda, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, a Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Naval Air Island a Coronado, California .
An, kara Hudner mukamin kyaftin a cikin 1965, yana karbar umarni na Training Squadron 24 a Filin Jirgin Sama na Naval Air Chase Field a gundumar Bee, Texas, wanda ya ba da umarni a 1965 da 1966. A 1966 ya aka sanya zuwa USS Kitty Hawk, na farko a matsayin mai kewayawa, sannan a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa na jirgin. Kitty Hawk ya tura a bakin tekun Kudancin Vietnam a cikin 1966 da 1967, yana ƙaddamar da ayyuka don tallafawa Yaƙin Vietnam, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin jirgin yayin wannan balaguron amma bai ga yaƙi ba kuma bai tashi da kansa ba. A cikin 1968, an sanya shi a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa na sashin ayyukan ayyukan jiragen sama na kudu maso gabashin Asiya na sojojin ruwa na Amurka. A wannan shekarar, ya auri Georgea Smith, wata gwauruwa mai 'ya'ya uku, wadda ya hadu da ita a San Diego. Su biyun suna da ɗa daya tare, Thomas Jerome Hudner III, an haife shi a 1971. Hudner's karshe Navy posting shine shugaban Horar da Fasahar Jirgin Sama a Ofishin Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa a Washington, DC, post wanda ya rike. har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun 1973.
A ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1973, kwanaki kafin Hudner ya yi ritaya, sojojin ruwa sun ba da umarnin Knox -class. jirgin USS Jesse L. Brown, jirgin ruwa na uku na Amurka da aka sanya sunansa don girmama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke. Wadanda suka halarta a bikin ba da izini a Boston, Massachusetts, sune Daisy Brown Thorne, wanda ya sake yin aure, 'yarta Pamela Brown, da Hudner, waɗanda suka ba da sadaukarwa. An kori jirgin a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1994 kuma an sayar da shi zuwa Masar .
Daga baya rai da mutuwa
Bayan' ya yi ritaya, Hudner ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyoyin Sabis na United . Saboda lambar yabo da ya samu, ya yi aiki akai-akai tare da kungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji a lokacin da ya yi ritaya a matsayin jagora a cikin al'ummar tsoffin sojoji, in ba haka ba yana rayuwa cikin nutsuwa. Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Sashen Massachusetts na Sabis na Tsohon soji, har sai da ya bar wannan mukamin ga Thomas G. Kelley, wani mai karɓar Medal of Honor.
Ya samu karramawa da dama a rayuwarsa ta baya. A cikin 1989, Shirin Gathering of Eagles na Rundunar Sojan Sama ya karrama shi a sansanin sojojin saman Maxwell. A cikin 2001, Hudner ya gabatar da Daisy Brown Thorne tare da yawancin lambobin yabo na Jesse Brown a Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi . A cikin Mayu 2012, Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya wa wani mai lalata makami mai linzami na Arleigh Burke -class mai suna USS Thomas Hudner . An yi baftisma jirgin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2017, tare da Hudner a wurin, kuma an ba da izini a Boston a kan 1 Disamba 2018.
Bayan 1991, Hudner ya zauna a Concord, Massachusetts, tare da matarsa, Georgea. > A cikin Yuli 2013, ya ziyarci Pyongyang, Koriya ta Arewa, a wani yunƙuri na maido gawar Jesse Brown daga wurin da jirgin ya fado. Hukumomin Koriya ta Arewa sun gaya masa cewa ya dawo a watan Satumba lokacin da yanayi zai fi iya hangowa.
Tarihin Hudner na hukuma- Ibada: Babban Labari na Jarumi, Abota, da Sadaukarwa - an sake shi a watan Oktoba 2015, bayan shekaru bakwai na haɗin gwiwa tare da marubuci Adam Makos.
Hudner ya mutu a gidansa a Concord, Massachusetts, a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2017, yana da shekaru 93. An tsare shi a makabartar Arlington ta kasa a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2018, a wani bikin da Janar Joseph Dunford, Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja ya halarta.
An nuna Hudner a cikin fim ɗin 2022 Devotion ta Glen Powell .
Kyauta da kayan ado
Medal of Honor ambato
Hudner yana daya daga cikin maza 11 da aka baiwa lambar yabo a lokacin yakin Chosin Reservoir. Shi ne na farko a cikin bakwai na sojojin ruwa na Amurka, kuma shi ne kawai jirgin ruwa na ruwa, da aka ba shi Medal of Honor a yakin Koriya.
A cikin fim da adabi
Fim: Ibada (2022)
Littafi: Ibada: Babban Labari na Jarumi, Abota, da Hadaya (2015)
Jerin sunayen wadanda suka samu lambar yabo na Yakin Koriya
ambato
Bayanan kula
manazarta
Sources
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
Thomas Hudner discusses his Medal of Honor action. on YouTube
Historic footage of Thomas Hudner receiving Medal of Honor from President Harry Truman.
Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Arlington National Cemetery
Tsoffin sujojin amirikan |
44661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makera%20Assada | Makera Assada | À
Makera Assada na daga cikin yankunan da suka kafa garin Sokoto a Najeriya. Yankin na unguwar Magajin Gari dake kudancin karamar hukumar Sokoto ta Arewa a jihar Sokoto, yana iyaka da Gidan Haki daga gabas, da Digyar Agyare a yamma, Mafara a arewa da Helele a kudu.
A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Makerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery . An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera.
Assada ya shahara sosai a yankin; mai kirki da son zumunci, ance yana cikin makusantan sarki har ma yakan karɓi bakoncin sultan a gidansa. Gidanshi kamar gidan baƙi ko guest house.
Dalilin da ya sa aka ƙara Assada a matsayin ƙari ga Makera shi ne don bambanta shi da sauran wuraren da aka sani da masu sana'a. Sauran wuraren da aka yi sukuni sun haɗa da: Kofar-Rini yankin da ya kware wajen hada fararen ƙarfe wajen samar da ‘yan kunne da sarka. Akwai kuma Makera a garin Nupawa da ke samar da faranti da sauran kayan aikin noma. Amma a Makera Assada kowane nau'i na smi yana faruwa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Assada gidan Sarkin Makeran Sarkin Musulmi ne, ko kuma babban smith na Sarkin Musulmi.
Asalin mutanen Makera Assada
Asalin mutanen Makera Assada ba a bayyana ba. Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar da za a sasanta. Amma an tabbatar da cewa mutanen sun zauna ne bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka kafa Sakkwato. Zuwan bakin haure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi da ci gaban yankin. Wadannan bakin haure sun hada da ’yan bindiga daga Zamfara wadanda su ma Fulani ne karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme.
A lokacin da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya fara koyarwa da wa'azi a garinsu Degel, bayan wani lokaci ya fita yawon bude ido. Ziyarar da ya fara zuwa Kebbi daga nan ne ya samu tubabbun farko. Usman da mataimakansa, ciki har da kaninsa Abdullahi dan Fodiyo, suka tafi Zamfara inda suka zauna suna wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyar.
Wa’azinsa ya shafi mutane da yawa daga sassa dabam-dabam na yammacin Afirka. Ba da daɗewa ba masu sha'awar da wa'azinsa suka rinjaye su suka ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Jama'a, kamar yadda aka san mabiyansa. Mutanen sun hada da Fulani, kabilarsa, da Hausa tun lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ya yi wa'azi da harshen Hausa da Fulfulde . Jama'a da yawa sun zama nasa, kuma al'ummar ta ci gaba da samun daukaka a ciki da wajen kasar Hausa .
Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme, tare da jama'arsu sun bar zamfara domin su hada kai da Shehun da ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu, watakila Jihadin da ake yi. Mallam Bello ya bayyana cewa “A lokacin da Muhammad Andi da jama’arsa suka bar Zamfara sun hadu da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a lokacin da ake Jihadi, har ma sun halarci gagarumin yakin Alkalawa.
A cewar majiyar baka, Muhammad Andi da mutanen sa Fulani ne daga Zamfara. Babban aikin su shine maƙera. Wadannan mutane an zalunce su kafin su bar gidansu Zamfara, saboda imanin da suka yi da wa’azin Shehu. Sarakunan Hausawa sun ji tsoron kada talakawansu su yi musu tawaye. Ganin haka yasa sarakunan hausa suka firgita. Sun ga karuwar mabiyansa da rikon da Musulunci ya samu. Maza suka bukace su da cewa “idan ba ku wargaza wannan taron jama’a ba, ikonku zai kare; Za su lalatar da ƙasarku ta wurin sa dukan mutane su bar ku su tafi wurinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa, lokacin da Sarki Nafata yake Sarkin Gobir, ya hana kowane mutum yin taron addini da wa’azi ga jama’a, sai Shehu kawai. Na biyu kuma ya shar’anta cewa wadanda suka gaji aqida daga ubanninsu ba za su yi aiki da shi ba, sannan kuma ya haramta sanya rawani da mata. An yi shelar wadannan hukunce-hukunce a kowace kasuwa a Gobir da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Adar da Zamfara wadanda ke karkashin mamayar Gobir. Da wadannan za mu ga cewa al’ummar Shehu Usmanu da sauran mabiya a wurare daban-daban musamman a kasar Hausa sun yi tarayya da su. Don haka mutanen Muhammad Andi da suke Zamfara ba su da wani abin da ya wuce yin hijira da bin Shehu a duk inda yake.
A kan hijirarsu sarakunan Hausawa sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su bin Shehu. Domin tsira daga barazanar da suke yi, mutanen Andi sun koka da su, cewa su maƙera ne kawai, a kan hanyarsu ta kasuwanci. Yayin da kowanne ya bude kayansa, an gano cewa yana dauke da kayan aikin maƙera, don haka ya ba su damar wucewa.
Wadannan mutane sun samu tarba daga Shehu da Jama’arsa, musamman saboda sana’arsu. Wannan jama'a sun kasance tare da Jama'ar Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma sun halarci jihadin kasar Hausa. Mutanen Muhammad Andi sun ci gaba da sana'arsu a can ta hanyar kera kayan yaki da makamai ga masu jihadi. A lokacin yakin sun samar da takuba, mashi, kibau, bindigogin hannu, kwalkwali, garkuwa da sauran kayan da dawakai suke sawa.
Bayan jihadin kasar Hausa bayan kirkiro daular Sokoto da Shehu Usmanu da dansa kuma kwamandan yaki Muhammad Bello suka yi, sun taru tare da mabiyansu, malamansu, abokansu, 'yan uwa da sauran mahalarta wannan jihadi. An ba wa waɗannan mutane wani yanki na fili don su zauna da mutanensu. Don haka Muhammad Andi ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, kasancewar shi ne ya fara zama a yanzu Makera Assada. Shehu ya umurci Muhammad Andi da ya zagaya ya nemo wurin da ya dace ya zauna, da ya samu wurin (Makera Assada) ya sanar da Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo, don haka Shehu ya albarkaci kasa. Majiya mai tushe ta bayyana cewa Shehu ya bukaci Muhammad Andi ya zauna a kusa da Hubbare amma Andi ya koka da cewa bisa ga sana’ar da suke yi na maƙera da kuma irin nau’in kiwon dabbobi, ya fi kyau su zauna nesa da tsakiyar garin.
Bayan wasu shekaru kuma wani muhimmin hali ya isa sabuwar Makera tare da danginsa. Wannan mutumin da aka fi sani da Sharif Muhammad Al-gudana. Ya kasance tare da wasu mutane. Algudana da mutanensa Adarawa ne. Ana samun Adarawa a yankin Tamaske, Buza da Adar a cikin Tawa, Jamhuriyar Nijar . Ana kuma samun su a Illela cikin Sakkwato.
Sakamakon jihadin Shehu dan Fodiyo a karni na 19, Sarkin Adar Mustaphata da dansa Muhammad Dan Almustapha da Ahmad Bida suka ziyarci Shehu Danfodiyo lokacin yana Gudu, amma Mustapha ya bar Ahmad Bida da Muhammad tare da Shehu. Hamidun wanda ya gaji sarautar Sarkin Adar a lokacin Jihadin Danfodiyo ya goyi bayan Gobirawa har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Sarkin Azbin Muhammad Gemma, wanda ya gaji Al-Bakri ya dauki Sarkin Adar Hamidun zuwa wurin Shehu a Sifawa, Sarkin Adar ya mika wuya. Ya rasu jim kadan bayan haka. An ce Ahmad Bida ya zauna a Dundaye a matsayin Sarkin Adar na Dundaye. Haka aka haifi daular Adarawa a Dundaye. Ibid
Za mu iya gani a cikin labarin da ke sama cewa, a lokacin Jihadi Adarawa ya shiga cikinsa, bayan haka, wasu sun zauna a Dundaye, suka bazu a sassa daban-daban na Sakkwato don neman harkokin kasuwanci. Amma wasu daga cikinsu sun koma jamhuriyar Nijar karkashin Muhammad dan Al-Mustapha, wanda ya shirya ci gaba da zama a Adar da fatan ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki.
Lokacin da wadannan mutane suka zauna a yankin, sun yi aikin fata. Sun samar da kayan fata iri-iri kamar takalmi, jakunkuna na fata, matashin kai na sarauta da dai sauransu, amma wadannan mutane ba su yi fice a harkar fata ba saboda yawancinsu sun rungumi sana’ar mai masaukin baki ne.
Sana'o'i
Yayin da jama’a da dama suka ci gaba da zama a yankin, babban abin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin jama’a ya kasance sana’ar fataucin mutane, wanda ya mamaye yankin, inda jama’a suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan yi iri-iri. Al'ummar yankin sun dukufa wajen gudanar da duk wani nau'i na tulle da sauran ayyukan karfe. Duka ana yin su ne da yin ƙulle-ƙulle a yankin. Tun bayan kafuwar yankin bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu ana yin sa ne. Al'ummar yankin dai sun kasance suna daukar baƙar fata a matsayin wani zama na wajibi ga kowane ɗan yankin. Suna daukar wadanda suka yi watsi da sana'ar kakansu a matsayin wani babban laifi.
Aikin smith yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen yankin, saboda maƙerin yana samar da kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin noma, makamai da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma wadanda suka kware wajen fasa karfe ko Makeran fari, suna samar da kayan ado ga mata, ta yadda suke samar da abin wuya, 'yan kunne, handring da sauransu. Masu sana'ar farar fata ba su da yawa a yankin don haka ana daukar maƙeri ko Makeran Baki a matsayin ubangidansu.
Baya ga sana’o’in hannu, an yi la’akari da al’ummar Hausawa kan yadda suke shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Wasu mutanen yankin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin cikin gida (Kasuwanci). Wannan ya kasance musamman batun 'yan kasuwa masu karamin jari. Sun sayar da kayayyakin da ake nomawa a yankin a kauyuka da garuruwa. Noma ya kasance abin sha'awa ga yawancin al'ummar Afirka, wanda aka yi shi sosai a lokacin damina. A wannan yanki (Makera Assada), akwai mutanen da suke yin noma, wadannan mutane galibi suna da filayen noma ne a bakin kogi da ke yankin Dundaye da Kofar Kware, galibi suna noma a kananan hukumomi.
A sauran bangaren tattalin arziki a yankin, akwai kuma mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin samar da tabarma. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan fannin masana'antu shine bishiyar dabino mai juji da roba. Wannan masana'antar ba ita ce keɓaɓɓiyar mace ko namiji ba. Maza da mata suna yin sana’ar tabarmi ko kafet, Wundaye da Tabarmi.
Duk da haka kada mu manta da irin gudunmawar da matan wannan yanki suke bayarwa wajen ayyukan tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikinsu suna shiga harkar tattalin arziki. Matsayin mata a matsayin wakilai na hukumar (Dillalai), kamar dai yadda mambobin kasuwar musayar hannun jari, tsofaffin matan suka tsunduma cikin hidimar wakilai (Dillalai). Domin kuwa manyan mata ne kawai aka bari su fita daga gidajensu. Haka kuma sun kasance suna tafiya gida-gida suna neman kayan da za su sayar. Misali, sun kasance suna yin ciniki mai yawa ta zaren da mata ke kerawa a gida. Sun kasance suna tattara waɗannan samfuran gida ko dai a matsayin wakili ko kuma ta hanyar sayayya kai tsaye. Su kuma wadannan matan sun tsunduma cikin siyar da sabbin kayan sawa da na zamani. Sun kuma sayar da kayan abinci a ciki da wajen gidajensu. Mutane na kowane rukuni na shekaru suna amfani da su don siyan waɗannan abubuwan. Matan sun sami riba mai yawa ga waɗannan mata masu sana'a da masu siyarwa.
Ayyukan wakilan da aka ba da izini sun ƙarfafa saboda yanayi da halaye da dabi'un zamantakewa a Sakkwato. Don haka ya haramta wa matan aure hawa da sauka ko ta yaya musamman a kasuwanni. Don haka wakilan kasuwanci suna ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don su. Wani fannin tattalin arziki da mata suka bayar da gudunmawar da ke da alaka da harkar noma, ita ce masana’antar abinci da abinci. Ayyukansu a cikin wannan masana'antar ba ta iyakance ga samar da abinci don amfanin iyali ba. Haka kuma sun sarrafa tare da dafa abinci iri-iri na siyarwa a wajen dangi. Daga cikin daskararrun abinci sun dafa Tuwo da shinkafa (Tuwon shinkafa), masara ko masara da dai sauransu, Masa zagaye na gari, Bula da dai sauransu. Shaye-shaye na safe irin su Kunu, Koko da Fura wanda ake yawan sha a lokacin rani da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri, kamar Kosan Rogo, Wake Awara da dai sauransu. Wadannan duk mata ne a gida suka shirya su don cin abinci na iyali har ma da siyarwa.
An yi noman gyada da yawa a kasar Hausa, matan yankin na amfani da gyada wajen samar da kayayyaki iri-iri domin amfanin iyali da kuma na siyarwa. An niƙa harsashi na ƙwaya misali an niƙa shi ya zama foda don yin bran (Dussa), wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da shanu da tumaki. An datse ƙwayar gyada kuma an fitar da mai. Ana amfani da wannan mai a zamanin da a matsayin mai (paraffin ko kananzir) da kuma abinci. An yi babban ɓangaren ƙwaya ɗin gyada ya zama wainar gyada, (Kuli Kuli) kuma an fi amfani da shi sosai musamman wajen yin azumin “Datu” da kuma matsayin biredi.
Haka kuma akwai wasu matan yankin da suka kware wajen samar da miya ko “ Dadawa ” muhimmin sinadari na yin miya, miya na gida ya toshe nasarorin da ake samu a kasuwannin zamani kamar maggi cube, ko Ajini-moto. Yawancin mutanen musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan sun dogara da miya na gida. Watakila wannan ne dalilin da ya sa kamfanin abinci da abubuwan sha na Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fitowa da sabon sunan miya na zamani mai suna Daddawa cubes.
A cikin sana'ar saka, mata tare da maza kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin Kwaddo da Linzami. Waɗannan kayan ado ne da aka yi akan mazan da ke rufewa. Haka kuma an samu wasu da suka tsunduma cikin kera hula masu launi daban-daban (Kube). Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na mata akwai zane a kan bedsheets (Zanen Gado) matashin kai da katifa. ƙwararrun mata a gidansu sun yi waɗannan. Akwai kuma samuwar karamar kasuwa wadda ke biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin nan take. Kasuwar da aka fi sani da Kasuwar Bayangida tana budewa da yamma har zuwa dare.
Maƙera a Makera Assada
Makera Assada tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na garin Sakkwato, ta yi suna da sana’ar fataucin baki (Kira).
Wani lokaci yana da wuya a yi tunanin a yau, zamanin da mutane ke amfani da muhallin da suke kewaye da su a matsayin tushen tsira kawai. A farkon wayewar Afirka an samo muhimman kayan aikin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin itace da na dutse. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun tabbatar da aiki sosai don farauta da noma, amma yayin da lokaci ya canza kuma ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba, ya zama dole a sami ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa.
Aikin ƙarfe na farko da aka sani ya wanzu a Turkiyya kuma shekarun karafa irin su zinariya, jan karfe, azurfa, gubar da baƙin ƙarfe ba su iya aiki ba sai kusan 400 BC. Wannan ci gaban ya ragu har zuwa kusan 1500 BC, tare da haɓaka tanderun da ke da ikon kera kayan aikin ƙarfe. Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kuma ba da daɗewa ba fasahar maƙera ta yaɗu a yammacin Afirka.
Baƙi ya fara ne da zamanin ƙarfe, lokacin da ɗan adam na farko ya fara kera kayan aiki daga ƙarfe. Zamanin Ƙarfe ya fara ne sa’ad da wani tsohon mutum ya lura cewa wani nau’in dutse yana samar da baƙin ƙarfe, sa’ad da garwashin wuta mai zafi ya tashi. A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa ƙera fasahar kera ɗanyen karfen da za a iya amfani da shi, ya daɗe.
A Najeriya, mutanen NOK, sun nuna fasahar maƙera, wadda ta samo asali tun ƙarni na shida BC. Wadannan ma’aikatan karafa na Najeriya sun kirkiro wata fasahar da ta ba su karfin gwiwa a rayuwa, kuma za ta zama wata fasahar da za ta kawo sauyi a duniya. Clapperton ya rubuta a cikin 1824, yayi magana akan aikin ƙarfe a Sokoto har ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk maƙeran birni Nupes ne. Ko ta yaya, ƙimar Nupes a cikin masana'antar aikin ƙarfe yana yiwuwa Clapperton ya wuce gona da iri. Babu shakka kwararrun ma’aikatan karfe da dama sun zo Sakkwato ne saboda ci gabanta ta fuskar matsuguni ya ja hankalinsu. Sauran ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ƙarfe babu shakka sun shigo garin a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira (Al-kalawa), a matsayin bayi da aka aiko daga masarautu ko kuma ta neman ƙwararrun hannaye a Sakkwato ita kanta. A cikin surori da suka gabata mun ga zuwan Muhammad Andi da mutanensa daga Zamfara ya zama farkon fara sana’ar sana’a a Makera. Zamfara da dadewa an santa da taurin kai.
Matsayin Maƙera a Sakkwato
Kafin zuwan Turawa, Makera Assada na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba a cikin garin Sakkwato. An lura da cewa galibin ci gaban da ya same ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawan shigar baki da kuma hakan ya taimaka wa garin Sakkwato baki daya.
Smithing shine babban abin da ya hada kan al'ummar unguwar Magajin Gari. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ana buƙatar kayan da maƙera ya kera a cikin yankin da kewaye saboda yawancinsu suna noma. Mutanen Mafara dake makwabtaka da su sun kasance manoma da makiyaya. Mutanen Mafara sun kasance suna siyan kayan da aka ƙera na maƙeran, kamar kayan aikin noma, kayan gida, maɓalli da makulli, ƴan kunne da sauransu. Hakan na nuni da cewa a yayin da al’ummar garin Makera suka shagaltu da samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata ga mutanen makwabta, Mafara na taimaka musu wajen fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa wurare daban-daban. Mutanen Mafara jikokin Muhammad Sambo ne, daya daga cikin makusantan Shehu, duk dan jihadi ne kuma malami. Akwai wani irin auratayya tsakanin mutanen Makera da Mafara da ke karfafa dangantakarsu.
Ci gaban kasuwancin, ya kasance ne sakamakon tattalin arzikin da aka yi a farkon lokaci. Kamar yadda Makera Assada ya kware wajen samar da karafa akwai kuma jama’a a ciki da wajen Sakkwato wadanda suke sana’ar noma, mutuwa capentary, farauta da sauransu, don haka ana bukatar irin wannan karfe ta nau’ukan daban-daban. Mashi, kibau, takobi, wukake. Manoman na bukatar faratanya, ashana da garma. A cewar Ibrahim Gandi, daya daga cikin masu ba ni labari, ya bayyana cewa mafarauta da manoma daga lungu da sako na nesa suke zuwa su sayi kayan aiki daban-daban daga mutanen Makera.
Al'ummar Makera da suka yi wa mayaka kafin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki sosai, Sarkin Makera Buhari, ya bayyana cewa "Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya umarci dansa Muhammad Bello da ya fadada garin Sokoto". Yankin Assada na ci gaba da karbar bakin haure. Maƙerin yankin na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo su. Don haka Muhammad Bello ya ba da umarnin cire daji da ke kusa da yankin har zuwa Kofar-Kware.
Yawancin maƙeran suna fara aiki tun suna samari, ƙila su kai shekaru 6 ko 7. Za su koyi maƙeran, na tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye, sannan za su tashi su fara kantin nasu. Idan yaro ya koya wa ubangidansa, zai iya yin yawancin rayuwarsa a shago kafin ya sami damar zama ɗan tafiya. Al'ummar Assada na kokarin ganin sun cusa ilimin boko ga duk dan da aka haifa a yankin. daga baya lokacin da ilimin yamma ya fara samun tsari a yankin da farko maƙerin bai nuna sha'awa ba. Waɗanda suka ƙi yin fatauci ne kawai aka tura su makaranta. Wadannan nau'ikan samarin an sallame su ne don kada a gansu a kusa domin ganinsu zai bata wa iyayensu rai. Amma maƙeran sun fahimci mahimmancin ilimin turawa, sun sanya unguwanninsu, har ma da malalaci. Jama’a da dama sun ji dadin karatun kasashen yamma a yankin, saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kara kusanci da gwamnati. Gwamnati na bukatar shawarar irin wadannan mutane kamar Shahararren Yahaya Danboko daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihar Sokoto.
A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Maƙerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery . An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera.
Da zuwan Turawa Sakkwato, a duk lokacin da suke bukatar hidimar maƙera sai su tuntubi Sarkin Musulmi. Duk da haka Sarkin zai kira Sarkin Makera da Mazugi. Maƙeran Assada suna samar da ƙwarƙwarar ƙura don gidan yarin Sakkwato da mazaunin Turawa da sauran wurare.
Wata muhimmiyar rawar da maƙeran Makera Assada suka taka ita ce lokacin jihadin Shehu Danfodiyo. Maƙerin baya ga shiga jihadi, suna kera makamai ga masu jihadi. An yi imanin cewa, da gwamnati ta dauki irin wannan aikin na cikin gida da gaske, da ba za ta kashe kudi da shigo da kayan amfanin gona da sauran kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje ba. Yin aikin ƙarfe ya sa noma, farauta da yaƙi ya fi dacewa. Iron ya ba da damar haɓaka girma a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikon tallafawa manyan masarautu, waɗanda suka bazu a yammacin Afirka.
Tsarin baƙar fata a Assada
Maƙera mutum ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro abubuwa daga ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ta hanyar “ƙirƙira” ƙarfen, ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki don yin guduma, lanƙwasa, yanke da kuma siffata shi ta hanyar da ba ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci karfen yana zafi har sai ya yi haske ja ko orange a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙirƙira. Maƙeran suna samar da abubuwa kamar ƙofofin ƙarfe, gasa, gasa, dogo, fitilu, kayan ɗaki, sassaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan ado da na addini, kayan dafa abinci da makamai. Maƙera suna aiki da tsofaffin tufafin wannan saboda yanayin aikin. Suna aiki duka a shagonsu (Bukkar Makera), har ma a kofar gidajensu (Zaure) suke yi kamar na Makera Assdada. Sai dai a wannan lokacin da akasarin aikin kan yi amfani da shi a kasuwa.
Maƙera suna aiki da baƙin ƙarfe, yawanci baƙin ƙarfe. Kalmar smith ta samo asali ne daga kalmar 'smite' wanda ke nufin zafi. Don haka maƙeri shine mutum mai aiki ko buga baƙin ƙarfe. Tsawon ƙarnuka da suka wuce, maƙeran sun yi alfahari da cewa, nasu ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ke ba su damar yin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don sana'arsu. Lokaci da al'ada sun ba da wasu ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta dalla-dalla kawai a duk duniya.
Za zDuk abin da maƙeri yake buƙata shine wani abu don dumama ƙarfen, wani abu da zai riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi da shi, wani abu da zai buga ƙarfen a kai, da kuma wani abu da zai buga ƙarfe da shi.
Kayan aikin da maƙera ke buƙatar haɗawa da su. Jujjuya ko Tukunya da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jabun murhu ce ta shagon maƙeran. Yana ba da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafawa tare da taimakon Mazuzzugi.
Ana amfani da Tongs (Awartaki) don riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi. Sun zo cikin kewayon siffofi da girma dabam. Abin ban sha'awa, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa don ƙwaƙƙwaran maƙera, ana iya yin aiki da yawa ta hanyar riƙe ƙarshen sanyi da hannun hannu kawai. Karfe shi ne madaidaicin jagorar zafi, kuma karfen zafi na orange a gefe ɗaya zai yi sanyi don taɓa ƙafa ko makamancin haka.
Anvil (makera) a mafi sauƙi shine babban toshe na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A tsawon lokaci an tsaftace wannan don samar da ƙaho mai zagaye don sauƙaƙe zane da lanƙwasa, fuska don zane da damuwa da lanƙwasa da kuma a kan daya ko fiye da ramuka don rike kayan aiki na musamman (swages ko hardies) da sauƙaƙe naushi. Sau da yawa Flat surface na anvil zai zama taurara karfe, da kuma jikin da aka yi daga baƙin ƙarfe mafi tsanani.
Maƙeran guduma (amaleshi) suna da fuska ɗaya da alƙawarin. Kwakwalwa yawanci ko dai ball ne ko ƙwanƙwasa (giciye ko madaidaicin peen dangane da fuskantar jujjuya zuwa riƙo) kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin zana. Swage (magagari) wannan kayan aiki ne na siffatawa, swages ko dai kayan aikin tsaye ne kawai ko kuma sun dace da 'ramin hardie' akan fuskar macijiya. Maƙeran suna aiki ta hanyar dumama sassa na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe har sai ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi don ya zama siffa da kayan aikin hannu, kamar guduma da chisel. Don ƙona ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙirƙira, ana amfani da itace zuwa ga gawayi.
Dabarun Maƙeran ƙila za a iya raba su kusan zuwa ƙirƙira (wani lokaci ana kiranta “sculpting”), walda, maganin zafi da ƙarewa.
Har ila yau ana kiran ƙirƙira da sassaƙawa domin aikin gyaran ƙarfe ne. Wasu ayyuka ko dabaru da ake amfani da su wajen ƙirƙira sun haɗa da zane, raguwa, lanƙwasa, bacin rai da naushi. Za a iya yin zane tare da kayan aiki da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyi biyu na yau da kullun ta yin amfani da guduma da maƙarƙashiya kawai za su kasance suna guduma a kan ƙahon maƙarƙashiya, da kuma buge-buge a fuskar majiya ta yin amfani da guntun giciye na guduma. Wata hanyar yin zane ita ce ta yin amfani da kayan aiki mai suna Fuller (tsinke), ko kuma pen guduma don gaggauta zana daga wani kauri mai kauri. Ana kiran dabarar cikawa daga kayan aiki. Cikakkewa ya ƙunshi guduma jeri na indentations (tare da madaidaicin tudu) daidai da tsayin sashe na yanki da ake zana. Sakamakon sakamako zai zama kama da raƙuman ruwa tare da saman yanki.
Lankwasawa ta hanyar dumama karfe zuwa zafi na orange yana ba da damar lankwasawa kamar dai karfe mai zafi yumbu ne ko sarafy taffy; yana ɗaukar mahimmanci amma ba ƙoƙarin Herculean ba. Ana iya yin lanƙwasa tare da guduma a kan ƙaho ko shekarun maƙarƙashiya, ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da aikin a cikin ɗayan ramukan da ke saman majiya da kuma karkatar da ƙarshen kyauta zuwa gefe ɗaya. Ana iya yin suturar lanƙwasa da ɗaurewa ko faɗaɗa su ta hanyar dunƙule su a kan sashin da ya dace da siffa.
Tashin hankali shine tsarin sanya ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin wani girma ta hanyar ragewa a ɗayan. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i shine ta hanyar dumama ƙarshen sanda kuma suna gudu a kan ta kamar yadda mutum zai fitar da ƙusa, sandunan ya yi guntu, kuma ɓangaren zafi yana fadada. Madadin guduma a ƙarshen zafi, shine sanya ƙarshen zafi a ƙarshen magudanar da guduma akan ƙarshen sanyi, ko kuma zubar da sandar, ƙarshen zafi ƙasa, a kan wani yanki na daidaitawa a matakin bene.
Ana iya yin naushi don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ado, ko kuma a yi rami, alal misali, a shirye-shiryen yin kan guduma, maƙerin zai bugi rami a cikin sanda mai nauyi ko sanda don riƙon guduma. Duka bai iyakance ga baƙin ciki da ramuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da yankewa, tsagawa da tuƙi; Ana yin waɗannan da chisel.
Tsarin hadawa ; Ana haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira na asali guda biyar sau da yawa don samarwa da kuma daidaita sifofin da suka dace don samfuran da aka gama. Misali, don kera shugaban hamma mai ƙwanƙwasa, maƙerin zai fara da sandar kusan diamita na fuskar guduma, za a buga ramin hannun kuma a buge shi (fadi ta hanyar saka ko wuce babban kayan aiki ta cikinsa), shugaban zai yi. a yanka (bushi, amma da ƙugiya), za a zana peen zuwa wani yanki kuma a yi ado da fuska ta hanyar tayar da hankali.
Welding shi ne haɗa ƙarfe iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa wanda babu haɗin gwiwa ko ɗinki; guntun da za a yi walda sun zama guda ɗaya. Yanzu smith yana motsawa da manufa mai sauri. Ana ɗauko ƙarfen daga wuta a haɗa shi da sauri, guduma yana shafa ƴan famfo kaɗan don kawo fuskokin mating ɗin gabaɗaya sannan a matse ruwan sannan a sake komawa wuta. An fara walda tare da famfo, amma sau da yawa haɗin gwiwa yana da rauni kuma bai cika ba, don haka maƙerin zai sake buga haɗin gwiwa zuwa zafin walda kuma yayi aiki da walda tare da bugun haske don ' saita' weld kuma a ƙarshe ya yi ado da shi don siffa.
Maganin zafi
Baya ga haɓaka rashin lafiyarsa, wani dalili na dumama ƙarfe shine don dalilai na maganin zafi. Ƙarfe za a iya taurare, fushi, daidaitacce, annealed, yanayin taurara da kuma batun sauran tsari wanda ke canza tsarin crystalline na karfe don ba shi takamaiman halaye da ake buƙata don amfani daban-daban.
Ƙarshe ; Dangane da abin da aka yi niyya na amfani da yanki, maƙerin zai iya gama shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Jig mai sauƙi wanda smith zai iya amfani da ƴan lokuta kawai a cikin shagon yana iya samun ƙaramar kammala rap akan maƙarƙashiya don karya sikelin da goga tare da goga na waya. Ana iya amfani da fayiloli don kawo yanki zuwa siffa ta ƙarshe, cire burrs da kaifi, da kuma santsin saman. Nika duwatsun takarda mai ƙyalli da ƙafafun emery na iya ƙara siffa, santsi da goge saman. Ƙarshen sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fenti, varnish, bluing, aro, mai da kakin zuma ba.
Koyaya, dan wasan mazugi (mazugi) mataimaki ne ga maƙerin. Ayyukansa shine yaɗa babban guduma a cikin manyan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Sarkin Makera ya ci gaba da cewa, “Idan aka yi wani aiki ko kuma Sarkin Musulmi yana bukatar hidimar maƙera, sai ya gayyaci Sarkin Makera kuma Mazugi ne zai bi shi da kayan aikin sa.
Yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, saitin hinjiyoyin ƙofa ko ƙusoshin ƙusoshi shine abin da maƙerin ƙauyen ya yi. Shagon nasa shine kantin kayan masarufi na gida. Yana kuma iya gyara doguwar sarƙa ko ya sa ƙafafu a kan ƙafafun keken, ko kuma ya gyara gatari da ya tsinke sa’ad da ya bugi dutsen. Ko ƙauyen yana buƙatar takuba ko garma, maƙerin ya yi su. Domin ba tare da maƙerin ba, ƙauyen ba zai iya rayuwa ba
Yayin da duk wannan masana'antar ƙarfe ta samo asali a kan lokaci, maƙerin ya zama laima ga ƙwararru da yawa. Maƙerin da ya yi wuƙaƙe da takuba, shi ne maƙeri. Maƙerin da ya yi ƙulli ya kasance maƙerin. Maƙerin da ya yi hidimar sulke mai sulke mai sulke ne. Maƙerin da ya kera gangunan bindiga da harsashi shi ne maƙerin bindiga. Maƙerin da ya yi wa dawakai sutura, ya kasance farrier. Maƙerin wanda ya yi wa mata ƴan kunne, sarƙoƙi da sauran kayan ado, farar fata ne. Maƙerin da ya ƙware wajen gyare-gyaren zinariya ya kasance maƙerin zinare. Don haka maƙeran sun mallaki duk waɗannan fasaha.
Kimanta masana'antu
Gandi ya bayyana sana’ar baƙar fata a matsayin babbar hanyar rayuwa ga mutanen Assada yana mai cewa duk wanda ya fito daga yankin dole ne ya zama maƙeri don haka haramun ne mutum ya yi watsi da sana’ar mahaifinsa da kakansa. A cikin kowane iyali na Makera Assada, dole ne a sami shaidar baƙar fata. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin sana’ar da kuma zamanin da, a tsakanin mutanen Assada. Masu sana'ar Makera Assada kullum suna cikin shagunansu da wuraren aiki. Yawancin maƙeran ba manoma ba ne, don haka ba sa zuwa gona amma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manoman da ke buƙatar ayyukansu.
Smithing wata sana'a ce ta daban da ke buƙatar fasaha da ƙarfin jiki. Maƙerin yau ya fi mai fassara na baya kuma mai fasaha idan kuna so maimakon abu na gaske. Don haka an katange shi da haramtattun abubuwa da yawa kuma yana buƙatar dogon lokaci na koyo. Maƙeran sun shahara da yin amfani da ƙarfe da wuta, ta yadda makamin ƙarfe ko wuta ba zai iya cutar da su ba.
Maƙeran sun ba da taimako ga noma kuma sun ba da tushe na fasaha. Maƙeran suna ba da abubuwan da suka zama dole ta ayyukan zamantakewa da na yau da kullun. Tun bayan bullar maƙera zuwa yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ana jin tsoronsu a wasu al'ummomin yammacin Afirka saboda irin ƙarfin da suke da shi a fannin aikin ƙarfe, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya mafi yawan mashahuran maƙera, makamin ƙarfe da wuta ba za su iya cutar da su ba, ko da yake wasu suna ganin hakan. a matsayin wani nau'i na sihiri, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya Afirka ta Yamma suna girmama su don aikin majagaba na fasaha. Yayin da talakawa ke tsoron ikon maƙeri, ana sha'awar su sosai kuma suna da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Domin sana’ar ta yi fice sosai kuma tana da haxari, maƙera galibi ana neman garuruwa da ƙauyuka inda babu.
Don haka yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, kwano (baho) ko saitin lalurar ƙofa aikinsa ne. Yana kuma iya gyara makullin ƙofa ko gyara gatari da ya tsinke idan ya bugi dutse. Abin da ya shafi masu sana'ar Makera shi ne shigo da kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje, kayan masarufi masu arha da yawa yanzu haka ana sayarwa a kasuwannin cikin gida. Wukake, kayan aikin gida kamar guga, kwano, abin wuya, da sauransu. Za'a iya siyan kusoshi na ƙofa da hinges da sauran kayan amfani a duk inda ake so. A bisa ƙa'ida mutane sun dogara ga masana'antar gida, don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki. Waɗannan kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje sun fi arha kuma sun fi dacewa da manufar sa.
Ko da yake, maƙeran Makera Assada sun kware a kowane irin aikin ƙarfe, amma ba su ba da fifiko ga kera bindigogin gida ba duk da cewa mafarauta na buƙatar su don farautar dabbobi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin tsaro saboda gwamnati ta hana irin wannan samarwa. Wato a can ake kera makaman gida kamar takobi, mashi da sauransu.
Baya ga gyare-gyaren ƙarfe don samar da abubuwa, wasu mutane suna yin maƙeran balaguro. Suna tafiya wurare da dama har zuwa Kano, Zariya, Funtuwa da ma bayan iyakokin Arewacin Najeriya, don sayen karafa da za a iya amfani da su, kamar barnar motoci da jiragen sama, guntun sandunan ƙarfe, kwantenan dakon mai da dai sauransu. A wannan karafa ana kawowa Makera Assada har sai lokacin da ake bukata duk wani kamfani ko mai son irin wannan sana'a ko karafa za a tura shi yankin Makera Assada.
Bambance-bambancen sana'o'i a tsakanin Makera musamman a cikin sana'o'insu na kera yana nuna bajintar fasaharsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shaida ce a lokacin jihadi. A cikin 1839, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a cikin sanannen waƙarsa, "The Village Blacksmith" ya yaba wa maƙerin, "Kingarsa yana jike da gumi na gaskiya. Yakan sami duk abin da zai iya, kuma yana kallon duniya gaba ɗaya, don ba ya bin kowa.
Duba kuma
Sokoto
Usman Dan Fodiyo
Sokoto Caliphate
Maƙeran yammacin Afirka
Manazarta
Articles with hAudio microformats |
13645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20al-Amin%20al-Kanemi | Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi | Shehu al-Hajj Muhammad al-Amin dan Muhammad al-Kânemî (da larabci محمد الأمين بن محمد الكانمي ) (1776–1837) , malamin Islama ne,malamin addini da siyasa wanda ya ba da shawara kuma ya kaddamar da daular Sayfawa daga daular Kanem-Bornu.A shekara ta 1846, dan Al-Kanemi Umar I dan Muhammad al-Amin ya zama sarki daya tilo na Borno, yanayin da ya haifar da karshen sarautar daular Sayfawa na tsawon shekaru dari takwas.Shehu na Bornu na yanzu, masarautar gargajiya wacce kujerar ta ke zama a jihar Borno ta zamani, Najeriya,ta fito ne daga Al-Kanemi,yakasance dan kasar libiya,yamutu shekarar watan takwas 8 ga watan janairu alib 1837,yakasance yanada iyalai kaman haka umar mai barno,Abdur-rahman dan muhammad al-amin,Abba masta mai barno.
Tashi zuwa iko
An haife shi ga mahaifi dan Kanembu kuma mahaifiyara balarabiya ce; an haife shi kusa da Murzuk a cikin abin da yake a yau Libya, Al-Kanemi ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar mabiya addinan karkara a lardunan yamma na lokacin mulkin mallaka na Borno. Kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Fulani, karkashin tutar Usman dan Fodio tayi kokarin mamaye Borno a shekarar 1808.Sun ɗan yi nasara. Sun ƙone babban birnin,Ngazargamu kuma suka ci babban sojojin mai na Borno. Daga karshe ya nemi taimakon Al-Kanemi don korar abokan hamayyarsa na Fulani. Ta hanyar tsarawa, wahayinsa,da addu’a,ya jawo hankalin wasu masu zuwa, musamman daga gidajen yanar gizo na Shuwa Arab da kuma al’ummomin Kanembu da ke kan iyakokin Borno. Mai (sarki), Dunama IX Lefiami ya ba wa shugaban nasarar tare da sarrafa ikon lardin Bornu a kan Yammacin yamma. Daukar taken "Shehu" (" Sheikh "), da kuma bibiyar ofisoshin gargajiya, al-Kanemi ya tattara manyan abubuwa, ya zama muryar Bornu a tattaunawar da Sakkwato, da kuma mai mulki mai zaman kansa na yankin mai arzikin kasuwanci. tare da karfin soja. Kawun nasa ya fatattaki Dunama a cikin shekarar 1809, amma goyon bayan al-Kanemi ya dawo da shi kan mulki a shekara ta 1813.
Kariya akan Sakkwato
Al Kanemi ya yi yaƙin Sakkwato ba wai kawai da makamai ba har ma da wasiƙu kamar yadda yake so ya dakile jihadin dan Fodio da makaman akida. Ya ci gaba da jerin muhawara ta tauhidi, doka da siyasa ta wasika tare da Sarkin Musulmi Usman dan Fodio, daga baya kuma tare da dansa, Muhammed Bello . Yayin da aka fadada hanyar Sakkwato akan gwagwarmayar arna, ridda, da rugujewa, Al-Kanemi ya kalubalance shi akan 'yancin makwabtansa wanda yace sun kasance musulmai akalla shekaru 800. Wadannan muhawara, sau da yawa kan yanayin Jihad da mulkin Musulmai, har yanzu suna kan gaba a mahallin Najeriya .
Mulki akan Borno
Lokacin da El-Kanemi ya hau kan mulki bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani, bai sake tsara masarautar Sayfawa ba: kawai ya yi kokarin shigar da mutanen sa ne a cikin tsarin mallakar yankin Sayfawa, chima chidibe . Cohen ya bayyana cewa babbar kungiyar siyasa ta karni na goma sha tara ta Borno ya samo asali ne daga alakar mutum kuma Al-Kanemi ya fara kulla alakar abokin ciniki.
Maza shida sun goyi bayan hawan al-Kanemi akan mulki a Bornu. Sun hada da abokinsa mai suna Al-Hajj Sudani, dan kasuwa dan Toubou da aboki al-Hajj Malia, surukinsa daga dangin matar shi wanda ya jagoranci Kanembu Kuburi a Kanem kamar Shettima Kuburi, da Shuwa Arabs uku: Mallam Muhammad Tirab na Baghirimi, Mallam Ibrahim Wadaima na Wadai, da kuma Mallam Ahmed Gonomi.
Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙarshe, har yanzu muna watsi da yadda Al-Kanemi ke mamaye daukacin yankin Borno bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani . Ya ya ne kawai a kai na sirri sarauta kamar yadda Last da shawarar, ko ba ya kaucewa kifar da ikon da mai? Wannan tsari wanda zai iya zama mafi tsayi fiye da shawarar Brenner ba a rubuce shi sosai ba. Labarin baka da tatsuniyoyin Turai kawai suna ba da damar Al-Kanemi ya sauka kan mulki. A wannan juzu'in farkon karni na sha tara, Al-Kanemi ya karɓi iko a cikin 1810s ba tare da wani gasa daga mai Dunama IX Lefiami ba kafin shekarar 1820. El-Kanemi, ba face fuskar ta Borno ga shuwagabannin ƙasashen waje ba, ta zama mafi mahimmanci ga mai . Wasu da ke cikin coterie mai Dun Dunama an yi imanin cewa suna goyon bayan wani yunƙurin kashe Shehu a cikin 1820. A wannan ranar, Mai Dunama da sarki Burgomanda na Baguirmi sun yi niyyar kawar da El-Kanemi. Wannan waje baki a Bornuese siyasa wani gazawar da kuma mai Dunama aka maye gurbinsu mai Ibrahim. El-Kanemi, yayin da yake kan batun sabon mai, an sa masa hatimi a matsayin Shehu na duk Bornu.
A shekara ta 1814, al-Kanemi ya gina sabon garin Kukawa . Wannan sabon birni ya zama zahiri shine babban birnin kasar na Borno, kamar yadda al-Kanemi ya ɗauki suna Shehu. .
Game da shekarar 1819-20, Mai Dunama ya tashi da tawaye ga al-Kanemi, daga baya aka kashe shi a cikin yaƙi. Daga nan sai Al-Kanemi ya sanya dan uwan Dunama, Ibrahim, Mai. Sannan a cikin shekarun 1820, al-Kanemi ya kori Fulani daga Bornu, yana mai kalubalantar Khalifanci na Sakkwato, ya kuma mamaye yankin Deya- Damaturu . Hakan ya biyo bayan mamaye masarautar Kotoko da ke Kusseri, Ngulfai, da Logone, bayan da suka ci Bagirmi a shekarar 1824.
Sayfawa mais ya kasance shuwagabannin sarauta tun bayan mutuwar El-Kameni a 1837.
A 1846 na karshe mai, a league da Ouaddai Empire, precipitated wani yakin basasa, tsayayya El-Kanemi ta dan, Umar (1837-1881). A wannan lokacin ne Umar ya zama mai ikon mallaka, don haka ya ƙare da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin mulkokin zamanin da ke cikin tarihin Afirka.
Al-Kanemi kamar yadda Manjo Dixon Denham ke ganinsa
A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1823, jirgin balaguron Birtaniyya karkashin jagorancin Manjo Dixon Denham da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton sun isa Borno. An gabatar da su ga Al-Kanemi. A cikin labarin tafiyarsa da aka buga a shekara ta 1826, Dixon Denham ya bayyana Al-Kanemi:
Rayuwa ta samar akanshi duk wani abunda Babban jagora zai samu; wani irin baiwa, cikakken adalci, yanayi nason cigaba, da martaba na sassauci da kamun kai: kuma haka ne yasa kadan ne na laifi ya shafe shi, wanda laifin itace yaki yarda a zamar dashi amatsayin Sultan --Dixon Denham
Daular
Bayanai
Bibliography
Brenner, Louis, Shehus na Kukawa: Tarihin Tarihin Daular Al-Kanemi ta Bornu, Nazarin Oxford a cikin Harkokin Afirka (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973).
Cohen, Ronald, Kanuri na Bornu, Nazarin shari a cikin ilimin al'adu na al'adu (New York: Holt, 1967).
Denham, Dixon da Kyaftin Clapperton da Late Doctor Oudney, Labarun tafiye-tafiye da ganowa a Arewacin da Afirka ta Tsakiya, (Boston: Taro, Hilliards da Co., 1826).
Isichei, Elizabeth, Tarihi ne na Kawancen Afirka zuwa 1870 (Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge, 1997), pp. 318-320, .
Lange, Dierk, 'Dauloli da mutanen Chadi', a cikin tarihin Afirka gaba daya, ed. wanda Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 238–265.
Karshe, Murray, 'Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno', a Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev. ed. (Paris: Shugabancin Afirka, 1986), pp. 599- 646.
Lavers, John, "Al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: Tarihin aiki" a cikin Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, Bd. 2, Frankfurt a. M. 1993: 179-186.
Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005). Afirka Tun daga 1800, Juzu'i Na Biyar . Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005). Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005).
Palmer, Herbert Richmond, Bornu Sahara da Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936).
Taher, Mohamed (1997). Binciken Encyclopedic na Daulolin Musulunci jerin cigaban zamani . New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN Taher, Mohamed (1997). Taher, Mohamed (1997).
Haɗin waje
Kungiyar Nazarin Kanuri |
47827 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20na%20madaciya | Ciwon daji na madaciya | Ciwon daji na madaciya wani ciwon daji ne wanda ba a cika gani ba tare da faruwar ƙasa da lokuta 2 a cikin mutane 100,000 a kowace shekara a Amurka. Ya zama ruwan dare musamman a tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, tsakiya da gabashin Turai, Japan da arewacin Indiya; haka nan ya zama ruwan dare a wasu kabilu misali Indiyawan Amurkawa da Hispanic. Idan an gano shi da wuri, ana iya warkewa ta hanyar cire madaciyar wani ɓangaren hanta da kuma ƙwayoyin lymph masu alaƙa. Mafi yawan lokuta ana samun shi bayan bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon ciki, jaundice da amai, kuma ya yadu zuwa wasu gabobin kamar hanta.
Wani ciwon daji ne da ba kasafai ake tunanin yana da alaka da fitar duwatsun ciki ba, wanda kuma zai iya haifar da yin karfi na madaciyar, yanayin da aka sani da porcelain na madaciya shima ba kasafai bane. Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da pocelain madaciyar suna da babban haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na madaciyar, amma wasu nazarin suna tambayar wannan. Ra'ayin ba shi da kyau don farfadowa idan an gano ciwon daji bayan bayyanar cututtuka sun fara faruwa, tare da tsawon shekaru 5 na rayuwa kusan 3%.
Alamomi da alamomi
Ciwo mai tsayi a cikin babba na dama
Rashin narkewar abinci
Dyspepsia (gas)
Mutuwar amai
Rauni
Rashin ci
Rage nauyi
Jaundice da amai saboda toshewa
Alamun farko sunayin shige da ciwon madaciya irin na duwatsun ciki. Daga baya, alamomin na iya zama na irin na toshewar hanyar madaciyar da toshewar ciki. A bayanin kula, dokar Courvoisier ta bayyana cewa a samun madaciya wadda take mai girma da ƙarfi wanda ba shi da zafi sosai kuma yana tare da jaundice mara zafi, da wuya dalilin ya zama ciwon dutsin madaciya. Wannan yana haifar da yiwuwar cutar madaciya ko kuma ta saifa, kuma kumburin ba zai iya zama wai saboda ciwon dutsin madaciya ba, se dai ze iya zama saboda kumburin da ke da alaƙa da madaciyar wanda yakesaka ta tayo kasa daga wurin da take a cikin jiki, wanda ba a iya ganewa.
Duk da haka, ainihin abin lura na Ludwig Georg Courvoisier, wanda aka buga a Jamus a cikin 1890, babu sahihin ingancin wannan dokaba, kuma ba a ambaci mummunan rauni ko ciwo ba. Waɗannan batutuwa galibi sunada kuskure sanna suna kawo rudani a cikin littattafan likitanci.
Abubuwan dake janyo cutar dajin madaciya
Bincike da wuri ba abu bane wanda ze iya yiyuwa ba. Mutanen da ke cikin haɗari kamuwa da ciwon mai yawa, sun hada da mata ko ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka masu ciwon dutsen madaciya, ana kimanta su sosai. Awo wanda suka hada da trans Abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, endoscopic duban dan tayi, MRI, da MR cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) za a iya amfani dashi don ganewar asali. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na ciwon daji na madaciya ba zato ba tsammani a cikin marasa lafiya da ake tunanin cewa sunada cutar cholelithiasis, ko samuwar ciwon dutse na madaciya wanda ya fi kowane yawa Biopsy ita ce kawai takamammen hanyar da za a iya sanin ko ko ciwon dajin yana kara gaba ne ko kuma a'a.
ganewar asali daban-daban
anthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) wani nau'i ne na cutar madaciya wanda yake kama da cutar dajin madaciya duk da cewa shi ba ciwon daji bane. An gano shi kuma an ruwaito shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen littafan likitanci na 1976 ta JJ McCoy Jr., da abokan aikinsa.
Magani
Idan an gano cutar da wuri a matakin da bai yaɗu ba, ana iya magance cutar dagin madaciyar ta hanyar tiyata. Yin tiyata don ciwon daji na madaciyar ana kiransa radical cholecystectomy ko cholecystectomy mai tsawo. Ya kunshi cire madaciya tare da cire gadon hanta zuwa wuri mai lafiya. Hakanan an cire nodes na lymph wadanda ke a kusa. Wani lokaci akan buƙaci cire babban ɓangaren hanta da ake kira hepatectomy don samun ingancin cire cutar dajin gaba ɗaya. magudanar madaciya shima yana buƙatar cirewa idan yashafeshi. Duk da haka, rashin kula da ciwon daji na madaciya, yawancin marasa lafiya za su mutu a cikin shekara guda dayin tiyata. Idan tiyata ba zai yiwu ba, endoscopic stenting ko percutaneous transhepatic biliary magudanun ruwa (PTBD) na bishiyar biliary zai iya rage jaundice kuma stent a cikin ciki na iya rage yin amai. Hakanan ana iya amfani da magani na amfani da haske na amfani da radiation tare da tiyata. Idan an gano ciwon daji na gallbladder bayan cholecystectomy don cutar dutse (ciwon daji mai saurin faruwa), za'a bukaci sake yin sake yin aiki don cire ɓangaren hanta da ƙwayoyin lymph a mafi yawan lokuta. idan aka yi shi da wuri-wuri, marasa lafiya sunasamun damar rayuwa na dogon lokaci har ma da warkewa.
kididdigar ciwo
Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen daji sune adenocarcinomas ne,kashi kadan kuma sunkasance ciwo sun kasance ciwon daji na squamous cell.
Ba'a cika samun Ciwon daji na madaciya ba, sedai kuma yana shafar mutane kasa da 5000 a Amurka a kowace shekara
Ciwon daji na madaciya ya fi yawa a ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka, Japan, da Isra'ila; a kasar Chile, ciwon daji na madaciya shine na hudu mafi yawan mutuwar sanadin cuwon daji.
Na 5 a cikin yawan ciwon daji na ciki
har yawan linki 5 ya fi yawa cikin mata fiye da maza dangane da yawan jama'a (misali kashi 73% na mace a China)
Matsakaicin shekarun da aka daidaita yawan cutar dajin madaciyar ya fi girma a Chile, sannan a cikin jihar Assam a Indiya
Hasashen
Hasashen har yanzu ya kasance mara inganci. Ciwon daji yakan yadu zuwa hanta, bile madaciya, ciki, da kuma yan hanji .
Manazarta |
22409 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Zamantakewar%20Jama%27a | Hakkin Zamantakewar Jama'a | An yarda da haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma an kafa haƙƙin taimakon zamantakewar al'umma ga waɗanda ba sa iya aiki saboda rashin lafiya, nakasa, haihuwa, rauni na aiki, rashin aikin yi ko tsufa. Tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma da jihohin da ke bayarwa sun hada da shirye-shiryen inshorar zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ke samar da fa'idojin ga ma'aikata da dangin su ta hanyar gudummawar aiki, da sauran su ko shirye-shiryen taimakon jin kai wanda ke samar da fa'idodin ba da gudummawa wanda aka tsara don samar da mafi karancin matakan tsaro ga zamantakewar mutane samun damar inshorar zamantakewa.
Sanarwar Duniya Game Da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan 'Adam ta amince da haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a a cikin labarai ashirin da biyu 22, wanda ke cewa:"Kowane mutum, a matsayin memba na al'umma, yana da 'yancin walwala kuma yana da Kuma hakkin a tabbatar da shi, ta hanyar kokarin kasa da hadin kan kasa da kasa bisa tsari da albarkatun kowace Jiha, na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba makawa dan mutuncinsa da kuma cigaban mutuntaka kyauta ba kosisi." Da kuma labarai na ashirin da biyar 25, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa, yana mai faɗi cewa:"(1) Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa daidai gwargwado don ƙoshin lafiyar sa da jin daɗin kansa da na danginsa, gami da abinci, tufafi, muhalli da kula da lafiya da kuma hidimomin zamantakewar da ake buƙata, da kuma haƙƙin tsaro na rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko kuma wasu abubuwan rashin abin yi a cikin yanayin da ya fi karfinsa. (2) Uwa da yara suna da hakkin a ba su kulawa ta musamman da taimako. Duk yara, walau an haife su a cikin aure ko ba su aure ba, suna da irin wannan kariya ta zamantakewar."
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu
Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, kuma Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta amince da 'yancin kowa da kowa ga tsaron rayuwa, gami da inshorar zamantakewar jama'a." Hakkin tabbatar da walwala da jin dadin jama'a an kara amincewa da shi a cikin Mataki na 10, wanda ya ce, "ya kamata a bai wa iyaye mata kariya ta musamman a lokacin da ya dace kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa. A lokacin da irin wannan lokaci na aiki iyayensu ya kamata ace ke biya izinin ko tare da isasshen jindadin jama'a amfanin." kungiyoyin jihohi na ICESCR suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cika haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a. A cikin Babban Magana ba 19 (2007) Akan Hakkin Tsaro na Jama'a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Yanci da Al'adu ya fayyace cewa 'yancin tabbatar da zamantakewar al'umma kamar yadda yake a cikin ICESCR take kunshi:''yancin samun dama da kuma kiyaye fa'idodi, walau a cikin kudi ko kuma iri, daga (a) rashin samun kudin shiga da ya shafi aiki sakamakon rashin lafiya, nakasa, haihuwa, raunin aiki, rashin aikin yi, tsufa, ko kuma mutuwar wani dangi; ( b) rashin samun damar kulawa da lafiya; (c) rashin isassun tallafi na iyali, musamman yara da manya masu dogaro da kai."
An fahimci tsaro na zamantakewa ya ƙunshi rassa tara masu zuwa: isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya, fa'idodin nakasa, amfanin tsufa, fa'idodin rashin aikin yi, inshorar rauni na aiki, tallafi na iyali da na yara, fa'idodin haihuwa, kariyar nakasa, da tanadi ga masu tsira da marayu. Bangarorin jihohi na ICESCR suna da aikin cika hakkin kula da zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar daukar "matakan da suka dace, gami da aiwatar da tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma." Dole ne jam'ian jihohi su tabbatar da cewa, "tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar jama'a zai wadatar, ya kasance mai sauki ga kowa kuma zai rufe kasada da abubuwan da ke faruwa." Har ila yau, jami'an jihohi suna da wani nauyi na sauƙaƙa haƙƙin tabbatar da tsaro ta zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar "yarda da wannan haƙƙin a cikin tsarin siyasa da na ƙasa, zai fi dacewa ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki" da "yin amfani da dabarun zaman lafiyar ƙasa."
Sauran abubuwan kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya
Hakkin tabbatar da zaman lafiyar an kuma amince da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar kawar da Duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariyar launin fata wanda a cikin labarin na biyar ya bukaci bangarorin Jihohi dole ne su hana tare da kawar da nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin dukkan nau'ikansa, da kuma tabbatar da hakkin kowa "ba tare da bambanci ba kamar launin fata, launi, ko asalin ƙasa ko ƙabila, zuwa daidaito a gaban doka, musamman cikin jin daɗin haƙƙin lafiyar jama'a, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da sabis na zamantakewar jama'a." Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta kunshi 'yancin tabbatar da tsaro ga mata a cikin labarin na 11, inda ya bayyana cewa mata suna da "yancin walwala da jin dadin jama'a, musamman a batun ritaya, rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, rashin inganta rayuwa da tsufa da sauran rashin iya aiki, da kuma 'yancin biyan hutu."
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro ta sanya haƙƙin haƙƙin yara na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin labarin 26, yana mai faɗi cewa:"(1) jam'iyun Jihohi za su amince wa kowane yaro haƙƙin cin gajiyar zamantakewar al'umma, gami da inshorar zamantakewar jama'a, kuma za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don cimma cikakken haƙƙin wannan haƙƙin bisa ga dokar ƙasarsu. (2) Amfanin, inda ya dace, a ba da, la'akari da albarkatu da yanayin yaro da kuma mutanen da ke da alhakin kula da yaron, da kuma duk wani abin da ya dace da aikace-aikacen don fa'idodin da aka yi ko a madadin yaron."Yarjejeniyar ta kara yin bayani kan hakkin yara na tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin doka ta 18 dangane da iyaye masu aiki, tana mai cewa, "Jihohin za su bayar da taimakon da ya dace ga iyaye da masu kula da harkokin shari'a wajen gudanar da ayyukan tarbiyyar yaransu kuma su tabbatar da ci gaban cibiyoyi, cibiyoyi da aiyuka don kula da yara." A cewar Yarjejeniyar "Bangarorin Jihohi za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yan iyayen da ke aiki suna da' yancin cin gajiyar ayyukan kula da yara da wuraren da suka cancanta." Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar ya yi tanadi kan haƙƙin zamantakewar yara ba tare da iyaye ba, yana mai cewa "Yaro na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin daga muhallin danginsa, ko kuma wanda ba za a bar shi ya ci gaba da zama a wannan yanayin ba, suna da damar samun kariya ta musamman da Jiha ta bayar. " Kuma cewa "Statesungiyoyin Jihohi daidai da dokokin ƙasarsu zasu tabbatar da madadin kulawa da irin wannan yaron."
Dangantaka da wasu hakkoki
Hakkin tabbatar da walwala da jin dadin jama'a yana da alaqa da kuma dogaro da wasu hakkoki na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman 'yancin samun wadataccen tsarin rayuwa, gami da 'yancin cin abinci da ' yancin mallakar gidaje 'yancin yin aiki, da 'yancin kariya na iyali. Dangane da Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya labarin 26 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa kan nuna wariya ya shafi hakkin tsaro na zamantakewa. A cikin Babban Sharhi daga 2000 Kwamitin ya nuna haƙƙin tabbatar da zamantakewar al'umma a matsayin yanki inda mata ke yawan fuskantar wariya.
Aiwatarwa
Gabaɗaya a duniya samun damar tsaro na zamantakewa yayi ƙasa kuma kashi 80 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da wata damar samun kowace irin kariya ta zamantakewar yau da kullun.
Manazarta
1. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie (2007). International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0.
2. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie (2007). International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0.
3. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie (2007). International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0.
4. "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1966. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012.
5. Felice, William F. (2010). The global new deal: economic and social human rights in world politics. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-7425-6727-6. right to social security. |
47993 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabashin%20Afirka | Gabashin Afirka | Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka، ko Gabashin Afirka. A cikin tsarin Sashen Kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yankuna, yankuna 10-11-(16 *) sun hada da Gabashin Afirka:
Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta bayyana cewa yankin Gabashin Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara samo asali kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kafin su yi ƙaura zuwa arewa da gabas daga Afirka.
Saboda tarihin Daular Omani da yankunan mulkin mallaka na British East Africa Protectorate da Jamusanci East Africa, ana amfani da kalmar Gabashin Afirka (musamman a cikin harshen Ingilishi) don nunawa musamman ga yankin da yanzu ya ƙunshi ƙasashe uku na Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Koyaya, wannan bai taɓa zama taron ba a wasu harsuna da yawa, inda kalmar gabaɗaya tana da faɗin ƙasa, sabili da haka yawanci sun haɗa da Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, da Somalia.
Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu mambobi ne na Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka. An haɗa biyar na farko a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Burundi da Rwanda a wasu lokuta ana daukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha da Somaliya an san su da Horn of Africa. Yankin shine mafi gabashin tsinkaye na nahiyar Afirka.
Comoros, Mauritius, da Seychelles ƙananan tsibirai a cikin Tekun Indiya.
Réunion, Mayotte (a fannin ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na Tsibirin Comoro) da Tsibirin da aka Scattered a cikin Tekun Indiya yankunan kasashen waje na Faransa kuma a cikin Tekin Indiya.
Mozambique da Madagascar galibi ana ɗaukar su wani ɓangare na Kudancin Afirka, a gefen gabashin yankin. Madagascar tana da alaƙa ta al'adu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Afirka, da tsibirin Tekun Indiya.
Malawi, Zambia, da Zimbabwe sau da yawa ana haɗa su a Kudancin Afirka, kuma a baya sun kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda aka fi sani da Tarihin Rhodesia da Nyasaland).
Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan gabaɗaya suna cikin kwarin Nilu. Suna cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin nahiyar. Har ila yau, membobin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) yankin cinikayya kyauta.
Yanayi da yanayi
Wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka sun shahara saboda yawan dabbobi na daji, kamar su "babban biyar": giwa, buffalo, zaki, baƙar fata rhinoceros, da leopard, kodayake yawan jama'a suna raguwa a ƙarƙashin karuwar damuwa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, musamman na rhino da giwa.
Yanayin Gabashin Afirka sau da yawa yana da ban sha'awa da kuma kyan gani. An tsara shi ta hanyar dakarun tectonic na duniya waɗanda suka haifar da Rift na Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka shine shafin Dutsen Kilimanjaro da Dutsen Kenya, tsaunuka biyu mafi tsawo a Afirka. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tafkin ruwa mai laushi na biyu mafi girma a duniya, Tafkin Victoria, da kuma tafkin ruwa na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya, tafkin Tanganyika .
Yanayin Gabashin Afirka ya fi dacewa da yankunan equatorial. Saboda haɗuwa da tsawo mai tsawo na yankin da inuwa mai ruwan sama na iskar ruwan sama ta yamma da Dutsen Rwenzori da Dutsen Habasha suka kirkira, Gabashin Afirka yana da ban mamaki kuma ya bushe saboda latitude. A zahiri, a bakin tekun Somaliya, shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa ba tare da ruwan sama ba. A wsu wurre ruwn sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa zuwa kudu kuma tare da tsawo, yana kusa da (16 in) a Mogadishu da 1,200 (47 in) a Mombasa a bakin tekun, yayin da ƙasa yana ƙaruwa daga kusan (5 in) a Garoowe zuwa sama da 1,100 mm (43 in) a Moshi kusa da Kilimanjaro. Ba a saba da shi ba, yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a cikin lokutan rigar guda biyu, ɗayan yana tsakiyar Afrilu ɗayan kuma a watan Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Wannan yawanci ana danganta shi da wucewar Yankin Intertropical Convergence a fadin yankin a cikin waɗannan watanni, amma kuma yana iya zama daidai da ruwan sama na kaka na sassan Sri Lanka, Vietnam, da Arewa maso gabashin Brazil.
Yammacin tsaunukan Rwenzoris da Habasha, yanayin ruwan sama ya fi dacewa da wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama a duk shekara kusa da ma'auni da kuma lokacin rigar guda ɗaya a mafi yawan tsaunukan Habasha daga Yuni zuwa Satumba yana kwangila zuwa Yuli da Agusta a kusa da Asmara. Ruwan sm n shekara-shekara a nan ya kasance daga sama da 1,600 (63 in) a kan gangaren yaa zuwa kusan 1,250 mm (49 in) a Addis Ababa da mm (22 in) a Asmara. tsaunuka masu tsawo ruwan sama na iya zama sama da 2,500 mm (98 in).
Ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka yana da manyan lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu, ruwan sama mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeren ruwan sama daga Oktoba-Disamba. Bambancin ruwan sama yana rinjayar abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño da kuma Dipole mai kyau na Tekun Indiya. Abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino suna ƙara ruwan sama sai dai a arewa da yammacin yankunan Habasha da Eritrea, inda suke haifar da fari da ambaliyar Nilu mara kyau. Hakazalika, kyakkyawan Dipole na Tekun Indiya yana haifar da yanayin zafi na teku a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka kuma yana haifar da karuwar ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka. Yanayin zafi a Gabashin Afirka, ban da a kan zafi da kuma ruwan zafi na bakin teku, suna da matsakaici, tare da matsakaicin kusan ° C (77 ) da mafi ƙarancin ° C (59 ) a tsawo na mita 1,500 (4,921 ). A tsawo sama da mita 2,500 (8,202 ), sanyi ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin fari kuma mafi girma yawanci game da ° C (70 ) ko ƙasa.
Yanayin ƙasa na musamman da bayyanar dacewa don noma ya sanya Gabashin Afirka ya zama manufa ga binciken Turai, amfani da mulkin mallaka a karni na sha tara. A yau, yawon bude ido wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, da Uganda. Yankin gabashin nahiyar, wato Ras Hafun a Somaliya, yana da muhimmancin archaeological, tarihi da tattalin arziki.
Tarihi
Tarihi na farko
Dangane da ka'idar asalin Afirka na kwanan nan na mutane na zamani, imani da aka fi sani da shi tsakanin yawancin masu binciken tarihi, Gabashin Afirka a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara bayyana. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ko akwai fitowa guda ɗaya ko da yawa; samfurin watsawa da yawa ya haɗa da ka'idar Yaduwar Kudancin. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa Arewacin Afirka shine yankin Afirka daga inda mutane na zamani suka fara tafiya daga nahiyar.
Dangane da shaidar kwayar halitta da burbushin halittu, an nuna cewa <i id="mw5Q">Homo sapiens</i> na archaic ya samo asali ne a cikin mutane na zamani a cikin Horn na Afirka kusan shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kuma ya warwatse daga can. Sanar da Homo sapiens idaltu da Omo Kibish a matsayin mutane na zamani zai tabbatar da bayanin mutane na zamani tare da sunan Homo sapiens sapiens. Saboda farkon soyayyarsu da halaye na musamman na jiki idaltu da kibish suna wakiltar kakanninmu na yanzu na mutane na zamani kamar yadda ka'idar Out-of-Africa ta ba da shawarar.
A cikin 2017 binciken gawarwakin mutane na zamani, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko, ya ba da shawarar cewa mutane na zamani sun tashi a baya kuma mai yiwuwa a cikin yanki mafi girma na Afirka fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.
Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko inda aka yi imanin cewa Homo sapiens sun rayu. An sami shaidar a cikin 2018, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata, a shafin yanar gizon Kenya na Olorgesailie, game da farkon fitowar halayen zamani da ke da alaƙa da Homo sapiens, gami da: cibiyoyin cinikayya na nesa (wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki kamar obsidian), amfani da pigments, da yiwuwar yin maki. Marubutan binciken 2018 guda uku sun lura da shi a shafin, cewa shaidar waɗannan halaye kusan zamani ne ga farkon burbushin Homo sapiens da aka sani daga Afirka (kamar a Jebel Irhoud da Florisbad), kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa halayen rikitarwa da na zamani sun riga sun fara a Afirka a lokacin fitowar Homo sapiens.
A watan Satumbar 2019, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton ƙudurin kwamfuta, bisa ga binciken CT 260, na siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane na kakannin ɗan adam na ƙarshe ga mutane na zamani / H. sapiens, wakilin Homo sapiens na farko, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa Homo sapiens ya tashi tsakanin shekaru 350,000 da 260,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan jama'a a Kudu da Gabashin Afirka.
Hanyar ƙaura ta ka'idar "Fitar da Afirka" mai yiwuwa ta faru ne a Gabashin Afirka duk da haka ta hanyar Bab el Mandeb
A yau a Bab-el-Mandeb straits, Bahar Maliya tana da nisan kilomita 12 miles (19 km) (kilomita 19) amma shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma matakan teku sun kasance mita 70 ƙasa. Kodayake ba a taɓa rufe ƙuƙwalwar gaba ɗaya ba, akwai yiwuwar akwai tsibirai a tsakanin waɗanda za a iya isa ta amfani da rafts masu sauƙi.
An samo wasu daga cikin kasusuwan hominin na farko a cikin yankin da ya fi girma, gami da burbushin da aka gano a cikin kwarin Awash na Habasha, da kuma Koobi Fora a Kenya da Olduvai Gorge a Tanzania.
Yankin kudancin Gabashin Afirka ya mamaye har zuwa kwanan nan ta hanyar mafarauta-mai tarawa na Khoisan, yayin da a cikin tsaunukan Habasha jaki da irin waɗannan shuke-shuke na amfanin gona kamar teff sun ba da damar fara aikin gona a kusa da 7,000 KZ. Duk da haka, shingen ƙasa da cututtukan da tsetse fly ke ɗauka sun hana jaki da aikin gona daga yaduwa zuwa kudu. Sai kawai a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan aikin gona ya bazu zuwa yankunan da suka fi zafi a kudancin ma'auni, ta hanyar yaduwar shanu, tumaki da amfanin gona kamar millet. Rarraba harsuna sun nuna cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ya faru ne daga Sudan zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, tunda yarukan Nilotic da waɗannan manoman pre-Bantu ke magana suna da danginsu mafi kusa a tsakiyar kogin Nilu.
Tarihin Da
Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, Somalia, da gaɓar Bahar Maliya ta Sudan ana ɗaukar su ne mafi kusantar wurin ƙasar da tsoffin Masarawa suka sani da Punt. Magana ta farko da aka ambaci tsohuwar masarautar ta kasance a karni na 25 KZ. Tsohon Puntites al'umma ce ta mutanen da ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Fir'auna Masar a zamanin Fir'auna Sahure da Sarauniya Hatshepsut .
Masarautar Aksum daular kasuwanci ce da ke tsakiyar Eritrea da arewacin Habasha . Ya wanzu daga kimanin 100940 AZ, yana girma daga zamanin ƙarfe na Aksumite . don samun matsayi a ƙarni na 1 AZ. An ambaci masarautar a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean a matsayin muhimmiyar kasuwa ga hauren giwa, wanda aka fitar dashi a duk faɗin duniya ta dā. Aksum a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Zoskales, wanda kuma ke mulkin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Adulis. Shugabannin Aksumite sun sauƙaƙa cinikayya ta hanyar yin kuɗin Aksumite nasu. Har ila yau, jihar ta kafa ikonta a kan mulkin Kush mai raguwa kuma a kai a kai ta shiga siyasar masarautun a kan tsibirin Larabawa, a ƙarshe ta mika mulkinta a kan yankin laraba tare da cin nasarar Masarautar Himyarite.
Yaɗuwar Bantu
Tsakanin shekaru 2500 zuwa 3000 da suka gabata, al'ummar Bantu masu magana sun fara ƙaura na tsawon shekaru dubunnan zuwa gabas daga ƙasarsu ta kudancin Kamaru. Wannan fadada Bantu ya gabatar da aikin noma zuwa yawancin yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka. A cikin ƙarni goma sha biyar da suka biyo baya, Bantu sannu a hankali sun ƙarfafa noma da kiwo a duk yankuna masu dacewa na Gabashin Afirka, a cikin wannan tsari suna tuntuɓar mazauna Austronesian - da Larabci - mazauna yankunan kudancin bakin teku. Na karshen kuma ya yada addinin Islama zuwa bel na bakin teku, amma yawancin Bantu sun kasance masu bin Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka .
A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, yawancin mutanen da ke farautar abinci sun yi hijira kuma al'ummomin Bantu masu shigowa sun shawo kansu, da kuma al'ummar Nilotic daga baya. Yaduwar Bantu ya kasance jerin dogon lokaci na ƙaura ta jiki, yaduwar harshe da ilimi a ciki da ciki daga maƙwabta, da kuma kirkirar sabbin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da suka haɗa da aure tsakanin al'ummomi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ke motsawa zuwa al'ummomin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da ke motsa zuwa sababbin yankuna.
Bayan motsawa daga asalin ƙasarsu a Yammacin Afirka, Bantus kuma sun haɗu da mutanen tsakiyar gabashin Afirka na asalin Cushitic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Kamar yadda kalmar shanu da ake amfani da ita tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin makiyaya na Bantu na zamani ke nunawa, 'yan gudun hijirar Bantu za su sami shanu daga sabbin maƙwabtansu na Cushit. Shaidar harshe ta kuma nuna cewa Bantus mai yiwuwa ya karɓi al'adar shayar da shanu kai tsaye daga mutanen Cushitic a yankin.
A yankin bakin teku na yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, wani al'umma mai gauraye na Bantu ya ci gaba ta hanyar hulɗa da ƴan kasuwa Musulmi Larabawa da Farisa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban jihohin Larabawa, Farisa da Afirka na Swahili. Al'adun Swahili da suka fito daga waɗannan musayar sun nuna tasirin Larabawa da Islama da yawa waɗanda ba a gani a al'adun gargajiya na Bantu ba, kamar yadda yawancin mambobin Afirka-Arabiya na mutanen Bantu Swahili suke yi. Tare da al'ummarta ta asali da ke kan yankunan bakin teku na Tanzania (musamman Zanzibar) da Kenya da ke bakin teku da ake kira Swahili Coast yaren Bantu Swahili ya ƙunshi kalmomin aro na Larabci da yawa sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar.
Mutanen Bantu na farko na gabar gabashin Kenya da Tanzania da waɗannan mazauna Larabawa da Farisa suka haɗu da su an gano su daban-daban tare da ƙauyukan kasuwanci na Rhapta, Azania da Menouthias da aka ambata a farkon rubuce-rubucen Helenanci da Sinanci daga 50 AZ zuwa 500 AZ, wanda ya haifar da sunan Tanzania. Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen farko wataƙila sun rubuta raƙuman farko na mazauna Bantu don isa tsakiyar gabashin Afirka yayin ƙaura.
Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 15, manyan masarautu da jihohin Great Lakes na Afirka sun fito, kamar masarautun Buganda da Karagwe na Uganda da Tanzania.
Tarihin zamani
Zamanin Larabawa da Mutanen Fotugal
Portuguese sune Turawa na farko da suka binciki yankin Kenya, Tanzania, da Mozambique ta teku. Vasco da Gama ya ziyarci Mombasa a cikin 1498. Tafiyar Da Gama ta yi nasara wajen isa Indiya, wanda ya ba da damar Portuguese su yi ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya kai tsaye ta teku. Wannan kuma ya kalubalanci tsofaffin hanyoyin kasuwanci na hanyoyin ƙasa da na teku, kamar hanyoyin kasuwancin kayan yaji waɗanda ke amfani da Tekun Farisa, Bahar Maliya, da kuma raƙuma don isa gabashin Bahar Rum.
Jamhuriyar Venice ta sami iko a kan yawancin hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Bayan da Turks na Ottoman suka rufe hanyoyin ƙasa na gargajiya zuwa Indiya, Portugal na fatan amfani da hanyar teku da da da Gama ya jagoranci don karya ikon cinikin Venetian. Mulkin Portuguese a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka ya fi mayar da hankali a kan wani bakin teku da ke kewaye da Mombasa. Kasancewar Portuguese a yankin ya fara ne bayan 1505, lokacin da flagships a karkashin umurnin Don Francisco de Almeida suka ci Kilwa, tsibirin da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu kudancin Tanzania.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1505, bayan ya karbi nadin mataimakin sarki na sabuwar yankin da aka ci nasara a Indiya daga Manuel I na Portugal, ya tashi daga Lisbon a matsayin kwamandan babban jirgin ruwa mai karfi, kuma ya isa watan Yuli a Quiloa (Kilwa), wanda ya mika shi kusan ba tare da gwagwarmaya ba. Moors na Mombasa sun ba da juriya mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, an kwace garin kuma an lalata shi, kuma manyan dukiyarsa sun tafi don ƙarfafa albarkatun Almeida. Hare-haren sun biyo baya a kan Hoja (wanda yanzu ake kira Ungwana, wanda ke bakin Kogin Tana), Barawa, Angoche, Pate da sauran garuruwan bakin teku har zuwa yammacin Tekun Indiya ya zama mafaka mai aminci ga bukatun kasuwanci na Portugal. A wasu wurare a kan hanyarsa, kamar tsibirin Angediva, kusa da Goa, da Cannanore, Portuguese sun gina sansanoni, kuma sun dauki matakai don tabbatar da ikon Portuguese.
Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turawa
Tsakanin karni na 19 da 20, Gabashin Afirka ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gasa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Manyan launuka uku na ƙasar Afirka sune beige, ja, da shuɗi. Jar ya tsaya ga Turanci, shuɗi ya tsaya ga Faransanci, kuma beige ya tsaya ga Jamus a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin Scramble for Africa, kusan kowace ƙasa a cikin yankin da ya fi girma zuwa digiri daban-daban sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Turai.
Portugal ta fara kafa ƙarfi a kudancin Mozambique da Tekun Indiya tun daga ƙarni na 15, yayin da a wannan lokacin dukiyarsu ta karu ciki har da sassa daga arewacin Mozambique na yanzu, har zuwa Mombasa a Kenya ta yanzu. A Tafkin Malawi, a ƙarshe sun sadu da Ƙungiyar Burtaniya ta Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi), wanda ke kewaye da tafkin mai suna a bangarori uku, ya bar Portuguese ikon mallakar gabashin tafkin. Daular Burtaniya ta kafu a cikin yankunan da suka fi amfani da su da kuma alkawura da ke samun abin da ke Uganda a yau, da Kenya. The Protectorate of Uganda da Colony of Kenya sun kasance a cikin wani yanki mai arziki gonar da ya fi dacewa da noman amfanin gona kamar kofi da shayi, da kuma kiwon dabbobi tare da kayayyakin da aka samar daga shanu da awaki, kamar naman awaki, naman sa da madara. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yanki yana da damar fadada zama mai mahimmanci, ya dace da sake komawa yawancin 'yan Burtaniya zuwa yankin. Yanayin yanayi da ke faruwa da yanayin yanayin yankuna sun ba da damar kafa ƙauyuka masu tasowa na Turai kamar Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques da Entebbe.
Faransanwa sun zauna tsibirin mafi girma a Tekun Indiya (kuma na huɗu mafi girma a duniya), Madagascar, tare da ƙungiyar ƙananan tsibirai da ke kusa, wato Réunion da Comoros. Madagascar ta zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa bayan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na soja a kan Masarautar Madagascar, wanda ya fara bayan ya shawo kan Burtaniya ta bar abubuwan da take so a tsibirin don musayar ikon Zanzibar a bakin tekun Tanganyika, wani muhimmin tsibirin tsibirin cinikin kayan yaji. Har ila yau, Burtaniya ta mallaki tsibirai da yawa a yankin, gami da tsibirin Seychelles da tsibirin noma mai arziki na Mauritius, a baya a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Faransa.
Daular Jamus ta sami iko da babban yanki mai suna Jamus Gabashin Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi Rwanda, Burundi da kuma yankin Tanzania mai suna Tanganyika. A shekara ta 1922, Birtaniya ta sami umarnin League of Nations a kan Tanganyika wanda ta gudanar har sai an ba da 'ƴancin kai ga Tanganyika a 1961. Bayan juyin juya halin Zanzibar na 1965, jihar Tanganyika mai zaman kanta ta kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania ta hanyar kirkirar hadin kai tsakanin yankin, da tsibirin tsibirin Zanzibar. Zanzibar yanzu jiha ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da babban yankin wanda aka hada kai kuma ana kiransa Tanzania. Jamusanci Gabashin Afirka, ko da yake yana da yawa, ba shi da irin wannan mahimmancin dabarun kamar yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a arewa: zama a waɗannan ƙasashe yana da wahala kuma saboda haka yana da iyaka, galibi saboda yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa na gida. Italiya ta sami iko da sassa daban-daban na Somaliya a cikin shekarun 1880. Kudancin kashi uku cikin hudu na Somaliya ya zama mai kula da Italiya (Italian Somaliland).
A halin yanzu, a cikin 1884, wani karamin bakin teku na Somaliland ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya (British Somaliland). Wannan kariya ta Somaliland ta kasance a gaban mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Aden a yankin Larabawa. Tare da waɗannan yankuna da aka tabbatar, Burtaniya ta sami damar zama mai tsaron ƙofar hanyar teku da ke kaiwa Indiya ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, farawa da sayen ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa na (Asseb) daga wani sultan na gida a Eritrea, Italiyanci sun mallaki dukan Eritrea.
A shekara ta 1895, daga sansanoni a Somaliya da Eritrea, Italiyanci sun kaddamar da Yakin Italiya na farko da Habasha a kan Daular Orthodox ta Habasha. A shekara ta 1896, yakin ya zama bala'i ga Italiyanci kuma Habasha ta sami damar riƙe 'yancin kanta. Habasha ta kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 1936 lokacin da, bayan Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, ta zama wani ɓangare na Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya. Kasuwancin Italiya na Habasha ya ƙare a 1941 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Gabashin Afirka .Har ila yau, Faransanci sun kafa wani sansanin Gabashin Afirka a kan hanyar zuwa Indochina ta Faransa. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1850, ƙaramin mai kariya na Djibouti ya zama Somaliland na Faransa a cikin 1897.
Yanayi
Gabashin Afirka yana da sauye-sauyen yanayi daban-daban wanda ya kunshi yankuna masu zafi, yankunan hamada masu bushe, masu sanyi, da tsaunuka.
Shahararrun hotuna
Akwai fina-finai da suka nuna Gabashin Afirka a cikin siffofi daban-daban. 7 Days a Entebbe, Sarkin Scotland na Ƙarshe, Daga Afirka, Sarauniyar Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Otal Rwanda, The Good Lie, da Kyaftin Phillips wasu daga cikin fina-fallafen da aka yaba da su. A cikin wasannin bidiyo Halo 2 da Halo 3, Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare don kamfen ɗin.
Fasaha
Addini
Kasashe, manyan birane da manyan birane
A cewar CIA, tun daga shekarar 2017, kasashen da ke gabashin Afirka suna da yawan jama'a kusan mazauna miliyan 537.9.
Manazarta
Afrika |
50151 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalar%20Zimbabwe | Dalar Zimbabwe | Dalar Zimbabwe ( alama : $, ko Z$ don bambanta ta da sauran kuɗaɗen dala ) ita ce sunan wasu kuɗaɗen kuɗi huɗu na Zimbabwe daga 1980 zuwa 12 ga Afrilu 2009. A wannan lokacin, an fuskanci lokuta na matsanancin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, sannan kuma wani lokaci na hauhawar farashin kaya.
An ƙaddamar da dalar Zimbabwe a cikin 1980 don maye gurbin dalar Rhodesian kai tsaye (wanda aka gabatar a 1970) a daidai (1: 1), daidai da dalar Amurka. A karni na 20, dala tana aiki ne a matsayin kudin al'ada, amma a farkon karni na 21 hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Zimbabwe ya ragu da dalar Zimbabwe zuwa daya daga cikin mafi karancin darajar kudin duniya. An sake bayyana shi sau uku (a cikin 2006, 2008 da 2009), tare da ƙungiyoyi har zuwa dala tiriliyan 100 da aka bayar. Ƙarshe redenomination ya samar da "dala ta hudu" (ZWL), wanda ya kai 10 25 ZWD (dala ta farko).
An yi watsi da amfani da dalar Zimbabwe a matsayin kudin hukuma sosai a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009. An ba da shaida a cikin 2015, tare da manyan asusun da za a iya biya har zuwa 30 Afrilu 2016. A maimakon dalar Zimbabwe, an yi amfani da kudaden da suka hada da Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, da Botswana pula, da fam, da Rupe na India, da Yuro, da yen Japan, da dalar Australiya, da Yuan na Sin, da dalar Amurka .
A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2019, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya soke tsarin musayar kuɗi da yawa tare da maye gurbinsa da sabon dalar Zimbabwe ( dalar RTGS ), wanda shine kawai kuɗin hukuma a ƙasar tsakanin Yuni 2019 da Maris 2020, bayan wanda aka sake ba da izinin wasu kudaden waje.
Asalin
Dalar Zimbabwe wacce ta gabace ta, dalar Rhodesian, ta kasance daidai da rabin darajar fam a lokacin da aka karbe ta (a lokacin raguwar 1970). An yi amfani da irin wannan aikin a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth kamar Afirka ta Kudu, Australia, da New Zealand. Zaɓin sunan ya motsa shi ne saboda raguwar darajar sabon rukunin yana da alaƙa da ƙimar dalar Amurka fiye da fam .
Zane
Babban kwatanci akan lura da duk takardun banki shine Chiremba Balancing Rocks a Epworth, Harare, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman misali yana nuna mahimmancin daidaita ci gaba da kuma adana yanayi maras kyau. Bangaren bayanan dala galibi suna kwatanta al'adu ko alamomin Zimbabwe.
Tarihi
Gabatarwa ta farko (ZWD)
An ƙaddamar da dalar Zimbabwe ta farko a cikin 1980 kuma ta maye gurbin dalar Rhodesian a daidai . Lambar farko ta ISO 4217 ita ce ZWD . A lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi, dalar Zimbabwe ta fi dalar Amurka daraja a kasuwar canji a hukumance, inda aka samu 1 ZWD = , ko da yake wannan bai nuna ainihin ikon saye da yake da shi ba.
Darajar dala ta fara raguwa sosai daga watan Agustan 1991 zuwa gaba: asali, wannan ya faru ne saboda Shirin Daidaita Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (ESAP), shirin sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki wanda ya wargaza tattalin arzikin "sige" da aka shirya daga zamanin UDI . Duk da haka, ESAP ya haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi, tun da yawancin ayyukan da aka rasa sun dogara ne akan kayan da aka ba da tallafi a baya tare da raguwar bukatun duniya. Yaɗuwar talauci da rashin aikin yi, haɗe da kashe kuɗi na gaggawa don tallafawa tsoffin sojojin yaƙin Bush na Rhodesian, ya haifar da babban haɗarin kuɗi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1997.
Adadin kudin a hukumance da kamanceceniya ya ci gaba da faduwa a cikin mahallin faduwar kudaden shiga daga fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, da rudani da sake raba filaye ga manoma marasa kwarewa, da kuma shigar Zimbabwe a yakin Kongo na biyu . A watan Yulin 2006, daidaiton darajar kasuwar dalar Zimbabwe ta faɗi zuwa miliyan ɗaya na fam ɗin fam (Z$1,000,000 = £1).
Sake-karkatar farko (ZWN)
A watan Oktoba na 2005, Gwamnan Babban Bankin Zimbabwe na yanzu a lokacin, Dokta Gideon Gono, ya sanar da cewa Zimbabwe za ta sami sabon kudi a shekara mai zuwa, kuma za a samar da sababbin takardun kudi da tsabar kudi., a cikin watan Yunin 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa, don samun sabon kuɗi, dole ne Zimbabwe ta fara samun kwanciyar hankali a fannin tattalin arziki. Maimakon haka, a cikin watan Agustan 2006, an sake canza dala ta farko zuwa dala ta biyu a farashin dala 1000 na farko zuwa dala 1 na biyu (1000:1). A lokaci guda, an rage darajar kuɗin idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka, daga 101000 dalar farko (101 sau ɗaya aka sake kimantawa) zuwa dala 250 na biyu, raguwar kusan 60% (duba jadawalin tarihin canjin kuɗi a ƙasa). sanya sabon lambar kudin ZWN ga wannan kudin da aka sake fasalin, amma Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe bai iya magance canjin kudin ba, don haka lambar kudin ta kasance 'ZWD'. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda Gideon Gono mai suna "Operation Sunrise", an kammala shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2006. An yi kiyasin cewa ba a fanshi kusan dalar Zimbabwe tiriliyan goma (22% na kudin da aka samar ) ba a wannan lokacin.
A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2007, RBZ ta bayyana cewa za a saki sabon dala (na uku). Duk da haka, tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki har yanzu ya wuce 1000%, an adana takardun banki a cikin ajiya. A cikin wannan watan ne babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya ayyana hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a matsayin haramtacce, tare da haramta duk wani karin farashin wasu kayayyaki tsakanin 1 ga Maris da 30 ga watan Yunin 2007. Jami'ai sun kama shugabannin wasu kamfanoni na Zimbabwe saboda karin farashin kayayyakinsu, kuma masana tattalin arziki sun ba da rahoton cewa "hargitsi ya fara sarauta kuma jama'a a cikin jama'a sun firgita". A ranar 6 ga Satumbar 2007, an sake rage darajar dalar Zimbabwe da kashi 92 cikin 100, ta samar da canjin canjin ZW$30000 zuwa a hukumance, kodayake an kiyasta cewa canjin kasuwar bakar fata ya kai ZW$600000 zuwa .
Yayin da farashin musaya na hukuma ya zama wanda ba shi da tabbas, kamfanin WM/Reuters ya gabatar da ƙimar musanya ta asali (ISO ZWN) wanda ya dogara ne akan Sayen Wutar Lantarki ta yin amfani da jerin sunayen kamfanoni biyu akan Harare (ZH) da London Stock Exchange (LN).
Na biyu sake-denomination (ZWR)
A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2008, an sake canza dala kuma an ba da sabon lambar kuɗi na ZWR . Bayan 1 ga Agusta 2008, ZWN biliyan 10 ya kai ZWR 1. An ba da tsabar kuɗi a Z$5, Z$10 da Z$25 da takardun banki masu daraja Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$100, da Z$500 a cikin ZWR. Sakamakon karancin kudade akai-akai da kuma dalar Zimbabwe maras amfani, an halatta kudin kasashen waje yadda ya kamata a matsayin kudin gaskiya a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2008 ta hanyar wani shiri na musamman. Wannan shirin a hukumance ya ba da damar adadin dillalai su karɓi kuɗin ƙasashen waje. Hakan ya nuna gaskiyar yadda tattalin arzikin kasar ke da dala, inda masu shaguna da dama suka ki karbar dalar Zimbabwe, inda suka nemi dalar Amurka ko Rand na Afirka ta Kudu a maimakon haka. Duk da sake fasalin, an tilasta wa RBZ buga takardun banki na mafi girman dabi'u don ci gaba da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, tare da sifili goma da suka sake bayyana a ƙarshen 2008. Duk da yake ba shi da amfani a lokacin, waɗannan bayanan dala tiriliyan 100 daga baya sun zama sananne ga masu tarawa.
Sake maƙasudi na uku (ZWL)
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2009, RBZ ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a cire ƙarin sifili 12 daga kuɗin, tare da musayar dalar Zimbabwe 1,000,000,000,000 na uku na dalar Zimbabwe da sabon dala 1. An gabatar da sabbin takardun banki tare da darajar fuskar Z$1, Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$50, Z$100 da Z$500 . An rarraba takardun banki na dala na huɗu tare da dala ta uku, wanda ya kasance mai ciniki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2009. Sabuwar lambar kudin ISO ita ce ZWL.
Duk da gabatarwar dala na huɗu, ba a kawar da matsalolin ba, kuma tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da zama kusan dala . A cikin kasafin kudinsa na farko, ministan kudin Zimbabwe, Tendai Biti, ya ce "mutuwar dalar Zimbabwe gaskiya ce da ya kamata mu rayu da ita. Tun daga Oktoba 2008 kudinmu na kasa ya zama mara nauyi." A karshen watan Janairun shekarar 2009, mukaddashin ministan kudi Patrick Chinamasa ya sanar da cewa, za a ba wa dukkan 'yan kasar ta Zimbabwe damar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kowane irin kudi, a matsayin martani ga matsalar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2009, kafofin watsa labaru sun ba da rahoton cewa ministan tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki Elton Mangoma ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da kudaden cikin gida "na akalla shekara guda", tare da kawo karshen dala ta hudu.
Janyewa
Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya
Dukkanin batutuwa hudu na dalar Zimbabwe sun sami hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ko da yake sai a farkon shekarun 2000 ne Zimbabwe ta fara fuskantar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ba tare da dorewa ba.
A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2007, gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta ce ta dakatar da buga alkaluman hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na wani dan lokaci, matakin da masu lura da al'amura ke cewa na da nufin jawo hankalin jama'a daga "farashin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya zo alamta tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin kasar da ba a taba gani ba." A cikin 2008, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya haɓaka sosai, daga wani ƙima a cikin Janairu na sama da 100,000% zuwa ƙimar da aka kiyasta sama da 1,000,000% a watan Mayu, kuma kusan 250,000,000% a cikin Yuli. Kamar yadda ka'idar yawan kuɗi ta annabta, wannan hauhawar farashin kaya yana da alaƙa da zaɓin bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe don ƙara samar da kuɗi.
Samar da kuɗi (2006-2008)
Babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya mayar da martani ga raguwar darajar dala ta hanyar shirya buga karin takardun kudi, sau da yawa a kan babban kudi daga masu samar da kayayyaki na ketare.
A ranar 1 ga Maris 2008 Jaridar Sunday Times ta ruwaito cewa ta samu takardun da ke nuna cewa kamfanin na Munich Giesecke & Devrient (G&D) na karbar sama da Yuro 500,000 (£381,562) a mako don isar da takardun banki zuwa darajar Z$170 tiriliyan a mako. A karshen shekara ta 2008, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya karu sosai har na'urorin bayar da lamuni masu sarrafa kansu na babban banki daya sun ba da " kuskuren zubar da bayanai " da kuma dakatar da yunkurin abokan ciniki na cire kudi da sifili da yawa.
A watan Yunin 2008, jami'an Amurka sun ba da sanarwar ba za su dauki wani mataki kan G&D ba. An bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2008 hukumar gudanarwar kamfanin ta yanke shawarar dakatar da isar da takardar banki zuwa bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe da gaggawa. Matakin dai ya kasance martani ne ga "bukatar hukuma" daga gwamnatin Jamus da kuma kiraye-kirayen sanya takunkumin kasa da kasa daga Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Yin watsi da aljanu
An halatta amfani da kudaden waje a cikin Janairu 2009, wanda ya haifar da farashin kayan masarufi na gabaɗaya ya sake daidaitawa bayan shekaru na hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da hasashen farashin. Matakin ya haifar da raguwar amfani da dalar Zimbabwe, yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya sa hatta manyan mazhabobi ba su da amfani. An yi watsi da dalar Zimbabwe yadda ya kamata a matsayin kudin hukuma a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009, lokacin da ministan tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki Elton Mangoma ya tabbatar da dakatar da kudin kasar na akalla shekara guda.
A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2014, babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a karbi dalar Amurka, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana pula, fam din Sterling, Yuro, dalar Australiya, Yuan na kasar Sin (renminbi), Rupe na Indiya, da yen Jafanan Japan duk za a amince da su a matsayin kudin doka a cikin kasar.
A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya fara lalata dalar Zimbabwe bisa ƙa'ida, yana rage darajarta a hankali zuwa sifili don kammala canjin dalar Amurka a ƙarshen Satumba 2015. Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta bayyana cewa, za ta ba da dalar Amurka 5 ga asusun ajiyar banki na cikin gida da ke da ma'auni har dalar Zimbabwe quadrill 175, sannan za ta canza dalar Zimbabwe da dalar Amurka a kan dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 35 dalar Amurka a asusun ajiyar kudi. sama da dalar Zimbabwe quadrillion 175. An yi wannan yunkuri ne don daidaita tattalin arzikin kasar da kafa tabbataccen ginshikin suna a karkashin karancin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Atisayen ya kawo rufe kan batun dala na Zimbabwe, wanda ya kara tabbatar da matsayin gwamnati na cewa rukunin gida ba zai dawo nan ba da dadewa ba. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da cewa dawo da dalar Zimbabwe za a yi la'akari da shi ne kawai idan an sami nasarar samun muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki, kamar samar da kayayyaki a muhimman sassa.
Hakazalika da zamba na dinari na Iraqi, wasu masu tallatawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa taron "revalue" (RV) na gaba zai sa dalar Zimbabwe ta dawo da ɗan ƙaramin ƙima na asali.
Tsabar kudi
A cikin 1980, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, da dala 1. An buga tsabar 1 cent a cikin tagulla, sauran kuma an buga su da kofi-nickel . A shekara ta 1989, karfen tagulla ya maye gurbin tagulla. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗin dala 2 a cikin 1997. A shekara ta 2001, karfen nickel-plated ya maye gurbin cupro-nickel a cikin 10, 20 da 50 cents da tsabar kudi dala 1, kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudin dala 5 na bimetallic. Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya sanar da shirye-shiryen sabbin tsabar kudi Z$5,000 da Z$10,000 a watan Yunin 2005, ko da yake ba a taɓa buga waɗannan ba.
A cikin bayanin manufofin kudi na tsakiyar wa'adi na 2014, Babban Bankin Zimbabwe (RBZ) ya ce zai shigo da tsabar kudi na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da Zimbabwean bond coins, don sauƙaƙa ƙarancin canji a cikin tattalin arzikin. Kamar tsabar kuɗi na 1980 na asali, waɗannan tsabar kudi na musamman za a ƙidaya su a cikin 1, 5, 10, 20, da 50, amma suna da ƙima daidai da cents na Amurka. Hakanan za a sami tsabar kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu na cents 10, 20, 50, rand 1, 2, 5. Sanarwar ta RBZ ba ta fayyace lokacin ko kuma inda za a shigo da wadannan tsabar kudi ba, amma wani rahoto daga baya a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2014 ya fayyace cewa ana sa ran isar da sama da dala miliyan 40 na wadannan tsabar kudi a cikin mako mai zuwa daga Pretoria . A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2014, an fitar da ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, da 25 na Amurka zuwa wurare dabam dabam. Ƙididdigar kashi 50 na Amurka ta biyo baya a cikin Maris 2015. An fitar da tsabar kuɗin dala 1 a watan Nuwamba 2016.
Bayanan banki da na cak
Babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ne ya fitar da takardar kudin dalar Zimbabwe daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2009. Har zuwa shekara ta 2003, an ba da takardun banki na yau da kullun, amma yayin da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya ta haɓaka daga 2003, Bankin Reserve ya ba da cak na matafiyi na gaggawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Tarihin musayar kuɗi
Wannan tebur yana nuna ƙayyadaddun tarihin canjin musaya na Dalar Zimbabwe zuwa Dalar Amurka:
Sakamakon karancin takardar banki na Disamba 2007, an tura kuɗaɗen ta hanyar Tsarin Canja wurin Kuɗi na Lantarki (EFTS) ya sami ƙimar kuɗi kusan $4 miliyan, yayin da tsabar kudi ma'amala ya bambanta a kusa da $2 miliyan .Darajar musayar ya kasance 20,000,000 akan adadi mai yawa.
Farashin dala na uku a sama shine OMIR . Adadin kuɗi ya bambanta sosai da ƙimar da ke sama. Teburin da ke ƙasa shine ƙimar kuɗi na tarihin dala ta uku:
Lokacin farko na rage darajar
Dala ta farko (ZWD) ta rage darajar daga 0.6788 R$ zuwa a shekarar 1978 zuwa kusan rabin miliyan a kowace dalar Amurka a 2006, lokacin da aka sake darajar kudin.
Wannan tebur yana nuna cikakken dalla-dalla darajar dalar Amurka 1 zuwa dalar Zimbabwe .
Lokaci na biyu na rage darajar
A cikin sake fasalin farko na 1 ga Agusta 2006, an canza ZWD 1000 zuwa dala 1 na biyu (ZWN). Dala ta biyu ta fara ne da farashin hukuma na 250 da kuma daidai gwargwado na 550 zuwa . A watan Yulin 2008 farashin musaya tare da dalar Amurka ya kai (daidaitaccen ƙimar) biliyan 500 zuwa 1, wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin na biyu.
Maido da bayanan kasuwa
A watannin karshe kafin sake fasalin babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe na ranar 30 ga Afrilun 2008, kusan dukkanin manyan hanyoyin musayar kudin kasar sun dogara ne akan farashin ZWD 30,000 a hukumance zuwa dalar Amurka 1 don kididdigar da aka buga, duk da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wancan da farashin kasuwa mai 'yanci. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2008, Bloomberg da Oanda sun fara buga rates masu iyo bisa ga ka'ida ta kasuwannin banki na cikin gida na Zimbabwe, yayin da Yahoo Finance ya fara amfani da adadin da aka sabunta a watan Yuli, duk da cewa yana da canjin adadi na wurare 6. Waɗancan ƙimar da aka ruwaito gabaɗaya suna nuna ƙimar hukuma kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur na sama. Ba da da ewa ba suka fara bambanta, dangane da kima da dalar Zimbabwe, inda suka karu sosai idan aka kwatanta da kasuwannin da ba a daidaita su ba kamar kasuwannin teku ko takardar kuɗin da ake sayar da su kyauta a kan titunan Harare, wanda aka nuna a sama a matsayin Daidaitacce Rates.
Lokaci na uku na rage darajar
A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2008, an gudanar da redenomination na biyu, wanda 10,000,000,000 2nd dollar (ZWN) ya zama 1 3rd dollar (ZWR). A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2008, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya dakatar da tsarin na ɗan lokaci na Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), tare da dakatar da musayar kasuwan lantarki daidai gwargwado, amma an dawo da shi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2008.
Bayan an gabatar da shi akan 1 ga Agusta 2008, dala ta uku ta ci gaba da raguwa.
Ana iya samun bayyani na bayanan kuɗin musaya a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa:
Lokacin ƙarshe na rage darajar
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2009, an sake yin sabon canji na uku, inda RBZ ta cire sifili 12 daga cikin kuɗin, inda aka canza dalar Zimbabwe 1,000,000,000,000 (na uku, ZWR) dalar Zimbabwe zuwa dala 1 sabuwar (na huɗu, ZWL). Don haka, dala huɗu (ZWL) tana daidai da 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, ko 1×10 25 ko 10 septillion farko dala (ZWD) (ko 1 tiriliyan na uku dala). Ko da yake an yi watsi da dala a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009, ana kiyaye farashin musaya na wasu watanni.
A ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 2015, an sanar da cewa babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe zai canza wasu tsoffin takardun kudi zuwa dalar Amurka.
Ƙimar kamar yadda ake tarawa
Jim kadan bayan dakatar da dalar Zimbabwe, an sayo su a matsayin abin sha'awa, ko kuma a adadi mai yawa a matsayin kyauta na sabon abu, misali ga abokan cinikin masu ba da shawara kan kudi don nuna dalilin da ya sa ya kamata su saka hannun jari a wasu kadarori daban-daban maimakon tsabar kudi, wanda ke rasa darajarsa a cikin dogon lokaci. Daga baya an sayo su azaman saka hannun jari, don siyarwa ga masu tarawa, don mafi kyawun ƙimar dawowa fiye da yawancin saka hannun jari. A cikin 2022 an sayar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban akan eBay akan farashin da ya wuce £ 100.
Duba kuma
Peso Argentine - wani kudin da ya karu da ninki-trillion tun 1970
Hungarian pengő - kudin da ya ragu 29 a cikin 1946
Kudin kuɗi na Zimbabwe / tsabar kudi
Bayanan banki na Zimbabwe
Tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe
Redenomination
Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya
Bayanan kula
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%20Hoshino | Gen Hoshino | Articles with hCards
Gen Hoshino (星野 源, Hoshino Gen, born January 28, 1981) is a Japanese singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and writer.
Sana'a
Kiɗa
Daga samuwarsa a cikin 2000 har zuwa watsewarta a cikin 2015, Hoshino ya jagoranci ƙungiyar kayan aiki Sakerock, inda ya buga marimba da guitar. Sun fitar da albam sama da goma. A matsayinsa na mawaƙin solo, ya yi muhawara da albam ɗinsa na farko Baka no Uta a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2010. Waƙarsa ta farko ta zahiri, "Kudaranai no Naka ni" an sake shi a ranar Maris 2, 2011 kuma ya hau lamba 17 a kan Oricon Singles Chart . Waɗanda suka biyo baya - "Fim", "Yume no Soto e", "Shiranai" (2012), da "Gag" (2013) - duk an tsara su a saman 10. Kundin sa na biyu, Episode, wanda aka saki a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011, ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyar. Kundin sa na uku, Stranger, wanda aka saki a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2013, ya kai lamba biyu akan Chart Albums na Oricon kuma an ba da takardar zinare ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan .
Tun 2011, ya kasance yana ɗaukar nauyin shirin Ustream mai suna Sake no Sakana tare da Ichirō Yamaguchi na Sakanaction . A cikin 2014 shirin ya canza suna a hukumance zuwa Yoru no Television .
Kundin sa na hudu, Yellow Dancer, an sake shi a watan Disamba 2, 2015 a Japan akan Records Speedstar, kuma ya yi muhawara a saman Oricon da Billboard Album Charts. Rawar rawaya ta sami bodar platinum ta RIAJ don jigilar kaya ta zahiri, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kundi don karɓar takardar shaidar zinare don zazzagewar dijital.
Kundin sa na biyar, Pop Virus, an sake shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2018. Ya kai saman ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Oricon makonni huɗu a jere kuma RIAJ ta ba shi bokan platinum sau biyu wata ɗaya bayan fitowar ta. Nasarar kasuwanci na kundin, a cikin 'yan watanni, ya ba shi kyautar Album mafi kyawun kyauta a 33rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, tare da Kyauta mafi kyawun Kyauta don nasarar dijital na ɗayan, da kuma waƙar asadora, "Idea". Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe jimillar kofuna huɗu a Kyautar Kiɗa na Space Shower na 2019. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2019, an samar da duk waƙarsa akan ayyukan yawo.
A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Hoshino ya ɗora bidiyon kiɗa na waƙarsa "Doraemon", wanda ya zama waƙar girmamawa ga ikon mallakar Jafananci mai suna iri ɗaya. An yi amfani da shi azaman jigon fim ɗin Doraemon na 38, Nobita's Treasure Island, kuma, tun daga faɗuwar 2019, an yi amfani da shi azaman jigon buɗewa na yanzu na <i id="mwQg">Doraemon</i> anime .
A cikin Afrilu 2022, an yi amfani da waƙarsa mai ban dariya a matsayin ƙarshen farkon lokacin karbuwar anime na Spy x Family .
Waƙarsa ta baya-bayan nan, " I Wanna Be Your Ghost ", an yi amfani da ita a cikin 'Yokaipedia' a matsaynjhuihuiin babban jigon sa.
Yin aiki
Fim na farko na Hoshino, Lee Sang-il 's 69, wani karbuwa ne na littafin Ryū Murakami mai suna iri ɗaya . Ya taba yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin daban-daban da wasan kwaikwayo . A cikin 2012, ya yi debuted a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya, yana bayyana Buddha a cikin ainihin faifan bidiyo (OVA) daidaitawar Hikaru Nakamura 's manga Saint Young Men, kuma ya ba da waƙar jigon da ake kira "Gag" don sigar wasan kwaikwayo ta 2013, inda ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka. A cikin 2013, ya buga jagororin jagora a cikin Blindly in Love Masahide Ichii tare da Kaho, kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin Sion Sono Me yasa Ba ku Yi wasa a Jahannama? . A cikin 2016, Hoshino ya yi tauraro a cikin TBS's The Full-time Wife Escapist . Tare da Yui Aragaki a matsayin abokin aikin sa, ya nuna wani mai albashi mai suna Hiramasa Tsuzaki. Wasan kwaikwayo ya samu kima a hankali a hankali, tare da ƙimar ƙoƙon kallo na ainihin lokaci na 20.8% akan kashi na ƙarshe, da ƙimar gabaɗaya na 14.5%. Ayyukan Hoshino sun ba shi lambobin yabo mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafawa. Ya kuma ba da taken wasan kwaikwayo mai taken " Koi ".
Gen Hoshino ya ƙirƙiri halayen "Akira Nise" (ニセ明, Nise Akira, a zahiri Fake Akira ) a matsayin haraji ga Akira Fuse .
A cikin 2017, Hoshino ya ba da muryarsa ga babban jigon fim ɗin raye-rayen da ya lashe kyautar Night Is Short, Walk On Girl . Ya kuma zama muryar Uba a cikin Mamoru Hosoda 's Mirai, wanda aka sake shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018.
Idaten, wasan kwaikwayo na Taiga na NHK na 2019, wanda aka zaɓa don taken don ƙarfafa Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo 2020, Hoshino ya kwatanta Kazushige Hirasawa, wanda ya ba da jawabi mai gamsarwa wanda ya taimaka wajen sanin wurin da za a yi wasannin Olympics na Tokyo 1964 .
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2018, an sanar da cewa Hoshino zai fito a cikin Samurai Shifters, fim ɗin karbuwa na littafin tarihin Akihiro Dobashi Hikkoshi Daimyo Sanzenri, wanda aka saita zuwa Firayim a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2019. A cikin fim din, ya buga wani littafin samurai mai suna Harunosuke Katagiri, wanda ya karɓi manufa don taimakawa daimyo motsi. Zai zama babban jagora na farko na Hoshino a cikin fim ɗin raye-raye tun Blindly in Love a 2013.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2012, an gano Hoshino yana da zubar jini na subachnoid kuma an yi masa tiyata. Ya koma rayuwar jama'a bisa hukuma a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2013 tare da bayyanarsa a Kyautar J-Wave Tokyo.
A cikin 2021, Hoshino ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yui Aragaki, abokin aikin sa a cikin jerin talabijin The Cikakkiyar Matar Matar Kuɗin .
Hotuna
Baka no uta (2010)
Episode (2011)
Baƙo (2013)
Rawar rawaya (2015)
Kwayar cuta (2018)
Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin
NTT DOCOMO, "ZeniCrazy Ver1.0" (Fabrairu 2019)
NTT DOCOMO, "ZeniCrazy Ver2.0" (Maris 2019)
Nintendo, "Super Mario Bros. Anniversary 35" (Satumba 2020)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20%C6%98ungiyoyin%20da%20ke%20Ya%C6%99i%20da%20Safarar%20mutane | Jerin Ƙungiyoyin da ke Yaƙi da Safarar mutane | Wannan jerin ƙungiyoyi ne masu mahimmanci, ko mahimmanci, sadaukarwa don kawo ƙarshen fataucin mutane . Su ne kamar haka:
Jerin
8th Day Center for Justice, a Roman Catholic organization based in Chicago, Illinois
A21 Campaign, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to fight human trafficking
ACT Alberta, a Canadian coalition of Government of Alberta representatives, non-governmental organizations, community organisations, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
After Exploitation, a nonprofit organisation tracking hidden evidence on the mistreatment of slavery survivors based in the UK
Agape International Missions, a nonprofit organization in Cambodia
Anti-Slavery International, works at local, national and international levels to eliminate all forms of slavery around the world
Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking, a coalition representing partnerships with law enforcement, faith-based communities, nonprofit organizations, social service agencies, attorneys and concerned citizens
Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), a non-governmental organization fighting against human trafficking in Kenya
A Better World, based in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
British Red Cross, the United Kingdom body of the worldwide neutral and impartial humanitarian network
California Against Slavery, a human rights organization directed at strengthening California state laws to protect victims of sex trafficking
Chab Dai, a coalition founded by Helen Sworn that connects Christian organizations committed to ending sexual abuse and trafficking
Challenging Heights, a grassroots, survivor-led NGO dedicated to ending child trafficking, reducing child slavery, and promoting children's rights in Ghana]
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, an international non-governmental organization opposing human trafficking, prostitution, and other forms of commercial sex
Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, a nonprofit Los Angeles-based anti-human trafficking organization
DeliverFund, a nonprofit intelligence organization that leverages cutting-edge technology in the fight against human trafficking in the US.
Devatop Centre for Africa Development, a nonprofit organization in Nigeria with focus on combating human trafficking, gender-based violence, and child abuse; and providing educational support to vulnerable children
Development and Education Programme for Daughters and Communities Centre in the Greater Mekong Subregion (DEPDC/GMS), a non-profit NGO based in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand, that works to prevent and protect children and youth from being trafficked into exploitative labor conditions
Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a collective of 65,000 sex workers in West Bengal
ECPAT, an international non-governmental organisation and network headquartered in Thailand which is designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children
EVE, an advocacy group based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
The Exodus Road, a non-profit coalition of organizations specialized in the intervention component of human trafficking, training and funding partnerships with local authorities to actively rescue people trapped in human trafficking in India, southeast Asia, and the United States
Face to Face Bulgaria, an organization whose primary mission is to prevent cases of forced prostitution and human trafficking in Bulgaria
Free the Slaves, dedicated to ending slavery worldwide
Freeset, whose primary mission is to provide sustainable employment and economic empowerment to victims of sex trafficking in South Asia
GABRIELA, a leftist Filipino organization that advocates for women's issues
Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, a nonprofit organization that provides services to commercially sexually exploited and domestically trafficked girls and young women, based in Harlem, New York
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, a network of more than 100 non-governmental organisations from all regions of the world, who share a deep concern for the women, children and men whose human rights have been violated by the criminal practice of trafficking in persons
Global Centurion, an anti-trafficking organization fighting human trafficking by focusing on demand, based in Washington, D.C., United States
Hope for Justice, which identifies and rescues victims, advocates on their behalf, provides restorative care which rebuilds lives and trains frontline professionals to tackle slavery
Ing Makababaying Aksyon, a feminist service institution that seeks to empower women and work for a society that genuinely recognises and upholds women's rights
International Justice Mission, a U.S.-based non-profit human rights organization that operates in countries all over the world to rescue victims of individual human rights abuse
Love Justice International, a Christian nonprofit organization dedicated to helping orphaned and abandoned children and fighting sex trafficking in South Asia
Love146, works to end child trafficking and exploitation through prevention education and survivor care.
Maiti Nepal, a nonprofit organization in Nepal dedicated to helping victims of sex trafficking
Mongolian Gender Equality Center, a non-governmental organization based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
NASHI, a Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada-based organisation that opposes human trafficking by raising awareness through education
Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons, a government agency responsible for coordinating efforts to address human trafficking in British Columbia, Canada
Operation Underground Railroad
Physicians for Human Rights
Polaris, a nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to combat and prevent modern day slavery and human trafficking
PREDA Foundation, a charitable organization that was founded in Olongapo City, Philippines, in 1974
Prerana, a non-governmental organization (NGO) that works in the red-light districts of Mumbai, India, to protect children vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking. The organization runs three night care centers for children at risk, as well as shelter homes and a residential training center for girls rescued from the trafficking trade.
Ratanak International, an organisation that rescues children from sexual slavery and then provides them with education, rehabilitation, and safety
Reaching Out Romania, a non-governmental charitable organization in Romania that helps girls ages 13 to 22 exit the sex industry
Redlight Children Campaign, a nonprofit organization created by New York lawyer and president of Priority Films Guy Jacobson and Israeli actress Adi Ezroni in 2002 to combat worldwide child sexual exploitation and human trafficking
Renew Foundation, a Christian nonprofit non-government organization in the Philippines dedicated to empowering female survivors of human trafficking and prostitution in the Philippines
Ricky Martin Foundation, an organization with the mission to advocate for the well-being of children around the world
Ride for Refuge, a cycling event that raises awareness and funds for displaced persons, including human trafficking victims
Run for Courage, a nonprofit organization that combats human trafficking
Shared Hope International, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization which exists to rescue and restore women and children in crisis
Slavery Footprint, a nonprofit organization based in Oakland, California, that works to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery
Stop Child Trafficking Now, an organization founded by Lynette Lewis, an author and public speaker
Stop the Traffik, a campaign coalition which aims to bring an end to human trafficking worldwide
Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women, an organization directed towards the liberation of women from all kinds of oppression and exploitation based on sex, race or class
Thorn, aka Digital Defenders of Children; Ashton Kutcher's organization driving tech innovation to fight child trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children
Truckers Against Trafficking, a nonprofit organization that trains truck drivers to recognize and report instances of human trafficking
Unlikely Heroes, a nonprofit that rescues and restores child victims of slavery worldwide and places them in their seven safe homes in the Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, and the United States
Vital Voices, an international, nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works with women leaders in the areas of economic empowerment, women's political participation, and human rights
Voice of the Free, a nonprofit, non-stock and tax-exempt non-government organization in the Philippines established in 1991
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Jerin ƙungiyoyin Kanada ta hanyar gwamnatin British Columbia
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakki
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan'adam |
51129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron%20Estefanos | Meron Estefanos | Meron Estefanos (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Janairunn Shekarar 1974) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ce kuma yar Sweden. Ta fara zama sananniya a cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritriya a shekarar 2011 don taimaka wa wadanda masu fataucin bil'adama suka yi garkuwa da su a hanyarsu ta zuwa Isra'ila da karbar kudin fansa daga danginsu, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin fim din 2013 mai suna Sound of Torture. Bayan da hanyoyin bakin haure da fataucin su suka sauya zuwa Libya, kokarinta ya ci gaba da bankado hanyoyin shiga Turai. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, Estefanos ta koka da cewa ba a gurfanar da masu safara a gaban kotu ba, ba tare da sha'awar gwamnatocin kasashe da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ba.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Meron Estefanos a shekara ta 1974 a Habasha. Mahaifinta dan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne; da ya gano cewa za a kama shi, sai ya gudu zuwa Sudan, kuma daga karshe ya wuce kasar Sweden. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun zauna a Eritrea, amma a 1987, zai iya barin Habasha, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sami aiki a Sweden. Ta kira kanta mai gata saboda ta sami takardar zama 'yar ƙasar Sweden ta hannun mahaifinta kuma za ta iya barin jirgin saman Habasha zuwa Sweden. Ta girma a Sweden.
Sana'a
Lokacin da ta girma, Estefanos ta ƙaura zuwa Eritrea, inda ta samu gata na zama 'yar ƙasar Sweden. Daga nan sai ta koma Sweden don nuna adawa da gwamnatin Habasha . "Shekaru biyar ko shida" ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa, ba ta iya isa ga mutane a Habasha, ba ta iya yin canji, kuma ba a bari ta sake shiga Habasha ba. Ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijira, "saboda [ta] za ta iya kaiwa gare su".
Tun a shekarar 2008, ta yi kiran wayar salula ta 'yan gudun hijira. A ƙarshe, ta sami kusan kira 100 a rana, ko kuma idan jirgin ruwa yana cikin damuwa, har zuwa kira 500 a rana. Ta fara shirinta na rediyo daga ɗakin girkinta mai suna "Muryoyin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea" a gidan rediyon Erena mai mahimmanci na tsarin mulki.
Tsakanin shekarun 2009 zuwa 2014 an yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa a Sinai. A tsawon lokaci, an samu karin haske kan kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, wasu kananan gungun shugabannin Bedouin a Sinai ne ke kan gaba, da alaka da kungiyoyin masu garkuwa da mutane a Sudan, da kuma wakilai a garuruwa daban-daban na duniya. A shekara ta 2011, ta buga wani rahoto wanda ya nuna cewa fataucin sassan jiki na cikin safarar masu neman mafakar ‘yan Sudan da Eritriya a Masar, musamman a yankin Sinai. Fim din na 2013 mai suna Sound of Torture ya nuna aikinta na taimakon 'yan gudun hijira daga Eritrea, wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma azabtar da su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Isra'ila domin karbar kudin fansa daga 'yan uwansu. Bayan bala'in bakin haure na Lampedusa a shekarar 2013 ta kuma taimaka wa mutane wajen gano 'yan uwansu da suka bata. A shekarar 2015, Toronto Star ta kiyasta cewa ta taimaka wajen ceton 'yan gudun hijira 16,000 da wayarta.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2020, Estefanos ta yi tafiya zuwa Addis Abeba, kuma jim kadan bayan haka aka kama Kidane Habtemariam Zekarias, shugaban sansani na Bani Walid da ake tsare da shi na fataucin mutane a Libya. A watan Oktoban 2020, an fara shari'ar kotu a Addis Abbeba ba tare da wani mai sa ido na kasashen waje ba. Alkalai ba su kira shedu na gida ko na duniya ba. A cewar masu gabatar da kara, an yi taron zuƙowa guda ɗaya tare da masu gabatar da kara na Holland, babu buƙatar tusa, kuma da farkon barkewar cutar ta COVID 19, Turai ba ta nuna sha'awar lamarin ba. A cikin watan Janairu 2021, ya tsere kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari, amma kamar yadda Estefanos ta ji tsoro, ba a sami wani dan tsaka-tsaki ba kuma babu wata hanyar sadarwar da ta katse. A wannan lokacin Estefano ta kasance cikin baƙin ciki, kuma rashin samun kuɗi ya mamaye ta yayin bala'in.
A cikin 2022, Süddeutsche Zeitung ta kira ta "Mafarauta ita kaɗai na masu fataucin bil adama" Tun daga 2022, Estefanos ta koka da cewa ba a gurfanar da masu fataucin a gaban shari'a ba, ba tare da sha'awar gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ba. "Idan wadanda abin ya shafa fararen fata ne, eh, to abubuwa na iya faruwa."
Ta kasance marubuciya na yau da kullun ga gidan labarai na Eritrea na gudun hijira Asmarino kuma ta kasance mai aiki a kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Eritrea Movement for Democracy and Human Rights. Ita ce ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (ICER), a Stockholm.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Tun daga shekarar 2014, Estefanos uwa ce ta yara maza biyu, masu shekaru goma sha uku da sha biyar.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Dawit Isaak Award, 2011 daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa don karramawa da jajircewarta ga dan jarida Dawit Isaak da ke daure.
Engel-duTertre Prize daga ACAT Foundation, 2015.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"Meron Estefanos - YouTube" .www.youtube.com . Retrieved 2023-05-18.
NDR (2022-07-29). "Die Jägerin" . www.ndr.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Hjert%C3%A9n | Sigrid Hjertén | Sigrid Hjertén (27 Oktoba 1885 - 24 Maris 1948)'yar wasan zamani ne na Sweden.Ana ɗaukar Hjertén a matsayin babban jigo a tsarin zamani na Sweden. Lokaci-lokaci ta kasance mai hazaka sosai kuma ta halarci nune-nune 106.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na tsawon shekaru 30 kafin ta mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga lobotomy don schizophrenia .
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Sigrid Hjertén a Sundsvall a shekara ta 1885.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar College of Arts,Crafts da Design a Stockholm kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin malamar zane.A wani ɗakin studio a 1909, Hjertén ta sadu da mijinta na gaba,Isaac Grünewald mai shekaru ashirin,wanda ta riga ta yi karatu tare da Henri Matisse a shekara guda a Paris. Grünewald ya gamsar da ita cewa za ta ƙara yin adalci a matsayin mai zane. Daga bisani kuma ta tafi makarantar fasaha ta Matisse.An ce "ta kasance almajiran da Matisse ya fi so saboda kyawun launi."
1910s
Yayin da Hjertén ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Henri Matisse a Paris,yadda shi da Paul Cézanne suka yi mu'amala da launi ya burge ta.Ta ɓullo da salo na filaye masu launi masu bambanta da sauƙaƙan kwane-kwane. Babban manufarta na ado yana da alaƙa da launi, kuma a cikin ayyukanta na baya daga 1930s ta yi magana game da launuka cikin sharuddan kamar ruwan rawaya mai sanyi.Hjertén ta yi ƙoƙari don nemo siffofi da launuka waɗanda za su iya bayyana motsin zuciyarta.A cikin wannan girmamawa aikinta tana da alaƙa da masu magana da Jamusanci, irin su Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,fiye da masu zane-zane na Faransa,tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na layi.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi ta koma Sweden.A 1912 Hjertén ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni a Stockholm. Shi ne baje kolin ta na farko a matsayin mai zane.A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta halarci nune-nunen da yawa a Sweden da kuma kasashen waje,da dai sauransu a Berlin a shekarar 1915,inda ta samu karbuwa sosai.Hjertén kuma an wakilta shi a baje kolin Exhibitionist a konsthall Liljevalch a Stockholm a 1918,tare da wasu masu fasaha guda biyu.Duk da haka,masu sukar zamani ba su da sha'awar fasaharta.
A cikin fasahar Hjertén,inda ta nuna kanta sosai,mutum tana lura da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Tasirin Matisse wataƙila ana iya gane shi a cikin 1910s. A cikin wannan shekaru goma,Hjertén ta ƙirƙira zane-zane da yawa tare da hotuna na cikin gida da ra'ayoyi daga gidanta,na farko a dandalin Kornhamnstorg sannan daga baya a titin Katarinavägen, a Stockholm. Mijinta Isaac Grünewald da ɗanta Ivàn,da kuma Sigrid kanta,ana nuna su sau da yawa a cikin fage da ke ɗauke da rikice-rikice iri-iri.A wannan lokacin Hjertén ta san kuma ta yi wahayi daga fasahar da Ernst Josephson ta yi a lokacin rashin lafiya.
Ateljé na ciki
Ateljéinteriör (Studio ciki) daga 1916 ya nuna yadda Hjertén ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi don lokacinta. Zanen ya bayyana irin rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fasaha,mace, da uwa: daban-daban a cikin duniya daban-daban. Hjertén tana zaune akan kujera tsakanin masu fasaha biyu – mijinta, Isaac Grünewald, kuma, watakila, Einar Jolin – masu magana da juna a kan ta. Manyan idanuwanta shudin na kallon nesa.A gaba wata mata sanye da bakaken kaya – wani sophisticated alter ego – jingina da wani mutum siffa wanda zai iya zama mai zane Nils Dardel .Ɗanta Ivàn yana rarrafe daga kusurwar hannun dama. A bango mun hango daya daga cikin zanen da Hjertén ta yi na lokacin, Zigenarkvinna (matar Gypsy).
Ateljéinterior da Den röda rullgardinen (The Red Blind),daga 1916, zane-zane ne masu ban tsoro da suka haifar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa sababbin fassarori dangane da nazarin jinsi na zamani da kuma bayyana bayanai game da rayuwar sirri na mai zane.
1920s
Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1932, Hjertén da danginta sun zauna a Paris,kuma sun yi balaguro da yawa zuwa ƙauyen Faransa da Riviera na Italiya don yin zane.Wannan lokaci ne mai jituwa a cikin fasahar Hjertén, amma abubuwan nuninta sun iyakance sosai a wannan lokacin. Mijinta sau da yawa ziyarci Stockholm inda ya yi m aiki. A ƙarshen 1920s Hjertén tana ƙara samun cututtuka na psychosomatic iri-iri,kuma ta koka game da kaɗaici.
Yayin da lokaci ya wuce,ana iya ganin tashin hankali a cikin fasaharta.A ƙarshen 1920s,yayin da ta keɓe sosai a Faransa, launuka masu sanyi da duhu sun fara bayyana a cikin zane-zanenta. Yawan bugun jini mai maimaitawa ya taimaka wajen ba da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa.
1930s
A 1932, Hjertén ta yanke shawarar komawa Stockholm. Amma a lokacin shiryawa ta faɗi.Ta isa Sweden kuma an kai ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa asibitin masu tabin hankali na Beckomberga tare da alamun schizophrenia . Ta murmure lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa (1932-1934) fasahar Hjertén ta ƙare a cikin crescendo, inda,kamar wanda yake da ita, ta yi hotuna waɗanda ke nuna tsananin jin daɗi.Ta sadaukar da kanta ga zane-zane mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar hoto ɗaya a rana, littafin hoto na rayuwarta, bisa ga wata hira a cikin mujallar fasaha ta Sweden Paletten . Hotunan Hjertén na wannan lokacin galibi suna da alaƙa da sautuna masu ban tsoro,haɓakar gajimare,da jin watsi da su.Wasu zane-zane suna haskaka tsoro yayin da wasu ke ba da ra'ayi mai daɗi da jituwa.
A lokacin 1934,ta yi tafiya tare da danginta a kudancin Turai,inda ta yi fenti.A ƙarshe Hjertén ta sanya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha a cikin masu sukar a 1935,lokacin da ta nuna tare da Ishaku a Gothenburg . Duk da haka, yawancin masu sukar zamani suna da mummunan hali har ma da raini game da ayyukan fasaha na Hjertén,kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta sharhi mai ban tsoro. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, zane-zanenta da ake kira wawa, humbug, tsoro da samfuran nakasa.
Ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a ne kawai a cikin 1936,lokacin da ta sami babban baje kolin solo a Royal Academy of Arts a Stockholm. "Bayan kallon kusan ayyukan 500 a cikin 1936 na baya,masu sukar sun kasance gaba ɗaya:an yaba da nunin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki a kakar kuma an girmama Hjerten a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani na Sweden.Don haka,ta sami karɓuwa-amma ta yi latti."
Isaac,wanda yake da mata da yawa a cikin shekaru, ya sake Hjertén kuma ta sake yin aure.Dukansu Isaac da sabuwar matarsa daga baya sun mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1946.
A ƙarshen 1930s, Hjertén ta kamu da schizophrenia, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti na dindindin a Asibitin Hauka na Beckomberga da ke Stockholm, inda ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan 1938 aikinta na fasaha ya ragu.Bayan botted lobotomy,ta mutu a Stockholm a cikin 1948.
Legacy
Jimlar samar da Hjertén ya kai fiye da zane-zane 500,tare da zane-zane, launukan ruwa da zane-zane. Hjertén ta yi yaƙi da son zuciya a lokacinta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da na musamman ga zamanin da aka yi su, lokacin da batutuwan launi da sifofi suka fi girma a zukatan masu fasaha. Sha'awarta ga bil'adama sau da yawa ana bayyana ta cikin ban mamaki,har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tsarinta na launi yana da motsin rai da tunani.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Sigrid Hjertén, by Annika Gunnarsson, in Moderna museet - boken, ed. Cecilia Widenheim et al., Stockholm: Moderna museet, 2004
Katarina Borgh Bertorp, Sigrid Hjertén: l'hértière de Matisse du Grand Nord: heir of Matisse from the Far North, Paris: Centre Culturel Suédois, 1997
Anita Goldman, I själen alltid ren: Om Sigrid Hjertén, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, 1995,
Kara karantawa
Sigrid Hjertén at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sigrid Hjertén at DigitaltMuseum
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
7289 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah | Sunnah | Sunna Shi ne ɓangare mafi girma daga cikin ɓangarorin addinin Musulunci. Asalin sunan ya zo ne daga kalmar Sunnah, wato koyi da yin dukkan abun da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W.) ya aikata, ko ya yi umarni da a aikata ko kuma aka aikata shi a gabansa amma baiyi hani akan abun da aka aikatan ba. Bambanci tsakanin aƙidun Sunnah da kuma na Shi'a ya samo asali ne tun daga taƙaddama a kan wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'umar Musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi (S.A.W.) wato wanda ya cancanci ya yi Khalifanci. A ɓangaren fahimtar mabiya Sunnah sun ce, tunda yake Annabi (S.A.W) bai yi nuni ba da wani cewa shi za'a bi to sai suka yanke hukuncin a bai wa surukinsa wato Sayyadina Abubakar ya zamo Khalifa na farko.
Amma a ɓangaren Mabiya Shi'a kuwa sai suka ce ai a ranar Ghadir Khumm Annabi (s.a.w) ya sanar da cewa ba wanda zai gaje shi sai ɗan'uwansa kuma sirikinsa wato Sayyadina Ali sun ce saboda shi jininsa ne kuma surukinsa wato mijin ƴarsa, Sayyida Fatima "Bint Nabiy".
Tun daga nan ne rikicin ɓangaren Sunnah dana ɓangaren Shi'a ya samo asali.
A shekarar 2009 Musulmai mabiya Sunnah sun kai 87% zuwa 90%. Haka zalika Mabiya Ɓangaren Sunnah su ne ɓangare a Addini wanda suka fi ko wanne yawa a duniya bayan Katolika a addinin Kiristanci. Sanannu ne a sunan da suka yi fice da shi wato Ahlul Sunnah Wal Jama'a wato (al'umma mabiya sunnah).
Aƙidun mabiya Sunnah
Ga jerin aƙidojin Sunnah kamar Haka:
Izala
Darika
shi'a
Ikwan
Muslim brothers
Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya Sunnah
Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya sunnah guda biyar ne sune.
Imani da Allah da Annabi Muhammada (S.A.W.)
Wato mutum ya furta kalmar SHahada kamar haka LA ILAHA ILALLAH MUHAMMAD RASULULLAH ma'ana mutum ya hakikance a ransa cewa BABU WANI ABIN BAUTAWA DA CANCANTA DA GASKIYA SAI ALLAH SANNAN ANNABI MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.) BAWAN ALLAH NE KUMA MANZON ALLAH NE.
Tsai Da Sallah
Yin salloli guda biyar a kowacce rana watau a kowane yini da dare.
Da Azumi Watan Ramadan
Sai yin azumin watan Ramadana wato wata na tara a lissafin kalandar Musulunci.
Da Bada Zakka
Shi ne mutum ya cire wani adadi da shari'a ta faɗa na dukiyar sa wadda ta kai nisabi ya bayar da shi ga mabuƙata Zakka saboda Allah.
Aikin Hajji
Idan Musulmi ya kasance yana da dukiyar da takai zai iya biyan ta wajen zuwa Saudiyyah kuma yana da ƙarfin lafiya to Hajji ta wajaba a kansa.
Shika-shikan imani a wajen mabiya Sunnah
Shika-shikan Imani a aƙidar mabiya sunnah guda shida ne, gasu kamar haka.
Imani da Allah
Imani da Mala'iku
Imani da Litattafai Saukakku
Imani da Manzannin Allah
Imani da Ranar Kiyama(Ranar Sakamako).
Imani da Kaddara(Mai dadi ko mara dadi).
Matsayin Hadisai a wajen mabiya Sunnah
Sanannun litattafan Hadisannan guda shida wato Kutub al-Sittah sune litattan hadisan da mabiya sunnah suka yi imani da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su
Ga jerin su:
Sahih al-Bukhari na Muhammad al-Bukhari
Sahih Muslim na Mislim ibn al-Hajjaj
Sunan al-Sughra na Al-Nasa'i
Sunan Abu Dawud na Abu Dawood
Jami' at-Tirmidhi na Al-Tirmidhi
Sunan Ibn Majah na Ibn Majah
Amma ba iyakar wadannan kadai bane litattafan da mabiya sunnah suka amince da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su ba, akwai wadansu litattafan da dama wadanda suka hada da:
Musannaf na Abd al-Razzaq na ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani
Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Mustadrak na Al Haakim
Muwatta na Imam Malik
Sahih Ibn Hibbaan
Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah of Ibn Khuzaymah
Sunan al-Darimi na Al-Darimi
Iyalan gidan Annabi (S.A.W.) a mahangar Sunnah
Su ne DUKKAN DANGIN Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda sadaka ta haramta garesu, da kuma MATANSA da ZURIYYARSA. Allah ya yarda da su gaba ɗaya.
Sabanin AkidunShi'a ko Rafidanci Wadanda suke cewa Iyakacin Nana Fatima da Imamuna Aliyu da suran zurriyar su,sune kadai Iyalan gidan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.). Wannan gurguwar fahimta ce a mahangar Mabiya Sunnah.
Ahlus Sunnah sun yi ITTIFAQI akan WAJABCIN Son Ahlul Baiti, da kuma HARAMCIN Cutar dasu,ko Munana musu,da magana ko aiki.
Sahabbai a mahangar mabiya Sunnah
Sahabbai Sune dukkan mutanen da suka ga Annabi (S.A.W.) sanna Kuma suka bayar da gaskiya da shi, a lokacin da yake da rai.
Waɗannan mutane suna da matsayi mai girma tare da samun girmamawa daga wajen mabiya aƙidar sunnah.
Mabiya Sunnah suna yin cikakkiyar soyayya da biyayya ga sahabbai ne sakamakon wadansu ayiyin Alkur'ani inda Allah da kansa yake yabon su,kamar haka:
Kuma magabatan farko na Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa, Allah ya yarda da su kuma sun yarda da shi,kuma ya yi musu tattalin gidajen aljanna, qoramu suna gudana a qarqashinsu, suna madawwama a cikinsu har abada. Wancan ne rabo mai girma.
- Suratut Taubah: 100
A wannan aya mutane sun kasu kashi uku. Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa ba da zagi ba.
Sai kuma aya ta gaba:
Muhammad manzon Allah ne. Kuma waɗanda da ke tare da shimasu tsanani ne a kan kafirai, masu rahama ne a tsakaninsu, ka na ganinsu suna masu ruku’i masu sujada, suna neman falala daga Ubangijinsu, da yardarsa. Alamarsu tana a cikin fuskokinsu, daga kufan sujuda. Wannan ita ce siffarsu a cikin Attaura. Kuma siffarsu a cikin Linjila ita ce, kamar tsiron shuka wanda ya fitar da reshensa, sa’an nan ya qarfafa shi, ya yi kauri, sa’an nan ya daidaita a kan qafafunsa, yana bayar da sha’awa ga masu shukar, domin (Allah) ya fusatar da kafirai game da su. Kuma Allah ya yi alqawali ga waxanda suka yi imani kuma suka aikata ayyukan qwarai daga cikinsu da gafara da lada mai girma
- Suratul Fathi, Aya ta 29
Sahabbai guda goma waɗanda aka yi masu albishir da shiga Aljannah tun suna a duniya.
Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana da Sahabbai 120,4000. Duk da cewa dukkan waɗannan Sahabbai 'yan Aljanna ne to amma akwai waɗanda aka yi musu bishara da Aljanna tun suna da rai.
Akwai guda goma wannan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) ya fada a hadisi cewa an yi musu bishara da gidan Aljanna, wato ASHARATUL MUBASHSHIRUN. Wannan Sahabbai sune:
Abubakar Saddik (R.T.A.)
Umar Bin Khaddab (R.T.A.)
Usman Bin Affan (R.T.A.)
Aliyu Bin Abi Dalib (R.T.A.)
Dhalha Ibn Ubaidullah (R.T.A.)
Zubair Ibnul Awwam (R.T.A.)
Abdurrahman Bin Auf (R.T.A.)
Sa'ad Bin Wakkas (R.T.A.)
Sa'id Bin Zaid Bin Amr (R.T.A.)
Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (R.T.A.)
Allah Madaukin Sarki ya bamu albarkacin wadandan bayi nasa.
Musulunci. |
21381 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell%20Shakespeare%20Gallery | Boydell Shakespeare Gallery | Boydell Shakespeare Gallery a Landan, Ingila, shine matakin farko na bangarori uku da aka fara shi a watan Nuwamba 1786 da mai zane da kuma mai wallafa John Boydell a ƙoƙarin haɓaka makarantar zanen tarihin Biritaniya. Baya ga kafuwar gidan tarihin, Boydell ya shirya samar da wani hoto mai kyau na wasan kwaikwayon William Shakespeare da kuma rubutun kwafi wanda aka tsara bisa jerin zane-zanen da masu zane daban-daban suka yi. A lokacin shekarun 1790 hotunan gidan Landan wanda ya nuna zane-zanen asali sun fito a matsayin mafi shaharar aikin.
Ayyukan William Shakespeare sun more farin cikin sabon shahara a Biritaniya na ƙarni na 18. Yawancin bugu da yawa na ayyukansa an buga su, an sake farfado da wasan kwaikwayon a gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo da takamaiman abubuwan da aka samar dasu. Amfani da wannan sha'awar, Boydell ya yanke shawarar buga babban zane-zane na wasannin Shakespeare wanda zai nuna baiwar masu zane-zanen Burtaniya da masu zane-zane. Ya zaɓi shahararren masanin kuma editan Shakespeare George Steevens ya kula da bugun, wanda aka fitar tsakanin 1791 da 1803.
'Yan jarida sun ba da rahoto kowane mako a kan ginin gidan tarihin Boydell, wanda George Dance the Younger ya tsara, a wani shafi a Pall Mall. Boydell ya ba da aikin ne daga shahararrun masu zanen zamanin, kamar su Joshua Reynolds, kuma rubutun zane-zane sun tabbatar da mafi girman abin da kamfanin ya bari. Koyaya, jinkirin jinkirin buga ɗab'in da hoton da aka zana ya haifar da suka. Saboda sun yi sauri, kuma ƙananan zane-zane sun yi zane-zane da yawa, an yanke hukuncin samfuran ƙarshe na kamfanin Boydell ya zama abin takaici. Aikin ya sa kamfanin Boydell ya zama ba shi da kuɗi, kuma an tilasta musu su sayar da gidan a gidan caca.
Shakespeare a cikin karni na 18
A cikin karni na 18, Shakespeare ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓakar kishin Biritaniya, kuma Boydell ya shiga cikin irin yanayin da yawancin 'yan kasuwa ke amfani da shi. Shakespeare bai yi kira ga masu fada aji kawai ba wadanda suka yi alfahari da gwaninta ta fasaha, har ma da masu fada aji wadanda suka ga ayyukan Shakespeare hangen nesan al'umma daban-daban. Tsakanin karnin Shakespearean na farkawa mai yiwuwa shine mafi alhakin sake gabatar da jama'ar Birtaniyya ga Shakespeare. Wasannin Shakespeare sun kasance masu mahimmancin farfado da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a wannan lokacin. Duk da rikice-rikicen wasan kwaikwayo, rubuce-rubucen bala'i bai kasance mai riba ba, don haka an rubuta kyawawan masifu. Ayyukan Shakespeare sun cike gibin da ke cikin littafin, kuma sanadin sa ya girma sakamakon haka. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ɗayan ɗayan wasanni shida da aka yi a London shine Shakespeare.
Mai wasan kwaikwayo, darekta, kuma furodusa David Garrick ya kasance babban jigo a farfajiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Shakespeare. Ya bayar da rahoto game da kyakkyawan aiki, abubuwan da ba a iya gwadawa ba, da hotunan hotuna na Shakespearean da yawa, da kuma fitaccen mai suna Shakespeare Jubilee ya taimaka wajen tallata Shakespeare a matsayin samfurin kasuwa da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Drrick Lane na Garrick shine tsakiyar Shakespeare mania wanda ya mamaye ƙasar.
Abubuwan gani na gani suma sun taka rawar gani wajen faɗaɗa shahararren Shakespeare. Musamman, sassan tattaunawar da aka tsara musamman don gidaje sun samar da ɗimbin masu sauraro don fasahar adabi, musamman fasahar Shakespearean. Wannan al'adar ta fara ne da William Hogarth (wanda kwafinsa ya kai dukkan matakan al'umma) kuma ya kai kololuwa a baje kolin Royal Academy, wanda ke nuna zane-zane, zane-zane, da zane-zane. Nunin ya zama muhimmin taron jama'a: dubbai sun yi tururuwa don ganin su, kuma jaridu sun ba da rahoto dalla-dalla kan ayyukan da aka nuna. Sun zama wuri mai kyau da za a gani (kamar Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, daga baya a cikin karni). Ana cikin haka, sai aka sake ba jama'a damar aikin Shakespeare.
Bugun Shakespeare
Yunƙurin shaharar Shakespeare ya yi daidai da saurin sauyawar Birtaniyya daga baka zuwa al'adar bugawa. Zuwa ƙarshen karni, asalin shaharar Shakespeare ya canza. Tun asali ana girmama shi a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, amma da zarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance yana da alaƙa da talakawa, sai matsayin Shakespeare na "babban marubuci" ya canja. Nau'i biyu na al'adun bugawa na Shakespearean sun fito: shahararren bugu na bourgeois da wallafe-wallafe masu mahimmancin ilimi.
Don juya riba, masu sayar da littattafai sun zaɓi sanannun marubuta, irin su Alexander Paparoma da Samuel Johnson, don shirya bugu na Shakespeare. A cewar masanin Shakespeare Gary Taylor, sukan Shakespearean ya zama "yana da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na adabin Ingilishi na ƙarni na 18 ... [cewa] ba za a iya cire shi ba tare da tumɓuke karni da rabi na kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa". Buga na farko na Shakespeare a ƙarni na 18, wanda kuma shi ne farkon zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo, an buga shi a cikin 1709 daga Jacob Tonson kuma Nicholas Rowe ya shirya shi. Wasan kwaikwayon ya fito a cikin "littattafai masu dadi da karantu a kananan tsari" wadanda "ya kamata" ... an dauke su ne don amfani na gari ko na lambu, na gida maimakon na laburare ". Shakespeare ya zama "mai gida" a cikin karni na 18, musamman tare da buga kwafin dangi irin na Bell na 1773 da 1785-86, wadanda suka tallata kansu a matsayin "masu karantarwa da fahimta; musamman ga matasa mata da matasa; ana cire lalata da lalata. ".
Littattafan malamai suma sun yadu. Da farko, waɗannan marubutan-marubuta sun shirya su kamar su Paparoma (1725) da Johnson (1765), amma daga baya cikin ƙarni wannan ya canza. Editoci kamar su George Steevens (1773, 1785) da Edmund Malone (1790) sun fitar da fitattun bugu tare da bayanai masu fa'ida. Bugun farko sun yi kira ga masu matsakaita da wadanda ke sha'awar karatun Shakespeare, amma fitowar ta gaba ta yi kira ne kawai ga na karshen. Bugun Boydell, a ƙarshen karni, yayi ƙoƙari ya haɗa waɗannan igiyoyin biyu. Ya ƙunshi zane-zane amma George Steevens ne ya shirya shi, ɗayan manyan mashahuran Shakespeare na wannan lokacin.
Boydell's Shakespeare kamfani
Aikin Shakespeare na Boydell ya ƙunshi sassa uku: fitaccen ɗab'in wasannin Shakespeare; folio na kwafi daga taswirar (asalin an yi niyyar zama folio na kwafi daga bugun wasan Shakespeare); da kuma dandalin baje kolin jama'a inda ainihin zane zanen da za'a buga.
An kirkiro ra'ayin babban littafin Shakespeare yayin cin abincin dare a gidan Josiah Boydell (ɗan gidan John) a ƙarshen 1786. Muhimman muhimman labarai biyar na bikin sun rayu. Daga waɗannan, an tattara jerin baƙo da sake gina tattaunawar. Jerin baƙon ya nuna adadin abokan hulɗar Boydell a cikin duniyar fasaha: ya haɗa da Benjamin West, mai zane ga Sarki George III; George Romney, wani shahararren mai zanan hoto; George Nicol, mai sayar da littattafai ga sarki; William Hayley, wani mawaki; John Hoole, masani kuma mai fassarar Tasso da Aristotle; da kuma Daniel Braithwaite, sakatare-janar na babban sakatare kuma mai kula da masu fasaha irin su Romney da Angelica Kauffman. Yawancin asusun ma suna sanya ɗan zanen Paul Sandby a wurin taron.
Boydell ya so ya yi amfani da bugun don taimaka wajan motsa wata makarantar Biritaniya ta zane-zane. Ya rubuta a cikin "Gabatarwa" ga folio cewa yana so "don ciyar da wannan fasaha zuwa ga balaga, da kuma kafa Makarantar Turanci na Tarihin Zane Tarihi". Wata takaddar kotu da Josiah ya yi amfani da ita don karɓar bashi daga abokan ciniki bayan mutuwar Boydell ya ba da labarin abincin dare da kuma kwarin gwiwar Boydell:[Boydell ya ce] ya kamata ya so kawar da batancin da duk masu sukar baƙi suka jefa wa wannan al'umma - cewa ba su da wata dabara ta zanen tarihi. Ya ce yana da tabbaci daga nasarorin da ya samu wajen karfafa zane-zane cewa Turawan Ingila ba sa son komai sai karfafawa da dacewa da kuma batun da ya dace da zane-zane na tarihi. Thearfafawa da zai yi ƙoƙari ya samu idan aka nuna batun da ya dace. Mista Nicol ya amsa cewa akwai babban batun Kasa guda daya wanda ba za a sami ra'ayi na biyu ba, kuma ya ambaci Shakespeare. An sami shawarar tare da yabo daga Alderman [John Boydell] da dukan kamfanin.Koyaya, kamar yadda Frederick Burwick yayi jayayya a cikin gabatarwarsa ga tarin makaloli a Boydell Gallery, "[w] mai ƙiyayya ya yi iƙirarin cewa Boydell zai iya yin magana game da ci gaba da sanadin zanen tarihi a Ingila, ainihin ƙarfin haɗakarwa wanda ya haɗu da masu zane don ƙirƙirar Shakespeare Gallery shine alƙawarin wallafa zane da kuma rarraba ayyukansu. "
Bayan nasarar farko ta Shakespeare Gallery, da yawa suna son ɗaukar daraja. Henry Fuseli ya daɗe yana da'awar cewa rufin Shakespeare da ya shirya (a kwaikwayon silin Sistine Chapel) ya ba Boydell ra'ayin zane. James Northcote ya yi ikirarin cewa Mutuwarsa ta Wat Tyler da Kisan Shugabannin a Hasumiyar ne ya sa Boydell ya fara aikin. Koyaya, a cewar Winifred Friedman, wanda ya yi bincike a Boydell Gallery, mai yiwuwa laccar Royal Academy ta Joshua Reynolds kan fifikon zanen tarihi ne ya fi rinjayi Boydell.
Abubuwan dabaru na kasuwancin sun kasance da wahalar tsarawa. Boydell da Nicol sun so su samar da kwatancen zane mai tarin yawa kuma an yi niyyar ɗaura da sayar da manyan kwafi 72 daban a cikin folio. Ana buƙatar gallery don nuna zane-zanen da aka zana hotunan. Bugun ya kasance za a sami kuɗi ta hanyar kamfen biyan kuɗi, yayin da masu siye zasu biya wani ɓangare na farashin gaba da saura a lokacin isarwa. Wannan al'adar baƙon abu ya zama dole saboda gaskiyar cewa fiye da £ 350,000 - kuɗi mai tsoka a lokacin, wanda ya kai kimanin £ 43.3 miliyan a yau - daga ƙarshe aka kashe. An buɗe shagon a cikin 1789 tare da zane 34 kuma an ƙara ƙarin 33 a cikin 1790 lokacin da aka buga zane-zanen farko. Publishedarshe na ƙarshe na bugu da ofaukar Mallaka an buga shi a cikin 1803. A tsakiyar aikin, Boydell ya yanke shawarar cewa zai iya samun ƙarin kuɗi idan ya buga ɗab'i daban-daban a cikin folio fiye da wanda aka zana; sakamakon haka, hotunan hotunan guda biyu ba su da kama.
An bayar da tallace-tallace kuma an sanya su a cikin jaridu. Lokacin da aka rarraba rajista don lambar yabo don bugawa, kwafin ya karanta: "Masu ƙarfafa wannan babban aiki na ƙasa suma za su sami gamsuwa don sanin, cewa za a miƙa sunayensu zuwa Posterity, kamar yadda Patrons of Native Genius, suka yi rajista da hannayensu, a cikin littafi guda, tare da mafi kyawun Sarakuna. " Harshen tallan da lambar yabon sun jaddada rawar da kowane mai biyan kuɗi yake takawa a cikin ayyukan fasaha. Masu biyan kuɗin sun kasance farkon masu matsakaitan mazauna London ne, ba masu girman kai ba. Edmund Malone, shi kansa edita ne na wani kishiyar bugun Shakespeare, ya rubuta cewa "kafin shirin ya kasance da kyau, ko kuma an gabatar da shawarwarin gaba daya, kusan mutane dari shida sun yi sha'awar rubuta sunayensu, kuma sun biya rajistar su ga jerin littattafai da kwafi wanda zai batawa kowane mutum rai, ina tsammanin, kimanin guineas casa'in; kuma idan muka duba jerin, babu sama da sunaye ashirin a cikinsu da kowa ya sani ".
Shafin hoto na Shakespeare da folio
"Kyakkyawan kuma daidai" bugun Shakespeare wanda Boydell ya fara a cikin 1786 shine ya zama abin da ya shafi kasuwancinsa-ya kalli bugun bugawa da kuma zane-zanen a matsayin wasu manyan ayyukan. A cikin wata talla da aka shirya a farkon juzu'in, Nicol ya rubuta cewa "ɗaukaka da ɗaukaka, haɗe da daidaitaccen rubutu sune manyan abubuwa na wannan Editionab'in". Littattafan da kansu sun kasance kyawawa, tare da shafuka masu walƙiya wanda, sabanin waɗanda ke cikin ɗab'un ilimi na baya, ba a da alamun tawaye. Kowane wasa yana da nasa taken shafi wanda yake biye da jerin "Mutanen da ke Cikin Wasannin". Boydell bai kashe kuɗi ba. Ya ɗauki hayar masana ƙirar rubutu William Bulmer da William Martin don haɓaka da yanke sabon nau'in rubutu musamman don bugun. Nicol yayi bayani a cikin gabatarwar cewa "sun kafa gidan buga takardu ... [da] wata ma'adanai don jefa ire-irensu; har ma da masana'anta don yin tawada". Boydell kuma ya zaɓi amfani da sakakkiyar takarda mai laushi ta Whatman. An buga zane-zane da kansa kuma ana iya sakawa da cire su kamar yadda mai siye yake so. An buga kundin farko na Ayyukan Dramatic a cikin 1791 kuma na ƙarshe a cikin 1805.
Boydell ne ke da alhakin "ɗaukaka", kuma George Steevens, babban edita, ke da alhakin "daidaito na rubutu". Steevens, a cewar Evelyn Wenner, wanda ya yi nazarin tarihin bugun Boydell, "da farko ya kasance mai ƙwazo sosai game da shirin" amma "ba da daɗewa ba ya fahimci cewa editan wannan rubutun dole ne a cikin ainihin makircin abubuwa ya ba wa masu zane, masu bugawa da masu zane-zane ". Hakanan daga ƙarshe ya sami takaici game da ingancin bugawa, amma bai ce komai ba don ya kawo cikas ga tallan bugu. Steevens, wanda ya riga ya gyara cikakkun littattafan Shakespeare guda biyu, ba a nemi ya sake rubutun ba sabuwa; a maimakon haka, ya zaɓi wane nau'in rubutun don sake bugawa. Wenner ya bayyana sakamakon samfurin matasan:
A cikin bugun, fassarar zamani (watau ƙarni na 18) an fifita ta kamar yadda karatun Foliyo na Farko yake.
Boydell ya nemi mashahuran masu zane da zane-zane na wannan rana don ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga ɗakin zane, zane-zanen folio, da zane-zane don bugun. Masu zane-zanen sun hada da Richard Westall, Thomas Stothard, George Romney, Henry Fuseli, Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, Robert Smirke, James Durno, John Opie, Francesco Bartolozzi, Thomas Kirk, Henry Thomson, da dan uwan Boydell kuma abokin harkarsa, Josiah Boydell.
Maganar da Shakespeare ya buga ya kasance "har zuwa yanzu mafi girman masana'antar zane-zanen da aka taɓa yin su a Ingila". Kamar yadda mai tara takardu da dillali Christopher Lennox-Boyd ya bayyana, "da ba a sami kasuwa ga irin wadannan zane-zanen ba, da ba da daya daga cikin zane-zanen da aka ba da izini, kuma kadan ne, idan akwai, daga cikin masu zane-zanen za su yi kasadar zana wadannan zane-zanen." Masana sunyi imanin cewa an yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na zane-zane kuma zanen zanen shine "matsakaicin matsakaici" saboda "bayyananniya ce kuma mai wahala" kuma saboda tana da babban suna. Siffar zane, wacce take da sauri kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don haifar da tasirin inuwa, ta yi saurin lalacewa kuma ba ta da daraja sosai. Yawancin faranti sun kasance cakuda duka biyun. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi amfani da mezzotint da aquatint. Lennox-Boyd, duk da haka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa "bincika faranti sosai ya tabbatar" cewa ba a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba kuma yana jayayya cewa ba su dace ba ": mezzotint ya sa da sauri kuma akwatin ruwa ya kasance sabo ne (da ba a sami wadatattun masu fasaha ba. aiwatar da shi). Yawancin masu zane-zanen Boydell suma an horar dasu ne ta hanyar zane-zane; Misali, Bartolozzi ya shahara ne da fasahar kere kere.
Abokancin Boydell tare da masu zane-zanensa gabaɗaya na yau da kullun ne. Daya daga cikin su, James Northcote, ya yaba da kudaden da Boydell ya bayar. Ya rubuta a cikin wasika ta 1821 cewa Boydell "ya yi aiki sosai don ci gaban zane-zane a Ingila fiye da dukkanin manyan masu fada a ji! Ya biya ni mafi kyau fiye da kowane mutum da ya yi; ". Boydell yawanci yana biyan masu zanan tsakanin £ 105 zuwa 0 210, kuma masu zane tsakanin £ 262 da £ 315. Joshua Reynolds da farko ya ƙi tayin Boydell na aiki a kan aikin, amma ya yarda lokacin da aka matsa shi. Boydell ya ba wa Reynolds carte blanche don zanensa, ya ba shi biyan kuɗi £ 500, adadi mai ban mamaki ga mai zane wanda bai ma yarda ya yi takamaiman aiki ba. Boydell ya biya shi jimlar £ 1,500.
Akwai zane-zane 96 a cikin juzu'i tara na hoton da aka buga kuma kowane wasa yana da akalla guda daya. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na wasan kwaikwayo, 23 daga 36, kowane mai zane ɗaya ne ke zane kowane. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na jimlar zane-zane, ko 65, masu fasaha uku ne suka kammala su: William Hamilton, Richard Westall, da Robert Smirke. Masu shahararrun zane-zanen bugu an san su da masu zane-zanen littafi, yayin da yawancin mawaƙa da aka haɗa a cikin folio an san su ne da zane-zane. Lennox-Boyd ta bayar da hujjar cewa zane-zanen da ke cikin bugu suna da "daidaito da daidaituwa" wanda folio ta rasa saboda masu zane da zane-zane da ke aiki a kansu sun fahimci zane-zanen littafi yayin da waɗanda ke aiki a kan folio ke aiki a wata hanyar da ba a sani ba.
Bugun folio, ofaukunan Bugawa, Daga Hotunan da Aka Zana don Dalilin Bayyanar da Ayyuka na Shakspeare, na Greatan wasan Burtaniya (1805), da farko an yi niyyar su zama tarin zane-zanen daga bugun, amma a 'yan shekaru cikin aikin, Boydell ya canza shirinsa. Ya yi tsammani cewa zai iya siyar da ƙarin folios da bugu idan hotunan sun bambanta. Daga kwafi 97 da aka zana daga zane-zane, kashi biyu bisa uku daga cikinsu masu zane-zane goma ne suka yi su. Masu zane-zane uku suna lissafin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zanen. A cikin duka, masu fasaha 31 sun ba da gudummawar ayyuka.
Ginin gallery
A watan Yunin 1788, Boydell da dan dan uwansa sun kulla yarjejeniyar a wani wuri a 52 Pall Mall (51 ° 30′20.5 ″ N 0 ° 8′12 ″ W) don gina gidan baje kolin kuma suka shiga cikin George Dance, sannan magatakarda na Ayyukan City , a matsayin mai tsara aikin. Pall Mall a wancan lokacin yana da haɗin gidaje masu tsada da ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar ɗakunan karatu da kulake na maza, sanannen sanannen jama'ar London. Har ila yau yankin ya ƙunshi wasu ƙananan kamfanoni masu daraja: Wurin Sarki (yanzu Pall Mall Place), hanyan da ke gudana zuwa gabas da bayan gidan tarihin Boydell, shi ne rukunin gidan karuwai na Charlotte Hayes. A gefen Sarki, nan da nan zuwa gabashin ginin Boydell, 51 Pall Mall an siya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1787 ta George Nicol, mai sayar da littattafai kuma mijinta na gaba ga 'yar'uwar Josiah, Mary Boydell. A matsayin alama ta canjin yanayin yankin, wannan kadarar ta kasance gidan gidan kulab din mutumin kirki na Goostree daga 1773 zuwa 1787. An fara ne a matsayin cibiyar caca ga samari masu hannu da shuni, daga baya ta zama kungiyar siyasa mai neman kawo sauyi wacce ta kirga William Pitt da William Wilberforce a matsayin membobi.
Gine-ginen Shakespeare na Gidan Rawa yana da babban dutse a gaban dutse, da kuma babban zauren baje koli a falon ƙasa. Roomsakunan baje koli masu haɗa juna guda uku sun mamaye saman bene, tare da jimillar sama da murabba'in ƙafa 4,000 (370 m2) na bangon fili don nuna hotuna. Façade mai hawa biyu bai kasance babba ga titin ba, amma ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin gargajiya yana da tasiri. Wasu rahotanni suna bayyana waje da cewa "an cinye shi da tagulla".
Storeofar bene ta façade ta mamaye babbar ƙofar da take zagaye a tsakiya. Bakin da ba za a iya kwance shi ba ya doru a kan maruru masu fadi, kowannensu ya karye ta wata karamar taga, a sama wacce ke gudanar da wani kwali mai sauki. Rawa ta sanya transom a ƙofar ƙofar a matakin masarar da ke ɗauke da rubutun "Shakespeare Gallery". Asan ƙofar akwai manyan ƙofofin shiga, tare da bangarori masu haske da fitilun gefe waɗanda suka dace da tagogin gilashi. Haske mai haske ya cika abincin dare saman fasalin. A cikin kowane spandrels zuwa hagu da dama na baka, Rawa saita wani sassaka na lyre a cikin ribboned fure. Sama da duka wannan hanyar hanya ce wacce ta raba ƙananan bene daga babba.
Façade na sama yana ƙunshe da pilasters haɗe a kowane ɓangare, da kuma kafa mai kauri da kuma takaddama mai kusurwa uku. Mai zanen sirrin Sir John Soane ya soki haɗakar Rawa da siririyar pilasters da kuma mai rikon sakainar kashi a matsayin "abin ban mamaki da almubazzaranci". Manyan biranen pilasters suna wasa da ƙarfi a cikin sifar burbushin ammonite. Rawa ta ƙirƙira wannan fasalin neo-na gargajiya, wanda ya zama sananne da Amon ɗin Order, musamman don hotunan. A cikin hutu tsakanin pilasters, Rawa ta sanya hoton Shakespeare na Thomas Banks wanda ya samu halartar Painting da Shayari, wanda aka biya ɗan wasan fan guineas 500. Siffar ta nuna Shakespeare, yana kwance a kan dutse, tsakanin Dramatic Muse da kuma Genius of Painting. A ƙasansa akwai matattarar lafazin da aka rubuta tare da ambato daga Hamlet: "Mutum ne, ɗauki shi gaba ɗaya, ba zan sake yin kama da irinsa ba".
Amsawa
Shalejin Shakespeare, lokacin da aka buɗe shi a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1789, ya ƙunshi zane-zane 34, kuma a ƙarshen aikinsa yana da tsakanin 167 da 170. (Ba a san ainihin abin da aka lissafa ba kuma yawancin zane-zanen sun ɓace; kusan zane 40 ne kawai za a iya wanda aka gano da tabbas.) A cewar Frederick Burwick, yayin aikinta na shekaru goma sha shida, Gidan Tarihi ya nuna miƙa mulki daga Neoclassicism zuwa Romanticism. Ayyuka da masu zane-zane irin su James Northcote ke wakilta na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, abubuwan neoclassical na ɗakin hotunan, yayin da na Henry Fuseli ke wakiltar sabuwar ƙungiyar Romantic mai tasowa. William Hazlitt ya yaba wa Northcote a cikin wata makala mai taken "A kan Tsohuwar Zamani na 'Yan Kwana", inda ya rubuta "Na yi tunanin duk wani mutum zai fi zama da Mista Fuseli da farko, amma zan so in ziyarci Mista Northcote sau da yawa."
Gidan hotunan kansa ya kasance mai kayatarwa tare da jama'a. Jaridu sun dauki ɗaukakawar ginin wajan hotunan, har zuwa zane don façade da aka gabatar. Mai Talla na Daily ya fito da shafi na mako-mako a kan hotunan daga Mayu zuwa Agusta (lokacin baje koli). Masu zane-zane waɗanda ke da tasiri tare da 'yan jaridu, da Boydell da kansa, sun wallafa labaran da ba a sani ba don haɓaka sha'awar ɗakin, wanda suke fatan zai haɓaka tallace-tallace na bugu.
A farkon kasuwancin, halayen sun kasance tabbatattu tabbatattu. Mai Tallace-tallacen Jama'a ya rubuta a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1789: "Hotunan gabaɗaya sun ba madubi na mawaƙi ... [Shakespeare Gallery] yana ba da fata don samar da irin wannan tarihin a cikin Tarihin Fine Arts, kamar yadda zai tabbatar kuma ya tabbatar da fifiko. na makarantar Turanci ". Times ya rubuta wata rana daga baya:
Fuseli da kansa na iya rubuta wannan bita a cikin Nazarin Nazari, wanda ya yaba da shirin gaba ɗaya na gidan wajan yayin kuma a lokaci guda yana shakkar: "Irin waɗannan batutuwa daban-daban, ana iya tsammani, dole ne su nuna iko iri-iri; duk ba za su iya zama na farko; yayin da wasu dole ne su yi sama, wasu kuma dole ne su rake filin ciyawar, wasu kuma su gamsu da tafiya cikin mutunci ". Koyaya, a cewar Frederick Burwick, masu sukar a cikin Jamus "sun mai da martani ga Shalelen Shagon tare da kulawa sosai da sosai fiye da yadda masu sukar ke yi a Ingila".
Zargi ya karu yayin da aikin ke ci gaba: girman farko bai bayyana ba sai a shekarar 1791. James Gillray ya wallafa zane mai ban dariya "Boydell yana sadaukar da Ayyukan Shakespeare ga Shaidan na Jaka-Jaka". Marubucin kuma ba da daɗewa ba zai kasance marubucin marubucin littafin yara na Tatsuniyoyi daga Shakespeare (1807) Charles Lamb ya soki lamarin tun daga farko:
Northcote, yayin da yake yaba wa aikin Boydell, ya kuma soki sakamakon aikin: "Ban da wasu hotuna kaɗan daga Joshua [Reynolds] da [John] Opie, kuma - ina fata zan iya ƙarawa-da kaina, irin wannan tarin zamewa-slop imbecility kamar yadda yake da ban tsoro don kallo, kuma ya juya, kamar yadda na yi tsammani hakan zai kasance, cikin lalata lamuran talakawan Boydell "
Rushewa
A shekara ta 1796, rajistar bugawar ta ragu da kashi biyu bisa uku. Mai zane da mai zane Joseph Farington ya rubuta cewa wannan sakamakon sakamakon zane-zane mara kyau:
An soki haɗin salon zanen zane; Layin zane-zane an dauke shi mafi kyawun tsari kuma masu fasaha da masu biyan kuɗi ba sa son cakuda ƙananan siffofin da shi. Bugu da ƙari, masu zanen Boydell sun faɗi ƙasa da jadawalin, suna jinkirta aikin duka. An tilasta shi ya shiga cikin ƙananan masu fasaha, kamar su Hamilton da Smirke, a rahusa don kammala littattafan saboda kasuwancinsa ya fara gazawa. Masana tarihin zane-zane na zamani gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ingancin zane-zane, musamman a cikin folio, mara kyau ne. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da masu fasaha daban-daban da masu zane-zane ya haifar da rashin haɗin kai.
Kodayake Boydells ya ƙare tare da rajista na 1,384, ƙimar rajistar ta ragu, kuma sauran rajistar suma suna ƙara cikin shakka. Kamar yawancin kasuwanni a lokacin, kamfanin Boydell ya riƙe recordsan bayanai. Abokan ciniki kawai sun san abin da suka saya. Wannan ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa tare da masu bin bashi waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ba su taɓa yin rajista ba ko sun yi rijista don ƙasa da ƙasa. Yawancin masu biyan kuɗi sun kasa aiki, kuma Josiah Boydell ya share shekaru bayan mutuwar John yana ƙoƙarin tilasta musu su biya.
The Boydells sun mai da hankalinsu gaba daya kan bugun Shakespeare da sauran manyan ayyuka, kamar Tarihin Kogin Thames da Kammalallen Ayyukan John Milton, maimakon a kan ƙananan kasuwanci masu fa'ida. Lokacin da kamfanin Shakespeare da littafin Thames suka gaza, kamfanin bai da jari da zai faɗi. Farawa daga 1789, tare da farkon juyin juya halin Faransa, kasuwancin kasuwancin fitarwa na John Boydell zuwa Turai ya yanke. A ƙarshen 1790s da farkon karni na 19, kashi biyu cikin uku na kasuwancinsa waɗanda suka dogara da kasuwancin fitarwa suna cikin mawuyacin halin kuɗi.
A cikin 1804, John Boydell ya yanke shawarar ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Majalisar don neman doka na sirri don ba da izinin caca don zubar da komai a cikin kasuwancinsa. Kudirin ya sami amincewar masarauta a ranar 23 ga Maris, kuma zuwa Nuwamba Boydells sun kasance a shirye don siyar da tikiti. John Boydell ya mutu kafin a fara cacar a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1805, amma ya rayu tsawon lokaci don ganin kowane tikiti 22,000 da aka saya a guineas guda ɗaya (£ 280 kowanne a cikin tsarin zamani). Don karfafa tallan tikiti da rage ƙididdigar da ba a sayar ba, an tabbatar wa kowane mai siye da karɓar bugawa mai darajar kwalliya ɗaya daga hannun kamfanin Boydell. Akwai tikiti masu cin nasara na 64 don manyan kyaututtuka, mafi girma shine Gidan Hoto kanta da tarin zanen ta. Wannan ya je wurin William Tassie, mai zane-zane da zane-zane, na filayen Leicester (yanzu filin Leicester). Josiah ya ba da siyen gidan da kuma zane-zanen da aka dawo da shi daga Tassie a kan £ 10,000 (kimanin worth 820,000 a yanzu), amma Tassie ya ƙi kuma ya yi gwanjon zanen a Christie. Tarin zanen da kayan taimako guda biyu da Anne Damer ta samu sun kai £ 6,181 18s. 6da. Initiallyungiyoyin banki na banki daga façade da farko an yi niyya don kiyaye su a matsayin abin tunawa ga kabarin Boydell. Madadin haka, ya kasance wani ɓangare na façade na ginin a cikin sabon salonsa a matsayin Instungiyar Biritaniya har sai da ginin ya rushe a 1868-69. Daga nan aka sassaka sassaka Banks zuwa Stratford-on-Avon kuma aka sake gina shi a cikin New Place Garden tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa Nuwamba 1870. Gasar caca ta ceci Josiah daga fatarar kuɗi kuma ta sami £ 45,000, ta ba shi damar sake fara kasuwanci a matsayin mai buga takardu.
Cigaba
Tun daga farko, aikin Boydell ya karfafa gwiwar masu kwaikwayo. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 1788, bayan da aka fitar da sanarwar Shalejin Shale, amma shekara daya kafin bude shi, Thomas Macklin ya bude wani Kundin Tarihi na Mawaka a tsohon ginin Royal Academy da ke kudu da Pall Mall. Nunin farko ya nuna aiki ɗaya daga kowane ɗayan masu fasaha 19, gami da Fuseli, Reynolds, da Thomas Gainsborough. Gidan yanar gizon ya kara sabbin zane-zane na batutuwa daga shayari kowace shekara, kuma daga 1790 an ƙara waɗannan abubuwa tare da shimfidar wurare daga Baibul. Gidan Tarihi na Mawaka ya rufe a cikin 1797, kuma an ba da abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyar caca. Wannan bai hana Henry Fuseli ya bude Gidan Milton ba a wannan ginin a shekarar 1799. Wani irin wannan kamfani shine Tarihin Tarihi wanda Robert Bowyer ya bude a Schomberg House a 87 Pall Mall a kusan shekara ta 1793. Gidan hoton ya tara zane 60 (da yawa iri ɗaya ne) masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi aiki ga Boydell) an ba da izini don kwatanta sabon fitowar littafin David Hume na Tarihin Burtaniya. Daga qarshe, Bowyer ya nemi yardar majalisar don siyarwa ta hanyar caca a cikin 1805, kuma sauran kamfanoni, kamar na Boydell, suma sun ƙare da gazawar kuɗi.
An sayi ginin a Pall Mall a cikin 1805 daga Britishungiyar Burtaniya, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na masu ba da labari ya kafa wannan shekarar don gudanar da nune-nunen. Ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na zane-zanen Landan har sai da ya watse a 1867, yawanci yana gudanar da baje kolin sabbin ayyuka don sayarwa daga farkon watan Fabrairu zuwa makon farko na Mayu, da kuma baje kolin tsoffin mashahurai, galibi ba na sayarwa ba, daga makon farko na Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Agusta.
Zane-zanen da zane-zanen da suka kasance a cikin Boydell Gallery sun shafi yadda aka tsara wasannin Shakespeare, aiki, da zane a cikin karni na 19. Hakanan sun zama batun zargi a cikin mahimman ayyuka kamar su Mawallafin Romantic kuma marubuci Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Lectures on Shakespeare" da William Hazlitt na suka mai ban mamaki. Duk da sukar da Charles Lamb ya yi game da abubuwan da aka kera a Gidan Rediyon, an nuna littafin Charles da Mary Lamb na yara, tales daga Shakespeare (1807) ta amfani da faranti daga aikin.
Abubuwan da Boydell ya mallaka shine mafi kyawun abin gado. An sake sake shi a cikin karni na 19, kuma a cikin 1867, "ta hanyar daukar hoto dukkan jerin, ban da hotunan Majesties George III. Da Sarauniya Charlotte, yanzu an gabatar da su a cikin wani tsari mai kyau, wanda ya dace da dakunan karatu na yau da kullun ko zane. - teburin daki, kuma an gabatar dashi azaman tunawa mai dacewa na bikin cikar shekaru mawaka ". Masana sun bayyana Boydell's folio a matsayin share fage ga littafin teburin kofi na zamani.
Jerin ayyukan fasaha
Jerin Folio da Illustrated Edition an ɗauke su daga Friedman's Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery.
Zane-zane
Shakespeare ya sami halartar zane-zane da Shayari daga Thomas Banks (kan facade na ginin gallery)
Wurin da yake yanzu: Sabon Wuraren Lambuna, Stratford-upon-Avon
Coriolanus na Anne Seymour Damer (bas taimako)
Antony da Cleopatra na Anne Seymour Damer (bas taimako)
Zane-zane
Jerin Zane-zanen an samo su ne daga lamba mai lamba Baje kolin Shakspeare gallery, Pall-Mall: kasancewar shine karo na karshe da hotunan zasu iya zama duka tarin (London: W. Bulmer & Co., 1805), The Boydell Shakespeare Galter da Walter Pape da Frederick Burwick suka shirya (ottasa: Peter Pomp, 1996), da "Abin da Jane Ta Gana".
Rubutun folio
Volume Na
Taken shafi: Coriolanus na William Satchwell Leney bayan Anne Seymour Damer
Gaban gaba: Hoton George III na Benjamin Smith bayan William Beechey
Shakespeare ya samu halartar zane-zane da Shayari daga Benjamin Smith bayan Thomas Banks
Jariri Shakespeare na Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney
Tempest, Act I, scene 1 na Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney
Tempest, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Henry Fuseli
Tempest, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan Joseph Wright na Derby
Tempest, Dokar V, yanayin 1 na Caroline Watson bayan Francis Wheatley
Biyun Biyun na Verona, Dokar V, fage na 3 na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Angelica Kauffman
Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar I, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke
Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan William Peters
Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Matta Peters
Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar IV, yanayin 2 na Thomas Ryder bayan James Durno
Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar V, yanayin 5 na Isaac Taylor, Jr. bayan Robert Smirke
Ma'auni don auna, Aikata I, yanayi na 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan Robert Smirke
Ma'auni don auna, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Thomas Kirk
Majalissar kurakurai, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Charles Gauthier Playter bayan John Francis Rigaud
Yawancin Ado Game da Komai, Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Matta Peters
Yawa game da Komai, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan William Hamilton
Yawancin Ado Game da Komai, Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke
'Saunar Laborauna ta ,auna, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan William Hamilton
Mafarkin-Daren Mafarki, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Henry Fuseli
Mafarkin Tsakanin-Dare, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon, bayan Henry Fuseli
Mai ciniki na Venice, Dokar II, zane na 5 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke
Mai ciniki na Venice, Dokar V, zane na 1 da John Browne ya yi bayan William Hodges
Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na William Satchwell Leney bayan John Downman
Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar II, yanayi na 1 na Samuel Middiman bayan William Hodges
Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na William Charles Wilson bayan Raphael Lamar West
Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan William Hamilton
Taming na Shrew, Gabatarwa, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke
Taming of the Shrew, Act III, scene 2 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Francis Wheatley
Dukkanin Wannan Yana Wellarshe Da kyau, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan Francis Wheatley
Dare Na Sha Biyu, Dokar III, yanayi na 4 na Thomas Ryder bayan Johann Heinrich Ramberg
Dare Na Sha Biyu, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Francesco Bartolozzi bayan William Hamilton
Labarin Hunturu, Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan John Opie
Labarin Hunturu, Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na Samuel Middiman bayan Joseph Wright na Derby
Labarin Hunturu, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na James Fittler bayan Francis Wheatley
Labarin Hunturu, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan William Hamilton
Macbeth, Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Caldwell bayan Henry Fuseli
Macbeth, Dokar I, yanayi na 5 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall
Macbeth, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan Joshua Reynolds
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Petro William Tomkins bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na biyu, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Uku, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Hudu, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Biyar, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na shida, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Robert Smirke
Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Bakwai, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert SmirkeVolume II
Antony da Cleopatra Terracotta bas taimakon shafi mai taken Thomas Hellyer bayan Anne S. Damer
Hoton Sarauniya Charlotte ta Thomas Ryder da Thomas Ryder, Jr. bayan William Beechey
Sarki John, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote
King Richard II, Act IV, scene 1 by Benjamin Smith bayan Mather Browne
King Richard II, Act V, scene 2 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote
Henry IV, sashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayin 2 na Samuel Middiman Robert Smirke da Joseph Farington
Henry na IV, sashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke
Henry na IV, kashi na 1, Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Richard Westall
Henry IV, sashi na 1, Dokar V, yanayin 4 ta Thomas Ryder bayan John Francis Rigaud
Henry na IV, sashi na 2, Dokar II, yanayin 4 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Henry Fuseli
Henry IV, sashi na 2, Dokar III, yanayin 2 na Thomas Ryder bayan James Durno
Henry na hudu, sashi na 2, Dokar IV, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Josiah Boydell - Yarima Henry Dauke da Sarauta
Henry na hudu, sashi na 2, Dokar ta IV, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Josiah Boydell - Apology na Prince Henry
Henry V, Dokar II, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Henry Fuseli
Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan John Opie
Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, fage na 4 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell
Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayi na 5 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote
Henry VI, part 2, Act I, scene 4 na Charles Gauthier Playter da Robert Thew bayan John Opie
Henry VI, part 2, Act III, scene 3 na Caroline Watson bayan Joshua Reynolds
Henry VI, part 3, Act I, scene 3 na Charles Gauthier Playter da Thomas Ryder bayan James Northcote
Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar II, wasan kwaikwayo na 5 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell
Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar IV, yanayi na 5 na Jean Baptiste Michel da William Satchwell Leney bayan William Miller
Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar V, yanayi na 7 na Jean Baptiste Michel bayan James Northcote
Richard III, Dokar III, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote
Richard III, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Francis Legat bayan James Northcote - Matasan Yariman da aka Kashe a Hasumiyar
Richard III, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na William Skelton bayan James Northcote - Binnewar Royal Royal
Henry VIII, Act I, scene 4 na Isaac Taylor bayan Thomas Stothard
Henry VIII, Act III, scene 1 na Robert Thew bayan Matiyu Peters
Henry VIII, Dokar IV, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Richard Westall
Henry VIII, Dokar V, yanayin 4 na Joseph Collyer bayan Matta Peters
Coriolanus, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Caldwell bayan Gavin Hamilton
Julius Cæsar, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Edward Scriven bayan Richard Westall
Antony da Cleopatra, Dokar III, yanayi na 9 da Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan Henry Tresham
Timon na Athens, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan John Opie
Titus Andronicus, Dokar IV, zane na 1 wanda Thomas Kirk ya zana
Troilus da Cressida, Dokar II, fage na 2 na Francis Legat bayan George Romney
Troilus da Cressida, Dokar V, yanayin 2 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Angelica Kauffman
Cymbeline, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Thomas Burke bayan William Hamilton
Cymbeline, Dokar III, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan John Hoppner
King Lear, Act I, scene 1 na Richard Earlom bayan Henry Fuseli
Sarki Lear a cikin Guguwar daga Sarki Lear, Dokar III, yanayin 4 na William Sharp bayan Benjamin West
King Lear, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Francis Legat bayan James Barry
Romeo da Juliet, Dokar I, yanayi na 5 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan William Miller
Romeo da Juliet, Dokar IV, yanayi na 5 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan John Opie
Romeo da Juliet, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan James Northcote
Hamlet, Dokar I, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Henry Fuseli
Hamlet, Dokar IV, zane na 5 ta Francis Legat bayan Benjamin West
Othello, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan Thomas Stothard
Bedchamber, Desdemona a cikin Barci Barci daga Othello, Dokar V, yanayi na 2, na William Satchwell Leney bayan John Graham
Cymbeline. Dokar III, yanayin 6 by Thomas Gaugain bayan Richard Westall
Shakespeare Ya Shayar da Bala'i da Comedy ta Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney
Desdemona a cikin Barci Barci daga Othello, Dokar V, yanayi na 2, na William Satchwell Leney bayan Josiah Boydell
Buga mai zane
Volume Na</br> Guguwar
Dokar I, scene na 2 na James Parker bayan William Hamilton
Dokar II, wasan 2 na William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke
Ferdinand da Miranda (Dokar III, yanayi na 1) na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton
</br> Biyun Biyun Verona
Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na John Ogborne bayan Thomas Stothard
</br> Matan Merry na Windsor
Mrs. Shafi tare da Harafi (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na Joseph Saunders bayan Matiyu Peters
Dokar I, fage na 1 na Musa Haughton bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar I, scene na 4 ta Anker Smith bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar IV, zane na 1 da Thomas Holloway bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na William Sharpe bayan Robert Smirke
</br> Ma'auni don aunawa
Dokar II, fage na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar ta IV, fage na 3 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke
</br> Volume II</br> Barkwancin Kurakurai
Dokar I, scene 1 na James Neagle bayan Francis Wheatley
Dokar IV, yanayi na 4 na James Stow bayan Francis Wheatley
</br> Da yawa Ado Game da Komai
Jarumi, Ursula, da Beatrice (Dokar III, yanayin 1) na James Heath bayan Matiyu Peters
Borachio, Conrade da Watchmen (Dokar III, yanayi na 3) na George Noble bayan Francis Wheatley
Dokar ta IV, ta 1 da Thomas Milton da Testaloni suka yi bayan William Hamilton
Gwaji (Dokar IV, yanayin 2) na James Heath bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na James Fittler bayan Francis Wheatley
</br> Labaran Soyayya Ya Bace
Dokar IV, scene na 2 na James Neagle bayan Francis Wheatley
Dokar V, yanayi na 2 na William Skelton bayan Francis Wheatley
</br> Mafarkin Daren bazara
Puck (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na James Parker bayan Henry Fuseli
Puck (Dokar II, yanayin 2) na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Joshua Reynolds
</br> Juzu'i na III</br> Dan kasuwa na Venice
Dokar III, yanayin 2 na George Noble bayan Richard Westall
Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall
</br> Kamar yadda kuke so
Jacques da Stagen rauni (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na Samuel Middiman bayan William Hodges
Dokar II, yanayi na 6 na George Noble bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar ta IV, ta uku ta William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar V, yanayi na 4 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan William Hamilton
</br> Taming na Shrew
Dokar ta IV, ta 1 ta Anker Smith bayan Julius Caesar Ibbetson
Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 5 na Isaac Taylor bayan Julius Caesar Ibbetson
</br> Duk Lafiya lau Yana Karshe Lafiya
Dokar I, scene na 3 na Francis Legat bayan Francis Wheatley
Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Francis WheatleyMujalladi na huɗu</br> Dare Na Goma sha biyu
Olivia, Viola da Maria (Dokar I, yanayi na 5) na James Caldwell bayan William Hamilton
Sir Toby, Sir Andrew da Maria (Dokar II, yanayin 3) na James Fittler bayan William Hamilton
Dokar ta IV, ta uku ta William Angus bayan William Hamilton
</br> Labarin Hunturu
Leontes da Hermione (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na James Fittler bayan William Hamilton
Paulina, Yaro, Leontes, da Antigonus (Dokar II, yanayi na 3) daga Francesco Bartolozzi bayan William Hamilton
Katin Makiyayi (Dokar IV, yanayi na 3) na Joseph Collyer bayan William Hamilton
</br> Macbeth
Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall
Dokar III, yanayi na 4 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall
Dokar V, yanayi na 1 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall
</br> Sarki John
Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Isaac Taylor bayan Robert Ker Porter
Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga Anker Smith bayan Richard Westall
</br> Volume V</br> Sarki Richard II
Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na James Parker bayan William Hamilton
Dokar V, yanayi na 2 na James Stow bayan William Hamilton
</br> Sashi na Farko na Sarki Henry IV
Dokar II, yanayin 1 na James Fittler bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na James Neagle bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na James Neagle bayan Robert Smirke
</br> Kashi na biyu na Sarki Henry IV
Dokar ta IV, ta 4 ta William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na Joseph Collyer bayan Robert Smirke
</br> Sarki Henry V
Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall
</br> Umeara VI</br> Sashi na Farko na Sarki Henry VI
Dokar II, fage na 4 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell
Dokar II, zane na 5 na Isaac Taylor bayan William Hamilton
Mutuwar Mortimer (Dokar II, yanayin 5) na Andrew Gray bayan James Northcote
Joan na Arc da Furies (Dokar V, yanayin 4) na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton
</br> Kashi na biyu na Sarki Henry VI
Dokar II, wasan 2 na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton
Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na Isaac Taylor bayan William Hamilton
Mutuwar Cardinal Beaufort (Dokar III, yanayin 3) na Andrew Gray bayan Joshua Reynolds
</br> Kashi na Uku na Sarki Henry VI
Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na Thomas Holloway bayan William Hamilton
Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na Thomas Holloway bayan William Hamilton
</br> Richard III
Haɗuwa da Yariman Sarakuna (Dokar III, yanayi na 1) na J. Barlow bayan James Northcote
Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga Anker Smith bayan Richard Westall
Murananan Yariman da aka Kashe a cikin Hasumiyar (Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 3) daga James Heath bayan James NorthcoteVolume VII</br> Sarki Henry VIII
Dokar I, scene na 4 na Isaac Taylor bayan Thomas Stothard
Wolsey ta wulakanta (Dokar III, yanayi na 2) na William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall
Dokar ta IV, ta 2 ta James Parker bayan Richard Westall
Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Richard Westall
</br> Coriolanus
Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Robert Ker Porter
Dokar ta IV, ta 5 ta James Parker bayan Robert Ker Porter
</br> Julius Cæsar
Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall
Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na George Noble bayan Richard Westall
</br> Antony da Cleopatra
Dokar ta IV, ta 4 ta Charles Turner Warren da George Noble bayan Henry Tresham
Mutuwar Cleopatra (Dokar V, yanayi na 2) na George Noble bayan Henry Tresham
</br> Volume VIII</br> Timon na Atina
Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Richard Rhodes bayan Henry Howard
Dokar ta IV, ta 1 ta Isaac Taylor bayan Henry Howard
</br> Titus Andronicus
Dokar II, zane na 3 da Anker Smith ya yi bayan Samuel Woodforde
Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 da Burnet Karatu bayan Thomas Kirk
Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na Yakubu Hogg bayan Thomas Kirk
</br> Troilus da Cressida
Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Charles Turner Warren bayan Thomas Kirk
Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Fittler bayan Thomas Kirk
</br> Cymbeline
Dokar II, yanayi na 2 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall
Dokar II, zane na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall
Dokar III, yanayi na 6 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall
</br> Iara IX</br> Sarki Lear
Dokar I, yanayin 1 na William Sharpe bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar III, yanayi na 4 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 7 daga Anker Smith bayan Robert Smirke
</br> Romeo da Juliet
Dokar I, kashi na 5 na Anker Smith bayan William Miller
Dokar II, wasan 5 na James Parker bayan Robert Smirke
Dokar III, yanayi na 5 na James Stow bayan John Francis Rigaud
Capulet ya samo Juliet Matattu (Dokar IV, yanayin 5) na Jean Pierre Simon da William Blake bayan John Opie
Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Heath bayan James Northcote
</br> Hamlet
Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall
Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 7 da James Parker ya yi bayan Richard Westall
</br> Othello
Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na Andrew Michel bayan Robert Ker Porter
Desdemona Barci (Dokar V, yanayin 2) na Andrew Michel bayan Josiah Boydell
Kamar yadda kuke so
Dokar II, yanayi na 7 na Robert Thew (lamba. 99), Peltro William Tomkins (lamba. 97), Jean Pierre Simon (lamba. 101, 103), John Ogborne (lamba 98, 100), da William Satchwell Leney (a'a. 102) bayan Robert Smirke
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
26645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasashen%20Annoba%20da%20Shirye-Shirye%20Kafin%20Cutar%20ta%20COVID-19 | Hasashen Annoba da Shirye-Shirye Kafin Cutar ta COVID-19 | Shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen annoba ya kasan ce ya faru a ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin duniya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana rubuta shawarwari da jagorori, kodayake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don bitar shirye-shiryen ƙasashe na annoba da saurin ba da amsa. Ayyukan kasa ya dogara da gwamnatocin kasa. A cikin 2005-2006, kafin cutar murar alade ta 2009 da kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, gwamnatoci a Amurka, Faransa, UK, da sauransu sun gudanar da dabarun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, amma sau da yawa sun rage hannun jari bayan annoba ta 2009 don rage farashi.
Wani bita na watan Yuni na 2018 ya ce shirye-shiryen annoba a ko'ina ba su isa ba, tunda ƙwayoyin cuta na yanayi na iya fitowa da sama da kashi 50% na adadin masu mutuwa, amma ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da masu tsara manufofin sun tsara kamar dai cututtukan ba za su taɓa wuce kashi 2.5% na mace-macen cutar ta Sipaniya ba. 1918. A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci da yawa sun gudanar da atisayen zanga-zanga (ciki har da Crimson Contagion ) wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba za a shirya su ba. Gwamnatoci ko manyan ‘yan kasuwa ba su dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da dama sun jadada gazawar gwamnatocin kasashe wajen yin koyi da bullar cututtuka da suka gabata da annoba da kuma annoba. Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya bayyana "amsar duniya ga SARS-CoV-2 [a matsayin] babbar gazawar manufofin kimiyya a cikin tsararraki".
Barkewar da ta faru a farko a Hubei, Italiya da Spain sun nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiya na kasashe masu arziki da yawa sun mamaye. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da raunin kayan aikin likita, kayan aikin gadaje masu kulawa da sauran buƙatun likitanci, ana sa ran za a yi rashin lafiya tun da farko.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Bankin Duniya sun yi gargadi game da hadarin barkewar annoba a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, musamman bayan barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 . Hukumar Kula da Shirye-shiryen Duniya ta fitar da rahotonta na farko a ƙarshen 2019. Shirye-shiryen masu zaman kansu kuma sun haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da barazanar annoba da buƙatun ingantaccen shiri. A cikin 2018, WHO ta ƙaddamar da kalmar, Cuta X, wanda "yana wakiltar ilimin cewa mummunar annoba ta kasa da kasa na iya haifar da kwayar cutar da ba a sani ba a halin yanzu don haifar da cutar ɗan adam" don mayar da hankali kan bincike da ci gaba a kan yiwuwar 'yan takara na gaba, a -lokacin da ba a sani ba, annoba.
Rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa da rashin ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa iyakance shirye-shirye. Shirin rigakafin mura na WHO ya US$ Kasafin kudin shekara biyu miliyan, daga cikin kasafin kudin WHO na 2020-2021 na US$ biliyan.
Ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga cikin shekaru suna shirya duniya don annoba da annoba. Daga cikin waɗancan akwai Ƙungiyoyin Ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka, wanda Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates suka kafa, Wellcome Trust, da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai . Tun daga shekarar 2017 Haɗin gwiwar ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da hanyar da za a bi don magance cututtukan da suka kunno kai kamar COVID-19, wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka saurin rigakafin rigakafi da bincike na rigakafi don magance barkewar cutar.
Kasashe
Faransa
Bayan gargadi da karuwar shirye-shirye a cikin 2000s, cutar ta murar aladu ta 2009 ta haifar da saurin magance cutar a tsakanin kasashen Yamma. Halin ƙwayar cuta ta H1N1/09 tare da alamu masu sauƙi da ƙarancin kisa a ƙarshe ya haifar da koma baya game da wuce gona da iri na ɓangaren jama'a, kashe kuɗi da tsadar rigakafin mura na 2009 . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba a sabunta dabarun tara kayan aikin likita na ƙasa bisa tsari ba. a Faransa, € Miliyoyin siyan abin rufe fuska, alluran rigakafi da sauran su na H1N1 a karkashin nauyin ministar lafiya Roselyne Bachelot sun sha suka sosai.
Hukumomin lafiya na Faransa sun yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2011 cewa ba za su sake dawo da hannun jarin su ba domin rage saye da kashe kudaden ajiya da kuma dogaro da kayayyaki daga China da kuma kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci da kuma rarraba alhakin ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa ga zaɓi. Tarin dabarun Faransa ya ragu a cikin wannan lokacin daga abin rufe fuska biliyan ɗaya da abin rufe fuska FFP2 miliyan 600 a cikin 2010 zuwa miliyan 150 da sifili, bi da bi a farkon 2020.
Ƙasar Ingila
Amintattun Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasar Burtaniya (NHS) ta aiwatar da kwatancen cututtukan mura kamar mura tun bayan barkewar cutar murar H5N1 ta 2007 ("murar tsuntsaye"). Russell King, manajan juriya a cikin NHS a lokacin, ya ce " Ofishin Majalisar ya gano samuwa da kuma rarraba PPE [ kayan kariya na sirri ] a matsayin wani yanki na annoba."
Darasi Cygnus ya kwana uku kwaikwaiyo motsa jiki da za'ayi ta NHS Ingila a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2016 zuwa kimanta tasiri na a tamkar H2N2 mura cutar AIDS a UK. Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila ne ya gudanar da shi wanda ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a . Sassan gwamnati goma sha biyu a fadin Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa, da kuma tarukan juriya na gida (LRFs) sun halarci. Fiye da ma'aikata 950 daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, gidajen yari da ƙaramar hukuma ko gwamnatin tsakiya sun shiga cikin kwaikwayar ta kwanaki uku, kuma an gwada ikon su na jure yanayin matsanancin damuwa na likita. An sanya mahalarta a cikin mako na bakwai na barkewar cutar - kololuwar rikicin, lokacin da ake samun babbar bukatar kiwon lafiya. A wannan mataki, an kiyasta kashi 50% na mutanen sun kamu da cutar, inda kusan mutane 400,000 suka mutu. Halin da ake tsammani shine an yi maganin kuma an saya amma har yanzu ba a kai ga Burtaniya ba. Jami'an asibiti da na jin dadin jama'a za su fito da tsare-tsare na gaggawa don kula da matsalolin albarkatu, yayin da jami'an gwamnati ke fuskantar yanayin da ke buƙatar yanke shawara cikin gaggawa. Don tabbatar da yanayin da ya dace, an gudanar da tarurrukan COBRA tsakanin ministoci da jami'ai. An yi amfani da kantunan labarai na kwaikwayi da kafofin watsa labarun don ba da sabuntawar tatsuniyoyi. Wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar a gidan yanar gizo na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar ta Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa ba a yi niyyar gudanar da atisayen ne don gudanar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a nan gaba ba, ko kuma nuna matakan da za a bi don guje wa yaduwar cutar.
Sakamako daga motsa jiki ya nuna cewa annobar za ta sa tsarin kiwon lafiyar kasar ya durkushe daga karancin kayan aiki, tare da Sally Davies, babban jami'in kula da lafiya a lokacin, yana mai bayyana cewa rashin isassun magunguna da dabaru. zubar da gawarwakin lamari ne mai tsanani. An rarraba cikakken sakamakon atisayen tun asali amma daga baya aka fitar da su sakamakon binciken jama'a da matsin lamba. A watan Nuwamba 2020, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa an tattauna duk darussan da aka gano daidai da la'akari da shirye-shiryenta na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar.
Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito wata majiyar gwamnati tana cewa sakamakon simulation din ya yi matukar ban tsoro da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba. A cewar The Telegraph, motsa jiki ya haifar da zato cewa tsarin " kariya ga garken " zai zama mafi kyawun amsa ga irin wannan annoba. Jaridar The Guardian ta Burtaniya ta fitar da wani bangare na rahoton binciken daga baya, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwar jama'a kan yadda aka sarrafa shi. A watan Mayun 2020, lokacin da jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da Martin Green, shugaban zartarwa na Care England, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya, ya ce a baya gwamnati ba ta sanar da sassan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba game da rashin iya aiki idan annoba ta tashi.
Exercise Alice wani motsa jiki ne na MERS coronavirus na Burtaniya motsa jiki daga 2016 wanda ya ƙunshi jami'ai daga Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila da Sashen Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a. Moosa Qureshi, mai ba da shawara a asibiti wanda ya sami bayanan da ba a bayyana a baya ba game da Alice a cikin 2021 ya ce motsa jiki "ya kamata ya shirya mu don kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da tsawon lokaci fiye da mura, wanda zai iya rayuwa a kan gurɓataccen wuri fiye da mura, wanda ke buƙatar girma. matakan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma waɗanda ba za a iya yin rigakafin su ba kafin igiyar ruwa ta biyu. Wannan yakamata ya haifar da dabaru daban-daban akan PPE da keɓewa daga dabarun mura."
Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya ba da shawarar cewa manufofin tattalin arziki sun taka rawa a cikin Burtaniya "rashin yin aiki kan darussan" fashewar SARS na 2002-2004 da kuma Burtaniya "ba a shirya sosai" don COVID -19 annoba. Wani bincike ga The Guardian ya lura cewa keɓancewa da yankewa, gami da dogaro da gwamnati kan ƴan kwangila masu zaman kansu yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya “ fallasa” Ingila ga kwayar cutar: “kayan aikin da aka taɓa kasancewa don magance rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a. an samu karaya, kuma a wasu wurare an ruguza su, ta hanyar manufofin da gwamnatocin Conservative suka bullo da su a baya-bayan nan, tare da wasu sauye-sauyen da suka faru tun a shekarun da jam’iyyar Labour ta yi tana mulki.
Amurka
Dangane da Indexididdigar Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, kima na Amurka-Britishka wanda ya ba da damar tsaron lafiyar lafiya a cikin kasashe 195, Amurka a cikin 2020 ita ce “mafi shiri” al'ummar waɗannan kimantawa sun dogara ne akan nau'i shida. Babban nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 sune: Amsa da sauri, Tsarin Lafiya da Rigakafi. Duk da wannan kima, Amurka ta kasa shirya mahimman tarin kayan aikinta na shirye-shiryen da aka yi hasashen zai zama dole kuma ta kasa bin takaddun tsare-tsarenta yayin aiwatar da martani ga cutar ta COVID-19.
Rahotannin da ke hasashen barkewar annoba a duniya
Amurka ta fuskanci annoba da annoba a tsawon tarihinta, ciki har da mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya wanda ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 550,000, cutar ta Asiya ta 1957 wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 70,000, da kuma 1968 mura ta Hong Kong wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 100,000. A cikin annoba ta baya-bayan nan kafin COVID-19, cutar murar aladu ta 2009 ta kashe rayukan Amurkawa sama da 12,000 tare da kwantar da wasu 270,000 a asibiti cikin kusan shekara guda.
Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka, a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya na 2017 da 2018, ta ce idan wani coronavirus mai alaƙa ya kasance "ya sami ingantaccen watsawa tsakanin mutum-da-dan Adam", zai sami " yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta". Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2018 ta kuma ce sabbin nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke "sauƙin yaduwa tsakanin mutane" sun kasance "babban barazana". Hakazalika, Kididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2019 ta yi gargadin cewa "Amurka da duniya za su kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar mura ta gaba ko kuma barkewar wata cuta mai saurin yaduwa wacce za ta iya haifar da yawan mace-mace da nakasa, wanda ke matukar shafar tattalin arzikin duniya." takura albarkatun kasa da kasa, da kuma kara kira ga Amurka na neman tallafi."
Sabunta tsare-tsare da jagororin
Gwamnatin Amurka ta sabunta shirinta na barkewar cutar da jagororin jama'a a cikin Afrilu 2017. A cikin Janairu 2017 ta sabunta kiyasin gibin albarkatun da jerin batutuwan da gwamnatin Amurka za ta yi la'akari da su (wanda ake kira littafin wasan kwaikwayo). Shirin da jagororin sun kasance jama'a. Kiyasin kayan aiki da jerin batutuwa ba jama'a ba ne, kodayake ba a rarraba su ba kuma 'yan jarida sun samo su kuma sun bayyana su.
Kididdigar sojoji na gibin albarkatu a cikin Janairu 2017 ya lura "Rashi da lahani ... rashin abubuwan more rayuwa, da PPE ... da ƙayyadaddun gwajin tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. . . Tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya mamayewa ta hanyar haɓakar lambobi masu ban mamaki. Hakanan ana iya iyakance wadatar ma'aikata yayin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka kamu da cutar." A karshe shekara na gwamnatin George W. Bush, da ilimin halittu da aikin likita Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Human Services) "kiyasta cewa an ƙarin 70,000 inji [ventilators] za a bukata a matsakaiciya mura cutar AIDS ."
Jerin batutuwa, ko littafin wasan kwaikwayo, ya ƙunshi yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yanayin annoba. A lokacin yanayi na yau da kullun, ba a sami tattaunawa game da kimantawa da haɓaka tarin kayayyaki don amfani a cikin gaggawa ba. A Amurka; Tsarin Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannu na Ƙasa da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da cutar ta mura ta 2009 ba gwamnatin Obama ko gwamnatin Trump ta cika ba .
Jagororin 2017 sun lura cewa maganin rigakafin cutar murar alade na 2009 H1N1pdm09 ya ɗauki watanni takwas kafin a samu don rarrabawa a ƙarshen 2009. Alurar riga kafi na kwayar cutar SARS ta 2003 ya ɗauki shekaru 13 yana haɓaka, kuma yana shirye don gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2016, waɗanda har yanzu ba su faru ba. Maganin rigakafin cutar MERS na 2009 ya ɗauki shekaru goma yana haɓaka, kuma ya fara gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2019. Koyaya, jagororin sun ce watanni shida kawai za a buƙaci don haɓakawa da rarraba rigakafin cutar ta gaba, suna gaya wa makarantu da kulawar rana cewa za su buƙaci rufe wannan dogon lokaci. Koyaya ƙa'idodin sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su yi tsammanin kusan makonni biyu na rufe makarantu, suna masu cewa ma'aikata na iya buƙatar zama a gida makonni biyu tare da 'ya'yansu.
Sharuɗɗan ba su tsammanin rufe kasuwancin kasuwanci ba, kodayake binciken ya daɗe yana annabta raguwar 80% a cikin fasaha, nishaɗi, da nishaɗi, da 5% zuwa 10% sun faɗi a cikin sauran ayyukan tattalin arziƙi sama da shekara guda, tare da faɗuwar faɗuwa a cikin manyan watanni. Nazarin shirye-shiryen annoba bai magance ayyukan gwamnati don taimakawa kasuwanci ba, ko hanyar murmurewa.
Sharuɗɗan da ake tsammani "a lokacin annoba, kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani yanki na iya ɗaukar kusan makonni shida zuwa takwas."
Jagororin 2017 sun jera matakan da za su iya faruwa, har zuwa warewar marasa lafiya na gida na son rai, da keɓe gida na son rai na abokan hulɗar su har zuwa kwanaki uku. Babu wata tattaunawa ko shirin rufe kasuwancin ko ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida, wanda zai iya yin bayanin jinkirin jami'ai game da yanke shawara kan umarnin zama a gida a cikin bala'in COVID-19 na 2020 da rashin shiri don bambanta marasa mahimmanci daga mahimman ma'aikata., da kuma kare muhimman ma'aikata. A cikin barkewar cutar mura ta 1918 da yawa biranen sun rufe aƙalla sanduna, har zuwa makonni shida, kuma galibin biranen suna da keɓewar wajibi da keɓe marasa lafiya da abokan hulɗa. Biranen da suka fi tsananin rufewa sun sami mafi kyawun farfadowar tattalin arziki.
Sharuɗɗan sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su kasance a shirye don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙafa 3, kodayake jagororin sun ce tari da atishawa na iya aika ƙwayoyin cuta ƙafa shida. Bincike ya ce atishawa na iya aika ɗigon ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 27, kuma za su iya kwana a cikin na'urorin samun iska. Jagororin ba su yi la'akari da nisa tsakanin abokan ciniki ko tsakanin su da ma'aikata ba.
Tun daga ƙarshen yakin cacar baka, Rasha ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe don tayar da rashin yarda ga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da kuma cewa cutar kanjamau, cutar murar aladu ta 2009, barkewar cutar Ebola da cutar ta COVID-19 makamai ne na Amurka .
Sake tsarawa da tashi
A May 2018, shawara kan harkokin tsaro John Bolton sake tsarafa da zartarwa reshe ta Amurka National Security Council (NSC), sun fi mayar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin kungiyar alhakin duniya kiwon lafiya tsaro da kuma biodefense -established da gwamnatin Obama bin 2014 cutar Ebola -into wani ya fi girma kungiyar alhakin don magance yaduwa da biodefense. Tare da sake tsarawa, shugaban kungiyar kare lafiyar lafiya ta duniya da kare lafiyar halittu, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, ya bar zuwa wata hukumar tarayya, yayin da Tim Morrison ya zama shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa. Masu sukar wannan sake fasalin sun kira shi da "warzawa" ƙungiyar masu shirye-shiryen annoba.
Bayan barkewar cutar Coronavirus, 'yan jaridu sun yi ta tambayar Trump game da wannan sake fasalin, kuma Trump ya ba da martani masu karo da juna. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wani taron manema labarai ko zai "sake tunani" zabin 2018 na rashin samun ofishin shirye-shiryen annoba, Trump ya nuna cewa sake fasalin ya kasance zabi mai ma'ana a lokacin saboda "ba za ku taba yin tunani da gaske ba [a] annoba] zai faruWanene zai yi tunanin ko za mu kasance da batun?" A ranar 13 ga Maris, lokacin da wakilin PBS NewsHour White House Yamiche Alcindor ya tambaya ko sake fasalin ya kawo cikas ga martanin gwamnati game da barkewar cutar sankara, Trump ya caccaki ta da yin wata "mummunan tambaya", kuma ya kara da cewa: "Ban yi ba.. . . Watsewa, a'a, ban san komai game da shi ba. . . Gwamnati ce, kila suna yin haka, su bar mutane su tafi... abubuwa kamar haka suna faruwa." A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, dan jaridar Fox News John Roberts ya fara tambaya da cewa "kun kawar da ofishin cutar kanjamau a Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa," kuma Trump ya amsa da cewa, "Ba mu yi hakan ba," yana kwatanta zargin sau hudu a matsayin "karya". "amma ban kara yin bayani ba. Tun daga watan Yulin 2020, gwamnatin ta shirya ƙirƙirar sabon ofishin rigakafin cutar a cikin Ma'aikatar Jiha.
Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaron cikin gida Tom Bossert ya bar gwamnati, bisa rahoton Bolton. Bossert ya taimaka wajen haifar da tsare-tsaren kare lafiyar halittu na gwamnatin Trump, kuma alhakinsa ne ya daidaita martanin gwamnati a yayin da ake fuskantar rikicin halittu. Magajin Bossert, Doug Fears, da Magajin Tsoro Peter J. Brown, ya ɗauki nauyin kare lafiyar halittu na DHS. Bloomberg News ya ruwaito a cikin Janairu 2020 cewa kare lafiyar halittu a lokacin ya kasance "mafi shahara" bangare na alhakin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaron Gida. A wani tashin jirgin, Luciana Borio, darektan Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa don shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kare lafiyar halittu, ta bar mukaminta a cikin Maris 2019. Jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa Fadar White House ba za ta tabbatar da ainihin wanda ya maye gurbin Borio ba.
Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa gwamnatin Trump ta yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin barkewar cutar Coronavirus ta rage yawan ma'aikatan da ke aiki a ofishin CDC na Beijing daga 47 zuwa 14. A cewar kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters, daya daga cikin ma’aikatan da aka kawar a watan Yulin shekarar 2019, yana horar da kwararrun likitocin kasar Sin don magance barkewar cututtuka a wuraren da suke da zafi. Trump ya yi ikirarin cewa rahoton yanke mai horar da ‘yan wasan ba daidai ba ne 100%, amma CDC ta Amurka ta yarda cewa rahoton gaskiya ne. Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta rufe ofisoshin gidauniyar Kimiyya ta kasa (NSF) da hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) da ke Beijing; Jami'an Amurka guda daya ne ke kula da wadannan ofisoshin kowannensu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Trump ta amince cewa ta kawar da wani matsayi na gudanarwa daga ofishin ma'aikatar aikin gona ta Amurka ta Beijing; Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa, matsayin ya sa ido kan shirin kula da cututtukan dabbobi.
Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma kawo karshen bayar da kudade ga shirin gargadin farko na cutar ta PREDICT a kasar Sin, wanda ya horar da kuma tallafawa ma'aikata a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasashen waje 60, tare da dakatar da aikin filin a Satumba 2019. Masana kimiyyar da ke da alhakin gano yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sun riga sun miƙe da nisa da sirara.
Ƙoƙarin inganta abin rufe fuska da wadatar iska
Tun daga 2015, gwamnatin tarayya ta kashe $9.8miliyan akan ayyuka guda biyu don hana ƙarancin abin rufe fuska amma sun watsar da ayyukan biyu kafin kammalawa. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar BARDA ta biyu tare da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Bincike na Albuquerque, don tsara abin rufe fuska mai darajar N95 wanda za a iya sake amfani da shi a cikin gaggawa ba tare da rage tasiri ba. Kodayake rahotannin tarayya sun yi kira ga irin wannan aikin tun daga 2006, ba a sanya hannu kan kwangilar ARA ba har sai 2017, kuma ta rasa lokacin cikar watanni 15, wanda ya haifar da cutar ta 2020 ta isa Amurka kafin ƙirar ta shirya.
Annobar numfashi da ta gabata da tsare-tsare na gwamnati sun nuna bukatar tara na'urorin hura iska da ke da sauki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ba su da horo don amfani da su. BARDA Project Aura ya ba da buƙatun shawarwari a cikin 2008, tare da burin amincewar FDA a cikin 2010 ko 2011. An ba da kwangilar samar da injinan iska har 40,000 ga Newport Medical Instruments, ƙaramin masana'anta, tare da farashin da aka yi niyya na dala 3,000, wanda ya yi ƙasa da injunan da suka fi rikitarwa da ke tsada sama da $10,000, kuma ya samar da samfura tare da amincewar FDA a cikin 2013. . Covidien ya sayi NMI kuma bayan ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don kammala aikin (ya kawo jimlar kuɗin zuwa kusan $8).miliyan) ya nemi gwamnati da ta soke kwangilar, ta ce ba ta da riba. Gwamnati ta ba da sabon $13.8kwangilar miliyan ga Philips, a cikin 2014. Zane don Trilogy Evo Universal ya sami amincewar FDA a cikin Yuli 2019. Gwamnati ta umarci masu ba da iska 10,000 a watan Satumba na 2019, tare da tsakiyar 2020 na ƙarshe don isar da farko da kuma ƙarshen 2022 don kammala duka 10,000. Duk da barkewar annobar a watan Disamba, karfin kamfanin ya samar da isassun kayan da za a iya cika cikakken tsari, da kuma ikon gwamnati na tilastawa samar da sauri cikin sauri, gwamnati ba ta cimma yarjejeniya da Philips don hanzarta isar da kayayyaki ba har sai ranar 10 ga Maris., 2020. A tsakiyar Maris, buƙatar ƙarin masu ba da iska ya zama kai tsaye, kuma ko da babu wata kwangilar gwamnati, sauran masana'antun sun ba da sanarwar shirin yin dubun-dubatar. A halin yanzu, Philips ya kasance yana siyar da sigar kasuwanci, Trilogy Evo, akan farashi mafi girma, bar 12,700 kawai a cikin Babban Hannun Jari na Ƙasa tun daga Maris 15.
Idan aka kwatanta da ƴan kuɗin da aka kashe kan abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don kamuwa da cutar, biliyoyin daloli sun kashe hannun jarin dabaru na ƙasa don ƙirƙira da adana maganin cutar anthrax, da isassun allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau ga ƙasar baki ɗaya.
Dabarun mayar da martani mai yiwuwa
A cikin 2016, NSC ta fitar da dabarun cutar da shawarwari gami da motsi cikin sauri don gano cikakken yiwuwar barkewar cutar, samun ƙarin kudade, yin la'akari da kiran Dokar Samar da Tsaro, da tabbatar da isassun kayan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. An yi wa gwamnatin Trump bayani game da shi a cikin 2017, amma ta ki sanya shi a hukumance.
Duba kuma
Annobar cutar covid-19
Karancin da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
Rigakafin annoba
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya
Tsarin Ƙirar Cutar Cutar
Tawagar Amsar Cutar Cutar : Darakta na Tsaron Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Biodefense, 2016-2018, a Amurka
Kawai-in-lokaci masana'antu
1918 mura na Spain
Manazarta
Covid-19 |
40558 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20Palestine | State of Palestine | Falasdinu (, pronounced [fɪ.lɪs.tˤiː.n]), a hukumance Ƙasar Falasdinu (), Jiha ce da ke Yammacin Asiya. Kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) ce ke mulki a hukumance, tana da'awar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, ciki har da Gabashin Kudus, da Zirin Gaza a matsayin yankinta, duk da cewa Isra'ila ta mamaye gaba daya yankin tun daga yakin kwanaki shida na 1967. Sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo na 1993-1995, a halin yanzu an raba yankin Yammacin Kogin Jordan zuwa yankunan Falasdinawa 165 da ke karkashin mulkin Hukumar Falasdinawa ta PNA; sauran, ciki har da matsugunan Isra'ila 200, suna ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon Isra'ila. Kungiyar Hamas ce ke mulkin yankin Zirin Gaza, kuma tun a shekara ta 2007 ne Masar da Isra'ila suka yi mata takunkumi na dogon lokaci.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, a shekara ta 1947, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta amince da shirin raba kan Falasdinu, wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa kasashen Larabawa da Yahudawa masu cin gashin kansu da birnin Kudus. Yahudu sun yarda da wannan Tsarin Rarraba amma Larabawa suka ƙi. Nan da nan bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shirin a matsayin kuduri na 181, yakin basasa ya barke kuma ba a aiwatar da shirin ba. Washegarin da aka kafa kasar Isra'ila a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1948, kasashen Larabawa da ke makwabtaka da su sun mamaye tsohon wajabcin Birtaniyya tare da shiga da sojojin Isra'ila a yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na farko. Bayan haka, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Larabawa ta kafa gwamnatin Gabaɗaya ta Falasdinu a ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar 1948 don gudanar da mulkin Falasdinu gaba ɗaya a zirin Gaza da Masar ta mamaye. Ba da dadewa ba duk mambobin kungiyar Larabawa sun amince da shi in banda Transjordan, wacce ta mamaye kuma daga baya ta mamaye gabar yammacin kogin Jordan ciki har da gabashin Kudus. A halin yanzu 138 daga cikin kasashe 193 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) sun amince da Falasdinu. Ko da yake an ayyana ikon gwamnatin Falasdinu gaba daya don mamaye dukkanin tsohuwar Palastinu ta tilas, ikonta mai inganci ya takaita ne a zirin Gaza. Daga baya Isra'ila ta kwace yankin Zirin Gaza da zirin Sinai daga Masar, Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gabashin Kudus daga Jordan, da Tuddan Golan daga Syria a yakin kwanaki shida a watan Yunin 1967.
A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1988 a birnin Algiers, shugaban kungiyar ta PLO Yasser Arafat ya shelanta kafa kasar Falasdinu. Shekara guda bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a 1993, an kafa PNA don yin mulki (a cikin digiri daban-daban) yankunan A da B a Yammacin Kogin Jordan, wanda ya ƙunshi 165 enclaves, da Zirin Gaza. Bayan Hamas ta zama babbar jam'iyyar PNA a zabukan baya-bayan nan (2006), rikici ya barke tsakaninta da jam'iyyar Fatah, wanda ya kai ga mamaye Gaza a hannun Hamas a 2007 (shekaru biyu bayan ficewar Isra'ila).
Al'ummar Falasdinu a tsakiyar shekara a 2021 5,227,193 ne. Duk da cewa Falasdinu na ikirarin birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birnin kasar, amma birnin yana karkashin ikon Isra'ila; iƙirarin da Falasɗinawa da Isra'ila suka yi a birnin, galibin ƙasashen duniya ba su amince da shi ba. Falasdinu mamba ce ta kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Larabawa da kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi ta G77 da kwamitin Olympics na duniya da kuma UNESCO da UNCTAD da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. A shekara ta 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da Falasdinu a matsayin kasa mai sa ido.
Asalin kalma
Duk da cewa tunanin yankin Falasdinu da yanayinsa ya bambanta a tsawon tarihi, amma yanzu ana ganin kasar Isra'ila ta zamani ce, da yammacin kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza suka hada shi. Gabaɗaya amfani da kalmar "Palestine" ko kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da yankin kudu maso gabas na Tekun Bahar Rum kusa da Siriya tarihi yana faruwa tun zamanin tsohuwar Girka, tare da Herodotus shine ɗan tarihi na farko da ya rubuta a karni na 5 BC a cikin The Histories na "yankin Siriya, wanda ake kira Palaistine" wanda Phoeniciyawa suka yi hulɗa da sauran mutanen teku. Kalmar "Palestine" (a cikin Latin, Palæstina ) ana tsammanin kalma ce da Girkawa ta dā suka yi don yankin ƙasar da Filistiyawa suka mamaye, ko da yake akwai wasu bayanai.
Kalmomi
Wannan labarin yana amfani da kalmomin "Palestine", "Jihar Falasdinu", "yankin Falasdinawa da aka mamaye" (oPt ko OPT) a musayan ya danganta da mahallin. Musamman ma kalmar "Yankin Falasdinawa da ta mamaye" tana nufin gaba dayanta ga yankin Palasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye tun shekarar 1967. A kowane hali, duk wani bayani game da ƙasa ko yanki yana nufin ƙasar da ƙasar Falasdinu ta ɗauka.
Manazarta
Ƙasashen Asiya
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
49038 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille%20Ewango | Corneille Ewango | Corneille EN Ewango kwararre ne dan kasar Kwango, kuma shi ne ke da alhakin shirin tsiro na Okapi Faunal Reserve a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo daga 1996 zuwa 2003. An ba shi lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a cikin 2005 saboda ƙoƙarin da ya yi na kare gandun daji na Okapi a cikin dajin Ituri Rain dajin a lokacin yakin basasar Kongo. Wurin ajiyar gida ne ga mutanen Mbuti, kuma yana dauke da dabbobi irin su okapis (ba a sami wani wuri ba), giwaye da nau'ikan firamare 13. Ewango ya gano nau'ikan lianas 270 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 600 a yankin.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ewango ya taso ne a cikin dangin sojoji, mafarauta, da masunta, kuma ya kwashe shekarunsa na farko yana taimaka wa iyalinsa ta hanyar tattara haƙar giwaye da naman dabbobin da mahaifinsa da kawunsa suka kashe. Corneille ya so shiga jami'a, kuma ya fara farautar giwaye don biyan hanyarsa ta makaranta.
Da farko ya so ya zama likita, don ya yi hidima a kauyensu, inda babu tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani. Amma bayan da aka ki amincewa da bukatarsa na karatun likitanci har sau uku, sai ya fara karatun ilmin halitta a jami'ar Kisangani, inda ya kara karatunsa tare da horar da kungiyar kare namun daji. Da farko manufarsa ita ce kawai ya nuna lokaci yayin da yake jiran karatun likitanci. A cikin shekaru uku, duk da haka, ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin tsirrai da kiyayewa. Ya sami digiri na Kimiyya a cikin 1995, kuma an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halittu da herbarium ta Cibiyar de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF), kusa da gandun daji na Ituri.
Ewango ya ba da labarin yadda yake daɗa sha’awar yanayi kamar haka: “Congo, ƙasata, tana da gandun daji mafi girma a Afirka, wataƙila na biyu mafi girma a duniya. An haife ni a wani daji, kuma lokacin da nake girma na taimaka wa kawuna, wanda mafarauci ne. Hakan yana da kyau, domin ya haɓaka sha'awar kare gandun daji da tsire-tsire. Lokacin da na je jami'a, na yanke shawarar cewa zan so in yi wani abu da ya shafi ilimin halittu, saboda na ji cewa tsire-tsire suna da kyau sosai. Sa’ad da nake nazarin tsire-tsire, ina ji kamar ina magana da wata irin rayuwa ta allahntaka, kamar ina magana da wanda ba ya magana.”
Yakin Basasa
A lokacin yakin basasa a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango daga 1996 zuwa 2003, Ewango ne ke da alhakin shirin samar da tsirrai a gandun dajin Okapi. A tsawon yakin, manyan ma’aikata da yawa sun gudu daga wurin ajiyar, har sai da Ewango ne kawai babban ma’aikacin da ya rage. Ya zauna a wurin a duk lokacin rikicin, inda ya ɓoye tarin tsirran ganyen da ba safai ba, kwamfutoci, littattafansa, bayanansa, da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin bishiyoyi tare da kare dabbobi da tsire-tsire daga ɓarna, mafarauta, da masu hakar ma'adinai da masu yankan haram.
“Lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke,” in ji Ewango daga baya, “abokan aiki na suna barin yankin, amma na ce, tarihi na yana nan. Na ji kamar barin yana nufin barin komai, barin rayuwata da aikina - aikin da nake yi yana da alaƙa da rayuwata. Don haka na ce, ina tsammanin zan zauna in kula da tawagar filin, in ga abin da zai faru da herbarium. Idan da na je wani wuri, da ban je ƙasara ta haihuwa ba -- ƙasara tana nan. Na fi son in mutu a nan, na fi son mutane su san abin da na mutu dominsa.”
Ya yi kasada da ransa ta hanyar fuskantar jami’an soji game da wasu haramtattun ayyuka na kare muhalli da sojoji ke aiwatarwa. "Na yi bayanin da kyau cewa suna lalata komai, kuma na gaya musu cewa samun wurin da aka ba su kariya zai kara musu suna a wajen [kasa]," in ji daga baya. “Wani lokaci mun zama abokai, amma wani lokacin sukan ci gaba da ayyukansu. Abin da na kasa gane shi ne, sun kashe giwa a kauyen, kusa da gidan namun daji. Na yi fushi sosai - na ce kuna wasa, wane irin ’yanci ne ko dimokuradiyya kuke fafutuka idan ba ku da doka, idan kuna lalata komai? Na ce, ai kace kana kashe danka kana cinye shi, kace baka da al'ada. Sun ga cewa na himmatu sosai, kuma da gaske nake.”
A wani lokaci ya zama dole ya tsere cikin daji tsawon watanni uku don ceton rayuwarsa. Tare da taimakon mutanen yankin, ya yi nasarar ajiye okapi goma sha hudu a gidan Zoo na Ipulu. Duk da ƙalubalen lokacin yaƙi, haka kuma, ya ci gaba da yin bincike, inda ya gano wasu sabbin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 600 da sabbin nau'ikan lianas 270.
Daga baya Ewango ya shaida wa BBC cewa a lokacin yakin "Na ji tsoro amma ba ni da wani zabi" in ban da na kare ajiyar daga "sojojin da ba su san komai ba na kiyayewa." John Hart na Kungiyar Kare namun daji ya tabbatar da cewa "Idan babu wanda ya kula da ajiyar babu abin da ya rage."
Karin ilimi
Lokacin da yakin basasa ya ƙare a shekara ta 2002, ajiyar ya ci gaba da kasancewa, abin da ya ba mutane da yawa mamaki. A wani bangare sakamakon kokarin Ewango, an kama wasu mafarauta ko kuma a kwashe su, kuma an hana hako ma'adinai a wurin. Dangane da hidimar da ya yi wa ajiyar, da yawa daga cikin abokan aikin Ewango na duniya sun dage cewa a nemo masa hanyar da zai ci gaba da karatu. Sakamakon haka, a cikin Agusta 2003 an ba shi haɗin gwiwar Asusun Asusun Christiansen don yin karatu a Sashen Nazarin Halitta a Jami'ar Missouri a St. Louis. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halittu masu zafi a can a 2006.
Dokta Patrick Osborne na Jami’ar Missouri ya ce sashensa ya “yi farin ciki da samun Corneille a shirinmu na kammala digiri. Shi ƙwararren masanin kimiyya ne kuma mai kwazo mai kiyayewa—mutane kaɗan ne za su iya da'awar cewa sun saka rayuwarsu a kan layi don kiyayewa, amma Corneille na ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mutanen. "
Daga baya Ewango ya halarci Jami'ar Wageningen da ke Netherlands, inda ya tsunduma cikin bincike game da nau'ikan liana daban-daban kusan 300 kuma an ba shi digiri na uku a cikin Nuwamba 2010.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
GoldmanPrize.com - 2005 Mai karɓar Kyautar Muhalli na Goldman
Hanyar yaɗa labarai
Corneille Ewango at TED
"A hero of the Congo forest" (TEDGlobal 2007)
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29781 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziga%20Vertov | Dziga Vertov | Dziga Vertov ( , an haife David Abelevich Kaufman, , kuma anfi sani da Denis Kaufman ; 2 January 1896 [ - 12 Fabrairu 1954) wani fim ɗin shirin na majagaba ne na Soviet da daraktan labarai, da kuma masanin ka'idar cinema. Ayyukansa na yin fim da ra'ayoyinsa sun rinjayi salon cinema vérité na shirya fina-finai da kuma Dziga Vertov Group, haɗin gwiwar yin fina-finai mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ke aiki daga 1968 zuwa 1972. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kinoks, tare da Elizaveta Svilova da Mikhail Kaufman.
A cikin zaben Sight & Sound na 2012, masu sharhin fina-finai sun zaɓi Man with a Movie Camera ((1929) fim na takwas mafi girma da aka taɓa yi.
'Yan'uwan Vertov Boris Kaufman da Mikhail Kaufman sun kuma lura da masu shirya fina-finai, kamar yadda matarsa, Yelizaveta Svilova.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Shekarun farko
An haifi Vertov David Abelevich Kaufman daga zuriyar Yahudawa a Białystok, Poland, sannan wani yanki na Daular Rasha . Ya Russified sunan Bayahude David da patronymic Abele vich zuwa Denis Arkadievich a wani matsayi bayan 1918. Vertov yayi karatun kiɗa a Białystok Conservatory har sai da danginsa suka gudu daga sojojin Jamus da suka mamaye zuwa Moscow a 1915. Ba da daɗewa ba Kaufmans suka zauna a Petrograd, inda Vertov ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi, almara na kimiyya, da satire . A cikin 1916-1917 Vertov yana karatun likitanci a Cibiyar ilimin halin dan Adam a Saint Petersburg kuma yana gwaji tare da "collage sauti" a lokacinsa na kyauta. A ƙarshe ya karɓi sunan "Dziga Vertov", wanda ke fassara sako-sako daga Ukrainian a matsayin 'sarkin sama'.
Rubutun farko-farko
Vertov sananne ne da rubuce-rubucensa farko da yawa, galibi yayin da yake makaranta, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mutum ɗaya da yanayin hangen nesa na kyamarar kyamara, wanda aka san shi da kiran "ido na biyu".
ba a buga Yawancin ayyukan farko na Vertov ba, kuma 'yan rubuce-rubucen sun tsira bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ko da yake wasu abubuwa sun bayyana a cikin fina-finai na baya da kuma takardun shaida da Vertov da 'yan uwansa, Boris Kaufman da Mikhail Kaufman suka kirkiro.
Vertov sananne ne don ƙididdiga akan hakaya, da rashin daidaituwa, dangane da yanayin qualia (ƙwarewar ji).
Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba
Bayan juyin halin Bolshevik na 1917, yana da shekaru 22, Vertov ya fara gyara don Kino-Nedelya ( , jerin fina-finai na kwamitin Cinema na Moscow na mako-mako, da jerin labarai na farko a Rasha), wanda ya fara fitowa a watan Yuni 1918. Yayin da yake aiki da Kino-Nedelya ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, darektan fim da edita, Elizaveta Svilova, wanda a lokacin yana aiki a matsayin edita a Goskino . Ta fara aiki tare da Vertov, ta fara a matsayin editan sa amma ta zama mataimakiya kuma mai ba da umarni a fina-finai na gaba, irin su Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim (1929), da Waƙoƙi Uku Game da Lenin (1934).
Vertov ya yi aiki a cikin jerin Kino-Nedelya na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wajen kafawa da gudanar da motar fim akan jirgin kasan Mikhail Kalinin a lokacin yakin basasar Rasha da ke gudana tsakanin 'yan tawaye da masu adawa da juyin juya hali . Wasu daga cikin motocin da ke cikin jirgin agit-trains an sanye su da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasan kwaikwayo ko na'urorin bugu ; Vertov's yana da kayan aiki don harba, haɓakawa, shiryawa, da shirya fim. Jiragen kasan sun je fagen fama a kan ayyukan farfaganda da tayar da hankali da aka yi niyya da farko don karfafa kwarin gwiwar sojojin; an kuma yi nufin tada hankulan jama'a na juyin juya hali.
A cikin shekara ta 1919, Vertov ya tattara faifan labarai don shirinsa na tunawa da juyin juya halin Musulunci; ya kuma kula da daukar fim din aikin sa na The Battle for Tsaritsyn (1919). a cikin 1921 ya tattara Tarihin Yaƙin Basasa . An kafa abin da ake kira "Majalisar Dokokin Uku," ƙungiyar da ke ba da sanarwa a cikin LEF, mujallar labaran Rasha mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, a cikin 1922; "Uku" na rukuni sune Vertov, matarsa (nan gaba) matarsa da edita Elizaveta Svilova, da ɗan'uwansa kuma mai daukar hoto Mikhail Kaufman. Sha'awar Vertov game da injina ya haifar da sha'awar tushen injinan silima .
An buga bayaninsa "We: Variant of a Manifesto" a cikin fitowar farko ta Kino-Fot, wanda Aleksei Gan ya buga a 1922. Ya fara da bambance-bambance tsakanin "kinoks" da sauran hanyoyin zuwa masana'antar silima mai tasowa:
"Muna kiran kanmu kinoks - akasin "masu daukar hoto", garke na barasa suna yin garambawul suna yin cinikin rigar su.
Ba mu ga alaƙa tsakanin kinochestvo na gaskiya da wayo da lissafin masu cin riba ba.
Muna la'akari da wasan kwaikwayo na Russo-Jamus-wasan kwaikwayo - wanda aka yi la'akari da shi tare da bayyanar da tunanin yara - rashin hankali. "
Kino-Pravda
A cikin shekara ta 1922, shekarar da aka saki Nanook na Arewa Vertov ya fara jerin Kino-Pravda. Jerin ya ɗauki takensa daga jaridar gwamnati Pravda . "Kino-Pravda" (a zahiri fassara, "fim gaskiya") ya ci gaba da agit-prop na Vertov. "Kungiyar Kino-Pravda ta fara aikinta a wani ginshiki a tsakiyar Moscow", in ji Vertov. Ya kira shi damshi da duhu. Akwai kasa kasa da ramuka daya tuntube a kowane juyi. Vertov ya ce, "Wannan damshin ya hana fim ɗinmu na fim ɗin da aka gyara cikin ƙauna su manne tare da kyau, ya tsatsa almakashi da maƙarƙashiyar mu.
Hangen nesan Vertov, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kasidunsa akai-akai, shine ya ɗauki “gaskiya fim”—wato gutsuttsuran gaskiya waɗanda idan aka haɗa su tare, suna da gaskiya mai zurfi wadda ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara ba. A cikin jerin Kino-Pravda, Vertov ya mai da hankali kan abubuwan yau da kullun, gujewa damuwar bourgeois da yin fim kasuwanni, sanduna, da makarantu a maimakon haka, wani lokaci tare da kyamarar ɓoye, ba tare da fara neman izini ba. Yawancin lokaci, abubuwan da ke faruwa na Kino-Pravda ba su haɗa da sake kunnawa ko tsarawa ba. (Daya banda shi ne sashi game da shari'ar 'yan juyin juya halin zamantakewa : wuraren sayar da jaridu a kan tituna da mutanen da ke karanta takardun a cikin trolley duka an shirya su don kyamara. ) Hotunan fina-finai mai sauƙi ne, aiki, rashin daidaituwa-watakila sakamakon rashin sha'awar Vertov a cikin "kyakkyawa" da "girman almara". An samar da al'amurra ashirin da uku na jerin abubuwan cikin shekaru uku; kowace fitowar ta ɗauki kusan mintuna ashirin kuma yawanci tana ɗaukar batutuwa uku. Labarun galibi suna bayyanawa, ba labari ba, kuma sun haɗa da vignettes da fallasa, suna nuna alal misali sabunta tsarin trolley, ƙungiyar manoma zuwa ƙungiyoyi, da gwajin masu neman sauyi na zamantakewa; wani labari ya nuna yunwa a jihar Kwaminisanci . Har ila yau akwai ra'ayi na farfaganda, amma tare da karin dabara, a cikin shirin da ke nuna ginin filin jirgin sama: harbi daya ya nuna tankunan Tsar suna taimakawa wajen shirya wani tushe, tare da rubutun "Tankuna a kan aikin aiki".
Vertov a fili ya yi niyya yin aiki tare da masu sauraronsa a cikin jerin-a cikin kashi na ƙarshe ya haɗa da bayanan tuntuɓar - amma a cikin kashi na 14 jerin sun zama gwaji sosai har wasu masu suka sun yi watsi da ƙoƙarin Vertov a matsayin "mahaukaci". da martani ga sukar su tare da tabbatar da cewa masu sukar sun kasance masu yin kutse a cikin "yunƙurin juyin juya hali" a cikin toho, kuma ya kammala wani muƙala tare da alkawarin "fashe hasumiyar Babel ". A ra'ayi na Vertov, "hasumiya ta fasaha na Babel" ita ce aikin fasaha na cinematic don ba da labari - abin da masanin fim Noël Burch ya kwatanta yanayin wakilci - wanda zai zo ya mamaye fina-finan Hollywood na gargajiya .
A wannan lokaci a cikin aikinsa, Vertov ya kasance mai nuna rashin gamsuwarsa a fili kuma bai gamsu da al'adar labari ba, kuma ya nuna rashin amincewarsa ga almara mai ban mamaki na kowane nau'i a bayyane kuma akai-akai; ya dauki wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani "abin da ya shafi talakawa". Vertov ya yarda da zargi ɗaya da aka yi a kan ƙoƙarinsa kan jerin Kino-Pravda - cewa jerin, yayin da suke da tasiri, suna da iyakataccen sakin.
A karshen jerin Kino-Pravda, Vertov ya yi amfani da sassaucin ra'ayi na tasha motsi, daskarewa firam, da sauran salon cinematic "artificialities", wanda ya haifar da sukar ba kawai game da akidarsa ba, har ma da fasahar fina-finai. Vertov ya bayyana kansa a cikin "A kan 'Kinopravda'": a cikin editan "yanayin fina-finai" tare don jerin Kino-Nedelia, "ya fara shakkar wajibcin haɗin wallafe-wallafen tsakanin abubuwan gani na mutum tare. . . . Wannan aikin ya zama wurin tashi don 'Kinopravda' ". A ƙarshen wannan makala, Vertov ya ambaci wani aiki mai zuwa wanda da alama zai kasance Mutumin da ke da kyamarar Fim (1929), yana kiransa "fim ɗin gwaji" wanda aka yi ba tare da wani labari ba; kawai sakin layi uku a sama, Vertov ya ambaci wani yanayi daga Kino Pravda wanda ya kamata ya zama sananne ga masu kallo na Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim : manoman aiki, haka ma macen birni, haka ma, editan fim din mace yana zaɓar mummunan. . . ".
Man with a Movie Camera
Tare da shigar da Lenin na iyakance masu zaman kansu ta hanyar Sabon Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (NEP) na 1921, Rasha ta fara karɓar fina-finai na almara daga nesa, lamarin da Vertov yayi la'akari da zato maras tabbas, yana kiran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin "lalacewar tasiri" akan ma'anar proletarian ("On"). Kinopravda' ", 1924). A wannan lokacin Vertov ya kasance yana amfani da jerin shirye-shiryensa na labarai a matsayin tudu don ba da labarin almara mai ban mamaki tsawon shekaru da yawa; ya ci gaba da sukarsa ko da bayan liyafar da Sergei Eisenstein na Battleship Potemkin (1925) ya yi. Potemkin wani fim ne na almara wanda ya ba da labarin kisan gilla da aka yi a kan wani jirgin ruwan yaki wanda ya faru a sakamakon zaluncin da matukan jirgin suka yi; Fim ɗin wani yanki ne na farfaganda a bayyane amma ƙwararre da ke ɗaukaka masu fafutuka. Vertov ya rasa aikinsa a Sovkino a cikin Janairu 1927, maiyuwa ne sakamakon sukar wani fim wanda ya yi wa'azin layin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sosai. An kore shi saboda yin Sashe na shida na Duniya: Talla da Tarayyar Soviet don Kungiyar Kasuwancin Jiha a cikin fim ɗin farfaganda, yana sayar da Soviet a matsayin al'umma mai ci gaba a ƙarƙashin NEP, maimakon nuna yadda suka dace da tattalin arzikin duniya.
Studio State na Ukraine ya ɗauki Vertov don ƙirƙirar Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim . Vertov ya ce a cikin makalarsa "Mutumin da ke da kyamarar fim" yana fafutukar "domin tsaftace harshen fim, don rabuwa da harshen wasan kwaikwayo da wallafe-wallafe". Ta hanyar sassan Kino-Pravda na baya, Vertov yana yin gwaji sosai, yana neman watsi da abin da ya yi la'akari da clichés na fim (da kuma karbar zargi); Gwajin nasa ya ma fi fitowa fili da ban mamaki a lokacin Mutum mai kyamarar Fim, wanda aka yi fim a Ukraine. Wasu sun soki shirye-shiryen da aka bayyana a cikin wannan fim da cewa sun yi hannun riga da koyarwar Vertov na "rayuwa kamar yadda take" da "rayuwar da ba a sani ba": yanayin da mace ta tashi daga gado kuma ta yi ado a fili an shirya shi, kamar yadda aka juya baya. harbin chess da ake turawa daga kan allo na dara da kuma hoton bidiyon da Mikhail Kaufman ke hawa a cikin mota yana daukar mota ta uku.
Duk da haka, takardun shaida guda biyu na Vertov, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su a tare, a zahiri sun bambanta, kamar yadda Yuri Tsivian yayi sharhi a cikin waƙar sharhi akan DVD don Man with the Movie Camera: na Vertov, "rayuwa kamar yadda yake" yana nufin rikodin rayuwa kamar yadda zai kasance. ba tare da kamara ba. "Rayuwar da ba a sani ba" na nufin rikodin rayuwa lokacin da aka yi mamaki, kuma watakila an tsokane shi, ta gaban kyamara. Wannan bayanin ya saba wa zato na kowa cewa ga Vertov "rayuwar da aka kama" tana nufin "rayuwar da ba ta san kyamara ba". Duk waɗannan harbe-harbe na iya yin daidai da ka'idar Vertov "wanda aka kama ba tare da sani ba". Mikhail Kaufman ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a hankali. Ya zama gaskiya gaskiyar fahimta. Misali, a cikin Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim, an nuna jiragen kasa biyu kusan suna narkewa cikin juna. Ko da yake an koya mana ganin jiragen kasa ba sa tafiya kusa da haka, Vertov ya yi ƙoƙari ya nuna ainihin abin da jiragen kasa biyu ke wucewa. Mikhail ya yi magana game da fina-finan Eisenstein da cewa sun bambanta da nasa da na ɗan'uwansa a cikin cewa Eisenstein "ya fito daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo mutum ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo, beads guda ɗaya". "Dukkanmu mun ji ... cewa ta hanyar fim din za mu iya haɓaka sabon nau'in fasaha. Ba wai kawai zane-zane na rubuce-rubuce ba, ko kuma fasahar tarihin tarihi, amma fasahar da ta danganci hotuna, ƙirƙirar aikin jarida mai ma'ana, "in ji Mikhail. Fiye da gaskiyar fim ma, Mutumin da ke da kyamarar Fim ya kamata ya zama hanyar da za ta sa waɗanda ke cikin Tarayyar Soviet suka fi dacewa da ayyukansu. Ya rage motsinsa, kamar yanke shawarar tsalle ko a'a. Kuna iya ganin yanke shawara a fuskarsa, rarrabawar tunani ga masu sauraro. Yana son zaman lafiya tsakanin ayyukan mutum da na injina, domin su kasance, a wata ma'ana, daya.
Cine-Eye
"Cine-Eye" hanya ce da Dziga Vertov kuma ya fara tsara shi a cikin aikinsa "WE: Variant of a Manifesto" a 1919.
Dziga Vertov ya yi imani da ra'ayinsa na Kino-Glaz, ko "Cine Eye" a Turanci, zai taimaka wa "mutum" na zamani ya samo asali daga wata halitta marar lahani zuwa mafi girma, mafi daidaitaccen tsari. Ya kwatanta mutum da injuna: “A fuskar injin muna jin kunyar gazawar mutum don sarrafa kansa, amma me za mu yi idan muka ga hanyoyin da ba su dace ba na wutar lantarki sun fi farin ciki fiye da gaggawar rashin ƙarfi na mutane masu aiki [. . . ]" Kamar yadda ya sanya shi a cikin 1923 credo, "Ni ne Cine-Eye. Ni ne idon injina. Inji na nuna muku duniya kamar yadda ni kadai nake iya gani. Ina 'yantar da kaina daga yanzu har abada daga rashin motsin mutum. Ina cikin motsi akai-akai. . . Hanyara tana kaiwa zuwa ga ƙirƙirar sabon fahimtar duniya. Don haka zan iya fahimtar duniyar da ba ku sani ba."
Kamar sauran masu yin fina-finai na Rasha, ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa ra'ayoyinsa da dabarunsa don ci gaban manufofin Tarayyar Soviet. Yayin da Sergei Eisenstein ya kalli abubuwan jan hankali nasa a matsayin kayan aikin kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar da jama'a masu kallon fina-finai za su iya fuskantar "tasirin tunani da tunani" don haka suna iya fahimtar "bangaren akida" na fina-finan da suke kallo, Vertov ya yarda da Cine . -Ido zai rinjayi ainihin juyin halittar mutum, "daga ɗan ƙasa mai ɓarna ta hanyar waƙar injin zuwa cikakken mutumin lantarki".
Vertov ya kewaye kansa tare da wasu waɗanda kuma suka kasance masu cikakken imani a cikin ra'ayoyinsa. Waɗannan su ne Kinoks, sauran masu yin fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda za su taimaka masa a cikin begen sa na samun nasarar a "cine-eye".
Vertov ya yi imanin cewa fim ɗinsa ya kasance "mai ban sha'awa" da "wasan kwaikwayo" saboda tasirin wallafe-wallafe, wasan kwaikwayo, da kiɗa, kuma waɗannan fina-finai na tunanin mutum-wasan kwaikwayo "sun hana mutum zama daidai a matsayin agogon gudu kuma yana hana sha'awar dangi da na'ura". ". Ya so ya nisa daga “samfurin ‘tatsuniya’ kafin juyin juya hali” na yin fim zuwa wanda ya dogara da yanayin injina, yana neman “kawo farin ciki na kere-kere ga duk aikin injiniya” da kuma “kawo maza kusa da injina” .
A watan Mayu 1927 Vertov ya koma Ukraine, kuma ra'ayin Cine-Eye ya mutu.
Ayyukan karshe
Ayyukan nasara na Vertov sun ci gaba har zuwa 1930s. Sha'awa: Symphony na Donbass (1931), jarrabawa a cikin masu hakar ma'adinan Soviet, an kira shi 'fim mai sauti', tare da rikodin sauti akan wurin, kuma waɗannan sauti na inji an haɗa su tare, suna haifar da sakamako mai kama da sauti.
Bayan shekaru uku,Three Songs about Lenin (1934) sun kalli juyin juya hali ta idanun manoman Rasha. Don fim ɗinsa, duk da haka, Mezhrabpomfilm ya ɗauki Vertov hayar, ɗakin studio na Soviet wanda ya samar da yunƙurin farfaganda. Fim ɗin, wanda aka ƙare a cikin Janairu 1934 don Lenin's obit, an fito da shi a bainar jama'a ne kawai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin Nuwamba na waccan shekarar. Daga Yuli 1934 an nuna shi a wani nuni na sirri ga manyan jami'an Soviet daban-daban da kuma ga manyan kasashen waje ciki har da HG Wells, William Bullitt, da sauransu, kuma an nuna shi a bikin Fim na Venice a watan Agusta 1934. An fitar da sabon sigar fim ɗin a cikin 1938, gami da jerin tsayin daka don nuna "nasarar" Stalin a ƙarshen fim ɗin tare da barin fim ɗin "maƙiyi" na lokacin. A yau akwai sake gina 1970 ta Yelizaveta Svilova . Tare da haɓakawa da takunkumin hukuma na hakikar gurguzu a cikin 1934, Vertov an tilasta masa ya yanke kayan aikin sa na fasaha sosai, daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan edita na labaran Soviet. fim na ƙarshe wanda Vertov ya iya kiyaye hangen nesa na fasaha, an sake shi a cikin 1937.
Dziga Vertov ya mutu sanadiyyar ciwon daji a Moscow a 1954.
Iyali
Ɗan'uwan Vertov Boris Kaufman ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya yi aiki tare da Jean Vigo a cikin shirin L'Atalante (1934) kuma da yawa daga baya ga daraktoci irin su Elia Kazan a Amurka wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Oscar saboda aikinsa a kan Waterfront . Wani ɗan'uwansa, Mikhail Kaufman, ya yi aiki tare da Vertov a kan fina-finansa har sai da ya zama ɗan jarida a kansa. Mikhail Kaufman na darektan halarta na halarta na farko shine fim ɗin In Spring (1929).
A shekara ta 1923, Vertov ya auri abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci Elizaveta Svilova.
Tasiri da abunda ya bari
Abubuwan da Vertov ya bari har yanzu yana nan a yau. Ra'ayoyinsa sun sake bayyana a cikin cinema vérité, motsi na 1960 mai suna bayan Vertov's Kino-Pravda . 1960s da 1970s sun ga farfaɗowar sha'awa ta duniya a Vertov.
Bincikensa masu zaman kansa, salon bincike na Vertov ya rinjayi kuma ya karfafa yawancin masu yin fim da daraktoci kamar Situationist Guy Debord da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu irin su Vertov Industries a Hawaii. Kungiyar Dziga Vertov ta aro sunansa. A cikin 1960, Jean Rouch yayi amfani da ka'idar yin fim na Vertov lokacin yin Chronicle of a Summer . Abokin aikinsa Edgar Morin ya kirkiro kalmar cinéma vérité lokacin da yake kwatanta salon, ta amfani da fassarar kai tsaye na Vertov's KinoPravda .
Ƙungiyar sinima ta Kyauta a Ƙasar Ingila a cikin shekarun 1950, Gidan Cinema kai tsaye a Arewacin Amirka a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, da kuma Candid Eye a Kanada a cikin 1950s duk suna da bashi ga Vertov.
Wannan ya farfaɗo da gadon Vertov ya haɗa da sake gyara sunansa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tare da jujjuyawar fina-finansa, ayyukan tarihi, da rubuce-rubuce. A cikin 1962, an buga littafin tarihin Soviet na farko akan Vertov, sannan kuma wani tarin, "Dziga Vertov: Articles, Diaries, Projects". A cikin 1984, don tunawa da cika shekaru 30 na mutuwar Vertov, ƙungiyoyin al'adu na New York guda uku sun fara nazarin aikin Vertov na farko na Amurka.
New Media theorist Lev Manovich ya ba da shawarar cewa Vertov a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon majagaba na nau'in cinema na bayanai a cikin maƙalar Database a matsayin siffa ta alama .
Fina-finai
1918 Кинонеделя ( Kino Nedelya / Cinema Week )
1918 Годовщина революции ( Anniversary of the juyin juya halin Musulunci )
1922 История гражданской войны ( History of the Civil War )
1922 Киноправда ( Kino-Pravda )
1924 Советские игрушки ( Soviet Toys )
1924 Кино-глаз ( Kino-Eye ), mai daukar hoto Ilya Kopalin
1926 Шестая часть мира ( Sashe na Shida na Duniya )
1928 Одиннадцатый ( Shekara ta sha ɗaya )
1929 Человек с киноаппаратом ( Mutumin da ke da Kyamarar Fim )
1931 Эntuzyazm (Симфония Донбаса )
1934 Три песни о Ленине ( Wakoki Uku Game da Lenin )
1937 Памяти Серго Орджоникидзе ( In Memory of Sergo Ordzhonikidze )
1937 Колыбельная ( Lullaby )
1938 Три героини ( Jarumai Uku )
1942 Казахстан - фронту! ( Kazakhstan for the Front! )
1944 В горах Ала-Тау ( In the Mountains of Ala-Tau )
1954 Новости дня ( Labarai na Ranar )
Duba kuma
Soviet monage ka'idar
Ka'idar fim na tsari
Cinéma Vérité
Cinema mai tsafta
Fim ɗin Abstract
Bayanan kafa
Manazarta
Littattafai da Labarai
Barnouw, Erik . Documentary: Tarihin Fim ɗin da ba na almara ba. Jami'ar Oxford Press. Haƙƙin mallaka na asali 1974.
Bohlman, Philip Vilas. Kiɗa, Zamani, da Ƙasashen waje a cikin Sabuwar Jamus. 1994, pp. 121-152
Christie, Yan . "Rushes: Pordenone Retrospective: Gazing into the Future.", in: Sight and Sound . 2005, 15, 1, 4–5, Cibiyar Fina-Finan Burtaniya
Kuka, Simon. " Idanun mu, suna jujjuyawa kamar masu haɓakawa: Wheel of Life, Curve of Velocities, da Dziga Vertov's Theory of Interva l." Oktoba, 2007: 79-91.
Ellis, Jack C. Ra'ayin Rubuce-rubuce: Mahimman Tarihin Fim da Bidiyo na Documentary na Harshen Turanci. Prentice Hall, 1989.
Feldman, Seth. "' Aminci Tsakanin Mutum da Na'ura': Dziga Vertov's Mutumin Mai Kyamarar Fim. " a cikin: Barry Keith Grant, da Jeannette Sloniowski, eds. Takaddun Takardun Takardun: Rufe Karatun Fim da Bidiyo. Wayne State University Press, 1998. pp. 40-53.
Feldman, Seth. Juyin Halitta a farkon aikin Dziga Vertov. 1977, Arno Press, New York.
Graffy, Julian; Deriabin, Aleksandr; Sarkisova, Oksana; Keller, Sarah; Scandiffio, Theresa. Lines na Resistance: Dziga Vertov da Twenties ; edita kuma tare da gabatarwar Yuri Tsivian. Le Giornate del cinema muto, Gemona, Udine
Heftberger, Adelheid. Kollision der Kader. Dziga Vertovs Filme, die Visualisierung ihrer Strukturen und mutu Digital Humanities . Munich: bugun rubutu + kritik, 2016.
Hicks, Jeremy. Dziga Vertov: Ma'anar Fim ɗin Takardu. London & New York: IB Tauris, 2007.
Le Grice, Malcolm. Abstract Film and Beyond. Studio Vista, 1977.
Mackay, John. "Allegory da Accommodation: Vertov's "The Three Songs of Lenin" (1934) a matsayin Stalinist Film. A cikin Tarihin Fim: Jarida ta Duniya ; 18.4 (2006) 376-391.
Mackay, John. "Hayaniyar da ba ta da tsari: Hankali da Kunnen Tari."
Mackay, John. "Fim Makamashi: Tsari da Metanarrative a Dziga Vertov's "Shekara Ta Sha Daya" (1928). Oktoba ; 121 (Summer 2007): 41-78.
Mackay, John. "'The'Spinning Top' yana Wani Juyi: Vertov A Yau."
Mackay, John. John Mackay | Jami'ar Yale - Academia.edu Drafts na Dziga Vertov: Rayuwa da Aiki]
Michelson, Annette & Turvey, Malcolm, ed. "New Vertov Nazarin." Batu na Musamman na Oktoba, ( Oktoba 121 (Summer 2007)).
Roberts, Graham. Mutumin Mai Hoton Fim. IB Tauris, 2001. ISBN 1-86064-394-9
Singer, Ben. "Masu ba da labari na Hargitsi: Whitman, Vertov da kuma 'Littafin Mawaka'," Littattafai / Fim na Kwata-kwata ; 15:4 (Faɗuwar 1987): 247–258.
Tode, Thomas & Wurm, Barbara, Austriya Film Museum, ed. Dziga Vertov. Tarin Vertov a Gidan Tarihi na Fina-Finan Austria , Bilingual (Jamus-Ingilishi). (Takarda - Mayu 2006), FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen.-- sigar kan layi akwai a nan .
Tsivian, Yuri, ed. Lines na Resistance: Dziga Vertov da Twenties . Le Giornate del Cinema Muto, 2004. ISBN 88-86155-15-8
Vertov, Dziga. Ya da Kinopravda. 1924, da Mutumin da ke da Kyamarar Fim. 1928, a cikin: Annette Michelson ed. Kevin O'Brien karfinsu Kino-Eye : Rubutun Dziga Vertov, Jami'ar California Press, 1995.
Dziga Vertov. Mu. Sigar Manifesto. 1922, a cikin Ian Christie, Richard Taylor ed. Kamfanin Fim: Cinema na Rasha da Soviet a cikin Takardu, 1896-1939 Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0-415-05298-X
Warren, Charles, ed. Bayan Takardu: Kasidu akan Fim ɗin Ƙirarriya. Jami'ar Wesleyan Press, 1996.
DVDs
Mutumin Dziga Vertov tare da DVD ɗin Kamara na Fim, waƙar sharhin sauti ta Yuri Tsivian.
Entuziazm (Simfonija Donbassa) DVD, sigar da aka maido da sigar da ba a dawo da ita ba tare da takaddun shaida kan maido da Peter Kubelka.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ma'anar Cinema: Dziga Vertov
Kino-Eye na Dziga Vertov da Wakoki Uku Game da Lenin a UBUWEB
Newsreels na Vertov akan europeanfilmgateway.eu
A biography of Vertov , ta John MacKay, Jami'ar Yale
Babban Studio don Documentary Film (ЦСДФ) shafin tarihin tarihin gidan tarihi (a cikin Rashanci)
Yahudawan Daular Russia
Mutuwar 19
Haihuwan 1896
Darektocin fim na Soviet
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