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23272 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20P%C3%A9p%C3%A9 | Nicolas Pépé | Nicolas Pépé (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Premier League ta Arsenal da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ivory Coast .
Pépé ya fara babban aikin kulob din tare da Poitiers a cikin Championnat de France Amateur 2 . Ya sanya hannu a Angers a shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 18, kuma ya shafe lokaci guda a matsayin aro a Orléans a Shekarar 2015. Ya sanya hannu a Lille a shekarar 2017, kuma an sanya masa suna zuwa UNFP Ligue 1 Team na Shekara a kakar shekarar 2018 zuwa shekara ta2019 . A wannan bazarar, Pépé ya koma Arsenal kan kudin rikodin kulob na £ 72 miliyan, kuma ya lashe Kofin FA a kakar wasan sa ta farko.
Pepe, wanda aka haife shi a Faransa ga iyayen dan asalin Ivory Coast, ya fara bugawa Ivory Coast wasa a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2016 a wasan sada zumunci da Faransa . An zabe shi zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2019 .
Aikin kulob
Poitiers
An haifi Pépé a Mantes-la-Jolie, Île-de-France. Ya fara aikinsa tun asali yana wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Solitaire Paris Est na gida har sai da ya kai shekaru 14. Lokacin da aka tura mahaifinsa Celestin, mai gadin kurkuku zuwa Poitiers, Pépé ya fara babban aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan waje tare da Poitiers FC a cikin Championnat de France Amateur 2 (matakin na biyar) a cikin shekarun 2012 - 13.
Fushi
Ya sanya hannu kan Angers a cikin shekarar 2013, kuma ya ciyar da farkon kakar sa tare da ajiyar a CFA 2.
Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a zagaye na biyu na Coupe de la Ligue a cikin asarar gida 2-1 da Arles-Avignon ya yi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yohann Eudeline na minti na 73. Wasansa na farko na Ligue 2 ya kasance a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014, ya fara a wasan 1-1 Ligue 2 da Ajaccio .
An ba Pepe aron Orléans a shekarar 2015–16 Championnat National, kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din haɓakawa daga matakin na uku a matsayin masu tsere. Ya koma kungiyar Angers da ke wasa a Ligue 1 kuma wacce ta kai wasan karshe na Coupe de France na shekarar 2017, inda ya fara da ci 1-0 a Paris Saint-Germain a Stade de France .
Lille
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017, Pépé ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da Lille, don mafi girman kuɗin canja wuri na € 10 miliyan, bayan da babban kocin Marcelo Bielsa ya rattaba hannu kan shi wanda ya kalli ɗan wasan ta hanyar kallon hotunan kowane wasan Ligue 1 da ya buga wa Angers, kafin ya duba shi da kansa. Pépé ya bayyana Bielsa a matsayin "na musamman" kuma "babban koci". Ya fara kakar wasa yana wasa a matsayin dan wasan gaba bayan da aka canza shi zuwa taka matsayin a karkashin Bielsa, kafin ya kammala kakar a karkashin sabon kocin Lille Christophe Galtier, yana wasa a matsayin dan wasan gefe .
A duk tsawon kakar shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018 na Ligue 1, ya kasance na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar Lille wanda ke guje wa koma baya, ya ɓace wasanni biyu kacal kuma ya zira kwallaye sau 13, gami da nasara biyu a cikin nasara a Metz da Toulouse .
A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018, a lokacin kakar Ligue 1 ta 2018-19, Pepé ya ci kwallaye uku, ciki har da fanareti guda biyu, a wasan da suka doke Amiens 3-2 a waje. Kwanaki bayan haka, shugaban kulob din Gérard Lopez ya tabbatar da cewa Barcelona na cikin kungiyoyi da dama da ke sha'awar sayo shi. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2019, Pépé ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako biyu a wasan da gida 5-1 ta doke Paris Saint-Germain . Ya gama kakar 2018 zuwa 2019 na Ligue 1 tare da kwallaye 22, na biyu kawai na Kylian Mbappé na PSG, tare da taimakon 11, kuma an ambaci sunansa a cikin Kungiyar UNFP ta Shekara .
Arsenal
A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, aka sanar da cewa Pepe ya shiga Premier League kulob din Arsenal a kulob-rikodin fee na € 79 miliyan (£ 72 miliyan), rufe rikodin baya na € 62 miliyan domin Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang . Bayan sanya hannu a Arsenal, an ba shi lambar 19.
Pépé ya fara taka leda a Arsenal a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 1-0 ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Reiss Nelson a minti na 71. Farkon farawarsa ga ƙungiyar ya zo makonni biyu bayan haka a cikin rashin nasara 3-1 ga Liverpool, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Arsenal, daga bugun fanareti, a wasan da kungiyar ta doke Aston Villa da ci 3-2 a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba. Ya zira kwallaye na farko a Turai a gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League da Arsenal ta doke Vitória de Guimarães a gida a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Pépé ya ciwa Arsenal kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Manchester United da ci 2-0, wanda ke nuna sabon nasarar da kocin Mikel Arteta ya samu. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, Pépé ya ci kwallo daya kuma ya taimaka sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 4-0. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci 2-1 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, wanda ya bai wa Arsenal jagoranci a minti na 25 daga bugun fanareti. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, ya buga dukkan mintuna 90 na wasan karshe na cin Kofin FA da Chelsea don lashe kofin kulob dinsa na farko a matsayin dan wasan Arsenal, tare da ba da gudummawar taimako don burin Aubameyang na biyu.
A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, Pépé ya karbi jan kati na farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a waje da Leeds United bayan ya yi wa Ezgjan Alioski bugu a minti na 51. A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2021, ya doke masu tsaron gida biyu kafin ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Wolverhampton Wanderers ; an zabi wannan burin a matsayin Goal na Watan Fabrairu a shafin yanar gizon Arsenal.
Aikin duniya
An haifi Pépé a Faransa ga iyayen zuriyar Ivory Coast. Ya karɓi kiran 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Ivory Coast a cikin Nuwamba shekarar 2016, kuma ya kasance wanda bai yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da suka tashi babu ci tsakaninsu da Moroko a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba. Ya fara wasansa na farko bayan kwana uku a wasan sada zumunci iri daya da kasarsa ta haihuwa, Faransa, a Stade Bollaert-Delelis a Lens, yana wasa mintuna hudu na karshe a madadin Max-Alain Gradel .
An ambaci Pépé a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Michel Dussuyer don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2017 da za a yi a Gabon, amma bai taka rawar gani ba yayin da aka fitar da Giwaye daga rukuninsu.
A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, a wasan sada zumunci da Togo a Faransa, Pepé ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa a farkon rabin wasan da aka tashi 2-2. Ya bi shi bayan kwana uku, tare da wani burin a wasan da suka ci 2-1 a kan Moldova a filin wasa guda.
An kira Pepe don gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2019 a Masar. Bai halarci fafatawar da suka yi a bugun fenariti na kusa da na karshe da Aljeriya ba, bayan da aka jefa shi don Max Alain Gradel saboda rashin buga wasa.
Salon wasa
An san Pépé a matsayin mai saurin kai da gwani mai kai hare -hare wanda ke jin daɗi a ɓangarorin biyu, amma galibi yana wasa a gefen hannun dama yana yanke ƙafafunsa na hagu; shi ma tsohon kocin Lille Marcelo Bielsa ya canza shi don yin wasa a matsayin dan wasan gaba .
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya
Game da wasan da aka buga 26 Maris 2021. Kwallo da sakamako ne suka fara lissafin burin Ivory Coast da farko.
Daraja
Arsenal
Kofin FA : 2019–20
Na ɗaya
UNFP Ligue 1 Team na Shekara : 2018–19
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : Satumba 2018, Janairu 2019
Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2019
Lille Player of the Season: 2018–19
UEFA Europa League Squad of Season: 2020–21
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje
Nicolas Pépé
Bayanan martaba na Nicolas Pépé.com
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33757 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Sinima%20na%20Afirka | Mata a Sinima na Afirka | Mata suna shiga harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire.
Fage
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƴan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin "masu ƙazafi", "ma'aikata masu biyayya" ko kuma "masu cin zarafi ko cin nama". Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance waɗannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu ƙwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron ƙwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka. Waɗannan Ƙwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, waɗanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) da ƙungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) . An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. Bikin Baƙar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kiɗa, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, ƙira, da raye-raye daga masu ƙirƙira daga Ƙasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka.
A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. . Masana sun yi la'akari da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a matsayin waɗanda suka haifar da fahimtar ƴan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami ɗimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya.
Daraktoci mata
'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kaɗan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta Safi Faye dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna Kaddu Beykat a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai. Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce waɗanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital waɗanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce.
An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata). Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog ɗin Matan Afirka a Cinema.
Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka "na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine", wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa "zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, waɗanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna ɗaukar 'yan Afirka.'" Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror "yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta"
Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka
1960s da 1970s
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha. Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara ƙirƙirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun ɗauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun daɗe, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar ƙauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa "Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, - azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim ɗin shekara ta 1960 da 1970.
Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka ƙirƙira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun ƙunshi jigogi na sha'awar jima'i da suka haɗa da auren mace fiye da ɗaya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya . Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin "tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata."
A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da Kaddu Beykat, wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. A baya ta fito da ɗan gajeren fim, "La Passante", kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972. Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI . Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun haɗa da fim ɗin Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 Sambizanga .
Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema
Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu haɓaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, "a ƙarshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta" da kuma cewa "Wataƙila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka." Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma.
Jigogi
Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka. Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya ƙunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da ɗaya. Sauran jigogi na iya haɗawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim ɗin Kamaru Rosine Mbakam Chez Jolie Coiffur e. Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ƙuruciya, ko yaƙi don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga "kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine ƙaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”.
Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka
Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su Karmen Gei da U-Carmen eKhaylitsha sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa "[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka" yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da waɗannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zaɓi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da ɗaukaka na ƙauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa."
Batsa da jima'i
N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna "mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza ; kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, "har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana." Wasu fina-finai, irin su Ceddo da Sarraounia an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “waɗansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya ɗauka a wani ɓangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya.
A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin Pour la Nuit ta ɗauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi. Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim ɗin Puk Nini a matsayin fim ɗin da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda "al'ada" ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da ƙwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su ɗauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri ɗaya.
Ƙaunar mata
Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin Mata, wanda Ukadike ya bayyana "[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata". Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan Kenya a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su Farashin ''' ya mace da Saikati , haka nan. kamar yadda Saikati ta ci gaba. Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa "Daya zai rushe kulob din; ɗayan kuma zai shiga shi" kamar yadda mata na Afirka "ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki" yayin da Turai ko Turai. Ƙauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar "matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye". Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin "ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu".
Amfani da 'yanci
A cikin shekarun 1960, ƴan matan Afirka sun fito daga ƙungiyar Cinema ta Uku, waɗanda ke ɗaukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, waɗannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu.
Lafiyar mata
Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's Moolaade, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. . Kalmar "batsa", wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata baƙar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan " Sauran " na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya Moolade.''
Kalubale
Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as "warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. [...] I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker [...], she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker." Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to "get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'"
Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun haɗa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.Mai shirya fina-finai na Benin Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda "Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba" kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba.
Cin zarafi da cin zarafi
Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, ƙungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki.
Nassoshi
Mata Ministoci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42218 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobiko | Yobiko | Yobikō makarantu ne masu zaman kansu da ake sayar da takardar shigansu ga ɗaliban da ke yin jarrabawar da ake yi kowace shekara a Japan daga Janairu zuwa Maris don tantance shigar koleji. Mafiya yawancin daliban dake shiga makarantungaba daya sun kammala karatun sakandare amma sun kasa shiga makarantar da suke so. Gwajin, ba kamar irin na baccalauréat na Faransa da Kwalejin Koriya ta Kudu ba, yana da nau'i daban-daban, tare da makarantu daban-daban suna neman sakamako daga jarrabawa daban-daban. A Japan, ana ɗaukar gwajin a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a cikin ilimin yara. Daliban da suka gaza suna iya ɗaukar shekara ɗaya ko fiye suna karatu don sake jarabawar. Ire-iren wadannan daliban ana kiran su da suna ronin. Yobiko suna kama da juku sai dai banbance-banbance kamar tsarin karatu, matsayin doka, da manyan nau'ikan ɗaliban da suke halarta.
Matsayin doka
Su kamfanoni ne masu zaman kansu na riba waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan ta jera su a matsayin makarantu a hukumance. A matakin gundumomi, ana kula da su ne daga hukumomin ilimi. Duk da haka, suna ƙarƙashin kulawa kaɗan, saboda bin ƙa'idodin yanayin jiki abin da aka fi bincikawa, kuma ba a duba tsarin karatu da albashin malamai.
Nau'ukan
Yobiko ya bambanta da yawan ɗaliban da suka yi rajista. Mafi yawa sune na kowane birni, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙasa da ɗalibai 500. Yobiko na ƙasa, wanda ake kira mammoth Yobiko, yana da ɗalibai 10,000 ko fiye. Wasu kuma suna shirya ɗalibai don cin jarabawar shiga na musamman kamar na makarantun likitanci da na fasaha kuma suna da ɗalibai ƙasa da 100 kuma galibi suna karɓar kuɗin koyarwa fiye da sauran nau'ikan.
Tsarin
Tsarin karatu
An shirya tsarin karatun Yobiko ne don shirya ɗalibai suci jarabawar shiga jami'a, kuma manhajar tana da tsarin hadda da koyon dabarun jarabawa. Wani bincike na yobiko na yau da kullun ya gano cewa tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi nazarin tambayoyin da ke kan jarrabawar da ta gabata, takamaiman hanyoyin inganta amsoshi, da takamaiman batutuwan da za a tattauna a cikin jarrabawar.
Ma'aikata
Ma’aikatan koyarwa na malamai iri-iri ne, galibinsu masu aikin yi da kuma malamai na wucin gadi kamar malaman da suka yi ritaya da malaman da ke da alaƙa da wata makaranta. Wasu kaɗan ne malamai na cikakken lokaci na yau da kullun.
Dalibai
Akwai tazarar da ke tsakanin shekarun ɗaliban da ke zuwa yobikō. Daliban manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare an san su da halartar Makarantun bayan sa'o'in karatunsu na yau da kullum da kuma ranar Lahadi amma yawancin ɗalibai rōnin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare waɗanda suka fadi jarrabawar shiga kwaleji kuma suna shirye-shiryen zuwa kwaleji. Sai kuma a matsayin ɗaliban ronin, suna halartar azuzuwan yobiko cikakken lokaci.
Saka idanu
Ana lura da kuma tantance ingancin koyarwa ta hanyoyi amfani da wasu abubuwa kamar kyamarori a cikin ajujuwa da bincike mai alaƙa da ingancin wasan kwaikwayon malamai da ɗalibai ke ɗaukar karatu.
Jarabawa (Mock Exams)
Dalibai suna yin jarrabawar a duk shekara. Ana bayyana makin ga jama'a don ɗalibai su sami damar kwatanta maki da sauran ɗalibai don samun matsayinsu na ilimi. Dangane da makinsu, ɗalibai sun san ko za su iya cika makin gwajin shiga kwalejin da suke shirin nema.
Halarta da shahara
Kashe Kudade akan manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu ya zama ruwan dare kamar na manyan makarantun gwamnati. OECD ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2013, kashe kuɗi a makarantu masu zaman kansu ya kai kusan kashi sittin da shida (66%) cikin ɗari (100%) na tsadar ilimi kuma kusan kashi tamanin (80%) na wannan adadin ya fito ne daga hannun al'umma. (shafi na 24). 2-3).
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun Yobikō shine Kawaii Juku. Ko da yake ana kallonta a matsayin juku, daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da take bayarwa akwai azuzuwan musamman na shirye-shiryen jarrabawa, suna ba ta siffa irin ta Yobikō. Ba wai kawai ɗaliban rōnin ba ne har ma ga bangarorin shekaru daban-daban, kamar yadda ake ba da azuzuwan ga ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare zuwa kwaleji (Kungiyar Kawaijuku, 2012).
Amfani
Ana iya samun ƙarancin laifuffukan yara na Japan a wani ɓangare saboda yaran da ke zuwa Yobikō ko juku, ban da makaranta na yau da kullun, suna da ƙarancin lokacin yin wasu aiyukan.
Yobiko zai iya inganta damar ɗalibai na karɓuwa zuwa kwalejin mai inganci. Hakanan, gaba ɗaya ronin waɗanda ke halartar manyan kwalejoji suna samun ƙarin kudin shiga (Ono, 2007, p. 282).
Rashin amfani
Yobiko ba sa bada dama daidai ga ɗalibai. Wani bincike na kasa da bincike kan reshen Hiroshima na Yobikō, wanda za a iya la'akari da shi na yau da kullun, ya gano cewa yawancin maza suna zuwa Yobiko fiye da mata. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa rōnin mace tana jin haushi a cikin al'ummar Japan. Hakanan, ba duka ɗalibai ne ke iya samun damar halartar makarantun ba.
Matsanancin kuɗin shiga ya haifar, ta hanyar kuɗin tura yara zuwa Yobiko ko juku na kuma iya haifar da raguwar adadin haihuwa a Japan.
Duba kuma
Makarantar Cram
Juku
Tarihin ilimi a Japan
Ilimi a Japan
Makarantar share fagen jami'a
Jaesueng
Sundai Preparatory School
Manazarta
Kawaijuku Group. (2012). Details about our businesses. Retrieved from http://www.kawaijuku.jp/en/education/college/detail.html#college02
OCED. (n.d.). Education at a glance 2013: Country note for Japan. Retrieved from OCED url; http://www.oecd.org/japan/educationataglance2013-countrynotesandkeyfacttables.htm
Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10289
Makarantun Japan
Ilimin Kasar Japan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaid%20Khan%20%28actor%29 | Junaid Khan (actor) | A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Articles with hCards
A cikin shekarar 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Junaid Khan (an haife shi a matsayin Junaid Khan Niazi 2 Nuwamba 1981) ɗan wasan Pakistan ne, furodusa kuma marubuci-mawaƙi.
Tun daga farkon shekarar 2000s shi ne jagoran mawaƙin na Lahore-based rock band Call, wanda ya fitar da albam biyu masu nasara na kasuwanci, Jilawatan da Dhoom .
A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya fi shahara da rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen Sun Yaara (2017), Ishq Tamasha (2018) da Yaariyan (2019), . Ya yi suna ta hanyar nuna nagartaccen hali na Dokta Talal Sikandar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Sun Yaara akan Ary Digital.
A cikin 2012 Khan ya kasance an zabi Khan a Lux Style Awards a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV don serial Dil Ki Lagi da Best Album of the Year don album Dhoom .
A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Junaid Khan Niazi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1981 ga dangin musulmi na zuriyar Pashtun a Multan, Punjab, Pakistan .
Khan ya kammala karatun sa na farko (aji na 1 zuwa 5) a Dibisional Public School da kuma na Ibne Sina College Defence (Matric). Bayan ya kammala Matric, ya shiga FC College sannan ya shiga Sashen Injiniya na UET Lahore don yin digiri a Injiniya. A cikin shekara ta uku a UET, yayin da yake karatu, Khan ya fara aikin waka. Tsoffin membobin Kira ne suka saurare shi kuma an zaɓe shi ya zama ɓangaren ƙungiyar. Daga baya Khan ya sami digirin sa na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Lahore .
Shi, tare da Khurram Jabbar Khan da Sultan Raja, sun kasance membobin Call band a lokacin. Daga baya Khan ya kawo mawaka guda biyu, Farooq Nasir da Usman Nasir, a cikin kungiyar. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fito da waƙarsu ta farko, "Nishaan", wacce ta yadu akan intanet kuma nan da nan Kira ya kasance cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fito da bidiyon kiɗa na farko na waƙar "Pukaar".
Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fara yin kai tsaye a wani biki daban-daban a duk faɗin Pakistan da ma na duniya. Khan da Farooq Nasir sun shirya albam din Jilawatan kuma suna yin rikodin a Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan 's (memba na ƙungiyar Entity Paradigm a lokaci) studio audio a Lahore . Daga baya Farooq da Usman Nasir suka bar kungiyar saboda alƙawarin da suka yi na kansu kuma Khan ya nemi Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin jagorar guitarist. Kungiyar ta kammala samar da albam din kuma an kammala Jilawatan a kusa da 2005.
Da yake bayyana canjin da ya yi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya faru daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya ce yana da mahaifiyar mai zane wanda ya kasance mai lambar zinare a cikin Fine Arts, shi da kansa ya shiga ayyukan fasaha a lokacin karatunsa, wato zane da wasan kwaikwayo, na karshen yana zama tushe ga makomarsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo.
Sana'a
Tare da Kira
Khan ya rubuta ballad ɗin sa na farko, "Sab Bhulla Kay", a cikin 2005. Kungiyar ta fitar da albam din Jilawatan da wakar a cikin wannan shekarar.
Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin tare da bidiyon waƙar dutsen punk "Main Esa Hi Hoon". Khan ya sake fitar da wata waka, "Badal do Zamana", tare da Pepsi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 a 2010. Daga baya, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Kabhi Na Kabhi, wanda kuma Khan ne ya tsara sautinsa. Ya buga jagora a cikin wani serial daga wannan gidan samarwa, kuma daga baya Moomal Productions ya jefa shi a matsayin jagora a cikin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Sanam Saeed, Sarwat Gillani, Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai, Saba Qamar, da Mawra Hussain a farkon 2012. Domin aikinsa a Dil Ki Lagi, an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV (Terrestrial) a Lux Style Award, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen 2012.
Khan ya rattaba hannu kan wasu serials guda biyu tare da Moomal Productions, Madiha Maliha da Qadoorat . Na farko a halin yanzu yana kan iska kuma na biyu yana ƙarƙashin samarwa. Ya fara aiki akan kundi na solo kuma ya fitar da waƙar solo na farko, "So Close So Distant". A ƙarshen 2012, Khan ya yanke shawarar barin Kira don neman aikin solo a cikin kiɗa.
Solo music
A cikin 2011, yayin da yake shirin zuwa New York don yin fim ɗin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Khan ya haɗa kai da mawakiyar Amurka Jennifer Jandris. Khan ya tsara kuma ya samar da waƙar, kuma ya harbe bidiyon tare da Jandris a Washington DC a ƙarshen 2011. An saki waƙar a ranar soyayya a cikin 2012. A cikin 2021, ya fito da sabuwar waƙar solo ɗin sa "Taqdeer". Kade-kade da hada wakar Khan ne da kansa.
Hotuna
Albums tare da Kira
" Jilawan " (2005)
" Dhom " (2011)
Coke Studio
"Mein Raasta" Duet tare da Momina Mustehsan (Season 9).
Bidiyon kiɗa
"Nishaan" (2003) from Jilawatan
"Pukaar" (2003) from Jilawatan
"Shayad" (2004) from Jilawatan
"Sab Bhula Kai" (2005) from Jilawatan
"Bichar Kai Bhee" (2006) from Jilawatan
"Kuch Naheen" (2006) from Jilawatan
"Kal Hamara Hai" (2006)
"Hum Se Hai Yeh Zamana" (2007) from Dhoom
"Aasmaan" (2007) daga Dhoom
"Ho Jaane De" (2009) daga Dhoom
"Main esa hi hoon" (2011) daga Dhoom
"Don haka kusa da nisa" (2012)
"Taqdeer" (2021)
Talabijin OST
"Marzi" (2016)
"Sun Yara" (2017)
"Tashi" (2018)
Filmography
Talabijin
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51141 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam%20Ben | Myriam Ben | Myriam Ben (10 Oktoba 1928-2001) ɗan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya ne,marubuci,mawaƙi, kuma mai zane.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Marylise Ben Haim a Algiers ranar 10 ga Oktoba,1928.Mahaifinta Moses Ben Haim ɗan asalin Berber ne na Yahudawa kuma ɗan gurguzu ne wanda ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba,kuma mahaifiyarta Sultana Stora,mawaƙin Bayahude ce ta Andalusi. Ta yi girma a gidan da ba addini ba,ta tuna daga baya cewa tana ’yar shekara bakwai kafin ta gane cewa danginta Bayahude ne. A cikin 1940,gwamnatin Vichy Faransa ta soke dokar Crémieux na ƙarni na 19,don haka hana Yahudawa Aljeriya zama ɗan ƙasa kuma ya haifar da korar Ben daga Ta kasance tana halartar Algiers. Ta halarci makarantar Yahudawa a takaice,Ecole Maïmonide,amma ta kammala karatunta a gida saboda adawar mahaifinta ga Zionism. Ben ta lura a cikin tarihinta,,an kwatanta ta da"",ko"Bayahude 'yar kasa" akan katin shaidarta na lokacin yaƙi.
Adalci na zamantakewa da siyasa
Ko da yake an maido da zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ga Yahudawan Aljeriya a cikin 1943,Ben yanzu yana aiki a matsayin "mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin abin da ake kira matalauta na asali". A 14,ta zama shugabar Matasan Kwaminisanci. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a Ƙungiyar Mata, kuma ta hanyar tallafin ƙungiyar ta zama malamar makaranta a garin Miliana. Ita da 'yan uwanta malaman sun umurci daliban-akasarinsu Musulmai da matalauta-amma kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗaga hankalinsu na siyasa da haɓaka fahimtar tarihin da ba a yi wa mulkin mallaka ba.
A cikin 1946,Ben ya nuna sha'awar shiga cikin Aero Club na Algiers,amma mahaifinta ya ƙi hakan.Har yanzu ana la'akari da ita kanana tun tana kasa da shekara 21,don haka sai da ta jira shekaru biyar kafin ta fara tashi.A cikin 1951,bayan awanni 15 na darasin jirgin,an ba ta lasisin matukin jirgi.Ana ganin ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta cancanci matukin jirgi a Aljeriya.Don biyan kuɗin karatun ta na tuƙin jirgin sama,ta yi gwajin jiragen farko ga sabbin membobin ƙungiyar,kodayake wasu mutane sun yi hattara da mace matuƙi. Hakan bai hana ta koyon yadda ake tuka jirgin sama da babban matukin jirgi a Aero Club,wanda tsohon soja ne na Escadrille d'Etampes.
A shekara ta 1952,Ben ta sami aikinta na farko a matsayin malami a wata makaranta a ƙauyen Aboutville(yanzu ana kiranta Aïn El Hadjar,Bouïra).Kauye ne mara kyau kuma makarantar tana cikin mummunan yanayi amma tana da sha'awar rawar da ta taka.Sa’ad da iyaye suka ji kunyar tura ’ya’yansu makaranta don ba su da takalma,Ben yakan je ya ɗauko su. Daga 1954,alkawurran siyasa na Marylise sun tilasta mata ta shiga karkashin kasa kuma ta daina tashi.
Ben ya goyi bayan anti-Faransa National Liberation Front (FLN)daga farkon yakin Aljeriya na 'yancin kai,kuma ya kasance memba na Maquis Rouge,yana ba da kayan aiki. Gwamnatin Faransa ta dauke ta a matsayin mai laifi,kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 na aiki mai tsanani,ba ta nan;duk da haka,ba a taɓa kama ta ba kuma bayan shekaru za a gafarta masa. Lokacin da yaƙi ya ƙare a 1962,Ben ya zama memba na gwamnatin Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta.
Art da adabi
A cikin 1967,Ben ta fara aikinta na fasaha a matsayin mawaƙi,marubuci ɗan gajeren labari,marubuci, kuma mai zan. Ta buga tarin wakoki da dama, tarin gajerun labarai (Ainsi naquit un homme,1982),da novel Sabrina (1986),aikinta mafi tsayi. Sabrina ta ba da labarin wasu musulmi guda biyu masu soyayya da suka taso a Faransa kuma suka fuskanci matsalolin daidaitawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya.Marubucin Faransanci,mai fassara,kuma masani Albert Bensoussan yana tunanin Ben ya yi amfani da halayen Sabrina don bincika ƙaura da ta samu tare da al'adun Faransanci a Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta.
Ayyukan ban mamaki na Ben,"Leïla,poème scénique en deux actes et un prologue,"daga tarin Ben,Leïla:Les enfants du mendiant,cibiyar jarumar,Leila,a moudjahida.Caroline E.Kelley ta karanta wannan aikin a matsayin sake fassara labarin Antigone.
An kuma yi bikin Ben don zane-zane na zane-zane.
Ritaya zuwa Faransa
A cikin 1991,yayin da Aljeriya ta shiga lokacin yakin basasa,Ben ya koma Faransa.A cikin littafin novella na Ben,Nora,ta rubuta game da bege ga Aljeriya inda 'yan mata ke da"daidai da damar samun ilimi.Ta yi mafarkin samar da al'ummar gaba na utopian ga Aljeriya wanda ya hada da.
Ta ci gaba da rubutu da fenti har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 2001.
Labarai
Le Soleil assassiné, L'Harmattan,Paris,2002. (wasiƙa)
Au Carrefour des sadaukarwa, L'Harmattan,Paris,2000. ISBN 2738413005 (wasika)
Quand les cartes sont truquées,L'Harmattan,Paris,2000. ISBN 2738478654 (abin tunawa)
Leila:Les enfants du mendiant, L'Harmattan,Paris,1998. ISBN 2738468942 (wasa)
Ainsi naquit un homme, L'Harmattan, Paris, 1993. ISBN 2738419240
Sabrina, ils t'ont volé ta vie, L'Harmattan, Paris,1992.ISBN 2858027080 (labari)
Sur le chemin de nos pas,L'Harmattan,Paris,1984. (waka
L'âme de Sabrina,L'Harmattan,Paris,2001.(gajeren labari)
Nassoshi
Haifaffun 1928 |
42424 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi%20Bile | Abdi Bile | Abdi Bile ( Somali , ; an haife shi 28 ga watan Disambar 1962), tsohon ɗan tsere ne na tsakiya . Yana da mafi girman adadin tarihin ƙasa a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Somaliya a fannoni daban-daban. A halin yanzu shi ne mai rike da tarihin kasar Somaliya a fagen wasannin motsa jiki guda tara, kuma ya zuwa yanzu shi ne dan wasan da ya fi fice a Somaliya a tarihi.
A shekarar 1987, ya zama zakaran duniya a tseren mita 1500, wanda shi ne dan Somaliya na farko da ya yi haka. Bile ya yi gudun mita 800 na karshe na tseren a cikin 1:46.0, wanda ya zuwa shekarar 2020, ya kasance rabin karshen mafi sauri a tarihin tseren tseren mita 1500. A lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 1987, ya kafa tarihin gasar zakarun Turai tare da lokaci na 3:35.67 wanda ya dade har zuwa 1 ga Satumbar 1991, lokacin da Noureddine Morceli ya karye.
Ya doke Sebastian Coe na Biritaniya a tseren mita 1500 inda ya lashe zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1989. Haka kuma ya lashe azurfa a irin wannan gasar a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 1985 a birnin Alkahira . A shekarar 1996 ya wakilci Somalia a gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 1996 na gudun mita 1500. Dan uwansa, Jama Bile, ya yi takara a jami'ar Arewacin Arizona . Ɗansa Ahmed Bile ya yi takara a Jami'ar Georgetown .
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a birnin Las Anod, Somalia kuma ya fito daga kabilar Nur Ahmed na kabilar Dhulbahante . Abdi Bile ya taso ne a cikin al'ummar da yawancin mutane ke zama makiyaya. Ya gama sakandirensa a wata makaranta da ke garin Ceerigaabo . Abdi Bile ya fara gudu ne lokacin da ya fara jin labarin dan tseren Somaliya Jamac Karacin wanda ya samu gurbin karatu a Amurka. Wannan shi ne lokacin da gudu ya zama abin sha'awa. Lokacin da Abdi yana yaro yana sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa/ ƙwallon ƙafa. Abdi Bile ya kasance babban dan tsere amma ba shi kadai ba ne a cikin iyalinsa. Akwai da yawa daga cikin 'yan uwansa masu sha'awar yin takara a lokacin.
Aikin Gudu
Bile ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na mita 1500 a shekara ta 1987, inda ya yi gudun mita 800 na karshe na tseren a cikin 1:46.00, mafi sauri 800 m na kowane tseren mita 1,500 a tarihi. Ya kasance dan wasan Olympic na sau biyu (1984 da 1996) kuma ya mamaye taron a karshen shekarar 1980s. Bile ya kasance na farko a duniya a nisan mil a cikin shekarar 1989. Ya kasance zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya a cikin 1500 m a shekarar 1989kuma zakaran karshe na Grand Prix na duniya sau biyu.
Bile ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar George Mason tare da BSc a cikin sarrafa tallace-tallace. A George Mason, Bile ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar kuma ya zama zakaran NCAA Division I na mita 1,500 sau biyu, inda ya lashe takensa na farko a shekarar 1985 (3:41.20) da na biyu a 1987 (3:35.79). Ya kuma lashe taken taro da yawa kuma ya gudanar da rikodin 1500 m tsakanin jami'a fiye da shekaru goma.
John Cook ne ya horar da shi, tsohon kocin na 2008 Shalane Flanagan, wanda ya samu lambar tagulla ta mita 10,000 ta Olympic. Ayyukansa sun cika da raunuka, kuma ya rasa gasar cin kofin duniya na 1991 da kuma gasar Olympics na 1988 da 1992 saboda irin waɗannan matsalolin. A shekarar 1996 ya zo na shida a gasar tseren mita 1500 ta Olympics. Ya zuwa 2020s, Bile yana da tseren kilomita 17th mafi sauri a kowane lokaci tare da lokacin 2:14.50.
Nasarorin da aka samu
Kyaututtuka da bayanan ƙasa
Bile ya lashe lambobin zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1987 a shekarar 1987 a tseren mita 1500. A shekarar 1989 ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya ta duniya a Barcelona a tseren mita 1500 a cikin 3:35.56. A cikin 1987, ya lashe matsayi na farko a Gasar NCAA a Baton Rouge, Louisiana a tseren mita 1500 a lokacin 3:35.79. A cikin 1993, ya ci matsayi na biyu a tseren mita 1500 a Grand Prix Final a London UK, a cikin lokaci na 3:34.65. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma lashe lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a tseren mita 1500 a Stuttgart na kasar Jamus a cikin dakika 3:35.96. A Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka a 1985, ya lashe azurfa a tseren mita 1500. Bile yana rike da tarihin Somaliya a fannoni bakwai na waje, wato tseren mita 800, 1000, 1500m, mil daya, 2000m, 3000m da tseren mita 4x1500 da kuma almajirai biyu na cikin gida, wato 1500m da nisan mil daya, don haka gaba daya. tara fannonin ilimi. Rushewar cibiyoyin gwamnati daga 1990 zuwa gaba da kuma raunuka ya hana Bile shiga gasar Olympics a lokacin da ya yi fice.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Bile ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa kuma ya ƙarfafa matasa da yawa kuma ya taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin jin kai da yawa. Yana da aure, yana da ’ya’ya biyu maza da ’yarsa mai suna Farhiya, an haife shi a 1995, an haifi Ahmed a 1993, an haifi Mohamed a 2001. A matsayinsa na babban jami'a a makarantar sakandare, Ahmed ya ci taken giciye na jihar Virginia, taken 1000m da taken 1600m tare da kasancewa Ba-Amurke Balance na sau biyu a cikin 800m. Sunan shi ne filin wasa mafi girma a birnin las-anod .
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Abdi Bile at World Athletics
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1962 |
29790 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Inshora | Dokar Inshora | Dokar inshora ita ce aikin doka da ke kewaye da inshora, gami da manufofin inshora da da'awar. Za a iya rarraba shi zuwa kashi uku - tsarin kasuwancin inshora; ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke cikin manufofin inshora, musamman game da manufofin mabukaci; da ka'idojin da'awa da hikima.
Tarihi
Sigar farko ta inshora mai yiwuwa inshorar ruwa ne, koda yake nau'ikan haɗin kai (inshorar ƙungiyar kai) ta wanzu kafin wannan. Inshorar ruwa ta samo asali ne daga 'yan kasuwa na Hanseatic league da masu kudi na Lombardy a cikin ƙarni na 12 da 13, an yi rikodin su da sunan Lombard Street a cikin Birnin London, kasuwar inshorar ciniki mafi tsufa. A waɗancan kwanakin farko, inshora ya kasance tare da faɗaɗa mercantilism, da bincike (da kuma amfani) na sabbin hanyoyin zinariya, azurfa, kayan yaji, furs da sauran kayayyaki masu daraja - gami da bayi - daga Sabuwar Duniya. Ga waɗannan 'yan kasuwa masu cin kasuwa, inshora shine "hanyar da ya faru cewa a kan hasarar ko halakar kowane jirgin ruwa ba ya biyo baya ga wani mutum ba, amma asarar ta fi sauƙi a kan mutane da yawa fiye da a kan 'yan kaɗan ... ’yan kasuwa, musamman ma na kanana, ana sha’awar su kara himma da son rai da ‘yanci.
Fadada cinikin tekun Ingilishi ya sanya Landan zama cibiyar kasuwar inshora wacce, a ƙarni na 18, ita ce mafi girma a duniya. Marubuta sun zauna a sanduna, ko sabbin shagunan kofi na zamani irin su wanda Edward Lloyd ke gudanarwa akan Titin Lombard, suna la'akari da cikakkun bayanai game da "kasanci" na 'yan kasuwa da ke nuna iyakar da za su raba kan kasadar da ke tattare da rubuta "scratch" na su. ko sanya hannu kan takardun da aka nuna musu.
A lokaci guda, alkali na ƙarni na goma sha takwas William Murray, Lord Mansfield, yana haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan ka'idar inshora har zuwa lokacin da ta kasance ba ta canzawa har zuwa yau - aƙalla idan ya shafi kasuwanci, kasuwancin da ba na mabukaci ba - a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama-gari. Mansfield ya zana daga "hukumomin kasashen waje" da "'yan kasuwa masu hankali"
"Waɗanda manyan ka'idoji waɗanda za a iya la'akari da su a matsayin dokar gama-gari na teku, da kuma dokar gama gari ta 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda ya sami rinjaye a cikin duniyar kasuwanci, kuma kowace tambaya ta inshora ta kasance cikin sauƙi. Don haka ya shahara da hukunce-hukuncensa, don haka girmama su a cikin kasashen waje.”
A ƙarni na 19 na zama memba na Lloyd's an tsara shi kuma a cikin shekara ta 1871, an zartar da Dokar Lloyd, wanda ya kafa kamfani na Lloyd don zama wurin kasuwa ga membobin, ko "Sunaye". Kuma a farkon karni na ashirin, an tsara tsarin tsarin inshora na gaba ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1904 a cikin Dokar Inshorar Marine ta 1906, tare da sakamakon cewa, tun daga wannan ranar, dokar inshora na ruwa da wadanda ba na ruwa ba sun bambanta, kodayake tushen asali. akan ka'idodin asali iri ɗaya.
Ka'idodin inshora
Hukunce-hukuncen dokokin gama gari a tsoffin membobin daular Burtaniya, gami da Amurka, Kanada, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Ostiraliya daga ƙarshe sun samo asali ne daga dokar Ingila da Wales. Abin da ke banbance hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da takwarorinsu na dokokin farar hula shi ne manufar dokar da alƙali ya kafa da kuma ka'idar yanke shawara - ra'ayin, a mafi sauƙi, cewa kotuna suna da alaƙa da hukunce-hukuncen kotunan da suka gabata na matsayi ɗaya ko mafi girma. A cikin mahallin dokar inshora, wannan yana nufin cewa hukunce-hukuncen alkalan kasuwanci na farko irin su Mansfield, Lord Eldon da Buller bound, ko kuma, a wajen Ingila da Wales, sun kasance aƙalla mai gamsarwa ga waɗanda suka gaje su suna la'akari da irin tambayoyin doka.
A cikin doka ta gama gari, ma'anar kwangilar inshorar kasuwanci shine canja wurin haɗarin da aka yi shawarwari cikin yardar kaina tsakanin takwarorinsu na ikon ciniki iri ɗaya, daidai da (ko a'a) kariyar kotuna. Marubucin yana da fa'ida, ta hanyar tsara sharuddan manufofin, na zayyana madaidaicin iyakokin rufewa. Wanda ake son inshora yana da daidai kuma akasin fa'ida na sanin takamaiman haɗarin da ake shirin yin inshorar daki-daki fiye da yadda mai rubutawa zai iya samu. Tsakanin yanke shawara na inshora na kasuwanci na Ingilishi, don haka, su ne ka'idodin da aka haɗa da cewa mai rubutawa yana ɗaure ga sharuɗɗan manufofinsa; kuma cewa hadarin yana kamar yadda aka kwatanta masa, kuma babu wani abu na abin da ya yanke shawarar inshorar da ya ɓoye ko ɓarna a gare shi.
A cikin dokar farar hula, inshorar inshora ya kasance yana da alaƙa da kariya ga masu rauni, maimakon a matsayin na'ura don ƙarfafa kasuwancin ta hanyar yaduwar haɗari. Civil law hukunce-hukuncen - a cikin sosai general sharuddan - ayan tsara abun ciki na inshora yarjejeniya a hankali, kuma mafi a cikin ni'imar da insured, fiye da na kowa shari'a hukunce-hukuncen, inda insurer ne wajen mafi kyau kariya daga yiwuwar cewa hadarin ga wanda ya karɓi ƙima na iya zama mafi girma fiye da abin da aka yi ciniki da shi. A sakamakon haka, yawancin tsarin shari'a a duk duniya suna amfani da ka'idodin doka na gama gari don yanke hukunci game da takaddamar inshorar kasuwanci, ta yadda aka yarda cewa mai insurer da masu inshorar sun kasance mafi ko žasa daidaitattun abokan tarayya a cikin rarraba nauyin tattalin arziki na haɗari.
Menene Manyan Ka'idodin Inshora?
Akwai manyan ƙa'idoji guda 7 na Inshora, waɗanda aka yi bayaninsu a ƙasa sune kamar haka:
Ka'idar Imani Mai Kyau
Ka'idar Inshorar Sha'awa
Ka'idar Lamuni
Ka'idar Taimakawa
Ka'idar Subrogation
Ƙa'idar Rarraba Asara
Ƙa'idar Causa Proxima (Dalilin Kusa)
Riba da lamuni mara nauyi
Yawancin, kuma har zuwa 2005 duka, hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari suna buƙatar mai inshorar samun sha'awa mai ƙima a cikin batun inshorar. Ribar da ba ta da tabbas ita ce dangantaka ta doka ko daidaito tsakanin mai inshorar da abin da ya shafi inshorar, dabam da kasancewar dangantakar inshora, wanda wanda insured ɗin zai kasance da ƙiyayya da abin da ya faru na abin da ya faru, ko akasin haka zai ɗauki amfana da rashin faruwarsa. An daɗe da riƙe sha'awar da ba za ta iya zama dole ba a cikin kwangilolin inshora don bambance su, a matsayin kwangilolin da za a iya aiwatarwa, daga yarjejeniyoyin caca da ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba (daure "a cikin girmamawa kawai) da kuma kashe al'adar, a cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai da goma sha takwas, na fitar da manufofin rayuwa. akan rayuwar baki. An cire abin da ake buƙata don sha'awar insured a cikin dokar Ingilishi ba na ruwa ba, mai yiwuwa ba da gangan ba, ta tanadin Dokar Caca ta 2005 .Ya a dokar inshorar ruwa da sauran tsarin dokokin gama gari, duk da haka; kuma ƴan tsarin dokoki ne za su ba da damar mai insho ya murmure dangane da lamarin da bai haifar da hasara ta gaske ba, ko an dogara da koyarwar sha'awa ta insurance, ko kuma kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin dokokin gama gari, kotuna sun dogara da ƙa'idar. na diyya don ɗauka cewa mai insho ba zai iya dawowa fiye da asararsa na gaskiya ba.
Mafi kyawun imani
Koyarwar uberrimae fides - mafi kyawun bangaskiya - tana nan a cikin dokar inshora na duk tsarin dokokin gama gari. Kwangilar inshora kwangila ce ta bangaskiya mai kyau. Mafi mahimmancin furci na wannan ƙa'idar, a ƙarƙashin koyaswar kamar yadda aka fassara shi a Ingila, shine mai inshorar mai zuwa dole ne ya bayyanawa mai insure daidai duk abin da ya sani kuma shine ko zai zama abu ga mai insurer. Wani abu abu ne idan zai rinjayi mai insurer mai hankali wajen tantance ko rubuta haɗari, kuma idan haka ne akan waɗanne sharuddan. Idan ba a gaya wa mai insurer duk wani abu game da haɗarin ba, ko kuma idan an yi ɓarna a cikin kayan, mai insurer na iya guje wa (ko "sake") manufar, watau mai insurer na iya ɗaukar manufofin kamar yadda ba ta da tushe daga farkon, dawo da ƙimar kuɗi. biya. Kwangilolin da aka sake dawo da su (tsakanin masu reinsurers da masu insurers/cedents) suna buƙatar mafi girman matakin bangaskiya mai kyau, kuma irin wannan kyakkyawan bangaskiyar ana ɗaukar ginshiƙi na reinsurance. Domin yin reinsurance mai araha, mai reinsurer ba zai iya kwafin rubutaccen insurer mai tsada da kuma da'awar kula da farashi ba, kuma dole ne ya dogara da cikakkiyar fayyace da gaskiya na mai insurer. A sakamakon haka, mai reinsurer dole ne ya yi bincike da kyau kuma ya biya biyan kuɗin da'awar na gaskiya na mai insurer, bin dukiyar cedent.
Garanti
A cikin kwangilolin kasuwanci gabaɗaya, garanti shine ƙayyadaddun kwangila, ketare wanda ke ba da haƙƙin diyya shi kaɗai; alhãli kuwa sharadi shi ne batun batun kwangilar, wanda idan yanayin bai gamsu ba, kwangilar ba za ta ɗaure ba. Sabanin haka, garantin gaskiya ko yanayin al'amura a cikin kwangilar inshora, da zarar an keta shi, ya kori mai insure daga abin alhaki a ƙarƙashin kwangilar daga lokacin da aka keta; yayin da keta wani yanayi kawai ke haifar da da'awar diyya kawai.
Dokokin kamfanonin inshora
Dokokin inshora da ke gudanar da kasuwancin inshora galibi ana nufin tabbatar da rashin ƙarfi na kamfanonin inshora. Don haka, wannan nau'in ƙa'ida yana gudanar da tsarin ƙima, tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare, ƙimar kuɗi da sauran matakai daban-daban na "ofishin baya".
Tarayyar Turai
Membobin Tarayyar Turai kowanne yana da nasu hukumomin inshora. Koyaya, ƙa'idar EU ta tsara tsarin kulawa mai dacewa a cikin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda aka ƙaddamar da su ga ƙa'idodi masu jituwa, kuma daidai da yarjejeniyar Turai (bisa ga abin da duk wani doka ko na halitta wanda ɗan ƙasa ne na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ke da 'yanci don kafa shi-, ita- ko kanta, ko don samar da ayyuka., a ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Turai), mai insurer mai lasisi a ciki da kuma tsara shi ta misali hukumomin kula da harkokin kuɗi na Burtaniya, Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Kuɗi da Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi, na iya kafa reshe a cikin, da/ ko ba da ɗaukar hoto na kan iyaka (ta hanyar tsarin da aka sani da "bayar da sabis na kyauta") cikin, kowane ɗayan ƙasashe mambobi ba tare da an tsara su ta hanyar waɗannan masu kula da Jihohin ba. Ba da sabis na kan iyaka ta wannan hanyar ana kiranta "fasfot".
Indiya
Ɓangaren inshora ya shiga cikin da'irar cikakken tsari daga rashin tsari zuwa tsari gaba ɗaya sannan kuma a halin yanzu an soke shi a wani ɓangare. Ana gudanar da shi da ayyuka da yawa. Doka ta farko a Indiya don daidaita kasuwancin inshorar rai shine Dokar Kamfanonin Assurance Life Indiya, 1912. Dokar Inshora ta shekara ta 1938 ita ce doka ta farko da ke tafiyar da duk nau'ikan inshora don samar da tsauraran ikon jihar kan kasuwancin inshora. An ba da inshorar rayuwa gaba ɗaya a Indiya a ranar 19 ga Janairun shekara ta, 1956, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa. Dukkan kamfanonin inshora guda 245 da ke aiki a lokacin a cikin ƙasar an haɗa su zuwa ƙungiya ɗaya, Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Indiya .
An kafa Dokar Kasuwancin Inshora ta shekara ta 1972 don mayar da kusan kamfanonin inshora guda 100 na ƙasa baki ɗaya sannan kuma a hade su zuwa kamfanoni hudu. Dukkanin kamfanonin an hade su zuwa National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance da United India Insurance, wadanda ke da hedikwata a kowanne daga cikin manyan biranen hudu.
Har zuwa shekara ta 1999, babu kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu a Indiya. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Kula da Inshorar Inshora da Hukumar Ci Gaba a cikin shekara ta 1999, ta yadda za ta rage ka’idojin inshorar tare da ba da damar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da izinin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje kuma an ƙididdige kashi 26% a cikin kamfanonin inshora na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2015 an ɗaga iyakar FDI a ɓangaren inshora zuwa 49% bisa wasu sharuɗɗa.
A cikin shekara ta 2006, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Actuaries don ba wa wannan sana'a matsayi na doka daidai da Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries. Ana buƙatar ƙaramin babban jari na 80 ( ₹ 400 Crore) ta hanyar doka don kafa kasuwancin inshora.
Ƙasar Ingila
Dokar Sabis na Kuɗi da Kasuwanni 2000
Amurka
A matsayin al'amari na farko, ana buƙatar kamfanonin inshora gabaɗaya su bi duk dokoki da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar kowane nau'in kasuwanci. Wannan zai haɗa da yanki da amfani da ƙasa, dokokin albashi da sa'o'i, dokokin haraji, da dokokin tsaro. Akwai kuma wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda dole ne masu inshora su bi. Gabaɗaya ana amfani da tsarin kamfanonin inshora a matakin Jiha kuma ƙimar ƙa'ida ta bambanta sosai tsakanin Jihohi.
Tsarin masana'antar inshora ya fara ne a cikin Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1940s, ta hanyar hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka da yawa. Hukuncin farko kan inshora ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1868 (a cikin Paul v. Hukuncin Virginia ), tare da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa kwangilar manufofin inshora ba su kasance a cikin kwangilolin kasuwanci ba kuma inshora ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tarayya. Wannan "hadarin shari'a", kamar yadda aka kira shi, ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban tsarin inshora na jihar. Wannan matsayi bai canza ba sai a shekara ta 1944 (a cikin Amurka v. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kudu maso Gabas ta yanke hukunci ), lokacin da Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin da ke nuna cewa manufofi na kasuwanci ne, don haka an daidaita su kamar yadda sauran kwangiloli masu kama da juna suke.
A cikin Amurka kowace jiha tana da ƙa'ida ta samar da hukumar gudanarwa. Waɗannan hukumomin na jihohi galibi ana kiran su Sashen Inshora, ko wasu sunaye iri ɗaya, kuma babban jami’in shine Kwamishinan Inshora, ko kuma jami’i mai suna. Daga nan sai hukumar ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar ƙa'idodin gudanarwa don gudanar da kamfanonin inshora waɗanda ke zaune a ciki, ko kuma suna kasuwanci a cikin jihar. A Amurka tsarin kamfanonin inshora kusan ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar jihohi da yawa da sassan inshorar su. Gwamnatin tarayya ta fito fili ta keɓe inshora daga dokokin tarayya a mafi yawan lokuta.
A cikin yanayin da mai insurer ya bayyana fatarar kuɗi, ƙasashe da yawa suna aiki da ayyuka masu zaman kansu da ƙa'idodi don tabbatar da ƙarancin ƙarancin kuɗi yana iya yiwuwa ( Ƙungiyar Kwamishinonin Inshora ta Ƙasa tana gudanar da irin wannan sabis a cikin Amurka ).
A {asar Amirka da sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in da ba su dace ba, iyakar ƙa'idar ta zarce kulawar hankali na kamfanonin inshora da wadatar jarinsu, kuma sun haɗa da irin waɗannan batutuwan da ke tabbatar da cewa mai riƙe da manufofin ya sami kariya daga mummunan imani daga bangaren mai insurer, cewa ƙimar kuɗi ba su da yawa (ko ƙayyadaddun), kuma kwangila da manufofin da aka bayar sun dace da ƙaramin ma'auni. Mummunan aikin bangaskiya na iya zama dama da dama; mai insurer ya ƙaryata da'awar da ke da alama a cikin kwangilar ko manufofin, mai insurer ya ƙi biya don adadin lokaci mara kyau, mai insurer ya ɗora nauyin hujja akan mai insurer - sau da yawa a cikin yanayin da da'awar ba ta da tabbas. Wasu batutuwa na dokar inshora na iya tasowa lokacin da daidaita farashin ya faru tsakanin masu insurer, ƙirƙirar yanayin gasa mara kyau ga masu amfani. Babban misali na wannan shine inda Sabis na Kuɗi na Zurich - tare da wasu masu inshorar da yawa - suka haɓaka farashin manufofin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Idan an sami mai inshorar da laifin zamba ko yaudara, za a iya ci shi tarar ko dai ta hukumomin gudanarwa, ko kuma a cikin karar da masu inshon ko na kewaye. A lokuta mafi tsanani, ko kuma idan jam'iyyar ta sami jerin korafe-korafe ko hukunce-hukunce, ana iya soke lasisin mai insurer ko dakatar da shi. Ayyukan bangaskiya ba safai ba ne a wajen Amurka. Ko da a cikin Amurka cikakken tsauraran koyarwar ya iyakance ga wasu jihohi kamar California.
Sauran Duniya
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Duba kuma
Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Inshora ta Duniya
Dillalin inshora da wakilin inshora
Wakilin Rikodi
Dokar inshora ta Australiya
Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi - Mai kula da ayyukan kuɗi na Burtaniya (ciki har da inshora)
Ƙungiyar Kwamishinonin Inshora ta Ƙasa - Ƙungiyar Amurka da ke daidaita tsarin inshora
Manazarta
Lafiya
Inshora
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53616 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI%20%28rapper%29 | BI (rapper) | Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Kim Han-bin ( Korean ; an haife shi Oktoba 22, 1996), wanda aka sani da sana'a da BI ( Korean ) mawaƙin Koriya ta Kudu ne, mawaƙi, mawaƙa, mai shirya rikodi kuma ɗan rawa. Har sai da ya tafi a cikin 2019, shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar saurayin Koriya ta Kudu iKon karkashin YG Entertainment . A lokacin da yake tare da kungiyar, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa da rubuta wakokinsu, kuma ana ba da shi a matsayin mai yin rikodin shi kaɗai don duk fitowar iKon. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga kundi na studio na iKon na biyu, Komawa, musamman ga jagorar guda ɗaya " Soyayya Scenario ", ya ba shi babbar lambar yabo ta "Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara" a 2018 Melon Music Awards .
A cikin 2021, ya yi muhawara a matsayin mai zane na solo a ƙarƙashin lakabin da ya kafa kansa, 131, tare da kundi guda ɗaya na sadaka da aka rubuta Midnight Blue (Love Streaming) da album ɗin studio mai cikakken tsayi na sadaka Waterfall . Cosmos, rabin farko na kundin studio na biyu na kansa wanda aka sadaukar don matasa da ƙauna, an sake shi a watan Nuwamba 2021. A cikin 2022, ya ƙaddamar da aikin album ɗin sa na duniya Ƙauna ko Ƙauna, farawa da guda ɗaya " BTBT " a watan Mayu, biye da EP Love ko Ƙaunar Part.1 a watan Nuwamba. BI ya fitar da kundi na biyu na studio To Die For on Yuni 1, 2023.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Kim Han-bin a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1996, a Cheonan, Koriya ta Kudu.
A cikin 2009, BI ya fara bayyanarsa ta hanyar nunawa da kuma shiga cikin tallace-tallace don "Yaron Indiya" na MC Mong, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye da rakiyar rapper zuwa shirin TV na You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook . Ya kuma fito a cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar kuma ya fito a cikin faifan bidiyo na wani waƙa ta MC Mong, "Horror Show".
BI ya shiga YG Entertainment a matsayin mai horo a cikin Janairu 2011.
Sana'a
2013-2014: Farkon Sana'a
Bayan fiye da shekaru biyu na horo, a cikin 2013, BI ya shiga cikin shirin tsira na gaskiya na Mnet WIN: Wanene Na gaba a matsayin mai takara a ƙarƙashin Team B. Duk da haka, Ƙungiyar A ta lashe shirin, don haka BI ya ci gaba da zama mai horarwa a karkashin YG Entertainment. A cikin 2014, BI da abokin aikinsa Bobby sun fafata a Mnet's Show Me the Money 3, lokacin da BI ya fitar da kansa rubutaccen dijital "Be I", wanda ya zama na farko daga wasan kwaikwayon zuwa saman jadawalin. Wannan abin lura ne saboda yana da shekaru 17 kacal kuma har yanzu yana horarwa a lokacin.
Duk da yake BI yana ci gaba da fafatawa akan Nuna Ni Kuɗi 3, an sanar da shi a cikin Satumba 2014 cewa Team B zai dawo don yin gasa akan wani shirin rayuwa, Mix & Match . Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya haifar da halarta na farko na Team B, tare da ƙari na mai horarwa Jung Chan-woo, ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar iKon. A cikin Oktoba 2014, BI ya fito a cikin lakabin-mate Epik High 's lead single " Born Hater " tare da Beenzino, Verbal Jint, Bobby, da Winner 's Mino, kuma sun yi waƙar tare a 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards .
2015-Mayu 2019: Jagoran iKon, ayyukan solo
BI ya fara halartan sa na farko a matsayin shugaban iKon a karkashin YG Entertainment a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2015, tare da ɗumbin waƙoƙin su "My Type", biye da mawaƙan jagora "Rhythm Ta" da "Airplane". A tsawon lokacin shugabancinsa, BI ya taka rawar gani wajen samarwa da rubuta wakokinsu, kuma ana yaba shi a matsayin wanda ya yi rikodin rikodin duk abubuwan da aka fitar na iKon. Wannan ya haɗa da kundin ɗakunan studio masu cikakken tsayi na ƙungiyar <i id="mwhw">Barka da Komawa</i> da <i id="mwiQ">Komawa</i>, da kuma kundin hadawa <i id="mwiw">The New Kids</i>, da marasa aure da EPs irin su #WYD ", Sabbin Yara: Fara, Sabbin Yara: Ci gaba, "Rubber Band" , da Sabbin Yara: Ƙarshe .
A cikin Disamba 2018, BI an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Shekara" a lambar yabo ta Melon Music Awards na 10 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga kundi na studio na iKon na biyu, Komawa, kuma musamman don aikinsa a kan jagorar guda ɗaya " Soyayya Scenario ".
Yayin yin aiki a matsayin shugaban iKon, BI kuma ya bi ayyukan solo. A cikin Disamba 2015, shi da ɗan'uwan iKon Kim Jin-hwan sun shiga cikin ɗimbin wasan kwaikwayo na JTBC 's Mari da ni . Hakanan an nuna shi a cikin album-mate Psy 's studio album 4X2=8 akan waƙar "Bomb" tare da Bobby a watan Yuni 2017. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna BI akan kundi na farko na Seungri, The Great Seungri, wanda aka saki a Yuli 20, 2018, akan waƙar "Mollado".
A cikin 2019, an jefa BI don nunin JTBC2 iri-iri na Grand Buda-bako . An kuma nuna shi akan waƙar abokin aure Lee Hi 's " Babu Daya ", kuma ya rubuta tare da haɗa waƙar "1, 2" daga EP 24°C .
Yuni 2019-2020: Tashi daga iKon da YG, hiatus
A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2019, biyo bayan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi, BI ya bar ƙungiyar K-pop iKon kuma ya ƙare kwangilar sa ta keɓance da YG Entertainment .
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
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59687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimming%20duniya | Dimming duniya | Ma'auni na tsari na farko na rashin haske kai tsaye a duniya ya fara ne a cikin 1950s. Ba da daɗewa ba an ga raguwar rashin haske, kuma an ba shi sunan dusashewar duniya . Ya ci gaba daga 1950s har zuwa 1980s, tare da raguwar 4-5% a kowace shekara goma, ko da yake aikin hasken rana bai bambanta fiye da yadda aka saba ba a lokacin. A maimakon haka an danganta raguwar dusar ƙanƙara a duniya da haɓakar abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi, galibin iskar sulfate aerosols, sakamakon gurɓatar da iska mai saurin girma sakamakon haɓakar masana'antu bayan yaƙi. Bayan 1980s, dusar ƙanƙara ta duniya ta fara juyawa, tare da raguwar gurɓataccen hayaki, a cikin abin da aka kwatanta da haskakawa na duniya, kodayake wannan juyewar ana ɗaukarsa "bangare" kawai a yanzu. Juyayin kuma ya kasance ba daidai ba a duniya, yayin da yanayin raguwa ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1990 akan wasu galibin kasashe masu tasowa kamar Indiya, Zimbabwe, Chile da Venezuela. A kan kasar Sin, yanayin dimming ya ci gaba a hankali bayan 1990, kuma bai fara komawa baya ba sai a kusa da 2005.
Dimming na duniya ya tsoma baki tare da zagayowar ruwa ta hanyar rage danshi, wanda mai yiwuwa ya rage yawan ruwan sama a wasu yankuna, kuma mai yiwuwa ya haifar da canjin yanayin kudu na dukkan bel na ruwan zafi tsakanin 1950 da 1985, tare da takaitaccen murmurewa daga baya. . Tunda ana buƙatar yawan ƙawancen ruwa a wurare masu zafi don fitar da lokacin damina, sanyin da ke haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ya bayyana yana raunana damina ta Kudancin Asiya, yayin da raguwar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ke ƙarfafa shi. Yawancin karatu sun kuma haɗa matakan rikodin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere zuwa rashin nasarar damina a bayan yunwar Habasha ta 1984, kodayake cikakken tasirin ɗan adam vs. tasirin yanayi akan wannan taron har yanzu ana jayayya. A gefe guda kuma, dusar ƙanƙara ta duniya ta kuma magance wasu gurɓacewar iskar gas, yadda ya kamata, ta "rufe" adadin ɗumamar yanayi da aka fuskanta har zuwa yau, tare da mafi ƙazantar ƙazantar da ƙasa har ma da samun sanyi a cikin 1970s. Sabanin haka, haskaka duniya ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ɗumamar yanayi wanda ya fara a cikin 1990s.
Nan gaba kadan, ana sa ran za a ci gaba da haskakawa a duniya, yayin da kasashe ke kokarin rage yawan gurbacewar iska ga lafiyar 'yan kasarsu. Wannan kuma yana nufin rage dumamar yanayi za a rufe shi nan gaba. Samfuran yanayin yanayi suna da ikon yin kwatankwacin tasirin aerosols kamar sulfates, kuma a cikin rahoton kimantawa na IPCC na shida, an yi imanin cewa za su kashe kusan . na dumama. Hakanan, yanayin yanayin canjin yanayi ya haɗa da raguwa a cikin ɓarna da sanyaya da suka bayar a cikin hasashensu, kuma wannan ya haɗa da yanayin yanayin yanayin da ake buƙata don saduwa da da hari. An yi imani da cewa sanyaya da aka samar ta hanyar dimming duniya yayi kama da ɗumamar da aka samu daga methane na yanayi, ma'ana cewa raguwa a lokaci guda a duka biyu zai soke juna yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, rashin tabbas ya kasance game da wakilcin samfuran na tasirin iska akan tsarin yanayi, musamman a yankuna da ke da mafi ƙarancin tarihin tarihi na abubuwan gani na yanayi.
Hanyoyin da ke bayan dusashewar duniya sun yi kama da waɗanda ke haifar da raguwar hasken rana kai tsaye bayan fashewar aman wuta . Haƙiƙa, fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo a cikin 1991 ta ɗan canza yanayin da ke haskakawa na ɗan lokaci. Dukkan hanyoyin biyu ana daukar su a matsayin analog don allurar aerosol na stratospheric, sa baki na geoengineering na hasken rana wanda ke da nufin magance dumamar yanayi ta hanyar fitowar da gangan aerosols, duk da haka a mafi girman tsayi, inda za a buƙaci ƙananan ƙima kuma za a rage tasirin gurɓatawa. Duk da haka, yayin da wannan sa hannun zai iya yin tasiri sosai wajen dakatarwa ko juyar da ɗumamar da babban sakamakonsa, zai kuma sami tasiri mai yawa akan zagayowar ruwa ta duniya, da yanayin yanki da yanayin muhalli . Saboda tasirinsa na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, dole ne a kiyaye shi tsawon ƙarni har sai an daidaita yawan iskar gas ɗin don gujewa saurin dawowa da tashin hankali na ɗumamar, wani lokaci ana kiranta girgiza ƙarewa .
Tarihi
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko ya yi aiki tare da nau'ikan yanayin yanayi mai sauƙi na ma'aunin makamashi-biyu don bincika tasirin kankara. Ya gano cewa ra'ayin kankara-albedo ya haifar da madaidaicin ra'ayi a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya. Yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara, ƙarin hasken rana yana haskakawa zuwa sararin samaniya kuma saboda haka yanayin sanyi yana girma kuma yana ƙara yawan dusar ƙanƙara. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa gurɓatarwar sulfate ko fashewar dutsen na iya haifar da farkon lokacin kankara.
A cikin 1980s, bincike a Isra'ila da Netherlands sun nuna raguwa a cikin adadin hasken rana, da Atsumu Ohmura, wani masanin ilimin geography a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Swiss, ya gano cewa hasken rana da ke mamaye saman duniya ya ragu da ƙari. fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata, kamar yadda yanayin zafi a duniya gabaɗaya ke ƙaruwa tun shekarun 1970. A cikin 1990s, wannan ya biyo bayan takardun da ke kwatanta raguwar shekaru goma a Estonia, Jamus da kuma a cikin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya sa mai bincike Gerry Stanhill ya tsara kalmar "dutsewar duniya". Binciken da aka yi a baya ya kiyasta matsakaicin raguwar hasken rana wanda ke mamaye saman duniya na kusan 4-5% a cikin shekaru goma sama da ƙarshen 1950-1980s, da 2-3% a kowace shekara goma lokacin da aka haɗa 1990s. Musamman ma, hasken rana a saman sararin samaniya bai bambanta da fiye da 0.1-0.3% ba a duk tsawon lokacin, yana nuna karfi da cewa dalilan da suka haifar da dimming sun kasance a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, hasken da ake iya gani da hasken infrared kawai aka dusashe, maimakon ɓangaren ultraviolet na bakan.
Juyawa
Tun daga shekara ta 2005, takardun kimiyya sun fara ba da rahoton cewa bayan 1990, yanayin dusar ƙanƙara a duniya ya canza a fili zuwa haskaka duniya. Hakan ya biyo bayan matakan da kasashen da suka ci gaba suka dauka na yaki da gurbacewar iska da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar samar da gurbatacciyar iskar iskar gas a masana'antar wutar lantarki, kamar goge goge ko kona gadaje mai ruwa . A cikin Amurka, sulfate aerosols sun ƙi sosai tun 1970 tare da nassi na Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace, wanda aka ƙarfafa a cikin 1977 da 1990. A cewar EPA, daga 1970 zuwa 2005, jimillar fitar da manyan gurbatacciyar iska guda shida, gami da sulfates, sun ragu da kashi 53% a Amurka. A shekara ta 2010, wannan raguwar gurɓacewar sulfate ya haifar da kiyasin tanadin kuɗin kiwon lafiya da aka ƙima a dala biliyan 50 a shekara. An dauki irin wannan matakan a Turai, kamar yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1985 kan Rage hayakin Sulfur a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kan Gubawar Iska mai Tsawon Tsawon Iyakoki, tare da irin wannan cigaba.
A daya hannun kuma, wani bita da aka yi a shekarar 2009 ya nuna cewa, ana ci gaba da dusashewa a kasar Sin bayan da aka samu kwanciyar hankali a shekarun 1990 kuma ya kara tsananta a Indiya, daidai da ci gaba da bunkasar masana'antu, yayin da Amurka, Turai, da Koriya ta Kudu suka ci gaba da haskakawa. Shaidu daga Zimbabwe, Chile da Venezuela kuma sun yi nuni da ci gaba da dusashewa a lokacin, duk da cewa a cikin karancin amincewa saboda karancin abubuwan lura. Saboda waɗannan abubuwan da suka bambanta, babu wani canji mai mahimmanci da ya faru a duniya daga 2001 zuwa 2012. Abubuwan lura bayan 2010 sun nuna cewa raguwar iskar iska da raguwar gurɓataccen iska a duniya ya ci gaba, tare da kula da gurbataccen yanayi a kan masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta duniya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tun da kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na al'ummar bil'adama suna zaune a Arewacin Hemisphere, gizagizai sun fi shafar iska fiye da na Kudancin Hemisphere, amma waɗannan bambance-bambance sun ragu da rabi a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata tun daga 2000, suna ba da ƙarin shaida ga ci gaba da haskakawa a duniya.
Dalilai
An danganta raguwar dusar ƙanƙara a ko'ina saboda haɓakar ƙwayoyin aerosol a cikin yanayin duniya, galibi na sulfates . Yayin da kura ta yanayi ita ma iska ce da ke da wasu tasiri kan yanayi, kuma fashewar aman wuta tana kara yawan sinadarin sulfate cikin kankanin lokaci, wadannan tasirin sun lalace ta hanyar karuwar hayakin sulfate tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu . Bisa ga rahoton kima na farko na IPCC, fitar da sulfur da ɗan adam ya haifar a cikin yanayi bai wuce tan miliyan 3 a kowace shekara a 1860 ba, duk da haka ya karu zuwa 15. miliyan ton a cikin 1900, 40 ton miliyan a 1940 kuma kusan miliyan 80 a 1980. Wannan yana nufin cewa hayakin da ɗan adam ya haifar ya zama “aƙalla girma” kamar yadda duk abubuwan da ke fitar da sinadarai masu ɗauke da sulfur: tushen mafi girma na halitta, fitar da dimethyl sulfide daga teku, an kiyasata da tan miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, yayin da aman wuta ke fitarwa. an kiyasta a 10 ton miliyan. Haka kuma, wannan shi ne matsakaicin adadi: a cewar rahoton, "a yankuna masu ci gaban masana'antu na Turai da Arewacin Amirka, hayaƙin ɗan adam ya mamaye gurɓacewar yanayi da kusan kashi goma ko ma fiye da haka".
Aerosols da sauran barbashi na yanayi suna da tasirin kai tsaye da kaikaice akan adadin hasken rana da aka samu a saman. Kai tsaye, barbashi na sulfur dioxide suna nuna kusan dukkan hasken rana, kamar ƙananan madubai. A daya bangaren kuma, rashin cikar konewar albarkatun mai (kamar dizal ) da itace yana fitar da barbashi na bakar carbon (mafi yawa soot ), wanda ke shakar hasken rana da zafi, yana rage yawan hasken rana da ake samu a saman yayin da kuma ke ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi. . Baƙar fata carbon ƙaramin abu ne na gurɓataccen iska a matakan ƙasa, duk da haka yana da tasirin dumama yanayi a tsayin sama da kilomita biyu (6,562). ft).
A kaikaice, gurɓataccen yanayi yana shafar yanayin ta hanyar aiki azaman tsakiya, ma'ana cewa ɗigon ruwa a cikin gajimare suna haɗuwa kewaye da barbashi. Ƙara gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu yana haifar da ƙarin ɓarna kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da gajimare wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan adadin ƙananan ɗigon ruwa (wato, adadin ruwan da aka bazu a kan ƙarin ɗigon ruwa). Ƙananan ɗigon ruwa suna sa gajimare ya zama mai haskakawa, ta yadda ƙarin hasken rana mai shigowa ya koma sararin samaniya kuma ƙasa da ƙasa ya isa saman duniya. Wannan tasiri iri ɗaya kuma yana nuna radiation daga ƙasa, yana kama shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi. A cikin samfura, waɗannan ƙananan ɗigon ruwa kuma suna rage ruwan sama. A cikin 1990s, gwaje-gwajen da aka kwatanta yanayi a kan arewaci da kudancin tsibirin Maldives, sun nuna cewa sakamakon gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanayi a lokacin (wanda aka busa daga kudu daga Indiya) ya haifar da raguwar 10% na hasken rana da ke kaiwa saman a cikin sararin samaniya. yanki a ƙarƙashin girgije mai launin ruwan Asiya - raguwa mai yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani daga gaban ƙwayoyin da kansu. Kafin binciken da aka yi, tsinkaya sun kasance na 0.5-1% tasiri daga kwayoyin halitta; bambance-bambancen daga tsinkaya na iya bayyana ta hanyar samuwar gajimare tare da barbashi da ke aiki azaman mai da hankali ga ƙirƙirar digo.
Dangantaka da sauyin yanayi
An dade an fahimci cewa duk wani tasiri akan iskar hasken rana daga iska zai iya yin tasiri ga ma'aunin radiation ta duniya . An riga an sami raguwar yanayin zafi bayan manyan tsaunuka kamar fashewar tsaunin Agung a Bali a 1963, fashewar El Chichón a Mexico a 1982, fashewar Nevado del Ruiz a Colombia da fashewar 1991 na Dutsen Pinatubo a Philippines. Koyaya, har ma da manyan fashewar abubuwa kawai suna haifar da tsalle-tsalle na ɗan lokaci na barbashi sulfur, sabanin ƙarin ci gaba mai dorewa sakamakon gurɓataccen ɗan adam. A cikin 1990, Rahoton Ƙididdigar Farko na IPCC ya yarda cewa "Aerosols da ɗan adam ke yi, daga sulfur da ake fitarwa mafi yawa a cikin konewar mai zai iya canza girgije kuma wannan na iya yin aiki don rage yanayin zafi", yayin da "ana iya sa ran raguwar hayakin sulfur zai ƙara karuwa a duniya. yanayin zafi". Duk da haka, rashin bayanan lura da wahalhalu wajen kididdige tasirin kai tsaye kan gajimare ya sa rahoton ya kasa yin kiyasin ko jimillar tasirin da ke tattare da duk wani iskar aerosols a kan yanayin duniya ya kai ga sanyaya ko dumamar yanayi. A shekara ta 1995, Rahoton Ƙimar Na Biyu na IPCC ya ƙididdige yawan tasirin aerosols a matsayin mummunan (sanyi); duk da haka, an gane aerosols a matsayin mafi girman tushen rashin tabbas a cikin tsinkaya na gaba a cikin wannan rahoto da kuma na gaba.
A kololuwar dusashewar duniya, ta sami damar magance yanayin dumamar yanayi gaba daya, amma a shekarar 1975, ci gaba da karuwar yawan iskar gas ya shawo kan tasirin rufe fuska kuma ya mamaye tun daga lokacin. Ko da a lokacin, yankunan da ke da yawan iskar sulfate aerosols saboda gurɓacewar iska sun fara samun sanyi, wanda ya saba wa yanayin ɗumamar yanayi gaba ɗaya. Gabashin Amurka babban misali ne: yanayin zafi a wurin ya ragu da tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1980, kuma har zuwa a cikin Arkansas da Missouri . Yayin da gurɓatar sulfate ta ragu, tsakiya da gabashin Amurka sun sami ɗumamar tsakanin 1980 da 2010, kamar yadda sulfate barbashi har yanzu suna lissafin kusan kashi 25% na duk abubuwan da aka samu . Zuwa shekarar 2021, gabar tekun arewa maso gabashin Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin yankuna mafi saurin dumamar yanayi a Arewacin Amurka, yayin da raguwar da'awar juyewar yanayin ruwan tekun Atlantika ya kara zafi a wancan bangare na Arewacin Tekun Atlantika.
A duniya baki daya, bayyanar matsanancin zafi fiye da bayanan masana'antu ya jinkirta ta hanyar sanyaya iska, kuma matsanancin zafi ya karu yayin da duniya ke raguwa: an kiyasta cewa tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yanayin zafi na yau da kullun a arewa maso gabashin Asiya da mafi zafi a cikin shekara. Yammacin Turai da ba zai yi zafi sosai ba idan yawan iska ya kasance iri ɗaya kamar da. A cikin Turai, raguwar aerosol mai yawa tun daga shekarun 1980 ya kuma rage hazo mai alaƙa da hazo, hazo da hazo : gabaɗaya, ita ce ke da alhakin kusan 10-20% na ɗumamar rana a duk faɗin Turai, kuma kusan kashi 50% na ɗumamar yanayi a kan mafi gurɓataccen yanayi. Gabashin Turai. Saboda sanyaya aerosol ya dogara da nuna hasken rana, haɓaka ingancin iska yana da tasiri mara kyau akan yanayin lokacin hunturu, amma ya haɓaka yanayin zafi daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba da kusan a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Wasu daga cikin haɓaka matakin hawan teku, da haɓakawar Arctic da raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic, an kuma danganta su da raguwar aerosol masking.
Lalacewa daga carbon baƙar fata, galibi ana wakilta ta soot, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga dusashewar duniya. Duk da haka, saboda yana ɗaukar zafi maimakon ya nuna shi, yana dumama duniya maimakon sanyaya ta kamar sulfates. Wannan dumamar yanayi yana da rauni fiye da na iskar gas, amma yana iya zama mahimmanci a yanki lokacin da aka ajiye baƙar fata carbon akan kankara kamar glaciers glaciers da Greenland ice sheet, inda ya rage su albedo da kuma ƙara su sha na hasken rana radiation. Ko da tasirin da ba a kai tsaye ba na barbashi na soot da ke aiki a matsayin gajimare ba su da ƙarfi don samar da sanyaya: “girgiza mai launin ruwan kasa” da aka kafa a kusa da ɓangarorin soot an san suna da tasirin dumamar yanayi tun daga shekarun 2000. Baƙar fata gurɓataccen carbon yana da ƙarfi musamman akan Indiya, kuma sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin ƴan yankuna da tsaftace gurbataccen iska zai rage, maimakon haɓaka, dumama.
Tunda canje-canjen aerosol ya riga ya yi tasiri a kan yanayin duniya, dole ne su yi tasiri akan hasashen nan gaba ma. A gaskiya ma, ba zai yuwu a yi cikakken kimanta tasirin dumamawar duk iskar gas ba tare da yin lissafin yadda ake magance sanyaya daga iska ba. Samfuran yanayi sun fara yin la'akari da tasirin sulfate aerosols a kusa da Rahoton Ƙimar Na biyu na IPCC ; lokacin da aka buga Rahoton Ƙimar Na huɗu na IPCC a cikin 2007, kowane samfurin yanayi yana da hadedde sulfates, amma 5 ne kawai suka sami damar yin lissafin abubuwan da ba su da tasiri kamar baƙin carbon. Ta hanyar 2021, ƙirar CMIP6 sun ƙididdige jimlar aerosol sanyaya a cikin kewayon daga zuwa ; Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC ya zaɓi mafi kyawun kimanta sanyaya da aka samar da sulfate aerosols, yayin da baƙin carbon ya kai kusan na dumama. Duk da yake waɗannan dabi'u sun dogara ne akan haɗa ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga tare da ƙuntatawa na lura, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin yanayin zafi na teku, har yanzu batun bai daidaita ba. Bambanci tsakanin kididdigar ƙiyasin ya samo asali ne daga rashin jituwa game da tasirin iska a kaikaice akan gajimare. Duk da yake an san cewa aerosols yana ƙara yawan ɗigon girgije kuma wannan yana sa gizagizai sun fi nunawa, ƙididdige yadda hanyar ruwa ta ruwa, wani muhimmin kayan girgije, ya shafi kasancewar su ya fi kalubale, kamar yadda ya haɗa da ƙididdiga masu nauyi na ci gaba da ƙididdigewa. evaporation da condensation a cikin gajimare. Samfuran yanayin gabaɗaya suna ɗauka cewa iska mai iska yana haɓaka hanyar ruwa mai ruwa, wanda ke sa gajimare ya ƙara yin tunani.
Koyaya, binciken tauraron dan adam da aka ɗauka a cikin 2010s ya ba da shawarar cewa iska ta rage hanyar ruwa a maimakon haka, kuma a cikin 2018, an sake yin wannan a cikin wani tsari wanda ya haɗa ƙarin hadaddun microphysics ga girgije. Duk da haka, bincike na 2019 ya gano cewa binciken tauraron dan adam a baya ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar kasa yin la'akari da mafi kauri, yawancin gizagizai masu nauyi da ruwa a dabi'a suna yawan zubar da ruwa: ana ganin sanyaya iska mai karfi sosai lokacin da aka kwatanta gajimare masu kauri iri daya. Haka kuma, manyan abubuwan lura na iya ruɗewa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen wasu abubuwan yanayi, kamar zafi: watau an gano cewa yayin da bayan 1980 inganta ingancin iska zai rage yawan gizagizai a Gabashin Gabashin Amurka da kusan 20. %, wannan an daidaita shi ta hanyar haɓakar ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano da ke haifar da amsawar yanayi ga raguwar AMOC . Hakazalika, yayin da binciken farko na kallon sulfates daga fashewar Barɗarbunga na 2014-2015 ya gano cewa ba su haifar da canji a hanyar ruwa mai ruwa ba, daga baya an nuna cewa wannan binciken ya rikice ta hanyar magance canje-canje a cikin zafi. Don kauce wa rikice-rikice, yawancin abubuwan lura da tasirin aerosol suna mayar da hankali kan waƙoƙin jirgin ruwa, amma binciken bayan-2020 ya gano cewa waƙoƙin jirgin da ake gani ba su da kyau ga sauran gajimare, kuma ƙididdiga da aka samo daga gare su sun yi la'akari da sanyaya aerosol da kusan 200%. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu bincike sun gano cewa, galibin hanyoyin jiragen ruwa “ba a iya ganin su” ga tauraron dan adam, wanda ke nufin cewa binciken da aka yi a baya ya raina yanayin sanyaya iska ta hanyar yin biris da su. A ƙarshe, bincike na 2023 ya nuna cewa duk nau'ikan yanayi sun raina hayakin sulfur daga tuddai masu aman wuta da ke faruwa a bango, a wajen manyan fashewar, don haka sun yi la'akari da sanyaya da iskar aerosols na ɗan adam ke bayarwa, musamman a yanayin Arctic.
Ba tare da la'akari da ƙarfin sanyi na aerosol na yanzu ba, duk aikin yanayin canjin yanayi na gaba yana raguwa a cikin ɓangarori kuma wannan ya haɗa da yanayin inda da an cimma maƙasudi: ƙayyadaddun maƙasudin rage hayakinsu suna ɗaukar buƙatar gyara don rage raguwa. Tunda samfura sun kiyasta cewa sanyaya da sulfates ke haifarwa ya yi daidai da ɗumamar da methane ke haifarwa (kuma tun da methane iskar gas ce mai ɗan gajeren lokaci), an yi imanin cewa raguwar lokaci ɗaya a duka biyun zai iya soke juna sosai. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, adadin methane yana ƙaruwa da ƙimar da ya wuce lokacin da suka gabata na haɓaka mafi girma a cikin 1980s, tare da iskar methane mai dausayi yana haifar da yawancin ci gaban kwanan nan, yayin da iska. gurbacewar yanayi ana tsaftace su da karfi. Wadannan dabi'un sune wasu manyan dalilan da yasa ana sa ran dumama yanzu a kusa da 2030, sabanin kiyasin tsakiyar 2010 inda ba zai faru ba sai 2040.
Har ila yau, an ba da shawarar cewa, ba a ba da isasshiyar kulawar da ake yi wajen tantance haɗarin da ke tattare da shi ba, duk da cewa yana da tasiri a ma'aunin yanki fiye da na duniya. Misali, yanayin canjin yanayi tare da yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi amma raguwa mai ƙarfi a cikin gurɓataccen iska zai ga ƙarin dumamar yanayi ta 2050 fiye da yanayin iri ɗaya tare da ƙarancin haɓakar ingancin iska, amma a yanki, bambancin zai ƙara ƙarin dare na wurare masu zafi 5 a kowace shekara a arewacin China kuma yana haɓaka hazo a arewacin China da arewacin Indiya . Hakazalika, wata takarda da ta kwatanta matakin yanzu na manufofin iska mai tsafta tare da mafi girman ma'auni mai yuwuwar aiwatarwa a karkashin in ba haka ba yanayin yanayin sauyin yanayi iri ɗaya ya gano cewa ƙarshen zai ƙara haɗarin matsanancin zafin jiki da 30-50% a China da Turai. Abin takaici, saboda bayanan tarihi na iskar iska ba su da yawa a wasu yankuna fiye da na wasu, ingantacciyar hasashen yanki na tasirin iska yana da wahala. Ko da sabbin nau'ikan yanayi na CMIP6 na iya wakiltar daidaitaccen yanayin iska a Turai, amma suna gwagwarmaya tare da wakiltar Arewacin Amurka da Asiya, ma'ana cewa hasashensu na nan gaba na tasirin yanki yana iya ƙunsar kurakurai suma.
Hannun jiragen sama da kulle-kulle
Gabaɗaya, ƙayyadaddun jirgin sama (wanda ake kira trail trail) an yi imani da cewa zai iya kama hasken wuta mai nisa da duniya da yanayi ke fitarwa fiye da yadda suke nuna hasken rana mai shigowa, wanda ke haifar da karuwa mai ƙarfi a cikin tilas . A cikin 1992, an kiyasta wannan tasirin zafi tsakanin 3.5 mW/m 2 da 17 mW/m 2 . An ƙididdige tasirin tasirin tasirin tasirin tasirin jirgin sama daga bayanan sake nazari, ƙirar yanayi, da lambobin canja wuri mai haske ; an kiyasta a 12 mW/m 2 na 2005, tare da kewayon rashin tabbas na 5 zuwa 26 mW/m 2, kuma tare da ƙarancin fahimtar kimiyya. Contrail cirrus na iya zama mafi girman bangaren tilastawa zirga-zirgar iska, wanda ya fi duk CO da aka tara daga jirgin sama, kuma zai iya ninka sau uku daga tushen 2006 zuwa 160-180. mW/m 2 ta 2050 ba tare da sa baki ba. Don kwatanta, jimillar tilastawa ta radiative daga ayyukan ɗan adam ya kai 2.72 W/m 2 (tare da kewayo tsakanin 1.96 da 3.48W/m 2 ) a cikin 2019, kuma karuwar daga 2011 zuwa 2019 kadai ya kai 0.34W/m 2 .
Abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikice sun bambanta da yawa dangane da lokacin da aka kafa su, yayin da suke rage yawan zafin rana kuma suna ƙara yawan zafin dare, suna rage bambancin su. A cikin 2006, an kiyasta cewa zirga-zirgar dare yana ba da gudummawar 60 zuwa 80% na tilastawa mai hana ruwa gudu yayin da yake lissafin kashi 25% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun, kuma jirage na hunturu suna ba da gudummawar rabin adadin kuzari na shekara-shekara yayin da ke lissafin kashi 22% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na shekara. An fara daga 1990s, an ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokacin rana suna da tasirin sanyaya mai ƙarfi, kuma idan aka haɗa su tare da ɗumamar jiragen sama na dare, wannan zai haifar da bambancin zafin rana na yau da kullun (bambanci a cikin mafi girma na rana da raguwa a cikin wani yanayi). kafaffen tasha). Lokacin da babu wani jirgin sama na kasuwanci da ya tashi a cikin Amurka bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, yanayin zafin rana ya karu da 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) . An auna a fadin tashoshin yanayi 4,000 a cikin nahiyar Amurka, wannan karuwa shine mafi girma da aka samu cikin shekaru 30. Ba tare da hani ba, kewayon zafin rana na gida ya kasance sama da nan da nan. A kudancin Amurka, bambancin ya ragu da kusan 3.3 °C (6 °F), da 2.8 °C (5 °F) a tsakiyar Amurka. Duk da haka, binciken da aka biyo baya ya gano cewa canjin yanayi a cikin murfin girgije zai iya fiye da bayyana waɗannan binciken. Marubutan wani binciken na 2008 sun rubuta, "Bambance-bambance a cikin babban murfin girgije, gami da hanawa da kuma gajimare na cirrus da ke haifar da rikice-rikice, suna ba da gudummawa mai rauni ga canje-canje a cikin kewayon zafin rana, wanda ke gudana da farko ta ƙananan girgije, iska, da zafi. "
Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 na bayanan yanayi na Biritaniya da aka ɗauka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya gano wani abu guda ɗaya inda zafin jiki ya kai sama da matsakaicin rana a kusa da sansanonin jiragen sama da AmurkaAF ke amfani da dabarun bama-bamai bayan sun tashi a cikin tsari, kodayake sun yi gargadin cewa taron ne guda.
Amsar da duniya ta yi game da cutar sankarau ta 2020 ta haifar da raguwar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a duniya kusan kashi 70% dangane da 2019. Don haka, ya ba da dama mai tsawo don nazarin tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin zafi na yanki da na duniya. Nazarin da yawa sun sami "babu wani amsa mai mahimmanci na keyway on yanayin iska na yau da kullun" sakamakon sakamakon sauye-sauye, kuma ko dai "babu babban mahimmancin ERF na duniya" (ingantacciyar radiative tilasta ) ko kuma ƙaramin tasirin dumamar yanayi. A gefe guda, raguwar hayakin sulfate da ke haifarwa ta hanyar takaita zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da masana'antu yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19 ya sami tasirin dumamar yanayi: an 4kulle-kulle.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30759 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosa%20Igiebor%20%28dan%20jarida%29 | Nosa Igiebor (dan jarida) | Nosa Igiebor (an haife shi 25 Disamba 1952) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne kuma edita. A shekarar 1993, ya samu lambar yabo ta ‘yan jarida ta kasa da kasa ta kwamitin kare hakkin ƴan jarida bisa labarin da mujallarsa ta Tell ' yi kan mulkin soja na Sani Abacha .
Farkon aiki
Bayan kammala karatun sa da banbanci a Cibiyar Aikin Jarida ta Ghana, Igiebor ya fara aikinsa a gidan talabijin na Najeriya da ke jihar Edo, inda muƙaminsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban editan labarai. Ma'aikaci na gaba shine National Concord Group, inda ya kasance editan labarai. Ya bar wurin ya zama mataimakin babban editan mujallar labarai ta Najeriya Newswatch.
A cikin 1991, Igiebor ya kafa mujallar labarai mai zaman kanta Tell kuma ya zama babban editan ta. Kamar Igiebor, yawancin 'yan jarida na Tell sun zo mujallar daga Newswatch, bayan da aka kashe editanta Dele Giwa ta hanyar bam na wasiƙa kuma manufofin edita ya zama rashin tsoro.
Fada ƙasidun da aka buga na sukar gwamnati da sojoji, lamarin da ya sa dangantakar mujallar ta yi tsami da shugaban mulkin soja Ibrahim Babangida . A watan Afrilun 1993, lokacin da mujallar ta gabatar da wata hira da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo mai ritaya a matsayin labarinta, gwamnati ta kwace kwafin Tell 50,000 kuma aka tilastawa ma’aikatan su boye. Sun ci gaba da bugawa a matsayin tabloid, duk da haka, sun zama "na farko na Guerrilla tabloids na Najeriya na zamani".
Faɗa a zamanin Abacha
A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1993, Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben shugaban kasar da aka gudanar bayan da dan takarar adawa Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola ya yi nasara. Sannan Janar Sani Abacha ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a matsayin sabon shugaban Najeriya.
Tun farkon mulkin Abacha, Tell ya ɗauki wani salo mai ma'ana a cikin rahotannin gwamnatinsa. Igiebor ya kafa wata manufar da mujallar ba za ta taba kiran Abacha a matsayin “shugaban kasa ba”, inda ya fifita kalmomin “junta” ko “mai mulkin kama karya” don kwatanta mulkinsa.
Gwamnatin ta mayar da martani da wani kamfen na cin zarafi da daure ma’aikatan mujallar, da kuma ƴan jarida daga wasu wallafe-wallafen, lamarin da ya sa kwamitin kare ‘yan jarida ya fitar da wani rahoto da ke kwatanta ‘yan jaridu masu zaman kansu a Najeriya a matsayin “cikin mawuyacin hali”. A watan Maris na 1995, an kama George Mbah, mataimakin editan mujallar, aka daure shi a kan tuhumar "yunƙurin juyin mulkin soja", kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 25 a kurkuku ta wata kotun soja ta asirce.
A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, yayin da Igiebor ke barin gidansa da ke Legas domin zuwa ofishin Tell ' jami’an tsaron jihar su shida suka kama shi, suka kai shi hedikwatar hukumar tsaro ta jihar. Jami’an sun kuma kama kwafi 55,000 na fitowar Kirsimeti ta Tell mai dauke da labarin da ya caccaki Abacha. ' Manajin, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, ya buya. Ragowar ma’aikatan sun fitar da wata sanarwa bayan kamen, inda suka ce ta’addancin gwamnati da mugunyar zagon kasa ba za su tilasta mana mu yi watsi da imaninmu na ‘yanci da adalci da bin doka da oda ba.
Dauri
An saka Igiebor a gidan yari kuma an hana shi shiga danginsa, lauya, da kuma kula da lafiyarsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1996, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Legas ta ba da umarnin a bar matar Igiebor, Harit Igiebor, ta ziyarci mijinta domin ta ba shi wasu magunguna da ake bukata, amma da ta ziyarci gidan yari washegari, an hana ta shiga. A wannan watan, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a tuhumi Igiebor a ƙarƙashin "Dokar 2 na 1984 saboda aikata laifukan da suka shafi tsaron jihar".
A watan Fabrairu, jami'an tsaron jihar sun ƙwace kwafin Tell 100,000, kuma lauyan Igiebor ya shigar da kara a kan gwamnatin tarayya kan dalar Amurka $1,400,000. Daga nan sai aka daure lauyan da kansa ba tare da an tuhume shi ba.
Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya kaddamar da kamfen na rubuta wasiƙa yana neman a sake shi, kamar yadda Amnesty International ta yi. Ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe kuma ta sanya shi fursuna na lamiri . Ya ci gaba da tsare shi ba tare da boye-boye ba na tsawon sama da watanni shida, har zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 1996, lokacin da aka sake shi tare da wasu fursunonin siyasa shida.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin shekara ta 1993, Kwamitin Kare Yan Jaridu ya ba Igiebor lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Jarida ta Duniya, "labari na shekara-shekara na aikin jarida mai jaruntaka". Bill Orme, editan CPJ, ya yi tsokaci: "Abin da ya bambanta Nosa shi ne cewa har yanzu yana samarwa kuma kungiyarsa (Tell) tana ba da rahoton labarai cikin sauri da kuma yaki".
A cikin 1998, Nosa Igiebor da ma'aikatan mujallar Tell gabaɗaya an ba su lambar yabo ta musamman don aikin jarida na kare hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin barazanar Amnesty International UK Media Awards . Sanarwar kyautar ta bayyana cewa; "Tell ta ci gaba da bugawa a tsawon lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Najeriya duk da tursasawa, tsangwama da tsarewa ba tare da tuhumar Mista Igiebor da sauran manyan jami'an Tell ba.", "
Cigaba na yanzu
Igiebor yanzu shine shugaban TELL Communications tare da Dele Omotunde da Osifo Whiskey. Bayan zamanin mulkin soja a Najeriya, Igiebor da sauran 'yan jarida a Najeriya ba sa son aikin jarida.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1952
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate | Ƙungiyar Climate | Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi . Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II . , don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri.
Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri.
Tarihi
Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba.
An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na " Alkawarin Yunkuri " ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa.
A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders . Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.
A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya " mutu-in " a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi - wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. . . Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka [. . . ] Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. ”
A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya . Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ”
‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie ; Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley ; Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ; ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida.
Kwamitin ba da shawara
Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da:
Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org
Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya
Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon
Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim
Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short
Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein
Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli
David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red
Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli
Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop.
Duba kuma
Tattalin arziki
Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2
Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
TheClimateMobilization.org
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
37374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Barcelona%206%E2%80%931%20Paris%20Saint-Germain%20F.C. | FC Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. | FC Barcelona 6-1 Paris Saint-Germain FC ta kasance sakamakon wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017 a Camp Nou a Barcelona . FC Barcelona ta samu rashin nasara da ci hudu da nema a wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar but 2016-17 da Paris Saint-Germain a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai zagaye na 16, inda ta yi nasara da ci 6-5 a jimillar, abin da ya sa ta zama mafi girma a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. wasan, wanda ya zama sananne a Spain da Faransa a matsayin la Remontada (dawowa).
Fage
Tarihi
Wannan ne karo na uku da Paris Saint-Germain za ta kara da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyun da suka gabata a kakar wasa wasa ta shekarar 2012-13 da kuma shekarar 2014-15 a jimillar.
Matakin rukuni
Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun sami kagewa cancanta daga matakin rukuni . Paris Saint-Germain ta cancanci a matsayin ta biyu a rukunin A bayan da ta fuskanci Arsenal, Basel, kuma ta samu maki 9 a kan Ludogorets Razgrad mai matsayi na 3 . Barcelona Barcelona ce ta zama jagorar rukunin C, mai nisa a gaban Borussia Mönchengladbach da Celtic kuma Manchester City ce ta biyu da maki 6.
Kafar farko
An buga wasan farko ne a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu a filin wasa na Parc des Princes da ke birnin Paris ; Kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance cikin tsari mai kyau tare da Paris Saint-Germain sun fito ne daga ci 3-0 a waje da Bordeaux a Ligue 1 da Barcelona Barcelona ta lallasa Deportivo Alavés a ci 6-0 a waje a gasar La Liga .
Angel Di María ne ya farkewa ‘yan wasan Paris din a minti na 18 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida gida bayan da Samuel Umtiti na Barcelona ya yi keta. Julian Draxler ya yi 2-0 tare da bugun ƙasa kaɗan a minti na 40, Marco Verratti ya taimaka. Bayan mintuna 55 Di María ya sake zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Edinson Cavani ne ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasan a minti na 72 da fara wasa, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 4-0. Barcelona ta samu bugun begun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a duk lokacin wasan.
Bayan wasa
Takaitawa
Na biyu kafa da aka buga a ranar 8 ga watan Maris a Camp Nou a Barcelona . A karo na farko, kungiyoyin biyu sun shiga wasan bayan da suka lashe wasanninsu na gasar, Barcelona da ci 5-0. Celta Vigo da Paris Saint-Germain 1234567 - 0 da Nancy .
Wasan ya samu halartar mutane 96,290 duk da tsananin rashin nasara da kungiyar ta yi a wasan farko. Dan wasan Barcelona Luis Suárez ne ya zura kwallon farko a wasan a minti na 3 da fara wasa bayan da ya kai kwallon a kan layi kafin Thomas Meunier ya farke ta. A cikin mintuna na 40, dan wasan Paris Saint-Germain Layvin Kurzawa ya zura kwallo ta kansa a kokarin da ya yi na toshe kwallon da Andrés Iniesta ya yi. Kwalla ta uku ta zo ne a minti na 50 da fara wasa ta hanyar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Lionel Messi bayan da Thomas Meunier ya yi wa Neymar keta. A minti na 62 da fara wasa ne dai Barcelona ta samu nasarar zura kwallo a ragar Barcelona, wanda hakan ya sa ta bukaci karin wasu uku da ta yi nasara saboda ka’idar cin kwallaye a waje a yanzu ta fifita kungiyar da ke waje wato PSG.Dan wasan Barcelona Mascherano ya ja Di Maria a bugun fanareti na Barcelona amma alkalin wasa Deniz Aytekin bai ba. kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe - bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 88 da bugun fanariti mai cike da takaddama lokacin da Luis Suárez ya fadi a 90+1st - inda aka tashi 5-1. A cikin dakika na karshe na wasan ne Neymar ya kai bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, sannan Sergi Roberto ya zura kwallo ta shida kuma ta karshe a minti na 90+5, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 6-1, ya kuma tsallake zuwa wasan kusa dana karshe da ci 6-5. tara.
Cikakkun bayanai
Kididdiga
Bayan da aka tashi kunnen doki, yayin da ake yabon Barcelona an kuma yi suka ga Paris Saint-Germain kan yadda suka gaza shawo kan matsin lamba na ci gaba Haba da jan ragamar da suka yi, da kuma hasashen cewa. Hukumar za ta iya ragewa alkalin wasa daga matsayinsa saboda wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ya yanke a lokacin wasan, musamman bayar da bugun fanareti na biyu na Barcelona. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa da Paris Saint-Germain ta yi nasara a wasan wasan da a yi amfani da tsarin na'urar VAR .
A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, Barcelona ta sake shan wahala a wasan farko na kunnen doki daga gida, a wannan karon ta sha kashi a hannun Juventus da ci 3-0 . Sai dai sun kasa maimaita wasan da suka yi a zagayen baya kuma kuma an fitar da su bayan sun tashi 0-0 a wasan da suka buga.
Daya daga cikin manyan jaruman wasan kunnen doki, dan wasan Brazil Neymar, ya kasance a tsakiyar wani lamari daban da ya shafi kungiyoyin biyu a cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2017 lokacin da ya tashi daga Barcelona zuwa Paris Saint-Germain kan kudin rikodin rikodin duniya .
A zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020-21, Barcelona da Paris Saint-Germain sun sake fuskantar juna, a wannan karon cikin yanayi daban-daban. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankalin kafafen yada labarai shi ne komawar Neymar Barcelona, duk da cewa ba zai buga wasan farko ba saboda rauni. Ko da kuwa, PSG ta lashe wasan 4-1 a Camp Nou, tare da hat-trick daga Kylian Mbappé . A karawa ta biyu, kungiyar PSG wadda ba ta da Neymar ta yi nasarar ci gaba da tashi kunnen doki 1-1, inda ta lallasa Barça da ci 5-2 a jumulla, kuma ta tsallake zuwa natakinmatakin daf da na kusa da na karshe.
Makamantan sakamako a yanayi masu zuwa
A gasar kakar wasanni ta gaba, Barcelona ce ta samu nasarar dawowa ba zato ba tsammani, ta sha kashi a hannun Roma da ke Italiya da ci 3-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da kuma fitar da kwallaye a waje, duk da cewa ta yi nasara da ci 4-1 mai karfi daga kafar gida ta taye. A nasu bangare, Paris Saint-Germain sun sake sunkuyar da kai a zagaye na 16, duk da cewa sun kara da Neymar Neymar da sauran su a cikin tawagar da kuma lashe rukuninsu, sun yi rashin nasara ga wadanda suka yi nasara, abokan hamayyar Barcelona Real Madrid .
A cikin shekarar 2018-19 UEFA Champions League zagaye na 16, Paris Saint-Germain - ba tare da Neymar da ya ji rauni ba - su ne kungiyar da ta sha kashi a wani gagarumin koma baya, yayin da kungiyar Manchester United da ke da karfi ta ci 3-1 a Parc des Princes (The Parc des Princes). Hukunci burin daga bugun fenareti a karin lokacin da VAR ta bayar) bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Old Trafford, karo na farko a tarihin gasar da aka shawo kan irin wannan gibin da aka samu a wasan farko na gida. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, an kawar da Barcelona bayan rugujewar zagaye na biyu: rike da fa'idar 3-0 daga Camp Nou, sun zura kwallaye hudu ba tare da amsa wa Liverpool ba a Anfield .
A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2021-22, PSG ta doke Real Madrid da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na zagaye na 16 kawai inda aka tashi wasa na biyu da ci 3-1 a filin wasa na Santiago Bernabéu .
Duba kuma
1997 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final
2016-17 FC Barcelona kakar
2016-17 Paris Saint-Germain FC kakar
FC Barcelona in international football
Paris Saint-Germain FC a wasan kwallon kafa na duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sharhin wasan UEFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Augie-Kuta | Aisha Augie-Kuta | ă
Aisha Augie-Kuta (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1980) ta kuma kasance mai daukar hoto ce a Najeriya kuma mai shirya fim mazauniyar Abuja. Ita bahaushiya ce, Hausa daga Argungu karamar hukuma a Jihar Kebbi a arewacin Nijeriya. Ta lashe lambar yabo na Creative Artist of the year a shekarar 2011 The Future Awards. Augie-kut itace har ila yau mai bada shawara ga Special Adviser (Digital Communications Strategy) Federal Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning. Kafin wannan mukamin ita ce Senior Special adviser ga gwamnan jihar Kebbi akan labarai da kafafen sadarwa.
Tarihi
An haifi Aisha Adamu Augie a Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Augie-Kuta ita yarinyar Senator Adamu Baba Augie (politician/broadcaster), da mamanta Justice Amina Augie (JSC). Augie-Kuta ta fara son ɗaukar hoto ne tun sanda babanta ya bata kamera tun tana yarinya..
Augie-Kuta ta samun digiri a fannin Mass Communication daga Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Kuma ta karanta MSc a Media and communication at the Pan African University, Lagos (Now Pan Atlantic University). Ta yi aure tana da yara uku. Augie-Kuta nada certificates a digital filmmaking daga New York Film Academy da kuma gudanar da Chelsea College of Arts, London, UK.
Augie-Kuta ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI) a watan Mayu shekarar 2011. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Mata a Fim da Talabijin a Najeriya (WIFTIN) babi ta Yammacin Afirka na cibiyar sadarwar Amurka. Ta hada gwiwa da Photowagon, wata kungiyar daukar hoto ta Najeriya, a shekara ta 2009.
A shekara ta 2010, an hada Augie-Kuta, tare da wasu matan Najeriya 50, a cikin wani littafi da kuma nune-nunen bikin kasa da shekaru 50 @ 50 da goyan bayan Mata suka Canji.
A cikin shekarar 2014, Augie-Kuta ta gudanar da bikin bajinta na farko mai daukar hoto, mai suna Alternative Evil .
Ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yarinya / samari da ginin al'umma. Ta kasance wani m gudanarwa a shekara-shekara taro na daukan hoto, Najeriya Photography nuni & Conference. wani mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a cikin al'amuran daban-daban; kuma ta yi magana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na TEDx a Najeriya.
An rantsar da Augie-Kuta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga mata ta UNICEF a fannin Ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan mata da matasa.
A cikin shekara ta 2018, Augie-Kuta ita ce wakilin wakilin sashin zane-zane na Najeriya wanda ta sadu da mai martabarsa ta Royal Highness Charles, Yarima na Wales a majalissar Burtaniya da ke Legas.
Augie-Kuta ita ce mace mace ta farko da ta fara takarar kujerar wakilan wakilai a karkashin babbar jam’iyya a zaben Majalisar Tarayya ta Argungu-Augie a jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Augie-Kuta ita ce mai gabatarwa a kai a kai yayin taron masu daukar hoto na shekara-shekara, Nigeria Expo Expo & Conference; mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a taron daban-daban; ya kuma yi magana a taron TEDx a Najeriya.
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya a Sabuwar Media.
A yanzu haka tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga ministar kudi, kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na kasa, Misis Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed .
Kyaututtuka
2011: Nasara, Kirkirar Mawakiyar Kyauta na shekarar a kyaututtuka masu zuwa.
2014: Kyautar 'yar uwa ga mai daukar hoto na shekarar.
2014: Winner, British Council 'Ta hanyar-My-Eyes' gasar.
Shekarar 2015: Ambasada, Makon Sati na Legas
Shekarar 2016: Kyautar Kyauta, (Jagoranci & Bauta ga Al'umma), Junior Chamber International
2016: Manyan Youngan kasuwar Nigerianan Najeriyar bakwai, Shugabanci
Shekarar 2016: HiLWA: Babban Mai Taimakawa Mata, (Ilimin Yaran Mace da Karamin Lafiya) Hukumar UNICEF / Kebbi State Government
2016: ellowan ellowungiyar, Fungiyar Haɗin Kai na Koriya ta Arewa
Nunin Nunin
Shekaru 50 kafin ta gaban matan Najeriya, Legas, (Schlumberger, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Shekaru 50 A Gabatar Da Idon Matan Najeriya, Abuja, Nigeria; Afrilu 2010 (Transcorp Hilton, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Anan da Yanzu: Artical na Najeriya da Ghana, New York City, Oktoba 2010 (Iroko Arts Consultants, Ronke Ekwensi).
Takaitaccen Tsarin: Ciwon Canjin, Nunin Nazarin, Abuja, Nigeria, Oktoba 2010 (Kayan bincike na Medicaid, Tsarin Pinc, Aisha & Aicha)
Ni Najeriya; Hotunan Photowagon, Abuja, Nigeria, Disamba 2010 (Hoto na Photowagon, Tsinkayen Pyramid)
Ruwa da Tsabta, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka, Legas, Nigeria, Satumba 2012.
Nunin Hoton daukar hoto na ƙarni na Najeriya, Yuli 2014
Al'adun kayan tarihi, Hotunan Hoto na Legas, Oktoba-Nuwamba 2014
Muguwar mugunta, Nuna M Shahararriyar Watsa Labarai, IICD Abuja, Nigeria 2014
Miloli marasa yawa, Nunin Jirgin Najeriya, Miliki Legas, Najeriya 2016
Kafin, Kafin & Yanzu, Yanzu, Mira Forum, Art Tafeta Porto, Portugal, 2016
Don alamar sabbin abubuwan farawa : Afirka Steeze na Los Angeles, Amurka, 2016
Amfani da hasken rana, Tsarin Muhalli na tarin Abuja, Najeriya, 2015
Hotunan Neman hoto, Tsarin Kirkirar zane a Cibiyar Fina-Finan Abuja, Najeriya, 2015
Littattafai data buga
50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far . Najeriya: Rimson Associates. 2010. pp. 32-35. ISBN 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far
List of Nigerian film producers
Manazarta |
51275 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniya%20Ta%20Afirka%20Kan%20Hakkokin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20da%20Jama%27a | Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a | Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da jama'a (wanda kuma aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Banjul) kayan aiki ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda aka yi niyya don haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin nahiyar Afirka.
Ta bullo ne a karkashin inuwar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (Tun da Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta maye gurbinsa) wanda a Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocinta na shekarar 1979, ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke kira da a kafa kwamitin kwararru da zai tsara wata kafa ta nahiyar baki daya. kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kwatankwacin waɗanda suka riga sun wanzu a Turai (Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Haƙƙin ɗan Adam) da Amurka (Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam). An kafa wannan kwamiti bisa tsari, kuma ya samar da daftarin da aka amince da shi gaba daya a taron OAU na 18 da aka yi a watan Yunin shekarar 1981, a Nairobi, Kenya. Bisa ga doka ta 63 (inda zai fara aiki watanni uku bayan liyafar da babban sakatare janar na kayan aikin tabbatarwa ko kuma riko da rinjaye mai sauƙi) na ƙasashe membobin OAU), Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan ɗan adam. Kuma yancin jama'a ya fara aiki ne a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba 1986- don girmama ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba a matsayin ranar 'yancin ɗan adam ta Afirka.
Sa ido da fassarar Yarjejeniya aiki ne na Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a ta Afirka, wadda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba 1987 a birnin Addis Ababa na ƙasar Habasha kuma yanzu tana da hedikwata a Banjul na ƙasar Gambia. Daga baya aka amince da wata yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniya a shekarar 1998 inda za a kafa Kotu akan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'ar Afirka. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2004.
A watan Yulin 2004, Majalisar AU ta yanke shawarar cewa za a shigar da ACHP cikin kotun shari'a ta Afirka. A watan Yulin 2005, Majalisar AU ta yanke shawarar cewa ACHP ta fara aiki duk da cewa yarjejeniyar da aka kafa kotun shari'ar Afirka ba ta fara aiki ba. Don haka, zaman taro na takwas na majalisar zartaswar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, ya zabi alkalai na farko na kotun kare hakkin bil'adama da al'ummar Afirka. Har yanzu ba a tantance dangantakar da ke tsakanin sabuwar Kotun da aka kafa da hukumar ba.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, jihohi 53 sun amince da Yarjejeniyar.
Abun ciki
Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta hada da gabatarwa, sassa 3, babi 4, da muƙaloli 63. Yarjejeniya ta kafa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam na yanki ga Afirka. Yarjejeniya ta raba fasali da yawa tare da sauran kayan aikin yanki, amma kuma tana da fitattun halaye na musamman game da ƙa'idodin da ta gane da kuma tsarin sa ido.
Gabatarwar ta ƙaddamar da kawar da Zionism, wanda ya kwatanta da mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata, ya sa Afirka ta Kudu ta cancanci shiga 1996 tare da ajiyar cewa Yarjejeniyar ta fadi daidai da kudurorin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "game da halayyar Sihiyoniya."
Ka'idoji da ke ƙunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya
Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa
Yarjejeniya ta amince da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa. Haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da 'yancin walwala daga wariya (Mataki na 2 da 18(3)), daidaito (Mataki na 3), amincin rayuwa da mutunci (Mataki na 4), mutunci (Mataki na 5), 'yanci daga bauta. (Sashe na 5), 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci ko hukunci (Mataki na 5), haƙƙin mallaka ne (Mataki na 6), haƙƙin yin shari’a ta gaskiya (Mataki na 7 da 25), ’yancin yin addini Mataki na 8), 'yancin yin bayani da faɗar albarkacin baki (Mataki na 9), 'yancin yin tarayya (Mataki na 10), ' yancin yin taro (Mataki na 11), 'yancin motsi (Mataki na 12), 'yancin shiga siyasa (Mataki na 13), ' yancin yin takara. dukiya (Mataki na 14), da haƙƙin tsayayya (Mataki na 20).
Wasu malaman haƙƙin ɗan adam duk da haka suna ɗaukar nauyin Yarjejeniya kan wasu haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa da bai isa ba. Misali, haƙƙin keɓancewa ko haƙƙin haƙƙin tilastawa ko aiki na tilas ba a bayyana a sarari ba. Ana ɗaukar tanade-tanaden da suka shafi shari'a na gaskiya da shiga siyasa ba su cika ba bisa ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya.
Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
Yarjejeniyar ta kuma amince da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Yarjejeniyar ta ba da fifiko ga waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Yarjejeniya ta amince da haƙƙin yin aiki (Mataki na 15), yancin samun lafiya (Mataki na 16), da haƙƙin ilimi (Mataki na 17). Ta hanyar shawarar da Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Afirka, SERAC v Nigeria (2001) ta yanke, an kuma fahimci Yarjejeniya ta ƙunshi 'yancin samun gidaje da ' yancin cin abinci a matsayin "a bayyane" a cikin Yarjejeniya, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da shi. tanadi akan haƙƙin rayuwa (Art. 4), haƙƙin lafiya (Art. 16) da haɓaka (Art. 22).
Hakkokin jama'a da haqqoqin kungiya
Baya ga amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da aka ambata a sama da Yarjejeniya ta kuma amince da haƙƙoƙin gama kai ko na ƙungiya, ko haƙƙin jama'a da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na uku. Don haka Yarjejeniya ta amince da haƙƙin ƙungiya zuwa matakin da bai dace da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki na Turai ko Inter-Amurka ba. Yarjejeniya ta ba da kariya ga iyali ta hanyar gwamnati (Mataki na 18), yayin da "mutane" suna da 'yancin daidaitawa (Mataki na 19), 'yancin yancin kai (Mataki na 20), na zubar da dukiyoyinsu da albarkatun kasa kyauta (Mataki na 18) 21), 'yancin samun ci gaba (Mataki na 22), 'yancin samun zaman lafiya da tsaro (Mataki na 23) da "yanayi mai gamsarwa gabaɗaya" (Mataki na 24).
Ayyuka
Yarjejeniya ba wai kawai tana ba da haƙƙoƙi ga daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi ba, har ma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ya rataya a wuyansu. Wadannan ayyuka suna kunshe a cikin doka ta 29 kuma sune kamar haka:
Wajibi ne don kiyaye daidaituwar ci gaban iyali.
Yin hidima ga al'ummar ƙasa ta hanyar sanya iyawar jiki da ta hankali a hidimarta.
Kada a kawo cikas ga harkokin tsaron jihar.
Don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa haɗin kai na zamantakewa da na ƙasa.
Don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa 'yancin kai na ƙasa da cikakken yanki na ƙasar da ba da gudummawar kariyar ta.
Yin aiki gwargwadon iyawa da cancantar mutum da kuma biyan haraji don amfanin al'umma.
Don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa kyawawan dabi'un al'adun Afirka da kuma gaba ɗaya don ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka ɗabi'a na al'umma.
Don ba da gudummawa ga mafi kyawun iyawar mutum don haɓakawa da cimma nasarar haɗin kan Afirka.
Duba kuma
Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara
Kotun Afirka akan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a
Tarayyar Afirka
Dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya
Maputo Protocol
Jerin Haƙƙin Harshe a Tsarin Mulki (Afrika)
Hakkokin harshe
Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 3379
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a
Hukumar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afirka
Hukunce-hukuncen zama na shida na majalisar zartarwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31073 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Boushaki | Ali Boushaki | Ali Boushaki ( Ali bn Mohamed al-Boushaki) (1855 CE / 1271 AH - 1965 CE / 1385 AH ), Shehin Malamin kasar Aljeriya, Imam, haka kuma Sufi Sheikh. An haife shi a ƙauyen Soumâa kusa da garin Thénia, 53 km gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayin ruhaniya tsakanin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki tare da kyawawan dabi'u da ɗabi'a na Islama. Ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba daya ga hidimar Musulunci da Aljeriya kamar yadda aka rubuta a Musuluncin Aljeriya.
Ilimi
An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a pueblo na Soumâa al sur de la ainihin ciudad de Thénia, mai tazarar kilomita 50 gabas da gran ciudad de Algiers, y su familia desciende del teólogo malikita Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453), quien fundó the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a cikin 1440 lokacin el siglo XV.
Su padre es Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki (1835-1893), conocido por el seudónimo de Moh Ouali, Muqaddam de Tariqa Rahmaniyyah in the Baja Cabilia, mientras que su madre es Lallahoum Ishak Boushaki, zuriyar como su marido del theologo en ladi Boushaki del pueblo de Meraldene.
Luego recibió una addini ilimi según la referencia Islámica argina En las tres escuelas místicas de Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki, Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi y Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, además de una conciencia política según la ideología del nacionalismo tiidependent de su tío baba Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959).
Baya ga aikinsa na ilimi a cikin wannan isasshiyar muhalli, ya yi aiki a aikin noma da noma a kusa da pueblos na alrededores na Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela da Mahrane.
Mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya
Kakansa Cheikh Ali Boushaki (1809-1846) shi ne shugaban Kabyles a yankin Thenia a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837 a lokacin yakin Col des Beni Aïcha (1837), lokacin da Janar Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont ya aika da ayarin sojoji na ƙasa wanda Kyaftin Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg ya umarta don murkushewa da hukunta Kabyles na Beni Aïcha da abokansu daga Greater Kabylia bayan sun kai hari kan Reghaïa (1837) tare da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Emir Mustapha ya zo daga Titteri kuma kafin Sarki Abdelkader ya kusa kammala yarjejeniyar Tafna da Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837.
Wannan karo na farko na Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka a Kabylia da ke gabashin Mitidja cikin sauri ya hada da Sheikh Ali Boushaki da mazaunan daruruwan kauyuka a yankin Lower Kabylia a cikin farin jini na Aljeriya a kan mamayar Faransa da sojoji mamaye sojojin Faransa da daular Faransa a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa kafin yin shahada a lokacin Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha (1846).
Kafin rasuwarsa a matsayin Shahid a shekara ta 1846, Sheikh Ali Boushaki ya auri Aïcha Dekkiche daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene da ke yammacin birnin Souk El Had na yanzu bai da nisa da ƙauyen Soumâa, kuma ita ce ta haihu a shekara ta 1835. yaron Mohamed Boushaki, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Moh Ouali, wanda daga baya ya zama mahaifin Muqaddam Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855.
Wannan shi ne yadda gwauruwar Aïcha ta kwashe danta maraya Ali zuwa ƙauyen Gueraïchene bayan Faransawa sun lalata ƙauyukan Soumâa, Gueddara, Meraldene da Tabrahimt, kuma suka rene shi tare da kawun mahaifiyarsa har ya kai shekaru 18 a lokacin da ta dawo da shi. Garin sa na Soumâa a cikin shekarar alif 1853 inda ya auri 'yar uwansa Fettouma Ishak Boushaki daga garin Meraldene da ke kusa.
Faransa Algeria
An haifi Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a ƙauyen Soumâa lokacin da sojojin Kabylia ke ci gaba da samun ci gaba kuma Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer (1830-1863) ke yaƙin yaƙin da ta yi na ƙarshe da mamayar turawan mulkin mallaka. A halin da ake ciki kuma na kwantar da tarzoma da sanannen tsagaita wuta a Kabylia wanda ya baiwa mahaifinsa Moh Ouali da 'yan uwansa daga Beni Aïcha damar sake gina Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki tare da sake farfado da dangantaka da sauran Zawiya a Aljeriya na Tariqa Rahmaniyya har ma a Zawiya del Hamel. .
Wannan yanayi mai kama da natsuwa ya karfafa girkawa daular Faransa ta biyu mai alaka da gwamnatin Aljeriya karkashin Napoleon III Bonaparte wanda ya yi aiki don mayar da mamayar sojojin Faransa na wucin gadi a Aljeriya zuwa matsugunin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na dindindin na filayen noma masu tarin yawa. sannan aka danne tare da yiwa zaluncin mulkin mallaka.
Tun yana karami Ali Boushaki ya karanci karatu a Zawiya ta Sidi Boushaki a fannin ilmin asali da ilmin addinin Musulunci da na harshe a lokacin da yake gudanar da ayyukan noma da kiwo na al'ummarsa a cikin kwazazzabo da gangaren yankin Khachna da kuma kusa da gabar tekun Oued. Meraldene, Oued Arbia, Oued Boumerdès da Oued Isser.
Tawayen Mokrani
Zuwan shekara ta 1871 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Ali Boushaki wanda yake matashi yana dan shekara 17 a lokacin da Sheikh Mokrani ya yanke hukunci tare da kaddamar da tawaye ga Faransawa a Aljeriya, wanda kuma ya tayar da Kabylia da Gabashin Aljeriya don yin maci tare da Aljeriya. 'Yan tawaye sun nufi Algiers babban birnin kasar ta Thenia da Boudouaou.
A lokacin da 'yan tawayen Aljeriya suka isa Col des Béni Aïcha a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1871, mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohamed Boushaki, sannan ya tattara muridu da mazauna yankin don tallafawa da kuma karfafa tattakin 'yantar da kasar Algiers, don haka matashin ya shiga Ali. A yakin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1837, lokacin da Kyaftin Alexandre Fourchault da Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand suka ba da umarnin mayar da martani mai kauri da kakkausar murya kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya, tare da kwato Boudouaou da Thénia yayin da suke azabtar da mutanen kauyen tare da kame jagororin marabo daga yankin, ciki har da Cheikh. Boushaki da Cheikh Boumerdassi.
Yayin da aka kashe 'yan tawayen Aljeriya da dama, Ali Boushaki ya tsallake rijiya da baya sakamakon fatattakar 'yan tawayen Mokrani Revolt, an kama mahaifinsa Moh Ouali aka daure shi, yayin da Sheikh Boumerdassi ya kai shi New Caledonia tare da Boumezrag Mokrani.
Mutuwa
El Muqaddam Ali ya rasu a shekara ta 1965 a gidan dansa Abderrahmane Boushaki dake kan titin Slimane Ambar, kusa da garuruwan Soumâa, Gueddara da Meraldene.
Daga nan aka binne shi tare da dansa, Kofur Abderrahamne, da dan uwansa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a makabartar musulmi ta Thénia da ake kira Djebbana El Ghorba.
Hotuna
Duba wasu abubuwan
Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Algerian Islamic reference
Sufism in Algeria
Rahmaniyya
Zawiyas in Algeria
Mosques in Algeria
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia
Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Bidiyo
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1855
Mutuwan 1965
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulunci
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57742 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauro%20polder%20project | Zauro polder project | Aikin Zauro polder shiri ne na ban ruwa da aka dade ana shirin yi a filin kogin Rima a jihar Kebbi a Najeriya. Aikin yana da matsaloli, kuma zai buƙaci kulawa da mai da hankali don cimma fa'idodin da aka tsara.
Wuri
Jihar Kebbi ta kasance yankin Savanna na Sudan, buɗaɗɗen woodland mai warwatse bishiyoyi. Ya ratsa ta ne da lungunan kogin Rima da Neja, wanda a kan samu ambaliyar ruwa a kan lokaci. Akwai lokacin damina tsakanin watan Mayu da Satumba, tare da ƙarancin ruwan sama a cikin ragowar shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara yana kusan . Matsakaicin yanayin zafi kusan ne, daga tsakanin watannin Afrilu da Yuni. An sha ba da shawarar samar da madatsun ruwa da na ban ruwa don samar da wadataccen ruwan damina domin noma a lokacin rani.
Tsari
An fara aiwatar da aikin ne a shekarar 1969 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da ma’aikatar noma da albarkatun ruwa ta tarayya. Dam din zai kasance ne a gabar kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi, inda za a yi ban ruwa mai fadin na gonaki. Amfanin gona zai haɗa da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar su wake, albasa, tumatir, dankalin turawa da dankalin Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfanar da sana’ar kamun kifi mai muhimmanci a jihar. Aikin zai hada da gina tafki da magudanan ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa, yankunan gonakin da aka karewa daga ambaliyar ruwa. Bayan da aka yi nazari na ainihin zane, an canza shi don rage asarar ruwa daga ƙazantar damina a lokacin rani, da kuma rage farashi, ta hanyar maye gurbin tashoshi na budewa tare da tsarin cajin ruwa, ta yin amfani da rijiyoyi don jawo ruwa daga ramin ruwa don ban ruwa. Matsalolin ruwan Goronyo da ke jihar Sokoto za su rage illar barnar da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi, wanda kuma zai samar da ruwa a lokacin rani.
An sha samun jinkiri. Rahoton watan Yuli 1995 ya lura cewa aikin yana "tsaye". A cikin Maris 2003, yayin da yake yakin neman sake tsayawa takara a Birnin Kebbi, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi alkawarin kammala aikin. A watan Oktoban 2006 gwamnatin tarayya da na jihar Kebbi sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar aiwatar da aikin, a kan kudi naira biliyan 15. A watan Mayun 2008 Shugaba Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya ba da umarnin fara aiki nan take a kashi na farko na aikin, wanda a yanzu aka kiyasta zai ci sama da Naira biliyan 18.5. A watan Janairun 2009 Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi Sa'idu Dakingari ya ce nan ba da dadewa ba za a fara aiki.
Aikin filaye
An kaddamar da aikin gwaji a shekarar 1982 mai fadin hekta 100 a arewacin Birnin Kebbi. Wani bincike na aikin da aka fitar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayyana cewa yanayi na ci gaba da tabarbarewa a tsawon rayuwar aikin, tare da yin noman noma da ke haifar da asarar filayen noma mai albarka saboda gishiri da alkalinity. Abubuwan da suka haddasa sun hada da rashin daidaita wuraren da zai ba da damar fitowar ruwan saman, rashin kula da magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yawan ban ruwa daga manoma. Dole ne a magance waɗannan batutuwa don cikakken aikin ya yi nasara. A shekara ta 2000 Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ta ce tana shirin sake gyara aikin gwaji. Binciken asusun gwamnatin tarayya na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa an bayar da kwangilar kusan Naira miliyan 84 a shekara ta 2002 tare da biyan kashi 25% na gaba don gyara magudanan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Duk da haka, aikin ya zama kamar an yi watsi da shi bayan an biya kuɗin tattarawa.
Rigima
A watan Yulin 2008, sama da manoma 1,000 da suka yi zanga-zanga a wurin aikin sun yi kokarin murkushe Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Alhaji Ibrahim Aliyu da Sarkin Argungu, Alhaji Samaila Mera a fadar Sarkin. Wani abin damuwa shi ne yadda tafki zai mamaye yankin da ake gudanar da bikin kamun kifi na Argunga, wani muhimmin hanyar samun kudin shiga daga masu yawon bude ido. An yi barazanar kawo cikas ga bikin kamun kifi na Argunga na shekarar 2009, amma Sarkin ya yi alkawarin samar da mafita bayan an gudanar da bikin. Lokacin da babu wanda ya fito sai mutanen Argunga suka fara jifan sarki duk lokacin da suka gan shi. Wasu manoman dai sun damu cewa aikin zai mamaye gonakinsu, duk da cewa an ba su tabbacin za a biya su diyya tare da taimaka musu wajen tsugunar da su. Wasu kuma na zargin turjiya da tsoron abin da ba a sani ba, kuma suna da yakinin cewa aikin zai inganta aikin noma, suna masu cewa suna da yakinin cewa gwamnati na yin abin da ya dace.
Rikice-rikice kan ayyukan ban ruwa da ayyukan hana ambaliyar ruwa kamar aikin polder na Zauro ba zai yuwu ba. Manoman da ke da ƙananan filayen suna son ƙarancin ambaliya yayin da manoman da ke sama ke son ƙarin. Masunta suna son ambaliyar ruwa da wuri, manoma suna son ambaliya daga baya sannan makiyaya suna son lokacin rani da wuri don su sami filayen kiwo. Tare da kulawa mai kyau, ana iya magance waɗannan matsalolin.
Manazarta |
22254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20M.%20Cobb | Kim M. Cobb | Kim Cobb (an haife shi a shekara ta b1974) masaniyar kimiyyar yanayi ce ta Amurka. Ita farfesa ce a Makarantar Duniya da Kimiyyar Yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, kuma Malami ne Malami mai Iko a Georgia. Tana da sha'awar masaniyar kimiyyar teku, ilimin kimiyyar halittu da kere -kere. Cobb itace Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Duniya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Georgia.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kim Cobb a shekara ta 1974 a Madison, Virginia, Amurka. Ta girma a Pittsfield, Massachusetts . Ta kuma zama mai sha'awar nazarin halittun ruwa ne bayan ta halarci makarantar bazara a makarantar Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts . Ta yi karatun ilmin halitta da ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Yale, inda ta kara fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi . Ta tashi daga hanyarta ta pre-med track kuma ta nemi shirin bazara a Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ta kammala a cikin shekara ta 1996. Cobb ta kammala digirinta na uku a cikin hoto a Scripps a shekara ta 2002, tana farautar al'amuran El Niño a wani yanki mai laushi daga Santa Barbara . Ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin doc a Caltech kafin ta shiga Georgia Tech a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a shekara ta 2004. Ta buga wallafe-wallafen bita fiye da guda 100 a cikin manyan mujallu. Ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa a cikin shekara ta 2015 kuma tana kula da ɗaliban PhD da MSc da yawa.ref name="RealS" />
Bincike
Kungiyar Kim Cobb suna neman fahimtar canjin yanayi na duniya da kuma gano abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan mutum da na ɗan adam. Binciken Cobb ya dauke ta a kan tafiye-tafiye na teku da yawa a kewayen yankin Pacific da keɓaɓɓun balaguron gandun daji na Borneo . Kungiyar bincike ta Cobb tana amfani da murjani da kogon dutse kamar ɗakunan tarihin canjin yanayi da suka gabata kuma suna bincika canjin yanayin da ya gabata a cikin ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata zuwa ɗaruruwan dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata. Baya ga samar da babban ƙuduri na bayanan paleoclimate, ƙungiyar bincike ta Cobb kuma tana kula da sauyin yanayi na zamani, yin ƙirar ƙira, da nuna yanayin sauyin yanayi na yankin Pacific. Ita da ƙungiyarta sun tattara tsoffin guntun murjani daga tsibirin Kiribati da Palmyra, sun girme su tare da uranium-thorium Dating sannan suka yi amfani da yanayin isotope na oxygen don auna tsananin abubuwan da El Niño ya faru a cikin shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. Cobb yana kan kwamitin edita na Haruffa Masu Binciken Geophysical.
Kyauta da yabo
A shekarar 2007, ta lashe lambar yabo ta NSF CAREER da kuma Georgia Tech Education Partnership Award .
A shekara ta 2008, an amince da Cobb a matsayin ɗayan manyan samari masu ilimin kimiya na ƙasa, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo na Farko na Farko na Masana kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) .
A cikin shekarar 2009, Cobb ya sami Kavli 'Frontiers of Science' Fellowship[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">ana bukatar</span> ]
Cobb ya kasance baƙon da aka gayyata a Fadar Yarjejeniyar Sauƙaƙan Manufofin Wurin Fita a 2011
A cikin shekarar 2019, Cobb an ba shi lambar yabo ta 2020 Hans Oeschger ta Geungiyar osasashen Turai .
Manufofi da hulda da jama'a
Cobb tana zaune akan Kungiyar ofungiyar Ci gaban Kimiyyar Yanayi ta Amurka, Kasashen duniya na CLIVAR Pacific da kuma ƙungiyar PAGES-CLIVAR ta mahaɗa. Tana cikin majalisar ba da shawara na AAAS Leshner Institute for Public Engagement.
Cobb wakiliya ce ta sadarwar da al'ummomi, kuma tana gabatar da laccoci a kai a kai ga makarantu, kolejoji da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kan kimiyyar yanayi. Tana da hannu a cikin manufofi kuma ita ce marubuciya da dama game da abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a game da canjin yanayi, tana kokarin karfafawa sauran masana kimiyyar yanayi damar yin magana a mahawarar kasashen duniya. Ta fito a shirin Showtime na " Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Haɗari ". A Real Masana kimiyya, Cobb sa ta al'amarin ga karatu da paleoclimate: "The instrumental rikodin na sauyin yanayi ne da nisa ma takaice don gano wasu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin sauyin yanayi a karkashin greenhouse tilasta. Bayanan Paleoclimate suna zuwa ceto, suna kallon fari da suka gabata, munanan abubuwa, da canjin yanayin teku ". Cobb ya ba da gabatarwa a cikin Maris don Kimiyya a Atlanta, Georgia, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2017.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019, Cobb ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Albarkatun Kasa don sauraren, "Canjin Yanayi: Tasiri da Bukatar Yin Dokar." A cikin wannan shaidar, ta bayyana yadda Tekun Tekun Pacific na shekara ta 2016 El Niño ya shafe kashi 90 na murjani a cikin shafin binciken ta, yana mai cewa, "Ina da kujerar gaba-gaba ga kisan." Ta jaddada tsanani da kara bayyana a cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi, lura da cewa masana kimiyya da dama da ta zanta da su a shirye suke su hada kai da 'yan majalisa kan canjin yanayi.
Bambanci
A Georgia Tech, ita ce farfesa a gaba don ""kungiyoyin Bambanci", wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin theungiyar Kimiyya ta toasa don ƙara wakilci da ci gaban mata a cikin ilimin kimiyya da injiniya.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1974
Pages with unreviewed translations |
16066 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halilu%20Akilu | Halilu Akilu | Janar Halliru Akilu (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan nuwamba, shekarar alif 1947) wani janar ne na Najeriya wanda ya kasance Darakta na Leken Asiri na Kasa da kuma Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja a lokuta daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1990.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Akilu kuma ya yi karatu a jihar Kano
Aikin soja
An nada Akilu a shekarar 1967 bayan ya halarci Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Kananan Makarantu, Warminister (1973), Command and Staff College a Pakistan (1979), Kings College London (1983), da kuma National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies a Kuru (1989). A shekarar 1969, ya yi yaki a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a matsayin kwamandan kamfani kuma ya samu rauni. Daga baya kuma ya zama, kwamandan bataliyan sojoji ta 146 wadanda suka dakile tarzomar addini ta Maitatsine .
Hankalin soja
Daga baya Akilu ya shiga Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja. A matsayin sa na Laftanar kanar, ya shiga cikin matakan tunaninta na juyin mulkin soja na shekarar 1983 wanda ya kifar da Jamhuriyyar Nijeriya ta Biyu kuma ya hau karagar mulkin Janar Muhammadu Buhari . Ya maye gurbin Janar Aliyu Gusau a matsayin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja; kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin soja na shekarar 1985, wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Muhammadu Buhari . Bayan juyin mulkin, Janar Babangida (shugaban hafsan hafsoshin soja na wancan lokacin) yayi amfani da kusancinsa da Akilu da sauran wadanda suka kammala karatun NDA's Regular Course 3 (Babangida ya kasance malamin NDA a farkon shekarun 70s).
An sanya Akilu cikin dabaru a cikin DMI a matsayin mai auna nauyi ga Ambasada Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi, abokin Janar Muhammadu Buhari a tsarin tsaron kasa. Matsayin Akilu a cikin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja ya kasance a matsayin yaudarar bayanan sirri ga Kungiyar Tsaro ta Kasa. Akilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin (Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja) a juyin mulkin soja na shekarar 1985 wanda ya kori shugaban mulkin soja Janar Muhammadu Buhari kuma ya kawo ga Janar Ibrahim Babangida. Akilu da Babangida suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka ta yadda matar Akilu da Maryam Babangida suka kasance ‘yan'uwan juna ne.
Mulkin soja
Akilu ya kasance mamba a Majalisar Sarakunan Mulkin Soja daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1993. Akilu ya yi aiki tare da Janar Aliyu Gusau wajen sake tsara ayyukan tsaro da na leken asiri, domin karfafa ikon mulkin soja. Kungiyar tsaro ta kasa ta kasu kashi uku: Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (SSS), Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA); da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) inda ya yi aiki har sau biyu daga watan Agusta 1985 zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 1986 da watan Janairun shekarar 1990 zuwa watan Satumba shekarar 1990.
An yi amannar cewa Akilu ya taka rawa mai cike da rudani a kisan Dele Giwa. An zarge shi da yin magana da matar Dele Giwa kuma sun karɓi adireshin gidansa. Daga baya Giwa ya karɓi wani kundi daga wurin mutane biyu wanda aka rubuta - "Daga ofishin C-in-C" kuma aka sanya masa alamar "sirri da sirri" - buɗe buhun ɗin, fashewar abubuwa kuma daga baya aka kashe Dele Giwa, ana gudanar da bincike cikin kisan amma har yanzu ba a warware kisan ba. An kuma kai karar Kotun Koli ta Najeriya da taken Kanar Halilu Akilu vs. Cif Gani Fawehinmi.
A shekarar 1993, sakamakon duk da cewa Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa ba ta bayyana shi a hukumance ba - ya nuna mutanen biyu na Moshood Abiola da Babagana Kingibe na 'Social Democratic Party (SDP)' sun kayar da Bashir Tofa da Slyvester Ugoh na 'National Republican Convention (NRC)' da sama da kuri'u miliyan 2.3. a zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga watan Yuni. Daga baya shugaban mulkin soja Janar Babangida ya soke zaben. Soke zaben ya haifar da zanga-zanga da yawaitar rikice-rikicen siyasa a yankin da Abiola yake wato yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . An ce Abiola ya kira Akilu, yana rokonsa ya soke soke zaben. Daga baya Babangida ya yarda cewa an soke zaben ne saboda barazanar tsaron kasa, wanda bai fayyace ba. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1993, Babangida ya yi murabus ya kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kasa karkashin jagorancin Ernest Shonekan .
Daga baya aiki
Bayan juyin mulkin soja a 1993, Janar Sani Abacha ya yi ritaya daga aiki. A shekarar 2003, a rahoton Oputa Panel ya kammala: “Janar Halilu Akilu da Kanar AK Togun suna da alhakin mutuwar ba zata da Dele Giwa ta hanyar wasika ta bam. Muna ba da shawarar a sake bude wannan shari’ar don ci gaba da bincike don amfanin jama’a ”
Manazarta
Sojojin Najeriya |
20516 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Olympic%20Committee | Nigeria Olympic Committee | Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Najeriya ( NOC ) shine Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa na Najeriya, wanda ke da alhakin daidaitawa da tallafawa masu fafatawa a Najeriya a wasannin Olympics . Hakanan ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin wakilcin Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth .
Shugabanci
Shugaban NOC har zuwa shekara ta 2011 shine Sani Ndanusa wanda ya kasance Ministan Wasanni daga ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara t 2008 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Ndanusa ya fara cewa yana da burin zama Shugaban NOC a lokacin da yake Ministan Wasanni, amma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009 kwamitin binciken NOC ya kuma soke shi bisa hujjar cewa takardun da ya gabatar ana zargin "na jabu ne, an kuma canza su kuma ba su kwanan wata".
Don samun cancanta ga Shugaban NOC dan takarar dole ne yayi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa a tarayyar kungiyoyin wasanni na duniya. NOC ta ce har yanzu Ndanusa bai yi aiki ba na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Tennis ta Afirka, kuma ya yi zargin cewa zaben nasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Tennis ta Najeriya bai dace ba tunda bai halarci zaben ba.
Ndanusa ya mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da shugaban NOC mai ci Habu Gumel daga mukaminsa na shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwallon Volley ta Najeriya tare da kafa kwamitin bincike kan zarge-zargen. An zabe shi ne a watan Satumban 2010 domin maye gurbin tsohon shugaban kasa Habu Gumel, sannan an zabi Tunde Popola a matsayin Sakatare Janar da kuri’u 21 a kan kuri’u biyu na mai ci Banji Oladapo. Da farko, IOC ta bayyana cewa zaben bai inganta ba tunda Shugaban mai barin gado da Sakatare Janar na NOC ba su halarci taron ba. An gudanar da zabe na biyu inda Ndanusa ne kadai dan takarar kuma IOC ta amince da sakamakon.
Ayyuka
Saboda karuwar kararraki a kotu da suka shafi wasanni a Najeriya, a watan Janairun 2011 NOC ta fara aiwatar da kafa wani reshe na kotun sasanta wasanni . Injiniya Sani Ndanusa ya ce "Mun damu matuka da yawan kararraki a kotu da ake yi a wasannin Najeriya. Idan ba mu bincika wannan mummunan lamarin ba, wasannin Najeriya za su ruguzo zuwa kwarin ".
A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2011, NOC ta sake jinkirta bikin rantsar da sabon shugaban hukumar kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya (NRFF) lokacin da manyan mambobin kwamitin NRFF suka kasa zuwa. A ranar 14 ga Yulin 2011 NOC a ƙarshe ta tattara ƙungiyoyin adawa na NRFF, ta ƙaddamar da sabon kwamiti. Magatakardar NOC, Honorabul Tunde Popoola ya share hawaye a wajen bikin.
Najeriya ba ta taka rawar gani ba a wasannin Satumba na 2011 na Afirka a Maputo, Mozambique, ta zo ta uku bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Masar. Sai dai kuma mataimakin shugaban NOC na 1 Jonathan Nnaji ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda zabin abubuwan da mai shirya taron ya yi ba tare da son kai ba, ban da wasanni kamar daga nauyi, kokawa da dagawa wanda Najeriya ta yi fice a al’adance. Ya ce bai kamata a dauki sakamakon yana nuna irin rawar da kasar za ta taka a wasannin Olympics ba. A watan Oktoban 2011, an kori Super Eagles, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, daga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2012 da za a yi a Equatorial Guinea da Gabon. Sani Ndanusa, Shugaban NOC, ya yi kira da a kara samun horo sosai domin tabbatar da nasara a gasa nan gaba.
Gasar Olympics
A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 NOC ta sanar da cewa ta zabi Jami'ar Loughborough a matsayin sansanonin horar da Team Nigeria gabanin wasannin Olympics na London na shekara ta 2012, wurin da kuma 'yan wasan na Japan za su yi amfani da shi. A watan Yunin 2011 NOC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ƙungiyarta su horar a Jami'ar Surrey . Da yake jawabi a wurin bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Ndanusa ya ce Najeriya a shirye take ta tunkari Duniya. Ya ce "A wasannin Olympics da suka gabata, mun kasance muna shiga amma mun zo shekara ta 2012, za mu yi gogayya da sauran Kasashe".
A watan Yulin 2011 aka nada Youdees Integrated Services Limited (YISL) a matsayin Kawancen Jami'ai na NOC don kula da shirin tallata Wasannin Olympics na 2012 Masu ba da shawara kan harkar kasuwanci sun kasance sun sake sanya matsayin kungiyar tare da samar da kudade don wasannin shekara ta 2012 a Landan. A waccan watan ne aka sanar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Bankin Masana’antu da kwamitin Gasar Olympics na Najeriya. Manufar ita ce amfani da duk damar kasuwancin da za a samu kafin, lokacin da bayan Gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. Shugabar Bankin, Evelyn Oputu, ta ce "Aikin zai samar da ayyukan yi, fallasa damar saka jari da kuma samar da sabon hoto da muke so ga Najeriya".
A watan Agustan 2011 NOC ta ce tana da kasafin kudi na $ 220,000 tare da burin samun lambobin zinare 11 a Gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2012. NOC ta ce 'yan wasa 11 kowannensu zai karbi $ 4,000 duk bayan watanni uku a kan gaba a wasannin, kuma wadannan kudaden sun fara ne a watan da ya gabata. Ba a ambaci sunayen 'yan wasan ba, amma an zabo su ne daga wasannin motsa jiki, daga nauyi, kwale-kwale da taekwando.
Crest
Haɗa kai
NOC tana da alaƙa da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na duniya (IOC) kuma memba ne na ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta ƙasa (ANOC) da ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta Afirka (ANOCA). Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa a Najeriya sun hada da:
Tarayyar Dambe ta Amateur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kokawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya
Leungiyar Wasanni ta Najeriya
Nigeria Baseball & Softball Federation
Hawan keke na Tarayyar Najeriya
Fungiyar Wasannin Zangon Najeriya
Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Gymnastics
Ballungiyar kwallon ƙwallon hannu ta Nijeriya
Tarayyar Hockey ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon kafa ta Rugby ta Najeriya
Tableungiyar Wasannin Tebur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Taekwondo ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Tennis ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Nauyin Nauyin Najeriyar
Rolungiyar Wasannin Roller ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon raga ta Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar yanar gizo
Tarihin Najeriya
Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
43104 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20kafa%20ta%20Kaizer%20Chiefs | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs | Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kaizer Chiefs (wadda aka fi sani da Chiefs ), ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu da ke Naturena, Johannesburg ta Kudu, waɗanda ke buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier . Ana yi wa ƙungiyar lakabi da AmaKhosi, wanda ke nufin "Ubangiji" ko "Shugabanni" a Zulu, da kuma Phefeni Glamour Boys . Shugabannin sun ci kofunan gasar 13 (huɗu a zamanin PSL) da kuma kofunan kulob sama da 78. Sakamakon haka, suna riƙe da kofuna mafi yawa a cikin dukkanin ƙungiyoyin da ke Afirka ta Kudu, kuma su ne ƙungiyar da ta fi samun nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka ta Kudu tun farkon fara gasar a shekarar 1970. Su ne kulob mafi yawan tallafi a cikin ƙasar, suna zana matsakaicin yawan halartar gida na 16,144 a cikin kakar shekarar 2019-2020, mafi girma a gasar. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na FNB mai iko 94,797.
Ƙungiyar tana da ƙaƙƙarfar kishiya na gida tare da Orlando Pirates, ƙungiyar Soweto wanda ya kafa Chiefs Kaizer Motaung ya taka leda a farkon wasansa. Shahararrun 'yan wasan da suka ba da rigar baƙar fata da zinare a baya sun haɗa da tsohon kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Neil Tovey da Lucas Radebe da kuma Patrick Ntsoelengoe, Gary Bailey, John "Shoes" Moshoeu, Shaun Bartlett, Steve Komphela, Siyabonga Nomvete, da kuma Doctor Khumalo .
Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta dakatar da Kaizer Chiefs daga shiga gasar kungiyoyin Afirka har zuwa shekarar 2009 bayan ficewarsu daga gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2005. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu a cikin shekaru hudu da CAF ke hukunta manyan hafsoshin saboda ƙin shiga wata gasa .
Ita ce tawaga mafi tallafi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara . Kaizer Chiefs tana da tushen tallafi sama da 16,000,000 a farkon ƙarni. A yau, an ƙiyasta kusan magoya baya 40,000,000 a faɗin Kudancin Afirka, galibin magoya baya a Afirka ta Kudu da maƙwabta. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Kaizer Chiefs sun yi bikin cikarsu shekaru 50.
Kaiser Chiefs, ƙungiyar indie rock / britpop ta Biritaniya, an yi mata suna ne bayan ƙungiyar saboda Lucas Radebe, tsohon ɗan wasan Kaizer Chiefs, ya jagoranci Leeds United, ƙungiyar da membobin ƙungiyar duk suka goyi bayan.
Tarihi
An kafa Kaizer Chiefs a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1970 jim kaɗan bayan dawowar Kaizer "Chincha Guluva" Motaung daga Amurka inda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Shugabannin Atlanta na Arewacin Amurka Soccer League (NASL). Ya haɗa sunansa na farko tare da Shugabannin Atlanta don ƙirƙirar sunan Kaizer Chiefs. Wasu mutane da dama sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafawa da ci gaban Kaizer Chiefs, ciki har da marigayi Gilbert Sekgabi, Clarence Mlokoti, China Ngema, Ewert "The Lip" Nene, da Rabelani Jan Mofokeng, ya yi murabus kuma ya bar aiki saboda aiki.
Kaizer Chiefs ana kiranta da "Amakhosi" ta wurin magoya bayanta, kalmar Zulu ma'ana "sarakuna" ko "shugabanni". Hedkwatarsu ita ce Kaizer Chiefs Village, a Naturena, kilomita shida kudu da Johannesburg.
Lokacin 2001–2002 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Kulob ɗin a tarihin su da kuma mafi munin bala'i. Sun lashe manyan kofuna hudu a cikin watanni hudu; Kalubalen Vodacom, BP Top Takwas, Kofin Coca-Cola, da Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka . A lokacin an ce tawagar ta kasance wata tawaga ce wadda jami'in hulda da jama'a na lokacin Putco Mafani ke kan "Operation vat alles", "vat alles" kasancewar furucin Afrikaans ne ma'ana "dauka komai" a turance. Duk da haka, an kwatanta yawan nasarar da aka samu a gasar cin kofin Ellis Park a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun 2001, inda magoya bayan 43 suka mutu a lokacin Soweto Derby tsakanin shugabannin da abokan hamayyarsu Orlando Pirates .
Ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, shugabannin sun buga gasar cin kofin CAF na 2001 Al Ahly ta Masar a gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2002 . A cikin watan Afrilun 2002, nasarorin da Kaizer Chiefs ya samu a shekarar 2001 an gane su yayin da aka zaba su a matsayin "Kungiyar CAF na Shekara" ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka .
A cikin lokacin 2003–2004 Shugabannin an ba su lambar yabo ta Fair Play a gasar Kofin Zaman Lafiya a Koriya ta Kudu . Shugabannin sun ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin zakarun lig, inda suka ci PSL a karon farko a tarihin su.
A lokacin gasar zakarun kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2004–2005, Shugabannin sun mamaye shugabannin na tsawon lokaci ( Orlando Pirates ) a wasan karshe na kakar don kare gasar ta PSL. Karkashin jagorancin kociyan Romania Ted Dumitru, dan wasan Zambia Collins Mbesuma ya kafa tarihi inda ya zura kwallaye 39 a dukkan gasa.
Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka CAF ta haramtawa Kaizer Chiefs shiga nahiyar Afirka na wani ɗan lokaci. Duk da haka, shi har yanzu sanya ta gaban ji ta shekara-shekara Vodacom Challenge cewa rami Kaizer Chiefs da Orlando Pirates tare da gayyatar Turai kulob din . Hakimai sun lashe gasar Vodacom Challenge Cup sau 5 tun kafuwarta. Sun doke matashin kungiyar Manchester United da ci 4-3 a bugun fenariti a shekarar 2006 kalubalen lashe kofin.
A cikin watan Maris ɗin 2007, kocin Ernst Middendorp da kulob ɗin sun rabu. Nan take kulob din ya nada abokin hamayyarsu Orlando Pirates's tsohon kocin Kosta Papić na sauran kakar 2006-2007.
Muhsin Ertuğral ya dawo kakar 2007 – 2008 don fara wa’adinsa na biyu tare da Chiefs, wanda ya riga ya horar da The Glamour Boys daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa ta 2003.
A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2021, ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin CAF na farko bayan ta doke Wydad AC da ci 1-0.
A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2021, Kaizer Chiefs sun tabbatar ta hanyar Twitter cewa sun sayi 'yan wasa shida don kakar wasa mai zuwa bayan dakatarwar da aka yi musu na musayar 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Al Ahly a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai .
Filin wasa na FNB/Kwallon Kafa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bayanin Club PSL
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22383 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Kungiya | Yancin Kungiya | Yancin ƙungiya ya ƙunshi duka haƙƙin ɗan adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓar ko ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da / ko kare muradin gama gari. 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi ne duka wani mutum dama da kuma wani na gama dama, tabbas da duk zamani da mulkin demokaraɗiyya] doka tsarin, ciki har da Amurka da Dokar' Yancin, labarin 11 na Turai Yarjejeniyar a kan Human Rights, da Canada, da Yarjejeniya na 'yancinsu da walwalarsu, da kuma na kasa da kasa doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na Laborungiyar Laborasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akan yancin kungiyoyi.
An bayyana ofancin ƙungiya ta hanyar haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwadago, don shiga cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhawara, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiya, gami da kima ƙungiyoyin addinai da ƙungiyoyi, ' yan uwantaka, da kungiyoyin wasanni da ba Tilas ya kasance daga wata ƙungiya. Yana da alaƙa sosai da 'yancin taro, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar' Yancin Amurka . 'Yancin taro galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan siyasa. Koyaya, (misali Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, da sauransu) 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da ' yancin walwala . A Amurka, tun da an taƙaita dokar 'Yancin Civilasa ta shekarar 1968 na ' yanci na tarayya game da gidaje, ilimi, da kasuwanci idan ya zo ga launin fata ko ƙabila .
Kotuna da wakilai na kananan hukumomin na iya sanya takunkumi kan duk wani hakki na wanda aka yankewa hukunci a matsayin sharadin doka. 'Yanci ga ofishin ƙungiya da damar yancin haɗuwa ana tabbatar da su a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar yarda da laifi ko yanke hukunci, umarnin hanawa da hanyoyin bincike da kamewa.
Tarihi
Yancin kungiyoyi ta amince yin tarayya da ƙungiyoyi gwargwadon zaɓin mutum, kuma don ƙungiyoyin su ɗauki matakin inganta buƙatunsu, ya kasance sifa ce da ake buƙata ga kowace al'umma ta demokraɗiyya. Saboda yancin ƙungiya dole ne ya yarda da tushen iko da ƙungiya da yawa, ba tare da gwamnati ba, ya kasance babban makircin danniya ga duk al'ummomin kama-karya. A cikin Burtaniya, an haramta duk nau'ikan "haɗuwa" kuma masu aikata laifi, musamman ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, har zuwa Dokar haɗuwa ta 1825 . Bayan wannan, har yanzu bai kasance ba har sai Dokar Kamfanoni 1856, Unionungiyar Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta 1871 da Dokar Laifin Laifi da Kariyar Kayan Gida ta 1875 cewa kamfanoni sannan ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka zama halal gaba ɗaya. A cikin Jamus, an kafa irin wannan dokokin danniya ga kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dimokiradiyya na gwamnatin Bismarck karkashin Sozialistengesetze ("Ayyukan Socialist") a cikin 1878. Wadannan sun kasance cikin karfi har zuwa 1890. A shekara ta 1933, kwadago da aka sake haramta ta farkisanci mulkin kama karya na Hitler 's National Socialist Party, da kuma da ta kasance kungiya ta kashin da aka nationalized da kuma a hade a cikin wani yunkuri gwamnatin ta sarrafawa Jamus Labor Front . A Yammacin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu sun tashi da sauri kuma Grundgesetz na Jamhuriyar ta ba da tabbaci. A Amurka, kotunan jihohi daban-daban sun rarraba kungiyoyin kwadagon, a lokuta daban-daban, a matsayin masu takaita kasuwanci . A karkashin dokar Clayton ta 1914, an ba kungiyoyin kwadago 'yanci gaba daya don tsarawa tare da yin aiki tare don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin gama gari, duk da haka an cigaba da fuskantar cikas har zuwa lokacin da Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta Kasa ta 1935 ta kirkiro da cikakkiyar lambar kwadago.
Doka
Yarjejeniyar Turai
Tsarin mulkin Italiya
A Italiya an kafa yancin ƙungiya a cikin Mataki na gama Sha takwas 18 na Tsarin Mulki, wanda ke cewa:
Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu
Dokar 'yancin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa' yancin walwala a Sashe na goma Sha takwas 18, wanda ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala." Bugu da kari, Sashe na sha bakwai 17 ya ce "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya zauna lafiya ba tare da makami ba, don ya hallara, ya yi zanga-zanga, ya gabatar da koke-kokensa", don haka ya kafa 'yancin yin taro . 'Yancin ma'aikata na' yancin walwala da haɗin kai dangane da haƙƙin kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da kuma yarjejeniyar gama gari an yarda da su daban, a cikin Sashe na 23.
Tsarin Mulkin Amurka
Yayinda Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka ta bayyana haƙƙin tattarawa da kai ƙara ga gwamnati, rubutun na da Kwaskwarimar Farko bai faɗi takamaiman haƙƙin haɗi ba. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Amurka da aka gudanar a NAACP v. Alabama (1958) cewa 'yancin yin ƙungiya wani muhimmin bangare ne na ' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki saboda, a yawancin lokuta, mutane na iya yin magana mai ma'ana kawai lokacin da suka shiga tare da wasu. Sauran kararrakin Kotun Koli da ke tattare da batun ‘yancin yin tarayya sun hada da:
'Yan uwantaka na Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia , 377 US 1 (1964)
Mineungiyar Ma'aikata ta vasa v. Barungiyar Lauyoyi ta Jihar Illinois , 389 US 217 (1967)
Healey v. Yakubu , 408 US 169 (1972)
NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. , 458 US 898 (1982)
Yaron Scouts na Amurka v. Dale , 530 US 640 (2000)
Janus v. AFSCME , A'a. 16-1466, 585 US ___ (2018)
Batutuwa
M tarayya
Babban jigon 'yanci na mutum shine haƙƙin zaɓi don shiga da kiyaye wasu alaƙar ɗan'adam. Wadannan alaƙar ɗan adam suna ɗauke da nau'ikan "m tarayya." Misalin misali na "kusanci na tarayya" shine dangi. Ya danganta da ikon shi kuma yana iya kaiwa ga zubar da ciki, hana haihuwa da kuma masu zaman kansu, baligi, ba kasuwanci da kuma haɗin jima'i.
Amincewa da ma'amala
A Amurka, ƙungiyoyi masu bayyana ra'ayi ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kiyaye - magana, taro, latsawa, roƙo ga gwamnati don magance korafe-korafe, da aiwatar da addini kyauta . A cikin Roberts v. Amurka Jaycees, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya ware mutane ba saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da furucin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, a cikin yanke shawara na gaba na Hurley v. 'Yan Luwadi Ba'amurke,' Yan Madigo, da Bisexual Group na Boston, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kungiya na iya ware mutane daga kasancewa membobin su idan kasantuwar su zai shafi karfin kungiyar wajen bayar da shawarwarin wani ra'ayi. Gwamnati ba za ta iya, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin yaki da nuna wariya ba, tilasta kungiyoyi su hada da sakon da ba sa son isarwa.
Koyaya, wannan ra'ayin ba ya aiki yanzu a cikin tsarin Jami'ar saboda hukuncin Kotun Supremeoli a cikin Legungiyar Shari'a ta Kirista v. Martinez (2010), wacce ta goyi bayan manufofin Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings cewa yanayin makarantar game da fahimtar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ra'ayi ne na tsaka-tsaki da tunani. Wannan dai da nifin wasu Manufofin na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai su ba da izinin "kowane ɗalibi ya shiga, ya zama memba, ko neman matsayin jagoranci, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ko imaninsu ba" don haka, ana iya amfani da shi don ƙin yarda da ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta hukuma saboda ta buƙaci ta mambobi su tabbatar a rubuce cewa "Na yi imani da: Baibul a matsayin hurarriyar maganar Allah; Allahn Ubangijinmu, Yesu Kristi, dan Allah; Mutuwar mutuwar Yesu Kiristi saboda zunubanmu; Tashin jikinsa da dawowar kansa; Kasancewa da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki a cikin aikin sabuntawa; da kuma Yesu Almasihu, ɗan Allah, shine Ubangijin rayuwata. " Kotun ta yi tunanin cewa saboda wannan binciken na tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne a mahallin ilimi iƙirarin da suka sa Kotun ta yi amfani da matakin ƙuntatawa na yin magana a cikin iyakantattun tarurruka na jama'a. Don haka, manufofin duk-masu zuwa kwaleji abu ne mai kyau, yanayin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi game da samun damar tattaunawar kungiyar daliban na fadin duniya.
Ayyadewa
Hakkin mallakar Kwaskwarimar Farko na tarayya a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an iyakance shi da hukuncin kotuna. Misali, haramun ne a Amurka a yi la’akari da launin fata wajen aiwatarwa da kwangiloli masu zaman kansu banda aure domin ba'a San nuna wariya, Wannan iyakance akan 'yanci na kungiya ya samu sakamako ne daga Sashe na 1981 na Take na 42 na Dokar Amurka, kamar yadda yayi daidai da Kwaskwarimar Farko a shawarar 1976 ta Runyon v. Mallaka .
Gwamnatoci galibi suna buƙatar kwangila na mannewa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don dalilai na lasisi, kamar su tare da Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu ta Kuɗi don cinikin kasuwar hannayen jari a cikin dokar Maloney ta 1938 da aka yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Musayar Tsaro ta 1934 . Waɗannan kwangila galibi suna hana haɗuwa tare da mambobin da aka hana, kamar yadda ake gani a Amurka v. Merriam, 108 F.3d 1162.
Kungiyoyin kwadago ta kasance yawan adawa da ƙarfi yayin ƙarni na sha tara 19, tare da ma ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Ingila sun hana ta tsawon lokuta (a batun Burtaniya, tsakanin 1820 da 1824).
A cikin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa, 'yancin yin tarayya wani hakki ne da aka bayyana a karkashin ka'idojin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin' yancin ma'aikata na tsara da ciniki baki daya . 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi, a cikin wannan ma'ana, yana gane a matsayin muhimman hakkokin adam dama da dama da takardun ciki har da hakkokin yan-adam da International Labor Organization Yarjejeniyar C87 da Yarjejeniyar C98 - biyu na takwas na asali, core kasa da kasa aiki nagartacce. '' Ofancin ƙungiya 'na iya komawa zuwa hana doka a kan kwangila masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka yi yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ba da aiki mai zaman kansu da ma'aikatansu da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a wani wurin aiki su shiga ƙungiya a matsayin wa'adi da yanayin aiki. Magoya bayan wannan nau'in 'yanci na kungiya na zaman kansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa' yancin shiga ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar. A Amurka, kalmar '' yancin yin aiki 'ta fi dacewa ga irin wannan dokar a ko ina.
"Kotun Koli a yau (1-21-1997) ta takaita iyawar masu shirya kungiyar kwadago na zuwa dukiyar wani ma'aikaci don rarraba wallafe-wallafe ko neman ma'aikata su shiga kungiyar kwadagon. A cikin ra’ayi daga 6 zuwa 3 da Mai Shari’a Clarence Thomas ta rubuta, Kotun ta ce Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kwadago ta Kasa ta kasa ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga ’yancin mallakar ma’aikata a lokacin da ta zartar da dokar shekaru hudu da suka gabata da ke bai wa masu shirya kungiyar kwarin gwiwar samun dama zuwa yankunan kamar filin ajiye motoci na cibiyoyin cin kasuwa ko masana'antu a ko ina. " -New York Times
Ka'idar
Dimokiradiyya da kungiyoyin jama'a
Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa girmama 'yancin yin tarayya da dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da yin amfani da wannan' yanci ta kowane bangare na al'umma suna da mahimmanci duka don kafa " dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya" da kuma tabbatar da cewa, da zarar an cimma hakan, ya kasance "mai lafiya da bunkasa". Dangane da wannan yana ganin kafa jam’iyyun siyasa a matsayin babbar alama ta ‘yancin walwala da jindaɗin.
'Yancin ƙungiya ba kawai ana aiwatar da su ba ne kawai a ma'anar siyasa ba, har ma don yawancin abubuwan sha'awa - kamar al'adu, shakatawa, wasanni da taimakon jama'a da jin kai. Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ( kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ), wadanda ya yi daidai da na kungiyoyin farar hula, shi ne "'ya'yan aikin hadin gwiwa".
'Yan Liberiyanci
'Yanci masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi amannar cewa yayin da' yancin yin ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin ƙungiya ƙungiya da kuma janye aikinsu hakan kuma ya amince da haƙƙin mai ba da aiki don maye gurbin wannan aikin. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa inda ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ke yin amfani da karfi ko dabaru na tayar da hankali, irin waɗannan halayen za su kasance cikin keta haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin mallaka. Wasu masu sukar kungiyar kwadagon suna zargin cewa irin wannan keta haddin lamarin ya saba faruwa da ayyukan kungiyar kwadago.
Duba kuma
'Yancin jama'a
Associationungiyar kyauta (Markisanci da rashin tsari)
Aikin Jiha na Kyauta
Gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu
Hakkin yin aiki
Dogaro da kai
Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa cikin lumana
Ba da son rai
Manazarta |
31943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle | Aristotle | Aristotle //ˈærɪs tɒtəl / ; [ Greek Aristotéles, pronounced {aristotélɛːs} ; 384-322 BC) Masanin falsafar Girka ne kuma masanin ilimin lissafi a lokacin zamanin gargajiya a tsohuwar Girka. Plato ya koyar da shi, shi ne wanda kuma ya kafa makarantar falsafar Peripatetic a cikin Lyceum da kuma al'adar Aristotelian mai faɗi. Rubuce-rubucensa sun ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin dabbobi, metaphysics, dabaru, da'a, aesthetics, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, lafazi, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin harshe, tattalin arziki, siyasa, sauyin yanayi, geology, da gwamnati. Aristotle ya ba da haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan falsafar da ke gabansa. Sama da duka daga koyarwarsa ne kasashen yamma suka gaji kamus na hankali, da matsaloli da hanyoyin bincike. A sakamakon haka, falsafarsa ta yi tasiri na musamman akan kusan kowane nau'i na ilimi a yammacin Turai kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa batun tattaunawa ta falsafar zamani.
Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ba. An haifi Aristotle a birnin Stagira a Arewacin Girka. Mahaifinsa, Nikomachus, ya mutu sa’ad da Aristotle yake ƙarami, kuma wani mai kula da shi ya rene shi. Yana da shekara sha bakwai ko sha takwas ya shiga Kwalejin Plato a Athens kuma ya zauna a can har ya kai shekara talatin da bakwai ( ). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Plato ya mutu, Aristotle ya bar Athens kuma, bisa buƙatar Philip II na Macedon, ya koyar da Alexander the Great tun daga 343 BC. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu a Lyceum wanda ya taimaka masa ya fitar da yawancin ɗaruruwan littattafansa a kan naɗaɗɗen takarda. Ko da yake Aristotle ya rubuta kyawawan litattafai da tattaunawa don bugawa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ainihin fitowar sa ya tsira, babu ɗayansa da aka yi niyya don bugawa.
Ra'ayin Aristotle yana da siffa sosai ga malanta na tsakiyar zamanai. Tasirin kimiyyar jiki ya tashi daga Late Antiquity da Farkon Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Renaissance, kuma ba a maye gurbinsu da tsari ba har sai an haɓaka wayewa da ka'idoji irin su injiniyoyi na gargajiya . Wasu abubuwan duban dabbobin Aristotle da aka samu a cikin ilimin halittarsa, kamar a hannun hectocotyl (haihuwa) na dorinar ruwa, an kafirta su har zuwa karni na 19. Ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Judeo-Islam a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, da kuma tauhidin Kiristanci, musamman Neoplatonism na Cocin Farko da al'adar scholastic na Cocin Katolika. An girmama Aristotle a tsakanin malaman musulmi na zamanin da a matsayin "Malami na farko", kuma a cikin kiristoci na zamanin da kamar Thomas Aquinas a matsayin kawai "Masanin Falsafa", yayin da mawallafin Dante ya kira shi "shugaban wadanda suka sani". Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi sanannun binciken ilimin tunani na farko, kuma masana na zamanin da kamar Peter Abelard da John Buridan suka yi nazari.
Tasirin Aristotle akan dabaru ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Bugu da kari, ƙa'idojinsa, ko da yake ko da yaushe yana da tasiri, ya sami sabon sha'awa tare da zuwan zamani na kyawawan dabi'u. Aristotle an kira shi "uban dabaru", "uban ilimin halitta", "uban kimiyyar siyasa", "uban ilimin dabbobi", "uban ilimin mahaifa", "uban shari'ar halitta", "da uban hanyar kimiyya", "uban maganganu", "uban ilimin halin ɗan Adam", "uban gaskiya", "uban zargi", "uban mutum-mutumi", "uban ilimin telebijin", da " uban meteorology".
Rayuwa
Gabaɗaya, cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar Aristotle ba su da kyau. Tarihin rayuwar da aka rubuta a zamanin d ¯ a sau da yawa hasashe ne kuma masana tarihi sun yarda da ƴan mahimman bayanai kawai.
An haifi Aristotle a shekara ta 384 BC a Stagira, Chalcidice, kusan 55 km (mil 34) gabas da Tasalonika ta zamani . Mahaifinsa, Nikomakus, shi ne likitan sirri ga Sarki Amyntas na Makidoniya. Yayin da yake matashi, Aristotle ya koyi game da ilmin halitta da bayanan likita, wanda mahaifinsa ya koyar. Duk iyayen Aristotle duka sun mutu yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, kuma Proxenus na Atarneus ya zama waliyinsa. Ko da yake ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da ƙuruciyar Aristotle ya tsira, wataƙila ya ɗan ɗauki ɗan lokaci a cikin fadar Macedonia, yana yin dangantakarsa ta farko da masarautar Makidoniya .
Yana da shekaru sha bakwai ko sha takwas, Aristotle ya koma Athens don ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Plato . Wataƙila ya ɗanɗana asirin Eleusinian kamar yadda ya rubuta lokacin da yake kwatanta abubuwan gani da ake kallo a Eleusinian Mysteries, "ƙwarewa shine koya" [παθείν μαθεĩν]. Aristotle ya zauna a Athens kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ya tafi a 348/47 BC Labarin al'ada game da tarihin tafiyarsa ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa tare da jagorancin Kwalejin bayan da kulawa ya wuce ga dan uwan Plato Speusippus, ko da yake yana yiwuwa ya ji tsoron rashin amincewa da Macedonia a Athens a lokacin kuma ya bar kafin Plato ya mutu. Aristotle sannan ya raka Xenocrates zuwa kotun abokinsa Hermias na Atarneus a Asiya Ƙarama . Bayan mutuwar Hermias, Aristotle ya yi tafiya tare da ɗalibinsa Theophrastus zuwa tsibirin Lesbos, inda suka yi bincike tare da nazarin halittu da dabbobi na tsibirin da kuma tafkin da ke da mafaka. Yayin da yake a Lesbos, Aristotle ya auri Pythias, ko dai ɗiyar riƙon Hermias ko kuma ƴar ɗan'uwa. Ta haifa masa ƴa mace, wadda kuma suka sa masa suna Fatiyas. A cikin 343 BC, Philip na biyu na Makidoniya ya gayyaci Aristotle don ya zama malami ga ɗansa Alexander .
An naɗa Aristotle a matsayin shugaban makarantar sarauta ta Macedon . A lokacin Aristotle a kotun Macedonia, ya ba Alexander darussa ba kawai ga Alexander amma kuma ga wasu sarakuna biyu na nan gaba: Ptolemy da Cassander . Aristotle ya ƙarfafa Alexander zuwa ga ci gabas, kuma halin Aristotle ga Farisa ya kasance mai ƙabilanci mara kunya . A cikin wani sanannen misali, ya shawarci Iskandari da ya zama “shugaba ga Helenawa, mai ɗorewa ga ƴan baranda, ya kula da na farko kamar abokai da dangi, kuma ya yi mu’amala da na ƙarshe kamar dabba ko tsiro”. Na 335 BC, Aristotle ya koma Athens, ya kafa makarantarsa a can da ake kira Lyceum . Aristotle ya gudanar da darussa a makarantar na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Yayin da yake Atina, matarsa Pythias ta mutu kuma Aristotle ya shiga tare da Herpyllis na Stagira, wanda ya haifa masa ɗa wanda ya sa wa mahaifinsa, Nicomachus . Idan Suda tarin uncritical daga tsakiyar zamanai daidai ne, yana iya yiwuwa ya sami erômenos, Palaephatus na Abydus .
Wannan lokaci a Atina, tsakanin 335 zuwa 323 BC, shine lokacin da Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa ya haɗa yawancin ayyukansa. Ya rubuta tattaunawa da yawa, wanda guntu kawai ya tsira. Waɗannan ayyukan da suka wanzu suna cikin sigar rubuce -rubuce kuma ba, galibi, an yi niyya don yaɗawa ba; gaba daya ana tunanin su ne kayan taimakon lacca ga dalibansa. Muhimman litattafansa sun hada da Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Siyasa, A Ruhi da Waka . Aristotle ya yi karatu kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga "hankali, metaphysics, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin halitta, ɗabi'a, siyasa, aikin gona, likitanci, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo."
Manazarta |
14735 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Guaranty%20Trust | Bankin Guaranty Trust | Guaranty Trust Bank PLC Wanda aka fi sani da GTBank ko kuma kawai GTB cibiyar hada hadar kudi ce ta manyan kasashe ciki har da Najeriya, wacce ke samar da banki ta yanar gizo/intanet, banki na hada-hada, bankin kamfanoni, bankin saka jari da kuma kula da kadara, tare da babban ofishinta a Victoria Island, Lagos .
An kafa bankin ne a shekarar 1988 da sama da matasa ‘yan Nijeriya 35 a cikin shekaru talatin, wadanda a kasarin su sine su Tayo Aderinokun da Fola Adeola ke jagoran ta, amma kuma sun hada da Femi Pedro, Gbolade Osibodu, Femi Akingbe, Akin Opeodu da sauran su. Komai kake da bukata ko a babba ko a karama ka danna *737# a saukake to shiga manhajar su.
Tarihi
Kamfanin Guaranty Trust Bank PLC an sanya shi a matsayin iyakantaccen kamfani wanda ke da lasisi don samar da kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan banki ga jama'ar Najeriya a cikin 1990 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1991.
A watan Satumba na 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank plc ya zama kamfani da aka ambata a bainar jama'a kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen jari ta Najeriya. A watan Fabrairun 2002, Bankin ya sami lasisin banki na duniya sannan daga baya Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) ya nada bankin sasantawa a 2003.
Bankin Guaranty Trust ya dauki nauyin bayar da kaso na biyu a shekarar 2004 kuma ya tashi akan N11 biliyan daga hannun jari na Najeriya don fadada ayyukanta.
A ranar 26 ga Yulin 2007, GTBank ya zama banki na farko na subsaharan Africa kuma kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na farko na Najeriya da aka lissafa a kasuwar hannun jari ta London da Deutsche Börse . IPO ya tara dalar Amurka $ 750,000,000. A cikin wannan shekarar, sun sami nasarar sanya batun Eurobond mai zaman kansa na farko a Najeriya a kasuwannin manyan ƙasashe.
GTBank USD 500,000,000 Eurobond shi ne na farko da ya taba fito da batun Benchmark Eurobond daga wani kamfani na Najeriya kuma shi ne karo na biyu na shirin Eurobond da GTBank ya yi a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata.
Bashin na dogon lokaci na Guaranty Trust Bank plc an auna shi BB- na Standard & Poor's da AA- na Fitch Ratings, wanda sune mafi girman darajar bankin Najeriya.
Sun gabatar da harkar banki ta intanet da kuma sakon karta kwana (sms) banki a Nijeriya, kuma a naira an samu MasterCard kazalika da Platinum da kuma World Signia katunan kuma tare da GTB-on-ƙafafun, mobile rassan.
A ranar 12 Maris 2008, GTBank ya sami lasisin banki don byasar Ingila daga Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi .
GTBank abokin tarayya ne na Eko Atlantic City, wani sabon tsibiri ne (820 ha.) A cikin Tekun Atlantika, kusa da Victoria Island Lagos. Zai zama gidan sabon Yankin Kuɗi. Ginin Eko Atlantic City ya fara ne a shekarar 2009 kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a shekara ta 2016.
Don tunawa da cikar bankin cikar shekaru 20, Ofishin gidan waya na Najeriyar ya ba da jerin tambarin aika-aikar cikar shekara ta GTBank. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a Nijeriya da aka girmama wata ƙungiya ta irin wannan hanyar.
A shekarar 2013, bankin ya samu kashi 70 na hannun jari a Bankin Fina Bank don biyan kudi dala 100 miliyan. An sake canza rassa da rassa na Fina Bank GT Bank jim kadan bayan haka.
A cikin 2013, Bankin ya bayar da dala miliyan $ 400,000,000 na Yuro a farashin coupon na 6%; mafi ƙarancin abin da wani kamfanin Najeriya ya samu a kasuwar babban birnin duniya. An bayar da kudin na Eurobond ne a karkashin Dokar Kula da Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici na Duniya na Dalar Amurka $ 2,000,000, wanda aka yi masa rijista a karkashin Dokar a Amurka da Dokar 144A a Ingila kuma an sayar da ita ga masu saka jari a duk Afirka, Amurka, Asiya da Turai.
Bankin yana da ma'aikata sama da 10,000.
A ranar 29 Maris 2019, Kotun Koli ta nemi bankin GT ya biya motocin Innoson kudin da yawan su ya kai #8.7 bashin biliyan.
Shugabanci
Osaretin Demuren shine shugaba; Segun Agbaje shi ne manajan darakta/Shugaba. Sauran kwamitin gudanarwa sun hada da Adebayo Adeola, Bode Agusto, Ibrahim Hassan, Hezekiya Oyinlola, Imoni Akpofure, Olutola Omotola, Demola Odeyemi, Miriam Olusanya, Haruna Musa da Bolaji Lawal.
Rassa da rassa
GTBank plc yana da rassa 231, Cibiyoyin Kuɗi 17, e-rassa 18, wurare GTExpress 41 da fiye da ATM 1165 a Najeriya.
GTBank ya fadada zuwa Cote d'Ivoire, Gambiya, Ghana, Laberiya, Saliyo, Uganda, Kenya da Ruwanda. Waɗannan ƙasashe suna cikin " Yankin Eco ". Ya kuma fadada zuwa Burtaniya.
Tare da samun hannun jarin kashi 70 na Fina Bank GTBank ya fadada zuwa kasuwar gabashin Afirka kamar a watan Disambar 2013. Sakamakon haka, yanzu Fina Bank za a canza masa suna kuma a sake masa suna zuwa rassa na GTBank.
GTBank yana da rassa a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa:
GTBank Kenya - Nairobi, Kenya
GTBank Rwanda - Kigali, Rwanda
GTBank Uganda - Kampala, Uganda
GTBank Côte d'Ivoire - Abidjan, Ivory Coast
GTBank Gambiya - Banjul, Gambiya
GTBank Ghana - Accra, Ghana
GTBank Laberiya - Monrovia, Laberiya
GTBank Saliyo - Freetown, Saliyo
GTBank UK - London, Ingila, United Kingdom
GTBank Tanzania - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Kyauta da yabo
A watan Yulin 2019, an amince da GTBank a matsayin mafi kyawun banki a Afirka a taron shekara-shekara na Euromoney Awards da ake yi a Landan. A cikin wannan shekarar, an yanke hukunci akan shine mafi kyawun banki a Najeriya a karo na tara.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
15210 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca%20Ordega | Francisca Ordega | Francisca "Franny" Ordega (An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban a shekarar ta 1993) ita ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Nijeriya tana bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa na Shanghai Shenhua, kuma tana buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mata a China.
Tana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa (Super Falcons) a duka Kofin Duniya na Mata da na Mata na Afirka . An kuma zabe ta itace fitacciyar 'yar kwallon kafa na Afirka
Kariyan ta na wasanni
Kulab
Bayelsa Queens
Ordega ta fara aikin ta ne a matakin matasa na kungiyar Bayelsa Queens, kafin daga baya ta samu daukaka zuwa bangaren kwararru a shekarar 2008 inda ta taka leda a gasar mata ta Najeriya .
Rivers Angels
A shekarar 2011, ta koma kungiyar Rivers Angels, daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi a Gasar Mata ta Najeriyar .
WFC Rossiyanka
A shekarar 2012, Ordega ta bar Najeriya don sanya hannu tare da zakarun Rasha Rossiyanka na Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Rasha .A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012, an sanar da cewa Ordega da Rossiyanka sun raba hanya.
Piteå IF
A cikin shekarar 2013, Ordega ta sanya hannu don Piteå IF a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden Damallsvenskan .Ta zira kwallayenta na farko ne a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 2013 a kokarin zane a kan Vittsjö GIK .Tsakanin shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2015, ta yi wasanni 34 kuma ta ci kwallaye 4 a lokacin da take kasar Sweden.
Matsayin ta a Washington
Daga nan Ordega ta tsallaka arewacin Tekun Atlantika kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Washington Spirit a cikin Kungiyar Kwallan Mata ta Kasa . A farkon kaka tare da Ruhu, Ordega ta ci kwallaye uku kuma ta taimaka aka zura kwallaye biyu. Ta dawo cikin shekara ta 2016 don zira kwallaye biyu a lokacin wasanni na yau da kullun. Burin da aka fi mantawa da shi na Ruhun Najeriyar ya zo ne a gasar zakarun na NWSL lokacin da ta zira kwallaye a karin lokaci don tura Ruhun zuwa Gasar farko ta NWSL.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2017, Ordgea ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda zai iyakance mintocin ta na sauran lokacin .Duk da raunin, har ilayau zata samu damar buga wasanni 14 sannan ta zira kwallaye 4.
Lon ga Sydney FC
A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, Sydney FC ta rattaba hannu kan Ordega a matsayin aro daga Washington don ragowar lokacin shekarar 2016 da shekara ta 2017 W-League .Lamarin ya sanya ta zama 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta fara wasa a kungiyar W-League ta Australia.Ordega zata buga wasanni shida sannan yaci kwallaye sau daya yana taimakawa Sydney samun matsayi na 3 a gasar .
Lon zuwa Atlético Madrid
A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2017, Ordega ta koma kulob din Spain na Atlético Madrid a matsayin aro na wata shida daga Washing ton.Ta fara wasan farko ne a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2017 a kan Barcelona .
Komawa Shanghai WFC
Ordega ta kulla yarjejeniyar shekara daya zuwa Shanghai WFC
Levante UD
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2021, Ordega ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Levante UD wanda zata ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 2023, a yunƙurin haɓaka burinsu na neman cancantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zakarun Turai a karon farko a tarihin su.
Kariyan ta na duniya
Ordega ta wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa a duk matakai. Tare da 'yan kasa na shekaru 17, ta buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA FIFA U-17 na shekarar 2010 tare da' yan kasa na shekaru 20 a shekarar 2012 FIFA U-20 Kofin Duniya na Mata . A matakin koli ta taka leda a gasar FIFA ta Kofin Duniya na mata na shekarar 2011 da shekara ta 2015 A karshen ta bude asusun ta na gasar cin kofin duniya ta hanyar jefa kwallayen Najeriya a ragar Sweden a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2015 a Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada. Wasan bugun ƙarewa ya ƙare 3-3 a wasan buɗewa na rukunin D.
Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya a Gasar Mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2010 da kuma shekara ta 2014, inda ta lashe gasar duka.
A cikin shekara ta 2018, ta kuma kasance memba na 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2018 a Ghana, Gasar da ta ci kwallaye biyu da ci biyu kuma ta lashe kyautar mata a wasan karshe da Afirka ta hudu.
Kwallayan ta
Sakamakon farko da sakamako ya lissafa yawan kwallayen Najeriya
Daraja da lamban girma
Kogin Mala'iku
Kofin Matan Najeriya (1): 2012
Atlético Madrid
Primera División (1): 2017-18
Na duniya
Najeriya
Gasar Mata ta Afirka (4): 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018 .
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Francisca Ordega
Francisca Ordega
Francisca Ordega (2013)
Francisca Ordega (2014)
Bayani a Ruhun Washington
Francisca Ordega
Mata
Mata yan kwallon kafa
Mata yan Najeriya
Yan kwallan kafa
Mutane
Haihuwan 1993
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
5304 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow | Moscow | Moscow shine abban birnin kasar Rasha, kuma daya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya.
ɓangaren da
Moscow is located a tsakiyar Turai na Rasha, tsakanin Oka da Volga, a jamsin na Smolensk-Moscow upland (a yamma), da Moskva-Oka bayyana (a gabas) da kuma Meshchera lowlands (a cikin kudu maso gabashin). Ƙasar birnin ne 2511 km². Na uku (870 murabba'in kilomita) is located a cikin Zobe Babbar Hanya (MKAD), sauran 1.641 murabba'in kilomita - ga zobe hanya.
ciyayi
Duk da babban mataki na ci gaban Moscow, fannin mãkirci na ƙasar birnin ne game da 1/3 daga cikin jimlar yankin na birnin.
A Moscow, akwai Parks da forestland kamar yadda Izmailovo Park, Timiryazevskiy shakatawa Filyovsky Park (Forest Park), Zamoskvoretskiy wurin shakatawa, Lublin shakatawa Butovsky wurin shakatawa, Botanical lambun, Irin lambu Bitsevskiy wurin shakatawa, gidan kayan gargajiya ajiye Tsaritsyno da Kolomenskoye, Kuz'minskii wurin shakatawa, gandun daji Park lumpy da sauransu.
Har ila yau a cikin birnin ne na Halitta National Park Elk Island, kuri'a na Parks da na wasanni yankunan.
dabba duniya
Moscow fauna ne bambancin. Alal misali, a cikin National Park Elk Island ana samun su ba kawai zomo, hedgehogs da zomaye, to amma har da ya fi girma dabbobin daji, irin su daji boar da elk, hange naman daji. Ana samun su da predators - fox, Mink da ermine. Gida a Verhneyauzskoy wani ɓangare na muz Island daji ducks da herons, su ne gida don rare pheasants da partridges. Tun lokacin Ivan da Munin, Elk Island ne karkashin musamman kariya - na farko a matsayin sarauta farauta wuri, kuma tun 1983 - a matsayin halitta na kasa shakatawa.
A Bitza gandun daji ma na zaune mai yawa dabbobin daji. Rayuwa a nan hedgehogs, shrews har ma jemagu, don haka rare a babban birnin kasar. zomo - zomo da kurege, vole, weasels, zomo. Ku zo daga makiyayarta elk da daji boar. Hatching duck nests corncrake.
Siyasa division
Moscow ta yankin raka'a ne yankunan, ƙauyuka da kuma Gudanarwa gundumomi da sunaye da iyaka, shika-shikan shari'a ayyukan birnin.
kai
Moscow - most sufuri cibiya na ƙasar. Birnin is located a tsakiyar yanar gizo na hanyar jirgin kasa da kuma tarayya hanyõyi. Ƙarar na fasinja zirga-zirga a cikin Moscow kai cibiya kima ga shekarar 2013 ne 11,5 biliyan. Cikin birnin ci gaba da dama siffofin jama'a kai, tun 1935 an aiki karkashin kasa. jama'a kai ne da za'ayi 76% na fasinja zirga-zirga.
dogo kai
A Railway cibiyar sadarwa a Moscow da aka wakilta goma main yankunan da tara tashoshin (takwas tashoshin - Belarushiyanci, Kazan, Kursk, Kiev, Birnin Leningrad,, Paveletskiy, Riga, Yaroslavl ne da za'ayi biyu commuter da kuma dogon nesa sadarwa, daya tashar - Savyelovskiy - kawai hidima commuter sufuri) , Moscow Madauwari Railway, a haɗa da dama rassan da dama rassan, mafi yawa single-waƙa, in mun gwada da ɗan gajeren tsawon, da girma daga wanda yake shi ne gaba ɗaya a cikin birnin.
filayen jiragen saman
A Moscow Vnukovo International Airport kuma Ostafyevo. Har ila yau, mazauna da kuma baƙi amfani da sabis na sauran kasashen duniya filayen jiragen saman located in Moscow yankin: Domodedovo, Chkalov, Sheremetyevo.
Daman amfani da filayen jiragen saman iya ba kawai ta hanyar mota, amma kuma amfani Express aiko Railway tashoshin: Kiev - don Vnukovo Airport, Belarushiyanci - Sheremetyevo Airport kuma Paveletsky - Airport Domodedovo.
Birnin sarrafa m, amma tun da farkon karni XXI, ya, a gaskiya, ya ɓace ta kai tsaye nufin: ta gabatarwa da aka sa masu sufurin karkashin Retail sarari.
mota kai
Moscow ne cibiyar cibiyar sadarwa na tarayya hanyõyi daban-daban kwatance, wanda gama babban birnin kasar tare da Gudanarwa cibiyoyin na Rasha Federation da kuma biranen kasashen jihohi. A Moscow kanta yana da raya kai kayayyakin, musamman hada da uku sufuri zobba: aikin lambu, Na uku sufuri da kuma Moscow Zobe Road, shirya yi na tsakiya Zobe Road (CRR) a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na birnin zuwa fitad da kaya daga cikin mota daga sufuri zirga-zirga.
Moscow Metro
Tun watan Mayu 15, 1935 a Moscow, aiki karkashin kasa, wanda yake shi ne babban wajen harkokin sufuri a cikin birnin. A kan talakawan, da Moscow Metro daukawa 6.824.000 fasinjoji per day (as na 2013). Wannan shi ne karo na biyar shekara-shekara fasinja zirga-zirga metro tsarin a cikin dũniya da farko a Turai. Jimlar tsawon Lines na Moscow Metro - 320,9 km, mafi yawan hanya da kuma tashoshin located karkashin kasa. Har a Moscow metro ne na shida most a duniya.
Kamar wani Moscow tashar jirgin karkashin kasa da 12 194 Lines, ciki har da haske dogo line. Mutane da yawa metro tashar ne gine-gine Monuments.
Tun shekara ta 2004, da monorail, aiki na wanda aka gudanar da jihar Unitary ciniki "Moscow Metro".
kimiyya
Moscow - manyan duniya bincike cibiyar, gabatar cibiyoyin bincike aiki a yawancin masana'antu, irin su nukiliya makamashi, microelectronics, Aerospace da sauransu.
Na farko kimiyya karatu a Moscow ya fara da za a gudanar a Moscow Jami'ar Jihar tun 1755. A cikin karni XIX fara fito fili a jami'a bincike al'umma nazarin tarihin Rasha, magani, kimiyyar lissafi, Rasha da kuma sauran kimiyyar.
A 1828, a St. Petersburg kafa Rumyantsev Museum - babban tarin littattafai, tsabar kudi, rubuce-rubucen da sauran ethnographic da kuma tarihi kayan cewa tuni a 1861, canja shi zuwa Moscow, da kuma a 1924 a karkashi aka halicci Jihar Library na Tarayyar Soviet. Lenin.
Manazarta
Biranen Rasha |
29400 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Na%20Ovarian | Ciwon Daji Na Ovarian | Ciwon daji na Ovarian ciwon daji ne wanda ke samuwa a ciki ko akan kwai . Yana haifar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Lokacin da wannan tsari ya fara, ba za a iya samun bayyanar cututtuka ba ko kawai. Alamun suna zama ana gani yayin da ciwon daji ke ci gaba. Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka na iya haɗawa da kumburi, zafi na pelvic, kumburi na ciki, maƙarƙashiya, da asarar ci, da sauransu. Wuraren gama gari waɗanda ciwon daji zai iya yaɗuwa sun haɗa da rufin ciki, ƙwayoyin lymph, huhu, da hanta .
Hadarin ciwon daji na kwai yana karuwa a cikin matan da suka fi yin kwai a tsawon rayuwarsu. Wannan ya kuma haɗa da waɗanda ba su taɓa haihuwa ba, waɗanda suka fara ovulation tun suna ƙanana da waɗanda suka kai ga al'ada tun lokacin da suka tsufa. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da maganin hormone bayan menopause, maganin haihuwa, da kuma kiba Abubuwan da ke rage haɗari sun haɗa da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal, ƙwayar tubal, da shayarwa . Kimanin kashi 10% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da haɗarin gadon gado; Mata masu maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta BRCA1 ko BRCA2 suna da kusan kashi 50% na damar kamuwa da cutar. Ciwon daji na Ovarian shine nau'in ciwon daji na ovarian da aka fi sani, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da kashi 95% na lokuta. Akwai manyan nau'o'in nau'in ciwon daji na ovarian guda biyar, waɗanda carcinoma mai girma mai daraja (HGSC) ya fi yawa. Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen ovarian an yi imanin suna farawa a cikin sel da ke rufe kwai, ko da yake wasu na iya samuwa a cikin tubes na Fallopian . Mafi qarancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na kwai sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta da ciwace-ciwacen jima'i . Ana tabbatar da ganewar cutar kansar kwai ta hanyar biopsy na nama, yawanci ana cirewa yayin tiyata.
Ba a ba da shawarar dubawa a cikin matan da ke cikin matsakaicin haɗari ba, kamar yadda shaida ba ta goyi bayan raguwar mutuwa ba kuma yawan adadin gwaje-gwajen ƙarya na iya haifar da tiyata maras buƙata, wanda ke tare da haɗarinsa. Wadanda ke cikin hatsarin gaske na iya cire ovaries a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi. Idan an kama shi kuma a bi da shi a farkon mataki, ciwon daji na ovarian sau da yawa ana iya warkewa. Jiyya yawanci ya haɗa da wasu haɗin tiyata, maganin radiation, da chemotherapy . Sakamakon ya dogara da girman cutar, nau'in ciwon daji da ke da shi, da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya. Jimillar adadin tsira na shekaru biyar a Amurka shine kashi 49%. Sakamakon ya fi muni a ƙasashe masu tasowa.
A cikin 2012, sabbin maganganu sun faru a cikin kusan mata 239,000. A cikin 2015 ya kasance a cikin mata miliyan 1.2 kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 161,100 a duniya. A cikin mata shi ne na bakwai-mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar kansa kuma na takwas-mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar cutar kansa. Yawan shekarun ganewar asali shine 63. Mutuwa daga ciwon daji na kwai ya fi yawa a Arewacin Amurka da Turai fiye da Afirka da Asiya.
Alamomi da alamomi
Alamun farko
Alamun farko da alamun ciwon daji na kwai na iya zama ba a nan ko a hankali. A mafi yawan lokuta, alamun bayyanar suna wanzu na watanni da yawa kafin a gane su kuma a gano su . Ana iya kuskuren bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon hanji mai fushi . Matakin farko na ciwon daji na kwai yakan zama mara zafi. Alamun na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in ƙasa. Ciwon daji na ovarian, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta (LMP) ciwon daji na ovarian, ba sa karuwa a cikin matakan CA125 kuma ba a iya ganewa tare da duban dan tayi. Alamun alamun ciwon daji na LMP na iya haɗawa da kumburin ciki ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman manya-manyan talakawa sun kasance marasa kyau ko iyaka.
Mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon daji na ovarian sun hada da kumburi, ciki ko pelvic zafi ko rashin jin daɗi, ciwon baya, rashin daidaituwa na al'ada ko kuma zubar da jini na al'ada postmenopausal, zafi ko zubar da jini bayan ko lokacin jima'i, asarar ci, gajiya, zawo, rashin narkewa, ƙwannafi, maƙarƙashiya . tashin zuciya, jin koshi, da yiwuwar bayyanar cututtuka na fitsari (ciki har da yawan fitsari da fitsarin gaggawa ).
Daga baya alamomin
Yawan girma na iya haifar da ciwo idan hargitsin kwai ya taso. Ana iya haifar da alamun ta hanyar matsi da yawa akan sauran gabobi na abdominopelvic ko daga metastases. Idan waɗannan alamun sun fara faruwa sau da yawa ko mafi tsanani fiye da yadda aka saba, musamman bayan babu wani tarihin tarihi na irin wannan bayyanar cututtuka, ana la'akari da ciwon daji na ovarian. Metastases na iya haifar da Sister Mary Joseph nodule . Da wuya, teratomas na iya haifar da ci gaban teratoma ciwo ko peritoneal gliomatosis . Wasu sun fuskanci menometrorrhagia da zubar da jini na al'ada na al'ada bayan menopause a mafi yawan lokuta. Sauran bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum sun hada da hirsutism, ciwon ciki, virilization, da kuma adnexal taro .
Yara
A cikin matasa ko yara masu ciwace-ciwacen ovarian, alamu na iya haɗawa da ciwon ciki mai tsanani, haushi na peritoneum, ko zubar jini . Alamun ciwon igiyar jima'i-stromal ciwace-ciwace suna samar da hormones waɗanda zasu iya shafar haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu. Ciwon daji na jima'i-stromal a cikin yara masu tasowa na iya bayyana ta farkon balaga ; ciwon ciki da tashin hankali suma suna da yawa. Matasa masu ciwon ciwace-ciwacen jima'i na iya samun amenorrhea . Yayin da ciwon daji ke ƙara girma, yana iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin ciki. Idan ba a gano cutar ba ta lokacin da yake haifar da ascites, yawanci ana gano shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka. Ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma na iya haifar da ƙwayar ciki, ƙwayar lymph nodes, ko zubar da jini .
Abubuwan haɗari
Ciwon daji na Ovarian yana da alaƙa da adadin lokacin da ake kashe kwai. Don haka, rashin haihuwa abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian, mai yiwuwa saboda an danne ovulation ta hanyar ciki. A lokacin ovulation, sel suna motsawa koyaushe don rarraba yayin da hawan ovulation ke ci gaba. Don haka, matan da ba su haihu ba suna fuskantar haɗarin cutar kansar kwai sau biyu fiye da waɗanda ke da. Tsawon lokacin ovulation wanda farkon hailar farko da marigayi menopause ke haifarwa shima abu ne mai haɗari. Dukansu kiba da maganin maye gurbin hormone suma suna haɓaka haɗarin.
Haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na ovarian ya ragu ga matan da ke da ƙarancin hawan haila, babu hawan haila, shayarwa, shan maganin hana haihuwa, suna da ciki da yawa, kuma suna da ciki tun suna ƙanana. Haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na kwai yana raguwa a cikin matan da suka yi fama da tubal ligation (wanda aka fi sani da suna "tubun da aka ɗaure"), duka biyun an cire su, ko kuma hysterectomy (aikin da mahaifa, da kuma wani lokacin mahaifa, ake cirewa). Shekaru kuma abu ne mai haɗari.
Hormones
Yin amfani da magungunan haihuwa na iya taimakawa ga samuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta ovarian, amma alaƙar da ke tsakanin su biyu tana da sabani kuma tana da wuyar yin nazari. Magungunan haihuwa na iya haɗawa da haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka. Wadanda aka yi wa jinyar rashin haihuwa amma sun kasance marasa amfani suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial; duk da haka, wadanda aka yi nasarar yi musu maganin rashin haihuwa kuma daga baya suka haihu ba su da wani hadari. Wannan na iya zama saboda zubar da ƙwayoyin da ke da riga-kafi a lokacin daukar ciki, amma har yanzu ba a san dalilin ba. Matsalolin haɗari na iya zama rashin haihuwa da kanta, ba magani ba.
Yanayin hormone kamar ciwon ovary polycystic da endometriosis suna da alaƙa da ciwon daji na ovarian, amma ba a tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa gaba ɗaya ba. Maganin maye gurbin hormone na postmenopausal (HRT) tare da isrogen yana iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Ba a tabbatar da ƙungiyar ba a cikin wani babban bincike, amma sanannun binciken ciki har da Nazarin Mata Miliyan sun goyi bayan wannan haɗin gwiwa. Postmenopausal HRT tare da haɗin estrogen da progesterone na iya ƙara haɗarin zamani idan aka yi amfani da shi sama da shekaru 5, amma wannan haɗarin ya dawo al'ada bayan an daina jinya. Estrogen HRT tare da ko ba tare da progestins yana ƙara haɗarin endometrioid da ciwace-ciwacen daji ba amma yana rage haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen mucinous. Yawan adadin isrogen yana haɓaka wannan haɗarin. Endometriosis wani abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda yake jin zafi tare da haila. Endometriosis yana da alaƙa da bayyanannun tantanin halitta da ƙananan nau'ikan endometrioid, ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, ciwace-ciwacen mataki na I da II, ciwace-ciwacen sa na 1, da ƙananan mace-mace.
Kafin al'ada, kiba na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na ovarian, amma wannan haɗarin ba ya samuwa bayan al'ada. Wannan haɗarin kuma yana da alaƙa ga waɗanda ke da kiba kuma ba su taɓa amfani da HRT ba. Irin wannan haɗin gwiwa tare da ciwon daji na ovarian yana bayyana a cikin mata masu tsayi.
Genetics
Tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na ovarian abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian. Mata masu ciwon daji marasa polyposis na gado (Lynch Syndrome), da waɗanda ke da BRCA-1 da BRCA-2 suna cikin haɗarin haɗari.
Babban haɗarin kwayoyin halitta don ciwon daji na ovarian shine maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 ko BRCA2, ko a cikin kwayoyin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA, wanda ke cikin kashi 10% na cututtukan daji na ovarian. Allele guda ɗaya kawai ake buƙatar mutated don sanya mutum cikin haɗari mai girma. Za a iya gadon kwayar halittar ta hanyar layin uwa ko na uba, amma yana da matsananciyar shiga . Ko da yake maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta yawanci yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar kansar nono, suna kuma ɗaukar haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian na rayuwa, haɗarin da ke kai kololuwa a cikin 40s da 50s. Mafi ƙarancin haɗarin da aka ambata shine 30% kuma mafi girman 60%. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 suna da haɗarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na ovarian na 15-45%. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA2 ba su da haɗari fiye da waɗanda ke tare da BRCA1, tare da haɗarin rayuwa na 10% (mafi ƙarancin haɗari) zuwa 40% (mafi girman haɗari da aka ambata). A matsakaita, cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da BRCA suna tasowa shekaru 15 kafin takwarorinsu na lokaci-lokaci saboda mutanen da suka gaji maye gurbi a kwafin kwayar halittarsu guda ɗaya kawai suna buƙatar maye gurbinsu don fara aiwatar da cutar sankara, yayin da mutanen da ke da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na al'ada zasu buƙaci samun maye gurbi biyu.
A Amurka, biyar daga cikin 100 mata masu dan uwan digiri na farko masu ciwon daji na kwai daga ƙarshe za su sami kansar kwai da kansu, wanda ke sanya waɗanda ke da dangin da abin ya shafa cikin haɗarin matan da ba su da lafiya. Bakwai daga cikin 100 mata masu dangi biyu ko fiye da ciwon daji na kwai za su sami kansar kwai. Gabaɗaya, 5-10% na cututtukan daji na ovarian suna da sanadin kwayoyin halitta. Maye gurbi na BRCA yana da alaƙa da babban matakin serous mara cin nama na ciwon daji na kwai.
Ƙarfafa tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon daji na hanji, ko wasu cututtuka na gastrointestinal na iya nuna kasancewar ciwon da aka sani da ciwon daji na nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (wanda kuma aka sani da Lynch syndrome), wanda ke ba da haɗari mafi girma don bunkasa yawan ciwon daji, ciki har da ovarian. ciwon daji. Ciwon daji na Lynch yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, ciki har da MSH2, MLH1, MLH6, PMS1, da PMS2 . Hadarin ciwon daji na ovarian ga mutumin da ke da cutar Lynch yana tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 12. Matan zuriyar Icelandic, zuriyar Yahudawa Yahudawa / Ashkenazi zuriyar Yahudawa, da zuriyar Hungarian suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial. Estrogen receptor beta gene ( ESR2 ) alama ya zama mabuɗin don pathogenesis da amsawa ga farfadowa. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da aka danganta da ciwon daji na ovarian sune BRIP1, MSH6, RAD51C da RAD51D . CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2 da RAD50 kuma an danganta su da ciwon daji na ovarian.
Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ba kasafai da yawa suna da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan ciwon daji na kwai. Peutz-Jeghers ciwo, cuta ce mai wuyar gaske, kuma tana sa mata su kamu da cutar ta hanyar jima'i tare da tubules na annular . Cutar Ollier da Ciwon Maffucci suna da alaƙa da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na granulosa a cikin yara kuma ana iya haɗa su da ciwace-ciwacen Sertoli-Leydig. Benign fibromas suna hade da ciwon basal cell carcinoma nevoid .
Abinci
Shaye-shaye ba ya da alaƙa da ciwon daji na kwai.
Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar tsarin cin abinci mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da yalwar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, dukan hatsi, da kuma abincin da ke kaucewa ko iyakance ja da nama da aka sarrafa da kuma sarrafa sukari. Yawan amfani da jimillar jimillar kitse da kitsen mai yana kara haɗarin ciwon daji na kwai. Wani bita na laima na 2021 ya gano cewa kofi, kwai, da cin mai yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar kwai. Akwai gaurayawan shaida daga bincike kan hadarin kansar kwai da kuma amfani da kayan kiwo .
Abubuwan muhalli
Kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, ban da Japan, suna da yawan ciwon daji na ovarian na epithelial, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda abinci a waɗannan ƙasashe. Matan farar fata suna cikin 30-40% mafi girman haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian idan aka kwatanta da matan Black da matan Hispanic, mai yiwuwa saboda dalilai na zamantakewa; Mata farare suna da karancin yara da nau'ikan aikin tiyata na gynecology daban-daban waɗanda ke shafar haɗarin kansar kwai.
Shaidu na yau da kullun sun nuna cewa talc, magungunan kashe qwari, da magungunan ciyawa suna ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Cibiyar Cancer ta Amurka ta lura cewa, ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani bincike da ya iya danganta duk wani sinadari guda daya a cikin muhalli, ko kuma a cikin abincin dan Adam, kai tsaye ga maye gurbi da ke haifar da ciwon daji na kwai.
Sauran
Sauran abubuwan da aka bincika, irin su shan taba, ƙananan matakan bitamin D a cikin jini, kasancewar shigar da cysts na ovarian, da kamuwa da kwayar cutar papilloma na mutum (dalilin wasu lokuta na ciwon daji na mahaifa), an musanta su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari. ciwon daji na kwai. Ciwon daji na perineal talc yana da rigima, saboda yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa idan yana tafiya ta hanyar haihuwa zuwa ovaries. Nazarin kula da shari'ar ya nuna cewa amfani da perineal talc yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian, amma yin amfani da talc sau da yawa ba ya haifar da haɗari mafi girma. Amfani da talc a wani wuri a jiki baya da alaƙa da ciwon daji na kwai. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi.
Ƙara yawan shekaru (har zuwa 70s) abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial saboda yawancin maye gurbi a cikin sel na iya tarawa kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da ciwon daji. Wadanda suka haura 80 suna cikin dan karamin hadari.
Shan taba yana da alaƙa da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na ovarian mucinous ; bayan daina shan taba, haɗarin ƙarshe ya koma al'ada. Matsayi mafi girma na furotin C-reactive yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɓakar ciwon daji na ovarian.
Abubuwan kariya
Rushewar ovulation, wanda in ba haka ba zai haifar da lalacewa ga epithelium na ovarian kuma, saboda haka, kumburi, yana da kariya gabaɗaya. Ana iya samun wannan tasiri ta hanyar samun yara, shan hadewar maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ciyar da nono, duk waɗannan abubuwan kariya ne. Tsawon lokacin shayarwa yana da alaƙa da raguwa mai girma a cikin haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Kowace haihuwa tana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na kwai, kuma ana ganin wannan tasirin tare da haihuwa har biyar. Haɗaɗɗen maganin hana haihuwa na baka yana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian har zuwa kashi 50%, kuma tasirin kariya na haɗe-haɗe na baka zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 25-30 bayan an daina su. Yin amfani da aspirin na yau da kullun ko acetaminophen (paracetamol) na iya haɗuwa da ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian; sauran NSAIDs ba su da irin wannan tasirin kariya.
Tubal ligation yana da kariya saboda carcinogens ba sa iya kaiwa ga ovary da fimbriae ta farji, mahaifa, da tubes na fallopian. Tubal ligation kuma yana da kariya ga mata masu maye gurbin BRCA1, amma ba maye gurbin BRCA2 ba. Hysterectomy yana rage haɗari, da kuma cire duka tubes na fallopian da ovaries ( salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu) yana rage haɗarin ba kawai ciwon daji na ovarian ba amma ciwon nono. Wannan har yanzu batu ne na bincike, kamar yadda haɗin kai tsakanin hysterectomy da ƙananan ciwon daji na ovarian yana da rikici. Dalilin da cewa hysterectomy na iya zama kariya ba a bayyana su ba kamar na 2015.
Abincin da ya haɗa da adadin carotene, fiber, da bitamin tare da ƙananan kitse-musamman, abinci tare da kayan lambu marasa sitaci (misali broccoli da albasa ) na iya zama kariya. Fiber na abinci yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Wani bita na 2021 ya gano cewa kayan lambu masu ganye, kayan lambu na allium, fiber, flavanoids da shan shayi na iya rage haɗarin cutar kansar kwai.
Pathophysiology
Ciwon daji na Ovarian yana samuwa lokacin da kurakurai a cikin ci gaban kwayoyin ovarian na al'ada ya faru. Yawancin lokaci, lokacin da sel suka tsufa ko suka lalace, suna mutuwa, kuma sabbin sel suna zama wurinsu. Ciwon daji yana farawa ne lokacin da sabbin sel suka yi ba tare da buƙata ba, kuma tsofaffi ko ƙwayoyin da suka lalace ba su mutu kamar yadda ya kamata. Ƙirƙirar ƙarin sel sau da yawa yakan haifar da tarin nama da ake kira ƙwayar ƙwayar ovarian ko girma. Wadannan kwayoyin cutar kansa marasa al'ada suna da nakasu na kwayoyin halitta da yawa wadanda ke sa su girma da yawa. Lokacin da ovary ya saki kwai, ƙwayar kwai ya buɗe kuma ya zama corpus luteum . Wannan tsarin yana buƙatar gyara ta hanyar rarraba sel a cikin kwai. Ci gaba da ovulation na dogon lokaci yana nufin ƙarin gyaran ovary ta hanyar rarraba kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya samun maye gurbi a kowane bangare.
Gabaɗaya, yawancin maye gurbi a cikin ciwon daji na ovarian yana faruwa a cikin NF1, BRCA1, BRCA2, da CDK12 . Nau'in I ciwon daji na ovarian, wanda ya kasance ba shi da karfi, yana da rashin zaman lafiya na microsatellite a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa, ciki har da duka oncogenes (mafi mahimmanci BRAF da KRAS ) da kuma ciwon daji (mafi mahimmanci PTEN ). Mafi yawan maye gurbi a cikin nau'in ciwon daji na Nau'in I sune KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, PTEN, PIK3CA, da ARID1A. Nau'in ciwon daji na II, nau'in nau'i mai tsanani, suna da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban da suka canza, ciki har da p53, BRCA1, da BRCA2 . Ƙananan ciwon daji suna da maye gurbi a cikin KRAS, yayin da ciwon daji na kowane nau'i wanda ke tasowa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari suna da maye gurbi a cikin p53. Nau'in I na ciwon daji yakan tasowa daga raunuka na farko, yayin da Nau'in ciwon daji na II na iya tasowa daga ciwon daji na intraepithelial carcinoma . Ciwon daji masu rauni waɗanda ke da maye gurbi na BRCA suma babu makawa suna da maye gurbi na p53, wanda ke nuna cewa kawar da ƙwayoyin halittar aiki guda biyu yana da mahimmanci don haɓakar kansa.
A cikin kashi 50 cikin 100 na manyan cututtukan daji na serous, gyaran DNA na haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ba shi da aiki, kamar yadda manyan hanyoyin sigina da FOXM1 suke . Hakanan kusan koyaushe suna da maye gurbi na p53. Baya ga wannan, maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayar cutar sankara mai girma yana da wuyar ganewa fiye da babban matakin rashin kwanciyar hankali . BRCA1 da BRCA2 suna da mahimmanci don gyaran DNA na sake haɗe da juna, kuma ana samun maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a kusan kashi 15% na mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian. Mafi yawan maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 da BRCA2 sune sauye-sauyen sauye- sauyen da suka samo asali a cikin ƙaramin adadin Yahudawan Ashkenazi.
Kusan 100% na carcinomas na mucinous da ba kasafai suna da maye gurbi a cikin KRAS da haɓakawa na ERBB2 (wanda kuma aka sani da Her2/neu ). Gabaɗaya, 20% na ciwon daji na ovarian suna da maye gurbi a cikin Her2/neu .
Ciwon daji na iya tasowa daga serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, maimakon tasowa kwatsam daga naman kwai. Sauran carcinomas suna tasowa daga ƙwayoyin cuta na cortical inclusion cysts, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne na sel na ovarian epithelial a cikin stroma .
Bincike
jarrabawa
Binciken ciwon daji na ovarian yana farawa tare da gwajin jiki (ciki har da jarrabawar pelvic ), gwajin jini (ga CA-125 da wasu lokuta wasu alamomi), da kuma duban dan tayi na transvaginal . Wani lokaci ana amfani da jarrabawar rectovaginal don taimakawa tsara aikin tiyata. Dole ne a tabbatar da ganewar asali tare da tiyata don duba kogon ciki, ɗaukar biopsies (samfurin nama don nazarin microscopic ), da kuma neman kwayoyin ciwon daji a cikin ruwan ciki. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen sanin ko adadin ovarian yana da kyau ko m.
Matakan farko na ciwon daji na Ovarian (I/II) suna da wuyar ganewa saboda yawancin alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba su da takamaiman kuma don haka ba su da amfani sosai wajen ganewar asali; a sakamakon haka, ba kasafai ake gano ta ba har sai ta yadu kuma ta ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba (III/IV). Bugu da ƙari, alamun ciwon daji na ovarian na iya bayyana kama da ciwon hanji mai ban haushi . A cikin matan da ciki zai iya yiwuwa, ana iya auna matakin BHCG yayin tsarin ganewar asali. Serum alpha-fetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase, da kuma lactate dehydrogenase za a iya auna a cikin matasa 'yan mata da matasa da ake zargi da ciwon ciwace-ciwacen daji kamar yadda ƙananan mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna iya samun ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.
Binciken jiki, ciki har da jarrabawar pelvic, da kuma duban dan tayi (transvaginal ko in ba haka ba) duka suna da mahimmanci don ganewar asali: jarrabawar jiki na iya nuna ƙarar girth na ciki da / ko ascites (ruwa a cikin rami na ciki), yayin da jarrabawar pelvic na iya bayyana wani ovarian. ko yawan ciki. Matsakaicin adnexal wani muhimmin bincike ne wanda sau da yawa yana nuna ciwon daji na ovarian, musamman ma idan an gyara shi, nodular, wanda ba daidai ba, mai ƙarfi, da/ko biyu. 13-21% na adnexal talakawa suna lalacewa ta hanyar malignancy; duk da haka, akwai wasu m dalilai na adnexal talakawa, ciki har da ovarian follicular cyst, leiomyoma, endometriosis, ectopic ciki, hydrosalpinx, tuboovarian abscess, ovarian torsion, dermoid cyst, cystadenoma (serous ko mucinous), diverticular ko appendice jijiya ciwon daji . koda pelvic, urethra ko mafitsara diverticulum, benign cystic mesothelioma na peritoneum, peritoneal tarin fuka, ko paraovarian cyst . Ovaries da za a iya ji su ma alama ce ta kansar kwai a cikin matan da suka shude. Sauran sassan gwajin jiki don zargin ciwon daji na ovarian na iya haɗawa da gwajin nono da jarrabawar duburar dijital . Palpation na supraclavicular, axillary, da inguinal lymph nodes na iya bayyana lymphadenopathy, wanda zai iya zama alamar metastasis. Wani mai nuna alama na iya kasancewa kasancewar kumburin pleural, wanda za'a iya lura dashi akan auscultation .
Lokacin da aka haɗa rashin lafiyar kwai a cikin jerin yuwuwar ganowa, ana nuna iyakataccen adadin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana samun cikakken ƙididdigar jini da gwajin jini na electrolyte yawanci; lokacin da ciwon daji na ovarian ya kasance, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna nuna yawan adadin platelets (20-25% na marasa lafiya) da ƙananan matakan sodium na jini saboda siginar sinadarai da ƙwayar cuta ta ɓoye. Gwaji mai kyau na inhibin A da inhibin B na iya nuna ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta granulosa.
Gwajin jini don ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai suna CA-125 yana da amfani a cikin ganewar asali daban-daban da kuma bibiyar cutar, amma shi da kansa ba a nuna shi ya zama hanya mai mahimmanci don nunawa ga ciwon daji na ovarian na farko ba saboda rashin yarda da shi. hankali da kuma takamaiman. Matakan CA-125 a cikin matan da suka riga sun wuce 200 U / ml na iya nuna ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda kowane girma a CA-125 sama da 35 U / mL a cikin mata bayan mazaopausal. Matakan CA-125 ba daidai ba ne a farkon matakin ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda rabin mataki na masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna da matakin CA-125 na al'ada. CA-125 kuma za a iya haɓakawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau (marasa ciwon daji), ciki har da endometriosis, ciki, mahaifa fibroids, haila, ovarian cysts, tsarin lupus erythematosus, cututtuka na hanta, cututtuka na ƙwayar cuta, cututtuka na pelvic, da leiomyoma. HE4 wani ɗan takara ne don gwajin cutar kansar kwai, kodayake ba a gwada shi sosai ba. Sauran alamun ciwon daji na ciwon daji na ovarian sun hada da CA19-9, CA72-4, CA15-3, immunosuppressive acidic protein, haptoglobin-alpha, OVX1, mesothelin, lysophosphatidic acid, osteopontin, da fibroblast girma factor 23 .
Amfani da sassan gwajin jini na iya taimakawa wajen gano cutar. Ƙungiyar OVA1 ta ƙunshi CA-125, beta-2 microglobulin, transferrin, apolipoprotein A1, da transthyretin . OVA1 da ke sama da 5.0 a cikin matan da suka rigaya kafin haihuwa da 4.4 a cikin matan da suka shude suna nuna babban haɗarin ciwon daji. Ana amfani da saitin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don gano ciwace-ciwacen jima'i-stromal. Babban matakan testosterone ko dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, haɗe tare da sauran alamun bayyanar cututtuka da matakan inhibin A da inhibin B na iya zama alamar SCST na kowane nau'i.
Binciken na yanzu yana duba hanyoyin da za a yi la'akari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu alamar ƙari a hade tare da wasu alamun cututtuka (watau rediyo da/ko alamun cututtuka) don inganta daidaiton bincike. Kalubalen da ke cikin irin wannan tsarin shi ne yadda cutar sankarar mahaifa ke yaduwa yana nufin cewa ko da gwaji tare da kulawa mai zurfi da takamaiman aiki zai haifar da sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya, wanda hakan na iya haifar da al'amura kamar yin hanyoyin tiyata da kansa. ba a samun shi a ciki.Har yanzu ba a samar da hanyoyin nazarin halittu don ciwon daji .
An fi son yin sikanin CT don tantance girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin rami na ciki, kodayake ana iya amfani da hoton maganadisu . Binciken CT kuma yana iya zama da amfani don gano caking omental ko bambance ruwa daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙari a cikin ciki, musamman a cikin ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta. Koyaya, bazai iya gano ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi ba. Wani lokaci, ana amfani da x-ray na ƙirji don gano metastases a cikin ƙirji ko zubar da jini . Wani gwaji don cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, ko da yake ba a yi amfani da shi akai-akai ba, shine barium enema, wanda zai iya nuna idan ciwon rectosigmoid yana cikin cutar. Positron emission tomography, sikanin kashi, da paracentesis suna da iyakacin amfani; a gaskiya ma, paracentesis na iya haifar da metastases don samuwa a wurin saka allura kuma bazai samar da sakamako mai amfani ba. Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da paracentesis a lokuta inda babu ƙwayar pelvic kuma ascites yana nan. Likitan da ke zargin kansar kwai yana iya yin mammography ko biopsy na endometrial (a yanayin zubar jini mara kyau) don tantance yiwuwar cutar ƙirjin nono da ciwon daji na endometrial, bi da bi. Ultrasonography na farji sau da yawa shine binciken hoton layi na farko da aka yi lokacin da aka sami taro na adnexal. Yawancin halaye na yawan adadin adnexal suna nuna rashin lafiyar ovarian; yawanci suna da ƙarfi, marasa daidaituwa, masu yawa, da/ko babba; kuma yawanci suna da siffofi na papillary, tasoshin tsakiya, da/ko ɓarna na ciki marasa daidaituwa. Koyaya, SCST ba shi da takamaiman halaye akan binciken rediyo.
Don tantance ainihin ciwon daji na ovarian, ana buƙatar hanyar tiyata don duba ciki. Wannan na iya zama hanyar buɗewa ( laparotomy, incision ta bangon ciki ) ko tiyatar maɓalli ( laparoscopy ). A lokacin wannan hanya, ana cire nama da ake tuhuma kuma an aika da shi don nazarin microscopic . Yawancin lokaci, wannan ya haɗa da salpingo-oophorectomy ɗaya, cire kwai guda ɗaya da ya shafa da tube na fallopian. Hakanan za'a iya bincikar ruwa daga rami na ciki don ƙwayoyin kansa. Idan an sami ciwon daji, wannan hanya kuma za a iya amfani da ita don sanin iyakar yaduwarsa (wanda shine nau'i na ciwon daji ).
An nuna Pafolacianine don amfani a cikin manya da ciwon daji na ovarian don taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji a lokacin tiyata. Wani ma'aikacin bincike ne wanda ake gudanarwa ta hanyar allurar cikin jijiya kafin a yi masa tiyata.
Hadari
A widely recognized method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer is the risk of malignancy index (RMI), calculated based on an initial workup. An RMI score of over 200 or 250 is generally felt to indicate high risk for ovarian cancer.
Ana ƙididdige RMI kamar:
RMI = makin duban dan tayi × maki menopause x matakin CA-125 a U/ml.
Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don tantance ƙimar duban dan tayi da maki menopause, tare da sakamakon sakamakon da ake kira RMI 1 da RMI 2, bi da bi, ya danganta da wace hanya ake amfani da ita.
Manazarta
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Cutar daji |
60428 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaya%20JJOO%202030 | Tsaya JJOO 2030 | ya yi nuni da cewar tallata wannan takara ta fuskar dumamar yanayi babban rashin alhaki ne. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi gargaɗin cewa wuraren shakatawa na Pyrenees sun riga sun dogara da samar da dusar ƙanƙara ta wucin gadi kuma ba za su yi aiki a tsakiyar wa'adi ba. Don haka, da sauri za ta zama marar amfani. Don haka, ma'anar ta ba da shawarar janye aikin daga takarar. Ci gaba da ci gaba, yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da zuba jarurruka don inganta sauye-sauyen tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki: sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, yaki da hasashe da raguwa a cikin yankunan tsaunuka, da kuma kare yanayin yanayi da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa. Dakatar da JJOO 2030 bayani ne na jama'a na 2021 game da takarar Pyrenees-Barcelona 2030 na takarar Olympics . Ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun haɓaka ta hanyar mai gudanarwa na dandalin SOS Pyrenees, yana da goyon bayan wakilan yankunan karkara, hawan dutse, al'adu da siyasa.
Tarihi
A cikin Fabrairu 2022, 150 masana kimiyya na Catalan buga "Independent Science Manifesto a kan 2030 Winter takarar Olympics a cikin Pyrenees ". Sun bayyana a cikin maki 10 dalilin da yasa wannan aikin ba zai yiwu ba. An ba da fifiko kan abubuwan fasaha, muhalli da zamantakewa, kamar rashin gaskiya a cikin siyasa. Gwamnatin Pere Aragonès ba ta iya ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar yin amfani da daftarin tantance tasirin muhalli ya zuwa yanzu. Bayanin ya kuma yi nuni da karuwar yawan yawon bude ido zai yi mummunar tasiri ga halittun yankunan tsaunuka. Haka kuma, tasirin tattalin arzikin yankin zai yi karanci, wanda zai ci gaba da tabarbarewar ma'aikata. Har ila yau, akwai adadi mai yawa na wuraren binciken kayan tarihi a cikin Pyrenees waɗanda za su iya lalacewa sosai. A ƙarshe, karuwar buƙatun makamashi da amfani da ruwa, kamar haɓakar gurɓataccen yanayi, ba za a yarda da shi ba a cikin yanayin gaggawar yanayi .
A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2022, dandalin STOP Olympic Aragon ya fito fili. Wannan kungiya ta "taro 'yan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin mutane a kan babban aikin." Duk da samun 'yancin kai, yana daidaitawa tare da dandamalin Catalan mai kama da juna. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, sun fitar da bayaninsu na farko tare da taken Por un Pirineo vivo, Por nuestro futuro ¡STOP JJOO! (a zahiri, Don Pyrenees mai rai, Don Tsayar da Wasannin Olympic na gaba! ). Mahimman batutuwa guda uku a bayyane suke—na farko, janyewar takarar Olympics a matsayin yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Na biyu, neman sulhu ya ƙare ayyukan da za a yi a nan gaba don faɗaɗa gangaren kankara na Canal Roya da Vall de Castanesa. Wannan zai kasance yana da alaƙa da sabbin jarin tattalin arziki da aka mayar da hankali kan buƙatun yankin da mazaunan Pyrenees. Tare da wannan ma'anar, dandamalin ya yi nadama cewa gwamnatin Javier Lambán ta so kashe 85% na kasafin kudin EU na gaba don dorewar yawon shakatawa akan inganta wuraren shakatawa na ski kamar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Candanchú da Astún ko gondola daga Benasque zuwa Cerler .
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2022, mawaƙa daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar sun haɗa ƙarfi don rera "Ƙasa don Shuka" a kan gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi. Mawaƙin Aranese Alidé Sans ne ke jagorantar aikin. Yana da haɗin gwiwar Clara Peya, Montse Castellà, Joina Canyet, Cesk Freixas, Francesc Ribera, Pirat's Sound Sistema, da Natxo Tarrés daga ƙungiyar Gossos, da sauransu.
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2022, mutane fiye da 2000 a Puigcerdà sun bukaci gwamnati ta sake tunani game da dabarunsu kuma ta yi watsi da wannan "wasan banza". Taken su shine "Don Pyrenees mai rai. Dakatar da wasannin Olympics"; Assemblea Nacional Catalana da Unió de Pagesos (Ƙungiyar manoma) suna cikin magoya bayansu. A cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi da canjin yanayi, ba za a iya tsammani ba. Suna shirya shawarwarin da aka kira ranar 24 ga watan Yuli a birane da dama na kananan hukumomin Kataloniya . A ranar 27 ga Mayu, mai magana da yawun gwamnati, Laura Vilagrà, ta sanar da jinkirta shawarwarin da aka shirya saboda rashin daidaituwa na takarar da kuma rashin nasarar "aikin fasaha" mai gamsarwa.
A bikin Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, Ecologistes de Catalunya ya wallafa wani bayani da ke nuna cewa gwamnati mai ci ba za ta iya ba da amsa ga gaggawar yanayi da aka sani ba. Gwamnati "tana dagewa kan tsoffin mafita daga baya don tallafawa tsarin yawon shakatawa na dusar ƙanƙara da kuma rufe rashin iya tabbatar da makomar mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Pyrenees kamar wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi". Ganin cewa "Kataloniya tana cikin jerin gwano na Turai a cikin manufofin muhalli don rashin aiwatar da gwamnatocin baya-bayan nan, a daidai lokacin da yanayin yanayi da rikicin muhalli ke kira ga ajandar kore mai iya fuskantar kalubalen sauyin yanayi, karancin abinci, ko makamashi da albarkatun kasa. rikicin".
A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2022, kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasar Spain ya yanke hukuncin hana tsayawa takara a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 2030 saboda rashin yiwuwar cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Javier Lambán da Pere Ƙwararru da En Comú Podem sun yi bikin watsi da wannan "Macro-Project" kuma sun bukaci sabon shirin zuba jari ga Pyrenees . Dandalin dakatar da wasannin Olympics na 2030 ya ba da tabbacin cewa za ta ci gaba da yin aiki "don wani samfurin tattalin arziki, yanki da kasa", kuma ba za a yi la'akari da takarar ba a nan gaba.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rukunini chajin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17719 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Pence | Mike Pence | Michael Richard Pence (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan yuni, a shekara ta alif 1959) Miladiyya (A.c)ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 48 tsakanin shekarar 2017 zuwa shekarar 2021. Ƙwararren Lauya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Indiana daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2017 kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga shekarar 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2013. Dan Republican ne, ya shugabanci Taron Majalisar Wakilai daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2011. Pence ya kasance mai goyon baya ga motsi na Jam’iyyar Tea Party .
A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, yaƙin neman zaɓen Donald Trump ya ce Pence ne zai zaɓi Trump a matsayin abokin takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar na shekarar 2016 . Kamfen din Trump-Pence ya ci gaba da kayar yaƙin neman zaɓen Clinton-Kaine a babban zaɓen ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2016. An rantsar da Pence a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017.
A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2020 tikitin Trump-Pence ya kayar da sake takarar su ga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Joe Biden da Sanatan Amurka Kamala Harris zaben na shekarar 2020 .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Pence a yankin Columbus a Asibitin a Columbus, Indiana , Ya kasance ɗaya daga shida yara na Nancy Jane (nee Cawley) da kuma Edward J. Pence, Jr. Iyalinsa sun Irish Katolika Democrats.
Pence ya kammala karatu a makarantar sakandaren Columbus North a shekarar 1977. Ya sami BA a Tarihi daga Kwalejin Hanover a shekarar 1981 da JD daga Jami'ar Indiana Robert H. McKinney School of Law a shekarar 1986.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya a shekarar 1986, Pence yayi aiki a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin sirri. Ya ci gaba da yin aikin lauya bayan fafatawarsa ta biyu ba tare da nasara ba ga Majalisar.
Majalisar Wakilan Amurka (2001–2013)
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2000, an zaɓi Pence a majalisar wakilan Amurka a gundumar Indiana ta 2 bayan da dan shekaru shida mai ci David M. McIntosh.a shekara ta (1995 zuwa 2001) ya zaɓi tsayawa takarar gwamnan Indiana .
A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2006, Pence ya sanar da takararsa ta shugaban jam'iyyar Republican ( shugaban marasa rinjaye ) a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka . Sakin Pence wanda ya sanar da takararsa na shugaban marasa rinjaye ya mai da hankali ne kan "komawa ga dabi'u" na Juyin Juya Hali na shekarar 1994. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, Pence ya sha kaye ga Wakilin John Boehner na Ohio ta hanyar kuri’ar 168 - 27–11 (kuri’a daya ta koma ga Wakili Joe Barton na Texas).
Pence ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Nazarin Jamhuriya . Ayyukansa na Kwamiti a Gidan Amurka sun haɗa da: Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Kwamiti na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya (Mataimakin Shugaban kujera); Sashin shari'a, karamin kwamiti a kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Mataimakin Shugaban kujera), da kuma karamin kwamiti a kan mallakar fasaha, Gasa, da Intanet .
Yayinda yake cikin Majalisa, Pence ya kasance daga uungiyar aungiyar Shayi . Pence ya kasance na toungiyar Intanet na Majalisar Wakilai, uungiyar Kula da Internationalasashen Duniya, da uungiyar 'Yan Wasanni.
Bayan zaɓen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, Pence ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar Shugabancin Taron Jam’iyyar ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, a. shekara ta 2011, Pence ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai nemi takarar Jam’iyyar Republican ta Gwamnan Indiana a shekarar 2012 .
Gwamnan Indiana (2013-2017)
A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2012, Pence ya ci zaɓen gwamna, kayar da ɗan takarar Democrat John R. Gregg da dan takarar Libertarian Rupert Boneham .
Pence ya zama Gwamna na 50 na Indiana a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2013.
Pence ya yi garambawul kan haraji, wato yanke kashi 10% na kudin shiga-haraji, babban fifiko ne ga 2013.
A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, Pence ya sanya hannu kan kudurin Majalisar Dattawa Indiana Bill 101, wanda aka fi sani da kudurin "adawa da addini" na Indiana (RFRA), ya zama doka. Sa hannu kan dokar ya gamu da suka da suka daga mutane da kungiyoyi wadanda suke ganin an yi doka da kyau ta hanyar da za ta ba da damar nuna wariya ga 'yan LGBT .
Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 2016, Pence ya yi yunƙurin hana nasarar sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya a Indiana.
Pence na sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a karo na biyu. Ba shi da abokin hamayya a cikin 3 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2016, zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar gwamna. Ya kara da dan takarar Democrat John Gregg, tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai ta Indiana, a sake fafatawa a zaben shekarar v2012. Rahotannin farko a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa a sanar da Pence a matsayin dan takarar VP a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli
Neman takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a 2016
A watan watan Yulin shekarar 2016, Trump ya ce akwai mutane uku a jerin wadanda za su tsaya masa takara: Chris Christie, Newt Gingrich da shi kansa Pence. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa Trump ya zabi Pence a matsayin abokin takararsa. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, Trump ya sanar a shafinsa na Twitter cewa Pence zai kasance abokin takarar sa. Ya gabatar da sanarwa a hukumance a cikin Birnin New York a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016.
Trump zai ci gaba da kayar da Clinton a babban zaben da zai sa Pence ta zama zababben Shugaban Amurka .
Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka (tun daga 2017)
An rantsar da Pence a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 48 bayan da Mataimakin Lauya Clarence Thomas ya rantsar da shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar (2017).
A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta (2017) Pence ya yi jawabi a Maris don Rayuwa a Washington DC, ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko kuma babban jami'in Amurka wanda ya taba yin magana a taron shekara-shekara.
Biyo bayan mai goyon bayan Trump ya afkawa majalisar dokokin Amurka a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekarar (2021) yawancin ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi sun so Pence yayi amfani da sauye-sauye 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka don tsige Trump daga mukaminsa.
Rayuwar mutum
Pence da matarsa Karen Pence sun yi aure tun a shekarar 1985. Suna da yara uku: Michael, Charlotte, da Audrey. Pence haifaffen kirista ne . Dan uwansa, Greg, dan majalisar wakilai ne na Amurka .
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
Mike Pence na Gwamna
Pence Appearances
Profile a Ballotpedia
Wasu maƙaloli
Tattara labarai da sharhi a Indianapolis Star
Bayanin dan takara daga Kamfen din mu
Majalisa
Profile at SourceWatch
Mutane
Mutanen Amurka
Turawa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20459 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber | Uber | Uber Technologies, Inc., wanda aka fi sani da Uber, kamfani ne na fasaha a Amurka. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ha-hailing, isar da abinci (Uber Eats), isar da kaya, masinjoji, jigilar kayayyaki, kuma, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Lime, keken lantarki da kuma motar haya. Kamfanin yana tushen San Francisco ne kuma yana da aiki a cikin manyan yankuna 900 na duniya. Yana ɗayan manyan kamfanoni a cikin tattalin arziƙi.
Uber an kiyasta yana da sama da miliyan 93 masu amfani a kowane wata a duk duniya. A Amurka, Uber yana da kaso 71% na kasuwa don raba-hawa da kuma kashi 22% na kasuwa don isar da abinci. Uber ya yi fice sosai a cikin tattalin arzikin raba cewa canje-canje a cikin masana'antu daban-daban sakamakon Uber an kira su uberisation, kuma yawancin farawa sun bayyana abubuwan da suke bayarwa a matsayin "Uber don X".
Kamar kamfanoni makamantan haka, an soki Uber saboda yadda ake bi da direbobi a matsayin ‘yan kwangila masu zaman kansu, katsewar kasuwancin‘ yan tasi, da kuma karuwar cunkoson motoci. An soki kamfanin saboda wasu halaye marasa kyau da kuma yin biris da dokokin gida, musamman a karkashin jagorancin tsohon Shugaba Travis Kalanick.
Siffar Gudanarwa
Uber tana tantance kudade da sharuddan da direbobi ke safarar mahaya. Kamfanin yana karɓar kashi 25% na kowane kuɗin da aka gabatar ta hanyar “abokan” Uber. Uber yana amfani da samfurin farashi mai tsauri. Farashi yana canzawa gwargwadon wadatar gida da buƙata a lokacin sabis. Abokan ciniki suna ƙididdigar kuɗin a gaba.
Ana samun damar sabis gaba ɗaya ta hanyar wayar hannu. Masu amfani suna saita bayanan sirri tare da suna, lambar waya, sauran bayanai, da fifikon biyan kuɗi, wanda zai iya zama katin kuɗi, tsarin biyan kuɗi na e-commerce ko, a wasu lokuta, tsabar kuɗi. Bayan sabis ɗin ya kammala, ana iya ba abokin ciniki zaɓi don ba da kyauta ga direba, wanda kuma aka biya shi zuwa hanyar biyan abokin ciniki.
Matsayin direbobi a matsayin yan kwangila masu zaman kansu shine batun da ba'a warware ba. Direbobi suna ba da abin hawa, wanda zai iya mallakar, haya, ko haya. Dole ne direbobi su cika sharuɗɗa na shekaru, lafiya, shekarun mota da nau'ikan su, suna da lasisin tuƙi da wayoyin komai da ruwanka, kuma ƙila a buƙaci ya wuce binciken ƙasa. A cikin birane da yawa, motoci dole ne su wuce duba lafiyar shekara-shekara kuma / ko dole ne a sanya tambari a cikin taga fasinja. Wasu biranen kuma suna buƙatar direbobi su sami lasisin kasuwanci. Zai yiwu akwai masauki ga direbobin da ke fama da matsalar rashin ji. Ana iya sanar da direbobi kafin su yarda da tafiya idan zai fi minti 45. Bayan kowace ma'amala, direbobi da kwastomomi na iya kimanta juna kuma ana iya kashe masu amfani da ƙimar kimantawa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan Gudanarwa
UberX shine matakin sabis na asali. Ya haɗa da hawa na sirri a cikin mota tare da direba har zuwa fasinjoji huɗu. Dogaro da wurin, Uber yana ba da wasu matakan sabis a farashi daban daban da suka haɗa da: motocin baƙar fata masu alatu, sababbi ko na hawa masu daraja, motoci da kujerun fata, motocin amfani na motsa jiki, ƙaramar mota, motocin hawa, hatchbacks, motocin lantarki, motocin haɗin kai, babura, mota rickshaws, ainihin motocin haya, jigilar farashi mai rahusa tare da sauran fasinjojin da ke tafiya a kan hanya guda ɗaya (an dakatar da ita yayin annobar COVID-19), kujerun tsaro na yara, jigilar dabbobi, tabbas direbobin da ke magana da harshen Spanish, ƙarin taimako ga tsofaffi da fasinjoji. tare da nakasa ta zahiri, da kuma motocin hawa na keken hannu.
Mutanen da ke da dabba na sabis na iya amfani da kowane irin sabis na Uber, kamar yadda doka ta tanada.
Ta hanyar kawance da lemun tsami, masu amfani zasu iya yin hayar kekunan keke masu tsalle da babura masu babura.
Uber tana ba wa kwararrun masana kiwon lafiya a Amurka sabis mai dacewa da HIPAA ga marasa lafiya masu zuwa-da-daga alƙawarinsu. Marasa lafiya ba tare da wayoyin komai da komai ba na iya karɓar bayanan karba ta hanyar saƙon rubutu ko kuma ta ofishin ƙwararrun lafiyar.
Uber Freight ta yi daidai da masu jigilar kaya da masu dakon kaya ta irin salon da ya dace da fasinjoji da direbobi.
Tare da haɗin gwiwar masu aiki na gida, Uber yana ba da jigilar jirgin ruwa a wasu wurare a wasu lokuta na shekara.
Tarihi
A cikin 2009, Uber an kafa shi a matsayin Ubercab ta Garrett Camp, masanin shirye-shiryen komputa kuma wanda ya kirkiro StumbleUpon, da Travis Kalanick, wanda ya siyar da kamfanin Red Swoosh na farawa akan dala miliyan 19 a 2007.
Bayan Camp da abokansa sun kashe $ 800 haya wani direba mai zaman kansa, yana son neman hanyar rage farashin sufuri kai tsaye. Ya fahimci cewa raba farashi tare da mutane na iya sanya shi mai sauki, kuma ra'ayin sa ya koma Uber. Kalanick ya shiga Camp ya ba shi "cikakken yabo game da ra'ayin" na Uber. Samfurin ya gina ne ta hanyar Camp da abokansa, Oscar Salazar da Conrad Whelan, tare da Kalanick a matsayin "babban mai ba da shawara" ga kamfanin.
A watan Fabrairun 2010, Ryan Graves ya zama ma'aikacin Uber na farko. Kabbarori sun fara aiki a matsayin babban manaja kuma an ba shi suna Shugaba jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamarwa. A watan Disambar 2010, Kalanick ya gaji Graves a matsayin Shugaba. Kabbarori sun zama babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Zuwa 2019, Graves ya mallaki hannun jari miliyan 31.9.
Bayan ƙaddamar da beta a cikin Mayu 2010, ayyukan Uber da wayar hannu a hukumance an ƙaddamar da su a San Francisco a cikin 2011. Asali, aikace-aikacen ya ba masu amfani damar kawai su yaba wata motar alfarma ta baki kuma farashin ya ninka na taksi sau 1.5. A shekarar 2011, kamfanin ya canza suna daga UberCab zuwa Uber bayan korafe-korafe daga masu gudanar da haraji na San Francisco.
Hayar kamfanin da wuri sun hada da masanin ilmin kimiyar nukiliya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma masanin injiniyoyi wadanda suka yi aiki kan hasashen bukatar direbobin motocin haya masu zaman kansu. A watan Afrilu 2012, Uber ya ƙaddamar da sabis a cikin Chicago inda masu amfani suka sami damar neman taksi na yau da kullun ko direban Uber ta hanyar wayar hannu.
A watan Yulin 2012, kamfanin ya gabatar da UberX, wani zaɓi mai rahusa wanda ya ba mutane damar yin amfani da motocin da ba na alfarma ba, gami da motocinsu na kashin kansu, bisa tsarin binciken baya, inshora, rajista, da matsayin abin hawa. A farkon 2013, sabis ɗin yana aiki a cikin birane 35.
A watan Disambar 2013, USA Today ta sanya wa kamfanin Uber kamfanin kere kere na shekarar.
A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ya ƙaddamar da UberPOOL, sabis na jigilar kaya a cikin Yankin San Francisco Bay. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin a wasu biranen duniya.
A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ta ƙaddamar da Uber Eats, sabis na isar da abinci.
A watan Agusta 2016, yana fuskantar gasa mai wahala, Uber ya sayar da ayyukansa a China ga DiDi don musayar kashi 18% a cikin DiDi. DiDi ta yarda ta saka dala biliyan 1 a Uber. Uber ta fara aiki a China a shekarar 2014, da sunan 优 步 (Yōubù).
A watan Agusta 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, tsohon Shugaban Kamfanin Expedia Group, ya maye gurbin Kalanick a matsayin Shugaba. A watan Yulin 2017, Uber ta sami darajar sirrin tauraruwa biyar daga Gidauniyar Electron Frontier Foundation, amma kungiyar ta soki su da kakkausar magana a watan Satumbar 2017 saboda wata siyasa mai rikitarwa ta bin diddigin wuraren kwastomomi ko da bayan an gama hawa, tilasta wa kamfanin zuwa juya tsarinta.
A watan Fabrairun 2018, Uber ya hada ayyukansa a Rasha, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia da Kazakhstan tare da na Yandex.Taxi kuma sun saka dala miliyan 225 a harkar. A watan Maris na 2018, Uber ya haɗu da ayyukanta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da na Grab a musayar hannun jarin mallakar kashi 27.5% a cikin Grab. Uber Rent, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta Getaround, ya kasance sabis ne na hada-hada tsakanin abokai da keke ga wasu masu amfani a San Francisco tsakanin Mayu 2018 da Nuwamba 2018. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Uber ya zama memba na zinare na Linux Foundation.
A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2019, Uber ya zama kamfanin jama'a ta hanyar bayar da tayin jama'a na farko. Bayan IPO, hannun jarin Uber ya ragu da kashi 11%, wanda ya haifar da babbar asara ta ranar farko ta tarihin IPO a tarihin Amurka. Bayan wata daya duka COO Barney Harford da CMO Rebecca Messina suka sauka. Uber ya sanya asarar dala biliyan 1 a farkon kwata na 2019, da asarar dala biliyan 5.2 na kwata na biyu.
A watan Yulin 2019, sashen tallace-tallace ya ragu da kashi na uku, tare da sallamar mutane 400 yayin ci gaba da asara. Hayar Injiniya ta daskarewa. A farkon watan Satumbar 2019, Uber ya kori ƙarin ma'aikata 435 tare da 265 da suka zo daga ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da kuma wasu 170 daga ƙungiyar samfuran.
A watan Janairun 2020, Uber ta sami Careem na dala biliyan 3.1.
A cikin wannan watan, Uber ya sayar da aikin Indiya na Uber Eats ga Zomato, a madadin 9.99% na Zomato.
Hakanan a cikin Janairu 2020, Uber ya gwada fasalin da ya bawa direbobi damar zuwa tashar jirgin saman Santa Barbara, Sacramento, da Palm Springs don saita farashi bisa la'akari da yawan farashin Uber na tafiye-tafiyen UberX da UberXL.
A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2020, yayin annobar COVID-19, Uber ta sanar da shirin sallamar ma’aikata 3,700, kusan kashi 14% na ma’aikatan ta.
A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2020, an ba da ƙarin yanke aiki 3,000 kuma an sanar da rufe ofisoshi 45.
A watan Yunin 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai gudanar da buƙatun manyan motocin hawa na Marin Transit, wata motar bas ɗin jama'a a Marin County, California. Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine haɗin US na SaaS na farko.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Uber tare da hadin gwiwar babban kamfaninta na Cornershop, suka gabatar da sabis na isar da kayan masarufin Uber a Latin Amurka, Canada, Miami, da Dallas.
A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya yi asarar dala biliyan 5.8.
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2020, Uber ta sami matesan gidan waya na dala biliyan 2.65.
A farkon watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya ba da sanarwar sayan sabis ɗin isar da giya na Boston mai suna Drizly a kan dala biliyan 1.1 a cikin tsabar kuɗi da hannun jari.
Hakanan a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya sanar da cewa zai haɗu tare da gidajen sayar da magani na Walgreens don bayar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta zuwa ɗakunan ajiya da asibitoci suna ba da rigakafin COVID-19 ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da tsaro.
A watan Afrilu na 2021, Uber ta ce ana sa ran ma'aikatanta za su dawo ofis kafin 13 ga Satumba kuma su yi aiki aƙalla kwana uku a kowane mako daga ofishi. [98] Daga baya a cikin watan, Uber ta sanar da cewa za ta fadada kan kayan isar da abinci don kara hada su da aikinta na hawa don saukar da jama'a masu rigakafin. Za a sauƙaƙe alƙawarin allurar rigakafi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kuma.
Ayyukan da suka gabata
Motoci masu tuka kansu
Techungiyar Technologies mai ci gaba (Uber ATG) tana haɓaka motoci masu tuka kansu. Asusun tsiraru ne na Softbank Vision Fund, Toyota, da Denso.
A farkon shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki hayar kimanin mutane 50 daga sashen fasahar kere-kere na jami'ar Carnegie Mellon.
A ranar 14 ga Satumbar, 2016, Uber ta ƙaddamar da sabis na motar tuki na farko don zaɓar abokan ciniki a Pittsburgh, ta amfani da motocin Ford Fusion. Kowane abin hawa an sanye shi da kyamarori 20, lasers bakwai, Tsarin Matsayi na Duniya, lidar, da kayan aikin radar
A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2016, Uber ta fara aikin tuka kanta da Volvo XC90 SUVs a garinsu na San Francisco. A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2016, Ma'aikatar Motocin Kalifoniya ta soke rajistar motocin da Uber ke amfani da ita don gwajin kuma ta tilasta shirin dakatar da aiki a California. Bayan watanni biyu, Uber ya koma shirin zuwa Arizona, inda motocin ke iya daukar fasinjoji, kodayake, a matsayin kariya, injiniyoyi biyu na Uber koyaushe suna kan gaban kujerun kowace abin hawa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2017, wata motar da ke tuka Uber da kanta ta buge ta juye ta a gefe ta wani abin hawa wanda ya kasa bayarwa. A watan Oktoba 2017, Uber ya fara amfani da matukin gwajin guda ɗaya kawai.
A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Uber ya ba da sanarwar wani shirin ba dauri ba don sayen motocin Volvo XC90 SUV har 24,000 da aka tsara don karɓar fasaha mai zaman kansa, gami da wani nau'in tuƙi da birki daban-daban da na'urori masu auna sigina.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2018, Uber ta dakatar da gwajin tuki na tuka kanta bayan mutuwar Elaine Herzberg a Tempe, Arizona. A cewar ‘yan sanda, motar Uber ce ta buge matar yayin da take kokarin tsallaka titi, yayin da injiniyan da ke cikin jirgin ke kallon bidiyo. Uber ya zauna tare da dangin wanda aka kashe. Hukumomin yankin ba su yi sabani ba kan ko motar ko Herzberg din suna da laifi. A watan Disambar 2018, bayan karɓar amincewar gida a Pittsburgh da Toronto, Uber ya sake fara gwaji, amma kawai a lokutan hasken rana da cikin saurin gudu. A watan Maris na 2019, Ofishin Babban Mai Shari'a na Yankin Yavapai bai same Uber da laifi ba saboda mutuwar Herzberg. Kamfanin ya canza hanyar sa, yana gayyatar duka Waymo da General Motors "unitungiyar motar motsa jiki mai tafiyar da kai don yin aiki da ababen hawa a kan hanyar sadarwar Haber." A watan Fabrairun 2020, Uber ta dawo da lasisin tuki na tuka kanta kuma ta ba da sanarwar shirin ci gaba da gwaji a San Francisco.
A farkon shekarar 2019, Uber ya kashe dala miliyan 20 a kowane wata kan bincike da ci gaban motoci masu cin gashin kansu; amma, wata majiya ta ce kudaden da aka kashe kan shirin abin hawa kai tsaye sun kai dala miliyan 200 a kowane kwata.
A watan Janairun 2021, Uber ATG ya samu ta hanyar farawa da ke sarrafa kansa Aurora Innovation na dala biliyan 4 kuma Uber ta saka hannun jari dala miliyan 400 a cikin Aurora, ta ɗauki hannun jarin 26%.
Manyan Motoci masu aiki da kansu
Bayan kashe sama da dala miliyan 925 don bunkasa manyan motoci masu zaman kansu, kamfanin Uber ya soke shirin tuka kansa mai tuka kansa a watan Yulin 2018. Uber ta sami Otto ne kan $ 625 miliyan a shekarar 2016. Dangane da karar da Waymo ta gabatar a watan Fabrairun 2017, tsohon ma'aikacin Google Anthony Levandowski ana zargin "ya zazzage 9.7 GB na Waymo sosai sirrin sirri da sirrin kasuwanci, gami da zane-zane, fayilolin zane da kuma bayanan gwaji" kafin murabus don gano Otto, wanda Uber ta saya. Hukuncin da aka yanke a watan Mayu 2017 ya bukaci Uber ya mayar da takardu zuwa Waymo. An fara shari’ar a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2018. An ba da sanarwar sulhu a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018 inda Uber ta ba Waymo dala miliyan 244 a cikin daidaiton Uber kuma ta amince kada ta keta hurumin ilimin Waymo.
Ayyukan iska
A watan Oktoba 2019, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da HeliFlight, Uber ya fara bayar da sabis na taksi mai saukan ungulu tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport. Aikin HeliFlite ne, Uber Copter ya bayar da jiragen jirgi masu saukar ungulu na mintuna 8 tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport na kimanin dala 200 ga kowane fasinja.
Eleungiyar Elevment na Uber tana haɓaka UberAir, wanda zai samar da gajeren jirage ta amfani da jirgin VTOL. A watan Disamba na 2020, Joby Aviation ya sami Uber Elevate.
Ayyukan Uber
A watan Oktoba 2019, Uber ya ƙaddamar da Uber Works don haɗa ma'aikatan da ke son ayyukan wucin gadi da kasuwanci. An fara samun aikin ne kawai a cikin Chicago kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa Miami a cikin watan Disambar 2019. An rufe sabis ɗin a cikin Mayu 2020.
Sukar
Kula da Lafiyar Direbobi
Rabawa azaman yan kwangila masu zaman kansu
Sai dai in doka ta buƙata in ba haka ba, direbobi galibi 'yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan nadi yana shafar haraji, lokutan aiki, da fa'idodin lokacin aiki. Lauyoyi sun shigar da kara a gaban kotu suna masu zargin cewa suna da hakki da kuma maganin da ake daukarsu a matsayin "ma'aikata" a karkashin dokar aiki. Koyaya, direbobi suna karɓar wasu sassauƙa waɗanda ba kasafai ake samun su ba tsakanin ma'aikata.
A cikin O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, karar da aka shigar a Kotun Lardin Amurka na Gundumar Arewacin California a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2013, direbobin Uber sun roki cewa bisa ga Dokar Kodago ta California ya kamata a sanya su a matsayin ma'aikata kuma a biya su kuɗaɗen kasuwanci kamar su gas da farashin abin hawa. A watan Maris na 2019, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 don daidaita batun.
A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2016, game da batun Aslam v Uber BV, kotun kula da daukar aiki ta Central London ta yanke hukuncin cewa direbobin Uber "ma'aikata" ne, ba masu zaman kansu ba, kuma suna da 'yancin mafi karancin albashi a karkashin Dokar Mafi qarancin Albashi ta Dokar 1998, an biya. hutu, da sauran hakkoki. Direbobin Uber biyu sun kawo karar gwajin zuwa kotun daukar aiki tare da taimakon GMB Union, a madadin kungiyar direbobi a London. Uber ta daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya; a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma'aikata ba masu aiki da kansu ba. Direbobin Uber sun sami damar samun mafi karancin albashi, na hutu, da kariya daga nuna bambanci a cikin hukuncin. Bayan da aka kayar da kararraki uku da suka gabata a kotu, kamfanin ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli, yana mai cewa direbobinsa ‘yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu.
A watan Maris na 2018, Ma’aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ilimi da Bincike ta Switzerland ta yanke hukunci cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata.
A watan Afrilun 2018, Kotun Koli ta Kalifoniya ta yanke hukunci a Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Babbar Kotun cewa Dynamex, kamfanin isar da sakonni, ya fasalta direbobin bayar da shi a matsayin 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu maimakon ma'aikata. Wannan ya haifar da zartar da doka ta California mai lamba 5 (AB5) a ranar Satumba 11, 2019, tare da gwaji don tantance ko dole ne a sanya mai ɗawainiya a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma ya karɓi mafi ƙarancin kariyar albashi da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi. A watan Disambar 2019, Uber da Postmates sun kai ƙara California, suna masu cewa AB5 ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekarar 2020, sun kashe dubunnan miliyoyi don yin kamfen don nuna goyon baya ga kudurin Kalifoniya na 22, wanda ya zartar, yana ba su wata keɓe ta musamman ga Majalisar Dokoki ta 5 ta hanyar rarraba direbobinsu a matsayin "'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu", keɓance wa ma'aikata daga samarwa fa'idodi ga wasu direbobi
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Ma’aikatar kwadago da Ci gaban ma’aikata ta New Jersey ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata tare da cin tarar Uber $ 650 miliyan saboda rashin aiki da harajin inshorar nakasa da ya wuce lokaci.
A watan Maris na 2021, Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta yanke hukunci cewa Uber dole ne ta rarraba duk direbobinta ba kamar 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu ba amma a matsayin ma'aikata, kammala tare da daidaitattun fa'idodi. Wannan ya haɗa da mafi ƙarancin albashi da na hutu tare da sauran fa'idodi masu fa'ida dangane da kwangilar.
Amincewa da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi
A wasu yankuna, ana ba direbobi tabbacin mafi ƙarancin albashi, kamar a cikin New York City, inda direbobi dole ne su sami $ 26.51 / awa kafin kashewa ko $ 17.22 / awa bayan an biya. Nazari ya nuna cewa, idan babu wadannan dokokin, yawancin direbobi ba su samun abin da ya gaza mafi karancin albashin da aka bayyana. Wani rahoto na watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta fitar ya gano matsakaicin albashin direbobi na kusan $ 9.21. An buga rahotanni na karancin albashi a cikin Profil, Trend, and The Guardian. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2017 ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 4% na duka direbobin Uber suna ci gaba da aiki kamar wannan shekara guda bayan farawa, da farko saboda ƙarancin albashi.
Koyaya, binciken 2019 ya gano cewa "direbobi suna samun rarar sama da sau biyu da zasu samu a cikin shirye-shirye marasa sassauƙa."
Matsalolin Tsaro
Laifukan da direbobin kera kaya suka aikata haka nan kuma da wasu mutane wadanda suke yinsu a matsayin direbobin rideshare wadanda ke jan hankalin fasinjojin da ba su sani ba zuwa ga motocinsu ta hanyar sanya tambari a motarsu ko kuma da'awar cewa su direban da ake sa ran fasinja ne. Wannan karshen ya haifar da kisan Samantha Josephson da gabatar da Dokar Sami. Lauyoyin na da'awar cewa kamfanonin sayar da kaya ba su dauki matakan da suka dace ba don hana cin zarafin mata. Kamfanonin gwamnati sun ci tarar kamfanonin Rideshare saboda karya doka a cikin tsarin bincikensu na bayan fage. Harbe-harben Kalamazoo na 2016 a watan Fabrairun 2016, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane shida a Kalamazoo, Michigan, wani direban Uber ne ya aikata shi. Kodayake an soki Uber saboda tsarin bincikensa na baya, amma direban ba shi da rikodin aikata laifi, kuma binciken bayan fage bai haifar da da mai ido ba.
A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Colorado ta ci Uber dala miliyan 8.9 bayan gano cewa direbobi 57 a cikin jihar suna da take hakki a bincikensu na baya, ciki har da mai laifi wanda ya sami izinin tuki don Uber ta hanyar amfani da sunan laƙabi. Kudin tarar yayi daidai da $ 2,500 kowace rana da wani direban da bai cancanta ya yi aikin tuki ba.
A watan Satumba na 2017, Uber ta nemi sabon lasisi a Landan ta hanyar Transport for London (TfL) ta ƙi amincewa saboda tsarin kamfanin da halayen da suka gabata ya nuna rashin haƙƙin kamfanoni game da binciken asalin direba, samun takaddun likita da kuma bayar da rahoton manyan laifuka. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Sufuri don Landan sun sanar da cewa ba za su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki a Landan ba bisa dalilin cewa Uber ya kasa magance matsalolin yadda ya kamata game da rajistar direbobi, inshora, da aminci. Wani ɓangare na dalilin TfL don cire lasisin Uber ya kasance hujja cewa direbobi marasa izini sun yi amfani da asusun matukin Uber. A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019, Sufuri don London ba su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki ba saboda ikon mutane zuwa jabun bayanan asali da amfani da asusun wasu direbobi, ta hanyar bin tsarin binciken baya.
Domin yana kara yawan mutanen da suke hawa motoci maimakon motocin sufuri masu aminci, wani bincike da aka gudanar daga Cibiyar Becker Friedman a Jami’ar Chicago ya danganta ne da hauhawar yawan hatsarin da ke tattare da zirga-zirga, gami da mace-macen masu tafiya a kafa.
Hakanan an soki Ridesharing don ƙarfafawa ko buƙatar amfani da waya yayin tuki. Don karɓar kuɗin tafiya, dole ne direbobi su taɓa allon wayar su, yawanci a cikin sakan 15 bayan karɓar sanarwa, wanda ba shi da doka a wasu yankuna tunda yana iya haifar da jan hankali.
Motocin da ke kan hanya a birane da yawa kan hana hanyoyin keke yayin daukar fasinjoji ko sauke su, lamarin da ke yin hatsari ga masu tuka keke.
Babu tabbaci idan motocin haya suna da ƙasa ko aminci fiye da haraji. Manyan biranen Amurka ba su da bayanai da yawa kan abubuwan da suka shafi taksi. Koyaya, a Landan, direbobin tasi suna da alhakin ninki 5 na yawan abin da ya faru na fyade idan aka kwatanta da direbobin Uber.
Canje Canjen Farashi da Zargin Kayyadadden Farashin
Saboda samfurin farashi masu tsauri, farashin hanya ɗaya zai iya bambanta dangane da wadata da buƙatar hawa a lokacin da aka nemi tafiyar. Idan hawainiya suke da matukar bukata a wani yanki kuma babu wadatattun direbobi a irin wannan yankin, farashin ya karu domin samun karin direbobi zuwa wannan yankin. A wasu lokuta, wannan yana haifar da ƙarin ƙarin biyan kuɗi a lokacin gaggawa kamar Hurricane Sandy, rikicin rikodin 2014 na Sydney, da harin gadar London London 2017.
A Amurka, direbobi ba su da wani iko kan kudin da suke karba; kararraki sun yi zargin cewa wannan hana doka ce kan kasuwanci wanda ya keta dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890.
Rashin Samun Dama
An soki Ridesharing saboda samar da wadatattun matakan isa ga nakasassu idan aka kwatanta da hanyar da jama'a ke fitarwa.
A wasu yankuna, doka ta buƙaci abin hawa don kamfanonin haya su sami adadin motocin hawa na keken hannu (WAVs) masu amfani da su. Koyaya, yawancin direbobi basu mallaki WAV ba, wanda hakan ke wahalar bin dokokin.
Yayinda kamfanoni ke da tsauraran ƙa'idodi don jigilar dabbobin sabis, an soki direbobi saboda ƙin safarar dabbobin sabis, wanda, a cikin Amurka, ya saba wa Dokar Nakasassu na Amurkawa. A wani yanayi, wannan ya haifar da kara, wanda aka mayar da shi zuwa sasantawa. Daga karshe an zartar da hukuncin ne saboda marawa fasinja baya, Lisa Irving, inda aka umarci Uber da ya biya ta dala miliyan 1.1.
Zargin Rashin Yadda akan Kayadadden Farashi
Uber ya kasance batun bincike na cin amana da yawa. Dokar cin amana gabaɗaya ta riƙe cewa ayyukan ƙayyade farashi ya halatta a cikin kamfanonin kasuwanci, amma ya hana su ƙetare iyakoki. Uber ba ya ba da sabis ga masu amfani kai tsaye. Madadin haka, kamfanin yana haɗa mahaya da direbobi, saita sharuɗɗan sabis, da karɓar kuɗaɗe. Keɓe dokar ƙauracewar amintaccen doka ya shafi ƙungiyoyin da kamfani ke sarrafa kai tsaye, kamar ma'aikata. Uber ta yi nasarar kaucewa shigar da ƙara duk wata matsala ta cin amana. Ya sami damar tursasa shari'ar Meyer v. Uber Technologies, Inc. don a shigar da ita cikin sasantawa.
A cikin shari'ar cin amana ta 1951 Amurka da Richfield Oil Co., kotu ta yanke hukunci ga gwamnati saboda kamfanin Richfield Oil Co. ya gudanar da iko a kan "'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu," wanda ya saba wa dokokin cin amana, duk da cewa su ba ma'aikatan kamfanin ba ne. Wannan ya zama tushen iyakancewa tsakanin ɓangarorin aiki da cin amana: idan ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙasa "'yan kasuwa ne masu zaman kansu" kuma ba ma'aikata ba, doka ba ta da iko. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta tabbatar da irin wannan ka’idar game da tilasta wa wadanda ba ma’aikata ba ta hanyar kwangilar samar da kayayyaki a tsaye a shari’ar 1964 Simpson v. Union Oil Co. na California.
Kasuwannin kan layi na Microlabor kamar Uber, Lyft, Handy, Amazon Home Services, DoorDash, da Instacart sun kammala tsari inda ma'aikata ke hulɗa da juna tare da ayyukan da ma'aikata ke bayarwa wanda ba ya ɗaukar nauyin aikin kwastomomi daidai, yayin da dandalin ke aiki da kasuwar kwadago don amfanin kansa - abin da wani masanin cin amana ya kira "zauren haya don riba."
Saboda direbobin Uber ba ma'aikata bane kuma Uber tana tsara sharuɗan da zasu yi ma'amala dasu tare da kwastomomi, gami da farashin, ana zargin Uber da keta dokar hana takunkumin kasuwanci a cikin dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890. Har yanzu wannan batun bai zama ba warware a fitina. Uber ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa: "mun yi imanin cewa doka tana tare da mu kuma hakan ne" don me a cikin shekaru hudu babu wata hukumar adawa da ta tayar da wannan a matsayin batun kuma babu irin wannan karar kamar ta a Amurka.
Rigima
Ka'idar Fuskanta
Yayin da Traber Kalanick ke jagorantar Uber, kamfanin yana da wata dabara mai ma'ana don magance matsaloli, gami da masu mulki. A cikin 2014, Kalanick ya ce "Dole ne ku sami abin da na kira adawa mai akida." Dabarun Uber gaba daya shi ne fara ayyukan cikin gari ba tare da la'akari da dokokin gida ba. Idan ta fuskanci hamayya ta tsarin mulki, Uber ta yi kira ga goyon bayan jama'a don hidimarta kuma ta ci gaba da kamfen na siyasa, wanda masu ba da shawara ke goyan baya, don canza ka'idoji. Misali, a watan Yunin 2014, Uber ya aika da sanarwa ga mahaya tare da adreshin imel da lambar waya na wani kwamishina a Virginia wanda ya yi adawa da kamfanin kuma ya gaya wa mahaya cewa su zazzage jami’in, wanda ya karbi daruruwan korafe-korafe. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, Shugaba Dara Khosrowshahi ya yi shelar kawo karshen dabarun "cin nasara ta kowane hali" da aiwatar da sabbin dabi'u ga kamfanin, gami da "mun yi abin da ya dace". Mataimakin yayi jayayya cewa martanin Uber ga lissafin California AB 5 a 2019 ya nuna cewa "dabarun Uber na yin watsi da ko yaƙi da ka'idoji ya kasance kamar yadda ya saba.
Hari akan Abokan Cinikayya
Uber ta ba da uzuri a ranar 24 ga Janairun, 2014 bayan bayanan da aka fallasa suna da'awar cewa ma'aikatan Uber a cikin New York da gangan sun ba da umarnin hawa daga Gett, wani mai gasa, amma kawai ya soke su daga baya. Dalilin wannan umarnin na bogi shi ne bata lokacin direbobi da kuma jinkirta yi wa halattattun kwastomomi sabis.
Bayan fadada Lyft zuwa cikin New York City a watan Yulin 2014, Uber, tare da taimakon TargetCW, ya aika imel yana ba da “babbar damar hukumar” ga ‘yan kwangila da yawa dangane da“ shakuwar mutum ”ta mahalarta. Waɗanda suka amsa roƙon an ba su ganawa tare da manajan kasuwanci na Uber waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar "ƙungiyar titi" don tattara bayanan sirri game da shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da Lyft da ɗaukar direbobinsu. An ba masu daukar ma'aikata iPhones mai dauke da Uber guda biyu (daya a madadin idan Lyft ya gano mutumin) da kuma jerin ingantattun lambobin katin kiredit don kirkirar asusun Lyft. An bukaci mahalarta su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da sanarwa.
A watan Agusta 2014, Lyft ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan Uber 177 sun ba da umarnin kuma sun soke kusan 5,560 Lyft hawa tun Oktoba 2013, kuma cewa ya samo hanyoyin zuwa ga masu karɓar Uber ta hanyar sake fasalin lambobin wayar da ke ciki. Rahoton ya gano fasinjan Lyft daya fasa fasa 300 daga 26 ga Mayu zuwa 10 ga Yuni, 2014, kuma wanda aka gano a matsayin mai daukar Uber ta wasu direbobin Lyft bakwai. Uber bai nemi gafara ba, amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙoƙarin daukar ma'aikata ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu da ke ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi.
Direbobi masu yaudara
A watan Janairun 2017, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 ga gwamnatin Amurka don warware zargin da Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta yi na yaudarar direbobi game da kudaden da za su samu.
Ana zargin gajeren canjin direbobi
A cikin 2017, an shigar da kara a aji a madadin dubban direbobin Uber, suna zargin cewa manufar "farashin farko" ta Uber ba ta bai wa direbobi kaso 80% na kudin da suka cancanta ba.
A watan Mayu 2017, bayan Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ma'aikatan New York (NYTWA) ta shigar da kara a gaban kotun tarayya da ke New York, Uber ta amince da biyan diyyar direbobin New York dubun miliyoyin daloli sama da shekaru 2.5 ta hanyar kirga kwamitocin direbobi a kan raga. adadin. Uber ta yarda ta biya bashin da ake binsu tare da ruwa.
Yin aiki yayin yajin aikin yan tasi
A ƙarshen watan Janairun 2017, GrabYourWallet ya yi niyya ga Uber don karɓar kuɗaɗe yayin yajin aikin Tasi na Birnin New York don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13769. Uber ta cire farashin tashin daga filin jirgin saman JFK, inda aka tsare 'yan gudun hijirar lokacin shiga. An yi niyyar Uber ne saboda Kalanick ya shiga majalisar ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki. Wani kamfen na kafofin sada zumunta da aka fi sani da #DeleteUber wanda aka kirkira a cikin zanga-zanga, wanda ya jagoranci kimanin masu amfani da 200,000 don share manhajar. Bayanin daga baya an yi masa wasika ta hanyar imel ga tsofaffin masu amfani da shi wadanda suka goge asusunsu, inda suka tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai taimaka wa ‘yan gudun hijirar, kuma kasancewar membobin Kalanick ba amincewar gwamnati ba ce. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga majalisar.
Guji ayyukan tilasta bin doka
Greyball
Farawa a cikin 2014, Uber yayi amfani da software ta Greyball don kaucewa ba da hawa ga wasu mutane. Ta hanyar nuna "motocin fatalwowi" da direbobin bogi ke tukawa ga wadanda aka yi niyya a cikin manhajar wayar hannu ta Uber, kuma ta hanyar ba wa direbobi na hakika wata hanya ta soke hawan da wadancan mutane suka nema, Uber ta iya kauce wa bayar da hawa ga sanannun jami'an tsaro a wuraren da hidimarta ta saba doka. Wani rahoto na New York Times a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2017, ya nuna yadda Uber ta yi amfani da Greyball a bainar jama'a, tana mai bayyana ta a matsayin wata hanya ta guje wa jami'an tilasta bin doka a Portland, Oregon, Australia, Koriya ta Kudu, da China. Da farko, dangane da rahoton, Uber ta bayyana cewa Greyball an tsara shi ne don musanta tafiye-tafiye ga masu amfani da ke keta ka'idojin aikin Uber, gami da wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan harbi. A cewar Uber, Greyball na iya "ɓoye daidaitaccen tsarin aikace-aikacen birni don ɗayan mahaya, wanda ke ba Uber damar nuna wannan mahayi daban-daban". Rahoton Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don gano jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar lura ko mai amfani da shi yakan buɗe aikace-aikacen a kusa da ofisoshin gwamnati, ta amfani da bayanan masu amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don gano ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka, da lura da katunan kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da asusun Uber.
Ranar 6 ga Maris, 2017, Birnin Portland, Oregon ya ba da sanarwar bincike kan ko Uber ya hana aiwatar da dokokin gari. Binciken da Ofishin Sufuri na Portland (PBOT) ya gudanar ya gano cewa: "Uber ta yi amfani da software ta Greyball don ganganci ta guje wa jami'an PBOT daga 5 ga Disamba zuwa 19 ga Disamba, 2014 kuma ta ki amincewa da bukatar neman hawa 29 daban da jami'an tsaro na PBOT suka yi." Biyo bayan sakin na binciken, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na Portland ya ba da shawarar cewa takardar sammacin birnin Uber ta tilasta wa kamfanin juya bayanan yadda Uber ke amfani da software don guje wa jami’an hukumar. Ranar 8 ga Maris, 2017, Uber ta yarda cewa ta yi amfani da Greyball don dakile masu kula da gwamnati kuma ta yi alƙawarin daina amfani da sabis ɗin don wannan dalilin. A watan Mayu 2017, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta bude binciken aikata laifi kan yadda Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don kauce wa ayyukan tilasta bin dokokin cikin gida.
Ripley
Bayan wani samame da ‘yan sanda suka kai wa ofishin Uber da ke Brussels, wani rahoto na Janairu 2018 na Bloomberg News ya ce“ Uber ta saba amfani da Ripley don dakile hare-haren ’yan sanda a kasashen waje.” Tana ba da tsarin “maballin tsoro”, wanda da farko ake kira “baƙon baƙon baƙi ", to" Ripley ". An kulle shi, an kashe shi kuma an canza kalmomin shiga kan kwamfutocin ma'aikata lokacin da aka kai samame. Ana zargin Uber da amfani da wannan maɓallin aƙalla sau 24, daga bazarar 2015 har zuwa ƙarshen 2016.
Zargin cin zarafi don yin iskanci da girgizan sashen gudanarwa a shekarar (2017)
A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, tsohuwar injiniyar Uber Susan Fowler ta bayyana cewa wani manaja ne ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata kuma daga baya ta yi barazanar dakatar da wani manajan idan ta ci gaba da ba da rahoton abin da ya faru. An zargi Kalanick da cewa yana sane da korafin.
Fowler ya kwatanta al'adun Uber da Game of Thrones, wanda a cikin sa ma'aikatan Uber ke tsananin neman mulki da cin amana ya zama ruwan dare.
Uber ta dauki hayar tsohon atoni janar Eric Holder don gudanar da bincike kan ikirarin sannan Arianna Huffington, memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Uber, ita ma ta sa ido kan binciken.
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an tilasta Amit Singhal, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na Uber yin murabus bayan ya kasa bayyana ikirarin cin zarafin mata da aka yi a kansa wanda ya faru yayin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Binciken Google.
A watan Yunin 2017, Uber ta kori sama da ma'aikata 20 sakamakon binciken. Kalanick ya ɗauki hutu mara izini mara izini. Dangane da matsin lamba daga masu saka hannun jari, ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na mako guda bayan haka.
A cikin 2019, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga shugabancin daraktocin kamfanin kuma ya sayar da hannun jarinsa.
Abun kunya da bacewar Emil Michael
A wata liyafar cin abinci na kashin kansa a watan Nuwamba na 2014, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa Emil Michael ya ba da shawarar cewa Uber ta dauki hayar kungiyar masu binciken adawa da ‘yan jarida, tare da kasafin kudi na dala miliyan, don“ tona datti ”kan rayuwar mutane da kuma bayanan mutanen da suka bayar da rahoto mara kyau game da Uber. Musamman, ya nufi Sarah Lacy, editan PandoDaily, wanda, a cikin labarin da aka buga a watan Oktoba 2014, ya zargi Uber da lalata da misogyny a cikin tallansa. Michael ya bayar da gafara ga jama'a kuma ya nemi gafara ga Lacy a cikin imel na sirri, yana mai cewa Uber ba za ta taba aiwatar da shirin a zahiri ba. Bayan ƙarin abin kunya da ya shafi Michael, ciki har da wata badakalar rakiya-karaoke a Seoul da kuma tambayar bayanan likitancin wanda aka yi wa fyaɗe a Indiya, ya bar kamfanin a watan Yunin 2017 lokacin da Kalanick, wanda aka ba da rahoton yana kare Michael, ya yi murabus.
Daidaitawa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa
A watan Agusta 2018, Uber ya amince ya biya jimillar dala miliyan 7 ga ma'aikata 480 don daidaita ikirarin nuna wariyar jinsi, tursasawa, da yanayin aikin adawa.
Allah duba da damuwa na sirri
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2014, sa’annan Sanata Al Franken na Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na Majalisar Dattawa a kan Sirri, Fasaha da Shari’a, ya aika wasika zuwa Kalanick dangane da sirri. An nuna damuwa game da rashin amfani da bayanan kamfanin, musamman, ikon ma'aikatan Uber na bin diddigin motsin kwastomominsa, wanda aka sani da "God View". A cikin 2011, wani ɗan jari-hujja ya bayyana cewa ma'aikatan Uber suna amfani da aikin don bin sahun 'yan jarida da' yan siyasa tare da yin amfani da fasalin ta hanyar shakatawa. Membobin ma'aikata sun kalli bin Uber a matsayin kyakkyawan tunani game da halayen batun. Wani mai hira da kamfanin Uber ya ce an ba shi damar ba shi damar shiga aikin bin sahun abokan huldar a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin tattaunawar.
Bayyanar da bayanan da aka ɓata
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Uber ya yarda cewa ya sha wahala ƙetaren bayanai fiye da watanni tara da suka gabata. Sunaye da bayanan lambar lasisi daga kimanin direbobi dubu hamsin an bayyana ba da gangan ba. Uber ta gano wannan kutsen ne a watan Satumbar 2014, amma sai da aka shafe sama da watanni biyar kafin a sanar da mutanen da abin ya shafa.
Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017 ta nuna cewa a shekarar 2016, wata matsalar data daban ta bayyana bayanan sirri na direbobi 600,000 da kuma kwastomomi miliyan 57. Wannan bayanan sun hada da sunaye, adiresoshin email, lambobin waya, da kuma bayanan lasisin direbobi. Masu fashin kwamfuta sun yi amfani da sunayen masu amfani na ma'aikata da kalmomin shiga da aka lalata a ɓarna na baya (hanyar "takaddama") don samun damar zuwa wurin ajiyar GitHub mai zaman kansa wanda masu haɓaka Uber ke amfani da shi. Masu fashin bayanan sun gano takaddun shaida na datastore na Kamfanin Yanar gizo na Kamfanin a cikin fayilolin ajiya, kuma sun sami damar samun damar yin amfani da bayanan asusun masu amfani da direbobi, da kuma wasu bayanan da ke cikin buckets sama da 100 na Amazon S3. Uber ya biya fansa $ 100,000 ga masu satar bayanan a kan alkawarin za su goge bayanan da suka sata. Daga baya an soki Uber saboda ɓoye wannan ɓataccen bayanan. Khosrowshahi ya nemi afuwa a bainar jama'a. A watan Satumbar 2018, a cikin mafi yawan sasantawa tsakanin jihohi da yawa, Uber ta biya dala miliyan 148 ga Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya, ta yarda da cewa iƙirarinta cewa samun bayanan sirri na masu amfani da shi ana sa ido sosai a kan ci gaba yana karya, kuma ya bayyana cewa ta kasa cika alƙawarin da ta yi na samar da tsaro mai ma'ana ga bayanan masu amfani. Hakanan a watan Nuwamba 2018, Ofishin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai ya ci tarar divisions 385,000 (ya rage zuwa 8 308,000) na Uber ta rukunin Burtaniya.
A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar tuhumar aikata laifuka kan tsohon Babban Jami'in Tsaro Joe Sullivan don toshe adalci. Korafin mai aikata laifin ya ce Sullivan ya shirya, tare da sanin Kalanick, don biyan kudin fansa game da cin zarafin na 2016 a matsayin "kyautar alfarma" don boye hakikanin yadda take, kuma masu satar bayanan sun yi karya kan yarjejeniyar ba da bayanan don su ce ba su samu wani bayanai ba.
Amfani da kamfanonin waje don rage girman harajin
A watan Nuwamba 2017, Aljanna Papers, jerin takaddun lantarki na sirri masu alaƙa da saka jari a ƙasashen waje, ya bayyana cewa Uber ɗayan ɗayan kamfanoni ne da suka yi amfani da kamfanin waje don rage haraji.
Nuna Bambanci ga makaho abokin ciniki
A watan Afrilu 2021, wani mai yanke hukunci ya yanke hukunci akan Uber a shari'ar da ta shafi Lisa Irving, makaho Ba'amurke abokin ciniki tare da kare kare wanda aka hana hawa hawa a lokuta 14 daban. An umarci Uber da ya biya dalar Amurka miliyan 1.1, wanda ke nuna dala 324,000 na diyya da fiye da $ 800,000 a matsayin kudin lauya da kuma kudin kotu.
Shari'ar Kotun Amsterdam a kan 'kararrakin robo'
A watan Afrilu 2021, kotun Amsterdam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Uber dole ne ya dawo da direbobi shida da aka yi zargin an dakatar da su ne kawai bisa tsarin algorithms kuma ta biya su kudin diyya. Aikin korar ma'aikata ta hanyar sarrafa kansa ya saba wa Mataki na 22 na GDPR, wanda ya danganci yanke hukunci na atomatik da ke haifar da "tasiri na doka ko mahimmaci". Uber ta kalubalanci hukuncin, tana mai cewa ba ta san da shari'ar ba kuma an kawo hukuncin ne ba tare da an sanar da kamfanin ba. Wani wakilin kotu ya ce za a tabbatar da hukuncin kuma yanzu an rufe shari’ar.
Bayanai
Harkokin Abokan Cinikayya
Masanin tattalin arziki John A. Jerin yayi nazarin bayanan kamfanin don bincika tasirin matsalolin abokin ciniki da kuma amsar kamfanin akan umarnin abokin ciniki na gaba. Misali, algorithms na Uber na iya sanar da mahayi cewa tafiya zata ɗauki mintuna 9, yayin da a zahiri yana ɗaukar minti 23. Binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da mummunan ƙwarewa daga baya sun kashe har zuwa 10% ƙasa da Uber. Jerin sannan ya lura da yadda amsoshin kamfani daban-daban game da kwarewar da ta shafi amfanin gaba. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da "uzuri na gaske", shigar da kamfanin ya gaza, ƙaddamar da "tabbatar da cewa wannan ba zai sake faruwa ba" da ragi a kan hawa na gaba. Ba da gafara ba shi da tasiri wajen riƙe abokan ciniki. Takardar rangwamen rangwamen dala $ 5 ya rage asara. Maimaita mummunan abubuwan da aka biyo baya tare da neman gafara ya ƙara nisantar abokan ciniki.
Banbancin Kudin Shiga na Namiji da Mace
Nazarin bayanai ya gano cewa direbobin maza suna samun kusan kashi 7% fiye da mata; an sami maza suna tuki a kan matsakaita 2.5% cikin sauri, yana ba su damar hidimtawa ƙarin abokan ciniki. Mata fasinjoji sun ba da tukwici kimanin 4%, yayin da maza suka ba da 5%; amma mata direbobi sun sami ƙarin shawarwari-muddin ba su kai shekara 65 ba.
Bayani
Fadada Karatu
Takardun malamai
Littattafai
Ishaku, Mike. Super Pumped: Yaƙin Uber . New York, NY. ISBN 978-0393652246 . OCLC 1090686951 .
Fadada Bincike
Nunin Talabijin na PBS: WASA DA Dokoki: DABI'A A AIKI: Lokaci na 3 Kashi na 1: Gudun
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar yanar gizo |
28666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Yan%20bindiga%20a%20Najeriya | Rikicin Yan bindiga a Najeriya | Rikicin Ƴan bindiga a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, rikici ne da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin gwamnatin ƙasar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma na ƙabilanci. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, rashin tsaro da ya ɓarke Rikicin Fulani da Hausawa, ya sa wasu ƴan ta’adda da masu jihadi suka yi gaggawar kafa yankin.
Asalin
Asalin rikicin ƴan fashin za a iya gano shi tun daga rikicin makiyaya da manoma da ya addabi Najeriya. Rushewar muhalli da ƙarancin ruwa da filayen noma ya haifar da al'ummomin da ke fafutukar neman arziƙin albarkatun ƙasa. Rashin aikin yi, tsananin talauci da raunin kananan hukumomi sun ba da damar ci gaba da rikidewar mutane masu ra’ayin rikau da suka koma aikata miyagun laifuka don samun abin rayuwa. Manyan gandun daji sun ba da izinin ɓoyewa da kuma kafa sansani a cikin daji. Jami’an ‘yan sanda da sojoji sun kasa isa wadannan yankunan dazuzzuka.
Tashin hankali
Ci gaba da rashin tsaro, kwararowar hamada, da yuwuwar tasirin masu jihadi sun ba da damar ƙaruwar hare-hare. Manyan makamai da fasa kwaurin makamai ya baiwa kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka damar samun manyan makamai, lamarin da ke kara janyo asarar rayuka. Sojojin kananan hukumomi da na tarayya da ba su da kayan aiki tare da mummuna yanayi suna kai hare-hare a cikin dajin mai hatsari kuma mai sauƙin kai hare-hare. Ci gaba da gazawar gwamnati na shawo kan matsalar yadda ya kamata ya ba da damar rashin tsaro ya yadu kuma ya yi girma cikin tashin hankali.
Yin garkuwa da mutane
Ƴan bindiga a Najeriya suna yin hanyoyi da dama don samun kudi. ’Yan fashi suna shiga garuruwa da kauyuka a kan babura suna kwasar ganima da sace duk wanda suka gani; duk wanda ya yi adawa za a kashe shi. Satar mutane abu ne mai matukar riba a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Wata saniya a Najeriya za ta iya samun Naira 200,000 na Najeriya yayin da garkuwa da mutum daya ke iya samun miliyoyin Naira. Tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2020 ƴan Najeriya sun biya akalla miliyan 18 don ƴantar da ƴan uwa da abokan arziki.
Kasuwancin makamai
Makamai ba bisa ƙa’ida ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankin arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga ne ke kula da ma’adinan zinare, zinaren da suke cinikin makamai daga cikin gida da waje. Akwai kimanin muggan makamai 60,000 da ke yawo a yankin arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Iyakar arewacin Najeriya dai ba ta da kariya da jami'ai 1,950 ne kawai za su yi aikin 'yan sanda a kan iyakar, wanda hakan ya sa a samu sauƙin fasa kwaurin ta kan iyakar.
Ƴan bindiga
A jihar Zamfara kaɗai akwai ƴan fashi sama da 30,000 da sansanoni 100.
Ali Kachalla
Ali Kachalla shugaban ƴan fashi ne mai kimanin shekaru 30 da haihuwa wanda aka haifa a wani karamin gari mai suna Madada kusa da Dansadau. Ali Kachalla yana kula da gungun ƴan fashi da ya kai kimanin 200 a dajin kuyambana. Babban sansanin na Ali Kachalla ya ƙunshi bukkoki kusan biyu a gefen kogin Goron Dutse kimanin kilomita 25 kudu da Dansadau. Kungiyar ta Ali Kachalla ce ke iko da kauyukan Dandalla, Madada, da Gobirawa Kwacha kai tsaye inda suke kai hare-hare a kan Dansadau da sauran al’ummomin da ke makwabtaka da su. Kungiyar Ali Kachalla dai na da alaka da kungiyar makiyaya ta Dogo Gide.
Ƴan ƙungiyar Ali Kachalla sun kai hare-hare da dama musamman harbo wani jirgin yaki na Air Force Alpha Jet a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2021 tare da lalata wani jirgin Mowag Piranha da ke dauke da makamai a Dansadau a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2021. Ƙungiyar ta Ali Kachalla dai ta sha kashi a hannun ta, musamman ta rasa mazaje 30 a wani yakin da suka yi da wani gungun Ansaru .
Dogo Gide
Dogo Gide, ainahin suna Abubakar Abdullahi, shi ne shugaban wata ƙungiyar ƴan bindiga da ke kusa da Dansadau. Shi dan karamar hukumar Maru ne, shekarunsa arba'in ne, yayi aure, kuma yana da ƴaƴan sa. Ya shahara wajen kashe shugaban ‘yan ta’addan Buharin Daji ta hanyar yaudare shi zuwa taron neman zaman lafiya a tsakanin ‘yan kungiyarsu guda biyu, sannan ya kashe Daji da wasu ƴan ƙungiyar guda 24. Ya kuma kashe wani shugaban ‘yan fashi da makami mai suna Damina bayan Damina ta kai hari a ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin sa.
Kachalla Halilu Sububu Seno
Kachalla Halilu Sububu Seno shi ne shugaban kungiyar ƴan bindigar Fulani. Ya umurci ‘yan bindiga sama da 1,000 a dajin Sububu da ke fadin jihar Zamfara kuma yana da alaka da kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga a kasashen yammacin Afirka da suka hada da Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afrika . shekaru biyu da suka wuce Kachalla Halilu Sububu Seno ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da birnin Shinkafi amma Kachalla Halilu ya canza aikinsa zuwa wani wuri.
Kachalla Turji
Kachalla Turji wanda aka fi sani da Gudda Turji shi ne shugaban wata ƙungiyar ‘yan bindiga da ke gudanar da ayyukan ta’addanci a kan hanyar Sakkwato, inda suke kai hare-hare a garuruwa, kauyuka, da kauyukan yankin. A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2021 jami'an tsaro sun kai farmaki babban sansanin Kachalla Turji inda suka kama mahaifinsa. Daga nan sai Kachalla Turji ya kai hari kauyukan Kurya, Keta, Kware, Badarawa, Marisuwa, da Maberaya inda suka kashe mutane 42, suka sace 150, tare da kona gidaje 338.
Ɗan Ƙarami
Ɗan Ƙarami shi ne shugaban gungun ƴan bindiga da ke addabar kananan hukumomin Safana, Dan Musa, da Batsari . Kungiyar Dan Karami dai ta shahara da kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka yi garkuwa da dalibai 300 a makarantar kwana ta Sakandare. A ranar 23 ga watan Junairu, 2021, Dan Karami ya samu rauni a wata arangama da wata kungiyar adawa da Mani Na Saleh Mai Dan Doki ke jagoranta kan sarrafa bindigogi, alburusai, da shanun sata. Rikicin ya faru ne a kauyen Illela inda aka kashe ƴan bindigar Dan Karami 20 da fararen hula tara.
Adamu Aliero Yankuzo
Adamu Aliero Yankuzo wanda aka fi sani da Yankuzo shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar ‘yan ta’adda da ke gudanar da ayyukanta a dazuzzukan jihohin Katsina da Zamfara. Yana sarrafa gungun 'yan fashi da suka kai kusan ma'aikata 2,000. Yankuzo yana da shekaru 45 kuma an haife shi a kauyen Yankuzo, Yankuzo yana da aƙalla ɗa guda. A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2020 ne rundunar ƴan sandan jihar Katsina ta bayyana Yankuzo a kan naira miliyan 5 na Najeriya. Ƙungiyar Yankuzo ta kai hare-hare da dama, daya daga cikin manyan hare-haren da ya kai ya kashe mutane 52 a kauyen Kadisau a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan kama dansa da suka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, 2020.
Ƙungiyoyin jihadi
ISWAP da Boko Haram duk sun yi ikirarin kai hare-hare a yankin arewa maso yammacin Najeriya har ma wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga sun yi ikirarin kulla kawance da kungiyoyin masu jihadi. Taimakawa wadannan ikirari shine kiran wayar da jami'an leken asirin Amurka suka kama a watan Oktoban 2021, kiran wayar, tsakanin wata ƙungiyar Jihadi da ba a bayyana sunanta ba da kungiyar 'yan fashi, sun tattauna ayyukan sace-sacen mutane da tattaunawa tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu.
An kuma yi hasashen cewa kungiyar ta Boko Haram ta tura wasu kwararrun jami’ai da suka haɗa da masu hada bama-bamai, da mashawartan sojoji da kuma kayan aikin soja a jihar Kaduna domin horar da ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan fashi da makami.
Ansaru ya dawo
Ana raɗe-raɗin cewa kungiyar Ansaru mai jihadi da ke da alaka da al-Qaida tana gudanar da ayyukanta a jihar Kaduna. Bayan yin shiru a shekarar 2013, Ansaru ya fara kai hari kan jami’an sojan Najeriya da jami’an ‘yan sanda da kayayyakin more rayuwa, ciki har da kwanton bauna kan ayarin motocin sojojin Najeriya a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2020 wanda rundunar sojin Najeriya ta ce ta kashe sojoji shida amma Anasru ya yi ikirarin kashe sojoji 22.
Ƴan gudun hijira
Aƙalla mutane 247,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sannan an lalata kauyuka 120 a ci gaba da ayyukan ‘yan bindiga a yankin arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Akalla mutane 77,000 daga cikin ‘yan gudun hijira ne aka tilastawa shiga yankin Maradi na Jamhuriyar Nijar inda ake ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan iyakokin kasar. Akalla ‘yan gudun hijira 11,320 ne aka yi nasarar mayar da su matsuguni.
Tsarin lokaci
Ayyukan gwamnatin Najeriya
Atisayen Harbin Kunama
A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin 2016 ne shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya sanar da cewa rundunar sojin Najeriya za ta ƙaddamar da farmakin soja mai suna Operation Harbin Kunama, rundunar sojin bataliya ta 223 masu sulke na Mechanized Division 1 ne za su gudanar da aikin. Rundunar Sojoji ta abka wa kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga a dajin Dansadau. A kwanakin baya kafin sanarwar, ayarin motocin dauke da sabbin kayan aikin soji cikin jihar Zamfara da suka hada da Tankokin yaki da AFV. Za a gudanar da ayyukan soja na farko bayan kwanaki.
Atisayen Sharan Daji
Tun a farkon shekarar 2016, Operation Sharan Daji wani farmaki ne na Sojoji da sojojin Najeriya suka kai da nufin halaka ƴan bindiga a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Birgediya 31 na Artillery Brigade da Bataliya 2 na runduna ta 1 ta farko ta Makanikai ne suka gudanar da aikin. A watan Maris din 2016, an kashe ƴan bindiga 35, an kama bindigu 36, an kwato shanu 6,009, an lalata sansanonin ƴan fashi 49, an kuma kama ƴan bindiga 38.
Yarjejeniyar Aiki
A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, 2020, rundunar sojin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da Operation Accord, aikin ya kafa rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƴan banga da sojojin runduna ta 312 Artillery Regiment. An ƙaddamar da farmaki ta sama da ta kasa a daidai lokacin da aka sanar da harin inda aka kashe ƴan bindiga sama da 70. Rundunar ta kai ga lalata sansanonin ƴan bindiga da dama ciki har da wani sansani na Ansaru.
Manyan hare-haren ƴan fashi
2020
Afrilu 18, 2020 Katsina
11 December, Garkuwa da mutane a Kankara
2021
24-25 Fabrairu, 2021 Kaduna da Katsina
26 ga Fabrairu, Zamfara
11 ga Maris, Afaka sace
Afrilu 20, sace Jami'ar Greenfield
3 June, 2021 Kebbi
11-12 ga Yuni, Zurmi kisan gilla
14 June, Kebbi sace sace
5 ga Yuli, Chikun
2022
2022 kashe kashen Zamfara
Magana
Rikici a Najeriya
Rikici
Rikicin Fulani da manoma
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39810 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Esan | Harshen Esan | Esan babban yaren Edoid ne na Najeriya. Ana kuma yin ƙamus da rubutun nahawu na yaren Esan. Akwai yaruka da yawa, da suka haɗa da Ogwa, Ẹkpoma Ebhossa, (Ewossa) Ewohimi, Ewu, Ewatto, Ebelle, Igueben, Irrua, Ohordua, Uromi, Uzea, Ubiaja da kuma Ugboha.
Yaruka
Jerin yarukan Esan kamar yadda Osiruemu ya rarraba su a (2010):
Amfani
Mutanen Uromi, Irrua da Ewu suna magana da yaren Esan kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da mutanen Uzea, duk da cewa akwai takaddun da ke nuna cewa mutanen Uromi da mutanen Uzea suna da zuriya ɗaya. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen harshe da harafin kalmomi sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harshen Esan. Yawancin tarurrukan Majalisar Sarakunan Esan na shekara-shekara ana gudanar da su cikin Ingilishi saboda wannan dalili. Koyaya, an kwatanta harshen Esan a matsayin mai mahimmanci na yanki. Ana koyar da shi a makarantu a ko'ina cikin Esanland, kuma rediyo da talabijin na harshen Esan sun yaɗu.
Sunaye gama gari
Binciken harshe ya nuna kalmar ' gbe ' don samun mafi girman adadin amfani a cikin Esan, tare da har zuwa 76 ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ƙamus na al'ada. Sunaye da suka fara da na raɓa fanni Ọs; Ehi, Ehiz ko Ehis; da Okoh (na namiji), Okhuo (na mace) sun fi kowa a Esan: Ehizefe, Ehizọkhae, Ehizojie, Ẹhinomɛn, Ehimanre, Ehizelele, Ɛhimyen, Ehikhayimɛntor, Ehikhayimɛnle, Ehijantor, Ehicheoya, Emiator da sauransu; Magana, Magana, da sauransu; Okosun, Okojie, Okodugha, Okoemu, Okouromi,Okoukoni, Okougbo, Okoepkẹn, Okoror, Okouruwa, Oriaifo etc. Ga kowane Oko-, 'Ọm-' za a iya ƙara ƙarar sunan don isa ga sigar mace misali Ọmosun, Ọmuromi, da sauransu.
Alphabet
Esan yana amfani da haruffa da yawa, Romanized Esan shine mafi yawan amfani da jimlar adadin haruffa 25:
a, b, d, e, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z.
Digraph ɗin ya ƙunshi saiti 10 na haruffa biyu:
bh, gb, gh, kh, kp, kw (ba a cika amfani da shi ba), mh, nw, ny, sh.
Nahawu
Sunaye
Duk sunayen Esan suna farawa da haruffan wasali (watau a, e, , i, o, ọ, u ): aru, eko, ebho, itohan, oze, òrhia, uze, da sauransu. Saboda tasirin harsunan maƙwabta da harsunan yamma, musamman Turanci, akwai ɗabi'a a tsakanin Esan na furta yawancin sunaye waɗanda ba na Esan ba suna farawa da harafin baƙaƙe. Idan akwai irin wannan a cikin iyakar rubutaccen Esan, ana iya amfani da ɓata kafin harafin farko na farko don Esanize da sauƙaƙa furucin. A cikin magana duk da haka ana kiran irin wannan ridda kamar 'i' /i:/: 'bazaar,' Yunusa, 'aiki,' zoo, da sauransu.
Kowane sunan Esan yana ƙarewa da ko dai cikin harafin wasali (misali ato, Ẹkpoma, uri, oya ) ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasali 'n': agbọn, eran, ën, itọn, ilin, da sauransu. Banda wannan ka'ida shine rubuta sunayen sunaye masu kyau inda sunan zai iya ƙare a harafin 'r' koyaushe bayan harafin 'ọ' don sanya shi zama kamar 'ko' a cikin Ingilishi da kuma amfani da harafin 'h' bayan harafi. 'o' don sanya shi sauti kamar 'oh' a Turanci: Isibor, Oko'ror, Okoh, Okoọboh, da dai sauransu.
A cikin sunaye, bin harafin wasali na farko koyaushe shine harafin baƙo na biyu: a h oho, a v an, i l o, u d ia. Domin bayyana jinsin mata, harafin baƙaƙe na biyu mai bin harafin wasali ya ninka sau biyu: a hh ihi (=mace ant), ọ ss họ (=abokiyar mace), ọ rr hia (=mace mace), da sauransu. Wannan salon jin daɗin jinsi ya fi fahimtar masu magana da Faransanci, waɗanda yawanci sukan bambanta jinsi - namiji, mace, tsaka tsaki. Banda wannan doka yana da alaƙa da wasu sunaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi haruffan wasali kawai misali 'oè' (ƙafa, jam'i 'ae'), 'oo' (uwa), 'uu' (mutuwa), da sauransu.
Jama'a a cikin Esan nau'i ne guda biyu, na farkon su yana da alaƙa da sunaye waɗanda ke da nau'ikan jam'i na asali, wanda a halin yanzu ana maye gurbin harafin farko da wani harafi:
ọmọ (baby), samun (babie); ọmọle (man, male), hotonle (men, males); okpea (man), ikpea (maza); okhuo (mace, mace), ikhuo (mata, mata); ọshọ, amuọe (aboki), ishọ, imuọe (abokai); obhio (dangi), ibhio (dangantaka); obhokhan (yaro), ibhokhan (yara); oghian (maƙiyi), ighian (maƙiyi); usẹnbhokhan (boy), i'inbhokhan (boys); ɔmamheen, ọmọhin (girl), imamheen, samuhin (girls); ọwanlẹn (dattijo, babba), iwanlẹn (dattijai, manya); orhia (mutum), erhia (mutane); bo (likita), ebo (likitoci); Ebo (dan Turanci), Ibo ('yan Turanci); obo (hannu), abu (hannu); oè (kafa), ae (kafa); amfani (ƙusa), ise (ƙusoshi); udo (dutse), ido (dutse)
Na biyu kuma dole ne ya yi, ba tare da na sama waɗanda suke da nau'i na jam'i na asali ba, amma tare da sauran sunaye masu yawa waɗanda ba su da. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da suffix (kamar yadda ake amfani da 's' a Turanci) ta hanyar ƙara shi zuwa sunan da ake magana a kai, amma ba tare da an canza furci ba. Misali:
uwaebe (makarantar), uwaebeh (makarantu); eran (sanda), eranh (sanduna); emhin (wani abu), emhinh (wasu abubuwa)
Karin magana
Duk kalmomin Esan suna da nau'ikan jam'i daban-daban da na guda ɗaya, amma duka batutuwa da shari'o'in abu ba su bambanta ba (dukkan batutuwa da batutuwa iri ɗaya ne):
‘Aah’ can only be used as subject. (‘otuan’ and ‘ukpọle’ can be used in both ways: Otuan ọkpa ni ele dia; Dati ituan eva re. Ukpọle ọkpa ribhọ. Jia ikpọle ea re.)
Such as ancestors
‘otuan’ (pl. ituan) ana amfani da ita ga ƴan Adam, ‘ukpọle’ (pl. ikpọle) ana amfani da ita ga halittar da ba ɗan Adam ba da Aah’ ya dogara a kan abinda ya ƙunsa.
Umarnin hukunci
Amfani da Esan yana buɗewa zuwa umarni ko tsari guda uku: (subject–verb–object (SVO), object–subject–verb (OSV), da object–verb–subject (OVS)) don bayyana kansu Okoh 'h gbi ele ( SVO). Okoh imen ddaghe (OSV). Ena ye imin (OVS). SVO ya fi kowa kuma mafi yawan aiki. An taƙaita amfani da OVS zuwa ƙayyadadden adadin gine-gine na nahawu.
Kalmomi
Duk kalmomin Esan suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe kuma suna ƙarewa cikin ko dai harafin wasali ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasalin 'n': bi, d'e, fan, hɛn, lolo, da sauransu. A cikin bayyana abin da ya gabata, ninka harafin farko na fi'ili yana faruwa kamar yadda 'bi' ya canza zuwa 'bbi' kuma 'hn' ya zama 'hhen'. Har ila yau, fi'ili na iya farawa da diphthong: khian, gbe, bhanbhan. Samuwar abin da ya gabata a wannan yanayin bai bambanta ba: kkhian, ggbe, da dai sauransu. Wasu yare na Esan kamar su Uzea suna amfani da 'ah' (ko 'h) don nuna halin yanzu (kamar a cikin "Zai koma gida." ). Ko da yake wannan ba ya nan a yawancin yarukan Esan, ana amfani da shi kuma a sanya shi a gaban babban fi'ili lokacin rubuta: Ele 'h khooa = Suna wanka.
Alamomi
Siffar Esan, kamar yadda sifa ta Ingilishi ke yi, tana canza suna ko karin magana. Wato yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da suna ko karin magana da kuma sanya ma'anarsa keɓancewa. Yana iya bayyana kafin ko bayan suna. Bambanci kawai tsakanin Esan da kalmomin Ingilishi shine kamar Jafananci, wasu sifofin Esan suna kama da fi'ili a cikin abin da suke nunawa don nuna lokaci: Ele mhenmhin. = Suna da kyau. // Ele mmhenmhin. = Sun kasance masu kyau. Ninki biyu na farkon harafin sifa 'mhhenmhin (mai kyau)' kamar fi'ili, yana nuna wannan batu a fili. Siffofin Esan suna da nau'ikan Esan ne daban-daban: 'kalmar sifa' da 'siffar siffa' phrasal'.
Kalmar sifa.
Siffar kalma sifa ce da ta ƙunshi kalma ɗaya: esi, khọlọ, hu, jian, da sauransu. Wannan nau'i na sifa ya kasu kashi biyar: pre-noun adjective, post-noun adjective, numeral adjective, nounal adjective, da ƙuntataccen sifa. Siffar suna kafin sunan suna bayyana ne kawai kafin sunan da yake gyaggyarawa, yana ba da bayani game da girman sunan da/ko yawanta, kuma suna farawa da harafin wasali: ukpomin, ekitui, udede, ikwkwwi, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin ba su ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba sa ɗaukar ma'anar 'mhin'. Bayanin bayan suna yana zuwa nan da nan bayan sunan da yake canzawa: khọlọ, khoriọn, fuọ, ba, to, han, lẹnlẹn, bhihi, hu, khisin, khere, re(le) (far), re (zurfi), re ( girma), sake (hallartar da kyau), bue, tan, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin suna ƙarƙashin ka'idar lokaci don amfani da su don yin la'akari da lokaci (misali "Okoh ku kkhhorion." = "Okoh mummuna ce." ).
Sai dai sifa 'khoriọn', duk sauran ana iya amfani da su tare da karimin 'mhin', kuma ('ebe' da 'esi' waɗanda kuma ake kiran su da suna adjectives) duk suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe. Siffar lamba ita ce wacce za a iya amfani da ita don amsa irin wannan tambaya kamar “nawa?”: òkpa, eva, ea, igbe, da sauransu. Domin su ma sunaye ne, duk suna farawa da haruffan wasali. Ba sa bin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba za a iya amfani da su tare da kari 'mhin' ba. Siffar suna ko suna shine wanda ke zuwa gaban suna kuma ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ya zama suna a cikin amfani: esi, ebe. Ba za a iya amfani da shi tare da 'mhin' ba kuma ba sa bin doka mai tsanani. Ƙuntataccen sifa ita ce wadda kawai za a iya amfani da ita da takamaiman suna misali 'bhibhi' a cikin 'ewew bhibhi' (washe gari).
Wasu sifofin da za a iya sanya su a ƙarƙashin kalmar sifa su ne sifofin da suka samo asali daga ninka kalmar sifa: fanon-fanon (unkempt; untidy), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (rashin tsari), sankan-sankan (laka da m). ), yagha-yagha (rashin lafiya), kpadi-kpadi (m ko ma), ose-ose (kyakkyawa). Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan tsarin kamar haka: fanon/2, yagha/2, kpadi/2, sankan/2, ose/2, da sauransu.
Siffar phrasal.
Siffar jimla ita ce wacce ta ƙunshi kalma fiye da ɗaya; an yi shi da magana. Sau da yawa fiye da haka, jimlar sifa takan ƙunshi ko dai suna + fi'ili ko sifa+preposition+noun wanda ke haɗuwa don aiwatar da aikin sifa. Wasu misalan gama-gari su ne: rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, mai tawaye), di ọmalẹn (tsohuwa, tsofaffi), di iton a (mutuwa), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amɛn ( haske-complexioned), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (jiki-friendly), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko ba m ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba m ga hanci), mhen bhi ehọ (ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
A ƙasa akwai wasu sifofin Esan da ma'anarsu (da waɗanda za a iya amfani da su tare da suffix 'mhin' an nuna su. Ƙaddamar da kari na 'mhin' zuwa kalma yana juya shi daga sifa zuwa suna kamar yadda ma'anar 'ness' a Turanci ke yi. ) Ukpomin (kadan), ekitui (da yawa; da yawa), udede (babban), ikwkwwi (kanin; maras muhimmanci), khisin-mhin (kanana; diminutive), khere-mhin (kanana; kadan), hu-mhin (babban; kumfa). ), khuẹlẹ-mhin (slim), re-mhin (na nisa; zurfi; halarta sosai; girma), dia-mhin (daidai; dace), bhala-mhin (haske-haske), bhia-mhin (babba, fili), rieriẹ-mhin (smooth), rẹrẹ-mhin (restless), kpoloa (smooth), gọ-mhin (crooked) kpono-mhin (slippery), kwon (slippery; slimy), to-mhin (irritating), kpọ-mhin (ya yadu), khia-mhin (mai tsarki, adali), fu-mhin (mai zaman lafiya), bhiẹlẹ-mhin (lazy), fa-mhin (datti, mai tsabta), l-mhin (karanci), tua-mhin (mai sauri). ), zaza-mhin (mai gwaninta), sun-mhin (slimy), kholo (spherical), hian-mhin (mai tasiri; giya), nwun-mhin ko mun-mhin (kaifi; barasa), khọlọ-mhin (mummuna; mai raɗaɗi). ), sẹ-ẹ (talakawa), nọghọ-mhin (mawuyaci), kpataki (ainihin), lo-mhin (marasa tsada; zurfi), khua-mhin (nauyi; zafi), finɔ-mhin (itching), luẹn (ripe), khekhea (mai tsami), riala-mhin (daci), fua-mhin (fari), bhihi-mhin ( baki; duhu-rikici), kkenkẹn-mhin (multicoloured), konkọn (fat), kaka-mhin (hard; serious), toto-mhin (mai tsanani; taut), ghan-mhin (mai tsada), ghantoa (costly), wualan-mhin (hikima), sõno-mhin (m), lẽkhá-mhin (laushi), khere-khere (laka), gban-a (fadi), tan-mhin (tsawo; m), guẹguẹ (ingratiating), mhen-mhin ( mai kyau), lẹnlẹn-mhin (mai dadi), zeze-mhin (ƙarfi), wo-mhin (mai ƙarfi; balagagge), bie (dafasa ko aikata), fe-mhin (mai arziki); fanon-fanon (unkempt; mara kyau), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (raguwa), sankan-sankan (laka da rough), yagha-yagha (untidy); rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, tawaye), di ƙasan (tsohuwa, tsohuwa), di iton a (makawu), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amen (haske-haske), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (abota jiki), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko rashin jin dadi ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba mai cutar da hanci), mhen bhi ehọ ( ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
Masu tantancewa
'ọni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da' (kamar yadda mufuradi) a Turanci: ọni emhin = abu
'eni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'the' (kamar jam'i) a Turanci: eni emhinh = abubuwan
'ni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'that' a Turanci: emhin ni ko oni emhin ni
'na' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wannan' a Turanci: emhin na or òni emhin na
A cikin jimlolin da ke ƙasa, masu tantancewa suna cikin baƙar fata:
‘ukpi’ (pl. ‘ikpi’) in Esan is equivalent to the indefinite article ‘a’/‘an’ in English:
ukpi ẹmhin = abu
ikpi emhinh = ... abubuwa
'ọsoso' (pl. 'esoso') a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kowa' a Turanci:
emhin soso = kowane abu
emhinh esoso wani abu
'eso' /ayso/ a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wasu' a Turanci:
emhinh eso = wasu abubuwa
'ikpeta' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kaɗan' a Turanci:
ikpeta emhinh = abubuwa kadan
'nekirɛla' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'kowa'/'kowane' a Turanci:
emhin nekirɛla = komai
'erebhe' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'duk' a cikin Ingilishi:
emhin erebhe = komai
'eveva' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'duka' a cikin Ingilishi:
Emhinh eveva = abubuwa biyu
'ekitui' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da yawa' a cikin Ingilishi:
ekitui emhinh = abubuwa da yawa
Nassoshi
Harsunan Nijeriya
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51070 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Eritrea | Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea | Ana kallon 'yancin ɗan adam a Eritrea, kamar na shekarar 2020s, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Human Rights Watch a matsayin mafi muni a duniya, musamman game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Eritrea kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya wadda a cikinta aka dage zaben 'yan majalisu na kasa akai-akai, bangaren shari'a yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ba a cika aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da ke kare 'yancin mutum daya ba. Wasu kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka, na zargin gwamnatin Eritrea da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsare wasu mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba, ba tare da tuhumarsu da fafutukarsu na siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan ƙasar Eritriya, maza da mata, ana tilasta musu shiga aikin soja tare da tsawan aiki mara iyaka kuma ana amfani da su azaman aikin tilastawa .
Gwamnatin Eritrea ta ci gaba da yin watsi da zarge-zargen da cewa na da alaka da siyasa. A matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin gyare-gyare, jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. Wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea, wanda ke da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 2009.
Dubawa
Eritrea kasa ce mai jam’iyya daya wacce a cikinta aka dage zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasa akai-akai, kuma ana daukar tarihin hakkin dan Adam a cikin mafi muni a duniya. Tun bayan rikicin Eritiriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998–2001, rikon kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea ya kara tabarbarewa. Ana yawan take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga gwamnati ko a madadin gwamnati. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da taro sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku.
A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty, Eritriya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar danniya a duniya. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, an sami ƙarin matakan hana masu ibada yin ibadarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka fi tuhumar su ne Shaidun Jehobah, da kuma ’yan ikilisiyoyin bishara. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta rufe majami'unsu, kuma ta tsananta wa membobin ikilisiyoyi da dama. Bayan ’yancin kai, gwamnatin Shugaba Isaias Afwerki ta hana Shaidun Jehobah duk wani hakki na musamman. Babu memba da zai iya samun kowane taimakon gwamnati, ko amfani da kowane sabis na gwamnati. Ba a yarda Shaidun Jehovah su sami katin shaida na ƙasa ba, idan ba tare da wanda ba a yarda su saka hannu a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Eritrea. Katin shaida na ƙasa yana ba ƴan ƙasa damar shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma mu'amala da gwamnati ko wata cibiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta soma ƙyale ’yan’uwan Shaidun Jehobah su yi imaninsu a cikin gidansu ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Har yanzu an hana su gudanar da aiki a duk wani fili na jama'a. Iyalai da dama sun tsere daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje saboda yawan zalunci da dauri. A cewar Amnesty International, a halin yanzu akwai iyalai 250 da suka bar Eritrea domin neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba a yarda su yi aiki a Eritrea. Addinai masu rijista, tushen ƙidayar jama'a sune Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo Church (ɗariƙar miaphysite Oriental Orthodox), Cocin Roman Katolika, Ikilisiyar Lutheran Eritrea, da Sunni Islama. Ana tsananta wa duk wasu addinai, ciki har da wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama, kamar Shi'a, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci, kamar kowace ɗariƙar Furotesta da yawa (ban da Cocin Lutheran na Eritrea) da kuma Shaidun Jehovah. An bai wa dukkanin mabiya addinin Kirista ’yancin yin ibada har zuwa shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnati ta haramta ibada da taro a wajen ‘yan darikar ‘rejista’. Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara a Eritrea sun kasance wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da aka fi tsananta wa. Don ƙungiyoyin addini su shiga kuma su aiwatar da imaninsu cikin yanci dole ne su nemi rajista tare da Sashen Harkokin Addini. Gwamnati ta kwace coci-coci da gine-ginen addini da dama.
A shekara ta 2003, an sami rikodi da aka kama da aka yi wa ’yan cocin bishara. Jami’an tsaro na zuwa wuraren tarurrukan addini ko bukukuwan aure daban-daban don gudanar da kamun ludayin jama’a, “’Yan sanda sun ware bukukuwan aure na addini a cikin gidaje a matsayin wani lokaci don tattara masu imani. Ya zama al’ada ga gwamnati ta sa mabiyan su yi watsi da imaninsu: “An matsa wa fursunonin ne ta hanyar azabtarwa ko kuma musguna musu, tare da barazanar tsare su har abada, su sa hannu kan takardar amincewa da wasu sharuɗɗan sakin, kamar kada su halarci addini. tarurruka. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu su yi watsi da imaninsu kuma sun yarda su koma Cocin Orthodox.” Yawancin wadannan fursunonin addini an sha fuskantar shari'a a asirce da kuma hukuncin dauri a asirce. Kawo yanzu dai ba a san dalilin da ya sa ‘yan ta’adda a coci-coci ba, kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce, “ci gaba da murkushe kungiyoyin addini marasa rinjaye, gwamnati ba ta taba yin hakan ba amma da alama tana da alaka da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan matasa masu kokarin kaucewa soji. aikin yi". Ana yawan azabtar da fursunonin addini a Eritrea. 'Yancin gudanar da ibada na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da dubban 'yan kasar Eritriya suka fice daga kasar. Akwai dubban 'yan Eritrea a Habasha, Sudan, Isra'ila, Turai da kuma Yamma suna neman mafaka.
'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida suna da matukar tauyewa yayin da ake tauye 'yancin yin taro, kungiyoyi, motsi da kuma addini. Baya ga adawar siyasa, kafafen yada labarai kuma su ne abin da gwamnatin ta ke kaiwa hari. A shekara ta 2001, an daure 'yan jarida goma sha uku saboda goyon bayansu ga ministocin da suka nuna adawa. Daga cikin su, Fesshaye Yohannes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2007, a gidan yarin Eiraeiro da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Baya ga ‘yan jarida, an daure daruruwan ‘yan siyasa da sojoji.
A shekara ta 2015, rahoton hukumar ta UNHRC mai shafuka 500 ya yi cikakken bayani kan zarge-zargen kisan gilla, azabtarwa, yi wa kasa hidima na tsawon lokaci ba da jimawa ba da kuma aikin tilastawa, ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin mata, fyade da kuma tsawaita aikin lalata da jami'an jihar ke yi. The Guardian ta buga rahoton r na 'yawan cin zarafin bil'adama "a kan iyaka da ma'auni da ba kasafai ake shaidawa a wani wuri ba". Majalisar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan cin zarafi na iya zama laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Barbara Lochbihler, ta kwamitin kula da kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta ce rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani game da ''mummunan take hakkin dan Adam', kuma ya nuna cewa ba za a ci gaba da ba da tallafin da EU ke bayarwa don raya kasa a halin yanzu ba tare da sauyi a Eritrea ba.
Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Eritiriya ta mayar da martani inda ta bayyana rahoton na hukumar a matsayin "zargin daji" wanda sam sam ba su da tushe balle makama. A wata sanarwa da mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane Gebreab ya fitar ta zargi kwamitin da kasancewa mai "bangare daya gaba daya", ta kuma nuna cewa "Eritirea ta yi watsi da zargin siyasa da rashin tushe da kuma shawarwarin da kungiyar COI ta bayar. Ya yi imanin cewa harin da ba shi da tushe ba wai kawai kan Eritrea ba, har ma da Afirka da kasashe masu tasowa." Rahoton Hukumar Binciken (CoI) ya dogara ne kan shaidar wasu mutane 833 da ba a san sunansu ba da ake zargin 'yan Eritrea ne. Dangane da haka, wani adadi mai yawa na al'ummar Eritiriya sun yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike. 'Yan Eritriya 230,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar korafe-korafe kan takardar sannan 'yan Eritrea 45,000 ne suka bayar da shaidar kare Eritrea, wanda bai bayyana a cikin rahoton ba. 'Yan Eritrea 850 sun nemi da su gabatar da kansu don bayyana kansu a Geneva kuma su ba da shaidarsu ga UNHRC a kan takardar. Bugu da kari, sama da 'yan Eritrea 10,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da rahoton a Geneva. Kasashe da dama kuma sun yi watsi da kalaman batanci na rahoton, musamman Amurka da China. A wani taron da aka tsara, jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka Eric Richardson ya ce takardar Eritiriya ba ta da “tsaro da daidaito” kamar yadda rahoton Koriya ta Arewa da Amurka ba za su iya tallafawa harshen rubutun ba tare da yin kwaskwarima ba. Bugu da kari, mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane, ya zargi Habasha da "wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummarta", yana mai cewa babban abin mamaki ne yadda Habasha za ta iya amfani da majalisar wajen ganin an amince da kudurin kan Eritrea.
Tun bayan rikicin Eritriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998-2001, al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama na kasar na fuskantar suka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ana zargin gwamnati ko kuma a madadin gwamnati na aikata laifukan take hakkin ɗan adam. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da ƙulla sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, hukumomin Habasha sun tafka ta’asa da dama a kan fararen hular Eritriya marasa makami (maza, mata da yara). Kusan, sojojin Habasha sun kashe fararen hula 90,000 na Eritrea. A lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha na shekarar 1998, gwamnatin EPRDF ta kuma kori tare da kwace kadarorin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 masu zaman kansu. Yawancin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 'yan asalin Eritriya an yi la'akari da su da kyau ta yanayin rayuwar Habasha. An kore su ne bayan an kwace musu kayansu.
Duk 'yan Eritriya masu shekaru 18-40 dole ne su kammala aikin aikin ƙasa na wajibi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja. Tsakanin daliban manyan makarantu 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ne ke shafe shekara ta 12 na karatu a daya daga cikin sansanonin masu yi wa kasa hidima, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne sansanin da ke kusa da Sawa. An aiwatar da wannan hidimar ta kasa ne bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai daga Habasha, a matsayin hanyar kariya daga duk wata barazana ga Eritriya, da sanya girman kan kasa, da samar da al'umma masu tarbiyya. Hidimar kasa ta Eritiriya na bukatar dogon lokaci, na wa’adin shiga aikin soja, wanda wasu ‘yan Eritriya ke barin kasar domin gujewa.
Rahoton Human Rights Watch na watan Agusta na shekarar 2019 ya yi ikirarin cewa makarantar sakandare ta Eritrea ta tilasta wa dalibai shiga aikin soja ko na gwamnati da ba su da iyaka kuma da yawa sun tsere daga kasar saboda wannan. Kungiyar ta bayyana tsarin ilimi na Eritriya a matsayin na'urar daukar ma'aikata da ke cin zarafi ga dalibai da suka hada da azabtarwa, matsananciyar yanayin aiki da rashin isasshen albashi don tallafawa iyalansu.
A watan Yunin 2022, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, ya fitar da wani rahoto yana mai suka game da tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin dan Adam a kasar. Daga cikin laifukan da aka yi rikodin, shigar da sojoji tilas, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bacewar da azabtarwa sun kasance ruwan dare. Rahoton ya kuma shafi shigar kasar Eritrea a yakin da ake yi da makamai a kasar Habasha. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea da ke sansanonin Habasha tare da tilasta musu fada.
Gyaran baya
Jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. A cikin waɗannan zaman sun amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci kamar, "Mene ne 'yancin ɗan adam?" , "Wane ne ke ƙayyade menene haƙƙin ɗan adam?", da "Me ya kamata a gabaci, haƙƙin ɗan adam ko na gama gari?" .
A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Eritrea ta hana yi wa mata kaciya. Majalisun yanki da shugabannin addini suma suna ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yin amfani da yankan mata. Sun ambaci abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da ’yancin kai a matsayin abin da ya fi damunsu lokacin da suka faɗi haka. Bugu da ƙari, suna roƙon mutanen karkara da su yi watsi da wannan tsohuwar al'ada.
A farkon shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a farkon shekara ta 2009. Kungiyar ta kunshi talakawan kasa da wasu makusantan gwamnati. An kaddamar da wannan yunkuri ne a wani taro na kwanaki biyu a birnin Landan, bayan yunkurin tattaunawa da aka yi a baya ya ci tura.
Freedom House
An dauki Eritrea "ba 'yanci ba" bisa ga Freedom House Freedom a cikin rahoton 2022 na Duniya, wanda ya yi scoring 1/40 akan 'yancin siyasa da 2/60 akan 'yancin jama'a.
Yanayin Tarihi
Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Eritrea tun a shekarar 1993 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Eritiriya game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:
Duba kuma
'Yancin aikin jarida a Eritrea
'Yancin addini a Eritrea
Fataucin mutane a Eritrea
Refoule na 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea
Hakkin LGBT a Eritrea
Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Kan Eritrea
Siyasar Eritrea
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20616 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliru%20Mohammed%20Bello | Haliru Mohammed Bello | Haliru Mohammed Bello (an haife shi 9 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da biyar 1945)na Miladiyya.(A.c) dan siyasan Nijeriya ne.Ya samu horo ne kan magungunan dabbobi.Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na mulki a karkashin gwamnatocin sojoji kafin shekarar 1999. Ya kasance Ministan Sadarwa daga Yuni shekara ta 2001 zuwa Mayu 2003. Bayan ya bar ofis,an gurfanar da shi a wata badakalar rashawa da ta shafi kamfanin sadarwa na Jamus Siemens AG.
Ya kasance Ministan Tsaro daga Yulin shekarar 2011 har zuwa Yuni shekara ta 2012.An naɗa shi mukaddashin Shugaban Jam'iyyar PDP na Kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2015.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Haliru Mohammed Bello a garin Birnin kebbi, jihar kebbi ranar 9 ga watan oktoban a shekara ta 1945. Bayan karatun firamarensa a Birnin Kebbi, ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin, Zariya, yanzu ya gama kwalejin Berewa. An shigar da shi Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekara ta 1966, kuma ya yi karatun likitan dabbobi.
Ya zama malami a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello kuma Jami’in Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitocin dabbobi na Najeriya.
A shekara ta 1977 aka nada Mohammed Kwamishinan Noma na jihar Sakkwato a karkashin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, sannan ya zama Kwamishinan Ilimi na jihar Sokoto . Bayan dawowar mulkin farar hula a shekara ta 1979, Mohammed ya tsaya takarar Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato ba tare da nasara ba a dandalin Great Nigeria People Party (GNPP). Ya kuma kasance Sakataren Jam’iyyar GNPP na Jihar Sakkwato har zuwa Disambar shekara ta 1983, lokacin da sojoji suka sake komawa kan mulki a karkashin Muhammadu Buhari kuma suka haramta siyasar jam’iyya. Mohammed ya yi aiki da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, sannan aka nada Mataimakin Babban Manaja na farko sannan kuma Babban Manajan Hukumar Rimin Kogin Rima da Hukumar Raya Karkara, wata ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya.
Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Haliru Mohammed a matsayin Kwanturola Janar na Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1988. Shi ne Kwanturola Janar na farko na sashen Kwastam da Haraji, sannan ya zama ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, a karkashin wani sabon tsari da aka fara wanda ya fara a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1988. Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 1994, lokacin da Janar Sani Abacha ya maye gurbinsa da Birgediya Janar SOG Ango.
A lokacin shirin mika mulki na shekara ta 1995 zuwa 1998, Mohammed ya kasance memba ne na kafuwar Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN). Bayan rasuwar Abacha, Mohammed yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Kebbi.
A watan Satumban shekara ta 1999 Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya nada Mohammed a matsayin kwamishina a kan rarar kudaden shiga da Hukumar Kula da Kasafin Kudi.
Ministan Sadarwa
Mohammed ya zama ministan sadarwa a watan Yunin a shekara ta 2001 a wani karamin sauyi da aka yi a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo,inda ya maye gurbin Mohammed Arzika.An nada shi ne a lokacin da gwamnati ke shirin mayar da kamfanin sadarwa na Najeriya (NITEL).A watan Disambar a shekara ta 2001, Mohammed ya ce mai kula ya yi kuskure wajen sake sabunta lasisin wayar tafi da gidanka na analog da aka baiwa MTS First Mobile, wanda kan iya kawo cikas ga tsare-tsaren tsarin sadarwar GSM na kasar.Ya ce a maimakon haka gwamnati na karfafa wa MTS gwiwa don shiga wayar tarho da karkara. A watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2002 Mohammed ya ba da sanarwar cewa an kafa layuka 400,000 don ciyar da cibiyar sadarwar GSM ta NITEL a yankin Arewa maso yamma. A watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003 Mohammed ya amince da ka’idojin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima tsakanin kamfanonin waya wadanda aka tsara domin bunkasa gasa. Mohammed ya bar ofis a cikin watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003.
Cin hanci da rashawa da ya biyo baya
A shekara ta 2007 wata kotun Jamus ta sanya fitattun 'yan Najeriya da dama ciki har da Mohammed a cikin wata badakalar rashawa da ta shafi kamfanin sadarwa na Siemens AG. An zargi Mohammed da karbar € 70,000 a kashi biyu, zargin da ya musanta.A cikin duka, kotu ta gano cewa Siemens ya biya € 12 cin hancin miliyan don samun kwangila a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe, kuma ya ci kamfanin tarar € 201 miliyan.A watan Nuwamba na 2007 hukumomin Jamus suka ba da sabon bayani kan badakalar cin hanci ta Siemens.
Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Sauran Laifuffuka Masu Zaman Kansu (I.C.P.C) sun fara bincike. Shugaba Umaru Yar'Adua ya ce game da shari'ar "... ba za a samu saniya mai tsarki ba ko rufin asiri ga duk wanda aka samu da laifin karya doka".
A watan Janairun 2010 kuma wani abin kunyan ya sake kunno kai a kan N5 kwangilar biliyan don samar da kayan aiki ga (M-tel), reshen kamfanin NITEL. Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (EFCC) ta fara bincike. A shekara ta 2002 Mohammed ya duba korafe-korafen da kamfanin Ericsson yayi game da halin Motorola a kokarin lashe kwangila, kuma bisa bincikensa, aka baiwa kwangilar kamfanin ta Ericsson. Ba a zargi Mohammed da aikata ba daidai ba a wannan batun.
Daga baya aiki
Shugaban PDP
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2004 an zabi Mohammed a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na Kasa na shiyyar Arewa maso Yamma,wanda ya kunshi jihohin Kaduna,Katsina,Kano,Kebbi, Sokoto, Jigawa da Zamfara.A watan Maris na shekarar 2008 Mohammed ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa.
A watan Agustan shekarar 2008,Mohammed ya sami lambar yabo ta Diamond Nigerian Telecoms a wani bikin da aka yi a Legas . A watan Janairun shekarar 2011 aka nada shi Shugaban riko na Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa bayan Babbar Kotun Enugu ta dakatar da Okwesilieze Nwodo.
Mohammed ya goyi bayan sauya tsarin karba-karba na PDP don Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta 2011, maimakon sanya dan arewa dan takarar jam’iyyar.
Ministan Tsaro
Mohammed ya kasance Ministan Tsaro a lokacin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan tsakanin shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012. An cire shi ne a ranar 22 ga Yuni shekara ta 2012 lokacin da matsalar tsaro ta kara ta'azzara a arewa ciki har da hare-haren bama-bamai daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Boko Haram
=== Shugaban riko na PDP ===
Bayan murabus din da Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun (BOT) na PDP, Anthony Anenih ya yi,BOT ta nada Haliru Mohammed a matsayin Shugaban rikon ta. An zabi Mohammed a ranar 25 ga Mayu a shekara ta (2015) ta BOT a taron da aka yi a fadar shugaban kasa ta Aso Rock da ke Abuja.Shawarar ba zata ba ce, kamar yadda Anenih ya ce zai yi murabus don Jonathan ya hau kujerar.A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2016,Bello ya sauka daga aikinsa bayan da aka bayyana cewa ana tuhumar sa dangane da zargin karkatar da kudaden sayen makamai.
Rigima
Tuni dai hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin ar zikin kasar ta'annati ta gabatar da kara a kansa kan zargin rawar da suka taka wajen karkatar da kudaden da aka tanada don sayen makamai a ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro.
Bayani
"BELLO HALIRU MOHAMMED; IN THE EYE OF THE STORM".Flashpoint News. 23 June 2012.Retrieved 27 May 2015.
"Brief History of NCS". Nigeria Customs Service. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
"PDP's Men of Power".This day of 10 November 2001.Archived from the original on 2 December 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
Tayo Ajakaye (11 December 2001). "MTS Licence Revalidation A Mistake - Minister". ThisDay. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
"400,000 NITEL GSM Lines Ready By December - Minister". This Day. 17 September 2002. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
"Telecommunications Networks Interconnections Regulations" (PDF). Nigerian Communications Commission. 20 May 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2010.[permanent dead link]
Jide Babalola; Dayo Thomas; EMMANUEL ONYECHE; NIYI ODEBODE; Jonah Iboma (18 November 2007). "Siemens scandal: Nigerians call for probe". The Punch. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
Angela Jameson (16 November 2007). "Siemens bribes reached around world". Times Online.
Jide Babalola (26 November 2007). "ICPC receives fresh facts on Siemens scandal". ICPC NEWS. Independent Corrupt Practices Commission. Retrieved 22 April 2010.[permanent dead link]
"Nigeria probes Siemens bribe case". BBC News. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
Yusuf Alli (7 January 2010). "Atiku's ex-ADC in row over N5b deal". The Nation. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
"Biodun Ajiboye - Phone Companies Don't Respect Consumers". ThisDay. 2 August 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
"Indicted Ex-Minister, Haliru Mohammed, returns as PDP's BoT Acting Chairman". Premium Times. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
Leon Usigbe (23 June 2012). "BOKO HARAM: Azazi, Bello Booted Out •Sambo Dasuki Now New NSA". Nigerian Tribune. Abuja. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
"PDP sacks Bello, appoints Senator Jibrin as acting BoT chairman". Daily Post. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
"PDP sacks Bello, appoints Senator Jibrin as acting BoT chairman". Premium Times Ng. 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
Jihar Kebbi
Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
14769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20abinci%20na%20Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana shine na mutanen ƙasar Ghana. An shirya manyan kayan abinci na Ghana a kusa da ingantaccen abinci, wanda ake amfani da miya ko miya wacce ke dauke da tushen sinadarai. Babban sinadarin mafi yawancin miya dai shine tumatirin-gwangwani ko za'a iya amfani da sabon tumatir. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin kayan miyan Ghana da na suya suna ja ko kalan lemu a cikin su.
Babban abincin yau da kullun
Abincin yau da kullun a kudancin Ghana sun hada da rogo da ayaba. A bangaren arewa, manyan abincin da ake ci sun hada da gero da dawa. Doya, masara da wake ana amfani da su a duk ƙasar Ghana a matsayin abincin yau da kullun. Dankali mai zaki da koko ma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abincin Ghana da abinci. Tare da shigowar duniya gaba ɗaya, hatsi kamar su shinkafa da alkama an ƙara saka su cikin kayan abinci na ƙasar Ghana. Abincin da ke ƙasa yana wakiltar jita-jita na Ghana waɗanda aka yi su daga waɗannan abinci mai ƙima.
Abincin da aka yi da masara
Akple, abincin gargajiya ne na Ewe, ana yin shi ne da garin masara kuma ana iya cin sa da miyar barkono, jar miya ko kowace irin miya. Yawanci ana amfani dashi da miyar kubewa ,okra (fetridetsi) ko kayan marmari (abɔbitadi) .Akl ba a shirya shi daidai da "Banku". Wani muhimmin abin rarrabewa tsakanin kayayyakin biyu shine "Banku" yana buƙatar amfani da wani abu mai ruwa wanda aka riga aka tsara shi wanda ake kira "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu", dafa shi zuwa taushi mai taushi na "Masarar-Rogo Kullu AFLATA", yana bi zuwa mai daɗin "Banku" mai laushi tare da ƙarin girke-girke, da "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu" ba 'kayan sa hannu bane' na kowane nau'i na samfurin "Akple". Bayani daidai da na gaskiya shine kamar haka;
Abincin Banku, tare da dukkanin ire-irensa masu ban sha'awa shine Ga Dangme (ko Ga) - kabila na Babban yankin Accra, a matsayin 'yar karkacewa daga aiwatar da shirin Ga-Kenkey, yana bukatar wani magudi daban na' 'AFLATA' gauraye da garin rogo, amma sabanin Ga-Kenkey baya bukatar amfani da kwaryar masara. Daya daga cikin Manyan-kabilu GaDangme (ko Ga) -Kabila an ba su kyauta ta ainihin girke-girke na 'abincin banku' kodayake ana iya yin jayayya a tsakanin Manyan-kabilu. Wani lokaci ana amfani da furen masara kawai amma a yankuna da yawa ana dafa ƙullun rogo tare da garin masar mai yisti.
Ana dafa Mmore dafaffun masarar dawa ba tare da rogo ba, an shirya shi kamar banku tsakanin mutanen Akan.
Kenkey/[Komi]/ Dokonu - kulluwar masara mai ƙanshi, a nannade cikin masarar da ta samo asali daga Ga waɗanda ke kiranta komi ko Ga kenkey. Wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga mutanen Fanti shine Fante Dokono ko Fanti Kenkey wacce aka lullubeta da ganyen plantain wanda yake bashi wani irin yanayi, dandano da launi daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Ga kenkey. Dukansu an tafasa su tsawon lokaci zuwa madaidaitan kwallaye.
Tuo Zaafi - gero, dawa ko masara wacce ta samo asali daga Arewacin Ghana.
Fonfom - abincin masara da ya shahara a kudu maso yammacin Ghana.
Abincin da aka yi da shinkafa
Waakye - kwanon shinkafa da wake mai kalar purple-brown. Launin ya fito ne daga ganye ɗan asalin ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da sorghum bicolor. Wannan abincin na gefen yana da kamanceceniya da Yammacin Indiya da wake. An dafa shinkafar kuma an tafasa ta da ganyen 'yan asali, kwakwa da bugun jini kamar su ido mai baƙi ko wake.
Omo Tuo/Kwallan Shinkafa - mashed shinkafa mai sanko ana yawan ci da miyar Ghana.
Shinkafa ta gari - dafaffiyar shinkafa tana tare da yawancin nau'ikan jan stew.
Jollof - shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin wani stew wanda ya ƙunshi kayan marmari, tumatir, kayan ƙamshi, da naman da aka dafa shi tare. Wannan abincin ya samo asali ne daga tradersan kasuwar Djolof daga Senegal waɗanda suka zauna a Zongos kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. An daidaita shi don dandano na ƙasar Ghana, yawanci ana cinsa da akuya, rago, kaza ko naman sa wanda aka dafa, gasashe ko gasa.
Fried rice - soyayyen shinkafa irin ta China wacce ta dace da dandanon Ghana.
Angwa moo - Hakanan ana kiransa "shinkafar mai". Wannan ba kamar soyayyen shinkafa bane wanda kuke dafa shinkafar kafin a soya. Ana dafa shinkafar da aka shafa da farko ta soya man, sannan a ƙara ruwa bayan albasar ta yi fari. Wannan zai ba shinkafar wani kamshi na daban. Ana dafa shinkafa a cikin ruwan mai-mai, don bawa shinkafar mai ta ji idan an shirya ta. Za'a iya dafa shi da kayan lambu ko naman daɗa, don ƙarawa dandano. Ana amfani da shi galibi tare da barkono na ƙasa, tare da ko sarƙaƙen mai, ko soyayyen ƙwai waɗanda ke haɓaka shi.
Ngwo moo (Shinkafar dabino) - Ya zama madadin shinkafar mai. Wannan kawai ana dafa shi da man dabino, maimakon man girki. Ana dandano dandano ne da nau'in dabinon da aka yi amfani da shi.
Abincin da aka yi da rogo
Kokonte ko Abete - daga busasshen garin rogo wanda aka busar da shi galibi ana aiki tare da Miyan Gyada, wanda ya ƙunshi jan nama iri-iri kamar su tudu, rago da kifin kifi mai hayaki.
Fufuo - ya buga rogo da ayaba ko kuma ya buga doya da ayaba, ko kuma yaji cocoyam/taro. Wannan abincin na kowane lokaci ana tare shi da ɗayan nau'ikan kayan miya na Ghana.
Gari - anyi daga rogo. Sau da yawa ana aiki tare da "Red Red" - kifi da wake-wake-wake-wake ko Shito da kifi.
Attiéké ko Akyeke - an yi shi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Plakali - wanda aka yi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Abincin da aka yi da wake
Karkatawa ga sitaci da hadin stew sune "Red Red" da "tubaani". Waɗannan sune tushen farko akan furotin na kayan lambu (wake). "Red Red" sanannen wake ne da wake na Ghana da ake dafawa tare da soyayyen ɗanyen bishiyar itacen kuma galibi ana tare shi da gari, kifi da ƙwaya. Yana samun sunan shi daga man dabino wanda yake shayar da wake da kuma launin lemu mai haske na soyayyen ɗanyen ayaba. Tubaani shine dafaffen biredin wake, wanda kuma ake kira moimoi a Najeriya.
Abincin da aka yi da doya
Ampesie - dafaffun doya. Hakanan za'a iya yin sa da ayaba, koko, dankali, dawa ko rogo. Ana cin wannan abincin gefen tare da naman kifi wanda ya kunshi tumatir, mai da kayan yaji.
Yam fufuo - fufuo da aka yi da doya maimakon garin rogo ko ayaba ko koko, wannan dunƙulen naman a gargajiyance ana cin shi da kowane irin miyar Ghana. Sananne ne a Arewacin da kudu maso gabashin Ghana.
Mpotompoto (doya casserole ko porridge) - yanyanka na yam da aka dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa da kuma barkono mai ɗumi, albasa, tumatir, gishiri da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Ana cinsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar Ghana amma ba kamar sauran jita-jita ba.
Miya da suya
Yawancin abinci na ƙasar Ghana ana amfani da su ne da miya, da miya ko Mako (wani ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi wanda aka yi da ɗanyen ja da koren barkono, albasa da tumatir (barkono miya). Gwanar Ghana da miyar ta gari suna da wayewa sosai, tare da amfani da sassauƙan kayan masarufi, nau'ikan ɗanɗano, kayan ƙanshi da laushi.
Kayan lambu kamar su dabino, gyada, ganyen koko, ayoyo, alayyaho, naman kaza, okra, qwai na lambu, tumatir da nau'ikan nau'ikan marmari sune manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan miya da na stew na ƙasar ta Ghana kuma a yanayin ɗari-ɗari, na iya ninkawa a matsayin babban sinadarin furotin.
Naman sa, naman alade, akuya, rago, kaza, turkey mai hayaki, tattaka, busassun katantanwa, da soyayyen kifi sune tushen tushen sunadarai a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miya, wani lokacin sukan hada nama iri daban-daban kuma wani lokaci kifi a cikin miya daya. Miyan ana amfani da shi azaman babban hanya maimakon farawa. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun a sami nama mai hayaki, kifi da abincin teku a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miyar taushe.
Sun hada da kaguwa, jatan lande, periwinkles, dorinar ruwa, katantanwa, gurnani, agwagwa, kayan alatu, da alawar alade. Har ila yau, kawa.
Nama, namomin kaza da abincin kifi na iya shan kyafaffen, gishiri ko busasshe don inganta dandano da kiyayewa. Kifi mai gishiri ana amfani dashi sosai don dandana kuzarin kifin. Ana amfani da kayan ƙamshi irin su thyme, tafarnuwa, albasa, ginger, barkono, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) da ganyen bay ana yin amfani da su cikin nishaɗi don cin abinci mai ɗanɗano da keɓaɓɓe wanda ya bambanta abincin Ghana.
Man dabino, man kwakwa, shea butter, man kernel da man gyada sune mahimmancin man Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko soya kuma wani lokaci ba za a sauya shi a wasu jita-jita na Ghana ba. Misali, amfani da dabino a cikin stero na okro, eto, fante fante, red red, egusi stew da mpihu / mpotompoto (kwatankwacin Poi). Man kwakwa, man dabino da man ja da shea sun rasa farin jinin su a girki a Ghana saboda gabatar da ingantaccen mai da kuma tallata labarai marasa kyau na Ghana da aka yi niyya akan wadancan man. Yanzu ana amfani dasu galibi a cikin gidajen gargajiya kaɗan, don yin sabulu da kuma ta hanyar kasuwanci (abincin titi) masu siyar da abinci a matsayin mai maimakon mai daɗaɗa mai.
Miyan Ghana na yau da kullum sune miyar gyada, miyar (tumatir), kontomire (ganyen tarugu) miya, miyar dabino, miyar ayoyo da miyar okra.
Gwanon tumatir na Gana ko kayan miya shi ne wanda ake yawan amfani dashi da shinkafa ko waƙar. Sauran stews na kayan lambu ana yinsu ne da kontomire, kwai na lambu, egusi ('ya'yan kabewa), alayyaho, okra, da dai sauransu.
Abincin karin kumallo
Yawancin jita-jita da aka ambata a sama ana ba da su ne a lokacin cin abincin rana da abincin dare a cikin Gana ta zamani. Koyaya, waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu da yawancin mazaunan birane har yanzu suna cin waɗannan abincin don karin kumallo kuma galibi za su siya daga tituna.
A manyan biranen Ghana, yawancin masu aiki suna shan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, abin sha na cakulan, hatsi, hatsin shinkafa (wanda ake kira ruwan shinkafa a cikin gida) kooko (garin masara mai dahuwa) da koose/akara ko maasa. Sauran abincin karin kumallo sun hada da grits, tombrown (gasasshen masara porridge), da gero porridge.
Gurasa muhimmin abu ne a cikin karin kumallo na ƙasar Ghana da kuma abincin da aka toya. Burodin Ghanan, wanda aka san shi da kyau, ana yin shi da garin alkama kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara garin rogo don inganta yanayin. Akwai manyan burodi guda hudu a cikin Ghana. Burodi ne na shayi (kama da buhunan burodi), burodin sikari (wanda shine burodi mai daɗi), biredin (cikakkiyar alkama), da kuma biredin burodi. Gurasar hatsi, burodin oat da burodin malt suma galibi ne.
Abincin mai zaki
Akwai abinci mai dadi na gida da yawa waɗanda aka ware saboda ƙarancin buƙatarsu da tsari mai tsawo. Abinci Ghana masu dadi (ko kayan ƙanshi) na iya zama soyayyen, gyada, dafa shi, gasa shi, gasa shi ko kuma dafa shi.
Soyayyen abinci mai zaki sun hada da 'ya'yan itace da yaji ayaba (kelewele) wani lokacin ana amfani da gyada. Koose anyi daga wake da aka huce (da dan tagwayen Acarajé ko akara da aka yi daga wake wanda ba a share shi ba), maasa, pinkaaso, da bofrot/Puff-puff (wanda aka yi da garin alkama); kuli-kuli, dzowey da nkate cake (wanda aka yi shi da gyada); kaklo da tatale (cikakkun faranti); kube cake da kube toffee (wanda aka yi da kwakwa); bankye krakro, biskit din gari, da krakye ayuosu (wanda aka yi daga rogo); madara mai sanƙara, tofi, tainanyen ayaba (ko soyayyen plantain) da wagashi (soyayyen cuku na manomi) su ne soyayyun kayan abinci na 'yan ƙasar Ghana (kayan kamshi).
Kebab mashaya ne na gari kuma ana iya yin sa daga naman shanu, akuya, naman alade, garin soya, tsiran alade da kaza. Sauran gasasshen abinci mai daɗin ci sun haɗa da gasasshen ayaba, masara, doya da koko.
Steamed sabo masara, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (biredin wake), emo dokonu (biredin shinkafa) da esikyire dokonu (zakikin kenkey) duk misalai ne na tataccen dafaffun abinci yayin da keɓaɓɓen burodi, (plantain cake), da nama. kek irin na Jamaican patties da empanadas ana dafa su ne da ɗanɗano. Aprapransa, eto (mashed doya) da madarar atadwe (ruwan tiger nut) wasu abinci ne masu ɗanɗano. Soyayyar Gari abar so ce ta zamani. Cakuda gari ne (busasshe, gasasshen rogo), sukari, gyada (gyada) da madara.
Abubuwan sha
A Kudancin Ghana, ruwan giya kamar su asaana (wanda aka yi da masara mai kauri) sun zama ruwan dare. A gefen Tafkin Volta da kuma a kudancin Ghana, ana iya samun ruwan inabin da aka ɗebo daga itaciyar dabinon, amma yana saurin yin ɗumi bayan haka kuma ana amfani da shi ne don kawar da akpeteshie (gin na gari). Bugu da kari, ana iya yin abin sha daga kenkey kuma a sanyaya shi a cikin abin da ke Ghana wanda ake kira iced kenkey. A arewacin Ghana, bisaab/zobo, toose da lamujee (abin sha mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano) su ne abubuwan sha da ba na giya ba yayin da pitoo (giyar da ake yin garin gero da ita) abin sha ne na giya.
A cikin biranen ƙasar Ghana abubuwan sha zasu iya haɗawa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha na koko, ruwan kwakwa sabo, yogurt, ice cream, abubuwan sha mai ƙamshi, abubuwan sha na malt da madarar waken soya. Bugu da kari, daskararrun na kasar Ghana suna samar da giya daga koko, malt, rake, ganyen magani na gida da kuma gandun daji. Sun hada da masu ɗaci, giya, busasshen gins, giya, da kuma abubuwan sha.
Abincin titi a Ghana
Abincin titi ya shahara sosai a ƙauyuka da biranen Ghana. Yawancin iyalai na Ghana suna cin abinci aƙalla sau uku a mako daga masu sayar da abinci a titi, waɗanda za a iya sayan kowane irin abinci daga gare su, gami da mahimman abinci irin su kenkey, ja ja da waakye. Sauran abinci mai daɗi irin su kebab, dafaffun masara, boflot (bo-float) da gasasshen ayaba ana sayar dasu galibi daga masu siyar da abinci akan titi.
Abincin gama gari na Ghana
Manazarta |
30017 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalolin%20Muhalli%20a%20Neja%20Delta | Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta | Matsalolin muhalli a yankin Neja-Delta na Najeriya, sun shafi masana'antun man fetur dake yankin. Yankin Neja Delta ta mamaye fili mai fadin a cikin dausayi mai fadin wanda suka wanzu a dalilin wanko datti ruwa daga igiyar ruwa. Garin gida ne ga mutane akalla miliyan 20 da kuma ƙabilu daban-daban guda 40, wannan yankin na ruwa ta mamaye kashi 7.5% na yawan girman Najeriya. Ita ce gari dake kewaye da ruwa mafi girma kuma itace drainage basin ta uku a Afirka. Za a iya raba muhallin yankin Delta zuwa yankuna hudu : tsibiran shingen bakin teku, dazuzzukan fadama na mangrove, ruwan fadama na swamp, da kuma dazuzzuka da ake ruwa kamar da bakin kwarya - rainforest. Kamun kifi da noma sune muhimman sana'oi ga mafiya yawancin mazaunanta.
Wannan yankin na musamman ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan halittu a duniya, kuma ta kunshi ɗimbin tsirrai da dabbobi daban daban, filayen da ke iya noma na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan shukoki iri-iri kamar, katako ko bishiyoyin noma, da ƙarin nau'ikan kifin ruwa mai daɗi fiye da duk wata muhalli a yankin yammacin Afirka. Yankin tana iya rasa kashi 40% na filayen ƙasar ta a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa sakamakon gagarumin aikin gina madatsar ruwa a yankin. Haka kuma fara haƙar man fetur a yankin ya janyo manyan matsaloli a yankin Neja-Delta a dalilin malalar man fetur tun daga tsawon shekaru 50 da suka wuce, lamarin da ya sa yankin a cikin yankuna mafi gurbacewar muhalli a duniya. An yi ƙiyasin cewa, yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta fuskanci saura 10 na malalar mai a cikin shekaru 40, Najeriya ta samu bullar cutar guda 9,343 a cikin shekaru 10. Rikicin da masana'antar man fetur ke yi shi ma ya haddasa wannan lamari, wanda watakila za a iya fidda shi da rahoton 1983 da NNPC ta fitar, tun kafin tashin hankalin jama'a ya kunno kai:
Mun shƙasaryadda ruwan ƙasar nan ke tafiyar hawainiya da lalata ciyayi da filayen noma da magudanar ruwa ta hanyar malalar mai da ke faruwa a lokacin ayyukan man fetur. Sai dai tun da aka fara harkar man fetur a Najeriya, sama da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, babu wani yunƙuri da gwamnati ta yi na shawo kan matsalolin muhalli da ke da alaka da masana’antar, ballantana ma’aikatan man da gwamnati ta yi.
Sakamakon lalacewar muhalli daga hura wutar iskar gas, toshe manyan koguna, malalar mai da sake farfado da filaye sakamakon hakar mai da iskar gas a yankin Neja Delta ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 758 duk shekara. Abin baƙin ciki shine, kashi 75% na kuɗin da al'ummomin yankin ke ɗaukar su ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa, filayen noma mara haihuwa da kuma asarar nau'ikan halittu .
Man fetir a yankin Neja Delta
Yawan matsalar
Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta yi kiyasin cewa ganga miliyan 1.89 na man fetur ne aka zubar a yankin Neja Delta tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1996 daga cikin ganga miliyan 2.4 da ta zubar a cikin al’amura 4,835. (kimanin mitoci dubu 220). Wani rahoto da hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD UNDP ta fitar ya bayyana cewa, an samu malalar mai guda 6,817 tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 2001, wanda ya janyo asarar ganga miliyan uku na mai, wanda sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 ba a samu ba. 69% na waɗannan zubewar sun faru ne a bakin teku, kwata ɗaya yana cikin fadama kuma 6% ya zube a ƙasa.
Hukumar kula da albarkatun man fetur ta Najeriya ta sanya yawan man da ake jibgewa a cikin muhalli a duk shekara kan tare da matsakaicin zubewar mutum 300 a shekara. Duk da haka, saboda wannan adadin bai yi la’akari da malalar “ƙananan” ba, Bankin Duniya ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin man fetur da aka zubar a muhalli zai iya ninka adadin da aka ce a hukumance. Mafi girman zubewar mutane sun haɗa da fashewar wani tashar Texaco a bakin teku wanda a cikin 1980 ya zubar da ƙiyasin da ya kai na Sabotage (64,000). na danyen mai zuwa cikin Gulf of Guinea da Royal Dutch Shell 's Forcados Terminal tankin tanki wanda ya haifar da malalar da aka kiyasta a . A shekara ta 2010 Baird ya ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin ganga miliyan 9 da miliyan 13 aka zubar a yankin Niger Delta tun 1958. Wata majiya ma ta yi kiyasin cewa adadin man da aka zubar a cikin ganga tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1997 ya haura . Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa yankin Neja Delta yana da gurbacewar muhalli wanda zai iya daukar shekaru 25 zuwa 30 kafin a dawo da sakamakon da ake samu.
Dalilai
Zubewar mai abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya . Rabin duk malalar da ake samu na faruwa ne sakamakon hadurran bututun mai da na tanka (50%), sauran abubuwan da suka haifar sun haɗa da zagon ƙasa (28%) da ayyukan samar da mai (21%), inda kashi 1% na malalar da aka samu ana samun isassu ne ko kuma rashin aiki na kayan aikin. . Lalacewar bututun mai da tankokin yaƙi shine rugujewa ko zubar da tsoffin kayayyakin samar da kayayyaki wadanda galibi basa samun dubawa da kulawa.
Wani dalilin da ya sa lalata ke haifar da kaso mai yawa na duk wani malalar da aka samu shi ne, sakamakon karancin albarkatun mai a yankin Neja-Delta, an samu bututun mai da yawa a tsakanin filayen, da kuma ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa— kunkuntar bututun diamita waɗanda ke ɗauke da mai daga magudanar ruwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa - yana ba da dama da dama don zubewa. A yankunan da ke bakin teku yawancin bututun mai da layukan ruwa an shimfida su sama da kasa. Bututun mai, waɗanda ke da kiyasin tsawon rayuwa na kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar, sun tsufa kuma suna da saurin lalacewa. Yawancin bututun sun kai shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar.
Shell ya yarda cewa "An gina yawancin wuraren a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa lokacin da ake amfani da su. SPDC [Kamfanin Man Fetur da Ci gaban Shell] ba zai gina su haka ba a yau.” Ana yin sabotage da farko ta hanyar abin da aka sani da " bunkering ", ta yadda masu zagon kasa ke ƙoƙarin famfo bututun. A cikin aikin hakar wani lokacin bututun ya lalace ko lalata shi. Ana iya sayar da man da aka haƙo ta wannan hanya sau da yawa.
Sata da sata ta hanyar fasa kwabrin man fetur ya zama babban batu a jihohin Neja Delta su ma, wanda ke kara haifar da gurbacewar muhalli. Layukan da suka lalace ba za a iya lura da su ba na kwanaki, kuma gyaran bututun da suka lalace ya ɗauki ma fi tsayi. Satar mai ya zama babban kasuwanci, inda man da aka sace ya yi sauri ya shiga kasuwar baƙar fata .
Yayin da shaharar sayar da man sata ke karuwa, adadin waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon fashewar ya kuma karu. A ƙarshen watan Disambar 2006 sama da mutane 200 ne suka mutu a yankin Legas na Najeriya a wani fashewar wani layin mai.
Dokokin Najeriya na masana'antar mai suna da rauni kuma ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, wanda ke ba da damar a zahiri, masana'antar ta sarrafa kanta.
Sakamako
Zubewar mai yana da babban tasiri akan tsarin halittar da aka fitar dashi kuma yana iya zama ecocide . Manyan gandun daji na gandun daji na mangrove, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da mai (musamman saboda ana adana shi a cikin ƙasa kuma ana sake sake shi kowace shekara a lokacin inundations), an lalata su. Kimanin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na muhallin mangrove na Najeriya an shafe su ko dai ta hanyar sulhu ko kuma mai. Dajin damina wanda a baya ya mamaye wasu na kasa kuma ya bace. Zubewar da ake samu a wuraren da jama'a ke yawan bazuwa zuwa wani yanki mai faɗi, yana lalata amfanin gona da kiwo ta hanyar gurɓata ruwan kasa da kasa. Amfanin narkar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ciyar da abubuwan da suka zubar shima yana haifar da mutuwar kifin . A cikin al'ummomin noma, galibi ana iya lalata kayan abinci na shekara guda nan take. Saboda rashin kula da ayyukan mai a Delta,
Mutanen da ke yankunan da abin ya shafa sun koka game da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da matsalolin numfashi da raunukan fata; da yawa sun rasa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar lafiya, samun abinci, ruwan sha mai tsafta, da ikon yin aiki.
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2013 wata kotu a kasar Holland ta yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin Shell na da alhakin gurɓatar muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. A watan Janairun 2015, Shell ya amince ya biya dala miliyan 80 ga al'ummar Ogoniland na Bodo kan malalar mai guda biyu a 2008 bayan wata kotu a London .
Tsaftacewa
A shekarar 2011 ne Najeriya ta gabatar da rahoto daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tasirin hakar mai a yankin Delta na 'Ogoniland'. Rahoton ya gano cewa ƙasa mai tsanani da gurɓataccen ruwan famfo, lalata mangroves, da kuma "ba a aiwatar da matakan kula da hukumomi a cikin masana'antar mai da kuma gwamnati yadda ya kamata." Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar cewa za a dauki sama da shekaru 30 kafin a koma baya. Bisa waɗannan shawarwarin, a watan Agustan 2017 Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da shirin tsaftacewa da dawo da dala biliyan 1. A cikin Janairu 2019 injiniyoyi sun fara isa don fara tsaftacewa.
A shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Najeriya ta shiga tsakani a lokacin da wata sanarwa daga ofishin shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ta umurci kamfanin mai na Najeriya da ta karbe rijiyoyin mai na Ogoni daga hannun Shell "tare da tabbatar da sake shigar da shi cikin sauki." Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare rayukan al’ummar Ogoni sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da matakin da aka dauka.
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hannun kamfanin mai na Najeriya ta fitar da dala miliyan 180 a matsayin kuɗin cirewa wasu kamfanoni 21 da aka zabo daga cikin kamfanoni 400 da suka nemi kwangilar.
Misali
Misali na baya-bayan nan na wani babban bala'i da ya malale a yankin Neja Delta shi ne malalar mai a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2010 na ExxonMobil a wani dandalin mai na ExxonMobil a bakin teku mai daga gabar teku. Fashewar ta haihu sama da na danyen mai zuwa cikin Delta. Musamman ma, sabanin malalar mai na Deepwater Horizon da aka fara kwanaki 10 da suka gabata a mashigin tekun Mexico, domin wannan malalar mai na ExxonMobile ta watan Mayun 2010 ya faru a Afirka, manyan ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun samu labari kadan don haka, kamar yawancin malalar mai a yankin Delta, ya ragu. Jama'a na Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su sani ba.
Asarar gandun daji na mangrove
Tsire-tsire a kogin Neja Delta sun ƙunshi dazuzzukan mangrove, dazuzzukan fadama, da dazuzzukan ruwan sama . An kiyasta girman dazuzzukan mangrove zai kai kusan (ƙasa. Mangroves ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƴan asalin Najeriya da kuma ga halittu daban-daban da ke cikin waɗannan halittu .
Tasirin dan Adam daga rashin kula da filaye a sama tare da gurbacewar man fetur akai-akai ya sa kashi biyar zuwa goma na wadannan dazuzzukan mangrove suka bace. Halin da ba a iya jurewa, da saurin shiga, da kaddarorin man fetur sun shafe manyan wuraren ciyayi. Lokacin da malalawa ke faruwa kusa da kuma a cikin magudanar ruwa, ƙarfin ruwa na kogi da ƙarfin kogin ya zubar da mai don ƙaura zuwa wuraren ciyayi.
An haɗa gandun daji na Mangrove a cikin tsarin trophic mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Idan mai kai tsaye ya shafi kowace kwayar halitta a cikin yanayin halitta, zai iya shafar wasu halittu a kaikaice. Waɗannan al'ummomin furen sun dogara da hawan keke na gina jiki, ruwa mai tsafta, hasken rana, da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. Tare da kyawawan yanayi suna ba da tsarin wurin zama, da shigar da kuzari ta hanyar photosynthesis ga kwayoyin da suke hulɗa da su. An san tasirin zubar da man fetur a kan mangroves na acidify ƙasa, dakatar da numfashin salula, da kuma yunwar tushen iskar oxygen mai mahimmanci.
Wani yanki na mangroves wanda man fetur ya lalata yana iya fuskantar wasu matsaloli. Waɗannan yankuna bazai dace da kowane tsiro na ƙasa ba har sai ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zasu iya gyara yanayin. Wani nau'in mangrove na musamman, Rhizophora racemosa yana rayuwa mafi girma a cikin tsarin delta. Yayin da ƙasan da ke goyon bayan R. racemosa ya zama mai guba sosai, nau'in dabino ba na asali ba, Nypa fruticans, da sauri ya mamaye yankin. Wannan nau'in cin zarafi yana da tsarin tushe mai zurfi wanda ke lalata bankunan da ke kan magudanar ruwa, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rarraba ƙasa a cikin tsarin delta. N. Fruticans kuma yana hana kewayawa kuma yana rage yawan nau'in halittu . A wuraren da N. fruticans suka mamaye, al'ummomi suna binciken yadda mutanen gida za su iya amfani da dabino.
Asarar dazuzzukan mangrove ba wai kawai wulaƙanta rayuwa ne ga tsirrai da dabbobi ba, har ma ga mutane. Wadannan tsare-tsare suna da kima sosai daga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Dazukan Mangrove sun kasance babban tushen itace ga mutanen yankin. ga ƙungiyoyin gida na gida, waɗanda abin takaici ba su ga wani abu ba daga fa'idodin tattalin arzikin man fetur. Mangroves kuma suna ba da matsuguni masu mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ba su da yawa kuma masu haɗari kamar manatee da hippopotamus pygmy . Mummunan matsayar siyasa dangane da rabon kudaden shigar man fetur ya haifar da tarzomar siyasa a Najeriya. Wannan rikici da ya barke tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, da kamfanonin mai, da kuma al’ummar Najeriya, ya haifar da zagon kasa ga bututun mai, lamarin da ya kara ta’azzara barazanar dazuzzuka.
Makomar gandun daji na mangrove da sauran al'ummomin fure ba duka ba ne. Ƙungiyoyin gida da waje sun ba da kuɗi da aiki don gyarawa tare da dawo da gulmar mangrove da aka lalata. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa hukumar raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) a shekarar 2000 da ke da nufin dakile illar muhalli da muhalli da man fetur ya yi a yankin. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu kuma sun yi amfani da fasaha don gano tushe da motsin malalar man fetur.
Rage yawan kifin
Masana’antar kamun kifi wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na dorewar Najeriya domin tana samar da sinadarin gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki da mutane ke bukata, amma da yawan buƙatar kamun kifi, yawan kifin na raguwa yayin da ake raguwar su cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya dawo da adadinsu. Yakamata a takaita kamun kifi a kogin Neja sannan a samar da noman kiwo domin samar da bukatu da ake samu a harkar kamun kifi. Noman kifaye na bada damar noman kifi don noma da kuma samar da guraben ayyukan yi ga al’ummar Najeriya .
Fiye da kifaye ba shine kawai tasiri ga al'ummomin ruwa ba. Sauyin yanayi, hasarar wurin zama, da gurɓacewar yanayi duk ƙarin matsi ne ga waɗannan mahimman halittu masu rai. Bankunan kogin Niger suna da kyawawa kuma wurare masu kyau don mutane su zauna. Kogin yana ba da ruwan sha, wanka, tsaftacewa, da kamun kifi don teburin cin abinci da kasuwanci don samun riba. Yayin da jama'a suka zauna a bakin koguna da bakin teku, ana asarar matsugunan ruwa da na kasa kuma ana samun canjin yanayi sosai. Matsakaicin gaɓar kogin Neja na da matukar muhimmanci wajen kiyaye yanayin ruwan domin ko kaɗan canjin yanayin ruwan na iya zama sanadin mutuwar wasu nau'in na ruwa. Bishiyoyi da shrubs suna ba da inuwa da wurin zama ga nau'in ruwa, tare da rage sauyin yanayi a yanayin zafi.
Kogin Neja wani yanki ne mai muhimmanci da ya kamata a kiyaye shi, domin yana da iyalai 36 da kuma nau'in kifi kusan 250, wanda 20 daga cikinsu suna da yawa, ma'ana ba a samun su a duniya. Tare da asarar wurin zama da kuma yanayin da ke samun dumi, kowane rigakafin karuwar zafin jiki ya zama dole don kula da wasu yanayin ruwa. Baya ga maido da wurin zama, ana iya rage gurɓacewar muhalli. Matsaloli irin su magungunan kashe qwari daga gonakin noma za a iya ragewa idan an yi amfani da maganin kashe qwari, ko kuma an matsar da filayen nesa da magudanar ruwa. Hakanan za'a iya rage gurɓacewar mai; idan an rage zubewa to za a iya rage yawan muhalli da illolin muhalli. Gurbacewar Man Fetur yana shafar yawan kifin kuma yana shafar manoman da ke dogaro da kamun kifi don tallafawa danginsu. Ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki da kuma sanya kamfanonin mai da alhakin ayyukansu ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sosai. Ta hanyar iyakance barnar da ke haifar da hargitsi ga muhallin ruwa, kamar gurbatar yanayi, kifayen kifaye, da asarar wuraren zama, yawan aiki da nau'in halittun halittun ruwa zai karu.
Ruwa hyacinth mamayewa
Wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi wanda aka shigo da shi cikin Afirka a matsayin shuka na ado, kuma yana bunƙasa a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli. Water hyacinth yana da ikon toshe magudanan ruwan da yake girma a cikin su gaba ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa kusan ba zai yuwu a kewaya kwale-kwalen kamun kifi ba. A shekarun baya-bayan nan ta samu hanyar shiga kogin Neja, inda ta shake hasken rana da iskar oxygen ga halittun ruwa da ke zaune a can.
Lokacin da nau'in nau'in nau'in hyacinth na ruwa ya shiga cikin yanayin yanayin, yana yin gasa tare da tsire-tsire na asali don hasken rana, yana rage albarkatun makamashi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Tare da asarar makamashi wasu al'ummomi ba za su iya rayuwa ba, ko kuma adadin su na iya raguwa fiye da wata ma'auni, haifar da rashin tsaro da rashin daidaiton halittun da ba a daidaita su ba tare da asarar makamashi, water hyacinth kuma yana ɗaukar ruwan oxygen. wanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittun ruwa .
Gas
Najeriya ta fi kowace kasa hasarar iskar iskar gas da ake hako mai fiye da kowace kasa, inda alkaluma suka nuna cewa daga cikin iskar gas mai cubic feet biliyan 3.5 (100,000,000 m³) na iskar gas (AG) da ake samarwa duk shekara, biliyan 2.5 cubic feet (70,000,000 m³), ko kuma kusan kashi 70%, ana ɓata ta da walƙiya. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 25% na yawan iskar gas da Burtaniya ke amfani da shi kuma daidai yake da kashi 40% na iskar gas da Afirka ke amfani da shi a shekarar 2001. Kididdigar da ke da alaƙa da fashewar iskar gas ba su da tabbas, amma Najeriya na iya yin asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2 a kowace shekara ta hanyar hura wutar lantarki.
Ana yin walƙiya saboda yana da tsada don raba iskar gas mai alaƙa da kasuwanci daga mai. Kamfanonin da ke aiki a Najeriya su ma suna girbe iskar gas don kasuwanci amma sun gwammace su hako shi daga wuraren da aka ajiye shi a keɓe a matsayin iskar da ba ta da alaƙa. Don haka ana kona iskar gas mai alaƙa don rage farashi.
Gabaɗaya ƙonewar iskar gas ba shi da ƙarfi yayin da yake sakin abubuwa masu guba a cikin yanayi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi . A yammacin Turai kashi 99% na iskar gas da ke da alaƙa ana amfani da su ko kuma a sake yin allurar cikin ƙasa. Harkar iskar gas a Najeriya ta fara ne lokaci guda tare da hako mai a shekarun 1960 ta Shell-BP. Madadin walƙiya shine sake allurar iskar gas ko adana shi don amfani azaman tushen makamashi. Idan an adana shi da kyau, ana iya amfani da iskar gas don ayyukan al'umma.
Fitar da iskar gas tana fitar da methane mai yawa, wanda ke da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi . Methane yana tare da sauran manyan iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi, carbon dioxide, wanda aka ƙiyastaasta cewa Najeriya ta fitar da sama da tan miliyan 34.38 na a shekarar 2002, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 50% na hayakin masana’antu a kasar da kuma kashi 30% na jimillar. CO2 watsi. Yayin da aka rage tashe-tashen hankula a yammacin ƙasar, a Najeriya an samu ƙaruwar yawan man da ake hakowa.
Kasashen duniya, gwamnatin Najeriya, da kamfanonin mai sun yi ittifaki cewa ya kamata a dakile tashin iskar gas. Ƙoƙarin yin hakan, ya kasance yana da iyaka ko da yake an bayyana harabar ba bisa ka'ida ba tun 1984 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 3 na "Associated Gas Reinjection Act" na Najeriya.
Yayin da OPEC da Shell, mafi girma a cikin iskar gas a Najeriya, sun yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 50 cikin 100 na dukkan iskar gas ɗin da ke da alaƙa ke ƙonewa ta hanyar walƙiya, waɗannan bayanan suna jayayya. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 cewa, "Nijeriya a halin yanzu tana hasarar kashi 75% na iskar gas da take hakowa."
Gas flares yana da yiwuwar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kusa, yayin da suke fitar da sinadarai masu guba ciki har da nitrogen dioxides, sulfur dioxide, m kwayoyin mahadi kamar benzene, toluene, xylene da hydrogen sulfide, da carcinogens kamar benzapyrene da dioxins. Mutanen da suka kamu da irin waɗannan abubuwan suna iya fama da matsalolin numfashi . Wadannan sunadarai na iya kara tsananta asma, haifar da matsalolin numfashi da zafi, da kuma mashako na kullum . Benzene, wanda aka sani yana fitowa daga filayen iskar gas a adadi mai yawa, an san shi da kyau a matsayin dalilin cutar sankarar bargo da sauran cututtuka masu alaka da jini. Wani bincike da Climate Justice yayi kiyasin cewa kamuwa da sinadarin benzene zai haifar da kamuwa da cutar kansa guda takwas duk shekara a jihar Bayelsa kadai.
Fuskantar iskar gas galibi suna kusa da al'ummomi kuma a kai a kai ba su da shinge ko kariya ga mazauna ƙauye waɗanda ke fuskantar yin aiki kusa da zafinsu. Yawancin al'ummomi suna da'awar cewa gobarar da ke kusa tana haifar da ruwan sama na sinadari wanda ke lalata gidajensu da sauran gine-gine, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da rufin zinc . Wasu mutane suna yin amfani da kayan asbestos, wanda ya fi ƙarfi wajen tunkude lalacewar ruwan acid. Abin takaici, wannan yana taimakawa wajen raguwar lafiyarsu da lafiyar muhallinsu. Bayyanar asbestos yana ƙara haɗarin haifar da ciwon huhu, pleural da mesothelioma na peritoneal, da asbestosis .
Ko flares yana ba da gudummawar ruwan acid ko a'a abu ne mai yuwuwa, kamar yadda wasu bincike masu zaman kansu da aka gudanar sun gano cewa sulfur dioxide da abun ciki na nitrous oxide na yawancin flares bai isa ya kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin flaring da ruwan sama na acid ba. Wasu bincike daga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka (EIA) sun ba da rahoton cewa fashewar iskar gas "babban mai ba da gudummawa ce ga gurɓataccen iska da ruwan sama na acid."
Ba a cika ƙaura tsofaffin gobarar ba daga ƙauyuka kuma an san su suna lulluɓe ƙasa da al'ummomin da toka da lalata ciyayi da ke kusa. Kusan babu ciyayi da za su iya girma a yankin kai tsaye da ke kewaye da gobarar saboda zafinsu.
A watan Nuwamban 2005 wani hukunci da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta Najeriya ta yanke na cewa dole ne a daina tada iskar gas a cikin al'ummar Neja-Delta saboda tauye haƙƙin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi na rayuwa da mutunci. A karar da aka kai kan Kamfanin Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (Shell), Mai Shari’a CV Nwokorie ya yanke hukunci a birnin Benin cewa "lalacewar al'adar fashewar ba za ta iya ci gaba bisa doka ba." Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2011, Shell bai daina hura wutar iskar gas a Najeriya ba.
Gyaran halittu
An kuma aiwatar da yin amfani da maganin ilimin halittu a yankunan da ke yankin Delta don lalata da kuma dawo da yanayin da ya lalace sakamakon malalar mai. Kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da abubuwan halitta a cikin gyara ko tsaftace wani takamaiman wuri. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a garin Ogbogu dake daya daga cikin yankunan da ake hako mai a Najeriya ya yi amfani da nau'in tsiro guda biyu wajen kawar da malalar. Matakin farko na tsaftacewa ya haɗa da Hibiscus cannabinus, wani nau'in tsiro na asali na yammacin Afirka. H. cannabinus tsire-tsire ne na shekara-shekara wanda aka fara amfani da shi don samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara. Wannan nau'in yana da nau'i mai yawa na sha kuma ana iya kwantar da shi a saman ruwa don sha mai. Ana cire kayan shukar da aka cika da mai sannan a aika zuwa wani wuri mai aminci inda za a iya rushe sinadarin hydrocarbon da kuma lalata su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Mataki na biyu na bioremediation ya ƙunshi shuka da aka sani da Vetiveria zizanioides, nau'in ciyawa mai tsayi. V. zizanioides yana da tushen cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi mai zurfi wanda zai iya jure wa sinadarai a cikin ƙasa kuma yana iya lalata ƙasa ta hanyar lokaci mai buƙatar kulawa kaɗan. Mutanen Ogbogu na fatan yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin na gyaran halittu domin inganta ingancin ruwan sha, yanayin ƙasa, da lafiyar muhallin su.
Sai dai kuma wannan yanayi na iya zama kamar rashin fahimta ga yankin na Neja Delta akwai wasu hanyoyi da za a iya aiwatar da su don ceto shi daga gurbacewar yanayi a nan gaba. Za a iya sanya hotunan tauraron dan adam haɗe da amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Geographical (GIS) don aiki don ganowa da bin diddigin mai da ya zubo. Don hanzarta tsaftace zubewa, wuraren tsabtace yanki tare da wuraren da ke da matsala na iya taimakawa wajen ɗaukar zubewar cikin sauri. Domin tabbatar da wadannan ayyuka dole ne masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar man fetur su samar da ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su ci gaba da yaƙi da illolin mai, amma ba za su yi nasara ba su kaɗai.
Harkar kare yankin Neja Delta
Rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya yi tashin gwauron zabi a farkon shekarun 1990 sakamakon taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli ga mazauna yankin da ya samo asali daga manyan malalar mai da sauran ayyukan hakar mai na manyan kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje da 'yan kwangilar su. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin Neja-Delta da suka haɗa da wasu tsiraru musamman ƴan Ogoni da kabilar Ijaw, suna ganin ana amfani da su, kuma ana tauye musu abin dogaro da kai a kasarsu. Rikicin kabilanci da na siyasa ya ci gaba a tsawon shekarun 1990 duk da komawar dimokradiyya da kuma zaɓen gwamnatin Obasanjo a 1999.
The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) kungiya ce mai tushe ta zamantakewa ta al'ummar Ogoni na yankin Niger Delta ta tsakiya. MOSOP wata kungiya ce ta kungiyoyi goma sha daya da ke wakiltar yankin Ogoni sama da 700,000 a wani kamfen na rashin tashin hankali na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. An kafa MOSOP a cikin 1990 ta mai fafutukar kare muhalli Ken Saro-Wiwa .
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Takardu game da hakar mai da malalar mai a Najeriya
Albarkatu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Como%C3%A9 | Filin shakatawa na Comoé | Filin shakatawa na Comoé shi ne Wuraren Halitta da kuma UNESCO a Duniyar Gado a cikin Zanzan da Savanes da ke arewa maso gabashin Ivory Coast. Yankin shine mafi girman yanki mai kariya a Afirka ta Yamma, wanda ke da yanki na kilomita 11,500, kuma ya fito ne daga dutsen Guinea savanna zuwa yankin Sudanian mai bushe. Wannan hawan dutsen mai tsayi arewa-kudu ya ba dajin shakatawa damar wadatar wurare da dama tare da bambancin rayuwa. Wasu dabbobin da nau'ikan tsire-tsire har ma suna samun mafaka ta ƙarshe a cikin wasu nau'ikan savanna daban-daban, gandun dajin hotuna, filayen ciyawar ruwa, tsaunukan dutse ko tsibirin kurmi.
Da farko an kara wurin shakatawa a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya saboda bambancin rayuwar shuke-shuke da ke gudana a kusa da Kogin Comoé, gami da kyawawan wuraren da ke dazuzzuka na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda yawanci ana samun su ne kawai a kudu. A matsayin fili mai lalacewa tsakanin manyan koguna guda biyu, ƙasar da ke yankin tana da ƙasa mai ƙarancin haihuwa da tsarin danshi wanda ya dace da wadataccen ɗumbin albarkatu fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. A shekara ta 2003 an saka shi cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari saboda farauta, rashin kulawa, rashin shanu a wurin shakatawar, matsalolin da suka ta'azzara bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na Ivory Coast. Taron Kwamitin Kayan Tarihi na Duniya na 41 (Krakow, 2-12 Yuli 2017) ya yanke shawarar cire Parkasar ta Kasa ta Comoe daga cikin jerin abubuwan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Haɗari biyo bayan ci gaban da aka samu na kiyaye lafiyar dabbobi da mazauninta.
Tarihi
Yankin da ke kusa da Filin shakatawa na Comoé ya kasance koyaushe ba shi da yawan jama'a. Wataƙila saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, kasancewar cutar makanta ta kogi a kusa da kogin Comoé da haɓakar ƙwarin Tsetse, wanda shine ƙarancin cutar rashin bacci. A cikin 1926 an ayyana yanki tsakanin Kogin Comoé da Bouna a matsayin "'Yan Gudun Hijira Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire", wanda aka faɗaɗa shi daga baya a cikin 1942 da 53 zuwa "Réserve de Faune de Bouna", yana ba shi wata kariya ta rashin hankali. Yankin yamma da kogin Comoé an kara shi zuwa dukiyar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1968 haɗe da haɓaka zuwa Matsayin Gandun Kasa tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 11,500 (4,400 sq mi), yana mai da shi ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na Nationalasa na 15 a Duniya da mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma. A shekara ta 1983 an ayyana wurin shakatawa a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO, saboda kebantattun halittu.
Bayan barkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast an sanya wurin shakatawar a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a Hadari a 2003, saboda rashin kulawar da ke haifar da farauta da wuce gona da iri ta wurin shanu. A lokacin tsakanin yakin basasa guda biyu wurin shakatawar ya sha wahala sosai a karkashin tsananin farauta. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na kasar Ivory Coast filin ya sami damar sake murmurewa tare da kasancewar OIPR (kula da shakatawa) da sake bude tashar bincike.
Tsarin fili
Yankin arewa mai kudu mai kudu da kudu ya kunshi wurare da dama wadanda suka kunshi abubuwa masu ban mamaki na rayuwa, wanda hakan yasa ya zama mafi yawan savanna a duniya, kuma ya fara ne daga yankin Sudani mai bushewa zuwa yankin Guinea Savanna mai danshi. Wadannan wuraren sun hada da mafi yawan bangarori daban-daban, tsibirai na gandun daji, gandun daji masu zane da kuma filayen ciyayi, don haka suna ba da misali mafi kyau na matsugunnin rikon kwarya a duk yankuna daban-daban na yanayi. Kogin Comoé, wanda ke gudana a cikin Cote d'Ivoire duka an ba shi izinin wurare daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin shuke-shuke waɗanda aka saba samu a kudu don wanzuwa a wurin shakatawar, kamar facin gandun daji masu tarin yawa a kewayen kogin. Wannan nau'ikan matsugunai daban-daban a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma yankin da aka keɓe don kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa ya mai da shi yanki na muhalli mai mahimmanci da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO na Duniya.
A geomorphologlogically wurin shakatawar ya kunshi manyan filaye wanda ta hanyar Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa suke gudana (Iringou, Bavé, Kongo). Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa sune suka samar da babban magudanar ruwa kuma Comoé ya ratsa ta wurin shakatawa har tsawon kilomita 230 (mil mi 140), tare da magudanar ruwa kuma yana kwarara zuwa Volta a gabas. Hakanan akwai tafkuna daban-daban na dindindin da na dindindin waɗanda aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa, galibi waɗanda suka bushe a lokacin rani. Ilsasa yawancin galibi ba su dace ba kuma ba su dace da namowa ba. Granite inselbergs kuma suna tashi zuwa mita 600 (2,000 ft) a cikin yankin wurin shakatawa.
Fauna
Filin shakatawa na Comoé yana da mafi yawan tsiron halittu a duniya kuma ya kafa iyakar arewa ga yawancin nau'in dabbobi, kamar duiker mai goyan baya da bongo. Akwai jimlar nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 135 a wurin shakatawa. Wannan ya hada da nau'ikan birai guda 11 irin su bawon zaitun, biri mai kore, karamin biri mai hanci-hanci, Mona biri, baki da fari colobus, zaitun colobus, mangabey mai hade da fari da chimpanzee. Jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu cin nama 17 ne suka yi rijista, amma aƙalla nau'ikan halittu guda 3 an yi amannar sun ɓace a wurin shakatawar - cheetah, karen daji (tun daga 1993) da kuma kwanan nan zaki (ba a sami alamun zakoki ba tun shekara ta 2008). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan artiodactyl guda 21 wadanda suke cikin wurin shakatawa gami da hippopotamus, bushpig, bongo, warthog, bauna, kob, duiker mai ja-ja, dajibuck, ruwa-ruwa, roan antelope da oribi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa masu haɗari sun haɗa da chimpanzee (EN), mangabey mai haɗarin fari (EN), ursine colobus (VU), giwar Afirka (VU), hippopotamus (VU), katuwar pangolin (VU), pangolin mai dogon lokaci (VU), damisa (VU), kifin zinare na Afirka (VU), Buffon kob (VU), bongo (NT), hartebeest na yamma (NT), Defassa waterbuck (NT), bay duiker (NT), duiker mai goyan baya (NT), colobus zaitun (NT).
Akwai sama da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 500, wanda kusan 20% sune tsuntsayen masu yin hijira daga Afirka da kuma wasu 5% tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Wasu fitattun jinsunan tsuntsaye sun hada da gandun daji na Denham, kaho mai launin rawaya, kaho mai launin ruwan kasa, hammerkop, reshen fuka-fukai masu fata, masu fyade daban-daban, hudu daga cikin jinsunan stork shida na Afirka ta yamma da nau'ikan ungulu biyar. Gidan shakatawar kuma ya ƙunshi 36 daga cikin 38 na shahararrun jinsunan tsuntsaye da aka samo a cikin savannas na Sudo-Guinea.
Kogin Comoé da raƙumansa suna ɗauke da aƙalla nau'ikan kifaye 60 daban-daban kuma suna ba da izini ga yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibian na mazaunin savannah tare da nau'ikan 35 da aka bayyana. Hakanan akwai jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe guda 71 da aka bayyana, wanda uku daga cikinsu kadoji ne: dwarf crocodile (Raunana), kada da Nile da siririn-da-da-da-da-da-da-kafi-mai-cutarwa ((Hatsari mai Hadi). Wuraren kogin da ke kewaye da kogin suna kirkirar filayen ciyayi na zamani wadanda sune filayen ciyar da dattin ciki da tsuntsayen masu ƙaura.
Flora
Dukiyar ta ƙunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke 620, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'in ligneous na 191 (bishiyoyi 62, shuke-shuken 129 da inabai) da kuma 429 na ganyayyaki, gami da ciyawa 104. Gidan shakatawa ya ƙunshi mazauni daban-daban na canjin yanayi, daga gandun daji zuwa savannah, tare da ƙungiyoyi iri daban-daban na tsire-tsire iri-iri na yawancin yankuna na kudanci. Manyan gandun daji, dazuzzuka da filayen shuke shuke suna faruwa tare da kowane irin savannah, wanda yakai kusan kashi 90% na wurin shakatawa. Gandun daji ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa. A cikin gandun daji na galibi Cynometra shine mafi rinjaye a cikin almara yayin da yawancin mazaunan keɓaɓɓun gandun daji ke zaune Anogeissus leiocarpus, Antiaris africana, Isoberlinia doka, Cola cordifolia, wadanda ke barazanar Chlorophora excelsa da Blighia unijugata. A cikin filayen ambaliyar Hyparrhenia rufa ita ce jinsin da aka fi sani.
Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé
Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé, wacce ke cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé, Côte d'Ivoire, farfesa Karl Eduard Linsenmair ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1989/90. Yanayinta na kayan fasaha, tare da wutar lantarki, ruwan famfo, yanar gizo da kuma babban dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sanya yanayi suna sanya shi ɗayan manyan tashoshin filayen zamani a Afirka. An tilastawa tashar binciken rufewa bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na kasar Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2002. Bayan karshen yakin basasar na biyu a shekarar 2011 aka fara gyare gyare a tashar kuma a shekarar 2014 tashar ta sake samun cikakkiyar damar aiki. Abinda aka fi mayar da hankali akan binciken shine akan kiyayewa, ilimin halittu masu zafi da halayya.
Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP)
Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa yanzu, CCCP na aiki kan bincike da kiyaye halittar gandun daji da ke zaune a wani yanki na wurin shakatawar da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Wannan adadi ne mai mahimmanci na kiyaye chimpanzees a Cote d'Ivoire kuma ɗayan savanna chimpanzees da ake nazari mai zurfi. Yawancin ɗalibai na ƙasashe daban-daban sun haɗa kai kuma sun fahimci karatun Jagora, na digiri na biyu ko na PhD a cikin tsarin aikin wanda har ila yau yana amfani da mazauna gari a matsayin hanyar shigar da ansan Afirka a cikin kiyayewa.
Matsayin kiyayewa
An sanya filin shakatawa na Comoé a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari a 2003 galibi saboda karuwar ɓarnar ɓarna da rashin kulawa ya haifar sakamakon ɓarkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na Ivory Coast da daidaita yankin sai hukumar kula da namun daji ta OIPR (Office Ivorien des Parcs et Reserves) suka ci gaba da aikinsu a cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé. OIPR ta nemi taimakon Rapid Response Facility (RRF) don samarda kudade kuma tayi nasarar samun kyautar dala 30,000 domin tabbatar da filin. Manyan kalubalen da ke fuskantar gudanarwa suna samun nasarar yaki da farauta, da rage matsin lamba a bangaren noma da kuma gyaran tituna a dajin don kula da hanyoyin da suka dace. Manyan ayyukan da za a magance wadannan matsalolin su ne kafa ingantaccen tsarin sa ido a wurin shakatawar da kuma yin hadin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin don rage matsin lambar da ke gefen yankin dajin ta hanyar gudanar da hadin kai tare da kafa hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na karkara.
Manazarta |
50026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn%20Zoharah%20Simmons | Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons | Articles with hCards
Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons, tsohuwar Gwendolyn Robinson, mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin addini a Jami'ar Florida, inda ta yi bincike game da mata na Musulunci da kuma tasirin shari'ar Musulunci ga mata musulmi.Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC) da Nation of Islam (NOI). Simmons ta karɓi manyan abokan tarayya,game da Fulbright Fellowship, USAID Fellowships, da Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Amur Karen.
Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons a Memphis, Tennessee, inda kakarta ta Baptist, Rhonda Bell Robinson ta girma. Babbar jikanyar bawa, Simmons ta girma tare da sanin tarihin danginta da kuma hanyoyin da bauta da abubuwan da suka shafe ta. Iyalinta suna daraja ta kuma suna ƙarfafa ta don neman ilimi, kuma ta zama ta farko a cikin danginta da ta halarci .
Simmons ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Spelman a 1962. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta fara darasi, shugaban ɗalibai ya kira ta,wanda ya ɗauka cewa gashinta ya zama"abin kunya" ga makarantar da tsammanin dalibai su kasance "masu kyau." Wannan zai zama ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa Simmons ta fuskanta tare da gwamnatin Spelman yayin da shigarta tare da gwagwarmayar ɗalibai ya fara karuwa.
A cikin 1989, Simmons ta kammala BA a Jami'ar Antioch,inda ta karanta Ayyukan Dan Adam.Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Temple,inda ta sami MA da Ph.D. a addini tare da mayar da hankali kan Musulunci,da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri a cikin karatun mata. Ta rubuta matsalarta a kan "Tasirin Zamani na Shari'a ga Rayuwar Mata a Jordan da Falasdinu."
Ƙaunar ɗalibi
Simmons an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam ta hanyar furofesoshi biyu, Staughton Lynd da Esta Seaton, waɗanda suka tsara tarihin gwagwarmayar Ba-Amurke. Har ila yau, masu tasiri a Simmons 'ƙara yunƙurin su ne Howard Zinn, Shugaban Sashen Tarihi na Spelman, Vincent Harding, da Rosemarie Freeny Harding, masu gudanarwa na Gidan Mennonite na Atlanta. Simmons ta fara aikin ta kai a hedkwatar Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai (SNCC) da ke kusa tare da shugaban SNCC John Lewis, Sakataren zartarwa na SNCC James Forman, da ɗalibin Spelman Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson . Simmons ta yi taka tsantsan don shiga aikin ofis kawai,inda ba ta da yuwuwar jawo hankali daga danginta da kuma gwamnatin Spelman. Ta kuma shiga cikin kwamitin neman 'yancin ɗan adam tun da wuri lokacin da take a Spelman.
A cikin 1963, ta yi nasarar gudu don zama wakilin Spelman a kwamitin gudanarwa na SNCC. A farkon Janairu 1964, an kama Simmons tare da wasu ɗaliban Spelman don halartar zanga-zangar abincin rana a gidan cin abinci na Pickrick na Lester Maddox .Ta kwana a gidan yari kuma shugaban dalibai ya sake kiranta, wanda ya sanya ta a jarrabawar karatu saboda ta keta hani na Spelman na zanga-zangar 'yancin jama'a. Wannan bai hana Simmons shiga wani zama a wani gidan cin abinci na Krystal kwanaki ba, inda aka sake kama ta. A wannan karon shugaban Spelman Manley ya tsawaita mata,kuma aka soke karatun ta. Dangane da waɗannan matakan ladabtarwa, abokai da ƴan'uwanmu masu zanga-zanga a duk faɗin Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta sun yi gangamin goyon bayan Simmons,tare da shirya tattaki zuwa gidan Shugaba Manley. Sakamakon haka,an bar Simmons ta ci gaba da zama a Spelman,ko da yake yana ƙarƙashin tsauraran gwaji. Simmons ta ci gaba da daukar darasi a lokacin bazara na 1964,kuma ta taimaka wa Staughton Lynd wajen haɓaka manhaja don aikin bazara na'Yanci na Mississippi mai zuwa da shirya kayayyaki don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party.
An haɗa shi da kayan bazara na 'Yanci da ƙarfafa ta 'yan'uwan ɗalibai, Staughton Lynd, da Vincent Harding, Simmons ta yanke shawarar ciyar da bazara na 1964 aikin sa kai tare da aikin 'Yancin Mississippi. Ma'aikatan Spelman sun sanar da dangin Simmons wannan shawarar, waɗanda ke tsoron amincin Simmons na aiki a yankin da aka sani da tashin hankalin Ku Klux Klan . Sun yi tsayuwar daka don hana ta fita, suka kawo ta gida suka sa baki daga SNCC. Ta hanyar musayar kuɗi na sirri daga SNCC, Simmons a ƙarshe ta sami damar tafiya zuwa Mississippi, wanda ya ba danginta mamaki. Duk da wannan rashin amincewa, Simmons ta yi tafiya zuwa Oxford, Ohio don daidaitawa, sannan ta wuce Mississippi. A Oxford, Simmons ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da ayyuka,tana aiki tare da Staughton Lynd a matsayinsa na darektan daidaitawa, da kuma Vincent Harding.
A Mississippi, an aika Simmons zuwa birnin Laurel a cikin gundumar Jones, yankin da ya shahara ga tashin hankalin Klan. A cikin wannan mahallin, Simmons ta ji tsoro don rayuwarta,a kai a kai tana fuskantar ƙiyayya da tsangwamar 'yan sanda . Lokacin da aka tura darektan ayyukanta, Lester McKinney, gidan yari,an nada Simmons don maye gurbinsa,duk da rashin kwarewar shirya filin.Ta haka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin darektocin ayyukan bazara na Freedom Summer.A karkashin jagorancin Simmons, 'yan sa kai na Summer sun gudanar da Makarantar 'Yanci,sun buɗe kulawar rana,masu jefa ƙuri'a, da kuma kafa ɗakin karatu.
Hakkokin jama'a
A ƙarshen Lokacin bazara, Simmons ta yanke shawarar zama a Laurel maimakon komawa Spelman. Yayin da Simmons ke aiki a Laurel, ta zauna a kusa da birnin Hattiesburg, tunda Laurel yana da haɗari sosai don zama a ciki.Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan makarantar 'yanci na aikin Laurel Mississippi na SNCC,yana kara haɓaka tsarin karatu don makarantun 'yanci.A matsayin matashiyar, baƙar fata,da shugabar mata a SNCC, Simmons ta fuskanci duka wariyar launin fata da jima'i . Ta kuma ji tsoron cin zarafin jima'i, saboda ita ce ke da alhakin gungun masu sa kai da galibi fararen fata ne kuma ta riga ta fuskanci cin zarafi yayin zamanta a Ohio.Don haka,ta ƙirƙiri wata manufa ta cin zarafin jima'i ga Laurel Project, wanda ta sanya wa suna"Amazon Project" manufar tana ɗaya daga cikin irinta na farko a SNCC. A lokacin da take a Mississippi ne Simmons ta fara bayyana a matsayin mace .
A cikin 1965, bayan ta shafe watanni goma sha takwas a Laurel, Simmons ta koma Atlanta, saboda tashin hankali da ta gani.Bisa shawarar James Forman,ta huta daga shiryawa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi a ofishin SNCC na birnin New York.
Bayan shekara guda, Simmons ta koma gwagwarmaya a Kudu.A cikin 1966,an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a kan sabuwar kafa ta SNCC Atlanta Project tare da ɗan'uwan SNCC ɗan gwagwarmaya Bill Ware a unguwar Vine City . The Atlanta yayi aikin a farkon kungiyoyi magana na Black Power, mayar da hankali ga kokarin da siyasa motsi da kuma birane inganta. Simmons kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da shirye-shiryen makarantar 'yanci tare da Aikin. Simmons ta yi amfani da lokacinta akan Aikin Atlanta don kimanta dabarun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da haɓaka ka'idodin farko na Black Power. Misali,ta taimaka wajen rubuta takardan matsayi na aikin akan Black Power, wanda ya zama mai kawo cece-kuce game da sharhinsa kan fararen fata na SNCC.
Simmons ta ɗauki baƙin ciki da yawa tare da masu shirya SNCC farar fata, waɗanda ta ji ba a mutunta ikonta kuma ta yi amfani da albarkatun wajen horar da su don yin aiki a cikin al'ummomin baƙi.Don haka ta ba da shawarar cewa farar fata su yi aiki a kan al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na launin fata a cikin al'ummomin fararen fata, inda za su iya aiki tare da masu shirya baƙi. Wadannan matakan, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin takardar matsayi na Black Power na aikin,sun kasance masu rikici kuma ba lallai ba ne su nuna ra'ayoyin shugabannin SNCC,ciki har da James Forman da shugaban bincike Jack Minnis . Simmons ta kuma bi sahun mata bakar fata masu fafutuka na SNCC wajen sukar karuwar alaka tsakanin bakaken fata da mata farare, wadanda aka dauka a matsayin kin mata bakar fata.
A lokacin da take a SNCC, Simmons ta fara jin Malcolm X akan rikodin kuma nan take ya jawo saƙonsa.Ta shiga kungiyar Nation of Islam (NOI) a hukumance a shekarar 1967 kuma ta musulunta.
Yayin da yake memba na NOI, Simmons kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yankin Midwest na Majalisar Matan Negro ta Kasa (NCNW) yayin da yake zaune a Chicago. Daga Chicago, Simmons da mijinta Michael Simmons sun koma New York,tare da shiga Masallacin Minista Louis Farrakhan na 7.
A cikin tunaninta na lokacin da ta yi tare da NOI, Simmons ta nuna rashin jin daɗinta da tsarin jinsi wanda ke tafiyar da iyakacin rawar da mata ke da shi a cikin tsari:
Simmons ta ci karo da koyarwar NOI kai tsaye ta hanyoyi da dama,alal misali,ta hanyar amfani da kariyar haihuwa duk da imanin shugaban NOI Iliya Muhammad, wanda ya kalli hana haihuwa a matsayin hari kan iyalai baƙar fata. Simmons ta kuma dena sanya rigar horar da 'yan mata musulmi da lullubi, inda ta zabi kada ta dagula yunkurinta na shiryawa da kalaman addini.
Sauran sukar Simmons da aka bayyana game da NOI sun shafi fifikon kuɗin da ke ɗora wa membobin matalauta nauyi,soja da matsayi na jinsi,da kuma amfani da hukunce-hukuncen jiki. Ta bar kungiyar a 1972.
Bincike da shawarwari na mata na Musulunci
Tun daga shekara ta 1971, Simmons ta yi shekaru goma sha bakwai a matsayin almajiran Sufi Sheikh Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen,sanannen shugaban sufancin Musulunci. Simmons ta sami sunan "Zoharah" daga Muhaiyaddeen. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa na farko na Amur Karen, kuma ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo a cikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship da Masallaci.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a fannin ilimi, Simmons ta yi bincike game da tasirin Sharia na zamani akan mata musulmi a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban, tafiya zuwa Jordan, Masar, Falasdinu, da Siriya .Ta kuma zauna a Amman, Jordan,don gudanar da bincike don kammala karatunta na ilimi.
Koyarwarta a Jami'ar Florida ta shafi kabilanci,jinsi, da addini, musamman kan al'adun addini na Amurkawa da dangantakar mata da Musulunci. A cikin aikinta na yanzu,tana neman raba addinin Musulunci tare da fassarori daban-daban na al'adu, wani lokaci tana duba tarihi don tafsirin mantawa da watsi da su. Ta yi imanin cewa ta hanyar daidaiton jinsi ne kawai Musulunci zai iya samun nasarar bunkasuwa a Amurka, kuma ta nuna rashin jin dadinta kan jahilcin al'ummomin musulmin Amurka na kungiyar mata ta Musulunci. Har ila yau,ta yi imanin cewa addinin mata na Musulunci yana tunawa da mutunta mata da aka bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani da kuma koyarwar Annabi Muhammad (S A w)da aka manta da su a cikin fassarar zamani.
Rubuce-rubucenta kuma sun yi magana game da batutuwan da ke fuskantar Amurkawa na Afirka,kamar juna biyu na matasa,da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rashin adalcin duniya na uku .
Rayuwa ta sirri
Simmons ta kulla alaƙar soyayya da Michael Simmons, ɗan'uwan mai shirya ayyukan Atlanta,bayan ya ɗauke shi aiki a 1965 don yin aiki a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Julian Bond na kujerar majalisar dokokin jihar Georgia. An bukaci ma'auratan da su yi aure bayan sun shiga cikin al'ummar Islama don ci gaba da rayuwa tare.
Suna da 'ya daya, Aishah Shahidah Simmons, wacce ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai na mata. Dukansu Simmons da 'yarta sun yi magana game da abubuwan da Aishah ta fuskanta game da fyade da lalata.
Rubuce-rubuce
"Kokarin kare 'Yancin Mata Musulmi - Kafin da Bayan Beijing," Jami'ar Syracuse Press (2000)
"Racism in Higher Education," Jami'ar Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy (2002)
"Shin mun kai ga kalubale? Bukatar sake yin oda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na maganganun Musulunci akan mata," Oneworld Publications (2003)
"Musulunci na Ba'amurke a matsayin Bayyanar Bangaskiya ta Addini da Mafarki da Mafarki na Kasa," Jami'ar Texas Press (2006)
"Daga Musulmai a Amurka zuwa Musulman Amurka," Journal of Islamic Law and Culture (2008)
"Mama ta gaya mini kada in tafi," Pearson Prentice Hall (2008)
"Martin Luther King Jr. Ya Sake Ziyara: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Mata (2008)
"Daga Little Memphis Girl zuwa Mississippi Amazon," Jami'ar Illinois Press'' (2010)
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1944
Rayayyun mutane |
30876 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjira%20Mathai | Wanjira Mathai | Wanjira Mathai (an haife ta a watan Disamba shekarata alif 1971).'yar ƙasar Kenya ce mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma mai fafutuka. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kuma darektan yanki na Afirka a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, da ke Nairobi, Kenya. A cikin wannan rawar, ta ɗauki batutuwan duniya da suka haɗa da sare itatuwa da samar da makamashi. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri da New African Magazine ta yi a shekarar, 2018 saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓen da ta yi na dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 30 ta hanyar aikinta a Motsin Green Belt.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mathai kuma ta girma a Kenya. Mahaifiyarta, Wangari Maathai, 'yar gwagwarmaya ce ta zamantakewa, muhalli da siyasa kuma mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, a shekara ta, 2004.
Mathai dalibi ce a makarantar sakandaren mata ta gidan gwamnati da ke Nairobi. Bayan ta kammala makarantar sakandare ta koma birnin New York don halartar kolejojin Hobart da William Smith inda ta karanci ilmin halitta kuma ta kammala a shekara ta, 1994. Ta samu digirin a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da kuma fannin harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Emory. Bayan kammala karatun Mathai ta shiga Cibiyar Carter inda ta yi aiki akan magance cututtuka. Anan ta koyi game da cututtuka da suka shafi al'ummomin Afirka kamar su dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis da lymphatic filariasis.
Bincike da aiki
Green Belt Movement
Matthai tana aiki a Majalisar Gaba ta Duniya da kuma a kan hukumar Green Belt Movement. Mahaifiyar Wanjira Wangari ce ta kafa Green Belt Movement a shekarar, 1977. Tun asali, Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya na Ƙungiyar Green Belt Movement daga shekarar, 2002 kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Darakta na kungiyar. A wannan kungiya ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen tara kudade da sa ido kan yadda ake tattara albarkatu, tare da saukaka wayar da kan kasa da kasa. Ta gane cewa mata sun fi maida hankali lokacin da Green Belt Movement ta yi kira ga mutane su taimaka dasa bishiyoyi. Ta ce aikinta na dashen itatuwa, wanda kuma ake kira agroforestry, ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga aikin muhalli na mahaifiyarta. Bayan mahaifiyarta ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Matthai ta raka ta a wani balaguron duniya. Lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara ta, 2011, ta taimaka wajen jagorantar kulab din a lokacin canji.
Sauran Kungiyoyi da Tushen
Matthai tana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na Ƙungiyoyin Mata masu Kasuwanci a Sabuntawa wanda ke haɓaka mata a cikin jagorancin makamashi mai sabuntawa a ƙoƙarin kawo sabbin abubuwa ga kusan mata miliyan huɗu a Gabashin Afirka. Ga Mathai, haɗin gwiwar mata da makamashi mai sabuntawa ɗaya ne na ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, da cika da dama daga cikin Manufofin Ci gaba Mai Dorewa. Duk da zamanantar da ake yi a Kenya, har yanzu mata na shafe sa'o'i da yawa a rana suna tattara itace, kuma rabin adadin mace-macen yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5 na faruwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iska a gida. Mathai tana aiki a hukumar ba da shawara ta Ƙungiyar Abinci mai Tsabta, kuma shi ma memba ne na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Duniya Babi. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji ta Duniya (CIFOR). Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan masu aikin EQ guda shida. Waɗannan masu yin aikin suna neman haɓaka hankali na tunani da tallafawa wasu don ƙirƙirar al'adar kyawu.
Tun daga shekara ta, 2016, Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gidauniyar Wangari Maathai. Gidauniyar tana neman ci gaban gadon Wangari Maathai ta hanyar haɓaka al'adar manufa tare da matasa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shugabanni. Da aka tambaye ta aikinta da gidauniyar, Matthai ta amsa cewa, “Ba ina zaune a inuwar mahaifiyata ba, ina cikin haskenta..." Gidauniyar tana da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa guda uku: kula da gidan Wangari Muta Maathai, dasa dabarun jagoranci a cikin matasa don haɓaka ƙirƙira da ƙarfin gwiwa a lokacin ƙuruciya (Wanakesho), da haɗin kai ga matasa. A matsayin misalin bangaskiyarta game da mahimmancin ilimantar da matasa, ita ce shugabar ayyuka na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Muhalli ta Wangari Maathai a Jami'ar Nairobi (WMI). Wannan cibiya tana mai da hankali kan haɓaka kyawawan ɗabi'u da ci gaba mai dorewa. Ilimantar da matasa ta kasance daya daga cikin manufofin Maathai, kuma ta ce, “Ba a haifi ’yan Adam cikin lalaci ba. A wani lokaci waɗannan halaye suna haɓaka ta hanyar al'adun da ke haɓaka riba ga mutum kan ci gaban gama gari." Ta yi imanin cewa ilmantar da matasa zai ba da damar samar da zaman lafiya da rage cin hanci da rashawa a Kenya, yayin da matasa za su girma su zama shugabanni na gaba. Sau da yawa takan yi magana da waɗannan batutuwa, saboda ita ce mai magana mai ƙarfafawa akan batutuwan jagoranci matasa, muhalli, da sauyin yanayi.
Bugu da kari, Matthai tana zaune a kan hukumar Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (ICRAF) a Kenya. A cikin shekara ta, 2018 an zaɓi Matthai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin 'Yan Afirka ta New African Magazine, da kuma Manyan Matan Afirka masu Tasirin Jami'ar Shugabancin Afirka.
Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarar, 2019 Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma darektan yanki na Afirka a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya. A cikin wannan matsayi, Mathai ta shawo kan ministar muhalli ta Kenya Judi Wakhungu da ta himmatu wajen maido da kadada miliyan 12.6 na sare dazuka a Kenya nan da shekarar 2030, bisa ga gadon fafutukar kare muhalli na mahaifiyarta. Wannan wani bangare ne na shirin farfado da shimfidar dazuzzuka na Afirka (AFR100), wanda Mathai ke kula da shi, wani shiri na maido da sama da hekta miliyan 100 na sare itatuwa a Afirka nan da shekarar 2030.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1971 |
22355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Gudun%20Hijira%20Na%20Duniya | Yan Gudun Hijira Na Duniya | dan Gudun Hijira na Duniya ( RI ) gungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai ba da agaji da ke ba da shawara don ingantaccen tallafi ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (gami da' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu) da kuma mutane marasa kasa. Ba ta yarda da duk wani tallafi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko na gwamnati ba. Shawarwarin 'yan gudun hijira na kasa da kasa ya magance bukatun albarkatu da sauye-sauye na manufofin gwamnati da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke inganta yanayin' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. Wasu sanannun membobin kwamitin sun hada da Sarauniya Noor da Matt Dillon da kuma membobin da suka gabata kamar George Soros, Richard Holbrooke, da Sam Waterston. gungiyar ta kasance a Washington, DC RI kuma tana da blog dalla-dalla game da ayyukanta na kwanan nan.
Ofishin Jakadancin
'Yan Gudun Hijira na kasa da kasa suna ba da shawara don ceton rai da kariya ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu da inganta hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen' yan gudun hijira.
Tarihi
Sue Morton ne ya kafa kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasa da kasa a shekarata 1979 a matsayin kungiyar' yan kasa don kare 'yan gudun hijirar Indochinese. Sue Morton ya zauna a Tokyo da Singapore kuma a cikin shekarar farko mai muhimmanci ta 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. A Washington, DC, Dianne L. Lawson, wanda ya kafa Directoran Gudun Hijira na inasashe a cikin Amurka (Washington, DC), kuma yanq kula da ayyukan jama'a na farko da ugean Gudun Hijira na Duniya suka yi, talla mai cikakken shafi a cikin Washington Bugu da kari, a 19 ga Yulin shekarar 1979, inda Refan Gudun Hijira na neman kasashen Duniya suka bukaci gwamnatocin kasashe masu zartarwa da na isan doka na Gwamnatin Amurka su yi aiki don ceton Vietnam da Kambodiya (Kampucheans) a cikin teku. A ranar da tallan ya bayyana a Washington Post, Morton da Lawson sun kasance wani bangare na zaman lafiya, tafiya a kan fitilu, karkashin jagorancin Sanata Paul Simon (D-IL) da mawaka Joan Baez, daga taron tunawa da Lincoln zuwa gefen arewacin Fadar White House. A karshen wannan tattakin, taron ya rera "Amazing Grace" kuma, ga mamakin taron, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya fito daga kofofin Fadar White House kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa kawai ya umarci Jirgin Ruwa na 7 na Amurka da ya karbo dukkan 'yan gudun hijira a kwale-kwalen da ke tsere daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don 'yanci.
Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa, wacce masu aikin sa kai kadai ke amfani da ita a farkon ta, ta hadaka hayar ma'aikatan da aka biya su tare da fadada ikon ta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a cikin shekarata 1990 kuma ta yi kira da a ba da kariya ga' yan gudun hijirar Liberia a Guinea da Kuwaiti a hamadar Iraki da Jordan. A yau, Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa ta gudanar da aiyyukan filaye 15 don gano bukatun mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu don ayyukan yau da kullun kamar abinci, ruwa, kiwon lafiya, gidaje, samun ilimi da kariya daga cutarwa. Dangane da binciken da suka yi a cikin gaggawa na gaggawa, suna ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi da kungiyoyin agaji don inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu a duniya kuma suna rokon fa'idodin ci gaba na ci gaba da ba da taimakon Amurka don taimakon ƙasashen waje. A halin yanzu kungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukansu kan rikice-rikicen hijira a ciki da kewayen Colombia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Mali, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, da Syria .
'Yanci
Ungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya ba ta yarda da duk wata gwamnati ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da damar masu ba da shawara su kasance masu zaman kansu ba. Madadin haka, RI tana ba da gudummawa daga mutane, tushe, da hukumomi. Wannan yana ba su damar yin magana da yardar kaina, ja layi a kan manufofin da ke aiki da kyau da kuma inda ayyukan duniya ya gaza.
Shugabanci
Eric P. Schwartz, shugaban kasa na yanzu; ya taba zama Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka na Yawan Jama’a, ‘Yan Gudun Hijira, da Hijira.
Michel Gabaudan, shugaban kasa daga watan Satumbar 2010 har zuwa Yunin 2017; wanda ya taba aiki a Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Wakilin Yanki na Amurka da yankin Caribbean kuma yanzu haka shi ne Wakilin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai.
Dan Glickman, ya yi shugabanci ne kawai na watanni uku, daga 1 ga Afrilu, a shekarata 2010, har zuwa Yunin shekarata 2010, lokacin da ya yi murabus; tsohon Sakataren Noma na Amurka, Wakilin Amurka, Shugaban / Shugaba na otionungiyar Motsa Hoto ta Amurka .
Kenneth Bacon, ya zama shugaban kasa a shekarata 2001 kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar har sai da ya mutu a watan Agusta na shekarata 2009.
Yvette Pierpaoli, wakilin Turai, a shekarata 1992-1999; an kashe shi a hatsarin mota a Albania a shekarata 1999.
Lionel Rosenblatt, tsohon mai kula da harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Bangkok, Thailand. Yayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa a shekarata 1990-2001 sannan Shugaba mai ci bayan haka.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tarihi
Shugabanci
Ofisoshin jakadanci |
30930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ta%201990 | Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990 | Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990 (OPA) (101 HR1465, PL 101-380) ta zartar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 101 kuma Shugaba George HW Bush ya sanya hannu. Yana aiki don guje wa zubar da mai daga tasoshin ruwa da wurare ta hanyar aiwatar da cire man da ya zube da kuma ba da alhakin farashin tsaftacewa da lalacewa; yana buƙatar takamaiman hanyoyin aiki; ya kuma bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da alhakin kuɗi; aiwatar da matakai don auna lalacewa; yana ƙayyadad da diyya wanda masu cin zarafi ke da alhakinsa; kuma ya kafa asusu don lalacewa, tsaftacewa, da farashin cirewa. Wannan doka ta haifar da sauye-sauye na kayan aiki a cikin samar da man fetur, sufuri, da Kuma masana'antu.
Tarihi/Baya
Dokokin da ke tafiyar da zubewar mai a Amurka sun fara ne a shekara ta 1851 tare da Dokar Iyakan Laifin Laifi . Wannan mutum-mutumin, a wani yunƙuri na kare masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki, ya bayyana cewa masu jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin kashe kuɗin da suka shafi abin da ya faru har zuwa ƙimar jirgin ruwansu bayan faruwar lamarin. An bayyana gazawar wannan doka a cikin shekarata 1967 tare da sakin sama da tan 100,000 na danyen mai a cikin tashar Turanci daga Torrey Canyon . Daga cikin dala miliyan 8 na kudaden da suka shafi tsaftacewa, masu mallakar Torrey Canyon suna da alhakin dala 50 kawai - ƙimar ragowar jirgin ruwan Torrey Canyon. A halin da ake ciki, dokar gurbacewar mai ta shekarar 1924 ta wuce, amma wannan mutum-mutumin kawai yana da iyakacin alhakin fitar da mai da gangan a cikin ruwan teku.
Shekaru biyu bayan malalar Torrey Canyon, fashewar wani dandali na mai a tashar Santa Barbara ya sanya kanun labarai na kasa tare da sanya gurbacewar mai zuwa hasken wurin jama'a. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarata 1970, Majalisa ta sanya gurɓataccen mai a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya (FWPA) ta shekarar 1965, wacce daga baya ta zama Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1972 kuma a baya ta rufe najasa da fitarwar masana'antu. FWPA ta saita takamaiman iyakokin abin alhaki. Misali, jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar mai ana biyansu har dala kimanin 250,000 ko dala 150 kan kowace tan. Waɗannan iyakoki ba safai suke rufe farashin cirewa da tsaftacewa ba, balle barna.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an zartar da wasu dokoki da dama da suka shafi alhakin malalar man da kuma biyan diyya. Waɗannan mutum-mutumin sun haɗa da: Dokar Tsaro ta Tashoshi da Ruwa na shekarar 1972, Dokar Ba da izinin bututun mai na Trans-Alaska na 1973, Dokar Tashar Ruwa ta Deep Water na shekarar 1974, Dokar Filayen Shelf Lands na waje na shekarata 1978, da Hukumar Zuba Mai na Alaska na shekarata 1990. Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na dokokin tarayya da na jihohi sun ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya kawai daga haɗarin malalar mai. A cikin 1976, an gabatar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai aminci ga ƙazantar mai ga Majalisa. Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattawa ba za su iya amincewa da mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ba kuma dokar ta ɓace sau da yawa.
A ranar 24 ga Maris, shekarata 1989, Exxon Valdez ya fado a cikin sautin Yarima Williams kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai - mafi girman zubewar mai a cikin ruwa a tarihi har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin Yunin shekarata 1989, ƙananan malalewa uku sun faru a cikin tekun Amurka. Wannan shaida ce akan lokaci cewa malalar man ba bakon abu ba ne.
Gwamnan Alaska Steve Cowper ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kula da Mai na Alaska a shekarata 1989 don bincika musabbabin malalar mai na Exxon Valdez tare da ba da shawarwari kan yuwuwar sauye-sauyen manufofin. Cowper ya nada Walter B. Parker, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sufuri da kuma jami'in gwamnati, a matsayin shugaban hukumar. A karkashin Parker, Hukumar ta ba da shawarwari 52 don inganta masana'antu, jihohi, da dokokin tarayya. 50 daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin an yi aiki a cikin lissafin dokar gurɓataccen wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin doka a ranar 16 ga Maris, Na shekarar 1989 ta Walter B. Jones, Sr., ɗan majalissar jam'iyyar Democratic Party daga gundumar 1st Congress na North Carolina .
Lokacin aiwatarwa
Maris 16, 1989: An gabatar da dokar gurɓacewar mai a cikin tsarin doka don aiwatarwa.
Yuni 21 na 1989: kwamitin ya ruwaito kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa duka majalisun biyu su yi la'akari da lissafin gaba. Kusan kashi 1 cikin 4 ne kawai aka bayar da rahoton ba sa cikin kwamitin.
Nuwamba 9, 1989: An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'a a majalisar wakilai .
Nuwamba 19, 1989: Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da dokar tare da bita . An mayar da kudirin dokar ga majalisar wakilai domin amincewa da sauye-sauyen da majalisar ta kara. Sai dai majalisar ba ta amince da sake fasalin ba.
Agusta 2 na 1990: An kafa kwamitin taro, ciki har da 'yan Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai, don warware bambance-bambance da ba da shawara na karshe don amincewa. Da farko dai Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da rahoton karshe da kwamitin ya gabatar.
Agusta 4 na 1990: duka majalisun biyu sun wuce lissafin a cikin tsari iri ɗaya. Matakin karshe a tsarin majalisar shi ne kudurin ya je gaban shugaban kasa ko dai ya amince da sa hannu ko kuma ya ki amincewa da shi.
Agusta 18 na 1990: Shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu kan dokar kuma an kafa dokar gurbacewar mai a hukumance.
Mabuɗin Abun ciki (Tittuna)
Take I. Lamuni da Diyya da Gurbacewar Mai
Take II. Daidaita Canje-canje
Take III. Kariya da Kawar da Gurbacewar Mai ta Duniya
Take IV. Rigakafi da CirewaSubtitle A - RigakafinSubtitle B – CireSubtitle C - Hukunci da Daban-dabanTake V. Yarima William Sauti Tanadi
Take VI. Daban-daban
Take VII. Shirin Bincike da Ci Gaban Gurbacewar Mai
Take na VIII. Tsarin Pipeline na Trans-AlaskaSubtitle A - Ingantawa zuwa Tsarin Bututun AlaskaSubtitle B - HukunciSubtitle C - Sharuɗɗan da suka dace ga ƴan Asalin AlaskaTake IX. Canje-canje ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Mai, da dai sauransu.
tilastawa
Wanda ke da alhaki a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓacewar mai shine wanda aka same shi da alhakin fitar da mai ko kuma barazanar zubar da mai daga wani jirgin ruwa ko wurin aiki zuwa cikin ruwa masu tafiya, yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓantattu, ko gaɓar ruwan da aka rufe. Bangarorin da ke da alhakin fitar da man, suna da hakki, na hadin gwiwa, kuma suna da alhakin kashe kudin cire man baya ga duk wata barna da ke da alaka da fitar da man. Ba kamar abin alhaki na farashin cirewa wanda ba a cika shi ba, alhakin lalacewa yana iyakance kamar yadda aka tattauna dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari Kuma, Dokar Gurɓatar Mai ta ba da damar ƙarin alhakin da wasu dokokin jihar suka zartar.
A karkashin dokar gurbacewar man fetur, tarayya, kabilanci, jiha, da kowane mutum na iya dawo da kudaden cirewa daga wanda ke da alhakin hakan muddin irin wannan mahallin ya ci karo da farashi daga gudanar da ayyukan kawar da mai kamar yadda Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Kasa ta tanada . Dole ne a fara da'awar biya ga wanda ke da alhakin. Idan mai yuwuwar wanda ke da alhakin ya musanta alhakin ko ya kasa rarraba kuɗin a cikin kwanaki 90 na da'awar, mai da'awar na iya shigar da kara a kotu ko kuma ya kawo da'awar ga Asusun Amincewa da Lamuni na Mai da aka bayyana a ƙasa. A wasu lokatai, ana iya fara kawo da'awar dawo da kuɗin zuwa Asusun Tallafawar Oil Spill Liability Trust don haka a kaucewa wanda ke da alhakin. Misali, masu da'awar da EPA suka ba da shawara, gwamnonin jihohin da abin ya shafa, da masu da'awar Amurka game da abubuwan da suka shafi jiragen ruwa ko kayan aiki na kasashen waje na iya gabatar da da'awarsu da farko ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Oil Spill. Lokacin da aka kawo iƙirarin biyan kuɗin cirewa a asusun, mai da'awar dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa an dawwama farashin cirewa daga ayyukan da ake buƙata don gujewa ko rage tasirin abin da ya faru kuma mai gudanar da fage na tarayya ya amince da dukkan irin waɗannan ayyukan.
Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama, ana iya dawo da kuɗin diyya daga wanda ke da alhakin. Koyaya, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta shafi wasu nau'ikan lalacewa kawai. Waɗannan nau'o'in sun haɗa da: lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa, lalacewa ga dukiya ko na mutum, asarar kayan abinci, asarar kudaden shiga na gwamnati, asarar riba ko gazawar samun riba, lalacewar ayyukan jama'a, da kuma lalacewar ƙima. Bugu da kari, ana iya dawo da wasu nau'ikan ga duk mutumin da lamarin ya shafa yayin da wasu kuma gwamnatocin tarayya, na kabilanci, da na jihohi ne kawai za a iya dawo dasu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta ƙayyade iyaka ga abin alhaki na lalacewa bisa ga wanda ke da alhakin, abin da ya faru, da nau'in jirgin ruwa ko kayan aikin da aka fitar da shi.
Asusun Tallafawa Alkairi na Oil Spill Liability Trust, asusun amincewa ne da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da shi da kuma samun kudin shiga ta hanyar harajin kowace ganga kan danyen mai da ake hakowa a cikin gida a Amurka da kuma kan kayayyakin man fetur da ake shigowa da su Amurka domin ci. An ƙirƙiri asusun ne a cikin shekarata 1986, amma ba a ba da izinin amfani da asusun ba har sai da dokar gurɓacewar mai a shekarata 1990. Ana iya kiran kuɗaɗen don biyan kuɗin tarayya, kabilanci, jaha, da masu da'awar kawar da ayyukan kawar da malalar mai da kuma kimanta lalacewar da ba a biya ba da kuma lamuni. Ba za a iya fitar da fiye da dala biliyan ɗaya daga asusun a kowane abin da ya faru ba. Sama da shekaru ashirin na shari'o'in kotu sun nuna cewa samun kudade daga Asusun Lamuni na Zuba Jari na Mai na iya zama aiki mai wahala.
Damuwa da martani
Shugaba Bush ya amince da sauye-sauyen da duniya za ta iya fuskanta yayin sanya hannu kan dokar gurbacewar mai a sakamakon haka, ya matsawa majalisar dattijai da ta gaggauta amincewa da sabbin ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Abubuwan da aka samu daga masana'antu sun kasance mara kyau. Masana'antu sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai za ta kawo cikas ga harkokin cinikin man da ake shigowa da su cikin ruwan Amurka cikin 'yanci. Ba wai kawai OPA ta sanya takunkumi kan cinikin mai da ake shigo da shi zuwa ketare ba, har ma tana aiwatar da ka'idojin man fetur da kuma ka'idojin diyya, wanda suke kallo a matsayin kara takaita ciniki cikin 'yanci. Bayan kafa OPA, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta yi barazanar kauracewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka don nuna adawa da wannan sabon alhaki na masana'antu a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Musamman ma, masana'antun man fetur da na jigilar kayayyaki sun nuna adawa da rashin daidaito tsakanin OPA da dokokin kasa da kasa, Kuma tarayya da jihohi da abin ya shafa. Sakamakon dokar OPA, wasu kamfanonin inshora sun ƙi ba da takaddun shaida na kuɗin kuɗi a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓataccen mai don guje wa yuwuwar alhakin da kuma biyan diyya a yanayin bala'i.
Shugaba Bush ya kuma yi hasashen cewa kafa OPA na iya haifar da manyan kamfanonin jigilar mai da kananan kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki su maye gurbinsu da su domin kaucewa wani abin alhaki. Musamman ma, ƙananan kamfanoni masu iyakacin albarkatu ba za su rasa kuɗin da za su magance bala'o'in malalar mai ba. Ba wai kawai masana'antar mai ba, har ma masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da masu gudanar da aikin za su kasance da alhakin malalar mai, suna fuskantar karuwar nauyin kudi. Ƙaruwar alhaki na OPA ga masu jirgin ruwa ya haifar da tsoro da damuwa daga yawancin masana'antar jigilar kaya. Masu mallakar jiragen ruwa sun ki amincewa da cewa ƙarin hukumcin malalar man da jihohi suka sanya ba su da iyaka daga iyakokin OPA na Dokar Ƙimar Lamuni na shekarar 1851 . A ƙarshe, barazanar rashin iyaka a ƙarƙashin OPA da sauran dokokin jihohi ya sa kamfanoni masu jigilar mai da yawa rage cinikin mai zuwa ko daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Amurka.
Koyaya, an sami sakamako mai kyau daga masana'antar mai duk da sabbin ka'idoji da ka'idoji. A cikin shekarata 1990, masana'antar mai ta haɗu don samar da Marine Spill Response Corporation (MRSC), kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda masu kera mai da masu jigilar kayayyaki za su biya diyya. Babban alhakin MRSC shine samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na mayar da martani don tsaftace zubar da mai da kuma gyaran da OPA ke bukata. Kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki irin su Exxon Shipping sun mayar da martani mai kyau ga yunƙurin OPA na rage haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'in malalar mai. Don taimakawa tabbatar da bin ka'idodin OPA, Exxon Shipping ya tattara duk dokokin jihohi da tarayya waɗanda dole ne su bi su. Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na Amurka da ma'aikata, duk da haka, na iya guje wa ayyuka a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka saboda alhakin OPA. Ko da yake galibin martani da suka daga kafa OPA ba su da kyau, amma duk da haka ya haifar da kafawa da ƙirƙira mafi aminci ga jiragen ruwa da cinikin mai a duniya.
Tasirin OPA na dogon lokaci
Dokar gurɓacewar mai tana haifar da tasiri na dogon lokaci saboda yuwuwar haƙƙin masu inshora da masu inshora. Don haka, rashin iya samun tabbacin abin alhaki na kuɗi yana haifar da rashin samun damar jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na Amurka bisa doka. Tun da OPA ba ta keɓance masu ba da lamuni na jirgin ruwa shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, akwai rashin jin daɗi ga kowane mai ba da lamuni don ba da kuɗin sabuntar jiragen ruwa da maye gurbinsu. A ƙarshe, OPA tana da ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga masana'antar haƙon mai na cikin gida saboda tsayayyen tanadin kayan aikin a cikin teku gaba daya.
Alhakin kudi: Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da tanade-tanaden jiragen ruwa da dokar gurbacewar mai ta tanada. A cewar OPA, masu jirgin ruwa suna buƙatar shaidar alhaki na kuɗi wanda ke ɗaukar cikakken alhakin bala'i idan jirginsu ya yi nauyi sama da tan 300. OPA na buƙatar masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da su nemi Guard Coast don samun "Takaddun Nauyin Kuɗi" wanda ke zama shaida na ikonsu na samun kuɗin kuɗi don tsaftacewa da lalacewar malalar mai. Idan aka yi la'akari da wani jirgin ruwa da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, za a kwace jirgin zuwa Amurka. Wannan ba sabuwar yarjejeniya ba ce saboda ko da yaushe ana ba wa masu jirgin ruwa izinin samun takaddun shaida a ƙarƙashin FWPCA 74 da Comprehensive Response Comprehensive Response Comprehensive and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) . Tun daga shekarata 2011, sama da jiragen ruwa 23,000 sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Kare Tekun don ba da damar shiga ruwan Amurka
Abubuwan da suka dace don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa da kuma zamanantar da su: Tunda dokar gurbacewar mai ta daure masu ruwa da tsaki, hakan ya haifar da rashin jin dadi ga kamfanonin mai wajen safarar danyen mai a cikin tasoshinsu da kuma masu hayar mai su rika jigilar mai a cikin tasoshin da suka dace. Yawancin kamfanonin mai da suka yi nasara a fannin kuɗi suna zaɓar mafi ingancin jiragen ruwa don jigilar kayayyakinsu, duk da haka, wasu kamfanoni suna ci gaba da jigilar kayansu akan ƙarancin inganci, tsofaffin tasoshin saboda tsadar farashi. Yawancin masu haya sun ƙi biyan ƙarin kuɗi don manyan jiragen ruwa duk da alhakin abin alhaki da ka'idojin biyan diyya da OPA ke aiwatarwa. Sabbin jiragen ruwa masu aminci kuma mafi aminci ga manyan tankuna biyu sun fi kusan 15-20% tsada don aiki. A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 60% na jiragen ruwa na duniya sun kasance aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyar ko fiye. Manyan kamfanonin mai har yanzu suna jinkirta buƙatun maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ritayar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya da OPA ta umarta. Alal misali, Exxon da Texaco sun jinkirta maye gurbin jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don sababbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Duk da haka, kamfanoni kamar Chevron da Mobil sun ba da odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Jagoranci ta misali, sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jigilar kayayyaki don saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motocin dakon mai. Duk da canjin da aka samu daga jiragen ruwa guda zuwa biyu, har yanzu bai wadatar da isassun bukatu na masana'antar mai ba. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa za a yi mummunar rashin isasshen tonne don biyan buƙatun sabbin jiragen ruwa. An kiyasta cewa dole ne masana'antar mai ta duniya su zuba jari kusan dala biliyan 200-350 don biyan bukatun duniya na sabbin jiragen ruwa da muhalli.
Samar da cikin gida: A cikin dokar gurɓacewar mai, Guard Coast Guard na Amurka ne ke da alhakin tantance tsarin aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Ofishin Kula da Makamashin Teku (BOEM) tana aiwatar da aiwatar da duk ƙa'idodin Dokar Gurɓacewar Mai na tekun. wuraren mai. A karkashin OPA, an ba wa masu alhakin alhakin bayar da shaida da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan kusan 150 don yuwuwar alhaki. Idan wata ƙungiya ba za ta iya ba da shaidar da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 150 ba, za a biya su hukuncin dala 25,000 a kowace rana wanda ya saba wa OPA kuma yana iya fuskantar hukuncin shari'a na dakatar da duk ayyukan.
Kafin aiwatar da gurɓacewar mai, an buƙaci wuraren da ke cikin teku su ba da shaidar da ta bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 35. Bayan OPA, waɗannan wuraren da ke bakin teku dole ne su ƙara tabbatar da alhakin kuɗi da sau 4 kuma buƙatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi sun faɗaɗa don haɗa kayan aiki a cikin ruwan jihar ma. Wuraren da ke cikin ruwan jihar waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin abin da ake buƙata na dala miliyan 150 sun haɗa da bututun mai, tashar jiragen ruwa na marina, tankuna, da wuraren samar da mai waɗanda ke cikin, a kan, ko ƙarƙashin ruwan tekun jihar, kuma suna kusa da tashoshi na cikin gida, tafkuna, da wuraren dausayi . Mafi bayyanan tasirin dokar OPA, shine akan masu samar da mai a cikin Tekun Mexico . Yawancin wuraren da ke bakin teku suna cikin Tekun Fasha na Mexico da kuma a cikin marshes da wuraren dausayi na Louisiana . Manyan masu kera kayayyaki suna iya biyan bukatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi, duk da haka, manyan kamfanonin mai da ke cikin Tekun Mexico sun janye ayyukansu na ketare.
Sakamakon matsin lamba na muhalli da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gwamnati da OPA ke aiwatarwa, an janye ƙwararrun shawarwari na bincike da samarwa a Amurka. Sakamakon yadda manyan kamfanoni suka janye shirinsu na hakowa, da yawa kanana, masu sana'a masu zaman kansu sun shiga don samun riba. Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 1993, kashi 93% na dukkan hako man fetur da iskar gas sun fito ne daga masu samar da zaman kansu. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan binciken, kusan kashi 85% na ayyukan hakowa na cikin Tekun Mexico. Masu samar da mai masu zaman kansu sun samar da kusan kashi 40% na danyen mai a ƙasar Amurka da kashi 60% na iskar gas na cikin gida.
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Dangane da matsalar gurbatar man fetur da wasu kasashe (musamman jiragen ruwa) ke haddasawa, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa irinsu Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki kan Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki na Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur wadanda ke da irin wannan niyya kamar Dokar, sun Amurka ba ta sanya hannu ba, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai ta ba da isassun bayanai.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Deepwater Horizon hakowa na'urar fashewa
Dokar muhalli
Amurka Coast Guard
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Doka
Mai
Gurbataccen mai
Majalissar donkin duniya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35656 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norridgewock%2C%20Maine | Norridgewock, Maine | Norridgewock birni ne, da ke a yankin Somerset, Maine, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 3,278 a ƙidayar 2020.
Tarihi
'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka
Yana kan iyakar New England da Acadia, wanda New Faransa ta ayyana a matsayin Kogin Kennebec, yankin ya kasance yanki ne na Indiyawan Norridgewock, ƙungiyar al'ummar Abenaki. Kauyensu yana a Old Point, yanzu yana cikin Madison.
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suna zargin Uba Sebastien Rale (ko Rasle), ɗan Faransan mishan a ƙauyen tun 1694, da haifar da rikicin kabilanci a kan matsugunan Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya. A lokacin Yaƙin Uba Rale, sojoji sun bar Fort Richmond (yanzu Richmond ) a cikin jiragen ruwa har sai da suka isa Taconic Falls (yanzu Winslow ), sannan suka yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Norridgewock Village, sun isa ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1724. Yaƙin Norridgewock ya kasance "kaifi, gajere kuma mai yanke hukunci," ya bar mayaƙa 26 da aka kashe, 14 suka ji rauni da waɗanda suka tsira 150 suka gudu zuwa Quebec, Kanada. Uba Rale na cikin wadanda suka mutu.
Tarihi mai zuwa
Birtaniya sun zauna a cikin 1773, sannan ake kira Norridgewock Plantation. A cikin 1775, Benedict Arnold da sojojinsa sun yi tafiya a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa yakin Quebec .
An haɗa garin a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1788. Ya zama wurin zama na gundumar Somerset a cikin 1809, tare da kotun da aka gina a 1820 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1847, kodayake za a ƙaura kujerar gundumar zuwa Skowhegan a 1871. An yi shawagi da katako a cikin kogin Kennebec. An gina injin katako don kera ciyayi masu yawa a yankin, ana amfani da su a masana'antar gida don kera motoci da kayan daki. Norridgewock kuma yana da aikin girki da granite. An gina shi a cikin 1849 kuma an maye gurbinsa a 1929, Norridgewock Covered Bridge a gefen kogin Kennebec shine gada ta biyu mafi tsayi da aka rufe a Maine bayan Bangor Covered Bridge, wanda aka gina a cikin 1846 a hayin kogin Penobscot zuwa Brewer. Makarantar Eaton ta Hamlin F. Eaton ta shirya a 1856 kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 1874 "... don haɓaka wallafe-wallafe, kimiyya da ɗabi'a." Ginin Daularsa na Biyu, wanda mai zane Charles F. Douglas na Lewiston ya tsara, daga baya ya zama Somerset Grange #18. A cikin 1988, an jera shi a cikin National Register of Places Historic Places.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na , wanda daga ciki ƙasa ce kuma ruwa ne. Kogin Sandy, Mill Stream da Kogin Kennebec yana zubar da Norridgewock.
Kauyen yana a mahadar hanyoyin Amurka 2 da 201A tare da hanyoyin jihar Maine 8 da 139. Norridgewock yana iyaka da garuruwan Madison zuwa arewa, Skowhegan zuwa gabas, Fairfield da Smithfield zuwa kudu, da Mercer da Starks zuwa yamma.
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 3,367, gidaje 1,378, da iyalai 984 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 1,520 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 97.2% Fari, 0.5% Ba'amurke, 0.3% Ba'amurke, 0.2% Asiya, 0.2% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.6% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.5% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 1,378, wanda kashi 30.3% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 55.5% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.8% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 28.6% ba dangi bane. Kashi 21.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 7.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.44 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.78.
Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kasance shekaru 42.7. 22.3% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 7.2% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.4% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 31% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 15.1% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na garin ya kasance 50.0% na maza da 50.0% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 3,294, gidaje 1,285, da iyalai 953 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 66.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (25.5/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 1,389 a matsakaicin yawa na 27.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (10.8/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.36% Fari, 0.30% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 0.46% Ba'amurke, 0.12% Asiya, 0.18% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.58% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.36% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 1,285, daga cikinsu kashi 35.8% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 60.6% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 25.8% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 18.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 8.2% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.56 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.90.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 26.3% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 6.3% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.1% daga 25 zuwa 44, 25.7% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 11.5% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 38. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 97.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 94.9.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $35,679, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $41,536. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $31,800 sabanin $20,508 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $17,325. Kusan 15.1% na iyalai da 16.3% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 24.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 12.2% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Wurin sha'awa
Norridgewock Historical Society & Museum
Fitattun mutane
Nathan Abbott, masanin shari'a, farfesa
Daniel W. Ames, dan majalisar jiha
Rebecca Sophia Clarke (Sophie May), marubuciyar yara
Nathan Haskell Dole, edita, mai fassara, marubuci
Stephen D. Lindsey, dan majalisar dokokin Amurka
Sebastien Rale (ko Rasle), ɗan mishan na Jesuit
Minot Judson Savage, minista
Cullen Sawtelle, dan majalisar dokokin Amurka
Franklin J. Sawtelle, m
Ellen G. White, marubucin Kirista Ba'amurke kuma wanda ya kafa Cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai
Niram Withee, ɗan kasuwan Wisconsin kuma ɗan siyasa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Garin Norridgewock, Maine
Norridgewock Free Public Library
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Raya%20Neja%20Delta | Hukumar Raya Neja Delta | Hukumar Raya Neja Delta hukumar da gwamnati ta kafa a Nijeriya wanda shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo a shekarar 2000 ya assasa tare da tallafin kafa umarni na tasowa ga jihohi masu arzikin man fetur Neja Delta yankin da Najeriya . A watan Satumban 2008, Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua ya ba da sanarwar kafa Ma'aikatar Neja Delta, tare da Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta ta zama babba a karkashin ma'aikatar. Daya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan Hukumar ita ce horarwa da ilimantar da matasa na yankuna masu arzikin mai na Neja Delta don magance tashin hankali da faɗa, tare da samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa don haɓaka faɗuwa da haɓaka.
Bayan Fage
An kirkiro NDDC ne gaba daya a matsayin martani ga bukatun jama'ar yankin Niger Delta, yankin da ke da yawan 'yan kabilu marasa rinjaye. A shekara ta 1990s wadannan kabilun, musamman Ijaw da Ogoni sun kafa kungiyoyi don tunkarar gwamnatin Najeriya da kamfanonin mai na duniya kamar Shell . 'Yan tsirarun yankin Neja Delta sun ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya tare da bayyana bukatunsu na samun' yancin cin gashin kai da kula da albarkatun man fetur a yankin. Suna ba da hujjar korafin nasu ta hanyar nuni ga lalacewar muhalli da gurbatar muhalli daga ayyukan mai da ya faru a yankin tun a karshen shekara ta 1950s. Koyaya, ƙananan yankuna na yankunan da ake haƙo mai ba su sami kuɗi kaɗan ba ko ɗaya daga masana'antar mai kuma matakan gyara muhalli suna da iyaka kuma ba ruwansu. Yankin ba shi da ci gaba sosai kuma ya talauce hatta da kimar rayuwar Najeriya.
Wani lokaci rikici mai karfi da jihar da kamfanonin mai, tare da wasu al'ummomin na hana samar da mai kamar yadda matasa ko kungiyoyi da ba su ji ba ba su fasa ayyukan man da gangan a kokarin kawo canji. Wadannan rikice-rikicen sun kasance masu matukar tsada ga masana'antar mai ta Najeriya, sannan kuma manyan kasashen biyu da gwamnatin tarayya suna da wata bukata ta barin ayyukan hakar ba tare da yankewa ba; Hukumar NDDC sakamakon wadannan damuwar ce kuma yunkuri ne na biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin.
A ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2020, NDDC ta Biya 197 Kasashen Kudin Karatun Kasar Burtaniya.
Aiki da ayyuka
Umarnin NDDC:
Kirkirar manufofi da jagororin ci gaban yankin Neja Delta.
Tsinkaye, tsarawa da aiwatarwa, daidai da yadda aka tsara dokoki da ka'idoji, na ayyuka da shirye-shirye na ci gaba mai dorewa na yankin Neja Delta a fannin sufuri da suka hada da hanyoyi, jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa, kiwon lafiya, aikin yi, masana'antu, noma da kamun kifi, gidaje da ci gaban birane, samar da ruwa, wutar lantarki da sadarwa.
Binciko Yankin Neja Delta don gano matakan da suka dace don inganta ci gabanta na zahiri da tattalin arziki.
Shirya manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsaren da aka tsara domin bunkasa ci gaban yankin Neja Delta da kimar kasashe mambobi na Hukumar.
Aiwatar da dukkan matakan da Gwamnatin Tarayya da jihohin Hukumar suka amince da ci gaban yankin Neja Delta.
Gano abubuwan da ke hana ci gaban yankin Neja Delta da taimakawa kasashe mambobi wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofi don tabbatar da ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa albarkatun yankin Neja Delta.
Tantancewa da kuma bayar da rahoto kan duk wani aiki da kamfanonin mai da gas suka samar ko kuma aiwatar da shi a yankin tare da duk wani kamfani, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, tare da tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da kudaden da aka saki don irin wadannan ayyukan yadda ya kamata.
Magance matsalolin muhalli da na muhalli wadanda suka samo asali daga binciken ma'adanan mai a yankin Neja Delta tare da baiwa Gwamnatin Tarayya da kasashe mambobi shawarwari kan hanawa da kuma kula da malalar mai, matsalar iskar gas da gurbatar muhalli.
Yin hulɗa tare da ma'adinan mai da gas da kuma samar da kamfanoni akan duk al'amuran gurɓatarwa, rigakafi da sarrafawa.
Aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyuka da aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan, wadanda a zabin Hukumar ake bukata don cigaban yankin Neja Delta da jama'arsa.
Watsi da Ayyuka da Shirye-shiryenen
Fiber Optics / Telecoms da kuma malalar mai : A shekara ta 2015, NDDC ta fara shirin tagwaye na watanni uku (3) a watan Disambar shekara ta 2015, wanda ya shiga cikin biliyoyin nairorin da aka watsar da watanni biyu cikin horon - The Fiber Optics / Telecoms (Owerri) da Horar da malalar mai (Fatakwal) ga matasa na yankin Neja Delta. NDDC da 'yan kwangilarsa Mr. Alex Duke (Shugaba na GreenData Limited) sun yi watsi da shirye-shiryen biyu. GreenData ya watsar da masu horarwar 200 a wasu otal-otal a Owerri. Wannan lokaci na shekara ta 2019 ne, kuma har yanzu ba a kammala shirye-shiryen ba. Fadar Shugaban kasa, NDDC ko kuma dan kwangilarta Mista Alex Duke sun ce lokacin da za a ci gaba da horon. Wannan da wasu batutuwan sun sa hukumar ta yanzu ta soke wasu kwangiloli. Wannan ba shine karo na farko ba da ake watsi da kwangiloli na biliyoyin nairori da kuma kudaden shiga aljihunan kashin kansu, wanda hakan ya kawo hukumar NDDC cikin sa ido a Fadar Shugaban Kasa. Oneaya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan hukumar ita ce horarwa da ilimantar da matasa na yankuna masu arzikin mai na Neja Delta don magance tashin hankali da kuma rage talauci.
Shugaban zartarwa
Matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na NDDC ya kasance abin tattaunawa sosai. An sasanta tsakanin inda za a juya matsayin, a tsakanin jihohi tara masu hako mai bisa tsarin harafi : Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo da Ribas.
Duba kuma
2000 a Najeriya
Manazarta
NDDC: Lokacin da buri ya gudana kamar koguna
Alaibe, Sabon Shugaban NDDC, Ya Buga Manufa
Sanata Ararume Ya Yabawa NDDC
NDDC tana sake fasalin lalata shekaru 50
Ingantawa ga Delta Delta
Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Siyasan Najeriya
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Siyasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Bolin | Jane Bolin | Jane Matilda Bolin, LL.B (Afrilu 11, 1908 - Janairu 8, 2007) ita ce bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga makarantar Yale Law, ta farko da ta shiga kungiyar lauyoyi ta birnin New York kuma ta farko da ta shiga Sashen Shari'a na birnin New York. Ta zama bakar fata ta farko da ta zama alkali a Amurka lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a benci na Kotun Huldar Cikin Gida ta birnin New York a shekara ta 1939.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Jane Matilda Bolin a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1908 a Poughkeepsie, New York. Ita ce auta a cikin yara hudu. Mahaifinta, Gaius C. Bolin, lauya ne kuma bakar fata na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Williams, da mahaifiyarta, Matilda Ingram Emery, wata 'yar gudun hijira ce daga tsibirin Birtaniya wanda ta mutu lokacin da Bolin tana da shekaru 8. Mahaifin Bolin ya yi aiki da doka a gundumar Dutchess tsawon shekaru hamsin kuma shine bakar fata na farko shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Dutchess County.
A matsayinsa na ɗan ma'aurata, Bolin tana fuskantar wariya a Poughkeepsie; wani lokaci ana hana ta hidima a kasuwanni. Bolin ta rinjayi tun tana yarinya ta hanyar labarai da hotuna na rataye baƙar fata na kudancin kudu a cikin The Crisis, mujallar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaban Mutane masu launi.Bolin ta girma a matsayin memba mai aiki na Smith Metropolitan AME Zion Church.
Bayan ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Poughkeepsie, an hana Bolin shiga Kwalejin Vassar saboda ba ya karbar dalibai baƙi a lokacin. Tana da shekara 16, ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Wellesley da ke Massachusetts inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sabbin baƙar fata biyu. Kasancewar daliban farar fata sun ki amincewa da ita a cikin jama'a, ita da sauran bakar fata guda daya tilo sun yanke shawarar zama a waje tare. Wani mashawarcin aiki a Kwalejin Wellesley ya yi ƙoƙarin hana ta neman shiga Makarantar Yale Law saboda launin fata da jinsinta. Ta sauke karatu a cikin shekarar 1928 a cikin manyan 20 a cikin aji, kuma ta shiga makarantar Yale Law inda ita ce bakar fata tilo, kuma daya daga cikin mata uku kacal. Ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta sami digiri na doka daga Yale a cikin shekarar 1931 kuma ta ci jarrabawar mashaya ta jihar New York a shekarar 1932.
Aiki
Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta a Poughkeepsie na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta karɓi aiki tare da ofishin Counsel na New York City Corporation. Ta auri lauya Ralph E. Mizelle a 1933, wanda ta yi aiki da doka a birnin New York. Mizelle zai ci gaba da zama memba na Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Black Cabinet kafin ya mutu a shekarar 1943. Daga baya Bolin ta sake yin aure Walter P. Offutt, Jr., minista wanda zai mutu a 1974. Bolin ta yi takara a Majalisar Jihar New York bata yi nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar Republican a 1936. Duk da rashin nasarar da ta samu, samun nasarar tsayawa takarar Republican ya kara mata suna a siyasar New York.
A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1939, a Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Magajin Garin New York Fiorello La Guardia ya nada Bolin mai shekaru 31 a matsayin alkali na Kotun Hulɗar Cikin Gida. Shekaru ashirin, ita ce kawai bakar fata mace mai shari'a a kasar. Ta ci gaba da zama alkali a kotun, ta sauya suna zuwa Kotun Iyali a 1962, tsawon shekaru 40, tare da sabunta nadin nata sau uku, har sai an bukaci ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 70. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa ayyukan yara masu haɗaka da launin fata, ta tabbatar da cewa an sanya jami'an jarrabawa ba tare da la'akari da kabila ko addini ba, kuma hukumomin kula da yara na jama'a suna karɓar yara ba tare da la'akari da kabila ba.
Bolin ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara da ilimi. Ta kasance mashawarcin doka ga Majalisar Matan Negro ta kasa. Ta yi aiki a kan allon NAACP, Ƙungiyar Birane ta Ƙasa, Kwamitin Jama'a na Jama'a akan Harlem, da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara. Ko da yake ta yi murabus daga NAACP saboda amsa ga McCarthyism, ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Bolin ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wariyar launin fata daga ƙungiyoyin addini ta hanyar taimakawa wajen buɗe makaranta ta musamman ga yara maza baƙar fata a birnin New York. Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Tuskeegee Institute, Kwalejin Williams, Jami'ar Hampton, Kwalejin Western na Mata da Jami'ar Morgan State.
Gado
Bayan ta yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1979, Bolin ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai koyar da karatu a makarantun gwamnati na birnin New York na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ta yi aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Jihar New York, tana bitar shari'o'in ladabtarwa. Bayan rayuwa na nasarori masu ban mamaki, Jane Bolin ta mutu ranar Litinin, Janairu 8, 2007 tana da shekaru 98 a Long Island City, Queens, New York.
Bolin da mahaifinta sun yi fice sosai a cikin bangon bango a Gidan Kotun Dutchess County a Poughkeepsie kuma an sanya mata sunan ginin gudanarwa na gundumar Poughkeepsie City. A lokacin rayuwarta, alkalai da suka hada da Judith Kaye da Constance Baker Motley sun ambaci Bolin a matsayin tushen kwarin gwiwa ga ayyukansu.
Bayan mutuwarta, Charles Rangel ya yi magana a cikin girmamawa ga Bolin a bene na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. A cikin shekarar 2017, Jeffrion L. Aubry ya gabatar da wani doka a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York don sake suna Tunnel na Queens–Midtown Tunnel Jane Bolin. An kama Bolin a makabartar Rural Poughkeepsie.
Manazarta |
23421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnaemeka%20Alfred%20Achebe | Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe | Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe CFR, mni (an haife shi 14 ga ga watan Mayu 1941) basaraken gargajiya ne kuma Obi na 21 na Onitsha, a Jihar Anambra, Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Shi ne kansila na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello tun shekarar 2015, kuma a baya shi ne shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Kogi. Achebe kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Daraktoci na Unilever Nigeria, kuma Shugaban International Breweries (ABInBev) Nigeria. Kafin ya fito a matsayin Sarkin Onitsha, a cikin 2002, yana da aiki mai tsawo da fice a cikin Royal Dutch Shell Group yana aiki a matsayin Darakta a kamfanoni daban -daban a cikin ƙungiyar.
Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi
Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Owerri. Achebe ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Jami’ar Stanford a 1966 sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Columbia. A 1979, ya halarci Babbar Babbar Darasin Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi da Nazarin Dabbobi a Kuru, kusa da Jos.
Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, Achebe ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Amurka kafin ya dawo Najeriya a 1972 bayan yaƙin basasar Najeriya sannan ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Shell. A yanzu shi amintacce ne, Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Kasa da Shugabanta na jihar a Jihar Anambra. Bayan doguwar shekarun da ya yi a matsayin daraktan Shell Nigeria, Obi Achebe ya kasance, a tsakanin 1985 - 87, daraktan wasu kamfanonin Shell a Burtaniya, Netherlands, Ghana, Najeriya, Saliyo, Gambia, Liberia da Angola.
Rayuwa a cikin Ritaya
Achebe ya yi ritaya daga aiki a 1995 bayan ya kai shekarun ritaya . Duk da haka, duk da ritayarsa, ya ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin kamfani wanda ya ga an tura shi zuwa Shell International a London, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin "jakadan manyan" ga Shell Nigeria Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da ya zama Obi na Onitsha a watan Mayu 2002.
Mukamai
A wajen Shell, Obi Achebe ya rike mukamai a kan gwamnonin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur, Effurun, da Kungiyar tuntuba ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya. A rayuwar kamfanoni, Obi Achebe ya kasance shugaban bankin Diamond Bank PLC da Universal Insurance PLC kuma a halin yanzu shine shugaban Unilever Nigeria PLC, Intafact Beverages Limited (SAB-Miller), da Omak Maritime Limited.
Sau biyu, Obi Achebe ya yi wa kasa hidima a kan bangarorin bincike a bangaren man fetur. A shekarar 1976, ya kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanar da bincike kan matatar mai ta Fatakwal. A shekarar 2004, Shugaba Obasanjo ya kira shi ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Binciken Shugaban Kasa kan Karancin Man Fetur a watan Fabrairun 2003.
A shekarar 2005, Obi Achebe ya kasance wakili a Babban Taron Gyaran Siyasar Kasa da ke wakiltar Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihohin Kudu Maso Gabas. Ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Muhalli da Tsarin Gudanar da Albarkatun Halittu tare da jagorantar taron sarakunan gargajiya a Taron.
Obi Achebe yana cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, ƙwararru da son rai (masu ba da riba) a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje, inda ya ba da gudummawa mai ƙima a fannoni daban-daban. Shi abokin aiki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya da Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Najeriya. Marigayin memba ne na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya kuma memba na Cibiyar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Kungiyar Muhalli ta Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Majiɓincin Club Club, Legas; Mataimakin Majiɓinci na Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Legas, kuma Memba na Babban Ƙungiyar, Legas.
Obi Achebe yana da tsananin sha’awar ilimi a matsayin ginshikin cigaban kasa. A cikin tabbataccen imaninsa cewa rashin kuɗi bai kamata ya hana kowane yaro samun ilimi mai kyau ba, ya kafa tun farkon mulkinsa asusun raya ci gaban ɗan adam ga al'ummarsa. A shekarar 2007, shi tare da Mai Martaba, Oba Okunade Sijuwade II, Marigayi Ooni na Ife, da Mai Martaba, Alhaji Ado Bayero, Marigayi Sarkin Kano, sun kasance bakuncin Darakta Janar na UNESCO a Paris don musayar ra'ayoyi kan rawar dabarun sarakuna wajen inganta ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. A cikin 2008 da 2010, ya yi jawabi a taron shekara -shekara na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Najeriya a New York City don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'in Amurka da na Najeriya. Ya zama Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Kogi a 2010.
Dangane da ayyuka iri -iri da yake yi wa al'umma, Obi Achebe an yi masa ado da National Honor* of Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR) a 2004. An nada shi Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Jihar Anambra a shekarar 2008; ya yi Babban Darakta a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Nwafor Orizu a 2008; kuma ya ba da digirin Doctor of Laws (Ll D) Honoris Causa ta Jami'ar Jihar Anambra a 2008, da Doctor of Science (DSc) Honoris Causa ta Jami'ar Jihar Kogi a 2010.
Dangane da alakar kasashen biyu da bangarori daban -daban, Obi Achebe ya kuma wakilci muradun Najeriya kan al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar Najeriya-Biritaniya (NBA) kuma memba na rayuwa na takwaransa na Burtaniya da Najeriya (BNA). Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Mulki ta BNA, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar Kasuwancin Biritaniya-Najeriya, da Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Afirka, duk mazauninsu a Ƙasar Ingila. Lokacin da ya zama sarkin gargajiya, Cibiyar Afirka, saboda girmama ayyukansa, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin Majiɓinta biyar, tare da Nelson Mandela a matsayin Babban Majiɓinci.
Manazarta |
33069 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Coast%20Euro-Africans | Gold Coast Euro-Africans | Gold Coast Euro-Africa sun kasance alƙaluman tarihi na tarihi wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyuka na gaɓar teku a Ghana ta mulkin mallaka, wanda ya taso daga ƙungiyoyi tsakanin maza na Turai da matan Afirka daga ƙarshen karni na 15 - shekaru goma tsakanin 1471 da 1482, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, kusan 1957, lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai. A cikin wannan lokaci, yankuna daban-daban na yankin Gold Coast sun kasance suna sarrafa siyasa a lokuta daban-daban daga Portuguese, Jamusawa, Swedes, Danes, Dutch da Birtaniya. Har ila yau, akwai bayanan 'yan kasuwa na wasu ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Irish, suna aiki a bakin teku, baya ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da 'yan kasuwa na Amurka daga New York, Massachusetts da Rhode Island. Yuro-Afirka sun kasance masu tasiri a hankali, fasaha, fasaha, kasuwanci da rayuwar jama'a gabaɗaya, suna taka rawa a fagage da yawa na ilimi da mahimmancin jama'a. Masana sun yi la'akari da wannan yawan jama'ar Yuro-Afirka na Gold Coast a matsayin "creoles", "mulattos", "mulatofoi" da "owulai" a tsakanin sauran kwatance. Kalmar, owula tana ba da ra'ayoyi na zamani na "lafiya, koyo da birni" ko "babban mutum mai albashi" a cikin harshen Ga. Mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka ta kasance ta 'yan kasuwa ne kuma hanya ce ta bunkasa tattalin arziki da siyasa wato "dukiya da mulki." Haɓaka da bunƙasa addinin Kiristanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma sun kafa dalilai na zamani dangane da asalin Yuro da Afirka. Wannan samfurin ya haifar da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga cikakken bikin al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka zuwa ɗaukacin rungumar al'adun Turai.
Asali
'Yan Afirka na Gold Coast galibi 'yan kabilar Anlo Ewe, Fante da Ga - kungiyoyin da ke da tarihi a gabar tekun Ghana. Garuruwan da ke da ƙarfin kasancewar Tarayyar Turai da Afirka sun haɗa da Accra, Anomabu, Cape Coast, Elmina, Keta, Saltpond, Sekondi-Takoradi da Winneba. Yawancin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika kuma sun mallaki gonaki da ƙauyuka da ke gaba a cikin filaye a filayen birane da yankunan karkara. Mazaunan Yuro-Afirka a bakin tekun, waɗanda kuma ke da ɗakunan karatu na sirri, yawanci haɗe da ƙirar gine-ginen mulkin mallaka daga tsare-tsaren Palladian, gidajen tsakar gida na Akan na gargajiya, da salon sobrado. Bikin aure na Yuro da Afirka sun haɗu da al'adar gargajiya tare da ƙa'idodin Kiristanci na Yammacin Turai na auren mace ɗaya, galibi bisa ga ƙa'idodin mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Har ila yau, 'yan kasashen Turai da Afirka sun kulla dangantaka da fitattun iyalai na asali na zuriyar sarauta da manyan mutane, a bakin teku da kuma a yankin Akan. Sakamakon haka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika sun kasance "masu shiga tsakani" da "majalisa" wadanda suka karkatar da bangarorin biyu cikin sauki. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na auratayya tsakanin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afirka da kuma bakin haure daga kasashen Afirka a cikin Tekun Atlantika kamar Afro-Brazilians, Indiyawan Yamma da Saliyo Creoles da suka fito daga Nova Scotian Settlers. Yawancin waɗannan iyalai na Yuro-Afro-Caribbean har yanzu suna nan. Har ila yau, akwai bayanan auratayya tsakanin ’yan Afirka-Yuro da ƙungiyoyi daga yankunan Yammacin Afirka na Anglophone kamar Saliyo Creoles daga Freetown, cibiyar kasuwanci da tashar jiragen ruwa a wancan lokacin. A Ghana bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka sun cika cikakkiyar al'adun Ghana don haka masana ba sa ganin su a matsayin rukunin alƙaluman jama'a.
Halayen al'adu
Ilimi da karatu
An yi la'akari da 'yan Yuro-Afrika da karatunsu, saboda sun ci gajiyar ilimin zamani na Turai irin na Turai a makarantun castle a Christianborg da Cape Coast, dukansu sun bude a karni na sha bakwai, da kuma Elmina Castle wanda aka bude a 1482. Wannan salon yammacin Turai. ilimi na iya kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin bakin teku da haɗin kai na ilimi zuwa mishan na Furotesta daga al'ummomin Basel da Wesleyan waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙauyukan mazauna. An fara makarantun katafaren ne tare da amincewar Gwamnonin Turai don yin baftisma da kuma koyar da mazan mulatto na Turai maza da mata na Afirka ta Gold Coast don horar da su a matsayin magatakarda da masu fassara ga ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka da kuma sojoji a cikin garrisons. kewaye da kagaran Turai na bakin teku.
Farkon ƙarni na 'yan Afirka-Euro-Afrika sun tafi Turai don neman ilimi. Ko da yake an keɓe su daga manyan mukamai na tsarin mulki na jihohi, ’yan Afirka masu ilimin Yammacin Turai sun kafa ginshiƙan ƙwararrun masu ilimi, masu arziki, birane, ƙwararrun anglophile, tare da haɗin gwiwar burin aikin daular a kan Gold Coast. Zabi na sartorial ga maza da mata na Yuro-Afurka sun haɗa da riguna, manyan huluna da riguna na Victoria, ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban sha'awa na ƙaƙƙarfan aristocracy. Misalai a cikin wannan rukunin sun haɗa da James Bannerman (1790–1858), John Hansen (wanda ya rasu 1840) na Jamestown da ɗan kasuwa da ɗan siyasa, Henry Richter (1785–1849) na Osu. James Bannerman (1790-1858) shine Laftanar-Gwamnan Kogin Zinariya daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851. Mahaifin James Bannerman ɗan Scotland ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa mace ce ta Fante. Ya auri wata gimbiya Asante, Yaa Hom ko Yeboah, 'yar Asantehene a lokacin, Osei Bonsu, fursunan siyasa da aka kama a lokacin yakin Katamanso a 1826. Bugu da ƙari, a kan Kogin Gold na Dutch, Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792 - 1850), da dan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1804), Gwamna-Janar na Gold Coast, da wata mace mai suna Fante mulatto, Maria Clericq an aika zuwa Netherlands a lokacin kuruciyarsa don neman ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, George Lutterodt, ɗan kasuwan mulatto na Ga-Danish mai ilimi kuma abokin mishan Basel, Andreas Riis ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riko na Danish Gold Coast daga 5 ga Yuli 1844 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 1844.
A wani misali kuma, rikici tsakanin tsoffin al'adu da sabon tsarin ilimin karatu na Yuro-Afrika ya faru a cikin 1840s, lokacin da ɗan asalin Ga da ya yi baftisma, Frederick Noi Dowuona da farko ya ƙi zama babban jigon Osu Maŋtsɛ, yana ambaton imaninsa na Kiristanci daga karatunsa a Denmark, yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da koyarwa a Castle Christianborg da kuma haduwarsa da ’yan mishan na farko na Basel da suka isa gabar tekun Gold a 1828. A 1854 bayan harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi wa Osu kan dokar harajin zabe, Dowuona ya amince da cin zarafi. a zaunar da shi da sharadin ba wa al’adar gargajiya damar sanya tufafin Turawa sannan kuma a kebe shi daga wasu ayyuka da ayyukan ibada, wajen gudanar da aikinsa na sarkin garin.
Shiga cikin maganganun jama'a
Limamai masu tasowa da ajin katikist sun koyar da "mulattos" a cikin darajojinsu. Wani fitaccen malamin cocin Yuro-Afirka da ya yi karatu a Yammacin Turai shi ne fasto kuma masanin tarihi Carl Christian Reindorf wanda aka buga littafinsa mai suna The History of the Gold Coast and Asante a cikin 1895. Mahaifin Reindorf ya kasance sojan Danish-Ga da ke aiki a ofishin. Barracks na Christianborg Castle, kuma daga baya ya zama wakili ga wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ingila, Joshua Ridley. Kakan Carl Reindorf, Augustus Frederick Hackenburg dan kasuwa ne dan kasar Denmark wanda ya isa gabar tekun Gold a 1739 kuma daga baya ya zama Gwamnan mulkin mallaka, ya bar mukamin a 1748. A matsayin misali, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, jarida ta farko ta 'yan asalin da aka kafa a gabar tekun Gold ita ce Accra Herald, daga baya aka canza sunan West African Herald, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1857 a cikin British Accra ta hannun lauya mai horar da Ingilishi na Yuro-Afrika Charles Bannerman kuma ɗan'uwansa Edmund, scions na dangin Bannerman na bakin teku a lokacin. 'Yan'uwan biyu 'ya'yan James Bannerman ne. Jaridar ta yi suka game da turawa Turai akan Gold Coast kuma a shekara ta 1859 tana da masu karatu na 310 masu biyan kuɗi. Ta haka ne adabi ya zama abin dogaro ga ra’ayin jama’a da ba da jawabi.
Ra'ayin zamantakewa
Litattafan baka sun nuna cewa mazan mulatto na bakin teku sun yi kaurin suna na rashin zaman lafiya a aure da lalata duk da cewa addinan ƙasar sun halatta auren mace fiye da ɗaya. Wani ɗan mishan na Basel ya lura cewa mazan Yuro-Afurka galibi suna “ƙasasshe rabin-rabi...raguwa da sha’awa” a ƙoƙarinsu na nishaɗi ko yin nishaɗi. 'Yan kasuwan Turai da Afirka sukan yi bukukuwan gargajiya kamar Homowo na Ga mutanen Accra wanda ke da abubuwan busa ganga, raye-raye da shaye-shaye. Yawancin mutanen Yuro-Afurka, ko da yake sun yi baftisma kuma aka tabbatar da su a cikin coci, sun kasance Kiristanci kuma sun jagoranci “salon zaman duniya mai ƙarfi” wanda ya yi hannun riga da salon rayuwar Pietistic Basel da Mishan na Wesleyan na Victoria waɗanda tasirin ruhaniya ya kai ga bakin teku. Kamar takwarorinsu na 'yan kasuwa, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka a cikin sana'o'in farar fata sukan yi cudanya da mazauna Turai a bakin teku, suna yin "shaye-shaye, caca da fashe-fashe na tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci."
Sanannen Gold Coast Yuro-Afirka
James Bannerman - Laftanar-Gwamnan Gold Coast daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851
Carel Hendrik Bartels - alƙali, jami'in gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Elmina kuma mai ciniki a kan Yaren Gold Coast
George Emil Eminsang - Lauyan Gold Coast
Frederik Willem Fennekol - masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa
Regina Hesse - mace majagaba malami kuma shugabar makaranta a Gold Coast
Henry van Hien - Jagoran kishin kasa na Gold Coast
Jacob Huydecoper - jami'in diflomasiyyar Gold Coast
Frans Last - Babban mai shigar da kara a Kotun Koli ta Gabashin Dutch, dan kwamandan Friedrich Last da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Yuro Elisabeth Atteveldt.
Willem Essuman Pietersen - ɗan kasuwan Gold Coast kuma masanin ilimi
Christian Jacob Protten - Mishan Moravia, masanin harshe, mai fassara da kuma malami a cikin Christianborg a Danish Gold Coast a cikin 1700s.
Emmanuel Charles Quist - Barista, alkali kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Afirka na farko kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Ghana na farko.
Carl Christian Reindorf - Fasto na Basel kuma masanin tarihi na majagaba
Hendrik Vroom - dan kasuwa da mai gudanarwa
Ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar Turai da Afirka
James Bannerman (1790–1858), jami'in Biritaniya a Burtaniya Gold Coast, ɗan uwa Fante kuma uba ɗan Biritaniya daga Scotland. An auri wata gimbiya Ashanti.
Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792-1850) ɗan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels ne, Gwamna-Janar na Kogin Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland da mulatto na gida Maria Clericq.
Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (?-1804), Bajamushe jami'in Kamfanin Dutch West India Company. Yana da 'ya'ya maza tare da mace ta Gold Coast kuma tare da rabin 'yar Holland, rabin 'yar Afirka Maria Clericq. Zuriyarsa tana da rawar da ta dace a Ghana.
Willem Bosman (1672-bayan 1703), ɗan kasuwan Holland. Sunan dan Ghana Bossman ana tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga yaran Bosman tare da matan sa na Afirka.
Jan Niezer (1756-1822), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland. Dan mataimakiyar likita Bajamushe kuma mace 'yar Afirka.
Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), mishan a cikin Danish Gold Coast. Dan sojan Danish kuma gimbiya Ga.
Willem George Frederik Derx (1813-1890), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Aure Jacoba Araba Bartels.
Willem Jan Derx (1844-1913), Mataimakin Admiral na Dutch. Ɗan Willem George Frederik Derx da Jacoba Araba Bartels.
Willem Huydecoper (1788-1826), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Gold Coast, ɗan Darakta Janar Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper, da Amba Quacoea, macen Fante.
Anthony van der Eb (1813-1852), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Ta yi aure Efua Henrietta Huydecoper daga baya Manza Henrietta Bartels.
Zaɓaɓɓun zuriyar Euro-Afirka
Frederick Nanka-Bruce, likitan likitancin Gold Coast
Frederick Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
William Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
John Asamoah Bruce, hafsan sojojin saman Ghana
King Bruce, mawaki dan Ghana
Vida Bruce, 'yar tseren Ghana
Harriet Bruce-Annan, 'yar Ghana mai tsara shirye-shirye da jin kai
Thomas Hutton-Mills Jr., Lauyan Gold Coast
Edmund Bannerman, Lauyan Gold Coast kuma ɗan jarida
Charles Odamtten Easmon, likitan fida na farko dan Ghana
Herman Chinery-Hesse, injiniyan kwamfuta kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ghana
Hugh Quarshie, ɗan wasan Birtaniya dan Ghana
Hotuna
Manazarta |
21415 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Keshi | Stephen Keshi | Stephen Okechukwu Keshi (Haihuwa: 23 Janairun shekarar 1962 - Rasuwa: 7 June din shekarata 2016) ya kasance mai tsaron baya na kungiyar kwallon kafar kasar Nijeriya hakanan kuma manaja mai horar da yan wasan.
A lokacin wasan sa, yana buga ma kasar Najeriya wasanni 60, wanda hakan yasa ya zamo dan wasa na biyu da ya fi kowa taka leda a lokacin da yayi ritaya. Ya wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 1994 da gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 1994, ya jagoranci Super Eagles zuwa nasara a karshen gasar. Ya kuma buga wasan kwallon kafa a kasashe biyar, musamman Belgium, inda ya ci gasar zakarun Belgium tare da RSC Anderlecht a shekarar 1991.
A matsayinsa na manaja, Keshi ya sami nasara ta hanyar cancantar Togo don buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA daya tak a tarihinta a shekarar 2006. Ko yaya, ya bar matsayin kafin gasar kuma Otto Pfister ya kuma maye gurbinsa. Daga baya ya horar da kasarsa ta haihuwa Najeriya, inda ya zama daya daga cikin mutane biyu, tare da Mahmud El-Gohary na Masar, da suka dauki Kofin Afirka a matsayin dan wasa da kuma koci.
Yin wasa
Bayan buga wasa galibi tare da kulob-Kulob din Belgium, inda ya ci gasar zakarun Turai tare da RSC Anderlecht a shekarar 1991. Keshi ya tafi Amurka don samun ilimin koyarwa.
Kocin aiki
A shekarar 1996, ya kasance tare da Augustine Eguavoen, wanda ya taba horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya. Sun yi wasa tare a cikin Kalifoniya a matsayin kashin bayan tsaro don gajeren wasan kunama na Sacramento . Keshi ya kasance wani bangare na ma'aikatan horas da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, musamman a matsayinsa na babban kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Junior Eagles a Gasar Afirka ta Matasa ta shekarar 2001 wanda kuma ya kasance matsayin cancantar shiga gasar FIFA ta Matasan Duniya ta shekarar 2001, ba tare da nasara ba.
Tsakanin shekarar 2004 da shekarar 2006 Keshi ya horar da tawagar Togo, abin mamaki ya kawo su gasar Kofin Duniya ta farko, Jamus a shekarar 2006 . Bayan da ya samu nasarar cancantar Togo, ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya maye gurbinsa da kocin Jamus Otto Pfister kafin wasan cin Kofin Duniya, bayan da Togo ta nuna bajinta kuma ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin fitar da kai a gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2006 a Masar. Koyaya, Pfister bai wuce yakin neman gasar cin kofin duniya ba wanda ya kusan haifar da yajin aikin dan wasa kan albashi kuma Togo ta kasance ba tare da kociya ba har zuwa watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 lokacin da suka sake kulla yarjejeniya da Keshi a wasan sada zumunci da Kamaru .
Ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kungiyar kwallon kafar ta Mali, bayan da aka nada shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2008 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. An kori Keshi ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2010, bayan fitar Mali da wuri a wasannin rukuni na Kofin Afirka na shekarar 2010 .
Tawagar Nigeria
Keshi ya zama kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya a shekarar 2011. Ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa tsallakewa zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Afirka na shekarar 2013, wanda suka ci gaba, bayan da ta doke Burkina Faso da ci 1 da 0 a wasan karshe. Washegari Keshi ya mika takardar murabus dinsa, kawai ya sauya shawarar tasa washegari. Keshi ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi na shekarar 2013, ta lallasa Tahiti da ci 6-1, sannan ta sha kashi a hannun Uruguay da ci 1-2 a wasa na biyu, sannan kuma ta sha kashi ci 0 da 3 ga wadanda suka ci Kofin Duniya, Spain a wasansu na karshe na rukuni.
A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2013, Keshi na Najeriya ya samu nasarar tsallakewa zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar 2014 bayan doke Habasha da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu a wasan . Keshi ya kafa tarihi a wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka kasancewar shi kocin Afirka na farko da ya cancanci kasashen Afirka biyu (Najeriya da Togo) a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2005 da shekarar 2013. Ya kuma taimakawa Nijeriya ta zama kasa ta farko da ta fara cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka da kuma cancantar zuwa Kofin Duniya, duka a shekarar 2013.
Najeriya ta ci gaba zuwa matakin fitar da Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2014. Sun fara gasar ne da kunnen doki 0-0 da Iran, sai kuma wasar da ta tashi da ci 1-0 a kan Bosnia da Herzegovina . Sun sha kashi a wasan rukuni na karshe da suka tashi 2 da 3 tsakaninta da Argentina, amma sun tsallake zuwa zagayen gaba, dan wasan da Bosnia da Herzegovina suka doke Iran daci 3-1. Super Eagles ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa a wasan zagayen farko. Bayan kammala wasan, Keshi ya sanar da yin murabus daga mukaminsa na kocin Super Eagles amma daga baya ya sauya shawarar bayan da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta sabunta kwantiraginsa.
Tawagarsa ba ta ci wasa ko daya ba a wasan neman cancantar buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta Morocco a shekarar 2015 kuma ya sanar da cewa zai koma wani aiki idan matsin lamba ya ci gaba da karuwa saboda wasu mutane, wadanda ya ki ambata sunayensu, suna kokarin yi masa zagon kasa. . Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa zai ci gaba da horar da Super Eagles saboda yana kaunar kungiyar kuma yana kaunar kasarsa.
A watan Yunin shekarar 2014, bayan fitar Najeriya daga Kofin Duniya, kwantiragin Keshi da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ya kare kuma ba a sabunta shi ba. Sanarwar da Kwamitin Zartarwar NFF din ya ce an yanke shawarar, bayan da ta yi nazari sosai kan rahotanni da abubuwan da kwamitin ladabtarwa na NFF da kwamitin fasaha da ci gaban NFF suka yi, da kuma nazarin ayyukan da rashin kwazon Stephen Keshi, a kan aikin nasa Ayyuka a matsayin Babban Kocin Super Eagles, wanda NFF ta gano cewa ba ta da ƙwarin gwiwa da ake buƙata don cimma burin Tarayyar kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin kwantiragin aikin Kocin.
Rayuwar mutum
An haifi Keshi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1962 a Azare, jihar Bauchi . Ya fito ne daga garin Illah a karamar hukumar Oshimili ta Arewa a jihar Delta kuma dan asalin kabilar Ibo ne. Keshi yayi karatun sa na farko a makarantar Saint Paul Catholic Nursery da Primary School, Apapa Road, Jihar Legas . Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Saint Finbarrs, Akoka, Legas a shekarar 1976. Keshi ya auri matarsa Kate (née Aburime) tsawon shekaru 30. Ta mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2015, bayan ta yi fama da cutar daji tsawon shekaru uku. Sun haifi yara hudu. Babban dan su Kos Keshi ya buga wasan kwallon kafa da kwarewa.
Keshi ya kamu da ciwon zuciya kuma ya mutu akan hanyarsa ta zuwa asibiti a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2016 a garin Benin, yana da shekaru 54. Matarsa ta mutu a watan Disambar da ta gabata.
Wasiyya
Keshi was honoured by Google with a doodle on what would have been his 56th birthday.
Daraja
Mai wasa
Sabon Bankin Najeriya
Gasar kulab din Afirka ta Yamma : 1983, 1984
Stade d'Abidjan
Kwancen Houphoet Boigny : 1985
' Wasannin Afirka
Rukunin Premier na Cote d'Ivoire : 1986
Kwancen Cote d'Ivoire : 1986
Gasar kulab din Afirka ta Yamma : 1986
Tsarin Houphoet Boigny : 1986
Yankin
Najeriya
Kofin Kasashen Afirka : 1994
Manajan
Najeriya
Africa Cup of Nations: 2013
Confederations of African Football – African Coach of the Year 2013.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mutanen Nijeriya
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50893 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20%27yan%20jarida%20a%20Djibouti | 'Yancin 'yan jarida a Djibouti | Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai ambaci ‘yancin ‘yan jarida musamman a Djibouti ba. Duk da haka, Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Djibouti ya ambaci 'yancin mutum don bayyana ra'ayinsa"... ta hanyar kalma, alƙalami, ko hoto..." kuma ya lura cewa "waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya iyakancewa ta hanyar takaddun shaida a cikin doka da girmama mutuncin wasu."
Duk da haka, aikin jarida a Djibouti yana da iyaka sosai ga gwamnati kuma dukkanin gidajen talabijin da rediyo na kasar suna karkashin ikon gwamnati.
Kasar tana da jaridar kasa guda daya mai suna La Nation de Djibouti, wacce ake bugawa kullum. Har ila yau, mallakar gwamnati ne tare da kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar daya tilo , L'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Wata jarida mai goyon bayan 'yan adawa, Le Renouveau, ta daina aiki a cikin 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke zargin surukin Shugaba Ismaïl Omar Guelleh (tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti, Djama Haid) da karbar cin hanci.
Har ila yau, akwai littattafai da yawa na mako-mako ko na wata-wata da jam’iyyun adawa ke buga su, kodayake galibi ra’ayi ne da kuma bayanan siyasa maimakon labarai na gaskiya. Misali daya shine L'Aurore ; An kafa ta a shekarar 2015 kuma tana da tasiri sosai daga USN, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a Djibouti.
Akwai gidan rediyo guda ɗaya mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da rahoton labaran da ba a tantance ba: La Voix de Djibouti. Tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen cikin harsunan Faransanci da Larabci, kuma ƴan ƙasashen waje na Djibouti ne suka kafa ta a cikin 2010. Kodayake tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen daga Belgium (duka kan layi da kuma kan rediyon AM ), ma'aikatanta suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikin jarida na Djibouti yayin da suke Djibouti.
Zaben shugaban kasa na 2011
Zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2011, wanda shugaba mai ci Guelleh ya lashe kashi 80% na kuri'un da aka kada, ya kasance da wasu matsaloli na 'yancin 'yan jarida.
Mafi shahara shi ne batun 'yan jarida biyu na La Voix de Djibouti, Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar. Da farko dai an kama Heldid da Dabar ba tare da takardar sammaci ba a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar, kuma an shafe watanni hudu ana gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa.
A wani lokaci a lokacin da yake tsare, Heldid ya fuskanci tambayoyi da azabtarwa daga hukumar leken asirin Djibouti, wanda aka sani da SRD. An saki 'yan jaridar ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, amma SRD ta sake kama su a cikin wannan shekarar saboda "karfafa zanga-zangar da ba ta dace ba da kuma zagin shugaban kasa."
A cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), ‘yan jaridan biyu sun fuskanci azabtarwa tare da yi musu tambayoyi (har sai an sake su ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba) daga hannun Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said, wanda kuma shi ne ke da alhakin kisan ta hanyar azabtar da wani dan kasar Djibouti mai suna Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh a farkon shekarar. Duk da haka, yayin da RSF ta ba da rahoton sau da yawa kan irin wannan cin zarafi da ake yi wa 'yan jarida na Djibouti, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Djibouti ta ziyarci Heldid a lokacin daya daga cikin hukuncin daurin da aka yanke masa a shekara ta 2011 kuma ba ta sami wata shaida ta azabtarwa ba.
Cin zarafin 'yan jarida, 2012-2015
Ko da yake akasarin tashe-tashen hankula a Djibouti na faruwa ne a lokacin zabukan shugaban kasa, wasu al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida sun faru a cikin shekaru tsakanin. A watan Mayun 2015 an kama wani editan gidan yanar gizon La Voix de Djibouti yayin da yake birnin Djibouti, babban birnin kasar. An dai daure editan Maydaneh Abdallah Okieh ne a gidan yari saboda ya ki bin umarnin kotu dangane da kamun da aka yi masa a baya kan “bauta wa dan sanda suna”. Okieh ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana azabtar da shi tare da kin kula da lafiyarsa yayin da yake cikin gidan yari. Wani dan jarida daga La Voix, Mohamed Ibrahim Waiss, 'yan sanda sun kama shi tare da yi masa dukan tsiya a lokacin da yake bayar da labarin wani gangamin jam'iyyar adawa a watan Agustan 2014.
Zaben shugaban kasa na 2016
A watan Janairun 2016, watanni hudu gabanin zaben shugaban kasa, jami'an tsaron Djibouti sun tsare wasu 'yan jarida biyu 'yan kasar Djibouti tare da tsare su ba tare da tuhuma ba.
An tsare Mohamed Ibrahim Waïss na La Voix de Djibouti daga ranar 11 zuwa 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ana tsare da shi a gidan yarin Gabode na Djibouti, inda aka ce an yi masa rashin adalci, a cewar kungiyar Reporters Without Borders. Masu yi masa tambayoyi sun tilasta masa sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da kuma mayar da kalmar sirrin sa zuwa shafinsa na Facebook domin jami’an tsaro su yi amfani da shi wajen yin rubuce-rubucen da ke zagin ‘yan adawar kasar, a cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida da ke da cibiya a Faransa. An gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu kuma aka sake shi ranar 17 ga watan Janairu bayan da gwamnati ta gaza tuhumar sa da wani laifi. Wannan dai shi ne karo na hudu da ake tsare da Waïss cikin shekaru biyar.
An kama Kadar Abdi Ibrahim na L'Aurore na daban. An tsare Ibrahim daga ranar 14-16 ga watan Janairu bayan jaridar ta buga hoton wata yarinya mai shekaru 7 da aka kashe bayan da ‘yan sanda suka bude wuta kan ‘yan adawa a garin Buldhuquo, inda suka kashe mutane 27.
'Yan jaridar kasashen waje suna da 'yanci fiye da 'yan jarida na cikin gida, amma har yanzu suna fuskantar takunkumi daga gwamnati. A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, 2016, an kori 'yan jarida daga gidan rediyon Burtaniya daga kasar gabanin zaben kasar Djibouti da za a yi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu. Ba a bai wa BBC da kwamitin kare 'yan jarida bayanin dalilin da ya sa aka tilasta wa tawagar 'yan jarida da furodusoshi.
Shugaban kasar mai ci Guelle ne ya lashe zaben, lamarin da ya haifar da wa'adin mulki na hudu a jere. Jam'iyyun adawa a Djibouti sun ba da rahoton rashin jin dadin yadda zaben ya kasance "uncompetitive" , yayin da majalisar Turai ta nuna matukar damuwa game da adalcin zaben, yana mai cewa "sun nuna rashin jin dadi kan yadda aka gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 8 ga watan Afrilu 2016."
Suka a waje
Al'ummar duniya gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa Djibouti na da ƙayyadaddun yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. Kungiyar Reporters Sans Frontières ta sanya Djibouti a matsayi na 172 cikin 180 a cikin alkaluman 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida, yayin da Freedom House mai zaman kanta ta bayyana Djibouti a matsayin "Ba 'Yanci ba".
Gabaɗaya gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma sun kauracewa babbar suka ga al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida na Djibouti. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda ƙimar dabarunsa: Djibouti tana da kusanci da ƙasashe marasa kwanciyar hankali kamar Somalia, Eritrea da Yemen. Har ila yau, gida ne sansanin sojan Faransa, kuma sansanin sojan Amurka daya tilo na dindindin a Afirka. A watan Maris din shekarar 2016, kasar Sin ta ce za ta kafa sansanin soji na dindindin a ketare na farko a kasar Djibouti. ]
A shekara ta 2012 ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka mai kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya yi nuni da mugunyar da Djibouti ta yi wa 'yan jarida a matsayin "matsalar kare hakkin bil'adama mafi muni" da kasar ta fuskanta. Musamman ma, ta yi ishara da yadda gwamnatin Guelleh ke "kuskura, cin zarafi, da kuma tsare masu sukar gwamnati, hana jama'a samun hanyoyin samun bayanai masu zaman kansu, da kuma takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taro."
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30756 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reine%20Alapini-Gansou | Reine Alapini-Gansou | Reine Adélaïde Sophie Alapini-Gansou (an haife ta 11 ga Agusta 1956) ƙwararren masanin shari'a ne 'yar ƙasar Benin wanda ta kasance alkali na Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya tun Maris 2018.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Alapini-Gansou a birnin Abidjan na kasar Ivory Coast a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1956. Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a na gama gari daga Jami'ar Lyon ta Faransa sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a da Ayyukan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Benin. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na haɗin gwiwa daga Jami'o'in Maastricht, Lomé da Bhutan.
Aiki
An shigar da Alapini-Gansou a Bar na Benin a 1986. Ta yi aiki da Avocats Sans Frontières Belgium kan aikin "Adalci ga kowa a Ruwanda" a cikin 2001. Ta koyar da Babban Laifin Laifuka da Tsarin Laifuka a Jami'ar Abomey-Calavi tun daga 2001 kuma ta rubuta wasu takaddun bincike a cikin yancin ɗan adam da doka. Ta kasance memba a kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta Benin kuma ta kaddamar da wasu dokoki da ke kare mata a Benin.
Alapini-Gansou ƙwararren ce na Babban Taron Bars a Paris a cikin 1988 kuma ma'aikaci ce na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya a Roma daga 2000 zuwa 2002. A matsayinta na memba na kungiyar aiki kan hakkin tsofaffi kuma tare da hukumar Afirka tun daga shekarar 2007, ta shiga cikin samar da wata yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakkokin Bil Adama da Jama'a kan Ingantawa da Kare Hakkokin Tsofaffi a Afirka, da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yancin Jama'a Kan Hakkokin nakasassu a Afirka.A shekara ta 2008, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don tsara daftarin doka don inganta da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na masu tabin hankali. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga ofishin ƙwadago na duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga masu tabin hankali da masu cutar kanjamau a wuraren aiki. An nada ta memba a Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan rikicin zabe a Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire daga Mayu zuwa Yuni 2011. Har ila yau, ta kasance shugabar sashin kare hakkin bil'adama na Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka na tallafawa Mali daga Afrilu 2013 zuwa Oktoba 2014. Alapini-Gansou memba ce a wasu kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan take hakkin dan Adam. A cikin 2011, an nada ta a matsayin mai shari'a a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration.
Alapini-Gansou ta kasance memba na Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a ta Afirka na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, ciki har da aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman daga 2005-2009 da 2012-2017, da shugaban hukumar daga 2009 har zuwa 2012. Ta horar da lauyoyi masu magana da Faransanci game da shari'ar da ake yi a gaban Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya daga 2012. Ta fara gabatar da batun take hakkin dan Adam da aka aikata a Libya a shekara ta 2010 zuwa kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan masu kare hakkin bil'adama a Afirka, ta gudanar da bincike kan masu kare hakkin mata a Afirka da kuma 'yancin yin tarayya a Afirka. A watan Satumban 2016, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada ta a matsayin mamba a kwamitin bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam a Burundi.
An nada Alapini-Gansou a kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya a watan Disamba 2017, wanda ta fara wa'adinsa a ranar 11 ga Maris 2018.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam na shekara ta hamsin ta samun 'yancin kai daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Faransa, Sorbonne, 2010
Kyautar bikin cika shekaru 25 na Hukumar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Afirka don gudummawar hidimar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Afirka, Oktoba 2012
Bambance-banbance don gudummawar yaƙi da wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i, UNAIDS, 2014
Labarai
"Daga labarin 64 zuwa labarin 122-1 na kundin hukunta laifuka: sake fasalin rabin hanya", Annual Review of African Mental Health Assistance "African Realities" 1999 *"Pathological Psychological Aspects of Rape in Africa: The Case of Benin and Congo"
"Violence against women: the interest of setting up a cell of medico-psycho-legal care", Benin Medical N ° 39 / 40-2008
"Benin's code of people and family at the test of the application" 2012
"State responsibility for sexual violence in Africa", 2016;
"Adoption in Benin, between law and culture", majalisa kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, Nuwamba 2016
"The legislator and the African judge in the success of the mission of the Court International Criminal, 2017
Manazarta |
20309 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Windows | Microsoft Windows | Microsoft Windows, wanda aka fi sani da Windows, rukuni ne na iyalai masu tsarin sarrafa hoto, wadanda duk Microsoft ke haɓaka kuma suna tallata su. Kowane iyali suna biyan takamaiman sashin masana'antar sarrafa kwamfuta. Iyalan Microsoft Windows masu aiki sun haɗa da Windows NT da Windows IoT; waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ƙananan iyalai, (misali Window's Server ko Windows Embedded Compact) (Windows CE). Iyalan Microsoft Windows da suka lalace sun haɗa da Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, da Windows Phone.
Microsoft ya gabatar da yanayin aiki mai suna Windows a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1985, a matsayin harsashin tsarin aiki na hoto don MS-DOS a matsayin martani ga karuwar sha’awar abubuwan da ke amfani da masu zane (GUIs). Microsoft Windows ya mamaye kasuwar komputa ta duniya tare da sama da kashi 90% na kasuwar, ya wuce Mac OS, wanda aka gabatar dashi a shekarar alif 1984, yayin da Microsoft a shekarar 2020, ya rasa ikonsa na kasuwar tsarin sarrafa kayan masarufi, tare da Windows har zuwa 30%, ƙasa da kashi 31% na wayoyin hannu na Apple kawai (65% na tsarin aiki na tebur kawai, watau "PCs" da Apple na kashi 28% na tebur) a cikin kasuwannin gidansa, Amurka, da 32% a duniya (77% na tebur. ), inda Android ta Google ke kaiwa.
Apple ya zo ya ga Windows a matsayin zalunci mara kyau game da ƙirƙirar su a cikin ci gaban GUI kamar yadda aka aiwatar akan samfuran irin su Lisa da Macintosh (daga ƙarshe suka yanke hukunci a gaban kotu cikin yardar Microsoft a cikin shekara ta alif 1993). A PC, Windows har yanzu ita ce mafi mashahurin tsarin aiki a duk ƙasashe. Kota yaya madai, a cikin shekara ta 2014, Microsoft ya yarda da rasa yawancin kasuwar tsarin aiki ga Android, saboda yawan ci gaban da aka samu na tallace-tallace na wayoyin hannu na Android. A cikin 2014, yawan na'urorin Windows da aka sayar bai kai 25% na na na'urorin Android da aka sayar ba. Wannan kwatancen, amma, bazai dace da komai ba, kamar yadda tsarin aiki biyu ke amfani da dandamali daban-daban bisa al'ada. Har yanzu, lambobi don amfani da sabar Windows (waɗanda suke daidai da masu fafatawa) suna nuna kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kasuwa, kwatankwacin wannan don amfanin mai amfani.
Ya zuwa watan Oktoba,shekarar 2020, sabon fitowar Windows na PC, kwamfutar hannu da na'urorin da aka saka sune Windows 10, sigar 20H2. Sabbin sabo na kwamfutocin uwar garken shine Windows Server, iri na 20H2. Wani nau'in Windows na musamman kuma yana gudana akan Xbox One da Xbox Series X / S wasan bidiyo bidiyo.
Nasaba
Ta Hanyar Tallatawa
Microsoft, mai haɓaka Windows, ya yi rajistar alamun kasuwanci da yawa, kowane ɗayansu yana nuna dangi na tsarin aiki na Windows wanda ke niyya ga wani yanki na masana'antar sarrafa kwamfuta. Ya zuwa na 2014, ana haɓaka ci gaban dangin Windows masu zuwa:
Windows NT: An fara ne a matsayin dangi na tsarin aiki tare da Windows NT 3.1, tsarin aiki ne na kwamfutocin sabar da wuraren aiki. Yanzu ya ƙunshi ƙananan rukunin tsarin aiki guda uku waɗanda aka saki kusan a lokaci ɗaya kuma suna raba kwaya ɗaya:
Windows: Tsarin aiki don manyan kwamfutoci na sirri, kwamfutar hannu da wayowin komai da ruwan ka. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows 10. Babban mai gasa na wannan dangin shine macOS ta Apple don kwamfutoci na sirri da Android na na'urorin hannu (cf ribar amfani da tsarin aiki share Rabon kasuwa ta fann
Windows Server: Tsarin aiki don kwamfutocin sabar. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows Server 2019. Ba kamar ɗan'uwansa abokin harka ba, ya ɗauki tsari mai ƙarfi na suna. Babban gasa na wannan dangin shine Linux. (cf rabon amfani da tsarin aiki share Rabon kasuwa ta fanni)
Windows PE: Wani nau'I ne mai sauki na dan uwansa na Windows, wanda ake nufin yayi aiki azaman tsarin aiki kai tsaye, wanda ake amfani dashi don girka Windows akan kwamfutoci masu karafa (musamman kan kwamfutoci da yawa a lokaci daya), dawo da abubuwa ko kuma shirya matsala. Sabuwar sigar ita ce Windows PE 10.
Windows IoT (wanda aka saka a cikin Windows a baya): A farko, Microsoft ya samar da Windows CE a matsayin babban tsarin aiki ga duk na’urar da ke da iyakantattun kayan aiki da za a kira ta da cikakkiyar kwamfuta. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, Windows CE aka sake mata suna zuwa Windows Embedded Compact kuma aka dunƙule shi a ƙarƙashin alamar kasuwanci ta Windows Compact wacce kuma ta ƙunshi Masana'antu ta Windows, Mai Kwarewa ta Windows, Daidaitaccen Takardar Windows, da Takaddun hannu na Windows, da Windows Embedded Automotive.
Wannan Jerin masu zuwa ba a cigaba da haɓaka dangin Windows din su ba:
Windows 9x: Tsarin aiki ne wanda yayi niyya ga kasuwar masu amfani. An dakatar da shi saboda aikin suboptimal.
Windows Mobile: Wanda ya gabace shi zuwa Windows Phone, ya kasance tsarin aikin wayar hannu ne. Farkon abin da ake kira Pocket PC 2000; na uku, Windows Mobile 2003 ita ce ta farko wacce ta fara amfani da alamar kasuwanci ta Windows Mobile. Sigar ta karshe ita ce Windows Mobile 6.5.
Windows Phone: Tsarin aiki ne kawai wanda aka siyar dashi ga masana'antun wayoyi. Farkon sigar ita ce Windows Phone 7, sai Windows Phone 8, da Windows Phone 8.1. Windows 10 Mobile ce ta yi nasara da shi, yanzu kuma an daina shi.
Tarihin Siga
Kalmar Windows gabaɗaya tana bayyana kowane ɗayan ɗayan juyani na samfuran tsarin aikin Microsoft. Wadannan samfuran an rarraba su gaba daya kamar haka:
Sigogin farko
Tarihin Windows ya faro ne daga shekarar 1981 lokacin da kamfanin Microsoft ya fara aiki a wani shiri da ake kira "Interface Manager". An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba 1983 (bayan Apple Lisa, amma kafin Macintosh) da sunan "Windows", amma Windows 1.0 ba a sake ta ba har sai Nuwamba Nuwamba 1985. Windows 1.0 ya kasance yana gogayya da tsarin aikin Apple, amma ya sami ɗan farin jini. Windows 1.0 ba cikakken tsarin aiki bane; maimakon haka, ya faɗaɗa MS-DOS. Bawo na Windows 1.0 shiri ne da aka sani da MS-DOS Executive. Bangarorin sun hada da Kalkaleta, Kalanda, Katin waya, Mai Kallon allo, agogo, Kwamitin Kulawa, Kundin rubutu, Fenti, Reversi, Terminal da Rubuta Windows 1.0 baya bada izinin windows iri-iri. Madadin haka duk tagogin an faranta su. Kawai akwatunan tattaunawa na zamani zasu iya bayyana akan wasu windows. Microsoft an siyar dashi azaman ɗakunan karatu na Ci gaban Windows tare da yanayin haɓaka C, waɗanda suka haɗa da samfuran windows da yawa.
Windows 2.0 an fito da shi ne a watan Disamba na 1987, kuma ya shahara fiye da wanda ya gabace shi. Yana nuna abubuwa da yawa da haɓakawa ga mai amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Windows 2.03 ya canza OS daga windows windows zuwa windows windows masu juye. Sakamakon wannan canjin ya haifar da Apple Computer ya shigar da kara a kan Microsoft yana zargin keta hakkin mallaka na Apple. Windows 2.0 kuma ya gabatar da gajerun hanyoyin maɓallin keɓaɓɓu na zamani kuma yana iya yin amfani da faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Windows 2.1 an sake shi a siga iri biyu: Windows / 286 da Windows / 386. Windows / 386 yana amfani da yanayin 8086 na Intel 80386 na kamala don yawaitar shirye-shiryen DOS da yawa da samfurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa don kwaikwayon faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta amfani da wadataccen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Windows / 286, duk da sunansa, yana gudana ne akan masu sarrafa Intel 8086 da Intel 80286. Yana gudana a cikin yanayi na ainihi amma yana iya amfani da yankin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai girma.
Toari da cikakkun abubuwan Windows-fakitoci, akwai nau'ikan lokacin gudu kawai waɗanda aka shigo da su tare da farkon software na Windows daga wasu kamfanoni kuma sun ba da damar gudanar da software ta Windows a kan MS-DOS kuma ba tare da cikakken tsarin fasalin Windows ba.
Siffofin farko na Windows galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin bawo ne na hoto, galibi saboda sun yi aiki a saman MS-DOS kuma suna amfani da shi don sabis ɗin tsarin fayil. Koyaya, har ma da farkon juzu'in Windows tuni sun ɗauki yawancin ayyukan tsarin aiki na yau da kullun; musamman, samun tsarin fayil dinsu wanda za'a iya aiwatar dasu da kuma samar da nasu direbobin na'urar (mai ƙidayar lokaci, zane-zane, firintar, linzamin kwamfuta, madannin rubutu da sauti). Ba kamar MS-DOS ba, Windows ta ba masu amfani damar aiwatar da aikace-aikacen zane da yawa a lokaci guda, ta hanyar haɗa kai da yawa. Windows ta aiwatar da cikakken bayani, yanki-bangare, makircin ƙwaƙwalwar kama-da-gidanka na software, wanda ke ba shi damar gudanar da aikace-aikacen da suka fi girma fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar da ake da su: sassan ɓangarori da albarkatu ana musanya su kuma a jefar da su lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ta yi karanci; sassan bayanai sun shiga cikin ƙwaƙwalwa lokacin da aikace-aikacen da aka ba su suka daina sarrafa sarrafawa.
Windows 3.x
Windows 3.0, wanda aka fitar a cikin 1990, ya inganta ƙirar, galibi saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da direbobi masu amfani da na'urori masu kamala (VxDs) waɗanda ke ba Windows damar raba na'urori masu sabani tsakanin aikace-aikacen DOS masu ɗawainiya da yawa. , wanda ke basu damar isa ga megabytes na ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa ba tare da wajibcin shiga cikin tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kamala ba. Suna gudana cikin filin adireshi ɗaya, inda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta ba da matakin kariya. Windows 3.0 kuma ya nuna ingantattun abubuwa ga mai amfani. Microsoft ya sake rubuta ayyuka masu mahimmanci daga C cikin haɗuwa. Windows 3.0 shine farkon Microsoft Windows version don cin nasarar cinikin kasuwanci, yana siyar da kwafi miliyan 2 a cikin watanni shida na farko.
Windows 3.1, wanda aka samar dashi gaba ɗaya a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1992, ya nuna fasalin fuska. A watan Agusta na 1993, Windows don Workgroups, sigar ta musamman tare da haɗin hanyoyin sadarwar aboki-da-tsara da lambar sigar 3.11, aka fitar. An sayar tare da Windows 3.1. Goyon bayan Windows 3.1 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2001.
Windows 3.2, an fitar da shi a 1994, sigar da aka sabunta ce ta Sinanci ta Windows 3.1. Wasaukakawa ya iyakance ga wannan sigar harshen, saboda ya daidaita kawai batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin rubutu mai rikitarwa na harshen Sinanci. Windows 3.2 gabaɗaya an siyar da shi ta masana'antun komputa tare da nau'in diski goma na MS-DOS wanda kuma ke da Saukakkiyar haruffan Sinanci a cikin kayan aiki na asali da wasu abubuwan amfani da aka fassara.
Windows 9x
Saki na gaba mai mahimmanci na Windows, Windows 95, an sake shi a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1995. Yayin da yake saura da tushen MS-DOS, Windows 95 ya gabatar da tallafi don aikace-aikacen 32-bit na asali, toshe da kunna kayan aiki, kayan aiki da yawa, dogon lokaci sunayen fayiloli har zuwa haruffa 255, kuma ya samar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali akan magabata. Windows 95 kuma ta gabatar da sake fasali, mai amfani da daidaitaccen mai amfani, yana maye gurbin Manajan Shirye-shiryen da ya gabata tare da menu na Farawa, allon aiki, da harsashin Windows Explorer. Windows 95 babbar nasara ce ta kasuwanci ga Microsoft; Ina Fried na CNET ya ce "a lokacin da aka cire Windows 95 daga kasuwa a 2001, ya zama abin daidaitawa a kan kwamfutocin kwamfutoci a duniya." kowannensu ya yi daidai da fakitin sabis. OSR na farko na Windows 95 shi ne kuma nau’in Windows na farko da aka hada shi da mai binciken gidan yanar sadarwar Microsoft, Internet Explorer. Babban tallafi na Windows 95 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2000, kuma ya ƙara tallafi ga Windows 95 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2001.
Windows 95 an bi shi tare da fitowar Windows 98 a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1998, wanda ya gabatar da Windows Driver Model, goyon baya ga kebul hadaddun na'urori, goyon baya ga ACPI, hibernation, da kuma goyon baya ga Multi-saka idanu jeri. Windows 98 ta hada da hadewa da Internet Explorer 4 ta hanyar Desktop mai aiki da sauran bangarorin na Windows Desktop Update (jerin abubuwan habbaka wa shelar Explorer wadanda suma aka samar da su ga Windows 95). A watan Mayu 1999, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows 98 na Biyu na Windows, wanda aka sabunta na Windows 98. Windows 98 SE ya kara Internet Explorer 5.0 da Windows Media Player 6.2 a tsakanin sauran abubuwan haɓakawa. Babban tallafi na Windows 98 ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2002, kuma ya ƙara tallafi ga Windows 98 ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Yulin, 2006.
A ranar 14 ga Satumbar, 2000, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows Me (Millennium Edition), wanda ya kasance na karshe na DOS na Windows. Windows Me ta haɗu da haɓakar ƙirar gani ta gani daga takwararta ta Windows NT na Windows 2000, tana da lokutan saurin sauri fiye da sifofin da suka gabata (wanda duk da haka, yana buƙatar cire ikon samun damar ainihin yanayin DOS yanayi, cire daidaituwa tare da wasu tsofaffin shirye-shirye), ya fadada aikin multimedia (gami da Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, da Windows Image Acquisition tsarin don dawo da hotuna daga sikanan kyamarori da kyamarori na dijital), ƙarin abubuwan amfani na tsarin kamar Tsarin Tsaron Fayil da Tsarin Sakewa, da kayan aikin sadarwar gida da aka sabunta. Koyaya, Windows Me ya fuskanci zargi saboda saurin sa da rashin kwanciyar hankali, tare da lamuran daidaito na kayan aiki da cire ainihin yanayin DOS tallafi. PC World sunyi la'akari da Windows Me a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin tsarin aiki da Microsoft ya taɓa fitarwa, kuma mafi ƙarancin kayan fasaha na zamani kowane lokaci.
Windows NT
A watan Nuwamba 1988, sabuwar ƙungiyar haɓaka tsakanin Microsoft (wacce ta haɗa da tsoffin masu haɓaka Digital Equipment Corporation Dave Cutler da Mark Lucovsky) sun fara aiki a kan sabon juzu'i na IBM da kuma tsarin OS / 2 na Microsoft da ake kira "NT OS / 2". NT OS / 2 an yi niyya don zama amintacce, tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa tare da daidaiton POSIX da kuma mai daidaitaccen sassa, portararar kernel tare da yawaita tallafi da tallafi ga gine-ginen masarrafai masu yawa. Koyaya, bayan nasarar sakin Windows 3.0, ƙungiyar cigaban NT ta yanke shawarar sake aiwatar da aikin don amfani da ƙaramin tashar 32-bit na Windows API da aka sani da Win32 maimakon na OS / 2. Win32 ya kasance yana da irin wannan tsari na Windows APIs (yana barin aikace-aikacen Windows da ake da su a sauƙaƙe zuwa dandamali), amma kuma ya goyi bayan ƙarfin kernel na NT da yake. Bayan amincewar da ma'aikatan Microsoft suka yi, ci gaba ya ci gaba a kan abin da ke yanzu Windows NT, farkon sigar 32-bit na Windows. Koyaya, IBM ya ƙi amincewa da canje-canjen, kuma daga ƙarshe yaci gaba da haɓaka OS / 2 da kansa.
Windows NT shine farkon tsarin aikin Windows wanda ya dogara da kwayar cuta. An tsara kernel ɗin a matsayin microkernel wanda aka gyara, wanda tasirin Mach microkernel wanda Richard Rashid ya haɓaka a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, amma ba tare da cika duk ƙa'idodin microkernel mai tsabta ba.
Sakin farko na tsarin aiki da aka samu, Windows NT 3.1 (mai suna don haɗa shi da Windows 3.1) an sake shi a cikin Yuli 1993, tare da sigar don ayyukan ayyukan tebur da sabobin. Windows NT 3.5 an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1994, yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban aiki da tallafi ga Netll's NetWare, sannan Windows NT 3.51 ya biyo baya a watan Mayu 1995, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin haɓakawa da tallafi ga gine-ginen PowerPC. Windows NT 4.0 an sake shi a watan Yunin 1996, yana gabatar da tsarin sake fasalin Windows 95 zuwa jerin NT. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2000, Microsoft ya saki Windows 2000, wanda ya gaji NT 4.0. An saka sunan Windows NT a wannan lokacin don sanya babban hankali akan alamar Windows.
Windows XP
Babban fasalin na gaba na Windows NT, Windows XP, an sake shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2001. Gabatarwar Windows XP na da nufin daidaita jerin Windows 9x na masu amfani da kayayyaki tare da gine-ginen da Windows NT ta gabatar, canjin da Microsoft ya yi alƙawarin samarwa mafi kyau aiwatarwa akan magabata na tushen DOS. Windows XP kuma za ta gabatar da keɓance mai amfani wanda aka sake tsara shi (gami da sabunta menu na farko da kuma "mai daidaitaccen aiki" Windows Explorer), ingantaccen hanyoyin watsa labarai da fasalolin hanyoyin sadarwa, Internet Explorer 6, haɗewa da ayyukan Microsoft na .NET Fasfo, hanyoyin don taimakawa samar da daidaito software da aka tsara don sifofin Windows da suka gabata, da aikin Taimako na Nesa.
A kasuwa, Windows XP yanzu an siyar dashi cikin manyan bugu biyu: "Home" bugu an yi niyya ne ga masu amfani, yayin da aka buga "ƙwararru" ɗin zuwa muhallin kasuwanci da masu amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma ya haɗa da ƙarin tsaro da hanyoyin sadarwa. Gida da Kwararru daga baya sun kasance tare da bugun "Media Center" (an tsara shi don PCs na wasan kwaikwayo na gida, tare da girmamawa kan goyan bayan kunna DVD, katunan tuner na TV, aikin DVR, da sarrafawar nesa), da bugun "Tablet PC" (wanda aka tsara don na'urori masu hannu da ke saduwa da bayanai dalla-dalla game da kwamfutar hannu, tare da tallafi don shigar da alƙalamin alƙalami da ƙarin aikace-aikacen da aka kunna alkalami). Babban tallafi na Windows XP ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2009. supportarin tallafi ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2014.
Bayan Windows 2000, Microsoft suma sun canza jadawalin fitowar ta don tsarin aikin sabar; abokin aikin uwar garken Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, an sake shi a watan Afrilun 2003. An bi shi a watan Disamba na 2005, ta Windows Server 2003 R2.
Windows Vista
Bayan wani aikin ci gaba mai tsawo, an sake Windows Vista a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2006, don lasisin juz'i da 30 ga Janairu, 2007, don masu amfani. Ya ƙunshi sabbin abubuwa da yawa, daga kwasfa da aka sake fasaltawa da ƙirar mai amfani zuwa manyan canje-canje na fasaha, tare da mai da hankali kan siffofin tsaro. An samo shi a cikin wasu bugu daban-daban, kuma ya sha fuskantar wasu zargi, kamar faduwar aikin, ƙara lokacin buɗa, sukar sabon UAC, da tsaurara yarjejeniyar lasisi. An saki takwarar uwar garken Vista, Windows Server 2008 a farkon 2008.
Windows 7
A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2009, Windows 7 da Windows Server 2008 R2 an sake su a matsayin RTM (saki ga masana'antu) yayin da na farko aka sake shi ga jama'a watanni 3 bayan haka a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009. Ba kamar wanda ya gabace ta ba, Windows Vista, wacce ta gabatar da babban yawan sababbin abubuwa, Windows 7 an yi niyya don zama mai mayar da hankali, haɓaka haɓaka zuwa layin Windows, tare da manufar dacewa da aikace-aikace da kayan aikin da Windows Vista ta riga ta dace da su. Windows 7 tana da tallafi na taɓawa da yawa, Windows shell da aka sake zanawa tare da ɗawainiyar ɗawainiya, tsarin sadarwar gida da ake kira HomeGroup, da haɓaka aikin.
Windows 8 da 8.1
Windows 8, magajin Windows 7, an sake shi gaba ɗaya a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2012. An sami sauye-sauye masu yawa a kan Windows 8, gami da gabatar da ƙirar mai amfani da ke kewaye da harshen ƙirar Metro na Microsoft tare da ingantawa don na'urori masu tushen taɓawa azaman Allunan da all-in-one PCs. Waɗannan canje-canje sun haɗa da Allon farawa, wanda ke amfani da manyan tiles waɗanda suka fi dacewa don hulɗar taɓawa da ba da izinin nuni na ci gaba da sabunta bayanai, da sabon kundin aikace-aikace waɗanda aka tsara da farko don amfani akan na'urori masu taɓa taɓawa. Sabuwar sigar ta Windows ta bukaci mafi ƙarancin ƙuduri na 1024 × 768 pixels, yadda ya kamata ta yadda bai dace da netbooks ba tare da fuska 800 × 600 pixel.
Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da haɓaka haɗin kai tare da ayyukan girgije da sauran dandamali na kan layi (kamar cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da ayyukan Microsoft na OneDrive (tsohon SkyDrive) da sabis na Xbox Live), sabis ɗin Windows Store don rarraba software, da sabon nau'in da aka sani da Windows RT don amfani dashi na'urorin da ke amfani da gine-ginen ARM. Sabuntawa ga Windows 8, wanda ake kira Windows 8.1, an sake shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2013, kuma ya haɗa da fasali irin su sabon girman tayal live, zurfafa hadewar OneDrive, da sauran gyare-gyare da yawa. Windows 8 da Windows 8.1 sun sha fuskantar wasu zargi, kamar cire menu na Farawa.
Windows 10
A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2014, Microsoft ya sanar da Windows 10 a matsayin magajin Windows 8.1. An sake shi a ranar 29 ga Yulin, 2015, kuma yana magance gazawa a cikin tsarin mai amfani wanda aka fara gabatarwa tare da Windows 8. Canje-canje a kan PC sun haɗa da dawowar Fara Menu, tsarin tebur na kama-da-wane, da kuma ikon gudanar da ayyukan Windows Store a cikin windows akan tebur maimakon a yanayin cikakken allo. Windows 10 an ce za a iya sabunta shi daga kwararrun Windows 7 tare da na’urorin SP1, Windows 8.1 da Windows Phone 8.1 daga cikin Get Windows 10 Application (na Windows 7, Windows 8.1) ko Windows Update (Windows 7).
A watan Fabrairun 2017, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar ƙaura daga matattarar lambar asalin Windows daga Perforce zuwa Git. Wannan hijirar ta hada da fayiloli daban miliyan 3.5 a cikin ma'ajiyar gigabyte 300. A watan Mayu 2017, kashi 90 cikin 100 na ƙungiyar injiniyoyinta suna amfani da Git, a game da aikata 8500 da Windows 1760 da suke ginawa kowace rana.
Bada Taimako akan Harsuna Daban-Daban
An gina tallafi na yare da dama cikin Windows tun daga Windows 3.0. Za'a iya canza yare don maɓallan keyboard da kuma kewayawa ta hanyar Yankin Yanki da Kwamitin Kula da Harshe. Aka sanya dukkan bangarorin tallafi na harsuna masu shigowa, kamar masu Editan Hanyar shigarwa, ana shigar dasu kai tsaye yayin shigar Windows (a cikin Windows XP da kuma a baya, fayilolin harsunan Asiya ta Gabas, kamar Sinanci, da rubutun dama-zuwa-hagu, kamar larabci, na iya buƙata da za a shigar daban, kuma daga abin da aka ce Control Panel). Hakanan za'a iya shigar da IME na ɓangare na uku idan mai amfani yana jin cewa wanda aka bayar ɗin bai isa ba don buƙatun su.
Harsunan tsaka-tsakin yanayi don tsarin aiki kyauta ne don zazzagewa, amma wasu yaruka suna iyakance ga wasu kwafin Windows. Rukunin Hadaddiyar Harshe (LIPs) ana iya sake rarraba su kuma ana iya zazzage su daga Cibiyar Zazzagewa ta Microsoft kuma a girka su don kowane ɗab'in Windows (XP ko daga baya) - suna fassara mafi yawa, amma ba duka ba, na keɓaɓɓiyar Windows ɗin, kuma suna buƙatar wani yare harshe ( - yaren da Windows aka shigo dashi dashi da farko). Ana amfani da wannan don yawancin harsuna a cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa. Cikakken Harsunan Harshe, wanda ke fassara cikakken tsarin aiki, ana samun su ne kawai don takamaiman bugu na Windows (Ultimate da Ciniki bugu na Windows Vista da 7, da duk bugun Windows 8, 8.1 da RT ban da Harshe Guda). Ba su buƙatar takamaiman harshe tushe, kuma ana amfani da su don ƙarin mashahuri harsuna kamar Faransanci ko Sinanci. Waɗannan harsunan ba za a iya zazzage su ta Cibiyar Zazzagewa ba, amma ana iya samun su azaman zaɓaɓɓuka na zaɓi ta hanyar sabis ɗin Updateaukaka Windows (ban da Windows 8).
Harshen kewayawa na aikace-aikacen da aka sanya ba ya canzawa ta canje-canje a cikin harshen haɗin Windows. Samuwar harsuna ya dogara da masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen da kansu.
Windows 8 da Windows Server 2012 suna gabatar da sabon Kwamitin Gudanar da Harshe inda za a iya sauya canje-canje da yarukan shigarwa lokaci guda, kuma za a iya sauke fakitin harshe, ba tare da la'akari da nau'insa ba daga wani wuri na tsakiya. Aikace-aikacen Saitunan PC a cikin Windows 8.1 da Windows Server 2012 R2 suma sun haɗa da shafi na saitunan takwara don wannan. Canza harshen haɗin yanar gizo kuma yana canza yaren kayan aikin Windows Store da aka sanya ajalinsu (kamar Mail, Maps da News) da wasu takamaiman ƙa'idodin masarrafar Microsoft (kamar Remote Desktop). Limituntatawa na sama don fakitin harshe duk da haka suna aiki, sai dai ana iya sanya cikakkun fakitin harshe don kowane bugu ban da Harshe Guda, wanda ke tallata kasuwanni masu tasowa.
Tallafin Dandamali
Windows NT ya haɗa da tallafi don dandamali daban-daban kafin kwamfutar sirri ta x86 ta zama mafi iko a cikin duniyar ƙwararru. Windows NT 4.0 da kuma magabata sun goyi bayan PowerPC, DEC Alpha da MIPS R4000. (Kodayake wasu waannan dandamali suna aiwatar da sarrafa 64-bit, tsarin aiki ya dauke su kamar 32-bit.) Koyaya, Windows 2000, magajin Windows NT 4.0, ya sauke tallafi ga dukkan dandamali ban da ƙarni na uku x86 (wanda aka sani da IA-32 ) ko sabo-sabo a yanayin 32-bit. Layin abokin harka na dangin Windows NT har yanzu yana gudana akan IA-32, kodayake layin Windows Server ya daina tallafawa wannan dandamali tare da sakin Windows Server 2008 R2.
Tare da gabatar da gine-ginen Intel Itanium (IA-64), Microsoft ya fitar da sababbin nau'ikan Windows don tallafawa shi. Sigar Itanium na Windows XP da Windows Server 2003 an sake su a lokaci guda tare da takwarorinsu na al'ada x86. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, wanda aka fitar a 2005, shine tsarin Windows abokin ciniki na ƙarshe don tallafawa Itanium. Layin Server na Windows yana ci gaba da tallafawa wannan dandalin har zuwa Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 shine tsarin aiki na Windows na ƙarshe don tallafawa gine-ginen Itanium.
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2005, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows XP Professional x64 Edition da Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions don tallafawa x86-64 (ko kuma kawai x64), tsara ta takwas na gine-ginen x86. Windows Vista ita ce farkon kwastomomin Windows NT da za a sake a lokaci guda a cikin bugun IA-32 da x64. x64 har yanzu ana tallafawa.
Bugun Windows 8 da aka sani da Windows RT an kirkireshi ne musamman don kwamfutoci masu tsarin ARM kuma yayin da har yanzu ana amfani da ARM don wayoyin hannu na Windows tare da Windows 10, kwamfutar hannu tare da Windows RT ba za a sabunta su ba. Farawa daga Windows 10 Fall Creators Sabuntawa kuma daga baya ya haɗa da goyan baya ga PCs tare da tsarin AM.
Windows CE
Winaows tsarin CE (bisa huku fi a da aka sani da Windows Embedded Compact), sigar Windows ce wacce ke aiki a kan ƙananan kwamfutoci, kamar tsarin kewaya tauraron dan adam da wasu wayoyin hannu. Windows Embedded Compact ya dogara ne da kwayarsa wacce aka keɓe, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Windows CE kernel. Microsoft ta ba da lasisin Windows CE ga OEM da masu kera na'urar. OEMs da masu yin na'urori na iya canzawa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin musayar masu amfani da gogewa, yayin da Windows CE ke ba da tushen fasaha don yin hakan.
An yi amfani da Windows CE a cikin Dreamcast tare da Sega na kansa OS na kayan aikin. Windows CE ita ce ginshikin da Windows Mobile ya samu daga gare ta. Magajinsa, Windows Phone 7, ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da aka gina daga Windows CE 6.0 R3 da Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 duk da haka, yana dogara ne akan NT-kwaya ɗaya kamar Windows 8.
Windows Embedded Compact ba za a rikita shi da Windows XP aka saka ba ko kuma Windows NT 4.0 aka saka ba, sigar da aka yi amfani da ita ta Windows dangane da kwayar Windows NT.
Xbox OS
Xbox OS suna ne mara izini wanda aka baiwa nau'ikan Windows wanda yake aiki akan Xbox One. Yana da ƙarin takamaiman aiwatarwa tare da girmamawa akan ƙwarewa (ta amfani da Hyper-V) saboda yana da tsarin aiki guda uku waɗanda suke gudana lokaci ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin tsarin aiki, na biyu wanda aka aiwatar dashi don wasanni da kuma yanayi mai kama da Windows don aikace-aikace. Microsoft na sabunta OS One na OS kowane wata, kuma ana iya zazzage wadannan sabuntawa daga sabis na Xbox Live zuwa Xbox kuma a sanya a gaba, ko ta amfani da hotunan dawo da wajen layi da aka zazzage ta PC Core na tushen Windows 10 ya maye gurbin na Windows 8 a cikin wannan sabuntawa, kuma wani lokacin ana kiran sabon tsarin da "Windows 10 akan Xbox One" ko "OneCore". Tsarin Xbox One kuma yana ba da damar daidaitawa ta baya tare da Xbox 360, kuma tsarin Xbox 360 ya kasance yana dacewa da ainihin Xbox. aikin Xbox
Tsarin Kula da Siga
A cikin 2017 Microsoft ya sanar da cewa zai fara amfani da Git, tsarin sarrafa sigar buɗe ido wanda Linus Torvalds ya kirkira. Microsoft a baya ta yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa sigar mallakar ta da ake kira "Source Depot". Microsoft ya fara haɗa Git a cikin Server Foundation Server a cikin 2013, amma Windows ya ci gaba da dogaro da Source Depot. Saboda babban tarihinsa, na tsawon shekaru masu yawa, lambar Windows code ba ta dace sosai da yanayin rashin ci gaban Linux wanda asalin Git aka ƙirƙire shi don sarrafawa. Kowace ma'ajiyar Git tana dauke da cikakken tarihin duk fayilolin, wanda ya tabbatar da rashin aiki ga masu haɓaka Windows saboda rufe wurin ajiyar yana ɗaukar awanni. Microsoft na ta aiki a kan wani sabon aiki da ake kira Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) don magance wadannan matsalolin.
Tsaro
An tsara sifofin masu amfani da Windows da farko don sauƙin-amfani akan PC mai amfani ɗaya ba tare da haɗin hanyar sadarwa ba, kuma ba su da abubuwan tsaro da aka gina tun daga farko. Koyaya, Windows NT da magadanta an tsara su ne don tsaro (gami da kan hanyar sadarwa) da kuma PC masu amfani da yawa, amma ba a farko aka tsara su da tsaron Intanet ba kamar yadda yake, tunda, lokacin da aka fara haɓaka a farkon 1990s, amfani da Intanet bai cika yawa ba.
Waɗannan maganganun ƙirar sun haɗu tare da kurakuran shirye-shirye (misali ambaliyar ambaliyar ruwa) da kuma shaharar Windows yana nufin cewa manufa ce ta tsutsa mai kwakwalwa da marubutan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Yunin 2005, Bruce Schneier mai kula da Tsaron Yanar Gizo ya bayyana cewa ya ga sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta da tsutsotsi sama da 1,000 a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata. A cikin 2005, Kaspersky Lab ya samo kusan munanan shirye-shirye 11,000 - ƙwayoyin cuta, Trojan, ƙofofin baya, da ayyukan da aka rubuta don Windows.
Microsoft na fitar da facin tsaro ta hanyar Sabunta Windows Update kamar sau daya a wata (galibi Talata ta biyu ga wata), kodayake ana samun muhimman bayanai a gajerun tazara idan hakan ya zama dole. A cikin nau'ikan Windows bayan da ya haɗa da Windows 2000 SP3 da Windows XP, ana iya saukar da sabuntawa ta atomatik da shigar idan mai amfani ya zaɓi yin hakan. Sakamakon haka, Sabunta 2 na Windows XP, da kuma Sabis na Sabunta 1 don Windows Server 2003, masu amfani sun girke shi da sauri fiye da yadda zai iya kasancewa.
Duk da yake jerin Windows 9x sun ba da zaɓi na samun bayanan martaba don masu amfani da yawa, ba su da masaniyar damar samun dama, kuma ba su ba da izinin isa garesu ba; don haka ba gaskiya bane tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa. Kari akan haka, sun aiwatar da kariya ne kawai ta bangaren kwakwalwa. Haka kuma an soki su da yawa saboda rashin tsaro.
Tsarin Windows NT na tsarin aiki, akasin haka, masu amfani ne da gaske, kuma suna aiwatar da cikakken ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Koyaya, yawancin fa'idodi kasancewar kasancewar tsarin aiki mai amfani da yawa na gaskiya an rushe shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa, kafin Windows Vista, asusun mai amfani na farko wanda aka ƙirƙira yayin aikin saitin shine asusun mai gudanarwa, wanda kuma shine tsoffin sababbin asusu . Kodayake Windows XP ba ta da iyakantattun asusu, amma yawancin masu amfani da gida ba su canza zuwa nau'in asusu tare da ƙananan haƙƙoƙi ba - wani ɓangare saboda yawan shirye-shiryen da ba su buƙatar haƙƙin mai gudanarwa ba - kuma don haka yawancin masu amfani da gida suna gudana a matsayin mai gudanarwa koyaushe.
Windows Vista tana canza wannan ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin daukaka dama mai suna Control Account Account User. Lokacin shiga kamar matsakaiciyar mai amfani, ana ƙirƙirar logon kuma ana sanya alama ta ƙunshe da gata kawai. Ta wannan hanyar, sabon zaman logon bashi da ikon yin canje-canje wanda zai iya shafar ɗaukacin tsarin. Lokacin shiga azaman mai amfani a cikin ƙungiyar Masu Gudanarwa, ana sanya alamun alama guda biyu daban. Alamar farko ta ƙunshi duk gatan da galibi ake bayarwa ga mai gudanarwa, na biyu kuma an ƙuntata alama daidai da abin da mai amfani zai karɓa. Aikace-aikacen mai amfani, gami da kwasfa na Windows, ana farawa tare da takamaiman alama, wanda ke haifar da ragin yanayi na gata koda a ƙarƙashin asusun Gudanarwa. Lokacin da aikace-aikace ya buƙaci babbar dama ko "Gudu azaman mai gudanarwa", UAC zai faɗi don tabbatarwa kuma, idan aka ba da izini (gami da takaddun mai gudanarwa idan asusun da yake neman ɗaukaka ba memba ne na rukunin masu gudanarwa ba), fara aiwatar da amfani alamar da ba ta takaita ba.
Takaddun bayanan da WikiLeaks ya wallafa, wanda aka sanya wa suna Vault 7 wanda aka kirkira tun daga 2013 zuwa 2016, sun yi bayani dalla-dalla game da damar da CIA ke da ita na yin aikin sanya ido ta hanyar lantarki da kuma yakin intanet, kamar ikon iya karya tsarin aiki kamar Microsoft Windows.
A watan Agusta 2019, masanan komputa sun ba da rahoton cewa yanayin raunin tsaro na BlueKeep, CVE-2019-0708, da ke iya shafar tsofaffin nau'ikan Microsoft Windows da ba a haɗu ba ta hanyar Protocol na Remote Desktop, wanda ke ba da damar yiwuwar aiwatar da lambar ta nesa, na iya yanzu ya haɗa da lahani masu alaƙa mai suna DejaBlue, yana shafar sababbin juzu'in Windows (ma’ana, Windows 7 da sauran sigar kwanan nan) haka nan. Bugu da kari, masana sun ba da rahoton raunin tsaro na Microsoft, CVE-2019-1162, dangane da lambar gado da ta shafi Microsoft CTF da ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), wanda ya shafi dukkan nau'ikan Windows daga tsoffin Windows XP zuwa nau'ikan Windows 10 na baya-bayan nan; facin da zai gyara aibin yanzu haka.
Izinin Fayil
Duk nau'ikan Windows daga Windows NT 3 sun dogara ne akan tsarin izini na tsarin fayil wanda ake kira da AGDLP (Lissafi, Duniya, Yankin Yanki, Izini) wanda ake amfani da izinin fayil a fayil / babban fayil a cikin 'ƙungiyar gida' wanda kuma ke da sauran 'kungiyoyin duniya' a matsayin membobi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin duniya suna riƙe da wasu rukuni ko masu amfani dangane da nau'ikan Windows da aka yi amfani da su. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta da sauran samfuran dillalai kamar su Linux da NetWare saboda rabon 'tsaye' izinin da ake amfani da shi kai tsaye zuwa fayil ɗin ko babban fayil ɗin. Koyaya ta amfani da wannan tsari na AGLP / AGDLP / AGUDLP yana ba da izinin yin amfani da ƙananan izinin izini kuma yana ba da damar sauye-sauye masu sauƙi ga rukunin asusun ba tare da sake shigar da izinin izini a kan fayiloli da manyan fayiloli ba.
Aiwatar da Madadin
Saboda shaharar tsarin aiki, an saki aikace-aikace da yawa wadanda ke da nufin samar da daidaito da aikace-aikacen Windows, ko dai a matsayin tsarin hada-hada ga wani tsarin aiki, ko kuma a matsayin wani tsari wanda zai iya gudanar da software da aka rubuta don Windows daga akwatin. Wadannan sun hada da:
Wine - kyauta da buɗe-tushen aiwatar da Windows API, yana ba mutum damar gudanar da aikace-aikacen Windows da yawa akan dandamali na tushen x86, gami da UNIX, Linux da macOS. Masu haɓaka ruwan inabi suna ambatonsa azaman "tsarin daidaitawa" kuma suna amfani da API na Windows don yin koyi da yanayin Windows.
CrossOver - fakitin ruwan inabi tare da takaddun lasisi. Masu haɓaka shi masu ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun ga Wine, kuma suna mai da hankali kan ruwan inabi da ke gudana aikace-aikacen tallafi bisa hukuma.
Cedega - kayan aiki na Wine na TransGaming Technologies, wanda aka tsara musamman don gudanar da wasannin Microsoft Windows akan Linux. Wani fasalin Cedega wanda aka sani da Cider yana ba da damar wasannin Windows suyi aiki akan macOS. Tunda aka baiwa lasisin ruwan inabi a karkashin LGPL, Cedega ya kasa gabatar da ingantattun abubuwan da aka yiwa Wine zuwa lambar mallakar su. Cedega ya daina aikinsa a watan Fabrairun 2011.
Darwine - tashar ruwan inabi don macOS da Darwin. Yana aiki da Wine mai gudana akan QEMU.
Linux Unified Kernel - saitin faci zuwa kernel na Linux yana barin yawancin fayilolin aiwatar da Windows a cikin Linux (ta amfani da Wine DLLs); da wasu direbobin Windows da za'a yi amfani dasu.
ReactOS - OS-budaddiyar hanya ce wacce take da niyyar gudanar da wannan software kamar Windows, wanda aka tsara tun farko don yin kwatankwacin Windows NT 4.0, a yanzu yana nufin daidaitawar Windows 7. Ya kasance a cikin matakan ci gaba tun daga 1996.
Linspire - LindowsOS na da, rabon Linux ne na kasuwanci wanda aka fara kirkireshi da nufin gudanar da babbar manhajar Windows. Canza sunan ta zuwa Linspire bayan Microsoft v. Lindows. An dakatar da aikin Xandros Desktop, wannan kuma daga baya an dakatar dashi.
Freedows OS - ƙoƙari ne na buɗe-tushen ƙirƙirar ɓoyayyen Windows don dandamali na x86, wanda aka yi niyyar saki a ƙarƙashin lasisin GNU na Jama'a. An fara shi a cikin 1996, ta Reece K. Sellin, ba a taɓa kammala aikin ba, yana zuwa matakin tattaunawar ƙira wanda ya ƙunshi wasu ra'ayoyi masu yawa har sai da aka dakatar da shi a 2002. |
23399 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor%20Hourihane | Conor Hourihane | Conor Hourihane (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Irish wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, a halin yanzu yana cikin Swansea City, a aro daga kulob din Aston Villa na Premier League, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamhuriyar Ireland .
Kungiyoyin da suka gabata sun hada da Barnsley, Plymouth Argyle, Sunderland da Ipswich Town . Ya wakilci babban jami'in Jamhuriyar Ireland a matakin kasa da kasa da na 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da 21 .
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
Hourihane ya zo ta ƙungiyar matasa ta Sunderland kuma ya zauna tare da Black Cats har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. Sunderland ta yi masa tayin sabuwar yarjejeniya amma ya zabi ya rattaba hannu ga gunkin Roy Keane na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta Ipswich Town, wanda dole ne ya bayar da diyya ga yarjejeniyar. Hourihane ya kasa fitowa don Ipswich a kakar shekarar 2010-11 .
Plymouth Argyle
Ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Plymouth Argyle ta Kwallon Kafa ta Kwallon Kafa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2011 a kan canja wuri kyauta bayan Ipswich ya sake shi kuma ya burge a kan fitina. Ya fara buga wasan sa na ƙwararru a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, a wasan buɗe ranar tare da Shrewsbury Town a New Meadow . A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, Hourihane ya ci wa Plymouth kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta doke Dagenham & Redbridge 3-2. Ya zama kyaftin din kulob din a lokacin kakar 2012-13 bayan tashin Darren Purse zuwa Port Vale kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyu a watan Mayu sgekarar 2013. Hourihane ya burge Plymouth a kakar shekara ta 2013 da 14, inda ya fara wasanni 53 kuma ya rasa wasa daya a duk kakar saboda dakatarwa, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a raga.
Barnsley
Hourihane ya shiga Barnsley a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014 akan kudi £ 250,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Tykes . Ya sami lambar yabo ta League One Player of the Month na watan Agusta na shekarar 2014, bayan da ya fara rawar Barnsley. Hourihane ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a watan Disambar shekarar 2015.
Hourihane da abokan wasansa sun lashe kofuna biyu a filin wasa na Wembley da ke Landan, a lokacin kakar shekarar 2015–2016 : Ziyarar farko zuwa Wembley ita ce ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2016 don Gasar Kwallon Kafa, inda Barnsley ya ci 3 - 2 a wasan karshe na League Trophy, bayan ta doke Oxford United na League Two . Ziyara ta biyu a Wembley ita ce a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016, don wasan karshe na wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon Kafa. Barnsley ya ci nasara zuwa Gasar, bayan da ya doke Millwall 3-1 a wasan karshe na Play-off .
Hourihane da Barnsley sun sami nasara sosai a rayuwarsu a Gasar, inda suka ci biyar daga cikin wasanni bakwai na farko, gami da nasarar akan Rotherham [1] da Wolverhampton Wanderers, kuma tare da Hourihane ta zira kwallaye uku a cikin waɗannan bakwai na farko wasanni da taimakawa ƙarin biyar. Ya ci gaba da lashe Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafa na Watan Agusta shekarar 2016.
Duk da rade-radin da ke danganta Hourihane da Aston Villa a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya jagoranci Barnsley da ci 3-2 a kan Leeds United tare da Hourihane ta zura kwallon da ta ci kwallon da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an tabbatar da cewa Hourihane ya bar Barnsley don rattaba hannu ga abokan hamayyar Championship Aston Villa don kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Dukansu Hourihane da Barnsley sun fitar da sanarwa, dan wasan yana godewa magoya baya kuma yayi sharhi cewa Barnsley "koyaushe zai sami matsayi na musamman a zuciyata".
Aston Villa
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya koma Aston Villa kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi. Hourihane ya buga wasanni 17 yayin da Villa ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 13, inda ya ci kwallon Villa ta farko da Bristol City a watan Fabrairu. Ya zira kwallaye uku na farko a kulob din a cikin nasarar 4-2 a gida da Norwich City a watan Agusta shekarar 2017.
Hourihane ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2019 a matsayin lada don taimakawa kungiyar lashe gasar Premier League A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, ya ci kwallon farko ta Premier a wasan da suka doke Norwich da ci 5-1. City - wanda ke nufin ya zira kwallaye a dukkan matakai hudu na tsarin gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila .
Swansea City (aro)
A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Hourihane ya koma kungiyar Swansea City ta Championship a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar 2020 - 21 . A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2021, Hourihane ya fara buga wa Swansea wasa na farko, a nasarar cin Kofin FA 5-1 da Nottingham Forest tare da wasan da kocin Swansea Steve Cooper ya bayyana a matsayin "kyakkyawa". A fitowarsa ta biyu, da kuma wasansa na farko a gasar, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Brentford a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2021.
Aikin duniya
A ranar 28 ga watan Maris 2017, Hourihane ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya, inda ya fara a wasan sada zumunta da ci 1-0 da Iceland a filin wasa na Aviva . Hourihane ya lashe kofinsa na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da Mexico ranar 2 ga Yuni 2017. A ranar 26 ga Maris 2019, Hourihane ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a cikin manyan nasarorin da kasarsa ta samu a wasan da suka doke Georgia da ci 1-0 a filin wasa na Aviva . Wasan farko na Jamhuriyar Ireland a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ya sami ƙarin ɗaukar hoto saboda zanga -zangar adawa da tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ireland (FAI), John Delaney . Wani ɓangare na magoya bayan Jamhuriyar Ireland sun jefa ƙwallon tennis a cikin fili a cikin mintuna na 33 don nuna rashin jin daɗin su ga Delaney da ya rage a cikin matakan FAI.
Rayuwar mutum
Hourihane shine dan uwan na biyu na mai tsaron gidan Jamhuriyar Ireland Marie Hourihan .
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kasashen duniya
Manufofin duniya
Maki da sakamako sun lissafa jumullar jumhuriyar Ireland da farko, jadawalin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Hourihane.
Daraja
Barnsley
Gasar Kwallon Kafa : 2015–16
Wasannin Kwallon Kafa Na Farko : 2016
Aston Villa
Wasannin Gasar EFL : 2019
Gasar cin Kofin EFL : 2019–20
Na ɗaya
Gasar Kwallon Kafa Daya Na Watanni : Agusta 2014
Barnsley Player of the Year: 2014–15
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Gasar EFL na Watan : Satumba 2016
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Conor Hourihane at Soccerbase
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1991
Pages with unreviewed translations |
17829 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihu%20Mustafa | Salihu Mustafa | Salihu Mustafa. FNSE, FAENG, FNAHS, FAS, (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas (1948),ya kasance ɗan Najeriya ma'ilimanci, Farfesa kuma injiniya, ya riƙe tsohon mataimakin shugaba na Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY), Yola, Jihar Adamawa, Nigeria. Ya bada gudunmawa da karantar wa a jami'oi da yawa a Najeriya,kuma a yanzu haka ya kasance Farfesa a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero da Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato. Yana da aure da Hajiya Fatima kuma suna da yara huɗu.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a shekara ta (1948) a Hong, LGA na Jihar Adamawa (tsohuwar Jihar Gongola), a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.
Ilimi
Ya halarci Kwalejin Janar Murtala Mohammed, Yola, da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sakkwato . Daga baya ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, Kaduna inda ya kammala da digirin B.Eng (Injiniyan Injiniya) a shekara ta (1973) A shekara ta (1976) ya sami M.Sc. digiri a aikin injiniya tare da kwarewa a Fasahar Albarkatun Ruwa daga Jami'ar Birmingham a Burtaniya sannan daga baya, Ph.D. a Injiniyan Injiniya shekara ta( 1981) daga Jami'ar Strathclyde, Scotland ..
Ayyukan ilimi
Mustafa bayan ya yi bautar kasa a matsayinsa na Injiniyan Asst a aikin Ijora Ruwa na Jihar Legas, ya fara aikin koyarwa a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Sashin Injiniyan Zariya, Kaduna a matsayin Mataimakin Malami a shekara ta (1974) Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, ya sami matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Injiniyan andasa kuma an nada shi cikakken Farfesa na Injiniyan Injiniya a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (ATBU), Bauchi a shekara ta (1989) Daga shekara ta (1989) zuwa shekara ta (1991) ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Sashen Injin Injiniya da kuma Shugaban Makarantar Injiniya a ATBU, Bauchi . An nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) . Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsare-tsare don kafa Jami’ar Jihar Adamawa, Mubi da Shugaban Kwamitin Tsare-Tsare da Aiwatar da Jami’ar Amurka ta Najeriya, Yola, duk a Jihar ta Adamawa . Ya yi shekaru biyar (2013 zuwa 2018), ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bunkasa Shirye-shiryen Injiniya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bunkasa shirye-shiryen Injiniya a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato (Fabrairu shekara ta ( 2016) zuwa shekara ta (2018) Yayi wallafe wallafe sama da sittin waɗanda aka duba cikin jaridu na ƙasa da na duniya. Ofaya daga cikin littattafansa, Littafin Kimiyyar Hydrology da Ruwan Albarkatun Ruwa a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi don koyar da ɗaliban digiri na biyu da na digiri na biyu a cikin jami'o'in kuma ana yin shawarwari da shi ta hanyar injiniyoyi masu aiki. Littafinsa mai zuwa kan Fluid Mechanics da Hydraulics . Shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Edita na Kwalejin Ilimin Injiniya ta Najeriya a yanzu, Innovative Solutions in Engineering.
Ayyukan jama'a
Mustafa yayi aiki a matsayin Mashawarci na Musamman a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Albarkatun Ruwa daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta, Bincike da Ci gaban Digiri a Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC), Abuja daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1999 da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba, PIU Bankin Duniya na Gyara Tsarin Banki na jami'o'in tarayya a Nijeriya daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996.
Zumunci da membobinsu
Mustafa shi ne ya kirkiro kuma Shugaban Triton International School, Jihar Nasarawa a shekara ta (2006) zuwa yau.
Memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-ginen Nijeriya da Cibiyar Nazarin Hanyoyi (NBBRI), Abuja .
Shugaban, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Manufofin Minista (MPAC) kan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ma’aikatar Tarayya ta Albarkatun Ruwa, Abuja Janairu shekara ta (2018) zuwa yau.
Memba, Kwamitin Fasaha kan hangen ambaliyar shekara-shekara (AFO), karkashin Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Ruwa ta ajeriya, Abuja a shekara ta ( 2013) zuwa yau.
Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa, Mubi, Jihar Adamawa a watan Afrilu zuwa wata Yunin shekara ta (2019).
Memba, Kwamitin Assessors for Nigeria Merit Award (200 zuwa 2006).
Shugaban, Shugaban Makarantar ABTI Academy, Yola, Jihar Adamawa a shekara ta (2002 zuwa 2005).
Shugaban da ya gabata, Kwamitin Kasa na Kasa na UNESCO-IHP
Shugaban da ya gabata na Hydungiyar Ilimin Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Najeriya.
Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jalingo, Jihar Taraba (1986 zuwa 1992).
Memba, Kwamitin Fasaha na Filato, Barikin Ladi, Jihar Filato (1986 zuwa 1989).
An uwa, ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya .
Fellow, Kwalejin Injiniya ta Nijeriya .
An uwa, Nigerianungiyar Sciencesungiyar Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Nijeriya.
Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya .
Duba kuma
Jerin sanannun injiniyoyi a Najeriya
Jerin sunayen kansiloli a Najeriya
Manazarta
Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Jami'o'i a Nijeriya
Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello
Injiniyoyin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mukaloli marasa hujja |
14554 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatsar%20ruwan%20Bui | Madatsar ruwan Bui | Madatsar ruwan Bui (da Turanci Bui Dam) shine aikin samar da lantarki mai karfin megawatt 400 (540,000 hp) a Ghana. An gina shi a kan kogin Black Volta a Bui Gorge, a ƙarshen Bui National Park. Aikin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin gwamnatin Ghana da Sino Hydro, wani kamfanin gine-gine na kasar Sin. An fara gina babbar madatsar a cikin watan Disambar 2009. An ƙaddamar da janareta na farko a ranar 3 ga Mayun 2013, kuma an ƙaddamar da madatsar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.Bui zai kasance na biyu mafi girman masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar bayan Akosombo Dam. Gidan ruwan ya cika kusan kashi 20% na Bui National Park kuma ya shafi mazaunan ƙanƙanin baƙin ciki da kuma yawancin namun daji. Ya buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane 1,216, kuma ya shafi wasu da yawa.
Tarihi
Masanin masarautar Biritaniya da Ostiraliya kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu Albert Ernest Kitson ya fara tunanin dam din Bui hydro-electric a shekarar 1925 lokacin da ya ziyarci Bui Gorge. Dam din ya kasance a jikin zane tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da aka gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Ghana, Akosombo Dam a gaba da kogin Volta. Zuwa 1978 an tsara shirin Bui Dam tare da tallafi daga Australia da Bankin Duniya. Ko yaya, juyin mulkin soja guda huɗu ya dakatar da shirin. A lokacin Ghana ta fara fuskantar matsalar karancin makamashi, wanda ya cigaba tun daga wancan lokacin. A cikin 1992, aikin ya sake farfadowa kuma kamfanin farko na Faransa Coyne et Bellier ne ya gudanar da bincike kan yiwuwar aiki na farko.
A cikin 1997 ƙungiyar ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun gudanar da bincike kan yanayin muhalli a yankin don ambaliyar ta cika tafkin. Dan jaridar nan dan kasar Ghana mai kula da muhalli Mike Anane, wanda aka sanya a cikin shirin UNEP na Global Roll of Honor na shekarar 1998, ya kira madatsar da "masifar muhalli" da "misalin littafin rubutu na kudin da aka barnata masu biyan haraji". A cikin labarin nasa ya ambaci ƙungiyar masu binciken, amma a bayyane ya ɗan cika tasirin tasirin madatsar ruwan. Shugaban tawagar masu binciken, masanin ilmin namun daji Daniel Bennett, ya fayyace cewa "ra'ayoyin (Anane) da aka bayar ga kungiyarmu ba daidai bane kuma yaudara ce". Ya cigaba da cewa "Sabanin ikirarin Mr Anane, ba mu da masaniya game da duk wani nau'in hatsarin da ke cikin hadari a Bui National Park, kuma ba mu yi ikirarin cewa madatsar ruwan za ta lalata tarin kifaye ba." Ko da yake Daniel Bennett koyaushe yana tsayawa tsaka-tsaki game da gina madatsar ruwan, amma a cikin Afrilu 2001 gwamnatin Ghana ta hana shi ci gaba da bincike game da yanayin lafiyar Bui National Park. Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa batun "mai matukar tayar da hankali ne" kuma kasancewar Bennett "a dajin kasa ba ya da nasaba da maslahar kasa". Daya daga cikin ‘yan jaridar da ya soki gwamnati kan hana Bennett shi ne Mike Anane.
A shekarar 1999 hukumar kula da wutan Volta, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar, ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kamfanonin Amurka Halliburton da Brown da Root don gina madatsar ruwan ba tare da bayar da wata gasa ba. Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya mulki kasar tsawon shekaru biyu da suka gabata, bai fito takara ba (kamar yadda yake a tsarin mulki) kuma jam’iyyarsa ta sha kaye a hannun ‘yan adawa karkashin jagorancin John Kufuor. A watan Oktoba 2001 sabuwar gwamnati ta dakatar da aikin madatsar ruwan. A cewar Charles Wereko-Brobby, shugaban Hukumar Volta River a lokacin, ba a dauki Bui Dam a matsayin mafi karancin kudin ba kuma ba zai iya biyan bukatun makamashi na "gaggawa" ba. Madadin haka sai a gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da iskar gas, suna samar da wutar lantarki a abin da aka ce rabin kudin Bui ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, mummunan fari a cikin 1998 ya ta daita matsalar makamashi saboda ƙarancin ruwa a cikin Akosombo Dam. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin ta so ta rage dogaro da wutar lantarki a lokacin.
Duk da haka, a cikin 2002 aikin ya sake farfadowa. An fitar da kiran ƙasa da ƙasa don neman kuɗi, amma kamfani ɗaya ne kawai suka gabatar da takaddama kuma aka soke ƙarancin. A cikin 2005 kamfanin Sinohydro na kasar Sin ya gabatar da wata bukata ba tare da neman izinin madatsar ba tare da kudade daga bankin Exim na kasar Sin. Gwamnatin ta amince da bukatar kuma Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta rattaba hannu kan kwangila don kimanta tasirin muhalli a watan Disambar 2005, da kuma sabunta nazarin yiwuwar aiki a watan Oktoba 2007. Gwamnatin ta kirkiro Bui Power Authority ne a watan Agustan 2007 don kula da ginawa da gudanar da aikin da sake tsugunar da ita. Ta haka ne aka sauya nauyin dam din daga Volta River Authority, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ke da alhakin ci gaba da gudanar da dukkan ayyukan wutar lantarki a Ghana. Coyne et Bellier injiniyan tuntuba ne na madatsar ruwan.
An fara binciken filin daga dam din a watan Oktoba na 2007. A watan Janairun 2008 aka fara aikin share fage kuma a watan Mayun 2008 aka fara sake tsugunar da mutanen farko. A watan Disambar 2008 aka karkatar da kogin kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka fara aikin a kan babban dam din. Cike tafkin ya fara a watan Yunin 2011. Rana ta 3 an haɗa ta da layin a ranar 3 Mayu 2013; An ba da raka'a 2 da 1 a ƙarshen Nuwamba Nuwamba 2013. Shugaba John Mahama ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarkin a watan Disambar 2013.
Zane
Bui Dam shine nau'in narkakke mai nauyin nauyi mai tsayin mita 108 (354 ft) sama da tushe da mita 90 (300 ft) sama da bakin kogi. Kofar dam ɗin tana da tsayin mita 492 (1,614 ƙafa) tsayi kuma tana zaune a tsawan mita 185 (ƙafa 607) sama da matakin teku (ASL). Tsarin babban dam din shine miliyan 1 na cubic mita (35 × 10 6 cu ft). Kudu maso yamma na madatsun dam biyu (ko mataimakan) madatsun ruwa suna kula da matakan ruwa kuma suna hana zubewa zuwa wasu yankuna na tafkin. Na farko kuma mafi kusa da babban dam shine Saddle Dam 1. Yana da mita 500 (kafa 1,600) kudu maso yamma na babban dam din kuma dam ne mai cike da dutse. Dam din ya hau mita 37 (121 ft) sama da matakin kasa kuma yana da tsayin daka na 300 m (984 ft). 1 kilomita (0.62 mi) kudu maso yamma na babban dam shine Saddle Dam 2. Wannan dam din shine nau'in yanki mai cike da ƙasa mai tsayin mita 7 (23 ft) ASL da tsayin daka na 580 m (1,903 ft). Dukansu madatsun ruwa na da tudu mai tsayin mita 187 (614 ft) ASL.
Hadar madatsar ta kusa da bankin dama ta kunshi kofofin radiyo guda biyar, kowannensu yakai mita 15 (kafa 49). Ruwan malalar yana zaune a tsawan mita 169 (554 ft) kuma yana da matsakaicin fitarwa na mita dubu 10,450 a sakan ɗaya (369,000 cu ft / s) wanda yayi daidai da ambaliyar shekara 1-in-10,000. Ayyukan fitowar dam din sun kunshi hanya guda daya a banki na dama da aka canza daga daya daga cikin hanyoyin ratsewa.
Tafki
Madatsar ruwan da manyan madatsun ruwa suka kirkira zasu sami karfin mita miliyan 12,570 na cubic mita (10,190,000 acre⋅ft) wanda miliyan 7,720 miliyan cubic (6,260,000 acre⋅ft) yana da amfani don samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa. Matsakaicin matakin aiki na tafkin zai zama mita 185 (607 ft) ASL da mafi ƙarancin mita 167 (548 ft) ASL. A matsakaicin matakin, tafkin zai sami yanki mai girman kilomita 440 (170 sq mi) yayin da mafi ƙarancin zai zama kilomita murabba'i 288 (111 sq mi). Matsayin tafkin a matakin mafi ƙaranci ya kai mita miliyan 6,600 (mita 5,400,000 acre⋅ft). Matsakaicin tsayin tafkin zai kasance kilomita 40 (25 mi) tare da matsakaita zurfin mita 29 (ƙafa 95) da matsakaicin mita 88 (289 ft).
Bui injin samar da wutar lantarki
Justan can ƙasan dam ɗin daga gabar hagu shine ƙarfin dam ɗin. Abincin da akeyi a tafkin yana shayar da ruwa ta penstocks uku zuwa manyan injinan samar da injin turbin 133 MW. Kowane janareta mai samar da injin wuta yana da taransifoma don ƙara ƙarfin lantarki zuwa matakin watsawa. Rukuni na huɗu, tare da katako a kan kwararar mai, zai samar da megawatts huɗu don sabis na tashar da ƙarfin fara baƙar fata, kuma zai samar da mafi ƙarancin kwarara don kula da matakan kogi idan ya kamata a rufe manyan sassan. Tashar wutar za ta sami damar shigar da megawatt 400 da kuma matsakaita na shekara-shekara na 980w gigawatt-(3,500 TJ). Canjin tashar tashar wutar lantarki yana da mita 300 (980 ft) daga ƙasa. Layukan watsawa 161 kV guda huɗu sun haɗa keɓaɓɓen zuwa layin na Ghana.
Fa'idodi
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Bui zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 22%, daga 1920 MW a 2008 zuwa 2360 MW. Tare da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da zafi guda uku wadanda ake cigaba a lokaci guda, zai taimaka wajen rage karancin wutar lantarkin da aka saba gani a Ghana. Kamar kowane tsire-tsire masu samar da wutar lantarki, aikin zai guji fitar da hayaki mai gurɓataccen yanayi wanda zai iya faruwa idan an gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da zafi. Karin amfanin da ake tsammani shi ne ban ruwa na amfanin gona mai yawan gaske a hekta 30,000 na ƙasa mai ni'ima a cikin "Yankin Kyauta na Tattalin Arziki". Matsayin aikin aikin ban ruwa bai bayyana ba.
Farashi da kuɗi
Jimlar kudin aikin an kiyasta sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 622. Gwamnatin kasar ta Ghana ce ke daukar nauyinta (dalar Amurka miliyan 60) da kuma bashi biyu daga bankin Exim na China: rancen bashi na dalar Amurka miliyan 270 a ribar 2% da kuma rancen kasuwanci na dalar Amurka miliyan 292. Duk rancen suna da lokacin alheri na shekaru biyar da kuma amortization na shekaru 20. Kudin da aka samu na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara na fitar da koko na Ghana zuwa China, wanda aka sanya a cikin asusun ajiya a bankin Exim, ya kasance jingina don rancen. Da zarar madatsar ta fara aiki, kashi 85% na kudin da aka samu na cinikin wutar lantarki daga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki zai je asusun ajiya. Idan ba duk abin da ake samu ake bukata don hidimar rancen ba, ragowar zai koma ga gwamnatin Ghana.
Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa
An kammala aikin kimanta muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma (ESIA) na madatsar ruwan a watan Janairun 2007 ta hannun kamfanin ba da shawara na Amurka Environmental Resources Management (ERM). A yayin gudanar da sauraren shirye-shiryenta a Accra da a cikin yankuna biyar kusa da yankin aikin, kamar Bamboi. Koyaya, ba a gudanar da sauraro ba a yankin aikin kansa. Da zarar an kammala, kwamitin mai zaman kansa wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta Ghana ta nada ya sake nazarin ESIA. An sake yin bayanin karshen a muhimman fannoni, gami da wadannan: "diyya" dole ne a samar da yankin da ambaliyar Bui National Park ta yi ambaliya, ana bukatar "shirin ceto" na hippos kuma dole ne a fayyace yadda za a dauki matsuguni fita. Lokacin da (EPA) ta bayar da izinin muhalli na madatsar ruwan, ta buƙaci Hukumar Bui Power Authority da ta gabatar da ita tsakanin watanni 18 da Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli bisa laákari da bita na ESIA. Construction and resettlement began in 2008, but no environmental management plan had been submitted as of July 2010.
Tasirin muhalli
Bui Dam zai yi matukar illa ga gandun dajin Bui. 21% na wurin shakatawa za a nutsar da su. Wannan zai shafi mutane biyu ne kawai na baqin dorina a Ghana, wanda yawan su ya kai tsakanin 250 zuwa 350 a dajin. Babu tabbaci idan za a iya sauya hippos kuma idan akwai wani mazaunin da ya dace kusa da yankin da za a yi ambaliyar. Ko da ma akwai irin wannan "amintaccen mafaka", ba a bayyana ba idan wasan da namun daji na ƙasar na da hanyoyin da za su iya ceton dabbobin. Tasirin Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki ya nuna cewa dabo za su iya fuskantar matsalar farauta a lokacin cika tafkin. Har ila yau, ta yi ikirarin cewa a karshe za su "amfana daga karuwar yankin matsuguni da ke samar da tafkin".
Hakanan madatsar ruwan na iya yin wasu tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci, kamar canza tsarin kwararar ruwa na kogin wanda zai iya cutar da mazaunan ƙauyuka. Wani binciken da jami’ar Aberdeen ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kogin Black Volta ya wadata da nau’ikan kifi 46 daga iyalai 17. Babu ɗayan waɗannan nau'in da ke cikin haɗari. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin kifayen zasu iya yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje ga yanayin zafin ruwa, rikicewa da toshe ƙaurarsu. Hakanan cutar ta ruwa za ta iya faruwa. Musamman Schistosomiasis zai iya zama tabbatacce a cikin tafki, tare da haɗarin lafiya ga mutanen gida.
Tasirin zamantakewa
Aikin bui dam din Bui yana bukatar tilastawa mutane dubu 1,216 sauya matsuguni, daga cikinsu an sake tsugunar da 217 zuwa watan Yunin 2010. Don kar a jinkirta aikin gina madatsar ruwan, Hukumar Bui Power Authority ta zabi hanyar sake tsugunar da mutane cikin sauri. Ta yi biris da shawarwarin bincike, "Tsarin Tsara Tsugunni", cewa ta yi kwangilar kanta. A ka'ida, ana tsammanin duk mutanen da abin ya shafa za su koma wani sabon gari da ake kira Bui birni. Ko y6aya, har zuwa shekara ta 2010 garin bai wanzu ba kuma babu jadawalin yadda za'a gina shi. Madadin haka, mutanen 217 na farko da aka sauyawa matsuguni an mayar dasu zuwa wani matsuguni na ɗan lokaci da ake kira, wanda ya lalata kayan more rayuwa. An sake girka masunta a busasshiyar ƙasa kuma sun rasa abin biyan su. Kodayake binciken ya ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta kula da sake tsugunarwar, amma ba a kafa irin wannan jikin ba. |
58458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology%20na%20Nsukka | Archaeology na Nsukka | Nsukka yanki ne dake cikin jihar Enugu dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya wanda ya jawo sha'awa ta musamman a fannin binciken kayan tarihi.Wannan yanki ya samar da misalan karfe, karafa,yumbu, da duwatsu wadanda suka taimaka wajen ci gaban kasar tsawon shekaru.A cikin yankin da ake kira Igboland,wanda Nsukka ke zaune,an san Alumona a matsayin wurin da ake aiki da ƙarfe,yayin da Opi,Obimo,Lejja,Orba,Nrobo,Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Umundu ke da alaƙa da narkewar ƙarfe .
Tarihin al'adu
Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Obimo, duk ana daukar su a matsayin wani yanki na tsohon yankin Nsukka,wanda kuma yanki ne na yankin kabilar da aka fi sani da Igboland. Wuraren narka na Onyohor da Ekwegbe tare sun zama iyakar kudancin yankin Nsukka,yayin da ake samun wurin da ake narka baƙin ƙarfe a Obimo a yammacin yankin.Waɗannan yankuna kaɗai sun ba da tabbacin cewa yankin Nsukka ya ƙunshi halaye na al'adu daban-daban bisa ga waɗannan garuruwan da ke cikin tudu.Hakazalika da sauran yankunan kasar Igbo,wuraren da aka ambata kowannensu yana da nasa tarihin da labaran asali.Wadannan labaran sun taso ne daga wurin da ake zaton asalin kabilar Ibo ne zuwa hijira da cudanya.
Tarihin baka na mutanen Onyohor na da'awar cewa kauyuka biyar da suka kafa garin,'ya'yan Elunyi Ugwunye ne,wanda ya kafa Onyohor.A cewar wani Igwe Mathew Ukpabi,hijira ba ta faru a wannan yanki ba.Ga mutanen Ekwegbe,an yi ta cece-kuce bisa ’yan asali,amma kuma akwai yiwuwar hijira daga Aku da ta hannun Umma kafin isa Ekwegbe.Ekwegbe ya auri Nome na Ideke Aruona,don haka sunan,Ekwegbe Odike Arumona,wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga cikakken sunan yankin - Nsukka Asadu Ideke Alumona.Obimo a gefe guda,yana da nau'ikan tarihin sa waɗanda ke jingina zuwa ko dai tasirin Igala ko tasirin Eri-Nri.Abin da ya fi shahara shi ne cewa Attah na hawan Igala ya fi jin dadi daga mazaunan Obimo na farko.Wadannan al'ummomi sun kasance masu bin addini a al'ada da kuma tattalin arziki,sun kasance masu aikin gona,sun fi amfani da kayan aiki kamar gatari,farat, da adduna.Wadannan garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da juna a fili sun yi mu'amala da juna ta hanyar irin wannan ayyukan nasu, wadanda suka hada da ayyukan fasaha kamar saƙa,sassaƙa, yin kwando, da maƙera.
Ƙarfe mai narkewa
Aikin ƙarfe na ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwan da aka fara a Nahiyar Afirka.Tarihin waɗannan hanyoyin ba su da kyau a wakilta saboda ra'ayin Eurocentric cewa "'yan Afirka sun kasance abin da Turawa suka yi".Wannan a bayyane yake ba haka lamarin yake ba,domin wuraren da ke kama da tudun Nsukka suna da shaidar narkewar ƙarfe,nau’in ƙarfe na gama-gari,wanda aka samu a yankin.Tabbacin waɗannan fasahohin yana zaune a wurare kamar Obimo,Onyohor,Ekwegbe,da Lejja.
An kamanta wannan al’ada da al’adar kirkire-kirkire a Najeriya.Daban-daban nau'ikan fasahohin narke ana samun su daga tanderun narke daban-daban,kamar tanderun kwanon rufi,murhu,da murhun murhu,wanda ke nuna yuwuwar ci gaban karin lokaci.Binciken binciken kayan tarihi a yankin Nsukka ya bankado wasu abubuwa da aka zabo da hannu kamar gutsutsutsun yumbu,gawayi,tarkacen karfe,bawo na dabino,da guntun karafa. Manya-manyan,ƙarin abubuwa masu banƙyama sun haɗa da nozzles tuyere, kafuwar gida, da slags na silindi.Kowanne daga cikin wadannan kasidu yana a wuraren Obimo,Onyohor,da Ekwegbe,wanda ke nuni da cewa mutanen farko sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar narka karfe.
Akwai nau'ikan tanderu iri-iri da aka gama a sakamakon narkewar ƙarfe:murhun kubba,murhu,da tanda ko tanderun rami.Ramin tanderu shine salon da ya fi dadewa har zuwa yau a shiyyar Nsukka.Ana ɗaukar murhun murhun gida a matsayin ingantaccen sigar tanda na asali saboda ingantattun tsarin sa wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi.Tanderun murhu sun ƙunshi kayan aiki na ƙwanƙwasa wanda ke jan narkakken narke daga cikin tanderun zuwa cikin ramin slag.An yi amfani da wannan tanderu ta musamman daga mutanen Berom da kuma masarautar Sukur, wanda ke wakiltar juriyar al'adu ta la'akari da yadda wannan fasaha ta ɓace a wasu yankunan ƙasar.
Samar da kayan aiki
An yi amfani da albarkatun kamar dutse,yumbu,da ƙarfe a tarihi don yin farauta da ayyukan noma a ƙoƙarin samar da ingantattun kayan aikin da za a yi amfani da su a matsugunan mutane.Kayan aikin duwatsu sun yi tasiri a sassa da dama na Najeriya.Nau'ikan maɓalli guda biyu na kayan aikin dutse sune kayan aikin flake da kayan aikin gogewa.An yi amfani da kayan aikin tudu da yawa lokacin sarrafa fatu da zaruruwa don amfanin ɗan adam.Wataƙila an ƙirƙira kayan aikin gogewa sakamakon mafarauta suna son ƙarin ingantattun fasaha wanda ke ba da damar gogewa mara kyau. Waɗannan kayan aikin da aka goge sun ɗauki nau'in gatari,wuƙaƙe na ƙarfe,da faratiyoyi,kayan aikin da za a iya amfani da su da hannu kuma an fi aiwatar da su a cikin ayyukan farauta da noma.
Amfani da yumbu ko yumbu na da mahimmanci a rayuwar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar ƴan Najeriya tun daga karni na huɗu BC zuwa yanzu.An yi amfani da yumbu da kuma samar da tukwane don ayyuka kamar dafa abinci,adanawa,musamman na ibada ko bukukuwa.
An gano al'adun tukwane daban-daban a Najeriya tare da bincike daga wuraren da aka gano kayan tarihi a Daima, Ife,da Nok. Samar da tukwane ya haɗa da samun tukunya mafi girma tare da ƙwanƙolin tushe mai zagaye don ƙirar.Ana sanya dunƙule yumbu a matsakaici a kusa da tukunyar,yana ba da damar cikakken santsi da kauri. |
27079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwajin%20COVID-19%20Cikin%20Saurin%20Antigen | Gwajin COVID-19 Cikin Saurin Antigen | Gwajin saurin antigen na COVID-19, wanda kuma akai-akai ake kira COVID-19 gwaje-gwajen kwarara ta gefe, gwaje-gwajen saurin antigen ne da ake amfani da su don gano kamuwa da cutar SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19 ). Suna saurin aiwatarwa tare da ƙaramin horo, suna ba da fa'idodin tsada, farashi kaɗan na sauran nau'ikan gwajin COVID-19 kuma suna ba masu amfani sakamako a cikin mintuna 5-30. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen antigen cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a zaman wani ɓangare na gwajin taro ko hanyoyin tantance yawan jama'a. Ana tsammanin suna da mahimmanci don gano mutanen da ke da asymptomatic kuma suna iya yada cutar zuwa wasu mutane, waɗanda ba za su san sun kamu da cutar ba. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gwaji na COVID-19, kamar PCR, waɗanda galibi ana ganin su zama gwaji mai amfani ga mutane masu alama, saboda suna da haɓakar hankali kuma suna iya gano lokuta daidai.
Tarihin ci gaban fasahar gwaji na saurin COVID-19
Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don COVID-19 sun fito daga manyan saka hannun jari ta shirin Burtaniya Moonshot mai rikitarwa, shirin £ 100 biliyan don tantance tsari, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi don gwajin COVID-19. Rapid gwaje-gwaje da farko zauna a cikin wannan din kimantawa bututun dab da yawa wasu putative COVID-19 gwaji da fasahohi kamar fitila, Lampore, batu na kula PCR, taro spectrometry da samfurin pooling. Koyaya, yayin da aka ci gaba da kimantawa, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun fito a matsayin mafi nasara nau'in gwajin COVID-19 a cikin wannan shirin don dacewa da gwajin PCR na yanzu.
Jagorar kasa da kasa don amfani da fasahar gwajin saurin COVID-19 da haɓakawa
Dalilin farko na kimiyya don yuwuwar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da jagorar duniya don haɓaka fasahar gwaji cikin sauri an haɓaka ta hanyar jagorar wucin gadi daga WHO wacce ta nuna fa'idodin da za a iya samu. Rahoton ya lura cewa gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun fi sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi masu tsada. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen barkewar cutar, don gano cutar da wuri da kuma sa ido kan yanayin cututtuka. Daga baya, kuma daga baya ga ƙungiyar nazarin da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan shawarar ta fadada ta Hukumar Turai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar gwaji cikin sauri don tantance yawan jama'a inda adadin ingancin gwajin ya yi girma ko kuma ya yi yawa. Ya zuwa Janairu 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da karfafa matsayinsu, tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri, lura da cewa "ya kamata bincike ya tabbatar da cewa gwajin antigen mai sauri na iya gudanar da gwajin da kansu .... Gwajin kai tare da ko ba tare da jagorar kwararru ba. kuma za a iya la'akari."
Karatun Farko
Ofaya daga cikin ingantaccen binciken don gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri an kammala ta Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Manchester, kuma Farfesa Richard Body da Dr Lennard Lee suka ƙaddamar. An kaddamar da binciken Falcon-C19 a cikin kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An dauki majiyyaci na farko a filin wasa na Manchester City Etihad carpark a sabuwar cibiyar gwajin COVID-19. Binciken ya haɓaka cikin sauri har ya haɗa da wuraren bincike na al'umma 14 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. An rufe binciken ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, bayan kammala gwajin mutane 878. Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin binciken bincike na COVID-19 mafi sauri a Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar. Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa na'urorin gwaji masu sauri sun iya ɗaukar sakamako mai kyau tare da daidaito mai girma. Jimlar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri guda 4, gami da Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test da Orientgene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, an inganta su a cikin wannan binciken, ta amfani da samfuran swab daga duka alamomi da masu asymptomatic.
A daidai lokacin da ake fitar da bincike na wucin gadi na wannan binciken na Burtaniya, Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa za a sayi gwaje-gwajen gaggawa miliyan 100 daga Abbott kuma za a tura su a duk fadin kasar don fara irin wannan karatun na Amurka, don kammala karatun da Jami'ar Oxford ta fara.
Nazarin ƙima a duk faɗin duniya
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Slovakia ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara gwajin yawan jama'a ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri. Ma’aikata 60,000 ne suka yi gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri miliyan biyar waɗanda suka yi amfani da gwajin antigen SD Biosensor kuma suka yi swabbing a kan jama'a. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantance yawan jama'a. Nazarin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a farkon 2021, ɗaya daga farfesa Martin Kahanec daga Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya da mawallafinsa da kuma wani na Martin Pavelka daga Makarantar Tsabtace & Magungunan Tropical na London da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin guguwar kaka na saurin antigen. gwajin da aka yi a Slovakia ya taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar a kasar, kodayake a cewar tsohon binciken sakamakon gwajin yawan jama'a kan cutar na wucin gadi ne kuma ya fara bazuwa bayan kimanin makonni biyu.
Burtaniya ta ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin ci gaban gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da gwajin sauri na Innova, tare da haɓaka cikin gaggawa yayin da shari'o'in COVID-19 ke ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Turai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Firayim Minista, Boris Johnson ya fara aikin tantance Liverpool a duk faɗin birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar fasahar fasaha. An kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin fadada matukan gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a sassa da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa yin gwajin ba. Wadannan sun hada da dalibai a Jami'o'in da suka yi fama da barkewar cutar. Wannan da farko ya fara ne a Jami'ar Durham wanda ke da abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙwarewa don gudanar da shirin gwaji cikin sauri, amma an faɗaɗa yawancin Jami'o'in Burtaniya kuma ya ba da damar tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa don samun ɗalibai a gida lafiya don Kirsimeti. An kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa don ma'aikata don rage yiwuwar watsawa ga marasa lafiya, ƙananan hukumomi da gidajen kulawa don ba da damar ziyartar mazauna. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2020, Wales ta kammala gwajin gabaɗayan gundumar farko a Merthyr Tydfil. A wannan lokacin, an kuma aiwatar da gwaji a duk makarantu a cikin Amurka don ɗalibai masu alamun cutar da kuma cikin gidajen kulawa na Portuguese da makarantu.
Sashen gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin duniya don haɓaka kimanta gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri wanda ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin aiwatar da gwajin cutar cikin sauri a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da taimakon yarjejeniya daga gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates wanda ke iyakance farashin don Kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Austria ta fara gwajin jama'a a fadin kasar a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma ta ba da umarnin gwaje-gwaje miliyan bakwai da suka kunshi gwajin SD Biosensor da Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).
A tsakiyar watan Disamba, an yi nazari da yawa da ke tabbatar da inganci da nasarar amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don gano mutane da COVID-19 ciki har da karatu a cikin Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Amurka. Waɗannan karatun duk sun ba da damar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don shiga daidaitattun dabarun gwajin COVID-19 na ƙasa. Gwajin gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a makarantu a Kanada, wuraren balaguro a Indonesia, da kuma cikin Indiya.
Damuwa game da amfani
Mutane da yawa sun tayar da damuwar cewa daidaiton gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ba su da kyau kamar yadda ake yin gwajin COVID-19 na PCR. Bayanan da aka fitar daga allon babban birni na Burtaniya a Liverpool sun nuna cewa sojojin da suka yi gwajin gwajin sun sami aikin gwajin kwararrun masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, bin wasu matukan jirgi a Indiya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan batutuwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya-psychological inda aka yi muhawara game da ko gwaje-gwaje masu sauri na iya haifar da tabbatacciyar ƙarya da canji a ɗabi'a. Koyaya, an tabbatar da canjin tunani game da amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri bayan buga daga Amurka. Farfesa Michael Mina ya yi hasashen cewa har yanzu gwaje-gwaje masu sauri za su kasance da amfani yayin da aka gano masu kamuwa da cuta, da fa'idodin da aka samu daga maimaita gwajin sauri da samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan gwaji. Babbar jami'ar kula da lafiya ta Burtaniya, Dokta Susan Hopkins, ta kuma lura cewa gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun samar da hanyar gano "mutanen da ... ba za mu iya samu ba".
Da yake lura da ikon gano lamura cikin sauri, da kuma la'akari da ci gaba da tabarbarewar lamura a Turai, hukumar ta Tarayyar Turai ta gana a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta samar da tsarin gama gari na Turai don "amfani, tabbatarwa da fahimtar juna na gwaje-gwaje masu sauri", da aiwatar da Yuro miliyan 100 don siyan gwaje-gwaje daga Roche da Abbott . Stella Kyriakides, kwamishiniyar Lafiya da Kariyar Abinci ta ce "Gwajin maganin antigen cikin sauri yana ba mu sauri, dogaro da martani mai sauri don ware lokuta na COVID. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar."
Wasu mutane sun nuna damuwa game da jinkirin ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da yuwuwar asarar rayuka da ka iya faruwa a sakamakon. Wata ƙungiyar ilimi daga Kanada ta lura cewa rabin mace-mace a gidajen kulawa a farkon farkon cutar za a iya hana su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri.
Amincewa da tsarin duniya don amfani don gwajin COVID-19
Bayan nasarar binciken da yawa a duk duniya don nazarin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri daga watan Agustan 2020, ƙungiyoyin da ke da tsari a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun amfani da gwaji a matsayin "sabuwar hanyar magance cutar". A ranar 16 ga Disamba, FDA ta zama hukuma ta farko don amincewa da gwajin saurin Abbott. An ba da izini na gaba don gwajin gida na Ellume COVID-19.
Health Canada kuma ta amince da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa tare da mai ba su shawara, Farfesa David Juncter tare da lura da "mafi kyawun gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da inganci sosai wajen gano masu kamuwa da cuta" kuma kwararre kan cututtukan cututtuka Jean Longtin yana mai cewa "Zai ba mu damar yin sauri fiye da kwayar cutar kuma mu nemo cutar. tuntuɓar mutum a cikin awa ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon jira awa 24".
MHRA ta Burtaniya ta tabbatar da amincewarsu da gwajin gaggawar Innova don gwajin amfani da kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a duniya na wannan ci gaba na gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya, Sir John Bell, Farfesa Regius a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Oxford ya ce "Gwajin da sauri ya kasance babban abin kariya daga cutar sankara saboda suna da sauri, arha kuma ana samun su don maimaita amfani da su. A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Tunawa da Class 1 na Innova LFT saboda rashin daidaiton su.
Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin "komawa ga al'ada"
Spain ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don sauƙaƙe komawa zuwa al'ada tare da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa da ake samu a cikin kantin magani, da kuma wasan kide-kide na kiɗan kyauta da aka gudanar a Barcelona ga mutanen da suka yi gwajin sauri. An ɗauki irin wannan hanya a Albaniya don ba da damar bukukuwan kiɗa. Koyaya, ƙwararrun masana da yawa ba su da tabbas game da wannan hanyar suna gaskanta cewa "gwajin gaggawa ba shine mafita don sake farawa rayuwa ta al'ada ba" amma ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu mahimman matakan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta kamar sa PPE mai dacewa, wanke hannu akai-akai da zamantakewa. nisantar ba da damar mutane su sami wannan muhimmin lokacin tare da waɗanda suke ƙauna yayin da suke taimakawa don kiyaye su.
Sabbin nau'ikan COVID-19
A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, an gano wani sabon nau'in cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin Burtaniya, VOC-202012/01 . Nauyin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya. Tare da yaɗuwar amfani da wannan nau'i na gwajin COVID-19 a duniya, akwai damuwa cewa wannan bambance-bambancen zai sa gwajin sauri ya ƙare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka fasahar fasahar Burtaniya ta haɓaka kwararar ruwa, a cikin sa'o'i 24, dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Ingila sun sami damar tabbatar da gwajin saurin ci gaban duniya bai shafa ba kuma suna iya gano sabon bambance-bambancen. Wannan saboda saurin gwajin gabaɗaya yana hari akan furotin nucleocapsid ne ba furotin mai karu ba. Wasu nau'ikan ko da yake, kwanan nan an gano su waɗanda ke shafar wasu saurin gwaji har zuwa ninki 1000. Abin farin ciki, yawan waɗannan maye gurbi na nucleocapsid (musamman D399N) har yanzu yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin duniya a ~ 0.02%.
Amfanin ɗan adam don gwaje-gwaje masu sauri
Baya ga amfani da al'umma na yau da kullun, an kuma yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jin kai yayin bala'in. Bayan ambaliya a Jakarta a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Disamba, an yi gwajin gaggawa a matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da kari, bayan rufe iyakokin kasa a Turai biyo bayan bullar sabuwar matsalar Burtaniya kafin Kirsimeti, direbobin manyan motoci kusan 6,000 ne suka makale ba tare da abinci ba, sun dakatar da isar da abincin Kirsimeti yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na Faransa ne suka yi gwajin gaggawa cikin sa'o'i 24 a tashar. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun baiwa manyan motocin dakon kaya damar hawa kan hanya da kammala jigilar kayayyaki da komawa ga iyalansu don Kirsimeti, yana nuna yuwuwar amfanin duniya na samun gwajin COVID-19 mai sauƙin aiwatarwa. Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières ta amince da yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga, tare da lura da cewa "Gwajin antigen na COVID-19 na iya ba da sakamako cikin sauri da aiki, tare da tabbatar da gano mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar a matakin al'umma".
Amurka da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri
Bayan da aka fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin saurin haɓaka fasahar gwaji tare da Burtaniya, ƙarin kimanta gwaje-gwajen cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin gwajin yawan jama'a a Amurka ya tsaya cik sakamakon rikicin kusan dala biliyan 900 na agajin COVID-19 da ke ƙunshe a cikin Haɗin gwiwar 2020 Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2021 . An soki dokar saboda ba musamman saka hannun jari na zobe a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin tsada-tattalin arziki da ingantaccen nau'i na gwajin yawan jama'a. Masana kimiyya a Amurka, irin su Farfesa Michael Mina na Jami'ar Harvard, sun lura cewa gwaje-gwajen sun kasance "masu ƙarfi sosai ga duk abin da mutane ke yi" kuma "gwajin gida don COVID-19 na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta". Farfesa William A. Haseltine, shi ma na Harvard, ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi, a cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Forbes da ke ba da shawara "Gwajin da za a yi cikin gaggawa, zai iya dakatar da yaduwar cututtuka da mutuwa" da kuma labarin da Farfesa Annie ya yi. Sparrow na Dutsen Sinai, New York yana ba da shawarar "Gwajin Rahusa Yana da Muhimmanci ga Nasara ta Cutar Kwalara" bisa la'akari da "gaggawa na nau'in B117 mai saurin yaduwa da sauri a cikin Burtaniya, da irin wannan nau'in daga Afirka ta Kudu". Koyaya, saurin gwajin gida don COVID-19 yana samuwa ga mutane a bainar jama'a a cikin Janairu 2021, bin amincewar FDA ta farko. Masu ba da inshorar lafiya a Amurka sun biya waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ga mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19, ko waɗanda ke da kusanci da mai kamuwa da cuta ko tare da wani da ke nuna alamun. Wani labarin a cikin Washington Post ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman fa'idar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Amurka ba za a iya cimmawa ba har sai "gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe gwajin mutanen da ba su da lafiya saboda watsar da wadancan mutanen babban bangare ne na barkewar", yayin da ake gwada wadannan mutane. inshorar lafiya bai rufe shi ba. Bayan zaben sabon shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021, Amurka ta sake fara saka hannun jari a cikin saurin bunkasa fasahar fasahar tare da buga umarnin zartarwa na shugaban kasa.
Darajar kasuwar duniya
Bayan yawaitar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a duk duniya, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 15; duk da haka, ana sa ran kasuwar za ta daina daga 2024 saboda allurar rigakafin yawan jama'ar duniya a ƙarshen 2023. A cikin Amurka, kasuwa don saurin gwaje-gwaje shine dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9 tare da ƙimar haɓaka> 20% a asibitoci, asibitoci, Asiya Pacific amma kuma azaman gwajin masu amfani. Manazarta kasuwannin kasa da kasa sun yi hasashen cewa masu kera gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri za su fuskanci karuwar bukatu yayin da mutane da yawa suka fara amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don gano mutanen da ke da alamun sauki. Yawancin masu sharhi da masana kimiyya daga Amurka sun nuna damuwa ko cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta sami damar biyan bukatun duniya tare da kera daruruwan miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen da za a buƙaci don gwaji akai-akai.
Manazarta
Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci%20Hong%20Kong | Musulunci Hong Kong | Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2016, kashi 4.1% na mutanen Hong Kong na him addinin Musulunci, ko kuma akwai Musulmai kusan 300,000. Daga cikin wannan adadi, 50,000 'yan China ne, 150,000' yan Indonesiya ne kuma 30,000 'yan Pakistan ne, sauran kuma daga sauran sassan duniya. Mafi yawan Musulmi a Hong Kong Sunni ne .
Kimanin 12,000 daga cikin iyalan Musulmai a Hong Kong sune 'yayan yaro' na gida, Musulmai na asalin Sinanci da Asiya ta Kudu sun fito ne daga bakin baƙi na Asiya ta Kudu na farko waɗanda suka ɗauki matan Sinawa na gida ( mutanen Tanka ) kuma suka rainon 'ya'yansu a matsayin Musulmi. . Musulman Hui daga ƙasar China suma sun taka rawa wajen raya addinin Musulunci a Hong Kong, kamar Kasim Tuet daga Guangzhou, daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara ilimantar da Musulmai a cikin birni, wanda aka sanya wa Makarantar Tunawa da Kasim Tuet ta Musulunci .
A cikin sabuwar karni, mafi yawan Musulmai a yankin 'yan Indonesiya ne, galibinsu mata ƴan aikin gida ne na ƙasashen waje . Suna da sama da 120,000 na yawan Musulman Hong Kong.
Tarihi
Tarihin Musulmi a Hong Kong ya fara tun lokacin mulkin Hong Kong na Biritaniya. Musulman farko da suka fara zama a Hong Kong ƴan asalin Indiya ne, inda wasu daga cikinsu sojoji ne. Daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 zuwa gaba, ƙarin sojoji da 'yan kasuwa sun isa Hong Kong daga Kudancin Asiya da Mainland China. Yayin da adadin su ke ƙaruwa, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta Burtaniya ta ware musu filaye don gina alummominsu da kayan aiki, kamar masallatai da makabartu. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mutunta haƙƙin waɗannan al'ummomin Musulmai ta hanyar ba su agaji.
Musulman Sinawa sun fara isa Hong Kong a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, inda suka fito daga yankunan kudancin bakin teku na kasar Sin, inda suka rayu shekaru aru -aru da suka gabata. Sun kafa al'ummarsu a kusa da gundumar Wan Chai (wurin Masallacin Wan Chai ). Daga baya kwararar Musulman China ta biyo bayan tashin hankalin da aka samu a yankin. Wasu daga cikin Sinawa kuma sun koma addinin Musulunci kwanan nan. Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, Musulman China sun kai sama da kashi 50% na mazaunan Hong Kong mazaunan Hongkong, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kungiyoyin addinin Islama na Hong Kong. A tarihi ana kula da Musulman Hong Kong a matsayin na musamman ga Musulman China dangane da shirye -shiryen aikin Hajji.
Islama a zamani a Hong Kong
Abinci
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ana samun ƙaruwar adadin abincin Halal don biyan buƙatun abinci na musulmai, da kuma manyan kantuna da ke siyar da kayayyakin Halal da yawa. A cikin 2010, akwai gidajen cin abinci na Halal 14 kawai, amma bayan shekara guda lambar ta yi tsalle sau uku. Tun daga watan Mayu 2018, akwai gidajen cin abinci 70 da aka tabbatar da Halal a yankin.
Kuɗi
Akwai shirin da HSBC ke aiwatarwa na tsarin hada -hadar kuɗi na Islama a Hongkong, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a fara aiwatar da hakan ba. A shekara ta 2007, Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Larabawa ta kafa HK Islamic Index a Hong Kong don tallafawa burin Hong Kong na ci gaba da zama cibiyar hada -hadar kuɗi ta Musulunci. A cikin wannan shekarar, Sakataren Kudi John Tsang ya sanar da wani shiri na kama wani bangare na tsarin hada -hadar kudade na Musulunci, wanda darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.3. Bankin Hang Seng ya fitar da wani asusu na Islama a watan Nuwamba na 2007.
Ilimi
Har zuwa Janairu 2010, Hong Kong tana da makarantun Islamiyya guda 5, waɗanda ke warwatse a kusa da Tsibirin Hong Kong, Kowloon da Sababbin Yankuna. Ci gaban waɗancan makarantun ya kasance mai sauri, wanda ya fito daga makarantun yara, makarantun firamare da kwalejoji.
Wasu daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na Musulunci:
Islamic Kasim Tuet Memorial College
Makarantar Firamare ta tunawa da Dawud Pau ta Musulunci
Makarantar Firamare ta Musulunci
Hakanan akwai madrasas daban -daban a duk yankin.
Yawon shaƙatawa
A cikin 2018, Hong Kong ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da dandalin tafiye-tafiye na kan layi Have Halal, Will Travel (HHWT) don nuna ɓangaren musulmin yankin.
Aikin hajji
A tarihi ƴan adadin Musulmai ne suka yi aikin Hajji daga Hong Kong. Wadanda ke son yin aikin hajji za su shiga kungiyoyin aikin Hajji daga Malaysia, yankin Indiya, ko Mainland China. Tun daga shekarun 1990 mafi yawan Musulmai suna tafiya Makka kai tsaye daga Hong Kong kuma yankin yana da nasa keɓaɓɓen adadin aikin Hajji tare da bayar da biza na Hajji daga Ofishin Jakadancin Saudiyya. Ba a ba wa Musulman PRC damar yin balaguro zuwa Hong Kong don shirye -shiryen aikin Hajji amma dole ne Musulman ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a China su yi shirin tafiya ko daga kasarsu ta asali, ko ta Hong Kong.
Ƙalubalen zamantakewa
Saboda ƙarancin lokacin hutun abincin rana a ranar Jumma'a ga masu aiki a Hong Kong, galibi ana yin sallar Juma'a cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. Musulmai na iya samun matsala wajen nemo wurin da ya dace don yin addu'a a wurin aiki ko a makaranta. Saboda rashin masallatai a Sababbin Yankuna, Musulmai da ke zaune a wurin na iya samun wahalar zuwa masallatan Hong Kong guda shida na yanzu saboda wurin da suke a Kowloon ko Tsibirin Hong Kong. Wasu daga cikinsu suna yin hayar gidaje kuma suna mai da su ɗakunan addu'o'i don yiwa musulmin da ke zaune a kewayen wurin hidima. A halin yanzu akwai ɗakunan guda takwas a Hong Kong ana mai da su ɗakunan sallah.
Masallatai
Akwai masallatai shida yanzu haka a Hong Kong. Masallaci na bakwai a na Sheung Shui Mosque ana kan gina shi.
Masallacin Jamia
Mafi tsufa shi ne Masallacin Jamia a Tsibirin Hong Kong, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarun 1840 kuma aka sake gina shi a 1915. Limamin farko shine Al Haaj Abul Habib Syed Mohammed Noor Shah, daga 1914 zuwa 1946. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Hong Kong tare da Sojojin Burtaniya.
Syed Mohammed Noor Shah yana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da' ya mace ɗaya, Syeda Fatima wacce ta rasu a shekarun ƙuruciyarta. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Syed Habib Ullah Shah an haife shi a Hong Kong a 1933, 13 ga Janairu. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Landan tun 2001, tare da ƙaramin ɗansa, Sayid Mohammad Asif Ullah Shah.
Masallacin Kowloon
Masallacin Kowloon dake titin Nathan, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1984, yana iya daukar masu ibada kusan 3,500. Masallaci ne mafi girma a Hong Kong.
Masallacin Ammar
An buɗe Masallacin Ammar dake kan titin Oi Kwan a Wan Chai a watan Satumbar 1981 kuma yana iya daukar taron mutane 700 zuwa 1,500, gwargwadon buƙatun.
Masallacin Chai Wan
Masallacin Chai Wan yana a maƙabartar Musulmi ta Cape Collinson.
Masallacin Stanley
Masallacin Stanley yana cikin Kurkukun Stanley .
Masallacin Ibrahim
Masallacin Ibrahim asalinsa yana Ya'u Ma Tei, kuma an buɗe shi a watan Nuwamba 2013. Ya zuwa Janairu 2020, an ƙaura zuwa Mong Kok .
A gefen masallatai, akwai ɗakunan salla na Musulmai da yawa da ke warwatse a kusa da Hong Kong, kamar a Filin jirgin sama na Hong Kong, Jami'ar City ta Hong Kong da sauransu
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin Amintattu na Asusun Al'ummar Musulmi na Hong Kong
Amintattun Ƙungiyoyin Asusun Al'ummar Musulmi na Hong Kong yana daidaita harkokin addini kuma yana kula da masallatai da maƙabartun Musulmi a Hong Kong. Ƙungiyoyin wakilan amintattun sune Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong, Ƙungiyar Pakistan ta Hong Kong, Ƙungiyar Musulmin Indiya ta Hong Kong da Ƙungiyar Dawoodi Bohra ta Hong Kong . Aikin sadaka a tsakanin al'ummar Musulmi, wanda ya haɗa da taimakon kuɗi ga mabukata, kula da lafiya, taimakon ilimi, samar da makarantar yara ta Musulunci da taimako ga tsofaffi, ana gudanar da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin Musulmi daban -daban a Hong Kong. An kafa kungiyar ne a Masallacin Ammar .
Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Hong Kong ( Chinese ) wata kungiya ce ta Musulunci dake bada sadaka da ba da riba a Hong Kong. Hedikwatar ƙungiyar tana Masallacin Ammar .
Ƙungiyar Al'adun Musulunci (Hong Kong)
Ƙungiyar Al'adun Musulunci (Hong Kong) a cikin 2004 kuma ya zama cibiyar sadaka da gwamnati ta amince da ita. Kungiyar ta himmatu wajen inganta al'adun Musulunci tare da Al -Qur'ani da Sunnah a matsayin tushenta. Don inganta musaya tsakanin al'adun Musulunci da sauran al'adu. Don haɓaka bincike & haɓaka ilimin Musulunci da al'adun Islama. A shekara ta 2009, sun shirya taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan yada al'adun muslunci da ilimi a kasar Sin-中國 伊斯蘭 文化 文化 與 教育 的 傳承 」」 國際 研討會 研討會 研討會 tare da hadin gwiwar cibiyar nazarin addini da al'ummar Sin na jami'ar Sin na Kwalejin Chung Chi ta Hong Kong . Babban aikin ICA ya haɗa da binciken ilimi, ilimi, al'adu da sadaka. Tun da 2009, da ICA ya halarci da Hong Kong Littafi Fair shirya da Hukumat cigaban ciniki ta Hong Kong, daya daga Asiya ta mafi yawan littafin gaskiya.
Ƙungiyar Matasan Islama ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Matasan Musulunci ta Hong Kong ƙungiya ce ta sadaka da aka kafa a 1973. Ta kasance tana shirya ayyukan nishaɗi da na ilimi ga matasan musulmin yankin. Ƙungiyar ta fara Channel ɗin Bidiyo na kan layi (OVC) akan tashar YouTube (HKIYA1973) a cikin 2012 wanda ke ba da shirye -shiryen Da'awa (wa'azin Musulunci) a Cantonese sabunta kowane mako. HKIYA ta ƙaddamar da App na farko na wayar hannu a cikin gida - "IslamHK" a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma wannan shine alamar ci gaban wa'azin Musulunci na zamani. Haka nan kungiyar tana da tushe a Masallacin Ammar .
IFSA
IFSA ita ce ta farko da ta shirya gasar kur'ani tsakanin samari da 'yan mata na Hong Kong, kuma ta yi wayar da kan Al -Qur'ani tsakanin matasan Musulmi da sauran al'umma baki ɗaya.
United Welfare Union Hong Kong Limited
United Welfare Union Hong Kong Limited tana kula da Masallacin Ibrahim da ke Mong Kok da wasu cibiyoyi biyu a halin yanzu. An kafa ta a cikin Hong Kong kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin Ƙungiyoyin Agaji ta Gwamnatin Hong Kong tun 2002, ƙungiyar tana ba da sabis iri -iri. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hidimomin addini, ayyukan matasa, shirye -shiryen tallafa wa al’umma, da sauran wasu ayyuka.
Wasu
Ƙungiyar Al'adu da 'Yan'uwan Musulmin China
Ƙungiyar Musulman China ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Duniya
Kungiyar Khatme-Nubuwwat Hong Kong
Pakistan Islamic Welfare Islamic of Hong Kong
Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwar Pakistan (Hong Kong)
Ƙungiyar Daliban Pakistan Hong Kong
Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Musulmin Hong Kong
Maƙabartun Musulmi
Akwai maƙabartun Musulmi guda biyu a Hong Kong wanda Inshorar Amintattu na Asusun Al'ummar Musulmin Hong Kong ke gudanarwa, waɗanda sune:
Maƙabartar Musulmin Chai Wan
Maƙabartar Musulmin Chai Wan tana cikin Cape Collinson, Chai Wan . An kafa makabartar a shekarar 1963 tare da fasalulluka na manyan duwatsun koren da ke kewaye da Masallacin Chai Wan . Kudaden kula da makabartar ana daukar su ne ta hannun masu kula da su ta hanyar kudin jana’iza. Ayyukan kulawa sun ƙunshi tsaftacewa da kiyaye hanyoyin, gyarawa da kula da gangaren makabarta da share ciyayi na halitta lokacin da ake buƙata. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2010, Kwamitin Shawarwari na Ofisoshin kayayyakin tarihi da kayan tarihi ya ayyana makabarta a matsayin ginin tarihi na Grade 3.
Happy Valley Maƙabartar Musulmai
Maƙabartar Musulmai ta Happy Valley tana cikin Happy Valley . Dangane da bayanan hukuma a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsabtace Abinci da Muhalli, an yi jana'izar farko a makabartar a cikin 1828. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1870, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta Burtaniya ta ba da takardar rabon kayan ga yankin da ke kusa da Maƙabartar Musulmin Happy Valley na yanzu don a yi amfani da shi a matsayin kabarin Musulmi.
Mutane
Maulana Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi, malamin addinin Islama wanda ke zaune a Hong Kong tun 1989, ya kasance Babban Limami kuma Khatib na Masallacin Kowloon . A halin yanzu yana gudanar da manyan Cibiyoyin Musulunci guda bakwai a ko'ina cikin Hong Kong, a ƙarƙashin sunan Majalisar Musulunci ta Khatme Nubuwwat, yana ba da ilimin kur'ani kyauta bayan makaranta ga ɗalibai sama da 1,500, gami da ɗaliban manya da samari da 'yan mata, waɗanda ke karatu cikakken lokaci a makarantun gida. a Hong Kong.
Mufti Muhammad Arshad, wanda yanzu shine babban limamin Masallacin Kowloon da Hong Kong tun 2001, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan bukatun Musulman Hong Kong kuma yana da babban tasiri a tsakanin su.
Hanyoyin waje
www.islam.org.hk
Musulmai
Addini
Mutanen Sin
Pages with unreviewed translations |
35368 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Benin%20%281967%29 | Jamhuriyar Benin (1967) | Jamhuriyar Benin ta kasance wata kasa da ba a amince da ita ba a yankin Yammacin Afurka wacce ta wanzu na dan lokaci (kwana daya) a shekarar 1967. An kafa ta ne a ranar 19 ga Satumbar 1967 a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a matsayin kasar Biyafara, bayan mamaye yankin tsakiyar yammacin Najeriya, kuma aka sanya mata suna babban birnin kasar Benin, inda Albert Nwazu Okonkwo ya zama shugaban gwamnatin ta.
An kafa wananan sabuwar jiha ne a matsayin yunkuri na mutanen Biafra da su hana wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma da su mara wa Najeriya baya, sakamakon rikicin kabilanci a yankin a farkon yakin. An sanya mata Jamhuriyar Benin a hukumance duk da cewa a lokacin sojojin tarayyar Najeriya na ci gaba da mamaye yankin, kuma sun kawo karshenta washegarin bayan sun shiga birnin Benin. Wannan mamaye yankin da Biyafara tayi wa yankin tsakiyar Yammacin Njeriya ya mayar da al'ummar yankin adawa da manufar ballewa daga kasar, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi amfani da wannan wajen ganin ta kara ruruta wutar yaki da kasar Biafra.
Tarihi
Tun kafin yakin basasar Najeriya, mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma masu kabilu iri-iri sun yi yunkurin daukar matakin tsaka mai wuya. Jim kadan kafin Biafra ta sanar da ballewarta daga Najeriya, shugabannin yankin Tsakiyar Yamma sun dauki nauyin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a kusa da birnin Benin, kuma jami'ai sun ki barin sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya su mamaye yankin Biafra ta yankin. A watan Agustan shekarar 1967 ne sojojin Biafra suka mamaye yankin tsakiyar Yamma tare da karbe ikon mulkin yankin, inda likita dan kasar Amurka Albert Okonkwo ya zama sabon shugaban gwamnati da taken Gwamna. Da farko dai al'ummar Ibo sun yi maraba da mulkin kasar Biafra, yayin da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo gaba daya ba su ji dadi ba amma sun yanke shawarar su jira a maido da mulkin tarayya maimakon yin tirjiya. Dangantakar farko tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin da wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba ta kasance cikin lumana amma babu dadi, kuma domin a inganta dangantakar gwamnatin Gwamna Okonkwo ta cika gidaje da tituna da labarai daga matsayin Biafra. Sai dai gangamin kafafen yada labarai ya fara cika jihar da labarai kan zaluncin da ‘yan kabilar Ibo ke yi a Najeriya, inda kwanaki suka wuce, sai dai ya kara rarrabuwar kabilanci a yankin. Gangamin hulda da jama’a da ba a karewa ba ya lalata tausayin wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba na masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra a maimakon mayar da su ga goyon bayan kai tsaye, inda akasarin su ke nuna halin ko-in-kula ko masu goyon bayan Najeriya. Yayin da dangantaka ke ci gaba da tabarbarewa tsakanin gwamnatin ma’aikata da kuma wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, shugaban kasar Biafra C. Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ziyarci yankin tsakiyar Yamma domin neman goyon baya tare da ganawa da shugabannin kungiyar NCNC da aka dakatar a baya. Duk da cewa ziyarar ta sa aka kara samun goyon bayan tsaffin ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC, amma sabanin da ke tsakaninsu a baya ya farfado, kuma a lokaci guda ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC suka fara yin artabu da magoya bayan wasu jam’iyyu, kuma ba ‘yan kabilar Ibo ba na kin amincewa da mamayewar. Yayin da gwamnatin Okonkwo ke ci gaba da rasa goyon bayan al’ummar yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, sai suka shiga halin kaka-ni-kayi.
A ranar 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1967, ‘yan Biafra suka mayar da sunan yankin ta hanyar sauya mata suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Benin, kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Biafra, a matsayin wani yunkuri na karshe. An yi imanin cewa ko da ba za ta iya samun goyon bayan da ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, sabuwar jihar na iya a kalla raba Biafra ta jiki da dakarun tarayyar Najeriya. Da yake bayar da misali da mutuwar mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya a rikicin arewacin kasar da kuma goyon bayan da yankin ke yi na kafa gwamnatin hadaka a Najeriya, Okonkwo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Benin za ta goyi bayan Biafra a kowane fanni kuma za ta shiga kungiyoyi irinsu Commonwealth of Nations da kuma na kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka . Duk da haka, Okonkwo ya san cewa sabuwar jihar ba za ta dawwama ba: shi da sauran jami'ai sun tattauna batun ayyana 'yancin kai makonni biyu da suka gabata a ranar 5 ga Satumba ba tare da cimma matsaya ba, kuma sanarwar ta kasance cikin dan kankanin lokaci yayin da shi da sojojinsa suka ja da baya a yankin. fuskantar ci gaban sojojin gwamnatin tarayya. Daga baya a wannan rana, sojojin gwamnati sun isa birnin Benin, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Benin, kuma babban kwamishinan Biritaniya ya ba da rahoton jama'a da suka yi cunkoson jama'a a kan tituna domin murnar sake kwace iko. A halin da ake ciki, shugaban kasar Biafra Ojukwu bai ce uffan ba kan ayyana sanarwar, inda ya mayar da hankali kan gazawar sojojin Biafra na hana gwamnati ci gaba. Hankalinsa kan gazawar sojojin Okonkwo da rashin yin tsokaci kan shelanta ‘yancin kai ya nuna cewa watakila jami’an Biafra na shirin ayyana jamhuriyar Benin, kuma rashin amincewarsu na nuni da rashin lokacinta, maimakon faruwar lamarin. Kasar Biafra dai ta samu karancin karbuwa daga wasu kasashen ketare, amma duk nasarorin da aka samu basu da alaka da shelanta kasar Benin. Mamaya na Biafra na yankin Tsakiyar Yamma ya kasa cimma manufofinsa, ya kuma yi mummunar illa ga goyon bayan gida na neman ballewa a tsakanin wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, kuma gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta dauka a matsayin hujjar kara tayar da kananan rikici zuwa yakin basasa.
Duba kuma
Jihar tsana
Tutar Jamhuriyar Benin (Nigeria)
Tutar Biafra
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sanarwar 'Yancin Kan 'Jamhuriyar Benin'
Duniya Statesmen- Najeriya - yana nuna tutarta
Biyafara
1967 a Najeriya |
50520 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20al%27adu | Hakkokin al'adu | Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin al'adu ta jawo hankali dan kare haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ko kuma al'adun su, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka jawo hankali ga bukatun mutane a duk duniya.
Kare al'adu
Hakkoki na al'adu haƙƙoƙi ne masu alaƙa da fasaha da al'adu, duka an fahimce su a babban ma'ana. Manufar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ita ce tabbatar da cewa mutane da al'ummomi sun sami damar yin amfani da al'adu kuma za su iya shiga cikin al'adun zaɓin su. Hakkokin al'adu su ne haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke nufin tabbatar da jin daɗin al'adu da abubuwan da ke tattare da su cikin yanayin daidaito, mutuncin ɗan adam da rashin nuna bambanci. Hakkoki ne da suka shafi jigogi kamar harshe; samar da al'adu da fasaha; shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu; al'adun gargajiya; haƙƙin mallakar fasaha; haƙƙin marubuci; 'yan tsiraru da samun damar al'adu, da sauransu. Bayar da hankali kan kiyaye al'adu a matsayin ƙarshen kansa da ƙari akan fahimtar dangantakar "halitta" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin al'adu a matsayin yanayin hulɗar daidaitattun daidaito da yuwuwar canjin al'adun halitta, Meyjes ya ba da shawarar ma'amalar musanya "adalcin al'adu", "Adalcin al'adu na kabila" da kuma adalci tsakanin al'adu wanda ya bayyana a matsayin ka'idar mafi girman ƙayyadaddun dabi'u da ayyuka na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru da membobinsu, a cikin nau'i na hakkoki, a cikin gaba ɗaya. doka, tsari, ko iyakokin manufofin cibiyoyi, al'umma, ko al'ummar da abin ya shafa (kuma duba univerlization).
Kiyaye tsirarun al'adun
Hakkokin al'adu na kungiyoyi sun fi mayar da hankali kan abubuwa kamar addini da tsirarun kabilu da kuma al'ummomin asali wadanda ke cikin hadarin bacewa. Haƙƙin al'adu sun kuma haɗa da ikon ƙungiyar don kiyaye tsarin rayuwarsu, kamar tarbiyyar yara, ci gaba da harshe, da tsaron tushen tattalin arzikinta a cikin al'umma, wanda take. Ra'ayi mai alaƙa na 'yancin mallakar fasaha na asali (IPR) ya taso a ƙoƙarin kiyaye tushen al'adun kowace al'umma da ainihin hana ƙabilu.
Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin al'adu sun shahara saboda yawancin ilimin al'adun gargajiya suna da darajar kasuwanci, kamar maganin kabilanci, kayan shafawa, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, abinci, al'adun gargajiya, zane-zane, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, tufafi, da al'adu. Nazarin tsofaffin al'adu na iya bayyana shaida game da tarihin jinsin ɗan adam kuma ya ba da ƙarin haske a kan asalinmu da ci gaban al'adunmu. Koyaya, nazarin, rabawa da tallata irin waɗannan al'amuran al'ada na iya zama da wahala a cimma ba tare da keta haƙƙin al'adun waɗanda ke cikin wannan al'ada ba.
Hakanan ya kamata a yi la'akari da haƙƙin al'adu ta hanyar manufofin gida. A wannan ma'anar, Agenda 21 don al'adu, takarda ta farko da ke da manufa ta duniya da ke ba da shawarar kafa tushen wani aiki na birane da ƙananan hukumomi don bunkasa al'adu, ya haɗa da haƙƙin al'adu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ka'idoji kuma ya ce: "Ƙananan hukumomi sun gane cewa Hakkokin al'adu wani bangare ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam, suna ɗaukar matsayinsu na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Duniya (1948)".
Al'adu ilimin halin dan Adam
"Hakkin al'adu ba a bai wa daidaikun mutane ba ne a'a a kungiyance, kamar 'yan tsiraru na addini da kabilu da kuma al'ummomin asali." Dukkanin al’adu an taso su ne daban-daban, don haka hakkokin al’adu sun hada da yadda kungiya za ta iya kiyaye al’adunta, da tarbiyyantar da ‘ya’yanta ta hanyoyin da ta gabata, da ci gaba da yarensu, da kuma hana al’ummar da take cikinta tauye musu tattalin arzikinta. located."Masana wani lokaci suna zaɓar kada su yi nazarin wasu imani da haƙƙoƙin al'adu, saboda suna ganin hakan na iya haifar da rashin ɗabi'a, kuma sun zaɓi kada su juya baya ga bambancin al'adu daban-daban. Ko da yake masana ilimin halin dan Adam a wasu lokuta kan kau da kai daga nazarin al'adu daban-daban amma duk da haka sun dogara da abin da suke karantawa a wurare daban-daban na kayan tarihi.
Duba kuma
Haƙƙin gama kai
Bambance-bambancen al'adu
Kayayyakin al'adu
Kungiyar kabilanci
Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu
Manazarta
Sources
Meyjes, Gregory Paul (1999). "Language and Universalization: a 'Linguistic Ecology' Reading of Bahá'í Writ". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies . Vol. IX (1). Ottawa: Association for Bahá’í Studies. pp. 51–63.
Meyjes, Gregory Paul (2012). "Multi-Ethnic Conflicts in U.S. Military Theatres Overseas: Intercultural Imperatives". In Franke, Volker; Dorff, Robert H. (eds.). Conflict Management: A Tool for U.S. National Security Strategy (PDF). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. pp. 381–438. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hakkokin Al'adu a Karni na 20", Tattaunawar BBC Radio 4 tare da Homi Bhabha da John Gray ( A Lokacinmu, Dec. 10. 1998) |
30161 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akua%20Asabea%20Ayisi | Akua Asabea Ayisi | Akua Asabea Ayisi (3 Afrilu 1927 - 21 Afrilu 2010) yar jarida ce, tsohuwar Alkalin Kotun Koli kuma mace ta farko 'yar jarida ’yar Ghana. A lokacin bukin neman ‘yancin kai na Ghana, Akua Asabea Ayisi ya horar da ‘yan jarida a matsayin Mabel Dove-Danquah da Kwame Nkrumah, wanda daga baya zai zama firaminista da shugaban kasar na farko.
Matsayin Ayisi a matsayin editan shafi na mata, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan mata, a cikin jaridar Accra Evening News an dauki mataki mai tsauri a wancan lokacin.
Iyali da farkon rayuwa
An haife Akua Asabea Ayisi a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1927, a Mampong Akwapem kuma ta kasance ɗa na takwas a cikin goma ga Mercy Adebra Mensah da Okyeame Kofi Ayisi.
Kofi Ayisi ya kasance masarauta kuma masanin harshe ga Sarkin, wanda kuma danginsa ne. Wasu ’yan’uwan Akua Asabea Ayisi firistoci ne na sarauta. Kofi Ayisi ya haifi ‘ya’ya 70, Mercy Adebra tana da 10 daga cikin wadannan. Mahaifiyar Ayisi, kakan Mercy Adebra, Tetteh Quarshie ya shuka itacen koko na farko a Ghana. Mercy Adebra, wata mace mai taurin kai da ta so ta zama mai cin gashin kanta, daga karshe ta bar Kofi Ayisi ta koma Accra domin ta kasance kusa da danginta da suke Ga.
Akua Asabea Ayisi ta yi makarantar firamare a Presbyterian Primary a Mampong, sannan ta yi makarantar ‘yan mata ta Presbyterian a Osu Accra. Daga nan sai Akua ta tafi makarantar sakatariyar gwamnati don kammala karatunta. A wancan zamani, da wuya mace ta sami irin wannan babban matakin ilimi. Duk da haka, mahaifiyarta ta yi imani da ilimin mata.
Aiki da gwagwarmaya
Bayan shiga jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CCP), karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah, Akua ta zama 'yar jarida ta farko da aka yi rikodin a Ghana (1948). Ta yi aiki tare da Nkrumah a jaridar Accra Evening News, jaridar kullum da tsohon shugaban kasar ya kafa a shekarar 1948, ta kuma rubuta kasidu na siyasa wadanda suka bukaci ‘yancin kai da kuma jawo al’ummar Ghana wajen adawa da mulkin mallaka. Ta gyara shafin mata a shafin farko na jaridar - wani sashe da Kwame Nkrumah ya gabatar a matsayin wani bangare na manufarsa na daukaka mata a Ghana ta hanyar fadada ilimin yara mata. Kaddamar da Labaran Accra Evening News a ranar 6 ga Maris 1949 ya zo daidai da korar Nkrumah daga ofishin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Ta hanyar jarida, Nkrumah ya so ya yi gwagwarmaya don "cikakken mulkin kai, ba a cikin gajeren lokaci ba, amma yanzu." Bayan da ya kirkiro jaridu da wallafe-wallafe da dama a lokacinsa na dalibi mai fafutuka, Nkrumah ya dauki aikin jarida a matsayin babbar hanyar ilimi da hada-hadar siyasa.
A cikin watan Agusta 1948, tare da Kofi Baako, editan Cape Coast Daily Mail, da Saki Scheck, editan Takoradi Times, Ayisi sun fara rangadin laccoci a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna haɓaka juriya ga mulkin mallaka. Daga baya ta zama sakatariyar sirri ta farko ta Kwame Nkrumah (1950 – 56) kuma ta taimaka wa Nkrumah rubuta taken neman ‘yancin kai don yakar mulkin daular Biritaniya, kamar “mutu da ‘yan mulkin mallaka”.
Ta shiga cikin jerin zanga-zangar siyasa da aka yi wa lakabi da "Positive Action campaign" daga bisani aka kama ta kuma aka daure ta a kurkuku saboda hannu. Zanga-zangar ta hada da yajin aikin da ke neman kauracewa kasuwancin kasashen waje, wanda ya karfafa 'yan tawaye da dama a duk fadin kasar ta Gold Coast.
Ana ganin Ayisi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin al'adu na Nkrumah.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kai, Akua Asabea Ayisi ta tafi Kwalejin Newnham a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta karanta Tarihi, ta yi digiri a 1959. An kira ta zuwa Bar a Lincoln's Inn a 1963. Daga 1963-64, bayanan Kwalejin Newnham ya rubuta ta. yana aiki a Jami'ar Paris-Sorbonne.
Daga baya ta koma Ghana. Ta fara aiki a matsayin lauya, kuma za ta zama Alkalin Kotun Koli. Saboda aikinta na siyasa, Akua ba ta ji komai ba lokacin da sojoji suka hambarar da gwamnatin Kwame Nkrumah.
A shekarar 1968, ta shiga cikin majalisar dokokin da ke da alhakin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki bayan hambarar da Kwame Nkrumah a 1966.
A shekarar 1969, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fito takarar majalisar, inda ta yi hakan a gundumar Akuapem ta Arewa, kuma daga karshe ta sha kashi. A 1978, ta taimaka wajen rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da Janar Akuffo ya kafa, lokacin da Ghana ta sauya daga Supreme Military Council (SMC) zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya.
Akua Asabea Ayisi ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2010.
Manazarta |
42825 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Aboutrika | Mohammed Aboutrika | Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed Aboutrika ( Larabci : محمد محمد محمد أبوتريكة (maimaita sau uku); an haife shi 7 ga watan Nuwambar 1978), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma ɗan gaba . Ya zo na biyu a kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwallon Afrika a shekara ta 2008 bayan Emmanuel Adebayor, kuma yana daya daga cikin biyar da aka zaɓa don kyautar shekarar 2006, kuma daya daga cikin goma da aka zaba don kyautar shekarar 2013.
Aboutrika ya lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2006 tare da tawagar kasar Masar. Ya kuma zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a gasar ta shekarar 2008 Masar ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka . Ya taimaka wa kulob din Al Ahly don lashe lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Club a 2006 .
A wajen filin wasa, an san shi da ayyukan jin kai daban-daban da kuma jayayya. Wannan ya hada da saka Aboutrika cikin jerin ta'addanci da kasarsa ta Masar ta yi saboda zargin alaka da haramtacciyar kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi.
Aikin kulob
2004: Lokacin halarta na farko tare da Al Ahly
A cikin rabin farko na gasar Masar 2003-2004, Aboutrika ya zira kwallaye 3 a ragar Tersana. A cikin watan Janairun 2004, an ba shi matsayi a cikin babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Masar da Afirka, Al Ahly . Ya zura kwallaye 11 a wasanni 13 na farko da ya buga tare da Al Ahly a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2003–2004 (duk a gasar lig), ya zo matsayi na biyu tsakanin manyan ‘yan wasa a gasar Masar da kwallaye 14.
Ƙoƙarin Aboutrika tare da Ahly ya haifar da hankali daga tawagar kasar Masar, kuma ya fara wasan da Trinidad da Tobago a wasan sada zumunci kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2006 a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekarar 2004 a filin wasa na Larabawa . Wasan farko na Aboutrika ya ƙare 2–1 ga Masarawa. Ya fara ne a matsayin dan wasan gaba, amma an same shi yana taka rawa sosai lokacin da ya buga matsayinsa na yau da kullun a bayan maharan a matsayi na tsakiya. Aboutrika ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wannan wasa. Ya zura kwallaye 5 a wasanni 6 na farko da ya buga da Masar tsakanin shekarar 2004 da 2005.
2005 kakar
A shekara ta 2005, Al Ahly ta sake lashe gasar cin kofin Masar bayan shekaru hudu daga matsayi na farko, Aboutrika ya kare a matsayi na 3 a jerin masu zura kwallaye a gasar Masar, yayin da kuma ya taimakawa abokin wasansa Emad Moteab ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Hakanan a cikin shekarar 2005, Aboutrika ya taka rawar gani sosai a nasarar Al Ahly na shekarar 2005 CAF Champions League, ya zira kwallo mai ban mamaki a wasan karshe tare da wani mummunan kokarin daga yadi 30 a waje da Étoile Sportive du Sahel na Tunisia a wasan da ya ƙare 3– 0 ga Al Ahly.
Al Ahly ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ta FIFA a shekara ta 2005 amma ta kare a karshe, Aboutrika ya shaidawa FIFA.com dalilin da ya sa ya ce: "Matsalar mu ita ce mun yi rashin nasara, saboda wasu dalilai ba za mu iya taka leda ba kamar yadda muka yi kafin isa Japan".
2006
Ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne katin dan wasansa na kasa-da-kasa a kan hanyar samun nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2006 a watan Fabrairu, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu masu muhimmanci a kan Libya da Ivory Coast . Shi ne mataimakin da ya yi nasara a raga, a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe da Senegal, lokacin da Amr Zaki ya ci a minti na 80. Ya kasance mai rinjaye sosai a wannan wasan, amma cikakken harbinsa ya bugi sandar. A wasan karshe, Aboutrika ya zura kwallo ta farko a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya baiwa Masar damar lashe gasar.
Aboutrika ya jagoranci Al Ahly zuwa gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2006 a karo na biyu a jere a watan Nuwambar 2006. Shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 8, kuma ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan karshe da CS Sfaxien a minti na 92.
Ya kuma halarci tare da Al Ahly a gasar cin kofin CAF Super Cup da FAR Rabat ta Morocco, kwanaki bayan gasar cin kofin Afrika a watan Fabrairu.
A cikin gida, ya samu gasar Premier ta Masar a watan Yuni lokacin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye 18, kuma ya lashe gasar cin kofin Masar, sannan Super Cup na Masar a watan Yuli lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar ENPPI a minti na 92 duk da cewa ya samu rauni rabi na farko.
Jaridun Japan sun zabi Aboutrika a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ta shekarar 2006 a Japan, gasar karshe a cikin babbar shekarar Aboutrika. Al-Ahly ta kasance daya daga cikin wakilan Afirka, kuma kungiya ta farko da ta taba samun cancantar zuwa wannan gasar sau biyu a jere, kuma ita ce tawagar Afirka ta farko da ta samu lambar yabo a wannan gasar.
A wasan farko na gasar da Auckland City FC ta New Zealand a ranar 10 ga watan Disambar 2006, Aboutrika ya taimaka wa Al-Ahly don samun damar buga wasan kusa da na karshe da Internacional ta Brazil. Al Ahly ta samu nasara da ci 2-0 cikin sauki, kuma Aboutrika ya nuna kyakykyawan bajinta ta hanyar buga bugun daga kai sai ga bango inda ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu. Kazalika da zira kwallaye tare da kyakkyawan ƙoƙarin ƙafarsa na dama, Aboutrika ya kasance a tsakiyar mafi kyawun motsin gefensa, yana ba da ra'ayi tare da fasaha da hangen nesa.
A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, Al Ahly ta fuskanci Internacional ta Brazil a ranar 13 ga watan Disambar 2006, kuma Aboutrika ya buga wasa mai kyau, amma bugun da ya yi daidai ya bugi bindigu na hannun dama na Brazil don hana kungiyarsa canjaras da ta dace. Al Ahly ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da ci 2-1, amma ta nuna kwarewa sosai, amma duk da haka kwallon ta ki jefa kwallo a ragar mai tsaron ragar Brazil.
Al Ahly ta kara da Club América ta Mexico, a matsayi na uku, kuma Aboutrika ya baiwa Al Ahly kwallo ta farko da bugun daga kai sai mai ban mamaki a bango, wanda ya kawo karshen rabin farko 1-0 Al Ahly. A kashi na biyu ne Amurka ta zura kwallo a raga, amma kamar yadda aka saba, Aboutrika ya bayyana a minti na 79 da kwararre, ya sake nuna dalilin da ya sa ya shiga cikin jerin ‘yan wasan da suka fi fice a Afirka. Bayan da ya fice daga tsakiya ya samu Flavio Amado da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, dan wasan na mercurial ya makale a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na kasar Angola sannan ya zura kwallon a nutse a gaban golan Mexico domin ya ci kwallo ta uku a gasar. Al Ahly ta lashe matsayi na uku, bayan da Aboutrika ya daga kungiyarsa zuwa wani sakamako da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar ko kuma wata riga ta Afirka. Ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 3 a wasanni 3.
Aboutrika ya lashe duka amma daya daga cikin gasa da ya shiga a waccan shekarar don kulob da kuma kasar, kuma ya samu lambar tagulla ga Al Ahly a shekarar 2006 FIFA Club World Cup . Ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasa uku, wato shekarar 2006 FIFA Club World Cup da kwallaye 3, Premier League na Masar da kwallaye 18 da kuma gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2006 da kwallaye 8. Aboutrika ya zira kwallaye a wasu gasa, kuma ya yi ƙwaƙƙwaran mataimaka ga 'yan wasan gaba.
Zaben Gwarzon Dan Wasan Afrika Na 2006
Zuwa bayanin FIFA.com, an zabi shi don lashe kyautar Gwarzon Kwallon Kafar Afirka ta 2006 CAF tare da dan wasan Chelsea Didier Drogba da dan wasan FC Barcelona Samuel Eto'o . Sauran 'yan takarar da aka zaba don karrama su ne dan wasan tsakiya na Ghana Michael Essien, wanda ya taka leda a AC Milan Giants Italiya, da kuma Nwankwo Kanu na Najeriya, wanda sau biyu ya karbi kyautar. Aboutrika ya ce a cikin Nuwamba 2006: "Zan so a zabe ni don kyautar CAF Best Player. Hakan zai sa 2006 ta zama shekara ta musamman! .
Aboutrika shi ne kawai dan wasa na Afirka a tsakanin wadanda aka zaba, amma kuma shi ne kadai wanda ya yi nasara ga tawagar kasarsa a waccan shekarar ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a 2006 . Kwallon kafa na Aboutrika a 2006 FIFA Club World Cup da kuma rawar da ya taka a duk lokacin kakar wasa ta sa ya zama dan takarar gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na CAF na shekara (da kuma na BBC) kuma ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin fitaccen mutumen Masar. Bai lashe kyautar ba amma ya samu matsayi na biyu kuma daga baya aka ba shi "mafi kyawun dan wasa tsakanin kulob din" da "dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar cin kofin CAF ."
"Aboutrika ya lashe kyauta mafi girma da kowane mutum zai iya samu, wato soyayyar jama'a," in ji masanin harkokin wasanni Hassan Mistikawi a cikin wata babbar kasuwa ta Al-Ahram mallakin gwamnati.
Kocin Al Ahly dan kasar Portugal Manuel José de Jesus ya bayyana Aboutrika a matsayin "dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyau a Afirka". Ya ce Aboutrika yana da ƙarin ƙwarewa waɗanda ba su bayyana a Japan ba. Ya ce: "Aboutrika bai gabatar da duk abin da yake da shi ba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na FIFA 2006, amma ya samu kambun mafi yawan zura kwallaye kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar kungiyarsa zuwa matsayi na uku". José yana ganin Aboutrika a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan da ya taba horarwa. Ya tabbatar da wannan ma’ana yana mai cewa: “Aboutrika ba shi da kima a gare mu. Ba zan iya tunanin tawagara ba tare da shi ba".
Rubuce-rubuce
Gwarzon Dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka (An kafa shi a Afirka) : 2006, 2008, 2012–13
Duba kuma
Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza masu buga wasan kasa da kasa 100 ko fiye
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mohamed Aboutrika at RSSSF
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1978
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25285 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjin%20bankwana | Hajjin bankwana | Hajjin Bankwana (Larabci: حِجَّة ٱلْوَدَاع, romanized: Hijjatu Al-Wadāʿ) na nufin aikin hajji guda ɗaya da Muhammadu ya yi a shekarar Musulunci ta 10 bayan Hijira, bayan Nasarar Makkah. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa aya ta 22:27 a cikin Alƙur'ani ta kawo niyyar yin aikin Hajji a cikin Muhammad a wannan shekarar. Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya sanar da wannan niyya, kusan Sahabban sa 100,000 sun taru a Madina don yin aikin hajji na shekara -shekara tare da shi. Annabi Muhammad yayi aikin Hajji Al-Qiran.
Dangane da ra’ayin Ahlus-Sunnah, Hajji Al-Qirana nau’in aikin Hajji ne da ake yin Umrah da Hajji tare. A ranar 9 ga watan Dhu al-Hijjah, ranar Arafah,Annabi Muhammad ya gabatar da Hudubar Bankwana a saman Dutsen Arafat a wajen Makka.
Aikin hajji na Annabi Muhammad ya ayyana da dama daga cikin ibada da ayyukan hajji kuma yana daya daga cikin lokutan da aka fi rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa, daga baya aka watsa shi ta hanyar sahabarsa, wanda ya raka shi a wannan karon, yana lura da kowane hali na Annabi Muhammadu, wanda ya zama abin koyi don bin Musulmi a duk fadin duniya (sunnah).
Bayan Fage
Annabi Muhammadu ya zauna a Madina tsawon shekaru 10 tun bayan Hijira kuma bai shiga aikin Hajji ba, ko da yake ya yi Umrah sau biyu da suka gabata. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa saukar aya ta 27 a cikin Sura ta 22, Al Hajji [Quran 22:27]
ya sa Annabi Muhammad ya yi aikin Hajji a waccan shekarar. Musulman Madina da yankunan da ke kewaye sun taru tare da Annabi Muhammad don gudanar da wannan tafiya. Annabi Muhammad ya nada Abu Dujana al-Ansari a matsayin gwamnan Madina a lokacin da baya raye. A ranar 25 ga al-Qi'dah (c. Fabrairu 632), ya bar Madina, tare da dukkan matansa.
Kafin ya tafi Makka, Annabi Muhammad ya zauna a Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah kuma ya koya wa Musulmai irin sanya Ihram. Da farko ya yi ghusl (wanka), kafin ya sanya ihrami, wanda aka ce ya kunshi fararen auduga na Yaman guda biyu da ba a dinka ba. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya yi sallar Zuhur a miqat kafin ya tafi a kan rakumi mai suna Al Qaswa'. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa har ya isa Makkah, ya iso bayan kwana takwas.
Aikin Hajji
Suna kwana a Dhi Tuwa a wajen Makkah, Annabi Muhammad da abokan tafiyarsa (Sahabbai) sun isa Masallacin Harami washegari. Sun shigo daga yau ne kofar Al Salam suka tunkari Ka'aba. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya zarce zuwa dawafin Ka'aba (tawaf), bayan haka ya sake taɓawa da sumbatar Baqin Dutsen. Bayan addu'arsa, Annabi Muhammad ya sha daga rijiyar Zamzam, ya yi addu'a, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa tudun As Safa da Al Marwah, inda ya yi al'adar tafiya tsakanin tsaunuka biyu (sa'ee). Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya koma Al Hujūn; bai cire ihraminsa ba bayan sa'ayi kamar yadda ya yi niyyar yin aikin Hajjin Qiran, wanda ya shafi yin Umrah da Hajji tare. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya umarci wadanda suka zo ba tare da dabbobin layya ba da su yi ihrami don Umrah da yin Tawafi da Sa'ee, bayan haka suka sauke kansu daga ihrami.
A faɗuwar rana ta 8 ga Zulhijjah, Annabi Muhammad ya tashi zuwa Mina ya yi dukkan salloli daga Zuhr zuwa Fajr, kafin ya tafi Dutsen Arafat washe gari, yana tafiya tare da raƙuminsa. Yayin da ya hau dutsen, dubban mahajjata sun kewaye shi suna rera Talbiyah da Takbir. Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarnin a gina masa alfarwa a gabas da Dutsen Arafat a wani wuri da ake kira Namirah. Ya huta a cikin tanti har rana ta wuce zenith, sannan ya hau rakuminsa har ya isa kwarin Uranah. Annabi Muhammadu ya gabatar da hudubarsa ta Juma'a ta karshe (khutbah), wacce aka fi sani da Wa'azin Bankwana, ga Sahabbai sama da 100,000, kafin ya jagoranci sallar Zuhur da Asr tare. Sannan ya koma cikin Arafat ya kwana yana addu’a. Dangane da Al Mubarakpuri, aya ta 3 ta Sura ta 5, Al Ma'idah, an saukar da shi ga Annabi Muhammad bayan ya gama wannan huduba:
Bayan faduwar rana ta 9 ga watan Dhu al-Hijjah, Annabi Muhammad ya isa Muzdalifah ya yi sallar Magriba da Isha kafin ya huta. Da gari ya waye, ya yi addu’a da addu’a kafin ya dawo Mina da safe ya gudanar da aikin jifan Shaidan, yana karanta takbir duk lokacin da ya jefi Jamrah da dutse. Daga nan sai Annabi Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a yi hadayar dabbobin layya da ya zo da su. Annabi Muhammadu da sahabbansa sun ci kaɗan daga abin da suka sadaukar kuma suka ba da sadaka. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya koma Makka, ya sake yin Tawaf sannan ya yi sallar Zuhur a Masallacin Harami. Daga nan ya sha daga rijiyar Zamzam kafin ya koma Mina a ranar kuma ya ci gaba da jifan Shaidan. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya shafe kwanaki uku masu zuwa, 11, 12, da 13 ga watan Dhu al-Hijjah, wanda aka fi sani da Kwanakin Tashrīq, a Mina yana yin jifan Shaidan. Al Mubarakpuri ya ce Annabi Muhammadu ya sake yin wani jawabi a ranar 12, bayan saukar Sura ta 110, An Nasr.
Duba kuma
Hudubar Bankwana
Hijaz
Hajjin farko
Manazarta |
22338 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Kare%20Kai | Haƙƙin Kare Kai | Haƙƙin kare kai (wanda ake kira, idan ya shafi kare wani, kare wasu, kare mutum Haƙƙi ne ga mutane su yi amfani da ƙarfi ko kuma kariya, don kare rayuwar mutum ( kare kansa ) ko rayukan wasu, gami da wasu halaye, yin amfani da ƙarfi .
Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda barazanar wani ko kuma cutar da wani, ko kuma ya fahimci irin wannan cutar, ana cewa mai ƙara yana da wata hujja ta "kare kai". Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda irin wannan fahimta, kuma tsinkayen bashi da ma'ana, wanda ake ƙara na iya samun " kare kai mara kyau " a matsayin uzuri .
Janar ra'ayi - ƙa'idar doka
Tabbatar da hujja baya sanya aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar halal; idan yin amfani da karfi yayi daidai, ba zai zama mai laifi ba sam. Tunanin farko bai nuna banbanci tsakanin kare mutum da kare dukiyar ba. Ko a sani ko a'a, wannan ya ginu ne bisa ƙa'idar Dokar Roman ta dominium inda duk wani hari akan membobin dangin ko dukiyar da ya mallaka ya kasance harin kai tsaye ne akan dangin dangiNamiji shugaban gida, mai mallakar duk wata dukiya ta gidan, kuma doka ta bashi ikon mallakar dukkan zuriyarsa ta hanyar layin maza komai shekarunsu. An fassara haƙƙin kare kai a matsayin ƙa'idar vim vi repellere licet ("an halatta ta tunkude ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfi") a cikin <i id="mwMQ">Digest</i> na Justitian (ƙarni na 6). Wani amfani na farko na wannan shi ne ra'ayin Martin Luther na adawa mai kyau ga mai mulkin Beerwolf, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwar ƙaramin majistare da aka gabatar a cikin Maganar ta shekara ta 1550 Magdeburg.
A cikin Leviathan (1651), Hobbes (ta amfani da kalmar turanci ta kare kai a karo na farko) ya gabatar da ka’idar siyasa da ke rarrabe tsakanin yanayin yanayi inda babu wata hukuma da ta zamani. Hobbes yayi jayayya cewa kodayake wasu na iya zama masu ƙarfi ko masu hankali fiye da wasu a cikin yanayin su, babu wanda ya fi ƙarfin da zai iya wucewa daga tsoron mummunan tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da kariya ta kai a matsayin mafi buƙata. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Biyun na Gwamnati, John Locke ya tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa mai shi zai ba da ikon kansu:... jin daɗin dukiyar da yake da ita a wannan jihar bashi da aminci sosai, ba shi da tsaro sosai. Wannan ya sa ya yarda ya bar yanayin, wanda, duk da haka kyauta, yana cike da tsoro da haɗari na ci gaba: kuma ba tare da dalili ba, yake nema, kuma yana shirye ya shiga cikin jama'a tare da wasu, waɗanda sun riga sun kasance haɗe, ko suna da hankalin da za su haɗa kai, don kiyaye rayukansu, 'yanci da kadarorinsu, wanda da yawa ke kira da babban suna, dukiya.A lokutan da suka gabata kafin ci gaban aikin ƴan sanda na ƙasa, harin da aka kai wa gidan dangi ya zama mummunan hari ne ga mutanen da ke ciki ko kuma kai musu hari ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar hana su mafaka da / ko hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin kai hari ta mutum da dukiya sun raunana yayin da al'ummomi suka ci gaba amma barazanar tashin hankali shine babban jigon. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ikon mallaka, a cikin jawabinsa na 1918 Siyasa als Beruf ( Siyasa a Matsayin Kira), Max Weber ya bayyana wata ƙasa a matsayin hukuma mai da'awar mallakar ita kanta ta halal ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ta zahiri a cikin iyakokin yanki. Ganin cewa tsarin zamani na kasashe ya fito ne daga amfani da karfi, Weber ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar cibiyoyin gwamnati ya kasance ba dole ba ne ga ingantacciyar gwamnati a kowane mataki wanda kuma hakan ya nuna cewa taimakon kai yana da iyaka idan ba a kebe shi ba.
Ga masu ilimin zamani, batun kare kai yana daga cikin kyawawan halaye a cikin al'umma don saita iyaka ga yin biyayya ga jihar da dokokin ta da aka ba da hatsarin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin duniyar da ke cike da makamai.Kuma a cikin al'ummomin zamani, jihohi suna ta ƙara ba da izini ko bayar da ikon tilasta su ga kamfanoni masu ba da sabis na tsaro ko dai don ƙarin ko maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin ikon. Gaskiyar cewa jihohin ba sa ƙara yin ikirarin mallakar withinan sanda a cikin iyakokinsu, yana haɓaka gardamar cewa mutane na iya amfani da dama ko damar amfani da tashin hankali don kare kansu. Tabbas, 'yanci na zamani ya nuna yawancin dokoki a matsayin masu kutse ga cin gashin kai na mutum kuma, musamman, yana jayayya cewa haƙƙin kare kai daga tilastawa (gami da tashin hankali ) haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na asali, kuma a cikin kowane hali, ba tare da togiya ba, yana ba da damar duka amfani da tashin hankali wanda ya samo asali daga wannan haƙƙin, ba tare da kariya ga mutum ko dukiya ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, ka lura da cewa Mataki na 12 Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ce:Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙun sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin kasancewa a cikin ja-gorancin ɗan adam.Haɗa kariya daga dangi da gida ya san amfanin da ake da shi a duniya wanda ya samo asali daga mallakar mallakar zaman lafiya na dangi na dangi. Wannan tsarin na gaba daya ya shafi mayar da hankali ga Hohfeld akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dama da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar ɗan adam sabanin haƙƙoƙin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci saboda sun haɗu da mutum ta hanyar mallakar mallakarsa. Bugu da ari, ya biyo baya cewa, a cikin wannan aikin daidaita dabi'un, dokoki dole ne lokaci guda su aikata laifin zalunci wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni, amma yanke hukunci daidai-dai da rikici wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni saboda ana amfani da shi wajen kare kai. A matsayin ƙuduri na wannan abin da ya bayyana na banbanci da bijire wa Hohfeld, Robert Nozick ya tabbatar da cewa babu kyawawan 'yancin jama'a, kawai' yancin mallakar abu ne da kuma ikon cin gashin kai. A cikin wannan ka'idar, "ka'idar mallakar" ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da ikon karewa da adana duk abin da suka mallaka ta hanyar da ta dace kuma "ka'idar gyarawa" tana bukatar duk wani keta ka'ida ta farko da za a gyara ta hanyar mayar da kadarori ga masu su a matsayin rarrabawa "sau daya" Saboda haka, a tsoran kariyar kai a matakin farko, duk wata lalacewar dukiya dole ne ta zama mai kyau ko ta wani fanni ko ta ƙima. Hakazalika, masana ilimin tunani irin su George Fletcher da Robert Schopp sun dauki ra'ayoyin Turawa game da cin gashin kai a ra'ayoyinsu na sassaucin ra'ayi don ba da hujja ga mai rike da madafun iko ta hanyar amfani da dukkan karfin da ya dace don kare ikonsa da 'yancinsa. Wannan haƙƙin ya jujjuya ƙa'idodin amfani da amfani tare da tashin hankali wanda ya kasance mafi alkhairi ga mutum, amma daidai yake nuna Jeremy Bentham wanda ya ga dukiya a matsayin ƙarfin motsawa don bawa mutane damar haɓaka ayyukan su ta hanyar saka hannun jari da kasuwanci. A ka'idar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda haka, don ƙara yawan mai amfani, babu buƙatar ja da baya ko amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. An ce maharin ya sadaukar da kariyar doka lokacin da ya fara harin. A wannan yanayin, dokar aikata laifi ba kayan aikin jin daɗin ƙasa bane wanda ke ba da kariya ga kowa lokacin da suka ji rauni. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda da wasu iyakoki azaman inda ƙaramin hari na farko ya zama kawai dalilin azabtarwa da wuce gona da iri. Tsarin dokar farar hula yana da ka'idar "cin zarafin 'yanci" don bayyana kin yarda da hujja a irin waɗannan munanan lamura.
Ka'idar ɗabi'a
Hakkin kiyaye kai da makami ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Graeco-Roman Natural Rights, wanda wani dan kasar Roman Cicero (106–43 BC) da sauran masu ilimin falsafa suka fada a fili, wanda Aristotle ya yi tasiri. Miguel Faria, marubucin littafin Amurka, Bindigogi, da 'Yanci a shekarar (2019), da yake rubutu a Surgical Neurology International ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin kare mutanensu ta hanyar haƙƙinsu na ɗabi'a na kare kai; cewa mutane suna da hakkin kare kansu kawai amma kuma suna da kyawawan halaye na kare iyalai da makwabta; cewa haƙƙin kare kai da makami ya faɗaɗa ga al'umma don taƙaitawa ko hana azzalumar gwamnati.
Haƙƙin 'yanci na maza su dauki makami don kare kai, ya zama aikin kare wadanda ke karkashin iyalansu da kulawa. Yawancin addinai, musamman a cikin al'adun Yahudu-Krista sun yarda da haƙƙin kare kai da kariya ta gida da makamai. Katolika ta katolika da aka samo asali daga aikin tauhidin na St Thomas Aquinas. Ya karanta cewa: "Tsaron doka na iya zama ba wai kawai hakki ba ne amma kuma babban aiki ne ga wanda ke da alhakin rayuwar wasu. Kare lafiyar gama gari yana bukatar a sanya zalunci mai zalunci ba zai iya cutar da shi ba. " Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda "ya faru cewa buƙatar sa mahaukaci ya kasa haifar da cutarwa wani lokacin ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ransa."
Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke (1632-1704) ya gabatar da cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana a fili kuma sun ba mutum ikon "neman rayuwa, lafiya, 'yanci da mallaka," da kuma haƙƙin kare kansa. Waɗanda suka kafa Amurka ne suka ɗauki wannan ra'ayin kuma Thomas Jefferson ya tsara shi a bayyane na 'Yancin kai. A cikin sharhinsa game da David Kopel's ɗabi'ar kare kai da daukar matakin soja: Al'adar Yahudu da Nasara (2017), Faria ta kammala da cewa: "'Yanci da hakkin kiyaye rayuwa ta hanyar kare kai hakkokin mutane ne na dabi'a - wato, kyaututtuka daga Allah ko Dabi'a zuwa mutum - da gwamnatocin da ke yunƙurin ƙetare waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ba su da halattattun gwamnatoci sai ɓarnata. Mummunan gwamnatoci da kwace daga mulki sun riga sun yi tawaye ga Allah da mutum, don haka mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin kare kai ta hanyar tawaye don kifar da waɗannan gwamnatocin. ”
Kare wasu
Dokokin iri ɗaya ne yayin amfani da ƙarfi don kare wani daga hatsari. Gabaɗaya, mai tuhuma dole ne ya yi imani mai kyau cewa ɓangare na uku yana cikin matsayi inda suke da haƙƙin kare kai. Misali, mutumin da ba da sani ba ga wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da suke yin faɗa zai iya kare ikonsu na wanda ya bayyana da zalunci.
Kariyar doka don iƙirarin kare kai
Da'awar shari'ar kare kai zai dogara ne ga barazanar. Wannan ya haɗa da ko barazanar magana ce ta sa mutum ya ji tsoro, har suka ji bukatar kare kansu. Hakanan zai dogara ne idan barazanar ta kusa ko a'a. Wasu tambayoyin da za ku yi shine barazanar tana faruwa kuma shin rayuwar mutum tana cikin haɗari da gaske? Shin sun tsokani mutum ne don harin ya faru? Lokacin da mutumin ya far wa mutumin, shin kare kansa ya yi daidai da barazanar, ko kuwa har ya kai ga mutun ya mutu lokacin da ba sa bukatar a kashe shi? Shin ' kariyar koyaswa ' tsaro? Shin da gangan suka fasa gidan mutum kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin cutar da mutumin ko danginsa har ta kai su ga kare kansu ko wasu ta amfani da ƙarfi?
Dokar Final ta yanzi
Dokar Final ta yanzu a Amurika mai lamba §3.04 ta ƙunshi ingantaccen tsari don amfani da ƙarfi, gami da lokacin da ya cancanta, da iyakancewa akan dalilin. Model Penal Code ba dokar hukuma bace a cikin Amurka, kodayake kotuna da jihohi da yawa suna cin bashi mai yawa daga gare ta.
Shari'o'in gama gari
A cikin Mutane v. La Voie, Kotun ƙoli na Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Kotun ta rubuta, "Idan mutum yana da dalilai masu ma'ana na yin imani, kuma a zahiri ya gaskata, cewa haɗarin kashe shi, ko na karɓar babban jiki cutarwa, ta gabato, yana iya yin aiki a kan irin wannan bayyani kuma ya kare kansa, har zuwa matakin ɗaukar ran mutum lokacin da ya cancanta, kodayake yana iya zama cewa bayyanuwar ƙarya ce, ko da yake yana iya kuskurewa game da girman ainihin hatsari. "
Ma'anar a takamaiman ƙasashe
Ostiraliya
Jamhuriyar Czech
Sweden
Ingila da Wales
Amurka
Duba kuma
Koyarwar gida
Siyasar bindiga
Kariyar kai mara kyau
Kisan kai mai adalci
Ossian Mai Dadi
Pikuach nefesh
'Yanci don kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai
Assaultan cin mutunci
Amfani da karfi ci gaba
Manazarta
Bibliography
Sir Edward Coke, Sashi na Farko na Cibiyoyin Laws of England, ko, Bayani kan Littleton (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave da C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832)
Dressler, Joshua, Sabbin Tunani Game da Ka'idar Tabbatarwa a cikin Dokar Laifi: Sanarwar Tunanin Fletcher da Tunawa, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61.
Fletcher, George P. (1990) Laifukan Kare Kai: Bernhard Goetz da Doka a Shari'ar, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, .
Fletcher, George P. (2000) Rethinking Laifin Laifi, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, .
Schopp, Robert F. (1998) Adalcin kariya da adalci, Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, .
Semeraro, (2006) Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa
Vitu, Halayyar kare doka da keta doka, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
UseofForce.us, mai zaman kansa, zurfin rashi na dokokin kare kai na Amurka.
Hakkin tsaro
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
37803 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani%20Arabs | Hausa–Fulani Arabs | Hausa–Fulani Larabawa ƙabilar Afro-Arab ce mai addini da ƙabilu irin ta Sudan (Larabci : السودان ), yanki mai faɗin kudu da hamadar sahara, ya kewaye yankin Sahel ( Larabci : ساحل ), sun kasance a yankin Arewacin Najeriya mafi rinjaye. a Sokoto Caliphate, Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Kontagora, Masarautar Kano, Masarautar Katsina da Masarautar Zazzau wadanda suka fito daga Larabawa da suka yi aure da ƙabilun Hausawa da Fulani wanda ya kai ga haɗakar al’adunsu da Hausawa da Fulani.
Hangen tarihi
Majalisun shugabannin ƙasar Hausa kafin Jihadin Fulani sun samo asali ne daga asalinsu ga Bayajidda wani basarake ɗan asalin Bagadaza kuma suna alfahari da zuriyarsu daga Bayajidda da Larabawa, wasu daga cikin jagororin jihadin Fulani suma larabawa ne, wani bangare kuma Fulani kamar yadda suke. Abdullahi dan Fodio ɗan uwan Usman dan Fodio ya bayyana cewa danginsu Fulani ne, kuma bangaren Larabawa, sun ce sun fito daga Larabawa ne ta hanyar Uqba bn Nafi wanda Balarabe musulmi ne na Banu Umayyawa na Ƙuraishawa, don haka ne suka yi ikirarin cewa sun fito ne daga Larabawa, Uqba ibn Nafi, wai ya auri wata Bafulatana mai suna Bajjumangbu, wanda ta cikinsa ne dangin Usman dan Fodio suka fito daga Torodbe. Halifa Muhammed Bello da ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Infaq al-Mansur ya yi ikirarin zuriyar Annabi Muhammad ta hanyar zuriyar kakarsa ce da ake kira Hawwa (mahaifiyar Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, masanin tarihin Fulani, ya sake jaddada ikirarin Shaihu Abdullahi. bin Fodio a wajen dangin Danfodio balarabe ne kuma bafulatani ne, yayin da Ahmadu Bello a littafin tarihin rayuwarsa da ya rubuta bayan samun ‘yancin kai ya kwaikwayi da’awar Halifa Muhammadu Bello na zuriyar Larabawa ta wajen mahaifiyar Usman Ɗanfodio, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa iyalan Shehu dan Fodio. wani ɓangare ne larabawa da kuma fulani waɗanda a al’adance suka hade da Hausawa kuma ana iya siffanta su da Larabawan Hausa-Fulani. Kafin farkon Jihadi na 1804, nau'in fulani ba shi da mahimmanci ga Torankawa (Torodbe), wallafe-wallafen nasu ya nuna rashin fahimta da suke da shi na ma'anar dangantakar Torodbe-Fulani. Sun karɓi yaren Fulbe da ɗabi'a da yawa yayin da suke riƙe da wani keɓantacce Kabilar Toronkawa da farko sun ɗauki membobi daga kowane mataki na al'ummar Sudanī, musamman matalauta. Malaman Toronkawa sun hada da mutanen da asalinsu Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausawa da Berber . Duk da haka, sun yi magana da yaren Fula, sun yi aure cikin iyalan Fulbe, kuma sun zama ƙwararrun malaman Fulbe.
Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad al-Maghili wanda masana tarihi na arewacin Afirka suka ce dan ƙabilar Abzinawa ne amma masana tarihi a Kano sun ce shi Balarabe ne kuma zuriyar Annabi ne ya isa Kano kwanaki uku kafin zuwan Sheikh Abdurrahman Zaite Kano, wanda ya zo Kano. tare da babban gungun limaman Mande masu magana . Larabawa da shugabansu Al-Maghili sun yi maraba da zuwa kotun Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya tsara ra'ayoyi game da tsarin gwamnati, halayen shugaba mai nagarta, da gudanar da adalci. A daidai wannan lokaci ne Al-Maghili ya yi ishara da ra'ayinsa na cewa shi mujaddadi ne, ko kuma mai farfaɗo da Musulunci, wanda ake kyautata zaton shi ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a yammacin Afirka, kuma har ya kai ga kafa wannan matsayi na mujaddadi ta hanyar yin tasiri. masu yunkurin kawo gyara a Kano. A bisa bukatar Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya rubuta shahararriyar littafinsa kan sana'ar gwamnati, Taj al-din fi ma yajib 'ala I-muluk, wanda aka fassara zuwa "kambin addini game da wajibcin sarakuna", wanda ke nufin ya zama jagora ga gwamnati mai kyau daidai da Musulunci. Tare da rubuta Jumla Mukhtasara (1491) da aka fassara zuwa "jumlolin da aka taƙaita", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan rigakafin aikata laifuka.
Akwai wata daula mai zuriyar Larabawa a Kano mai suna Awliya Banu Gha na daular Imam Ghali, dangin sun samar da limamai da dama da malaman tauhidi da masu rike da mukaman gargajiya da masu rike da mukamai da ’yan siyasa a Daular Sakkwato, wasu daga cikin malamai sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Banu Hashim na larabawan kuraishawa ta hanyar daular Sharifain Alaouite da kuma annabin musulunci Muhammad, daga cikin dangi. suna bayyana kansu a matsayin Fulani, Hausawa, Hausa-Fulani ko Hausa-Fulani Larabawa dangane da al’adunsu, da’awar zuriya daga kabilar Larabawa da Annabi ya zama ruwan dare a zuriyar malamai a fadin Arewacin Najeriya da Sahara. A Masarautar Kano wasu mutane na kiransu da Madinawa Malamai, dangane da birnin Madina da suka ce sun fito, da ke yammacin Saudiyya . ‘Yan kabilar Jobawa ta bangaren uwa sun cancanci a nada su Makaman Kano, saboda fifikon da aka kafa a zamanin Sarkin Kano Aliyu Babba, wanda ya naɗa Sarkin Takai Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano, wanda ya nada Sarkin Kano Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano. alaka da Jobawa ta hannun mahaifiyar mahaifinsa Habiba, kanwar Malam Bakatsine, ba a yi la'akari da al'adar al'ada ta zuri'ar agnatic ba a cikin nadin da ya kai ga samar da fifiko ga zuriyar Jobawa mai alaka ta uba ko uwa don burin. a nada Makaman Kano. Wani dan gidan Madinawa Malamai Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, wanda shi ne magajin masarautar Muallimawa, yana da alaka da Jobawa ta wajen kakarsa kaka, ɗiyar Hakimin Sumaila, Sarkin Sumaila Akilu, bajobe kuma dan Makaman Kano Iliyasu. .
A Masarautar Kano Larabawa sun mamaye wurare daban-daban kamar Alfindiki, Alkantara, Dandali, Sanka, Sharifai, da kuma wani yanki na Bakin-ruwa a cikin birnin Kano, huldar da ke tsakanin Hausawa da Fulani ta kai ga yin auratayya, lamarin da ya haifar da ci gaba. ya bar wasu al’ummar Kano da al’adar gano asalinsu zuwa Saudi Arabia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, wasu daga cikin zuri’ar nan sun samu mukamai a wuraren da suke zaune a Kano, lakabin Ma’. Aji (Ma’aji) an kebe su ne a hukumar ƴan asalin Kano a farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka saboda irin gudunmawar da kakanninsu suka bayar wajen bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da harkokin kuɗi a Masarautar.
Turawan Ingila sun ci Kano a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1903, Turawan fataken Larabawa mazauna ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alhaji Abande sun tuntubi Turawan da suka nuna fifikon nadin Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass a kan dan Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Tukur mai suna Abdu Lele da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass. Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka naɗa shi Sarkin Kano.
A Masarautar Katsina Ummaran Dallaje sarkin Fulani na farko sannan kuma uban gidan Dallazawa wanda aka haifa a garin Dallaje kimanin shekara 50. km daga Katsina, Balarabe ne a zuriyarsa, sunan mahaifinsa Abdulmumini. Kakannin Ummaru sun yi hijira ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu kuma asalinsu 'yan kabilar Larabawa ne daga Ouaddai a halin yanzu na Jamhuriyar Chadi . Lokacin da kakann Ummarun suka iso Katsina suka fara sauka a wani ƙauye mai suna Makar daga baya suka koma Dasije daga nan suka sauka a Dallaje.
Fitattun Larabawa Hausa-Fulani
Ahmadu Bello - Tsohon Firimiyan Yankin Arewacin Najeriya
Imam Ghali - Jagoran Addinin Musulunci
Sheikh Shi'ithu Ghali - Malamin Addinin Musulunci
Waliyi Abdurrahim-Maiduniya - Jagoran Addinin Musulunci
Aliyu-Talle Maiduniya Sumaila - Jagoran Addinin Musulunci
Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila - Ɗan siyasa kuma mai gudanarwa
Ahmed Abdullahi Aliyu Abdurrahim Sumaila - Sarkin Gargajiya
Aliyu Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila -Shugaban Addini
Yusuf Abdullahi Sumaila - Sarkin gargajiya
Abdullahi Ahmed Sumaila - Sarkin gargajiya
Sarkin Fadar Kano Zimit - District Head title holder in the Kano Emirate
Ma'ajin Kano Salim - Hakimin Hakimi kuma Ma'ajin Majalisar Masarautar Kano
Matawallen Kano Munir - Mai rike da mukamin Hakimi a Majalisar Masarautar Kano
Masarautu
Toronkawa
Dallazawa
Banu Ga
Madinawa
Gidan Maiduniya
Muallimawa
Aliyawa
Abdullahi (gidan Abdullahi)
Gidan Sarkin Fadar Kano Zimit
Gidan Matawallen Kano Munir
Gidan Ma'ajin Kano Salim
Manazarta
Hausawa |
1846 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%27adam | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam | Hakkokin dan'adam, kyawawan dabi'u ne ko hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa na yau da kullum Shi dan'adam na da wasu kafaffun dabi'u sannan kuma akan basu kariya ako da yaushe amatsayin hakkokin doka dana dabi'a a karkashin dokan kasa da na duniya. Ana daukansu a matsayin hakkokin da ba'a iya tauye su, tsararrun hakkoki "wanda kowanne mutum ke da hakki akansu badan komai ba sai don ya kasance shi mutum ne dan'adam" kuma "kowanne mutum yana da hakki akansu", ba tare da duba ga shekarun sa ba, kasar sa ta asali, wurin zama, harshe, addini, kabila, ko kuma kowane irin babbanci ba. Ana iya wanzar da su a ko ina a kuma ko da yaushe a zaman hakki na duniya baki daya, kuma sune rashin nuna bambanci akan cewa dukkannin mutane daya suke. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tausayin juna da kuma dokoki na shari'a da sanya wajabci akan kowane mutum da ya daraja wadannan hakƙoƙi na sauran mutane, kuma amince gabaki ɗaya akan ba za'a kore wadannan hakkoki ba face idan akwai wasu dalilai na tsari.
Koyarwar hakkin dan-'adam yayi fice a tsakanin Kungiyoyin shari'a na kasa da ƙasa. Matakai da Jihohi da kuma Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs) ne suka kafa tushen dokokin al'umma a duk fadin duniya. Ra'ayoyin hakkin dan-adam sun ayyana cewa "idan kungiyoyin al'umma zasu zauna su tattauna akan matakan zaman lafiya ga al'ummomin duniya, to wannan za'a iya cewa ya zamo harshen kyawawan dabi'u na gama gari, wadannan su ne hakkokin dan-adam". Mayan hujjojin kare hakkin dan-adam sun sabawa koyarwa da dama na addinai, kuma suna jayayya akan abubuwan da dokokin suka kunsa, tsarinta da kuma sharuddanta har zuwa yau. Anyi jayayya sosai akan asalin ma'anar kalmar hakki, kuma ya zamo darasi na jayayya wanda baya karewa, a yayinda anyi amanna akan cewa hakkokin dan-adam sun kunshi hakkoki da dama, kamar yancin shari'a na adalci, kare dan adam daga zama bawa, da kuma yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da kuma hakkin samun ingantaccen Ilimi, akwai sabani akan wanne daga cikin wadannan hakkoki zai zamo daga cikin jigon hakkokin dan-adam; wasu manazarta sun ayyana cewa ya kamata akalla hakkin dan-adam ya zamo karamin doka don hana mummunan cin zarafi, a yayinda wasu kuma suke gani cewa shine kololuwar sharadi. Har ila yau, anyi jayayya cewa hakkin dan-adam doka ne daga Ubangiji; duk da cewa anyi suka ga wannan ra'ayi sosai.
Muhimman ra'ayoyin da suka janyo wannan kamfe na hakkin dan-adam sun samo asali ne daga sakamakon barnar da akayi a yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a Holocaust. Wanda suka janyo zartar da hakkokin dan-adam a duk fadin duniya, a Paris, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations General Assembly) ta gabatar a shekarar 1948. Mutanen da, basu da irin wadannan dokoki na kare hakkin dan-adam na zamani. Asalin jigon hakkin dan-adam ya samo asali ne daga hakkokin asali wanda suke daga cikin Dokokin asali na tsakiyar zamani wanda sukayi fice a lokacin Ilimi na Turai tare da masana falsafa irinsu John Locke, Francis Hutcheson da kuma Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui da kuma tattaunawa a wajen taron na Juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma Juyin juya halin Faransa. Daga wannan ne, hakkokin dan-adam na yau suka samo asali har zuwa karshen karni na 20, tana iya yiwuwa a dalilin bayi, azabtarwa, kisan kiyashi da kuma ta'addancin yaki, don la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi rauni na dan-adam, sannan kuma a matsayin mataki na tabbatar yiwuwar Adalci a tsakanin al'umma. Fafutukar neman hakkin dan-adam ya ciga har farkon karni na 21, inda ya mayar da hankali akan kara samun 'yanci na kasuwanci da na siyasa.
Tarihi
Manufar hakkin dan-adam ta wanzu na tsawon karni da dama, duk da cewa mutane da dama suna la'akari da hakkin dan-adam na duka duniya kamar yadda mutanen zamanin nan ke yi a yau.
Hujja akan hakkin dan-adam mafi tsufa itace Cyrus Cylinder wanda ya samo asali tun daga karni na 6 BCE, tana dauke da hakkoki kamar babu bautar da bayi, hakkin bauta a addinin da ka ga dama da kuma hakkin daidaito a tsakanin launin fata.
Majagaban tattaunawa na gaskiya akan hakkokin dan-adam yana cikin manufar hakkokin asali wanda ya wanzu a matsayin dokokin asali na al'adun tsakiyar zamuna. Wadannan al'adu sun tasirantu sosai daga rubuce-rubucen Bulus Manzo da manazartan farko farko na addinin Kiristanci, St Hilary of Poitiers, St. Ambrose da kuma St. Augustine. Augustine na daga cikin mutane na farko da suka fara tantance ingancin dokokin dan-adam, kuma yayi kokarin bayyana iyakoki akan wasu hakkoki da dokoki na asali dangane da hikima da zurfin tunani, a maimakon cewa mutane su gindaya dokokin da ka, kuma idan mutane zasu rika bin dokokin da ba na adalci ba.
Wadannan al'adu na tsakiyar zamunai yayi fice a lokacin Ilimin falsafa na Turai (Enlightenment). A wannan dalilin ne, tushen hakkokin dan-adam fara daga tsakiyar karshen karni na 20.
Magna Carta wata yarjejeniya ce ta Ingila wacce aka isar a shekarar 1215 wacce tayi tasiri akan bunkasa Dokokin yau da kullum, da sauran dumbin takaddu na kundin tsarin mulki akan hakkokin dan-adam, irinsu Dokar Hakkoki 1689, Kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na shekara ta 1789, da kuma Dokar Hakkoki na Amurka na shekarar 1791.
Masanin falsafa na karni na 17 dan kasar Ingila John Locke ya tattauna akan hakkin dan adam na asali a cikin ayyukansa, kuma ya bayyana su a matsayin "rayuwa", "'yanci", da "gidaje (muhalli), kuma yayi jayayya akan cewa irin wadannan muhimman hakkoki bai kamata a barsu ga masu hanu da shuni ba. A Burtaniya acikin shekara ta 1689, Dokokin Hakkoki na Ingila da kuma Mallakar hakkoki na 1689 na kasar Scotland duka sunyi yunkurin kore wasu ayyukan gwamnati wanda basu bisa adalci. Muhimman juyin juya hali guda biyu sun faru a cikin karni na 18, a kasar Amurka a shekara ta (1776) da kuma Faransa a cikin shekara ta (1789), wanda hakan ya janyo Sanarwar Dokar 'Yancin Kai na Amurka da kuma Sanarwa kan hakkokin dan adam da 'yan kasa na kasar Faransa bi da bi, dukkanninsu kuma sun kunshi wani nau'in hakkokin dan-adam. Bugu da kari, Sanarwar Dokar Hakkoki na Virginia na shekara ta 1776 ya ayyana wasu dumbin muhimman hakkokin 'yan kasa da 'yancin 'yan kasa a cikin doka.
1800 zuwa Yakin Duniya na I
Masana falsafa irinsu Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, da kuma Hegel sun fadada jigon Universality a tsakanin karni na 18 da na 19. A cikin shekara ta 1831, William Lloyd Garrison ya rubuta acikin wata jarida mai suna The Liberator cewa yana so ya sanya masu karanta labaransa a cikin wani "babban al'amari na hakkokin dan-adam", to watakila ta haka ne aka fara amfani da kalmar Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam a tsakanin maganan Paine Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam (The Rights of Man) da kuma wallafar Garrison. A cikin shekara ta 1849, wani dan zamanin Henry David Thoreau yayi rubutu akan Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam a cikin rubutunsa mai suna Civil Disobedience wanda daga bisani yayi tasiri akan hakkokin dan-adam da kuma manazarta. Kotun Kolin David Davis na kasar Amurka, acikin bayanansa na 1867 akan Ex parte Milligan, ya rubuta kamar haka: "Don kare doka, ana tabbatar da hakkokin dan-adam; idan aka cire wadannan hakkoki to suna a hannun azzaluman shugabanni, ko kuma a cikin rudanin rikitattun mutane".
Kungiyoyi da dama sun sami damar cimma nasaorin zamantakewa masu muhimmanci a cikin karni na 20 da sunan hakkin dan-adam. A yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, Kungiyoyin kwadago sun janyo dokar da ya bai wa ma'aikata daman yajin aiki, kirkirar ka'idojin lokutan aiki, da kuma haramta ko kuma tsara Kwadago ga yara. Kamfe na Hakkokin Mata yayi sanadiyyar samarwa mata 'yancin kada kuri'a. Yakoki akan 'yancin kasashe yayi sanadiyyar korar Turawan mulkin mallaka daga kasashe da dama. Daya daga cikin jagoranci mafi tasiri shine na Mahatma Gandhi akan gwagwarmayar 'yancin Indiya. Gwagwarmayoyi na kananan addinan da basu da galihu da wariyar launin fata sun samu nasarori da dama a yankuna daban daban na duniya, daga cikinsu akwai gwagwarmayar kare hakin 'yan kasa, da kuma na kusa-kusan nan bayyana siyasa, wanda ya jibanci mata da sauran marasa galihu a Amurka.
Kirkirar Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya, Dokar Lieber na 1864, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Geneva na farko a 1864, yayi sanadiyyar kirkirar Dokokin 'yan-Adam ta duniya, wanda aka kara bunkasa ta bayan yakin duniya na biyu.
Tsakanin Yakin Duniya ta Daya da Yakin Duniya ta Biyu
An kirkiri League of Nations a shekarar 1919 a wajen muhawara akan yarjejeniyar Versailles bayan an kammala Yakin Duniya na I. Manufofin kungiyar sune janye dakarun sojoji, magance yaki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa ta tsaro, daidaita sabani a tsakanin kasashe ta hanyar sasanci, diflomasiyya da kuma inganta jin dadin rayuwa a duk fadin duniya. Tana dauke da yarjejeniya akan bunkasa hakkoki da dama wanda daga bisani aka sanya su acikin Zartarwa akan Hakkokin Dan-Adam na Duniya (Universal Declaration of Human Rights).
League of Nations tana da kudiri na goyon bayan da yawa daga cikin kasashen da Turawan Yammacin Turai suka mulka a yayin mika yanci daga mulkin malka zuwa 'yancin kai.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa a matsayinta na hukuma a karkashin League of Nation, sannan a yanzu Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta na da kudirin bunkasawa da kare wasu hakkoki wanda daga baya aka sanya su a cikin Zartarwa akan Hakkokin Dan-Adam na Duniya (UDHR).
Bayan Yakin Duniya ta Biyu
Shella akan Hakkokin Dan-Adam na Duniya (UDHR) ta kasance zartarwa ce da ba'a tankwara wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gaba daya ta dabbaka a shekarar 1948, wani bangare don martani akan abubuwan da suka faru a Yakin Duniya na Biyu. UDHR ta bukaci membobin kasashe da su bunkasa hakkoki da dama na dan-Adam, ma'aikata, tattalin arziki da kuma hakkoki na zamantakewa, da kuma tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki a cikin wani bangare na "tushen 'yanci, adalci da kuma zaman lafiya a duniya". Wannan yarjejeniya itace yunkurin shari'a na farko a tsakanin kasashen duniya don iyakance halayen kasashe da kuma tabbatar da cewa sunyi hidima ga 'yan kasashensu ta hanyar bin koyarwar Rights-duty duality.
Kwamitin Hakkokin Dan-Adam ne suka tsara UDHR, tare da Eleanor Roosevelt a matsayin chiyaman, wanda ya fara tattaunawa akan Dokar Hakkokin Dan-Adam na Kasa da Kasa a shekarar 1947. Membobin kwamitin ba kai tsaye suka amince da dokokin da ke karkashin wadannan hakkoki ba, da kuma ta yaya za'a iya tilasta dokokin. Kwamitin ta cigaba da tsara UDHR da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, amma cikin sauri UDHR ta zamo mafi muhammanci. Farfesan shari'a dan kasar Kanada John Humprey da kuma lauyan kasar Faransa René Cassin su ke da alhakin mafi yawancin bincike na kasa da kasa da kuma tsara takaddu bi da bi, a yayin da mukaloli akan zartarwar sun ta'allake ne akan gabaki daya dokokin da ke cikin tsokacin. Cassin ne ya tsara takardar don ta kunshi muhimman dokoki na daraja, 'yanci, daidaito da kuma kaunar juna a mukalu biyu na farkonta, sannan sai kuma hakkoki da suka shafe mutane; hakkokin mutane a tsakaninsu da sauran mutane da kumma tsakaninsu da kungiyoyi; hakkokin addini, na jama'a da kuma na siyasa; da kuma hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma al'adu. Sauran kasidu ukun, dangane da Cassin, sun kunshi hakkoki da suka shafi iyakoki, dokokin ayyuka da kuma na zamantakewa da na siyasa da kuma yadda za'a wanzar da su. Humphrey da Cassin sun ayyana cewa a tilasta wadannan dokoki na UDHR a shari'ance ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yadda aka nuna a mujalladi na uku a cikin kasidar.
Kwamitin kwararru na kasa da kasa ne sukayi bincike kuma suka rubuta wasu sassa daga cikin dokokin UDHR, wanda ya hada da wakilai daga kowacce nahiya, sannan kuma daga dukkanin muhimman addinai, da kuma koyarwa daga tattaunawa da shuwagabanni irinsu Mahatma Gandhi. Shigar da dokokin mutane da na siyasa da kuma na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sun kasance a tsammanin cewa hakkokin dan-Adam ba kasafai ake gane su ba sannan kuma hakkoki daban daban da aka lissafo suna da alaka da juna. Duk da cewa babu wanda ya musunta wadannan ka'idoji daga cikin mambobin kasashe a wannan lokacin, (amma an zartar da wadannan dokoki ne cikin hadin kai amma banda kungiyoyi irinsu Soviet Bloc, Apartheid na Kudancin Afirka,da kuma Saudi Arebiya, wadannan dokoki daga baya sun fuskanci kalubale da dama.
Dangane da lamarin "Duniya baki daya", dokar bata shafi nuna bambanci da wariyar launin fata na cikin kasashe ba. Henry J. Richardson III ya musanta:
Dukkanin manyan gwamnatoci na wancan lokacin a lokacin tsara dokokin U.N. da Shellar Hakkokin Duniya baki daya sunyi iya kokarinsu wajen tabbatar da cewa, ta kowacce hanya da aka sani na dokokin cikin gida da na kasa da kasa, cewa wadannan dokoki sun ta'allaka ne kadai ga kasa da kasa sannan kuma bata da wani doka na wajibci akan dokoki na cikin gida a tsakanin kasashe. Kowa da kowa ya lura cewa nuna bambancinsu akan masu karamin karfi don cin karensu ba babbaka akan yadda suke iya tilasta dokoki dangane da wadannan dokoki da zasu yadu zuwa wurare da dama zai samar da matsin lamba wanda zai tayar da hankula a siyasance.
Fara yakin Cold War jim kadan bayan kirkirar UDHR ya haifar da rarrabuwa na adawa akan shigar da hakkokin zamantakewa da na tattalin arziki da kuma hakkokin 'yan kasa da na siyasa a cikin dokokin. Kasashen jari hujja sun bada muhimmanci sosai akan hakkokin 'yan kasa da na siyasa (kamar 'yancin cudanya da kuma fadan albarkacin baki), amma basu da niyyar wanzar da hakkokin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa (kamar hakkin yin aiki da kuma shiga kungiyoyi). Kasashen gurguzanci kuwa sun bada muhimmanci sosai akan hakkokin tatttalin arziki da na zamantakewa, kuma sunyi jayayya sosai akan dalilin shigar dasu cikin dokokin.
A dalilin rarrabuwar da akayi, akan wadanne hakkoki suka kamata a shigar, sannan kuma wasu kasashe sun ki amincewa kuma sun goge wasu daga cikin dokokin, sannan kuma duk da cewa wasu daga cikin membobi irinsu Soviet bloc da sauran kasashe masu tasowa sunki amincewa da wasu hakkoki a zaman Yarjejeniyar hadin kai, an raba hakkokin da ke cikin UDHR zuwa alkawarori guda biyu, inda aka bar wasu kasashe da su wanzar da wasu dokokin sannan kuma suyi watsi da wasu. Duk da cewa hakan ya bada damar kirkirar wadannan dokoki, amma ya tauye dokar cewa dukkanin hakkoki suna da alaka da juna, wanda wannan shine zuciyar UDHR ga wasu masana.
Duk da cewa UDHR sansanci ne wanda ba'a iya tankwarawa, a yanzu ana daukar ta a matsayin wani bangare na tushen Dokoki al'adu na kasa da kasa, wanda sashin shari'a na gwamnatocin kasashe ka iya hakayowa a yayin yanke wani hukunci.
Yarjejeniyoyi akan hakkin dan-Adam
A cikin shekarar 1966, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tayi amfani da International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) da kuma International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) a tsakaninsu, inda ta sanya hakkokin a karkashin UDHR akan kowacce kasa. Duk da haka, an tilasta su ne kawai a shekarar 1976, a lokacin da kasashe da dama suka sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar (duk da cewa an cimma nasarar ICCPR, alkawarin da ya kunshi hakkokin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa, kasar Amurka ta sanya hannu ne kadai a yarjejeiyar ICCPR a shekarar 1992. ICESCR ta sanya kungiyar kasashe 155 don suyi aiki a wajen tabbatar da samar da hakkokin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa ga mutane.
Akwai sauran dumbin yarjejeniyoyi da aka gudanar a tsakanin kasashe. An fi saninsu da kayan aikin hakkokin dan-Adam - human rights instruments. Daga cikin wadanda sukayi fice sun hada da:
Yarjejeiya akan Karewa da kuma Gurfanarwa akan Ta'addanci na Kisan Kare-Dangi (wanda aka sigar cikin doka a shekarar 1948, kuma aka tilasta ta: 1951) unhchr.ch
Taron Kasa da Kasa wajen kawo Karshen Kowanne irin Nau'i na Wariyar Launin Fata (CERD) (wanda aka shigar cikin doka a 1966, kuma aka tilasta ta: 1969) unhchr.ch
Taro wajen kawo Karshen Kowanne irin Nau'i na Wariyar Jinsi akan Mata (CEDAW) (wanda aka tilasta a: 1981) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan Azabtarwa (CAT) (wanda aka sigar cikin doka a shekarar 1984, kuma aka tilasta ta: 1984)
Yarjejeniya akan Hakkokin da suka shafi Yara (CRC) (wanda aka sigar cikin doka a shekarar 1989, kuma aka tilasta ta: 1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child | UNICEF
Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa akan Kare Hakkokin Ma'aikata 'Yan Gudun Hijira da sauran Iyalansu (ICRMW) (wanda aka sigar cikin doka a shekarar 1990)
Dokar Roma na Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) (wanda aka tilasta a: 2002)
Salon Bunkasa Dokokin
Dakarun Soja
Alhakin bada kariya wani shiri ne na kasashen da ke karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su shiga tsakani kuma su kare mutane daga azzalumai. An ayyana ta a matsayin adalci a dalilin shiga tsakani da sojoji sukayi na kwanan nan. Misalin wannan shiga tsakani da akai ta suka shine Shigan Sojoji kasar Libiya a shekara ta 2011 a Yakin Basasan Farko na Libiya wanda dakarun NATO da Qatar sukayi, wanda kudurin kare kasar daga zalunci ya dauki wani fasali na musamman na tumbuke gwamnatin da ake hari.
Tattalin arziki
Akwai hukunci akan tattalin arziki ga duk mutanenda da ko kasar da ta saba dokar hakkin dan-adam. An soke wannan hukunci ta fuskar yadda ake hukuntar da gabaki daya mutanen kasa ta fuskar tattalin arziki don a dankwafar da mutuncin gwamnatin wannan kasa a idan 'yan kasar. Har wayau anyi jayayya da cewa, hukunci akan wanda suka sabawa gwamnatin manyan kasashe na karawa gwamnatin wadannan manyan kasa ta fuskar tattalin arzikin cikin gida a yayinda wannan gwamnati zata kirkiri hanyoyi da dama na samun kudade fiye da kasashen da suke suka ko adawa, wadanda za'a kara dankwafarwa.
Hadarin take hakkokin dan-adam na karuwa tare da karuwar talauci a tsakanin mutane. Ana daukar 'ya'ya mata daga iyalai masu karamin karfi a kasashe masu rauni na tattalin arziki a matsayin nauyi acikin iyalin a dalilin haka ana aurar da mata da kananun shekarun da nufin cewa za'a ciyar dasu a karkashin iyalan da ke da arziki.
.Manazarta |
29447 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak%20Mohammed%20Muntaka | Mubarak Mohammed Muntaka | Alhaji Mohammed Mubarak Muntaka shi ne dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Asawase a yankin Ashanti na kasar Ghana na majalisar wakilai ta 4 da ta 5, da ta 6, da ta 7, da ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. A halin yanzu, shi ne shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Muntaka ne a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba,na shekarar ta alif 1971, ya fito ne daga Akuse da ke yankin Gabashin kasar Ghana amma asalin iyayensa sun fito ne daga yankin arewacin Ghana a wani gari mai suna Kumbungu. Ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Ya samu digirin digirgir na Kimiyya a fannin Siyasa da Tsare-tsare daga jami'a. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 2004.
Aiki
Muntaka mai tsara shirin ci gaba ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kasance shugaban daya daga cikin rukunin (RME) na Adwumapa Buyers Limited, kamfanin siyan koko.
Aikin siyasa
Dan majalisa
Muntaka ya fara shiga majalisar dokokin Ghana ne a kan tikitin takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a shekarar 2005 lokacin da ya lashe zaben cike gurbi a mazabar Asawase da kuri'u 11,142, inda ya maye gurbin marigayi Dr Gibril Adamu Mohammed na jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya lashe zaben. a cikin Disamba 2004 tare da rinjaye 4,474. Cibiyar ci gaban demokradiyya ta Ghana ta dauki wannan zaben a matsayin "mai gaskiya da gaskiya, amma ba tare da tsoro ba." Daga bisani ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana da aka gudanar a watan Disambar 2008. Ya kuma lashe zabe na gaba a 2012. Muntaka shi ne babban mai rinjaye a majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDC, mafi rinjaye a gwamnati.
Ministan Matasa da Wasanni
Ya kasance ministan matasa da wasanni a gwamnatin Ghana. A cikin Janairun 2009, Shugaba John Evans Atta Mills ya nada Mubarak a matsayin wanda aka nada a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni. Majalisar matasa ta kasa ta yaba da nadin nasa saboda kuruciya da farincikin kuruciya domin a lokacin da aka nada shi yana da shekaru 39. Ya rike mukamin ministan matasa da wasanni har zuwa lokacin da ya tafi hutu yayin da ake binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi masa. Sai dai ya yi murabus daga gwamnati ne bayan amincewar da shugaba Mills ya yi na sakamakon binciken kwamitin binciken. Daga baya Dr. Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo ya maye gurbinsa.
Kwamitoci
Muntaka memba ne na kwamitin majalisar, kuma memba na kwamitin nadi, kuma mamba a kwamitin dindindin, kuma memba a kwamitin lafiya, kuma memba a kwamitin ma'adinai da makamashi, kuma memba na kasuwanci. Kwamitin da kuma memba na kwamitin Zabe.
Zabe
An zabi Muntaka a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a zaben fidda gwani na 2005 bayan rasuwar Dr. Gibril Adamu Mohammed dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a lokacin.
A shekara ta 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 3 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu rinjayen kujeru 113 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 36,557 daga cikin 64,443 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 56.73% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Dokta Mohammed Abdul-Kabir na New Patriotic Party, Elyasu Mohammed na People's National Convention, Mohammed Bashir Tijani na Jam’iyyar Democratic Freedom Party da Alhaji Baba Musah na Jam’iyyar Convention People’s Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 27,168, 371, 86 da 261 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da 42.16%, 0.58%, 0.13 da 0.41% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
A shekarar 2012, ya sake lashe zaben gama gari na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 43,917 daga cikin 77,034 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da 57.01% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Nana Okyere-Tawiah Antwi na New Patriotic Party, Jerry Joseph Quayson na Jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Party, Abdulai Umaru na People's National Convention, Elias Mohammed na Jam’iyyar Convention People’s Party, Yakubu Adams Zakaria na National Democratic Party da Alhassan Abdul Majeed dan takara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 31,013, 458, 267, 251, 182 da 946 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wadannan sun yi daidai da 40.26%, 0.59%, 0.35%, 0.33%, 0.24% and 1.23% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.
Mutaka ya ci gaba da rike kujerar dan majalisa a babban zaben shekarar 2020 domin wakilci a majalisa ta 8 ta jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya samu kuri'u 51,659 yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar NPP ya samu kuri'u 31,256.
Rigingimu
A yayin babban zaben shekarar 2020, an ce Muntaka ya bai wa ‘yarsa ‘yar shekara 6 damar kada kuri’a a madadinsa, lamarin da ya jawo cece-ku-ce saboda dokokin zaben Ghana sun ba wa mutane sama da shekaru 18 damar shiga zabe.
Shugaban kasar John Atta Mills ne ya bukace shi da ya ci gaba da hutu yayin da ake binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi masa. Sai dai ya yi murabus daga gwamnati bayan amincewar da shugaba Mills ya yi na binciken kwamitin binciken.
A watan Janairun 2021, ya yi zargin cewa wani alkalin kotun koli ya bayar da tursasa wata ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a kokarin lallashin ta ta kada kuri’a ga Mike Oquaye a lokacin zaben shugaban majalisar. Lauyoyin sun yi Allah wadai da shi, inda suka bukaci ya bayar da shaida.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Muntaka yayi aure da ‘ya’ya biyar(5). Shi Musulmi ne.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
31299 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Yan%20Asalin%20Kasa | Hakkin Yan Asalin Kasa | Haƙƙin Ƴan Asalin Ƙasa Hakkoki ne na filaye da albarkatun ƙasa da ke cikin su, ko dai a ɗaiɗaiku ko a dunkule, galibi a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa suna da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga ƴan asalin ƙasar saboda dalilai da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da: mahimmancin addini na ƙasar, zaɓin kai, ainihi, da abubuwan tattalin arziki. Filaye wata babbar kadara ce ta tattalin arziki, kuma a wasu al’ummomin ‘yan asalin kasar, yin amfani da albarkatun kasa na kasa da ruwa ne ke zama tushen tattalin arzikin gidansu, don haka bukatar mallakarsu ta samo asali ne daga bukatar tabbatar da samun damar samun wadannan albarkatun. Ƙasa kuma na iya zama muhimmiyar kayan gado ko alamar matsayin zamantakewa. A cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, kamar a cikin yawancin al'ummar Australiya na Aboriginal, ƙasar wani muhimmin sashi ne na ruhinsu da tsarin imani.
An magance da'awar filaye na asali tare da nasarori daban-daban a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tun farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka . Irin wannan da'awar na iya dogara ne akan ƙa'idojin dokokin duniya, yarjejeniyoyin, dokar gama gari, ko kuma tsarin mulki na cikin gida ko dokoki . Laƙabin ƙabila (wanda kuma aka sani da taken Indigenous, take na asali da sauran sharuɗɗan) koyaswar doka ce ta gama gari cewa haƙƙoƙin ƙasa na ƴan asalin ƙasar zuwa ga al'adar al'ada sun ci gaba bayan ɗaukan ikon mallaka a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka . Amincewa da kare haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa da na al'umma bisa doka ya ci gaba da zama babban ƙalubale, tare da tazarar da ke tsakanin filaye da aka sani a hukumance da na al'ada da kuma sarrafa shi babban tushen rashin ci gaba, rikice-rikice, da lalata muhalli.
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa
Takaddun tushe na haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙabila, 1989 (" ILO 169 "), Sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Haƙƙin Yan Asalin, Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da na siyasa, Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'yancin dan adam, da sanarwar Amurka kan 'yancin 'yan asalin .
China
Yankin Larabawa
Doka ta gama gari
Taken Aboriginal, wanda kuma aka sani da sunan ɗan ƙasa (Ostiraliya), take na al'ada (New Zealand), taken Indiya na asali (US), shine rukunan doka na gama gari cewa haƙƙin ƙasa na ƴan asalin ƙasar zuwa al'adar al'ada ta ci gaba bayan ɗaukan ikon mallaka . Hakanan ƴan asalin ƙasar suna iya samun wasu haƙƙoƙi akan ƙasar Crown a yankuna da yawa.
Ostiraliya
A tarihi an tauye haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar koyarwa iri-iri irin su terra nullius. wanda shine kalmar Latin ma'ana "ƙasar da ba ta kowa ba" A cikin 1971, gungun mutanen Meriam a Ostiraliya sun ba da da'awar mallakar su na tsibirin Mer a cikin mashigar Torres. A cikin da'awarsu ta shari'a sun bayar da cewa ƙasarsu ta asali ce kuma keɓantacce, mallakar Meriam ne kuma ke mulki, inda a tarihi suka gudanar da al'amuranta na siyasa da zamantakewa. Bayan shekaru da kotunan shari'a ta fara sauraren ƙarar, kuma bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin wadanda suka shigar da kara (Eddie Mabo), hukuncin da babbar kotun ta yanke ya ba da tabbacin cewa dan ƙasar ya mallaki fili da kuma ƙaryata tatsuniya na terra nullius.
Kanada
Babban shari'ar ga taken Aboriginal a Kanada shine Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997). Wani muhimmin lamari don taken Aborigin shine Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia (2014).
Latin Amurka
Yayin da tsarin siyasar wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ke ƙera samun dimokuradiyya da bude ido don saurare da rungumar ra'ayoyin tsirarun wadannan batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin ƙasa sun fito fili a fagen siyasar ƙasar. Duk da wannan sabon “sake karramawa” kadan-kadan, har yanzu ’yan asalin kasar na daga cikin matalautan kasashe kuma galibi ba su da damar samun albarkatu kuma suna da ƙarancin damar ci gaba da ci gaba. Yanayin shari'a na haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin ƙasashen Latin Amurka ya bambanta sosai. Har yanzu akwai babban bambancin haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, dokoki da karɓuwa a duk faɗin nahiyar. A shekara ta 1957, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO), ta sanya yarjejeniyar ILO 107. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haifar da dokoki da ka'idoji don kariya da haɗin kai na 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Duk ƙasashe masu zaman kansu na Latin Amurka da Caribbean na lokacin sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Tun daga shekarun 1960 suka fara tare da amincewa da iƙirarin farko na ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekara ta 1989 ILO ta yi Yarjejeniyar 169 ; Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi ƴan asali da ƙabilu a cikin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, wanda ke sabunta ILO 107 na 1957. A cikin wannan al'ada kuma an fahimci kusanci da mahimmancin dangantaka tsakanin ƙasa da ainihi, ko kuma ainihin al'ada mai mahimmanci. A yau, kasashe 15 na Latin Amurka da Caribbean sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Hatta a kasashen da aka amince da shi, takaita aiwatar da shi ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula game da ‘yancin mallakar filaye na asali kamar zanga-zangar ma’adinan Escobal a Guatemala.
New Zealand
An amince da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi da aka yi tsakanin Masarautar Burtaniya da sarakunan Maori daban-daban. An yi watsi da yarjejeniyar kanta sau da yawa, amma kotunan New Zealand yawanci sun yarda da kasancewar take na asali. Takaddama game da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kasance sun ta'allaka ne kan hanyoyin da Māori ya yi asarar mallaka, maimakon ko suna da mallakar tun farko.
Amurka
"Bayan harbin 'yan asalin kasar, hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta kashe mu ita ce raba mu da yankinmu na Duniya." Hayden Burgess, Hawai Shawarar tushe don taken Aboriginal a Amurka shine Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), wanda Babban Mai Shari'a John Marshall ya rubuta.
Ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Amurka an mayar da su zuwa wuraren ajiyar Indiya da kabilan ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka .
Dokar farar hula
Brazil
Mexico
Shekaru bayan juyin juya halin Mexico na 1910 ya ga sauye-sauyen noma (1917-1934), kuma a cikin labarin 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexiko an soke tsarin encomienda, kuma an tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na gama gari ga al'ummomin gargajiya. Don haka an ƙirƙiri tsarin ejido, wanda a aikace yakamata ya ƙunshi ikon saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu na kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje da masu gidaje da ba su nan, kuma ya ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar wani yanki don yin aiki da rayuwa.Tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990, manufofin tattalin arzikin Mexico sun fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban masana'antu da kuma jawo babban birnin ketare. Gwamnatin Salinas ta ƙaddamar da wani tsari na mayar da ƙasa mai zaman kansa (ta hanyar PROCEDE-program). A cikin 1992, a matsayin (kafin) sharadi ga Mexico don shigar da Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) tare da Amurka da Kanada, art.4 da art.27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki an canza su, ta hanyar abin da ya zama mai yiwuwa a mayar da shi ga kamfanoni. al'umma ejido-land. Wannan ya lalata tushen tsaro na al'ummomin ƴan asalin don samun haƙƙin ƙasa, kuma tsoffin ejidatorios yanzu sun zama ƴan ta'adda ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da matsugunan su na yau da kullun. (duba kuma rikicin Chiapas )
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Richardson, Benjamin J., Shin Imai & Kent McNeil. 2009. Jama'ar asali da doka: kwatanta da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci .
Robertson, LG, (2005), Cin nasara ta Doka: Yadda Ganowar Amurka Ya Kori 'Yan Asalin Kasashensu, Jami'ar Oxford University, New York
Snow, Alpheus Henry. 1919. Tambayar Aborigine a cikin Doka da Ayyukan Al'ummai .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidauniyar Rainforest Amurka na gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙasa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali a Latin Amurka
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin kamar yadda Babban taron ya karbe, 13 Satumba 2007
Dokoki
Haƙƙoƙi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30183 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalolin%20muhalli%20a%20United%20Kingdom | Matsalolin muhalli a United Kingdom | Wannan shafin yana lissafin batutuwan da Burtaniya ke da su a halin yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa .
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna da illa na ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhallin halittu. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yanayin muhalli a Burtaniya ya tabarbare sosai a birane da karkara. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 67, irin wannan ƙasa mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na haɓaka matsalolin muhalli. Sannan kuma A cewar Hukumar NEA ta Burtaniya, gurbacewar iska da kuma karfin sauyin yanayi ya shafi yankunan tsaunuka na Burtaniya sosai. Saboda sauyin yanayi; hauhawar yanayin ruwan teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa ya haifar da mummunar asarar inganci a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na Burtaniya. Gurbacewar iska, canjin yanayi, datti, sharar gida, da Kuma gurɓacewar ƙasa duk wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da waɗannan batutuwan muhalli a Burtaniya.
Batutuwa
1 Gurbacewar iska
Gas da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da carbon, nitrogen da sulfur oxides. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan iskar gas ke faruwa ta dabi'a, sannan kamar kamar carbon dioxide a cikin fitar da iska daga huhu, masu gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi suna fitowa ne daga konewar makamashin burbushin halittu: gawayi, mai da iskar gas. Ana fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska ta hanyar hayakin da masana'antu da masana'antun sinadarai ke fitarwa.
An san gurɓacewar iska a matsayin cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na mutum a cikin iskar da muke shaka. Wasu misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska a Burtaniya sun hada da kura da pollen yayin da misalan abubuwan da mutum ya kera ke haifar da matsalar iskar gas da ke fitowa daga motoci da hayakin mota. Bugu da kari kuma, gurbacewar iska ita ce sanadin kashi 10% na duk mace-mace a Burtaniya da ke zuwa na biyu bayan China da kashi 17%, wannan kididdigar ce mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen China sun fi Burtaniya girma. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan zuciya da na huhu sun fi shafar gurɓatar iska, amma kuma ana danganta kamuwa da cutar shanyewar jiki, ciwon sukari, kiba da ciwon hauka. An ba da rahoton a cikin kanun labarai da yawa cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana kashe mutane 29,000 a shekara a Burtaniya. Wadannan kididdigar sun nuna yadda gurbacewar iska ke da hadari da kuma kisa amma kuma yadda hakan zai iya shafa da kuma haifar da wasu munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutane.
2 Canjin yanayi
A cewar Lord Stern na Brentford, ambaliyar ruwa da hadari a Birtaniya a cikin shekarata 2014 sun kasance alamun sauyin yanayi. Marubucin 2006 Stern Review ya ce yanayi na shekarar 2013-2014 wani bangare ne na tsarin kasa da kasa kuma yana nuna bukatar gaggawa na yanke hayakin carbon.
Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayin duniya ya canza, wanda ke haifar da sabbin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Canjin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. A cikin ruwan Burtaniya, sauyin yanayi da na teku na iya yin tasiri da yin tasiri ga nau'ikan da ke barazana ta hanyar yin tasiri kan ingancin matakan da aka tsara don kare su. Fitar da iskar gas kuma sanannen dalili ne na wasu manyan ci gaban sauyin yanayi a duniya cikin shekaru. Sannan Biranen da ke bakin ruwa, wadanda su ne akasarin Birtaniyya, an ba da rahoton cewa, suna da babban kalubale a gabansu ta fuskar juriyar sauyin yanayi . Wannan ya sa biranen da ake da su kamar waɗannan garuruwan da ke bakin ruwa za su sake farfado da su tare da inganta su don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi.
3 Littattafai
Sharar gida shine aikin zubar da kowane irin kayan da ba daidai ba, zubar da shara a Burtaniya matsala ce mai mahimmanci. Kungiyar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservation Society (MCS) ta bayyana cewa rahotonta na shekara-shekara na sharar rairayin bakin teku ya nuna karuwar sharar datti a gabar tekun Burtaniya sama da shekaru 20, don haka suka yanke cewa a fili babu isasshen abin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke yi wajen kokarin. don rage wannan matsala. Sakamakon baya-bayan nan daga babban taron Tsabtace Tekun Biritaniya ya nuna cewa ɓangarorin filastik sune abubuwan da aka fi samu akai-akai akan rairayin bakin teku na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai sakamakon ba amma sakamakon ya nuna cewa filastik ya kai sama da kashi 50% na duk zuriyar da aka yi rikodin. Baya ga wannan, datti a cikin tekunan Burtaniya sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar tekun. Kuma Sharar gida yana da matukar damuwa da teku saboda yana lalata matsuguni na rayuwar ruwa kuma shine dalilin kisa ga halittun teku marasa adadi. Kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da sharar gida a matsayin babbar matsala a cikin tekunan su kuma ta fara wani tsari na ciyar da dabarun da za su yi aiki don hana cutar da rayuwar ruwa da muhalli.
4 Sharar gida
Sharar gida wani bangare ne na yanayin rayuwa; sharar gida yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowace halitta ta dawo da abubuwa zuwa muhalli. 'Yan Adam suna samar da ragowar abubuwan sharar da suka wuce kima wanda ke wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Yin takin zamani muhimmin abu ne a cikin kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa ga Burtaniya kuma yana iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka wajen biyan wajibcin Dokar Fill. A halin yanzu Burtaniya tana cika tan 27,000,000 na sharar gida a shekara tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na iya zama mai lalacewa . Za a rage yawan abubuwan da za a iya lalatar da su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa sosai ta hanyar yin takin, ta yadda za a samar da ƙarancin iskar gas da leach . Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da za a iya lalata su sun dace da takin zamani ba, farawa ne na samun sarrafa shara a cikin Burtaniya. Sanna Lalacewa ga muhalli saboda rashin kula da sharar gida abu ne da za a iya kauce masa ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru ta hanyar ka'idar zaɓin yanayi mafi kyawun aiki (BPEO). Rage sharar gida, sake amfani da su, sake amfani da su, da dabarun dawo da su duk hanyoyin da za a rage buƙatun wuraren zubar da ƙasa cikin wannan ƙa'idar. Sake amfani da/sake amfani da takin zamani sun zama manyan hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya, wanda ya kai kashi 42.2% na jimillar MSW. A cikin shekarata 2012, tan miliyan 13.1 na MSW aka takin ko kuma aka sake yin fa'ida a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 27.3% tun daga 2002.
5 Gurbacewar ƙasa
Gurbacewar ƙasa wani bangare ne na gurɓacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da kasancewar sinadarai kuma wannan gurɓataccen abu yana da matuƙar haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kuma Gurbacewar ƙasa a Burtaniya ya kasance al'amari mai gudana a wasu yankuna kuma ba kwanan nan ba ne ke tasowa ba, rikodin Hg na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga Diss Mere, United Kingdom ya nuna cewa ƙasa ta gurɓata tun shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wannan yana ƙara haɗarin yuwuwar gurɓata yanayi don shiga cikin yanayi. Gurɓatar ƙasa, kamar sharar gida, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da kayan da ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami rahotannin gurɓacewar ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu yawa a sassan Ingila waɗanda a da ake kira wuraren hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke haifar da lalata ƙasa.
Dazuzzuka
Kasar Burtaniya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana nufin maki 1.65/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 161 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren
Makamashi a Burtaniya
Ayyukan muhalli kai tsaye a cikin Burtaniya
Rashin daidaiton muhalli a Burtaniya
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Vernon%20Triangle | Mount Vernon Triangle | Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanki ne da gundumar inganta al'umma a cikin yanki na arewa maso yamma na Washington, DC Asalin unguwar masu aiki da aka kafa a karni na 19, Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau ya sami raguwa a tsakiyar karni na 20 yayin da ya canza daga wurin zama. don amfani da kasuwanci da masana'antu. An sami gagarumin ci gaba a unguwar a cikin karni na 21. Yanzu ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga cikin manyan gidaje, gidaje da gine-ginen ofis. An adana gine-ginen tarihi da yawa a cikin unguwar kuma an jera su a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa . Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanzu ana ɗaukar kyakkyawan misali na tsara birane da yanki mai iya tafiya.
Geography
Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda ya ƙunshi tubalan 17, yana cikin Ward 6 da lambar ZIP ta 20001. Unguwar triangular tana da iyaka da:
7th Street da Dutsen Vernon Square da Downtown a yamma,
Massachusetts Avenue da unguwar Judiciary Square a kudu,
New Jersey Avenue da yankunan Sursum Corda da NoMa a gabas
New York Avenue da unguwar Shaw a arewa
Ana ɗaukar titin K a matsayin "Babban titin unguwar", tare da mahadar titin 5th da K yana aiki a matsayin "madaidaicin wurin al'umma da zuciyar unguwar."
Tarihi
Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau an nuna shi akan Shirin L'Enfant na birnin, kodayake yana arewacin wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa a lokacin kuma ya kasance ba a daidaita ba. A cikin 1810, Majalisa ta ba da izini na Titin 7th Turnpike, tsawo na titin 7th wanda ya tashi daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci ( National Archives Building now) zuwa iyakar Maryland . Wannan ya haifar da wasu ƙananan ci gaba a yankin, ko da yake kafin yakin basasa, yawancin wuraren zama sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan gidaje. Banda shi ne Douglas Row, manyan gidaje uku da aka gina a cikin 1856 da Sanatoci biyu da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa John C. Breckinridge suka yi . An yi amfani da Douglas Row a matsayin asibiti a lokacin yakin basasa kuma ya zama mazaunin fitattun mutane bayan yakin ya ƙare, ciki har da Ulysses S. Grant da William Tecumseh Sherman . Asibitin Stanton, daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin wucin gadi na birni a lokacin yakin, yana cikin unguwar, a kan titin Douglas Row. An sami saurin haɓakar haɓakar ƙawancen ta hanyar buɗewar 1875 na Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, babbar kasuwar jama'a tare da rumfunan siyarwa 284 waɗanda suka tsaya a 5th da K Streets NW. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke karuwa, an maye gurbin tsofaffin gidaje da gidajen bulo na dindindin da kasuwanci kuma alƙaluma sun canza sosai. Baƙi na Jamus, Irish da Yahudawa sun ƙaura zuwa unguwar sun buɗe shaguna. Baƙin Amurkawa kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankin, ko da yake sun kasance suna zama a cikin gidajen kwana.
Baya ga Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, unguwar ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon gyare-gyaren da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Alexander "Boss" Shepherd ta yi da kuma sanya motocin dakon kaya. Motocin titin dawakai sun fara aiki a unguwar Massachusetts Avenue da titin 4th a 1884 yayin da Washington, DC ta farko layin motocin lantarki ya fara aiki a New York Avenue a 1888. Zaɓuɓɓukan sufuri da kusanci zuwa cikin gari ya haifar da ci gaba a cikin unguwar, kodayake ba a gina layuka na tsaka-tsaki na gidaje ba, sabanin yawancin unguwannin yankin. Baya ga ci gaban zama da kasuwanci, akwai cibiyar masana'antu mai aiki a unguwar, wacce ke kewaye da Prather's Alley (wanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets). A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, an rushe gine-gine da wuraren kwana a kan Prather's Alley ko kuma sun koma gidajen burodi, masana'antar kwanon kiwo, ɗakunan ajiya da sauran wuraren masana'antu.
Ci gaban kasuwanci ya karu a unguwar a cikin 1910s da 1920s. Ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan titin New York ya haifar da ƙarin gidajen mai, gareji da shagunan gyaran motoci, waɗanda yawancinsu sun maye gurbin gine-ginen zama. A shekara ta 1930, Arewacin Liberty Market (wanda ake kira Cibiyar Kasuwanci a lokacin) yana fuskantar barazanar rufewa da rushewa. An gina sabon gini kuma na zamani don masu siyarwa akan kusurwoyi dabam dabam. Yayin da adadin kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu ya karu, mazauna da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. Yawancin gidaje sun zama gidajen kwana ga matalauta mazauna, yanayin da ya karu sosai bayan yakin duniya na biyu . A cikin 1946, gobara ta lalata yawancin kasuwar Cibiyar, wanda ya haifar da yawancin kasuwancin gida da kasuwa ke tallafawa don rufewa ko ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan birnin. An cire titin da ke kan titin New York a cikin 1949 kuma yawancin gine-ginen mazaunan da ke wannan titin an rushe kuma an maye gurbinsu da wuraren ajiye motoci. A cikin shekarun 1960, an rushe wani babban yanki na yankin gabas, gami da ragowar sashin Douglas Row, don ba da damar Interstate 395 . A lokacin tarzomar 1968 da ta biyo bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr., an kona gine-gine da dama a yammacin Dutsen Vernon Triangle. A cikin shekarun 1980, yawancin unguwar sun lalace, sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren ajiye motoci kuma sun zama matattarar karuwai da masu sayar da muggan ƙwayoyi.
Sake gina manyan yankunan Dutsen Vernon Triangle ya fara ne a ƙarni na 21 yayin da ƙarin mutane ke ƙaura zuwa cikin birni kuma jami'an ƙananan hukumomi sun ba da rage haraji don gina gidaje. Jami'an birni da masu haɓaka gidaje sun fara yunƙurin sake farfado da yankin a cikin 2000. Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke daidaitawa da kasuwannin gundumar inganta al'umma, a cikin 2004. Juyin Juya Halin Dutsen Vernon Triangle shine ƙarshen 2008 mafi girman ci gaban unguwar, CityVista, hadaddun da ya ƙunshi rukunin gidaje 441, gidaje 224, da sararin dillali. An sami raguwar gine-gine a lokacin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, amma ci gaban ya ci gaba. Ya zuwa 2011, unguwar tana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 2,840, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin ƙwararrun matasa.
Jaridar Washington Post ta bayyana unguwar a matsayin "cibiyar birni mai ban sha'awa" da "misalin littafi na tsarawa da tsara birane, haɗin kai tsakanin mutane, da tafiya." A cikin 2014, akwai rukunin gidaje 3,691, gidaje 2,607, gidajen abinci 40, da na filin ofis ko dai an gina shi ko kuma ana gina shi a unguwar. Mahimman wuraren kasuwanci akan titin 5th sun haɗa da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na Safeway na awa 24 da Busboys da Poets . An shigar da sculptures na waje guda biyu, Kashewa da Wahayi, a kusurwar 5th da K Streets a cikin 2009 da 2010, bi da bi.
I Abubuwan tarihi
kwai gine-gine na 19th da farkon karni na 20 da yawa a cikin unguwar waɗanda aka kiyaye su kuma aka dawo dasu. Gundumar Tarihi na Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda asalinsa ya ƙunshi gine-gine 24 galibi waɗanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets, an jera su akan National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP) a cikin 2006. Biyu daga cikin gine-gine, 470 da 472 K Street NW, sun rushe a cikin 2014. Gidan Emily Wiley, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1871, tsohon gidan gari ne wanda yake a 3rd da I Streets NW wanda aka jera akan NRHP a cikin 2006. Ginin Apartment na Jefferson, wanda aka gina a 1899 kuma masanin gida George S. Cooper ya tsara, yana a 315 H Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 1994. Cocin Baptist na biyu, wanda aka gina a cikin 1894 akan wurin tsohon mallakar cocin na 1856, yana a 816 3rd Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 2004.
Ayyukan jama'a
Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan jigilar jama'a da yawa don mazauna unguwa da baƙi. Akwai tashoshi na metro guda uku tsakanin ɗan gajeren tafiya: Wurin Gallery, Dandalin Shari'a, da Dutsen Vernon Square . Hanyar tashar tashar Georgetown-Union ta DC Circulator tana tafiya akan titin Massachusetts kuma akwai tasha Metrobus da yawa a cikin unguwar. Tashoshin Capital Bikeshare uku kuma suna cikin unguwar.
Daliban firamare da na tsakiya suna halartar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Walker-Jones, wanda ke kan iyakar gabas na unguwar. Tsofaffin ɗalibai suna zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Dunbar a cikin Truxton Circle . Akwai wuraren shakatawa da yawa a cikin Dutsen Vernon Triangle: biyu a 7th da K Streets, Cobb Park (2nd Street da Massachusetts Avenue), Milian Park (5th da I Streets) da Seaton Park (500 block na Massachusetts Avenue). Yawancin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa ƙananan ƙananan kujeru ne masu kusurwa uku waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan tituna da matsuguni. Masu ba da shawara na gida suna bin babban fili na jama'a da "parkin shakatawa na birni don abubuwan da ba su dace ba, gami da yawo, karatu, da zama."
Duba kuma
Makwabta a Washington, DC
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiyar sa-kai ta gida
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22523 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Nouabal%C3%A9-Ndoki | Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki | Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki shine wurin shakatawa na ƙasa a Jamhuriyar Congo. An kafa shi a cikin 1993, a arewacin lardin Kongo, gida ne ga giwayen daji, manyan birai, gami da gorillas na ƙasan yamma da ƙananan ƙabilu na chimpanzees da bongo. Yankin 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) ne na gandun dazuzzuka mai tsafta ba tare da mazaunin ɗan adam a ciki ba kuma tare da ɗimbin yawan mutane a cikin yankin da suke da ƙananan ƙananan yankin. Dazuzzuka suna da dumbin halittu masu dauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 300, gami da tsirrai da nau'in bishiyoyi 1,000 wadanda suka hada da mahoganies masu hatsari.
A wani taron Ministocin gandun daji na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Dajin Afirka ta Tsakiya (COMIFAC), an warware shi don a kafa a cikin Kogin Kwango, Kogin Sangha na Yankin Kare na Kasa Uku (TNS) tare da jimlar yanki 11,331 km2 (4,375 sq mi ) wanda ya hada da Dzanga Sangha na Musamman da kuma Filin shakatawa na Dzanga-Ndoki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki a Congo-Brazzaville, da kuma Filin shakatawa na Lobéké a Kamaru. A shekarar 2012, an baiwa dukkan wuraren shakatawa uku na kasar matsayin matsayin Triniti na Sangha.
An gudanar da filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park a karkashin yarjejeniyar Kawancen Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP), wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin 2013 tsakanin Gwamnatin RoC da WCS. Yarjejeniyar ta samar da Fondation Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), wanda aka wakilta WCS a matsayin Sashin Kula da Yankin Park har zuwa 2038.
Tarihi
Tunanin kirkirar wuraren shakatawar ya samo asali ne a shekarun 1980 tare da fahimtar cewa giwayen da ke yawo wadanda suka yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin yankin gaba daya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa uku ana bukatar kariya daga masu farautar su da masana'antar sare bishiyoyi. An tsara shirye-shiryen kafa gandun namun daji na Nouabale-Ndoki ne a 1991 daga kungiyar Kula da Dabbobin daji (WCS) da Gwamnatin Kwango tare da tallafi daga USAID a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa na ƙetare iyaka. Hakanan ya ƙunshi cigaban hulɗa tare da ƙananan hukumomi, yanki da na ƙasa. A ƙarshe an kafa shi a watan Satumba na 1993 wanda ya mamaye yanki na 392,169 ha (969,070 acres) tsakanin Sangha na arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin Sashen Likouala na Congo. A shekarar 1999, kamfanin katako na CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) da jama'ar gari suka hada hannu da (WCS) da Gwamnatin Congo don kirkirar wani abin da zai rage tasirin shiga filin shakatawa. A cikin 2001, an faɗaɗa yankin shakatawa tare da wani ɓangare na rangadin makwabta da aka sani da Gouloago triangle don haɗawa da wannan wurin shakatawa. Kamfanin katako na kasar Jamus ya mika hakkinta sama da 100 km2 (39 sq mi) na Goualougo Triangle a karkashin hayar sa domin a hade shi da gandun dajin, sannan kuma ya yanke shawarar hana farauta. Yayin da ake gudanar da ayyukan sare itace (musamman nau'ikan biyu na Mahogony na Afirka don katako mai girma) sun gudana a yankuna da yawa na gandun daji a arewacin Kongo zuwa iyakantaccen sikelin, wannan wurin shakatawar babu irin wannan aikin. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yana da fa'ida ga kiyayewa da haɓaka yawan rayuwar rayuwar daji da mazaunin dazuzzuka a wurin shakatawar.
labarin ƙasa da yanayi
Yankin da aka kiyaye, wanda wani bangare ne na Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) ya malalo galibi daga Kogin Sangha, wani yanki ne na Kogin Congo. Wani ɓangare na gandun daji har yanzu bai yiwu ba kuma ya kasance ba a bincika shi ba. Gandun daji ne mai dausayi na yankuna masu zafi wadanda suke wani yanki na magudanan ruwan Kogin Kongo. Wannan wurin shakatawa, tare da sauran wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da aka keɓe a cikin babbar Sangha Reserve, an keɓe ta daga duk wani aikin tattalin arziki da ya shafi hanyoyi da kuma tsangwama na mutane, wanda ya haifar da kiyaye shi a matsayin gandun daji mai ruwan sama. Gidan shakatawa yana cikin yankin gandun daji na Kwango wanda ya samar da kashi 11% na yawan yankin. An sake kebe shi zuwa wuraren da aka kiyaye, wuraren da aka tsarkake da aka fi sani da Bai da Yanga, yankuna biyu na yanayi don amfanin makiyaya, wuraren farauta da aka kebe wa ma'aikata, yankunan kariya wadanda ke aiki a matsayin yankunan farautar farauta, yankunan farauta ga al'ummar yankin, da kuma wurare masu tsarki shafuka.
Gidan shakatawa yana da yanayi mai ɗumi kuma yana samun, a matsakaita, 1,250 mm (49 in) na ruwan sama a shekara. Lokacin damina shine watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba kuma lokacin rani shine Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. Shuke-shuke sun haɗa da tarin nau'o'in mahoganies.
Dabbobin daji
Yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki suna gudanar da safari a cikin wurin shakatawar don ba da gudummawar ayyukan kiyayewa da wayar da kan jama'a game da namun daji da duwatsu masu daraja a ciki. Kongo Travel and Tours, babban tushe ne na bayanin tafiye-tafiye game da wurin shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye na yanzu da yanayin yanayi, kuma yana da kasafin kuɗi da ƙarin hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye a cikin wurin shakatawa tun daga $ 1,799 na kwanaki 8, kowane mutum.
Fauna
Akwai nau'ikan dake zaune a wurin shakatawa. National Geographic Society ya lura cewa wurin shakatawar na iya kasancewa mafi yawan rayuwar rayuwar daji ta kowace murabba'in mil na kowane wuri a Afirka. Mafi shahararrun nau'ikan halittu ne na birrai. Akwai birai masu launi (launin fari da fari, colobus ja), da gorillas masu ƙoshin ƙasa, chimpanzees, da birai guenon da aka ɓullo. Gandun dajin ya dauki bakuncin fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 300. Wasu daga cikin mahimman halittu sune gaggafa, ungulu, mujiya, lalatattun hankulan ungulu, da kuma jijiyar wuya. Hakanan akwai giwayen dajin Afirka da baƙon gaske, bauna daji, damisa, bongo, da shuɗi mai duhu. Hakanan kada da kwari masu shan jini suma suna daga cikin jinsunan dajin. An gudanar da karatun Herpetofauna a cikin takamaiman yankuna huɗu na wurin shakatawa. Wadannan karatuttukan sun samar da 20 amphibian da 14 masu rarrafe a gefen kudu na wurin shakatawa; daga cikin wadannan, nau'ikan kwado sune Aubria masako, Amietophrynus regularis, Cryptothylax greshoffii, Hyperolius balfouri, H. brachiofasciatus, Leptopelis brevirostris da L. calcaratus meridionalis.
Hakanan ana ganin aku a yankin wurin shakatawa. Giwayen daji suna samar da sarari ta hanyar share dajin don sauran dabbobi su motsa. Gwanayen ƙaho tare da kilo 12 (kilogiram 5.4) sama da lamba 100 a cikin 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). A cewar wani labari na Pygmy, wani dabba mai rarrafe mai dogon wuya, da ake kira Mokele-mbembe ya kashe giwaye da babban kahon gabanta.
Mbeli Bai yanki ne na musamman mai nisan kilomita 3 (2 sq mi) a cikin wurin shakatawar wanda ke da wadataccen gorillas, tare da rahoton gorillas 180 na yammacin yamma. Hakanan ya ƙunshi nau'ikan biri da yawa, kuma tara daga cikinsu suna da yawan jama'a 50 a kowace 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). Nau'in biri da aka samo anan shine bakaken fata-da-fari da jajajaja, gashin baki da rawanin guenon, mangabeys masu launin toka da sauran mutane.
Flora
Bishiyoyi da tsirrai suna bunƙasa a cikin wannan yanayin. Filin shakatawa na Ndable-Ndoki babban dazuzzuka ne mai dausayi. Gida ne na nau'ikan iri iri 24 daban. Ko yaya, babban ciyayi shine na Gilbertiodendron dewervei (G. dewevevri a yankin tsauni kuma nesa da koyar da ruwa a manyan yankuna; gauraye da gandun daji suma fasali ne. Dajin yana da “bais” da yawa ma'ana "yankuna da aka share". Fiye da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 1000 da bishiyoyi daban-daban an gano su. G. dewevevri shi ne irin na shekara-shekara wanda ake shuka shi kuma ana "tunanin cewa cinya mai yiwuwa ne ya faru ne don magance samar da iri ta hanyar koshi." An bayyana halayenta a matsayin "79% na tushe daga sama 10 cm a tsawo nono da 88% na asalin yankin." Waɗannan ƙwayoyin sun lalace ne ta ƙwaro. Koyaya, sune asalin tushen abinci ga yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar rodents, duikers (Cephelophus spp.), Aladu (Putamoechoerus porcus da Hylochoerus meinertzhagen), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), giwaye, musamman gorillas.
Matakan kiyayewa
Kokarin kiyayewa bai tsaya ga Filin shakatawa na Nuabale-Ndoki shi kadai ba har ma da sauran wuraren shakatawa guda biyu na yankin guda uku, da kuma dukkanin Yankin Kare na Yankuna Uku na Sangha wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 96% na yankin ƙasar. Kasashen da suka kafa ƙungiyar ta ƙasashe uku a ƙarƙashin shirin iyakokin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙokarin Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) su ne Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Kongo da Kamaru. Wannan ƙoƙari na ƙungiya ya tabbatar da aiwatar da ayyukan da suka dace da suka shafi ɓarna, bincike da inganta yawon buɗe ido zuwa dazukan ruwan sama. Babban fasalin wannan ƙoƙari shi ne tarurrukan da ake gudanarwa lokaci-lokaci na gwamnatocin shakatawa uku, da kuma shugabannin ƙasashe uku. Ana yin sintiri a wuraren shakatawa ta hanyar sintiri na hadin gwiwa na yau da kullun don tabbatar da cewa farauta, fasa-kwaurin hauren giwa da kamun kifi ba tare da izini ba da makaman wuta ba su faruwa a wurin shakatawa. Masu ziyara za su iya ziyartar wurin shakatawa kawai a cikin rukuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa da aka shirya da ƙwararrun masu yawon shakatawa na rayuwar daji.
Matakan kiyayewa ana samun tallafi daga kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Fasaha ta Jamus (GTC) a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kamaru, da Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) da Kungiyar kiyaye namun daji (WCS - New York) a Kongo. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri asusun amintattu, wanda yake cike da kuɗi, don kiyaye wuraren shakatawa. Har ila yau, filin shakatawa na ƙasa yana da ayyukan bincikensa da yawa waɗanda USAID-CARPE, US Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S.Z da Columbus Zoo, da MacArthur Foundation ke tallafawa da kuɗi. Dangane da tallafi na ƙasashe masu yawa, wannan wurin shakatawa yanzu ba a ɗauke shi da muhimmanci ga ƙasa kawai ba, har ma da yankin da aka amince da shi na kiyayewa mai mahimmancin gaske, tare da ingantattun kayan more rayuwa, ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da kuma taimakon tattalin arziki.
Kariya
A baya, an iyakance fasahar kariya ga masu gadi. Koyaya, yanzu, suna amfani da masu ganowa don kama masu laifi waɗanda ke cutar dajin. Masu gadin filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki suna da ƙungiya da aka sani da 'eco-guards'. 'Masu tsaron lafiyar' suna karkashin kulawar MFEE (Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Muhalli). Tare da MFEE / eco-guards, an tabbatar da cewa babu wani aikin ɗan adam da ya saba doka wanda ya faru a wurin shakatawa kamar su farauta. Baya ga masu gadin, jama'ar yankin na Ba'Aka suna kuma samar da kayayyakin masarufi na cikin gida don inganta dorewa da kiyaye dazuzzuka a wurin shakatawar.
Manazarta |
24186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau | Tau | Tau /t ɔː, T aʊ / (babban Τ, Ƙaramin baki τ; [taf] ) shine harafi na Shatara 19 na haruffan Girka . A cikin tsarin lambobi na Girka yana da ƙimar Dari uku 300.
Ana furta sunan a Turanci /t aʊ / ko /t ɔː /, amma a Girkanci na zamani shine [tafe] . Wannan saboda lafazin haɗin haruffan Helenanci αυ ya canza daga tsoho zuwa zamani daga ɗayan zuwa ko dai ko , dangane da abin da ke biyo baya (duba tsarin rubutun Girkanci ).
An samo Tau daga harafin Phoenician taw (𐤕). Haruffa da suka taso daga tau sun haɗa da Roman T da Cyrillic Te (Т, т).
Harafin ya mamaye ramukan Unicode U+03C4 (ƙaramin harafi) da U+03A4 (babba). A cikin HTML, ana iya samar da su tare da ƙungiyoyi masu suna ( & tau; da & Tau; ), nassoshi goma ( & #964; da & #932; ), ko nassosin hexadecimal ( & #x3C4; da & #x3A4; ).
Amfani na zamani
Ana amfani da ƙaramin harafin as azaman alama don:
Adadin haraji na musamman
Ilimin halitta
Lokacin da aka bayyana raunin dabbanci na dabba, watau tsawon zagayowar dabba na yau da kullun idan aka kiyaye shi cikin haske ko duhu mai ɗorewa.
Tazarar kashi a cikin magungunan magunguna
Babban maudu'i a cikin ka'idar tau gabaɗaya
Tau a cikin biochemistry, furotin da ke da alaƙa da microtubules kuma yana cikin cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar cutar Alzheimer, wasu nau'ikan lalacewar lobar gaba, da encephalopathy traumatic
Lissafi
Aikin rarrabuwa a ka'idar lamba, kuma ana nufin d ko σ 0
Matsayin zinare (1.618 ...), kodayake φ ( phi ) yafi kowa
Kendall tau coefficient coefficient in statistics
Tsayawa lokaci a cikin hanyoyin stochastic.
Tau, da'irar madaidaiciya daidai da guda biyu 2 π (6.28318. . . )
Ayyukan Tau, da yawa
Torsion of a curve in different geometry
Fassara a cikin lissafin Euclidean (kodayake ana amfani da harafin Latin T sau da yawa)
Physics
Lokaci mai dacewa a dangantaka
Dama danniya a cikin injiniyoyin ci gaba
Rayuwar tsarin fitar da iska kwatsam
Tau, barbashi na farko a ilimin kimiyyar barbashi
Tau a ilmin taurari ma'auni ne na zurfin gani, ko nawa hasken rana ba zai iya shiga sararin samaniya ba
A kimiyyar zahiri, wani lokacin ana amfani da tau azaman mai canza lokaci, don gujewa rikitarwa a matsayin zafin jiki
Lokaci na dindindin (kuma lokacin hutu ) na kowane tsarin, kamar da'irar RC
Torque, ƙarfin juyawa a cikin makanikai
Alamar tortuosity a hydrogeology
Alama
A zamanin da, ana amfani da tau azaman alama don rayuwa ko tashin matattu, yayin da aka ɗauki harafin takwas na haruffan Helenanci, theta, alamar mutuwa .
A lokutan Littafi Mai -Tsarki, an ɗora tawul akan mutane don rarrabe waɗanda ke baƙin ciki akan zunubi, kodayake sabbin juzu'in Littafi Mai -Tsarki sun maye gurbin tsohuwar kalmar taw da alama (Ezekiel 9: 4) ko sa hannu (Ayuba 31:35). Darajarsa ta asali ita ce muryar alveolar marar murya, IPA /t /
Alamar gicciye an haɗa ta ba kawai ga harafin chi ba har ma da tau, kwatankwacin harafin ƙarshe a cikin Foniyawa da Tsoffin haruffan Ibrananci, wanda kuma asalinsa giciye ne a siffa; duba Cross na Tau .
Rubutun da aka rubuta a kusa da dari da sittin 160 AD, wanda aka danganta ga Lucian, mai gabatar da kara na doka wanda ake kira The Consonants at Law - Sigma vs. Tau, a cikin Kotun Baƙaƙen Bakwai, yana ɗauke da nuni ga sifa ta giciye. Sigma ya roki kotu da ta yankewa Tau hukuncin kisa ta hanyar giciye, yana mai cewa:
Maza suna kuka, suna makoki da yawa, suna la'antar Cadmus da la'ana da yawa don shigar da Tau cikin dangin haruffa; sun ce jikinsa ne azzalumai suka dauki abin koyi, siffarsa da suka yi koyi da ita, lokacin da suka kafa gine -ginen da ake gicciye maza. Stauros (giciye) ana kiran injin mugun aiki, kuma yana samo munanan sunanta daga gare shi. Yanzu, tare da duk waɗannan laifuffuka a kansa, bai cancanci mutuwa ba, a'a, mutuwar da yawa? A nawa bangaren na san babu wanda ya isa sai dai wanda ya kawo ta sifar sa - wannan sifar da ya baiwa gibbet mai suna stauros bayansa ta maza
Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar Tau azaman alamar umarnin Franciscan saboda ƙaunar St. Francis a gare ta, alamar fansa da Gicciye . Kusan dukkan majami'un Franciscan sun yi tau tau da hannaye biyu masu ketare, duka biyu da stigmata, ɗayan Yesu da ɗayan Francis; membobin Dokar Franciscan na Zamani galibi suna sanya wooden na katako a cikin kirtani mai ƙyalli uku a wuyansa
Sunaye da alamar "Tau" bishops neo-Gnostic ke amfani da su saboda yana da wasu alamomi a yawancin rassan Gnostic na zamani.
Maɓallan haruffa
Ga harafin Girkanci da na 'yan Koftik tau:
Ana amfani da waɗannan haruffan azaman alamomin lissafi kawai. Rubutun Girkanci mai salo yakamata a sanya shi rikodin ta amfani da haruffan Helenanci na al'ada, tare da yin alama da tsarawa don nuna salon rubutu.
Duba kuma
Ana amfani da haruffan Helenanci a lissafi, kimiyya, da injiniya
Bayanan kula
Manazarta |
51232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Giroud | Françoise Giroud | Françoise Giroud,an haife ta Lea France Gourdji (21 Satumba 1916 a Lausanne,Switzerland kuma ba a Geneva ba kamar yadda ake rubutawa akai-akai-19 Janairu 2003 a Neuilly-sur-Seine)ɗan jaridar Faransa ne,Hymarubucin allo,marubuci,kuma ɗan siyasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Giroud ga iyayen Yahudawa Yahudawa Bature Sephardi baƙi;Mahaifinta shi ne Salih Gourdji Al Baghdadi,Daraktan Agence Télégraphique Ottomane a Geneva. Ta yi karatu a Lycée Molière da Collège de Groslay. Ba ta kammala jami'a ba. Ta yi aure ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, da namiji (wanda ya rasu kafin ta)da mace.
Sana'a
Ayyukan Giroud a cinema ya fara ne tare da darekta Marc Allégret a matsayin yarinya mai rubutun a kan 1932 na Marcel Pagnol Sana''s Fanny .A cikin 1936 ta yi aiki tare da Jean Renoir akan saitin La Grande Illusion.Daga baya ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na allo,a ƙarshe ta kammala cikakkun littattafai guda 30 (na almara da na almara),kuma ta rubuta ginshiƙan jarida. Ita ce editan mujallar <i id="mwJA">Elle</i> daga 1946 (bayan da aka kafa ta ba da daɗewa ba) har zuwa 1953,lokacin da ita da Jean-Jacques Servan-Screiber suka kafa mujallar ta Faransa.Ta gyara har zuwa 1971,sannan ta kasance darekta har zuwa 1974,lokacin da aka nemi ta shiga cikin gwamnatin Faransa.
Daga 1984 zuwa 1988 Giroud shine shugaban Action Internationale contre la Faim. Daga 1989 zuwa 1991 ta kasance shugabar hukumar inganta siyar da tikitin sinima.Ta kasance mai sukar wallafe-wallafe akan Le Journal du Dimanche,kuma ta ba da gudummawar shafi na mako-mako zuwa Le Nouvel Observateur daga 1983 har zuwa mutuwarta.Ta rasu ne a Asibitin Amurka da ke birnin Paris yayin da ake jinyar raunin kai da ta samu a faduwa.
Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1974,shugaban Faransa Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya nada Giroud a matsayin Secrétaire d'État à la Condition féminine,wanda ta rike daga 16 Yuli 1974 har zuwa 27 ga Agusta 1976,lokacin da aka nada ta mukamin ministar al'adu.Ta kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa Maris 1977,don jimlar sabis na watanni 32,tana aiki a majalisar ministocin Jacques Chirac da Raymond Barre.Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Radical,kuma a kan takardun zabe ta lissafa sana'arta a matsayin "yar jarida" (ko 'yar jarida a Turanci).
Sauran ayyukan
Giroud ya karbi Légion d'honneur.Ta gudanar da ACF,mai ba da agaji ta Nobel,daga 1984 zuwa 1988.
Giroud sau da yawa yana bayyana burinta:don fitar da Faransa "daga cikin rudani".Ta ce Amurkawa suna da ra'ayin da ya dace;ba su shiga rudani ba.A ziyararta ta farko da ta kai birnin New York jim kaɗan bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu ya ƙare,“ƙarin fatan alheri,farin ciki” da ta samu a wurin ya burge ta.Wannan ra'ayi ya kasance tare da ita:"Akwai wani ƙarfi a Amurka wanda mu a Turai kullum muke raina."
A cikin shekarunta 80,Giroud ya bayyana a gidan talabijin na Faransa,a cikin shirin 100 Ans (wanda ke nazarin yiwuwar rayuwa ya zama dari).Ta bayyana daure fuska da hannaye daga faduwa daf da fara daukar fim.An nemi ta ba da shawarar abincin da zai samar da tsawon rai;ta amsa "yankakken nama da salati".Ta yi ƙoƙari (kuma ta kasa) ta bare apple da hannayenta masu ɗaure;bata iya ba ta fashe da dariya.
Labarun jaridu da yawa game da mutuwarta sun ambaci yadda ta kasance mai ban dariya.
Batu na musamman na ya rufe mutuwar Giroud.Ya ce:
Mata a ko'ina sun rasa wani abu.Madam Giroud ta kare su cikin basira da karfi.
Ms. Giroud ta ba da adireshin farawa a Jami'ar Michigan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1976.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Françoise Giroud tare da Tout-Paris (1953)
Hotunan Nouveaux (1954)
La Nouvelle m: hotuna de la jeunesse (1958)
Ina ba ku maganata (1973)
La comedie du pouvoir (1977)
Ce que je crois (1978)
Le Bon Plaisir (1983)
Une Femme mai daraja (1981) (an buga shi cikin Turanci azaman Marie Curie: A Life (1986))
Le Bon Plaisir (wasan kwaikwayo) (1984)
Dior (1987)
Alma Mahler, Ou l'art d'être aimée (1988)
Leçons particulières , 1990)
Marie Curie, Une Femme mai daraja (jerin talabijin) (1991)
Jenny Marx da matar aure (1992)
Les Hommes et les femmes (tare da Bernard-Henri Lévy, 1993).
Jaridar Parisienne (1994)
La rumeur du monde: jarida, 1997 da 1998 (1999)
Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya: récit (2000)
Daga isowa hier: jarida 1999 (2000)
'Yar jarida mai sana'a: tattaunawa avec Martine de Rabaudy (2001)
Demain, déjà: jarida, 2000-2003 (2003)
Filmography
Fantama (1946)
Ƙaunar Ƙarshe (1949)
Duba kuma
L'Amour, Madame (1952, fim)
Julietta (1953, fim)
Matattun 2003 |
61059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Ilimi%20ta%20Jami%27ar%20Pennsylvania | Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania | Jami'ar Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education; wanda akafi sani da Penn GSE, babbar makarantar bincike ce ta Ivy League a Amurka. An kafa shi a matsayin sashe a 1893 da makaranta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1915, Penn GSE a tarihi yana da ƙarfin bincike acikin koyarwa da koyo, yanayin al'adu na ilimi, ilimin harshe, hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga, da kuma tambayar mai aiki. Pam Grossman shine shugaban Penn GSE na yanzu; ta gaji Andrew C. Porter a shekarar 2015.
Articles using infobox university
Tarihi
Tun daga farko, Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta shirya malaman da zasu jagoranci makarantun kasar. Wannan ita ce babbar manufar Cibiyar Jama'a ta Benjamin Franklin ta Philadelphia, kuma ta cigaba da yin tasiri a aikin Jami'ar a tsawon tarihinta. An fara gudanar da azuzuwan ilimi a Penn a 1893, kuma an ƙirƙiri farfesa a fannin ilimi shekaru biyu bayan haka a 1895. An kafa cikakkiyar makarantar ilimi a matsayin makarantar daban acikin jami'a acikin 1914, da farko tana bada Bachelor of Science kawai acikin digiri na ilimi. Makarantar ilimi ta ba da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Ilimi acikin 1915 akan maza uku da mata uku. Makarantar cikin sauri ta rungumi wajibcin bincike kan ayyukan ilimi, kuma ta kafa Jagoran Kimiyya a Ilimi da Digiri na Digiri na Ilimi acikin 1930 da 1943, bi da bi. Tun daga nan, Penn GSE ya girma ya haɗada Jagoran Falsafa a Ilimi, Doctor of Education, da Doctor of Philosophy acikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da gidaje da yawa sassan, cibiyoyi, da manufofi.
Kayayyakin aiki
Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, ofisoshinta da azuzuwa suna cikin Hall Hall, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen farko na harabar Penn's West Philadelphia. Laburarenta yana cikin Fisher-Bennett Hall amma ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa shi zuwa ɗakin karatu na Van Pelt. Acikin 1940, GSE ya ƙaura zuwa Eisenlohr Hall, wanda ke da ƴan shinge a yamma akan titin Walnut. Penn ya sami ƙarin sarari acikin gidan layi na gaba, wanda aka sani da Ginin Annex Eisenlohr.
Penn GSE ya koma cikin Ginin Ilimi, inda yake har yanzu, acikin 1966. A halin yanzu, Eisenlohr Hall yana aiki a matsayin gidan shugaban ƙasa kuma Eisenlohr Annex gida ne ga cibiyar rubutun ƙirƙira ta Penn.
Malamai
Penn GSE yana bada digiri na masters guda 20 daban-daban acikin shirye-shiryen da suka kama daga Babban Ilimi zuwa Nasiha da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali. Hakanan yana bada digiri na digiri 15, a duka ilimi da falsafa.
Bincike
Penn GSE yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri iri-iri a cikin binciken ilimi da aiki. Dalibai suna shirin zama shugabannin ilimi, masu burin samun sana'o'i a cikin birane da ilimi na duniya, jagoranci makaranta, binciken ilimi, gudanarwar ilimi mai zurfi, ilimin halin makaranta, da ƙari. A halin yanzu akwai sassan ilimi guda shida a Penn GSE: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Hanyoyi masu ƙima; Karatu, Al'adu, da Ilimin Duniya; Manufar Ilimi; Ilimin Harsuna; Babban Ilimi; da Koyarwa, Koyo, da Jagoranci.
Ilimin birni ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan bincike na tsakiya na Penn GSE. GSE tana haɗin gwiwa tare da makarantu da yawa a cikin unguwarta ta Yammacin Philadelphia, gami da Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Penn Partnership School da sauransu. Suna kuma shiga cikin haɓɓaka ƙwararru don malamai na gida da kuma cikin bincike mai amfani, haɓaka shirye-shirye kamar KIDS da EPIC.
Acikin 2001, Penn GSE ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen digiri na zartarwa don ƙwararrun ilimi da ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda ke hidima ga ɗaliban da ba na gargajiya ba. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun girma har sun haɗada Shirin Gudanarwa a cikin Kasuwancin Ilimi; Shirin Gudanarwa a Makaranta da Bada Shawarar Lafiyar Hankali; Babban Doctorate acikin Gudanar da Ilimi mafi girma; Shirin Jagorancin Makaranta (Babban Takaddun shaida); Shirin Babban Jami'in Ilmantarwa na Penn; Shirin Ilimin Likita; Shirin Doctoral na Tsakanin Sana'a acikin Jagorancin Ilimi da Shirin Koyarwar Mazauna Birni. Acikin 2010, Penn GSE ta ƙaddamar da Gasar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwancin Ilimi na Milken-Penn GSE, gasar da ke ƙarfafa kasuwanci da ƙirƙira acikin ilimi.
Penn GSE kuma yana aiki a duniya, yana shiga cikin ayyukan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɗin gwiwa, nazarin shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, da ayyukan shawarwari.
Sanannen malamai da ma'aikata
John Fantuzzo
Yasmin Kafai
Andrew Porter
Robert Zemsky
Jonathan Zimmerman
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Penn GSE Newsroom
Penn GSE in the Penn Archives
Penn GSE on YouTube
Penn GSE on Facebook |
17968 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumunci | Zumunci | Zumunci wata al`ada ce mai girma a tsakanin mutane wanda kan kara hada huddar, dangantaka da yarda da juna, zumunci kan kara ilimi a tsakanin masu sada shi kuma zumunci abu ne da addinanmu suka umarce mu da mu sada shi saboda falalar shi.
Dalilin zumunci
Domin sada gaisuwa
Domin kara ilimi
Domin farin ciki
Kaucewa bala'i
kara son juna
Domin biyayya ga umarnin Allah.
Domin samun babban rabo a lahira. Da dai sauran su.
lokutan zumunci
Akwai lokutan da galibi akan yi zumunci duk da za a iya yin shi a kowane lokaci.
Lokacin bukukuwan sallah
Karshen shekara
Lokacin hutun makaranta
Lokacin bukukuwa
Kowane lokaci
Nau’o’in Zumunci
Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaduwa fiye da kowace kabila ko al’ummar dake makwabtaka da Hausawa.
1.Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya)
Wannan kan gunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, yayan tsatso, yan uwa, yan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, kani da sauransu.
2. Zumunci na aure (auratayya)
Wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, suruki, suruka, agola,dan riko.
3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (ma}wabtaka)
Wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin makwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu.
4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya)
Wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri daya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, dalibta da sauransu.
5. Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani)
Wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu.
6. Ziyara
Na nufin ka tafi gari, ko gidan wani da nufin ku gaisa da dalili, ko babu. Ana iya cewa wannan al’ada ko ba a daina to Bahaushe ya rage yinta matuka. Wannan kuwa baya rasa dalili na sauyin zamani. Domin zamani ya kawo abubuwan sufuri ba za a yi tafiya sai da kudin mota, a wani lokaci da yar tsaraba da matafiyi zai rika don yara.
Haka shi kuma mai masauki zai tanaji abin da zai yi wa bakonsa hidima da kuma abin sallama. To yanzu son abin duniya da ganin gari da bakar rowa sun hana ziyartar juna. Kowa sai ya fake da babu, ana iya samun dan uwa na jini sun yi shekara da shekaru ba'a ziyarci juna ba. Ba wai wa]anda suke garuruwa daban-daban ba, a a hatta waɗanda suke gari daya.
7. Gudunmowa
Wannan wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna wajen yi ma mutum wani hasafi na musamman a lokacin wani sha'ani kamar na aure ko suna, don a zamanto taimakwa wanda abin ya shafa. Sau da yawa a kan taimaka da hatsi, ko kudi, wani lokaci ma har da tufafi da dai duk wani abu mai amfani. Akwai kuma gudunmuwa da akan yi wa wadanda suka yi gobara, ko kuma wadanda aka yi wa sata.
8. Gayya
Wannan ma wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna, amma ta wajen aiki. Aikin gayya ba a yin shi sai da dalili, kamar rashin lafiya ko kuma wata larura ta musamman. A kan taimakawa mutum a aikin gona, ko kuma aikin gida da sauransu. dan uwa da abokan arziki na unguwa su ne su kan taru su taimaka.
Baya ga taimakawa da a kan yi wa juna kuma, sarki ko mai unguwa ya kan yi gayya don a rage masa aiki. Idan sarki ya kira gayya, to kusan ba wanda ba zai amsa wannan kira ba.
Mata su ma suna yin gayya irin ta su, misali in an yi sabon daki za a yi dabe. Duk wanda ya yi gayya, to dole ne ya yi abincin gayya saboda jama'ar da suka zo aiki su ci.
9. Aikin Gayya
Wannan shi ma wani aiki ne da ake taimakawa juna ta hanyar haduwa a yi aikin taimakon kai da kai, ko kuma idan wani bashi da lafiya ya kasa gyara gonarsa sai a yi gayyar fan uwa da abokan arziki da ya kamata a tafi a nome masa kyauta. A irin wannan har akan yi fura da kunu ko tuwon gayya don ma’aikata su ci ko su sha. A nan ne ma har aka samu karin magana mai cewa "kowa ya sha furar gayya dole ya yi aiki".
Shata Katsina sai ya ce "ka sha furar mutane kace zaka yi kwance a a ku tashi gumi na nake ci" . Zamani ya zo yayi barin makauniya da wannan dabi’a. A yau komai sai dai kudinka ya baka ko yasa a yi maka. Bahaushe ya tabbatar da wannan a inda ya kirkira wata magana mai cewa: “Nasara ya hana aikin banza”. Ko kuma: “Kowa tashi ta fisshe shi”.
10. Zaman Gandu
Wani zama ne da ake yi, a inda za a iske kaka, da ubada da uwa, da da da matarsa, da jikoki duk a gida daya ga dakin wannan ga na wannan. A irin wannan zama ana kasancewa komai tare ake yi. Da damuna za a tafi gona ta mai gida da ake kira gonar gandu a wurin aiki. Bayan an dawo, maigida ne zai ciyar da kowa, ko da kowa dansa yana da mata da yaya, dole shi ne zai ciyar da su.
Irin wannan rayuwa tana da dadi matuka, domin ana taimaka wa juna a harkokin rayuwa ta fuskoki da yawa.
Ba a farga ba, zamani ya zo ya yi tafiyar ya ji da wannan ɗabi’a. Musamman samuwar aikin gwamnati, a inda za a ɗauki mutum ya koma wani garin da ba nasa ba, ko kuma ko yana gari, sai ka iske ya ware gidansa shi kaɗai wai kar a dame shi. A nan ne ake rayuwa irin ta daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa, ko kuma mu ce ba ruwan wani da wani wai mahaukaci ya yi baƙo. ba abin da wannan yake koyarwa sai Ƴar karen rowa.
Zumunci
TSAKURE: Maƙasudin wannan muƙala shi ne ƙoƙarin gano tare da yin nazari a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma nazarin zai waiwaya baya don ƙyallaro yanayin da zumunci yake a zamanin da,tare da fito da halin da zumunci ke ciki a zamanin yanzu.
Bayan wannan kuma zamu dubi irin gurɓacewar da harkar zumunci ta yi.Fayyace wasu dalilai waɗanda suka yi sanadin haka, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya yi a rayuwar Bahaushe a yau. Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli, da suka taimaka sosai wajen lalacewar, ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, wanda a ƙarshe ya shafi zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya.
Wannan muƙala ta kawo waɗannan matsaloli gami da dalilan da suka yi sanadin hakan. Domin ƙarawa daɓe da makuba, d nazarcin wasu litattafai, kundayen bincike tare da wasu muƙala waɗanda suka yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma moriyar da ake samu. Bayan mun dubi matsalolin sai kuma mu jero wasu shawarwari da zasu taimaka wajen fito da Bahaushe daga cikin wannan hali:
BITAR AYYUKAN MAGABATA
Babu shakka, an yi rubuce-rubuce da dama, da suka shafi zumunci da matsayinsa a rayuwar Bahaushe. Kowanne masani da irin gudunmowar da ya bayar. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne, a dalilin cewa, kowanne marubuci akwai inda ya fi mayar da hankalinsa. Watau wasu marubutan sun yi amfani da wasu bayanai da suka shafi zumunci kai tsaye.
Wasu kuma a matsayinsa ta fuskar addini, wasu kuma, wasu kuma al’adan ce,suka kalle shi,waɗansu kuma a siffar rubutun zube da sauransu. An yi rubuce-rubucen ne a wasu littattafai da aka wallafa, da wasu kundayen digirin M.A., da na B.A., ko mujallu, ko muƙala, ko jaridu da sauransu.
A’isha Umar Wali(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na biyu mai take Hausa KingshipTerm.
Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Mu’azu M.S.(1998) a kundinsa na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken Zumuncin Bahaushe.Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Banta Margaret(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken A survey on the adjustment Problems of Widows and Single Parents in our Society.Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Jabiru Abdullahi(1958)a littafinsa mai suna Nagari Na kowa.littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Magana Jari ce, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Ruwan Bagaja, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
Habibu Sarki A.(2000) a littafinsa mai suna Zuwan Musulunci a Afrika,da shigowarsa ƙasar Hausa, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar.
GABATARWA
Da sunan Allah Mai rahama Mai jinqai, Mai kowa, Mai komai, Mai aikata abin da Ya so, ga wanda Ya so, a sadda Ya so, a yadda Ya so, ko ana so ba a so tilas bayi su so. Tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata ga shugaban halittu Annabi Muhammadu(sallallahu alaihi wasallam), da Alayensa da Sahabbansa,da sauran Mabiyansa umuman.
Wannan muƙala na da ƙudurin yin tsokaci a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma,tare da fito da irin gurɓacewar harkar zumunci da kuma tasirin da haka ta yi a rayuwarsa a yau.Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli da suka zama ƙashin baya wajen lalacewar ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, ko kuma a ce zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya.
Wannan muƙala babu shakka tana da muhimmanci, saboda za ta yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma moriyar da ake samu. Bayan haka,za’a dubi wasu matsalolin da suka taimaka wajen jefa Bahaushe cikin wannan hali. Waɗannan matsaloli sun watsu a gida da daji,sannan kuma,Bahaushe na karo da su ta fuskoki daban-daban.
Wannan ne ma yasa na kira muƙalar da cewa: “Taɓarɓarewar zumuncin Bahaushe a yau. ”(Lalacewar zamantakewa a ƙasar Hausa).Watau abin da nake nufi shi ne,matsayi ko halin da zumuncin Bahaushe ke ciki a rayuwarmu ta yau,sannan kuma da irin tasirin da hakan ta haifar. Babu shakka,ko ba a shafa ba maruru ya fi kaluluwa in ji makaho. Tabbas dukkan wanda yake cikin hayyacinsa ya san cewa Bahaushe ya samu kansa na gaba kura baya siyaki. Wannan mawuyacin hali kuwa,shi ne, na lalacewar, ko gurɓacewar zumunci a zamanin da muke ciki.Tarihi ya nuna cewa Bahaushe na da al’adar kyakkyawar zamantakewa a da. To sai dai kuma yanzu ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani rami mai gaba dubu. Domin kuwa Bahaushe ya ce “tsalle ɗaya kan yi ka faɗa rami, ka yi dubu ba ka fita ba”.Haka kuma ya ce “ruwa baya tsami banza” ma’ana babu abin da zai faru sai da dalili.
Don haka taɓarɓarewar harkar zumuncin Bahaushe bai rasa wasu dalilai. Bisa dogaro da waɗannan maganganu ya sa za mu kalli al’amarin zamantakewar Bahaushe a yau, da irin halin da ta faɗa,tare da duba wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka yi jagorar hakan.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, na tsara muƙalar tawa kashi uku kamar haka: Kashi na farko,ya ƙunshi taken muƙalar ,sai gabatarwa,da ma’anar kalmar taɓarɓarewa,da ta zumunci tare da ire-irensa da kuma dalilai ko sanadinsa.
Kashi na biyu kuma,zai kawo wasu daga cikin matsalolin da zumunci ke fuskanta, a nan kuma za mu dubi waɗanne irin matsaloli ne,kuma me ya kawo su ?
A kashi na uku,zai ƙunshi wasu shawarwari game da wasu hanyoyi da nake ganin, idan aka bi su za a iya samun mafita. A qarshe na rufe ta da kammalawa da madogara.
Ma’anar Zumunci
Da zarar an ambaci kalmar zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa, babu abin da zai zo masu a zuciya da ya wuce wata dangantaka ta musamman da ke tsakanin mutum da mutum wadda ta shafi dukkan fannonin rayuwa.To sai dai wasu Masana sun ba wannan kalma ma’anoni daban-daban,kamar haka:
Zumunci na nufin wata dangantaka ce ta jini (haihuwa), ko ta aure,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci na nufin dangantaka, ko dangi, ko ƴan uwa.
Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin mutum biyu, ko ƙungiyoyi,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin abubuwa,ko dangi,zuriya ɗaya a dalilin haihuwa,ko tabanni(goyon hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka ), ko aure.
Bisa la’akari da bayanai da suka gabata, muna iya cewa, Wannan kalma ta zumunci,da kuma ma’anoni daban-daban, da masana, suka bayar muna iya cewa zumunci wata alaƙa ko dangantaka,ko nasaba,ko jituwa ce dake ƙulluwa ko haɗa mutane daban-daban kan harkokin da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum.
NAU'O'IN ZUMUNCI
Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaɗuwa fiye da kowace ƙabila ko al’ummar da ke maƙwabtaka da Hausawa. A wannan mataki za mu yi nazarin nau’o’in zumunci al’ummar Hausawa da dalilan a kansa a sami wata mu’amulla da kan haifar da zumunci. Akwai nau'in zumunci ko zumunta iri daban-daban waɗanda kan wakana a tsakanin al'umma bisa wasu dalilai kamar haka: -
1. Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya):- Wannan kan ƙunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, Ƴaƴan tsatso, Ƴan uwa, Ƴan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, ƙani da sauransu.
2. Zumunci na soyayya (auratayya):- wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, da suruki,da suruka,da agola,da ɗan riƙo,ko tabanni.
3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka): - wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin maƙwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu.
4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya) : - wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri ɗaya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, ɗalibta da sauransu.
5. Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani): - wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu.
ZUMUNCIN JINI (HAIHUWA KO ZURIYA)
Zumunci na jini shi ne,wata dangantaka ko alaƙa da ta shafi haihuwa ko zuriya ,wato ta dalilin haɗuwar iyaye ko kakanni. Wannan zumunci na iya kasancewa na kusa ko nesa. Akan sami zumunci ne a samakon kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin mutanen da suka fito tsatso ɗaya, suka kuma haɗa uwa ko uba ɗaya wannan shi ake kira shaƙiƙin ɗan uwa .
Dangantaka ta kusa kan iya ƙulla zumuncin jini a tsakanin ƴaƴan da ma’aurata(mace da namiji) suka haifa, ko ƴaƴan da mace ta haifa waɗanda ba ubansu ɗaya ba, ko kuma ba uwansu ɗaya ba. Ƙulla irin wannan zumuncin ba abin mamaki ba ne a al’ummar Hausawa, tun da yake yawancin su musulmai ne, kuma ƙa’idar addinin ta yarda namiji ya auri mace fiye da ɗaya (amma ka da ya wuce huɗu).
Ita ma mace tana iya yin wani aure, idan ta fito daga gidan wani mijin, a sakamakon rasuwarsa ko rabuwar aure. Domin haka ana iya samun zumunci tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, da waɗanda suke uba ɗaya uwa kowa da ta sa. Haka kuma a tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba kowa da nasa.
Baya ga wannan zumunci na kusa, akan samu na nesa, kamar waɗanda suke kakanni ɗaya, wato ɗan wa da ɗan ƙani, ko kuma ɗan mace, da ɗan namiji.
Wani irin nau’in zumuncin jini kuma, da ake samu a tsakanin Hausawa, shi ne irin dangantakar da ake samu a dangin uwar mutum, ko ta dangin uba. A dangi uwa akan samu wannan, Wa to ƙanin uwa waɗanda ake kira kawu. Haka kuma akan samu Ƴar uwa ko ƙanwar uwa waɗanda ake kiransu da Inna. Ta ɓangaren dangin uba akwai wan uba, ko ƙanin uba, akan kira shi da Baba ko Baffa,sannan sai kuma Ƴar uba ko ƙanwar uba ana kiransu da Gwaggo.
Kyakkyawan zumuncin da Bahaushe ya gada kan sanya a girmama waɗannan, kamar yadda zai girmama iyayensa da suka haifeshi ko ma fiye.Tare da ɗauke masu ɗawainiyar wasu al’amura, kamar aikace -aikace ko taimaka masu da wani abin da ya mallaka.
Irin wannnan zumunci yakan yi danƙo a al’ummar Hausawa, a yayin da yaro kan iya tashi a gidan ƙannai ko yayyen iyayen sa. Ba tare da samun wani bambanci na tarbiyar, ko rashin nuna ƙauna ba, kamar yadda zai iya samu a gidan iyayensa. Haka kuma dangantakar kasancewar yara ƴaƴan maza (ƴaƴan wa da na ƙani) kan sanya a samu kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakaninsu.
Musamman na girmama juna da shawartar juna a kan lamura, kai ka ce dai uwarsu ɗaya uba xaya. Dangantakar Ƴaƴan mace da na namjii waɗanda akan kira taubasai al’ummar Hausawa ya haifar da wasan ba’a,ko raha a tsakaninsu. Waɗannan wasannin na ba’a ko raha sukan sa a samu kyakkyawan zumunci mai ɗorewa wanda a wasu lokutan ma yakan kai ga auratayya, ban da wannan kuma akwai kuɗin shara da taubasai kan ba junansu a duk ƙarshen shekara, shi ma wannan ba ƙaramar gudummawa ya yi ba. A sakamakon bai wa zumunci muhimmanci da Bahaushe yake yi, shi ya sa Hausawa ba su ƙyashin haɗa dangantakar aure a tsakanin ƴan uwan jini (wanda shari’a ba ta hana ba) don ƙara danƙon wannan zumuncin. Wannan shi ya sa Hausawa ke kiran sa auren zumunci. Wannan irin ƙaunar juna ta al’adar zumunci ta kawo haɗa kai da bai wa kowa matsayinsa a cikin zuriya guda.Kamar Babba ya ja girmansa ya tausayawa na ƙasa ko yaro. Shi kuma yaro ya girmama Babba ta hanyar yi masa ladabi da biyayya. A dalilin haka ne ya sa ko da yaushe Babban shi ke wucewa gaba ko da kuwa kan hanya ce, wato in ana tafiya.Haka kuma shi ne mai ɗaukar nauyin duk wani na ƙasa da shi. Za mu iya kafa hujja da wasu al’adu da ake gudanarwa a al’umar Hausawa, kamar wajen harkar aure.A inda za ka samu ana gudanar da wasu al’amura a gidajen ƴan uwan iyaye kamar haka: in har mutum na da na gaba da shi kamar wa. To in dai za a zo neman auren ƴarsa, to ba za a zo wurinsa kai tsaye ba, sai dai a tafi wurin na gaba da shi,sannan kuma ya bayar da ita. Ban da neman aure, ko wajen maɗaurin auren ma dai ƙanin uba yake ɗaura auren a matsayin waliyi. Haka kuma ko wajen sanya yarinya a lalle,da zaman lalle, uwar wanka da sauransu. Duk za a tarar ƴan uwan iyaye ke gudanar da su, ko da kuwa a ce ga iyayen ana gani. Haka kuma taimakawa mai wata hidima da ƴan uwa suke yi, wato gudummawa ta kuɗi,ko sutura,ko abinci. Kai wani lokaci ma har da muhalli, sai ka ga an yi sha’ani ba tare da mutum ya wahala ba. Ban da wannan kuma ƴan uwa na jini kan zama kamar alƙalai, ko mahukunta,saboda sau da yawa in an samu saɓani tsakanin ma’aurata (mata da miji). Manya a gida, ko zuriya su kan sulhuntasu, ko ma ba ma’aurata ba. In dai har aka samu saɓani a tsakanin ƴan uwa to sai ka ga an kira su don a yi sulhu. Haka kuma, ta fuskar haihuwa ma zumunci bai kau da kai ba, nan ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa zumunta
ZUMUNCIN SOYAYYA
Zumuncin Soyayya na nufin kyakkyawar dangantaka ko mu’amulla da ta ƙullu a tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye a sakamakon ƙauna, ko tausayi, ko kuma auratayya. Wato waɗannan kamar wasu matakai ne na samar da zumuncin soyayya.
AURE:
Dangane da zumuncin da aure yake ƙullawa ana iya duba abin ta fuskoki da yawa. Akan sami zumunci tsakanin miji ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa, sai kuma tsakanin matan su kansu. Wato kishiya da kishiya, ko kuma tsakanin miji da iyayen mata wato surukai, har ma ya zuwa dangin matar. Akan samu zumunci tsakanin mata da iyayen miji, wato surukanta. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya zuwa ga dangin miji gaba ɗaya. Haka kuma akan samu zumunci da dangantakar aure ta samar, kamar tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴansa na cikinsa da ƴaƴan da matarsa ta zo da su (agola) da dai Sauransu. Bisa ga yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin miji, ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa. Abu ne da ba a iya faɗa gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai a kwatanta. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa da yadda suke gudanar da harkokin gida, kamar ƙaunar juna da kare mutunci da riƙe amana a tsakaninsu da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar gida ga miji. Misali kamar ciyarwa da shayarwa, da tufatarwa da kuma muhalli da sauransu.
Ita kuma matar wasu ƙananan hidimomi na gida kamar dafa abinci, kula da yara da tsabtace muhalli da dai sauransu al’amura. Zumunci tsakanin mata da miji kan yi danƙo ƙwarai idan kowane ya ɗauki ɗawainiyar da ke kansa, ba tare da cuta ma wani ba. Irin wannan zumunci idan ya yi kyau yakan fi na jini, musamman da yake ana gudanar da rayuwar tare a kullum.
Bayan wannan kuma, sai mu duba yadda dangantakar kishiya da kishiya ke samar da zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa. A irin yadda suke gudanar da al’amuran gida, kamar raba kwana da miji zai riƙa yi a tsakaninsu. Ko kuma raba girki, da dai duk wani abu da ya shafi harkokinsu a wurin miji. Idan zama tsakanin kishiyoyi ya yi kyau, to sai ka ga gida ya zauna lafiya. Domin za a ga kishiya na girmama wadda ta riga ta shigowa gidan, tana kiranta da suna yaya, ko kuma mamar wane da makamantansu. Wato saboda ƙarfafa zumunci.Al’adar Bahaushe ta hana amarya ta kira uwargida da sunanta kai tsaye. Da yake Bahaushe mutum ne mai ɗaukar nasa kamar ba nasa ba, zumuncin Bahaushe na tsakanin kishiyoyi kan sa ƴaƴan uwargida su tashi (girma) a ɗakin Amarya, ko kuma na Amarya su tashi a ɗakin uwargida ko kuma duk ƴaƴan mijin su tashi a ɗakin uwargida. Wato sukan samar da kyakkyawar zumunci da akan kasa bambance ɗan wannan da na waccan. Zumunci tsakanin kishiyoyi ma idan ya yi kyau, yakan yi naso har ga ƴan uwansu.
Wata rawar da zumuncin aure ke takawa, a wajen ƙarfafa zumunci, shi ne yadda Hulɗa ke gudana a tsakanin miji da dangin matarsa, ko kuma matar da dangin mijinta. Domin kuwa in har aka yi dace, zama ya yi kyau ana zaune lafiya, to sai a ga ana gudanar da kyakkyawan zumunci. Ko da yake, idan aka kuskure aka yi rashin sa’a aka samu Ƴar ɓaraka,ma’ana in babu jituwa a tsakanin sai ka tarar ana zaman-doya-da-manja. Ko da kuwa ma’aurata na son junanasu. Wannan kuwa na faruwa mafi yawa a inda aka yi auren ƙi, ko na kangara. Wato a samu wani sashi na dangin ma’auratan ba sa son auren.
Dangantakar aure a al’ummar Hausawa yakan samar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴan da mace ta zo da su (Agola) ko tsakanin mace da ƴaƴan riƙon mijinta. A al’adance maigida in ba ya nuna bambanci tsakanin ƴaƴansa da waɗanda ba nasa ba.
Domin yakan ba su abinci iri ɗaya, sutura iri ɗaya, makaranta ɗaya, kai har da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar aure da sauran harkokin rayuwa. Akan gane kawai cewa ba ƴaƴansa ba ne,har sai an zo rabon gado, ma’ana bayan rasuwarsa. Ita ma mace takan ɗauki ƴaƴan da mijin yake riƙo kamar ƴaƴan cikinta. Wato ba a iya bambance ƴaƴanta da waɗanda ba nata ba. A al’adar auren Hausawa musamman na budurwa, takan tafi gidan miji da wata ƙanwarta, ko wata ƴar uwarta, wadda akan kira ƴar zaman ɗaki ko ƙanwar rana. Maigida da sauran mutanan gida ba su kan nuna wa ita wannan ‘yar zaman xaki bambanci ba, takan saje da ‘yan gidan.
A ci da ita a yi mata duk abin da za a yi wa ‘yangida. Idan zumunci ya yi danƙo, a nan za a nemi aurenta mijin uwar xakinta ya zama uban auren. A ala’adar Bahaushe akan yi wasannin raha tsakanin matar wa da ƙanin miji. Haka ita ma mace takan yi irin waɗannan wasanni da ƙanin miji da kuma taubasai. Wannan al’ada kan haifar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin mutanen da suka ƙullu da dangantakar ko da kuwa auren ya rabu.
Haka kuma haihuwa, wani ginshiƙi ne da ke ƙara ƙarfafa zumuncin aure. Da zarar aka ce ma’aurata sun sami haihuwa a tsakaninsu, to zumunci ya ƙullu ke nan. Ko da kuwa aure ya rabu, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin iyayen sun mutu, akan samu wata hulɗa na gudana a tsakaninsu. Haka kuma wannan haihuwar kan zama wata abin yin inkiya, saboda a wani lokaci sai ka ji ana cewa ai wane ne uban ƴaƴanta, ko kuma wance ce uwar ƴaƴansa. Dole ne iyayen, ko ƴan uwan ƴaƴan su kasance a wuri ɗaya a wasu shagulgula da suka shafi ƴaƴan nasu kamar sha’anin aure ko haihuwa. Haka ma idan wani abin baƙin ciki ya faru kamar mutuwa, ko gobara da dai sauransu. Bayan haka kuma, haihuwa kan haifar da wata alaƙa da ta zama kamar zare da ta ɗinka tsakanin ma’aurata da iyayensu, wato kakanninsa abin da aka haifa, saboda wannan jituwa ne ta ke tsakanin jika da kaka ake samu wata ƙauna mai ƙarfi ta sarƙu. Wannan ne kan sanya ake jin kaka mace na kiran jikanta “miji” ko maigida. Haka shi kuma kaka namiji ya na kiran jikarsa da matata. In kuma jikan namiji ne sai ya ce aboki. Haka ita ma kaka mace ta kan kira jikarta da ƙawa, ko kishiya da dai sauran wasanni na raha don nishaɗi da nuna ƙauna.
A sakamakon al’adun aure a al’umar Hausawa, akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka na surukuta. Surukai su ne iyayen matar da ya ke aure (maza da mata) da kuma yayyenta maza da mata. Haka ita ma iyayen mijin mace maza da mata da kuma yayyensa maza da mata sun zama surukanta. Namiji yakan girmama surukansa kamar yadda yake girmama iyayensa ko fiye. A al’adance dole ne a ce mutum na jin kunyar surukansa, a inda ba ya iya sakin jiki ko ya furta wasu maganganu a muhallin da surukansa suke, haka ita ma macen. Tsakanin mutanen da iyayensu ke auren juna ma akan sami kyakkyawar fahinta wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka, da ladabi, ko girmama juna da ake samu a lamarin surukuta a al’ummar Hausawa.Tabbas shi ke haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci tsakanin mutane da suka ƙullu da dangataka. Zumuncin da auren Hausawa kan samar, kan yi naso har ya kai ga samun kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙauyuka, ko garuruwa. A sakamakon auratayyar da akan samu tsakanin wannan ƙauyen da wancan, a al’umar Hausawa yakan sa a samar da kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin ƙauyukan. A inda za a ga suna yin ruwa suna yin tsaki akan duk wani lamari da ya shafi ɗaya ƙauyen. Haka kuma a wasu lokutan akan samu wasannin raha a tsakanin al’umma a sakamakon irin wannan auren.
A taƙaice muna iya cewa ba don ɗebe sha’awa kawai da samun zuriya ake yin aure ba. A’a har da samar da zumunci a al’umma da kuma kyautata shi,sannan yana taka mahimmiyar rawa a lamarin aure. Wato ta kowane ɓangare aka dubi dangantarkar da aure ke ƙullawa a al’umar Hausawa. Haƙiƙa za a tarar da wani zumuncin da ya ginu wanda ana iya cewa ba zai taɓa rushewa ba har abada. Ko da kuwa auren ya rabu ko ma’auratan sun rasu.
RIƘO KO GOYO
Riƙo ko goyo shi ne, wani mutum ya riƙe ɗan wani, tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Idan yaro namiji ne, a wasu wuraren akan mayar da shi wurin ubansa. In kuwa mace ce, da zarar yarinya ta isa aure, to daga nan shi ke nan, riƙo ko goyo ya ƙare ke nan. Riƙo ko goyo yakan gudana a tsakanin ƴan'uwa da ɗan uwa, ko kuma aboki da aboki, ana yinsa ne, saboda wasu dalilai da suka haɗa da: -
i. Zumunci.
ii. Haihuwa.
III. Ƙauna.
vi Tausayi.
V Moriya
vii Tabanni
ZUMUNCI: Goyo ya kan taka rawa mai muhimmanci ga rayuwa ta wajen ƙarfafa danƙon zumunci.Domin za ka iya samun wani ya kama ɗan ƙanin sa ko ɗan ɗanwarsa ya riƙe tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Sau da yawa wani riƙon kan fara ne tun daga yaye, watau lokacin da aka cire yaro daga mama, nan ma ya fi faruwa ne a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar kaka, ko Ƴar uwa ko uba.
Wannan abu ya kan ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci, don kuwa yakan faru in ka samu wani gidan inda ake riƙon wani, ba za ka iya banbance ɗan gidan ba ko ɗan riƙo ba, za ka gansu babu wata wariya. Komai nasu iri ɗaya ake yi masu, sutura, abinci kai har ma aure, wannan kan ƙara ƙulla zumunci.
HAIHUWA: A wata fuska kuma, a kan ɗauki riƙo ko goyo ne, don kwaɗayin samun haihuwa. Kamar yadda wasu Hausawa musamman ma mata kan camfa, cewar, idan mutum ba ya haihuwa, to lallai ne in ya ɗauki goyo, Allah Zai ba shi nasa. Haka nan kuma, wasu don dai ba sa haihuwa, to sai su ɗauki goyon don dai su rinƙa samun na aike. A ƙarshe akwai masu ɗaukar yara don sabo, misali in sun aurar da yaransu, to don kawai su ɗauke kewa, sai su ɗauko wani.
ƘAUNA: Baya ga waɗannan, akwai kuma masu ɗaukar goyo don ƙauna, kamar inda za ka samu cewa wasu mutane na ɗaukar goyo ne kawai, don ƙauna, watau soyayya. Inda za ka samu babu dangin iya, babu na baba, ma'ana babu dangantakar komai sai dai aminci, watau abotaka. Misali aboki, ko maƙwabci da maƙwabci, inda za ka tarar ɗaya ya kama yaron ɗaya ya riƙe, babu bambanci kamar shi ya haife shi. A wani lokaci ma yakan fifita shi a kan waɗanda ya haifa.
TAUSAYI: Akan yi goyo a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne, in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa ni ka yi to don tausayawa, ko da ace yana tare da iyayensa ne, akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayenta a lokaci guda.Bayan wannan kuma, sai a wata fuska inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa. Misali in almajirin ƙarami ne za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su. Ko da babu dangantaka, ko yaron da aka tsinta.
MORIYA: Akan yi goyo don moriya, a inda za ka samu an ajiye bara, ko yaron gida yana yi wa mutanen gidan hidima.Watau kamar dai mai aiki, akan samu mai yin hidima, wani tun yana yaro har girmansa ko da mace ce, ko kuma namiji.Sannan kuma akwai waɗansu masu yin sana'a, inda sukan mallaki barori masu kula da harakokin kasuwanci. Su ma wasu tun daga yarinta har zuwa tsufa, har ma wani lokacin su ma su samu su kafu su yi ƙarfi su samu abin hannunsu.
AGOLA: Goyon agola yakan faru ne, in aka auro mace mai ɗa ko ƴa, to akan kirasu da sunan agola ko Kolo. A bisa al'adar Bahaushe riƙon agola yakan zama dole ne, misali idan uban yaron ko yarinyar ya mutu.Ko kuma dangin uban yaron ba su a garin, ko kuma yaron bai yi girma ba. Su kansu dangin uba ba sa son a tafi da yaronsu wani gida ya zama agola don gudun wulakanci. Ko kuma kar a raba shi da ƴan uwa, shi yasa wasu duk juyin da za a yi ba za su yarda a kai yaronsu wani gida ba. Shi yasa in mace ta fita, to sai a yaye yaron daga mama a sanya wani a cikin dangi ya & auka don kawai ƙyamar agolanci.
TABANNI: Wannan goyo akan yi shi ne a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa–ni- ka -yi.To don tausayawa, ko da a ce yana tare da iyayensa ne, ko kuma Maraya. Akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayensu a lokaci guda. Bayan wannan, sai kuma a wata fuska, inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa, misali in almajirin ƙarami ne, za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa, watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su, ko da babu dangantaka, ko kuma yaron da aka tsinta.
To amma kuma, daga ƙarshe sai a mayar da su kamar ƴaƴan tsatso, watau za su iya gadon mai riƙonsu. A wani lokaci akan kira irin wannan goyo da goyon hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka.
ZUMUNCIN ZAMANTAKEWA
Zumuncin zamantakewa, shi ne wanda ya shafi sha’anin zaman tare da yadda ya danganci harkokin rayuwa yau da kullum. Kamar maƙwabtaka, da abota, da almajirci da kuma barantaka da dai sauransu.
MAƘWABTAKA
Zumunci da ya shafi maƙwabtaka yakan faru ne, a sakamakon kusantar juna ta fuskar Muhalli. Bahaushe kan kira mutanen da suke kewaye da gidansa da maƙwabta. Wato waɗanda suke gabas da yamma, da kudu da arewa. Haka kuma akan ɗauki duk gidajen da ke anguwa ɗaya a matsayin maƙwabtan juna. To sai dai mafi kusanci dangane da lamarin maƙwabtaka su ne, waɗanda suka haɗa katanga ko wanda suke kallon juna dab da dab. A al’umar Hausawa akan samu zumunci maƙwabtaka tsakanin unguwa da unguwa, ko tsakanin gari da gari.
Bayan wannan kuma, yanzu an samu ci gaban zamani.Ta inda akan samu zumunci ta haɗuwar gunduma ɗaya, ko ƙaramar hukuma ko Jiha ɗaya.Ko kuma Ƙasa baki ɗaya.To amma wannan ya fi faruwa in ana nesa da gida.
Zumunci maƙwabtaka ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba,ta hanyoyi da yawa. A wasu lokuttan, sai a samu yaran maƙwabta sun tare a gidan maƙwabci. A wani karon ma ba za a iya bambance ɗangida da wanda ba ɗangida ba. Haka nan kuma, wannan Hulɗa kan haifar da cuɗanya da shaƙuwa ta harkokin yau da kullum. Kamar are-aren wasu kayan aiki, misali dagi, da tsani, da kwangiri,ko adda da sauransu.Wannan ya haɗa da musayar kyaututtuka da nuna damuwa kan wani abin da ya shafi maƙwabci,tun daga kan maza har mata. Ban da wannan kuma su kansu mazan sukan haɗu, kowa ya kawo abincinsa a taru a ci gaba ɗaya(ciyayya).
Game da su kuwa mata, akan samu musayar kyauta musamman abinci dangin kayan marmari da ake kira kawo ƙwarya,ko ɗauki. Haka kuma a lokacin bikin sallah, ko wani biki, ko kuma wata tsaraba, ko kuma haka nan kawai.
Al’amarin maƙwabtaka ba ƙarami ba ne, don kuwa Bahaushe ya ɗauke ta da muhimmanci.Wannan kuwa, tun gabanin zuwan addini Musulunci ƙasar Hausa. To da addinin Musulunci ya zo kuma, sai ya zamanto ya ƙara ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka, kamar yadda ya zo a cikin littafin Riyadil Salihin.
Inda wani hadisi yace, Abdullahi Ɗan Umar yace: Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya ce:
“ Akwai wata rana da mala’ika Jibril ya zo masa ya faɗa masa (Annabi) haƙƙoƙin maƙwabci a kan maƙwabci, har sai da Annabi ya yi tsammanin maqwabci zai iya gadon maƙwabcinsa, saboda tsananin kusanci da nuna dangantaka”.
Haka kuma, akwai abubuwa da suka faru tsakanin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da wani Bayahude maƙwabcinsa.
“An ruwaito cewa Annabi(S.A.W.) ya kasance da wani maƙwabci Bayahude.Wanda ya riƙa watso wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) shara a gida.Duk da haka Manzon Allah bai ce masa komai ba.Aka kwana biyu,Manzon Allah bai ga an zuba shara ba.Don haka sai Manzo ya tambaya, shin ina Bayahudan nan? Sahabbai suka ce: “ba shi da lafiya”, sai Manzo yace mu tafi mu gaishe shi”.
Waɗannan suna iya zama madogara dangane da yadda Addinin Musulunci ya ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka a tsakanin al’umma. Addini da ma ya iske Hausawa na da al’adar zumunci a tsakanin maƙwabta.To sai dai ya faɗaɗa matsayinta, kamar yadda aka samu wasu bayanai masu yawan gaske. A inda Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya nuna mana cewa:
Maƙwabtaka kan fara ne daga gida ɗaya, zuwa gida arba’in hannun hagu, haka kuma gida da zuwa arba’in hannun dama.Haka kuma gaba ko baya su ma daga gida ɗaya zuwa arba'in. Wannan ya ƙara ba Bahaushe ƙarin ƙarfin gwiwa,wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci a al’ummansa.
ZUMUNCIN ABOTA
Zumunci da abota kan ƙulla kan faru ne, saboda wasu dalilai masu tarin yawa da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Wannan zumunci kan iya ƙulluwa a tsakanin jinsi ɗaya ko wani jinsi, da wani, ko tsakanin tsara da tsara, ko tsakanin babba da yaro da dai sauransu.
Bisa ga dalilan da kan sa abota ta ɗore shi ne, dacewar abokan. Musamman in aka yi sa’a ra’ayinsu ya zo ɗaya, ko kuma ɗaya ya fi ɗaya haƙuri . Akan samu abokai na jinsi ɗaya, misali kamar aboki da aboki, wato duk maza ne, ko ƙawa da ƙawa,mata.
Dangane da yadda abota kan ƙullu ta yi ƙarfi har ta haifar da zumunci a tsakanin mutane.Ba ya rasa nasaba da irin asalin abin da ya yi sanadin haɗuwar su.Tare da kuma irin mahimmancin da suka bai wa Al’amarin. Misali kamar waɗanda suka haɗu a makaranta, ko kasuwa, ko wurin ibada, ko wurin wani taro na musamman da Sauransu. Abota kan ƙullu a tsakanin ɗalibai ko almajirai, ko ƴan makaranta da suke karatu tare.Tabbas makarantar na iya kasancewa ta Arabiyya, wato ta allo ko kuma makarantar tsangaya.
A inda za a iske an haɗa wa Malami yara, a wani lokaci na gari ɗaya, ko na garuruwa daban- daban, duk suna harka tare. A samakon haka abota kan ƙullu. Da yake yanzu zamani ya zo da wani sauyi, akan samu makarantun Islamiyya.Inda za a samu an haɗa yara maza da mata a aji ɗaya, amma ba Ƙur’ani kaɗai ake koya masu ba har da sauran ilimin addinin.
Akwai kuma makarantar ilimi na littattafai (zawiyya),a inda nan za a iske manyan mutane suke ɗaukar karatu a wurin wani malami.Wanda yake ya sha bamban da na makarantar yara, wato da ta allo da kuma ta Islamiyya.
Haka shi ma ilmin boko yakan zama mafarin ƙulluwar abota a tsakanin mutane da al’ummar Hausawa a matakai daban- daban. Kamar a makarantun firamare, da na gaba da firamare, da kuma manya-manyan makarantu.
Da farko dai, akan kai yaro ko yarinya makaranta elemantare, ko firamare, sannan kuma ya wuce makarantar sakandare ko ta horan malamai. A makarantar firamare da na gaba da firamare. Duk yaron ko yarinyar da suka haɗa aji za a ga ana samun kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu wadda kan haifar da zumunci zuwa gaba. Haka ma waɗanda ba su haɗa aji ba, in dai sun yi makaranta ɗaya, irin wannan zumunci kan ƙullu. A manyan makarantun ilimi ma kamar jami’o’i, zama tare ko gudanar da wasu (abubuwa) al’amura kan sa a ƙulla abota wanda kan haifar da zumunci mai ɗorewa.Wato bayan an gama makaranta har ya zuwa ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki.A inda za a iske ana kafa ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin xalibai.
Haka ma harkar kasuwanci kan sa a ƙulla dangantaka wanda kan haifar da zumunci. Haɗuwa a wurin cin kasuwa da irin ragowar da akan samu a wurin saye da sayarwa, tsakanin mutane da dai sauransu.Wannan shi ma kan sa a saba, da kuma yarda da juna a zama abokai.Ta fuskar kasuwa kuma da sauran lamura, wato zumunci yana ɗorewa. Hasali ma dai, a al’ummar Hausawa mutanen da suke sana’a ko kasuwanci iri ɗaya sukan zama kamar tsintsiya. Bisa ga wata abotar da ta kan ƙullu ta sanadiyyar haɗuwa a wuraren ibada, nan ma za mu iya cewa ba ƙaramar rawa su ke takawa ba kamar masallaci, aikin hajji da umra ko jana’iza da sauransu. Wato wasu harkar da addini kan sa a shaƙu a zama abokai har zumunci ya shigo a zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya. A wata fuskar kuma, akan samu ƙulluwar abota a sakamakon haɗuwa a wasu wuraren tarurruka na rayuwa. Kamar wasan al’adun gargajiya, kamar wasannin dambe,ko kokuwa, kalankuwa, ko irin na taron siyasa da dai sauran makamantasu.
Waxannan kan taimaka ainun dangane da ƙulla abota a tsakanin mutane a cikin alumma.A inda wannan abota kan ɗore har ga ƴaƴa da jikoki, ta fuskar ziyartar juna, ko musayar kyaututtuka a tsakaninsu, ko halartar duk wani lamari da ya shafi aboki.
Dangantakar abota dai a al’umar Hausawa abu ne da kan ƙulla kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin mutane.A wanda wani lokaci ma yakan fi zumuncin jini danƙo. Idan irin wannan zumunci ya yi kyau, aboki kan iya ɗaukar ɗawainiyar iyalan aboki.Musamman idan ba ya da rai, ko wata rashin lafiya ta kama shi, ko idan ya yi tafiya. Haka kuma aboki kan iya zama uban auren ƴaƴa abokinsa. Wato ya ba da su ga wanda yake so, ya kuma yi masu duk wasu ɗawainiya fiye ma da yadda zai yi ma ƴaƴan sa.
ALMAJIRCI KO ƊALIBTA
Almajirci ko ɗalibta abu ne da kan haifar da dangantaka kyakkyawa,a tsakanin mutane, wanda daga ƙarshe zumunci kan ƙullu. Dangantakar kan ƙullu ne ta fuskoki da yawa kamar tsakanin malamai da Almajiri ko tsakanin almajri ko xalibi da xan’uwansa ko kuma a tsakanin almajiri ɗalibi da jama’ar gari.
Dangane da yadda, almajirci na fannin ilimin addini ke ƙulla zumunci a tsakanin malamai da almajiri. shi ne, kamar inda za a tarar malami ya zama kamar uba ga almajirin.Balle ma a ce sun tafi zuwa wani gari wanda ba garinsu ba. To a nan ban da karantar da shi da malami ya ke yi, to kuma shi ne, matsayin ubansa. Wannan dangantaka ta kan ɗore ko bayan almajirin ya sauke Alkur’ani ya koma gida, sai a samu ya na ziyartar malami. Bayan wannan kuma akan samu dangantaka a tsakanin malamai da iyayen almajiri.Iyayen kan girmama malami ne, saboda baiwar da Allah ya ba shi ta ilimi, da kuma karantar da Ɗansu da ya yi wanda a sakamakon haka za su amfana duniya da lahira. Irin wannan dangantaka ta girmamawa kan haifar da zumunci, a inda za a iske har ziyarar juna ake yi da halartar shagulgulan da suka shafi juna.
Haka kuma akwai wani zumunci da ke ƙjulluwa a tsakanin alamajirai. A duk inda a ka ce almajirai suna zaune dole ne a samu kusantar juna tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye. Idan an tafi yawon bara akan tafi tare, duk abin da aka samu a ci tare irin wannan dangantarkar kan ɗore har zuwa girma ya haifar da zumunci.
A sakamakon barin gida a shiga duniya neman ilim, almajiri kan ce “ a rashin uwa akan yi uwar ɗaki” Domin ya ɗebe wannan kewar almajirin kan samu wata mata a cikin gari wadda zai rinƙa kai mata wasu ƴan koke-koke, tana share masa hawaye, ko kuma ya rinƙa kai mata tarin kuɗi ko ajiyar wani kayansa na musamman.
Akan kira wannan mata da sunan uwar ɗaki ko kuma in namiji ne, sai a ce masa ubangida. Samun uwar ɗaki ko uban gida yakan faru ne a wani lokaci da aka fara zuwa bara, ko aike, ko kuma ta fara yin rubutun sha, wato almajirin kan yo wa matar da yake so ta zama uwar ɗakinsa rubutun sha, musamman lokacin zumi,ko wata larura in taso. Wanda idan ya tashi tafiya gida, ita kuma sai ta yi masa hasafi na abin da ya sauƙaƙa tare da godiya.
Ta fannin maza kuwa wato uban gida shi an fi samun mai yi masa wata hidimar yau da kullum, kamar cefane da wanki ko share-share. A wani lokacin akan yi sa’a wani ubangida ya riƙe almajiri har girmansa wani ma har yakan yi masa aure. Wato ya yi masa duk abin da zai yi wa ɗan cikinsa. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya kai ga iyayen Almajiri. A inda sukan girmama shi, kuma ya mutuntasu, saboda ƙarfin halin da suka nuna na barin ɗansu ya yi masa barantaka.
Bisa ga yadda ɗalibta ta ɓangaren ilimi zamani ko na boko, ke ƙulla zumunci shi ne, inda za a samu zumunci tsakanin ɗalibi da malaminsa. Nan ma akan gudanar da zumunci kamar yadda yake tsakanin ɗa da uba. Don kuwa baya ga koyar da shi da malami ke yi, yakan ba shi wasu shawarwari da za su taimakeshi a harkokin rayuwarsa ko da bayan ya gama karatu.
Da yake ɗalibta suna suka tara, za mu iya kasa ta kashi uku dangane da mastayin ko mataki. Misali akwai ɗalibta da akan fara a makarantun firamare, wato tun ana ƙanana. A nan malami shi ne, zai lura da yaro kamar mai raino wato kamar uwa,don kuma shi zai nuna masa cewar ya yi wannan, ya bar wannan. A irin wannan makarantar, malamai kan ɗauki yara kamar ƴaƴansu, su koya masu yadda ake tarbiya, da tsabta da sauransu.Wannan kan sa dangantaka ta ɗore tsakanin malamai da ɗalibi, musamman idan jininsu ya haɗu.
Daga wannan kuma sai mataki na biyu na ɗalibtar da yaro kan yi a lokacin da yake makarantar gaba da firamare ko kwalejin. A irin wannan muhalli dangantaka kan iya zuwa ne ta fuska biyu. Da yake yaro ya fara sanin ciwon kansa.Yakan sami ƙulla dangantaka da yaran ajinsu,ko ƴan ɗakinsu kwanansu.Haka kuma akan samu ubangida wanda ya fi shi daɗewa a makarantar.
Irin wannan ubangida kan rinqa kulawa da shi da al’amarin yaron. Irin wannan dangantaka kan ɗore ya haifar da zumunci, ko da bayan an bar makaranta.
Bayan wannan sai kuma mataki na ƙarshe,wato ɗalibtar da mutum kanyi a manya-manyan makarantu, ko jami’o’i. A lokacin da ya zama mutum cikakke, wato ya riga ya mallaki hankalinsa ba dole ne malami ya wahalar da kansa wajen horar dashi ba, sai dai jawo hankali da shawarwari. A irin wannan mataki ma akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ɗalibai da suka zo daga wurare daban-daban,wanda kan sa zumunci. Ta fuska ta biyu kuma ita ce zumuntar da kan ƙullu a tsakanin xalibi da Malamai. A samakon irin ƙauna da kuma horon da malami ya yi ma ɗalibi,da kansa yakan ƙi mantawa da shi, idan sun zama wani abu. Ɗalibi kan kyautata ma malamai kamar yadda zai kyautawa iyayensa.
BARANTAKA (UBANGIDA DA BARANSA)
Barantaka a al’umar Hausawa yana nufin ajiye wani mutum, ya rinƙa kula da gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Ko dai a biya shi a ƙa’idance, ko kuma ya dogara ga duk abin da Allah ya ciyar da shi daga ubangidansa.
Ubangida kan ɗora wa baransa hidimar cefenen gidansa, ko kulawa da wurin kasuwancinsa, ko wasu dabbobi da yake kiwo, da sauransu. A al’umar Hausawa an fi samun barantaka ne a tsakanin masu mulki da talakawa, ko tsakanin masu hali da talakawa. Hanyoyin da dangantakar barantakar ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa na da yawa.
Domin a mafi yawan lokuta in dai har mai gida na kyautata wa barorinsa, sai a samu dangantakarsu ta zama kamar ta xa da mahaifi. Akan samu inda ubangida ke yi wa Baransa aure ya ba shi gida ko gona. Kai abin har yakan zama kamar wani ɗan uwa ne na jini. A wasu wuraren, bara yana ƙulla zumunci da ƴan uwan ubangidansa, kai ka ce shi ma ɗan uwa ne na tsatso.
Idan dangantkar bara da ubangida ta yi ƙarfi, to sai a tarar ana yin zumunci a tsakanin dangin bara da dangin ubangida. Wannan kuwa yakan haɗa da ziyartar juna, da halartar wasu bukukuwa ko dai wasu lamura da suka shafi juna musamman in baran daga karkara yake.
Haka idan dangantaka ta yi ƙarfi tsakanin bara da ubangidansa kusanci da yarda kan fi na tsakanin ɗa da mahaifi. Ubangida kan sanar da baransa wasu daga cikin sirrorinsa wanda ɗan cikinsa ma ba ya tava sani.
Barantaka a al’ummar Hausawa suna ta tara. Akan samu barorin da ke gidan sarakuna waɗanda sukan sha bamban da na gidan masu kuɗi.
Barorin sarakuna waɗanda akan ɗauka a matsayin fadawa, ko kuma na jikin fada, ciyar da su, da shayarwa, da tufatarwa, da aure, da muhalli duk suna wajen basaraken da suke ƙarƙashinsa ne. Game da barorin da suke ƙarƙashin mai kuɗi kuwa al’amarinsu ya saɓa da na sarakuna, saboda suna yin aiki ne da nufin a biya su.
Ko da ma kuwa ciyarwa, da shayarwa, ko muhalli bai zama dole ba, sai dai don kyautatawa balle kuma a ce a yi masu aure. Ko da ya ke akan samu a wasu wurare ana yin haka, amma ba dai kamar irin na Sarakuna ba.
Barantaka a wannan zamani ya bambanta da na zamanin da.
Ana samun wasu ‘yan bambance -bambancen ne, kuma a sakamakon ci-gaban zamani da aka samu, wanda suka haɗa da samuwar ilmin boko, da aikin gwamnati, da na kamfanoni, da kasuwanci, da sufuri, da aikin jinga da dai Sauransu. Dangane da yadda samuwar ilmin boko ya yi tasiri akan dangatakar barantaka shi ne kasancewar ilmin boko ne ya zo da aikin ofis, ko mu ce na gwamnati da na kamfanoni da kuma leburanci.
A sakamakon haka ne aka samu sauyi a cikin tsarin barantaka. Aikin gwamnati ya tanadar wa manƴan manƴan ma’aikata barori, waɗanda za su dinga yi masu hidima. Kamar masinja, da direba, kuku wato mai dafa abinci da boyi-boyi wato Mai aikace-aikacen gida kamar shara da wanki da sauransu. Idan aka yi sa’a wannan dangantakar ta yi kyau yakan sa a samu ƙulluwar zumunci. Bara sai ya zama tankar ɗan ‘uwa na jini. A wasu lokutan ma, ko da ubangidan ya bar aiki, dangantakar kan ɗore.
A zamanin da an fi samun maza majiya ƙarfi a harkar barantaka, don kuwa mafi yawa aikin ƙarfi ake yi kamar noma,da huɗa, ko aikin gini, ko faskare da ɗiban ruwa da dai sauransu. To sai a yanzu aka samu ayyuka kamar raino, ko girki, ko wanke-wanke ko kuma cefane da dai sauran ayyuka waɗanda a da ba a ɗaukar barori masu yi.
Wannan rayuwa da harkar barantaka ta samu ne saboda sauyawar zamani. Irin wannan dangantaka kan ƙulla zumunci musamman da yake yanzu ya shafi mata waɗanda a al’ummar Hausawa ana iya kiransu iyayen zumunci. Ta fuskar sufuri ma a yanzu an samu wani tsari na barantaka. Ana iya kiran direba bara ga mai mota, musamman saboda danƙa masa mota da aka yi, don ya ci abinci. Shi kuma direba yakan samu yaran mota ko mai gyaran mota wanda yake kamar bara ne a gare shi (direba). Shi kuma saboda koya masa mota da yake yi wanda ake sa ran nan zuwa gaba ya zamar masa sana’a. To duk waɗannan mu’amuloli idan suka yi kyau, zumunci kan shiga a kuma zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya.
ZUMUNCIN ADDINI
Idan aka ce zumuncin addini ana nufin irin kyakkyawar dangantakar da harkokin addinin suka ƙulla tsakanin mutane. Da yake a baya mun ce Bahaushe ya fara ƙulla zumunci ne tun kafin zuwan addinin musulunci.
To kamata ya yi mu waiwaya baya mu ga yadda lamuran addinin gargajiya na Bahaushe ya samar masa da zumunci, sannan mu dubi yadda abin ya inganta bayan zuwan addini na musulunci. Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa al’ummar Hausawa a wancan lokacin suna da addinin da yawa. Da suke gani sun dace da yanayin rayuwar su, kuma kowane yana gani akwai abin bautawa kuma yake ba da ummarni ko hani. Haka kuma akwai shugabanin masu jagorancin wannan addini na gargajiya ko bauta. Misali a Kano suna da tsumburbura da a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Barbushe a kan Dala da Gwaron Dutse,da Sarki maciji a Daura, da Madara a Kufena a Zariya, da magiro a kan dutsen Kwatarkwashi a Zamfara da sauransu.
Da yake shi ma bori wani nau’i ne na addnin gargajiya al’ummar Hausawa, akan keɓe wasu lokuta na musammana waɗanda ake gudanar da waɗansu shagulgula na bori kamar girka ko raƙon wata, ko cire kurwa(inuwa) da sauransu.
Dangane da yadda addinin gargajiya ko bori ya haɗa kan waɗanda suka yi imani da shi ko kuwa mu ce mabiyansa ba ƙaramar rawa ya taka ba. Musamman in mu ka yi nazarin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe ta kasance, saboda ko ba komai addinan sun haɗa dangantaka ta ƙut da ƙut. Za a samu ko da ba zuriyar mutum ba ne, in har a ka ce ga wani abu ya faru in dai har sun yi tarayya a abin imani ɗaya wato sun yarda da wani aljani, ko wani abin bauta, sai ka iske irin zumuncin da suke yi, kai ka ce ƴan uwa ne na jini. Domin babu mai son abin da zai ɓata wa wani rai, sai dai dole.
Zuwan addinin Musulunci ƙasar Hausa ya taka muhimminyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar Bahaushe musamman da yake Musulunci addini ne da ya shafi rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Bahaushe ya rungumi Musulunci kai tsaye, ya yi kuma watsi da sauran al’adunsa da addinansa na gargajiya.
Daga cikin koyarwar addinin musulunci wanda Bahaushe ya runguma har da zumunci. Wannan bai rasa nasaba da horan da Allah ya yi a cikin Alkur’an mai girma inda yake cewa: a suratul Nahal Ayata : 90
“ Lalle Allah Ya na ummarni da kyautatawa da Adalci
ku ba ma’abota zumunta haƙƙinsu kuma ya yi hani
al fasha da mummunan aiki………….”
Suratul Furƙan Ayata 54
“ Shi ne (Allah) wanda ya halice ku daga ruwa kuma
ya sanya dangantaka da surukuta Allah Ya kasance Ubangijinka mai iko……..”
Haka shi ma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya na cewa a cikin “ Buguyatul Musulmi
Ba zai shiga Aljanna ba” wanda ya yanke zumunci”
“Wanda ya yi imani da Allah da ranar lahira to ya kyautatawa ma’abota zumunci (ƴan uwansa)”
Bisa ga waɗannan dalilai da kuma wasu da yawa waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, kasancewar Bahaushe Musulmi sai ya inganta lamarin zumunci a rayuwarsa fiye da yadda abin yake a lokacin maguzanci.
A koyarwar addinin musullunci ,Allah (S.W.T) Ya umarci waɗanda suka yi imani da su so ƴan uwansu, su tausaya wa marasa hali, masu rauni, da marayu da dai duk wani wanda wata hulɗa ta rayuwa ta haɗa su.
Kamar a aya ta 36 suratul Nisa’i.
“Kuma ku bauta wa Allah kuma ka da ku haɗawani da shi kuma ga mahaifa ku yi kyautatawa, kuma ga ma’ abota zumunta da marayu da matalauta da maƙwabci
ma’abucin kusanta, da maƙwabci manisanci, da aboki
a gefe da xan hanya da abin da hannuwanku na dama suka mallaka. lalle ne Allah ba ya son wanda ya kasance mai takama, mai yawan alfari.”
Baya ga ƙulla zumunci da Bahaushe ke yi, ta yin la’akari da horon da Allah (SWT) a cikin Alƙur’ani mai girma da koyarwar Annabinsa Muhammmad (S.A.W). Akwai wasu lamura na addini da ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa.
Misali haɗuwa a koyaushe a masallaci unguwa, ko na juma’a, ko a masallacin idi, lokacin sallah ƙarama da babba kan ƙulla dangantaka wanda ke iya haifar da zumunci tsakanin mutane. Haka kuma haɗuwa a taron ɗaurin aure, ko zanen suna, ko jana’iza, nan ma ana iya ƙulla dangantaka wadda kan iya ginuwa har ya haifar da zumunci. A sakamakon bambanci ko saɓanin fahintar addini, ya haifar da kafuwar ƙungiyoyin addini. A inda aka sami fahintar juna a tsakanin mutane wanda ya haifar da wasu mutane suka shiga wasu ɗariƙu, kamar ƙadiriyya ko Tijjaniyya da Sauransu. Wannan ya sanya duk waɗanda suka yi tarayya a rukuni ɗaya suna gudanar da zumunci a tsakaninsu. Idan abin farin cikin ya tashi mabiyan wannan ɗarikar duk za a taru a taya shi murna. Haka idan kuma abin baƙin ciki ne za a taru a taya shi baƙin ciki, a ba shi haƙuri daga nan zumunci ya ƙullu.
Baya ga waɗannan kuma, a yanzu ana samun wasu ƙungiyoyi na addini kamar ƙungiyar jama’atul Nasarul Islam, ko Fitiyanul Islam, ko Jama’atu Izalatul Bid’a Wa’iqamatus Sunna, ko Jundullahi da dai sauransu. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su ne da hanyoyi da dama ta nuna zumunci kamar taron yin wa’azi da kuma wurin wasu ibadu, taimakon al’ummar ta yin wasu ayyukan ci gaban al’umma.
Kamar dai kowane addinin shi ma addinin kirista ya ƙulla zumunci ga Hausawa mabiyansa ta fuskoki da yawa kamar wajen zuwa majami’a (coci) domin sujadar safe, ko ta yamma ko sujadar mako, ko kuma wajen bikin kirsimati da ista monde da dai sauran al’amuran addinin. A taqaice dai muna iya cewa Bahaushe mutum ne da ya taso tun fil’azal da zumuncinsa, wato tun lokacin addinin gargarjiya. To bayan zuwan addinin Musulunci sai abin ya ƙara ƙarfafa da yake daman zumunci na ɗaya daga cikin koyarwa addinin.
Tasirin zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa ya kai har ana ba shi muhimmanci fiye da wasu al’amura da addinin ya wajabta. Wato dai zumunci a wurin Bahaushe kamar tsoka ne da jini wanda kuma aka samu ba ya gudanar da zumunci, to akan ɗauke shi fanɗararre, jama’a su rinƙ ƙyamarsa.
MU'AMALA
ZUMUNCI SANA’A
Zumuncin sana’a kan ƙullu ko faru ne ta sakamakon tarayya a sana’a iri ɗaya, sau da yawa akan samu mutane masu sana’a ɗaya, suna gudanar da harkokin rayuwa ta yau da kullum wadda kan haɗ ziyarar juna.
Hasali ma dai, a al’adar Bahaushe, masu sana’a iri ɗaya sukan zauna a wuri ɗaya a gari, ko a kasuwa. Misali a garuruwan ƙasar Hausa akan samu unguwa mahauta,ko unguwar maƙera,ko Soron ɗinki,ko unguwar masaƙa, ko marina,da unguwar majema da sauransu. Baya ga zumuncin maƙwabtaka da zai shiga tsakaninsu. Akan samu zumunci na auratayya saboda suna sana’a ɗaya, kuma suna zaune wurin ɗaya.
Zumunci sana’a kan haifar da ziyarar juna tsakanin masu sana’a iri ɗaya. Kamar misali idan an yi wa wani haihuwa ko bikin aure ko rasuwa da dai sauran harkokin rayuwa. A yanzu zamani ya kawo ci gaba ta fuskar kafa ƙungiyoyi na sana’a iri – irin kamar ƙungiyar mahauta da ƙungiyar maƙera da ƙungiyar manoma har da ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa.
Hulɗar da kan wakana tsakanin masu gudanar da sana’o’i iri ɗaya, da kuma ƴan ƙungiyar masu sana’a ɗaya kan yi. Yakan haifar da zumunci da taimakon juna a tsakaninsu. A wasu ƙungiyoyin akan samu wani asusu da akan Buɗe, a inda akan ɗora wa kowa haraji daidai ƙarfina. A irin wannan kuɗi ne ake taimaka wa ƴan uwa, idan sun shiga wata matsala ko wani sha’ani ya same su. Kafa irin wannan ƙungiyoyi ba ya kan tsaya ne a gari ɗaya kawai ba. Har akan samu rassan ƙungiyar a ko’ina da cibiyar a wuri ɗaya.
Wato ke nan zumunci na iya naso har tsakanin gari da gari ko ƙasa da ƙasa. Domin mahimmancin zumuncin sana’a da ƙara masa danƙo da armashi a al’ummar Hausawa. An samar da wasanni na raha a da barkwanci tsakanin wasu masu sana’a daban daban.
Wannan kuwa akan yi shi ne don samun nishaɗi da annashuwa. Sannan kuma akwai adana al’ada da riƙon zumunci. Wannan wasa kan faru ne, ko dai don a nuna fifikon wasu masu sana’ar kan wasu masu wata sana’a ta daban. Ko kuma don a nuna irin matsayinta ga rayuwar al’umma gaba xaya. Misalin wannan kamar maƙera da Buzaye, ko mahauta da masunta (masu kamun kifi),ko mahauta da majema, ko marina da masaƙa da sauransu.
Wani zumunci da sana’a ke ƙullawa shi ne ta wajan cinikayya tsakanin mai saye da mai sayarwa. Bisa kuma ga ragowa da ake samu a tsakanin kan sa a ji ana cewa wane abokina ne. Shi ma a kan samu wani zumunci mai ƙarfi da ke ta ƙulluwa. A inda har akan lamunci juna abin har takan kai ga ziyartar juna da halartar wata hidima in ta samu da dai sauransu.
Zumuncin sana’a kan taimaka wa mutum a lokacin da ya shiga wani hali. Misali kamar in ya sauka a wani gari a matsayin baƙo, Ko kuwa a ce bai san kowa ba. Da yake sana’a abu ne da Bahaushe ya ba mahimmnaci don neman abin da zai gudanar da rayuwa cikin jin daɗi. To sai ya zama wajibi ga Bahaushe ya sa wannan lamarin na zumunci a harkar sana’arsa yadda har ba a iya bambance zumunci na jini da wadda sana’a ta haxa.
ZUMUNCIN TAFIYA
Tafiya na nufin mutum ya tashi daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri, don gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Tun a zamanin da, har zuwa yanzu ba ma a ƙasar Hausa kaƙai ba. Tafiya kan haɗa mutane daban- daban a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani wuri wadda kan haɗa wata dangantaka a kan hanya ya zama zumunci. Ko da bayan an isa wurin da za ayi, zumunci yakan yi naso har Ƴaƴa da jikoki.
A zamani da, wato kafin samun abubawan hawa kamar mota da babur,da keke da sauransu. Idan za a yi tafiya musamman na kasuwanci akan yi ƙungiya-ƙungiya da akan kira ayari. A wasu lokuta sai a tarar sun fito gari ɗaya a wani lokacin kuma sai dai su haɗu kawai saboda wasu dalilai. Ayarin fatake masu fatauci daga wannan gari zuwa wancan sukan samu shugaba da ake kiransa Madugu. Shi wannan mutum shi ne, mai faɗa a ji, ya ba da umarni na yi ko hani. Wannan ayari kan ƙunshi jama’a maza da mata da dabbobi kamar jakuna, da dawaki, da raƙuma.
A wani lokaci kuma akan samu shanu da akan yi takarkari da wasu daga cikinsu, don a ɗora masu kaya. Sannan in akwai wani yaro, ko mai larura to sai ya hau ɗaya daga cikin takarkarin. Su kuma sauran ƴan ayarin duk da ƙafa ake tafiya, sai in an samu wani wuri a yi zango, in an ga dare ya yi. Irin wannan tafiya kan sa ƙulla kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin matafiya wanda kan iya samar da zumunci na mu’amulla da na auratayya a tsakaninsu.
Baya ga wannan kuma tafiya kan ƙulla zumunci ta fuskar ibada kamar zuwa aikin hajji a ƙasar Makka. Inda za a samu matafiya sun zama kamar ƴan uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, ba a da ba, lokaci da ake tafiya a ƙasa har ma a wannan zamani. A sakamakon tafiya aikin hajji, Hausawa kan ƙulla dangantaka da waɗanda suka yi tafiya tare. A inda zumunci kan ɗore ko bayan an dawo gida.
Zumuncin da tafiya ke ƙulluwa a al’ummar Hausawa ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa. Bayan shigowar hanyoyin sufurin na zamani,kamar motoci, da jirage da dai sauransu. Da zarar Bahaushe ya haɗu da wani a cikin mota akan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani gari. Wasu daga hira dangataka za ta fara ginuwa har ya kai ga an yi wa juna tayin wani abinci. Daga nan sai tambayar wurin zama,da kaɗan-kaɗan za a yi ta ziyartar juna har zumunci ya ƙullu.
ZUMUNCIN RA’AYI
RA’AYI
Ra’ayi na iya ɗaukar ma’anar fahimta, da amincewa, da kuma karkata rai(zuciya) ga wani lamari na rayuwar duniya. Wato bukata,ko tunani bisa al’amuran rayuwa, shi ake kira ra’ayi a taƙaice karkata ko tarayya akan ra’ayi ɗaya da mutane daban-daban kan sa a samu kyakkyawar dangataka a tsakanin mutane wanda kan haifar da zumunci.
Wannan zumuncin ci gaban zamani ya zo mana da shi.To amma da yake ya iske Malam Bahaushe da ma yana da zumunci, sai aka dace. Akan samu jituwar ra’ayi a kulob-kulob, ko ƙungiyar masu sauraran rediyo da karanta jaridu, ko ƙungiyar zaɓi- sonka da dai sauransu.
A sakamakon haɗuwar kai, ko dacewar ra’ayi, akan samu mutune daga wurare daban-daban ko asali daban-daban.Ra’ayin siyasa ya haɗasu, kai ka ce ƴan ‘uwa ne na jini. Irin wannan zumunci kan kai har ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki. Misali a siyasar jamhuriya ta ɗaya ƴan Nepu kan sami kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu.
Wanda ya haifar da zumunci a al’umar Hausawa har kawo wa yau. Haka su ma ƴan jam’iyyar N.P.C. da Sauransu. To haka ma abin ya kasance a janhuriya ta biyu.Wannan shi ne ya yi naso zuwa zamaninmu na yau. Baya ga wannan kuma dagantakar ƴan kulob-kulob a gari ko unguwa kan samar da zumunci. A inda akan ga sun haɗu kansu, don kawai su taimaka wa kansu da kansu. Wato haɗa kansu su gudanar da wasu aikace-aikace da ci gaban al’umma gaba ɗaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfinsu ko kuma da aljihunsu. Wannan bai yiwuwa, sai ra’ayi ya zo ɗaya, sannan ake samun haɗin kai Wani ɓangaren da zumuncin ra’ayi ya ƙarfafa shi ne, wajen nuna ƙauna ga wani mutum. Ko da ba a taɓa ganin shi ido da ido ba. A wannan fuskar za mu iya kawo misalin ƙungiyoyin masu sauraron rediyo da kuma ƴan zaɓi sonka. Waɗanda za a iske mutum bai taɓa ganin mutum ba. To amma a sakamakon jin sunansa a rediyo, sai a ga abota ta ƙullu tun ana gaida juna ta gidajen Rediyo. Wata rana har sai ka ga an ziyarci juna.
Su ma ƙungiyoyi na taimakawa junansu kamar ta yin ajo, wato gudanmuwa. Idan wata hidima ta sameshi kamar haihuwa, ko aure, ko kuma in ya yi wata asara.
A ƙarshe dai zamu iya cewa lallai haɗuwar ra’ayi ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba, wajen ƙulla zumunci.
Ko da yake zamani ya kawo wannan zumunci, to dama “iska ta iske kaba na rawa”.Wato zamani ya zo ya tarar da Bahaushe yana gudanar zumuncinsa.
MATSAYIN ZUMUNCI A DA DA YANZU
Idan a ka yi nazarin yadda ake gudanar da lamarin zumunci, a al’umar Hausawa a da, da kuma yanzu. Za mu ga ba za su taɓa kwatantuwa ba. A kowacce al’umma yanayin rayuwa kan canza daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Daga cikin abubuwan da kan canza rayuwa akwai tasirin baƙin al’umma da al’adu, da kuma ci gaban zamani. To sai dai a wasu lokutan ci gaban kan zo da wasu illoli, kamar yadda ya yi wa lamarin zumunci a al’ummarmu a yau. A wannan mataki za a kwatanta matsayin zumunci a da, da kuma yanzu. Sannan kuma da dalilan da suka sa ya taɓarɓare ko matsalolin da yake fuskanta.
A zamanin da, al’adar Bahaushe ta shimfiɗa wasu abubuwa da suka ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci a cikin al’ummar. Tun kafin isowar addinin musulunci da kuma bayanarsa. A al’ada ta Bahaushe ya gaji wasu manyan al’amura da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, in dai har aka zo yin maganar zumunci. Waɗannan al’amura kuwa sun haɗa da rungumar juna tare da taimakon juna, da kunya, da girmama al’ada da dai sauransu.
Bahaushe ya gaji rungumar juna a al’adance, saboda tun ta hanyar nazarin yadda gidansa yake ya isa misali. Ta fuskar ƙaunar juna kuwa duk inda Bahaushe yake a da, za a same shi bai ƙaunar wani abu mara kyau, ko wata mumunar ƙaddara ta faɗa wa ɗan uwansa. In har ya same shi za a iske shi yana taya shi baƙin ciki.
Haka kuma in aka ce abin farin ciki ya samu ɗan uwan Bahaushe, a nan ma ba a barinsa a baya. Misali idan aka yi wa wani haihuwa, ko kuma a shagalin aure ƴan uwa za su tara masa gudunmuwa, na kuɗi, ko na hatsi, ko tufafi da sauran su. Idan abin ɓacin rai ya same shi, za a tarar duk ƴan ‘uwan su nuna damuwarsu, kamar wajen ciwo ko mutuwa, ko wata asara kamar gobara, ko sata da makamantansu. Kulawa da wannan kuwa shi ne babban sinadarin da ke ƙulla zumunci fiye da komai.
Duk da yake cewa, har yanzu ana samun irin wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka a al’ummar Hausawa. To a gaskiya,yanzu abin ya yi rauni ƙwarai. Wato ba za a kwatanta shi da yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin jama’a a yanzu ba. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ƴan uwa na jini su shekara ba tare da an sa juna a ido ba. Ko kuma ya rinƙa gudanar da harkokinsa daga shi sai matarsa da ƴaƴansa.
Al’ummar Hausawa na da al’adar kunƴa a zamanin da,kuma takan taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa zumunci. Idan muka lura a yau kunya ta ɓace.
Bugu da ƙari, shi kansa Bahaushe ya yi watsi da wasu abubuwa, da ba su zama dole ba. Sannan kuma hatta yanayin hanyoyin gudanar da rayuwa sun sauya su. Domin a zamanin da Bahaushe yafi ƙarfin abinci,da muhalli da sauransu. To amma, yanzu sai ga shi duk suna neman fin ƙarfinsu. A da Bahaushe kan mallaki abincin shekara da shekaru, saboda halin noma sannan kuma ga kiwo. Saɓanin yanzu harkar noman ta zama, sai mai hannu da shuni,wanda zai iya amsa kira in an yi.
Don haka ashe dole ne mutum ya rage wasu abubuwa, kuma ya shiga matse hannu, amma fa a dole don ba yadda za’a yi. Ban da wannan kuma, ko da yanayin muhallin da Bahaushe ya gada, ya samu tasiri, saboda dai an san Bahaushe a gidansa ya kan mallaki ɗakin matarsa, ko matansa, da turaka, sai zaure a wani lokocin kuma da ɗakin baƙi. To amma yanzu abu ya shaddada ya kai lahaula wala ƙuwata, sai ka samu mutum daƙyar zai samu ya gina ɗaki ɗaya ma, balle har a yi ma maganar ɗakin baƙi.
MATSALOLIN ZUMUNCI A YAU
Al’amarin zumunci yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama, a sakamakon faruwar sauye-sauyen da zamani ya kawo, a rayuwar Bahaushe ta yau da kullum. Bisa faruwar abubuwa, kamar cuɗanya da wasu ƙabilu. A inda aka samu shigowar baƙin al’adu, sannan kuma suka yi tasiri, Haka kuma zuwan ilmin boko shi ma ya yi tasiri ƙwarai a kan zumuncin Bahaushe. Don kuwa ya zo da wasu ɗabi’u, sannan ya kuma kawar da wasu ɗabi’u da a ka gada kaka da kakanni.Misali zaman gidan haya da wasu ƙabilu,sannan kuma ɗaki ɗaya ko ciki da falo.
Baya ga waɗannan kuma, sai wasu dalilai kuma da suka ƙara kawo matsaloli ga harkar zumunci, sun haɗa da yanayi tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamani, sannan kuma sai gurɓacewar hali da sauransu.
Zumunci ya fuskanci babbar matsala ta fuskar Hulɗar yau da kullum, musamman da aka durƙusar da jama’a da dama. Kamar lalacewar harkar nama,da kasuwanci, da kuma faɗuwar darajar naira. Wannan al’amari ya bugi kowa, don haka ne, sai ya sa kowa yana ta kansa. Kasancewar kowa a cikin irin wannan hali,na talauci, sai ya kawo wasu abubuwa sababbi waɗanda da ba a sansu ba. Kamar rowa,da ƙyamar haihuwa,da gudun dangi. Haka kuma ana iya cewa ya kori wasu abubuwa waɗanda da yake an san Bahaushe da su. Kamar taimakawa mabuƙata, da suka haɗa da ƴan ‘uwa ne, ko bare? da aka san Bahaushe da shi. To dalilin wannan durƙushewar da tattalin arziki ya yi, sai ya kawar da wannan. Don kuwa ya zama dole, saboda ya ya mutum ya iya da kansa? balle har ya ji da ɗaukar nauyin ɗan uwa?. Domin haka sai aka samu giɓi a tsakanin ƴan uwa, ko maƙwabta. Musamman masu hannu da shuni, wannan kuwa ya ƙara nesanta jama’a da dama da sauran ƴan uwa da abokan arziki.
Wanda babu shakka ya kawo lalacewar zumunci a wurare da yawa. Domin sau da yawa kyauta na ƙara qulla zumunci,rowa kuma na tsinka shi. A halin da ake ciki a wannan zamani ba maƙwabci ba, kai ko da ɗan uwa ne, ko kuma malami ne yanzu in ya hori yaro, sai ka ga an nuna ɓacin rai. Wai cewar ya tsargi yaron ko ya sa masa ido ne ,ba domin gyara halin yaron ne ya hore shi ba. Bayan haka kuma, sai wani dalilin kuma da ya kawo gurɓatar hali shi ne kuwa, rashin girmama na gaba. Wanda shi ma ya ƙara durƙusar da zumunci ƙwarai da gaske. Domin idan aka dubi baya a zamanin da, za mu ga cewar an san Bahaushe da girmama na gaba da shi.
Don ba a gida ɗaya ba, ko a unguwa ɗaya ake ,da zarar a ka ce ga wani babban wanda ake girmama shi. Haka kuma da zarar babba ya yi magana a kan wani abu zai yi a saɓa. Duk kuma abin da ya hukunta, ko mene ne ya zauna, babu mai tayarwa, saboda irin matsayin sa.
Bayan haka kuma, a da akan samu biyayya a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar wa (yaya) ya na da iko a kan ƙaninsa. Ma’ana in ya yi hukunci ta zauna. Haka shi kuma ƙanin ba shi da ikon ya yi jayayya, don biyayya tare da girmamawa.
Haka kuma yake har akan Ƴaƴansu. Shi kuma wannan na da ikon yin hukunci da na ƴan uwa, babu wata fargaba,don ya san ya fi ƙarfin abin. Kai ko babu jinin dangantaka a tsakani, ko ta abota ta haɗa mutum da iyaye wani. To sai ka samu ana girmama, wannan mutum a matsayin uba. A wannan zamani abin ya zamanton saɓanin haka. Gurɓacewar halayen mutane, wanda ya sa suka yi watsi da waɗannan lamuran ya sa zumunci da aka sani a tsakanin Hausawa ya yi rauni. Kowa kansa ya sani, to amma sai wasu na ganin cewa ci gaba ne.
GURƁACEWAR HALI
Zumunci ya samu nakasa ta dalilin gurɓatar hali da aka samu a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Don kuwa a da an san Bahaushe da wasu halaye, kamar kunƴa, da girmama na gaba, da rungumar juna, ko ƙaunar juna, da ɗaukar ƙaddara da Sauransu. Bahaushe an san shi da kunƴa,(na nufin jin nauyi,tare da kamun kai), da kawaici, ko kara (kawar da kai,a kan wasu al’amura) waɗanda a yanzu sun ɓace gaba ɗaya.
Wannan ɓacewa kuwa ya taimaka da gaske wajen gurɓatar halayen Bahaushe a yau. Don kuwa a zamanin da, sai ka iske mutum na da ikon ya yi hukunci akan ɗan wani. Ma’ana in ya ganshi ya na abin da ba daidai ba, sai ya hukuntashi ba tare da fargabar ko iyayen yaron zasu nuna ɓacin ransu ba.Ta dalilin wannan shi ya kawo kyautatuwar tarbiya a zamanin da, saboda an ɗauka ɗa na kowa ne; kuma haƙƙin kowa ne, ya kula da ɗan wani kamar yadda zai kula da nasa.
Masu hikima na cewa, “ka ƙi naka duniya ta so shi, ka so naka duniya ta ƙi shi” to wannan ya nuna a sarari irin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe take a da. A yanzu maganar kunya ko kawaici ko kara sun ɓace.
Sannan kuma son Ƴaƴa ya yi yawa, kowa ba ya son a taɓa ɗansa. Domin kuwa, wani ko dai dai da tsawa in ka yi wa ɗansa, sai ya tuhumeka kan wane dalili ne za ka matsa wa yaronsa?. A wani lokaci ma in har ba’a yi sa’a ba, sai abin ya kai su ga tashin hankali, ko kuma wani lokaci har ya kai su zuwa ga hukuma, watan kamar ƴan sanda ko Alkali.
An nan an samu akasin ɗabi’un da a ka Bahaushe da su, don kuwa a zamani da ana kawar da kai a kan ɗa, amma yanzu kowa nasa ya sani. Ma’ana son Ƴaƴa shi ya sanya zumunci ya naƙasa. Saboda gaba ɗaya an saki layi sai bin son zuciya.
Gurɓacewa hali ya zama kamar ci gaban mai haƙar rijiya ne, don kuwa babu inda za a in dai har ana cikin wannan hali. Bugu da ƙari a zamanin da, an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna, ko kuma a ce ƙaunar ɗan uwansa. Don kuwa in aka ce ga abu ya samu ko ya faru ga ɗan uwa.To lallai su ma danginsa za su nuna damuwarsu, a kan wannan al’amari, saboda za su yi iyakar ƙoƙarinsu, sai sun ga inda ƙarfinsu ya ƙare.
Ko da yake yanzu abubuwa sun sauya, domin kuwa duk wanda ka samu zaka iske shi ma yana da al’amarin da ya dameshi. Da zarar garin Allah ya waye zaka samu kowa ya kama gabansa, sai ɗai ɗai ne, zaka ga wai suna lura ko biyawa ta kan ƴan uwa,sai dai kowa ya yi ta kansa. Wanda yake wannan wata sabuwar rayuwa ce, kuma baquwa da Turawa suka kawo mana.
BAƘIN AL’ADU
Zumunci ya fuskanci matsaloli masu ɗimbin yawa a wannan zamani. musamman saboda cuɗanyar al’ummar Hausawa da wasu ƙabilu, ya sa dalilin haka aka samu surkin al’adun Bahaushe da baƙin al’adu don haka ne sai aka samu tasirin baƙin al’adu akan al’adun Bahaushe kamar kunya, taimakon juna da tausayi da sauransu.
A inda ko dai suna gurɓata, ko kuma ma suka ɓace gaba ɗaya. Sai baƙin suka maye gurbin su. Bisa ga yadda aka san Bahaushe a al’adunsa akwai kunƴa wadda ita ce takan yi masa takunkumi yin wasu abubuwa.
Wannan kuwa zai iya haɗawa da kawaici kan wasu abubuwa. Kamar yadda wata karin magana ta ce “Ɗa na barin halal don kunya” manufa shi ne ko da wannan abu haƙƙinka ne, to ka na iya kau da kai don kunƴa, zamu iya dangantashi da sha’ani ƴaƴa.
Domin a da ɗa dai na kowa ne, ko ɗan uwa ko amini, ko maƙwabci, ko malami. Kai, ko da ma wani Babba ne, a unguwa yana da ikon ya tsawatarwa yaro, kai har horo ma idan ta kama. Ban da yanzu, abin ba haka yake ba, saboda cuɗanya da wasu al’umma, sai aka samu akasi.
A yanzu duk wanda ya taɓa ɗan wani, to sai ka ji ana kai ruwa rana. A wani lokaci kuma har, sai kaga abu ya kai ga zuwa Alkali akan maganar Ƴaƴa, ko kuma kaga faɗan yara ya juye zuwa na Manƴa.
A zamanin da an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna wato taimakon ɗan uwa ta kowace fuska, a inda sai inda ƙarfinsa ya ƙare. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai nuna cewar “ Naka naka ne ko bai maka aiki komai,” sannan Bahaushe ya yarda da ra’ayin nan mai cewa “namu ya samu sai ci”. Manufa shi ne, in Allah ya wadata ɗan uwa, to ɗan uwansa ya warke ke nan, saboda shi ne zai shaida. Malam Bahaushe ya kuma ƙara cewa “ai Babba juji ne” don haka dole ne ya ɗauki nauyin na ƙasa da shi. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai cewa “kowa ya taimaki wani Allah na taimakonsa”
Yanzu zamani ya sauya gaba ɗaya, saboda haka Bahaushe ya tsinci kansa cikin wani hali na rashin sanin tabbas.
Bisa dalilin shigowar al’adar Malam Bature. Wanda shi a rayuwa irin tasa, bai yarda da tsari irin na Malam Bahaushe ba. Shi abin da ya fi amincewa shi ne, kowa tashi ta fissheshi, ko kuma muce daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa. A nan manufa shi ne daga shi sai ƴaƴansa da matarsa, a wani lokaci kuma da karensa. Shi bai yarda da ya ɗauki nauyin kowa ba, kai ko da mahaifansa in suka tsufa, sai ya kai su gidan gajiyayyu, sai dai ya rinƙa kai masu ziyara daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
ZAMA DA MAƊAUKIN KANWA
Wannan irin dogon zama da aka yi, na shekaru masu yawa. Shi ne ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa da suka yi tasiri a kan rayuwar Bahaushe gaba ɗaya. Shi wannan irin tasirin kuwa, zamu iya karkasa shi zuwa kashi huɗu ko kuma su mutanen kamar haka:
Akwai mutanen da tasiri ya yi masu jirwaye suka yi dabbare- dabbare.
Akwai mutane da suka yi rabi da rabi kamar ragon uda, ko akuya mai gyauto(gefe rabi fari, rabi baƙi).
Akwai mutane da suka yi baƙi-baƙi.
Akwai mutanen da suka rikiɗe gaba ɗaya sun yi baƙiƙƙiirin. Sun ƙuna ba su gudun ƙauri. Kowane daga cikinsu ba ya rasa dalili da ya sanya shi zama hakan;
1. Rukunin mutane na farko su basu yi boko ba, amma sun fi ƴan bokon zaƙewa.
2. Rukunin mutane na biyu, ana iya samun ƴan boko zalla watau waɗanda suka yi karatun zamani kuma suka ɗauki ra’ayin boko, amma kuma suna gaurayawa da al’adunsu.
3. Rukunin na uku ,su ne boko sana’a, suna cin moriyar ta, amma ba su dulmiya ba.
4. Rukunin mutane na huɗu su ake kira boko aƙida, kuma tunanin su yafi na Bature, tun da su rayuwarsu ta yi ban –tafin- makafi da
arta |
28086 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Tharp | Marie Tharp | Marie Tharp (Yuli 30, 1920 - Agusta 23, 2006) wata ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ce Ba'amurke kuma mai daukar hoto ta teku wacce, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bruce Heezen, suka ƙirƙiri taswirar kimiyya ta farko na bene na Tekun Atlantika. Ayyukan Tharp sun bayyana cikakken yanayin yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa mai nau'i-nau'i na ƙasan teku. Har ila yau, aikinta ya bayyana kasancewar wani ci gaba da tsatsauran ragi tare da axis na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika, wanda ya haifar da sauyi a cikin kimiyyar duniya wanda ya haifar da karɓar ka'idodin tectonics farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar.
Rayuwar farko
An haife Marie Tharp a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1920, a Ypsilanti, Michigan, ɗiya tilo ga Bertha Louise Tharp, malamin Jamus da Latin, da William Edgar Tharp, mai binciken ƙasa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka. Sau da yawa takan raka mahaifinta aikin filin da yake yi, wanda ya ba ta farkon gabatarwar taswira. Duk da haka, ba ta da sha'awar neman aikin fage domin a lokacin an fahimci wannan aikin na maza ne.
Saboda yanayin aikin William Tharp, iyalin sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1931. A lokacin Marie ta halarci makarantun gwamnati fiye da goma a Alabama, Iowa, Michigan da Indiana, wanda ya sa ya yi mata wuya ta kulla abota. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu lokacin da Marie ke da shekaru 15, ita ce mafi kusancin mata da ita. Cikakkiyar shekarar makaranta a Florence, Alabama, ta kasance mai tasiri musamman a gare ta. A nan, ta halarci wani aji mai suna Current Science, inda ta koyi game da masana kimiyya na zamani da kuma ayyukan bincike da suke aiki. Bugu da kari, ta samu damar gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen fili na makaranta a karshen mako don nazarin bishiyoyi da duwatsu.
Ilimi
Bayan ya yi ritaya, William Tharp da sauran danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a Bellefontaine, Ohio, inda, ba da daɗewa ba, Marie ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyarta, wata malama ce ta rinjayi ta, ta dauki hutun shekara guda kafin ta tafi jami'a; Bayan ta kammala karatu ita ma ta shirya zama malama. Kasancewa a gona don taimakawa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1936, Marie daga baya ta kammala karatun digiri. Da mahaifinta ya shawarce ta ta zabar wani fanni na karatun da ba wai kawai ta ke so ba, har ma zai samar mata da sana’o’i da tsaro na kudi, Tharp ta kammala karatun digiri a jami’ar Ohio a shekarar 1943 inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da kade-kade da kuma kananan yara hudu.
Bayan harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, samari da dama sun fice daga makarantu da jami'o'i domin shiga aikin soja. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki karin mata aikin sana'o'i kamar ilimin kasa na man fetur, wanda aka saba kebance ga maza. Kasa da 4% na duk digirin digiri na kimiyyar duniya a lokacin mata ne suka samu. Bayan ta yi digirin digiri a Ohio, an dauke Tharp zuwa Jami'ar Michigan a shirin Ann Arbor's petroleum geology, inda ta kammala digiri na biyu.
Tharp ta ɗauki aiki a kamfanin Stanolind Oil da ke Tulsa, Oklahoma, a matsayin ƙaramar ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ga bai gamsu ba. Mata a lokacin ba a ba su damar fita yawon bude ido don neman mai da iskar gas. Ta keɓe a ofis, aikinta shi ne tattara taswira da bayanai ga mazajen da ke cikin filin. Duk da yake har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙasa na kamfanin Stanolind Oil, Tharp ya shiga cikin sashin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Tulsa, yana samun BSc ta biyu.
Aiki
A 1948, Tharp ta yi shekaru hudu a Tulsa kuma tana neman aikinta na gaba. Ta koma birnin New York kuma da farko ta nemi aiki a gidan tarihin tarihi na Amurka, amma bayan ta koyi yadda binciken burbushin halittu yake cin lokaci, ta nemi mukamai a Jami'ar Columbia. A ƙarshe ta sami aikin tsarawa tare da Maurice Ewing, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Lamont (yanzu Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). Abin mamaki, lokacin da aka yi hira da shi don aikin, Tharp ba ta ambaci tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kasa ba. Tharp na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a Lamont Geological Observatory.
A wurin, ta sadu da Bruce Heezen, kuma a farkon aikin tare sun yi amfani da bayanan hoto don gano jirgin saman soja da ya fadi daga yakin duniya na biyu. Daga k'arshe ta yi wa Heezen aiki ta musamman, tana tsara shimfidar tekun. An yi mata aiki kuma ta ci gaba da girma daga 1952 zuwa 1968, lokacin da aka yanke matsayinta kuma aka koma matsayin tallafi saboda siyasar lab da ta shafi Heezen (ta kasance a matsayin tallafi har zuwa mutuwar Heezen a 1977). Saboda yakin cacar baka, gwamnatin Amurka ta hana buga taswirorin da ke saman teku, saboda tsoron kada jiragen ruwa na Soviet na iya amfani da su.
A cikin shekaru 18 na farko na haɗin gwiwa, Heezen ta tattara bayanan wanka a cikin jirgin binciken Vema, yayin da Tharp ta zana taswira daga waɗannan bayanan, tunda an hana mata yin aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa a lokacin. Daga baya ta sami damar shiga balaguron tattara bayanai na 1968. Ta yi amfani da kanta ta yi amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga jirgin bincike na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na Atlantis, da bayanan girgizar kasa na karkashin teku. Aikinta tare da Heezen ya wakilci yunƙuri na farko na tsari na taswirar ƙasan teku.
Ka'idar drift na nahiyar
Kafin farkon shekarun 1950, masana kimiyya sun san kadan game da tsarin benen teku. Ko da yake nazarin ilimin ƙasa a ƙasa ya kasance mai rahusa da sauƙi, ba za a iya fahimtar tsarin duniya gaba ɗaya ba tare da sanin tsari da juyin halittar teku ba.
A cikin 1952, bayanan sauti na Tharp sun haɗa kai tsaye daga Atlantis, wanda aka samu a lokacin 1946-1952, kuma bayanin martaba ɗaya daga jirgin ruwa Naval Stewart ya samu a lokacin 1921. Ta ƙirƙiri jimillar bayanan bayanan kusan shida waɗanda ke shimfiɗa yamma zuwa gabas a arewacin Tekun Atlantika. Daga waɗannan bayanan martaba, ta sami damar bincika yanayin wanka na sassan arewa na Ridge Mid-Atlantic. Tharp ya gano wani madaidaicin tsari, mai siffa v da ke gudana ta ci gaba ta cikin kusurwar tudun kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana iya zama kwarin tsagewa. Ta yi imanin cewa kwarin rafuffukan da aka kafa da saman tekun ke janye. Da farko Heezen bai gamsu ba saboda ra'ayin zai goyi bayan drift na Nahiyar, sannan ka'idar cece-kuce. A lokacin masana kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Heezen sun yi imanin cewa ƙetare nahiyoyi ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, na ɗan lokaci, ya yarda da faɗaɗa hasashen Duniya, (yanzu maras kyau) yana watsi da bayaninta a matsayin "maganar yarinya".
Ba da daɗewa ba Heezen ya ɗauki Howard Foster don tsara wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance a cikin tekuna don aikin da ya shafi manyan igiyoyin ruwa da girgizar ƙasa. Ƙirƙirar wannan taswirar tsakiyar girgizar ƙasa ya tabbatar da zama saitin bayanai na sakandare mai fa'ida don nazarin yanayin wanka na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika. Lokacin da aka lulluɓe taswirar Foster na wuraren girgizar ƙasa tare da bayanin martabar Tharp na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika ya bayyana a sarari cewa wurin da waɗannan girgizar asa ke daidai da kwarin rift na Tharp. Bayan haɗa waɗannan bayanan guda biyu, Tharp ya gamsu da cewa a haƙiƙa akwai ƙwarin ƙwari a cikin ƙwanƙolin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Sai da ta ga wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance daidai da rafin rift valley na Tharp ne Heezen ta yarda da hasashenta kuma ta juya zuwa ga madadin ka'idojin tectonics na farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar.
Tharp da Heezen sun buga taswirar physiographic na farko na Arewacin Atlantika a cikin 1957. Duk da haka, sunan Tharp bai bayyana a cikin manyan takardu akan tectonics na farantin karfe wanda shi da wasu suka buga tsakanin 1959 da 1963. Tharp ya ci gaba da aiki tare da mataimakan dalibai masu digiri don ci gaba taswirar iyakar tsakiyar ragi. Tharp ya gano cewa kwarin da aka yi ya fadada tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge zuwa Kudancin Atlantic, kuma ya sami irin wannan tsari na kwari a cikin Tekun Indiya, Tekun Arabiya, Bahar Maliya, da Gulf of Aden, wanda ke nuna kasancewar yankin tekun teku na duniya. Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Austriya Heinrich Berann, Tharp da Heezen sun gane taswirarsu na dukkan benen teku, wanda National Geographic ya buga a 1977 a ƙarƙashin taken The World Ocean Floor. Ko da yake daga baya an gane kuma an danganta shi da aikinta a yau a kan Rijiyar Mid-Atlantic, Heezen, wacce a lokacin a cikin 1956, ta fitar kuma ta karɓi ƙima don binciken da aka yi.
Ritaya da mutuwa
Bayan mutuwar Heezen, Tharp ta ci gaba da aiki a tsangayar Jami'ar Columbia har zuwa 1983, bayan haka ta gudanar da kasuwancin rarraba taswira a Kudancin Nyack lokacin ritayarta. Tharp ta ba da gudummawar tarin taswirorinta da bayanin kula ga Map da Geography Division na Library of Congress a 1995. A cikin 1997, Tharp ta sami karramawa sau biyu daga Library of Congress, wanda ya ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane huɗu na ƙarni na 20 kuma ya haɗa da ita. aiki a wani nuni a cikin bikin cika shekaru 100 na Geography da Map Division. A cikin 2001, an ba wa Tharp lambar yabo ta Lamont-Doherty Heritage Award na farko na shekara-shekara a cibiyarta ta gida don aikin rayuwarta a matsayin majagaba na ilimin teku. Tharp ya mutu da ciwon daji a Nyack, New York, a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2006, yana da shekaru 86.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A 1948, ta auri David Flanagan kuma ta koma New York tare da shi. An sake su a shekara ta 1952.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Kamar yawancin mata masana kimiyya na zamaninta, Marie Tharp an san shi musamman daga baya a rayuwa. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da:
1978 - Medal Hubbard ta National Geographic Society
1996 - Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers Mace Na Musamman Kyautar Nasara
1999 - Woods Holes Oceanographic Institution's Mary Sears Woman Pioneer in Oceanography Award
2001 - Lamont-Doherty Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya
Gado
An gane Tharp a cikin 1997 ta Library of Congress a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar hoto hudu na karni na 20. An halicci matsayin Farfesa Marie Tharp Lamont don girmama ta.
Marie Tharp Fellowship
Lamont ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 2004, Marie Tharp Fellowship gasa ce ta haɗin gwiwar ziyarar ilimi da aka baiwa mata don yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Cibiyar Duniya ta Jami'ar Columbia. Matan da aka karɓa ana ba su damar yin aiki tare da malamai, ma'aikatan bincike, masu bincike na postdoctoral da daliban digiri kuma a cikin tsawon watanni 3, ana ba su har zuwa $ 30,000 a matsayin taimakon kudi.
Ganewar bayan mutuwa
Google Earth ya haɗa da Layer na Taswirar Tarihi na Marie Tharp a cikin 2009, yana bawa mutane damar duba taswirar tekun Tharp ta amfani da fasahar Google Earth. Ita ce batun tarihin rayuwar 2013 ta Hali Felt mai suna Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor, wanda New York Times ta ambata don tsayawarta a matsayin "babban shaida duka ga mahimmancin Tharp da kuma ikon Felt. na hasashe."
Ta kasance mai raye-raye a cikin "The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth", kashi na tara na Neil deGrasse Tyson's Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Seyfried ta bayyana. Labarin ya nuna yadda ta gano tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge kuma daga baya a cikin shirin deGrasse Tyson ya gane Tharp ba kawai a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai tasiri wanda ya zama mace ba amma kuma a matsayin wanda ya kamata a gane shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya ci nasara akan jima'i don taimakawa filin ta. An ba da labarin rayuwarta a cikin littattafan yara guda uku, Solving the Puzzle Under the Sea" Marth Tharp Maps the Ocean Floor, na Robert Burleigh kuma Raúl Colón ya kwatanta, Ocean Speaks: How Marie Tharp Revealed the Ocean's Biggest Secret na Jess Keatting kuma Katie Hickey ta kwatanta kuma a cikin 2020 MacMillan ya buga Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains under the Sea wanda Josie James ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. Ilimin zamantakewa 2021 Sanannen Littafin Kasuwancin Nazarin Zamantake don Matasa Masu Karatu.
A cikin 2015 Ƙungiyar Taurari ta Duniya ta sanya sunan dutsen Tharp Moon a matsayin girmamawarta.
Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
C250 Celebrates 250 Columbians Ahead of Their Time: Entry on Marie Tharp.
Woods Hole Oceeanographic Institution. "Marie Tharp Honored at Women Pioneers Seminar."
The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Mapping Methodology Examples (North Atlantic)."
The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Marie Tharp, Pioneering Mapmaker of the Ocean Floor, Dies." Earth Institute News, August 23, 2006.
Nelson, Valerie. "Marie Tharp, 86; Pioneering Maps Altered Views on Seafloor Geology." The Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2006.
Hall, Stephen S. "The Contrary Map Maker" The New York Times Magazine, December 31, 2006.
James, Josie (2020), "Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains Under the Sea". Henry Holt and Co. (BYR), Holt Books for Young Readers. ISBN 9781250214737 |
15677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molara%20Ogundipe | Molara Ogundipe | Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (27 Disamba 1940 - 18 Yuni 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Molara Ogundipe, ta kasance mawaƙiyar Nijeriya, mai sukar ra'ayi, edita, mai son ilimin mata da kuma himma. Idan aka dauki daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan ilimin mata na Afirka, nazarin jinsi da ka’idar adabi, ta kasance mai sukar zamantakewar da aka amince da ita a matsayin wata hukuma mai tasiri ga matan Afirka a tsakanin baƙar fata mata da mata a gaba ɗaya. Ta ba da gudummawar gaɓaɓɓiyar "Ba ta jujjuya baya a kan Axanƙanin Mazancinsa ba" ga tatsuniyoyin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya . An fi yin bikin ta ne don kirkirar kalmar STIWA ko Canjin Zamani a Afirka ciki har da Mata.
Rayuwa
An haifi Abiodun Omolara Ogundipe a garin Legas na tarayyar Najeriya, daga dangin malamai da malamai. Ta halarci makarantar Sarauniya, Ede, sannan ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digiri na farko a digirin digirgir a digar Ingilishi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan, sannan kwaleji na Jami'ar Landan . Ta daga baya ya aikata wani digiri na uku a Narratology (ka'idar labari) daga Leiden University, daya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'oi a Turai. Ta koyar da Nazarin Ingilishi, Rubutawa, Adabin kwatanta da Jinsi daga mahangar nazarin al'adu da ci gaba a jami'oi a nahiyoyi da dama, sannan kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin Inglsh da Comparative Lterature a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas ta Najeriya. Ta yi fice a farkon aikinta a tsakiyar fagen fasaha na maza da ke nuna damuwa game da matsalolin da ke damun maza da mata na Afirka.
An bayyana Molara Ogundipe a matsayin wacce take kan gaba a fagen nazarin ilimin addini wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin mata na Afirka. Tana da zurfin zurfin fahimtar al'adu game da tasirin alaƙar maza da mata a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yarbawa yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin madogara ga ka'idar ", A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, ta kasance mai sukar zaluncin mata kuma tana jayayya cewa Matan Afirka sun fi zalunci a matsayinsu da matsayinsu na matan aure. Dangane da asalinsu da yawa, a cikin waɗanne asali waɗanda suke jin daɗin matsayi, dama, sananniya da wakilci. Ta soki halin da matan Afirka ke ciki saboda tasirin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin-mallaka wanda ya kan sanya mazajen Afirka a lokacin da suke fuskantar matsin rayuwa. Halin da suke ciki kuma ya faru ne saboda shigar da iyayen mata na Afirka da kansu. Ita kuwa, duk da haka, sai ta dage kan fahimtar mahimmancin matsayin matan Afirka a cikin al'adunsu na mulkin mallaka da na asali don kowane tattaunawa mai amfani ko nazarin matan Afirka.
Ogundipe ya kasance a cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar mata da nazarin jinsi a Afirka shekaru da yawa. Ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya da Kwarewa, wanda aka sadaukar domin koyar da 'yan mata akida da kyawawan halaye na ra'ayin mata da daidaiton jinsi.
Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, inda ta kafa cibiyoyin rubutu a jami’o’i, baya ga aikin da ta yi kan adabi, jinsi da fim, a cikin gudummawar da ta bayar ga jajircewarta na ilmantarwa da tsara tsakanin al’ummomi.
Ta mutu tana da shekara 78 a Ijebu-Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya, a watan Yunin 2019.
Ta bar hera twoanta mata biyu: Dr. (Ts'gye Maryam) Rachel Titilayo Leslie, malama ce mai ilimin addini a Afirka wacce ke rubutu kan mahimmancin gadon Afirka ga al'adun duniya, da Dr. Isis Imotara Leslie, PhD, masanin ilimin siyasa wanda ya koyar a jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. Jikokin nata su ne Askia Tristan Folajimi Leslie, wacce ta kammala karatun Injiniyan Injiniya da Kode a Jami’ar Kalifoniya , Berkeley, da Joshua Tolu Victoriano, wanda ba da jimawa ba aka nada diakon a cikin Ikklesiyar Orthodox Orthodox Church a Habasha.
Rubutawa
Molara Ogundipe ta kasance a cikin jagorancin ilimin mata da ilimin jinsi a Afirka tun bayan kammala karatun ta a 1963 daga Jami'ar London. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na ilimi da kuma wallafe-wallafe, da kuma buga littattafai na almara da kuma tarin wakoki. Aikinta yana cikin tarihin rayuwar mata: rubutun nata "Ba jujjuya wa a kan hanyar Maleness" yana a cikin almara ta 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya . Kuma waƙoƙin da ta rubuta suna cikin tarihin al'aura na 'Ya'yan Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya .
Sukar
A matsayinta na malama ’yar Najeriya, mai sukar lamiri, mai ilmantarwa kuma mai fafutuka, an amince da Ogundipe a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan matan Afirka da na mata . Ta yi ikirarin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka da ta kira "Stiwanism" (Canjin Zamani a Afirka Ciki har da Mata) a cikin littafinta mai suna Recreating Ourselves . Shahararriyar malama kuma masaniyar adabi, ta wallafa rubuce-rubuce da yawa na waƙoƙi da sukar adabi ban da ayyukanta waɗanda aka ambata a ƙasa.
Stiwanism ya damu da ka'idoji guda bakwai: "STIWA" 1) ya nuna adawa ga mata na Yammacin 2) ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga matan Afirka a wannan lokacin na zamani 3) ya kawo matsayin mata na asali na asali wanda ya kasance a Afirka 4) ya yi imani da duka hada da shiga cikin canjin-siyasa da sauyawa na nahiyar Afirka 5) yayi gwagwarmaya da jikin mace, mutuncinta, kasarta, da zamantakewarta da kuma yadda take gudanar da ayyukanta a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki 6) da gangan ya kebanta da mutum da kuma kasancewarta a dunkule (watau addini, aji, da Matsayin aure) 7) ya gane cewa akwai dalilai da kuma shaidu da yawa a cikin Afirka da kuma halaye daban-daban na mutane da ke aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban da masu sabani.
Ogundipe a farkon aikinta ya nuna cewa marubuci na gaske mai son sanin mata ya kamata ya fahimta ko kuma bayyana yadda mace take da kyau da kuma yadda za a ba da labarin mace. Ta yi imani sosai cewa sake gano matsayin mata a cibiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa na Najeriya shine mafi kyawun hanyar inganta wadannan cibiyoyin. An san ta a matsayin marubuciya wacce ayyukanta ke kamala da rikitarwa a rayuwar Afirka. A cikin Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, ta yi rubutu mai ban sha'awa game da mawuyacin halin rubutu a cikin yarenta na gargajiya da juriyar maza ga daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar dimbin gogewar adabi da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa da suka shafi jinsi, Ogundipe ya samar da "sarkakiya mai kyau" wanda zai baiwa mata mata na Afirka damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu ma'ana a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi jinsi, dangi da kuma zamantakewar da za ta iya ciyar da ci gaban kasa da nahiya gaba.
Littattafai
Dinka Tsoffin Zamani da Sauran Waƙoƙi, 1985
Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, 1994
(ed.) ) Mata a matsayin ralan wasa na baka, 1994
(ed. tare da Carole Boyce-Davies ) Motsa Yankin Iyaka, Afrilu 1995 (mujalladi biyu).
Jinsi da batun aiki. Karatun "Waƙar Lawino" . Jami'ar Leiden ta Nesa. Leiden, CNWS, 1999
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Gay Wilentz: "Bincike: Postcolonial / Postmodern: Menene Aiki (l) d?" Kwalejin Turanci, Vol. 56, A'a. 1 (Janairu 1994).
Gibreel M. Kamara: "Gwagwarmayar Mata a Tattaunawa a Senegal : Mariama Ba da Sembene Ousmane ". Jaridar Nazarin Baki, Vol. 32, A'a. 2, Nuwamba 2001.
Allan, Tuzyline Jita: "Nazarin littattafai, Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye Masu Sauƙi daga Molara Ogundipe-Leslie". Bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, bazarar 1995.
Ogundipe (aka Ogundipe-Leslie), M. igenan asalin asali da na zamani game da batun jinsi da kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka: Tasirin ci gaban Nijeriya . Lagos, Benin, Ibadan, Jos, Oxford, Zaria: Malthouse Limited P., 2005.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
"Desiree Lewis ta tattauna da Molara Ogundipe , babbar masaniyar ilimin mata, mawaƙa, mai sukar adabi, mai ilmantarwa da kuma himma, game da yanayin siyasa, al'adu da ilimi".
"Hooray ga Majagaba a Nazarin Adabin Afirka!" , Jaridar Liteungiyar Adabin Afirka, 5: 2, 179-181, DOI: 10.1080 / 21674736.2010.11690165.
"Molara Ogundipe-Leslie", Bayan Labari theaya .
Marubutan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22540 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Cire%20Ha%C9%97in | Ƴancin Cire Haɗin | Yancin cire haɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da aka gabatar game da ikon mutane don cire haɗin aiki da kuma ainihin kada su shiga a cikin ayyukan sadarwa na lantarki da suka shafi aiki kamar imel ko saƙonni a lokutan da ba na aiki ba. Sabon yanayin aiki na zamani ya canza sosai ta sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa. Iyaka tsakanin rayuwar aiki da rayuwar gida ta ragu tare da gabatar da kayan aikin dijital cikin aiki. Yayinda kayan aikin dijital ke kawo sassauci da yanci ga ma'aikata suma zasu iya haifar da rashin iyakoki, wanda zai haifar da tsangwama mai yawa a cikin rayuwar masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa, musamman a cikin ƙasar Turai, suna da wasu nau'ikan haƙƙin cire haɗin da aka haɗa a cikin dokar su, yayin da a wasu lokuta ya kasance a cikin manufofin manyan kamfanoni da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Yulin, shekara ta 2018, Takaddar 1057 ta yi kira da a gabatar da 'yancin cirewa ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira da Faransanci "Le droit à la déconnexion" a cikin Dokar Kwadago a Luxembourg.
Faransa
Asali
'Yancin cire haɗin ya fito a Cikin ƙasar Faransa a cikin yanke hukunci a Chamberungiyar Ma'aikata na Kotun Koli ta Faransa . Hukuncin da aka yanke a ranar 2 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2001 ya nuna cewa "ma'aikaci baya cikin tilas ko dai ya karɓi aiki a gida ko kuma ya kawo fayilolinsa da kayan aikinsa a wurin." A shekara ta 2004 Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da wannan hukuncin kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa "gaskiyar cewa ba a iya samunta [ma'aikacin] a wayar salularsa ba a wajen lokutan aiki ba za a dauke shi a matsayin rashin da'a ba."
Dokar El Khomri
Gwamnatin ƙasar Faransa ta zartar da dokar El Khomri don gyara yanayin aiki ga Faransawa. Mataki na 55 a ƙarƙashin Fasali na II "Adaarɓar da Dokar Aiki ga Zamanin Zamani" ( Adaptation du droit du travail à l'ère du numérique ) ya haɗa da tanadi don yin kwaskwarimar Dokar Kwadago ta Faransa don haɗawa da haƙƙin katsewa ( le droit de la déconnexion ) . Mataki na 55 (1) ya gyara Mataki na L. 2242-8 na Dokar Aiki ta hanyar ƙara sakin layi (7); "(7) Hanyoyi don cikakken motsa jiki da ma'aikacin yake da hakkin yankewa da kuma kafa ta kamfanin na hanyoyin don tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital, da kuma nufin tabbatar da girmama lokutan hutu da barin kuma na mutum da rayuwar iyali. Idan aka gaza cimma yarjejeniya, sai mai aikin ya zana yarjejeniya, bayan ya gama tattaunawa da majalisar ayyuka ko kuma, idan ba haka ba, tare da wakilan ma'aikata. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya fayyace wadannan hanyoyin don aiwatar da 'yancin yankewa da kuma samar da aiwatarwa, ga ma'aikata da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa, na horo da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a game da amfani da kayan aikin zamani. ""7 ° Les modalités du plein exercise par le salarié de son droit à la déconnexion et la mise en place par l'akasuwa ta hanyar disitififs de régulation de l'utilisation des outils numériques, en vue d'assurer le respect des temps de repos et de congé ainsi que de la vie personnelle et familiale. A défaut d'accord, l'employeur élabore une charte, après avis du comité d'entreprise ou, à défaut, des délégués du ma'aikata. Cette charte définit ces modalités de l'exercice du droit à la déconnexion et prévoit en outre la mise en œuvre, ƙaddara zuwa salariés et du ma'aikata d'encadrement et de shugabanci, dasuwa da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da rashin amfani outils numériques "Gabatarwar wannan dokar ta biyo bayan nazarin shekara ta 2016 wanda ya gano cewa kashi 37% na ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin dijital na ƙwarewa (misali wayoyin hannu) a waje da lokutan aiki kuma cewa 62% na ma'aikata suna son ƙarin sarrafawa da dokoki don tsara wannan.
Aikace-aikace
Ana amfani da haƙƙin cire haɗin ga kowane kamfani a yadda yake so. Dokar El Khomri ta gabatar amma ba ta ayyana dama ba, ba wa kamfanoni damar zabar hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don aiwatar da hakkin la'akari da yanayin kasuwancin (misali ko yana aiki tare da kasashe a yankunan kasashen waje ko kuma ma'aikata na aiki dare ko a karshen mako). Ga kamfanoni da ma'aikata sama da guda 50, haƙƙin shine a saka su cikin Tattaunawar Tattaunawa ta Shekara-shekara (MAN) game da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da kuma yanayin ingancin rayuwa a wurin aiki. Dokar El Khomri ta riga ta buƙaci wannan ƙarin ta hanyar yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital da hanyoyin yin hakan. Idan babu wannan, "yarjejeniya ta kyawawan halaye" za a tattauna da wakilan ƙungiyar kwatankwacin lokacin da ma'aikata za su iya cire haɗin kayan aikin su na dijital da lokacin da ba za a tsammaci su haɗi zuwa wayoyin su na zamani ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba. Kamfanoni da ke da ma’aikata kasa da hamsin ana sa ran za su fitar da wata takarda ga ma’aikatansu da ke bayyana dokokin kamfaninsu.
Haƙƙi kamar yadda yake a dokar El Khomri bai shafi wadancan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba wadanda suke wani bangare na gwamnatocin cinkoson jama'a.
Duba sauran wasu abubuwan
'Yancin Dan Adam
Dama a manta dashi
Dokar El Khomri
Dokar Aiki
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Manazarta
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam |
60611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licypriya%20Kangujam | Licypriya Kangujam | Articles with hCards
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Licypriya Kangujam ( Meitei :</link> , IPA: [lisipi kaŋŋud͡ʒɐm ]</link>; an haife ta 2 Oktoba 2011) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ce daga Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi a duniya, tayi jawabi ga shugabannin duniya a taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi na 2019 a Madrid, Spain, inda ta nemi su ɗauki matakin sauyin yanayi cikin gaggawa. Licypriya ta daɗe tana fafutukar ganin an shawo kan sauyin yanayi a Indiya tun daga shekarar 2018, don samar da sabbin dokoki don dakile yawan gurbacewar yanayi a Indiya, da kuma sanya wajabta ilimin canjin yanayi a makarantu. An ɗauke ta a matsayin Greta Thunberg ta Indiya, kodayake ba ta son amfani da wannan kalmar.
Licypriya ta fara bada shawarwari game da canjin yanayi acikin Yuli 2018. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2019, wahayi daga Greta Thunberg, Licypriya ta fara kwashe mako guda a wajen majalisar dokokin Indiya don jawo hankalin Firayim Minista Narendra Modi don zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Indiya.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Licypriya Kangujam a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011 a Bashikhong, Manipur, Indiya, babbar 'yar Kanarjit Kangujam da Bidyarani Devi Kangujam Ongbi, acikin dangin Meitei. Lokacin da ta kai shekara bakwai, ta fara daga muryarta don yaƙar sauyin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i.
Acikin 2018, Licypriya ta halarci taron bala'i na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Mongolia tare da mahaifinta. Hakan ya kara mata kwarin gwiwar shiga harkar fafutuka. A cikin labarin da ta buga a gidan rediyon BBC ta bayyana cewa, “Na samu kwarin gwiwa da sabbin ilimi daga mutanen da ke bada jawabi. Lamarin da ya canza rayuwa." Licypriya ta kafa "Ƙungiyar Yara" jim kaɗan don wayar da kan jama'a, tare da yin kira ga kare duniya ta hanyar magance sauyin yanayi da bala'o'i.
Ayyukan aiki
Ambaliyar Kerala 2018
Licypriya ta bada gudummawar ajiyarta na Rupees 100,000 ga Babban Ministan Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2018 don taimakawa yaran da bala'in ambaliyar Kerala 2018 ya shafa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta sami wasiƙar amincewa daga gwamnatin Kerala.
Gudunmawar da Licypriya ta bayar ga Babban Ministan ya tallafa wa aikin kare yaran da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. Ta ji ƙaramar gudunmawarta za ta taimaka wajen kawo canji a lokacin wahala.
Ziyarar Afirka
Licypriaya ta halarci taron UNESCO Partners' Forum 2019 (Biennial Luanda) a Luanda, Angola, wanda UNESCO, Tarayyar Afirka da gwamnatin Angola suka gayyace su. Tayi magana kan sauyin yanayi tare da shugaban Angola João Lourenço, Shugaban Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Shugaban Malawi Hage Geingob, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso, Uwargidan Shugaban Angola Ana Dias Lourenço, Uwargidan Shugaban Namibia Monica Geingos, 2018 Lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel Denis Mukwege, Darakta Janar na UNESCO Audrey Azoulay, Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Guinea François Lonseny Fall da ministocin al'adu na Afirka.
Kit ɗin Tsira don Gaba
A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019, Licypriya ta fito da wata na'urar alama mai suna SUKIFU (Kit ɗin Tsira don Gaba) don magance gurɓacewar iska. SUKIFU kayan kasafin kuɗi ne kusan sifili wanda aka ƙera daga shara don samar da iska mai daɗi don shaƙa lokacin da gurɓatacce ba ta da kyau. Wannan tsire-tsire da za'a iya sawa alama ce ta Green Movement don gurbatar iska. Kowa zai iya gina wannan ra'ayi a gida ta hanyar sake yin amfani da shara don sanya iska mai kyau kai tsaye cikin huhu. Licypriya ta kaddamar da shi a gaban majalisar dokokin Punjab da Haryana. Ta ja hankalin shugabannin da su nemo hanyoyin magance matsalar gurbacewar iska a yankin Delhi da babban birnin ƙasar.
Ta ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa aikin ya samu ƙwarin gwiwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iska a Delhi, amma ba ta son sakonsa ya kasance game da muhalli kawai. A maimakon haka, ta ce, yanayin daidaitawa ne ya sa ta fito da wata manufa, tare da halayen juriya da ake bukata don rayuwa a yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Ta kirkiro wannan samfurin tare da tallafin Chandan Ghosh, farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya Jammu (IIT).
Babban Oktoba Maris 2019
A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2019, Licypriya ta fara "Babban Oktoba Maris 2019" a Ƙofar Indiya, New Delhi tare da dubban magoya bayanta. An gudanar da tattakin ne daga ranar 21 zuwa 27 ga watan Oktoba a wurare daban-daban domin neman ɗaukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi da kuma kafa dokar yanayi a Indiya.
COP25
Licypriya yayi magana a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2019, wanda kuma aka sani da COP25, yana kira ga shugabannin duniya da su ɗauki matakin yanzu kan sauyin yanayi. Mutane 26,000 daga kasashe 196 ne suka halarci wannan taron. An gudanar da shi daga 2 ga Disamba zuwa 13 ga Disamba a Madrid, Spain, wanda gwamnatin Chile ta karɓi bakuncin tareda taimakon kayan aiki na gwamnatin Spain a karkashin UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
Licypriya ta gana da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya António Guterres a lokacin COP25 kuma ta gabatar da takardar "a madadin yaran duniya."Takardar ta bayyana cewa tana son samar da wuri mai kyau ga dukkan yaran duniya. Guterres ya yaba mata. Greta Thunberg da wasu shugabannin duniya da dama sun halarci taron.
Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya 2020
Acikin 2020, Licypriya ta buga wasiƙa ga mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya tare da masu fafutuka Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, da Loukina Tille, suna kira ga kamfanoni, bankuna da gwamnatoci da su daina bada tallafin mai. A wani ra'ayi da aka baiwa The Guardian sun ce, "Ba ma son a yi wadannan abubuwa nan da 2050, 2030 ko ma 2021, muna son ayi hakan a yanzu - kamar yadda akeyi a yanzu. Muna kira ga shugabannin duniya da su daina saka hannun jari a tattalin arzikin mai da ke kan gaba wajen rikicin duniya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata su saka kuɗin su a cikin fasaha masu dorewa, bincike da kuma dawo da yanayi. Ribar ɗan gajeren lokaci bai kamata ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na rayuwa ba."
Ranar Duniya 2020
Licypriya tayi jawabi a taron duniya a Ranar Duniya 2020 a Washington, DC, Amurka. Taron ya kasance kama-da-wane, saboda barkewar cutar ta COVID-19. An nuna ta tare da 50 sauran shugabannin duniya, masu tasiri, masu shahara, 'yan wasa da mawaƙa, ciki harda Paparoma Francis, Sylvia Earle, Denis Hayes, Bill McKibben, Kwamitin Bada Shawarar Duniya Albert II (Farashin Monaco), Alexandria Villaseñor, Al Gore, Patricia Espinosa, Christiana Figueres, Michelle Dilhara, Jerome Foster II, John Kerry, Thomas Lovejoy, Ed Begley Jr., Zac Efron, Anil Kapoor, Van Jones, Ricky Keij, Paul Nicklen da Alex Honnold, suna ba da saƙon bege don yaƙar yanayin da ke gudana. rikicin.
TED yayi magana
A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2020, tayi jawabi ga TEDxSBSC da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Delhi, New Delhi, Indiya. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2020 tayi jawabi a TEDxGateway da aka gudanar a Mumbai kuma ta sami babban yabo ga jawabin nata. Tayi magana game da tattaunawar TEDx sau shida a lokacin tana da shekaru tara.
Gangamin koyar da sauyin yanayi a makarantu
Licypriya dai na fafutukar ganin an wajabta darussa kan sauyin yanayi a makarantu, kuma a martanin da gwamnatin jihar Gujarat ta Indiya ta sanya ta sanya canjin yanayi a makarantun makarantu.
Ganewa
A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2019, Licypriya ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta yara ta duniya 2019, wanda Charles Allen, Daraktan Haɗin gwiwa na Indexididdigar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya - Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki & Zaman Lafiya (IEP), ya gabatar a Ostiraliya acikin wani taron da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Matasa ta shirya. Ma'aikatar Wasannin Matasa da Ƙarfafa Al'umma, gwamnatin Maldives. Koyaya, The Times of India ya ruwaito, "Hatta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta yara ta duniya da aka baiwa Licypriya acikin 2019 kuma aka inganta ta a matsayin girmamawar da Cibiyar Aminci ta Duniya ta bada ta zama abin kunya bayan Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya ta fayyace akan Twitter cewa "ba mu bayar da kyaututtuka”.
Hakanan an karrama Licypriya da taken "Tauraro Tashi" ta hedkwatar Cibiyar Sadarwar Ranar Duniya da ke Washington, DC
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta SDGs Ambassador Award 2019 a Jami'ar Chandigarh, wanda Dainik Bhaskar ya gabatar tare da haɗin gwiwar NITI Aayog, Gwamnatin Indiya . Licypriya kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Global Child Prodigy 2020 a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2020 a New Delhi, wanda Laftanar Gwamnan Pondicherry Kiran Bedi ya gabatar.
Rigima
Acikin wani rahoto da jaridar The Times of India ta fitar a watan Yunin 2021, ta bayyana cewa duk lambobin yabo da Licypriya ta samu daga farkon lokacinta kungiyoyin mahaifinta ne suka ba ta. An kama mahaifinta Kanarjit Kangujam Singh a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2021 saboda zargin damfarar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da yawa, otal-otal da daidaikun mutane don taron Matasan Duniya wanda ya shirya a Imphal acikin 2014. Kusan yara ɗari daga kasashe 12 sunyi ikirarin cewa Kanarjit Kangujam yayi musu zamba.
Duba kuma
Greta Thunberg
Severn Cullis-Suzuki - tun yana ƙarami kuma sanannen mai fafutukar kare muhalli ne a 1992
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Licypriya Kangujam akan Taron Matasan Kudancin Asiya da aka Archived
Licipriya Kangujam akan Rigima
Licypriya Kangujam akan takaddamar lambar yabo ta karya
Licypriya Kangujam akan takaddamar lambar yabo
Yanar Gizo na Licypriya
Rayayyun mutane
Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53200 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20Djajakusuma | D. Djajakusuma | Articles with hCards
Djadoeg Djajakusuma ( [dʒaˈdʊʔ dʒajakuˈsuma] ; 1 ga Agusta, 1918 - 28 Oktoba 1987) darektan fina-finan Indonesiya ne kuma mai tallata fasahar gargajiya. An haife shi ga wani mai daraja da matarsa a Temanggung, tsakiyar Java, Djajakusuma ya zama mai sha'awar fasaha a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da aikin wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin mulkin Jafananci daga shekarar 1943 zuwa 1945 ya kasance mai fassara kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma a cikin shekaru huɗu na juyin juya halin ƙasa wanda ya biyo baya ya yi aiki a sashin ilimi na soja, kamfanonin labarai da yawa, da wasan kwaikwayo.
A cikin 1951, Djajakusuma ya shiga Kamfanin Fina-Finai na Kasa (Perfini) bisa gayyatar Umar Ismail . Bayan ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da Embun, Djajakusuma ya sake fitar da ƙarin fina-finai goma sha ɗaya tare da kamfanin kafin ya tafi a 1964. Daga nan ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Indonesiya, gami da wayang . Ko da yake ya ci gaba da jagorantar fina-finai ba tare da Perfini ba, yawancin ƙarfinsa an sadaukar da shi don inganta fasahar gargajiya da koyar da fina-finai. Bayan sama da shekaru goma na rashin lafiya da hawan jini, Djajakusuma ya fadi a lokacin wani biki kuma ya mutu. An binne shi a makabartar Karet Bivak .
Djajakusuma mai sadaukarwa amma mai saurin fusata ya sami tasiri a kan hakikanin ra'ayin Usman Ismail, duk da cewa ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran al'ada na rayuwa. Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo nasa sun yi ƙoƙarin sabunta tsarin gargajiya ta yadda za a sami karbuwa sosai a duniyar zamani. An ba shi lambar yabo da sake farfado da tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na Betawi lenong kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa don shirya fina-finai, ciki har da lambar yabo ta nasarar rayuwa a bikin fina-finai na Indonesiya .
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Djajakusuma a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1918 a Parakan, Temanggung, Central Java, Dutch East Indies, ga mahaifin priyayi, Raden Mas Aryo Djojokoesomo, da matarsa Kasimah. Djajakusuma shi ne ɗa na biyar cikin shida da ma'auratan suka haifa, waɗanda suka rayu cikin jin daɗi daga albashin Djojokoesomo a matsayin jami'in gwamnati. Lokacin da yake matashi yana jin daɗin kallon wasan kwaikwayo, kamar wasan tsana na wayang da salon rawan gargajiya tayuban ; A wasu lokuta ya kan bar gidansa bayan ya kwanta barci don kallon shirye-shiryen. Tare da abokansa, zai aiwatar da labaran da mahaifiyarsa ta gaya masa. Lokacin da aka fara nuna fina-finai na Hollywood da aka shigo da su, ya kasance mai kallo mai ban sha'awa, yana kallon Yammacin Turai kuma yana aiki tare da Charlie Chaplin .
Djajakusuma saboda matsayinsa na ɗan babban mutum, ya sami damar samun ilimi. Ya kammala karatunsa a Semarang, Central Java, yana sauke karatu daga shirin ilimin halitta a babbar makarantar sakandare a can a 1941. Ko da yake iyalinsa suna fatan ya zama ma'aikacin gwamnati kamar mahaifinsa, Djajakusuma ya yanke shawarar zuwa. cikin wasan kwaikwayo . Ya koma garinsu na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin ya gane cewa ba zai sami dama ba a Parakan. Saboda haka, a farkon 1943 – kusan shekara guda bayan da Indies suka mamaye daular Japan – Djajakusuma ya koma cibiyar siyasar mulkin mallaka, Jakarta, don neman aiki.
Djajakusuma ya sami aiki a Cibiyar Al'adu a matsayin mai fassara kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarƙashin Armijn Pane . Daga cikin ayyukan da ya fassara akwai guda da yawa na marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Sweden August Strindberg da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Norwegian Henrik Ibsen, da kuma tarihin Japan da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na kabuki da yawa. Yayin da yake tare da cibiyar, Djajakusuma ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na wasansa. A cikin lokacinsa na kyauta, Djajakusuma ya taimaka wajen kafa kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo mai son Maya, tare da masu fasaha irin su HB Jassin, Rosihan Anwar, da Usmar Ismail . Tawagar, wacce aka kafa don mayar da martani ga sha'awar samun yancin fasaha, ta yi fassarar ayyukan Turai da na asali na Ismail da El Hakim. Don haɓaka ma'anar kishin ƙasa ta Indonesiya yayin da har yanzu ke bin ka'idodin ofishin sa ido na Jafananci, yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na Maya ba su haɓaka Japan a sarari ba, sai dai Babban Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya Co-Prosperity Sphere . Jigogi masu goyan bayan ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Indonesiya, a halin yanzu, sun kasance a cikin ayyukan. Tare da Maya, Djajakusuma ya yi tafiya daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye, yana yin wasan kwaikwayo.
Juyin Juya Halin Indonesiya
Shugaba Sukarno ya shelanta 'yancin kai a Indonesia a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1945, kwanaki bayan tashin bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki . Da yake tsammanin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Holland za ta dawo, Djajakusuma da Ismail sun taimaka wajen kafa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu (Seniman Merdeka) a matsayin nau'i na juriya. Kungiyar ta zagaya ko'ina cikin birnin, inda ta yada labarin samun 'yancin kai a Indonesiya a yayin da take wasa da wata babbar mota kirar iska. Bayan zuwan Netherlands Indies Civil Administration, ƙungiyar wasu lokuta ta yi ƙoƙarin yin leken asiri a kan Turawa ko ɓoye bayanan da za a yi la'akari da amfani ga sojojin Holland da suka dawo. Saboda wannan aiki mai hatsarin gaske, Djajakusuma ya fara ɗaukar bindiga, kuma ya tafi Banten don neman kyai don ya hana shi harsashi.
A farkon 1946, tare da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Holland da ke iko da Jakarta, Djajakusuma ya gudu zuwa sabon babban birnin kasar a Yogyakarta . A can, ya shafe lokaci tare da kamfanin dillancin labarai na kasa Antara kafin ya shiga sashin ilimi na soja, ya kai matsayin kyaftin. Ga soja Djajakusuma ya gyara Tentara na mako-mako; ya kuma ba da gudummawar kasidu ga mujallar al'adun Ismail ta Arena . Duk da shigarsa a cikin jarida, bai yi watsi da wasan kwaikwayo ba; tare da Surjo Sumanto, ya kafa ƙungiyar da ta yi wa sojoji da kuma tada hankali, wani lokacin tafiya zuwa fagen fama.
Bayan juyin juya halin Indonesiya ya ƙare tare da amincewar Dutch na 'yancin kai na Indonesiya a 1949, Djajakusuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida na Patriot (wani rebranding na Tentara ) da kuma mujallar Kebudajaan Nusantara ; An sake buɗe Mataram, kuma Djajakusuma ya fara koyarwa a wurin yayin da yake sarrafa sinimar Soboharsono da rubuta wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. Ismail, a halin yanzu, ya koma Jakarta ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na kasa ( , ko Perfini); da farko samar, Darah dan Doa ( The Long March ), wanda ya ba da wani almara version na Siliwangi Division ta tafiya daga Yogyakarta zuwa West Java a 1948, Ismail ne ya ba da umarni kuma aka sake shi a 1950.
Sana'a tare da Perfini
A cikin shirye-shiryen fim dinsa na biyu, Enam Djam di Jogja ( Sa'o'i shida a Yogyakarta ), Ismail ya tuno da Djajakusuma zuwa Jakarta. Don fim ɗin, Djajakusuma ya taimaka wa Ismail daidaita Janar Assault na 1 Maris 1949 don allon. An kammala samarwa akan ƙaramin kasafin kuɗi; Daga baya Djajakusuma ya tuna cewa sai an kunna kyamarar su da batirin mota. Duk da wannan da sauran matsalolin, Djajakusuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa bayan kammala fim din, ya kammala wani aikin Perfini, Dosa Tak Berampun ( Zunubi wanda ba a gafartawa ), daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ismail ya kasance darakta na wannan fim, game da wani mutum da ya bar iyalinsa bayan an canza shi ta hanyar murmushin wata mace.
Yayin da Ismail, wanda ya kasance shugaban Perfini, ya tafi kasashen waje don nazarin cinematography a Makarantar Theater, Film da Television a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, Djajakusuma ya fara daukar matsayi mafi girma a Perfini. Ya fara halartan darakta a shekara ta 1952 tare da Embun ( Dewdrop ), wanda ya nuna matsalolin tunani da sojoji suka fuskanta a lokacin da suka koma kauyensu bayan juyin juya hali. An harbe fim din a Wonosari, a lokacin a tsakiyar fari, don ba da misali na gani ga rayukan bakararre na mayaƙa. Saboda yadda yake nuna camfe-camfe na gargajiya, fim ɗin ya sami matsala tare da ofishin tace labarai da masu suka; camfi an yi la'akari da cewa bai dace da buƙatun sabuwar jamhuriya na zamani ba. Sakin Embun ya sa Djajakusuma ɗaya daga cikin daraktoci guda huɗu don yin aiki ga Perfini; Sauran su ne Ismail, Nya Abas Akup, da Wahyu Sihombing.
Shirye-shiryen Djajakusuma na gaba, Terimalah Laguku ( Take My Song ; 1952), wani mawaki ne game da tsohon mawaƙin matalauta wanda ya siyar da saxophone ɗinsa don taimakawa tsohon ɗalibin sa. Ko da yake ingancin fasahar fim ɗin ba ta da kyau, lokacin da ya koma Indonesia a 1953 Ismail ya ji daɗin aikin, yana mai cewa an yi gyara sosai. A cikin shekara ta gaba Ismail ya ba da bayanin da ya koya a UCLA ga ma'aikatan Perfini; Djajakusuma ya bi wadannan darussa sosai. Wannan ya biyo bayan Harimau Tjampa ( Tiger daga Tjampa ) a cikin 1953, wani fim game da mutumin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya rama mutuwar mahaifinsa. Saita a cikin al'adun Minang, fim ɗin ya nuna wasu tsiraici na farko a cikin samar da gida kuma ya kasance babban nasara mai mahimmanci.
A cikin 1954 Djajakusuma ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Putri dari Medan ( 'yar Medan ) da Mertua Sinting ( Masu Iyaye ). Na farko ya yi magana da samari uku da suka kuduri aniyar ba za su yi aure ba, sai don karfinsu ya kau da kai bayan sun hadu da wasu matan Medan, yayin da na biyu ya bi wani mutum da ya ki zabin auren dansa saboda rashin zuriyarta mai daraja. sannan ya za6i mace daya ta zama matar dansa. A shekara mai zuwa Djajakusuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Guild Hotunan Indonesiya ( ; PARFI). Fim ɗinsa ɗaya kawai a waccan shekarar, wasan kwaikwayo Arni, ya ba da labarin wani mutum da ya auri wata mace yayin da matarsa marar lafiya ta tafi Padang, Sumatra, don magani.
Djajakusuma ya yi karatun fina-finai a Amurka, na farko a Jami'ar Washington a Seattle, sannan a Makarantar Cinematic Arts ta Jami'ar Kudancin California, daga 1956 zuwa 1957. Lokacin da ya koma Indonesia, ya yi aiki tare da Ismail kuma Ma'aikacin Perfini Asrul Sani ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Kasa ta Indonesia ( ), wanda ya inganta gaskiya; Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Indonesiya Putu Wijaya ya bayyana gaskiyar da makarantar ta inganta a matsayin ɗan Indonesiya fiye da na Yamma, yayin da Djajakusuma ke la'akari da wahayi daga ƙungiyar 'yan asalin Italiya. Djajakusuma ya kasance malami a makarantar har zuwa 1970, kuma dalibansa sun dauke shi mai ban dariya da saukin kusanci.
Bayan ya koma Indonesia, Djajakusuma ya fara aiki a kan Tjambuk Api ( Whips of Fire ; 1958), wani zargi game da cin hanci da rashawa a Indonesia ; wannan jigon ya sa ofishin tace fim din yana gudanar da shi kusan shekara guda. Daraktan ya bi wannan tare da wasan kwaikwayo Pak Prawiro ( Mr. Prawiro ), wanda Bankin Savings Bank ( ya dauki nauyinsa. ) da nufin isar da mahimmancin samun tanadi . A wannan lokacin ya yi nazarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Indiya, yana tafiya zuwa Calcutta, Madras, da New Delhi ; ya yi fatan wannan kwarewa ta farko za ta kara masa kwarin gwiwa wajen yin fim din labaran gargajiya na Indonesiya.
A cikin 1960 Djajakusuma ya fitar da fim dinsa na farko da ya danganci labarun wayang na gargajiya, Lahirnja Gatotkatja ; 'yar tsana ta gargajiya ta burge shi tun yana yaro, kuma ya ji daɗin halin Gatotkaca sosai. Shot a Yogyakarta, fim ɗin ya ƙunshi ɗimbin taurari daga Jakarta da hazaka na gida wajen tallafawa matsayin. Duk da haka, ya kasance mai jayayya: dhalang da wasu masu ilimin wayang sunyi jayayya cewa daraktan ya yi watsi da al'amuran gargajiya da yawa. A waccan shekarar Djajakusuma kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan samarwa na Ismail's Pedjuang ( Warriors for Freedom ) kuma ya jagoranci Mak Tjomblang ( Mrs. Tjomblang ), wani wasan barkwanci da aka samo shi daga wasan kwaikwayo na Nikolai Gogol na 1842 Aure .
Djajakusuma ya sake fitar da wani wasan barkwanci, Masa Topan dan Badai ( Lokacin Cyclones da Storms ), a cikin 1963; Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan yanayin iyali na uba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, uwa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu matasa waɗanda ke cikin bala'in samartaka. A shekara mai zuwa Djajakusuma ya ba da umarnin fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe tare da Perfini, Rimba Bergema ( Echoing Jungles ), wanda ke nufin haɓaka masana'antar roba ta ƙasa. A wannan shekarar ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar ma'aikatan fim da TV ( ), mayar da martani ga ƙungiyar Fina-finan Indonesiya ta ɗauki nauyin Lekra . Kamar yadda Ismail da mafi yawan ma'aikatan Perfini, Djajakusuma ya yi kaurin suna wajen adawa da Lekra mai alaka da gurguzu ; Ƙungiyar al'adu kuma ta kasance maƙiya ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Perfini.
A ƙarshen lokacinsa tare da Perfini, Djajakusuma ya sake yin aiki a cikin fasahar gargajiya. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa don inganta wayarng . A 1967 ya shirya bikin Wayang na kasa, wanda ya rushe jim kadan bayan haka saboda rashin kudi. A cikin 1967 ya shirya fim ɗin Bimo Kroda wanda aka yi wa wayang wahayi ga Pantja Murti Film, wanda ya yi amfani da lalatar Pandawa . - 'yan'uwa a cikin almara Hindu Mahābhārata – wakilcin sace sacen da kisan gilla da aka yi wa manyan hafsoshin soji biyar a lokacin Harkar 30 ga Satumba a shekarar 1965 . Ya shirya Makon Waya guda biyu, a 1970 da 1974, da kuma bikin wayang na a shekarar 1977. ta hanyar zamanantar da shi.
A halin yanzu, Djajakusuma ya taimaka wajen haɓaka fasahohin fasaha kamar Betawi lenong da Javanese ludruk a cikin shekaru da yawa. An san shi musamman don farfado da lenong . Tun daga 1968, Djajakusuma ya fito a talabijin a matsayin mai ba da shawara na lenong, wanda a lokacin ya iyakance ga ƙauyuka na karkara kuma yana gab da mutuwa. Ya ƙãra sanannun sanannun fom yayin da yake jayayya game da biyan kuɗin da ya dace ga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ta hanyar 1970s lenong aka yi a Ismail Marzuki Hall, yana zana ɗimbin masu sauraro, da yawancin masu wasan kwaikwayo na lenong sun sami yabo na yau da kullun a cikin masana'antar fim.
Djajakusuma ya kuma inganta ayyukan da ba na al'ada ba, na zamani da na waje. A cikin 1968 ya zama shugaban majalisar fasaha ta Jakarta, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1977, kuma a cikin 1970 ya gudanar da bikin kiɗan kroncong . Tun da kafa makarantar a 1970, ya zama malami a Cibiyar Ilimin Fasaha ta Jakarta ( , daga baya Jakarta Art Institute [ </link> , ko IKJ]), koyar da cinematography. Don kara fahimtar wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, a shekarar 1977 ya tafi Japan da China don nazarin al'adunsu. Daga baya ya jagoranci dalibai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, ciki har da daidaitawa na noh na Japan da wasan opera na kasar Sin ; da yawa daga cikin wa] annan wasanni an gudanar da su a Zauren Ismail Marzuki. A cikin 1970s Djajakusuma ya rike mukamai iri-iri a kungiyoyin fina-finai, ciki har da memba na Majalisar Fina-finai (1974-76), memba na kwamitin amintattu na Watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo da TV (1976), kuma memba na Ofishin Bunkasa Fina-Finan Kasa (1977-78).
Hasashen Djajakusuma a harkar fim ya ragu. A cikin 1971 ya jagoranci fina-finansa na ƙarshe, Api di Bukit Menoreh ( Wuta a Dutsen Menoreh ) da Malin Kundang (Anak Durhaka) ( Malin Kundang [Yaron Mara imani] ). Na farko, wanda aka saki don Filin Fina-Finai na Penas kuma bisa wani labari na Singih Hadi Mintardja, ya biyo bayan sojoji daga Masarautar Pajang a kokarinsu na fatattakar sojoji daga masarautar Jipang da ke adawa da juna. Fim na biyu shi ne daidaita tatsuniyar Malay mai suna iri ɗaya. Fim ɗin Rano Karno da Putu Wijaya a matsayin jarumi, fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wani ƙaramin yaro wanda ya manta tushen sa bayan ya kwashe yawancin kuruciyarsa a teku. Matsayinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai shine a cikin 1977, lokacin da ya taimaka wajen samar da wasan barkwanci na Fritz G. Schadt Bang Kojak ( Brother Kojak ; 1977).
A cikin 1977 Djajakusuma ya yi aiki a kan juri na Bikin Fina-finan Indonesiya ( , ko FFI). Yayin da yake karanta hukuncin, sai ya fadi aka garzaya da shi asibiti, Rosihan Anwar ya kammala karatun. Makwabcin Djajakusuma kuma mai yawan aiki Taufiq Ismail ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa ba shi ne karon farko da Djajakusuma ya ruguje ba. Djajakusuma ya ci gaba da fama da matsanancin rauni kwatsam har tsawon rayuwarsa, sakamakon hawan jini.
Duk da rashin lafiyarsa da sauri, Djajakusuma ya ci gaba da ƙwazo a fannin fasaha. A cikin 1980 ya yi fitowar fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe, kuma kawai rawar da ya taka akan babban allo, yana aiki a cikin Ismail Soebardjo's Perempuan dalam Pasungan ( Mace a hannun jari ). Shi da Sofia WD sun bayyana iyayen da suke saka ‘yarsu a hannun jari don hukunta ta saboda rashin biyayya; a cikin wata hira da Suara Karya, Soebardjo ya tuna cewa, daga lokacin da ya rubuta shi, kawai ya yi la'akari da Djajakusuma don rawar. Perempuan dalam Pasungan ya lashe kyautar Citra Award don Mafi kyawun Fim a 1981 Indonesiya Film Festival, kuma Djajakusuma ya nuna sha'awar yin fina-finai da yawa; wannan, duk da haka, bai taɓa gane ba. A cikin 1983 Djajakusuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Faculty of Arts a IKJ, kuma a cikin 1984 ya je bikin Nahiyoyi Uku a Nantes, Faransa, inda aka nuna fina-finansa guda biyu don yabo.
Haifaffun 1918
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Malaman%20Afrika | Majalisar Malaman Afrika | Majalisar Malaman Afrika majalissar malamai ce dake nahiyar Afirka a kudancin sahara.
Asali
Tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ta malaman Afrika, wadda take kudancin sahara,duk lokacin da aka haɗu a wuraren taruka da sauran hidimomi, irin wadanda malaman Afrika kan halarta tare da bayar da tasu gudunmawa. Sawa’un waxannan taruka, irin waxanda ake shiryawa ne tare da kuma gudanarwa a cikin wannan yanki na Afrika ko a wajensa. Kai har aka wayi gari wannan tunani ya zama wani abin tattaunawa da tsokaci a tsakanin malaman wannan nahiya, ta hanyar musayar saqonni irin na kar-ta-kwana ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani. A haka kuma har aka gamsu da cewa, lokaci fa ya yi, wanda kuma ya kamata a cikinsa, a fito da wannan tunani a fili kuma a aikace. Musamman, saboda ganin irin yadda sabbin abubuwa da dama, suke ta kara faruwa kuma a cikin gaggawa a duniyarmu ta yau, mai cike da qungiyoyi da majalisu barkatai, farare da baqaqe.
Abin da yake tafe a cikin wannan takarda, wani xan taqaitaccen tarihi ne na wannan Majalisa, da irin yadda aka shimfixa tare da kafa ta tun farko har zuwa yau..
Manufa
An yi tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ne a kan tunani, da manufar ta zama wani qasaitaccen zaure ga malaman wannan yanki na duniyar Afirka da ke kudancin sahara, wanda zai zama wata makoma ta ilimi da neman fatawa, tare da yin gagarumin tasiri a tsakanin gaba dayan al’umomin Afrika. Wata manufar kuma ita ce, inganta matsayi da irin gudunmawar da malamai masu wa’azi suke bayarwa, a wayi gari sun zama jagoran rayuwa ga gaba dayan al’umomi da ma qabilu da suke rayuwa a wannan yanki, ta hanyar samarwa fatawa cikakken tsari da kangado. Burin wannan Majalisa ne, ta riqa tsoma baki a cikin al’amurra da matsalolin rayuwar jama’ar wannan yanki, ta gaba daya. Sa’annan kuma ta zama ita ce ke magana da yawun bakin musulman wannan yanki na Afrika,dama daukacin tarukan cikin gida, da na waje, da ma matakin duniya baki daya.
Quduri
Babban qudurin wannan Majalisa shi ne, samar da wata makoma ta ilimi irin na Shari’ar Musulunci, wanda zai zama sanadi kuma ginshiqin daukaka da cigaba da bunqasar al’ummar musulmi da suke cikin wannan yanki na Afrika.
Nauyi
Babban nauyin da yake kan wannan Majalisa shi ne rayawa, ingantawa tare da fitowa da qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman nahiyar Afrika, da haxa kansu a matsayin tsintsiya madaurinki daya, domin hakan ya ba su cikakkar damar jagorancin al’umominsu a bisa ingantaccen tafarki Addinin Musulunci.
Dalilan Massasa Majalisar
Akwai manyan dalilai, da suka haifar da tunanin kafa wannan majalisa, da suka haɗa da;
Rashin wani zaure qwara daya, da ake da shi a wannan nahiya, a matsayin makoma da musulmin Afrika a cikin al’amurra na ilimi.
Rashin sauti daya, da yake wakiltar gaba dayan Al’umman musulmin wannan nahiya, idan ana zancen manyan matsaloli, da suka shafe su a matsayin al’umma.
Yawaitar matsaloli da tashe-tashen hankula, da sauran nau’ukan gwagwarmayoyin rayuwa, wadanda musulmi suke cikinsu tsundum.
Warwatsewar qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman da’awa, da rashin hadin kan da yake tsakaninsu.
Rashin isasshen ilimi da zai bayar da damar bayar da ingantattun fatawoyi.
Manyan Dokokin Gudanarwa
Manyan dokokin gudanar da wannan Majalisa a matsayin siyasar tafiyarwa, sun hada da:
Aiki da Alqur’ani da Sunna bisa fahimtar magabatan farko shiryayyu, bisa aqida matsakaiciya, wadda babu zurfafawa ko kasawa a cikin ta.
Kula da gaba dayan yankunan wannan nahiya ta Afirka komai nisan su, ta bangaren kafawa da gudanarwa, tare da samar da wakilci na haqiqa daga kowane yanki na nahiyar.
Gudanar da ayyukan Majalisa bisa tsari na cikakken gashin kai, tare da nisantar karbar umarni daga kowace irin kasa ko kungiya.
Kulla kyakkyawan zumunci da gaba dayan al’umomin nahiyar Afirka, ta hanyar alkinta matsayin wakilansu, tare da shirya taruka a kasashe da garuruwansu, wadanda suke dauke da sako mai ma’ana da manufa da kamanni iri daya.
Amfani da kwararru a fagen ilimi da aiki, domin daukar matakai da yanke shawarwari, da bayyana fahimta da ra’ayoyi.
Dogara a kan hanyoyi da dabaru irin na hikima da fasaha a fagen ilimi, domin mu’amala da wasu qungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ma’aikatun Gwamnati, da sauran vangaroran al’umma, wadanda ba fahimtarmu daya ba, da su.
Yin cikakken amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kafofinta, na zamani a fagen yadawa da isar da saqonnin Majalisar a fadin nahiyar ta Afrika.
Majalisar kuma, za ta bude kofofinta ga maza da mata, da suke son yin aiki tare da ita, amma, bisa sharudda da qa’idoji irin na Shari’ah.
Gurace-gurace
Gurace-guracen wannan Majalisa sun hada da:
Samar da wata makoma ta ilimi da da’awa, wadda za ta riga daidaitawa da kuma tsara yadda ya kamata qoqarce-qoqarcen malamai, na ilimi da da’awa, su gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci, wadda za ta riqa magana da yawun musulmin nahiyar Afrika, a duk lokacin da aka hadu da qungiyoyi da ma’aikatu na ilimi da jami’an gwamnatocin qasashe da kuma na qasa da qasa.
Bayar da gudunmawa tare da raya qoqarce-qoqarcen da malamai suke yi na karantarwa da ilmantarwa ga al’umomin wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Karfe kakakin fatawa daga hannun wadanda ba su cancanta ba, musamman a cikin manyan al’amurra da suka shafi gaba daya al’ummar nahiyar Afrika.
Samarwa tare da inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin manya da qananan al’umomin nahiyar Afrika.
Samarwa tare da bude kafafen sadarwa domin hulda da wasu Majalisu da qungiyoyi na Musulunci masu irin wannan hidima da kula da al’amurran al’ummar musulmi.
'Hanyoyi
Domin tabbatar da cin nasarar gudanar da wasu gurace-gurace, wannan Majalisa za ta bi hanyoyi kamar haka:
Shirya yadda al’amurran ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya za su riqa gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Kafa wuraren gudanar da hidimomi irin na ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya, da kuma kula da su.
Bunqasawa da qarfafa qungiyoyi da cibiyoyin harkokin Musulunci na cikin gida da qananan yankuna.
Bugawa tare da watsa bayanai a kan manyan al’amurran da suka shafi al’umma, ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa.
Gabatar da nasihohi da gargadi da luraswa ga dukan bangarorin da suke bukata.
Yin tsaye tsayin daka a kan ganin an warware rikittan da suka shafi musulmin wannan nahiya.
Bayar da fatawa a kan manyan al’amurra da sabbin matsaloli.
Shirya taruka manya da qanana irin na ilimi da da’awa, tare da shirya taruka irin na qara wa juna ilimi da za su shafi gaba dayan nahiyar.
Shirya wadansu taruka irin na koyarwa da habaka hikima da fasaha, don amfanin ‘ya’yan wannan nahiya masu baiwa ta musamman.
Shiryawa tare da bugawa da yada ayyukan bincike da nazari.
Samar da wadansu shiraruwa wadanda za a riqa saurare da kallo, a cikin harshen Gwamnatocin qasashe da qabilun Afrika.
Samarwa tare da amfani da gaba dayan kafofin sadarwa
Raya Masallatai da mimbarorinsu, da kuma samar musu da limamai da malamai wadanda suka cancanta, domin saqon da suke isarwa ga al’umma ya zama nagartacce.
Samar da tsararrun bayanai da suke magana a kan Musulunci, a wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su bayar da cikakkar damar nazarin Musulunci da sanin makamarsa a sauqaqewa.
Qa’idojin Zaɓen Mambobi
Qa’ida ne kafin a zabi mutum a matsayin manba a wannan Majalisi, ya cika wadannan sifofi:
Lallai ne ya kasance mutum mai cikakken tasiri da fada a ji a yankinsa.
Lalle ne ya kasance mai kyakkyawan tarihi; ba wanda ya shahara da ayyukan barna da badala ba.
Tsare-tsaren Bunqasa Ayyukan Mambobi
Saboda bukatar da take akwai ta bunqasuwa tare da inganta ayyukan mambobin wannan Majalisa a tsakanin jama’arsu, wannan Majalisa ta dauri aniyar gudanar da wadansu tsare-tsare, da gabatar da wadansu hidimomi zuwa gare su. Amma, da sharadin rashin kasancewar wadannan abubuwa samammu gare su qarqashin tanade-tanaden da suke hannun cibiyoyi da sauran qungiyoyin abokan aiki, da suke kula da irin wannan hidima ta da’awa da sauran ayyukan Musulunci, a yankunasu. Wadannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da:
Samar da adiresai da sauran shafukan ilimi a yanar gizo, da za su sauqaqe hanyar watsawa da yada karance-karance da fatawowinsu.
Alkinta yanayin Masallatai, da gina cibiyoyi, da samar da dakunan karatu.
Tabbatar da ganin an nada an kuma watsa aikace-aikacensu na ilimi da da’awa, tare da kusantar da su ga al’umma da sauran daliban ilimi.
Shirya taruka irin na bayar da horo domin bunqasa yanayin jagoranci da tasiri da qwarewar da suke da shi.
Tsarin Shugabanci
Manyan Ginshiqai
Al-Jam’iyyatul Ámmah (Mahadar dukan mambobi)
Al-Mu’utamarul Ám (Taron wakilai na ko ina)
Al-Majalisul Ám (Babbar mahadar shugabanni)
Majalisar Zartaswa:
Arri’ásah (Shugabancin Majalisa)
Al’amanatul Ámmah (Sakatariya)
Al-Lijánul Fanniyyah wal- Far’iyyah Addá’imah (Kwamitoci na ayyuka na musamman da kuma na din-din-din)
Qa’idojin Zaben Babban Ofishi
Kafin a zabi wuri a matsayin inda za a kafa babban ofishin wannan majalisa, sai an yi la’akari da wadannan abubuwa kamar haka:
o Rinjayen Musulunci a wurin.
o Rinjayen Sunnah a wurin.
o Rashin tashe-tashen hankali irin na Siyasa.
o Sassafcin dokokin rajista da ayyukan qungiyoyi.
o Qaqqarfan asasi irin na a zo a gani a fagen na’urorin sadarwa.
o Wadatar rukunnai da muqarraban gudanar da ayyukan Musulunci.
Matakan Kafa Majalisar
Mataki na Farko: Tunani
Tunanin samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci a farfajiyar nahiyar Afrika, tunani ne da ya samu gindin zama a zukatan malamai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ayyukan Musulunci a cikinta. Sauran abin da ya rage kuma na wannan tunani, ya cigaba da bunqasa ne ta hanyar tattaunawa a tsakanin wadannan rukunnai biyu, a duk inda suka haxu a wasu taruka, da kuma ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani a matakin daidaiku. A haka har aka cimma mataki da qoqarin aiwatarwa. Sai dai akwai bukatar samar da wani rukuni da zai kula da tuntuba da bibiya, da kuma tanade-tanade na wajibi.
Mataki na Biyu: Kafawa
Bayan gudanar da shawarwari da musayar tunani da nazari, sai aka cimma matsayin cirata daga wannan mataki zuwa mataki na gaba, wato kafawa. Wadanda kuma aka tuntuba a lokacin gudanar da wadannan shawarwari sun hada da:
Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal
Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí
Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya
Bayan haka ne fa, aka samu kammala samar da asasin wannan Majalisa a cikin qwaqwalwa, a kan hanyar ciratar da shi zuwa haqiqa. Wadannan bayanai ma da muke gabatarwa yanzu suna daga cikin wadancan tsare-tsare.
Mataki na Uku: Bayar da Sanarwa
Wannan shi ne babban mataki kuma ginshiqi a fagen qoqarin kafa wannan Majalisa. A wancan mataki na kafawa, mambobinsa sun riga sun samar da asasi na farko, wanda a cikinsa aka amince da zabar wadansu zaqaquran malamai na wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su zama su ne mambobin kwamitin tabbatarwa da kafa Majalisar, da suka hada da:
§ Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal
§ Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí
§ Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya
§ Dr. Bashir Adam, daga Ghana
§ Dr. Sa’id Burhan, daga Juzrul- qamar
§ Dr. Musa Fadiga, daga Sahilul- Áj
§ Dr. Yahaya Abdallah Ahmad, daga Chadi
§ Shaikh Khalfan Khumais, daga Kenya
§ Shaikh Gahutu Abdalkarim, daga Ruwanda
§ Shaikh Muhammad Zainu Zahruddin, daga Ethopia
§ Shaikh Salim Bar Hayyan, daga Tanzaniya
§ Shaikh Bilal Isma’il, daga Afrika ta kudu
Ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, sai wannan kwamiti ya shiga aikinsa gadan-gadan, ta hanyar amfani da kafafen sadarwa na yanar gizo da sauran shafukan sadarwa na zamani, da tattaunawa ta hanyar waya. A karshe, aka yanke shawarar haduwa a birnin Makkah mai alfarma, a daidai lokacin gudanar da aikin Umra, domin gudanar da tattaunawa ta qarshe a kan yadda wannan Majalisa za ta kasance, da kuma bayar da sanarwa a kan ta, daga wannan bigire, inda hasken Musulunci ya samo asali. Wannan haduwa kuwa ta kasance ne tsakanin 7-12 ga watan rabi’us sání 1432H wanda ya yi daidai da 9-14 ga watan Maris 2011, wanda takwas daga cikin mambobin wannan kwamiti suka samu halarta. A qarshen wannan haduwa kuma an yi matsaya a kan wadannan abubuwa:
1) Tabbatarwa tare da shimfida tsarin asasin wannan Majalisa.
2) Shirya tsare-tsaren gudanar da babban taron qaddamarwa, da ambata inda za a yi. A qarshe, aka amince da gabatar da taron a Bamako babban birnin qasar Mali, a tsakanin 7 zuwa 9 ga watan Rajab 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga watan 7 na 2011. Daga baya kuma aka aminta da daga shi zuwa 9 zuwa 11 ga SSha’aban 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga Yuli 2011.
3) Zabe tare da samar da jerin sunayen wadanda za su zama mambobin farko, zakarun gwajin dafi, gwargwadon masaniyar da su ‘ya’yan wannan kwamiti suke da ita a kan kowane daya daga cikinsu. Sa’annan kuma a bar kofar zauren a bude domin bayar da damar cigaba da zaqulo irin wadannan mutane, da suka cika sharuddan da aka gindaya tun da farko. Babbar matsalar da aka fuskanta a wannan mataki, ita ce samun cikakken adireshin mutanen da aka ga dacewarsu, balle a iya sanar da su. Sai dai kawai aka sha alwashi tare da lasar takobin tabbatar da ganin an isar musu da wannan saqo ta kowane hali, bayan wannan taro, domin su samu damar halartar taro na gaba wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci, sai kuwa wanda samun adireshin nasa ya faskara.
4) Samar da wata cibiya, wadda za ta yi riqon qwarya na jagorancin wannan Majalisa, wadda kuma ita ce za ta tsara yadda wannan babban taro na qaddamarwa zai kasance.
5) Zana taswirar tsare-tsaren da suka zama dole don shiryawa da gudanar da wannan taro na qaddamarwa.
6) Samar da jadawalin tabbatar da gurin wannan Majalisa na shekaru hamsin nan gaba.
7) Tuntubar manyan qungiyoyin bayar da agajin ayyukan alhairi, na Afrika domin nemo gudunmawar gudanar da wannan taro.
Babban Taro
Allah, cikin ikonsa an samu gudanar da wannan babban taro na qaddamar da wannan Majalisa kamar yadda aka tsara; a garin Bamako, babban birnin qasar Mali, wanda baqi da daman gaske daga wannan nahiya ta Afrika da wajenta suka halarta. Daga wannan lokaci ne kuma aka bayar da sanarwar kafuwar wannan Majalisa ta Malaman Afrika. Lokaci wanda, daga bayansa ne kuma aka shiga aiki gadan-gadan, a matakin ginawa, da aiki irin na hadin guiwa.
Abokan Aiki
Tun lokacin da wannan Majalisa ta karbi zanannen sunanta, take neman abokan aiki irin ta, wadanda suka damu da al’amurran Musulunci a fadin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, domin ta hada hannu da su. Ta kuma yi haka ne sakamakon nazarin qwaqwaf tare da shata bangaroran da ake da bukata da wannan qawance a cikin su. Wannan qawance kuma, abu ne mai sauqi, ya wuce iyakokin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, ya hada har da wadansu bangarora na musayar dabaru, da sha’anin kudi, da kwarewa, da tsare-tsare a wasu bangarora da al’amurra daban-daban.
Kammalawa
Mafi girman abin da ya kamata mu kalla a daidai wannan mataki, shi ne abin da Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya gaya wa Annabin sa sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, wanda shi ne jagora, kuma babbar Makarantarmu, wato: “Kuma ka yi shawara da su a cikin al’amari. Kuma idan ka yi azama, to, ka dogara ga Allah. Lalle ne Allah yana son masu tawakkali.” Suratu Ali Imran: 159 Alhamdu lillah
Manazarta |
27145 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20of%20Glory%20%282006%20fim%29 | Days of Glory (2006 fim) | Ranakun Girma (Yan Asalin بلديون) Fim ne na Faransa a shekarar 2006 wanda Rachid Bouchareb ya ba da umarni. Simintin ya haɗa da Sami Bouajila, Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Mélanie Laurent da kuma Bernard Blancan .
Fim din yana magana ne game da gudummawar da sojojin Arewacin Afirka suka bayar ga Sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma, a cikin takaddama, tare da nuna bambanci. Fitar da fim ɗin ya ba da gudummawa wajen amincewa da wani ɓangare na haƙƙin fansho na sojoji daga tsoffin mallakar Faransa da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi.
Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila da kuma Bernard Blancan duk sun lashe kyautar Prix d'interprétation a shekarar 2006 Cannes Film Festival saboda wasan kwaikwayo, kuma fim din ya lashe kyautar François Chalais . An kuma zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje .
Makirci
A cikin Faransa ta Arewacin Afirka a cikin shekarar 1943 an dauki mutane da yawa daga mallakar Faransa a ketare a cikin Sojojin Faransa na Farko na Sojojin Faransa masu ' Yanci don yin yaki tare da sauran kawancen kawancen Nazi Jamus da 'yantar da Faransa daga mamayar . The sojojin kunshi biyu main abubuwa: pieds-noirs, cewa shi ne mutane na kagaggun Turai zuriya, kuma 'yan asalin, wadanda daga kagaggun Afirka lõkacin saukarsa. "Indigènes" sun ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: Aljeriya, Moroccan (wanda aka sani da goumiers ) da kuma sojoji daga yankin Saharar Afirka .
Saïd, makiyayin akuya matalauta, ya shiga RTA ta bakwai (Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens). Tare da shi akwai wasu 'yan Algeria ciki har da Messaoud, wanda ke son yin aure ya zauna a Faransa, da Kofur Abdelkader mai ilimi, wanda ke neman daidaito da mazauna ga 'yan asalin kasarsa. Akwai kuma 'yan uwa biyu 'yan Morocco Yassir da Larbi, burin Yassir ya zama ganima domin Larbi ya samu damar yin aure.
Ba da da ewa maza, ado a mafi yawa ara-haya American kayan hadu Saje Martinez, wani yaki-taurare pied-noir, wanda basu horo su kafin ya shugabance su a kan su na farko alkawari da Jamus a Italiya . Manufar su ita ce kama wani dutse da ke da kariya sosai, amma ba da jimawa ba za a fahimci cewa kwamandan Faransa na amfani da su a matsayin abincin dabbobi don gano wuraren da ake hari da bindigogi. Sojojin mulkin mallaka sun yi nasara a ƙarshe, tare da asarar hasara mai yawa. Lokacin da wakilin Faransa ya tambaye shi game da ra'ayinsa game da asarar da aka yi, Kanar na Faransa ya amsa, "yau babbar nasara ce ga Sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci".
Dakarun RTA na 7 na gaba sun fara shirin Operation Dragoon, don kwato kudancin Faransa. Yayin da yake cikin jirgin ruwa, wani mai dafa abinci na Faransa ya ƙi ba da tumatir ga sojojin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Abdelkader ya yi kira da a samar da daidaito, amma an kaucewa tashe-tashen hankula lokacin da Martinez da kyaftin din kamfanin suka yi alkawarin cewa za a yi wa kowa da kowa.
Lokacin isa Marseille, ana gaishe da sojojin mulkin mallaka a matsayin jarumai. Messaoud ya gana kuma ya gurfanar da Irène, wata Bafaranshiya, ya yi alƙawari lokacin da rundunar ta bar aikin zai rubuta kuma wata rana zai dawo. Tace zata jirashi zasuyi aure. Duk da haka, saboda tantance saƙon sojoji, Irène ba ta taɓa sanin makomar Messaoud ba.
Saïd ya zama mai bin tsari na Martinez, wanda sauran sojoji ke kiransa "yarinya" kuma suna nuna cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne. Daga ƙarshe ya zaro ya riƙe wuƙa a makogwaron Messaoud. Abdelkader calms da halin da ake ciki, amma ya ce da ke sa shi share cewa a cikin wannan nuna wa mata banbanci duniya da Faransa hukumomi za a ba su mulkin mallaka da sojoji da wani abu. Da yake ganin hoton iyali a cikin kayan Martinez, yayin da yake shan ruwa tare da sajan Saïd, ya ambata cewa su biyun sun yi kama da juna biyu da uwa Balarabe. Hukumar NCO ta kai masa hari tare da yi masa barazanar kashe shi idan ya tona asirin.
Sojojin mulkin mallaka sun gano cewa, yayin da ba a ba su izinin ba, ana barin membobin Faransa na Sojojin Faransa na 'Yanci su tafi gida. Daga karshe an ce mazan za su koma gida, amma yaudara ce; maimakon haka, ana billeted su a bayan layin kuma ana ba su wasan ballet . Cikin gundura da ruɗewa, yawancinsu suna barin alfarwa sun yi taro a waje suna nuna rashin adalci. Martinez ya kalubalanci ƙungiyar, karkashin jagorancin Abdelkader, kuma aka fara fada.
Da sanyin safiya, Ƴan sandan sojan Faransa sun kai Messaoud wani shingen wucin gadi inda ake tsare da Abdelkader. Messaoud ya ce an kama shi ne saboda kokarin komawa Marseille ya nemo Irène. An gabatar da Abdelkader a gaban Kanar Faransa wanda ya gaya masa cewa yana bukatar shi ya tafi wani aiki na musamman: ya kai harsashi ga sojojin Amurka da ke yakin Lorraine Campaign sannan kuma ya kasance sojojin Faransa na farko da suka 'yantar da Alsace . Jami'in na Faransa ya yi alkawarin cewa Abdelkader da sauran sojojin mulkin mallaka za su sami lada da kuma sanin cewa nasara a wannan aiki za ta kawo. Daga baya, kyaftin din farar fata ya gaya wa kofur cewa Kanar zai cika alkawarinsa.
Yayin da suke tsallaka layukan Jamus, akasarin mutanen sun mutu ne sakamakon wani tarko da suka hada da dan uwan Yassir, kuma Martinez ya samu munanan raunuka. Wadanda suka tsira galibi suna son komawa, amma Abdelkader ya tara su don ci gaba. Daga karshe kofur, Saïd, Messaoud, Yassir da wadanda suka jikkata sun isa kauyen Alsatian. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa sojoji suka shiga cikin yankin kuma Saïd ya yi abota da wata mai shayarwa . Lokacin da rukunin Jamusawa suka isa ƙauyen, yaƙi ya barke. Messaoud ya ji rauni sosai sakamakon makamin roka na Panzerschreck sannan wani dan ƙasar Jamus ya harbe shi. Saïd yayi ƙoƙarin kwashe Martinez, amma Panzerschreck ya harbe su duka, inda suka kashe Saïd tare da kara raunata Martinez, wanda ya kare cikin sauri. Abdelkader da Yassir sun yi yunkurin guduwa, amma wani Bajamushe ya harbe Yassir a baya. Duk da haka, kamar yadda kofur ɗin ya kasance, ƙarin sojojin mulkin mallaka sun isa suka kori Jamusawa daga ƙauyen.
Yayin da ginshiƙan sojojin Faransa na Free suka fara zagawa cikin yankin, Abdelkader ya ga Kanal ɗin yana wucewa a cikin motarsa kirar jeep, amma kwamandan Faransa ya yi watsi da shi, sai wani jami'in ma'aikaci ya ja shi ya tambaye shi inda rundunarsa take. Lokacin da Abdelkader ya ce duk sun mutu, kawai an tura shi wani NCO na Faransa. Yayin da yake fita daga ƙauyen, ya wuce wani mai ɗaukar hoto yana ɗaukar hotunan sojojin Faransa kawai da ke tsaye kusa da mutanen ƙauyen da aka kwato. Mutanen kauyen kuwa sun yabawa Abdelkader yayin da ya tafi.
Fim ɗin daga nan ya ƙaura zuwa yau. Wani tsoho Abdelkader ya je makabartar yaki a Alsace don ziyartar kaburburan abokansa: Martinez, Saïd, Yassir da Messaoud. Daga nan sai ya koma ƙaramin falon da yake zaune a ƙasar Faransa ta zamani. Fim ɗin ya ƙare da taken cewa daga shekara ta 1959 fansho ga masu yi wa hidima daga ƙasashen waje na Faransa da ke zaune a Faransa ba su sami wani ƙari ba bayan ranar da ƙasarsu ta samu ƴancin kai.
Ƴan wasa
Jamel Debbouze - Saïd Otmari
Samy Naceri - Yassir
Roschdy Zem - Messaoud Souni
Sami Bouajila - Abdelkader
Bernard Blancan - Sajan Roger Martinez
Mathieu Simonet - Caporal Leroux
Assaad Bouab - Larbi
Mélanie Laurent - ƙauyen Margueritte Vosges
Benoît Giros - Kyaftin Durieux
Thibault de Montalembert - Kyaftin Martin
Aurélie Eltvedt - Irène
Dioucounda Koma - Touré
Philippe Beglia - Rambert
Antoine Chappey - Kanal
Kalen Bushe - Kanal na biyu
Thomas Langmann - Dan jarida
Julie de Bona
Dacewar zamani
Duk da yake kowanne yana da nasa manufar, waɗannan ƴan asalin Afirka sun shiga yaƙin neman ƙasar Faransa da ba su taɓa gani ba. A cikin kalmomin Le Chant des Africains, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo hudu na rera waka a cikin fim din, "mun fito daga yankunan da ke mulkin mallaka don ceton uwa, mun zo daga nesa don mutuwa, mu maza ne na Afirka." Fim ɗin ya nuna ƙayyadaddun kwatancen yadda ake bi da su a cikin ƙungiyar sojojin da ke nuna ƙyama ga Faransawa na Turai.
Ana ci gaba da nuna wariya da mahukuntan Faransa suka yi wa wadannan sojoji yayin da gwamnatocin Faransa da suka shude suka dakile kudaden fansho na wadannan tsofaffin 'yan asalin kasar a lokacin da kasashensu suka samu 'yancin kai. Bayanan rufe fim din sun nuna cewa, duk da hukuncin da aka yanke na cewa ya kamata a biya kudaden fansho gaba daya, gwamnatocin Faransa da suka shude tun shekara ta 2002 ba su yi haka ba. Bayan fitar da fim din ne aka sauya manufofin gwamnati don ganin an samu kudaden fansho na ƴan gwagwarmaya na kasashen waje daidai da abin da ake biyan tsoffin sojojin Faransa. Amma, ya zuwa 2010, ba a yi la’akari da fenshon yaƙi a kan kari ba (kusan shekaru 40).
A shekara ta 2009, BBC ta buga shaidun da ke nuna cewa sojojin turawan mulkin mallaka - wadanda tare da sojojin arewacin Afirka da ke da kashi biyu bisa uku na sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci - an cire su da gangan daga rukunin da suka jagoranci ƙawance ƴantar da Paris a 1944. Janar Charles de Gaulle ya bayyana karara cewa yana son sojojin Faransa masu ƴanci su fara shiga babban birnin Faransa. Saboda haka rundunar kawance ta dage cewa a maye gurbin dukkan sojojin baƙaƙen fata da Turawa da na Arewacin Afirka daga wasu sassan Faransa.
Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Julian Jackson ya bayyana, "Da zarar ƴan tawaye sun ci Vichyite Algeria, an ba de Gaulle damar zuwa can, a watan Mayu 1943. Yanzu Algiers ya maye gurbin London da Brazzaville a matsayin babban birnin Faransanci na 'Yanci. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa Aljeriya na ƙunshe da wani muhimmin tafki na sojojin arewacin Afirka. A karshen shekara ta 1942 jimillar sojojin de Gaulle ba su kai 50,000 ba, amma yanzu, a 1943, albarkacin Aljeriya, yana da sojoji kusan rabin miliyan. An fara jefa wannan runduna ta kabilanci da yawa a Italiya a shekara ta 1943 - ta yi yakin Monte Cassino - sannan ta sauka tare da Amurkawa a kudancin Faransa a watan Agustan 1944 ... An aika da 2nd Armored Division of Leclerc zuwa ... arewacin Faransa, - a cikin kalmomin wani babban janar na Amurka shi ne, 'kaɗaicin Faransanci wanda za a iya sanya 100% fari'. . . Ko da ba a yunƙurin de Gaulle ba ne, da alama bai yi adawa da wannan farin-wanke na matakin ƙarshe na almara na Faransanci na Kyauta ba. . . Faransawa sun yi saurin manta cewa saboda godiya ga sojojinsu na mulkin mallaka cewa suna da wani da'awar sake shiga yakin a 1944 a matsayin babban iko."
liyafa
Amsa mai mahimmanci
Fim ɗin Days of Glory yana da ƙimar amincewa na 83% akan gidan yanar gizon mai tattara Tumatir Rotten Tumatir, dangane da sake dubawa na 86, da matsakaicin ƙimar 7.23/10. Muhimmiyar yarjejeniya ta gidan yanar gizon ta ce, " Ranakun ɗaukaka almara ne mai ƙarfi na tarihi wanda ke ba da girmamawa ga jiga-jigan gungun sojoji waɗanda aka manta da sadaukarwarsu da yawa". Hakanan yana da maki 82 cikin 100 akan Metacritic, bisa ga masu suka 25, yana nuna "yabo na duniya".
Kyauta
Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila da kuma Bernard Blancan sun lashe kyautar maza ta Prix d'interprétation a bikin Fim na Cannes na 2006 .
An zabi fim ɗin don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje, amma ya ɓace ga Rayuwar Wasu .
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan Yanar Gizo na Kwanaki na Girma (Turanci)
Rahoton Labarai na 4 akan tasirin Ranakun ɗaukaka
Fina-finai
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42947 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20Mozambique | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mozambique | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mozambique ( Portuguese ) tana wakiltar Mozambique a gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya ta maza kuma hukumar kwallon kafa ta Mozambique ce ke kula da ita, hukumar kula d kuma a kwallon kafa a Mozambique . Mozambique dai ba ta taba samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, amma ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka hudu a shekarun 1986 da 1996 da 1998 da kuma na baya-bayan nan da gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2010 da aka yi a Angola, inda aka fitar da ita a zagayen farko a dukkanin hudun.
Gidan gidan Mozambique Estádio do Zimpeto a babban birnin Maputo, kuma yana iya daukar 'yan kallo 42,000. Shugaban kocin na yanzu shine Victor Matine, wanda ya zama manaja a watan Yulin shekarar 2019,ya maye gurbin tsohon kocin da tsohon dan wasan Portugal Abel Xavier, wanda ke jagorantar tun Fabrairun shekarar 2016.
Tarihi
Farko
A ranar samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975, Mozambique ta buga wasanta na farko; A wasan sada zumunci da Zambiya ta yi nasara da ci 2-1. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Cuba ta zama abokiyar hamayyar Mozambique ta farko wacce ba ta Afirka ba, lokacin da kasashen biyu suka hadu a Mozambique, inda Cuba ta samu nasara da ci 2-0. Mozambique ta shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar a shekarar 1982 . Mozambique ta sha kashi da ci 7-3 a karawa biyu a hannun Zaire a zagayen farko.
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 1986
Mozambique ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta farko a shekarar 1986 . A gasar share fage sun doke Mauritius, Malawi (a bugun fanareti), daga karshe Libya ta sake samun nasara a bugun fenareti.
A gasar karshe da aka yi a Masar, Mozambique ta kasance a rukunin A tare da Senegal, Ivory Coast da Masar mai masaukin baki . Sun yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanninsu da ci 3–0, 2–0 da kuma 2–0, ba tare da zura kwallo ko daya ba.
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 1996
Sai da Mozambique ta jira shekaru 10 kafin ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika, yayin da ta samu tikitin shiga gasar a shekarar 1996 a Afirka ta Kudu . An sanya su a rukunin D tare da Ivory Coast, Ghana da Tunisia . Mozambique ta buga wasanta na farko da Tunisia a Port Elizabeth, inda suka tashi 1-1 da Tico-Tico a minti na 4 da fara wasa. Daga nan kuma sai suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Ivory Coast da ci 1-0 da Ghana da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya kawar da su daga gasar.
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 1998
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Mozambique ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika karo na uku da aka gudanar a Burkina Faso . An sake sanya su a rukunin D tare da Morocco, Masar da Zambiya . Mozambique ta yi rashin nasara a wasansu na farko da Masar wadda ta lashe gasar da ci 2-0, duka kwallayen biyun ne Hossam Hassan ya ci. A wasansu na biyu sun sake yin rashin nasara a hannun Morocco da ci 3-0, don haka ta kawar da su daga gasar da saura wasa daya. A wasansu na karshe da Zambia, sun tashi kunnen doki 1-1, kwallonsu ta farko a gasar. Wannan zai zama wasansu na karshe na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka tsawon shekaru 12.
Cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010
Mozambique ta shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2010 a zagaye na biyu, kuma an sanya ta a rukuni na 7 da Botswana, Madagascar da kuma 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka Ivory Coast . Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Ivory Coast da Botswana da ci 1-0 da 2-1, sannan suka tashi 1-1 da Madagascar. Daga nan ne Mozambique ta doke Madagascar da ci 3-0 a Antananarivo da ci 3-0 da Tico-Tico da Carlitos da Domingues suka ci. Daga nan ne suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Ivory Coast sannan kuma suka doke Botswana da ci 1-0 a Gaborone don samun tikitin zuwa zagaye na uku.
Mozambik tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ba su da yawa a zagaye na uku, kuma an sanya su a rukunin B da Najeriya da Tunisia da kuma Kenya . A wasansu na farko sun tashi canjaras 0-0 a Maputo . Daga nan ne suka yi rashin nasara a wasansu na gaba da Tunisia da Kenya da ci 2–0 da kuma 2–1, wanda a yanzu haka ke kokarin samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na farko. A wasa na gaba sun doke Kenya da ci 1-0 inda Tico-Tico ta zura kwallo a ragar Najeriya, amma kuma rashin nasarar da Najeriya ta samu ya kawar da su daga shiga gasar. A wasan karshe sun doke Tunisia 1-0 a wani gagarumin nasara da ya hana Tunisia tsallakewa zuwa gasar. Duk da rashin samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, wannan nasarar ta isa ta tabbatar da matsayi na uku da samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010 a Angola .
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2010
Bayan shafe shekaru 12 ba a buga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika, Mozambik ta kasance a rukunin C da Masar da Najeriya da kuma Benin . A wasansu na farko, sun buga da Benin, inda suka yi canjaras 2-2 bayan da aka tashi 2-0, inda Miro da Fumo suka zira kwallaye. Daga nan ne suka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Masar wadda ta lashe gasar da kuma Najeriya da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya kawar da su daga gasar. Bayan gasar, wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga kuma kyaftin din Tico-Tico ya yi ritaya daga wasan kwallon kafa na duniya.
Shekarun baya-bayan nan
Har yanzu Mozambique ba ta kai wasan karshe na AFCON na biyar ba duk da cewa ta yi kusa da su. A lokacin wasannin share fage na shekarar 2013 sun kai zagayen karshe inda suka doke Morocco da ci 2-0 a wasan farko a Maputo . Koyaya, an doke su da ci 4-0 a Marrakech bayan kwanaki hudu. A lokacin wasannin share fage na 2019 Mambas ne kawai Guinea-Bissau ta rama kwallon a karshen wasansu na karshe na rukunin K.
Tarihin horarwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Federação Moçambikana de Futebol
Mozambique a FIFA.com
Mozambique a CAF Online
Hoton kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21194 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyakar%20Najeriya%20da%20Chadi | Iyakar Najeriya da Chadi | Yankin Chadi –Najeriya 85 ne kilomita (53 m) a tsayi kuma ya ƙunshi layi ɗaya mai layi wanda yake gudana NW zuwa SE daga ƙeta ɗaya tare da Niger a arewa zuwa kashi uku da Kamaru a kudu.
Bayani
Wannan gajeriyar iyaka ta kunshi layi daya madaidaiciya wanda zai hada Chadi da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Najeriya da Nijar da Kamaru Duk kan iyakar ta kasance a gabaɗaya a Tafkin Chadi, duk da cewa an sami raguwar girman tafkin a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata yawancin iyakar yanzu suna gudana ta ƙasa, dausayi da tsibirai da ke tsaka-tsakin cikin tafkin.
Tarihi
Yankin ya fara bayyana yayin Yaƙin Afirka, lokacin gasa mai ƙarfi tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai a ƙarshen karni na shekara ta 19 don yanki da tasiri a Afirka. Tsarin ya ƙare a taron Berlin na shekara ta 1884, wanda ƙasashen Turai da abin ya shafa suka amince da da'awar ƙasarsu da ƙa'idodin alkawalin ci gaba. A sakamakon wannan Faransa ta sami ikon mallakar babban kwarin Kogin Neja (wanda yayi daidai da yankunan Mali da Neja na zamani), da kuma ƙasashen da Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza ya bincika don Faransa a Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda yayi daidai da Gabon ta zamani) da Congo-Brazzaville ). A halin yanzu, Birtaniyya, wacce (ta hanyar Kamfanin Royal Niger Company ) ta sarrafa yankin da ke kusa da Legas tun daga shekara ta 1861 da Kare Man Fetur ( Calabar sune yankin) tun daga shekara ta 1884, za su sami fifiko a yankunan da ke kudu da yankin Neja ta sama. A hankali daga ƙasashen biyu ƙasashe sun faɗaɗa mulkinsu a hankali zuwa cikin ciki. Daga baya Faransanci ya danganta abubuwan da suka mallaka bayan balaguro a cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1900 wanda suka hadu a Kousséri a can arewacin arewacin Kamaru ta zamani. Waɗannan yankuna da aka ci nasara an fara mulkin su a matsayin yankuna na soja, tare da kuma yankuna biyun daga baya aka tsara su zuwa cikin masarautun tarayyar Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka ( Afrique occidentale française, gajarta AOF) da Faransa Equatorial Africa ( Afrique équatoriale française, AEF). Hakanan Turawan Ingilishi sun tsawaita mulkinsu daga sansanoninsu na Legas da Calabar, inda suka samar da wasu yankuna biyu- Kudancin Najeriya da kuma Arewacin Najeriya . A cikin shekara ta 1900 aka mayar da mulkin waɗannan yankuna zuwa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya, tare da Arewa da Kudancin (gami da Lagos da Calabar) waɗanda ke da haɗin kai a matsayin mallakar Nijeriya a cikin shekara ta 1914. Yankin Chadi-Najeriya na zamani ya tashi ne a matsayin sakamako na biyu na sauran tattaunawar kan iyaka a yankin: Yarjejeniyar Angola da Jamusawa s a shekara ta 1893 da 1906-07 sun amince cewa iyakar tsakanin ƙasashen Burtaniya da ke mulkin mallaka da Kamaru ta Jamus za ta faɗaɗa Tafkin Chadi; Yarjeniyoyin Ingilishi da Faransa a shekara y 1898, 1904, 1906 da Kuma shekara ta 1910 sun fadada kan iyakar AOF da Arewacin Najeriya zuwa tafkin; da kuma yarjejeniyar kan iyaka tsakanin Faransa da Jamus a shekara ta 1908 suka fadada kan iyakar AEF da Kamaru zuwa tafkin. Bayan an fayyace abubuwan da za a tattauna guda biyu (Chadi-Nijer-Najeriya a shekara ta 1910-12 da Chadi-Kamaru-Najeriya a shekara ta 1931) iyakar ta zama madaidaiciya layin haɗa waɗannan maki biyu.
A hankali Faransa ta ba da ƙarin haƙƙoƙin siyasa da wakilci ga yankunan da ke cikin tarayyar Afirka biyu, wanda hakan ya kai ga ba da ikon mallakar cikin gida ga kowane yanki a cikin 1958 a cikin tsarin Frenchungiyar Faransa . A ƙarshe, Chadi ta sami cikakken 'Yancin kai a watan Agustan shekara ta 1960, tare da Nijeriya ita ma ta ayyana 'Yancin kai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1960, don haka iyakar ƙasarsu ta zama ta ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu masu cin gashin kansu. A wani taro na jihohin Tabkin Chadi da aka gudanar a N'Djamena a watan Disambar shekara ta 1962 an amince da girmama iyakokin da ke cikin tafkin. Tun daga wannan lokaci tafkin ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa idan ba duk iyakar Chadi da Najeriya ba yanzu ta mamaye filaye, abinda ke haifar da matsaloli game da kula da kan iyaka da shatawa. A shekara ta 1983 takaddama tsakanin Chadi da Najeriya kan iyakar da ke tsakaninsu ta rikide zuwa fada, bayan da Najeriya ta tura sojoji zuwa yankin sakamakon yadda wasu ’yan kasar Chadi suka musguna wa masunta’ yan Najeriyar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar ’yan Chadi 75 da kuma sojojin Najeriya tara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan dubun-dubatar' yan gudun hijira sun tsallaka kan iyaka saboda ci gaba da rikicin Boko Haram a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.
Duba kuma
Alakar Chadi da Najeriya
Manazarta
Iyakan Kamaru
Iyakan Najeriya
Iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya
Iyakar Nijar
Iyakar Najeriya da Cadi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
36655 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Nahawu%20ta%20CMS%2C%20Lagos | Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos | Makarantar Nahawu CMS da ke Bariga, wani yanki a Legas na jihar Legas, ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa a Najeriya, wacce Cocin Missionary Society ta kafa a ranar 6 ga Yunin shekarar 1859. Shekaru da dama ita ce babbar tushen limamai da masu gudanar da mulki a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta Legas.
Asali
James Pinson Labulo Davies ne ya samar da kudaden fara gudanar da makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1859 wanda a watan Afrilun 1859 ya baiwa Babington Macaulay fam 50 (daidai da miliyan ₦1.34 kamar na 2014) don siyan littattafai da kayan aikin makarantar. Tare da tallafin da ya bada, Macaulay ya buɗe Makarantar Grammar CMS a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1859, wanda ya sanya ta zama makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya. A shekarar 1867, Davies ya ba da gudummawar £100 (₦2.68 miliyan kamar na 2014) ga Asusun Gina Makaranta na CMS. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa ga Asusun Gina CMS ba Saros ba ne kamarsu Daniel Conrad Taiwo AKA Taiwo Olowo wanda ya ba da gudummawar £50. Masu ba da gudummawa na Saro Contributors kuma sun haɗa da maza irin su Moses Johnson, IH Willoughby, TF Cole, James George, da Charles Foresythe waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar £40. Makarantar Grammar ta CMS a Freetown, wacce aka kafa a 1848, ta zama abin koyi.
Makarantar ta fara ne da dalibai shida, dukkansu a makarantan kwana a wani karamin ginin bene mai suna 'Cotton House' a unguwar Broad Street. Dalibai da aka fara yayewa sun zamo ma'aikata a makarantan. Manhajar ta ƙunshi Turanci, Logic, Girkanci, Lissafi, Geometry, Geography, Tarihi, Ilimin Bible da Latin. Shugaban makarantar na farko shi ne malami kuma masanin tauhidi Babington Macaulay, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1878. Shi ne mahaifin Herbert Macaulay. Lokacin da Birtaniya ta yi mulkin mallaka a Legas a shekara ta 1861, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun sami mafi yawan ma'aikatansu na gudanarwa na daga mutanen Afirka daga makarantar.
Shugabannin Makaranta
Babington Macaulay, 1859-1878.
Henry Johnson, 1879-1881 (mai aiki).
Isaac Oluwole, 1881–1893.
James Johnson, 1893-1894 (mai aiki).
EA Godson, 1894-1895.
Melville Jones 1895-1896 (aiki)
Joseph Suberu Fanimokun, 1896–1914.
EJ Evans, 1915-1927.
A. Hobson, 1927-1929.
F. Washington 1929-1932.
J. Olumide Lucas, 1932-1935 (mai aiki).
CG Thorne, 1935-1936.
Solomon Odunaiya Odutola, 1936–1938. (aiki)
Leonard John Lewis, 1938-1943.
Seth Irunsewe Kale, 1944-1950.
BA Adelaja, 1950-1970.
TA Ojo, 1970-1972, (aiki).
IA Olowu 1972–1984.
BA Nigwo, 1984–1986.
JBA Edema, 1986-1997.
Taiwo O. Jemilugba, 1997–2001.
Johnson Onayinka, 2001-2005.
Tunde Oduwole, 2005–2017
OlaOluwa Adeyemi, 2017-2018
Sunday O. Sofekun, 2021
Mai Girma Victor A. Olusa (Mai Gudanarwa) 2021 har zuwa yau
Tsofaffin dalibai
Wasu fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai:
Babban Chief Edem Duke (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955),
Ministan Al'adu, Yawon bude idanu & Wayar da Kan Jama'an Kasa, Ministan Yada Labarai mai sa ido
9ice (an haife shi 1980), mawaki
Adebesin Folarin (1877-1949), lauya kuma masanin tarihi
Adeyemo Alakija (1884-1952), ɗan kasuwan kafar yanar gizo kuma wanda ya kafa Daily Times of Nigeria.
Adeniji Adele (1893-1964), Oba (Sarkin) Legas daga 1 Oktoba 1949, zuwa 12 Yuli 1964
Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi, dan kasuwa kuma Sanata
Akin Euba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), farfesa a fannin kiɗa
Akintola Williams (an haifi 1919), akawu
Alexander Akinyele (1875-1968), Bishop
Ayodele Awojobi (1937–84), malami kuma mai fafutuka
Babs Fafunwa (1923–2010), Ministan Ilimi na Tarayya
Bode Thomas (1918-53), ɗan siyasa
Candido Da Rocha (1860-1959), ɗan kasuwa
Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), lauya
Dandeson Crowther, Archbishop na Nijar kuma dan Samuel Ajayi Crowther
Dare Art Alade, mawaki
Ernest Shonekan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936), Shugaban Najeriya
Fela Sowande (1905–87), mawaki kuma mawaki
Frederick Rotimi Williams (1920-2005), lauya
George Da Costa (1853-1929), mai daukar hoto
GOK Ajayi (21 Mayu 1931 - 31 Maris 2014), Fitaccen Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya.
Henry Adefope (1926-2012), Ministan Harkokin Waje
Henry Fajemirokun, Business Magnate
Herbert Macaulay (1864-1946), mai bincike da kishin kasa
Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti (1891–1955), Educationist and father of Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti, and Fela Kuti
Ibikunle Akitoye (1871-1928), Oba of Lagos
JK Randle (1909-1956), ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan jama'a
Karim Olowu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1924), ɗan wasa
Kitoye Ajasa (1866-1937), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa
Niyi Adebayo (an haife shi 1958), Gwamna, Jihar Ekiti
Mobolaji Bank Anthony (11 ga Yuni 1907 - 26 ga Mayu 1991), shugaban kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Legas.
Oguntola Sapara (1861-1935), likita, likitan mata.
Ola Vincent (1925-2012), Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya
Oluyombo Awojobi (1963-1969), Likitan Karkara
Oliver Ogedengbe Macaulay, ɗan Herbert Macaulay, ɗan jarida, kuma mai kishin ƙasa
Remi Fani-Kayode (1921-95), ɗan siyasa
Samuel Herbert Pearse (an haife shi a shekara ta 1865), ɗan kasuwa ne
Samuel Manuwa (1903-76), likitan fida
Isaac Delano (1904-1979), marubuci, masanin harshe, malami
Talabi Braithwaite (1928-2011), dillalin inshora
Taslim Olawale Elias (1914–91), Babban Jojin Najeriya
Thomas King Ekundayo Phillips (1884-1969), masanin kida, mahaifin kidan cocin Najeriya
Thomas Leighton Decker (1916-78), masanin ilimin harshe kuma ɗan jarida
TOS Benson (1917–2008), lauya, ɗan siyasa
Tunji Sowande (1912–96), lauya kuma mawaki
Victor Adetunji Haffner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1919), injiniya
Wahab Goodluck (ya rasu a shekara ta 1991), shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya
Manazarta
Ilimi a Jihar Legas |
52547 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak | Murtabak | Martabak" da "Mutabbaq" suna turawa nan. Don shinkafa da tasa kifi, duba Mutabbaq samak.
Motabbaq
MartabakTelur.JPG
Mutabbak, pancake omelette mai yaji cike da guntun kayan lambu da niƙaƙƙen nama
Madadin sunayen Motabbaq, matabbak, muttabak, metabbak, mutabbaq, mataba, martabak
Rubuta Flatbread, Pancake
Course Starter
Wurin asalin Yemen
Yanki ko jihar Larabawa, yankin Indiya, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Balarabe ne ya kirkireshi
Yin hidimar zafin jiki mai zafi ko dumi
Mai jarida: Motabbaq
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Motabbaq (Larabci: مطبق) pancake ne da aka soyayye ko biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin Larabawa Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Kudancin Thailand da Bangladesh (Mughlai paratha) . Ya danganta da wurin, sunan da kayan aikin na iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore.[1][2]
Ana bayyana Murtabak sau da yawa azaman pancake na omelette mai naɗewa tare da ɗanɗano kayan lambu.[3] Mafi yawan nau'in murtabak ana yin su ne daga soyayyen ƙullun da aka soya, yawanci ana cusa su da ƙwai da aka tsiya, da yankakken leek, da chives, ko koren albasa (scallions) da niƙaƙƙen nama, sai a ninke a yanka a murabba'i[1][4]. A Indonesiya, murtabak yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi kuma ana kiransa da martabak.
Murtabaks masu cin ganyayyaki da sauran nau'ikan murtabaks tare da kaza da sauran kayan abinci suna wanzu kuma ana iya samun su a yawancin Yamaniya, gidajen cin abinci na musulmin Indiya a Singapore, gami da yankin karamar Indiya da Titin Arab.[5][6]
A kasar Malesiya, an fara sayar da murtabak a gidajen cin abinci da rumfuna na musulmin Indiya, kuma yawanci yakan hada da nikakken nama (naman sa ko kaza, wani lokacin naman akuya, naman naman nama) tare da tafarnuwa, kwai da albasa, ana ci da curry ko miya, yankakken cucumber, syrup. -yankakken albasa ko tumatir miya. Ana sayar da abincin a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan siyar da kayan abinci da salon girki''''' 'yan kasuwan musulmin kasar Malay suma sun karbe wannan tasa. A Yemen, murtabak kuma yakan hada da naman akuya ko na naman naman.
A Indonesiya, Martabak sanannen abincin titi ne wanda ke zuwa iri biyu: Martabak Manis da Martabak telur. Martabak Manis ko Terang Bulan asalinsa pancake ne mai kauri kuma mai daɗi wanda galibi ana toshe shi da kayan abinci iri-iri da suka haɗa da cakulan, cuku, gyada, madara mai kauri, tsaban sesame da margarine. A yau, toppings na Martabak sun ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi na duniya kamar Skippy gyada man shanu, Ovomaltine, Toblerone, Lotus Biscoff da Durian Spread. Martabak Manis shima kwanan nan ya zo a cikin sirara mai kauri, wanda aka sani da Martabak Tipis Kering (Tipker).[7] Martabak Telur, nau'in mai daɗin ƙanshi, pancakes ne masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwai, kaza ko naman naman sa da ƙwanƙwasa.[8]
Motabbaq ( ) pancake ne da aka soyayye ko kuma biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a yankin Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand da Bangladesh ( Mughlai paratha ). Ya danganta da wurin, suna da abubuwan sinadaran zasu iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore .
Tarihi
Kalmar mutabbaq a Larabci tana nufin "nanne". Wannan yana nuna cewa Murtabak na iya samo asali daga Yemen, wanda ke da yawan al'ummar Indiyawa; ta hannun ‘yan kasuwan Indiya ta bazu zuwa kasashensu na asali. Duk da haka, akwai wani kantin sayar da kayan zaki mai suna Zalatimo Brothers a Jordan wanda ke ikirarin ya kirkiro muttabaq a 1890. Siffar su ita ce kullun filo mai niƙaƙƙen takarda cike da farin cuku na gida. ‘Yan kasuwa Musulmin Tamil ne suka kawo Murtabak Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tasa da ake kira murtabak pancake ne mai launi da yawa wanda ya samo asali a cikin jihar Kerala inda mutanen da ake kira "mamaks" ("mama" na nufin "kawun" a Tamil ) ƙanƙara daga. Kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan tasa musamman da ake magana a kai a wasu harsuna da yare kamar "murtabak." "Mutabar" shine amalgam na kalmomi guda biyu, "muta" (kasancewar kalmar Keralite don kwai, wani muhimmin sashi na tasa) da "bar," wani nau'i na kalmar barota, ko "bratha roti" (gurasa) . Gurasar burodi ko pancake da ake yada shi a cikin Hindi ana kiransa "pratha roti" ko "pratha" ko "parantha" Ban da wannan, "murtabak" kuma an san shi da wani nau'i na Mughlai paratha sananne a cikin Kolkata, India.
Akwai irin wannan nau'in burodin a wurare kamar Yemen da sauran yankuna na duniyar Larabawa da Farisa. Dukkanin wadannan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya ‘yan kasuwar Indiya ne suka ziyarce su a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma ba zai zama sabon abu ba a gare su su koyi da juna ko kuma sun rungumi dabi’ar cin abinci da dabi’ar juna. Duk da haka, kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan kwai, chili, da albasa mai ɗanɗanon pancake mai laushi mai laushi.
A Indonesiya, Martabak Manis ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Bangka Belitung, ta zuriyar Sinawa ( Hokkien da Khek ) kuma an sanya masa suna "Hok Lo Pan" wanda ke fassara zuwa "cake na kabilar Hok Lo." Tushensa na gargajiya ya haɗa da sukari da tsaba na sesame. Martabak Manis yana da sunaye daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. A Yammacin Borneo, ana kiranta Apam Pinang, kama da Apam Balik na Malaysia. A tsakiyar Java, Martabak Manis ana kiransa "Kue Bandung" wanda ke nufin kek na Bandung . Asalin Kue Bandung ya fara ne lokacin da wani mutum daga Bangka Belitung, ya buɗe rumfar Martabak Manis kusa da rumfar “Bandung Noodle”.
A kasashen da martabak ke da yawa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ya zama abincin yau da kullun. Ana yin wannan jita-jita ba kawai a gida ba, amma galibi ana samun su a cikin menus ɗin sabis na abinci marasa tsada waɗanda ke ƙware a cikin abinci na gargajiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sunan abincin titi. Wani lokaci martabak - musamman mai daɗi - ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin shagunan da aka riga aka gama.
Bambance-bambance
Savory
Akwai nau'ikan martabak da yawa. Misali, a Brunei, galibin martaba ba sa cushe, amma an yi su ne da kullu (wanda ake kira martabak kosong ) mai kama da paratha Indiya. Martabak kosong yana kunshe da kullu mai kama da burodi wanda aka ƙwanƙwasa kuma ana shirya shi daidai da pancake ko wasu martabak ta hanyar jefa shi cikin iska, kuma a yi amfani da bututu mai zafi tare da miya mai daɗin curry. A Singapore da Malesiya (inda ake kira murtabak), ana cika murtabak da naman sa mai yaji, kaza ko naman naman nama kuma a yi amfani da su tare da miya mai curry, albasa mai zaƙi ko kokwamba a cikin ketchup. Wani bambance-bambancen a Malaysia da Singapore shine cuku murtabak wanda ke amfani da cukuwar mozzarella azaman ƙarin cikawa. Johorean (Malaysia) da murtabak ɗan Singapore suna amfani da niƙaƙƙen nama fiye da yawancin murtabak na Malaysia.
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kwai martabak na Indonesiya, baya ga kullu, ana samun naman ƙasa (naman sa, kaza ko naman naman naman naman naman), yankakken albasa kore, wasu ganye (na zaɓi), ƙwan agwagi, gishiri, da dankali. Wasu masu siyar da titi suna hada naman sa da kayan yaji. A Indonesiya, kayan yaji na gama gari don yin naman ƙasa mai ɗorewa sune shallots, tafarnuwa, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, wasu gishiri, wani lokacin kadan na monosodium glutamate . Ana niƙa dukkan kayan kamshin ko kuma a niƙa su kuma a soya su gaba ɗaya. Wasu masu yin martabak suna ƙara ƙarin kayan abinci da sauran nau'ikan don sanya martabak ɗin su na musamman, amma duk suna raba babban kullu ɗaya. Don soya martabak, mai dafa abinci yana amfani da babban kwanon frying mai lebur ko gasasshen ƙarfe . Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da man kayan lambu don soya, amma ba kasafai ake amfani da ghee ko man shanu ba.
Kafin yin hidima, martabak yawanci ana yanke zuwa kashi. Wani lokaci ana cin shi da soya mai zaki da gishiri da barkono. Savory versions na martabak a Indonesiya da Malaysia yawanci ana ba da su da acar ko kayan yaji wanda ya ƙunshi kokwamba diced, yankakken karas, shallots, da yankakken chili a cikin vinegar mai zaki yayin da a cikin Singapore, abincin ya ƙunshi yankakken cucumbers a cikin ketchup na tumatir. A Malaysia, Singapore da wasu yankuna a Sumatra, ana ba da martabak tare da kari ( curry ). A Palembang, wani iri-iri na martabak shine kwai-martabak (kwai da aka jefa a cikin kullu mai laushi kafin a ninka yayin da ake soya) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin curry (yawanci diced dankali a cikin naman sa naman sa) kuma a saka shi da chili a cikin soya mai tsami mai tsami mai suna Martabak Haji Abdul Rozak, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Martabak HAR, wanda wani Ba’indiye dan Indonesiya mai suna Haji Abdul Rozak ya yi. Akwai kuma sanannen bambancin martabak daga Padang, West Sumatra da ake kira Martabak Kubang, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da curry mai haske azaman tsoma miya.
Wani iri-iri na martabak, musamman a Malaysia da Sumatra (kamar a cikin Jambi, Palembang, da Lampung ), shine wanda ake kira martabak kentang (mai dankalin turawa mai dankalin turawa). Akan yi amfani da kullu mai kama da sauran martabak, amma ana cusa shi da cakuda dankalin da aka yanka, da ƙwai, da yankakken koren albasa, da kayan kamshi maimakon kwai da niƙa. Ana cinye shi ta hanyar tsoma shi a cikin miya mai zaƙi mai zafi ko curry sauce.
Akwai nau'ikan Martabak iri-iri, musamman a Indonesiya, inda ake ƙara nau'ikan toppings iri-iri don haɓaka tasa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don maye gurbin naman sune niƙaƙƙen naman da aka yayyafa baƙar fata, tuna mai yaji, shredded naman sa Rendang, gasasshen kifi da naman nan take . Shahararrun topping ɗin noodles na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su sune Indomie da Samyang na yaji . Ana yayyafa cukuwar Mozzarella a wajen soyayyen Martabak sannan a kunna wuta don samun daidaito.
Wani iri-iri na martabak ana kiransa martabak manis (mai dadi martabak), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Terang Bulan ko Martabak Bangka . Wannan suna duk da haka, yana aiki ne kawai a Indonesiya, tun da irin wannan nau'in pancake mai kauri ana kiransa apam balik maimakon a Malaysia.
Duk da raba suna iri ɗaya (saboda duka biyun suna naɗe), hanyar dafa abinci, kullu (wanda ke amfani da yisti da baking soda ), da kayan abinci (yawanci ana ƙara cirewar vanilla a matsayin ainihin) sun bambanta da kwai martabak, suna ba shi daidaito sosai. kamar kumbura . Yayin da ake toya shi a kwanon rufi, ana yada martabak mai dadi da man shanu ko margarine, sukari, dakakken gyada, yayyafa cakulan, cuku ko wasu kayan kwalliya. Kafin yin hidima, ana naɗewa martabak a cikin rabi, don haka abubuwan da aka sanya su shiga tsakiyar martabak. A sassan Indonesia, ana iya kiran kwai martabak Martabak Malabar don bambanta shi da martabak mai dadi.
Akwai sabbin nau'ikan martabak manis da yawa, gami da ƙari na koren shayi foda ( matcha ), cuku mai tsami, Oreo, da alewar cakulan irin su Kit Kat, Ovomaltine, Toblerone da Nutella . Baya ga haka, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen durian sau da yawa azaman topping.
Lokacin yin odar Martabak Manis, wasu rumfuna suna ba da zaɓi na margarine guda biyu: Blue Band margarine ko man shanu Wijsman. Man shanu na Wijsman ya fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da margarine na Blueband kamar yadda Wijsman ke yin kitsen madarar saniya 100%.
Duba kuma
Saudi Arabian abinci
Abincin Yemen
Abincin Malaysia
Abincin Singapore
Indonesiya abinci
Abincin Indiya
Jerin pancakes
Jerin cushe jita-jita
Mamak rumfar
Okonomiyaki
Roti canai
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22048 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty%20International | Amnesty International | Amnesty International (ana kuma kiranta Amnesty ko AI ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya wadda ke da helkwatarta a ƙasar Burtaniya, kuma kungiyar ta mai da hankali akan 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙungiyar ta ce tana da mambobi da magoya baya sama da miliyan bakwai (7) a faɗin duniya.
Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce yakin neman zaɓe ga "duniyar da kowane mutum ke jin daɗin dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar ofan Dan Adam ta Duniya da sauran kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ." and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.
An kafa Amnesty International a Landan a cikin shekara ta 1961, biyo bayan buga labarin " fursunonin da aka manta da su " a cikin jaridar mai lura da kallo a ranar 28 ga Mayun shekara ta 1961, daga lauya Peter Benenson . Amnesty ta ja hankali kan take hakkin bil adama kuma tana fafutukar bin dokokin kasa da kasa. Yana aiki don tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a don haifar da matsin lamba ga gwamnatoci inda cin zarafi ke faruwa. Amnesty ta dauki hukuncin kisan kai a matsayin "karshe, na kin amincewa da hakkin dan adam." Kuma an ba wa kungiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta shekara ta 1977 saboda "kare mutuncin dan adam daga azabtarwa ," da lambar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a fagen 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1978.
A fagen ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, Amnesty tana da tarihi mafi tsayi na uku, bayan Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Bauta .
Tarihi
Shekarun 1960
Barrister Peter Benenson ɗan Ingila ne ya kafa kungiyar Amnesty International a Landan a watan Yulin shekara ta 1961. Benenson ya sami tasirin ne daga abokinsa Louis Blom-Cooper, wanda ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin fursunonin siyasa.
A cewar nasa asusun na Benenson, yana tafiya ne a jirgin karkashin kasa na London a ranar 19 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 1960 lokacin da ya karanta cewa an yanke wa ɗaliban Fotigal biyu daga Coimbra hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai a Fotigal saboda zargin "sun sha giya a cikin 'yanci". [lower-alpha 1] Masu bincike ba su taɓa gano labarin jaridar da ake zargi ba. [lower-alpha 1] A cikin shekara ta 1960, Estado Novo na gwamnatin António de Oliveira Salazar ke mulkin Portugal. Gwamnati ta kasance mai karfin iko a yanayi kuma tana tsananin adawa da kwaminisanci, tana danne makiyan jihar a matsayin mai adawa da Portugal. A cikin mahimmin labarinsa na gidan kaso "fursunonin da aka manta da su", daga baya Benenson ya bayyana abin da ya aikata kamar haka:Buɗe jaridar ka kowane rana a mako kuma za ka sami labari daga wani wuri na ɗaure wani, azabtarwa ko kashe shi saboda ra'ayinsa ko addininsa ba zai karɓi gwamnatinsa ba. . . Mai karanta jarida yana jin rashin lafiyar rashin ƙarfi. Amma duk da haka idan waɗannan abubuwan ƙyamar zasu iya haɗuwa zuwa aiki ɗaya, za a iya yin wani abu mai tasiri. Benenson yayi aiki tare da abokin sa Eric Baker . Baker ya kasance memba ne na kungiyar Addinai ta Abokai wanda ya kasance yana bayar da gudummawa wajen yakin Kamfen din Burtaniya don kwance damarar nukiliya tare da zama shugaban Quaker Peace da Shaidar Jama'a, kuma a cikin bayanan nasa, Benenson ya bayyana shi a matsayin "abokin tarayya a wajen kaddamar da aikin ". A cikin shawarwari tare da sauran marubuta, malamai da lauyoyi kuma, musamman, Alec Digges, sun rubuta ta hanyar Louis Blom-Cooper ga David Astor, editan jaridar The Observer, wanda, a ranar 28 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 1961, ya buga labarin Benenson "fursunonin da aka manta". Labarin ya jawo hankalin mai karatu ga wadanda "aka daure su, aka azabtar da su ko kuma aka kashe su saboda ra'ayinsa ko addininsa abin karba ne ga gwamnatinsa" ko kuma, a wata hanyar, ga take hakki, da gwamnatoci, na shafuffuka na 18 da 19 na sanarwar duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR). Labarin ya bayyana wadannan take hakkokin da ke faruwa, a duniya baki daya, a mahallin takaita 'yanci na' yan jarida, da masu adawa da siyasa, da gabatar da shari'ar jama'a a kan lokaci a gaban kotunan da ba na son kai, da kuma neman mafaka. Hakan ya nuna ƙaddamar da "Rokon neman afuwa ga Amnesty, 1961", wanda manufar sa shi ne tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a, cikin hanzari da yaduwa, don kare waɗannan mutane, waɗanda Benenson ya ba wa suna "Fursunonin Lamiri". Da yawa daga cikin jaridun duniya sun sake buga "Rokon neman afuwa". A cikin wannan shekarar, Benenson yana da wani littafi da aka buga, Tsanantawa 1961, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'ar fursunoni tara na lamiri da Benenson da Baker suka bincika kuma suka tattara (Maurice Audin, Ashton Jones, Agostinho Neto, Patrick Duncan, Olga Ivinskaya, Luis Taruc, Constantin Noica, Antonio Amat da Hu Feng ). A watan Yulin Shekara ta 1961, shugabannin sun yanke shawarar cewa roƙon zai zama tushen tushen dindindin kungiya, Amnesty, tare da taron farko da za a yi a London. Benenson ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku sun samu wakilci, inda ya nemi mambobin majalisar daga Labour Party, Conservative Party, da Liberal Party . A ranar 30 ga Satumba 1962, a hukumance aka sanya mata suna "Amnesty International". Tsakanin "Rokon neman Afuwa, A shekara ta 1961" da watan Satumban shekara ta 1962 an san ƙungiyar kawai da "Amnesty".
A na Auschwitz ne
A Kofar Gidan Mutuwa
Lu'u-lu'u na jini
Bordertown
Kama Wuta
A Kurkuku Duk Rayuwata
Invictus
Ubangijin Yaƙi
Rendition
Mai Adalcin Kullum
Tibet: Fiye da Tsoro
Matsalar Ruwa
Shekaru 12 Bawa
Django Ba a Koyar da shi ba
Taimako
Duba kuma
Kyautar Jakadan lamiri
Gangamin Kwana 100
Amnesty International UK Media Awards
Jerin sunayen wadanda suka ci lambar yabo ta kafofin yada labarai na Amnesty International UK
Jerin masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya
Hadin kan Duniya da Hukumcin Mutuwa
Masana cikin Hadari
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizo na Amnesty
Shin Amnesty International tana nuna son kai?, Tattaunawar 2002 ta Dennis Bernstein da Dr. Francis Boyle
Littafin adana kayan tarihin Amnesty International, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Rikodi na Zamani, Jami'ar Warwick
Shugabar Amnesty International Irene Khan a kan Gaskiya Ba a Ji ba: Talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam - bidiyo ta Dimokiradiyya Yanzu!
Gaggawar Amnesty International don Kawar da Hukuncin Mutuwa - bidiyo ta TBWA / Paris da Pleix ga Amnesty International Faransa
Amnesty International Poster Tattara a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Jama'a ta Duniya
Amnesty International
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20Adebutu | Segun Adebutu | Articles with hCards
Segun Adebutu hamshakin dan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya, masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai bayar da agaji. Yana da sha'awar kasuwanci a fannin mai da iskar gas, jigilar kaya, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, gidaje, noma da nishaɗi. Shi ne shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Petrolex Oil and Gas, wanda a halin yanzu yake gina matatar mai ta biyu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.
Adebutu kuma shine Shugaban Kamfanin Bluebridge Marine Ltd, Bluebridge Minerals, Oladiran Agro-Allied Company da Oladiran Engineering & Trade Ltd. Segun Adebutu shine wanda ya kafa Baseline Records Label, wanda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan kiɗa kamar Skales da Saeon. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin Trade Nigeria Limited, kuma memba ne a hukumar Premier Lotto, kamfanin caca da ke Najeriya.
Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai kudi na gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mai da hankali kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, saka hannun jarin al’umma, agaji, sana’o’in hannu ga mata da kananan yara masu rauni a cikin mawuyacin hali.
Fage
An haifi Segun Adebutu ga dangin Kesington Adebukunola Adebutu, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Premier Lotto Nigeria Limited, wanda ya fito daga Iperu Remo, karamar hukumar Ikenne, da Caroline Oladunni, daga Odogbolu, dukkansu a jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . Segun Adebutu, ya kammala karatunsa a fannin tattalin arziki a jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ya fara kasuwancin man fetur da iskar gas a shekarar 2004.
Kasuwar Petrolex Oil and Gas Limited
Bayan farawa da cinikin mai da iskar gas a shekara ta 2004, ayyukan Segun Adebutu sun girma daga ƙananan kasuwanci zuwa kamfani mai daraja ta duniya tare da sha'awar sufuri, ma'adinai, gine-gine, kayayyakin more rayuwa, gidaje, sadarwa, da nishaɗi.
A cikin 2007, Segun Adebutu ya kafa Petrolex Oil & Gas Limited, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kamfanin Petrolex. Tsawon shekaru goma, Adebutu a nutse kuma a zahiri ya raya kamfaninsa na makamashi, Petrolex Oil & Gas Limited, ya zama babban jigo a cikin sashe mai saurin canzawa.
A cewar Segun Adebutu, ya fara cinikin kananan nau’ukan albarkatun man fetur, wadanda ke amfani da injinan wutar lantarki a gidaje da masana’antu a fadin Najeriya. Bayan fuskantar matsalar cunkoso da rabon kayayyaki a matakin farko, ya kammala da cewa akwai bukatar samar da kamfani don warware matsalolin da ake fuskanta. A wancan lokacin, Adana da Rarraba (S&D) ya zama kamar shine mafi kyawun yanki don haɓakawa, kuma mafi sauƙi ta fuskar babban jari.
A lokacin, Segun Adebutu ya sami wurin da ya dace ya kafa cibiyar S&D a Ibafo, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Ogun da Legas . Bayan kafa gidauniyar, ya fara mallakar gidaje ne a shekarar 2010, ya kuma fara gina gine-gine a shekarar 2013, har zuwa watan Disambar 2017, inda Segun Adebutu ya fito fili a lokacin da ya ja hankalin jama’a, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Farfesa Yemi Osibanjo, biyo bayan sanarwar da ya bayar. gina katafaren gidan man fetur mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a wani bangare na aikin sa na Mega Oil City a Najeriya. Gidan gonar tankin wurin ajiyar lita miliyan 300 ne tare da tankunan ajiya 20.
A wancan lokacin, tana da ikon jujjuya lita miliyan 600 na albarkatun mai a kowane wata, wanda ke ba da damar adana kayayyaki da rarraba su yadda ya kamata kuma cikin inganci, don ingantattun ayyuka da kuma samun riba mai yawa. A lokacin kaddamar da aikin, an yi hasashen cewa, aikin gonakin tankunan zai zama gonakin ajiyar kayayyakin amfanin gona mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma zai samar da ayyukan yi sama da 10,000. Kamfanin ya karɓi kayan sa na farko a cikin Q2 na 2018.
Mega Oil City
Bayan kammala kashi na farko na birnin Mega Oil, sakamakon haka ya kasance wani kayayyakin more rayuwa da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 101, wanda ya zama cibiyar samar da man fetur mafi girma a Afirka, kusan kashi 10% na girman jihar Legas. Kashi na farko na aikin shine gonar tanka ta Ibefun a shekarar 2018, dalar Amurka $426 wurin ajiyar kayayyakin man fetur miliyan da karfin lita miliyan 300, wanda ya zama mafi girma kuma irinsa na farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, Birnin yana da manyan gantiyoyi 30 da kuma wurin shakatawar tirela mai iya ɗaukar manyan motoci 4000. Hakanan ya rage gridlock a tashar jiragen ruwa na Apapa da kashi 60%.
Rukunin masana'antu ya fara kashi na biyu na aikin, wanda aka yi niyya ya zama jarin dalar Amurka 5 biliyan biliyan a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar Ogun, kuma zai samar da matatar mai mai karfin bpd 250,000, tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 100, kamfanin man petrochemical, masana'antar mai da kuma masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas. Adebutu ya ce, "Bisa ga burinmu na jajircewa, muna da shirin fadadawa wanda zai kara karfin ajiyar tankin zuwa lita biliyan 1.2 nan da 'yan shekaru."
Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi girma a Afirka wajen samar da man fetur, amma ba ta da isasshen karfin tacewa da shigo da akalla kashi 70 na bukatunta. Wani alƙawarin da gwamnati ta yi na kawo ƙarshen sayayya a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ta hanyar gina ƙwararrun gida, ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari ciki har da hamshakin attajirin Afrika, Aliko Dangote, wanda ke gina matatar mai mai ganga 650,000 a rana. Adebutu ya koma Dangote a matsayin ‘yan Najeriya biyu kacal da ke gina matatun mai a halin yanzu.
Kamfanoni da sauran ayyuka
Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne Shugaban wasu kamfanoni na Petrolex, daga cikinsu akwai, Bluebridge Marine Services da Bluebridge Minerals. Akwai mai da hankali kan ma'adanai da bitumen bisa ga dokokin Najeriya na yanzu.
Tallafawa
A cikin 2014, Adebutu ya kafa gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), kungiya mai zaman kanta da ba ta siyasa, wacce ta kafa kuma ta yi rajista da CAC a cikin 2014 kuma mai tushe a Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya. Tun daga 2014, Gidauniyar OOA ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen agaji wanda ya kama daga tallafin ilimi, tallafin kiwon lafiya, tallafin abinci mai gina jiki, tallafin jin daɗin rayuwa, tallafin nishaɗi, tsari da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. An kaddamar da shi a ranar Asabar, 22 ga Oktoba, 2016 a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya.
Magoya bayan Gidauniyar da da yawa daga cikinsu sun halarci bikin kuma suka yi alkawarin tallafa wa gidauniyar sun hada da:
Cif Olusegun Obasanjo (Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya);
Dr. Sen. Grace Folashade Bent ;
tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya, Hon Justice Salihu Modibo Alfa Balgore; F
tsohon ministan matasa da al'adu, Alabo Tonye Graham Douglas; The OOA Foundation has implemented the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Care and Support Programme as an umbrella programme that responds to the needs of orphans and vulnerable children through improved access to essential services and needs. One such initiative of the OVC Project is the Leave No Child Behind, a programme that operates in 53 primary schools with the goal of reducing educational disparities and barriers to access on basic education among school-age children of ages 3–15. As an additional element to this project, psychosocial care and support programmes prioritise psychosocial interventions that build on existing resources to place and maintain children in stable and affectionate environments through resources like mentorship programmes and community caregiver support.
The immense impact of the OOA Foundation continues to families and helps individuals begin strong, independent and autonomous lives. Additional programmes include food and nutrition intervention to strengthen the capacity of families to protect and care for children through Household Economic Strengthening (HES); youth empowerment through addressing unemployment and offering work/study programmes through Social Mobility Enterprise; women's empowerment by addressing poverty amongst vulnerable women through HES; and raising awareness about sexual abuse prevention.
To simply state that Petrolex and the OOA Foundation have helped the local community would be a grave understatement. To date, the programme has reached over 400 orphans and vulnerable children with improved access to education, healthcare, nutrition, psychosocial support and sanitation. Adebutu says, “Our vision is to reduce poverty among vulnerable children, youth and women in our host communities and our mission is to support orphans, vulnerable children, youth and women with increased access to quality education, primary health care, nutrition, social and economic strengthening through sustainable development activities.”Kungiyar tana aiki da farko kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, jarin al'umma, mata da yara da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a Najeriya. Ta hanyar ayyukan jin kai na gidauniyar, Adebutu da tawagarsa sun dauki yara marasa galihu sama da 400. Har ila yau, ita ce ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antu sama da 500 da matasa ke jagoranta tare da kafa shirye-shiryen samar da kasuwanci na farko a jihohin Legas da Osun
Bayanan tushe
Adebutu ya kafa wani kamfani mai suna Baseline Records, inda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan Najeriya Skales da Saeon. A shekarar 2020, gidan rediyon sa, Baseline FM, ya fara aikin gwaji a Legas.
Rigima
Jaridar Premium Times ta Najeriya ta ruwaito cewa, karar da mai kamfanin Western Lotto, Buruji Kashamu ya shigar, ya janyo bincike kan abokin hamayyarsa Premier Lotto, mallakin mahaifin Segun, Kesington Adebutu, Buruji Kashamu tsohon dan siyasa ne, dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya, kuma dan gudun hijira a Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa Kashamu shine ainihin asalin "Alhaji", sarkin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin littafin Piper Kerman, Orange Is the New Black: Shekarata a gidan yarin mata, wanda aka daidaita a cikin jerin buga wasan Netflix Orange shine Sabuwar Baƙar fata. .
Jami’ai da dama a hukumar ta cacar baki sun zargi Mista Kashamu da haddasa binciken saboda yana so ya mamaye wani bangare na harkar caca a Najeriya . Biyo bayan karar da Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta shigar ta fara binciken Firimiya Lotto mahaifin Segun bisa laifin zamba. Segun Adebutu ya halarci tambayoyin a madadin kamfanin mahaifinsa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2020. Tony Orilade, babban mai magana da yawun hukumar ta EFCC, bai yi gaggawar mayar da wata bukata ta neman karin bayani kan cikakkun bayanai na binciken ba.
A takaice dai an yi watsi da binciken bayan wani karin haske daga kamfanin, kuma hukumar EFCC ta gano cewa ba ta da wani laifi a cikin harkokin Firimiya Lotto da Segun Adebutu. Har yanzu dai ba a san hakikanin gaskiyar zargin Mista Kashamu ba saboda har yanzu hukumar EFCC ba ta bayyana sakamakon nata ba.
Haihuwan 1974
Rayayyun mutane
Kamfanoni a Najeriya
Yoruba
Jami'an Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50453 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Bayani%2C%202005 | Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005 | Haƙƙin Bayani ( RTI ) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin kasar Indiya wanda ya tsara dokoki da matakai game da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na samun bayanai. Ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai, ta shekarar 2002 . A ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden Dokar RTI, kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya na iya neman bayani daga “hukumar jama’a” (gwamnati ko “kayan aikin Jiha”) wanda ake buƙatar ba da amsa cikin gaggawa ko cikin kwanaki talatin 30 . Idan lamarin ya shafi rayuwar mai nema da 'yancinsa, dole ne a bayar da bayanin a cikin sa'o'i arba'in da takwas 48. Har ila yau, dokar ta bukaci kowace hukuma ta jama'a da ta sanya bayanan su na kwamfuta don yadawa da kuma buga wasu nau'ikan bayanai a hankali domin 'yan kasa su bukaci mafi karancin hanyoyin neman bayanai a hukumance.
Majalisar dokokin kasar Indiya ta zartar da dokar RTI a ranar shabiyar 15 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2005 kuma ta fara aiki daga ranar shabiyu 12 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005. Kowace rana akan matsakaita, ana shigar da aikace-aikacen RTI sama kimanin guda dubu hudu da dari takwas 4800. A cikin shekaru goma10 na farko na fara wannan doka, an shigar da kimanin guda 17,500,000 aikace-aikace.
Kodayake Ba a haɗa Haƙƙin Bayani a matsayin Babban Hakki a cikin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Indiya, yana kare haƙƙin haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da magana a ƙarƙashin Mataki na goma sha tara 19 (1) (a) da Haƙƙin Rayuwa da 'Yanci a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da daya 21 wanda aka ba da tabbacin ta Tsarin Mulki. Hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar RTI ta shekarar 2005 ana kiransu hukumomin jama'a. Jami'in Bayanin Jama'a (PIO) ko Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta farko a cikin hukumomin jama'a suna yin aikin shari'a na yanke hukunci kan aikace-aikacen da daukaka kara bi da bi. An aiwatar da wannan doka ne domin a tabbatar da haƙƙi na asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Indiya 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki'. Tun da RTI yana cikin haƙƙin 'Yancin Magana da Magana a ƙarƙashin sashe na goma sha tara 19 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin kasar Indiya, haƙƙi ne na asali.
Dokar sirri ta hukuma ta shekara ta1923 ta iyakance bayyana bayanai a kasar Indiya bisa al'ada da sauran wasu dokoki na musamman, waɗanda sabuwar Dokar RTI ta soke. Haƙƙin Bayani yana tsara ainihin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasar Indiya. RTI ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani sosai, amma an yi watsi da shi ta Dokar Kariya ta Whistle Blowers, 2011 .
Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani (gyara), ta shekarar 2019, na neman gyara Sashe na goma sha uku 13, dana 16, zuwa 27 na Dokar RTI. Sashi na goma sha uku 13 na ainihin dokar: Ya tsara wa'adin babban kwamishinan yada labarai na tsakiya da kwamishinonin yada labarai na shekaru biyar 5 (ko har ya kai shekaru sittin da biyar 65, ko wacce ta gabata). A ƙarshe a cikin shari'ar Ashwanee K. Singh a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 2020, an tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin samun bayanai wani hakki ne na asali.
Iyakar
Dokar ta shafi duk kasar Indiya. Ya shafi dukkan hukumomin tsarin mulki, ciki har da zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a; duk wata cibiya ko hukuma da aka kafa ko kafa ta wata doka ta majalisa ko majalisar jiha. Hakanan an ayyana a cikin Dokar cewa hukumomi ko hukumomin da aka kafa ko aka kafa ta hanyar oda ko sanarwa na gwamnatin da ta dace gami da hukumomin "mallaka, sarrafawa ko samar da kudade masu yawa" ta gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin da ba na Gwamnati ba "sun samar da kudade sosai, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta kudade".
Jiki masu zaman kansu
Masu zaman kansu ba sa cikin dokar A cikin shawarar Sarbjit Roy vs Delhi Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Tsakiya ta kuma sake tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jama'a sun fada cikin tsarin RTI. Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna karɓar sama da kashi 95% na kuɗaɗen kayayyakin more rayuwa daga gwamnati sun zo ƙarƙashin dokar.
Jam'iyyun siyasa
Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Tsakiya (CIC) ta yi imanin cewa jam'iyyun siyasa hukumomin gwamnati ne kuma suna da alhakin jama'a a karkashin dokar RTI. CIC ta ce jam'iyyu takwas na kasa - Congress, BJP, NCP, CPI (M), CPI, BSP, NPP da AITC - gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da kudade mai yawa a kaikaice kuma suna da halayen hukumomin gwamnati a karkashin dokar RTI yayin da suke yin aiki. ayyukan jama'a. Amma a watan Agustan na shekara ta 2013 gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kudurin doka na ‘yancin samun bayanai (gyara) wanda zai cire jam’iyyun siyasa daga cikin dokar. A halin yanzu babu wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin dokar RTI kuma an shigar da karar shigar da dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa karkashinta.
Gyara
Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani ta shekarar 2019 ta wuce a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli, nashekarat ta 2019 ta gyara sharuɗɗan sabis na CIC da kwamishinonin Watsa Labarai a cibiyar da a cikin jihohi. An soki lamirin a matsayin zubar da ‘yancin kai na kwamitocin yada labarai.
Hukuncin Kotun Koli
Kotun Koli ta kasar Indiya a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, nashekara ta 2019, ta amince da hukuncin da babbar kotun Delhi ta yanke na kawo ofishin babban alkalin kasar Indiya a karkashin dokar hakkin Yada Labarai (RTI).
Mulki da tsari
Haƙƙin samun bayanai a kasar Indiya manyan hukumomi biyu ne ke tafiyar da su:
Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya (CIC) – Babban Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai wanda ke jagorantar dukkan sassan tsakiya da ma’aikatu- tare da nasu jami’an Watsa Labarai (PIO). CICs suna ƙarƙashin Shugaban kasar Indiya kai tsaye.
Kwamitocin Watsa Labarai na Jihohi – Jami’an Watsa Labarai na Jiha ko SPOs ne ke shugabantar dukkan ma’aikatu da ma’aikatun Jiha. Ofishin na SPIO yana karkashin Gwamnan Jihar ne kai tsaye.
Hukumomin Watsa Labarai na Jihohi da na Tsakiya hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu kuma Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya ba ta da hurumin kula da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Jiha.
Kudade
Ana buƙatar ɗan ƙasa da ke son neman wasu bayanai daga hukuma ta jama'a ya aika, tare da aikace-aikacen ( odar wasiƙa ko DD ( Demand draft ) ko cheque na banki) ko tambarin kotu da za a biya ga Jami'in Asusun na hukuma kamar yadda kudin da aka wajabta don neman bayanai. Idan mutumin ya fito daga al'umma marasa galihu, ba ya buƙatar biya. Hakanan ana iya buƙatar mai nema ya biya ƙarin kuɗi ga farashin samar da bayanin, cikakkun bayanai waɗanda PIO (Jami'in Watsa Labarai) za a sanar da mai nema kamar yadda RTI ACT ya tsara.
Haƙƙin dijital na tsarin bayanai
An kafa wata hanyar sadarwa ta digital, RTI Portal, kofa ga 'yan ƙasa don neman bayanai cikin sauri kan cikakkun bayanai na Hukumomin Ƙorafi na farko, PIOs da sauransu. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban a karkashin gwamnatin kasar Indiya da kuma gwamnatocin jihohi. Wani shiri ne da Sashen Ma'aikata da Horaswa, Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata, Korafe-korafen Jama'a da Fansho suka ɗauka.
Rigingimu
Haƙƙin samun bayanai a kasar Indiya yana cike da cece-kuce tun daga amfani da su a fagen yaƙin siyasa, neman digiri na ilimi na abokan hamayyar siyasa, ko kuma ƙararrakin ba da bayanai kan manyan ayyuka zuwa zargin amfani da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Rikicin da jihar ta yi wa RTI ya kawo cikas ga 'yancin dan kasa na sani.
Hare-hare kan masu fafutuka na RTI da shawarwarin kariya
Bayanai na Initiative Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) sun yi nuni da shari’o’i sama da guda dari uku da goma 310 a duk fadin kasar Indiya inda aka kai wa mutane hari, ta jiki ko ta jiki ko kuma aka lalata musu kadarori saboda bayanan da suka nema karkashin hukumar RTI. Bayanan sun jefa sama da mutane hamsin 50 da ake zargi da kisan kai da kuma kisan kai biyu wadanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da aikace-aikacen RTI da aka shigar. Dokar RTI ta shekara ta 2005 ta shafi duka gwamnatocin tsakiya da na jihohi. Hakanan ya shafi ayyuka da ma'aikatun hukumomin gwamnati.
Akwai yarjejeniya da ake ganin akwai bukatar gyara dokar RTI don ba da kariya ga masu neman bayanai a karkashin dokar . Cibiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yankin Asiya ta ba da shawarar cewa a saka wani babi na daban, "don Kare waɗanda ke neman bayanai ƙarƙashin Dokar (RTI)", a cikin dokar.
Matakan kariya da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da:
Wajibi, rajistar korafe-korafen barazanar ko hare-hare ga masu fafutuka na RTI a cikin Rahoton Bayanin Farko da kuma gabatar da irin waɗannan FIR a gaban alkali ko alkali na yankin a cikin sa'o'i 24 don ba da umarnin kariya ga waɗanda ke cikin barazanar da danginsu, da kuma lokaci-lokaci. sake duba irin matakan kariya
Gudanar da bincike kan barazanar ko harin da dan sandan da bai kai matsayin Mataimakin Sufeton 'Yan Sanda / Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda za a kammala shi a cikin kwanaki casa'in 90 kuma muna amfani da RTI don samun fa'ida.
Haƙƙin mallaka na hankali
A baya-bayan nan da yawa daga cikin 'yan kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi zargin tauye dokar 'yancin ba da labari ta hanyar neman hujjar haƙƙin mallaka na hukumomin gwamnati daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Mafi shahara sune:
Haƙƙin Bayanin da RBI ta musanta game da Bayar da kuɗi yana ambaton Dokokin Dukiya ta Hankali.
Haƙƙin Ba da Bayani da Sashen Ban ruwa na Uttar Pradesh ya hana bayan fiye da watanni 8 ana jiran aikin ci gaban Kogin Gomti. Ƙungiyar masu bincike sun nemi Tasirin Muhalli da Rahoton Ayyuka akan aikin wanda aka yi wa alama don mummunan tasiri, asarar kuɗin haraji daga masana kimiyyar muhalli da rahotannin bincike.
An hana mutane yin rajistar RTI
Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Jihar Gujarat ta haramtawa mutane goma 10 shigar da tambayoyin RTI, inda ta yi nuni da cewa wadannan mutanen suna kulantar da jami’an gwamnati” ta hanyar shigar da tambayoyi da yawa. Babu wani tanadi da Hukumar za ta iya hana mutane yin rajistar RTI. Abin da ya sa aka soki haramcin da cewa "bai sabawa kundin tsarin mulki kasa ba".
Muhawara
Kin amincewa da RTI
Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa ainihin manufar Dokar Haƙƙin Watsa Labarai don tabbatar da gwamnati ta gaskiya da riƙon amana tana raguwa yayin da aka ki amincewa da buƙatun RTI kuma tsarin mulki kasa ya cika da miliyoyin buƙatun.
Yawancin RTIs an ƙi su saboda buƙatun bureaucratic (ciki har da yaren fasaha da ake amfani da shi) na shigar da ƙara suna da matukar wahala kuma suna da doka ga talakawa. Kashi sittin 60 cikin dari 100 na roko na RTI da aka yi wa Kwamishinonin Watsa Labarai a Delhi an ƙi su ne saboda dalilai daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da cewa ba a buga ƙararrakin ko ba a rubuta su cikin Turanci ba, ko kuma rashin fihirisar takaddun da aka haɗe ko jerin kwanan wata. Wannan shingen tsarin mulki, wanda ya fi muni ga waɗanda ba su da damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ko bayanai, ya sa ba za a iya samun damar samun bayanai ba. Yawancin 'yan ƙasa dole ne su nemi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, masu fafutuka na RTI, ko lauyoyi, don shigar da RTI ɗin su.
Kasar Indian Express ta ruwaito a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 2022 cewa Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Gujarat (GIC) ta sanya baki tare da hana sama da masu neman tara shigar da kara a karkashin dokar RTI a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata.
Amfani
Yawancin masu fafutuka suna kallon Dokar Haƙƙin Watsa Labarai a matsayin 'yanci na ƙarshe daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya; sun bayyana dokar ta RTI a matsayin “kayan aiki na karfafawa talakawa ‘yan kasa da canza al’adar mulki ta hanyar tabbatar da gaskiya, rashin cin hanci da rashawa, mai shiga tsakani, da rikon amana.” Har ila yau, sun lura cewa buƙatun RTI suna ba da dabarun da abubuwa ga masu fafutuka a kan batutuwan zamantakewa da yawa, ciki har da "haƙƙin ƙasa da muhalli, fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa, aikin cibiyoyin kuɗi, sake fasalin tallafin kuɗaɗen jam'iyyun siyasa, abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a, har ma da na jama'a-masu zaman kansu. sadarwa."
Ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe
Kamar yadda yake a sashi na ashirin da hudu 24 na dokar, kungiyoyin leken asiri da tsaro na tsakiya da na jihohi, an kebe su daga dokar RTI sai dai idan akwai cin hanci da rashawa ko take hakkin dan Adam. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tsakiya an jera su a cikin jadawalin 2 na Dokar. An sabunta jadawalin sau hudu, 4 a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 da kuma watan Mayu na shekara ta 2021.
Ofishin leken asiri
Bincike da Bincike Wing ciki har da reshen fasaha, Cibiyar Binciken Jirgin Sama na kasa
Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kuɗi
Ofishin Leken Asirin Tattalin Arziki
Daraktan Gudanarwa
Ofishin Kula da Narcotics
Rundunar Sojoji ta Musamman
Jami'an tsaron kan iyaka
Rundunar 'yan sanda ta tsakiya
'Yan sandan iyakar Indo-Tibet
Rundunar Tsaron Masana'antu ta Tsakiya
Jami'an tsaron kasa
Assam Rifles
Sashastra Seema Bal
Babban Darakta na Harajin Kuɗi (Bincike)
Ƙungiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Ƙasa
Sashen Hankali na Kuɗi, Indiya
Ƙungiya ta Musamman
Kungiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Tsaro
Kungiyar hanyoyin kan iyaka
Sakatariyar Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (Sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Kasa, a Sakatariyar Majalisar )
Duba kuma
Hare-hare kan masu fafutukar RTI a kasar Indiya
Manufar Rarraba Bayanan Ƙasa da Samun Dama - Gwamnatin kasar Indiya
Parinamika, tsohuwar ƙungiyar don haƙƙin bayanai tsakanin 'yan ƙasar Indiya
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hakki Don Shafukan Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon su na RTI Bincika
Cikakken rubutu na Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani
RTI ONLINE
CIC - Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya tana da ikon yanke hukunci da ƙararraki da suka taso daga amfani da Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005.
CIC Online - Sabon gidan yanar gizo na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsakiya don shigar da ƙararraki da ƙararrakin da suka taso daga amfani da Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005.
DoPT - Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata da Horarwa, Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata, Korafe-korafen Jama'a, da Fansho, ana tuhumar su da kasancewa hukumar nodal don Dokar Haƙƙin Bayani, 2005. Tana da ikon yin dokoki game da ƙararraki, kudade, da sauransu.
Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Bayar da Bayani
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16062 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Adekunle | Benjamin Adekunle | Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1936 ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014) ya kasance Birgediya na Sojan Nijeriya kuma kwamandan Yakin Basasa
Shekarun farko da baya
An haifi Adekunle a garin Kaduna . Mahaifinsa dan asalin Ogbomosho ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kabilar Bachama ce . Ya yi karatun sakandare a kwalejin gwamnati, Okene (wanda a yanzu ake kira Abdul Aziz Atta Memorial College, Okene, a cikin jihar Kogi ta yanzu ). Ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1958 jim kadan bayan kammala jarabawar satifiket din sa. Ya zama zabenben soja, sa'an nan kuma ya shiga Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Birtaniya, da British Army's, shine farkon jami'in shiga academy. An nada shi 2nd Lieutenant a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1960. amatsayin sa platoonkwamandan, ya yi aiki a Kasai Province da Congo da kuma 1st bataliya, Sarauniyar Own Najeriya rajimanti a lokacin da ya fara ONUC MDD kiyaye zaman lafiya yawon shakatawa na wajibi. A cikin shekarar 1962, Laftanar Adekunle ya zama Mataimakin-de-Camp ga gwamnan yankin gabas, Sir Akanu Ibiam . A shekaran, a matsayin Kyaftin, an sake tura shi Congo a matsayin Kaftin na A (A) zuwa Hedikwatar Brigade ta Nijeriya da ke Luluabourg - a karkashin Birgediya B. Babafemi Ogundipe . A shekarar 1964, Manjo Adekunle ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro a Wellington, a Indiya . Bayan ya dawo sai aka nada shi Adjutant Janar a takaice a Hedikwatar Soja a watan Mayu na shekarar 1965 don maye gurbin Laftanar Kanal. Yakubu Gowon, wanda ke ci gaba da karatu a wajen kasar. Amma, daga baya ya mika mukamin ga Laftanar Kanar. James Pam kuma an sake tura shi zuwa tsohuwar bataliyar (1st Bn) a Enugu a matsayin Kwamandan Kamfanin.
Yakin basasar Najeriya
Bayan haka Adekunle ya zama kwamandan rundunar ta Legas a matsayin Laftanar Kanar. Lokacin da yakin basasar Najeriya ya ɓarke a watan Yulin shekara ta 1967, aka ɗora wa Adekunle jagorancin abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da sabbin bataliyoyi biyu (na 7 da na 8) - don gudanar da mummunan harin da aka kai wa Bonny a Tashin Benin a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1968 (wanda Manjo ya yi kungiyar Ishaku Adaka Boro ). Wannan ya faru ne bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta sami karfin gwiwa ga mafi yawan kabilun kudu maso yamma sakamakon kai tsaye na tura Biafra zuwa yankin tsakiyar yamma da bincike zuwa yankin Yamma. An kara wa Adekunle girma zuwa Kanar bayan saukar sa Bonny.
Runduna ta 6 (a karkashin Manjo Jalo) da ta 8 (a karkashin Manjo Ochefu) na rundunar ta Legas Garrison daga baya sun shiga cikin aiyukan 'yantar da Midwest bayan mamayar Biafra a watan Agusta na shekarar 1967. Na bakwai (a karkashin Manjo Abubakar) ya tsaya a baya don ya riƙe Bonny. Saboda Bangaren Manjo Jalo ya tallafawa Lt. Col. Murtala Mohammed na Runduna ta 2, Adekunle an bar shi da Bataliya ta 8 kawai a Escravos . Don haka, sai ya yi zanga-zanga ga Hedikwatar Soja kuma ya sa aka daukaka darajar rundunar ta Legas zuwa matsayin Brigade ta hanyar kirkirar Bataliya na 31 Dana 32 (karkashin Majors Aliyu da Hamman, bi da bi). Wannan tsari, hade da wasu gungun masu gadin Legas a gabar gabashin teku, a hukumance an ayyana shi zuwa Runduna ta 3 . Koyaya, Kanal Adekunle baiyi tunanin sunan "Rundunan, Runduna 3" ya kasance mai isassu ba haka kuma ba ya nuna yanayin keɓaɓɓiyar filin da yakamata mutanensa suyi yaƙi. Sabi da haka, ba tare da izini daga HQ na Soja ba, ya sake masa suna "3 Marine Commando (3MCDO)" "Black Scorpion" kamar yadda ya zama sananne, ya kasance cikin sauƙin fitina, wanda aka yi bikinsa da shi kuma adadi mai ban mamaki a yakin yaqin da ya kafa tubalin rikicin zamani na Nijeriya; kuma ya jefa tsintsiya cikin kayan ƙasa. Benjamin "Yaran Adekunle a Midwest sun kame Escravos, Burutu, Urhonigbe, Owa da Aladima. Sun kame Bomadi da Patani, Youngtown, Koko, Sapele, Ajagbodudu, Warri, Ughelli, Orerokpe, Umutu da Itagba ".
Matsayi bayan yakin basasa
Benjamin Adekunle ya samu daukaka zuwa Birgediya a shekarar 1972. Bayan yakin an sanya Adekunle a matsayin mai kula da rage tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas wacce ke fama da matsalar tsaftace kayan shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. Ya rike wannan mukamin har sai da aka tilasta masa ya yi ritaya dole a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1974.
Ya danganta matsalolinsa a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin ga abokan hamayyarsa a aikin soja. A cikin hirarraki daban-daban, ya ce a koyaushe akwai jita-jitar juyin mulki da ke da nasaba da shi har sai rundunar sojojin ta ji damuwar yin wani abu a kai. Yana da mabiya da yawa a cikin sojoji da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya kuma shi ne kwamandan sojoji mafi mashahuri a lokacin yaƙi, baya ga Obasanjo, wanda ya gaje shi kuma ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin tare da wannan 3MC.
Adekunle ya jagoranci Runduna ta uku ta rundunar sojan ruwa tare da irin wannan tsananin tsoro da azama har kafafen yada labarai na kasashen waje, yayin neman hangen nesan mutane game da yakin Biafra, suka same shi a matsayin tushen tushen labarai.
Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014 kuma an binne shi a cikin Vaults and Gardens, Ikoyi, Lagos
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yaƙin Fatakwal: Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando Div. Musun Biafra Samun Ruwa Cikin Ruwa, Mayu 1968
Sojojin Tarayya Sun Kai Hari Arochukwu, Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando, yakin basasar Najeriya, Yuli 1968
Pages with unreviewed translations |
35340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn%2C%20Missouri | Linn, Missouri | Linn birni ne, da ke a gundumar Osage, Missouri, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 1,350 a ƙidayar 2020. Ita ce kujerar gundumar Osage County. Linn wani yanki ne na garin Jefferson, Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Birni na Missouri.
Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri Linn a cikin 1843. An sanya sunan al'ummar ga Sanata Lewis F. Linn. Wani gidan waya da ake kira Linn yana aiki tun 1844.
Gidan Poorhouse na Osage County da Dr. Enoch T. da Amy Zewicki House an jera su a kan National Register of Historic Places. Linn ya kasance yanki ne na gundumar Gasconade da ke makwabtaka har zuwa Janairu 29, 1841.
Geography
Linn yana nan a (38.482958, -91.846908). A cewar Ofishin Kidayar Amurka, birnin yana da jimlar , duk kasa.
Alƙaluma
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 1,459, gidaje 629, da iyalai 345 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 758 a matsakaicin yawa na . Jaridar wariyar launin fata ta garin ya kasance 97.3% na Afirka, kashi 1.0% na Asiya , 0.1% na tsibirin, 0.1% daga wasu tsere, 0.8% daga tsere biyu ko sama da haka. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.0% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 629 ne, kashi 33.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 37.5% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 13.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 3.8% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 45.2% ba dangi bane. Kashi 38.2% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 12.2% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.32 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.07.
Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kai shekaru 30. 27.6% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 13.6% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 26.7% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 19.7% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 12.5% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na birni ya kasance 51.2% na maza da 48.8% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 1,354, gidaje 533, da iyalai 300 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 1,543.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (594.1/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 616 a matsakaicin yawa na 702.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (270.3/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 97.86% Fari, 0.22% Ba'amurke, 0.52% Ba'amurke, 0.44% Asiya, 0.22% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.74% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.96% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 533, daga cikinsu kashi 30.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 43.7% kuma ba na iyali ba ne. Kashi 34.3% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 17.6% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.32 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.01.
A cikin birni, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 23.9% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 15.9% daga 18 zuwa 24, 23.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 15.4% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 21.4% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 33. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 96.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 95.4.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin birni shine $27,656, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $38,854. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $30,259 sabanin $20,703 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na birni shine $13,840. Kimanin kashi 9.5% na iyalai da 17.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 16.2% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 16.3% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Ilimi
Linn gida ce ga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha, kwalejin fasaha da fasaha. An kafa fasahar jihar a cikin 1961 a matsayin wani yanki na gundumar makaranta kuma an canza shi zuwa Jihar Missouri a cikin 1996. A cikin 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa kwalejin za ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Missouri . Canjin suna ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014.
Linn kuma gida ne ga gundumar. Gundumar ta ƙunshi Osage County R-II Elementary School (PK-06) da Linn High School (07-12), wanda ke kusa da Linn Tech a wani yanki a bayan garin da aka sani da Gabashin Linn . Makaranta mai zaman kanta,<ref></ref> Makarantar Katolika ta St. George, tana cikin tsakiyar garin Linn tare da
Linn yana da ɗakin karatu na jama'a, reshe na Laburaren Branch County Osage.
Yanayi
Nau'in Rarraba Yanayi na Köppen na wannan yanayin shine " Cfa ". (Yanayin zafi na yankin Humid).
Manazarta
Birane a Osage County, Missouri
Birane a Missouri |
29150 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasu%20Brahmananda%20Reddy%20National%20Park | Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park | Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park wurin shakatawa ne na kasa da ke cikin Jubilee Hills da Banjara Hills a Hyderabad, Telangana, Indiya .Wurin shakatawa ne da ya kai kusan . Gaba dayan ginin fadar ya baje a kan kadada 400 kuma an ba shi Yarima Mukarram Jah a kan sarautar mahaifinsa Yarima Azam Jah a shekarar 1967. Gwamnatin jihar Andhra Pradesh ta ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa bayan samun amincewa daga gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin shekara ta 1998. Yana tsakiyar Jubilee Hills kuma an kwatanta shi a matsayin dajin da ke tsakiyar dajin kankare .
An gina fadar Chiran a shekarar 1940. Gaba dayan ginin fadar ya baje kan kadada 400 kuma mahaifinsa Yarima Azam Jah ya ba Yarima Mukarram Jah nadin sarautan a shekarar 1967. Tana da dawisu da sauran dabbobi.
Rukunin fadan yana fadi kuma banda shi sauran kadarorin sun hada da bungalow Mor (dawisu) akan tudu, Gol Bungalow; matattarar giwaye, dawakai da shanu, motor khana wanda ke da ɗimbin manyan motocin girki na gira, taron bita na manyan injuna, famfo mai, dakunan waje da yawa, rijiyoyi biyu da daidai adadin tankunan ruwa.
Gwamnatin jihar Andhra Pradesh ta ayyana daukacin yankin fadar a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa bayan samun izini daga gwamnatin tsakiya a shekarar 1998. Wannan ya ba da ikon mallakar babban ɓangaren ƙasar ga sashen gandun daji kuma an bar Nizam tare da ikon kusan kadada 11 kawai. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce ikon Nizam ya ƙara raguwa zuwa ƙasa da kadada shida a yanzu. Daga baya an canza sunan wurin shakatawan zuwa Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park tare da ginin fadar kawai ana kiransa da fadar Chiran.
A watan Yunin 2010 Yariman da wakilansa sun cimma yarjejeniya da gwamnatin jihar kan musayar fadar Chiran da wasu kadarori 16 da suka warwatse a dajin mai kadada shida a yankin arewa maso yamma na dajin. Ba za a la'akari da wannan ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa na ƙasa ba don haka ba zai ba da dama ga jami'an gandun daji da masu ziyara a wurin shakatawa ba. Za a sanar da duk kadarorin da ke cikin filin, ciki har da fadar Chiran, a matsayin wani bangare na wurin shakatawa na kasa sannan kuma filin da za a mika wa yariman ya fita daga wurin shakatawa.
Wannan yarjejeniya ta sami amincewar Hukumar Kula da Dabbobi ta Indiya, Kotun Koli, da gwamnatin tsakiya.
Fadar Chiran, ba kamar sauran sauran fadojin Nizam bane kamar Falaknuma ko Chowmahalla ba, wani wuri ne na zamani wanda aka tsara don biyan bukatun yarima. Ba gidan sarauta ba ne a ma'anar al'ada. Ya fi kama da wani babban villa da aka gina akan fili mai fadin murabba'in mita 6,000.
Gidan sarauta mai nau'in duplex yana da ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu inda yarima yake da ɗakinsa na billiard tare da babban ɗakin taro. Kasan falon yana dauke da dakin ajiye makamai, dakunan baki guda biyu ban da ofis dinsa, wurin maziyarta, kayan abinci da kicin da sauransu. Bene na farko ya ƙunshi dakuna bakwai inda Nizam ya zauna tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa.
Gidan shakatawa
Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Wurin shakatawa yana ba da kyakkyawan sararin huhu da yanayi daga rayuwar birni mai aiki da haɓaka matakan gurɓataccen yanayi. Wurin shakatawa yana da nau'ikan rayuwar shuka sama da 600, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 140 da nau'ikan malam buɗe ido 30 daban-daban da masu rarrafe. Wasu daga cikin dabbobin da ke yin gidansu a wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da: pangolin, ƙananan civet na Indiya, dawisu, kyanwar daji da kuma naman alade. Akwai raƙuman ruwa kaɗan a cikin wurin shakatawa suna samar da danshin da ake buƙata don tsire-tsire da kuma kashe ƙishirwar tsuntsaye da ƙananan dabbobi.
Mutum na iya tafiya zuwa KBR Park ta tashar metro mafi kusa a Jubilee Hills Check Post ko tashar MMTS mafi kusa wacce ke Begumpet ko tashar metro a wurin tudun Jubilee. Yana cikin Jubilee Hills/Banjara Hills kusa da Jubilee Hills Check Post. Jublie Check Post, Annapurna Studios, Park Hyatt da asibitin ido na LV Prasad sune mafi kusancin wuraren.
Ana yawan zuwa wurin shakatawa da maraice da kuma karshen mako matasa da manya.
Kudin Shiga
Kudin shiga na KBR Park shine ₹ 35 ga manya da ₹ 20 na yara. Gidan shakatawa yana buɗewa daga 5:00am ko 5:30am zuwa 10:00am na safe da 4:00pm ko 4:30pm zuwa 7:00pm na yamma.
Duba kuma
Nizam Palace (Kolkata)
Chowmahalla Palace
Falaknuma Palace
Manazarta
https://web.archive.org/web/20100418204835/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KBRP.htm
http://kbrnp.com/
https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/wildlife/hyderabad/kbr-national-park.html
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20610 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiru%20Aremu | Basiru Aremu | Bashiru Aremu (an haife shi 7 ga Yulin 1974) masanin ilmin Najeriya ne kuma farfesa a kimiyyar kwamfuta, Fasahar Sadarwa da Sadarwa (ICT).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Bashiru Aremu an haifeshi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1974 a garin Tsohuwar Garin da ke cikin jihar Osun, Najeriya, Afirka ta Yamma. Yana da kuma digiri na biyu: Digiri na Digiri na Kimiyya a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta tare da manyan aji na farko a shekara ta (2002) daga Jami'ar Adam Smith ta Amurka da Digiri na Farko na Fasahar Fasahar Fasahar Sadarwa tare da aji na farko (2003) daga Jami'ar Kasuwanci ta Costa Rica . Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Bayanai da Fasaha kuma ya sami Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Ya sami PhD a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (2007) daga Jami'ar Adam Smith, Amurka . A shekarar 2008 ya kuma sami PhD a Fasahar Sadarwa daga Jami’ar Kasuwanci ta Costa Rica, wanda Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi ta hannun Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya, Tantancewa da kuma Takaddama a matsayin wanda aka amince da shi a duk duniya a Costa Rica tare da Lambar Tunani FME / S / 174/C.2/A/111/206/4312. Ya samu digiri hudu-biyu na Digirin-Digirgir. Da fari dai, Digiri na Doctorate na Doctor of Science (2013), na biyu Babbar PhD a Fasahar Sadarwa (2014), duka daga Jami'ar Yammacin Kogin, Amurka. Ya sami digiri na uku na Doctorate na Doctor (2015) daga Jami'ar Maha Satra na Cibiyar Satra Angor, masarautar Kambodiya . Takardun bincikensa sun kasance kan Janar Binciken Kasuwancin E a cikin Duniyar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Duniya . A cikin shekara ta 2020 ya yi karatun digiri na huɗu na digiri na biyu da ad eundem Regular Higher Degree na Doctor of Science in Bioinformatics daga Jami'ar Ballsbridge a Roseau South Dominica, West Indies.
Ilimi da aiki
Aremu a halin yanzu (Maris 2021) shine mataimakin shugaban jami'ar The Crown University International Chartered Inc da rassa a duk duniya a Afirka. Bayan kyakkyawan bincike, an nada shi ya rike cibiyoyi daban-daban na Cibiyoyin kamar haka: Kwamitin Amintattu, Chartered Intl. Jami'ar Da Vinci, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a da Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Amintattu, Jami'ar Yammacin Kogin ta Amurka da abokan hadin gwiwa a duniya Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Amintattu, Jami'ar Sastra Angkor Masarautar Kambodiya a Asiya da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a duk duniya, Mataimakin Darakta-Janar na Afirka da kuma Farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila a Turai, Babban Shugaban Duniya, Chartered World Order of Knights of Peace of Peace (duniya) Grand President, International Chartered World Learned Society (a duniya) Grand World President, Africa International Institute for Professional Training and Research Intl Chartered da Shugaban Hukumar Zaman Lafiya da Ci gaban Humanan Adam.
Membobinsu
Aremu memba ne na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, memba a Majalisar Dattawa, Jami’ar Neja Delta, Tsibirin Wilberforce, Jihar Bayelsa, 2014- 2016; memba, Kwalejin Kwalejin Tsabta da Ilimin Kimiyya, Kwalejin Jami'ar Crown, Ghana da Campungiyoyin Haɗin gwiwa a Duniya duka a shekara ta 2015- 2016, memba na Chivalric Mamallakin Sarauta na Knights na Adalci, Memba memba na Professionalungiyar Professionalwararrun Internationalasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fasahar Sadarwa kan ci gaban Tsarin Manhajin Ilimi na Kasa da Kasa na makarantu, 2015. Babban Memba, Associationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fasahar Sadarwa, Singapore, a shekara ta 2009, mamba mamba a forungiyar Machinungiyar Kayan Kwamfuta, New York, Amurka, 2006, memba, Teungiyar Malaman Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (STAN) Stateasar Jihar Osun, 2006, memba a cikin doka, Kungiyar Malaman Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (CSTA) ta New York USA, 2006. Memba, Cibiyar Kula da Baitulmali (ITM), 2004.
Kyauta da girmamawa
2020 Fitaccen Farfesa Emeritus, Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Nijeriya
2019 Kyautar UNESCO mafi girma don ingantacciyar kere kere da wayewar kai
2015 Kyautar Shakespeare ta Kasa da Kasa don Ci gaban Adabi (Iconic Achievers) ta Cibiyar Bayar da Tarihi ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila.
2015 Fitaccen Masanin Kimiyyar Karni na 21 da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Bincike ta Duniya, Ingila da Wales
Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Duniya ta 2015 ta Chartered World Order of the Knights of Justice of Peace
Kyautar Shugaban Majalisar na Afirka na Cibiyar Horar da Kwararru da Bincike Intl ta yi sharhi
Gaisuwa ta 2015 ga Awardungiyar Learnungiyar Koyon Duniya ta Duniya
Cibiyar Bayar da Kwarewa da Bincike ta Intanit ta Afirka ta ba da lambar yabo ta nasarar karni na 21
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1974
Rayayyun mutane
Masana Ilimi
Masana ilimi a Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21343 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Maritime%20ta%20Najeriya | Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya | Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya cibiya ce ta mallakin gwamnatin tarayya a yankin Oron, jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya . Manufarta ita ce horar da jirgin ruwa da ma'aikatan ruwa. Ta kuma horas da wasu hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Nijeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikata sama da guda 65,000 a ayyukan ruwa. Koda yake ana Tambayoyi cewa, gameda yadda ake horarwa.
Tarihi
Makarantar Koyon Maritime ta Najeriya a Oron na ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin kimiyya na tarayya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta (asa (NUC) ta amince da su. Asalinsu ana kiransa Kwalejin Nautical of Nigeria, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1979 don ilmantarwa da horar da jami'an jirgin ruwa, kimantawa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa na gabar teku. Etsungiyar farko ta ɗalibai ta kuma kammala karatu a cikin shekara ta 1983. A cikin shekara ta 1988 an fadada aikin kwalejin don horar da dukkan matakai da rukunin ma'aikata ga dukkan bangarorin masana'antar jirgin ruwan Najeriya. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, makarantar ta horar da hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Najeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikatan sama da guda 65,000 kan ayyukan ruwa. Makarantar tana da ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai masu aiki, tana taimaka wa membobin su ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna da taimakon juna, tare da inganta haɓaka ga ƙa'idodin horar da ɗalibai.
Kungiyar gudanarwa ta makarantar koyon teku sune kamar haka:
Commodore Duja Emmanuel Effedua (Rtd) - Rector.
Mista Netson Peter M. - Ag. Magatakarda
Dokta Kevin O. Okonna - Darakta, Kwararren Kwalejin Horar da Jirgin Ruwa.
Injiniya. Ekwere Ekwere Williams - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Injiniyan Ruwa
Capt. Ramdoss Rajarathinam - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Jirgin Sama.
Mista Gabriel M. Eto - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa.
Dr. (Mrs) Arit A. Mkpandiok - Ag. Darakta, Dabara, Bincike & Ci Gaban
Dr. John A. Adeyanyu - Kodinetan harkokin Ilimi
Okon O. Bassey - Ag. Bursar
Injiniya. Olukayode Olusegun Olaleye - Ag. Darakta, Ayyuka da Ayyuka.
Wurare
Makarantar ta mallaki babban fili a gefen ruwa a Oron, kusa da hanyoyin Kuros Riba na Port of Calabar a Jihar Kuros Riba kuma kusan kilomita 200 daga Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da umarnin cewa a fara aikin gina jirgin sama na kwalejin.
A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) ta ce ta ba da gudummawar kayan aikin horas da tsaro na Naira miliyan 30 ga makarantar. Kayan aikin sun hada da kwale-kwalen mutum guda 50 da aka killace, jirgin ruwan ceto da aka kaddamar da mutum goma sha biyu. NLNG a baya ta ba da kayan aikin da suka haura sama da Naira miliyan 100, kuma tana amfani da ‘yan Nijeriya daga makarantar don kashi 60% na ma’aikatan ta. Koyaya, waɗanda suka kammala karatu a Makarantar Maritime ba su da damar zuwa jiragen ruwa masu zuwa cikin teku don su sami awowi a cikin tekun, wanda ake buƙata don cancantar ƙwarewar su.
Buƙata da ƙarfi
Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta ce ana bukatar masu safarar jiragen ruwa dubu 50 don harkar jigilar jiragen ruwa a Najeriya don ganin sun cimma cikakkiyar damarta. , Najeriya na da kasa da dubu uku na teku. Game da 2,000 tasoshin da aka tsunduma a cabotage, ko na gida kasuwanci tsakanin Najeriya da tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tare da mafi yawa waje crews. Da yake sanar da shirin bude wata sabuwar makarantar kimiyya a Badagry, shugaban hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya ya ce a shekara ta 2008 sama da dalibai guda 3,000 ne ke neman kowace shekara don shiga makarantar ta Oron amma kasa da 1,000 aka karba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, shugaban makarantar ya bayyana cewa makarantar ta takurawa daliban da aka shigar saboda karancin ajujuwa da wuraren kwana. Ya musanta nuna son kai wajen karbar, kuma ya ce a hakika makarantar ta samar da sauki ga ‘yan takara daga jihohin da ke fama da matsalar samun damar shiga.
Darussan
A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata tawaga daga kungiyar masu mallakar jiragen ruwan na kasar Norway ta ziyarci makarantar tare da tattaunawa kan shirin bayar da horo na hadin gwiwa da makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 Karamin Ministan Sufuri, Prince John Okechkwu Emeka, ya ce nan ba da jimawa ba za a inganta makarantar domin zama cibiyar bayar da digiri. Ya kuma yi kira da a kara yawan kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya.
Makarantun suna ba da kwasa-kwasan daban-daban kamar haka:
Marine Meteorology da Oceanography
Hydrography.
Fasaha Jirgin Ruwa / Jirgi
Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa da Nazarin Kasuwanci.
Injin lantarki / Injin lantarki.
Injiniyan Ruwa.
Kimiyyar Naval.
Ingancin horo
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 makarantar ta fuskanci kakkausar suka daga darakta mai kula da tashar ta Legas. Ya ce hatta hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kare lafiyar Najeriya ta gano cewa makarantar ba ta cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba. Matsalolin sun hada da rashin isassun wuraren koyarwa don daukar adadin dalibai, da kuma rashin wadatar jiragen ruwa wadanda daliban za su iya kammala aikinsu na wa’adin shekara guda na teku. Daliban da ke neman ingantaccen horo dole ne su halarci Jami'ar Yankin Ruwa a Accra, Ghana . Kyaftin Thomas Kemewerighe, wanda ya kammala karatu a makarantar, ya ce Najeriya ba ta da mutanen da suka cancanci bayar da horo yadda ya kamata. Ya ce yawancin wadanda suka kammala karatun sun kare ne a matsayin "mahaya okada" (masu tuka motocin tasi).
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa wani aiki da Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ta gabatar, shirin na bunkasa ci gaban teku, zai tura kashin farko na dalibai 27 zuwa Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Maritime da Hora a Kasar Indiya don yin karatun Digiri a Kimiyya da Digiri a fannin injiniya a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa. Ba a yi la'akari da makarantar ba don wannan shirin ba.
A shekara ta 2020, majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta bakin shugaban kwamitin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sun nuna damuwar su game da karfin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwan Najeriya saboda tafiyar jiragen ruwa da ilimi sune muhimman bangarorin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasashen da suka dogara da shigowa da fitar da su ta cikin teku.
Sauran batutuwa
A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009 kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam uku sun roki Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua da ya binciki zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kudi a makarantar. Sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ɗalibai guda 43 sun mutu cikin yanayi mai gujewa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.
Duba kuma
Jerin ilimin fasaha a Najeriya
Manazarta
Jami'o'in Najeriya
Jihar Akwa Ibom
Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya
Makarantun Gwamnati
Makarantun Najeriya
Ilimi a Najeriya
Ilimi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
55379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Eugenia Awerbuch-Friedlander ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyar lafiyar jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard(HSPH)a Boston, Massachusetts. Binciken ta na farko da wallafe-wallafen sun mayar da hankali kan hulɗar zamantakewar rayuwa wanda ke haifar da ko taimakawa ga cututtuka.An kuma yi imanin cewa ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance mamba na jami'ar Harvard da ta fuskanci shari'ar juri don karar da aka shigar a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Tamara Awerbuch a Uruguay,ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 12 a Buenos Aires, Argentina,sannan ta koma Isra'ila tare da iyayenta,inda kakaninta da iyayenta suka zauna bayan sun tsere daga Nazi Jamus kafin a fara Holocaust.Ta yi karatun digiri biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew da ke Urushalima. Ta karanci ilmin sinadarai kuma ta karanci a fannin kimiyyar halittu sannan ta kammala digirin BSc a shekarar 1965.A cikin 1967,ta kammala Master of Science (MSc)a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma Jagoran Ilimi(MED)daga Jami'ar Ibrananci. shedar koyar da maki K-12 a Isra'ila,inda ta ke gabatar da jawabai da kuma bayyana a kan bangarori da kuma a taron bita,kamar yadda ta yi a Amurka da sauran wurare. Ta kuma yi aikin soja na Isra’ila na tsawon shekara biyu.
A cikin Oktoba 1973,yayin da ta ziyarci abokai a Amurka,an ba ta aiki a MIT a Cambridge,Massachusetts,don yin nazarin sinadarai na carcinogens a cikin al'adun nama,sa'an nan kuma fasaha ta zamani.A wannan lokacin,ta yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tana nazarin cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin al'adun nama,ta yi karatun kwas ɗaya kowane semester,kuma ta yi rayuwa cikin wahala,ta raba gida tare da ƙaramar Faculty of MIT da ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri.A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da aka ba ta a kowane semester,a cikin bazarar 1974 ta fara karatun lissafi,tana ɗaukar lissafi da ƙididdiga.A lokacin rani 1975,ta yi karatun digiri a matsayin ɗalibi na cikakken lokaci a MIT, inda a cikin 1979 ta kammala digiri na uku a fannin Abinci da Abinci.Ta zama 'yar Amurka kuma ya zauna a Amurka tun lokacin. An ɗauke ta a cikin 1983 zuwa Sashen Biostatistics na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan ta Shugaban Sashen Marvin Zelen.Ta kasance masanin Fulbright a cikin 1988.A cikin 1993,ta fara doguwar aiki a Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan.
'Ya'yanta biyu,Danny da Ari,an haife su a cikin 1980s kuma sun girma a Brookline, Massachusetts.Tana jin Turanci, Ibrananci,da Sipaniya sosai kuma tana fahimta kuma tana karanta Jamusanci.
Ilimi
Karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Hebrew a Isra'ila.
BSc a cikin Chemistry (ƙananan a Biochemistry)- 1965
MSc a cikin ilimin halittar jiki- 1967
MED-Ilimi (wanda aka tabbatar don koyar da K-12)-1967
PhD,MIT,Sashen Gina Jiki da Kimiyyar Abinci,Manyan a Metabolism,1979
Rubuce-rubuce:"Bioassay na watsawa don ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mutagenicity na ƙwayoyin cuta na sinadarai"(binciken ka'idar don tantance amintattun ƙididdiga na abubuwan ƙari na abinci:carcinogenesis)
Postdoc,MIT,a cikin Somatic Cell Genetics 1979-1981
Sana'a
Tun daga farkon 2000s, ta shirya da gudanar da bincike kan yanayin da ke haifar da bullowa, kiyayewa, da yaduwar annoba . Binciken ta ya ƙunshi cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STDs) irin su HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su cutar Lyme, dengue, da cutar Zika da zazzabin Zika . Awerbuch-Friedlander kwanan nan yayi bincike akan yadawa da sarrafa rabies dangane da nazarin tarihin muhalli. Ayyukanta na tsaka-tsaki ne, kuma wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafenta an haɗa su tare da masana kimiyya na duniya da membobin sassa daban-daban na HSPH da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts .
Wasu nau'ikan ƙididdiga na lissafinta sun haifar da ainihin binciken cututtukan cututtuka, alal misali, cewa oscillations wani abu ne na zahiri na haɓakar kaska . Ta gabatar da aikinta a yawancin tarurrukan kasa da kasa da kuma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Isaac Newton a Cambridge, Ingila, inda aka gayyace ta don shiga cikin Shirin a kan Model na annoba.
Awerbuch-Friedlander memba ne wanda ya kafa Sabbin kuma Resurgent Cututtuka Masu Aiki. A cikin wannan mahallin, ta shiga cikin shirya wani taro a Woods Hole, Massachusetts, game da bullowar cututtuka da sake dawowa, inda ta jagoranci taron bita akan Modelin Lissafi. Bugu da ƙari, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, kamar tare da masana kimiyya na Isra'ila game da cututtuka masu tasowa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da masanan Cuban game da cututtuka na tsire-tsire da ci gaba da hanyoyin gabaɗaya, tare da masana kimiyya na Brazil kan haɓaka ra'ayoyi don jagorantar ingantaccen sa ido. . A cikin ƙarshen 1990s, Awerbuch-Friedlander ya kasance mai bincike a cikin wani aiki, "Me yasa Sabbin Cututtuka da Tashe-tashen hankula suka kama Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Mamaki da Dabarun Hana Wannan" (Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ta goyi bayan). A Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Awerbuch-Friedlander ne ya jagoranci kwamitin kan Lissafi da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin takardun bincikenta sun kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗalibai ta hanyar karatun Mathematical Models a Biology, wanda ke da kaso mai yawa da aka sadaukar don cututtuka masu yaduwa. Haƙiƙa tana sha'awar ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ta ƙirƙira software na ilimi ga matasa 'yan makarantar sakandare bisa ƙira don tantance haɗarin cewa mutumin da ke da wasu halayen jima'i masu haɗari a zahiri zai kamu da cutar kanjamau. Waɗannan samfuran sun taimaka wa matasa masu haɗarin haɗari, iyaye, malamai, shugabannin kiwon lafiya na al'umma, da masu binciken lafiyar jama'a don bincika yadda canje-canjen halayen jima'i ke tasiri yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV.
Gaskiya ita ce Gaba ɗaya
Awerbuch-Friedlander kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin tsarawa don bikin ranar haihuwar 85th na Richard Levins,wanda ya kafa shirin Human Ecology a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Duniya da Yawan Jama'a na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,taron kwana uku tare da taken Hegelian."Gaskiya ita ce duka"da aka gudanar a tsakiyar 2015 a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,tana mai da hankali kan gudummawar da yawa a cikin samfuran ka'idar rikitarwa da cikakken bincike daga masanin ilimin lissafi Levins da abokan aikinsa,ɗalibai,da almajirai,waɗanda ke da sha'awar sosai.a cikin hadadden tsarin ilmin halitta.Littafin watan Satumba na 2018,Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka: Rubuce-rubucen Girmamawa na Richard Levins (ISBN 0998889105/9780998889108),wanda ta kasance editan hadin gwiwa tare da Maynard Clark da Dr.Peter Taylor,ya hada da sassan shari'ar daga masu ba da gudummawa sama da 20 daga cewa Harvard symposium.
Cin zarafin jima'i a kan Harvard
Ko da yake Theda Skocpol ta yi zargin nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin ƙin yin aiki tun a farkon 1980,Awerbuch-Friedlander an yi imanin ita ce mace ta farko ta Jami'ar Harvard da ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i. An shigar da karar tare da Kotun Koli ta Middlesex County a watan Yuni 1997. Magoya bayanta,Richard Levins da Marvin Zelen, sun kwadaitar da Awerbuch-Friedlander "kusan dala miliyan 1 a cikin asarar albashi da fa'idodi,da kuma ci gaba a HSPH"kuma ta yi jayayya"cewa Fineberg ya ki ya inganta ta zuwa matsayi.waƙa saboda ita mace ce,duk da kyakkyawan shawarar da kwamitin zaɓe na HSPH na nadi da sake nadawa (SCARP)ya bayar."Tsawon lokaci daga 1998 zuwa 2007,Harvard Crimson(kafofin watsa labarai na harabar),The Boston Globe(kafofin watsa labarai na gida),da mujallar Kimiyya(kafofin watsa labaru na kwararru da na kimiyya)sun rufe shari'ar nuna wariyar jinsi.Kimiyya ta tattara abubuwan ci gaban shari'ar nuna wariya ta jima'i a cikin"Labaran Makon:Mata a Kimiyya" sashe.kuma a cikin KIMIYYAR KIMIYYA bayan wata biyu.Shari'arta ta nuna wariya ta jima'i ta dogara ne kan hanawar da Harvard ta yi mata,duk da manyan nasarorin da ta samu a fannonin ƙwararrunta,ilimin halittu,ilimin cututtuka, ilimin halittu da lafiyar jama'a.Jami’ar ta yi zargin cewa,ba a bude wuraren wa’adi na wa’adi ba a sabon sashen nata,bayan an canza mata aiki daga wannan sashen zuwa wancan.
Fitattun ɗalibai
Christl Donnelly and Wendy Leisenring.Worked on the comparison of transmission rates of HIV1 and HIV2 in a cohort of prostitutes in Senegal 1990–1991. Publication:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55:731-743,1993.
Sandro Galea-Variability and vulnerability at the ecological level: Implications for understanding the social determinants of health. Spring 2000.Appeared in American Journal of Public Health,92:1768-1772,2002.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin 'Batutuwa' akan Mata Masu Sana'ar Ilimi , shiga 05/02/2013.
Ƙungiyar Matan Jami'o'i ta Amirka, An Ƙi: Abubuwan Wariyar Jima'i a cikin Ilimi. 2004.
"Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka" - Taro na kwanaki 2 akan bikin cika shekaru 85 na Dr. Richard Levins
Yanar Gizo
Rayayyun mutane
Bayahuden Isra'ila |
31875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekarau%20Angyu | Shekarau Angyu | Shi ne Aku-Uka na 27. Sarki ne mai daraja ta ɗaya, kuma shugaban majalisar sarakunan Jahar Taraba (chairman Taraba council of chiefs). Shi ne (Dr.) Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, CFR, Aku-Uka na Wukari. Shi ne na 27 a jerin Aku-Uka da aka yi a tarihin wannan sarauta ta Aku-Uka. Sannan kuma shi ne mafi daɗewa a kan karagar mulki. Mutum ne shi mai nagarta. Yana da haƙuri, jajircewa, ƙwazon aiki, son jama’a, da kuma iya zama da jama’a. Mutum ne mai matuƙar son ci gaba a dukkan abin da ya saka a gabansa. Yana da gogayyar rayuwar aiki tun zamanin turawa har zuwa yau ɗin nan; abin nufi shi ne cewa ya yi aiki da Turawa tun kafin samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya har zuwa bayan samun ‘yanci. Shekarau Angyu, direban mota ne, ɗankasuwa, sannan kuma basarake. Dukkan waɗannan abubuwa da aka ambata, su ne burikan rayuwarsa, kuma Allah cikin ikonsa ya cika masa su ɗaya bayan ɗaya kamar yadda ya ambata a lokacin da yake amsa tambayar malaminsa na makaranta a lokacin da yake karatu a garin LMakarantun rin Ibi, cewa, “so na ke na zama direba, ɗankasuwa sannan kuma sarki”. Ɗan wannan rubutu da mai karatu zai karanta, taɓa-ka-lashe ne game da kuma rayuwar wannan managarcin sarki wanda ya sauya tarihin Jukunawa da tsohuwar daular Kwararrafa a wannan zamani da mu ke ciki. Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II,
Sarki ne mai daraja ta ɗaya, kuma shugaban majalisar sarakunan jahar Taraba (chairman Taraba council of chiefs).
Haihuwa
An haifi Shekarau a ranar Lahadi 18 ga watan Afirilu na shekarar 1937; wato yau yana da shekaru 80 (1937 – 2017) cur a duniya. Shi ɗa ne ga Ashumanu II Angyu Masa Ibi; Aku-Uka na 22, wanda ya yi zamani 1940 – 1945. Sunan mahaifiyarsa Buvini Awudu. Ya fito daga zuriyar Ba- gya; ɗaya daga cikin gidajen sarautar Wukari. Wannan suna nasa Shekarau, suna ne da ya samo asali daga Hausa. A al’adar Hausa, idan mace mai ciki ta haura wata tara bata haihu ba, to akan kira abin da ta haifa da suna shekarau idan namiji ne, mace kuma a ce da ita shekara. Wato ana nufin mutumin da ya shekara a ciki. Sunansa na yare kuma shi ne Agbunshu. Kenan, sunansa ya zama Shekarau Agbunshu.
Karatu
1. 1950 – 1954: Makarantar Elimantare ta Wukari (Wukari Elementary School).
2. 1954 – 1957: Babbar Makarantar Mishan ta Lapwe da ke Ibi (Missionary
Senior School Lapwe). Gogayyar Aiki
1. 1958 – 1960: Ya yi aiki da Hukumar Gargajiya ta Wukari a matsayin Jami’in rarraba wasiƙu (mail officer), daga baya aka ɗaukaka matsayinsa zuwa jami’in sufuri; wato babban direba kenan (transport officer), sauyin da ya cika masa burinsa na Farko na son zama direba. Ayyukansa a wannan matsayi sun haɗa da tabbatar da lafiyar dukkan ababen sufuri mallakin wannan hukuma, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an bayar da su ga wanda ya dace a duk lokacin da buƙatar amfani da su ta taso, sannan kuma a halin da za su iya amfanuwa.
2. 1960 – 1962: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) ga ‘executive officer’ na ma’aikatar kula da lafiyar dabbobi (ministry of animal health) na gwamnatin arewa da ke Kaduna a wancan lokacin Dr. Samuel Ɗanjuma A. Gani.
3. 1962 – 1963: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) a ofishin
sakataren mulki (parliamentary secretary) na gwamnatin arewa da ke Kaduna a wancan lokacin, Ambasada Jolly Tanko Yusuf.
4. 1963 – 1966: Jami’in Taimako (personal assistance) a ofishin
shugaban ma’aikatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya (Electricity Corporation of Nigeria), Malam Ibrahim Sangari Usman.
5. 1966 – 1976: Jami’in Ciniki (sales manager) a gidan man-fetur na Makurɗi (Texaco filing station, Makode).
Wannan sabon ci gaba da kuma sauyin aiki daga ma’aikatar gwamnati zuwa kamfani mai zaman kansa shi ne abin da ya tabbatar wada Shekarau burinsa na biyu na son zama ɗan kasuwa. Tun da farko, gaskiya da riƙon amana su ne halayen da suka shugabansa a ma’aikatar wutar lantarki ya ɗora shi a wannan babban matsayi a kuma wannan sabon gidan mai nasa. Zaman shekarau a wannan kamfani ya kafa kamfanin, dan abin da ya yi ya fi ƙarfin a ce ya samar da ci gaba. Ya riƙe wannan gidan mai tun yana guda ɗaya tilo a lokacin da aka buɗe shi har ya hayayyafa tare kuma da ƙarin samar da wasu sababbin abubuwan yi da ba sayar da man-fetur ba. Daga cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka da shekarau ya shigo da su wannan kamfani akwai sabis na mota, sayar da wasu kayayyaki, yin faci da sauran su.
Sarauta
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1976, aka bayar da sanarwar naɗin Shekarau Angyu a matsayin sabon Aku-Uka na Wukari. Naɗin da ya saka shi zamowa Aku-Uka na 27 a garin na Wukari. Wannan mataki da ya taka a rayuwa, shi ne abin da ya cika masa burinsa na ƙarshe kamar yadda ya ambata a shekaru 20 da suka gabata, cewa, yana so ya zama direba, ɗan kasuwa, daga ƙarshe kuma ya zama sarki. Haƙiƙa wannan naɗi na Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, ya samu karɓuwa tare kuma da amincewar ‘yan majalisar sarki kuma masu zaɓen sabon sarki guda huɗu, da kuma yarjewar iyalan gidajen sarauta guda biyu; Ba-gya(Kuvyo) da kuma Bama. Tun da ga wannan lokaci zuwa yau (1976 – 2017), Dr. Shekarau Angyu shi ne Aku-Uka na Wukari. Wato kenan, zuwa yau (2017), yana da shekaru 41 a kan karagar mulkin Jukunawa mai helikwata a Wukari. Sannan kuma shi ne Aku-Uka mafi daɗewa a kan karagar mulki.
Gudunmawa
Masu iya magana sun ce, mai kamar zuwa akan aika, a wani faɗi kuma suka ce kowa ma ya yi rawa bare ɗan makaɗa. Haƙiƙa wannan maganganu haka suke.
Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, mutum ne da ya samu horo tun daga tushe na yi wa jama’a hidima, sannan kuma aka yi gam-da-katar cewa mutum ne mai shawa’ar yin hakan. Wato zani ce ta taras da mu je mu. Gudunmawa da Dr. Shekarau ya bayar a wannan gari sannan kuma cibiyar sabuwar Daular Kwararrafa, tana da tarin yawan gaske. Gari ne da ya same shi a matsayin ƙaramin gari, a yau kuma ya maishe shi katafariyar alƙariya mai kusan dukkan abubuwan da birane ke buƙata na kayan more rayuwa. Saboda haka sai dai mu ɗan tsakuro mu rubuta kamar haka:
1. Fannin Raya Al’adu da farfaɗo da daular Kwararrafa: Haƙiƙa Dr. Shekarau Angyu Masa Ibi Kuvyo II, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake raya al’adun Jukunawa da kuma farfaɗo da daular Kwararrafa. Tun farkon hawansa mulki yake ƙoƙari a wannan fannin har ta kai a yau ana iya tunawa da waccar tsohuwar daula ta Kwararrafa tare kuma da ganin al’adu da kyawawan halayen Jukunawa na son zaman lafiya, karɓar baƙi da sauran su. Tabbas a yau duniya tana iya banbance tsohuwar suturar Jukunawa, salon rawarsu ta gargajiya, da kuma ta zamani.
2. Abubuwan More Rayuwa: A wannan fanni na wadata Wukari da ababen more rayuwa, kusan ana iya cewa dukkan wani abin more rayuwa da ake buƙatar sa a alƙarya, to akwai shi a wannan gari na Wukari, kamawa tun daga layukan tarho na dauri da na zamani, cibiyar aika wasiƙu, tituna, wutar lantarki, kasuwannin zamani, ababen hawa, gidajen man-fetur, manya da ƙananan otel, gidajen saukar baƙi, da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa rankacakam.
3. Ilimi: Ilimi gishirin zaman duniya, garin Wukari, gari ne da ke cike da makarantu kamawa tun daga firamare har zuwa jami’o’i; ba fa jami’a ba, a’a, jami’o’i. Saboda akwai jami’o’i guda biyu a garin Wukari, ɗaya ta gwamnatin tarayya, ɗayar kuma mai zaman kanta wacce ake kira Kwararrafa University. Makarantun.firamare, sikandire da kwalejoji ma kuma duk akwai su birijik a garin na Wukari.
Manazarta |
61421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wansbrough | John Wansbrough | John Edward Wansbrough (Fabrairu 19, 1928 – Yuni 10, 2002) ɗan tarihi ne Ba'amurke kuma farfesa wanda ya koyar a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar London (SOAS), inda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban gwamnati daga 1985 zuwa 1992.
Wansbrough an yaba da kafa wata makarantar da ake kira Revisionist School of Islamic Studies ta hanyar sukar da ya yi kan ingancin tarihi na kur'ani da sauran matani na Musulunci na farko, musamman dangane da labaran Musulunci na gargajiya da suka shafi tarihin farko na Musulunci da kuma yunkurinsa na samar da wata hanya ta daban., a tarihi mafi ingantaccen sigar Musulunci na farkonsa. Ya yi gardama a gabaɗaya game da shakku game da marubucin tushen Musulunci na farko, kuma mafi shaharar cewa an rubuta Kur'ani kuma an tattara shi a cikin shekaru 200, kuma bai kamata a rubuta shi ba daga Hijaz na 1st karni, Yammacin Larabawa, amma daga karni na 2/3 bayan hijira a kasar Abbasiyawa .
Rayuwa
An haifi Wansbrough a Peoria, Illinois . Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma ya yi sauran karatunsa na ilimi a SOAS. Ya mutu a Montaigu-de-Quercy, Faransa . Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Andrew Rippin, Norman Calder, Gerald R. Hawting, Patricia Crone da Michael Cook.
Bincike da nazari
Aikin Wansbrough ya jaddada abubuwa biyu—cewa adabin musulmi ya makara, wanda ya shafe sama da karni daya da rabi bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, kuma Musulunci wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya wanda tabbas ya dauki al’ummomi da dama don ci gaba.
Lokacin da Wansbrough ya fara nazarin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na farko na Islama da kur'ani, ya fahimci cewa nassosin Islama na farko sun yi magana da masu sauraro waɗanda suka saba da rubutun Yahudawa da na Kirista, kuma an tattauna matsalolin tauhidin Yahudawa da Kirista. Sukar “kafirai” a cikin wannan wallafe-wallafen da ya yi tsokaci ba a yi magana da su ba ga masu bautar gumaka da arna ba ne, amma ga masu tauhidi wadanda ba su yi tauhidi ba “tsallaka”.[ ] lura ba su dace da ruwayoyin Musulunci kan farkon Musulunci ba, wadanda suka nuna Musulunci ya zo a cikin al'ummar mushrikai.
Wansbrough ya kuma gano cewa hujjojin shari'a na farko na musulmi ba su yi nuni da Kur'ani ba, tare da wasu alamun cewa babu "tsayayyen nassi" a zamanin Rashidun da Umayyawa, wanda ke nuni da cewa Kur'ani a matsayin tushen shari'a ya kasance baya baya.
Wansbrough ya yi nazari ne kan labaran Musulunci na gargajiya wadanda aka rubuta shekaru 150 zuwa 200 bayan rasuwar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da hanyar tarihi mai mahimmanci musamman sukar adabi . Don haka, ya yi da’awar hujjoji marasa adadi cewa nassosin ba lissafin tarihi ba ne amma daga baya gine-ginen adabi a ma’anar “tarihin ceto” ( Heilsgeschichte ) na Tsohon Alkawari, wanda ainihin ainihin ainihin tarihinsa kaɗan ne kuma ba za a iya gano shi ba.
A kan haka, Wansbrough ya kirkiro sassan ka'idar da ya cancanta a matsayin "conjectural "na wucin gadi" da kuma "na wucin gadi kuma mai mahimmanci", kamar yadda yake nunawa (a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Herbert Berg. ) cewa “Al-Qur’ani ko Musulunci ba na Muhammad ba ne ko ma Larabawa”, haka nan Larabawa na asali wadanda ci daular Banu Umayya ba su kasance Musulmi ba. amma an samo shi daga rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa da Kiristanci daban-daban da kuma buƙatun nassi mai tsarki (kafafi) wanda zai dogara da ka'idar dokokin Abbasiyawa: "Aikin shawahid na nassi a cikin gardama na halak yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun nassi mara ma'ana. wahayi... sakamakon haka shi ne kur'ani mai tsarki.
An rubuta Alqur'ani kuma an tattara shi cikin dogon lokaci sama da shekaru 200 don haka ba za a iya jingina shi ga Muhammadu ba, kasancewar kwanan baya fiye da tarihin gargajiya. Mutumin Muhammadu zai zama sabon ƙirƙira daga baya, ko aƙalla, Muhammadu ba zai iya dangantaka da Alƙur'ani ba. A zamanin baya, Muhammadu yana da aikin samar da ainihin kansa ga sabon motsin addini bisa ga abin koyi na Annabin Tsohon Alkawari.
Tarba da suka
Ka'idodin Wansbrough ba a "karɓi sosai" ba kuma ba a ƙi su ba, a cewar Gabriel Said Reynolds . Ta hanyar sukar da ya yi na sahihancin tarihi na kididdigar Musulunci na gargajiya game da farkon Musulunci da kuma kokarinsa na samar da wani madadin, mafi inganci a tarihi na farkon Musulunci, Wansbrough ya kafa makarantar da ake kira "mai bita" na Nazarin Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Andrew Rippin da malamin addini Herbert Berg rashin sha'awar malaman da ba musulmi ba a ra'ayin Wansbrough za a iya gano shi da cewa Wansbrough ya kauce daga tafarkin mafi karancin kokari da tsayin daka wajen neman ilimi ta hanyar tambayar mafi girman kungiyar Musulunci. adabi akan tarihin Musulunci, Alqur'ani, da Muhammadu; “Rusa” abubuwan da suka kasance abubuwan tarihi ba tare da maye gurbinsu da sababbi ba; kira don amfani da dabarun zargi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, yana buƙatar cancanta a cikin wasu harsuna fiye da Larabci, sanin "tsarin addini" wanin Musulunci, da wurare dabam dabam "ban da Larabawa a jajibirin Islama". da kuma taka kasa mai tsarki a Musulunci.
Ka'idar Wansbrough game da dogon tsari (sama da shekaru 200) na rubuce-rubuce da tarin Alqur'ani a yau ana ɗaukarsa da yawa ba za su iya jurewa ba saboda binciken da aka yi na rubuce-rubucen kur'ani na Farko da yawa daga cikinsu an gwada su da bincike na radiocarbon (a kusa da 2010- 2014) kuma an yi kwanan wata zuwa karni na bakwai CE.
Manazarta |
23528 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Bob%20Okala | Bishop Bob Okala | Samuel Kwadwo Boaben (1957–2016) wanda kuma aka sani da Bishop Bob Okala, ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan Ghana da ya shahara saboda rawar ban dariya da ya taka a shirin GTV Key Soap Concert Party. Bob Okala ya sami karbuwa a shekarun 80s, 90s da farkon karni lokacin da wasan barkwanci da pantomime suka fara samun karbuwa a talabijin. Ana masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan jaruman barkwanci na kasar Ghana kuma majagaba na wasan barkwanci. Okala sunan gida ne kuma mai son masoya a lokacin da ya shahara. Asali, Okala ya fara zama ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa, yana wasa amateur da ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin gida kamar Fankobaa da sauran su. Koyaya, rashin iya samun rayuwa mai kyau daga ƙwallon ƙafa, haɗe tare da raunin rauni na dogon lokaci da iyakancewar ci gaba ya tilasta masa neman sabon aiki a wani wuri.
A kusa da wannan lokacin, Okala ya riga ya fara ƙwarewarsa a wasan barkwanci kuma ya fara jan hankali daga shugabannin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban waɗanda suka gane ƙwarewarsa. Don haka, ya shiga cikin wasan barkwanci lokacin da Babban Eddie Donkor, shahararren mawaƙin hilife ya ɗauke shi aiki don ƙara wasan barkwanci a cikin raye -rayen sa da wasan kwaikwayo. A kusa da wannan lokacin, yawancin kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo sun ƙara wasan ban dariya da solos a cikin wasannin su yayin gabatarwa da shiga tsakani don nishadantar da masu sauraro. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Babban Eddie Donkor, ya kuma shiga Nana Ampadu da kungiyar 'Yan uwansa na Afirka waɗanda suka zagaya ƙasar da yawa kuma suna wasa a yawancin mashahuran wuraren. Daga nan Okala ya koma Babban Eddie Donkor a rangadin kusan shekaru goma. Ya koyi yin wasan yawo da kidan guitar tare da raye -raye daban -daban da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin yana aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci na ɗan lokaci, Okala kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai yin burodi wanda ke rarraba burodinsa ga dillalai daban-daban na gida.
Bob Okala ya kasance tare da wasu shahararrun yan wasan barkwanci na Ghana kamar su Waterproof, Nkomode, Agya Koo, Bob Santo, Judas, Akrobeto, Araba Stamp, Koo Nimo da sauran su da yawa waɗanda suka fara aikin panto da wasan barkwanci a Ghana lokacin da talabijin ta fara isa. talakawa. Haɓaka Okala zuwa shahara yana da alaƙa da Key Concert Party wanda ya zama babban taron nishaɗin daren Asabar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa. Ya ci nasarar Key Soap Concert Party na "Zakara na Zakarun" sau biyu. A lokacin, manyan abokan hamayyarsa don neman mukamin sun kasance Agya Koo da Nkomode. Okala yana da salon wasan barkwanci na musamman da kasancewar sa na musamman, gami da lebe mai ƙyalli da idanu cike da farin foda, tabarau masu girman gaske, doguwar riga mara kyau wacce ta isa ƙarƙashin gwiwa, ta yin amfani da pestle na katako na gargajiya (tapoli) kamar baka, sanye da safa a hannu biyu, yana saka wandonsa cikin safafunsa, sannan yana daura agogon bango a hannunsa a matsayin agogon hannu wanda a wasu lokutan yakan fada lokacin. A dabi'ance, Okala ya yi karin gishiri na lokaci koyaushe yana haifar da babbar dariya daga masu sauraro, ganin cewa ra'ayinsa koyaushe ya wuce na agogon 24hr na yau da kullun.
A lokacin da ya shahara, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Jamus, Holland, Kanada, Italiya da sauran ƙasashe bisa gayyatar 'yan ƙasar ta Ghana.
Kafin rasuwarsa, Bob Okala ya halarci bikin ranar samun 'yancin kai na Ghana karo na 59 inda ya sanya rigar' yan sanda irin ta mulkin mallaka tare da wasu tsoffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasan kwaikwayo na gajere ga masu kallo. Shugaban kasa na lokacin, John Dramani Mahama da sauran manyan mutane sun halarci taron. Okala ya mutu bayan mako guda. Yanayin da ke kewaye da mutuwarsa yana nuna cewa ya fadi nan da nan bayan wasan kwaikwayo a raye -raye na Koforidua Jackson Park. Asali, ba a caje Okala don taron ba amma ya zaɓi ya nuna don ba da goyan baya kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wasannin. Wadanda suka shirya wannan taron sun fara tuhumar dacewarsa ta yin wasan, ganin tarihinsa na rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci, da kuma yadda ya kasance a bayyane yake a lokacin. Don haka, sun yi ƙoƙari a banza don lallashe shi da kada ya hau matakin saboda rashin lafiyarsa. Koyaya, ya nace kuma ya basu tabbacin cewa yana da cikakkiyar ikon isar da wasan sa. Bayan faduwar sa kwatsam, an garzaya da shi asibitin yankin Koforidua inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsa. An yi jana'izarsa a jihar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra daga ranar 9 zuwa 11 ga Yuni, 2016, bayan haka aka binne gawarsa a Yankin Ashanti.
Manazarta |
8197 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa%20Musa | Mansa Musa | Musa Na ( c. - c. ), ko Mansa Musa, shi ne Mansa na goma (wanda ake fassarawa "sultan", "mai nasara" ko "sarki" ) na Daular Mali, kasar musulman ta Afirka ta yamma.
A lokacin da Musa ya hau kan karagar mulki, Mali a bangare dayawa ta kunshi yankin tsohuwar daular Ghana wacce kasar Mali ta ci galaba a kanta. Masarautar Mali ta kuma ƙunshi ƙasa wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Mauritania da kuma jihar ta Mali ta zamani. A zamanin mulkinsa, Musa ya rike mukamai da yawa, kamar "Sarkin Melle", "Ubangijin ma'adinan Wangara", kuma "Mai nasara akan Ghanata".
Musa ya ci birane guda 24, tare da garuruwansu. A zamanin mulkin Musa, wataƙila Mali ce ta kasance mai samar da zinari mafi girma a duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar Musa ɗaya daga mutane mafi arziki a tarihi. Koyaya, masu sharhi na zamani irin su mujallar Time sun kammala cewa babu ingantacciyar hanyar da za ta ƙayyade arzikin Musa.
Musa gaba daya ana kiransa ne da "Mansa Musa" a cikin rubuce-rubucen yamma da adabi. Sunansa kuma ya bayyana a matsayin "Kankou Musa", "Kankan Musa", "" Kanku Musa ". Sauran sunayen da Musa ya yi amfani da su sun hada da "Mali-Koy Kankan Musa", "Gonga Musa", da "Zakin Mali".
Zuri'a da kuma kaiwa ga kujeran mulki
Abin da aka sani game da sarakunan masarautar ta Mali an karɓa daga rubuce-rubucen malaman larabawa, waɗanda suka hada da Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, da Ibn Battuta . Dangane da cikakken tarihin Ibn-Khaldun na sarakunan Mali, kakan Mansa Musa shi ne Abu-Bakr Keita (larabci dai-dai yake da Bakari ko Bogari, sunan asalin da ba'a sani ba - ba sahabiyy Abu Bakr ) ba, dan dan Sundiata Keita ne, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Mali kamar yadda aka rubuta ta hanyar labarun baka. Abu-Bakr bai hau gadon sarauta ba, kuma dansa, mahaifin Musa, Faga Laye, ba shi da wata mahimmanci a Tarihin Mali.
Mansa Musa ya hau gadon sarautar ne ta hanyar aiwatar da nadin mataimakin lokacin da wani sarki ya tafi aikin hajjin sa zuwa Makka ko kuma wani kokarin nasa, daga baya ya nada mataimakin a matsayin magaji. A cewar majiyar farko, an nada Musa mataimakin mataimakin Abubakari Keita II, sarkin da ke gabansa, wanda ya ba da rahoton yawon shakatawa don gano iyakokin Tekun Atlantika, kuma bai dawo ba. Masanin Larabawa-Masarautar Al-Umari ya nakalto Mansa Musa kamar haka: Mai mulkin da ya gabace ni bai yi imani da cewa ba zai yiwu a iya kaiwa ga iyakar tekun da ya mamaye duniya (yana nufin Atlantic), kuma yana so ya kai ga ƙarshen, kuma ya ci gaba da nacewa cikin ƙira. Don haka ya wadatar da jiragen ruwa ɗari biyu cike da mutane, kamar yadda sauran da yawa ke cike da zinari, ruwa da abinci isasshen da zai isa shekaru da yawa. Ya umurci shugaban (mai martaba) da kar ya dawo har sai sun kai ƙarshen tekun, ko kuma idan sun ƙosar da abubuwan abinci da ruwan. Sun tashi. Kasancewar ba su tsawan lokaci mai tsawo, kuma, a karshe, jirgin ruwa daya ne ya dawo. A yayin tambayarmu, kyaftin din ya ce: 'Yarima, mun daɗe mun yi ta bincike, har sai da muka gani a tsakiyar teku kamar babban kogi yana guduna da ƙarfi. Jirgin jirgi na shine na karshe; wasu kuma suna gabana. Da zaran wani daga cikinsu ya isa wannan wuri, sai ya nutsar da shi cikin iskar guguwa kuma bai taɓa fitowa ba. Na yi tafiya da baya don tserewa wannan halin. ' Amma Sarkin Musulmi ba zai yarda da shi ba. Ya ba da umarnin a samar musu da jiragen ruwa dubu biyu domin shi da mutanensa, da kuma karin dubu daya domin ruwa da abinci. Sannan ya ba ni labarin gaskiya a lokacin rashi, kuma ya tafi tare da mutanensa a kan balaguron jirgin ruwa, ba zai dawo ba kuma ba alamar rayuwa. An kuma nada dan Musa magaji, Mansa Magha Keita a matsayin mataimaki a lokacin aikin hajjin Musa.
Musulunci da aikin hajji zuwa Makka
Musa cikakken Musulmi ne mai ibada, hajjinsa zuwa Makka ya sanya shi sananne a duk faɗin arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya . A wurin Musa, Islama ta kasance "shigowa cikin al'adun duniyar ta gabashin Bahar Rum". Zai yi amfani da lokaci mai yawa don inganta ci gaban addini a cikin daular sa.
Musa yayi hajjinsa tsakanin 1324 zuwa 1325. Ya procession rahoto hada 60,000 maza, duk saka kauri da kuma Persian siliki, ciki har da 12,000 bayi, wanda kowane kwashe na sandunan zinare, da kuma masu shelanda suna sanye da siliki, wadanda suke ɗaukar sandar zinare, da shirya dawakai, da jakunkuna. Musa ya samar da dukkan abubuwan bukata domin taron, ya ciyar da jama'a gaba daya maza da dabbobi. Waɗannan dabbobin sun haɗa da raƙuma 80 waɗanda kowannensu ya ɗauki ƙurar ƙura. Musa ya ba talakawa zinarin da ya haɗu da su ta hanyar sa. Musa ba kawai ya ba wa biranen da ya bi ta kan hanyar zuwa Makka ba, ciki har da Alkahira da Madina, har ma ya yi ciniki da zinare don kyautatuwa. An ruwaito cewa ya gina masallaci a kowace Juma'a.
Shaidun gani da ido da yawa sun tabbatar da tafiyar Musa, yayin da suke kan hanyarsa, waɗanda ke tsoron arzikinsa da tarin yawa, kuma akwai bayanai a wurare da yawa, gami da mujallu, bayanan baka, da kuma tarihai. Musa ya ziyarci Mamluk sultan na Masar, Al-Nasir Muhammad, a Yuli 1324. Duk da irin yanayin da yake bayarwa, dumbin kudaden da Musa ya bayar da gudummawa da yalwa ya janyo da koma baya na zinare tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin biranen Alkahira, Madina, da Makka, kwararar zinare ta bazata ta lalata darajar karfe sosai. Farashin kayayyaki ya yawaita. Wannan kuskuren ya bayyana ga Musa kuma a hanyarsa ta dawowa daga Makka, ya karɓi zinaren da zai iya ɗauka daga masu sayarwa amatsayin bashi da zai biya nan gaba da daraja sosai. Wannan ne kawai lokacin a cikin tarihi cewa mutum ɗaya kai tsaye ya iya sarrafa farashin gwal a cikin Meditareniya . Wasu masana tarihi sun yarda cewa aikin hajji ba shi da wata ma'ana ga addini fiye da mai da hankalin duniya zuwa ga halin da ake ciki a Mali. Irƙirar koma bayan wannan girman yana da ma'ana. Bayan haka, Alkahira shine babbar kasuwar gwal a lokacin (inda mutane suka je siyan dumbin zinare). Don mayar da waɗannan kasuwannin zuwa Timbuktu ko Gao, Musa da farko ya shafi tattalin arzikin zinare na Alkahira. Duk da yake wannan da'awar yana zama mai shimfiɗa, Musa sanya wata babbar batu na nuna a kashe ya al'umma dũkiya. Manufar sa shine ya kirkiro wani abu kuma yayi nasara sosai a cikin wannan, har ya sanya kansa da Mali a cikin Atlas na Catalan na 1375. Hakanan yana samun ziyarar daga sananniyar matafiyin duniyar Musulmi, Ibn Battuta .
Mulki daga baya
{{quote box|width=25%|quote=Whenever a hero adds to the list of his exploits from conquest, Mansa Musa gives them a pair of wide trousers...The greater the number of a Dogari's exploits, the bigger the size of his trousers.|source=–Al-Dukhari, observation of the court of Mansa Musa in Timbuktu}} A cikin dogon dawowar sa daga Makka a 1325, Musa ya ji labari cewa rundunarsa ta kama Gao . Sagmandia, daya daga cikin janarorinsa ne ya jagoranci kokarin. Garin Gao yana cikin daular tun kafin mulkin Sakura kuma ya kasance muhimmi - kodayake galibi yan tawaye ne - cibiyar kasuwanci. Musa ya yi shirin ba da agaji ya ziyarci garin da ya karɓi baƙi, 'ya'yan Gao guda biyu, Ali Kolon da Suleiman Nar. Ya koma Niani tare da yaran nan biyu kuma daga baya ya karantar dasu a kotu. Lokacin da Mansa Musa ya dawo, ya dawo da yawancin masanan larabawa da masu gine-gine.
Gine-gine a ƙasar Mali
Musa ya fara wani babban shiri na gini, yana inganta masallatai da madrasas a Timbuktu da Gao. Mafi mahimmanci, an gina tsohuwar cibiyar koyan Sankore Madrasah (ko Jami'ar Sankore) lokacin mulkinsa.
A Niani, Musa ya gina zauren sauraron ra'ayoyi, wanda yake sadarwa ta ƙofar ciki ta zuwa gidan sarki. Shi ne "mai m Monument", surmounted da wani Dome kuma qawata da arabesques na daukan hankali launuka. Filin katako na katako daga saman bene aka dalaye shi da tsare; na ƙananan bene tare da zinariya. Kamar Babban Masallaci, wani tsayayyen tsari da tsari a Timbuktu, an gina Hall din da dutse ne.
A wannan lokacin, an sami ci gaba na rayuwar birni a cikin manyan cibiyoyin Mali. Sergio Domian, wani masanin kimiyyar zane-zane na Italiya, ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin: "Ta haka aka kafa harsashin wayewar gari. A lokacin da ƙarfinsa ya kasance, Mali tana da aƙalla birane 400, kuma yankin na Niger Delta yana da jama'a sosai. "
Tattalin arziki da ilimi
An rubuta cewa Mansa Musa ya ratsa garuruwan Timbuktu da Gao a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Makka, kuma ya sanya su zama cikin daularsa lokacin da ya dawo a shekara ta 1325. Ya kawo masu zanen kaya daga Andalusia, yanki a Spain, da Alkahira don gina babban fadarsa a Timbuktu da kuma Babban Masallacin Djinguereber da har yanzu yake a yau.
Ba da daɗewa ba Timbuktu ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci, al'adu, da Musulunci; kasuwannin da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Hausaland, Egypt, da sauran masarautun Afirka, an kafa jami'a a cikin gari (haka kuma a garuruwan Mali na Djenné da Ségou ), sannan kuma addinin musulunci ya yadu ta kasuwanni da jami'a, wanda ke sanya Timbuktu wani sabon yanki domin karatuttukan musulinci. Labarin birnin arziki na daular Maliki har ma ya ratsa tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Kudancin Turai, inda ba da daɗewa ba yan kasuwa daga Venice, Granada, da Genoa sun kara da Timbuktu zuwa taswirar su don siyayya da kayayyaki na zinare.
Jami'ar Sankore da ke Timbuktu ta kasance ta hannun Musa tare da masana kimiya, da masanan kimiyyar lissafi, da lissafi. Jami'ar ta zama cibiyar koyo da al'adu, tare da jawo hankalin musulmai daga ko'ina cikin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Timbuktu.
A shekara ta 1330, masarautar Mossi ta mamaye ta kuma ci birnin Timbuktu. Janar Gao ya riga ya kama Gao, kuma Musa ya hanzarta sake daukar Timbuktu, ya gina shinge da katangar dutse, sannan ya sanya runduna ta tsaro don kare garin daga mamayewa nan gaba.
Yayin da fadar Musa tun daga lokacin da ta shuɗe, har yanzu jami’ar da masallacin suna tsaye a Timbuktu.
A karshen mulkin Mansa Musa, an canza Sankoré jami'ar zuwa cikakken jami'a wanda ke da mafi yawan tarin littattafai a Afirka tun daga dakin karatu na Alexandria . Jami'ar Sankoré ta iya ɗaliban ɗaliban 25,000 kuma suna da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na duniya tare da rubutun kusan 1,000,000.
Mutuwa
Ranar mutuwar Mansa Musa an yi muhawara sosai tsakanin masana tarihi da masana Larabawa waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin ƙasar Mali. Idan aka kwatanta da zamanin magajinsa, dan Mansa Maghan (hukuncin da aka rubuta daga 1337 zuwa 1341) da babban dan'uwan Mansa Suleyman (dokar da aka rubuta daga 1341 zuwa 1360), da kuma tarihin Musa na shekaru 25, ranar da aka kirkiri mutuwarsa 1337. Wasu bayanan sun ce Musa ya yi niyyar kaurace wa dan nasa kursiyin, amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya dawo daga Makka a 1325. A wani labarin da Ibn-Khaldun ya ruwaito, Mansa Musa yana da rai lokacin da aka ci birnin Tlemcen na Aljeriya a shekarar 1337, yayin da ya aiki wakili zuwa Algeria don taya murna ga masu nasara.
Manazarta
Bibliography
Bell, Nawal Morcos (1972), "The age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in succession and chronology", Jaridar International Journal of African Tarihi, 5 : 221-223, JSTOR 217515 .
De Villiers, Marq, da Sheila Hirtle. Timbuktu: Birnin gwal na Sahara'' . Walker da Kamfanin: New York. 2007.
Goodwin, A. J .H. (1957), "The Medieval Empire of Ghana", Bulletin na Afirka Ta Kudu, 12 : 108-1, JSTOR 3886971 .
Hunwick, John O. (1999), Timbuktu da Daular Songhay: Al-Sadi ta Tarikh al-Sudan har zuwa 1613 da sauran takardu na zamani, Leiden: Brill, ISBN Hunwick, John O. .
Levtzion, Nehemia (1963), "Sarakunan Mali na goma sha uku da goma sha huɗu", Journal of Tarihin Afirka, 4 : 341–353, doi : 10.1017 / s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027 .
Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), Tsohuwar Ghana da Mali, London: Methuen, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), .
Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. (2000), Corpus na farkon Larabci tushe don Yammacin Afirka, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. (2000), . Aka fara bugawa a 1981.
Haɗin waje
Encyclopedia Tarihin Tarihi - Mansa Musa I
Tashar Tarihi: Mansa Moussa: Hajji na Zinare a archive.org
Vwararrun Zinare, gmentsungiyoyi a Lokacin: Art, Al'adu, da musayar a tsakanin Saharan Afirka
Tarihin Mali
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57543 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Freed | Honda Freed | Honda Freed ƙaramin MPV ne wanda kamfanin kera motoci na Japan Honda ya samar tun 2008. An kera motar musamman don buƙatun masu amfani da Japan. Ya dogara ne akan dandalin Fit/Jazz kuma yana aiki azaman maye gurbin Mobilio na farko a Japan. Akwai nau'ikan Freed guda uku daban-daban: nau'in kujeru shida wanda ke da kujerun kyaftin a jere na biyu, nau'in kujeru bakwai da nau'in kujeru biyar. Honda ta kuma bayyana cewa ana bayar da samfurin keken guragu baya ga nau'ikan da ke da wurin zama na daga gefe da wurin zama na daga fasinja.
Zamanin farko (GB3/GB4/GP3; 2008)
Injin
The Freed yana sanye da injin 1.5 L mai ƙarfin dawakai 118, wanda shine injin ɗin da ake amfani da shi a cikin Jazz/City, amma injin ɗin da ake amfani da shi yana da ƙarfi. Misali, injin Freed yana da da na karfin juyi, yayin da Jazz/City yana da da na juyi.
Japan
Farkon ƙarni na Freed yana samuwa a Japan a cikin nau'i biyu; man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi a G ko G Aero grade da kuma nau'in nau'in nau'i. Bambancin matasan yana amfani da i-VTEC tare da fasahar motar mota ta IMA ta Honda.
An ƙaddamar da Freed ɗin da aka gyara a cikin kasuwar Japan a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2011, yana samun tallace-tallace na sama da raka'a 20,000 a cikin makonni biyu na farko da aka sayar, wanda 63% na samfurin matasan ne.
An saki Karu
A cikin 2010, Honda ya fito da 'dan uwan mai rai' na Freed wanda ake kira Freed Spike don kasuwannin Japan kawai. Honda ya ce wannan mota "karamin wagon da yawa" ga mutanen da ke da "salon rayuwa."
Wannan motar tana da nau'ikan grille daban-daban, fitilun kai da fastoci na gaba; taga rufaffen tagar gefen uku, fitilun wutsiya da aka rufe da sabbin ƙafafun gwal. A ciki, ban da dashboard ɗin da aka saba da shi zuwa Freed, yana da bene mai tsayi biyu a cikin wurin da ake ɗaukar kaya da wasu ƙarin wuraren ajiya a kan bangarorin gefe.
Indonesia
A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2009, an ƙaddamar da ƙarni na farko da 'Yanci a Indonesia, ƙasa ta biyu inda aka saki 'Yancin bayan Japan. An hada shi a kamfanin Karawang na Honda Prospect Motor kuma an fitar dashi zuwa wasu kasuwannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Matsakaicin izinin Freed shine 20 mm mafi girma. Ga kasuwar Indonesiya, Freed yana amfani da shimfidar wurin zama 7 da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri 5 maimakon CVT a cikin sigar kasuwar cikin gida ta Japan .
The Freed for Indonesian Market ya ƙunshi matakan datsa 3, A, S da E. An sami gyaran fuska a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2012 yana ƙara mai busa AC sau biyu don S da E datsa. The E datsa ya zo tare da anti tsunkule aiki a kan duka zamiya kofofin, retractable kofa madubi tare da juya fitilu da biyu DIN audio duba tare da iPod/iPhone jituwa.
Samfurin ya sami wani wartsakewa a cikin watan Satumba na 2014 tare da ƙari na 3 faffadan layi na kwance na gaba grille (mai kama da na farko facelift JDM 2011 Freed G Aero), lafazin azurfa a tarnaƙi na fitilar tasha da sarrafa jirgin ruwa don E datsa kafin ya kasance. ya daina saboda ƙarancin tallace-tallace.
Tailandia
A cikin 2010, an ƙaddamar da Freed a Thailand. An shigo da shi daga Indonesia. Ya kasance kawai a cikin matakan datsa guda huɗu (S, E, E Sport da E Sport NAVI).
Malaysia
A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2010, an ƙaddamar da Freed a Malaysia . Ya kasance kawai a matakin datsa (Grade E). Kasuwancin Honda Malaysia ya kasance raka'a 1,200 a shekara.
A watan Yulin 2012, Honda Malaysia ta ƙara wani nau'i mai rahusa na Honda Freed mai suna Grade S; an saka shi RM99,800 akan hanya tare da inshora, yana matse shi ƙasa da alamar RM100,000. Siffofin da suka ɓace daga ƙirar Grade E sune ƙofofin baya masu ƙarfi da aka kunna tare da aiki mai nisa, kwandishan na atomatik, alamun madubin gefe ko masu gogewa, mai lalata wutsiya, da na'urar DVD mai tsayi.
A watan Janairun 2013, Honda Malaysia ta ƙaddamar da samfurin fuska zuwa Malaysia. Kamar da, yana samuwa a cikin matakan datsa guda biyu (Grade E da Grade S). Samfurin na Grade E ya sami wasu ƙarin fasaloli waɗanda suka haɗa da kujerun fata, kuma naƙasasshen hannu don kujerun gaba biyu yanzu ana samunsu a duk faɗin hukumar (a baya direban da kujerun layi biyu ne kawai ke da madafan hannu).
Ƙananan ƙayyadaddun ƙimar Grade S yana samuwa a cikin Farin Farin Lu'u-lu'u, Ƙarfe mai gogewa da Crystal Black Pearl. Za'a iya samun mafi girman daraja E kawai a cikin Farin Farin Ciki.
Hong Kong
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2011, an ƙaddamar da Freed bisa hukuma a Hong Kong . Ba kamar sauran samfuran kasuwancin da ba na Japan ba, duk Freeds da ake sayarwa a Hong Kong ana kera su a Japan kuma suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 6.
Singapore
A cikin Singapore, ana samun 'Yancin ta hanyar masu rarraba shigo da kayayyaki iri ɗaya .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30120 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20muhalli%20a%20Virginia | Yanayi muhalli a Virginia | Yanayin muhalli a Virginia ya ƙunshi yanayin muhallin ƙasa da ilimin halitta na jihar Virginia ta Amurka. Virginia tana da jimlar yanki na , gami na ruwa, yana mai da shi jiha ta 35 mafi girma ta yanki. Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kashi 65% na jihar, dausayi da ruwa sun mamaye kashi 6% na filaye a jihar, yayin da kashi 5% na jihar hadakar kasuwanci ce, wurin zama da kuma rikon kwarya.
ỊVirginia tana iyaka da Maryland da Washington, DC zuwa arewa da gabas; ta Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas; ta Arewacin Carolina da Tennessee zuwa kudu; ta Kentucky zuwa yamma; kuma ta West Virginia zuwa arewa da yamma. Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idar ta asali ta Virginia, iyakarta da Maryland da Washington, DC ba ta wuce alamar ƙarancin ruwa na gabar kudu na Kogin Potomac (saɓanin iyakoki da yawa waɗanda suka raba kogi zuwa tsakiya). An ayyana iyakar kudu a matsayin 36°<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwHQ"> </span>30′ a layi daya arewa, duk da cewa kuskuren mai binciken ya haifar da karkatacciyar hanya na kusan mintuna uku.
Hukumomin jihohi waɗanda babban abin da ke da mahimmanci a kan yanayin muhalli na Virginia sune Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi (DCR), da Sashen Inganta Muhalli (DEQ).
Yankunan Physiogeographic da geology
A fannin ilimin kasa, Virginia ta kasu kashi biyar, yayin da EPA ta lissafta ma'auni bakwai tare da ƙarin daidaito. Daga gabas zuwa yamma, yankunan sune kamar haka.
Kogin Tidewater fili ne na bakin teku tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Layin Fallasa . Ya haɗa da Tekun Gabas da manyan wuraren da ke shiga Chesapeake Bay. Wannan yanki yayi daidai da EPA ta Tsakiyar Tekun Tekun Tekun Atlantika (#63) da yankunan Kudu maso Gabas (#65).
Kogin Chesapeake ya raba yankin Commonwealth daga yankin yanki biyu na Gabashin Gabashin Virginia. An kuma kafa baykin ne biyo bayan wani ramin tasirin meteoroid a lokacin Eocene . Yawancin kogunan Virginia suna kwarara zuwa cikin Chesapeake Bay, gami da Potomac, Rappahannock, James, da York, waɗanda ke haifar da tsibiran tsibiri guda uku a cikin bay.
Piedmont jerin tsaunukan tsaunuka ne da ke kan dutsen gabas na tsaunuka waɗanda aka kafa a cikin Mesozoic . Yankin, wanda aka sani da ƙasa mai nauyi, ya haɗa da tsaunukan Kudu maso Yamma . Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankunan Piedmont na EPA (#45) da Arewacin Piedmont (#64).
Tsaunukan Blue Ridge yanki ne na ilimin lissafi na jerin tsaunukan Appalachian tare da mafi girman maki a cikin jihar, mafi tsayi shine Dutsen Rogers a . Wannan yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Blue Ridge (#66).
Yankin Ridge da Valley yana yamma da tsaunuka, kuma ya haɗa da Babban Kwarin Appalachian, wanda ya haɗa da kwarin Shenandoah. Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Ridge and Valley (#67). Yankin yana tushen dutsen carbonate (musamman dutsen farar ƙasa), kuma ya haɗa da Dutsen Massanutten . Saboda wuraren dutsen carbonate da sakamakon karst, akwai kogo sama da 4,000 a Virginia, tare da buɗe ido goma don yawon shakatawa. Hakazalika, wani fasalin da Kuma ya samo asali daga zaizayar ƙasa a yankin kwari shine gadar Halitta .
Plateau Cumberland (wanda ake kira Plateau Appalachian ) da kuma Dutsen Cumberland suna cikin kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Virginia, a ƙarƙashin Allegheny Plateau .Kuma A cikin wannan yanki koguna suna gudana arewa maso yamma, tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa, zuwa cikin kogin Ohio . Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA ta Tsakiya Appalachians (#69).
Ana hakar ma'adinan kwal a yankuna uku masu tsaunuka a gadaje 40 daban-daban na kwal kusa da kwalayen Mesozoic. Baya ga kwal, sannan Kuma ana hako albarkatun kamar slate, kyanite, yashi, da tsakuwa, tare da ƙimar shekara sama da $2. biliyan .
Virginia tana da ƙananan haɗari akan girgizar ƙasa, musamman a yankin arewacin jihar. Yankin girgizar kasa na Virginia ba shi da tarihin ayyukan girgizar kasa na yau da kullun. Ba kasafai ake samun girgizar kasa sama da 4.5 ba a girma saboda Virginia tana tsakiyar tsakiyar farantin Arewacin Amurka, nesa da iyakokin faranti. Wurare da ke kusa da faranti na tectonic suna fama da girgizar ƙasa akai-akai. Girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin, a kiyasin 5.9 Girma, ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1897 kusa da Blacksburg . Mafi girma tun daga wancan lokacin shine a watan Agustan shekarata 2011, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 5.8 ta afku a kusa da ma'adinai, Virginia kuma an ji matsakaicin matsakaiciyar karfi a duk fadin jihar.
Yanayi
Yanayin Virginia ya bambanta bisa ga wuri, kuma yana ƙara dumi da ɗanɗano a nesa da gabas. Yawancin jihar tana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, daga cikin tsaunukan Blue Ridge da kudancin Shenandoah Valley zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika . A cikin tsaunin Blue Ridge, yanayin ya zama babban tsibiri mai zafi .
Ilimin halittu
Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya ayyana yankuna hudu a cikin Virginia: gandun daji na gabar tekun Atlantika ta Tsakiya kusa da Tekun Atlantika a kudu maso gabas na jihar, gandun daji na kudu maso gabas akan Piedmont, gandun daji na Appalachian-Blue Ridge akan tsaunin Appalachian, da Appalachian gauraye dazuzzukan mesophytic a cikin nisa yamma.
A cewar Sashen Inganta Muhalli na Virginia, dajin itacen oak-hickory shine mafi yawan al'ummar gandun daji a Virginia. Yawancin nau'ikan sun hada da farin itacen oak, itacen oak ja, itacen oak mai launin ja, itacen oak mai ja, itacen oak chestnut, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, tulip poplar, maple, beech, dogwood, black cherry, black locust, da black gyada . Dajin itacen oak-pine shine nau'in gandun daji na biyu mafi girma tare da itacen oak da aka ambata a baya da ƙari na loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Pine Virginia, black danko, sweetgum, hickories, sycamore, jan cedar, da tulip poplar . Kuma Irin wannan gandun daji ana samunsa da farko a bakin teku da kuma Piedmont. Ƙananan katako sun haɗa da itacen oak, itacen oak na ruwa, blackgum, sweetgum, cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, da maple ja .
Ƙananan tsaunukan suna iya samun ƙanƙanta amma masu yawa na ƙwanƙwasa masu son danshi da mosses a yalwace, tare da hickory da itacen oak a cikin Blue Ridge. Koyaya, tun farkon shekarun 1990, cutar asu ta Gypsy ta lalata dazuzzukan itacen oak. Sauran bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire na yau da kullum sun hada da chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, dutsen laurel, milkweed, daisies, da yawancin nau'in ferns. Sannan Mafi girman yankunan jeji suna kusa da gabar tekun Atlantika da kuma tsaunukan yamma, wadanda watakila ke da mafi yawan yawan furannin daji na trillium a Arewacin Amurka.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da barewa mai farar wutsiya, baƙar fata, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, groundhog, Virginia opossum, fox gray fox, ja fox, kogin otter, dusar ƙanƙara, kudancin bogin lemming, kowa na gabas chipmunk, gama gari, muskrat gama gari, auduga na kowa, auduga linzamin kwamfuta, gabas hange skunk, ratsan skunk, fox squirrel, launin toka squirrel, arewa tashi squirrel, marsh zomo, da kuma gabas auduga zomo . Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, American Crow, American goldfinch, American pipit, American robin, Baird's sandpiper, Baltimore oriole, sito owl, babban blue jakin, babban kaho mujiya, dusar ƙanƙara Goose, herring gull, mallard, blue jay, Kyanwa mai hadiye wutsiya, sparrow bishiyar Amurka, farar pelican na ƙasar Amurka, pelican mai launin ruwan kasa, mikiya mai santsi, bishiyar shanu, loon gama-gari, bluebird na gabas, osprey, falcon arctic peregrine, shaho mai jajayen wutsiya, da turkeys daji. An sake dawo da falcon falcon a cikin Shenandoah National Park a tsakiyar shekarata 1990s.
Walleye, rook trout, Roanoke bass, da kuma shudin kifi suna cikin sanannun nau'ikan kifin ruwa guda 210. Gudun rafuka tare da gindin dutse sau da yawa ana yawan zama da yawan kifin crayfish da salamanders. Chesapeake Bay ita ce mafi girma a cikin ƙasa kuma mafi bambancin ilimin halitta kuma tana gida ga nau'ikan ma'adinai ne da suka hada da kaguwa da kaguwa, clams, oysters, scallops, Chesapeake ray, eel, bay anchovies, shad na Amurka, croaker Atlantic, sturgeon Atlantika, gangunan kuma baƙar fata. seabass, blue kifi, hickory shad, longnose gar, jan drum, spot, and rockfish (wanda aka fi sani da bass bass).
Kasashe masu kariya
Virginia tana da raka'a 30 na sabis na shakatawa na ƙasa, kamar Great Falls Park da Trail Appalachian, da wurin shakatawa ɗaya na ƙasa, Shenandoah National Park . An kafa Shenandoah a cikin Shekarata 1935. Kusan kashi 40% na wurin shakatawa (79,579 kadada/322 km 2 ) an sanya shi a matsayin jeji a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kiyaye Daji na Ƙasa . Parkways, irin su George Washington Memorial Parkway da Blue Ridge Parkway, wanda ya ƙunshi filin wasan Skyline Drive, suna cikin wuraren sabis na wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai wuraren shakatawa na jihar Virginia guda 34 da dazuzzukan jaha 17, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi da Sashen Gandun daji ke gudanarwa. Chesapeake Bay, yayin da ba wurin shakatawa na kasa ba, yana da kariya daga dokokin jihohi da na tarayya, da kuma shirin Chesapeake Bay na hadin gwiwa a tsakanin wanda ke gudanar da gyare-gyare a bakin teku da magudanar ruwa. Babban Gudun Hijira na Namun daji na Ƙasa ya ƙaru zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Gidajen kayan tarihi da yawa da wuraren yaƙi suna cikin jihar, kamar Colonial Williamsburg, Filin Yaƙin Kasa na Richmond, da Fredericksburg da Spotsylvania National Military Park .
Tun daga ranar 26 ga Maris, Na shekarar 2010, akwai wuraren Superfund guda 31 a cikin Virginia a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka fi fifiko na ƙasa, kamar yadda aka zayyana a ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar Amsar Muhalli, Rarraba, da Dokokin Lamuni (CERCLA). A halin yanzu babu ƙarin rukunin yanar gizo da aka gabatar don shigarwa cikin jerin. An share shafuka hudu kuma an cire su daga jerin.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi ta Virginia
Ma'aikatar ingancin muhalli ta Virginia
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21178 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan%20ibrahimovic | Zlatan ibrahimovic | Zlatan Ibrahimovic (An haifeshi ranar 3 ga watan oktoba, 1981) a garin malmo, ya kasance kwarraran ɗan kwallan kafa ne, ɗan kasar Sweden.
.
Manazarta
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Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1981 |
8452 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta | Abeokuta | Abeokuta Birni ne, da ke a jihar Ogun, a ƙasar Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Ogun. Birnin na nan a kudancin rafin Ogun, a wani yanki dake da duwatsu da manyan itace na Savanna. Birnin na da nisan kilomitoci 77 (48 mi) daga arewacin Legas ta titin jirgin kasa, ko kuma nisa 130km (81 mi) ta ruwa. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimillar mutane 451,607 ne.
Labarin kasa da Tattalin arziki
Birnin Abeokuta yana da yanki mai dauke da duwatsu da kuma manyan itace na Savanna, da duwatsun kwaru a saman kasar. Ta wanzu a yankin da zagaye da katanga mai nisan mil 18. Birnin tayi fice kasuwanci man-ja, shinkafa, doya, roba, rogo, masara da sauransu. Haka zalika birnin tayi fice a harkokin fitar da kayan masarufi kamar cocoa, man-kadenya, goro da dai sauransu. Mishenari suka kawo shinkafa da auduga zuwa birnin a cikin shekarun 1850s, kuma sun zama daya daga cikin muhimman kayan kasuwancin garin.
Abeokuta na nan a kusa da dutsen Olumo, inda akwai koguna da wuraren bautan gargajiya da dama. Birnin ya dogara ne da rafin "Oyan River Dam" dangane da ruwan amfanin yau da kullum, wanda kuma ba kasafai yake isar su ba. Dam din na nan a yankin karamar hukumar Abeokuta ta kudu na jihar Ogun da ke yammacin Najeriya. Dam din ya rasa ta Rafin Oyan, wani datsi ne daga Rafin Ogun.
Abeokuta ita ce kuma cibiyar tarayyar gudanar da rafukan Oshun da Ogun, wanda ke da alhakin bunkasa ruwa da kasa na jihohin Lagos, Ogun da Oyo. Wannan sun hada da noman rani, sarrafa kayan abinci da kuma samar da wutar lantarki.
Kamfanoni a birnin sun hada da kamfanonin sarrafa kayan marmari na gongoni, kamfunan robobi, kamfunan sarrafa barasa, kamfunan sarrafa katakai da kuma na kwanukan rufin gida (alluminium zinc). A kudancin birnin akwai wuraren fasa duwatsu na Aro granite quarries.
Zirga-zirga
Abeokuta na hade da garin Lagos ta titin jirgin kasa wanda aka kera a shekarar 1899, wanda ke da tsawon kimanin kilomita 77 (48 mi). Tun a shekarar 2021 aka samar da tsayayyen sufuri ta hanyar jirqin kasa tsakanin Lagos zuwa Ibadan wacce ta tsaya a birnin Abeokuta.
A dalilin haka, an gina sabon tasahar jirgin kasa a Abeokuta.A duk rana jiragen kasa na tashi zuwa Ibadan da misalin karfe 8:30 na safe da kuma 16:30 na yamma. Za'a iya siyan tikita da wuri kafin lokacin tashi.
Sannan tituna sun hada birni da wasu garuruwa kamar Ibadan, Ilaro, Shagamu, Iseyin, Sango Ota, da kuma Ketou.
Tarihi
Chief Sodeke ya fara zama a Abeokuta a shekara ta 1830 don buya daga kaidin mafarautan bayi daga Dahomey da kuma Ibadan (ma'anar Abeokuta na nufin, "karkashin dutse" watau "the underneath of the rock" ko kuma "wajen buya a karakashin dutse" watau "refuge among rocks"). Mutanen karkaran sun watsu a yankunan da ke da duwatsu da koguna don nema mafaka da kariya. A dalilin haka suka samar da wani kungiya na mutane iri daban-daban, masu kulawa da al'adunsu na gargajiya, hakkunan addininsu, da kuma ainihin sunayen kauyukansu.
Ainihin mutanen da suka fara a Abeokuta sun kasance daga mutanen kabilar Egba, wanda suka samo asali daga sarakunan Eso Ikoyi, wanda suka bi babban sarki watau Alake of the Egba a yayinda yayi kaura daga Oyo kuma suka bishi samar da sabon masarautar Egba a yankin dajin Egba. A yayinda wadannan kakannin nasu suka baro masarautar Oyo, sai suka fara yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri, haka suka cigaba har daga bisani suka gano Abeokuta. Haka dai daga bisani wasu daga cikin kabilar yarbawa suka zauna a wajen.
Mishenaris na kiristoci turawa sun fara mulkin wurin a shekarun 1840s,da kuma mutanen Serra Leone da kuma bayi da suka gudo da kuma wanda da suka dawo daga Brazil.
A dalilin cewa Abeokuta tana yanki mai muhimmanci na safarar man-ja kuma saboda itace babban birnin Egba na lokacin, Dahomey sun kara kaimi.
A yakin Abeokuta na 1851, Egba sun ci sarki Gezo na Dohomey da yaki. Har wayau sun kara cin dakarun Dahomey da yaki a shekarar 1864.
Har wayau a cikin shekarun 1860s, an samu matsala da ta taso tsakanin mutanen garin da kuma turawa, watau turawan Lagos, wanda ya jawo mutanen Egba suka fara rufe hanyoyin kasuwancin waje, daga bisani kuma korar mishenaris da 'yan kasuwa a 1867.
A tsakanin shakara ta 1877 da 1893, yakin basasan yarbawa ya auku, sannan Abeokuta ta hamaici Ibadan, a dalilin haka sarkin Egba ya rattaba hannu a wata yarjejeniya da gwamnan mulkin mallaka na lokacin "Sir Gilbert Carter". Hakan ya faru ne a 1893, wanda ya sama da gwamnatin Egba wanda turawa suka amince da wanzuwarsu.
A 1914, an hade kasashen Egba da yakunan mulkin mallakar turawa na lokacin, da Abeokuta a matsayin babban birni.
A cikin shekara ta 1918, rikici ya kece wanda ake kira da yakin Adubi, a dalilin sanya haraji da sauran ayyukan take hakki da shugaba Sir Frederick Lugard yayi, watau Gwamna-jenar na mulkin turawa. Wannan shine kadai cikas d turawa suka samu a mulkinsu na mallakan Najeriya kafin yakin duniya na farko.
Rikicin da kungiyar mata ta Abeokuuta watau "Abeokuta Women's Union (AWU)" ta hassasa watau Abeokuta Women's Revolt ya faru ne a 1940s. Shima wani gangami ne do nuna rashin amincewa da harajin da gwamnatin turawan mulkin mallaka suka sanya.
A shekara ta 1976, Abeokuta ta zamo babban birnin sabon jihar da aka samar watau jihar Ogun.
Gine-Ginen Tarihi
Abeokuta na zagaya da katanga mai tsawon miloli 18mil, sannan alamar ragowar katangan na nan har yau. Ake watau gidan sarautar Aleke da kuma Centenary Hall (1930) suna nan a yankin Egba Alake. Akwai makarantun firamare da kuma sakandare da sashinjami'ar Lagos da ke Abeokuta wacce aka bude ta a 1894. Wannan jami'a ta shahara a fanni kimiyya, karatun noma, fasaha da sauransu. Daga bisani a canzata zuwa Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) a 1988.
Har wayau akwai katafaren otel watau Green Legacy Resort wanda tsohom shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo da wasu masu hannun jari suka gina ta. Akwai labrare na "Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library (OOPL)" wanda ke nan a cikin otel din.
Ofishin gwamna na nan a cikin garin a yankin Oke-Mosan. Jami'ar garin watau Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) na nan a titin Alabata a Abeokuta, kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun jami'oin gwamna na Najeriya.
Sanannun Mutane
Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola; dan kasuwa, dan jarida, dan takarar shugaban kasa kuma.
Chief Simeon Adebo Lawya a Najeriya kuma dan siyasa.
Odunlade Adekola jarumin fina-finan Nollywood.
Prince Bola Ajibola, tsohon alkalin kotun duniya.
Dr. Tunde Bakare, pastor.
Oladimeji Bankole, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa.
Princess Sara Forbes Bonetta, Egbado, gimbiyar yarbawa, diyar rikon sarauniyar Ingila.
Jean-Marie Coquard, mishenari likita daga Faransa.
Oba Adedotun Aremu Gbadebo III, sarki kuma dan kasuwa.
Abimbola Jayeola, direbiyar jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya
Fela Kuti, mawaki kuma dan adwan siyasa.
Mudashiru Lawal, dan kwallo, kuma mai hasashen wasanni.
Shane Lawal, dan wasan kwallon kwando.
Lijadu Sisters, tagwaye mawaka wanda sukai kaurin suna a fannin waka a tsakanin 1960s da 1980s
Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban kasa daga 1999 zuwa 2007.
Ebenezer Obey, juju, mawakin coci
Segun Odegbami, dan kwallo, kuma mai hasashen wasanni.
Akin Ogungbe, jarumin fim, furosa kuma mai bada umurni.
Princess Kuforiji Olubi, tsohuwar ministar tarayya.
Chief Olusegun Osoba, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa.
Tunji Oyelana, mawaki, dan wasa
Sir Shina Peters, mawaki kuma dan kasuwa.
Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, kungiyar mata.
Professor Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, farfesa a fannin pediatrics, tsohon ministan lafiya.
Chief Ernest Shonekan, dan kasuwa, tsohon shugaban kasa na rikon kwaryan Najeriya.
Ike Shorunmu, dan wasan kwallon kafa kuma coach
Jimi Solanke, dan wasa, mawaki, mai bada labari kuma marubucin wasanni.
Professor Wole Soyinka, farfesan da yaci kyautar Nobel Prize-winning author.
Oba Adedapo Tejuoso, sarki kuma dan kasuwa.
Chief Bisoye Tejuoso, dan kasuwa kuma titled aristocrat.
Madam Tinubu,tayi fice.
Chief Akintola Williams, accountant, kuma wanda ya kirkiro ICAN.
Chief Frederick Rotimi Williams, malamin shari'a.
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