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29537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Sanogo | Amadou Sanogo | Amadou Haya Sanogo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972 ko kuma a shekara ta 1973) hafsan sojan Mali ne wanda ya jagoranci juyin mulkin Malin a 2012 akan shugaba Amadou Toumani Touré . Ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kwamitin farfado da dimokuradiyya da dawo da jihar (CNRDRE). An kuma ce Sanogo yana da hannu wajen kamawa da murabus din mukaddashin Firayim Minista Cheick Modibo Diarra a watan Disamban shekarar 2012, wanda ya kai ga naɗa ma'aikacin gwamnati Django Sissoko a matsayin Firayim Minista. A cewar Human Rights Watch, sojojin Sanogo suna da hannu a cikin munanan take hakkin dan Adam da suka hada da azabtarwa, cin zarafi, da kuma tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida da dangin sojojin da aka tsare.
Rayuwar farko
Sanogo yana daya daga cikin yaya shida na Mamadou Sanogo da matarsa suka haifa. Ana yi wa Amadou Sanogo lakabi da “Bolly” a wajen ‘yan uwa.
Haihuwa
Sanogo ya fito ne daga Ségou daya daga cikin manyan biranen kasar Mali da ke gabar kogin Niger . Sanogo ya shafe shekaru 22 a rundunar sojin kasar Mali . Kafin juyin mulkin, Sanogo ya rike mukamin soja na matsakaicin matsayi. Mahalarta shirin Ilimi da Horar da Sojoji na Duniya, ya sami horo "a shirye-shiryen horo a Amurka, a Jojiya da kuma Marine Corps Base Quantico a Virginia", to amma malamansa na Amurka "ba su taba yi masa alama ba. fita a matsayin kayan jagoranci na gaba". Ya kuma karanci harshen turanci a sansanin sojojin sama na Lackland dake Texas.
CRNDRE
Ayyukansa na farko a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa sun hada da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki da ayyukan wasu kungiyoyi, da kuma kafa dokar hana fita da kuma rufe kan iyakokin kasar. Ko da yake dalilin juyin mulkin shi ne zargin Amadou Toumani Touré na rashin gudanar da tawaye na tawayen Abzinawa na 2012, sojojin Mali sun rasa iko da babban birnin yankin Kidal, Gao, da Timbuktu a cikin kwanaki goma da hawan Sanogo ofishin, jagoranci Reuters don kwatanta juyin mulkin a matsayin " burin kai na ban mamaki". A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, jaridar New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa yana ƙoƙarin kawar da hankali daga juyin mulkin zuwa gwagwarmayar arewa, yana gaya wa wani ɗan jarida, "Ya kamata mu manta da kaɗan kaɗan Kwamitin, Majalisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki - wannan zasu iya jira. Babban batu, shi ne arewa. Wannan shi ne mafi mahimmanci."
Bayan takunkumin tattalin arziki da kakabawa kasar takunkumin da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika ECOWAS ta yi, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da shugaban kasar Blaise Compaore ya kulla a Burkina Faso a karkashin inuwar kungiyar ECOWAS, wadda za ta sa Sanogo ya mika mulki ga Dioncounda Traoré., wanda zai zama shugaban kasa na wucin gadi har sai an gudanar da zabe .
Bayan da sabon shugaban kasar na rikon kwarya Dioncounda Traoré da firaministan kasar Cheick Modibo Diarra suka hau karagar mulki, gwamnatin mulkin sojan da Sanogo ke jagoranta ta bayyana karara cewa sun janye na wani dan lokaci ne kawai kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja za ta ci gaba da rike mukamin sa ido har zuwa lokacin zabe. ECOWAS ta bai wa gwamnatin rikon kwarya shekara guda ta gudanar da zabe.
Addini
A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2012, Sanogo ya shiga cikin shugabannin addini na Mali don yin jawabi a wani taron Bamako na adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin addini.
A ranar 11 ga Disamban shekarar 2012, gwamnatin mulkin Sanogo ta kama Firai Minista Modibo Diarra tare da tilasta masa yin murabus. Matakin da ECOWAS ta yi Allah wadai da shi, ya biyo bayan nadin Django Sissoko a matsayin Firayim Minista a wannan rana.
Kama da saki yana jiran shari'a
Bayan zaben Ibrahim Boubacar Keita a matsayin shugaban kasa, Sanogo ya samu mukamin janar na taurari hudu a ranar 14 ga Agustan shekarar 2013; ana kyautata zaton cewa matakin wani bangare ne na kokarin shawo kan Sanogo ya yi ritaya, wanda hakan zai ba shi damar yin hakan cikin mutunci. Jim kadan kafin a rantsar da Keita a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, an kori Sanogo daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin garambawul na soja a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2013.
A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, an kama Sanogo tare da tuhume shi da hannu wajen yin garkuwa da bacewar abokan hamayya a cikin sojojin Mali. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare yayin da yake jiran shari'a.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, an sanar da cewa za a saki Sanogo har sai an gurfanar da shi gaban kotu. Hakan dai ya biyo bayan hukuncin da kotu ta yanke na sakin Sanogo bayan an dage zaman shari’ar Sanogo a minti na karshe.
Manazarta
Mutanen mali na karni 21
Mutanen segou
Masu kayan sarki na kasar mali
Musulman Mali
Rayayyun mutane
Shuwagabannin da sukayi juyi
Wanda baasan shekarun haihuwarsu bah
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Nigeria | Miss Nigeria | Miss Nigeria wani shiri ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna kyawawan halaye na matan Najeriya da bayar da tallafin karatu na jami'a. Wanda ya ci nasara ya nuna kyawawan halaye kuma ya zama abin koyi ga mata matasa a ƙasar. Jaridar Daily Times ce ta shirya gasar a halin yanzu.
A halin yanzu titleholder ne 18-shekara hijabi model Shatu Garko, wanda ya wakilci arewa-maso-gabas. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara shiga gasar hijabi tare da likitan magunguna Halima Abubakar a tarihin gasar shekara 64, kuma musulma ta farko da ta lashe gasar.
Tarihi
Jaridar Daily Times ta kasa ta kafa lambar yabo ta Miss Nigeria wacce ta fara a matsayin gasar daukar hoto a shekara ta 1957. Masu gasar sun aika da hotuna zuwa ofishin jaridar da ke Legas inda aka tantance wadanda suka kammala gasar; wadanda suka yi nasara an gayyace su ne domin fafatawa a wasan ƙarshe kai tsaye wanda kuma a lokacin ba a haɗa da gasar wasan ninkaya a kulob ɗin Legas Island Club. Ma'aikaciyar UAC Grace Oyelude ta lashe kyautar Miss Nigeria, kuma daga baya za ta yi amfani da wani bangare na kyautar fam 200 don tafiya Ingila inda ta karanta aikin jinya .
Saɓanin abin da aka sani, Julie Coker ba ita ce Miss Nigeria ta farko ba - a zahiri ta ci Miss Western Nigeria. Duk da haka, ta yi takara a shekarar bayan mulkin Oyelude, amma ta sha kashi a hannun magatakardar ofishin Helen Anyamaeluna. Tsohuwar mai sana’ar dinki Nene Etule ta kasance ‘yar Najeriya daya tilo da ta lashe gasar; ta cancanci kamar yadda Kudancin Kamaru ke ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a shekara ta 1959. A shekara mai zuwa an sake wa gasar suna a takaice 'Miss Independence' don tunawa da 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya, kuma mai sanar da ci gaba da WNTV Rosemary Anieze ta samu kambi a wani biki wanda ya hada da Coker a matsayin daya daga cikin alkalan.
Shekaru sittin sun ga Miss Nigeria tana fafatawa a matakin kasa da kasa. Yemi Idowu, wanda ya yi nasara a shekara ta 1962, ya kai wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a Miss United Nations 1963, a wannan shekarar ne aka gabatar da zagayen wasan ninkaya a cikin Miss Nigeria. Miss Nigeria 1964, mai sayar da Edna Park, ta zama 'yar Najeriya ta farko a Miss Universe a shekarar 1964, amma an fi tunawa da ita da bata lokaci da yamma lokacin da ta fadi a kan mataki bayan da ta kasa zuwa mataki na goma sha biyar. 'Yan sanda da jami'an takara ne suka tafi da ita, kuma ta kwana a wani asibitin Miami inda aka kwantar da ita inda Nneka Onyegbula, matar jakadan Najeriya ta jajanta mata, wanda aka ruwaito ta ce "Dukan alkalan farare ne, kuma ba su da tushe. "Ban iya yin hukunci da kyawawan 'yan mata masu duhu ba". Tun Park, babu wata Miss Nigeria da ta yi takara a Miss Universe. Rosaline Balogun ta zama mace ta farko ta Miss Nigeria a Miss World a 1967. Ko da yake babu pageant da aka gudanar a 1969, a birnin London na tushen sakataren Morenike Faribido (nee Coker) aka Handpicked yi amfani da "Miss Najeriya" take da wakilci kasar a Miss Duniya.
Bayan sabuwar karni, Miss Nigeria ta zama inuwar tsohuwarta, kuma an dage gasar a shekara ta 2004. Tare da mutuwar sannu a hankali na Daily Times da kuma hamayya da Sliverbird's Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya, Daily Times ta rasa lasisin aika wakilai zuwa Miss World da Miss Universe, kuma babu wanda ya lashe kambi bayan nasarar Clara Ojo daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekara ta 1998 saboda gazawar mai shirya gasar ta gudanar da gasar a wannan lokaci. Zuwa yau, Ojo ya kasance mafi dadewa a hidimar Miss Nigeria; ko da yake ba a gudanar da gasar daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2010 ba, Ene Lawani ya riga ya daina ayyukan biki tun kafin a sayi sunan kamfani daga Daily Times .
A shekara ta 2010, bayan shekaru shida ƙoƙari, AOE Events da kuma Entertainment, karkashin jagorancin tsohon MBGN Nike Oshinowo da aka kawo a cikin Miss Najeriya kamfani da Daily Times. A karo na farko a cikin tarihinsa, shigarwa ya bude wa mata a kasashen waje, kuma Miss America ta yi wahayi, Oshinowo ya sake kaddamar da Miss Nigeria a matsayin shirin tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da kyauta ga mai nasara da na biyu da na uku masu nasara, tare da mai taken Miss Nigeria tana samun tallafin karatu a kowace Jami'ar da ta zaba a duniya. Sabuwar Miss Nigeria yanzu ta hada da wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya mai suna The Making of a Queen wanda ya ga ’yan takara suna fafatawa a ayyuka daban-daban da suka dace da matan Najeriya da suka hada da dafa abinci a murhu na itace a waje, karbar baki, da yin cuwa-cuwa da ‘yan kasuwar kasuwa, inda ‘yan takara da dama ke fuskantar korarsu a kowane mako. Yamma gowns aka sanya daga gargajiya Afirka yadudduka da kuma, galibi, da rigan iyo gasar da aka katse. An gudanar da bikin ne tsawon shekaru biyu kafin gudanar da gasar ta Beth Model Management CEO da tsohuwar Miss Nigeria UK Elizabeth Aisien a shekara ta 2012.
A cikin shekara ta 2016 Miss Nigeria ta kafa Green Girl Project, wani shiri na ci gaban al'umma da nufin karfafawa mata matasa su zama masu gudanar da ayyuka masu dorewa don tabbatar da tsabta da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, yana da niyyar ba wa mata matasa dandamali don zama wakilan canji ga muhalli.
Gasa
Ana buƙatar waɗanda suka shiga gasar su kasance marasa aure, marasa haihuwa, kuma ba su da ciki, tare da Ingilishi mai kyau, kuma masu zama ɗan Najeriya. Ya kamata su kasance masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 25, masu lafiya, kuma masu hali ba tare da tattoo ko huda ba sai kunnuwa.
Gasar tana farawa da kira zuwa shiga inda mahalarta masu sha'awar su sami fom rajista kafin a fara atisayen nunawa. Alƙalai suna zaɓar adadin ƴan takara don zangon daidaitawa wanda zai ɗauki tsawon makonni 2-3 inda ake baiwa ƴan takara ayyuka don gwada ƙwarewarsu a wurare daban-daban. Ana kuma ba su horo kan ayyuka daban-daban don karfafa musu gwiwa, bunkasa sana’o’insu, da baje kolin sana’o’i daban-daban da zai ba su damar fahimtar da fara koyon aikin jakada. Tun da farko dai ana ba masu takara lambobi ne a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye, amma an sauya hakan a shekarar 2010 inda kowannensu ya wakilci jihohin Najeriya. Don bugu na 2013, sun wakilci kowane ɗayansu - kowane ɗan takara an buga sunansa a kan sash ɗin su, kuma ashirin da ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ƴan wasan kusa da na karshe talatin da shida suka fafata a wasan karshe. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ’yan takarar sun sake wakilci jihohi.
Kyaututtuka ga wanda ya ci nasara ya bambanta kowace shekara; Ya zuwa 2013 wannan ya haɗa da ₦3,000,000, motar alfarma, kambin lu'u-lu'u na Miss Nigeria, da wani gida na tsawon lokacin mulkin wanda ya yi nasara, da kuma kwangilar samfurin samfurin Beth Model Management. Cikakken tallafin karatu yanzu ya wuce zuwa manyan cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar kawai. Tsawon shekarar, manyan kungiyoyi da dama ne ke daukar nauyin wanda ya yi nasara, kuma yana iya samun damar kulla yarjejeniya.
Suka
Masu sukar sun bayyana farkon fatin a matsayin fareti na kyau da babu kwakwalwa. Tsohon manajan shafin Yomi Onanuga ya gaya wa wani mai hira a shekara ta 2006: "Mun gaji da ganin 'yan mata a kan mataki bayan makonni biyu a sansanin, kuma muna jin dadi, abin da muke gani shine sun tambaye su [tambayoyi] kuma sun yi nasara. Bayan wata biyu, wani ya yi mata irin wannan tambayar, ta kasa amsawa, sai mutane suka fara tambayar, daga ina ta samu rawani? " . Dalibar Adabin Turanci Ibinabo Fiberesima ta kasa bayyana sunan mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Ibadan da ta halarta. Fiberesima ta yi iƙirarin a cikin hirarraki da dama da kuma a tsohon gidan yanar gizonta cewa ta yi takara a 1997, amma wannan magana tana da shakku saboda ba a gudanar da gasar daga 1994 zuwa 1998; Haƙiƙa ta kasance ƴan takara a 1991, ta ƙare ta biyu a bayan Bibiana Ohio.
A cikin shekara ta 1988, mai ba da horo mai duhu Stella Okoye ta naɗa wa magajinta Wunmi Adebowale wanda shi ma duhu ne, haka ya karya dogon layi na nasara masu launin fata, duk da haka mulkin Okoye bai kasance ba tare da cece-kuce ba. ‘ Yar takarar Omasan Buwa ta shaida wa jaridar The Punch a shekarar 2011 cewa, “A zauren taron, a ranar, an yi hayaniya sosai, sai suka fito da ita tare da ’yan sanda. Masu sauraro sun ji cewa ta yi duhu sosai."
Matsakaicin kyaututtuka, tare da rashin yarda da haɗin gwiwa sun kasance abin damuwa kafin sabon ƙarni . Miss Nigeria 1963 Alice Ad'epe ta gaya wa muryar Idoma "Bayan sarautata, labarin ya ƙare. Babu wani bibiya, babu wanda ya damu ya san halin da nake ciki. Abubuwa sun daina ja. An watsar da ni, don haka na yanke shawarar komawa gida." Mai nasara a 1993 Janet Fateye ta ce "Mutane suna tunanin cewa ina yin tara a cikin duk kuɗin da ke wurin, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Kuɗin kyauta a lokacin Naira 12,000 ne kawai, ana ba ni N1,000 duk wata. Eh, na sami kyautar motar da Daily Times ke bayarwa, amma sai na sayi fetur!” An bayar da rahoton cewa, Sarauniyar Millennium Vien Tetsola ta zauna a wani gida da bai yi daidai da matsayinta na sarautar Miss Nigeria ba.
Mahaifiyar Toyin Monney, wadda ita ma ta boye bayanai game da ainihin shekarunta, an dakatar da ita daga shiga gasar Miss World 1977, ba tare da bata lokaci ba don aiwatar da biza ga Miss Nigeria a matsayi na biyu. Miss Nigeria 1981 Tokunboh Onanuga ta yi jabun takardar shaidar WAEC da ta yi amfani da ita don samun gurbin shiga Jami'ar Legas, kuma makarantar ta kore ta. A shekara ta 2011, WAEC ta tabbatar a shafin su na Tuwita Onanuga ya tafka magudin jarabawa.
An tambayi Binta Sukai cancantar shiga gasar a 1990 lokacin da aka yi ta yayata cewa ba ‘yar Najeriya ba ce. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa mai son zanen kayan kwalliya ya kasance kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu kawai na Scotland .
A shekara ta 2001, City People ta bayyana cewa Miss Nigeria mai mulki, Valerie Peterside, mai shekaru talatin, ta yi karya game da ainihin shekarunta (Ta gaya wa masu shirya gasar cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da biyar) kuma ta yi bogi a jami'a (An ce an kore ta daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. kafin kammala karatu saboda rashin aikin jarrabawa). Bayan wani bincike da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da suka hada da tsohon editan Daily Times Tony Momoh da tsohuwar ‘yar takarar Miss Nigeria Julie Coker suka yanke shawarar tsige ta. Peterside, wanda ya yi takara a shekarar da ta gabata (Again yana dan shekara 25), ya yi yaki don ya ci gaba da rike kambin, amma sai aka tilasta masa yin murabus, abin da ya baiwa Amina Ekpo wacce ta zo ta biyu a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu a fannin Chemistry.
Duk da shahararta da ta yi a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2002, Sylvia Edem da ta kammala karatun harkokin kasa da kasa ta ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai a lokacin da aka yi rade-radin cewa ta yi jabun ranar haihuwarta don yin takara, kamar Peterside a gabanta. An yi imanin cewa Edem tana da shekaru talatin, har sai da bincike ya tabbatar da cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da uku.
Masu riƙe da madafun iko
Yana Nuna yanki/jihar asasarauta.n lokacin sarauta
Fitattun ƴan takara
Mbong Amata (2004) - Jaruma
Isabella Ayuk (2004) - MBGN 2011
Omasan Buwa (1987) - MBGN 1987
Sarauniya Celestine (2013) - Chef da MBGN Universe 2014
Cynthia Umezulike (2004) - Model, lauya, da Miss Commonwealth Nigeria 2010
Julie Coker (1958) - Mai karanta labarai kuma mai gabatar da TV
Ufuoma Ejenobor (2004) – Jaruma
Maryam Elisha (2003) – Mai tsara kayan kwalliya
Joan Elumelu (1981) – Wanda ya kafa, Supermodel na gaba na Najeriya
Linda Ikeji (2003)- Model kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo
Sylvia Nduka (2010) - MBGN 2011
Chikaodili Nna-Udosen (2019) - TNQ 2020
Nowe Isibor (2011) - Babban Daraktan / Wanda ya kafa Mosé - Shagon Mosé
Patricia Onumonu- Mai Zane Kayayyaki kuma Wanda ya kafa Trish O Couture
Masu riƙe take ba na hukuma ba
Ana yawan bayyana tsohuwar Miss Western Nigeria Julie Coker a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi nasara, amma a zahiri ta lashe Miss Western Nigeria.
A shekarar 1963, duk da cewa Miss Nigeria ta riga ta lashe kyautar Alice Ad'epe na farko da ta taba lashe gasar Idoma, amma an shirya gasar ta daban, Miss Nigeria World, don zabar Miss World delegate. Martha Bassey, mai shekaru 16 ta zama zakara a matsayin wanda ta lashe gasar, duk da cewa alkalan sun yi watsi da karar da suka bayyana wadanda suka fafata a matsayin "mummuna", amma masu shirya gasar Miss World sun hana ta takara saboda shekarunta. Eric Morley ya tabbatar da cewa ba a zabo wakilin Najeriya da ya dace ba, Miss World Nigeria ta farko da ta zo ta biyu, amma Gina Onyejiaka, ta zama wakiliyar Miss World ta Najeriya ta farko bayan da ta tashi zuwa Landan da kudinta (Masu shirya gasar Miss World Mecca Dancing ta ki biyan kudinta). gudunta don gujewa zargin son zuciya). Duk da cewa Miss World ta karbe ta a matsayin ‘yar takara, babbar hukumar Najeriya ta ki amincewa da Onyejiaka.
A shekarar 1966, bayan da Miss Nigeria ta kasa aiko da wakili zuwa Miss World (Ba a gudanar da gasar a Legas a waccan shekarar), Uzor Okafor mazaunin Landan ba ta shiga takara ba bayan mataimakin babban kwamishinan Najeriya, Latif Dosumu, ya ki sanya hannu a fom din rajista kamar yadda ake bukata. ta Miss World Organisation, da'awar Babban Hukumar ba ta amince da gasar ba don haka ba ta iya ba da tallafi a hukumance. Okafor ta bayyana shigar ta a matsayin nuna son rai, kuma ta ce babbar hukumar ta ba ta tabbacin cewa za ta iya yin rajista a matsayin dan takara a hukumance, amma Dosumu ya musanta hakan. Okafor, wacce ta haifi daya daga cikin ‘ya’yanta mata guda biyu watanni bakwai kafin (An bar matan aure su shiga gasar Miss World kafin 1970), ta bar gasar nan take. Daga baya Okafor ta ce ta yi nadamar shiga gasar, kuma mijin ta dan kasar Birtaniya Bruce Newman ne ya bukaci ta shiga gasar.
Ba a gudanar da gasar ba a 1969 saboda yakin basasar Najeriya, amma an zabi Morenike Faridibo a matsayin Miss Nigeria mara izini a wani biki da aka gudanar a Landan.
Jim kadan bayan nasarar Agbani Darego a Miss World, Miss Nigeria 2001 Amina Ekpo ta kai karar takwararta ta MBGN da aka zarge ta da bata suna, inda ta bayyana cewa Darego ta yi damfara a matsayin Miss Nigeria a gasar cin kofin duniya, kuma ba a ba ta izinin yin amfani da taken ba. (A matakin duniya, ana kiran wakilan MBGN da suna "Miss Nigeria"). Tsohon manajan darakta na Daily Times Onukaba Adinoyi Ojo, wanda ya bayyana wadanda suka samu nasarar MBGN a matsayin "sarauniya marasa kima" ya goyi bayan karar da aka kai $10,000,000, yana mai da'awar "Za mu yi duk mai yiwuwa don ganin mun hana mutane yin kutse a cikin wata fage mai suna Miss Nigeria." [kuma] ba zai ƙyale kowa ya ɓad da mu ba."
The Guardian ya fuskanci suka saboda bata sunan Miss Nigeria alama a cikin 2011 lokacin da 'yar'uwarsu ta buga Allure ta bayyana dalibar Theater Arts kuma tsohuwar 'yar takarar MBGN Sandra Otohwo a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2009. Otohwo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a Miss Universe 2009, ya dauki hotuna a cikin bikini, inda ya fusata masu shirya gasar Miss Nigeria da suka tallata gasarsu ta kyauta ba tare da wata cibiya mai kyau ba, kuma ya nuna cewa gasar ta kwanta daga 2004 zuwa 2010, saboda haka. wanda hakan ya sa masu shirya gasar ba za su iya nadin sarauniya a shekara ta 2009 ba. Daga baya The Guardian ya ba da hakuri tare da buga wasiƙar da masu shirya taron a cikin fitowar ta gaba.
Bambanci tsakanin Miss Nigeria da MBGN
Kungiyar Silverbird Group ce ta shirya gasar mafi kyawun yarinya a Najeriya (MBGN) yayin da Miss Nigeria ke gudanar da gasar a halin yanzu a Daily Times (Folio). An soke gasar wasan ninkaya ta Miss Nigeria a cikin shekara ta 2011, amma wannan yanayin ya kasance sananne a MBGN. Wani sanannen bambanci shine kawai masu fafatawa na MBGN su zama wakilai kai tsaye a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kyaututtuka
Kyakkyawa
Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu
Gasa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30077 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20ha%C9%93aka%20muhalli%20na%20KDD | Tsarin haɓaka muhalli na KDD | ELKI (don Muhalli don Haɓaka KDD-Aikace-aikace Taimakon Taimakawa ta Tsarin-Tsarin Mahimmanci ) shine ma'adinan bayanai (KDD, gano ilimi a cikin bayanan bayanai) tsarin software da aka haɓaka don amfani da bincike da koyarwa. Tun asali ne a sashin bincike na tsarin bayanai na Farfesa Hans-Peter Kriegel a Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian na Munich, Jamus, kuma yanzu ya ci gaba a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dortmund, Jamus. Yana nufin ba da damar haɓakawa da kimanta ci-gaba na ma'adinan ma'adinan bayanai da kuma hulɗar su tare da tsarin bayanan bayanai.
Bayani
An rubuta tsarin ELKI a cikin Java kuma an gina shi a kusa da tsarin gine-gine na zamani. Mafi yawan abubuwan da aka haɗa a halin yanzu suna cikin tari, ganowa da kuma fihirisar bayanai. Kuma Gine -ginen da ya dace da abu yana ba da damar haɗuwa da algorithms na sabani, nau'ikan bayanai, ayyukan nesa, fihirisa, da matakan ƙima. Mai tarawa na lokaci-lokaci Java yana haɓaka duk haɗin kai zuwa irin wannan matsayi, yana mai da sakamako mai ƙima idan sun raba manyan sassan lambar. Lokacin haɓaka sabbin algorithms ko tsarin fihirisa, abubuwan da ke akwai za a iya sake amfani da su cikin sauƙi, sannan kuma nau'in aminci na Java yana gano kurakuran shirye-shirye da yawa a lokacin tattarawa.
An yi amfani da ELKI a kimiyyar bayanai misali don tari sperm whale codas, clustering phoneme, don gano ɓarna a cikin ayyukan jirgin sama, don sake rarraba keke, da hasashen zirga-zirga.
Makasudai
An samar da aikin jami'a don amfani da shi wajen koyarwa da bincike. An rubuta lambar tushe tare da haɓakawa da sake amfani da ita a zuciya, to amma kuma an inganta ta don aiki. Gwajin gwaji na algorithms ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli kuma cikakkun bayanan aiwatarwa na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan lokacin aiki. ELKI yana da niyya don samar da tushen codebase tare da kwatankwacin aiwatar da algorithms da yawa.
A matsayin aikin bincike, a halin yanzu baya bayar da haɗin kai tare da aikace-aikacen leken asirin kasuwanci ko haɗin kai zuwa tsarin sarrafa bayanai na gama gari ta hanyar SQL . Lasisin haƙƙin mallaka ( AGPL ) na iya zama cikas ga haɗin kai a cikin samfuran kasuwanci; duk da haka ana iya amfani dashi don kimanta algorithms kafin haɓaka aiwatar da kansa don samfurin kasuwanci. Bugu da ƙari, aikace-aikacen algorithms yana buƙatar ilimi game da amfani da su, sigogi, da nazarin wallafe-wallafen asali. Ga Masu sauraro dalibai ne, masu bincike, masana kimiyyar bayanai, da injiniyoyin software .
Gine-gine
An ƙirƙira ELKI a kusa da tushen tushen bayanai, wanda ke amfani da tsarin bayanan tsaye wanda ke adana bayanai a cikin rukunin ginshiƙai (mai kama da iyalai ginshiƙai a cikin bayanan NoSQL ). Wannan jigon bayanai yana ba da binciken maƙwabci mafi kusa, bincike kewayo/radius, da aikin tambayar nisa tare da haɓakar fihirisa don faɗuwar matakan rashin kamanni . Algorithms dangane da irin waɗannan tambayoyin (misali k-kusa-makwabcin algorithm, na gida outlier factor da DBSCAN ) kuma za a iya aiwatar da su cikin sauƙi da fa'ida daga haɓakar index. Har ila yau, tushen bayanan bayanai yana ba da saurin tattara bayanai masu inganci don tarin abubuwa da tsarin haɗin gwiwa kamar jerin maƙwabta mafi kusa.
ELKI yana yin amfani da mu'amalar Java da yawa, ta yadda za'a iya fadada shi cikin sauƙi a wurare da yawa. Misali, nau'ikan bayanai na al'ada, ayyukan nesa, sifofin fihirisa, algorithms, na'urorin shigar da bayanai, da na'urorin fitarwa za a iya ƙara da haɗa su ba tare da canza lambar da ke akwai ba. Wannan ya haɗa da yuwuwar ayyana aikin nisa na al'ada da amfani da fihirisar data kasance don haɓakawa.
ELKI tana amfani da gine-ginen mai ɗaukar sabis don ba da damar haɓaka bugu azaman fayilolin jar daban.
ELKI yana amfani da ingantattun tarin abubuwa don aiki maimakon daidaitaccen API na Java. Ga madaukai misali an rubuta kama da C++ iterators : for (DBIDIter iter = ids.iter(); iter.valid(); iter.advance()) {
relation.get(iter); // E.g., get the referenced object
idcollection.add(iter); // E.g., add the reference to a DBID collection
}Ya bambanta da na'urorin Java na yau da kullun (waɗanda za su iya jujjuya abubuwa kawai), Kuma wannan yana adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, saboda mai haɓakawa na iya amfani da ƙima na farko don adana bayanai. Rage tarin datti yana inganta lokacin aiki. Ingantattun ɗakunan karatu irin su GNU Trove3, Koloboke, da fastutil suna amfani da irin wannan ingantawa. ELKI ya haɗa da tsarin bayanai kamar tarin abubuwa da tarin abubuwa (don, misali, binciken maƙwabta mafi kusa ) ta amfani da irin wannan ingantawa.
Kallon gani
Tsarin gani yana amfani da SVG don fitowar zane mai ƙima, da Apache Batik don ƙaddamar da ƙirar mai amfani da kuma fitarwa maras nauyi zuwa PostScript da PDF don haɗawa cikin sauƙi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya a cikin LaTeX . Ana iya gyara fayilolin da aka fitar tare da masu gyara SVG kamar Inkscape . Tunda ana amfani da zanen gadon cascading, Kuma za'a iya sabunta ƙirar zane cikin sauƙi. Abin baƙin ciki shine, Batik yana da saurin jinkiri kuma yana da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa, don haka abubuwan gani ba su da ƙima sosai zuwa manyan saitin bayanai (don manyan saitin bayanai, ƙaramin samfurin bayanan ne kawai ake gani ta tsohuwa).
Kyauta
Shafin 0.4, wanda aka gabatar a "Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases" shekarata 2011, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban don gano sararin samaniya, ya lashe kyautar "mafi kyawun kyautar takarda" na taron.
Hade algorithms
Zaɓi algorithms da aka haɗa:
Binciken tari :
K-yana nufin tari (gami da algorithms masu sauri kamar Elkan, Hamerly, Annulus, da Exponion k-Means, da bambance-bambance masu ƙarfi kamar k-ma'ana--)
K-medians suna taruwa
K-medoids clustering (PAM) (gami da FastPAM da kimanin kamar CLARA, CLARANS)
Algorithm na Tsammani-Maximization don ƙirar Gaussian cakuda
Tari (gami da sauri SLINK, CLINK, NNChain da Anderberg algorithms)
Tarin haɗin kai guda ɗaya
Tarin jagora
DBSCAN (Taron Aikace-aikace tare da Amo, tare da cikakkiyar haɓakar fihirisa don ayyukan nesa na sabani)
OPTICS (Oda Bayanan Don Gano Tsarin Tari), gami da kari na OPTICS-OF, DeLi-Clu, HiSC, HiCO da DiSH
HDBSCAN
Matsakaicin tari
Tarin BIRCH
Subclu (ragi-da aka haɗa da haɗin kuɗi don ƙarin bayanai masu girma)
CLIQUE tari
ORCLUS da PROCLUS tari
COPAC, ERIC da 4C clustering
Tarin CASH
DOC da FastDOC tari subspace
P3C tari
Algorithm mai tari
Gano Anomaly :
k-Gano mafi kusa-Makwabci
LOF (Maganin waje na gida)
LoOP (Maganin Ƙirar Gida)
OPTICS - NA
DB-Outlier (Masu-Gidan Nisa)
LOCI (Haɗin Haɗin Gida)
LDOF (Maganganun Nazari na tushen Nisa na Gida)
EM - Mai fita
SOD (Degree Subspace Outlier Degree)
COP (Maganganun Matsalolin Ƙarfafawa)
Ma'adinan Ma'adanai akai-akai da koyon ƙa'idodin ƙungiyoyi
Apriori algorithm
Eclat
FP-girma
Rage girman girma
Binciken babban bangaren
Multidimensional scaling
T-rarraba stochastic makwabcin sakawa (t-SNE)
Tsarukan fihirisar sararin samaniya da sauran alamun bincike:
R-itace
R*- itace
M-itace
kd itace
X-itace
Rufe itace
iDistance
NN sauka
Hashing mai kula da yanki (LSH)
Kimantawa:
Madaidaici da tunawa, F1 maki, Matsakaicin Matsakaicin
Siffar aikin mai karɓa (ROC curve)
Rangwamen tara tarin riba (ciki har da NCG)
Silhouette index
Davies-Bouldin index
Dunn index
Ingantaccen gungu na tushen yawa (DBCV)
Kallon gani
Watsa makirci
Histograms
Daidaitawar daidaitawa (kuma a cikin 3D, ta amfani da OpenGL )
Wani:
Rarraba ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga masu yawa da yawa, gami da ingantaccen tushen MAD da ƙididdigar tushen L-lokaci
Tsayawa lokacin warping
Canja gano wuri a cikin jerin lokaci
Ƙididdigar ƙima mai ƙima
Tarihin sigar
Shafin 0.1 (Yuli shekarata 2008) ya ƙunshi Algorithms da yawa daga bincike na gungu da gano abubuwan da ba su da kyau, da kuma wasu sifofi kamar R*-itace . Abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kan sakin farko ya kasance kan taru na sararin samaniya da haɗin kai algorithms.
Shafin 0.2 (Yuli shekarata 2009) ya ƙara aiki don nazarin jerin lokaci, musamman ayyukan nesa don jerin lokaci.
Sigar 0.3 (Maris shekarata 2010) ya tsawaita zaɓin algorithms gano anomaly da abubuwan gani.
Shafin 0.4 (Satumba shekarata 2011) ya ƙara algorithms don hakar bayanai na geo da goyan bayan bayanai masu alaƙa da yawa da tsarin ƙididdiga.
Shafin 0.5 (Afrilu shekarata 2012) yana mai da hankali kan kimanta sakamakon bincike na tari, ƙara sabbin abubuwan gani da wasu sabbin algorithms.
Sigar 0.6 (Yuni shekarata 2013) tana gabatar da sabon daidaitawa na 3D na daidaitawa iri ɗaya don ganin bayanai, baya ga abubuwan da aka saba da su na algorithms da tsarin fihirisa.
Shafin 0.7 (Agusta shekarata 2015) yana ƙara tallafi don nau'ikan bayanai marasa tabbas, da algorithms don nazarin bayanan da ba su da tabbas.
Shafin 0.7.5 (Fabrairu shekarata 2019) yana ƙara ƙarin algorithms na tari, algorithms gano ɓarna, matakan kimantawa, da tsarin ƙididdigewa.
Makamantan aikace-aikace
Scikit-koyi : ɗakin karatu na koyon inji a Python
Weka : Irin wannan aikin na Jami'ar Waikato, tare da mai da hankali kan rarrabuwa algorithms
RapidMiner : Akwai aikace-aikacen kasuwanci (akwai sigar taƙaice a matsayin tushen buɗewa)
KNIME : Buɗaɗɗen dandamali wanda ke haɗa sassa daban-daban don koyon inji da haƙar ma'adinai
Duba wasu abubuwan
Kwatanta fakitin ƙididdiga
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
of ELKI with download and documentation.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50483 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Acha%20de%20Correa%20Morales | Elina González Acha de Correa Morales | Elina González Acha de Correa Morales (20 Janairu 1861 -13 Agusta 1942) malama 'yar Argentine, masaniyar kimiya kuma mai fafutukar yancin mata. A zamaninta na farko, ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka fara digiri na farko a Makarantar Al'ada ta Argentine kuma ta kasance mai zane-zane, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya don duka littattafan karatu da zane-zane. Ita ce ta jagoranci kafa kungiyar kuma ta kasance shugabanta tun daga kafuwarta har zuwa rasuwarta. Ita da mijinta, sanannen sculptor na Argentina na farko, Lucio Correa Morales sun kasance masu kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Elina González Acha a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1861 a Chivilcoy, lardin Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ta halarci Makarantar Sisters na Irish (Spanish) a Chivilcoy kuma ta karanta Faransanci da zane a gida. Mahaifiyarta, Cristina Acha, wadda ta kasance Basque, ta shigar da ita a cikin makaranta farfesoshi na ƙasa ta Shugaba Roque Sáenz Peña Nº 1 (Spanish) a shekara ta 1875. González ya sauke karatu a cikin shekara 1879, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban tsarin makarantar al'ada na Argentine, kuma ya fara koyarwa. Ta ci gaba da karatunta cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Latin da zane. A cikin shekarar 1887, ta ɗauki matsayi don yin aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a (Spanish) na Buenos Aires kuma ta nemi shiga a shekara ta 1888. A cikin shekarar 1890, ta fara koyarwa a Escuela Normal de Belgrano, amma ta yi murabus don matsayi a matsayin shugabar labarin kasa a . Bayan Ernestina A. López ya kafa Liceo Nacional de Señoritas daga baya a wannan shekarar, González ya zama Farfesa na makarantar Geography da Kimiyyar Halitta.
González shima ya auri Lucio Correa Morales a wannan shekarar, wanda zai zama mashahurin ɗan wasan Argentina na farko kuma suna da yara bakwai a jere. Ma'auratan sun mallaki gidan haziƙanci kuma suna da baƙi da yawa daga cikin manyan haziƙai, da kuma karɓar tawagogin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke neman taimakonsu wajen kwato musu haƙƙin ka kanninsu. Sun kasance daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da shawarar inganta ilimin mata kuma sun yi aiki a kan dabarun kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona. A cikin shekarar 1900, González ya shiga Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa (Spanish) kuma ya kammala zane irin na mai guda biyu akan canvas, Cabeza da Amalita.
Cigaba da karatun nata yayin koyarwa, González yayi karatu tare da Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, tattara kwari, koyan ƙwanƙwasa tsuntsaye kuma ya fara buga littattafai. Buga littafin ta na farko, Geografía elemental: Libro 1 (Elementary Geography: First Book) an buga shi a cikin shekarar 1903 kuma littafi ne na koyar da ɗaliban firamare. Wannan ya biyo baya da sauri Ensayo de Geografía Argentina: Parte Física (Essay of Argentine Geography: Physical part) da aka buga a cikin shekarar 1904 da kuma masu karatu guda biyu, Isondú da Isopós. Ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Laburaren Mata (Spanish), wanda mata suka shirya domin inganta karatu. Littafinta Isondú ya sami lambar azurfa a nunin siyayyar Louisiana a St. Louis, Missouri a cikin shekarar 1904. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, González ya ci gaba da koyarwa kuma ya shiga cikin tarurrukan duniya da yawa, yana gabatar da takardu kan batutuwan yanki. Har ila yau, ta shiga tare da abokanta Elisa Bachofen, mace ta farko a Argentina; Julianne Dilenius, na farko PhD na Anthropology a ƙasar; Cecilia Grierson, likitan mata na Argentina na farko; da Berta Wernicke, mace ta farko farfesa a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kuma mai tallata shigar mata a gasar Olympics, a matsalamba don ba da izinin mata da daidaiton siyasa. Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1910.
Daga bayan aiki
A wannan shekarar, González ya gabatar da takarda a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na XVII na Amurka wanda aka raba tsakanin Buenos Aires da Mexico. Batun gabatar da ita shi ne farautar ’yan asalin da ta ce ya samo asali ne ta yadda ya dace da yanayin. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta halarci taron farko na kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda aka gudanar tare da bikin shekaru ɗari na Argentina. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙari na musamman ga jaridar La Nación, González ya buga Historia de los Conocimientos Geográficos (History of Geographic Knowledge), wanda ya ba da tarihin yanayin ƙasa da iyakoki. Daga cikin takaddun ɗari uku da aka gabatar a cikin ƙarin, biyu ne kawai mata suka rubuta, González da Ernestina A. López. A cikin shekarar 1913, aikinta na fasaha ya haɓaka lokacin da Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen mai, Cabeza. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, zanen ya sami lambar azurfa (daya daga cikin sassaken mijinta ya lashe tagulla) a Baje-kolin Kasa da Kasa na Panama–Pacific a San Francisco, California.
A cikin shekarar 1922, González ya zama mai tuƙi a cikin halittar (Spanish) (GÆA), wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa rasuwarta. Ta zama memba na farko mace na Geographical Society of Berlin a shekarar 1924 kuma waccan shekarar ne gwamnati ta naɗa ta don wakiltar Argentina a International Congress of Geography da Ethnology da za a gudanar a shekara mai zuwa a Alkahira, Misira. Bayan shekaru biyu ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Geography ta Mexica. A cikin shekarar 1927, ta zama abokiyar tarayya a cikin ƙungiyar Parisian Society of the Americas ( ) kuma a cikin shekarar 1932 an gayyace ta don shiga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers.
A cikin shekarar 1935, González ya buga, tare da 'yarta, Cristina, Amalita: libro de lectura para cuarto grado, 4th grade primer. Littafin ya bayyana yanayin ƙasar, tarihin jama'a, da kuma magana game da al'amuran yanayi kamar iska da kusufi. González ya sadu da da kwamitin gudanarwa na GÆA a cikin shekarar 1937 don tsarawa da gina taswirar agaji na ƙasar da ke nuna dukkan lardunan. A cikin shekarar 1939, Amurka ta karrama littattafan karatun ta. González ta yi ƙoƙari a duk lokacin aikinta don nuna mahimmancin kiyaye tarihin yanki, ƙa'idodi da al'adun Argentina kuma ta ba da shawarar daidaitawa da ƙididdiga. A shekara ta 1941, ta gabatar da ƙudirin dokar da za a gabatar da ita ta hanyar majalisa don kare mutuncin kasa.
González ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta shekarar 1942 a Buenos Aires. Shekaru biyu bayan haka lokacin da GÆA ta kafa sabon hedkwatarsu, an saka hoton González, wanda ’yarta Lía Correa Morales de Yrurtia ta zana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta. A cikin shekarar 1962, a ranar cikar shekaru 40 na kafuwar GÆA, an gudanar da wani abin tunawa a makabartar Recoleta don girmama ta. A cikin shekarar 1972, lambar yabo mai ɗauke da sunanta, don karrama mafi kyawun digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa ta Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta kafa kuma a cikin shekarar 1991 Cibiyar Nazarin Geography ta ƙasa ta kafa kujera mai ɗauke da sunanta. Ita da Ana Palese de Torres su ne kawai mata biyu na Argentina da aka karrama, a cikin kujeru arba'in na makarantar.
Manazarta |
45337 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Kano%202019 | Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kano 2019 | Ranar 9 ga watan Maris, 2019 ne aka gudanar da zaɓen gwamnan jihar Kano na 2019. Ɗan takarar jam’iyyar APC Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya sake lashe zaɓen karo na biyu, inda ya doke jam’iyyar PDP Abba Kabir Yusuf da wasu ƴan takara 53.
Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya zama ɗan takarar jam’iyyar APC a zaɓen fidda gwani a matsayin ɗan takara ɗaya tilo. Ya zaɓi Nasir Yusuf Gawuna a matsayin abokin takararsa.
Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zama dayn takarar jam’iyyar PDP a zaɓen fidda gwani, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 2,421 inda ya doke wasu ƴan takara biyar. Jafar Sani Bello ya samu kuri’u 1,258, Muhammad Sadiq Wali ya samu kuri’u 167, Salihu Sagir Takai ya samu 95, Ibrahim El Amin ya samu 52 sai Akilu Sani Indabawa ya samu 33. Ya zabi Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo a matsayin abokin takararsa.
Shari’ar firamare da kotu na PDP
Jafar Sani Bello, daya daga cikin ƴan takarar gwamna a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP ya garzaya wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke zamanta a Kano a cikin wata kara yana neman Abba Kabir Yusuf, dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP. A hukuncin da babbar kotun ta yanke na mai shari’a Ahmad Badamasi, ta kori karar kuma ta ce an shigar da karar ne daga cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata kwanaki 14 bayan zaɓen fidda gwanin da aka yi, inda ta bayyana shi a matsayin “lalacewa”. Kwanaki biyar gabanin zaɓen gwamna, babbar kotun tarayya da ke zamanta a Kano ta kori ɗan takarar PDP, Abba Kabir Yusuf. Lewis Allagoa, wanda shi ne alkalin kotun ta 1, a hukuncin da ya yanke, ya ce PDP ba ta gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna a jihar ba. Ali Amin-little ɗaya daga cikin masu neman tikitin takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar PDP ne ya shigar da karar gaban kotun. Sa’o’i 24 gabanin zaben gwamna a jihar Kano, dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP, Abba Kabir Yusuf ya garzaya kotun ɗaukaka ƙara da ke zamanta a Kaduna, inda ya samu hukuncin yanke masa hukuncin kisa domin a bashi damar shiga zaɓen gwamna. Mai shari’a Daniel O. Kalio wanda ya jagoranci hukuncin, ya amince da duk addu’o’in da wanda ya shigar da kara ya gabatar kuma ya hana INEC cire sunan ɗan takarar PDP a zaben gwamna. Mako guda bayan kammala zaɓen, kotun ɗaukaka ƙara da ke zamanta a Kaduna ta yi watsi da karar da Jafar Sani Bello ya shigar kan rashin cancantarsa sannan ta sake tabbatar da hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya da ke zamanta a Kano ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mai shari’a Ahmad Badamasi. Jafar Sani Bello, bai gamsu ba, ya kai karar zuwa kotun ƙoli da kotun ƙoli a ƙarar da mai shari’a Mary Peter-Odili da sauran su ke jagoranta, ya yi watsi da karar da aka shigar kan rashin cancantar. Wata guda bayan kammala zaɓen gwamna, kotun ɗaukaka ƙara da ke zamanta a Kaduna, ta tabbatar da Abba Kabir Yusuf a matsayin ɗan takarar PDP na gaskiya a zaben. ] ] Mai shari’a Tanko Hussaini wanda ya jagoranci hukuncin, ya bayyana cewa alkalin babbar kotun tarayya ya yi kuskure wajen yanke hukunci ba tare da mai ƙara Ibrahim Little ya shiga jam’iyyar da ta dace ba Abba Kabir Yusuf. Alƙalin ya kuma ce, Ali Amin-little, ɗaya daga cikin masu neman tikitin takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar PDP a zaɓen fidda gwanin, ba shi da hurumin kafa wani mataki na ƙalubalantar tsarin da bai shiga ba Ali Amin-little bai gamsu ba, ya kai karar zuwa kotun koli. A ranar da kotun ta yanke hukuncin, Alƙalin Alƙalai bakwai mai shari’a Bode Rhodes Vivour, ya amince da takarar Abba Kabir Yusuf a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP a zaben gwamna tare da yanke hukuncin cewa daukaka karar da Ali Amin-little ya gabatar ba ta da inganci. da sallama iri ɗaya. Kotun kolin dai ta ce Yusuf bai shiga cikin karar da dan takarar tikitin takarar gwamna, Ali Amin-little ya shiga ba.
Sakamako
Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta ƙasa ta bayyana zaɓen a matsayin wanda ba a kammala ba a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2019. Daga baya aka gudanar da wani ƙarin zaɓen da hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa INEC ta gudanar a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019. ] Abdullahi Umar Ganduje daga jam’iyyar APC ne ya lashe zaɓen inda ya doke Abba Kabir Yusuf da wasu ƴan takara 53. ]
Jimillar wadanda suka yi rajista a jihar sun kai 5,457,747, waɗanda aka amince da su sun kai 2,269,305, jimillar ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa sun kai 2,242,369, yayin da kuri’u 50,861 suka ki amincewa.
Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, ( APC ) - 1,033,695
Abba Kabir Yusuf, PDP - 1,024,713
Manazarta
Zabubbuka
Jihar Kano |
13621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemun%20tsami | Lemun tsami | Lemun tsami, (Citrus limon) (L.) Osbeck, wani nau'i ne na kananan bishiyun bishiyu a cikin dangin furenni, Rutaceae, asalinsu daga Kudancin Asiya, a Arewacin gabashin India . 'Ya'yan itãcensa, zagaye suke kamar kwallo.
Ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen dake da launin rawaya ellipsoidal don abubuwan da ba don dafuwa ba a duk faɗin duniya, da kuma farko don ruwan' ya'yan itacen, wanda ke da amfani iri biyu don sha da wanke abu. Ana kuma amfani da daskararren itace da fata a dafa abinci da yin burodi. Ruwan lemun tsami kusan 5% zuwa 6% citric acid ne, tare da pH na kusan 2.2, suna ba shi dandano mai tsami. Ya banbanta da ɗanɗano ruwan lemun tsami ya sa ya zama babban abin amfani a cikin abubuwan sha da abinci irin su lemonade da lemon meringue kek .
Tarihi
Ba a san asalin lemun tsami ba, kodayake ana tunanin lemons ya fara girma a Assam (yanki a arewa maso gabashin Indiya ), arewacin Burma ko China . Binciken kwayoyin halittar lemun tsami ya nuna itace hade tsakanin lemu mai zaki (lemon zaki ) da citron .
Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the second century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. However, they were not widely cultivated. They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD. The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th-century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens. It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150.
Babban aikin namo lemons a Turai ya fara ne a cikin Genoa a tsakiyar karni na 15. Daga baya aka gabatar da lemun tsami a cikin Amurka a cikin shekara ta alif 1493, lokacin da Christopher Columbus ya kawo tsaba a garin Hispaniola a cikin balaguronsa. Kasancewar Spanish a cikin Sabuwar Duniya ya taimaka yada tsaba lemon. Anyi amfani dashi dashi azaman tsire-tsire na ornamental da magani. A ƙarni na 19, an ƙara dasa lemons a Florida da California .
A cikin shekarar alif 1747, gwajin James Lind game da mahaukaciyar teku da ke fama da rashin lafiya ta ƙunshi ƙara ruwan lemun tsami a cikin abincinsu, kodayake ba a san Vitamin C a matsayin muhimmin kayan abinci ba.
Asalin kalmar lemon yana iya zama Gabas ta Tsakiya. Maganar fa, tã daga Tsohon Faransa Limon, sa'an nan Italian limone, daga Larabci laymūn ko līmūn, kuma daga Persian līmūn, a Generic lokaci domin Citrus 'ya'yan itace, wanda yake shi ne cognate na Sanskrit (nimbū, " lemun tsami ").
Iri daban-daban
'Bonnie Brae' yana da kyau, mai santsi, mai kauri-mara fata da kuma marasa iri. Waɗannan galibi ana yin girma a cikin San Diego County, Amurka.
'Eureka' yana haɓaka shekara-shekara kuma yalwace. Wannan shi ne ruwan lemo na kankara na yau da kullun, wanda kuma aka sani da '' Shekaru Hudu '( Quater Saisons ) saboda iyawarsa na samar da' ya'yan itace da furanni tare duk shekara. Hakanan ana samun wannan nau'in a matsayin shuka ga abokan cinikin gida. Akwai kuma wani m-fleshed Eureka lemun tsami, tare da kore da kuma rawaya da bambance-bambance fata na waje.
'Femminello St. Teresa', ko 'Sorrento' asalinsu ne daga Italiya. Wannan zakin na 'ya'yan itace yana da yawa a cikin lemun tsami. Wannan shine nau'in girke-girke na al'ada da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin limoncello .
'Yen Ben' ɗan asalin Australiya ne.
Abinci mai gina jiki da kuma phytochemicals
Lemun tsami tushe ne mai mahimmanci na bitamin C, yana samar da 64% na Darajar yau da kullun a cikin adadin 100 g (tebur). Sauran abubuwan abinci masu mahimmanci suna da ƙima cikin abun ciki.
Lemun tsami suna da phytochemicals da yawa, gami da polyphenols, terpenes, da tannins . Ruwan lemun tsami ya ƙunshi ɗan citric acid kadan fiye da ruwan lemun tsami (kimanin 47 g / l), kusan sau biyu na citric acid na ruwan 'ya'yan itacen innabi, kuma kusan sau biyar adadin citric acid ɗin da aka samo a cikin ruwan ' ya'yan lemo .
Amfani cikin kayan abinci
Ana amfani da ruwan lemun tsami da fata, da kwasfa a cikin abinci da abubuwan sha da yawa. Ana amfani da lemun tsami gaba ɗaya don yin marmalade, lemun tsami curd da Giyan lemun tsami . Ana amfani da yanka lemun tsami da ruwan lemo azaman ado don abinci da abin sha. Lemon zest, grated m fata na 'ya'yan itace, da ake amfani da su kara dandano zuwa gasa kaya, puddings, shinkafa, da kuma sauran jita-jita.
Jus
Ana amfani da ruwan lemun tsami don yin lemonade, abubuwan sha, da kuma hadaddiyar giyar . Ana amfani da marinades ga kifi, inda ta acid kau amines a kifi da mayar da su cikin nonvolatile ammonium salts. A cikin nama, acid din a cikin ruwa yana sanya ruwa mai karfi mai narkewa, yana jan naman, amma low pH ya musanta sunadaran, yana haifar dasu bushewa lokacin dafa shi. A cikin United Kingdom, ana ƙara ƙara ruwan lemun tsami a cikin pancakes, musamman ranar Talata .
Lemon ruwan 'ya'yan itace aka kuma yi amfani a matsayin gajere hana aifuwa na maza a wasu abinci da ayan oxidize kuma ka kau da launin ruwan kasa, bayan da aka sliced ( enzymatic browning ), kamar apples, ayaba, kuma avocados, inda ta acid denatures da enzymes.
Bawo
A Marokko, ana adana lemun tsami a cikin kwalba ko ganga na gishiri. Gishirin yana shiga cikin bawon ya yi huɗa, ya yi taushi, yana sasu har su daɗe har abada. Ana amfani da lemun tsami a cikin ire-iren abinci da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya samun lemons da za'a iya samowa a cikin abincin yan' Sicilian, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Faransanci.
Babban amfani da masana'antu na bawon shine masana'antar pectin - polysaccharide wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman wakili mai hade, daskararren da sanya abinci ƙarfi da sauran kayayyaki.
Mai
Ana samo man lemun tsami daga sel mai dauke da mai a cikin fatar. Na’ura tana fasa sel din, kuma tana amfani da wani ruwa mai narkewa dan fidda mai. Ruwan mai / ruwa sai a tace sannan a raba shi da centrifugation.
Ganye
Ana amfani da ganyen bishiyar lemun tsami don yin shayi da kuma shirya dafaffun nama da abincin abincin teku.
Sauran amfani
Masana'anta
Lemun tsami sune tushen kasuwanci na citric acid kafin haɓakar haɓaka aiki-da ƙoshin lafiya .
A matsayin abun tsaftacewa
Za'a iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami don tsabta. Ana amfani da lemun tsami a cikin gishiri ko kuma yin garin baking mai ɗan yumbu don gogewa da sanya jan ƙarfe haske. Acid yana narke tarnish, kuma abrasives sun taimaka tsaftacewa. A matsayinka na wakilin tsabtace abinci na cikin gida ruwan 'ya'yan itace na iya deodorize, cire man shafawa, staach stains, da kuma disinfect. Man na lemun tsami kwasfa shima yana da amfani daban-daban. Ana amfani dashi azaman mai tsabtace itace da goge goge, inda ake amfani da kayan da ke da ƙarfi don narke tsohuwar daɓar yatsu, yatsan yatsa, da ƙazanta. Ana kuma amfani da man lemun tsami da man zaitun azaman maganin kashe kwari .
Kamshi
Ana iya amfani da man lemun tsami a cikin maganin shafawa . Sanadarin lemun tsami ba shi da tasiri ga tsarin garkuwar jikin dan Adam, amma yana iya ba da gudummawa ga shakatawa.
Sauran
Wani daga cikin gwajin ilimin kimiyya ya ƙunshi haɗawa da wayoyi zuwa lemo da amfani da shi azaman batiri don samar da wutar lantarki. Kodayake ƙananan iko, batirin lemo da yawa na iya ba da ƙaramin agogon dijital. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kuma suna aiki tare da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari.
Za'a iya amfani da ruwan lemun tsami azaman tawada mai sauƙin gani, daga zafin rana.
Horticulture
Lemun tsami suna buƙatar ƙaramin yanayi na kusan , saboda haka ba su da wuya shekara-shekara a cikin yanayin canjin yanayin zafi, amma sai ku zamo masu wahala yayin da suka manyanta. Citrus yana buƙatar ɗan ƙaramin kwalliya ta hanyar yanke rassan da suka cika, tare da mafi girma reshe da aka yanke baya don ƙarfafa haɓaka. A duk tsawon lokacin bazara, nunannun dabaru na ci gaba mai ƙarfi yana tabbatar da ci gaba da alfarwa. Kamar yadda tsire-tsire masu balaga na iya haifar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba sa so, masu saurin girma da ake kira 'harbe harbe,' ana cire waɗannan daga manyan rassa a ƙasan ko tsakiyar shuka.
A cikin namo a Burtaniya, kayan aikin 'Meyer' da 'Variegata' sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society 's kyaututtukan gidan gonar Merit (an tabbatar da 2017).
Samarwa
A cikin 2018, aka samar da lemun tsami na duniya (hade da limes don bayar da rahoto) shine tan miliyan 19.4. Manyan masana'antun – India, Mexico, China, Argentina, Brazil, da Turkey – sun kasance kashi 65% na abubuwan da aka samar a duniya (tebur).
Madadin lemun tsami
Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da dandano ko ƙanshi mai kama da lemun tsami.
Limes, wani 'ya'yan itace mai tsami iri ɗaya ne da aka yi amfani da shi, wanda aka yi kama da lemons
Ganyen Kaffir ganye: gama gari ne a yankin gabashin Asiya
Wasu tsirarwar tsiran Basil
'Ya'yan itacen Sumac, an yi amfani da su tun kafin lemons inda aka san Turawa
Cymbopogon (lemongrass)
Lemon balm, mai mint-kamar herbaceous perennial a cikin iyali Lamiaceae
Geranium iri biyu masu launi : Pelargonium crispum (lemon geranium) da Pelargonium x melissinum (lemun tsami lemon)
Lemon tsami
Lemon tsami
Wasu cultivars na Mint
Magnolia grandiflora furanni itace
Sauran citrus din da ake kira 'lemun tsami'
Flat lemun tsami, wani hadarin mandarin
Meyer lemun tsami, giciye ne tsakanin tsararren cinema da mangwaro / pomelo da aka bambanta da ruwan lemo mai zaki ko mai zaki, mai suna bayan Frank N. Meyer, wanda ya fara gabatar da ita ga Amurka a cikin 1908. Fata mai kauri-fata da kadan kadan mai lemo fiye da lemun Lisbon da Eureka, Meyer lemons na bukatar karin kulawa lokacin jigilar kaya kuma ba a yadu da shi ta kasuwanci ba. Meyer lemun tsami sau da yawa yana girma zuwa launin rawaya-orange. Su ne dan kadan more sanyi-jure.
Lemun tsami na Ponderosa, mai sanyi-sanyi fiye da lemons na gaske, 'ya'yan itacen suna da kauri da manyan-manya. Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna shi hadadden tsari na citron da pomelo.
Ruwan lemo, giciye-mandarin giciye, mai sanyi-sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman tushen lemun tsami
Lemun tsami mai zaki ko limes mai zaki, gungun mutane hade da lumia (lemun tsami), limetta, da lemun tsami na Palestine . Daga cikinsu akwai lemon tsami (Jaffa), mai kayan pomelo-citron.
Lemun tsami, kamar na lemon tsami, kamar citron-mandarin cross
Hoto
Duba kuma
Jerin abincin lemun tsami da abubuwan sha
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50895 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Sophonisba%20Hergesheimer | Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer | Articles with hCards
Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (Janairu 7, 1873 – Yuni 24, 1943) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurkiya ce,mai zane, kuma mai bugawa wanda ta zana da kwatanta al'ummar Tennessee, gami da mata da yara na jihar. A matsayinta na mai buga littattafai,ta yi majagaba wajen yanke katako.
Kuruciya
An haifi Hergesheimer a Allentown, Pennsylvania a ranar 7 ga Janairu,1873. Iyayenta sune Charles P. Hergesheimer da Elamanda Ritter Hergesheimer. An ƙarfafa ta don ƙirƙirar fasaha a lokacin ƙuruciyarta.
Hergesheimer ita ce babbar jikanyar 'yar wasan Philadelphia Charles Willson Peale, wanda ta sanya wa ɗayan 'ya'yansa mata suna Sophonisba bayan 'yar wasan Italiya, Sofonisba Anguissola . Hergesheimer ta zaɓi yin amfani da Sophonisba azaman sunanta na farko.
Ilimi
Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane na Mata ta Philadelphia na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania na tsawon shekaru hudu. A Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania, ta yi karatu tare da Cecilia Beaux,Hugh Breckenridge, da William Merritt Chase . Chase ya ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ɗalibanta, kuma ta shafe lokacin bazara na 1900 tana karatu a Makarantar Koyon bazara ta Chase's Shinnecock Hills a Long Island. A matsayinta na babbar jami'a a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania, an yanke mata hukunci mafi kyawun almajira a ajin ta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cresson Traveling Scholarship.
Wannan ya ba ta damar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje a Turai na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ta sami horo a Académie Colarossi kuma ta baje kolin a Salon Paris. An jera ta a cikin ɗaliban Blanche Lazzell, wanda aka sani da katako mai launi na fari.
Aiki
Sakamakon samun aikinta wanda ya hada da nunin tafiye-tafiye na 1905 wanda kungiyar Nashville Art Association ya shirya,ta sami kwamiti a 1907 don zana hoton Holland Nimmons McTyeire, bishop na Methodist wanda ta gamsar da Cornelius Vanderbilt don baiwa Jami'ar Vanderbilt . Don yin aiki a kan hukumar, ta ƙaura zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda ta ci gaba da zama sauran rayuwarta - ta fara zama a ɗakin studio a kan titin Church,daga baya kuma ɗaya a Avenue Eighth da Broadway. Ta yi magana cikin jin daɗi game da yankin da mazaunanta, tana mai cewa: “Ƙasar da ke kusa da Nashville ita ce,wasu daga cikinsu,mafi kyaun da na taɓa gani -- babban fili mai albarka ga mai zanen wuri.Akwai rundunonin kyawawan mata da yara da ƙaƙƙarfan mazaje masu kyau don zaburar da manyan hotuna.”
Ta kuma gudanar da azuzuwan zane-zane a Bowling Green, Kentucky, inda abokanta suka hada da abokan aikinta Frances Fowler,Sarah Peyton,da Wickliffe Covington. Ta kuma ci gaba da abota ta rayuwa tare da mai zanen shimfidar wuri Orlando Gray Wales, wanda ita ma ta girma a Allentown kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania .
Hotunan da aka fi sani da Hergesheimer su ne na Kakakin Majalisar Joseph W. Byrns,Sr., wanda ke rataye a ginin Capitol na Amurka,da na Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury,wanda ke rataye a Maury Hall a Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a Annapolis, Maryland . .
Ko da yake hoton shine tushen samun kudin shiga na farko, Hergesheimer tayi gwaji a wasu nau'ikan zane-zane da fasaha,gami da bugawa, wanda ta bi tare da mai zane Blanche Lazzell.
Mutuwa
Hergesheimer ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1943 a Davidson County, Tennessee .
Kyauta
Lambar zinare, Nunin Appalachian (1910)
Lambar Zinariya, Bayyanar Jihar Tennessee (1926)
Manyan nune-nune
Kwararrun zane zane
Ƙwun Mawakan Amurka
Cibiyar Art na Chicago
Corcoran Gallery na Art
National Academy of Design
New Orleans Art Association
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
Salon Amurka
Nunin Sesquicentennial, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1926)
Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu
Abokan aiki da alaƙa
Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka
Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa
New Orleans Art Association
Salon Amurka
Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu
Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Kudu
Washington, DC Watercolor Club
Tari
Wasu daga cikin manyan masu tara ayyukan Hergesheimer sune:
Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington, New York
Morris Museum of Art, Augusta, Georgia
Karatun Jama'a Museum, Karatu, Pennsylvania
Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee
Amurka Capitol, Washington, DC
Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
Gidauniyar Red Roses guda biyu, Palm Harbor, Florida
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Burton, Vincent. "Wasu Hotuna na Ella S. Hergesheimer." Studio na kasa da kasa 37 (Maris 1909): 32-33.
Kelly, James C. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer 1873-1943." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 44 (Summer 1985): 112-13.
Knowles, Susan. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (1873-1943)." Matan Musamman na Nashville . Nashville: Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Tennessee, 1985.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Matattun 1943
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51788 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahoton%20Lafiya%20ta%20Duniya | Rahoton Lafiya ta Duniya | Rahoton Lafiya ta Duniya ( WHR ) jerin rahotanni ne na shekara-shekara wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ke fitarwa. An fara wallafa shi a shekarar1995, Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya shine wallafin WHO na kan gaba. Ana wallafa rahotannin a kowacce shekara daga 1995 zuwa 2008, sannan kuma a cikin 2010 da 2013. Ana samun rahotannin a cikin yaruka da dama, kuma suna samun tantance daga ƙwararru akan wani takamaiman batun kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda ya shafi dukkannin ƙasashen da suke membobin ƙungiyar.
Babban manufar WHR ita ce samar da muhimmman bayanai ga masu tsara manufofi, hukumomin ba da agaji, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da sauran su don taimaka musu wajen yanke manufofin kiwon lafiya da suka dace da kuma yanke shawara akan tallafi. Duk da haka, rahoton kuma yana samun isa ga mafi yawan masu sauraro, kamar jami'o'i, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a. Ana sa ran cewa duk wani ƙwararre ko kuma wanda ke da ra'ayi akan amuran kiwon lafiya na duniya, zai iya karantawa kuma yayi amfani da shi.
Jerin jigogi dangane da shekara
Kowane WHR tana magance jigo daban-daban. A kasa akwai jerin rahotanni da jigogi.
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1997: Conquering suffering, enriching humanity
1996: Fighting disease, fostering development
1995: Bridging the gaps
WHR 2013: Bincike don ɗaukar nauyin lafiya na duniya
Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na 2013 ta mai da hankali kan mahimmancin bincike don haɓaka ci gaba zuwa ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiya na duniya - a wasu kalmomi, cikakken damar yin amfani da ayyuka masu inganci don rigakafi, jiyya da kariyar haɗarin asarar dukiya. Rahoton yana ba da shawarar kara zuba jari na kasa da kasa da na kasa a cikin bincike da nufin inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya a ciki da tsakanin kasashe. Misalan binciken da ake buƙata sun haɗa da binciken magunguna, ko bincikar abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya da kuma abubuwan da ake bukata don inganta kiwon lafiya da jin dadi, da kuma bincike na ayyukan kiwon lafiya, mayar da hankali kan yadda za a fadada ayyukan da kuma rage rashin daidaito a wajen dakan nauyi
Rahotannin da suka gabata
2010: Tallafin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2010 ta mayar da hankali ne akan kula da kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kuma yadda kasashe zasu canza tsarin tallafin kudadensu don cimma wannan buri. Rahoton ya samar da ajenda na matakai ga kasashe daga kowanne mataki na cigaba, kuma ta bada shawara akan yadda kasashen duniya zasu tallafawa manufofi a kasashe da ke da karamin karfi don cimma nasarorin shiga tsarin kiwon lafiya ta duniya da kuma bunkasa sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
2008: Kiwon lafiyar ta farko
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2008 ya ta'allaka akan sabunta kiwon lafiya ta farko, da kuma bukatar Tsarin Lafiya da ta inganta mayar da martani acikin sauri ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya a wannan duniya mai canzawa.
2007: Tsaron kiwon lafiyar jama'ar duniya
Muhimmin kudurin Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2007 sun ta'allaka akan cewa, duka duniya na cikin barazanar barkewar cututttuka, annoba, hadurran masana'antu, tashin hankali na yau da kullum da kuma sauran tashe-tashen hankula wadanda ka iya zama barazana ga tsaron lafiyar jama'a. Rahoton ya nuna yadda sabbin Dokokin Lafiya na Kasa da Kasa ke taimakawa kasashe wajen aiki tare wajen gano hadurra da kuma daukan matakai na tsayar da su da kuma sarrafa su.
2006: Aiki tare don kiwon lafiya
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2006 (WHR2006), ta bayyana karancin ma'aikatan lafiya akalla miliyan 4.3, da suka hada da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, unguwannin zoma da sauran maikatan kiwon lafiyaa fadin duniya, kuma suka kira yanayin da "matsalolin ma'aikatan lafiya na duniya". Rahoton ya shimfida tsarin matakai na tsawon shekaru goma don gina ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a tsakanin kasashe ta hanyar horarwa na musamman, daukar ma'aikata da kuma hanyoyin sarrafa su.
2005: Kiyaye kowacce mahaifiya da dan ta
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2005 ya mayar da hankali akan cewa akalla yara miliyan 11 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna mutuwa daga ciwuka wadanda za'a iya magance su, sannan kuma akalla mata 500 na mutuwa a wajen rainon ciki, wajen haihuwa, ko kuma da zarar an haihu. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, rage wannan mace-mace dangane da tsarin Millennium Development Goals zai ta'allaka ne akan kowacce mahaifiya da kuma kowanne yaro da su samu damar hakkin kiwon lafiya tun daga daukan ciki har zuwa haihuwa, da rainon jariri har zuwa yarintarsa.
2004: Canza tarihi
Batun Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2004 ya kasance akan annobar HIV/AIDS a fadin duniya.
2003: Tsara gaba
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2003 ya auna yanayin lafiya ta duniya da kuma wasu muhimman barazana ga lafiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa an kusa samu muhimmin cigaba a cikin shirin lafiya ga kowa, sannan kuma cigaba ya ta'allaka ne akan hadin gwiwa a tsakanin gwamnatoci, cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, ma'aikatu masu zaman kansu, da kuma kungiyoyin 'yan kasa don gina tsarin kiwon lafiya masu inganci.
2002: Rage hadurra, bunkasa ingantacciyar rayuwa
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2002 ta bayyana dumbin cututtuka, tawaya, da mace-mace a duniya da ke da alaka da wasu muhimman abubuwa masu hatsari ga rayuwar dan-adam. Ta bayyana yadda za'a iya rage wannan nauyi a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa idan an rage wadannan abubuwa masu hatsari.
2001: Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa
An mayar da hankali akan watsi da matsalolin kwakwalwa a cikin Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2001. Rahoton ta fitar da awon ayyukan tsarin lafiya na kasa na kowacce kasa.
2000: Tsare-tsaren lafiya: inganta lafiya
Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2000 ta gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare da hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje wajen aunawa da danganta harkokin tsarin lafiya a fadin duniya, da kuma yadda za'a fi fahimtar rikitattun abubuwan da suke bayyana yadda tsarin lafiya ke wakana. Rahoton ta fitar da awon ayyukan tsarin lafiya na kasa na kowacce kasa.
Kara bincike
World Health Day
World report on disability
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
Human Resources for Health journal
U-Report
Pan American Journal of Public Health
WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health
Hanyoyin hadin waje
Official World Health Organization page on the World Health Report
Manazarta |
50639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan%20Federn | Sunan Federn | Etta Federn-Kohlhaas ga watan (Afrilu ranar ishirin da takwas, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da uku - Mayu tara, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da daya) ko kuma Marietta Federn, wanda kuma aka buga a matsayin Etta Federn-Kirmsse da Esperanza, marubuciya ce, mai fassara, malama kuma muhimmiyar mace ta haruffa a Jamus kafin yakin Jamus. A cikin shekarar 1920s da 1930s, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin anarcho-syndicalist motsi a Jamus da Spain.
Ta tashi a Vienna, ta ƙaura a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da biyar zuwa kasar Berlin, inda ta zama mai sukar wallafe-wallafe, fassarar, marubuci kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwa. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da biyu, yayin da Nazis suka hau kan karagar mulki, ta koma Barcelona, inda ta shiga kungiyar anarchist-feminist Mujeres Libres, (Mata 'Yanci), ta zama marubuci kuma mai koyar da harkar. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas, kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa na Spain, ta gudu zuwa Faransa. A can, da Gestapo ke farauta a matsayin Bayahudiya kuma mai goyon bayan Resistance Faransa, ta tsira daga yakin duniya na biyu a boye.
A Jamus, ta buga littattafai ishirin da uku, daga cikinsu akwai fassarorin Danish, Rashanci, Bengali, Girkanci na zamanin da, Yiddish da Ingilishi. Ta kuma buga littattafai biyu yayin da take zaune a Spain.
Labarin Etta Federn da 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun yi wahayi zuwa wasan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da takwas, Skuggan av Mart (Shadow na Marty), ta wani muhimmin marubucin Sweden Stig Dagerman, wanda ya buga litattafai, wasan kwaikwayo da aikin jarida kafin ya kashe kansa yana da shekaru talatin da uku. Wasan da ya ginu a kan Federn an fara yin shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Dramatic da ke Stockholm, kuma tun daga nan ake yin shi a kasashe da dama da suka hada da Ireland da Netherlands da Cyprus da Faransa. An fara yin Shadow na Marty a Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2017, ta Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Agusta Strindberg a Birnin New York.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An taso a cikin dangin Bayahudawa da ke cikin kasar Vienna, Etta Federn ita ce 'yar suffragist Ernestine (Spitzer) da Dokta Salomon Federn, babban likita kuma majagaba a cikin lura da hawan jini.
Dan uwanta Paul Federn, masanin ilimin halaiyar dan Adam, ya kasance farkon mabiyi kuma abokin Sigmund Freud . Masanin ilimin halin dan adam da kuma maganin psychosis, ya zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Vienna Psychoanalytic Society .
Dan uwanta Walther Federn ya kasance muhimmin dan jarida a fannin tattalin arziki a Ostiriya kafin Hitler ya hau mulki. Dan uwanta Karl Federn lauya ne wanda bayan ya gudu zuwa Burtaniya, ya shahara da rubuce-rubucensa na adawa da Markisanci.
'Yar'uwarta Else Federn ta kasance ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Vienna, mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamarwa. An sanya mata suna wurin shakatawa a Vienna a cikin 2013.
Mijin Etta Federn na farko shi ne Max Bruno Kirmsse, malami Bajamushe na yara masu nakasa. Mijinta na biyu shine Peter Paul Kohlhaas, mai zane. Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Hans da Michael, daya daga kowane aure. Babban ɗanta, wanda aka fi sani da Capitaine Jean a cikin Resistance Faransa, abokan haɗin gwiwar Faransa sun kashe shi a cikin shekarar 1944.
Sana'a
A Vienna da Berlin, Etta Federn ta yi nazarin tarihin adabi, ilimin falsafa na Jamus da Girkanci na dā. Ta yi aiki a nau'o'i da yawa, wallafe-wallafen labarai, tarihin rayuwa, nazarin adabi da wakoki. Ta kuma rubuta wani matashin labari mai suna Ein Sonnenjahr (Shekara ta Rana), da kuma wani babban labari wanda ba a buga ba.
A matsayinta na 'yar jarida, ta kasance mai sukar wallafe-wallafe ga Berliner Tageblatt, jarida mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai tasiri. Ta rubuta tarihin Dante Alighieri da Christiane Vulpius (matar Johann von Goethe ). A cikin 1927, ta buga tarihin Walther Rathenau, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Yahudawa mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Jamus, wanda 'yan ta'adda masu adawa da Yahudawa suka kashe a 1922. Gabriele Reuter ya sake nazarin tarihin rayuwarta don jaridar New York Times, wanda ya kira asusun Federn "mai ban mamaki mai haske kuma daidai" kuma ya ce "yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da rayuwar [Rathenau]." Bayan buga littafin, Federn ya zama makasudin barazanar kisa na Nazi.
A cikin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da ishirin, Federn ta zama wani ɓangare na da'irar anarchists, ciki har da Rudolf Rocker, Mollie Steimer, Senya Fleshin, Emma Goldman, da Milly Witkop Rocker, wanda zai zama abokiyar ku. Ta ba da gudummawa ga jaridun anarchist daban-daban da mujallu masu alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata 'Yanci ta Jamus .
A Berlin, Federn kuma ya gana kuma ya fassara mawaƙa Yahudawa da yawa haifaffen Poland waɗanda suka rubuta cikin Yiddish. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya, an buga fassararta na tarin waƙoƙin Yiddish Fischerdorf (Ƙauyen Kifi) na Abraham Nahum Stencl . Thomas Mann ya ba wa littafin bita mai kyau, yana sha'awar Stencl na "sha'awar sha'awar sha'awa." (Ba da daɗewa ba za a lalata aikin a cikin ƙonewar littafin Nazi ).
A cikin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da talatin da biyu, Federn ya bar Berlin, ya gane cewa a karkashin Nazis ba za ta iya buga rubutunta ba. Ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta maza zuwa Barcelona, Spain, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar anarchist Mujeres Libres (Mata 'Yanci), wanda ke ba da sabis kamar cibiyoyin haihuwa, wuraren kula da yara, da horar da mata. Ta koyar da Mutanen Espanya kuma ta zama darekta na makarantu masu ci gaba guda hudu a cikin birnin Blanes, tana ilmantar da malamai da yara kan dabi'un duniya da kyamar soja. Tun daga 1936, ta kuma buga labarai da dama a cikin mujallu na mata na motsi, wanda ake kira Mujeres Libres .
Kamar yawancin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta yi imani da mahimmancin karatu ga mata, wajen hana haihuwa da 'yancin jima'i, da kuma ikon mata masu ilimi su zama uwa nagari. Ta rubuta: “Iyaye masu ilimi suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma wahalarsu ga ’ya’yansu; suna fahimtar yadda suke ji da furcinsu da kyau. Malamai ne na qwarai, kamar yadda su ma abokan ‘ya’yan da suke karantarwa ne.”
A cikin shekarar 1938, yayin da masu fasikanci na Francisco Franco suka jefa bama-bamai a Barcelona kuma suka ci hagu, Federn ta gudu zuwa kasar Faransa, inda aka tsare ta a sansanonin horarwa a matsayin 'yar gudun hijirar waje. Ta yi yaƙin a ɓoye a Lyon, a wasu lokuta a cikin gidan zuhudu, kuma ta yi aikin fassarar Faransa Resistance. Ta yi shekarunta na ƙarshe a Paris, wani bangare na goyon bayan danginta a Amurka da kuma yin karatun dabino bisa fahimtar tunaninta. Domin an kashe danta a matsayin mai gwagwarmayar Resistance, an ba ta izinin zama 'yar kasar Faransa.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20686 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katafawa | Katafawa | Mutanen Atyap ( Tyap : Á̱niet A̱tyap, sinɡular: A̱tyotyap ; karin sunan hausa : Kataf, Katab ) ƙabila ce da aka samo musamman a ƙananan hukumomin Zangon-Kataf, Kaura da Jema'a na kudancin jihar Kaduna, a Najeriya. Suna magana da yaren Tyap, ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Filato ta Tsakiya.
Asali
Atyap duna ɓangare na al'adun Nok a cikin sama Kogin Kaduna kwarin, domin ta shahara Terra-cotta figurines .
Yawancin wurare masu baƙin ƙarfe sun kasance a yankin Atyap. Yawancin waɗannan kuma an samo su a yankin Gan da ƙauyuka na kusa . Ragowar hada slag, tuyeres da Tanderu . A cikin shafuka biyu a cikin Ayid-ma-pama ( Tyap : A̱yit Mapama ) a bankunan rafin Sanchinyirian da bankunan Chen Fwuam a Atabad Atanyieanɡ ( Tyap : A̱ta̱bat A̱ta̱nyeang ) slaɡ da tuyeres da suka rage sun fi yawa a tsibirin hiɡh. Wannan gidan bayanan yana cike da kogwanni marasa zurfi da kuma dutsen da ke Bakunkunɡ Afanɡ (9 ° 55'N, 8 ° 10'E) da Tswoɡ Fwuam (9 ° 51'N, 8 ° 22'E) a Gan da Atabad- Atanyieang, bi da bi. Wannan binciken ya nuna ramin hakar ma'adinai da yawa (9 ° 58.5'N, 8 ° 17, 85'E). An gano ƙarin irin waɗannan ramuka a binciken da aka yi daga baya, yana nuna cewa hakar baƙin ƙarfe tana da ƙarfi a yankin.
Shaidar harshe
Achi (2005) yana da cewa Atyap suna magana da wani yare a cikin ƙungiyar Kwa na dangin yare na Benuwe-Congo. Bugu da ƙari, a cewar Achi et al. (2019), ƙungiyar Kataf (tsohuwar rarrabuwa) wacce yaren Tyap yake, memba ne na gabashin Filato. Ya cigaba da bayar da shawarar cewa ta hanyar yin amfani da hanayar bincike ta "glotochronological" lokaci Sikeli kafa domin Yoruba da kuma Edo harsuna da maƙwabtansu, da rabuwa da Kataf Group cikin rarrabe yaruka da kuma yaren gungu na bukatar dubban shekaru. Hakanan an ambata shi ne, 'Tsakanin Igala da yaren Yarbanci, alal misali, aƙalla ana buƙatar shekaru 2,000 don haɓaka bambancin, yayin da ake buƙatar shekaru 6,000 don bambancin da ake gani a kwatankwacin rukunin harshen Idoma da Yarbanci ', lura da cewa wannan yana nuna cewa 'koda a cikin rukunin yare, an bukaci tsawon shekaru zuwa shekaru 2,000 don ƙirƙirar rarrabe yaren da za a iya ganewa kuma hakan ya zama sannu a hankali ci gaban yawan jama'a da faɗaɗawa da bambance-bambancen al'adu cikin dubunnan shekaru'.
Ma'anar Tyap ita ce, ya ɗauki dubunnan shekaru kafin a raba, a cikin babban yanki na gari daga yaruka shida ko mafi kusancinsu. A matsayinsu na karamar kungiya sun bukaci karin dubban shekaru da suka gabata don warewa daga sauran mambobin kungiyar Kataf kamar Gyong, Hyam, Duya da Ashe (Koro) waɗanda ba su da wata fahimta a gare su. An fahimci dorewar harshe da sauran halayen al'ada a wannan yankin na Najeriya.
Saboda haka yana da kyau a ɗauka kamar yadda aka ba da, dadaddiyar hulɗar al'adu da fitowar wasu yarurruka na musamman a yankin harshen Kataf. Yana nufin cewa Tyap ya daɗe ya zama harshe da za'a iya gane shi tare da al'adun kayan tarihi masu rarrabewa da tsarin zamantakewar jama'a tun kafin lokacin da Birtaniyyawan suka karɓi ikon mulkin Atyap a farkon ƙarni na 20. An yi gadon wannan ɗabi'ar daga tsara zuwa kakanni har zuwa lokacin da ta isa ga zuriyar da ta gabata.
Sauran shaidu
Atyap ɗin suna kiran kansu 'Atyap' kuma sanannu kuma suna magana da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta kamar Asholyio (ko Morwa), Agworok (ko Kagoro), Atyecarak (ko Kachechere), Atakat (ko Attaka, Attakar), Ham (ko Jaba), Gwong (ko Kagoma), Adara (ko Kadara), Akoro (ko Koro), Bajju (ko Kaje), Anghan (ko Kamantan), Fantswam (ko Kafanchan), Afo, Afizere, Tsam (ko Chawai) da Rukuba, tare tare da Atyap, wani ɓangare ne na rukunin harsunan gabashin Filato na dangin yare na Benuwai-Kongo .
Amma wanene Atyap kuma menene asalinsu? Matsalar gano asalin asalin mutanen Najeriya ya kasance mai wahalar warwarewa. Baya ga wanzuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan al'adun asali wadanda suka saba wa juna, akwai wasu kungiyoyi da dama da ke da'awar yankunan da ba na Afirka ba a matsayin cibiyoyinsu na asali. Wannan gaskiya ne game da Atyap har ya zuwa yanzu. An aiwatar da ƙungiyoyin ƙarƙashin shugabannin dangi da ƙananan jam'iyoyi da daddare don gujewa ganowa.
Al'adar ba ta san yawancin dattawan Atyap ba. Wannan shi ne jera me ya sa shi ba a samu a mafi yawan rubuce-rubucen da na mulkin mallaka ethnographic da anthropological mawallafa da suka rubuta a kan Atyap mutane. Kodayake waɗannan hafsoshin mulkin mallaka ba za su iya yin rikodin dukkanin sifofin al'adun mutane ba, amma, yawancin sifofin da aka rubuta a lokacin suna nuna kamanceceniya da waɗanda dattawan suka ambata a yau. Don haka ingancin asalin arewa abin tambaya ne.
Tarihi
Zamanin da ya gabata
An riga an kafa shi a baya cewa Atyap sun mamaye wani yanki na yankin al'adun Nok, waɗanda wayewar su ta faɗi c. 1500 BC kafin c. 500 AD, tare da yawancin abubuwan tarihi da aka samo a warwatse a ciki da kewayen ƙasar Atyap.
Lokacin ciniki na Barter - karni na 18
Tun kafin shigar da kuɗaɗe zuwa yankin, mutanen Atyap sun yi ta kasuwancin canji har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18 lokacin da tradersan kasuwar Hausa suka fara wucewa ta ƙasar Atyap, suna shigo da takubba, ƙyalli da abin wuya kuma kasuwar Zangon Katab ta haɓaka (kaɗan ne) mil mil daga asalin gargajiyar Atyap ko babban birni a A̱tyekum a yankin da Atyap ya sani da Maba̱ta̱do shi ma ya rubuta Mabarado ; mazaunin Hausawa, Zango, da yawan jama'arta ana kiransu "Á̱nietcen" watau "baƙi" saboda hakan shine abin da Hausawa suka rage wa Atyap. A wasu kalmomin, an haɓaka Zango a wani yanki da ake kira "Mabatado" zuwa Atyap). Kafin wannan lokacin, mutane sun dauki ƙarfe ga maƙera don ƙirƙira musu kayan aikin da suke so kuma suka biya shi a hatsi ko nama. Bayan zuwan Hausawa, maƙeri na gida sun fara kwafin kayayyakin da suka shigo da su.
Al'adu
Bikin A̱nak da farauta
Kafin zuwan Burtaniya a yankin a 1903, da Atyap al'adu ayyuka hada daban-daban shekara-shekara da kuma yanayi da kuma bikin lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, headhunting shi ne wani ɓangare daga waɗanda ayyuka da aka daga baya haramta ta mulkin mallaka gwamnati. Anan akwai lissafi ta Achi et al. (2019) akan ɗayan waɗannan bukukuwan:
"Waɗanda suka samu nasara a kowace sana'ar da aka zaba an basu muƙamai da sandunan tafiya tare da kararrawa da ke daure da sandunan. Ararrawa suna taɗawa yayin da masu su ke tafiya don sanar da isowar wani mai nasara. A lokacin mutuwa, irin wannan masanan an ba su jana'izar da ta dace tare da kaɗe-kaɗe da biki na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, bikin A̱nak (zaman makoki na shekara-shekara don rayayyun rayukan waɗanda suka yi nasara) a matsayin wata hanya ta fahimtar kyakkyawar gudummawar da marigayin ya bayar don ci gaban al’umma. Saboda imanin cewa yawan makoki na iya sanya mamacin cikin sabuwar rayuwarsa, bikin ya dauki salon biki, raye-raye da kuma ba da labarin ayyukan bajinta na marigayin . Idan wani namiji achiever cewa ya mutu, Anak festival da za a wadda ta gabãta daga wani farauta balaguro a kan dawakai. Wannan farauta ce ta babbar dabba a matsayin alama ta dimbin gudummawar mamacin. Ga A̱gbaat, zwuom (giwa) galibi shi ne tarɡet. Zanga-zangar rashin yarda stronɡ matasa a kan dawakai tare da weiɡhted pestles, an gudanar da su kafin ainihin farautar farautar. Waɗannan suna tafiya da sauri kuma suna ƙoƙari breakinɡ bango mai tsayayye tare da pestle . Don dangin A̱ku da Ashokwa, bikinsu na A̱nak ana kiransa Sonɡ Á̱swa (Rawar waɗanda suka samu nasara) inda kawai maza da mata na dangi suka shiga.
Farauta
A lokacin rani bayan girbin amfanin gona, duk da haka, mutanen sun tafi farautar dabbobi a cikin daji tsakanin Disamba da Maris a kowace shekara, suna yin balaguro zuwa Surubu ( Avori ) da tsaunukan Karge zuwa arewa da zuwa Atsam da Rukuba ( Bace ) yankuna kan lamuran Jos Plateau, gabas da ƙasar Atyap, kuma suna iya ɗaukar wata ɗaya ko fiye kafin su dawo gida.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50558 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoba%20a%20Najeriya | Annoba a Najeriya | Bala'o'i na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin Najeriya, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Najeriya ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin arewa zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya.
Nau'o'in
fari
An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%.
Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm / shekara.
Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995.
Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm.
Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar.
Ambaliyar ruwa
Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi.
2021
A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a jihar Adamawa, ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida; Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA).
2020
A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed.
2017
Ambaliyar ruwa ta Jihar Benue ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya. Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000, kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000.
2010
Kimanin mazauna 1000 na Legas da jihohin Ogun na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa Kogin Ogun
Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017
2023
A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu.
Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista Biodun Oyebanji, ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. Monisade Afuye, ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu.
Gudanarwar gaggawa
Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA)
Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973. NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu.
Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA)
Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF)
An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya. An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato:
Ikon Cibiyar
Haɗin kai
Binciken Hadarin Bala'i
Rage Hadarin Bala'i
Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa
Amsawar Bala'i
Farfado da Bala'i
Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa
Duba kuma
fari na Sahel na 2012
Canjin yanayi a Najeriya
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ma%20Jian | Muhammad Ma Jian | Muhammad Ma Jian ( Chinese ; ; 1906–1988) ya kasance Hui -Chinese malamin addinin Musulunci kuma mai fassara, wanda aka sani da fassarar Alkur’ani zuwa Sinanci da jaddada jituwa tsakanin Markisanci da Musulunci.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Ma a shekarar 1906 a ƙauyen Shadian a Gejiu, Yunnan. Wannan ƙauyen Hui ne mafi rinjaye wanda daga baya zai zama wurin da abin ya faru da Shadian mara yau yayin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu na China. Lokacin da Ma ke da shekaru shida, an tura shi babban birnin lardin Kunming, inda zai sami ilimin firamare da sakandare har zuwa shekaru 19. Bayan kammala karatun sa, Ma ya koma garin sa na Shadian don koyarwa a makarantar firamare ta Sino -Arabic tsawon shekaru biyu - abin da bai ji daɗi ba. Wannan ya biyo bayan ci gaba da karatu a ƙarƙashin Hu Songshan a Guyuan, birni a yankin Hui na Ningxia . Daga nan ya tafi Shanghai don neman ilimi a shekarata 1929, inda kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Koyar da Addinin Musulunci ta Shanghai na tsawon shekaru biyu.
Karatu a Alkahira
Bayan mamayar da Japan ta yi wa Manchuria a 1931, gwamnatin China ta tura Ma zuwa Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke Alkahira, Masar, don haɓaka alaƙa da ƙasashen Larabawa. Ya kasance memba na rukunin farko na ɗaliban Sinawa da gwamnati ta tallafa da su don yin karatu a can - wanda ya haɗa da maza waɗanda daga baya za su zama manyan malaman Sinawa na Larabci da Musulunci, kamar Na Zhong. Yayin da yake Alkahira, ya tuntuɓi Gidan Buga Salaan Salafiyya na Ƴan'uwa Musulmi, wanda ya amince a 1934 don buga ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa -littafi na cikakken farko na Larabci kan tarihin Musulunci a China . Bayan shekara guda, Ma ya fassara Analects zuwa Larabci. Yayin da yake Alkahira, zai kuma fassara wasu ayyukan Muhammad Abduh da yawa zuwa Sinanci, tare da taimakon Rashid Rida, da Husayn al-Jisr maibtaken ' Gaskiyar Musulunci . Don haɓaka buƙatun Sinawa dangane da Yaƙin Sino -Japan na Biyu, an aika Ma zuwa Makka a farkon shekarar 1939 a matsayin wani ɓangare na wakilan aikin hajji tare da wasu ɗalibai 27 - tafiya wanda suka yi magana da Ibn Saud game da ƙudurin 'duk Mutanen China 'don tsayayya da Jafananci.
Komawa China
Ma ta dawo China a shekara ta 1939. A can ya gyara Kamus na Larabci da na China, yayin da yake fassara Alkur'ani da ayyukan falsafar Musulunci da tarihi . Har ila yau, ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci a jami'ar Peking a shekarar 1946, rawar da ya kula da bullo da darussan harshen Larabci na farko a cikin tsarin ilimin manyan makarantun kasar Sin . A Jami'ar Peking, zai horar da yawancin shahararrun Larabawa na China na gaba, irin su Zhu Weilie. An kammala fassarar sa ta farko na juzu'i 8 na Kur'ani a cikin 1945, kuma bayan da gidajen buga littattafai na Beijing suka ƙi shi a 1948, Jami'ar Peking University Press ce ta buga shi bayan shekara guda. Bayan nasarar Kwaminisanci a yakin basasar kasar Sin da shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, an kuma zabe shi a matsayin memba na taron ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na jama'a a shekarar 1949. A shekarar 1952, wani edition na Kur'ani translation da aka buga ta Shanghai 's Commercial Danna, kuma Ma ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na ƙungiyar Islama ta ƙasar Sin . A wani bangare na wannan rawar, Ma yana da niyyar ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da Musulunci - wanda ya yi ta hanyar buga labarai da yawa a jaridu kamar Daily People da Guangming Daily . Ya kuma wallafa fassarar Tjitze de Boer na Tarihin Falsafa a Musulunci a 1958. Saboda ƙwarewar harshe, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai fassara ga jami'an China irin su Zhou Enlai, wanda ya ba shi damar yin magana da Gamal Abdel Nasser a taron Bandung . Wannan ne ya ba shi damar ci gaba da aikin farfesa da muƙami a cikin PPCC har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1978, duk da tsanantawar da aka yi wa Musulmai a lokacin tashin Juyin Al'adu . Bayan mutuwarsa, an buga fassarar Ma na Philip K. Hitti 's Tarihin Larabawa a 1979 ta ' Yan Jarida . Har ila yau, "The Chinese Social Sciences Press" an buga shi bayan mutuwa, a cikin shekarar 1981, cikakken fassarar Alkur'ani, wanda Ma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1957, sannan tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1978.
Tasiri
Fassararsa ta Kur'ani har yanzu ita ce mafi mashahuri a kasar Sin a yau, wanda ya zarce na Wang Jingzhai da Li Tiezheng. An yaba shi saboda amincinsa ga asalin, kuma ya kai 'kusan matsayin canonical'. An kuma gane ingancin wannan fassarar a duniya -tare da Madaba'ar Madina tushen Fahd Mai Alƙur'ani Mai Girma ta Alƙur'ani ta zaɓi yin amfani da ita don bugun Alƙur'ani mai harsuna biyu na Larabci da Sinanci, wanda aka buga a 1987.
Manazarta
Mutuwan 1978
Mutanen Sin
Musulmai |
26094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Darasi | Tsarin Darasi | Tsarin darasi, shine cikakken bayanin malami kan darasin koyarwa ko “yanayin koyarwa” na karatu. Malami yana tsara jadawalin darasi na yau da kullum don jagorantar koyar da dalibai. Bayanai kan bambanta dangane da fifikon malamin, darasain da ake nazari, da kuma buƙatun ɗalibai. Za a iya samun ka'idodi da makaranta suka gindaya dangane da jadawalin. Jadawalin darasi wani tsari ne na musamman da malami ke bi don gudanar da wani darasi, wanda kuma ya kunshi manufa (abin da ɗalibai yakamata su koya), yadda za'a cimma wannan manufa (hanya, salo) da kuma hanyar auna fahimtar dalibai ( gwaji, takardar aiki, aikin gida da dai sauransu).
Muhimman Sassan Jadawalin Darasi
Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa wajen tsara jadawalin darasi, yawancin sun ƙunshi wasu ko duka waɗannan sassan, yawanci a cikin wannan tsari sun haɗa da:
Taken darasin
Lokaci da ake buƙata don kammala darasin
Jerin kayan koyarwa
Jerin manufofi, wanda na iya zama manufofin ɗabi'a (abin da ɗalibi zai iya yi a kammala darasi) ko manufofin ilimi (abin da ɗalibin ya sani a kammala darasi)
A sa (ko gubar-a, ko gada-in) cewa mayar da hankali dalibai a kan darasi ta basira ko Concepts — wadannan sun hada da nuna hotuna, ko kuma model, tambayar manyan tambayoyi, ko bita da darasin da ya gabata
Sashin koyarwa wanda ke bayyana jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa darasin, gami da shigar da koyarwar malami kuma, inda ya dace, ɗalibin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta don ƙarfafa sabbin dabaru da dabaru
Independent yi da damar da dalibai mika basira ko ilimi a kan nasu
Taƙaitaccen bayani, inda malamin ya ƙare tattaunawar kuma ya amsa tambayoyi
Bangaren kimantawa, gwaji don ƙwarewar ƙwarewar da aka koya ko dabaru — kamar saitin tambayoyi don amsawa ko saitin umarnin da za a bi
Ana tantance kimar haɗarin inda aka rubuta haɗarin darasin da matakan da aka ɗauka don rage su
Bangaren bincike da malamin ke amfani da shi don yin tunani kan darasin da kansa — kamar abin da ya yi aiki da abin da ke buƙatar haɓaka
Wani ɓangaren ci gaba yana yin bita da tunani akan abun ciki daga darasin da ya gabata
Hanyar Herbartian: Fredrick Herbart (1776-1841)
A cewar Herbart, akwai matakai na shirin darasi guda takwas waɗanda aka tsara don samar da "dama ga malamai don ganewa da gyara kuskuren ɗalibai yayin fadada fahimtar darussan gaba." Waɗannan matakai sune: Gabatarwa, Gidauniya, Kunnawar Ƙwaƙwalwa, Jiki na Sabuwar Bayani, Bayyanawa, Aiki da Bita, Aiki Mai zaman kansa, da Rufewa.
Shiri/Koyarwa: Yana da alaƙa da shirya da motsa yara zuwa abubuwan da ke cikin darasi ta hanyar haɗa shi da ilimin ɗalibin da ya gabata, ta hanyar tayar da sha'awar yara da kuma yin kira ga hankalinsu. Wannan yana shirya tunanin yaron don karɓar sabon ilimi. "Sanin inda ɗaliban suke da kuma inda yakamata suyi ƙoƙarin kasancewa sune muhimman abubuwa biyu na koyarwa mai kyau." Za a iya fara darasi ta hanya mai zuwa: a. Tambayoyi biyu ko uku masu ban sha'awa amma masu dacewa b. Nuna hoto/s, jadawali ko samfurin c. Bayanin Halin da ake ciki: Sanarwar abin da darasi ya mayar da hankali a cikin bayyananniyar sanarwa kamar "Yau, za mu yi nazarin karatun. . . "
Gabatarwa/Haɓakawa: Ainihin darasi yana farawa anan. Wannan matakin yakamata ya ƙunshi aiki mai kyau daga ɓangaren ɗalibai. Malamin zai ɗauki taimakon na'urori daban -daban, misali, tambayoyi, zane -zane, bayani, fallasawa, nunawa da kayan taimako, da sauransu. Ana iya ba da bayanai da ilimi, bayyana, bayyana ko ba da shawara. Yakamata a kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodin. a. Ka'idar zaɓi da rarrabuwa: Wannan batun yakamata a raba shi zuwa sassa daban -daban. Haka kuma malami ya kamata ya yanke shawarar nawa zai faɗa da kuma nawa ne almajiran za su bincika da kansu. b. Ka'idar jeri na gaba: Malami ya tabbatar cewa ilimin da ya biyo baya ya bayyana ga ɗalibai. c. Ka'idar sha da haɗin kai: A ƙarshe rabuwa da sassan dole ne a bi ta haɗarsu don haɓaka fahimtar gaba ɗaya.
Kwatancen ƙungiya: A koyaushe yana da kyau a haɗa sabbin dabaru ko ilimi a haɗe da yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun ta hanyar ba da misalai masu dacewa da kuma yin kwatancen kwatancen da ke da alaƙa. Wannan matakin yana da mahimmanci yayin da muke kafa ƙa'idoji ko keɓance ma'anoni.
Gabatarwa: Wannan manufar ta shafi tsarin tsarin ilimin da aka koya. Kwatantawa da bambanci suna haifar da gama gari. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban sun zana ƙarshen da kansu. Yakamata ya haifar da tunanin ɗalibai, tunani da ƙwarewa.
Aikace -aikacen: Yana buƙatar kyakkyawan aiki na tunani don tunani da amfani da ƙa'idodin da aka koya zuwa sababbin yanayi. Ilimi, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi kuma aka tabbatar da shi, ya zama bayyananne kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na gyaran tunanin ɗalibi.
Recapitulation: Mataki na ƙarshe na shirin darasi, malamin yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ko ɗalibai sun fahimci ko sun fahimci batun ko a'a. Ana amfani da wannan don tantancewa/kimanta tasirin darasin ta hanyar yiwa ɗalibai tambayoyi akan abubuwan da darasin ya ƙunsa ko ta ba da gajerun manufofi don gwada matakin fahimtar ɗalibi; misali, yiwa lakabi sassa daban -daban akan zane, da dai sauransu.
Bayar da Shirye -shiryen Darasi
Majalisar Kanada kan Ilmantarwa ta tsara waɗannan jagororin don haɓaka tasirin aikin koyarwa sune kamar haka:
A farkon koyarwa, ba wa ɗalibai cikakken hoton kayan da za a gabatar. Lokacin gabatar da kayan, yi amfani da abubuwan gani da yawa da yawa da kuma misalan da aka saba da su. Shirya kayan don a gabatar da shi ta hanya mai ma'ana kuma a cikin raka'a masu ma'ana. Yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyin da ɗalibai suka saba da su.
Ƙara kamanceceniya tsakanin yanayin koyo da yanayin tantancewa da samar da isasshen horo. Ba wa ɗalibai dama su yi amfani da sabbin ƙwarewar su kai tsaye lokacin da suka dawo gida ta hanyar ayyukan da aka ba su. Sadar da saƙon game da mahimmancin darasi, ƙara matakin motsa su, da sarrafa halayen gefe ta hanyar tsara lada ga ɗaliban da suka yi nasarar kammalawa da haɗa sabon abun ciki. Don ci gaba da aikin koyo, ƙimomin dole ne su kasance masu adalci kuma ana iya samun su.
Motsawa yana shafar sakamakon koyarwa ba tare da wani ƙaruwa na iya fahimta ba. Dalilan ilmantarwa yana shafar halaye na mutum kamar lamiri da yanayin koyo. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a yi ƙoƙarin samar da ayyukan da za su iya yiwuwa. Dalibai suna koyan mafi kyawun yadda suke so kuma lokacin da aka ƙarfafa amsoshi daidai gwargwado, wataƙila tare da sauri "An yi kyau." Ga ɗaliban Generation Z da yawa, amfani da fasaha na iya motsa ilmantarwa. Kwaikwaiyo, wasanni, duniyoyin kama -da -wane, da sadarwar yanar gizo sun riga sun kawo sauyi kan yadda ɗalibai ke koyo da yadda aka tsara da isar da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Lealiban da suka nutse a cikin zurfin ilmantarwa na ƙwarewa a cikin yanayin gani sosai da mu'amala sun zama masu ƙwarewa cikin ƙwarewa.
Bincike ya nuna cewa yana da mahimmanci ƙirƙirar ƙira don koyo (Me yasa zan koya, haƙiƙanin haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa) a cikin zukatan ɗalibai. Sannan ɗalibai ne kawai za su iya fahimtar ɓangaren "yadda da abin da za a koya" daga ɓangaren malamin. Hakanan, bayar da isasshen bayani wanda zai taimaka wajen saita tsammanin ɗalibai game da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma sakamakon ayyukan da wataƙila za su iya faruwa a cikin yanayin koyo. Misali, ɗaliban da ke koyon ƙwarewa kan daidaitattun bambance -bambancen na iya fuskantar yanayi mai wahala, ɗimbin karatu, da mawuyacin yanayi. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya rage mummunan tasirin irin waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar sanar da ɗalibai kafin abin da zai iya faruwa da samar musu da dabarun sarrafawa.
Tsarin darasi da gudanar da aji
Samar da ingantaccen tsarin darasi muhimmin sashi ne na gudanar da aji. Yin hakan yana buƙatar ikon haɗa dabaru masu tasiri a cikin aji, ɗalibai da mahalli gaba ɗaya. Akwai nau'ikan tsare -tsaren darasi iri -iri da hanyoyin ƙirƙirar su. Malamai na iya ƙarfafa tunani mai mahimmanci a cikin saiti na ƙungiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsare -tsare waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaliban da ke shiga tare. Dabarun gani shine wani ɓangaren da aka haɗa cikin tsare -tsaren darasi waɗanda ke taimakawa gudanar da aji. Waɗannan dabarun na gani suna taimaka wa ɗalibai iri -iri don haɓaka tsarin ilmantarwarsu da yiwu fahimtar su gaba ɗaya na kayan ko abin da ke cikin shirin darasin da kansa. Waɗannan dabarun kuma suna ba ɗaliban nakasassu zaɓi don koyo ta yiwu mafi inganci. Malamai suna buƙatar fahimtar ɗimbin dabaru waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kula da gudanar da aji da ɗalibai. Yakamata su nemo mafi kyawun dabarun da za su haɗa cikin tsarin darasi don takamaiman darajarsu, nau'in ɗalibi, salon koyarwa, da sauransu kuma su yi amfani da su don amfanin su. Thean ajin yakan yi kwarara da kyau lokacin da malami ya tsara darasi da ya dace, saboda yana samar da tsari ga ɗalibai. Samun damar yin amfani da lokacin aji yadda yakamata yana zuwa tare da ƙirƙirar tsare -tsaren darasi a ainihin su.
Ayyuka
Aikace-aikacen ko dai a cikin aji ne ko aikin gida-gida da za a kammala don lokacin aji na gaba. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da mahimmanci saboda suna taimakawa tabbatar da cewa koyarwar tana ba ɗalibai maƙasudi, ikon zuwa can, da sha'awar shiga cikin mawuyacin yanayin ilimi yayin da suke samun abun ciki da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun damar shiga cikin aikin koyarwa.
Masana sun ba da misali cewa, don samun tasiri da cimma manufofin, dole ne haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan ɗawainiyar ya yi la’akari da hasashen ɗaliban saboda sun bambanta da na malamin. Ana iya magance wannan ƙalubalen ta hanyar ba da misalai maimakon naƙasassun ra'ayoyi ko umarni. Wata dabarar ta ƙunshi haɓaka ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa musamman da buƙatun ɗalibai, abubuwan sha'awa, da jeri na shekaru. Akwai kuma kwararru waɗanda ke ba da mahimmancin koyar da ɗalibai game da tsara aikin. An ce wannan don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar ɗalibai da sha'awar aikin su. Wasu dabaru sun haɗa da yin tunani game da tsarin aikin da ƙirƙirar yanayin koyo,.
Akwai nau'ikan aiki da yawa don haka dole ne malamin ya yanke shawarar ko ayyukan aji aji ne, ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi, bita, aiki mai zaman kansa, koyon tsara, ko kwangila:
Whole-aji — malamin laccoci ga aji a matsayin dukan, kuma yana da aji tare shiga a cikin aji tattaunawa.
Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi — ɗalibai suna aiki akan ayyuka cikin ƙungiyoyi uku ko huɗu.
Taron bita — ɗalibai suna yin ayyuka daban -daban lokaci guda. Ayyukan bita dole ne su dace da tsarin darasi.
Aiki mai zaman kansa — ɗalibai suna kammala ayyukan ɗaiɗaikunsu.
Koyon takwarorina — ɗalibai suna aiki tare, fuska da fuska, don su koya daga juna.
Aikin kwangila — malami da ɗalibi sun kulla yarjejeniya cewa dole ne ɗalibin ya yi wani adadi na aiki ta wa'adin ƙarshe.
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan aikin (misali koyon takwarorina, masu zaman kansu, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi) don jagorantar zaɓin matakan koyarwa wanda zai iya ba da bayani game da ɗalibi da fahimtar kayan. Kamar yadda Biggs (1999) ya tattauna, akwai ƙarin tambayoyin da malami zai iya yin la’akari da su yayin zaɓar wane irin aiki zai ba da fa’ida ga ɗalibai. Wadannan sun hada da:
Wane matakin koyo ne ɗaliban ke buƙata kafin su zaɓi ayyukan da ke da matakan wahala daban -daban?
Menene adadin lokacin da malamin yake so ɗalibai su yi amfani da su don kammala aikin?
Nawa ne lokaci da ƙoƙari malami zai bayar da ƙimar ɗalibi da martaninsa?
Menene manufar aikin? (misali don bin diddigin ɗalibin ɗalibai; don ba ɗalibai lokaci don aiwatar da dabaru; don yin ƙwarewar da ba ta dace ba kamar tsarin kungiya ko bincike mai zaman kansa)
Ta yaya aikin ya dace da sauran tsarin darasi? Shin aikin yana gwada ilimin abun ciki ko yana buƙatar aikace -aikace a cikin sabon mahallin?
Shin tsarin darasi ya dace da wani tsari? Misali, Tsarin Darasi Na Musamman .
Duba kuma
Manhaja
Manhaja
Tsarin Harajin Bloom
Abubuwan Koyarwa
Babu Yaro Da Aka Bari A Baya
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Ahrenfelt, Johannes, da Neal Watkin. Manufofi 100 don Muhimman Kwarewar Koyarwa (Ci Gaba Dari). New York: Ci gaba, 2006.
978-0-673-15122-3
978-0-03-008171-2
Serdyukov, Peter, da Ryan, Mark. Shirya Shirye-shiryen Darasi Mai Amfani: Hanyar 5-Star. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2008.
Salsbury, Denise E., da Melinda Schoenfeldt. Tsarin Darasi: Samfurin-tushen Samfura don Azuzuwa K-12. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008.
Skowron, Janice. Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Darasi: Kowane Malami Jagora zuwa Ingantaccen Koyarwa. Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2006.
Thompson, Julia G. Jagorar Tsirar Malami ta Farko: Shirye-shiryen Amfani, Kayan aiki & Ayyuka Don Haɗuwa Kalubalen Kowace Ranar Makaranta (JB Ed: Jagoran Tsira). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Tileston, Donna E. Walker. Abin da Kowane Malami Ya Kamata Ya Sani Game da Shirye -shiryen Koyarwa Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2003.
Wolfe, Shoshana. Mafi kyawun Shekara Duk da haka! Jagora ga Tsari Mai Ƙarfafawa da Ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Aji (Dabarun Koyarwa). New York: Dabarun Koyarwa, 2006.
Koyarwa
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Ilimin Fasahan shuke-shuke
Ilimin Kimiyyar ruwa
Makarantu
Darusa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
32292 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalangu%20na%20Ngoma | Kalangu na Ngoma | Ngoma (wanda kuma ake kira engoma ko ng'oma ko ingoma) kayan kida ne da wasu al'ummar Bantu na Afirka ke amfani da su. An samo Ngoma daga kalmar Kongo don "kalangu". Yankunan Bantu daban-daban suna da nasu al'adun kaɗa, tare da sunaye daban-daban na kayan kida. A Kikongo, ana amfani da "ngoma" ta tsawaita don nuna takamaiman raye-raye, lokutan zamantakewa da kari. A cikin Swahili, ana amfani da kalmar Ngoma don kwatanta ganguna da kansu da kuma kida da raye-raye tare a matsayin al'adar hadin gwiwa.
Amfani a cikin Manyan Tafkuna da Kudancin Afirka
An san kalangu na ngoma da engoma a ko'ina cikin yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka. A cikin Swahili, ngoma ya haifar saboda rashin jin daɗin furta engoma ta hanyar jefar da harafin e.
Banyankore na rike da ganguna da daraja; musamman irin gangunan sarauta da Bagyendanwa ke jagoranta, wanda in ba haka ba wani basarake bai taba yin da'awar sarauta ba.
Baganda na Uganda na da dangantaka ta musamman da ganguna na ngoma, ta yadda mutane da yawa ke tunanin cewa kasarsu ce kasar da ainihin irin wannan ganga ta samo asali. Ana jin daɗin Baganda a matsayin ƴan Ngoma. Ana amfani da ngoma don sadarwa da bikin kuma alama ce ta iko. Hakanan ana amfani da Ngoma wajen ba da labari.
An yi ngoma da itace, wanda aka lulluɓe da fatar saniya da aka fesa a ƙofofin biyu, kodayake kuma za ku sami nau'ikan yawon buɗe ido na waɗannan ganguna da aka rufe da fatun zebra. Yawanci, ana buga su rukuni-rukuni na ganguna bakwai, kowane ganga yana da muryarsa da aikinsa a cikin rukunin. An yi wani sanannen tsari tare da aƙalla ganguna huɗu. Ana ɗaukar kowanne ɗayan waɗannan ganguna a matsayin daidaikun mutane, don haka kowannensu yana da takamaiman suna. Babban ganga ana kiransa bakisimba kuma yana yin ƙarar bass. Wasu suna kiransa Drrum na Jagora. Empuunya ya ɗan ƙarami kuma yana samar da sautin bass mafi girma. Nankasa wani ɗan ƙaramin ganga ne da ake bugawa da sanduna kuma yana fitar da sauti mai ƙarfi sosai. Na ƙarshe, amma ba kalla ba shine engalabi. Engalabi ya fi kama da ainihin ngoma kuma yana da tsayi kuma ya fi sauran ganguna a cikin wannan saitin. Hakanan yana da fata a gefe ɗaya kawai. Duk sauran ganguna an rufe su da fatar saniya a sama da kasa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin lacing mai rikitarwa, yayin da engalabi yana da kan fata kadangare tare da kananan turakun katako. Wannan ganga yana yin sauti mafi girma a cikin tarin. Shahararrun ganguna na Afirka sun haɗa da Djembe, Dundun, Bata, da Bougarabou don kawai haskaka kaɗan. Djembe na nufin "kowa ya taru cikin kwanciyar hankali" a cewar mutanen Mali.
A ko'ina cikin Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta Kudu, ana amfani da bukukuwan ngoma don taimakawa wajen warkarwa yayin bukukuwan. Ayyukan al'ada sun haɗa da kiɗa da raye-raye, kuma suna iya haifar da "rage damuwa, goyon bayan zamantakewa, goyon bayan halayen zamantakewa, ci gaban psychodynamic, da tasirin placebo". Ngoma yakan zama kayan aiki don haɗa ƙabilar, kuma yana taimakawa a cikin lafiya ko canjin rayuwa da hanyar sadarwa ga ruhohi. Ana kuma amfani da gangunan ngoma a Zimbabwe, musamman don raye-rayen gargajiya da bukukuwa.
Ana iya buga dukkan ganguna da sanduna ko hannaye, sai dai Nankasa da aka fi yi da sanduna biyu.
Manazarta
Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu: My People, My Africa, New York: John Day (1969).
Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu: Indaba My Children: African Folktales, Grove Press (1964).
University Musical Society's Youth Education Program: "Children of Uganda Teacher Resource Guide" by Bree Juarez. Edited by Bree & Ben Johnson (2005).
Berliner, Paul. (1978). The Soul of Mbira: music and traditions of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Howard, Joseph H. (1967). Drums in the Americas. New York: Oak Publications.
Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu. (1969). My People: the incredible writings of Credo Vusa'mazulu Mutwa. Johannesburg : Blue Crane Books, 1969.
Tracey, Andrew. (1970). "The Matepe Mbira Music of Rhodesia". Journal of the African Music Society, IV: 4, 37-61.
Tracey, Andrew. (1970). How to Play the Mbira (dza vadzimu). Roodepoort, Transvaal, South Africa: International Library of African Music.
Tracey, Hugh. (1961). The Evolution of African Music and its Function in the Present Day. Johannesburg: Institute for the Study of Man in Africa.
Tracey, Hugh. (1969). "The Mbira class of African Instruments in Rhodesia". African Music Society Journal, 4:3, 78-95.
Rikodi
Rikodin Columbia: Drums of Passion. Litattafan rubutu na Akinsola Akiwowo (1958).
Karin karatu
Chamisa, V. (2017). Approaches to the adaptation of Shona ngoma styles in Zimbabwean popular music. African Music, vol. 10, no. 3.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
The Children of Uganda detailed study guide
a page from Indaba My Children: African Folktales where the creation of ngoma is described
"The Queen's Gift" by Bethan Lewis
Royal Museum for Central Africa: Ingoma (drum) |
25621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkhianatan%20G30S/PKI | Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI | Ba da daɗewa ba aka kira Suharto zuwa fadar sakandare a Bogor don yin magana da Sukarno. A can, shugaban ya ce ya samu tabbaci daga Air Marshal Omar Dani cewa rundunar sojin ba ta da hannu. Suharto ya karyata wannan magana, inda ya lura cewa makaman kungiyar tamkar na Sojojin Sama ne. Taron ƙarshe ya haifar da tabbatar da Suharto a matsayin jagoran Sojojin, suna aiki tare tare da Pranoto Reksosamodra . A binciken su na abubuwan da suka faru, Sojojin sun gano sansanin a Lubang Buaya - ciki har da gawarwakin janar -janar, wadanda aka kwato yayin da Suharto ke gabatar da jawabi yana bayanin juyin mulkin da rawar da PKI ke takawa a ciki. An kuma shiga tsakanin janar -janar a wani wuri kuma Suharto ya gabatar da yanayin jin daɗi inda ya la'anci G30S da PKI tare da roƙon mutanen Indonesia da su ci gaba da gwagwarmayar janar -janar.
Production
Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ne Arifin C. Noer, darektan lashe lambar yabo ta Citra wanda ya kware a wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da gogewa da ta gabata a cikin salo, bayan ya yi fim ɗin yaƙi Serangan Fajar ( Dawn Attack ; 1981) wanda ya jaddada matsayin Suharto a Juyin Juya Halin Kasa . Noer aka sanya wa aiki a kan fim da mallakar gwamnati National Film Production Company , ko PPFN), wanda ke kula da matakin sarrafawa akan samarwa. Farfesoshi na al'adun Indonesiya Krishna Sen da David T. Hill sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙirar ƙirar Noer ba ta da yawa. Maimakon haka, "ga dukkan alamu" fim ɗin aikin furodusa ne, Birgediya-Janar Gufran Dwipayana, sannan shugaban PPFN kuma memba na ma'aikatan shugaban ƙasa. Koyaya, matar Noer Jajang C. Noer ta nace cewa ya kasance mai zaman kansa yayin yin fim.
Fim ɗin don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya samo asali ne daga littafin na shekara ta 1968 na tarihin soja Nugroho Notosusanto da mai bincike Ismail Saleh mai taken Ƙoƙarin Juyin Juya Hali na 30 Satumba a Indonesia . Littafin, wanda aka yi niyyar sabawa ra'ayoyin kasashen waje game da juyin mulkin, yayi cikakken bayani game da Harkar 30 ga Satumba kamar yadda gwamnati ta kalle ta. Notosusanto ne kawai, mafi girman matsayi na marubutan guda biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. A daidaita littafin Noer ya karanta yawancin littattafan da ke akwai (gami da takardun kotu) kuma ya yi hira da shaidu da yawa; Jajang, a cikin hirar 1998, ta ce mijinta ba kawai ya karanta sigar gwamnati ba, har ma da takaddar Cornell Paper mai rikitarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin mulkin a matsayin gaba ɗaya Sojan cikin gida ne. A lokacin yin fim ma'aikatan sun jaddada hakikanin gaskiya, "suna mai da hankali sosai ga daki -daki" da amfani da ainihin gidajen janar -janar.
Saboda yawan mukamai - ciki har da wasu 100 bit sassa da kuma fiye da 10,000 extras - jifa don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da wahala. Noer yayi ƙoƙari ya jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi kama da adadi na tarihi da aka nuna; Rano Karno daga baya ya tuna cewa an ƙi shi saboda rawar da Pierre Tendean ya taka yayin da na ƙarshen ba shi da tawul a fuskarsa. Daga ƙarshe fim ɗin ya fito da Bram Adrianto a matsayin Untung, Amoroso Katamsi a matsayin Suharto, Umar Kayam a matsayin Sukarno, da Syubah Asa a matsayin Aidit; sauran jaruman sun hada da Ade Irawan, Sofia WD, Dani Marsuni, da Charlie Sahetapy. Kayam, sannan malami a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada da ke Yogyakarta, bai sami lokacin da zai bincika hanyoyin Sukarno daga littattafansa da jawabansa ba; a maimakon haka, ya kwatanta shugaban bisa shaidar da aka samu daga ma’aikatan fadar Bogor. Katamsi, a gefe guda, ya yi nazarin rawar Suharto daga littattafai kuma, lokacin da aka fara yin fim, yana jin kamar " Pak Harto ne, ba kwaikwayon Pak Harto ba." Sanusi, a halin yanzu, ya ɗauki nasa aikin a matsayin abin ƙima.
Samar da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Sejarah Orde Baru ( Tarihin Sabuwar Umarni ) ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu, yana ciyar da watanni huɗu kafin samarwa da shekara ɗaya da rabi a yin fim. Kudinsa Rp . 800 miliyan, samun kuɗi daga gwamnati. Hasan Basri ne ya sarrafa sinima, tare da kidan ɗan uwan Arifin Embie C. Noer. Supandi ne ya yi gyara. Sassan fim ɗin, musamman mintuna goma na ƙarshe, sun sake amfani da hotunan tarihin da guntun jaridu masu dacewa da abubuwan da suka faru.
Jigogi
Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana kwatanta PKI da kwaminisanci a matsayin mugunta ta asali, tare da mabiyansa "bayan fansa", yayin da ake ganin jagorancin G30S a matsayin masu wayo da rashin tausayi, suna kulla makirci "kowane motsi zuwa daki -daki na ƙarshe". Masanin tarihin Katherine McGregor ya ga wannan an jaddada shi a cikin hoton fim ɗin na jagorancin G30S a matsayin ƙungiya, suna zaune a cikin tarurrukan sirri a cikin girgijen hayaƙin sigari. Ta yi la’akari da wurin buɗe ido, inda PKI ke kai hari a makarantar Islamiyya, kamar yadda kuma ake nufin nuna “mugun hali” na kwaminisanci.
An kwatanta PKI da jin daɗin tashin hankali, tare da fim ɗin da ke ɗauke da "mata masu ƙyamar ido da gaɓoɓi, gawarwaki". An yi garkuwa da janar -janar, kuma a lokuta da dama an kashe su, a gaban danginsu; daga baya ana azabtar da janar -janar da aka kama yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke rawa a kusa da wuta. Masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Adrian Vickers ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankalin fim ɗin an yi shi ne don nuna "maƙiyan jihar a waje da duniyar ɗan adam", kama da dodanni a cikin fina -finan ban tsoro. Yoseph Yapi Taum na Jami'ar Sanata Dharma ya lura cewa an nuna membobin ƙungiyar mata ta hagu Gerwani a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Kwaminisanci" mahaukaci, suna rawa cikin tsirara tare da yanke azzakarin Janar. Duk da haka, Vickers yana ɗaukar waɗannan hotunan a matsayin masu shubuha, yana ba da shawarar cewa an ba da izinin Sabuwar Gwamnatin don taɓarɓarewar tashin hankali. McGregor ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankali a cikin gidajen kwanciyar hankali sau ɗaya yana nuna '' lalata '' dangi ". Sen ya lura tashin hankali ya karyata "wakilcin hargitsi kafin oda" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a fina -finan New Order.
Saki
Kafin fitowar ta kasuwanci, Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI an riga an tantance shi ga manyan hafsoshin soji da suka shiga tsaida juyin mulkin, ciki har da Suharto da Sarwo Edhie Wibowo . An fito da fim ɗin a cikin 1984, fim ɗin farko da aka fito da shi na kasuwanci don magance abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1965. Mutane 699zuwa 282 sun gani a Jakarta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984, ɗan ƙasa rikodin wanda ya kasance ba a karye ba sama da shekaru goma. Koyaya, ba duk masu sauraro ne suka halarta da son ransu ba. Ariel Heryanto masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Indonesiya ya rubuta ɗalibai a matsayin '' ana buƙatar biya '' don ganin fim ɗin a lokutan makaranta, gaskiyar da ba ta bayyana a cikin bayanan zamani. Littafin labari na shahararren marubuci Arswendo Atmowiloto shima ya taimaka inganta fim ɗin.
Tasirin Dwipayana ya tabbatar da cewa sake dubawa na zamani, musamman taƙaitattun bayanai, sun maimaita matsayin gwamnati kan juyin mulkin G30S. Wannan ba shine a ce duk sake dubawa sun kasance masu inganci ba. Misali, Marselli na Kompas, alal misali, ya gano cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da cikakkun bayanai, tare da aiki mai yawa da ingantaccen aiki wanda zai wakilci abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Ya ji, duk da haka, cewa fim ɗin ya ji tsayi sosai kuma, kamar yadda masu kallo suka san nan take wanene halayen kirki da marasa kyau, ya zama "ba komai bane face hoton baƙar fata da fari ba tare da wata matsala mai rikitarwa ba", wanda ya yi watsi da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa. ya haifar da motsi na G30S.
Suharto, bayan da aka fara yin gwajin farko, ya bayyana cewa labarin bai ƙare ba kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba ya zama dole. Biyu na PPFN, Operasi Trisula (Operation Trisula; 1987) da Djakarta na shekara ta 1966 ( Jakarta na shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1988), sun biyo baya. Operasi Trisula, wanda BZ Kadaryono ya jagoranta, yayi maganin kashe G30S da membobin PKI a Blitar, Gabashin Java . Djakarta na shekara ta 1966, a halin yanzu, Noer ne ya jagorance shi kuma ya nuna jagoran sa hannun Supersemar a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1966, inda Sukarno ya ba Suharto ikon ɗaukar duk matakan da "ya ga ya dace"; Kayam da Katamsi sun sake ba da matsayinsu na fim ɗin na ƙarshe, wanda ya ci lambobin yabo bakwai a Fim ɗin Bandung na shekara ta ne 1989.
Amfani da farfaganda
Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1984 sabuwar gwamnatin umarni ta yi amfani da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI a matsayin motar farfaganda, tana nuna ta kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Gidan talabijin mallakar gwamnatin jihar TVRI ne ya watsa fim din, sannan daga baya a gidajen talabijin masu zaman kansu bayan an kafa su. An kuma nuna shi a makarantu da cibiyoyin gwamnati; ɗalibai za a kai su buɗe filayen don kallon fim ɗin a ƙungiya. Saboda wannan amfani, Sen da Hill suna ba da shawarar cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI shine mafi yawan watsa shirye-shirye kuma mafi yawan kallon fim ɗin Indonesiya na kowane lokaci. Binciken 2000 da mujallar Indonesiya Tempo ta samu 97 ta cent na ɗalibai 1,101 da aka bincika sun ga fim ɗin; 87 ta cent daga cikinsu sun gan shi fiye da sau ɗaya.
A lokacin ragowar shekarar 1980 da farkon shekarar 1990s ba a yi jayayya da daidaiton tarihin Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI kuma fim ɗin ya zama wakilin tarihin canonical; sigar abubuwan da suka faru na 1965 ita ce kawai aka ba da izini a cikin buɗe magana. A tsakiyar shekarar 1990, duk da haka, al'ummomin intanet da ba a san su ba da ƙananan wallafe-wallafe sun fara tambayar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin; Sakon yanar gizo guda ɗaya, wanda aka aika ba tare da an sani ba ta hanyar jerin aikawasiku, ya tambaya "Idan da ƙaramin ɓangaren shugaban PKI da wakilan sojoji sun sani game da [juyin mulkin, kamar a cikin fim], ta yaya aka kashe sama da mutane miliyan kuma dubunnan mutanen da ba su san komai ba dole ne a daure su, a kore su, su rasa 'yancinsu na jama'a? " Heryanto ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin fa'ida a cikin fim ɗin, yayin da Sen da Hill ke hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa Noer ya kasance yana sane da manufar gwamnati na farfaganda don haka ya sanya saƙon siyasa na fim "a fili ya sabawa juna".
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1998, watanni hudu bayan faduwar Suharto, Ministan Yada Labarai Yunus Yosfiah ya bayyana cewa fim din ba zai zama abin kallo na tilas ba, yana mai cewa wani yunkuri ne na sarrafa tarihi da kirkiro kungiyar asiri tare da Suharto a tsakiya. Tempo ta ba da rahoto a cikin 2012 cewa Saleh Basarah na Sojan Sama na Indonesiya (tsohon Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama) ya yi tasiri ga wannan dokar. Mujallar ta bayyana cewa Basarah ya kira Ministan Ilimi Juwono Sudarsono ya roƙe shi da kada ya duba Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, saboda yana cutar da Sojojin Sama. Haka kuma wasu fina -finan guda biyu, Janur Kuning ( Barkonon Kwakwa mai launin rawaya ; 1979) da Serangan Fajar, suma dokar ta shafa; Janur Kuning ya nuna Suharto a matsayin gwarzo a bayan babban Laifin Tarihi na 1 ga Maris 1949 a Yogyakarta yayin da Serangan Fajar ya nuna shi a matsayin babban gwarzon juyin juya halin ƙasa. A lokacin an ba da shawarar cewa TVRI tana ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta da tsohon shugaban. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin lokacin dattin alamomin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma a farkonshekara ta 2000s juzu'in da ba na gwamnati ba na juyin mulkin G30S sun kasance cikin sauƙi a Indonesia.
Gada
Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya tabbatar da cewa shine fim ɗin Noer mafi rikitarwa, kodayake har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1995 darektan ya kasance a sarari a bainar jama'a. Abubuwan gani na fim gabaɗaya sun sami ingantattun bita, amma an yi Allah wadai da amfani da shi don furofaganda da sahihancin tarihi. Daraktan Indonisiya Hanung Bramantyo ya yaba da salon fim ɗin, yana mai bayyana cewa harbi na kusa da maza masu shan sigari yana da "haske" kuma a wasu lokuta, yana jin "ba fim bane. Amma na gaske! " Hakanan darektan Monty Tiwa shima ya yaba da harbin fim ɗin, inda ya ambaci wani wurin da 'yar Pandjaitan ta yi kuka da mamaki yayin da aka harbi mahaifinta a matsayin" cike da wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da harbi [bai taɓa] gani kafin a wani Indonesian film ". Sen da Hill, duk da haka, samun" babu wani daga cikin ado hallmarks "na darektan ta sauran ayyukan.
Hilmar Farid, wani masanin tarihin Indonesiya, ya kira furofaganda fim ɗin da aka haɗe da "wasu [na Sabon Tsarin]." Wakilin Hendro Subroto, wanda ya rubuta kwato gawarwakin janar-janar daga Lubang Buaya, ya soki sahihancin fim ɗin a shekara ta 2001; ya bayyana cewa gawarwakin ba su nuna wata shaidar azabtarwa ba. Tsohon marubucin Lekra Putu Oka Sukanta, a halin da ake ciki, ya bayyana fim din da cewa yana nuna wahalar da membobin PKI da sauran masu hagu a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin mulkin G30S, don haka ya zama "ƙarya ga mutane". Masanin tarihi John Roosa ya banbanta yadda aka nuna jagorancin G30S tare da takaddar Brigadier General MA Supardjo, wanda ke nuna juyin mulkin - jagorancin "mutanen da ba su da hankali, masu yanke hukunci, da rashin tsari" - kamar yadda yafi cin nasara kanta.
A cikin hirar da aka yi a shekara ta 2012, Katamsi ya yarda cewa fim ɗin ya ɓace kuma ya kasance hanya ce mai ƙarfi don yadawa da sanya masu kallo cikin akidar Sabuwar oda. Binciken Tempo ya ba da shawarar cewa farfaganda ce mai tasiri, wanda ke jagorantar masu kallo don "ƙin duk abin da ke ƙamshin PKI da kwaminisanci". Kodayake ba a sake watsa shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, fim ɗin yana nan daram. Virgo ya fitar da faifan CD kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na G30S/PKI a Lubang Buaya yana ba da gwajin yau da kullun a cikin gidan sinima. Dukansu 35<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaw"> </span>mm da kwafin VHS an adana su a Sinematek Indonesia a Jakarta.
Daga shekara ta 2017, shekaru ashirin bayan da ya zama tilas a nuna a gidan talabijin na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara shirya baje kolin fina -finan da ba a bayyana ba don yin daidai da ranar da abin ya faru; A cikin shekara ta 2018, SCTV ta watsa fim ɗin da son rai; tvOne (wanda shi ma ya watsa shi a shekarar da ta gabata) da TVRI sun bi sahu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2021, TVRI ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta watsa fim ɗin ba a ranar 30 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, inda ta ambaci shawarar acikin shekara ta 1998 inda ba a sake kula da ita azaman abin kallo na tilas ba.
Kyaututtuka
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI samu bakwai gabatarwa a cikin shekara ta 1984 Indonesian Film Festival , ko FFI), lashe lambar yabo ta Citra guda ɗaya don Mafi kyawun allo. An doke ta a fannoni huɗu, don Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi Kyawun Cinematography, Mafi Jagoran Mawaƙa, da Kyakkyawar Jagoran Musika, ta Sjumandjaja 's Budak Nafsu ( Bawa ga Sha'awa ), yayin da Ponirah Terpidana ( Ponirah ) na Slamet Rahardjo . Wanda aka yanke wa hukunci ) ya ɗauki Mafi kyawun Jagorar Fasaha. A cikin shekara ta 1985 FFI Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya karɓi Kyautar Antemas a matsayin fim mafi siyarwa na shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. Masanin fim Thomas Barker ya ba da shawarar cewa kyaututtukan fim ɗin, a wani ɓangare, haɗin gwiwa ne na jihohi da FFI: duka an mai da hankali kan haɓaka al'adun ƙasashe masu haɗin kai.
Duba kuma
Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Hadari, wani fim na Australiya na shekara ta 1982 wanda aka tsara akan juyin mulkin G30S
Puisi Tak Terkuburkan, wani fim na Indonesiya na shekara ta 2000 na bin mawaƙi wanda aka kama bisa kuskure saboda kasancewa ɗan gurguzu
Dokar Kashe (2012) da Kallon Shiru (2014), fina -finan fina -finai guda biyu game da kisan 'yan gurguzu bayan juyin mulkin
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53210 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic | Panasonic | Panasonic Holdings Corporation, tsohon sunansa shine Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. tsakanin shekarar 1935 da 2008 da farkon samar da Kamfanin Panasonic Corporation tsakanin 2008 da 2022, babban kamfani ne na babban kamfani na kasa da kasa na Japan, mai hedkwata a Kadoma, Osaka. Kōnosuke Matsushita ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1918 a matsayin mai kera soket na fitila. Baya ga na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, wanda ya kasance mafi girma a duniya a ƙarshen karni na 20, Panasonic yana ba da samfurori da ayyuka iri-iri, ciki har da batura masu caji, na'urorin mota da na jiragen sama, tsarin masana'antu, da kuma gyara gida da gine-gine.
Rijista da Samun Suna
Daga shekarar 1935 zuwa Oktoba 1, 2008, sunan kamfani shine "Matsushita Electric Industrial Co." (MEI) A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2008, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai canza sunansa zuwa "Kamfanin Panasonic", wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2008, don yin daidai da sunansa na duniya "Panasonic". An amince da canjin sunan a taron masu hannun jari a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2008, bayan tattaunawa da dangin Matsushita.
Samar da Sunan Panasonic
Kamfanin Panasonic yana sayar da kusan dukkan samfuransa da ayyukansa a duk duniya ƙarƙashin alamar Panasonic, bayan da ya kawar da alamar Sanyo a farkon kwata na 2012. Kamfanin ya sayar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin wasu sunayen masu yawa a tarihinsa.
A shekarar 1927, Matsushita ya karɓi sunan alamar "National" don sabon samfurin fitila. A cikin 1955, kamfanin ya fara sanya lasifikan sauti da fitulun kasuwanni a wajen Japan a matsayin "PanaSonic", wanda shine karo na farko da ya fara amfani da sunan alamar "Panasonic". Kamfanin ya fara amfani da sunan alamar "Technics" a cikin 1965 don kayan aikin sauti.
Amfani da nau'ikan iri da yawa ya daɗe na wasu shekarun da suka gabata. Yayin da "National" ya kasance alama ta farko akan yawancin samfuran Matsushita, gami da sauti da bidiyo, "National" da "Panasonic" an haɗa su a cikin 1988 a matsayin National Panasonic bayan nasarar sunan Panasonic na duniya.
A cikin 1974, Motorola ya sayar da alamarsa ta Quasar da kayan aiki ga Matsushita.
A cikin Mayu 2003, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa "Panasonic" zai zama alamarsa ta duniya, kuma ya ƙaddamar da alamar duniya "Ra'ayoyin Panasonic don rayuwa." "Na ƙasa" don samfurori da allunan waje, ban da waɗanda ke cikin Japan. A cikin Janairu 2008, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa zai kawar da alamar "National" a Japan, tare da maye gurbinsa da alamar "Panasonic" ta duniya zuwa Maris 2010.
A cikin watan Satumba na 2013, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sake fasalin layin shekaru goma don mafi kyawun kwatanta hangen nesa na kamfanin: "Rayuwa Mafi Kyau, Duniya mafi Kyau."
Rasonic alama ce ta Shun Hing Electric Works and Engineering Co. Ltd, kamfani ne wanda ya shigo da samfuran Panasonic da na ƙasa tun lokacin Matsushita Electric Industrial zamanin, kuma ya siyar da samfuran MEI/Panasonic a ƙarƙashin asalin asali. sunayen iri. A cikin Yuni 1994, Panasonic Shun Hing Industrial Devices Sales (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd.公司) an kafa shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Matsushita Electric Masana'antu da Shun Hing Group bi da bi,yin Rasonic alamar samfuri don MEI da Kamfanin Panasonic na gaba.
A cikin Satumba 2014, Panasonic ya sanar da cewa za su farfado da Technics iri.
Ayyukan yau da kullun
Tun daga Maris 31, 2012, Panasonic ya ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 330,000 (an rage zuwa kusan 260,000 ta Maris 2020) kuma yana da rassa kusan 580. Panasonic yana da jimlar kudaden shiga na ¥7,846,216 miliyan a cikin 2012, wanda kashi 53 cikin 100 aka samar a Japan, kashi 25 cikin ɗari a Asiya (ban da Japan), kashi 12 cikin ɗari a Amurka da kashi 10 a Turai. Kamfanin ya saka jimillar ¥ 520,216 miliyan a cikin bincike da haɓakawa a cikin 2012, kwatankwacin kashi 6.6 na kudaden shiga a waccan shekarar.
A cikin 2012, Panasonic ya riƙe jimlar haƙƙin mallaka 140,146 a duk duniya. Panasonic shine babban mai neman haƙƙin mallaka na duniya tsawon shekaru talatin, daga 1980s zuwa 2000s. Dangane da wani bincike da Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Turai ya gudanar a cikin 2020, adadin haƙƙin mallakar baturi da Panasonic ya shigar daga 2000 zuwa 2018 shine na biyu mafi girma a duniya. A cikin 2021, bita na shekara-shekara na WIPO na Rahoton Manufofin Mahimman Abubuwan Hannun Hannun Hannu na Duniya sun zaɓi adadin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na Panasonic da aka buga a ƙarƙashin Tsarin PCT a matsayin na 10 a duniya, tare da buga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na 1,611 yayin 2020.
Hotuna
Manazarta |
21209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangantakar%20Chad%E2%80%93Libya | Dangantakar Chad–Libya | Dangantakar Chadi–Libya ta samo asali ne daga ƙarnonin da suka gabata na ƙabilanci, addini, da kasuwanci.
Tarihi
Shekarun 1960
A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Turawan Faransa da na Italia, bi da bi, Chadi da Libya sun karkata kan manufa da ci gaba. Amma ko da bayan 'yancin Chadi a shekarar 1960, yawancin' yan arewa har ila yau sun fi kusanci da mutanen Libya fiye da gwamnatin kudanci da ke mamaye a N'Djamena. Bayan kwace mulki a shekarata 1969, shugaban kasar Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya sake jaddada ikirarin Libya ga Yankin Aozou, yanki mai murabba'in kilomita 100,000 na arewacin Chadi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin garin Aozou. Libya ta kafa hujja ne da daya daga cikin yarjeniyoyi masu yawa da suka shafi iyakokin mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karfafa waɗannan ikirarin ta hanyar sanya dakaru a Zirin Aozou tun daga shekarar 1972
Gaddafi ta sha'awar ƙarin gini da Aozou Gaza girma daga wani tsararru na damuwa, ciki har da yankin ta ruwaito ma'adinai dũkiya, ciki har da uranium . Ya kuma fatan kafa wani m gwamnati a Chadi da kuma mika Musulunci tasiri a cikin yankin Sahel ta hanyar Chadi da kuma Sudan.
Shugaban Chadi Hissène Habré ya kasance mai karfin gwiwa daga tsohuwar ikon mulkin mallaka, Faransa, wacce ke son takaita ayyukan fadada Libya a yankin da ke da kusanci da Paris. Tallafin Faransawa ya haɗa da tura sojoji don yaƙar 'yan Libiya a yankin na Chadi. A yin hakan, Faransa ta sami goyon bayan Amurka a siyasance, tare da damuwa da ƙaruwar faɗaɗa Gaddafi.
Hadadden tsari na buƙatun masarufi kuma ya lalata bin Libya na neman yanki da tasiri a cikin Sahel. Kalaman adawa da mulkin mallaka da na adawa da mulkin mallaka na Gaddafi waɗanda suka lalata tsakanin hare-haren da aka kaiwa Amurka da yakin neman zaɓe da ya mayar da hankali kan kasancewar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yana kuma fatan raunana alakar Chadi da Yammacin duniya ta hakan zai rage shigar da Afirka cikin tsarin mulkin kasashe masu mulkin Yamma. Tilasta sake sabunta daya daga cikin iyakokin mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyar ta OAU ta tabbatar a shekarar 1963 wani mataki ne a wannan hanyar - wacce ta zama mai yuwuwa a cikin yanayin ƙasar Chadi da ke fama da rikici, wanda mambobin ƙungiyar ta OAU suka kira ta "mahada mafi rauni".
Shekarun 1970
Gaddafi ya yi kokarin kawance da wasu shugabannin ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da gwamnati a Chadi a cikin shekarun 1970, ciki har da Goukouni, Siddick, Acyl Ahmat (dan asalin Chadi dan asalin Larabawa), da Kamougué, dan kudu. Goukouni da Acyl sun fi nuna juyayi ga burin Gaddafi na yankin, amma waɗannan mutane biyu sun yi arangama a 1979, wanda ya sa Acyl ya kafa CDR. Bayan mutuwar Acyl a cikin 1982, tallafin Libya ya koma GUNT mai ƙarfi na Goukouni. Libya ta tsoma baki a aikin soji a Chadi a 1978 da 1979, inda ta fara rikicin Chadi-Libya .
Shekarun 1980
A shekarar 1980, Libya ta sake shiga tsakani a yaƙin basasar Chadi, inda ta mamaye mafi yawan kasar ciki har da babban birnin N'Djamena a watan Disamba. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1981, shugaban 'yan uwa na Libya Ghaddafi da shugaban' yan tawayen Chadi Goukouni suka fitar da sanarwar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa a Libya cewa Libya da Chadi sun yanke shawarar "yin aiki don samun cikakken hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu". Da yake fuskantar duka kakkausar suka daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma adawa ta ciki daga 'yan tawayen Chadi, Gaddafi da Goukouni sun mara baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba alaƙar su ta ɓarke lokacin da Goukouni ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo ƙarshen kasancewar sojojin na Libya. Daga karshe, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba Goukouni ya bukaci a dawo da sojojin Libya a ƙarshen shekara, kuma abin mamaki da sauri Gaddafi ya yi biyayya kuma ya janye dukkan sojojin Libya zuwa Zirin Aouzou kafin 16 ga Nuwamba. Bangaren ‘yan tawayen FAN karkashin jagorancin Hissène Habré sun hau kan karagar mulki kuma a 1982 sun kori Goukouni daga N’Djamena, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kungiyarsa ta GUNT komawa arewa.
GUNT ya sake tunkuɗe Habré a watan Disamba da Janairun 1983, duk da haka, kuma daga ƙarshe Gaddafi ya yanke shawarar tallafawa GUNT din Goukouni kuma. Wani sabon shiga tsakani na Libya ya biyo baya a watan Yuni, kodayake yawanci ya kasance ta hanyar tallafi na kayan GUNT. Faransa (a karkashin Operation Manta ), Amurka da Zaire sun sa baki a madadin Habré kuma sun fatattaki GUNT da Libya ke marawa baya a ƙarshen Yuli.
A tsakiyar shekarata 1988 Gaddafi ya fi son ya zo ya sasanta da Habré fiye da ci gaba da marawa kawayen Gaddafi baya, waɗanda suka yi asara a hannun Habré. Ministocin harkokin wajen Chadi da na Libya sun haɗu a watan Agustan 1988, kuma gwamnatocin biyu sun amince a ci gaba da tattaunawa. A lokaci guda, sojojin Libya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Zirin Aozou.
A hankali, dangantaka a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta inganta, inda Ghaddafi ya ba da alamun cewa yana son daidaita alaƙar da gwamnatin Chadi, har ta kai ga cewa yaƙin ya kasance kuskure. A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1988 shugaban Libya ya ayyana zai amince da Habré a matsayin halattaccen shugaban Chadi "a matsayin kyauta ga Afirka"; wannan ya haifar a ranar 3 ga Oktoba don sake dawo da cikakkiyar dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1989, wakilan Chadi da na Libya sun hadu a Algiers don sasantawa kan Tsarin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin Yankin, wanda Gaddafi ya amince ya tattauna da Habré na Yankin Aouzou tare da gabatar da batun zuwa Kotun Duniya na Shari'a (ICJ) don yanke hukunci mai daurewa idan tattaunawar ɓangarorin biyu ta gaza. Sabili da haka, bayan shekara guda na tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba, ɓangarorin sun gabatar a cikin Satumbar 1990 takaddamar zuwa Kotun ICJ.
Dangantakar Chadi da Libya ta kara inganta yayin da Idriss Déby mai samun goyon bayan Libya ya cire sunan Habré a ranar 2 ga Disamba. Gaddafi shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya amince da sabon mulkin, sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyin abota da hadin kai a matakai daban-daban; amma game da Zirin Aouzou Déby ya bi wanda ya gabace shi, yana mai bayyana cewa idan ya zama dole zai yi yaki don ganin an cire zirin daga hannun Libya.
Shekarun 1990
An kammala rikicin na Aouzou da kyau a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1994, lokacin da alƙalai na ICJ da rinjayen 16 zuwa 1 suka yanke hukuncin cewa Yankin Aouzou na ƙasar Chadi ne. An zartar da hukuncin kotun ba tare da bata lokaci ba, bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu tun a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kan yarjejeniya game da hanyoyin aiwatar da hukuncin. Masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa sun sa ido, ficewar sojojin Libya daga Zirin ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Afrilu kuma an kammala shi da 10 ga Mayu. Canja wuri zuwa ƙarshe zuwa Hutu daga Libya zuwa Chadi ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Mayu, lokacin da ɓangarorin suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar haɗin gwiwa da ke nuna cewa ficewar Libya ta samu aiki.
Shekarun 2000
A watan Oktoban shekarar 2007, ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye huɗu a Chadi suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da gwamnatin ƙasar su, inda shugaban Libya Kanar Muammar Gaddafi ya ɗauki nauyin tattaunawar. Shugabannin Chadi da na Sudan sun halarci wannan taron su ma.
A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, tawagogin ministocin daga Chadi da Libya suka amince da yarjejeniyoyi bakwai da nufin ƙara matakan da suka shafi tsaro da kasuwanci gami da inganta haɗin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin kasashen. Firayim Ministan Chadi Youssouf Saleh Abbas da Firayim Ministan Libya Baghdadi Mahmudi ne suka jagoranci tattaunawar ministocin. Da sauran wurare da kuma Chadi Shugaban kasar Idriss Deby da kuma Libya shugaban Muammar Gaddafi zo tare a kan al'amurran da suka shafi kamar yadda ceton da hanzari ƙunci tafkin Chadi da kuma aiki yadda da ƙungiyar tarayyar Afirka zai iya zama mafi shiga a cikin sulhu rikice-rikice na Afirka muhimmanci. A wani ci gaban kuma, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya jagoranci Gidauniyar kasa da kasa ta Gaddafi don ƙungiyoyin agaji da ci gaba, a rubuce a jaridar Oya, ta yi karin bayani kan aniyarta ta tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira daga Chadi a Libya tare da bayar da godiya ga waɗanda suka taimaka.
Shekarun 2010
Tun daga yakin basasar Libya a shekarar 2011, alaƙar ƙasashen biyu ta kara tabarbarewa. A shekara ta 2013 shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya zargi sabbin hukumomin Libya da barin sojojin haya na Chadi su kafa sansanoni a Libya daga inda suka shirya kai hare-hare zuwa arewacin Chadi. Tun lokacin da yakin basasar Libya na biyu ya fara tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a Libya, sojojin haya daga Chadi da sauran kasashen yankin suna shiga cikin rikicin. A watan Agustan 2016, hukumomin Libya sun rufe ofishin jakadancinsu a N'Djamena tare da kiran jakadanta, Mohammed Khalifa, bisa shawarar da Chadi ta yanke. Hakan ya faru ne bayan ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Chadi ta kori jami’an diflomasiyyar Libya 13 daga Chadi. A cewar wata sanarwa daga ma'aikatar, "Mun lura cewa akwai dimbin jami'an diflomasiyya na mulki da sojoji da ke aiki a ofishin jakadancin. Zaman su a Chadi bai dace ba. ” Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar ta kasa da kasa da aka amince da ita a Libya ta lura da damuwar da ake da ita game da yawan ma'aikata na ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a ƙasashen waje. A cikin watan Janairun 2017, Chadi ta rufe iyakarta ta arewa tare da Libya saboda rashin amincewar ƙasar cikin ruɗani zai tilasta wa wasu mayaka tserewa zuwa cikin ita kanta Chadi. A sakamakon haka, Chadi ta ba da umarnin tura dakaru a kan iyaka don yin kokarin dakatar da duk wani dan bindiga da ke tserewa cikin kasar.
Manazarta
Tarihin Afrika
Tarihin Chadi
Tarihin Cadi
Libya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyukan%20kare%20dussar%20%C6%99an%C6%99ara | Ayyukan kare dussar ƙanƙara | Kula da dusar ƙanƙara ko ayyukan kare kankara na rage haɗarin bala'in da ke haifar da rayuwar ɗan adam, ayyuka, da dukiyoyi. Kula da dusar ƙanƙara yana farawa ne da kimanta haɗarin da aka gudanar ta hanyar bincike don yuwuwar balaguron balaguro ta hanyar gano fasalin yanayin ƙasa kamar yanayin ciyayi, magudanar ruwa, da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara na yanayi na yanayi waɗanda ke nuni da ƙazamar ruwa. Daga abubuwan da aka gano kan dusar ƙanƙara, ana tantance haɗarin ta hanyar gano yanayin yanayin ɗan adam da ke barazana kamar hanyoyi, tudun kankara, da gine-gine. Shirye-shiryen sarrafa kankara suna magance haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa, waɗanda ake aiwatar da su a lokacin hunturu. Tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa sun haɗu da babban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na shiga tsakani: aiki, m da zamantakewa - wani lokacin ma an fi bayyana shi a matsayin "fashewa", "tsari", da "fadakarwa" bisa ga mafi yawan fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a kowane. Dabarun sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko dai suna shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin juyin halittar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko kuma rage tasirin dusar ƙanƙara da zarar ta faru. Don abin da ya faru na sa hannun ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna haɓakawa da horar da cikakken martani da tsare-tsare na farfadowa da kuma ingantawa.
Ƙimar haɗari da haɗari
Rigakafi da ragewa
Rigakafi da raguwa yana farawa tare da lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don yin hasashen haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar ruwa. Haɗarin hasashen sai ya ƙayyade matakan da suka wajaba don rage haɗarin da ke a tattare da dusar ƙanƙara.
Kulawa da hasashen
Duban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara suna nazarin shimfidawa da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara don ƙididdige rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don haka haɗarin ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa ta afku a wani yanayi na musamman. A wuraren da ɗan adam ke amfani da dusar ƙanƙara ana sa ido a duk lokacin hunturu don tantance juyin halittar sa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Ya bambanta da yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi sosai inda yin hasashe shine manufar kallon dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ko kuma filin da ba a yawan ziyarta ba, lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara yana bayyana rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara.
Shisshigi masu aiki
Dabaru masu aiki suna rage haɗarin bala'in girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da dai-daita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta nau'ikan sa baki guda uku: tarwatsa raƙuman yadudduka a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, haɓaka daidaituwar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, da rage yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ake samu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. shirya don entrainment a cikin dusar ƙanƙara; Ana iya cimma wannan ko dai ta hanyar haifar da ƙananan ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa, ko kuma ta hanyar yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin shimfidar dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya rarraba sarrafa ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi zuwa ko dai na inji ko hanyoyin fashewa. Ana amfani da hanyoyin injina galibi a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ƙarami, ko ƙasa mai haɗari; yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin fashewa a cikin babban filin haɗari mai girma, ko ƙasa tare da masana'antu, nishaɗin kasuwanci, birni, da amfani da sufuri.
A cikin ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta yana da mafi sauƙin hanyar sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke tarwatsa raƙuman dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar su, dabarar da ake magana da ita azaman tattara kaya. Don manyan fasaloli wannan hanyar za a iya tsawaita ta hanyar sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara ta injina ta amfani da manyan motocin da aka sa ido da ake kira masu yin dusar ƙanƙara . Wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu za a iya yin su cikin aminci yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke ajiyewa kuma kafin ta haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali. A cikin filin da ba za a iya shiga ba kawai, ko kuma a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara mai ɓullo da yawa wanda ke da zurfi don ɗaukar kaya, ana amfani da dabarun kwantar da kankara. Dabarar farko ta daidaitawar kankara hanya ce ta shiga wani gangare mai suna yankan kankara. A cikin wannan hanya wani skier yayi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ta hanyar karya goyan bayan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta sama da sauri ta hanyar tafiya da sauri tare da saman gangaren, za a iya karkatar da skier akan igiya don ƙara kare su daga kama su a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. . Za a iya ƙara daidaita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko daidaitawa, ta hanyar ci gaba da zirga-zirgar kankara ta ƙasa. A ƙarshe Kuma za a iya amfani da igiyar ƙulli don gani ta cikin tushen cornices, yana haifar da cornice zuwa fakitin dusar ƙanƙara na gangaren ƙasa. Wannan yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na rage haƙiƙanin haɗarin da cornice ke haifarwa, da kuma samar da babban tasiri akan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara.
Dabarun fashewa sun haɗa da haifar da ƙananan ruɓar ruwa mai lalacewa, ta hanyar tayar da caji ko dai a sama ko a saman dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya tura abubuwan fashewar ta hanyar jefawa da runtse hannu da hannu, Kuma ta hanyar jefa bam daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ko kuma ta harsashi da karamar bindiga, bindiga mara karko, ko bindigar iska . A daidaita haɗari ga ma'aikata tare da tasirin hanyar turawa wajen samun dama da haifar da bala'in bala'i, kowace hanya tana da illa da fa'idodi. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin, dabarun sanya na'urori masu sarrafa nesa waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar iska ta hanyar tayar da fashewar iska mai fashewa a saman fakitin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yankin farawa da bala'in bala'i, yana ba da amsa cikin sauri da inganci ga yanke shawara kan kawar da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da rage haɗarin ma'aikatan sarrafa kankara; wani siffa mai mahimmanci musamman don sarrafa kankara a cikin hanyoyin sufuri. Misali, Hasumiyar Avalanche (Sprengmast) Ostiriya, da Norway suna amfani da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana don tura caji daga mujallu mai ɗauke da cajin rediyo kusan guda 12. Ana iya jigilar mujallu, lodawa, da cire su daga hasumiya ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ba tare da buƙatar mataimaki na jirgin ba, ko ma’aikatan wurin.
Sarrafa abubuwan fashewa ya tabbatar da yin tasiri a wuraren da ke da sauƙin shiga wuraren fara balaguron balaguro da kuma inda za a iya jure ƙananan ƙazamar ruwa. Yawancin abu ne wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba, duk da haka, a cikin yankunan da ke da mazaunin mutane da kuma inda akwai ma ƙananan yuwuwar bala'in ne mai girma.
Matsalolin dindindin
Dabarun dindindin suna jinkiri, tsayawa, karkatar da su, ko hana dusar ƙanƙara daga motsi; ko dai gaba daya ko kuma isa ga yadda dakarun da ke lalata suka ragu sosai. Dabaru na dindindin sun haɗa da gina gine- gine da gyaggyarawa ƙasa don dalilai da aka ƙirƙira kamar haka:
Tsarin riƙe dusar ƙanƙara (turunan dusar ƙanƙara, gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara, ragar dusar ƙanƙara), ana amfani da su a cikin babbar hanyar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro.
Barasa ƙanƙara: Babban ɓangaren shingen dusar ƙanƙara yana dogara ne akan doguwar igiyar ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke shimfiɗa gangaren gangaren kuma ya isa saman dusar ƙanƙara. Tasirin goyan bayan da saman riƙon ya haifar yana hana yuwuwar raƙuma a cikin murfin dusar ƙanƙara da zamewar murfin dusar ƙanƙara a saman ƙasa. Don haka ana hana wargajewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankin farawa, yayin da motsin dusar ƙanƙara ya keɓe har ya zama mara lahani. Sojojin da ke haifar da matsin dusar ƙanƙara tarun dusar ƙanƙara suna ɗaukar su a kan ginshiƙan jujjuyawar da igiyoyin anga su cikin wuraren anka.
Na'urorin tsaro na dusar ƙanƙara (an yi amfani da su don ƙara riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a kan rufin).
Tsarin sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara (gurgin iska, shingen dusar ƙanƙara)
Tsarin karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi don karkata da kuma tsare dusar ƙanƙara mai motsi a cikin hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Kada su karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da ƙarfi, domin a cikin yanayi na ƙarshe, dusar ƙanƙara za ta iya mamaye su cikin sauƙi.
Tsarin ja da baya na dusar ƙanƙara (misali masu fasa dusar ƙanƙara), galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ƙananan sassa na gangaren dutsen, don haɓaka jinkirin yanayi.
Tsarin kama dusar ƙanƙara
Kariyar kai tsaye ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci da sifofi, misali, ta hanyar zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ( zubar dusar ƙanƙara) ko schneekragens (a wuraren hakar ma'adinai).
Sashi ɗaya ɗaya na iya biyan buƙatun nau'o'in manufa da yawa, alal misali, madatsun ruwa, ramuka, tudun ƙasa, da terraces ana amfani da su don karkata, jinkirtawa, da kamawa. Sauran hanyoyin ma sun haɗa da:
reforestation, sama da na halitta itace line — gandun daji bauta wa dukan ayyuka na wucin gadi avalanche kariya: riƙewa, sake rarrabawa, retardation da kama.
Ana amfani da kogon dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma wuraren da aka haƙa, da aka tona, da katangar dusar ƙanƙara da matsugunan bivouac don ɗan lokaci don kare masu hawan dutse da masu ski ta hanyar samar musu da sararin numfashi a yayin da bala'in girgizar ƙasa ke binnewa.
Gine-ginen gyare-gyaren gine-gine da gyaran gyare-gyare, kamar waɗanda aka samu a ƙauyukan tsaunuka masu tsayi na tarihi na Alps. .
Zubar da dusar ƙanƙara
Wurin zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙanƙara nau'in tsari ne na tsayayyen tsarin dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko don kiyaye wucewa a wuraren da kawar da dusar ƙanƙara ta zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Ana iya yin su da ƙarfe, firam ɗin siminti da aka riga aka ɗora, ko katako . Ana iya rufe waɗannan sifofin gaba ɗaya, kamar rami na wucin gadi, ko sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu kama da lattice. Yawancin gine-gine ne masu ƙarfi idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin da dole ne su rayu a ciki.
Kariyar dusar ƙanƙara tana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da hanyoyi ke ƙetare ƙeƙasasshiyar “gurguwa”, waɗanda raƙuman ruwa ne na halitta ko wasu sifofi waɗanda ke jagorantar ko mai da hankali kan balaguro Ko tagiyar ruwa.
Wuraren zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko wuraren kallon dusar ƙanƙara abu ne da aka saba gani akan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a yankunan tsaunuka, irin su Marias Pass da Donner Pass a ƙasar Amurka, ko kuma da yawa daga cikin layin dogo na tsaunukan Switzerland, inda waƙoƙi ke rufe da mil mil. Ko da yake ba a amfani da shi a yau, Babban Titin Jirgin ƙasa na Pacific yana da cikakken filin jirgin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin rufin Donner Pass. Ana kuma samun su a kan tsaunin tituna na musamman ma. Babban titin Trans-Canada tsakanin Revelstoke da Golden a British Columbia yana da wuraren zubar dusar ƙanƙara da yawa da ke rufe dukkan bangarorin tafiye-tafiye don tinkarar dusar ƙanƙara.
Gabashin Snoqualmie Pass a Washington a arewa maso yammacin Amurka, Interstate 90 mai iyakar yamma yana da dusar ƙanƙara ta zubar a tsakiyar hanya a gefen gabas na tafkin Keechelus (, mizani 57.7); an cire shi a cikin shekarata 2014 a shirye-shiryen gina gadoji don maye gurbinsa. Tsarin kankare ya rufe hanyoyi guda biyu akan lanƙwasa kuma an gina shi a cikin shekarata 1950 don Hanyar Amurka ta 10, sannan layi ɗaya a kowace hanya; ya kasance karo na farko da aka yi amfani da ginin da aka riga aka gina don tsarin babbar hanya a wani yanki mai tsaunuka kuma shine dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙarshe da ta saura akan babbar hanyar Interstate .
Dusar ƙanƙara gada
Gadar dusar ƙanƙara, shingen ƙanƙara, ko shingen ƙanƙara, yayi kama da shingen dusar ƙanƙara, amma suna aiki daban. Ana gina shingen dusar ƙanƙara a tsaye kuma suna tara dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu na ƙasa, yayin da gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara ke kwance ko a kwance kuma suna riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu.
Ana haɗa gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara zuwa gangaren da ke gefen sama ta hanyar anguwar tashin hankali da kuma kan gangaren ƙasa ta hanyar matsawa.
Avalanche dam
Dusar ƙanƙara madatsun ruwa ( dams na hana dusar ƙanƙara, madatsun ruwan ƙanƙara ) wani nau'in tsarin kula da ƙazamar ruwa ne da ake amfani da shi don kare wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, hanyoyi, layukan wutar lantarki da sauransu, daga ƙazamar ruwa . Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu (2) sune karkatar da madatsun ruwa .
Dukkan nau'ikan madatsun ruwa guda biyu ana sanya su ne a cikin yankin da ba a gama gujewa ba na kankara da kuma cikin sassan da ke kan hanyar. A wasu sassa na dusar ƙanƙara ba su da tasiri saboda ana iya cika su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a cika su.
Avalanche net
Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara ( ragar dusar ƙanƙara, ragar dusar ƙanƙara ) sassa ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara, an gina su da ƙarfe ko igiyoyin nailan ko madauri waɗanda ke riƙe da sandunan ƙarfe, zaɓin ana ba da su tare da anka matsawa ƙasa. Ana shigar da su a cikin manyan sassa na yuwuwar balaguron balaguro don hana dusar ƙanƙara ta fara zamewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ko don jinkirta faifan.
Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa idan aka kwatanta da tsayayyen tsarin tallafi wato(shinge na dusar ƙanƙara, tudun dusar ƙanƙara, zubar dusar ƙanƙara):
ƙananan farashi
mafi kyau gauraye a cikin yanayi
sauki shigarwa
tsayayyen tsari sun fi saurin lalacewa a cikin wuraren da ba su da kwanciyar hankali (tare da girgizar ƙasa, zabtarewar ƙasa, faɗuwar ƙasa, ƙasa mai ratsawa ta permafrost ) kuma cikin yanayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da malalar laka .
Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da wasu kura-kurai, saboda sun fi wahalar dagewa a ƙasa mara kyau. ]
Harkokin zamantakewa
Don rage haɗarin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara, sa kaimi ga zamantakewa yana rage aukuwar bala'in bala'in bala'in ɗan adam ta hanyar gyara ɗabi'un mutane, ta yadda amfanin da suke yi na ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa ya dace don hana shigarsu cikin ƙazamar ruwa. Ƙungiyoyin irin na kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna cim ma hakan ta hanyar niyya wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shiryen ilimi a al'ummomin da ke yawan balaguron balaguro. Binciken da aka yi na hadurran dusar ƙanƙara ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ƙazamar da ta shafi mutane mutane ne ke haddasa su, kuma daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa da yawa ba su da masaniya game da haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar. Don magance wannan abin lura, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi na gabatarwa suna ba da koyarwa game da guje wa haɗarin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro ta hanyar sanin ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa, lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali na dusar ƙanƙara, da gano ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da bala'i. Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna yada jita-jita, taswirori, gargaɗi, da rahotannin ayyukan dusar ƙanƙara don taimakawa al'ummomin masu amfani da ƙasa.
Amsa da farfadowa
Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna tsara, da kuma mayar da martani, ga bala'in balaguro Ko yawo. Amsoshi na yau da kullun sun taso daga share hanyoyin sufuri na tarkacen dusar ƙanƙara, zuwa gyara masana'antu da wuraren nishaɗi, don nema, ceto, da murmurewa. Don inganta sakamakon shigar ɗan adam ƙungiyoyin sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara suna ba da horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu sha'awar nishaɗi a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa.
Shirye-shiryen sana'a
Martanin ƙwararru game da balaguron balaguron balaguro ana niyya ne a kan bala'in da ya shafi jama'a da ba su shirya ba. Lokacin da aka yi hasashen za a yi balaguron balaguron balaguro, za a rufe wuraren da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, sannan bayan an yi bala'in za a kwashe tarkace, sannan a gyara. Lokacin da bala'in bala'in da ba zato ba tsammani ya faru wanda ya haɗa da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna amsawa tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin bincike ƙwararru waɗanda suka haɗa da layin bincike, da horar da karnuka bincike da ceto.
Shiri mai son
Amsar nishaɗi ga balaguron balaguro ya haɗa da saurin samar da ƙungiyar bincike da ceto. Ƙungiyoyin bincike da ceto na ad hoc sun dogara ga dukan mahalarta da suka shirya don yuwuwar bala'i ta hanyar ɗaukar ingantattun kayan bincike da ceto, da kuma samun horon da ya dace fa shi.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Daurewar salula
Rage zabtarewar ƙasa, sarrafa irin wannan nau'in bala'i
Manazarta
Jaedicke, Kirista; Naaim-Bouvet, Florence; Granig, Matthias (2004) "Binciken ramukan iska na dusar ƙanƙara a kusa da tsarin tsaro na kankara", Abubuwan Glaciology, vol. 38, shafi na 325-330
Michael Falser: Historische Lawinenschutzlandschaften: eine Aufgabe für die Kulturlandschafts- und Denkmalpflege A: kunsttexte 3/2010, unter: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2010-3/falser-michael-1/PDF/falser .pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙasa na sabis na gandun daji na Amurka
Ƙanƙara
Dusa
Ruwa
Yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39894 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiliu%20Obanikoro | Musiliu Obanikoro | Musiliu Babatunde Obanikoro Listen (wanda aka fi sani da Koro ) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi Sanata a Jihar Legas daga 2003-2007, sannan aka nada shi Babban Kwamishina a Ghana . Ya taba zama karamin ministan tsaro a shekarar 2014.
Fage
An haifi Musiliu Olatunde Obanikoro a Legas . Ya fito daga gidan Bakare na Ita-Ado a Isale Eko, Ikare da Ilashe a karamar hukumar Amuwo Odofin ta jihar Legas, dangin Obanikoro (Ajayi-Bembe) na Legas da Idoluwole ( karamar hukumar Ojo ta Legas), da Eletu-Odibo. (Oshobile) dangin Isale-Eko, Legas. Ya halarci makarantar Saint Patrick Catholic School, Idumagbo, Lagos da Ahmadiyya College (Anwar-ul/Islam College) Agege . Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Jami’in Malamai a LSHMBS, da kuma bankin Union a matsayin magatakarda kafin ya tafi kasar waje don ci gaba da karatu. Yayin da yake Amurka, ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin Texas inda ya sami digirinsa na B.Sc a Harkokin Jama'a da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a (MP A).
Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗalibin ɗalibi tare da Sashen gwaji na manya na Houston, Houston, Texas . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jin dadin jama'a kuma daga baya a matsayin Shugaban sashen samari tare da Ƙananan Ƙwararrun Yara (wani hukumar da ke da alaƙa da Sashen Sabis na Jama'a na Birnin New York). Shi ɗan ƙasa ne mai daraja na Glenarden, Maryland da Little Rock, Arkansas .
Farkon sana'ar siyasa
Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1989 kuma ya fara harkar siyasa nan take. An nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riko na karamar hukumar Surulere ( Convention na Republican ); an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jiha (NRC); wanda gwamnatin Gwamna Otedola ta nada a matsayin Darakta, LASBULK (Kamfanin Sayen Jaridu na Jihar Legas); kuma memba, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta jihar Legas. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kananan hukumomi, majalisar jiha, da taron kasa. Ya kuma taba zama zababben Sakataren Jiha, Dandalin Adalci. Ya kuma kasance shugaban karamar hukumar Legas Island. Ya kasance mamban zartarwa na kasa, Grassroots Democratic Movement (GDM) a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha .
An nada shi kwamishinan al’amuran cikin gida da al’adu na jiha a shekarar 1999 kuma ya yi shekaru hudu kafin a zabe shi Sanatan tarayyar Najeriya.
Aikin majalisar dattawa
An zaɓi Musiliu Obanikoro dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Legas ta tsakiya a watan Afrilun 2003, inda ya tsaya takarar jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD). A lokacin zaɓen dai kowanne bangare ya zargi daya bangaren da yin awon gaba da akwatunan zaɓe. Daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP).
Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya nada shi mamba a kwamitin Amirul-Hajji na 2004.
A watan Fabrairun 2005, Obanikoro na cikin Sanatoci da suka bukaci shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, Olusegun Obasanjo, da ya yi amfani da karfin soji idan har ya zama dole domin maido da dimokuradiyya a Togo .
A yayin da Sanata Musiliu Obanikoro ya gabatar da kuduri kan yawaitar kwararar tekun Atlantika tare da kwararar bakin tekun Bar, domin a dakatar da karin farashin man fetur da ake yi ba kakkautawa, don kare jihar Legas daga bala’in ambaliya, domin binciki halin da ake ciki. na velodrome a babban filin wasa na ƙasa, Abuja da kuma warware rikicin da ya barke tsakanin jami’an ‘yan sandan Najeriya da sojojin Najeriya a jihar Legas Ya kuma dauki nauyin kudirori da dama, inda ya yi kira da a dauki matakin daidaitawa da sarrafa gine-ginen jama’a., don tsarawa da sarrafa Dreded da tono filaye, don ba da izinin sake tabbatar da famfunan man fetur, don hana lalata a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da kuma gyara dokar babban birnin tarayya .
A lokacin kaddamar da OPP (Obanikoro Priority Projects) an rabawa jama’ar mazabarsa daruruwan kayayyaki da suka hada da babura, injinan nika, injunan popcorn, injunan dinki, kayan aikin noma iri-iri, layukan waya da wayoyi da sauransu A wajen baiwa ilimi fifiko, Sanatan ya kafa sanata Obanikoro Leadership and Education Project (SOLEP). A karkashin wannan shirin ya ba da littattafan karatu, litattafan rubutu, fom da kuma tallafin karatu.
Ya kaddamar da dokar sabunta birane da aka tsara don ba da fuska ga zababbun garuruwa a Legas. Ya ware kudade don taimakawa yara da mata masu bukatar taimakon kudi a lokacin tiyata. ‘Yan Legas da dama ne suka amfana da wannan asusun. A yanzu haka yana hadin gwiwa da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (AWHPI) da ke kasar Amurka, domin kafa cibiyar tantance mamogram da za ta baiwa mata damar yin gwajin cutar kansar nono kyauta a Legas. A watan Yulin 2006, an kashe Injiniya Funsho Williams, wanda ke neman zama ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Jami’an ƴan sandan da ke binciken lamarin sun damke duk wasu masu neman kujerar gwamna a jam’iyyar ciki har da Musiliu Obanikoro, amma daga baya aka sake su duk da cewa ba su da hannu a ciki.
Daga baya aiki
A watan Afrilun 2007 Musiliu Obanikoro ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a kan tikitin PDP, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Babatunde Fashola na jam’iyyar Action Congress . Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tashin hankali. A wani lamari da ya faru, Musiliu Obanikoro an ce da kyar ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wani hari da makami suka kai wa motar sa a Ikeja. Zaɓen da ya yi a matsayin ɗan takarar PDP ya janyo cece-kuce. An bayyana Hilda Williams, matar marigayi Injiniya Funsho Williams da aka kashe a matsayin wadda ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP a Legas, amma kwamitin gudanarwa na jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Ahmadu Ali ya ba Obanikoro tikitin takarar. Jam’iyyar PDP da ta rabu a karkashin Bode George ta kuma rasa ƴan majalisar dattawan jihar Legas da jam’iyyar AC sai kujeru 37 in ban da majalisar wakilai daya da majalisar jiha guda 37.
A wata hira da aka yi da shi a jarida a watan Yulin 2007, Obanikoro ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta kafa dokar ta-baci a jihar Legas, yana mai cewa ababen more rayuwa da dabi’u sun durkushe gaba daya.
Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'adua ya naɗa Musiliu Obanikoro a matsayin babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Ghana a watan Mayun 2008.
An ci gaba da samun rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangarorin jam’iyyar PDP na jihar Legas kafin zaben 2007 har zuwa wani taro da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2009, inda aka warware sabanin da ke tsakaninsu.
Ana rade-radin cewa yana sha'awar tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a zaɓen 2015 kuma zai fafata da irin su Jimi Agbaje, Adebayo Doherty da Kitoye Branco-Rhodes a tikitin PDP. Daga baya ya nuna sha’awarsa kan tikitin takarar gwamna na jam’iyyarsa da jama’a da jami’ai amma daga baya ya janye burinsa na marawa Jimi Agbaje baya.
Biyo bayan badakalar labaran 2015 da ta haɗa da karkatar da dala biliyan 2 na kudade da nufin yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram ba bisa ka'ida ba, hukumomin hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa EFCC sun cafke Obanikoro tare da zarge shi da laifin karkatar da kudade. Daga karshe ya bayyana wa hukumomi yadda ya yi amfani da ofishinsa wajen karkatar da dala miliyan biyar (kimanin Naira biliyan 1.8) daga kudaden jama’a da aka ware domin sayen makamai zuwa manyan mutane da jiga-jigan mutane irin su tsohon gwamnan jihar Ekiti a Najeriya, Ayodele Fayose.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1957
Articles with hAudio microformats
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya na Karni na 21
Sanatocin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
43382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraddha%20Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor (an haife ta a 3 Maris din shekarar 1987 ko 1989 ) yar wasan kwaikwayon Indiya ce wacce ta fara aiki a fina-finan Hindi .tana daya daga cikin jaruman masana'antar shirya fina-finan indiya da suka fi samun albashi, Kapoor ta fito a cikin jerin sunayen shahararru 100 ' a Forbes India tun daga shekara 2014 kuma Forbes Asia ce ta bayyanata a cikin jerin 30 'yan kasa 30 na 2016.
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Diyar jarumi Shakti Kapoor ce, ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne da gajeriyar rawar da ta taka a cikin fim din sata mai taken Teen Patti na 2010,sannan ta fito a matsayin babbar jaruma a wasan kwaikwayo na matasa mai taken Luv Ka The End (2011). Kapoor ta sami nasara a fim din soyayya na Aashiqui 2 (2013), wanda ta sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress . A shekara mai zuwa, ta nuna wani hali bisa Ophelia a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo na Vishal Bhardwaj Haider (2014). Kapoor ta kafa kanta tare da rawar gani a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa na soyayya Ek Villain (2014), wasan kwaikwayo na rawa ABCD 2 (2015) da kuma fim din Baaghi (2016). Bayan jerin fina-finan da ba a samu nasara ba, fitowar ta mafi girma da aka fitar sun zo tare da ban dariya mai ban tsoro Stree (2018), mai ban sha'awa Saaho (2019), da wasan kwaikwayo-Chhichhore (2019).
Baya ga fitowa a fina-finai, Kapoor takan rera wakokinta a fina-finai da dama. Ita ce mai ba da goyon baya ga shahararrun masana'antu da samfura da yawa, a cikin Shekarar 2015, ta ƙaddamar da nata gun tufafin.
Rayuwar farko da asali
An haifi jaruma Kapoor kuma ta girma a Mumbai . A bangaren mahaifinta, Kapoor 'yar Punjabi ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, ita yar zuriyar Marathi ce. Kakan mahaifiyarta Pandharinath Kolhapure, (dan kanin Deenanath Mangeshkar ) ya fito daga Kolhapur kuma kakarta ta fito daga Panaji, Goa .
Iyalan Kapoor sun hada da mahaifinta Shakti Kapoor da mahaifiyarta Shivangi Kapoor, babban yayanta Siddhanth Kapoor, kannen mahaifanta Padmini Kolhapure da Tejaswini Kolhapure duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne a gidan kallo na Indiya . Ita ce babbar yar Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Meena Khadikar, Usha Mangeshkar da Hridaynath Mangeshkar . Wanda ta fito daga dangin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, Kapoor tana son zama ƴar wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama. Tana sanya kayan iyayenta, ta kuma rika bitar waƙoƙin fina-finai da rawar waƙoƙi irinta jaruman fim din a gaban madubi. Ta kuma raka mahaifinta zuwa wuraren daukar fim daban-daban a lokacin kuruciyarta. A yayin daukar daya daga cikin faifan bidiyon David Dhawan, Kapoor ta yi abota da jarumi Varun Dhawan, don yin wasa da shi, kuma sun rike fitila suna nuna kamar kamara ne yayin da suke isar da layin fim ga junansu, da Haka kuma suna ta rawa da wakokin fim na Govinda .
Kapoor ta yi karatunta ne a Makarantar Jamnabai Narsee kuma tana da shekaru 15, ta koma Makarantar Bombay ta Amurka . A wata hira da <i id="mwdw">jaridar The Times of India</i>, Shetty ya bayyana cewa dukkansu sun kasance suna shiga gasar rawa. Da yake ta yi imanin cewa ta kasance mai fafatawa tun tana 'yar shekara 17 a duniya, Kapoor ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon hannu yayin da take tunanin waɗannan wasannin suna da ƙalubale sosai. Lokacin da jaridar Hindustan Times ne ta yi hira da su a cikin shekarar 2016, Kapoor da Shroff sun yarda da cewa sun shaku da juna a makaranta, amma ba su taba neman junansu ba.
Daga nan Kapoor ta shiga Jami’ar Boston inda ta yi karatunta na digiri a fannin ilimin karanatar halayyar dan adam, amma ta bar shekararta ta farko don fitowa a fim dinta na farko bayan da furodusa Ambika Hinduja ya gan ta a fezbuk, wanda ya jefa ta a matsayin Teen Patti . A wata hira datayi da Filmfare, Shakti Kapoor ta bayyana cewa Kapoor bai cika shekara 16 ba a lokacin da aka ba ta fim dinta na farko, mai sa'a: No Time for Love (2005) na shahararran jarumin masana'an tar shirya fim ta indiya wato Salman Khan, bayan ya ga daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a makarantarta. amma ta yi watsi da shawarar yayin da take burin zama masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. An horar da Kapoor a matsayin mawaƙiya tun lokacin ƙuruciyarta a matsayin kakanta na uwa kuma mahaifiyarta mawaƙiya ce na gargajiya.
Sana'a
Gwagwarmayar aiki da ci gaba (2010-2016)
Kapoor ta fara fitowa ta farko a cikin 2010 a tallar <i id="mwpw">Teen Patti</i>, tare da Amitabh Bachchan, Ben Kingsley da R. Madhavan . Ta taka rawa a matsayin 'yar jami'a. Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayi mara kyau gaba ɗaya, kodayake aikinta ya fi karɓuwa. Preeti Arora, wanda ke rubutawa ga Rediff.com ya bayyana cewa: "ko da yake dan kadan ne, tana da damar da yawa." Nikhat Kazmi ta sake bitar: "Shraddha Kapoor ta fara fitowa mai ban sha'awa a matsayin matashiya mai taurin kai wacce ta zubar da ƙayyadaddun bayananta don sleaze, tare da access." Fim din ya kasa yin kyau a akwatin ofishin; duk da haka rawar da Kapoor ta yi ya sa ta samu nasarar lashe kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut . Bayan fitowarta ta farko, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku tare da Yash Raj Films kuma ta fito a cikin 2011 matashiya mai ban dariya a shirin wasan kwaikwayon Luv Ka The End, tare da Taaha Shah . Kapoor ta bayyana matsayin wata matashiya daliba da ta yi wa saurayinta makirci bayan ya yaudare ta. Fim ɗin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba a ofishin akwatin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka. Duk da haka, aikin Kapoor ya sami kyakkyawan bita mai mahimmanci. Taran Adarsh ya rubuta: "Shraddha wahayi ne, yana kama ku ba tare da saninsa ba tare da kwarin gwiwa. Ta kasance mai ban sha'awa a cikin lokacin da ta rushe bayan ta san ainihin manufar masoyinta." . Don aikinta, Kapoor ta sami lambar yabo ta Stardust Searchlight Award don Mafi kyawun Jaruma . Daga baya an ba Kapoor kyautar jagorar mata a cikin Aurangzeb (2013) a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyarta da Yash Raj Films. Duk da haka, ta sanya hannu a cikin Vishesh Films ' Aashiqui 2 (2013) a maimakon haka, ta yadda ta soke kwangilar fina-finai uku da Yash Raj Films.
A shekara ta 2013, Kapoor ta taka babbar rawa a cikin fim ɗin soyayya na Mohit Suri Aashiqui 2, mabiyin fim ɗin Aashiqui na 1990. An jefa ta a matsayin Aarohi Keshav Shirke, mawaƙiyar ƙaramin gari wanda ta zama ƙwararren mai yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da taimakon mashahurin mawaƙi na maza (wanda Aditya Roy Kapur ya buga). Fim din ya kasance nasara a ofis tare da kudaden shiga na duniya na ₹ 1.09 biliyan . Anupama Chopra mai sukar fina-finai ta kira Kapoor a matsayin "nasara ta gaske" kuma ta kara da cewa "fuskar ta na da lahani mai ban tsoro." Koyaya, Vinayak Chakravorty ta Indiya A Yau ta rubuta cewa "tayi kyau duk da cewa ta kasa ƙara walƙiya." Kapoor ta sami nadi da yawa a cikin mafi kyawun jarumai, ciki har da ta farko a Filmfare Awards . A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fitowa a matsayin bakuwa a wasan kwaikwayon barkwanci na soyayya Gori Tere Pyaar Mein, wanda ta fito a matsayin budurwar Imran Khan .
Gwagwarmayar sana'a (2016-2017)
Fitar Kapoor na ƙarshe a cikin 2016 shine wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan rock Rock On 2, mabiyi na 2008's Rock On!! . An jefa ta tare da Farhan Akhtar, Arjun Rampal da Prachi Desai . Ta taka rawar Jiah Sharma, wata mawaƙiya ce da ta fito kuma mai buga madanni, wacce ke fama da rashin kula da mahaifinta. Don yin shiri, ta ɗauki lokaci tana karanta littattafai a keɓe kuma ta ɗauki horon murya a ƙarƙashin mawaƙa Samantha Edwards . Namrata Joshi ta Hindu ba ta son fim ɗin kuma ta ɗauki aikin Kapoor a matsayin "tawali'u da biyayya". Rock On 2 bai dawo da ₹ miliyan 450 ba zuba jari, don haka fitowa a matsayin gazawar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin.
Sauran aikin da hoton watsa labarai
Bugu da kari kuma bayan a fina-finai, Kapoor ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin agaji, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rera waƙa a cikin fina-finanta. Ta kuma yi tafiya a cikin Makon Kaya na Lakme don masu zanen kaya iri-iri kuma ta kasance abin koyi ga mujallu da yawa. Kapoor shine jakadan alama na samfurori da yawa, ciki har da Lakmé, Veet, Lipton, Marico 's Hair & Care da sauran su. Bollywood Hungama ta sanya mata suna "daya daga cikin sunayen da ake nema" a masana'antar talla. Daga baya, a cikin Maris 2015, ta kaddamar da nata layin tufafi ga mata, mai suna Imara, tare da haɗin gwiwar Amazon.com . A cikin 2021, ta saka hannun jari a cikin alamar abin sha na Shunya.
Filmography
Fina-finai
Bidiyon kiɗa
Hotuna
Yabo
Manazarta
GUHanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shraddha Kapoor on Instagram
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Marley | Bob Marley | Robert Nesta Marley (An haife shi 6 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1945 - ya mutu 11 Mayu, 1981) ya kasance mawaƙin Jamaica, mai rubutawa da kuma rera waƙa. A dukkan shekara idan ranar mutuwarsa ta zagayo, mashaya suna kiranta da suna "Marli=day", Dauke ɗayan ɗayan masu farauta na reggae, aikinsa na kiɗa yana da alamun abubuwa masu haɗuwa na reggae, ska, da rocksteady, da kuma sautinsa na musamman da salon waƙoƙi. Gudummawar Marley ga kiɗa ta ƙara waƙoƙin Jamaica a duniya gabaɗaya, kuma ya sanya shi ya zama babban mutum a cikin al'adun gargajiya sama da shekaru goma. A tsawon aikinsa Marley ya zama sananne ne a matsayin Rastafari icon, kuma ya sanya waƙarsa da ma'anar ruhaniya. Hakanan kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin alama ta duniya ta waƙar Jamaica da al'adu da asali, kuma ya kasance mai jayayya a cikin goyon bayan da ya nuna game da halatta marijuana, yayin da ya kuma yi kira ga Pan-Africanism .
Haihuwar Maril a Nine Mile, Jamaica ta Biritaniya, Marley ya fara aikinsa na kide-kide a shekarar 1963, bayan ya kafa Bob Marley da Wailers . Releasedungiyar ta fitar da kundi na farko na sutudiyo mai suna The Wailing Wailers a shekarar 1965, wanda ke ɗauke da waƙoƙin "Loveauna Daya / Mutane Suna Shirya "; wakar ta shahara a duk duniya, kuma ta kafa kungiyar a matsayin masu tashe a reggae. Daga baya Wailers sun sake fitar da faya-fayan ɗawainiya guda goma sha; yayin da farko suka fara amfani da kayan kida da rera waka, kungiyar ta fara tsunduma cikin aikin rera waka a karshen shekarun 1960s da farkon 1970s, wanda yayi daidai da sauyawar mawakiyar zuwa Rastafari . A wannan lokacin Marley ta ƙaura zuwa London, kuma ƙungiyar ta haɗa da canjin canjin su tare da fitowar kundin kundin Mafi Kyawun Wailers (1971).
Ungiyar ta sami nasarar ƙasa da ƙasa bayan fitowar kundin faifai Kama da Wuta da ''' (duka 1973), kuma sun ƙirƙiri suna kamar masu zane-zane. Bayan watsewar Wailers shekara guda daga baya, Marley ya ci gaba da sakin kayan aikinsa ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar. Faifan faifan fim din sa na farko Natty Dread (1974) ya sami kyakkyawar tarba, kamar yadda mai biyewa Rastaman Vibration (1976) yayi. Bayan 'yan watanni da fitar da kundin wakokin Marley ya tsallake yunkurin kisan kai a gidansa da ke Jamaica, wanda hakan ya sa shi komawa Landan din din din. A lokacin da yake Landan ya yi rikodin kundin fitarwa (1977); ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka haɗa da shuɗi, ruhu, da dutsen Burtaniya kuma sun sami fa'idar kasuwanci da babbar nasara.
A cikin shekarar alib na 1977, Marley ya kamu da cutar acral lentiginous melanoma ; ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a shekarar 1981. Masoyan sa a duk fadin duniya sun nuna alhinin su, kuma ya samu jana'izar kasa a Jamaica. An saki mafi girman kundin Tarihi na Tarihi a cikin shekara ta 1984, kuma ya zama mafi kyawun kundin reggae na kowane lokaci . Marley shima ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kiɗan kiɗa a kowane lokaci, tare da ƙididdigar tallace-tallace sama da rubuce miliyan 75 a duk duniya. Jamaica ta girmama shi bayan rasuwa jim kaɗan da mutuwarsa tare da tsara alfarmar girmamawa daga alummarsa. A cikin shekarar ta 1994, an saka shi cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Rolling Stone ya sanya shi A'a. 11 a cikin jerin 100 Mafi Girma Artan wasa na kowane lokaci .
Farkon rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Robert Nesta Marley a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar na 1945 a gonar kakan mahaifiyarsa a Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, zuwa Norval Sinclair Marley da Cedella Malcolm . Norval Marley ya fito ne daga Crowborough, East Sussex a Ingila, sannan mazaunin Clarendon Parish, wanda dangin sa suka ce asalin su yahudawan Siriya ne su ma. Norval ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance kyaftin a Royal Marines ; a lokacin aurensa da Cedella Malcolm, wani ɗan Afro-Jamaica a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 18, an dauke shi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shukar. Cikakken sunan Bob Marley shine Robert Nesta Marley, kodayake wasu kafofin sun sanya sunan haihuwarsa a matsayin Nesta Robert Marley, tare da labarin cewa lokacin da Marley ke yarinya karama wani jami'in fasfo din Jamaica ya sauya sunayensa na farko da na tsakiya saboda Nesta ya yi kama da sunan yarinya. Norval ya ba da tallafin kuɗi don matarsa da ɗansa amma ba safai yake ganinsu ba kamar yadda baya yawan zuwa. Bob Marley ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Stepney da kuma karamar makarantar sakandare wacce ke hidiman yankin da ake kamawa na Saint Ann A shekarar na 1955, lokacin da Bob Marley ke da shekaru 10, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yana da shekara 70. Mahaifiyar Marley daga baya ta auri Edward Booker, wani ma'aikacin gwamnati daga Amurka, yana ba Marley 'yan uwan biyu: Richard da Anthony.
Bob Marley da Neville Livingston (daga baya aka sani da Bunny Wailer ) sun kasance abokai yara a Nine Mile. Sun fara yin waƙa tare yayin da suke Stepney Primary da Junior High School. Marley ya bar Mil Mili tara tare da mahaifiyarsa lokacin da yake 12 kuma suka koma Trenchtown, Kingston. Ita da Thadeus Livingston (mahaifin Bunny Wailer) suna da 'ya mace tare wanda suka sa mata suna Claudette Pearl, wacce kanwa ce ga Bob da Bunny duka. Yanzu da Marley da Livingston suke zaune a cikin gida ɗaya a Trenchtown, bincikensu na kide-kide ya zurfafa don haɗa da R&B na baya-bayan nan daga gidajen rediyo na Amurka wanda watsa shirye-shiryensu suka isa Jamaica, da sabon kiɗan ska. Matsayin zuwa Trenchtown ya kasance mai wadatar gaske, kuma Marley ba da daɗewa ba ya sami kansa cikin ƙungiyar murya tare da Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso da Junior Braithwaite . Joe Higgs, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na nasarar rawar murya Higgs da Wilson, suna zaune a ranar 3 ta St., kuma tsohuwar mai suna Junior Braithwaite ta tashi tare da abokin wasan sa Roy Wilson. Higgs da Wilson za su sake yin atisaye a bayan gidajen tsakanin titin 2 da na 3, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, Marley (da ke zaune yanzu a kan 2nd St.), Junior Braithwaite da sauran sun taru a kusa da wannan nasarar da suka samu. Marley da sauran ba su buga kowane kayan kida ba a wannan lokacin, kuma sun fi sha'awar zama kungiyar hadin kai ta murya. Higgs ya yi farin cikin taimaka musu wajen haɓaka jituwarsu, kodayake mafi mahimmanci, ya fara koya wa Marley yadda ake kaɗa guitar - ta haka ne zai samar da gado wanda daga baya zai ba Bob Marley damar gina wasu waƙoƙin reggae mafi girma a tarihin tarihin salo
Ayyukan waƙa
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1962, Marley ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi huɗu, " Ba Alƙali Ba ", "Kofi Oneaya Na Kofi", "Har Yanzu Kuna Loveauna Na?" da "Terror", a Federal Studios don mai samar da kiɗa na cikin gida Leslie Kong . Uku daga cikin waƙoƙin an sake su ne a kan Beverley tare da "Kofi ɗaya na Kofi" wanda aka sake su a ƙarƙashin sunan ɓoye Bobby Martell.
A cikin shekarar ta 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, da Cherry Smith an kira su Matasa. Daga baya suka canza sunan zuwa Wailing Rudeboys, sannan suka koma Wailing Wailers, a wanna lokacin ne furodusa mai rikodin Coxsone Dodd ne ya gano su, daga karshe kuma suka koma Wailers. Singleaurarsu ɗaya " Simmer Down " don alamar Coxsone ta zama ɗan ƙasar Jamaica na Februaryaya a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 1964 suna siyar da kimanin kwafi 70,000. Wailers, yanzu suna yin rikodin Studio One a kai a kai, sun sami kansu suna aiki tare da fitattun mawaƙa na Jamaica kamar Ernest Ranglin (mai tsara "It Hurts To Be Alone"), masanin keyboard Jackie Mittoo da saxophonist Roland Alphonso. Zuwa shekarar 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, da Smith sun bar Wailers, sun bar manyan ukun Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, da Peter Tosh.
A cikin shekarar 1966, Marley ya auri Rita Anderson, kuma ya koma kusa da gidan mahaifiyarsa a Wilmington, Delaware, a cikin Amurka na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, a lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da taimako na dakin gwaje-gwaje na DuPont kuma a layin taron a wani gidan Chrysler da ke kusa da Newark, karkashin laƙabi da Donald Marley.
Kodayake Marley ya tashi a matsayin Katolika, Marley ya sami sha'awar imani na Rastafari a cikin 1960s, lokacin da yake nesa da tasirin mahaifiyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa Jamaica, Marley bisa tsari ya canza zuwa Rastafari kuma ya fara yin katako .
Bayan rashin jituwa ta kuɗi da Dodd, Marley da ƙungiyarsa suka haɗa kai tare da Lee "Scratch" Perry da rukunin studio, Upsetters . Kodayake ƙawancen bai wuce shekara guda ba, sun yi rikodin abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka mafi kyawun aikin Wailers. Marley da Perry sun rarrabu bayan takaddama game da sanya haƙƙin rakodi, amma za su ci gaba da aiki tare.
A shekarar 1969 ya kawo wani canji ga mashahurin kiɗan Jamaica wanda ƙwanƙwasa ya ragu har ma da ƙari. Sabuwar kidan ya kasance sannu a hankali, kwari, alamar amo wanda aka fara ji a waƙar The Maytals "Do the Reggay ." Marley ta tunkari furodusa Leslie Kong, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan manyan masu haɓaka sautin reggae. Don rikodin, Kong ya haɗu da Wailers tare da mawaƙan sautuka da ake kira Beverley's All-Stars, wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙa Lloyd Parks da Jackie Jackson, ɗan wasan kidan Paul Douglas, 'yan wasan madannin Gladstone Anderson da Winston Wright, da kuma guitar guitar Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, da Hux Brown. Kamar yadda David Moskowitz ya rubuta, "Waƙoƙin da aka ɗauka a cikin wannan zaman sun kwatanta ƙoƙarin farko na Wailers a cikin sabon salon reggae. Kahon ska da waƙoƙin saxophone na waƙoƙin da suka gabata sun tafi, tare da hutu da kayan aiki yanzu ana amfani da guitar guitar. " Za a sake waƙoƙin da aka yi rikodin azaman kundin album na Mafi Kyawun Wan Wailers, gami da waƙoƙin "Soul Shakedown Party," "Dakatar da Wannan Jirgin," "Tsanaki," "Ku Faɗa Kan Dutse," "Ba da Daɗewa Ba Ku Zo," "Can ' t Ka Gani, "" Soaukan Rai, "" Yi Murna, "" Baya Baya, "Da" Yi Sau Biyu ".
Tsakanin shekarar 1968 da shekarar 1972, Bob da Rita Marley, Peter Tosh da Bunny Wailer sun sake yanke wasu tsofaffin waƙoƙi tare da JAD Records a Kingston da London a ƙoƙarin kasuwancin sautin Wailers. Bunny daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin "bai kamata a sake su ba a cikin faifai ba ... kawai demos ne don kamfanonin rakodi su saurara". A cikin shekarar1968, Bob da Rita sun ziyarci marubucin waƙa Jimmy Norman a gidansa da ke Bronx. Norman ya rubuta kalmomin da aka tsawaita don Kai Winding 's "Time Is on My Side" (wanda Rolling Stones ya rufe) kuma ya kuma rubuta wa Johnny Nash da Jimi Hendrix. Zama na jam na kwana uku tare da Norman da wasu, gami da marubucin marubucin Norman Al Pyfrom, ya haifar da faifai na minti 24 na Marley yana yin nasa da yawa da kuma na Norman-Pyfrom. Wannan tef din, a cewar mai kula da tarihin Reggae Roger Steffens, ba safai ake samun hakan ba saboda tasirin shi ya mamaye shi maimakon na reggae, a wani bangare na kokarin karya Marley cikin jadawalin Amurka. A cewar wata kasida a The New York Times, Marley ta yi gwaji a kan tef din da sautuka daban-daban, ta hanyar daukar salon doo-wop a kan "Ku Kasance Tare Da Ni" da "salon wakar sannu a hankali na masu fasahar shekarar 1960" a kan "Splish for My Splash". Mai zane-zane har yanzu bai samu damar kafa kansa ba a wajen ƙasar Jamaica, Marley ya zauna a cikin Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, a lokacin shekarar 1972.
1972–1974: Matsar zuwa rikodin din Tsibiri
A cikin shekarar 1972, Bob Marley ya sanya hannu tare da CBS Records a London kuma ya fara rangadin Burtaniya tare da mawaƙin rai Johnny Nash . Yayinda suke Landan, Wailers sun nemi manajan hanyarsu Brent Clarke da ya gabatar da su ga Chris Blackwell, wanda ya ba da lasisin wasu abubuwan da Coxsone ya fitar don rikodin Island Records . Wailers sun yi niyyar tattauna batun masarauta da ke tattare da waɗannan sakewar; maimakon haka, taron ya haifar da tayin ci gaban £ 4,000 don yin rikodin kundi. Tun Jimmy Cliff, babban tauraron reggae na tsibiri, kwanan nan ya bar lakabin, Blackwell ya kasance don maye gurbinsa. A cikin Marley, Blackwell ya fahimci abubuwan da ake buƙata don tarkon masu sauraron dutsen: “Ina ma'amala da kiɗan dutsen, wanda da gaske waƙar tawaye ne. Na ji hakan zai iya zama silar fasa kidan Jamaica. Amma kuna buƙatar wanda zai iya zama wannan hoton. Lokacin da Bob ya shiga ciki ainihin hoton ne. ” Wailers sun dawo Jamaica don yin rikodi a Harry J's a Kingston, wanda ya haifar da kundin Catch a Fire .
Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.
During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home.
An shirya Masu Wailers ɗin za su buɗe wasanni 17 a Amurka don Sly da Dutsen Iyali . Bayan wasanni hudu, an kori ƙungiyar saboda sun fi shahara fiye da ayyukan da suke buɗewa. Wailers ya watse a cikin 1974, tare da kowane ɗayan manyan membobin uku suna neman aikin solo.
1974–1976: Canje-canje na layi da harbi
Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.
A ranar 3 ga watan Disambar shekarar 1976, kwana biyu kafin " Murmushi Jamaica ", wani baje kolin kyauta da Firayim Ministan Jamaica Michael Manley ya shirya a kokarin sasanta tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin siyasa biyu masu fada, Marley, matarsa, da manajansa Don Taylor sun ji rauni a harin ta wasu 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba a cikin gidan Marley. Matar Taylor da matar Marley sun sami munanan raunuka amma daga baya suka murmure. Bob Marley ya sami ƙananan raunuka a kirji da hannu. Yunkurin kashe shi ana tunanin yana da nasaba da siyasa, yayin da mutane da yawa ke ganin shagalin da gaske taron nuna goyon baya ne ga Manley. Ko ta yaya, waƙar ta ci gaba, kuma Marley da ya ji rauni ya yi kamar yadda aka tsara, kwana biyu bayan yunƙurin. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi dalili, Marley ta amsa, “Mutanen da ke ƙoƙari su sa duniya ta tabarbare ba sa yin hutu. Ta yaya zan iya? " Membobin kungiyar Zap Pow sun taka rawa a matsayin kungiyar ajiyar Bob Marley a gaban taron bikin na Dubu tamanin 80,000 yayin da mambobin The Wailers har yanzu suka bata ko kuma suna buya.
1976–1979: Komawa zuwa Ingila
Bob Nesta Marley ya bar Jamaica a ƙarshen 1976, kuma bayan tsawon watanni "murmurewa da rubutu" baƙunci a wurin Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios a Nassau, Bahamas, ya isa Ingila, inda ya yi shekaru biyu a cikin ƙaura.
Yayin da yake Ingila, ya yi rikodin kundi na Fitowa da Kaya . Fitowa ya kasance a cikin kundin kundin kundin tarihin Burtaniya tsawon makonni 56 a jere. Ya haɗa da UKan wasa guda huɗu na Burtaniya: "Fitowa", "Jiran a ɓoye", "Jamming", da "Loveauna " aya " (wanda ke maimaita muryar Curtis Mayfield, " Mutane Sun Shirya "). A lokacin da yake Landan, an kama shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan mallakar ƙananan wiwi . A cikin shekarar 1978, Marley ya koma Jamaica kuma ya yi wani taron kide-kide na siyasa, Loveaya daga cikin Oneaunar Zaman Lafiya, a sake ƙoƙarin kwantar da hankulan ɓangarorin da ke faɗa. Kusa da kammala aikin, bisa bukatar Marley, Michael Manley (shugaban Jam’iyyar Jama’iyya mai mulki a wancan lokacin ) da abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa Edward Seaga (shugaban Jam’iyyar Labour da ke adawa da shi ) sun hade juna a kan mataki tare da musafaha.
A karkashin sunan Bob Marley da Wailers albums 11 aka sake su, kundaye masu rai huɗu da kuma kundi-studio bakwai. Sabbin sun hada da Babila ta Bus, kundin waka sau biyu tare da waƙoƙi 13, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 1978 kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Wannan kundin, kuma musamman waƙar ƙarshe "Jamming" tare da masu sauraro cikin fushi sun ɗauki ƙarfin Marley na wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye.
1979–1981: Shekarun baya Tsira, raini ne mai cike da zargi da siyasa, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 1979. Waƙoƙi irin su "Zimbabwe", " Afirka gama ɗaya ", "Ku farka ka rayu", da kuma "Tsira" sun nuna goyon bayan Marley ga gwagwarmayar 'yan Afirka. Bayyanar sa a bikin Amandla a Boston a watan Yulin shekarar 1979 ya nuna tsananin adawarsa ga mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya riga ya nuna a cikin wakarsa ta " War " a shekara ta 1976. A farkon shekarar 1980, an gayyace shi ya yi bikin a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu na Ranar 'Yancin Zimbabwe. Tashin hankali a shekarar (1980) shi ne faifan studio na ƙarshe na Bob Marley, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryensa na addini; ya hada da "Waƙar fansa" da " Madawwami vingaunar Jah ". Arangama, wanda aka sake shi bayan shekara ta 1983, ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba a sake su ba a cikin rayuwar Marley, gami da abin da ya faru na " Buffalo Soldier " da kuma sababbin cakuda marassa aure a da ana samunsu kawai a Jamaica.
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa
A watan Yulin shekarar alib 1977, Marley ya kamu da wani irin mummunan ƙwayar melanoma a ƙarƙashin ƙusar ƙafa. Akasin labarin alƙarya, wannan cutar ba ta haifar da rauni ba yayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a wannan shekarar amma a maimakon haka alama ce ta kansar da ta riga ta kasance. Dole ne ya ga likitoci biyu kafin a yi gwajin, wanda ya tabbatar da aclan lentiginous melanoma . Ba kamar sauran melanomas ba, galibi akan fatar da ake yiwa rana, aclan lentiginous melanoma na faruwa a wuraren da ke da saukin kewarsu, kamar tafin ƙafa, ko ƙarƙashin ƙusoshin ƙafa. Kodayake shine mafi yawan cutar melanoma a cikin mutanen da ke da fata mai duhu, amma ba a san shi da yawa ba, kuma ba a ambata shi a cikin shahararren littafin likita na lokacin ba.
Marley ya ƙi shawarar likitocinsa na yanke yatsan ƙafarsa (wanda hakan zai iya hana shi yin aikinsa), yana mai ambaton imaninsa na addini, kuma a maimakon haka, an cire ƙusa da gadon ƙusa kuma an ɗauke dutsen fata daga cinyarsa don rufe yankin. Duk da rashin lafiyarsa, ya ci gaba da rangadi kuma yana kan tsara jadawalin rangadin duniya na 1980. Fitowa daga album din an sake shi a watan Mayu shekara ta 1980. Bandungiyar ta kammala wata babbar yawon shakatawa a Turai, inda ta taka rawa mafi girma ga mutane dubu Dari 100,000 a Milan, Italiya. Bayan yawon shakatawa Marley ya tafi Amurka, inda ya yi wasanni biyu a Madison Square Garden a cikin New York City a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tashin Tashin hankali . Ya fadi yayin da yake tsere a Central Park kuma an kai shi asibiti, inda aka gano cewa ciwon kansa ya bazu zuwa kwakwalwarsa, huhunsa, da hanta.
Marley wasan karshe ya gudana bayan kwana biyu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stanley (yanzu Benedum Center For The Performing Arts ) a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba 1980. Hoton da aka sani kawai daga wasan kwaikwayon an haɗa shi a cikin fim ɗin Kevin Macdonald na 2012 Marley .
Jim kaɗan bayan haka, lafiyar Marley ta tabarbare saboda ciwon kansa ya bazu cikin jikinsa . An soke sauran rangadin kuma Marley ta nemi magani a asibitin Josef Issels da ke Bavaria, Jamus, inda ya yi amfani da wani magani na kansa wanda ake kira magani na Issels wani ɓangare bisa guje wa wasu abinci, abubuwan sha, da sauran abubuwa. Bayan watanni takwas na rashin nasarar magance cutar kansa, Marley ya hau jirgi zuwa gidansa a Jamaica. Yayin tafiyar Marley mahimman ayyuka sun tabarbare. Bayan saukarsa a Miami, Florida, an dauke shi zuwa Cedars na asibitin Lebanon (daga baya Jami'ar Miami Asibitin ) don kula da lafiya kai tsaye, inda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, yana da shekara 36, saboda yaduwar cutar melanoma a huhunsa da kwakwalwa. Maganarsa ta ƙarshe ga ɗansa Ziggy ita ce "Kudi ba zai iya sayen rai ba."
An yi wa Marley jana'izar ƙasa a Jamaica a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na Orthodox da al'adar Rastafari. An binne shi a cikin ɗakin sujada kusa da mahaifarsa tare da guitar.
A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1981, firaministan kasar Jamaica Edward Seaga tsĩrar da karshe jana'izar eulogy ga Marley, ya ce:
Wasiya
Kyauta da girmamawa
1976: Rolling Stone Band na Shekara
Yunin 1978: An ba da Lambar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Uku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Fabrairu 1981: An ba da Kyautar Kyautar Jamaica, sannan girmamawa ta uku mafi girma ta ƙasar.
Maris 1994: An Shiga cikin Dutsen da Roll Hall na Shahara .
1999: Kundin karni na Fitowa daga Mujallar Lokaci .
Fabrairu 2001: Fitaccen tauraro a Hollywood Walk of Fame .
Fabrairu 2001: Kyautar Grammy Life Achievement Award .
2004: Rolling Stone ya sanya shi A'a. 11 a jerin su na 100 Mafi Girma Artists na Duk Lokaci.
2004: Daga cikin waɗanda aka fara ba da izinin shiga zauren Kiɗa na UKasar Burtaniya
"Loveauna Daya" mai suna waka ta karni ta BBC .
An zabe shi a matsayin ɗayan manyan mawaƙan waka a kowane lokaci ta hanyar zaɓen BBC.
2006: An bayyana allon shuɗi a gidansa na farko a Burtaniya a Ridgmount Gardens, London, wanda Nubian Jak Community Trust ta ba shi kuma Ofishin Kasashen waje da na Commonwealth ya tallafa masa.
2010: Kama Wuta da aka shigar a cikin Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).
Sauran haraji
An ƙaddamar da mutum-mutumi, kusa da filin wasa na ƙasa a Arthur Wint Drive a Kingston don tunawa da shi. A cikin shekarar 2006, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Birnin New York sun hada-baki da wani bangare na hanyar Avenue daga Remsen Avenue zuwa East 98th Street a cikin East Flatbush na Brooklyn a matsayin "Bob Marley Boulevard". A cikin shekarar 2008, an ƙaddamar da mutum-mutumin Bob Marley a Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.
Bangaren kasa da kasa, sakon Bob Marley har ilayau yana ci gaba da bayyana a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban na asali. Misali, mutanen Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suna ci gaba da cinna wata wuta mai tsarki don girmama shi a cikin Victoria Park na Sydney, yayin da membobin Asalin Amurka Hopi da kabilun Havasupai suke girmama aikinsa. Hakanan akwai kyaututtuka da yawa ga Bob Marley a duk faɗin Indiya, gami da gidajen cin abinci, otal-otal, da bukukuwan al'adu.
Bob Marley ya samo asali ne zuwa wata alama ta duniya, wacce aka siyar da ita har abada ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Dangane da wannan ne, marubucin Dave Thompson a cikin littafinsa Reggae da Music na Caribbean, ya koka da abin da ya gani na zama sassaucin kasuwanci na Marley wanda ya fi ƙarfin mayaƙa, yana mai cewa:
Yawancin gyare-gyare na fim sun samo asali kuma. Misali, dogon shirin da aka gabatar game da rayuwarsa, Rebel Music, ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban a Grammys . Tare da gudummawa daga Rita, The Wailers, da kuma masoyan Marley da yara, shi ma yana ba da labarin sosai a cikin nasa kalmomin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, darekta Martin Scorsese ya sanar da aniyarsa ta shirya fim din Marley. An saita fim ɗin a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2010, a kan abin da zai kasance ranar haihuwar Marley ta 65. Koyaya, Scorsese ya daina aiki saboda matsalolin tsarawa. Jonathan Demme ne ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya daina aiki saboda bambancin kirkira tare da furodusa Steve Bing a lokacin farkon gyara. Kevin Macdonald ya maye gurbin Demme kuma an sake fim din, Marley a ranar 20 Afrilu 2012 . A shekara ta 2011, tsohuwar budurwa kuma mai shirya fim Esther Anderson, tare da Gian Godoy, sun yi shirin fim din Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, wanda aka fara a Edinburgh International Film Festival .
A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, marubucin dan Jamaica Marlon James ' A Brief History of Bakwai Kashe-kashe, wani kirkirarren labari ne na yunƙurin kisan Marley, ya sami lambar yabo ta Man Booker ta 2015 a wani bikin da aka yi a Landan.
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, mawaki ya tashi tsaye !, marubuci Lee Hall ne ya sanar da labarin Bob Marley da darakta Dominic Cooke, tare da Arinzé Kene a matsayin Bob Marley. Za a buɗe shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lyric da ke Landan a cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, bayan da aka ɗage daga ainihin farkon watan Fabrairu saboda annobar COVID-19 .
Rayuwar mutum
Addini
Bob Marley ya kasance memba na wasu shekaru na kungiyar Rastafari, wanda al'adunsa suka kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci na ci gaban reggae. Ya zama mai himma wajen nuna goyon baya ga Rastafari, tare da fitar da kide-kide daga yankunan da jama'a ke fama da talauci a Jamaica da zuwa fagen wakokin duniya. Ya taɓa ba da amsa mai zuwa, wanda yake na al'ada, ga tambayar da aka yi masa yayin wata hira da aka yi rikodin:
Akbishop Abuna Yesehaq ya yi wa Bob Marley baftisma a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, ya ba shi suna Berhane Selassie, a ranar 4 ga Watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1980, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.
Iyali
Bob Marley ya auri Alpharita Constantia "Rita" Anderson a Kingston, Jamaica, a ranar 10 ga Watan Fabrairu shekarar 1966. Marley yana da 'ya'ya da yawa: guda huɗu tare da matarsa Rita, biyu waɗanda aka karɓa daga dangantakar da ta gabata da Rita, kuma wasu da yawa tare da mata daban-daban. Tashar yanar gizon Bob Marley ta yarda da yara 11.
Wadanda aka lissafa a shafin hukuma sune:
Sharon, an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1964, 'yar Rita daga dangantakar da ta gabata amma sai Marley ya karɓa bayan aurensa da Rita
Cedella, an haife ta 23 ga Agusta 1967, ga Rita
David "Ziggy", an haife shi 17 ga Oktoba 1968, ga Rita
Stephen, an haife shi a 20 Afrilu 1972, ga Rita
Robert "Robbie", an haife shi 16 Mayu 1972, ga Pat Williams
Rohan, an haife shi 19 Mayu 1972, ga Janet Hunt
Karen, an haife ta 1973 zuwa Janet Bowen
Stephanie, an haife shi 17 ga watan Agusta 1974; a cewar Cedella Booker ita 'yar Rita ce kuma wani mutum ne da ake kira Ital wanda Rita ta yi tarayya da shi; duk da haka, an yarda da ita a matsayin 'yar Bob
Julian, an haife ta 4 Yuni 1975, zuwa Lucy Pounder
Ky-Mani, an haife shi 26 Fabrairu 1976, ga Anita Belnavis
Damian, an haife shi 21 ga Yuli 1978, zuwa Cindy Breakspeare
Sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun lura da ƙarin mutanen da ke da'awar cewa su 'yan uwa ne, kamar yadda aka gani a ƙasa:
An haifi Makeda a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, ga Yvette Crichton, bayan mutuwar Marley. Littafin Meredith Dixon ya lissafa ta a matsayin ɗiyar Marley, amma ba a lasafta ta haka a cikin gidan yanar gizon Bob Marley ba.
Shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban, misali, kuma sun lissafa Imani Carole, an haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1963 ga Cheryl Murray; amma ba ta bayyana a shafin yanar gizon Bob Marley ba.
Marley kuma tana da jikoki uku sanannu, mawaƙa Tsallake Marley, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Nico Marley da ƙirar Selah Marley .
Kungiyar kwallon kafa
Ra'ayoyin mutum
Pan-Afirka
Bob Marley ɗan asalin Afirka ne kuma ya yi imani da haɗin kan mutanen Afirka a duk duniya. Abubuwan da ya yi imani da su sun samo asali ne daga imaninsa na Rastafari. Marcus Garvey ne ya yi masa kwarin gwiwa sosai, kuma yana da maganganu masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka a cikin yawancin waƙoƙinsa, irin su " Zimbabwe ", "Fitowa", "Tsira", "Redmanption Blackman", da " Waƙar Fansa ". "Waƙar Redemption" ta sami tasiri daga jawabin da Marcus Garvey ya bayar a Nova Scotia, shekarar 1937. Marley ta tabbatar da cewa 'yancin kan kasashen Afirka daga mamayar Turai nasara ce ga duk wadanda ke cikin kasashen Afirka. A cikin waƙar "Afirka gama ɗaya", ya rera waƙoƙi ne na son dukkan al'ummomin ƙasashen Afirka da su taru su yaƙi "Babila" makamancin haka, a cikin wakar "Zimbabwe", ya nuna 'yanci ga dukkan nahiyar Afirka, kuma yana kira ga hadin kai tsakanin dukkan' yan Afirka, ciki da wajen Afirka.
Cannabis
Bob Marley ta dauki wiwi a matsayin ciyawar warkarwa, "sacrament", da kuma "taimako ga tunani"; ya goyi bayan halatta maganin. Ya yi tunanin cewa amfani da wiwi ya zama sananne a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, karanta wurare kamar Zabura 104: 14 kamar nuna yarda da amfani da shi. Marley ya fara amfani da wiwi lokacin da ya koma addinin Rastafari daga Katolika a shekarar 1966. An kama shi a cikin shekara ta 1968 bayan an kama shi da wiwi amma ya ci gaba da shan wiwi bisa ga imaninsa na addini. Game da shan tabar wiwi, ya ce, "Lokacin da kuke shan ganye, ganye ya bayyana kanku gare ku. Duk muguntar da kake yi, ganye ya bayyana kansa, lamirinka, ya nuna kanka a sarari, saboda ganye yana sa ka yin tunani. Ising ne kawai na halitta kuma yana girma kamar bishiya. Marley ya ga amfani da wiwi a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ci gaban addini da alaƙa da Jah, kuma a matsayin wata hanya ta falsafa da zama mai hikima.
Binciken
Faifan Studio
Masu Wailing Wailers (1965)
'Yan Tawayen Rai (1970)
Juyin Juya Hali (1971)
Mafi Kyawun Masu Wailers (1971)
Kama Wuta (1973)
Burnin ' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Faɗakarwar Rastaman (1976)
Fitowa (1977)
Kaya (1978)
Tsira (1979)
Tashewa (1980)
Rikici (1983)
Kundaye kai tsaye
Kai tsaye! (1975)
Babila ta Bus (1978)
Duba kuma
Lokacin kundi
Shafin Bob Marley
Jerin masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya
Fabian Marley
Desis bobmarleyi'' - wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne dake cikin ruwa mai suna don girmama Marley
Manazarta
Majiya
Kara karantawa
Bob Marley
Bob Marley a Discogs
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87 | Mario Mandžukić | Mario Mandžukić ( Croatian pronunciation: [mâːrio mǎndʒukitɕ] ; an haife shi Ne a ranar (21)ga watan Mayu shekara ta ( 1986), dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
ne dan asalin Kuroshiya wanda ya buga wasan ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyakwallon kafa ta Ac Milan ta Serie A. Baya ga kasancewa mai zira kwallaye a raga, an san shi da gudummawar kariya da ikon iska.
Ya fara aiki a wannan kulob din ya koma garinsu Marsonia daga inda ya koma biyu Croatian babban birnin kwallon kafa kulake, da farko shiga NK Zagreb sa'an nan shiga tare da kungiyar Dinamo Zagreb a shekara ta ( 2007), inda kuma ya kasance Prva HNL sannan goalscorer a cikin shekara ta( 2008zuwa 2009 ), kakar. Gwargwadon nasarar sa ya sa aka canza shi zuwa VfL Wolfsburg a cikin shekara ta( 2010), Bayan wasu wasanni masu ban sha'awa a UEFA Euro (2012), inda ya kasance dan wasan gaba, ya sanya hannu a kan Bayern Munich . A farkon kakar tare da kulob din ya lashe kofuna da dama da uku. da Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, da Champions League, yayin da kuma suka zama dan kasar Croatia na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai . Bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin kaka mai zuwa, ya bar Bayern zuwa Atlético Madrid a shekara ta (2014), kuma a kakar daga baya Juventus ta sanya hannu kan for (19 ), miliyan, inda ya ci nasarar gida biyu a cikin kaka ukun farko, sannan kuma wani lakabi na gaba mai zuwa. shekara. A wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na shekara ta (2017), ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan karshe na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya ba shi kyautar Gwarzon UEFA a kakar wasa. Mandžukić ya bar Juventus a watan Disambar shekara ta (2019), zuwa kungiyar Al-Duhail ta Qatar ; duk da haka, bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa ya koma Italiya a watan Janairun shekara ta (2021), tare da sanya hannu tare da Milan.
At international level, Mandžukić was given his debut for Croatia in November 2007 under manager Slaven Bilić. He participated in four major tournaments with his national side, Euro 2012, the 2014 World Cup, Euro 2016, and the 2018 World Cup, reaching the final of the latter tournament, after which he retired from international football. In total, he made 89 international appearances, and with 33 goals, he is the Croatia national team's second most prolific scorer of all time, behind Davor Šuker. He was named Croatian Footballer of the Year in 2012 and 2013.
Klub din
Matasa da farkon aiki
Mandžukić started playing football in Germany, where he and his parents relocated to due to the Croatian War of Independence. In (1992), he joined German club TSF Ditzingen, near Stuttgart. Upon returning to his home country, the newly independent Croatia, he spent the period between( 1996 and 2003 ), at NK Marsonia before spending a season at the city minnows NK Željezničar. The next season, he returned to Marsonia and in the summer of (2005 ), he made a move to NK Zagreb.
Dinamo Zagreb
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta( 2007), Kamfanin Masarautar Croatia da ke Dinamo Zagreb ya sayi Mandžukić kan Yuro miliyan( € 1.3 ) a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan gaba na Arsenal mai suna Eduardo da Silva . Bayan isowarsa, ya sami nasarar tabbatar da matsayin sa a fara goma sha ɗaya, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu. A ranar( 4), ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2007), ya taka rawar gani a karawar da suka yi da AFC Ajax a Amsterdam lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin karin lokaci don tabbatar da nasarar Dinamo da( 2-3 ) a waje, yayin da Dinamo ya tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin UEFA (2007zuwa 2008), UEFA . Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a Dinamo da kwallaye( 12), kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye( 11 ), a wasanni (29), amma kuma ba shi da kyakkyawan horo, yana tattara katinan rawaya takwas.
Ya fara kakar wasanni ta shekara ta( 2008zuwa200), da kwallaye biyu akan Linfield a wasan share fage na cin Kofin UEFA. A cikin shekara ta (2008zuwa2009), Prva HNL, Mandžukić shine wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar, inda yaci kwallaye (16), cikin wasanni( 28). daya buga. Ya kuma zira kwallaye uku a raga a gasar cin kofin UEFA a kakar wasan. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ya tashi a kungiyar ta Croatian kuma, yayin da ya tattara iyakoki takwas a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara (2010), Bayan kammala kakar wasanni ta shekara (2008zuwa 2009), an danganta shi da kungiyar Werder Bremen ta Jamus, amma tayin million (12 ) miliyan ya yi watsi da kwamitin Dinamo, wadanda ke da ra'ayin cewa darajar Mandžukić ta kai akalla fam miliyan (15), Ya fara kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa200 10) ne ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a wasan fitar da gwani na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Red Bull Salzburg . Mandžukić ya karbi jan kati a mintina na karshe na wasan. Bayan ya fada wa alkalin wasan cewa kwalbar da wani ya jefa ta daga wurin kallo, ya ba shi katinsa na biyu kuma ya hana shi daga wasan. A ranar (17 ), ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2009), bayan Dinamo ta yi rashin nasara a gidansu a hannun Anderlecht da ci (2-0), a gasar Europa, Mandžukić ya ci tarar sa ta fan( 100,000 ) bayan an zarge shi da rashin kokari. Wannan shine karo ga Satan Satumba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci karen Dinamo zuwa nasarar( 6-0) akan HNK Rijeka a Prva HNL . A wata hira da aka yi da shi bayan wasa, Mandćukić ya ki amincewa da duk wani jita-jita game da barinsa kulob din bayan an ci tarar, yana mai bayyana cewa tun yana yarinta ya zama kyaftin din Dinamo kuma yana bayar da mafi kyawu a duk wani wasa da zai buga wa kulob din. A wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a wasannin laliga( 24), inda ya ci kwallaye( 14), Ya bayyana a wasannin Europa League biyar kuma.
Wolfsburg
A ranar( 14) ga watan Yunin shekara ta( 2010), Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan VfL Wolfsburg don kuɗin da aka yi kimanin kusan € 7 miliyan. Bayan isowarsa, a farkon rabin kakar (2010zuwa2011), ya buga wasa akai-akai amma galibi yana zuwa ne a madadin. A lokacin, galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a ƙarƙashin kocin Steve McClaren, wanda ya yi wasa tare da ɗan wasan gaba ɗaya kawai, Edin Džeko . Abubuwa sun canza wa Mandžukić, duk da haka, bayan tashi daga Džeko zuwa Manchester City a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta( 2011), Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga a Wolfsburg ranar( 26) ga wasan ranar 1 da 1. FC Nürnberg a karkashin manajan rikon kwarya Pierre Littbarski . Bayan isar manajan Felix Magath, Mandžukić ya taka leda a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan gaba. A wasanni bakwai da suka gabata na kakar wasannin cikin gida, ya ci kwallaye takwas, biyu daga cikinsu sun zo ne a wasan karshe da suka buga da TSG( 1899 ) Hoffenheim, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga kungiyar yayin da take kaucewa faduwa daga gasar. A kakarsa ta biyu a Wolfsburg, ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a Bundesliga kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye( 12), A cikin shekaru biyu a Wolfsburg, ya ci kwallaye( 20 ), a wasanni( 56), inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na Wolfsburg a lokacin zaman sa kuma da sauri ya zama mai son masoya saboda iya cin kwallaye da halayen sa.
Bayern Munich
A ranar (26 ) ga Satan yun Mandžukić yasa hannu ma kungiyan Bundesliga klub dinBayern Munich a kudi €13 million, pending a medical test, subsequent to his strong performance at UEFA Euro( 2012) in Ukraine and Poland, and because of his terrific form for Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga. On( 27 ) June, the transfer was officially announced by Bayern Munich.
Lokacin 2012–13
A ranar( 24) ga watan Yuni shekara ta (2012), Mandžukić ya fara buga wa Bayern wasa a wasan da suka doke Beijing Guoan da ke gasar Super League ta China da ci( 6) da nema, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyar a wasan sada zumunci a minti na (79, A ranar (12), ga watan Agusta, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan hukuma da Borussia Dortmund mai rike da kambun gasar a minti na shida, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa lashe Jamusanci DFL Supercup. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a raga a kan Bayern a kan Greuther Fürth a ranar daya kuma ya kara daya a wasansu na gaba a wasan da suka tashi (6-1) da VfB Stuttgart . Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Wolfsburg.
Bayan haka Mandžukić ya kara zura kwallaye hudu( 4) a wasanni biyar na gasar Bundesliga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasanni (11 ) da ya buga a gasar ta Jamus. Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, Mandžukić ya ci gaba da burin zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya zira kwallaye( 3)a wasanni( 2) na farko, da Greuther Fürth da Stuttgart. Ya sake zira kwallaye daya akan 1. FSV Mainz 05 . Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga tare da Bayern a matsayin dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye (15) a wasanni( 24 ) kuma yana da babban tasiri wajen lashe taken na Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasan zagaye na (16) da Arsenal . Ya zira kwallo daya a wasan dab da na karshe da Juventus a Turin, wanda ya baiwa Bayern tazarar( 0-1 ) a waje. A ranar( 25 ) ga watan Mayu, Bayern Munich ta kara da Borussia Dortmund a Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta UEFA a shekara ta ( 2013) kuma Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon farko a wasan, wanda hakan ya bai wa Bayern damar ci (1-0) a minti na( 60) Bayern ta ci gaba da lashe wasan ne da ci (2-1 ) bayan an dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci daga Arjen Robben. Tare da wannan burin, Mandžukić ya zama dan Croati na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai kuma hakan ya ba shi damar cin nasarar farko a Munich, yayin da kulob din ya kammala kaka uku - cin nasara, yana ikirarin Bundesliga, Champions League, da DFB- Pokal, kazalika da Supercup na Jamusanci a farkon kamfen.
Lokacin 2013-14
Mandžukić ya fara kakar a hankali, yana da ƙananan batutuwa da suka dace da tsarin sabon kocin Bayern Pep Guardiola . Guardiola ya canza tsarin Bayern daga (4-2–3–1), da suka saba amfani dashi a baya karkashin Jupp Heynckes zuwa wani sabon salon (4-1–4–1), Duk da yake ɗan lokaci kaɗan don daidaitawa, Mandžukić ya sake dawowa kamanninsa duk da haka a lokacin wasan laliga. Ya bude sabon kakar wasa a cikin Bundesliga ta hanyar zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu da ya buga. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar bana lokacin da Bayern Munich ta fara kare kambinta na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da CSKA Moscow da ci (3 da 0 ) a Allianz Arena. Shi ne ya ci kwallo daya yayin da Bayern ta doke FC Viktoria Plze v a watan Nuwamba don ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba tare da yin kwatankwacin na tara a jere a gasar UEFA Champions League. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta goma a sabuwar kakar wasannin Bundesliga a karawar da suka yi da Hamburger SV a watan Disamba.
A wasan farko na kusa dana karshe na shekara ta (2013) FIFA Club World Cup, Mandžukić kurciya yayi kasa da kai ya zira kwallon da Thiago Alcantara ya zira a ragar Guangzhou Evergrande da ci (2 da 0) A ƙarshe ya lashe gasar tare da Bayern bayan wasan ƙarshe tare da Raja Casablanca, ya ƙare da nasarar (2-0), Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, an bar Mandžukić daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa (18), na Bayern Munich a karawar da suka yi da Borussia Mönchengladbach, tare da rahotanni cewa Guardiola bai nuna rawar gani ba a aikin horo. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar don wasa na gaba da VfB Stuttgart . Mako guda bayan haka, a kan Eintracht Frankfurt, Mandžukić ya ba da amsa tare da ba da umarni a wasan da Bayern ta ci( 5-0), inda ya ci ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da kuma ba da ƙwallon ƙafa ga Mario Götze wanda ya buɗe ƙwallo. A ranar( 12), ga watan Fabrairu, Mandžukić ya ci kwallaye uku a karawar da ya yi a bana, yayin da Bayern Munich ta sauƙaƙe hanyar zuwa DFB-Pokal wasan kusa da na karshe tare da ci( 5-0), na Hamburger SV . A wasan da aka yi da Hannover 96, Mandžukić ya yi bikin bayyanar sa ta (100), ta Bundesliga ta hanyar haduwa da rafin Rafinha don kammala burin. Duk da kasancewa dan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye (26), Guardiola ya kori Mandžukić daga kungiyar gabanin wasan karshe na shekara ta (2014), DFB-Pokal . Mandžukić ya bayyana cewa yana son barin Bayern saboda "salon wasan koci Pep Guardiola kawai bai dace da shi ba".
Atlético Madrid
A ranar (10) ga watan Yunin shekara ta (2014) , Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Spain na Atlético Madrid kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar (24 ), ga watan yuni, aka gabatar da Mandžukić ga magoya bayan Atlético Madrid a Vicente Calderón, sanye da rigar lamba (9), Ya fara buga wasan farko a gasar farko ta shekara( 2014), Supercopa de España a ranar( 19 ), ga watan Agusta, inda suka tashi kunnen doki (1-1 ), da Real Madrid, inda ya buga minti (78), kafin a maye gurbinsa da wani dan wasa na farko Raúl Jiménez . A karawa ta biyu a Vicente Calderón, Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya ci wa kungiyar nasara bayan mintuna biyu kacal. Ita ce manufa mafi sauri a gasar.
Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan SD Eibar, a ranar( 30), ga watan Agusta, kamar yadda Atlético ta samu nasarar farko a sabuwar kakar Primera División. A wasan bude sabuwar gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, a kan Olympiacos, Mandžukić ya tattara giciyen Cristian Ansaldi kuma ya aika da kai kai tsaye zuwa kusurwar da ke ƙasa don yin (1-2), a ƙarshe a gasar ya ci (2-3), Mandžukić ya taimakawa Atlético matsawa tsakanin maki biyu na shugabannin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Barcelona da Sevilla a ranar (26), ga watan Oktoba lokacin da ya buga ƙetaren Arda Turan don ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya a cikin galaba akan Getafe .
Bayan komawarsa fagen daga wasa a fuska, sai ya tashi daga karfi zuwa karfi, ya ci kwallaye 14 a dukkan gasa kafin hutun hunturu - gami da dabarar ban mamaki da aka yi wa Olympiacos a wasan dawo da rukuni a Calderon a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, wanda ya tabbatar da wuri a matakin wasan Kofin Zakarun Turai. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta 11 a La liga a bana a wasansa na 19, a cikin Los Colchoneros ya ba da kwallaye 4-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Real Madrid a wasan rukuni na biyu na kakar, lokacin da masu sharhi kan wasanni suka lura cewa Mandžukić ya sanya daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin. - nunin gaba da aka gani a La liga a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana ba da gudummawa ga duk abin da ke da kyau game da gefensa kafin sanya gwangwani a kan wainar tare da ɗauke na huɗu da kyau. A cikin duka, Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye 20 a cikin wasanni 43 a cikin kaka ɗaya a Madrid, yana rayuwa daidai da hotonsa na mai aiki tuƙuru da kuma tabbatar da ƙwallaye a raga.
Juventus
A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015, zakarun Serie A Juventus sun sanar da cewa Mandžukić ya koma kulob din daga Atlético Madrid kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu kan farashin Yuro miliyan 19 da za a biya sau uku, gami da yiwuwar karin in 2 miliyan a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo .
Lokacin 2015-16
A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta ya zira kwallon farko a minti na 69 don Juventus tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan Lazio a 2015 Supercoppa Italiana, nasarar da aka tashi 2-0 a Shanghai . A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya fara buga wa Juventus wasa a hukumance, ya fara kuma ya buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a wasan da Udinese ta yi rashin nasara 1-0, a wasan farko na gasar Serie A na 2015-16.
A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Mandžukić zai shafe makwanni uku yana jinya sakamakon raunin da ya samu a cinya washegari a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a kan Genoa . Koyaya, ya dawo da wuri, ya ciwa Juventus kwallo ta farko, da kuma daidaitawa na ɗan lokaci, yayin da ƙungiyar ta zo daga baya ta yi nasara a kan Manchester City 2-1 a lokacin wasan farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 2015. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon karshe a wasan da Juventus ta doke Atalanta a gida a minti na 49th; wannan shi ne burin sa na farko a gasar Seria A a wasan sa na 6 da kungiyar ta buga. Ya sake zira kwallaye a wasanni biyu daga baya, inda ya taimakawa Juventus ta lallasa Empoli da ci 3-1. A ranar 25 ga Satan Nuwamba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 1-0 a karawa ta biyu a matakin rukuni na rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, don ba wa kulob din damar shiga zagaye na 16. Saboda wadannan mahimman kwallayen, har ma da wata manufa ta cin 3-0 a waje da Palermo a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi dan wasan Juventus na watan Nuwamba shekarar shekarar 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2016, Mandžukić ya sami rauni na tsoka yayin wasan farko na kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia da Inter Milan, yana sanya shi a gefen makonni huɗu. Da farko ana fargabar cewa ba zai buga wasan zagaye na farko na kungiyoyi 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ba da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Bayern Munich. Koyaya, ya dawo aiki ba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba, ya fara wasan da Bayern a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, kuma ya kafa burin Paulo Dybala a wasan gidan da aka tashi 2-2.
2016-17 kakar
Lokaci na biyu na Mandžukić tare da Juventus ya kasance sananne musamman, saboda sau da yawa manajan kulob din Massimiliano Allegri bai buga shi ba ; a duk tsawon lokacin 2016-17, da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin dan wasan gefe na hagu, maimakon a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da waje, matsayin da ya saba kasancewa a baya. Kodayake yawan zira kwallayensa ya ragu, amma ya sami yabo a kafofin watsa labarai saboda yawan aikinsa, yawan iyawa, daidaito, da kuma cikakken ingancin ayyukansa a wannan sabon rawar. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2020. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, Mandžukić ya fara wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai . Ya zira kwallon da aka buga a minti na 27, 'yan mintuna bakwai kacal bayan kwallon da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci ya bai wa Real Madrid nasara. Mandžukić ya buga ƙwallo daga Gonzalo Higuaín kuma ya ɗora ƙwallon a kafaɗarsa daga , wanda ya hau kan Keylor Navas a raga. An bayyana burin a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye mafiya kyau da aka ci a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, kuma an kwatanta shi da burin Zinedine Zidane a wasan karshe na 2002 na Real Madrid; amma daga karshe an lallasa Juventus da ci 4-1. Kwallan Mandžuki kick na kwallon kafa akan Real Madrid yaci nasarar lashe kyautar gwarzon shekarar 2016-17 UEFA.
Lokacin 2017-18
A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya buga wasansa na 100 ga Juventus a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sporting a UEFA Champions League . A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Real Madrid da ci 3-1 a zagayen kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwallon farko da aka ci bayan dakika 76 ta zama kwallon da ta fi saurin hanzartawa Real Madrid a wasan gida a gasar zakarun Turai kuma ita ce dan wasan adawa na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu da rabi a wasan Zakarun Turai a Bernabeu.
2018–19
A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, Mandćukić ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar 2018-19 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 akan Lazio. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Serie A tare da kulob din a wasan da suka doke Udinese da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya kwallo ta biyu ta wasan da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci. A ranar 24 ga Satan Nuwamba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci kungiyar ta farko a gidan da suka doke SPAL da ci 2-0, ya ci kwallonsa ta shida a kakar. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Valencia da ci 1-0, wanda Cristiano Ronaldo ya taimaka. Jaridun Italiya La Gazzetta dello Sport da La Stampa sun lura da alamomin da ke kunno kai tsakanin Mandžukić da Ronaldo, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tandar iko da fasaha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2019, Mandžukić ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Juventus har zuwa 2021.
Al-Duhail
With the arrival of new Juventus manager Maurizio Sarri in the summer of 2019, Mandžukić was sidelined after being excluded from the manager's plans. As a result, he was also omitted from Juventus's Champions League squad, alongside teammate Emre Can. After failing to make a single appearance for the club during the 2019–20 season, he agreed to join Qatari side Al-Duhail on 24 December. On 29 December, the transfer was made official.
He made his league debut on 4 January 2020 in a goalless draw with Qatar SC. He scored his first goal for the club on 10 January in a 2–0 win over Al-Sailiya in Qatar Cup. On 11 February 2020, he made his debut and scored his debut goal in the AFC Champions League, scoring the opener in a group stage 2–0 home victory over Persepolis. On 5 July 2020, after ten appearances and two goals overall, Mandžukić terminated his contract with the Qatari side by mutual consent.
Milan
Bayan kawo karshen kwantiragin, kungiyoyi da dama sun nuna sha'awar siyan Mandžukić, ciki harda Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Lokomotiv Moscow, Milan, Benevento, Hellas Verona, Fiorentina, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Marseille, Wolfsburg, Hertha Berlin da kuma Schalke 04 .
A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara 2021, Mandžukić ya koma kulob din Serie A na Milan kan kwantiragin har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana, tare da zabin karin shekara. Ya fara wasan farko a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta daci 3-0. Sakamakon raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya nakasa yanayin jikin sa da kuma yanayin rashin kyau, Mandžukić ya buga wasanni 11 ne kacal a Milan, galibi a madadin, ba tare da cin kwallaye ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, Mandžukić ya sanar da barin Milan saboda shugabannin kungiyar ba su tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba.
Ayyukan duniya
After putting together a string of solid performances in the 2007–08 Prva HNL, as well as in Dinamo's UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches, he earned a call–up to the Croatian national team, for which he debuted in a game against Macedonia on 17 November 2007. On 10 September 2008, he scored his first ever goal for Croatia in a 4–1 home loss against England in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match.
Yuro 2012
Tasirin sa a cikin kungiyar kasa ya karu yayin cancantar UEFA Euro 2012 . Burinsa na farko na kamfen ya zo ne a watan watan Yunin shekarar 2011, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye a ragar Georgia a Stadion Poljud . Ya kara wani buga kwallo da Latvia a wasan karshe na wasannin share fagen. Da Kuroshiya ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninta, dole ne ta kara da Turkiya a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai ta shekarar 2012. A wasan farko da aka buga a Istanbul, Kuroshiya ta baiwa magoya bayan gida mamaki ta hanyar ci 0-3, tare da Mandžukić ya ci kwallo ta biyu daga bugun daga kai a cikin minti 32 na wasan.
Mandžukić ya kasance ɗayan biyu daga cikin manajan zaɓe na farko na manajan Slaven Bili at a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Euro shekar2012, tare da ɗan wasan gaba na Everton Nikica Jelavić. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Croatia ta doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-1, sannan kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a wasan da ke tafe. Duk da ficewar Croatia daga rukuni-rukuni, ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye uku tare da Mario Balotelli, Fernando Torres, Cristiano Ronaldo, Alan Dzagoev, da abokin wasan Bayern na gaba Mario Gómez .
2014 FIFA World Cup
Ya bude cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 FIFA ta hanyar samar da taimako biyu a wasanni biyu na farko, da Macedonia a Zagreb da kuma Belgium a Brussels . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a fafatawar da suka yi da Wales a Osijek . Mandžukić ya kara wani kwallon a ragar sa a wasansu na neman cancantar buga wasa da Serbia, wanda ya baiwa Kuroshiya ci 1 da 0, a Zagreb . Ya kuma ci kwallo a wasa na biyu tsakanin bangarorin biyu a Belgrade . A karawa ta biyu da Croatia ta buga kunnen doki tsakaninta da Iceland a Zagreb, Mandžuki Croatia ya bai wa Croatia jagoranci a wasan da ci 2 da 0. Koyaya, daga baya ya karɓi jan kati bayan babban abin takaici akan Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson wanda aka haɗa da gwiwa na hagu na ɗan wasan na Icelandic.
An saka sunan Mandćuki a cikin tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014 a Kasar Brazil, amma an dakatar da shi a wasan farko da kungiyar za ta buga da kasar da za ta karbi bakuncin a São Paulo a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar ne a wasansu na biyu da Kamaru a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma ya nuna fitowar sa ta farko a Gasar cin Kofin Duniya inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka doke 4-0, ana ba shi lambar "Mutum mafi dacewa"
Yuro 2016
Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye daya a fafatawar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai Euro 2016 ta Croatia, inda ya bude kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a Split a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015. Wadannan 4 Yuni, shi da Nikola Kalinić zira hat-dabaru a wani 10-0 dumi-up nasara a kan San Marino a Rijeka gaba na gasar . sakamakon ya kasance nasara ce ta tarihi ga Croatia.
2018 FIFA World Cup
On 4 June 2018, Mandžukić was named to Croatia's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the opening game against Nigeria, he caused Oghenekaro Etebo's own goal and won a penalty, that was successfully converted by Luka Modrić, as the game ended as a 2–0 win for Croatia. During the side's round-of-16 match against Denmark on 1 July, he scored the equalising goal in the 4th minute of play; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Croatia prevailed 3–2 in the resulting penalty shoot-out. In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July, Mandžukić provided an assist in the first half of regulation time for Andrej Kramarić's equaliser. A 1–1 draw after 90 minutes saw the match go into extra-time, and following a 2–2 draw after 120 minutes of play, Croatia once again progressed to the next round in the ensuing shoot-out, winning 4–3 on penalties. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, with the score tied at 1–1 after regulation time, Mandžukić scored the match-winning goal in 109th minute to give Croatia a 2–1 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. In the final against France on 15 July, he became the first player ever to score an own goal in a World Cup final, when he headed Antoine Griezmann's free-kick into his own net to give France a 1–0 lead; he later scored Croatia's second goal by chasing down and capitalizing on an error from French goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, as the match eventually ended in a 4–2 defeat. With that goal, Mario Mandžukić became the second player in World Cup history to score for both teams in a single match (the first being Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands in a 1978 World Cup match against Italy) and the first to do so in a final.
Ritaya
A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Mandžukić ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa na duniya. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, shi ne na biyu mafi yawan ci kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Croatia da kwallaye 33.
A cikin bayaninsa, Mandžukić ya yi rubutu game da lambar azurfa ta Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018:
Salon wasa
Baya ga zura kwallayen sa, masana sun lura da Mand strengthukić saboda karfin jikin sa, karfin sa, motsawa da motsa jiki, gami da iyawarsa a cikin iska. Har ma an ba shi laƙabin Đilkoš [dʑîːlkoʃ] na Miroslav Blažević, wanda ke nufin birki da rashin wayewa, yana nufin ƙarfin ɗan wasan, ƙarfin jiki da alama ƙarfinsa ba shi da iyaka, maimakon ƙwarewar fasaharsa; sauran sunayen laƙabin sun hada da Mandžo da Super Mario . An san shi da yawan aiki da bayar da kariya, tsohon manajan Mandžukić a Wolfsburg, Felix Magath, ya lura da juriyarsa, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya "dace sosai da ina ganin zai iya buga wasanni biyu-da-biyu ba tare da tsayawa ko da na minti daya ne. "
Bayan komawarsa zuwa Atlético Madrid, mai sharhi kan wasanni na Sky Adam Bate ya rubuta cewa shi ya dace da tsarin Diego Simeone kamar yadda Mandžukić yake "sau da yawa mai zuga dan jarida ne tare da kwazonsa, Mandzukic yakar kariya, yana mai da su baya don kirkirar sarari ga abokan wasa da kuma hana abokan hamayya su yi hakuri ba tare da matsi kan kwallon ba. " Bate ya kara da cewa dan kasar ta Croatian din "... dan wasan gaba ne na zahiri da na tafi-da-gidanka wanda ke yin mafi kyawun aikinsa ba tare da kwallon ba, da alama yana yin aikin 'yan wasa biyu kuma don haka ya kyale wani karin mutum a tsakiya." Mai ba da gudummawa ta ESPN FC Michael Cox ya kuma yaba wa Mandžukić saboda kyakkyawan aikin da yake yi, yana nuna cewa yayin da yake matsa wa abokan hamayyarsa gwiwa lokacin da suke kokarin buga kwallon daga baya, shi ma yana da matukar kwazo da horo a yadda ya fadi. koma cikin nasa rabin don kare bayan kwallon idan abokan hamayyarsa suka sami damar tsallake matsawa tawagarsa lamba. A cikin shekarar 2014, Aleksandar Holiga yayi tsokaci game da wasan na Mandžukić, yana mai cewa "[h] e ya shimfida kariya tare da motsawa a kai a kai da alama juriya ba ta da iyaka, bude sarari ga wasu da za su zo daga baya ko su yanke ciki daga reshe; danne kwallon da ya yi ya tabbatar yanke hukunci a lokuta da dama da suka gabata kuma, tabbas, yana daya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a duniya idan yazo da karfin iska. Don haka ko da bai ci kansa ba, kasancewar sa na iya zama mabuɗi ga damar ƙungiyar. ”
Duk da yake ya fara aiki ne a matsayin dan gaba ko kuma mutum-mutum a fagen azabtarwa, a cikin ladabi da tsayi, karfin iska, da karfin jiki, [nb 1] Matsayin aikin Mandžukić, karimci, dabarun dabara, da iya aiki sun nuna ta shirye-shiryensa na taka rawa a wurare daban-daban a fadin ko bayan layin gaba ; a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, an kuma tura shi a matsayin dan wasan gefe, a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare, ko ma a matsayin dan bayan-baya, mukaman da ke ba shi 'yancin kai hari daga wurare masu zurfi ko fadi tare da gudu, goyon baya da haɗi tare da takwarorinsa da suka fi tsanantawa, zana abokan hamayya daga matsayinsu tare da motsinsa, kuma rufe kariya don masu ba da baya da ke yin saurin kai hari Tabbas, musamman a lokacinsa a Juventus karkashin manajan Massimiliano Allegri, gasa daga sauran 'yan wasan gaba galibi tana ganin ana amfani da Mandžukić a cikin wadannan zurfin ko fadi, ayyukan kirkira, musamman a bangaren hagu, inda ya yi fice, inda ya samu yabo daga 'yan jarida saboda yadda yake taka leda a koda yaushe, saboda karfin da yake da shi na rike kwallon tare da bayansa don zura kwallo da kuma buga wasa da takwarorinsa, ko kuma fadawa tsakiyar fili don taimakawa wajen cin kwallon a lokacin da kungiyar tasa ba ta mallake ta ba. An kuma bukaci ya yi aiki a matsayin "mutum mai fadi da fadi" a gefen hagu na filin wasan, saboda motsinsa da yanayin aikinsa, da kuma ikon amfani da tsayinsa don cin nasarar kalubalen iska, ko amfani da karfinsa da fasaha mai ƙarfi don riƙe ƙwallo don abokan wasa da ƙirƙirar sarari ko dama a gare su; a cikin wannan matsayin, ya taka rawa sosai a matsayin rawar mutum, mai son hagu, da hagu . Baya ga iyawarsa ta kwallon kafa, Mandžukić an san shi da kwazo, jagoranci, da karfin kwakwalwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban dan wasa" a kafofin watsa labarai, saboda ga yanayin da yake da shi na zira kwallaye a raga a muhimman wasanni ga duka kulob da kuma kasar. Kamar wannan, a lokacinsa a Italiya, ya sami laƙabi "guerriero" ("jarumi," a cikin Italiyanci) daga magoya bayan Juventus. An kwatanta salon wasan sa da na dan kasar Alen Bokšić, wanda shi ma ya taka rawar gansosii a a Juventus.
Rayuwar mutum
An haifi Mandžukić a cikin Slavonski Brod, a halin yanzu Croatia, a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu 1986. Mahaifinsa Mato dan asalin Bosniya ne daga Prud kusa da Odžak . Mato ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya koma Slavonski Brod lokacin da aka canja shi daga Kozara Bosanska Gradiška zuwa BSK .
Mandžukić has been in a relationship with Ivana Mikulić from Strizivojna since 2007.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Source:
Manufofin duniya
Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first.
Daraja
Dinamo Zagreb
Bundesliga : 2012–13, 2013-14
DFB-Pokal : 2012-13, 2013-14
DFL-Supercup : 2012
UEFA Champions League : 2012–13
Kofin UEFA Super Cup : 2013
FIFA Club World Cup : 2013
Supercopa de España : 2014
Serie A : 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018–19
Coppa Italia : 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18
Supercoppa Italiana : 2015
Al-Duhail
Qatar Stars League : 2019–20
Kuroshiya
Individual
Prva HNL Player na Gwarzo : 2009
Sportske novosti Yellow Shirt kyautar : 2008-09
UEFA Euro Co-Top Scorer : 2012
Footan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Croatia na Shekara : 2012, 2013
Vatrena krila: 2012
Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Croatia na Shekara : 2013
FIFA FIFPro World XI team na 5: 2013, 2018
Manufar UEFA ta Yanayi : 2016-17
Umarni
Umurnin Duke Branimir tare da Ribbon
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kroatiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%27ar%20Canjin%20Yanayi | Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi | Shari'ar canjin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da shari'ar yanayi, wata ƙungiya ce mai tasowa ta dokar muhalli ta yin amfani da aikin shari'a da kuma abin da ya faru don cigaba da ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi daga cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar gwamnatoci da kamfanoni. A cikin yanayin jinkirin siyasa na sauyin yanayi na jinkirta jinkirin sauyin yanayi, masu fafutuka da lauyoyi sun kara yunƙurin yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da na duniya don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin. Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga cikin ɗayan nau'ikan da'awar shari'a guda biyar: Dokokin tsarin mulki (wanda aka mayar da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jiha), dokar gudanarwa (ƙalubalantar cancantar yanke shawara na gudanarwa), doka masu zaman kansu (ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi). don sakaci, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu, zamba ko kariya ga mabukaci (kalubalanci kamfanoni don yada bayanai game da tasirin yanayi), 'yancin ɗan adam (da'awar cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam)
Tun daga farkon 2000s, tsarin shari'a don yaƙar sauyin yanayi yana ƙara samun samuwa ta hanyar dokoki, kuma ƙararrakin shari'o'in kotuna sun ɓullo da wata ƙungiya ta duniya da ke haɗa ayyukan sauyin yanayi zuwa ƙalubalen shari'a, masu alaka da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, doka mai zaman kanta., Dokar kariyar mabukaci ko haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin shari'o'i da hanyoyin da suka yi nasara sun mayar da hankali kan inganta bukatun adalci na yanayi da motsin yanayi na matasa.
Manyan shari'o'in ƙarar yanayi sun haɗa da Urgenda v. Netherlands a cikin 2019 da Juliana v. Amurka (a cikin 2015). Kamfanonin kwal, mai, da iskar gas mallakar masu saka hannun jari na iya zama alhakin doka da ɗabi'a don take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da yanayi, kodayake yanke shawara na siyasa na iya hana su shiga irin wannan cin zarafi. Ana gudanar da ƙararraki sau da yawa ta hanyar haɗin kai na ƙoƙari da albarkatu kamar ta ƙungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace, irin su Greenpeace Poland wacce ta kai ƙarar mai amfani da kwal da GreenPeace Jamus wacce ta kai karar wani kamfanin kera motoci.
Ana samun karuwar shari'o'in masu fafutuka cikin nasara a kotunan duniya. Rahoton shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano kararraki 884 a cikin kasashe 24, ciki har da kararraki 654 a Amurka da kuma kararraki 230 a duk sauran kasashe. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin kararrakin ya kusan ninki biyu zuwa akalla 1,550 kararrakin sauyin yanayi da aka shigar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan kararraki 1,200 da aka shigar a Amurka kuma sama da 350 sun gabatar da gaba daya. sauran kasashen hade.
Nau'in ayyuka
Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da'awar doka guda biyar:
Dokokin tsarin mulki - mayar da hankali kan take hakkin tsarin mulki daga jihar.
Dokokin gudanarwa - ƙalubalanci cancantar yanke shawarar gudanarwa a cikin dokokin kan-da-littattafai da ake da su, kamar ba da izini don ayyukan hayaki mai yawa.
Doka mai zaman kanta - ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi don sakaci, tashin hankali, keta, amincewar jama'a da wadatar rashin adalci.
Zamba ko kariyar mabukaci - yawanci ƙalubalanci kamfanoni don ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin yanayi.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam - iƙirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ko kare albarkatun ƙasa masu alaƙa, kamar yanayi ko dazuzzuka, ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ta nau'in aiki
Tsakanin gwamnatoci da kamfanoni
A Amurka, Abokan Duniya, GreenPeace tare da biranen Boulder, Arcata da Oakland sun yi nasara a kan Bankin shigo da shigo da kaya na Amurka da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ketare ( kamfanonin mallakar gwamnatin Amurka ). wadanda aka zarge su da bayar da kudaden ayyukan burbushin mai da ke da illa ga kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya saba wa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (da aka shigar a shekara ta 2002 kuma ta zauna a 2009).
A cikin 2016, wata ƙungiyar gwamnati ta Philippines (Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam) ta ƙaddamar da bincike a hukumance game da sauyin yanayi a kan 47 na manyan masu samar da carbon a duniya. An gano cewa a cikin 2019 kamfanonin mai suna da alhakin doka don magance sauyin yanayi kuma ana iya ɗaukar alhakin lalacewa.
A cikin 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya ya kai karar RWE don kare garinsa na Huaraz daga wani tafkin da ke kumbura a cikin hadarin ambaliya.
A cikin 2017, San Francisco, Oakland da sauran al'ummomin bakin teku na California sun kai ƙarar kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don haɓaka matakan teku.
A cikin 2018, birnin New York ya sanar da cewa yana ɗaukar kamfanonin man fetur guda biyar ( BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips da Shell ) zuwa kotun tarayya saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar ga sauyin yanayi (wanda birnin ya riga ya sha wahala).
A cikin 2020, Charleston, South Carolina, sun bi irin wannan dabarar.
Doka a kan masu fafutuka
Ta ƙasa
Ostiraliya
Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan adadin kararraki a duniya, tare da kusan shari'o'i 200.
Jamus
A shekara ta 2021, babbar kotun tsarin mulkin Jamus ta yanke hukuncin cewa matakan kare yanayi na gwamnati ba su isa ba don kare al'ummomin da za su zo nan gaba, kuma gwamnatin ta na da har zuwa karshen shekarar 2022 don inganta dokar kare yanayi.
Jamhuriyar Ireland
A cikin Yuli 2020, Abokan Muhalli na Irish sun yi nasara a kan gwamnatin Irish saboda gazawar daukar isassun matakai don magance yanayin yanayi da rikicin muhalli. Kotun kolin Ireland ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bai isa ba, tare da ƙayyadad da cewa ba ta ba da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda za ta rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ba.
Netherlands
Netherlands ta kuduri aniyar rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide daga matakan 1990 da kashi 49 cikin 100 nan da 2030 tare da maƙasudan tsaka-tsaki daban-daban. Koyaya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Holland ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙasar za ta rasa manufofinta na 2020.
A cikin 2012, lauyan Dutch Roger Cox ya ba da ra'ayin sa baki na shari'a don tilasta aiwatar da sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013, Gidauniyar Urgenda, tare da masu shigar da kara na 900, sun shigar da kara a kan Gwamnatin Netherlands "don rashin daukar matakan da suka dace don rage yawan iskar gas da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi mai haɗari."
A shekara ta 2015, Kotun Lardi na Hague ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Netherlands ta ƙara yin ƙoƙari don rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi don kare 'yan ƙasa daga sauyin yanayi (Urgenda weather case). An kwatanta shi a matsayin "hukunce-hukuncen da aka riga aka kafa" kuma a matsayin "kwatun abin alhaki na farko a duniya."
A cewar James Thornton, babban jami'in Client Earth, "Mafi mahimmanci, yana dogara ne akan mahimmancin kimiyya da aka kafa da kuma tsohuwar ka'idar aikin kulawa na gwamnati. Wannan dalili yana aiki a kowane tsarin doka kuma tabbas kotuna za su yi amfani da su a wasu ƙasashe." A shekara ta 2018, wata kotun daukaka kara a birnin Hague ta amince da hukuncin da aka kafa wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin kasar Holland kara kaimi wajen dakile fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar ta Netherlands.
A watan Disamba 2019, Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke kan daukaka kara. Don haka, ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne gwamnati ta rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 25% daga matakan 1990 zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, bisa la'akari da cewa sauyin yanayi na haifar da hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam.
A cikin Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell, yanke hukunci a watan Mayu 2021, kotun gundumar Hague ta umarci Royal Dutch Shell da ta yanke iskar carbon da take fitarwa da kashi 45% a ƙarshen 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2019, kuma ta tabbatar da alhakin. na kamfanin don iyakokin 3 hayaki, misali, hayaki daga masu kaya da abokan cinikin samfuransa.
Belgium
A watan Yunin 2021, bayan shafe shekaru 6 ana gwabza shari'a, Kotun matakin farko ta yanke hukuncin cewa yanayin da gwamnatin Belgium ke hari ba su da yawa don haka "sun keta haƙƙin rayuwa (Mataki na 2) da haƙƙin mutunta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu. rayuwar iyali (tashi na 8)" na Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam.
Ƙasar Ingila
A watan Disamba na 2020, wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, da kungiyar agaji ta sauyin yanayi, Plan B, sun sanar da cewa suna daukar matakin shari'a a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda gaza daukar kwararan matakai don magance matsalar yanayi da muhalli. Masu shigar da kara sun sanar da cewa za su yi zargin cewa ci gaba da bayar da tallafin da gwamnati ke yi na samar da albarkatun mai a Burtaniya da sauran kasashe ya zama take hakkinsu na rayuwa da na rayuwar iyali, da kuma keta yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma dokar sauyin yanayi ta Burtaniya ta 2008.
Amurka
Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Amurka tana da mafi yawan shari'o'in da ake jira tare da sama da 1000 a tsarin kotuna. Misalai sun haɗa da girma da Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli. A cikin kasar Amurka, shari'ar canjin yanayi tana magance manyan dokokin da ake da su don yin da'awarsu, yawancinsu suna mai da hankali kan masu zaman kansu da dokokin gudanarwa. Shahararrun manyan dokokin da ake amfani da su su ne NEPA (Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa), inda aka shigar da kararraki 322 a karkashin ikonta, Dokar Tsabtace Jiragen Sama, tare da kararraki 215 a karkashinta, Dokar Kare Kare Kare, tare da kara 163 a karkashin ikonta.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Nau'in Daban Daban
A cikin shari'ar Dokar Kare Haruffa (ESA), Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee v. Hill, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa ESA ta umurci hukumomin tarayya don tabbatar da ayyukansu kada su lalata kowane nau'in da aka jera a cikin hadari a cikin ESA. Kamar yadda sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, masu fafutukar yanayi sun sami damar amfani da ESA don kai hari ga waɗanda ke hanzarta canjin yanayi. canjin yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da ESA da farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan labarai na 7 da 9 na mutum-mutumi. Mataki na 7 ya bayyana cewa duk ayyukan da hukumomin tarayya ke aiwatarwa dole ne su kasance da wuya su kawo cikas ga ci gaba da wanzuwa ko haifar da lalata nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Mataki na 9 ya mayar da hankali ba kawai ga hukumomin tarayya ba amma kowa da kowa, yana hana ɗaukar kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na kowane bangare, na tarayya, jiha, ko masu zaman kansu. Ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar canjin yanayi suka ɗauka suna yin barazana ga dabbobin da aka jera a cikin ESA, masu fafutukar yanayi suna iya amfani da ESA don dakatar da ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.
Mataki na farko ga masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi shine tabbatar da cewa an jera nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi a cikin ESA ta Hukumar Kifi da namun daji (FWS). Yawancin lokaci wannan kadai na iya zama tsari mai tsayi. A cikin Disamba 2005 Cibiyar Diversity na Halittu ta haɗu tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu na Amurka (Greenpeace da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa) don neman a jera Arctic Polar Bear akan ESA. FWS a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Bush ta shimfiɗa tsarin tsawon shekaru, ta ɓace maɓalli masu mahimmanci da yawa da kuma jera nau'in a matsayin "barazana" maimakon haɗari yayin da kimiyya ta kasance a fili don goyon bayan jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari. Fuskantar matsin lamba na jama'a da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya FWS a hukumance ta jera nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Mayu 2008.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa, ko NEPA, ta gane cewa ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na iya yin tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna buƙatar duk hukumomin tarayya su yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli lokacin yin "manyan ayyukan tarayya". Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar kimanta muhalli (EA) ko kuma ingantaccen bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS), yadda cikakken nazarin ya dogara da yanayin aikin da aka tsara. NEPA ba ta buƙatar canjin yanayi ko iskar gas a duk faɗin EA da EIS, amma yawancin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi za su kai kara a ƙarƙashin NEPA suna masu cewa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi ya isa ya kamata a haɗa su.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Tsabtace Iska
Dokar Tsabtace iska, ko CAA, tana daidaita gurɓataccen iska duka daga tushen tsaye da na hannu. An zartar da dokar a cikin 1970s kafin a sami ilimi mai yawa game da iskar gas (GHGs) amma a cikin 2007 Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar EPA dole ne ta tsara GHGs a ƙarƙashin CAA saboda sanannen Massachusetts vs. Farashin EPA. Sakamakon haka, masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi sun sami damar yin amfani da CAA a matsayin wata hanya ta yaƙi da hayaƙin GHG don yaƙi da haɓakar canjin yanayi.
A cikin 2009 jihar California ta sami damar yin amfani da CAA don ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin hayaƙin abin hawa fiye da daidaitattun ƙasa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da gwamnatin Obama ta ɗauki waɗannan tsauraran ƙa'idodin hayaƙi a matakin ƙasa. An kira waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Man Fetur (CAFE) kuma sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin GHGs.
Massachusetts v. EPA
Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na shari'ar canjin yanayi shine Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2007. Jihohin Amurka da dama ne suka kawo karar a gaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) bayan EPA ta ki daidaita carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a matsayin wani bangare na aikinsu a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (CAA) a 2003. Hukumar ta EPA ta yi jayayya cewa ikonsu a karkashin dokar tsaftar iska ita ce ta tsara “masu gurɓata iska”, wanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas ba su faɗo a ƙarƙashinsa ba, don haka ba za a iya amfani da ƙa'idodi ba. Jihohi, kamar Massachusetts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan hayaƙi na iya haifar da lahani da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ga jihohinsu, kamar ta hanyar haɓakar matakan teku, don haka ya kamata a kalli fitar da hayakin a matsayin mai cutarwa a ƙarƙashin CAA kuma cikin ikon EPA na daidaitawa. Yayin da EPA da farko ta yi nasara a Kotun Daukaka Kara, Kotun Koli, a kan yanke shawara na 5-4, ta amince da jihohin cewa an nuna carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas na cutarwa, kuma ya buƙaci EPA ta tsara su.
Juliana v. Amurka
A cikin 2015, da dama daga cikin matasan Amirka, da Ƙungiyarmu ta Yara ta wakilta, sun shigar da ƙarar gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 2015, suna masu cewa za a cutar da rayuwarsu a nan gaba saboda gazawar gwamnati don rage sauyin yanayi. Duk da yake an shigar da kararraki iri ɗaya kuma kotuna ta kore su saboda dalilai da yawa, Juliana v. Amurka ta samu karbuwa lokacin da wata alƙali Ann Aiken ta yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar tana da cancantar ta ci gaba, kuma "tsarin yanayi da zai iya dorewar rayuwar ɗan adam" wani hakki ne na asali a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Tuni dai gwamnatin Amurka ta yi yunƙurin yin watsi da shari'ar ta hanyar ƙalubalen kalubale daban-daban ga binciken Aiken, amma har yanzu ana jiran matakin da kotu ta ɗauka.
Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam
A cikin Satumba 2019, gungun yara shida da matasa daga Portugal sun shigar da kara a Kotun Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam . Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) ta goyi bayansu, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar tsauraran matakan sauyin yanayi don kiyaye lafiyar jikinsu da tunaninsu na gaba. Kotun ta bukaci gwamnatocin kasashen Turai 33 da su yi bayani nan da watan Fabrairun 2021 ko gazawarsu na magance dumamar yanayi ya saba wa Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.
Wasu kasashe
Bayan gagarumin hukuncin da Netherlands ta yanke a shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyoyi a wasu ƙasashe sun gwada irin wannan tsarin shari'a. Misali, kungiyoyi sun je kotu domin kare mutane daga sauyin yanayi a Brazil, Belgium, India, New Zealand, Norway, Afirka ta Kudu, Switzerland da kuma Amurka
A Pakistan a cikin 2015 Babban Kotun Lahore ta yanke hukunci a Asghar Leghari vs. Tarayyar Pakistan cewa gwamnati na keta manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasa na 2012 da Tsarin Aiwatar da Manufofin Canjin Yanayi (2014-2030) ta hanyar gaza cimma manufofin da manufofin suka tsara. Dangane da haka, an bukaci kafa hukumar sauyin yanayi domin taimakawa Pakistan cimma burinta na yanayi.
A cikin 2018, iyalai goma daga kasashen Turai, Kenya da Fiji sun shigar da kara a gaban Tarayyar Turai saboda barazanar da ake yi wa gidajensu sakamakon hayakin yanayi na EU.
Wasu gungun yara a Colombia sun kai karar gwamnati don kare dazuzzukan Amazon daga sare dazuzzukan saboda gudunmuwar sarewar da ake yi wajen sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dajin Colombian "batun hakki ne" da ke buƙatar kariya da maidowa.
A cikin 2020, wata shari'ar kotun gudanarwa a Faransa, ta buƙaci gwamnatin Macron da ta sake duba manufofinsu don magance sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da cewa suna da mahimmanci don cika alkawuran yarjejeniyar Paris .
Manazarta |
8770 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep%20Tayyip%20Erdo%C4%9Fan | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | Banditry wani nau'in laifi ne da aka shirya ta hanyar aikata laifuka da suka shafi barazana ko amfani da kuma tashin hankali . Mutumin da ya shiga aikin 'yan fashi an san shi da ɗan fashi kuma da farko yana aikata laifuka kamar ƙwace, fashi, da kuma kisan kai, ko dai a matsayin mutum ɗaya ko cikin ƙungiyoyi. Banditry ra'ayi ne mara ma'ana game da aikata laifi kuma a cikin amfani na zamani na iya zama daidai da ƙungiya -ƙungiya, ɓarayi, ɓarayi, da ɓarayi .
Ma'anoni
Kalmar ɗan fashi (wanda aka gabatar da Ingilishi ta hanyar Italiyanci kusan 1590) ya samo asali ne daga farkon aikin shari'ar Jamus na haramtattun masu laifi, wanda ake kira *bannan ( haramcin Ingilishi). Kalmar doka a Daular Roman Mai Tsarki ita ce Acht ko Reichsacht, wanda aka fassara shi da " haramtacciyar sarauta ". A cikin Italiyanci na zamani kalmar daidai "bandito" a zahiri tana nufin haramtacce ko wanda aka hana.
The New English Dictionary kan Historical Principles (Ned) ayyana "ɗan fashi" a 1885 a matsayin "wanda aka proscribed ko haramta . Saboda haka, a m matsananciyar marauder, a brigand : yawanci amfani da mambobi ne na shirya gangs wanda infest da duwatsu gundumomi na Italiya, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey ”.
A cikin amfani na zamani kalmar na iya zama ma'anar "ɓarawo", saboda haka kalmar " ɗan fashi da makami ɗaya " don injin caca wanda zai iya barin mai caca ba tare da kuɗi ba.
Dan fashi na zamantakewa
"' Yan ta'adda na zamantakewa " kalma ce da ɗan tarihi Eric Hobsbawm ya ƙirƙira ta a cikin littafinsa na dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da tara 1959 Primitive Rebels, nazarin shahararrun nau'ikan juriya wanda shima ya haɗa halayen da doka ta bayyana a matsayin haramtacce. Ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa filin a cikin Nazarin 'Yan fashi na dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969. Rikicin barayi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari wanda ya faru a cikin al'ummomi da yawa a cikin tarihin da aka yi rikodin, kuma har yanzu akwai nau'ikan ɓarna na zamantakewa, kamar yadda ya nuna ta hanyar fashin teku da ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka . Daga baya masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun kuma tattauna yadda ake amfani da kalmar don ƙarin nau'ikan laifuka na zamani, kamar ƙungiyoyin titi da tattalin arziƙin da ke da alaƙa da fataucin muggan kwayoyi .
Tarihi
Turai
Lokacin Medieval
Paparoma Sixtus na V ya kashe kimanin bandan bindiga dubu biyar 5,000 a cikin shekaru biyar kafin mutuwarsa a dubu daya da dari biyar da casa'in 1590, amma akwai ƙarin dubu ashirin da bakwai 27,000 a cikin 'yanci a duk tsakiyar Italiya .
Nazi Jamus
A cikin Nazi Jamus, koyarwar Bandenbekämpfung ("yaƙin 'yan fashi") yana nufin cewa an nuna abokan adawar jam'iyyar Nazi a matsayin "' yan fashi" - masu laifi masu haɗari waɗanda ba su cancanci la'akari da su a matsayin mutane ba. Duk wani 'yan adawa da aka mur da matsakaicin karfi da kuma, yawanci, da taro kisan fararen hula da suke zaune a partisan -controlled yankunan.
China
Kasar China
Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) a cikin Ming China dubu daya da dari uku da sittin da takwas zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arbain da hudu (1368 - 1644) gwamnatin Ming ta ayyana shi a matsayin “'fashi da karfi' wanda hukuncin kisa ne”. Amma a cikin daular, mutane sun shiga aikin 'yan fashi don dalilai daban -daban kuma aikin ɗan fashi yana da ruwa kuma na ɗan lokaci.
Dalilai da dama
Ming China galibi al'umma ce ta aikin gona kuma masu sa ido na zamani sun lura cewa yunwa da wahalar da ke biyo baya kan haifar da fashi. A cikin littafinsa na dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 Rashin Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Sama: Rikicin gama -gari a daular Ming, James W. Tong yana amfani da bayanai daga gazetteers na lardin da na lardin Ming da daular Qing don nazarin tsarin tashin hankali a lokacin daular Ming. Tong yayi nazarin cewa dole manoma su yi "zaɓin hankali" tsakanin tsira da mawuyacin yanayi da tsira ta hanyar ayyukan haram na 'yan fashi. Ya gano muhimman abubuwa da yawa a cikin lissafin manoma na ko su zama 'yan fashi ko a'a, kamar ikon gwamnati na hukunta' yan fashi. Tong ya kammala da cewa "ƙirar zaɓin sa mai hankali ya yi hasashen cewa za a sami ƙarin tawaye da 'yan fashi inda yuwuwar tsira da wahala ta kasance kaɗan amma yuwuwar rayuwa a matsayin mai ƙetare iyaka ce mafi girma." A sakamakon haka, Tong ya gano cewa 'yan fashi, kamar sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin gama gari, yana da yanayin sarari da na ɗan lokaci. Yan fashi sun mamaye ko'ina a lardunan kudancin (galibi Guangdong da Fujian) da rabi na daular dubu daya da dari biyar da shida zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arba'in da hudu (1506-1644).
Koyaya, Arewacin China da tsakiyar Ming (1450 - 1525) suna da rabonsu na fashi. Bandan fashi da makami sun kasance babba da yaɗuwar ofan fashin da ke addabar hanyoyi a kusa da babban birnin Beijing da kewayenta, ana sarrafa su kuma ana kiransu da Babban Birnin. Xiangmazei ('yan fashin kibiya masu busawa) wani rukuni ne na' yan fashin da aka saka mai suna bayan aikinsu na harba kibiyoyi don fadakar da wadanda abin ya shafa. Itsan bindiga masu harba iska sun dami yankin Babban Birnin a cikin shekaru talatin na farko na ƙarni na sha shida. Sun yi irin wannan babbar barazanar cewa an ba su kulawa ta musamman ta 'yan sanda kuma rashin kama su a kan lokaci ya haifar da hukunci mai tsanani (ana iya samun ƙarin bayani kan tsarin shari'ar Ming a Tarihin shari'ar manyan laifuka) .
Masanin tarihin Ming David M. Robinson ya gano wasu fitattun abubuwan da ke haifar da fashi a Yankin Babban Birnin. Yankin ya kasance talaucin aikin gona saboda ambaliyar ruwa akai -akai, don haka manoma ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Bugu da ƙari, tattalin arzikin Yankin ya ba da dama mai yawa na satar manyan hanyoyi. Baya ga bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin Beijing, Yankin ya kuma kunshi biranen kasuwanci da yawa; wadannan garuruwa ba wai kawai sun ja hankalin 'yan kasuwa ba har ma da' yan fashi. Har ila yau, Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa babba da yawa a Beijing sun koma yin fashi. Kamar yadda Shih-Shan Henry Tsai ya yi bayani, jefa kai kawai wata hanya ce ta kubuta daga talauci; kuma lokacin da gungun bābān ya kasa samun aikin yi a cikin gidan sarauta, sukan juya zuwa tashin hankalin jama'a.
Yankin Babban Birnin kuma ya ƙunshi sojoji da yawa tare da tsarin Ming na sojoji na gado kuma babban ɓangaren 'yan fashi ainihin sojoji ne da aka girke a yankin. A shekara ta 1449, sojojin Mongoliya da ke aikin Ming sun kai hari da kwace yankin Beijing. Wani rahoto na 1489 ya tabbatar da cewa sojoji sun kai hari a lardin Henan. Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa "matsanancin matsin tattalin arziki" ya tilasta wa sojoji amfani da haramtattun hanyoyi don yin rayuwa. Hakanan, manufofi da yanayi a Yankin Babban Birnin sun ba da dama ga sojoji/'yan bindiga su guji hukuncin gwamnati. A lokacin daular Ming, an raba ikon soja da na farar hula. Wannan ya kasance abin damuwa musamman lokacin da sojoji ke zaune nesa da manyan su: lokacin da sojoji suka yi fashi, jami'an farar hula ba su da ikon kama su. Manufar jigilar garuruwan da ke kusa zuwa Beijing don horon shekara -shekara ya kuma samar da damar yin fashi da makami. Wani jami'i ya ba da rahoton cewa sojojin da ke tafiya ta Babban Canal daga garuruwan da ke kusa da su zuwa babban birnin sun yi fashi da kisa kan matafiya da 'yan kasuwa; a kasa, wadannan sojoji sun fada cikin 'yan fashi ma.
Dabaru, ƙungiya, rayuwa, da haɗari
Dabarar itsan bindiga ta ƙunshi dabarun yaƙi don amfani da makamai iri -iri, daga baka da kibiyoyi zuwa takubba. Wata muhimmiyar fasaha kuma ita ce dokin dawakai, musamman a yankin Babban Birnin Arewa, inda 'yan fashi da makami suka fi yawa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, da yawan itsan fashi actuallyan haƙiƙanin sojoji ne kuma suna da damar yin amfani da damar amfani da makamai da makamai. Wata fasaha ita ce iya tura tubalan hanyoyi don tsayawa da farautar matafiya.
Da zarar sun mallaki kayayyaki da kayayyaki da karfi, sai 'yan bindiga su sayar da su. Wani rahoton hukuma na 1485 ya bayyana cewa mutanen yankin, wataƙila wasu suna aiki azaman shinge (duba Fences a Ming China ), sun sayi dabbobin da aka sata da kayayyaki daga 'yan fashin manyan hanyoyi a farashi mai rahusa. Robinson ya ci gaba da nuna cewa "[cibiyar sadarwa] mai tartsatsi don zubar da garuruwan da aka sace da aka haɗa" a cikin Babban Birnin zuwa lardunan da ke kusa.
Aikinsa ko asalin ɗan fashi ya kasance na dindindin. Wasu 'yan fashi a zahiri sun sami kwanciyar hankali har ma sun yi aure. Veritable Records of the Ming Daular Ming ya ba da labarin cewa babban ɗan fashin nan Zhang Mao yana zaune a cikin wani babban gida a garin Wenan. Hakazalika, abokan Zhang Liu Brothers da Tiger Yang suna da mata da yara.
'Yan ta'adda galibi suna yin aiki a ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin shugabanni ɗaya ko fiye. Waɗannan shuwagabannin masu kwarjini ba ƙwararru ba ne kawai wajen faɗa da hawa amma kuma sun mallaki jari da jari. Daya daga cikin jagororin abin koyi shine Zhang Mao na Wenan. Ya tara dimbin mabiya kuma ta hanyar amfani da alaƙar sa da dukiyar sa, ya sami damar cin hanci da yin mu'amala da manyan fāda a kotun.
Tabbas, gwamnatin Ming ta yi amfani da hannu mai ƙarfi don murƙushe 'yan fashi. Kwamandoji da 'yan sanda na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin cafke' yan fashi, amma sarakuna kan aika da naurar musamman don shawo kan matsalar 'yan fashi. Ning Gao yana daya daga cikin masu tace 1509, kuma ya yi amfani da munanan hanyoyi kamar nuna kawunan da aka yanke da sassan jiki don kashe 'yan fashin da ke akwai da kuma tsoratar da wadanda za su iya. Ban da tserewa zuwa filaye masu wahala, 'yan fashi masu ƙarfi sun yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar su da manyan mutane a babban birnin don tattauna lafiya. A wani lokaci, mashahurin marubuci Zhang Zhong ya taimaki ɗan'uwansa da aka rantsar Zhang Mao don tattaunawa da kwamandan da aka aika don farautar 'yan fashin. Koyaya, irin wannan tallafin bai bada garantin rigakafi ba. Wani jami'i mai tasiri da ƙuduri, wanda manyan masu fada aji ko fadawa ke ba da karfi, na iya yin babbar barazana ga rayuwar 'yan fashi. Ta hanyar kai farmaki mai kyau, Ning Gao, abokin hulɗar wani babban mashahurin Liu Jin, ya sami nasarar raunata kuma ya kama Zhang Mao, wanda daga nan aka kai shi Beijing aka kashe shi.
Hanyoyin 'yan fashi a nan gaba
Duk da cewa 'yan fashin sun fuskanci hukuncin kisa, har yanzu ana iya sanya su cikin tsarin mulki, suna aiki a matsayin' yan sanda na gida da sojoji na sirri da jami'ai ke aiki da su don samun tsari da murkushe 'yan fashi. Irin wannan canjin ba na dindindin bane kuma ana iya juyawa sau da yawa. Tiger Yang ya taɓa yin hidimar soja na sirri na Ning Gao da aka ambata kafin ya koma ɗan fashi; Hakazalika, lokacin da ake fuskantar rashin aikin yi, wasu daga cikin tsoffin 'yan fashi na Ning sun shiga cikin shugabannin' yan fashi Liu Brothers.
Aikin bandan ta'adda sau da yawa yakan jagoranci shugabanni don tara ƙarin itsan fashi da armyan gudun hijira da tsara ganan ƙungiyoyin farauta cikin ƙungiyoyin rebelan tawaye. Misali ɗaya shine Gao Yingxiang, wanda ya fara zama ɗan fashi a Shaanxi kuma daga baya ya zama babban jagoran 'yan tawaye a ƙarshen Ming. Wani misalin zai kasance Deng Maoqi, ɗan fashi a Fujian wanda ya yi fashi a kan hanyoyi da ƙauyuka a ƙarshen 1440s. Gangan ƙungiyarsa ta itsan ta'adda sun girma zuwa rundunar 'yan tawaye kuma Deng ya kai hari kan gwamnati a Fujian. 'Yan tawayen' yan ta'adda ba kowa bane a ƙarshen Ming. A cikin 1510 da 1511, ƙungiyoyin 'yan fashi da yawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang sun kai farmaki Shandong da Henan. Ayyukansu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun haifar da tawaye a bayyane ga Daular Ming yayin da suka mamaye biranen da ba a san su ba, suka kwace makamai na masarautar, faɗaɗa yankin aiki zuwa kudu, har ma sun ɗauki maganganu da suturar daular sarauta. Tawayen ya ɗauki Ming kusan shekaru biyu don murkushe.
Hakazalika, ƙaramin ƙungiyoyin 'yan fashi na cikin gida na iya ƙarasa shiga cikin manyan kungiyoyin' yan tawaye. Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa a bayyane 'yan fashi sun fahimci fa'idar tallafa wa' yan tawaye amma kuma za a iya kore su su shiga; a sakamakon haka, 'yan tawayen na 1510 sun ja hankalin' yan fashi da yawa na cikin gida yayin da suke tafiya daga wannan wuri zuwa wani.
Marauding yana daya daga cikin halayen da manoma suka saba gani na zalunci da wahala. A farkon Jamhuriyyar China, haɓakar rundunonin mayaƙan yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Mulki shima yana tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa na ayyukan 'yan fashi da ke amfani da rashin bin doka. Ya zuwa shekarar 1930, an kiyasta jimillar yawan ‘yan fashi miliyan 20.
Duba kuma
Bagaudae, 'yan fashi a kusa da Pyrenees a Daular Roma
'Yan fashi a Chile
Hajduks, 'yan fashi a yankin Balkan
'Yan bindigar Sardiniya
Dacoity, kalmar Hindi don fashi
Fence, yana taimaka wa 'yan fashi sayar da kayan da aka sace.
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20A%20Afrika | Mata A Afrika | Al'adu, juyin halitta, da tarihin matan da aka haifa a ciki, suke zaune a ciki, kuma daga nahiyar Afirka suna nuna juyin halitta da tarihin nahiyar Afirka kanta.
An gudanar da gajerun nazari da dama dangane da tarihin mata a ƙasashen Afirka. Yawancin karatu suna mayar da hankali kan matsayi na tarihi da matsayi na mata a wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, irin su Masar, Habasha, Maroko, Nigeria Lesotho, da kuma yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara . Kwanan nan, masana sun fara mayar da hankali kan juyin halittar mata a tsawon tarihin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kafofin da ba a saba amfani da su ba, kamar wakokin Malawi, fasahohin saka a Sakkwato, da kuma ilimin harshe na tarihi.
Matsayin mata a Afirka ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna. Misali, Ruwanda ita ce ƙasa ɗaya tilo a duniya da mata ke rike da fiye da rabin kujeru a majalisar dokoki - kashi 51.9% a watan Yulin shekara ta 2019, amma Maroko tana da minista mace guda a majalisar ministocinta. An yi gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar samar da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, wadda ke ƙarfafa ƙasashe mambobin ƙungiyar su kawo ƙarshen wariya da cin zarafin mata. Ban da Maroko da Burundi, duk kasashen Afirka sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Duk da haka, duk da wadannan yunƙurin zuwa daidaito, mata har yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban da suka shafi rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, kamar rashin daidaito na talauci da ilimi, rashin lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, rashin ikon siyasa, iyakancewar aikin aiki, cin zarafin jinsi, kaciya . da auren yara .
Tarihin matan Afirka
Nazarin tarihin matan Afirka ya fito a matsayin fage jim kaɗan bayan tarihin Afirka ya zama abin da ake mutuntawa na ilimi. Masana tarihi irin su Jan Vansina da Walter Rodney sun tilasta wa ɗaliban ƙasashen yamma su amince da wanzuwar al'ummomin Afirka da jahohin da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka bayan yunkurin 'yancin kai na Afirka na shekarun 1960, kodayake sun fi mayar da hankali kan tarihin maza. Ester Boserup, masanin tattalin arziki na tarihi, ta buga littafinta mai ban mamaki, Rawar Mata a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, a cikin shekara ta 1970. Wannan littafi ya kwatanta rawar da mata suka taka a tarihin Afirka a matsayin masu samar da tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tsarin mulkin mallaka ya rushe . A cikin shekarun 1980, masana sun tattara bayanan tarihin matan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar, alal misali, binciken George Brooks na shekara ta 1976 na mata yan kasuwa a Senegal kafin mulkin mallaka, Margaret Jean Hays ta 1976 nazarin yadda sauyin tattalin arziki a Kenya yan mulkin mallaka ya shafi matan Luo, da kuma Nazarin Kristin Mann a 1985 akan aure a Najeriya . A tsawon lokaci, masana tarihi sun yi muhawara game da matsayi da matsayi na mata a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka, sun bincika yadda mata suka magance canje-canjen nau'i na zalunci, sunyi nazarin yadda abubuwan mamaki kamar na gida suka zama jinsi, sun gano matsayin mata a gwagwarmayar ƙasa don samun 'yancin kai, har ma sun yi jayayya da cewa nau'in "mace" a wasu lokuta ba za a iya amfani da shi a cikin yanayin mulkin mallaka ba. An nuna mata a matsayin masu taka rawar tarihi, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a kusan kowane yanki na Afirka tsawon ƙarni.
Al'adu
A cikin gida
Daga cikin shekara ta 1940s har zuwa lokacin da Maroko ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga tarbiyar Faransa a Shekara ta 1956, matan Moroccan suna rayuwa a cikin rukunin dangi waɗanda ke “gidaje na rufaffiyar” ko kuma haramun . A hankali al'adar salon rayuwar haramun ga mata ta ƙare bayan samun 'yancin kai daga ƙasar Faransa a 1956.
Sashin ma'aikata na al'ada a Senegal yana ganin matan Senegal suna da alhakin ayyukan gida kamar dafa abinci, tsaftacewa, da kula da yara. Haka kuma sun dauki nauyin aikin noma mai yawa, da suka haɗa da ciyayi da kuma girbin amfanin gona na yau da kullun kamar shinkafa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sauyin tattalin arziki da ci gaban birane ya sa samari da yawa yin hijira zuwa birane kamar Dakar . Matan karkara sun kara kaimi wajen sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji na kauyuka da kuma sana’ar gero da injinan shinkafa.
A cikin al'umma
An ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a duk faɗin nahiyar a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, mata suna rike da masarautu a kansu, kuma wasu kabilu ma suna da al'adu don ba da haƙƙin daular zuwa ga sarauta ga zuriyar sarauta ta hanyar matrilineal (misali, Asanteman, Balobedu, Ijawland, daular Wolof ). Mulkin mallaka ya lalata ikon waɗannan masarautu da al'adu, kuma ya ƙarfafa abin da ya kasance a lokacin da ya riga ya hau kan sarauta daga baya. Hakan ya fuskanci adawa mai zafi, wanda aka fi sani da rikicin mata a Abeokuta a Najeriya. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu sun ƙarfafa ƙa’idojin jinsi da tsarin ajin da suka gada daga magabatan su ‘yan mulkin mallaka, saboda dukkanin gwamnatocin farko da na biyu na gwamnatocin Afrika sun kasa maido da mulkin gargajiya na mata. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin adawa, kuma a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata an sami gagarumin ci gaba a cikin lamarin.
Matan da aka yi wa lakabi da su a tarihin Afirka sun hada da Fatim Beye, Ndoye Demba da Ndate Yalla Mbodj na Senegal, Moremi, Idia, Amina, Orompoto, Nana Asma'u da Efunroye Tinubu na Najeriya, Yaa Asantewaa na Ghana, Yennenga na Burkina Faso, Hangbe na Benin, Makeda, Zawditu da Embet Ilen na Habasha da Eritrea, Nandi na Afirka ta Kudu da Hatshepsut na Masar. Dukkanin ana yaba su azaman abin ƙarfafawa ga matan Afirka na zamani. Yawancin matan Afirka na wannan zamani membobi ne na kungiyar Queens and Women Cultural Networks Network, kungiyar sa kai .
A cikin adabi
Fitattun marubutan Afirka sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukansu kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata musamman a Afirka, ciki har da Nawal El Saadawi (a cikin littattafai irin su Woman at Point Zero da The Hidden Face of Eve ), Flora Nwapa ( Efuru ), Ama Ata Aidoo ( Anowa, Canje-canje ). : Labarin Soyayya ), da Buchi Emecheta ( Farashin Amarya, Yarinyar Bauta, Farin Ciki na Iyaye ).
Ilimi
Yankin Saharar Afirka
Duk da cewa kasashen dake kudu da hamadar sahara sun samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen samar da ilimi ga maza da mata, kashi 23% na 'yan mata ba sa samun ilimin firamare. Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar yarinya da ilimin uwa suna tasiri sosai ga ikonta na samun ilimi Ba tare da samun sauƙin shiga makarantu ba, yawancin iyaye mata ne na farko kuma watakila kawai nau'in ilimin da yarinya za ta iya samu. A Cote d'Ivoire, 'yan mata sun fi zuwa makarantar sakandare sau 35 idan mahaifinsu ya kammala karatun jami'a. Yayin da kashi 40% na ‘yan mata ke yin aure kafin su kai shekara 18 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, ‘yan mata kan tilasta wa barin makaranta don fara iyali. Auren wuri yana ƙarfafa imanin al'adun cewa tarbiyyar 'ya'ya mata ɓarna ce ta dukiya domin iyaye ba za su sami wata fa'ida ta tattalin arziki ba da zarar 'yar su ta auri wani dangi. Wannan yana haifar da al'amuran da aka fi sani da son son ɗa, inda iyalai za su zaɓi su tura 'ya'yansu maza makaranta maimakon 'ya'yansu mata saboda tattalin arzikin da 'ya'yan maza masu ilimi za su iya samun iyali. Bugu da kari, 'yan matan da suke zuwa makaranta suna zuwa makarantun da ba su da inganci. Makarantun da ba su da inganci suna da alaƙa da rashin bayar da kwas da kuma raunin shirye-shiryen ma'aikata. Wani batu a tsarin ilimi shi ne rarrabuwar darussan makaranta ta jinsi. 'Yan mata sun fi yin kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar gida da ilmin halitta, yayin da maza suka fi samun ilimin lissafi, ilmin sinadarai, injiniyanci, da koyar da sana'o'i. A cewar Cibiyar Kididdiga ta UNESCO, kashi 58.8% na mata sun yi karatu a shekarar 2018. Koyaya, yawan karatun karatu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya sha banban sosai daga kasar Chadi mai kashi 14% na mata idan aka kwatanta da Seychelles 96%.
Afirka ta Kudu
A cewar binciken da Rowena Martineau ta yi kan bambance-bambancen ilimi tsakanin maza da mata a Afirka ta Kudu, an yi watsi da mata a tarihi a cikin tsarin ilimi. Wasu shingaye da mata ke fuskanta wajen samun ilimi shi ne kasancewar iliminsu bai fi 'yan uwansu fifiko ba, cin zarafi wani lamari ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma abin tsoro ne da yaduwa a cikin al'umma, da matsi na zamantakewar aure da samun iyali duk yana hana mata damar samun ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun zaɓi karatun aikin jinya da koyarwa fiye da kowace sana'a, wanda ke daɗa hana su shiga ayyukan da ake biyan kuɗi mafi girma a STEM, wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.
Saliyo
Tun bayan kafuwar kasar Saliyo a shekara ta 1787, matan kasar Saliyo sun kasance babban tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar. Har ila yau, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ilimi, da kafa makarantu da kwalejoji, inda aka karrama wasu kamar Hannah Benka-Coker da gina mutum-mutumi saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar da Lati Hyde-Forster, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri. Kwalejin Fourah Bay da Jami'ar Saliyo ta karrama shi da digirin digiri na shari'a.
Angola
A Angola, an kafa ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Mata ta Angola don samar da sauƙin samun ilimi da ikon jefa kuri'a. Kungiyar ta kuma ba da shawarar zartar da dokar yaki da wariya da karatu.
Arewacin Afirka
Ƙasashe bakwai—Algeria, Masar, Libya, Maroko, Sudan, Tunisia, da Sahara ta Yamma—wadanda ke Arewacin Afirka suna da muhallin karatu na musamman saboda arzikin da suke da shi da kuma karfin imaninsu na Musulunci. An bayyana ka'idojin jinsi da matsayinsu sosai don kare mutunci da mutuncin mata, wanda ba da gangan ba ya zama shinge ga mata su sami ilimi daidai gwargwado kamar yadda ake son mata su zauna a gida su tara iyali. Wadannan tsammanin jinsi na rage darajar ilimin mata da hana 'yan mata samun ilimi. Sakamakon haka, kasashen arewacin Afirka kamar Masar da Maroko sun fi yawan jahilci ga mata fiye da sauran ƙasashe masu irin wannan GDP. Hakazalika da yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, mata sun fi yawa a cikin sana'o'in koyarwa, likitanci, da jin dadin jama'a. An ƙara ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin jinsi ta hanyar cewa kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata ne kawai ke cikin aikin aiki. Wannan yana haifar da mummunan yanayi inda ake tsammanin mata su zauna a gida, tare da hana su ci gaba da samun ilimi, da kuma haifar da shinge ga mata don samun ilimi da basirar da ake bukata don samun aikin yi.
Maroko
Adadin karatun mata na Morocco ya kai kashi 65%, wanda har yanzu ya yi kasa sosai fiye da na Arewacin Afirka na mata da kashi 73%. Matan Morocco suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari na yarda da matsayin jinsi da tsammanin. Binciken da Agnaou ya yi a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa kashi 40% na matan da ba su iya karatu ba, babban abin da ke hana mata samun ilimi shi ne iyayensu. Saboda ra'ayoyin al'umma na "ilimi" da "ilimi" a matsayin maza, babu wata manufa mai karfi da za ta ƙulla don ilmantar da mata a Maroko. An yi yakin neman karatu daban-daban da gwamnati ta gudanar kamar yadda aka kafa Cibiyar Karatun Manya a 1997 da Yarjejeniya Ta Ilimi da Koyarwa ta Kasa. Waɗannan kamfen ɗin karatu sun sami nasarori daban-daban wajen rage jahilci saboda ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin albarkatun ɗan adam, da rashin fahimtar al'adu.
Siyasa
Arewacin Afirka
Aljeriya
Ana kallon Aljeriya a matsayin kasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma matsayin mata ya nuna hakan. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashen yankin ba, an tanadi daidaiton mata a cikin dokokin Aljeriya da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Za su iya kada kuri'a da tsayawa takarar mukaman siyasa.
Tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, shugabannin Libya sun himmatu wajen inganta yanayin mata amma suna cikin tsarin Larabci da Musulunci. Babban jigon juyin juya halin 1969 shine karfafawa mata da kuma kawar da matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa. A jamhuriyar Nijar, yawancin dokokin da gwamnatin Nijar ta amince da su na kare haƙƙin matan Nijar, galibi sun dogara ne kan akidar musulmi .
Afirka ta Yamma
Benin
Halin ‘ yancin mata a Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulki, da kuma zartar da kundin tsarin mulki da na iyali a shekarar 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa.
Najeriya
'Yanci da 'yancin da mata a Afirka ke da su na shiga harkokin shugabanci da gudanar da zabe ya sha bamban da kasashe da ma kabilun da ke cikin kasa daya. Misali a Najeriya mata a Kudancin Najeriya suna da ‘yancin kada kuri’a tun a shekarar 1950 kuma sun tsaya takara a zaben 1959 a Najeriya, yayin da matan Arewacin Najeriya ba su iya zabe ko tsayawa takara ba sai 1976 .
Afirka ta Tsakiya
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Mata a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ba su kai ga samun cikakkiyar daidaito da maza ba, yayin da gwagwarmayarsu ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har yau. Duk da cewa gwamnatin Mobutu ta yi watsi da muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma, kuma ko da yake mata suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin doka (misali 'yancin mallakar dukiya da 'yancin shiga a fagagen tattalin arziki da siyasa), al'ada da ƙaƙƙarfan doka har yanzu suna da iyaka. damar su. Daga 1939 zuwa 1943, sama da kashi 30% na manyan matan Kongo a Stanleyville (yanzu Kisangani ) sun yi rajista sosai. Harajin da suka biya shine tushen kudaden haraji na biyu mafi girma ga Stanleyville.
Gabashin Afirka
Seychelles
Mata a Seychelles suna more haƙƙoƙin doka, siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kamar maza. Al'ummar Seychelles ita ce ainihin matrirchal . Iyaye mata sukan kasance masu rinjaye a cikin gida, suna sarrafa yawancin abubuwan da ake kashewa da kuma kula da bukatun yara. Uwar da ba a yi aure ba ita ce al’adar al’umma, kuma doka ta bukaci iyaye su tallafa wa ’ya’yansu . Maza suna da mahimmanci don iya samun kuɗinsu, amma aikinsu na gida yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan. Tsofaffi mata yawanci suna iya dogaro da tallafin kuɗi daga ’yan uwa da ke zaune a gida ko kuma gudummawar kuɗin da yaran da suka girma suka samu.
Su ma matan Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu sun kasance masu fafutuka a fagen ‘yantar da su, ta hanyar samar da abinci da matsuguni ga sojoji, da kula da yara da kuma kula da jarumai da jarumta wadanda suka jikkata a lokacin gwagwarmayar siyasarsu kafin samun ‘yancin kai. Misali shine kafuwarsu ta Katiba Banat ko bataliya ta mata.
Sudan
Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi . Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekara ta 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW). Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan .
Cin zarafin jinsi
Yarjejeniyar Maputo ta Tarayyar Afirka ta 2003 ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata da aka danganta da jinsi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ma'ana "dukkan ayyukan da ake yi wa mata wanda ke haifar da cutarwa ta jiki, jima'i, tunani, da tattalin arziki, gami da barazanar daukar irin wadannan ayyukan; ko don aiwatar da sanya takunkumi na sabani akan ko tauye yancin kai a cikin zaman sirri ko na jama'a a lokacin zaman lafiya da lokacin rikice-rikice na maƙami ko na yaƙi. . ." .
Kariyar doka don cin zarafin jima'i
A jamhuriyar Benin, aiwatar da dokar hana fyade, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, yana da nasaba da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin ‘yan sanda, da kuma fargabar cin mutuncin jama’a. Rashin cancantar 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton kararraki, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri.
Kaciyar mata
A wasu al'adun Afirka, ana kallon kaciyar mata a matsayin hanyar da ta saba shiga mace kuma hanya ce ta tsarkake jikin mace. Akwai matakai guda hudu na kaciyar mata: Nau'i na daya ya hada da cire kwarjinin gaba ɗaya, Nau'i na 2 ya wuce nau'in 1 kuma yana cire ƙananan labia shima, Nau'i na 3 yana dinke farji bayan an yi nau'in nau'in 2, kuma Nau'i na 4 shine duk wani katsewa. farji nama. Hanyar yana da zafi sosai kuma sau da yawa ana yin shi ba tare da ingantaccen kayan aikin likita da hanyoyin tsabta ba wanda ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da ciwo mai tsanani. Ana yiwa mata kaciya a ƙasashen Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Egypt, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Central African Republic, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Saliyo da sauransu.
Cin mata
An fayyace ma'anar kisan kai a matsayin "kisan mata da gangan," wanda ya haɗa da kisan gilla, kisan sadaki, laifuffukan ƙiyayya da jima'i, da kisan gilla. A cewar wani bincike na shekara taa 2013 da Abrahams ya yi, Afirka ta Kudu tana da matsayi na huɗu na kisan gilla mata tare da 12.9 cikin 100,000 mata da abokan haɗin gwiwa ke kashewa a Afirka ta Kudu kowace shekara. Tare da adadin mata 7.5/100,000, mata a Afirka ta Kudu sun fi mace-mace a Amurka sau huɗu ana kashe su da bindiga.
Duba kuma
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Matan Afirka
Gabaɗaya matsayin mata a Afirka, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
978-0-19-984673-3
Agnes Loteta Dimandja, Matsayi da Matsayin Mata a cikin Al'ummomin Afirka Kudu da Sahara , 30 Yuli 2004
Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing (masu gyara), Mata a Afirka da ƴan Afirka na Afirka
Chichi Nwoko-Ud, "Chebe ya jaddada rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummar Afirka"
Mata a cikin Jama'a (Afirka ta Kudu)
Afirka ta Kudu
Afrika
Afirka ta Tsakiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14250 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauren%20yan%20majalisar%20dokokin%20Jihar%20Kano | Zauren yan majalisar dokokin Jihar Kano | Majalisar Dokokin jihar Kano ita ce majalisar jihar Kano, Najeriya .
Wakilan majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na 9 tsakanin 2019 - 2023
Rt. Hon Abdul'aziz Garba Gafasa Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya (APC) (Ajingi Constituency )
Ho n. Eng Hamisu IbrahimMataimakin Shugaban Majalisar (APC) (Mazabar Makoda)
Hon. Labaran Abdul Madari Mai Girma Jagora (APC) (Yankin Warawa)
Hon. Ayuba Labaran Alhassan Chief Whip (APC) (Kabo Constituency)
Hon. Kabiru Hassan Dashi (APC) Mataimakin Shugaban Masu rinjaye (Maigirma Kiru)
Hon Hayatu Musa Dorawar Sallau Mataimakin Whip (APC) (Kura / Garun Malam Mazabar)
Rt. Hon. Shugaban karamar Hukumar Isyaku Ali Danja (PDP) (mazabar Gezawa)
Hon. Garba Shehu Fammar Mataimakin Shugaban marasa rinjaye (PDP) (Gundumar Kibiya)
Hon. Muhammad Ballo Butu-Butu (APC) (Rimin Gado / mazabar Tofa)
Hon. Nuraddeen Alhassan Ahmad (APC) (Rano Constituency)
Hon. Jibril Isma’il Falgore (APC) (Rikicin Rogo)
Hon Tukur Muhammad (PDP) (Gundumar Fagge)
Hon. Salisu Maje Ahmad Gwangwazo (PDP) (Karamar hukuma)
Hon. Lawal Rabi’u (PDP) (Gundumar Tarauni)
Hon. Umar Musa Gama (PDP) (Gundumar Nassarawa)
Hon. Aminu Saadu (PDP) (Gundumar Ungoggo)
Hon. Lawal Hussain (PDP) (Tsarin Dala)
Hon. Yusuf Babangida Suleiman (PDP) (Gwale Constituency)
Hon Mudassir Ibrahim (PDP) (Mazabar Kumbotso)
Hon. Muhammad Elyakub (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Dawaki Kudu)
Hon. Kabiru Yusuf Isma’il (APC) (Mazabar Madobi)
Hon Tasi'u Ibrahim Zabainawa (APC) (Mazabar Minjibir)
Hon. Muhammad Dan'azumi (APC) (Gabawa Constituency)
Hon. Saleh Ahmed Marke (APC) (Dawaki Tofa mazabun)
Hon. Kabiru Hassan Dashi (APC) (Kiru Constituency)
Hon. Nasiru Abdullahi Dutsen Amare (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Karaye)
Hon. Abubakar Danladi Isah (APC) (Gaya Constituency)
Hon. Abba Ibrahim Garko (APC) (Garko Constituency)
Hon. Zubairu Hamza Masu (APC) (Sumaila Constituency)
Hon. Musa Ali Kachako (APC) (Takai mazabar )
Hon. Sunusi Usman Bataiya (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Albasu)
Hon. Garba Ya’u Gwarmai (APC) (Mazabar Kunchi / Tsanyawa)
Hon. Abdullahi Iliyasu Yaryasa (APC) (Tudun Wada Constituency)
Hon. Lawal Shehu (APC) (Bichi Constituency)
Hon. Abubakar U. Galadima (APC) (Mazabar Bebeji)
Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah Shanono (APC) (Gundumar Bagwai / Shanono)
Hon. Muhammad Uba Gurjiya (APC) (Bunkure Constituency)
Hon. Salisu Ibrahim Muhammad (APC) (Mazabar Doguwa)
Hon. Murtala Musa Kore (APC) (Dambatta Constituency)
Hon. Yunusa Haruna Kayyu (APC) (Gwarzo Constituency)
Wakilan majalisa ta 8 tsakanin 2015 - 2019
1. Rt. Hon. Kabiru Alhassan Rurum (APC) Kakakin Majalisa (Rano Constituency)
Na biyu. Hon. Engr Hamisu Ibrahim Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar (APC) (Mazabar Makoda)
3. Hon. Baffa Babba Dan'Agundi (APC) Mai Girma Jagora (Gundarin Municipal)
4. Hon. Kabiru Hassan Dashi (APC) Mataimakin Shugaban Masu rinjaye (Maigirma Kiru)
5. Hon. Labaran Abdul Madari Chief Whip (APC) (Yankin Warawa)
6. Hon. Ayuba Labaran Alhassan Mafi rinjaye Whip (APC) (Kabo Constituency)
7. Hon. Abdullahi Muhammad (PDP) Shugaban marasa rinjaye (Kura / Garum Malam Maigirma)
8. Rt Hon. Yusuf Abdullahi Ata (APC) (Mazabar Fagge)
9. Rt. Hon. Isyaku Ali Danja (PDP) (Mazaunin Gezawa)
10. Rt. Hon. Yusuf Abdullahi Falgore (PDP) (Gundumar Rogo)
11. Rt. Hon Abdul'aziz Garba Gafasa (APC) (Ajingi Constituency)
12. Hon. Abubakar Zakari Muhahammad (APC) (Mazabar Tarauni)
13. Hon. Ibrahim Ahmad Gama (APC) (Mazabar Nassarawa)
14. Hon. Tasi'u Rabi'u Panshekara (APC) (Gundumar Ungoggo)
15. Hon. Babangida Alhassan Yusuf (APC) (Dagacin Dala)
16. Hon. Yusuf Babangida Suleiman (APC) (Gwale Constituency)
17. Hon Naziru Zakari Sheka (APC) (mazabar Kumbotso)
18. Hon. Ibrahim M. Dawakiji (APC) (Gundumar Dawaki Kudu)
19. Hon. Zubair Mahmuda (PDP) (Yanayin Madobi)
20. Hon Tasi'u Ibrahim Zabainawa (APC) (Mazabar Minjibir)
21. Hon. Muhammad Dan'azumi (APC) (Mazabar Gabasawa)
22. Hon. Saleh Ahmed Marke (APC) (Dawaki Tofa mazabun)
23. Hon. Muhammad Ballo Butu-Butu (APC) (Rimin Gado / mazabar Tofa)
24. Hon. Nasiru Abdullahi Dutsen Amare (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Karaye)
25. Hon. Suyudi Mahmuda Kademi (APC) (Gaya Constituency)
26. Hon. Abba Ibrahim Garko (APC) (Garko Constituency)
27. Hon. Zubairu Hamza Masu (APC) (Sumaila Constituency)
28. Hon. Musa Ali Kachako (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Takai)
29. Hon. Sunusi Usman Bataiya (APC) (Karamar Hukumar Albasu)
30. Hon. Nuhu Abdullahi Achika (APC) (Wudil Constituency)
31. Hon. Garba Ya’u Gwarmai (APC) (Mazabar Kunchi / Tsanyawa)
32. Hon. Abdullahi Iliyasu Yaryasa (APC) (Tudun Wada Constituency)
33. Hon. Hamza S. Bichi (PDP) (Bichi Constituency)
34. Hon. Abubakar U. Galadima (APC) (Mazabar Bebeji)
35. Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah Shanono (APC) (Gundumar Bagwai / Shanono)
36. Hon. Muhammad Uba Gurjiya (APC) (Bunkure Constituency)
37. Hon. Salisu Ibrahim Muhammad (APC) (Mazabar Doguwa)
38. Hon. Hafizu Sani Maifada (APC) (Dambatta Constituency)
39. Hon. Rabi'u Saleh Gwarzo (PDP) (Gwarzo Constituency)
40. Hon. Maifada Bello Kibiya (APC) (Gundumar Kibiya)
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mukaloli marasa hujja |
51688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20sauyin%20yanayin%20yanayi | Ilimin sauyin yanayin yanayi | Ilimin halayyar sauyin yanayi wani fanni ne da ke da nufin kara fahimtar hanyoyin tunani da ke faruwa dangane da sauyin yanayi da sakamakonsa. Har ila yau, yana neman inganta hanyoyin kirkiro don yin hulɗa tare da jama'a game da sauyin yanayi; ba da gudummawa ga canji a matakin mutum, al'umma, al'adu, da siyasa; tallafawa masu fafutuka, masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi don kawo canji mai inganci; don haɓaka juriya na tunani game da mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi da ke faruwa a yanzu da kuma nan gaba.
Ma'anarsa
Ilimin halayyar sauyin yanayi na iya koma zuwa:
Tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa
Tasirin tunani na canjin yanayi
Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum game da rashin aikin yanayi
Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum game da sadarwar yanayi (duba sadarwar yanayi#Amfani da binciken daga ilimin halin dan Adam )
Psychology na musun canjin yanayi
Ilimin tarbiyya
Ilimin halayyar sauyin yanayi hanya ce ta jujjuyawar horo ga bincike da aiki. Yana mai da hankali kan rashin son daukar matakin da ya dace a daukacin al'umma dangane da karuwar barazanar sauyin yanayi. Yana da alama matsalar kamar yadda ake buƙatar hanya mai zurfi, wanda ke nazarin juriyarmu ga sani da aiki, maimakon ganin shi a matsayin " rashin bayanai " don a bi da shi ta hanyar fahimta ko halayen hali. Yana jaddada mahimmancin motsin zuciyar ɗan adam, ainihi da tunanin al'adu . Bugu da ƙari, yana yarda da batun ɗan adam a matsayin gida a cikin mahallin zamantakewa da muhalli.
Domin cimma manufofinsa da haɓaka tsarinsa, ilimin halayyar sauyin yanayi yana zana ra'ayoyi daban-daban, ciki har da: adabi, falsafar, addinan duniya, fasaha, ɗan adam da tunanin tsarin . Tushen tsarin yana dogara ne akan al'adun ilimin psychotherapeutic daban-daban da nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ba da damar masana ilimin halayyar yanayi su fahimci motsin zuciyar sume ko rashin yarda da tsarin da ke tasiri tunanin mutane, kuzari da halayen mutane. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga waɗannan matakai waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin faɗuwar yanayin al'umma da al'adu.
Tun daga 2020, horon ilimin halayyar yanayi ya girma ya haɗa da filayen ƙasa da yawa. Masana ilimin halayyar yanayi suna aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatoci na kasa da na gida, tare da hukumomi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da daidaikun mutane.
Ilimin sauyin yanayin a aikace
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana ilimin halayyar sauyin yanayi suna sauƙaƙe ƙungiyoyin tallafi ga masu fafutuka, musamman waɗanda ke ƙwazo a cikin goyon bayan halayen muhalli a cikin al'umma. Har ila yau, suna haɓaka yunƙuri kamar binciken haɗin gwiwar, hanyar yin bincike a cikin al'amuran tunani inda mahalarta ke da hannu sosai kuma suna aiki a matsayin masu bincike, suna ba da damar mafi girman kewayon wadatattun bayanai masu inganci. A watan Agusta na 2022, masana kimiyya da abokan aikinsu sun taru don nuna adawa da tawaye a wajen Sashen Kasuwanci, Makamashi, da Dabarun Masana'antu a London. A cikin wannan lokacin, kamar yadda aka nuna a kan labarai, yawancin masana kimiyyar yanayi sun kasance suna da rauni a hankali kuma suna nuna alamun tashin hankali da damuwa. Masana ilimin yanayin yanayi a cikin shekaru sun kalli ba kawai masana kimiyya ke tafiya ta wannan canjin muhalli ba, suna ganin yadda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga miliyoyin. Suna tallafawa ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar ɗabi'a da karatu don taimakawa samun madaidaicin bayanai da fahimta daga mutum zuwa mutum a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fafutuka.
Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka (USAID) ta bayar da rahoton cewa, kusan mutane miliyan 971 ne ke zaune a yankunan da ke da matsakaita zuwa matsanancin hadarin sauyin yanayi sakamakon ci gaban masana'antu, cin gajiyar muhalli, da yawan amfani da kayayyaki, musamman a yankunan Asiya da tekun Pasifik da Kudancin Asiya. . Dangane da al'amurra da matsalolin da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Philippines (PAP) tana ba da taimako na tunani a lokacin bala'i da bala'i. Bugu da ƙari, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a duniya suna ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da haɗin kai don kula da musayar ilimi da ƙirƙirar al'umma masu goyon bayan sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da cewa duk mutane sun sami damar samun taimako da abubuwan jin daɗi da ake bukata a yankunan da ke fama da matsalolin yanayi a halin yanzu.
Wani bincike a cikin 2021 ya gano cewa lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ana gane su ta hanyar masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da masu ilimin halin dan Adam.
Canjin sauyin yanayi da kariyar tunanin
babu_haushe jurewa yana da manyan manyan siffofi guda uku: aikin karfi Wanda shine daukar mataki Kai tsaye don magance yanayin damuwa karbuwa, shine fahimta da tunanin yarda motsin rai da sake bugawa Wanda ya hada da koyo koh gyarawa Mai kyau Hakanan za a iya banbamta tsakanin Mai aiki da amsawa . Mai aiki jurewa Kuma ak sani da psychological tattalin anyi shi a cikin jiran wani taro. A wani bangaren , anayin juriya Mai karfi yayin ko Bayan taro.
Masana ilimin halayyar yanayi sun yi la'akari da yadda amsawar da za ta iya zama mai daidaitawa ko rashin daidaituwa, ba kawai da kansa ba amma har ma da yanayi mai faɗi da muhalli. Hakazalika, shin amsoshin suna inganta ingantaccen daidaitawa na tunani da kuma motsa ayyukan da suka dace da daidaitattun yanayin muhalli, ko kuma suna hidimar tabbatar da mutum a cikin rashin aikinsu kuma ya ba su damar guje wa zama dole, canje-canje masu mahimmanci?
Iimin zamantakewa matsowan sauyin yanayi
Hanyar zamantakewar zamantakewa don ilimin halayyar yanayi yana nazarin hulɗar tsakanin abubuwan ciki, abubuwan tunani da na waje, abubuwan al'adun zamantakewa- irin su dabi'u, imani, da ka'idoji- a cikin martanin mutane game da sauyin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai don fahimtar rayuwar abubuwan da suka shafi bincike, wanda masu bincike suka amince da su don bincika yadda sauyin yanayi da lalata muhalli ke fuskanta daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'umma. A wannan yanayin, 'ƙwarewar rayuwa' tana nufin ji, tunani da tunani da ma'anar ma'anar da waɗannan abubuwan ke tasiri kuma suke aiwatar da su.
Magance martani ga rugujewar yanayi mai gabatowa al'amura ne na tunani da zamantakewar al'umma, al'adu da aka amince da su da kuma kiyaye su ta hanyar ka'idoji da tsarin zamantakewa, ba wai keɓance hanyoyin tunani ba. Misali, yawan amfanin yau da kullun na yau da kullun ana yin shi ta hanyar buƙatun tattalin arziƙin duniya wanda ba a daidaita shi ba, duk da haka yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan "al'ada ta rashin kulawa" tana yin aikin akida, yana hana masu amfani da su shiga damuwa da damuwa mai yawa.
Hanyoyin al'adu kuma suna goyan bayan hanyoyin rage-kayyade ra'ayoyin da ba za a iya haifar da su ba ta hanyar wayar da kan yiwuwar barazanar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarfi, abubuwan da aka zaba da al'adun da ke da hakkin, na kwarai, da kuma imani a ci gaba. Haƙƙi shine imani cewa wasu ƙungiyoyi ko jinsuna sun cancanci fiye da sauran kuma suna cikin alaƙar da ba ta dace ba da ke tafiyar da al'ummomin da suka ci gaba da haɓaka ƴan adam. Banbanci shine ra'ayin cewa nau'in mutum, al'ummarsa, kabilarsa ko kuma kansa na musamman don haka an kawar da shi daga dokokin da suka shafi wasu, ba da lasisi don keta iyakokin yanayi na amfani da albarkatu. Bangaskiya a ci gaba, wani muhimmin jigon akidar bayan masana'antu, yana haifar da yakinin cewa kimiyya da fasaha za su iya magance kowace matsala, don haka karfafa tunanin fata da kyakkyawan fata.
Tarihi
Asalin ilimin halayyar Sauyin yanayi ana iya komawa zuwa aikin masanin ilimin halin dan Adam Harold Searles da aikinsa akan abubuwan da ba su sani ba wadanda ke tasiri ga nisantar mutane daga sauran yanayi. Har ila yau, an yi tasiri sosai daga fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da kuma ba da muhimmanci ga dangantakar mutane da duniyar halitta. Saboda karuwar karbuwar al'umma gaba daya game da hadarin sauyin yanayi, an sami babban sha'awar fahimtar hanyoyin tunani da ke tattare da juriya ga daukar matakin da ya dace, musamman, abin da ya faru na musun canjin yanayi . Kwanan nan, tushen wallafe-wallafen masana ilimin halayyar yanayi ya fara mai da hankali kan motsin rai mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu na duniya baki ɗaya.
Duba kuma
Ecopsychology
Tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa
Ilimin Halin Muhalli
Bakin Halitta
Psychology na musun canjin yanayi
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Masana iltimin halayyar sauyin yanayi
Climate Psychology Alliance
Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam don Safe yanayi
Yanayi & Hankali
Yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih%20Muslim | Salih Muslim | Salih Musulmi Muhammad (Kurmanji Kurdish, ) shi ne tsohon mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Union Party (PYD), babbar jam'iyyar da ke gudanar da mulkin kanta ta Arewa da Gabashin Siriya. A matsayinsa na mataimakin mai kula da Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasa na Canjin Dimokiradiyya, ya kasance fitaccen wakilin Kurdawa a yawancin yakin basasar Siriya.
Harkar siyasa
Ayyukan siyasa na farko
Musulmin ya fara shiga kungiyar Kurdawa ne a lokacin shekaran 1970 lokacin da yake karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Istanbul bayan ya samu tasirin tasiran yakin da Mustafa Barzani ke yi da gwamnatin Iraƙi, wanda gazawar tasa ta sa shi ya kara himma.
A shekara ta 1998, ya shiga Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDP-S), reshen Siriya na Iraqi Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP). Ya bar KDP-S a shekara ta 2003 bayan ya fidda rai da gazawar jam'iyyar wajen cimma burinta.
Jam'iyyar Democratic Union (PYD)
A shekarar 2003, Muslim ya shiga sabuwar jam’iyyar Democratic Union Party (PYD), ya zama memba na majalisar zartarta, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam’iyyar a shekarar 2010. Bayan da aka daure shi da matarsa Ayşe Efendi a Siriya, sai ya gudu zuwa sansanin Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) da ke Iraki a shekarar 2010. Ya koma Qamishli ne a cikin watan Maris na 2011, bayan fara Yakin Basasar Siriya.
A karkashin shugabancin Muslim, PYD ya zama jagorar jam'iyyar siyasa kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin bayyanar Gwamnatin Kai ta Arewa da Gabashin Siriya. A watan Yulin 2013, yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin Kurdawa da Turkiya, an gayyace shi zuwa Istanbul don tattaunawa da gwamnatin Turkiyya game da makomar Siriya, ya sake dawowa a wasu lokuta uku don tattaunawa tsakanin lokacin a watan Oktoba 2014.
Harkokin waje na TEV-DEM
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2017, an gudanar da babban taro na 7 na PYD a Arewacin Siriya, inda aka zabi sabbin kujeru biyu. Musulmin tun yana aiki a matsayin jami'in hulda da kasashen waje na kungiyar Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) ta hadin gwiwar Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.
A cikin wannan damar, Muslim ya jaddada sakon cewa "matsalar Kurdawa a Turkiyya da ta Kurdawa a Syria batutuwa biyu ne daban kuma za a warware su daban. Don warware matsalarmu a Siriya, dole ne mu zauna mu tattauna da ’yan uwanmu na Siriya, tare da Larabawa, Turkmen da sauransu. Ba tare da Turkiyya ba."
Rayuwar mutum
Musulmi, ɗan ƙasar Siriya, an haife shi a wani ƙauyen Siriya kusa da Kobani a shekara ta 1951. Bayan ya yi karatu a Siriya, ya yi karatu a tsangayar Injiniyan Injiniya ta Jami'ar Fasaha ta Istanbul daga shekara ta 1970 har zuwa kammala a shekarar 1977. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren aiki a Landan, ya yi aiki a Saudi Arabia tsakanin shekara ta 1978 da shekara ta 1990, kuma ya buɗe ofishin injiniya a shekara ta 1993 a Aleppo.
A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2013, dan Salih Muslim Shervan, wani mayaki a Kungiyoyin Kare Jama'a (YPG), an kashe shi a yammacin Tell Abyad yayin artabu da kungiyar al-Nusra ta al-Qaeda. An binne shi a garin iyayensu na Kobanê a cikin jana'izar jama'a wanda dubban mutane suka halarta.
A cewar Muslim da kansa, yana da izinin zama a cikin Finland.
Alakarsu da kasashen waje
Turai
Musulmi sanannen fuska ne a manyan biranen Turai inda manyan jami'ai ke karɓar bakuncin sa. Ya kasance babban bako kuma mai magana a cibiyoyin siyasar Turai da abubuwan da suka faru, inter alia a cikin watan Satumbar shekara ta 2016 an gayyace shi don yin jawabi ga Majalisar Turai.
Da yake jawabi ga dubban mutane yayin bikin Newroz a Frankfurt, Jamus, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2017, Muslim ya ce "akwai babban turjiya duk da duk hare-haren. Babu wanda ya isa ya yi shakkar cewa nasara da nasara namu ne. " Musulmi ya soki Jamus kan hana alamun Kurdawa, tana mai cewa "Yakamata Jamus ta hana tutocin Turkiyya da kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda maimakon tutocinmu da alamominmu saboda muna fada ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya ba don kanmu kadai ba, muna fada ne da ISIS da ta'addanci ga dukkan bil'adama. Tsayin dakanmu na Turai ne, na Yamma da kuma dukkanin bil'adama."
Turkiya
Tsakanin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2015, Muslim ne babban mai tattaunawa a Ankara a cikin PYD na Kurdawan Siriya, wanda tsohon shugaban kungiyar Kurdistan (PKK) Abdullah Ocalan ya yi wahayi. A wata hira da ta yi da wakilin labarai na BBC Orla Guerin a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Muslim ya musanta duk wani "alakar aiki" da PKK. Turkiyya ta karbi Salih Muslim don tattaunawa a shekara ta 2013 da shekara ta 2014, har ma da nishadantar da ra'ayin bude ofishin wakilcin Rojava a Ankara "idan ya dace da manufofin Ankara." Koyaya, bayan watan Yunin shekara ta 2015 na zaben AKP a Turkiya, yawanci saboda hawan jam'iyyar Kurdawa HDP, Tsarin Magani (2013-2015) ya rushe a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, wanda ya canza yanayin alaƙar AKP da batun Kurdawa. A cewar kungiyar masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Daily Sabah, "Kamar yadda ake yin sulhu da PKK tsakanin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2015, Ankara ta yi kokarin shawo kan PYD da ta daina nuna kiyayya ga Turkiyya, bude hanyoyin hadin gwiwa da kawo karshen alakarta da Bashar Assad tsarin mulki. A yayin da PKK ta sake komawa kai hare-hare ba tare da bata lokaci ba a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, PYD da reshenta na makamai, Kungiyoyin Kare Jama'a (YPG), sun bai wa PKK 'yan ta'adda, abubuwan fashewa, makamai da alburusai. Tawaye masu dauke da makamai lokaci guda sun barke a kusan dukkan garuruwa da biranen da ke kan iyaka da Syria; alhali 'yan ta'adda da aka horar a arewacin Siriya sun kai harin kunar bakin wake a biranen Turkiyya." Ana zargin Gwamnatin Turkiyya da neman kashe Musulmi. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016, Turkiya ta ba da sammacin kame Salih Muslim a cikin wani yunƙurin da aka yi niyyar sanya Ankara a kan hanyar karo da ƙawayenta na Yamma. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, kwana biyu bayan sanya Muslmi a cikin '' 'yan ta'adda da aka fi nema' 'daga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Turkiyya kuma an ba shi kyautar Lira miliyan 4 ta Turkiyya (kimanin dala miliyan 1.5US a lokacin) a kansa, ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a wurin zama na cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai a Brussels. An tsare shi a taƙaice bisa buƙatar Turkiyya a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2018 a Prague, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech, amma an sake shi bayan kwana 2, yana jawo zanga-zangar adawa daga Turkiyya. A ranar 17 ga watan Maris din shekara ta 2018, hukumomin Czech suka yi watsi da bukatar Turkiyya.
A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, Muslim ya ce "idan na waiwaya, sai na kammala da cewa Turkiyya ba ta taba yin gaskiya da son yin sulhu da Kurdawa ba. Da a ce Turkiyya ta yi magana da Kurdawa, ta yi aiki tare da Kurdawan, da ta zama kasa mafi karfi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.”
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20649 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunusi%20Mamman | Sunusi Mamman | Farfesa Sunusi ko Sanusi Mamman (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 1965), a karamar hukumar Malumfashi, dake jihar Katsina. shi ne mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua. An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar bayan wa'adin tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar, Farfesa Idris Isa Funtua ya kare.
Farfesa Sunusi Mamman ya kuma kasance mai rikon kwarya a mukaddashin shugaban jami’ar a watan Yunin shekarar 2015, da kuma mataimakin shugaban jami’ar (mulki) na jami’ar daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2016. Wani Farfesa na Ilimi na Musamman tare da keɓaɓɓiyar sha'awa ga Musamman na kwarewa. Mulkinsa a matsayin mukaddashin mataimakin shugaban jami'a yana tattare da ci gaban tsarin wanda ya haifar da amfani da kudaden binciken kimar Buƙatun a shekarar ta 2013 na Asusun Ilimin Manyan Makarantu (tetfund) wanda aka ba da kuɗin gina ƙarin ɗakunan kwanan mata dana maza, Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Digiri na biyu da sauransu. tsarin cigaba. Ya kuma gabatar da gine-gine da yawa a cikin dukkanin fannoni biyar na jami'ar. Ya ɗauki nauyin ma'aikatan ilimi da wadanda ba na koyarwa ba don neman digiri na farko a jami'o'i da yawa a gida da waje don haka ya bunkasa ma'aikata a jami'ar.
Aikin Koyarwa
Bayan ya kammala karatun NCE, Mamman ya zama malamin aji kuma yayi aiki a Makarantun Sakandiren Gwamnati da yawa a cikin [[Kaduna] sannan daga baya ya wuce Jihar Katsina. Ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kurame ta Gwamnati, Malumfashi tsawon shekaru. Daga baya kuma an tura shi zuwa Ofishin Shiyya na Malumfashi don zama Babban Jami'in Jarabawa (Jagora da Nasiha). Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na ɗan lokaci tare da Sashin Ilimi na Musamman, Jami'ar Bayero, Kano daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Kano (Daraktan Ci gaba da Ilimi daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2011. Lokacin da Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina ta kafa Jami’ar Jihar Katsina, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma’aikatan sashen ilimi. A watan Satumba,n, shekara ta 2008, an dauki nauyin sa don halartar wani taron karawa juna sani kan Gudanar da Jami’o’i a Cibiyar Bunkasa Gudanarwa Ikeja Lagos mai taken: Taron bita kan Shugabanci don Shugabanci nagari na Jami’o’in Najeriya. Bayan dawowarsa a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2008, ya zama shugaban tsangayar harkokin dalibai mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Yulin, 2014 lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Katsina ta zabe shi ya zama mataimakin mataimakin shugaban jami'a (mulki) . A lokacin da yake matsayin shugaban jami'a, shi ne ya fara shigar da daliban farko da suka kammala karatu daga jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Katsina don bautar kasa (NYSC a shekarar 2009).
Shi ne na farko da ya gudanar da zaben kungiyar dalibai a tsakanin bangarorin ilimi guda uku wanda shugaban kungiyar dalibai na farko ya fito a cikin shekarar 2009. Daga baya ya gudanar da zaɓen ƙungiyar ɗalibai don shekarun da suka gabata 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014 ba tare da kyauta ba. A matsayinsa na shugaban daliban, ya shugabanci dakin kwanan dalibai mata daya tilo wanda a dakunan kwanan dalibai mata aka sanya musu ido sosai kuma aka basu tsaro a duk tsawon lokacinsa kuma babu wani rahoton keta haddi ko wani abu mara kyau.
Farfesa Mamman ya hau kan mukamai daga malami na I zuwa babban malami a shekara ta 2010 sannan mataimakin farfesa a shekara ta 2013 kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016 tare da keɓaɓɓen ilimi na musamman.
Farfesa Sunusi Mamman shi ne mai rikon mukamin darakta, Directorate of Consultancy Services (2011-2013), Ya kasance mamba ne a Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa (2007-2016), shugaban, Kwamitin Wasannin Jami'a, mukaddashin shugaban sashen ilimi na jami'a. Ya kasance memba na farko na kwamitin Makarantar Post-Graduate (2011-2019). Farfesa ya zama darekta, UMYU Consult Ltd a shekara ta 2015; Wakilin Majalisar Dattawa kan Majalisar UMYU (2013-2016) memba, Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Jami'a kuma memba na wani kwamiti da ke aiki a kan ka'idojin aiki na Bayanin Benchmark kan Sabis na Taimakon Dalibi da kayan aiki (NUC, 2013) da sauran kwamitocin jami'a da yawa.
Farfesa Sunusi Mamman ya halarci taruka daban-daban da bitar a duk duniya ciki har da NUC (2009), Daventure Global Ltd Dubai (2015) mai taken: Dynamics of Administration, Leadership da fasaha don nasarar kungiyar; Cibiyar gyara manufofin tattalin arziki Abuja, {2015} Jami'ar Dayton USA wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa kan bincike da ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire (2015) Kwalejin Gudanar da Najeriya Badagry-Damar Ci gaban Shugabanci. (2018)
Mukaddashin kansila na riko
A lokacinsa a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban jami'ar, ya yi aiki tukuru don samun cikakkiyar cancanta a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi na 25 a duk fannoni guda biyar da suka hada da: Dokar, Kimiyyar Halitta da Kwarewa, Ilimin Bil'adama, Ilimi da Ilimin Zamani da Gudanarwa a cikin wata biyar. Baya ga wannan, ya dauki nauyin ma’aikatan ilimi guda 26 da ma’aikatan da ba na koyarwa ba don karatun digirin farko, goma sha takwas daga cikinsu na karatun PhD da kuma ma’aikata takwas na digiri na biyu. Baya ga wannan, ya dauki nauyin ma'aikata don taron kasa da kasa don fadada su kan ayyukan duniya don bunkasa ba da sabis a jami'a.
Lakca da wallafe-wallafe
Farfesa Mamman ya dauki nauyin shirin jagoranci da nasiha a Gidan Talabijin na Jihar Katsina, inda Dokta Mamman na wancan lokacin ya fadakar da iyayen gida a kan mummunan illolin da ke tattare da barin ‘ya’yansu su tafi jami’a ba tare da cikakken kulawa ba. Ya ba da shawarar dabaru da yawa na sa ido sosai kan ɗalibai a cikin shekarun bayanan. Shirin ya samu mabanbantan ra'ayi yayin da iyaye da yawa suka yi maraba da yaba wa bakon mai jawabi.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
47118 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Kalabari | Masarautar Kalabari | Masarautar Kalabari, wacce kuma ake kira Elem Kalabari ( Kalabari : Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ), ita ce jihar gargajiya mai cin gashin kanta ta al'ummar Kalabari, kabilar Ijaw, a cikin Kogin Neja Delta. An amince da ita a matsayin jihar gargajiya a cikin jihar Rivers, Najeriya.
Babban Amachree I, kakan daular Amachree ne ya kafa Masarautar, wanda a yanzu dangin Princewill ke jagoranta.
Sarki Amachree XI ( Farfesa Theophilus Princewill CF R) ne ke mulki kuma yake da iko da Masarautar. tare da Majalisar Sarakunansa, waɗanda yawancinsu sarakunan sarauta ne. Tare, sun kasance gidan sarauta na Kalabari na gargajiya, irin na sarauta.
Mutane da al'adu
A wata al'ada, mutanen Kalabari sun fito ne daga Calabar (wanda ake kira "Tsohon Calabar" ta Turawa), wani wuri da ke gabas da mutanen Efik suka mamaye. Wannan wataƙila tun a ƙarni na 19. Su kansu Efik sun ce Turawa ne suka ba garinsu sunan "Calabar".
Wasu al’adun sun ce ‘yan ƙabilar Ijo daga Amafo ne suka kafa Kalabari, a gabar yamma da kogin Calabar, kuma mazauna wasu al’ummomi ne suka haɗa su.
Mutanen sun mamaye jerin tsibirai a cikin dazukan mangrove na yankin delta, inda suke kamun kifi da ciniki. Za su kwashe amfanin gonakin yankin delta har zuwa kogin New Calabar da Imo, su kuma musanya su da abinci da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a yankin.
A cikin ƙarni na 15, ƴan kasuwa na Turai na farko sun lura cewa su kaɗai ne mutanen delta suka ƙi yin ciniki a kan bashi.
Tun asali mutanen Elem Kalabari suna bauta wa wata baiwar Allah Owemenakaso ( ko Awamenakaso, Akaso ), mahaifiyar dukan gumakan dangin Kalabari, ko da a lokacin ƙauyuka ɗaya suna da nasu alloli da alloli na gama-gari. Ta yi adawa da yaƙi da zubar da jini, kuma daga baya Kalabari sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ƴar'uwar baiwar Birtaniya ce, Brittana, wadda ke mulkin teku. A cikin makwabtansu, saboda "wayewa" da halin zaman lafiya gabaɗaya, ana kiran Kalabari "Turawa".
Tarihi
An ce wani sarki mai suna King Owerri Daba, ya kawo cinikin bayi a Kalabari da Bonny, kuma ya kafa gidajen Duke Monmouth da Duke Africa. Wannan ya faru a wani lokaci kafin shekarar 1699, tun lokacin da James Barbot ya rubuta cewa yana ba da kyauta ga Duke Monmouth na Kalabari a wannan shekarar.
Kalabari ta zama kasuwar cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika, galibi yana sayar da bayi da aka saya daga yankin Igbo, zuwa arewa.
Amachree I, wanda ya mutu a kusa da 1800, shine wanda ya kafa daular da ke ɗauke da sunansa. Yawancin manyan gidajen kasuwanci sun faɗaɗa a lokacin mulkinsa.
A cikin ƙarni na 19, Masarautar Kalabari ta kasance a tsakiyar yakin neman iko a gabashin yankin Delta. Elem Kalabari ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Nembe a yamma, Masarautar Bonny a kudu maso gabas da Okrika a arewa maso gabas.
Babban abokin hamayyar shi ne Okrika, wanda ke da damar hana Kalabari shiga ciki. Kalabari sun kawo kayansu zuwa Elem Ifoko, a bakin sabon kogin Calabar, amma sun ƙi su ƙara tafiya mai nisan mil bakwai zuwa Bonny don sauƙaƙa wa yan kasuwar Turawa. Kasuwanci ya haɗa da sayen bayi, giwaye da dabino, wanda aka ba da kayan sawa, kayan aiki, bindigogi da foda a musayar. Gishiri, wanda aka yi ta hanyar evaporation, ya kasance muhimmin batu a kasuwancin.
A cikin watan Yuli 1863, rikici da mutanen Nembe na Brass ya faru, tare da Nembe masu nasara, A watan Disamba na shekarar 1865 Okrika ya fara kwanton bauna kan kwale-kwalen kasuwanci na Kalabari, kuma Bonny yana barazanar shiga ciki tun lokacin da Kalabari ke toshe hanyarsu ta yankin Kalabari. Tilas ne ƙaramin jakadan na Burtaniya ya shiga tsakani don hana ɓarkewar wani tashin hankali.
Lokacin da Jubo Jubogha ("Ja-Ja") ya yi ƙaura daga Bonny a cikin 1869 ya kafa jihar Opobo daban, ya zama abokin Kalabari. Yanzu dai Bonny ya fara matsananciyar matsatsi zuwa yankin Kalabari domin murmurewa daga asarar cinikin da ya yi wa Opobo.
A cikin 1873 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta din-din-din tsakanin Kalabari da Bonny a ranar da aka ƙulla yarjejeniya tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu da ke gaba da juna a Kalabari.
Ba a kiyaye ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. A cikin watan Yuli 1882 dole ta saka ƙaramin jakadan Burtaniya ya sake shiga tsakani a cikin gwagwarmayar Bonny.
Daga 1882 zuwa 1884 ƙungiyoyi biyu na gidan sarauta sun ci gaba da fafutukar neman iko. Ɓangaren Amachree ya yi nasara, yayin da ƙungiyar Barboy ko Will Braide, suka koma sabon mazauna garin Bakana a 1881.
Ba da jimawa ba, ragowar ɓangaren, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan ƴan ƙungiyar Amachree ne, su ma sun kwashe Elem Kalabari, suka koma Abonnema a 1882 da Buguma a 1884, duk sun kara bazama a yankuna. Ƴan kasuwan Turawa sun bi su, yanzu sun haura kogin Sombreiro zuwa Abonnema. A yanzu gwamnatin Kalabari ta zama majalisar sarakuna da sarakunan sarauta da Sarki ke jagoranta da kulawa.
Masu mulki
Jiha mai zaman kanta
Sunaye da kwanakin da aka ɗauko daga John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).
Protectorate da Tarayyar Najeriya
Sarakuna bayan daular sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, sannan Tarayyar Najeriya mai cin gashin kanta:
Duba kuma
Yarima Tonye Princewill
Manazarta
Tarihin Najeriya |
38680 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobe%20Dam | Zobe Dam | Dam din Zobe yana ƙaramar hukumar Dutsin-Ma a jihar Katsina a arewacin Najeriya. Madatsar ruwa ne da aka tsara mai tsayin 19 m kuma jimlar tsawon 2,750 m. Dam ɗin yana da ƙarfin ajiyar ruwa na kimanin 179Mca da kuma bada damar noman rani ga filaye da suka kai girma hekta 8,000. Duk da cewa an kammala gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1983, amma har ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 ba a yi amfani da shi wajen samar da ruwan sha ga birnin Katsina ba, ko don ban ruwa ga gonaki ba ko kuma don samar da wutar lantarki ba.
Tarihi
An kera madatsar ruwan na Zobe ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 a lokacin gwamnatin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo kuma an shirya samar da kashi 50% na ruwan sha ga jihar Katsina tare da tallafa wa noman ban ruwa a yankin Dutsinma. Dam ɗin dai wani aikin ruwa ne na birnin tarayya wanda gwamnatin Shehu Shagari ta gina kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1983. An yi shirin kammala aikin samar da ruwan sha a shekarar 1995, amma aikin dalar Amurka miliyan 122,000,000 ya yi watsi da shi saboda rashin kuɗi. Wani nazari da aka yi na tsaro a shekara ta 2004 ya ruwaito cewa, duk da cewa dam ɗin ya bayyana karko, amma ya sha fama da matsalolin tsatsauran ra'ayi a baya, ya kamata a sa ido sosai, kuma ya kamata a yi masa kwaskwarima domin ya daƙile tushen ginin.
Amfanin noma
A watan Satumban shekarar 1999 ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da ambaliya ga madatsar ruwa ta Zobe, wanda ya haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa. Ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da gero da gyaɗa da masara da wake. Manoman, waɗanda ba a biya su isasshen diyya a lokacin da aka mallaki wurin dam ɗin ba, sun kasance marasa galihu saboda damina ta kusa karewa, kuma abinda aka shuka sun lalace.
A shekara ta 2003 ruwan dam ɗin ya tsaya tsayin daka da laka, kuma a hankali zubar ruwan da Dam ɗin ke zubarwa na barazanar ƙafewar dam ɗin. An tilastawa hukumomin da ke kula da madatsar ruwan, su gina rijiyoyin agaji don ba da iska a tafkin. Har yanzu dai Hukumar Raya Rafin Kogin Sokoto-Rima ba ta share filin ko kuma ta saki ruwan noman ban ruwa ba. Mutanen ƙauyen sun daina amfani da ruwan wajen shayar da amfanin gonakinsu, kuma sabon tabkin ya kusan zama babu kifaye. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003 wani tsohon daraktan hukumar ruwa ta jihar Katsina ya ce rashin mayar da hankali da alƙibla ne ya kawo cikas ga kammala aikin madatsar ruwa ta Zobe. Ya ce Zobe, ɗaya daga cikin manyan dam na ruwa a Najeriya, wanda aka ƙaddamar tun a shekarar 1982 kuma yana da damar tallafawa noman rani, amman anbar shi haka a banza. A watan Disambar 2005 manoma suna neman a sako ruwa daga madatsar ruwa.
Wutar Lantarki
A watan Yunin shekarar 2009 gwamnatin jihar Katsina ta sanar da shirin kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki a madatsar ruwan da ba a yi amfani da ita ba domin bunƙasa samar da wutar lantarki a yankin da kuma tallafawa aikin sarrafa ma’adinai a wurin. Injiniya Musa Nashuni ya ce mataki na farko shi ne na gudanar da bincike kan samar da (insulators) domin ayyukan wutar lantarkin, bayan haka kuma gwamnati za ta duba kafa masana’antar da za ta samar da wutar lantarki ga noman ruwa, samar da ruwa da kuma masana’antu na cikin gida.
Aikin samar da ruwa
Aikin samar da ruwan an yi niyya ne don isar da ruwan sha mai tsawon mita 65,000 a cikin birnin Katsina a kullum. A cikin Janairu shaekarar 2003, masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta tsara 2.5 km daga tafkin an kammala rabin amma an yi watsi da shi. Tashoshin ingantawa da tankunan ruwa sun kasance a matakai daban-daban na kammalawa a kan hanyar zuwa birnin. Bututu ɗaya tilo da aka shimfida tsawon kilomita 111 da ake buƙata shine nisan kilomita 2.1 daga tafki zuwa cibiyar kula da lafiya. Aikin samar da ruwan ya bukaci Naira biliyan 13 kafin a kammala shi. Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya amince da tallafin, kuma a wata mai zuwa ya ziyarci madatsar ruwan.
A watan Agustan 2003 gwamna Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya ce gwamnatin jihar ta ware naira miliyan 317 domin samar da ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 16 daga madatsar ruwan Zobe zuwa garin Dutsing, wanda za a kammala shi a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. Ya kuma yi gargadin ƙara kuɗin ruwa a jihar, tun da farashin da ake biya a halin yanzu bai wadatar ba. A watan Disambar 2004, Sanata mai wakiltar Katsina ta tsakiya, Umaru Tsauri, ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ta ware Naira biliyan ɗaya domin kammala aikin.
A watan Nuwamba 2009 Kwamishinan Albarkatun Ruwa na jihar ya ce aikin ruwan Zobe ya kusan kammala kashi 80%. Ya ce aikin idan aka kammala zai samar da ruwa mai tsafta kusan lita miliyan 80 a kowace rana. A watan Disambar 2009 Ministar Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, Dora Akunyili, ta tattauna ƙiyasi da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan aikin samar da ruwan sha na Zobe. Ta ce majalisar ta amince da sake fasalin kuɗin tuntuba daga Naira miliyan 123 zuwa Naira miliyan 299. A watan Maris na shekarar 2010 Kwamishinan Albarkatun Ruwa na Jihar Katsina, Alhaji Nasiru Ɗanmusa ya ce nan ba da dadewa ba za a kammala madatsar ruwan Zobe da sauran su nan gaba kaɗan. A waccan watan ne gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa kwamitin tantance ayyuka don binciki ayyukan da ba a kammala ba inda ‘yan kwangilar suka samu maƙudan kuɗaɗe amma aikin bai cika ba, ciki har da aikin dam na Zobe.
Manazarta
Dam a Najeriya
Katsina (jiha) |
23825 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naira%20Marley | Naira Marley | Azeez Adeshina Fashola (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da ɗaya (1991)), wanda aka fi sani da Naira Marley, mawaƙin Najeriya ne kuma marubuci. An san shi a matsayin shugaban magoya bayan sa mai rikici, "Marlians".
Ilimi
A lokacin 11, ya koma Peckham, Kudancin London, Ingila . Marley ta kammala karatun digiri tare da banbancin kasuwanci daga Peckham Academy . Ya kuma karanci dokar kasuwanci a Kwalejin Crossways (yanzu Christ the King Sixth Form College ).
Sana'a
2014–2018: Fara sana’a
Yayin girma, Naira Marley tana da shirye-shiryen zama MC da mawaƙin murya . Ya fara waka a shekarar ta 2014 bayan ya gano sha’awarsa ga kiɗa kuma abokai na kusa-kusa sun ƙarfafa shi don neman sana’ar kiɗansa. Ya saki waƙar da Max Twigz ya taimaka "Marry Juana" kafin ya sake fitowa EP Gotta Dance na farko a 2015.
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, ya saki Olamide da Lil Kesh -mai taimakawa guda "Issa Goal", wanda ya zama taken taken Super Eagles a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 FIFA . An fito da remix na "Issa Goal" a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2018; tana da sautin muryoyin Olamide, Lil Kesh, Falz, Simi da Slimcase.
Naira Marley yana waka da Turanci, Pidgin da Yarbanci ; waƙarsa ta haɗu da Afrobeats da hip-hop . Ya kuma samo sunan sa na mataki daga mawaƙan Jamaica Bob Marley, wanda yake burge shi; dreadlocks din sa kuma yabo ne ga mawakin.
2019 -present: "Ni IA Yahoo Boy", "Sabulu" da Ubangijin Lamba
Naira Marley ya saki da Zlatan -assisted hanya "Am IA Yahoo Boy" a ranar 3 gawatan mayu shekarar 2019, kuma aka kama da tattalin arzikin Laifukan Hukumar (EFCC) cewa wannan rana. Ya saki "Sabulu" a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, 2019, 'yan kwanaki bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, ya lashe Zaɓin Masu Kallo don "Sabulu" a Kyautar 2020 Soundcity MVP .
A ranar 18 ga watan Disamban shekarata 2019, Naira Marley ya saki EP Lord na Lamba na biyu wanda ya kasance cakuda Afrobeats da hip-hop . EP ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 6 kuma yana nuna masu fasahar baƙi kamar CBlvck, Young John da Mayorkun . Killertunes, Rexxie da Studio Magic ne suka sarrafa sarrafa sa.
Bayanan Marlian
A lokacin "Marlian Fest", wanda aka yi a otal -otal da otel na Eko a ranar 30 gawata Disamban shekarar 2019, Naira Marley ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da alamar rikodin ta Marlian Records kuma ta bayyana CBlvck, Zinoleesky, MohBad da Fabian Blu a matsayin ayyukan sanya hannu.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Naira Marley ta hau shafin sa na Instagram don bayyana wani aiki a karkashin lakabin sa, mai suna: Emo Grae tare da sabon salo guda daya da na gani mai taken 0903 wanda ke nuna Buju.
2021: Lokacin Allah shine Mafi Kyawu (GTTB) Album
A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2021, mashahurin mawaƙin da ya lashe lambar yabo ya sanar a cikin wani rubutu da ya yi a shafin sa na Instagram wanda zai tabbatar da cewa zai sauke sabon album.
A cewarsa, an yiwa kundin taken 'Lokaci na Allah shine Mafi Kyawu' kuma zai sake shi bayan ya saki faifan bidiyon don waƙar 'COMING'.
Jayayya
A ranar 10 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2019, EFCC ta cafke Naira Marley da abokansa Zlatan, Tiamiu Kayode, Adewunmi Moses, Micheal "Taqueesh" Adenuga da Abubakar Musa. An yi kamen ne kwana guda bayan da ya fitar da faifan bidiyon wakar mai suna "Am IA Yahoo Boy". Bayan kwana biyar, EFCC ta saki Zlatan da wasu uku amma ta tsare Marley a hannun su saboda yawan kwararan hujjoji akan sa. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, 2019, EFCC ta gurfanar da shi da laifuka 11 na zamba a gaban babbar kotun tarayya da ke Ikoyi, Legas. A ranar 19 ga watan Mayun shekarata 2019, ya saki guda ɗaya "4 Nights In Ekohtiebo" yayin da yake kurkuku. A ciki, yana magana game da abokan masana'antu, abokan gaba da sauran mutanen da suka yaba shi. A watan Mayun 2019, an gurfanar da shi a gaban Babbar Kotun Tarayya inda ya ce “ba shi da laifi”; an dage sauraron belin na 30 ga watan Mayu 2019. A ranar da ake sauraron belin, Naira Marley ta saki "Me yasa", wakar da ke tare da hoton sa a hannu. A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019, an sake shi daga gidan yari kwanaki goma sha huɗu bayan da aka ba shi belin ₦ 2,000,000. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ya saki "Sabulu", waƙa game da halayen jima'i na fursunoni da ke tsare.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar ta 2019, ya koma Babbar Kotun Tarayya don fuskantar tuhumarsa. Daga baya an dage shari’ar tasa zuwa ranar 27 ga watan watan Fabrairu 2020 bayan wani shedar EFCC ta ba da shaida a kansa.
Umurnin kulle -kulle
Rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya ta tsare shi saboda saba dokar kulle -kulle da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sanyawa jihar Legas domin dakile yaduwar cutar coronavirus a kasar. A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2020, ya yi wasan kide-kide a Abuja duk da dokar hana tafiye-tafiye tsakanin jihohi da ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da nufin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar FCT ce ta gurfanar da shi a gaban kotun tafi -da -gidanka da ke Abuja kan kade -kade.
A ranar Asabar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2021, wani rahoto ya bazu a yanar gizo cewa hukuma da ke kasar ta soke wasan Valentine na Naira Marley a Kamaru. Dangane da wasu binciken digo ta dandalin kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi, tuni mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen ya jinkirta wasan har sau biyu zuwa wani wurin amma daga baya hukumar a kasar ta soke shi saboda kishi daga bangaren masu nishadi na Kamaru wadanda ba su ji dadin abin da ya faru ba. Mawakan Najeriya da mawaƙa suna cikin ƙasar.
Binciken hoto
EP
Gotta Dance (2015)
Ubangiji na Lamba (2019)
Ɗauɗaiku
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Nassoshi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnyuk%20Sisters%20%28mawaka%29 | Telnyuk Sisters (mawaka) | Sisters Telnyuk ( Ukraine ) mawakan amo ne na Duona kasar Ukraine wanda ya hada Lesya da Halya Telnyuk. An ba su lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun kasar Ukraine. An kuma ba su lambar yabo ta "People's Artist of Ukraine".
Kuruciya
Lesya da Halya Telnyuk 'yan kasar Ukraine ne kuma sun fara yin waƙa tun suna da shekaru 13. Sun ƙirƙira ƙwallo na dutse, ƙawance, da waƙoƙi don wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa dangane da ayoyin mawaƙan Ukrainian na gargajiya. Sun fara ƙoƙari na farko mai tsanani don shirya nasu waƙoƙi tare da mawaki Alexander Melnyk. Daga nan suka fara sana’ar waka ta ƙwararru a cikin shekara ta 1986.
Tsarin lokutan aiki
A shekarar 1987, shekara guda bayan fitiwarsu na farko, 'yan'uwa mãtã sun zama laureates na kasa gasar "New Names". Sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa a bikin na farko da na biyu na "Chervona Ruta" a cikin 1989 da 1991 tare da waƙoƙin da suka danganci ayar Pavlo Tychyna.
A farkon shekarun 1990, 'ya da kanwan' sun fito da kundin kundin Moment da Lesya da Halya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaki Andryj Shust ("Falcon"). Daga nan sai suka karɓi sabon sauti tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan wasan pianist da mawaki Ivan Davydenko ("Take Laifin", "Karƙashin Ruwa", "Ophelia", "Gaba da Ku") kuma daga baya tare da Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, da Igor Sereda, suna jagorantar. zuwa kundin "Silence and Thunder."
A cikin 1997,'yan uwan, tare da tsohon mawaƙin Rolling Stones Mick Taylor, sun yi rikodin waƙar "Ƙauna ta banza". A ranar 60th ranar tunawa da haihuwar mawaƙin Ukrainian Vasyl Stus, an halicci shirin "Swinging maraice ya karye har ma ...". Yana da jerin wasanni na Raisa Nedashkivska tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan mawaƙa Dmytro Stus da actress Halyna Stefanova, da mawaki Sergyi Moroz. Shirin "A Gefen", wanda aka sadaukar don tunawa da mawaƙin, daliban Kanada sun gani kuma sun ji.
A cikin 1998, ƙungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun Ukrainian. A farkon shekarun 2000, Telnyuks ya fara yin rawa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na UBN (Ukrainian Bourgeois Nationalist) a Lviv Drama Zankovetska Theater, wanda Fyodor Nikolayevich Strigun ya jagoranta kuma Myroslav Hrynyshyn ya jagoranci. An yaba Halyna Telnyuk da rubutun allo yayin da mawallafin kiɗan shine Lesya Telnyuk. An buga ainihin sigar UBN a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lutsk Drama.
Shekaru da dama, sun yi aiki tare da Nina Morozevich, malami a Bandura a Odessa State Conservatory kuma shugaban uku Mallows a Odessa State Philharmonic. Tare suka yi aiki tare akan waƙoƙi da yawa.
A Kanada, 'yan uwan na Telnyuk sun saba da ɗan wasan Kanada Igor Polishchuk kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun fito da "Above Us Sky", haɗuwa da kiɗa, shayari, da zane-zane. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia ya kuma ƙunshi hotuna, waƙoƙi, da bidiyon da aka kunna a birane goma a Arewacin Amirka. The Star ya rubuta cewa yawon shakatawa "kaɗe-kaɗe da wasan kwaikwayo sun rushe shingen harshe".
Duo ya shiga cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa irin su Lullabies na Ukrainian, Kruty: Concert don Mala'iku, Festival a Montreal. Live Voice of Vasyl Stus, da Kobzar .
'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki tare da Dmitro Stus da Roman Semysal akan aikin 2008 Stusove Circle, game da Vasyl Stus. Sa'an nan a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, sun yi yawon shakatawa na Komu Vnyz. Shirin "Iskar Karni" an gani kuma an ji shi a Odesa, Kherson, Krivyj Rig, Kirovograd, Sumy, Kharkiv, da Dnipropetrovsk.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, yan uwan sun halarci Antonych Fest, bikin 100 na haihuwar B.-I. Antonych wanda masu fasaha da ƙungiyoyin matasa ke riƙe. Bugu da ƙari, wasan kwaikwayo a kan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, sun gabatar da CD mai suna Har abada: Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, tare da waƙoƙin fassarar guda biyar akan waƙar Antonych, da waƙoƙin harshen Ukrainian da Faransanci da aka rubuta tare da makada Dead Rooster, AbыMS da Olexandr Melnyk.
A cikin 2010, an fara fim ɗin Telnyuk: na gwaji wanda ya fito. Ya ƙunshi rikodin maimaitawa kuma shine na farko a cikin Ukraine ta darekta Alexander Antennae a cikin shirin kide-kide na Sisters' Yellow Dandelion. 'Yan'uwan kuma sun fitar da albam din su na SONMO . A cikin bazara sun zagaya garuruwa da dama a kusa da Ukraine, inda suka kammala da wani kade-kade a Kyiv Operetta wanda shugaban kasar Viktor Yushchenko ya halarta.
Yan uwan sun ƙirƙiri zane-zane da yawa na waƙoƙin bisa ga waƙoƙin Oksana Zabuzhko.
Wakoki
Albam
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
The Telnyuk Sisters
The Telnyuk Sisters
Albums akan www.umka.com.ua
Masu adawa a yau. Hira (ukr)
Mawaka daga Kyiv
Mawakan duos 'yan uwa
Mawaka duos mata
Mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41927 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston%2C%20Jamaica | Kingston, Jamaica | Kingston babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na kasar Jamaica, yana kan gabar kudu maso gabashin tsibirin kasar. Yana fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa wanda Palisadoes ke kare shi, dogon sand spit wanda ya haɗu da garin Port Royal da filin jirgin sama na Norman Manley zuwa sauran tsibirai. A cikin Amurka, Kingston shine birni mafi girma da ake magana da yaren Ingilishi a cikin Caribbean.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomin Kingston da Saint Andrew sun haɗu da Dokar Kingston da St. Andrew Corporation na 1923, don kafa Kingston da St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). Greater Kingston, ko "Yankin Kamfanoni" yana nufin waɗancan yankunan ƙarƙashin KSAC; duk da haka, ba wai kawai yana nufin Kingston Parish ba, wanda kawai ya ƙunshi tsohon cikin gari da Port Royal. Kingston Parish yana da yawan jama'a 89,057, kuma St. Andrew Parish yana da yawan jama'a 573,369 a shekara ta 2011, Kingston Saint Andrew kawai yana da iyaka da gabas, yamma da arewa. Iyakar yanki don Ikklesiya ta Kingston ta ƙunshi al'ummomin masu zuwa: Tivoli Gardens, Denham Town, Rae Town, Gidajen Kingston, National Heroes Park, Bournemouth Gardens, Gardens Norman, Rennock Lodge, Springfield da Port Royal, tare da sassan Rollington Town, Franklyn Town, da Allman Town.
Garin na da iyaka da nisan Miles shida zuwa yamma, Dutsen Stony zuwa arewa, Papine zuwa arewa maso gabas, da Harbour View zuwa gabas, waɗanda al'ummomi ne a cikin birane da kewayen Saint Andrew. Al'ummomin karkara na St. Andrew kamar Gordon Town, Bankin Mavis, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, da Bull Bay ba za a bayyana su a cikin birnin Kingston ba.
Gundumomi biyu sun ƙunshi tsakiyar yankin Kingston: Downtown mai tarihi da New Kingston. Dukansu Filin Jirgin Sama na Norman Manley ne ke ba da su sannan kuma ta ƙarami kuma da farko Tinson Pen Aerodrome.
Tarihi
An kafa Kingston a watan Yuli 22, 1692, jim kadan bayan girgizar kasa ta 1692 da ta lalata Port Royal a 1692; Asalin sashen na birnin wanda ke a kasan filayen Liguanea an kirkire shi ne don tsugunar da wadanda suka tsira daga wannan girgizar kasa
Kafin girgizar ƙasa, ayyukan Kingston na noma ne kawai. Wadanda suka tsira daga girgizar kasar sun kafa sansani a bakin tekun. Kimanin mutane dubu biyu ne suka mutu sakamakon cututtukan da suka shafi sauro. Da farko mutanen sun zauna a sansanin tanti akan Kanar Barry's Hog Crawle. Garin bai fara girma ba sai bayan da aka ci gaba da lalata Port Royal da gobara a 1703. Mai binciken John Goffe ya zana wani tsari na garin bisa ga layin da ke iyaka da Arewa, Gabas, Yamma, da Titin Harbour. An tsara sabon tsarin grid na garin don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci, musamman tsarin manyan tituna mai tsawon ƙafa 66 (mita 20), wanda ke ba da damar zirga-zirga tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa da gonaki a cikin ƙasa. A shekara ta 1716, ya zama birni mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ga Jamaica. Gwamnati ta siyar da filaye ga mutane tare da ka'idar cewa ba za su saya fiye da adadin filin da suka mallaka a Port Royal ba, sai dai a bakin teku. Sannu a hankali ’yan kasuwa masu hannu da shuni sun fara ƙaura daga kan sana’o’insu zuwa gonakin gona a arewacin filayen Liguanea.
Makarantar kyauta ta farko, Wolmers, an kafa ta ne a cikin 1729 kuma akwai gidan wasan kwaikwayo, na farko akan titin Harbour sannan ya koma 1774 zuwa Parade ta Arewa. Dukansu har yanzu suna nan. A cikin 1755 gwamna, Sir Charles Knowles, ya yanke shawarar canja wurin ofisoshin gwamnati daga Garin Mutanen Espanya zuwa Kingston. Wasu sun yi tunanin zama wurin da bai dace da Majalisar ba a kusanci da karkatar da dabi'un Kingston, kuma gwamna na gaba ya soke dokar. Koyaya, a shekara ta 1780 yawan mutanen Kingston ya kai 11,000, kuma 'yan kasuwa sun fara fafutukar ganin an canja babban birnin daga Garin Mutanen Espanya, wanda a lokacin kasuwancin Kingston ya rufe shi.
Cocin St. Thomas, dake kan titin King, babbar hanya, an fara gina shi ne kafin 1699 amma an sake gina shi bayan girgizar kasa a 1907.
A ƙarshen karni na 18, birnin ya ƙunshi gine-ginen bulo fiye da 3,000. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta bunkasa kasuwanci, kuma ta taka rawa a yakin ruwa da dama na karni na 18. Kingston ya ɗauki ayyukan Garin Mutanen Espanya (babban birnin a lokacin). Waɗannan ayyuka sun haɗa da noma, kasuwanci, sarrafawa da babban tashar sufuri zuwa kuma daga Kingston da sauran sassan tsibirin.
A cikin 1788, Kingston yana da yawan jama'a 25,000, wanda shine kusan kashi goma na yawan jama'ar tsibirin. Ɗaya daga cikin kowane mutum huɗu da ke zaune a Kingston fari ne, kuma akwai ɗimbin jama'a masu 'yanci a can ma, ma'ana biyu cikin kowane mutum biyar da ke zaune a Kingston suna da 'yanci. Sauran kashi uku cikin biyar na mutanen Kingston sun kasance bayi ne na bakaken fata.
Gwamnati ta zartar da wani doka don canja wurin ofisoshin gwamnati zuwa Kingston daga Garin Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya faru a cikin 1872. A cikin 1882, an yi wata babbar wuta a Kingston. A cikin 1892, wutar lantarki ta fara zuwa Jamaica, lokacin da aka ba da ita ga wata masana'anta da ke samar da tururi mai ƙonewa a titin Gold Street a Kingston.
A cikin 1907, mutane 800 sun mutu a wata girgizar ƙasa da aka fi sani da girgizar ƙasa ta Kingston ta 1907, ta lalata kusan dukkanin gine-ginen tarihi a kudancin Parade a cikin birnin. Hakan ya kasance lokacin da aka kafa dokar hana tsayin ƙafafu 60 (m18) a kan gine-ginen da ke tsakiyar birnin. An gina waɗannan gine-gine masu hawa uku da siminti mai ƙarfi. Gina titin King a cikin birni shine wuri na farko da ya karya wannan ka'idar ginin.
A cikin shekarun 1930, tarzoma a duk tsibirin ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kwadago da jam’iyyun siyasa don wakiltar ma’aikata. Garin ya zama gida ga harabar Mona na Jami'ar West Indies da aka kafa a 1948, tare da ɗaliban likitanci guda ashirin da hudu.
A cikin shekarun 1960, hankalin duniya na kiɗan reggae a wancan lokacin ya zo daidai da faɗaɗa da haɓaka kadada 95 (haɗin 38) na yankin tsakiyar birnin Kingston; A shekarun 1980, yawancin tsoffin gine-ginen da kamfanonin gine-gine suka ruguje, kuma an sake gina gaba dayan bakin ruwa tare da otal-otal, shaguna, ofisoshi, wuraren al'adu, da wuraren balaguro da na jigilar kaya. A cikin 1966, Kingston ita ce birni mai masaukin baki ga wasannin Commonwealth.
A cikin babban zaɓe na 1980, an zaɓi gwamnatin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta mulkin demokraɗiyya (PNP), sannan gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun fi karkata ga kasuwa tare da mai da hankali kan yawon buɗe ido da dangantaka da Amurka, wanda ya nuna "hargitsi" da "m" zamanin, wanda Cuba da Amurka suka yi yaƙi don kula da al'adu a kan Jamaica.
A cikin 1990s, laifuka sun karu a yankin kuma ana ba da rahoton tarzoma da yawa, ciki har da wanda ya faru a 1999 game da hauhawar farashin man fetur. A cikin 1999, gwamnatin Jamaica ta umurci dakarun soji da su yi sintiri a titunan Kingston a wani yunƙuri na magance munanan laifuka. A shekara ta 2001, sojojin sojoji da motoci masu sulke sun yi amfani da karfi don "maido da oda" a Kingston bayan "rikicin kwanaki uku ya yi sanadin mutuwar a kalla mutane 27".
A cikin 2010, tashin hankalin Kingston, rikici mai dauke da makamai tsakanin sojojin Jamaica da na 'yan sanda a Kingston da kuma shawagi na miyagun ƙwayoyi, ya ja hankalin duniya.Rikicin, wanda akasari ya faru a tsakanin 24-25 ga Mayu, ya kashe fararen hula akalla 73 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 35. An kuma kashe sojoji hudu da ‘yan sanda.
Hotuna
Manzarta
Webarchive template wayback links |
30085 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy%20Barley | Ivy Barley | Articles with hCards
Ivy Barley 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana, manajan shirye-shirye, mai fafutuka kuma mahaliccin abun ciki. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Developers in Vogue, kungiyar da ke share fagen samar da karin matan Afirka samun damammaki a masana'antar kere-kere. A cikin Janairu 2022, GhanaWeb ya fito da Sha'ir a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 3 'Mata a cikin Tech' 'yan Ghana suna samun ci gaba a fagen haɗin gwiwar duniya. A cikin 2017 da 2019, an jera sha'ir a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Matasa 50 Mafi Tasiri a Ghana ta Avance Media.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Barley a garin Accra na kasar Ghana, inda ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Aburi Girls Senior High School, bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Aiki a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, ta sami digiri na biyu (MPhil.) a fannin ilimin lissafi a jami'a guda kuma ta kammala a 2017.
Aiki
Barley a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shiryen Fasaha akan ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Ilimin Ilmi (OEA) a Microsoft, wanda buɗaɗɗen shiri ne wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da tsarin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya don haɓaka ƙwarewar bayanan zamani. OEA cikakken tsarin haɗin gwiwar bayanai ne mai buɗewa da tsarin nazari don sashin ilimi da aka gina akan Azure Synapse - tare da Azure Data Lake Storage azaman kashin baya na ajiya, Azure Active Directory yana ba da ikon amfani da tushen rawar, da Azure Purview don gano bayanai da gudanar da mulki.
Kafin ta shiga Microsoft a cikin 2020, Barley ta fara da haɓaka masu haɓakawa a cikin Vogue a matsayin Shugaba. Saboda sha'awarta na tallafawa matan Afirka a fannin fasaha, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasahar dijital da ilimi a Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), inda ta kasance mai kula da ƙira gabaɗaya, tsari da aiwatar da ayyukan fasaha na dijital kamar. horar da mata a sassa na yau da kullun na Ghana don taimaka musu su yi amfani da fasaha don haɓaka kasuwancinsu da haɓaka haɓakarsu ta amfani da kayan aikin dijital da shirin eSkills4Girls don haɓaka sana'o'in fasaha a tsakanin mata da 'yan matan Afirka. A watan Disamba 2018, re:publica ta zo Afirka a karon farko, kuma ta kasance mai kula da tsarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma daidaita mata daban-daban a ayyukan fasaha a madadin GIZ a lokacin re:publica Accra.
Barley ta kasance wani ɓangare na Global Shaper Community a Accra, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya tsakanin 2017 da 2019 da Yunus da Matasa Fellow. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a fannin lissafi, kididdiga, Physics da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka da ke Ghana da kuma Mataimakiyar Bincike da Koyarwa a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, inda ta taimaka da Nazarin Regression, Kididdigar Lissafi, Hannun Ƙididdiga. don Haɓaka Tsari da Ƙididdigar Halittu.
Dan kasuwan zamantakewa
Barley ita ce wacce ta kafa Developers in Vogue, kungiyar da ke ba da horo, jagoranci da kuma sanya ayyukan yi ga matan Afirka a fannin fasaha. An gane tasirin Developers in Vogue akan dandamali na kasa da kasa ciki har da IFC Sustainability Exchange: Invest for Tomorrow, Taron Women20 a Berlin, Jamus wanda Chancellor Angela Merkel ta halarta da ITU International Girls in ICT Day.
Har ila yau, an nuna tasirin Ivy a Developers in Vogue a cikin kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban da littattafai ciki har da littafin Mata in Tech na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Tarayyar Jamus don ƙarfafa mata da 'yan mata da yawa don shiga cikin STEM da kuma littafin Founding Women don haskakawa. Matan Afirka waɗanda ke bijirewa ƙima don haɓaka kasuwancin da suka yi nasara a fasaha.
Tasiri kan Dabarun Dijital
Barley tana amfani da dandamali na dijital , musamman kafofin watsa labarun, blog ɗinta da wasiƙarta don raba gogewa da haɓaka mata a cikin fasaha. A kan Twitter, ta dauki bakuncin tattaunawar sauti ta hanyar Twitter Spaces da ake kira #SpaceswithIvy inda ta kawo masu magana don raba abubuwan da suka faru, fahimta, albarkatun da dama a cikin masana'antar fasaha. A cikin Janairu 2022, Sha'ir ya ba da sanarwar #100DaysChallenge ga al'ummar fasaha a Afirka don koyan sabbin fasahohin fasaha da raba tafiyarsu a fili akan Twitter. Mutane suna koyon ƙirar UI/UX, injiniyan bayanai, sarrafa samfur, rubutun fasaha, da haɓaka software da sauransu a cikin kwanaki 100.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Disamba 2021 | Nasara na Kalubale na Microsoft Global Hackathon 2021
Nuwamba 2021 | Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Tech Entrepreneur - Kyautar Ƙirƙirar Mata ta Afirka da Dandalin Kasuwanci (AWIEF)
Maris 2020 | Ta Don Kyaututtukan Tasirin Jama'a
Disamba 2019 | Mafi Tasirin Matasa Dan Ghana a Kimiyya da Fasaha
Disamba 2019 | Manyan Matasan Ghana 50 Mafi Tasiri
Nuwamba 2019 | F-LANE na Ƙarshe ta Cibiyar Vodafone na Jama'a da Sadarwa
Nuwamba 2017 | Kwese GoGettaz Gasar Karshe
Afrilu 2017 | Nasara, gasar eSkills4Girls a Berlin, Jamus
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
24944 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Sandler | Adam Sandler | Adam Richard Sandler (an haife shi a watan Satumba 9, shekarat a1966) ɗan wasan Amurka ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci, kuma mai shirya fim. Ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar Asabar Night Live daga 1990 zuwa 1995, kafin ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina -finan Hollywood da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu don samun sama da $ 2 biliyan a ofishin akwatin. Sandler yana da kimar kusan dala miliyan 420 a shekarar 2020, kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fim guda huɗu tare da Netflix wanda ya zarce dala miliyan 250.
Matsayin rawar barkwanci na Sandler sun haɗa da Billy Madison (1995), Happy Gilmore (1996), The Waterboy (1998), Singer Wedding (1998), Big Daddy (1999), Mr. Deeds (2002), 50 First Dates (2004), The Dogon Yard (2005), Danna (2006), Girma Girma (2010), Kawai Ku tafi tare da shi (2011), Grown Ups 2 (2013), Blended (2014), Murist Mystery (2019) da Hubie Halloween (2020). Ya kuma bayyana Dracula a cikin fina <i id="mwOA">-finai ukun farko na Otal ɗin Transylvania Hotel</i> (2012 - 18).
Wasu daga cikin fina -finansa, galibi fina -finan barkwanci irin su Jack and Jill (ashekarata 2011), an baje kolinsu sosai, kuma Sandler ita ce mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta Golden Raspberry Awards da nade -naden Kyautar Rasberi 37, fiye da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo sai Sylvester Stallone . Conversely, da ya sanã'anta yabo domin ban mamaki wasanni a cikin dramedy fina-finan Spanglish (shekarata 2004), sarautar Ni ashekarata (2007), Funny Mutane (ashekarata 2009), da kuma auteur kore fina-finai kamar Paul Thomas Anderson 's Punch-bugu Love ashehkarata 2002 ), Labarin Meyerowitz na Nuhu Baumbach (2017), da Gem ɗin Uncut Gems (2019).
An haifi Sandler a Brooklyn, New York, a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1966, ga Judith “Judy” ( née Levine), malamin makarantar gandun daji, da Stanley Sandler, injiniyan lantarki. Iyalinsa Yahudawa ne kuma sun fito ne daga bakin haure na Rasha-yahudawa daga bangarorin biyu. Sandler ya girma a Manchester, New Hampshire, bayan ya koma can yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester ta tsakiya . Tun yana matashi, Sandler yana cikin BBYO, ƙungiyar matasa ta Yahudawa. Sandler ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tisch ta Jami'ar New York a 1988.
A farkon aikinsa, a cikin 1987, Sandler ya buga abokin Theo Huxtable, Smitty, a cikin The Cosby Show da Stud Boy ko Trivia Delinquent a cikin wasan MTV wasan Nunin Nesa . Bayan fim ɗin sa na farko Going Overboard a cikin 1989, Sandler yayi a cikin kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, tun da farko ya ɗauki matakin a cikin roƙon ɗan'uwansa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17. Mai wasan barkwanci Dennis Miller ne ya gano shi, wanda ya kama aikin Sandler a Los Angeles kuma ya ba da shawarar shi ga mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen Night Night Lorne Michaels . An ɗauki Sandler a matsayin marubuci na SNL ashekearata1990 kuma ya zama fitaccen ɗan wasa a shekara mai zuwa, yana yin suna don kansa ta hanyar yin waƙoƙin asali na nishaɗi, cikinsa har da " Waƙar godiya " da " Waƙar Chanukah ". Sandler ya gaya wa Conan O'Brien akan The Tonight Show cewa NBC ta kori shi dakuma Chris Farley daga wasan kwaikwayon ashekaransa 1995, kuma ya buga wannan yayin dawowarsa wasan a matsayinsana mai masaukin baki a 2019.
A cikin shekaratata 1993, Adam Sandler ya fito a fim ɗin Coneheads tare da Chris Farley, David Spade, Dan Aykroyd, Phil Hartman, da Jane Curtin . A cikinshekarata 1994, ya yi tauraro a cikin fimdin Airheads tare da Brendan Fraser da Steve Buscemi .
1995-2007
Sandler ya haska a cikin Billy Madison (shekarta 1995) yana wasa babban mutum yana maimaita maki 1-12 don dawo da martabar mahaifinsa da haƙƙin gadon daular otal ɗin miliyoyin daloli na mahaifinsa. Fim din ya yi nasara a ofishin akwatin duk da korafe -korafe marasa kyau. Ya bi wannan fim ɗin tare da Bulletproof (ashekaran1996), da mawakan da suka samu nasarar kuɗi Happy Gilmore (ashekaran1996) da Mawaƙin Mawaƙa (ashekarata1998). Da farko an jefa shi a cikin bachelor -party -themed comedy/thriller Very Bad Abubuwa (1998) amma dole ne ya fice saboda shigarsa The Waterboy (1998), ɗaya daga cikin nasarorinsa farko.
Sandler ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina -finansa, Happy Madison Productions, ashekarata 1999, wanda ya fara samar da ɗan'uwansa SNL alumnus Rob Schneider 'fim Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo . Kamfanin ya samar da mafi yawan fina -finan Sandler na baya zuwa yau, kuma yana kan ƙimar Hotunan Sony/ Columbia a Culver City, California . Galibin fina -finan kamfanin sun sami sake dubawa mara kyau daga masu sukarta, tare da ganin uku sun kasance cikin mafi munin da aka yi duk da haka mafi yawa sun yi kyau a ofishin akwatin. Sauran waɗanda ke yawan fitowa a fina -finan Sandler sun haɗa da David Spade, Kevin James, Steve Buscemi, Chris Rock, John Turturro, Peter Dante, Allen Covert, Jonathan Loughran, da Jon Lovitz .
Kodayake finafinan sa na farko ba su sami kulawa mai mahimmanci ba, ya fara samun ƙarin bita mai kyau, farawa daga Punch-Drunk Love a 2002. Binciken Roger Ebert na Punch-Drunk Love ya kammala cewa Sandler ya ɓata a cikin fina-finan da suka gabata tare da rubutattun rubutattun haruffa da haruffa ba tare da wani ci gaba ba.
Sandler ya tashi a waje da nau'in wasan barkwanci don ɗaukar manyan ayyuka, kamar wanda aka ambata Punch-Drunk Love, wanda aka zaɓa don Golden Globe, da Mike Binder 's Reign Over Me (2007), wasan kwaikwayo game da mutumin da ya rasa danginsa gaba ɗaya yayin harin 11 ga Satumba, sannan ya yi fafutukar sake sabunta abota da tsohon abokin zama a kwaleji ( Don Cheadle ).
Haifaffun 1966 |
14555 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Akan | Mutanen Akan | Akan wata ƙabila ce da ke zaune a yankunan kudanci na ƙasar Ghana da Ivory Coast a yanzu a Yammacin Afirka. Harshen Akan (wanda aka fi sani da Twi /Fante) rukuni ne na yaruka a cikin reshen Tano na tsakiya na rukunin gidan Potou-Tano na dangin Niger-Congo. Rukunin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan sun haɗa da:
Agona
Akuapem
Akwamu
Akyem
Ashanti
Bono
Fante
Kwahu
Wassa
Rukuni-rukuni na kungiyoyin Akan masu magana da harshen Bia sun haɗa da Anyin, Baoulé, Chakosi (Anufo), Sefwi (Sehwi), Nzema, Ahanta, da Jwira-Pepesa. Gungiyoyin rukuni na Akan duk suna da halaye na al'ada cikin al'ada; galibi musamman binciken asalin ɗan adam, gadon dukiya, da maye gurbinsa zuwa babban ofishin siyasa.
Hakanan ana iya samun al'adun Akan a cikin Amurka, inda kuma aka kame wasu Akans a matsayin fursuna. Kusan kashi goma cikin ɗari na jiragen ruwa na bayi waɗanda suka tashi daga Kogin Zinariya sun ƙunshi mutanen Akan. Asalin tushen arziki a cikin tattalin arzikin Akan shine zinariya. Koyaya, kamewa da sayarwar mutanen Akan sun kai kololuwa yayin rikicin Fante da Ashanti (kamar yadda duka suka sayar da yawancin waɗanda suka kama a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi). Rikicin Akan ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na fursunonin soja, da aka sani da "Coromantee" ana sayar da shi cikin bautar. Sojojin Coromantee da sauran fursunonin Akan sun shahara da yawaitar tawayen bayi da dabarun juriya na shuka. Waɗannan fursunonin ana jin tsoron su a cikin Amurka duka. Gadonsu ya bayyana a cikin kungiyoyi kamar Maroons na Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka.
An yi imanin cewa mutanen Akan sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke a yanzu daga yankin Sahara da yankin Sahel na Afirka zuwa cikin gandun daji a wajajen ƙarni na 11. Yawancin Akan suna ba da tarihinsu kamar yadda ya faro a yankin gabashin Afirka saboda a nan ne asalin ƙabilar Akan kamar yadda muka san su a yau ya faru.
Al'adar baka ta dangin Abrade (Aduana) mai mulki sun bayyana cewa Akans sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar daular Ghana. Mutanen Akan sun yi ƙaura daga arewa ta cikin Masar kuma suka zauna a Nubia. Kusan 500 AD (karni na 5), saboda matsin lambar da masarautar Axumite ta Habasha ta yi, Nubia ta wargaje kuma mutanen Akan suka koma yamma suka kafa kananan masarautun kasuwanci. Waɗannan masarautun sun girma kuma kusan 750 AD an kafa Masarautar Ghana. Daular ta kasance daga 750 AD zuwa 1200 AD kuma ta rushe sakamakon shigar da Musulunci a Yammacin Sudan, kuma saboda kishin da Musulmai ke da shi na tilasta addininsu, daga karshe kakanninsu suka tafi Kong (watau Ivory Coast ta yanzu). Daga Kong, sun koma Wam sannan kuma zuwa Dormaa (dukansu suna cikin yankin Brong-Ahafo na yanzu). Motsi daga Kong ya zama dole saboda sha'awar nemo yanayin savannah masu dacewa tunda ba'a saba dasu da rayuwar gandun daji ba. Kusan karni na 14, sun ƙaura daga Dormaa a kudu maso gabas zuwa Twifo-Heman, Cape Coast. Wannan motsi ya kasance da dalili na kasuwanci. An kafa masarautar Bonoman (ko Brong-Ahafo) a ƙarni na 12. Tsakanin ƙarni na 12 da 13, haɓakar zinariya a yankin ta kawo wadatar Akans da yawa. A lokacin matakai daban-daban na Masarautar Bonoman, kungiyoyin Akan sun yi ƙaura daga yankin don ƙirƙirar jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka fi yawa kan haƙar zinare da fataucin amfanin gona. Wannan ya kawo arziki ga yawancin jihohin Akan kamar su Akwamu Empire (1550-1650), kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓakar sanannen masarautar Akan, Daular Ashanti (1700-1900).
Tarihi
Daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 19, mutanen Akan sun mamaye ayyukan hakar gwal da fatauci a yankin; a duk tsawon wannan lokacin suna daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a Afirka. Filin gwal na Akan, a cewar Peter Bakewell, su ne "yankin da ke da matukar annashuwa a cikin dajin da ke tsakanin kogin Komoe da Volta." Filin gwal na Akan ya kasance ɗayan manyan filayen zinare guda uku a yankin, tare da filin zinariya na Bambuk, da filin zinare na Bure.
Wannan wadatar da ke cikin zinariya ta jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwar Turai. Da farko dai, Turawan sun kasance ‘yan kasar Portugal, ba da jimawa ba kasashen Holan da Birtaniyya suka hada kai don neman zinaren Akan. Akan sun yi yaki da jihohin da ke makwabtaka a yankin su don kama mutane da sayar da su a matsayin bayi ga Turawa (Portuguese) wanda daga baya ya sayar da bayin tare da bindigogi ga Akan don musayar Akan zinariya. Hakanan kuma ana amfani da zinaren Akan don siyan bayi daga gaba zuwa arewa ta hanyar Trans-Saharan. Akan sun sayi bayi don taimakawa gandun daji da ke cikin Ashanti. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawancin jihohin Akan barori ne (watau mutanen da ba Akan ba). Akan ya fita daga masu siyan bayi zuwa siyar da bayi kamar yadda abubuwan canzawa a cikin Gold Coast da Sabuwar Duniya suka canza. Don haka, mutanen Akan sun taka rawa wajen wadatar da Turawa da bayi, wadanda daga baya aka bautar dasu don cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic. A shekara ta 2006 Ghana ta nemi gafarar zuriyar bayi saboda rawar da Ashantis suka taka a cinikin bayi.
Mutanen Akan, musamman mutanen Ashanti, sun yi yaki da Turawan mulkin mallaka kuma suka kayar da su a lokuta da dama don ci gaba da cin gashin kai. Wannan ya faru a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti: Yakin Zinari na Zinare da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe irin wannan. A farkon 1900s, Ghana ta kasance masarauta ko kariya ta Burtaniya, yayin da ƙasashe a cikin Ivory Coast suna ƙarƙashin Faransawa. A ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, biyo bayan mulkin mallaka daga Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah, Kogin Zinariya ta haɗu da Burtaniya Togoland da Yankin Arewa, Upper East Region, da Upper West Region na Kogin Zinariya don ƙirƙirar Ghana. Kasar Ivory Coast ta sami 'yencin kai a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1960.
Siyasar Akan
Akan suna daukar kansu al'umma daya. Akan yana nufin farko, mafi mahimmanci, mai nuna wayewa da wayewa. Duk da yake a al'adance na gargajiya, suna kuma hadewa ta hanyar ilimin falsafa ta hanyar kungiyoyin ruhohi 12 da ake kira Ntoro ko egya-bosom. A cikin ƙasar Akan akwai rassa dangane da yaruka da yawa, mafi faɗi kuma mai yiwuwa tsohuwar da ake amfani da ita ita ce Twi. Kowane reshe yana riƙe da tarin jihohi daga baya zuwa jihohi. Sarakuna da yawa waɗanda ake kira Ahemfo suna mulkin jihar ko Aman. Jihar ita ce asalin asalin siyasar Akan. Yawancin jihohi da jihohi-birni na iya haɗuwa don kafa ƙungiyar ƙawance ko daula ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila ko ƙabilar da suka fito ba, yayin da waɗancan mutanen na ƙabilar Akan ko kuma galibi galibi aka ci su ko aka haɗa su ta hanyar yaƙi ko yarjejeniya. Misali, kasar Guan ta Larteh da Akyem ta Akropong sun hade wuri daya don kafa Masarautar Akwapim don kauce wa Akwamu, wadanda Guan suke ganin zalunci ne. Karkashin Jiha akwai Rabarori kuma a karkashin wadannan Rabawan akwai garuruwa da kauyuka.
Akan tsara sarakunan Akan gwargwadon ikon su. Shugaban kungiyar hadin kai tsakanin kabilu galibi ana daukar shi Sarki ne, kamar yadda yake a Sarakunan Ashanti, Fante, Akyem da na Akwapim. Karkashin waɗannan akwai shugabannin ƙasashe waɗanda suke daidaita da Sarki wanda kawai ke jagorantar Daula (misali Daular Asante da Denkyira). A cikin shari'ar Asante, a matsayin Masarauta, Asantehene ya yi mulki a kan ba-Oyoko dangin-birni-kuma ya mallaki sarakunan waɗannan jihohin a matsayin mai mulkin Sarki ko Sarki (wanda ba a amfani da shi amma daidai lokacin da ya dace kamar yadda Emperor ke nufin sarkin sarakuna.) Amma dama na gaba, akwai Shugabannin rukuni, an tsara su da farko bisa ga rukuni biyar na rundunar Akan. Amma dama na gaba, akwai Shugabannin rukuni, an tsara su da farko bisa ga rukuni biyar na rundunar Akan. Rundunar Fante ko Asafo sun yi kama da gicciye ko jirgin sama. Tsarin yaƙi yana da Frontline, West Flank, East Flank, babban jiki da Vanguard. Sabili da haka, akwai manyan shugabanni guda biyar a cikin kowane Matsayi. Wadannan suna biye da su a daraja ta hanyar Sarakunan gari sannan kuma Sarakunan garin sannan sarki na gefen gari.
Kabilar Akan yawanci suna da Abusua bakwai (Iyalan dangi) a kowace jiha. Ba su da sunaye iri ɗaya a kowace jiha amma kowannensu yana da dangi iri ɗaya (misali a yankunan Fante da ke bakin teku, ana kiran dangin Asante na Oyoko da Dehyena ko Yokofo). An ba dangin dangin Jihohi waɗanda suke mulki ta hanyar matsayinsu na waɗanda suka kafa wannan yankin. Masarautar Ashanti tana karkashin Masarautar Oyoko. Koyaya, Bretuo ko Twidanfo (a Fante), da sauran dangi, suna mulkin Jihohi, Rarraba, Garuruwa da kauyuka a cikin Masarautar. Kabilun da ke magana da Fante galibi suna da Aslan Clan masu mulkin yawancin jihohinsu (kamar Mankessim). Wasu yankuna ko zuriya suna da haƙƙoƙin keɓewa ga wasu kujeru a cikin Akanland kamar su na Afia Kobi a cikin dangin Oyoko wanda shi kaɗai ke zaune a kan kujeran Zinariya ta Asante.
Akans al'adun mutanen gargajiya ne na Matrilineal na nahiyar Afirka. Gadodi na matriline shine ya sauƙaƙa wajan layin gado. A cikin kowane jinsi ko Gida akwai rassa. Ana kiran shugaban dangi da Abusuapanyin (ko kuma babban dattijo). Matsayi sama da shugaban dangi (Abusuapanin na iyali) shine shugaban dangi (ko Abusuapanyin na dangi). Wadannan rassa ana kiransu Jaase ko Kitchens. Kowane Kitchen yana da nasa lokacin don gabatar da ɗan takara na kujerar ga masu sarautar zuriyar. Da zarar sun yarda da dokokin dan takarar su har zuwa mutuwa. Wannan yana nufin har sai duk Jaase sun gabatar da yan takarar su dole su jira nasu lokacin.
Akan Sarakuna na kowane irin matsayi suna da wasu masu martaba waɗanda ke yi musu aiki a matsayin ƙananan sarakuna. Waɗannan ƙananan shugabannin ba su da taken gado don haka ba su da kujerun baƙar fata. Bayan haka, kowane Sarki yana da mata mai mulkin da aka sani da uwar Sarauniya. Mahaifiyar Sarauniya ta fi kama da mutum-mutumi wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar'uwar Sarki ko Sarki don haka mahaifiyar Sarki ko Sarki mai zuwa, za ta iya yin sarauta a matsayin Sarki idan ta ga dama (misali sarauniya-mata musamman daga gidan Asona: Nana Abena Boaa wanda ya mulki Offinso 1610-1640, Nana Afia Dokuaa da ta mulki Akyem Abuakwa 1817-1835, da Nana Yaa Asantewaa wanda ya mulki Edweso 1896-1900). Sun gabatar da dan takarar don la'akari dashi a matsayin Sarki. Mataimakin sarki bashi da uwar Sarauniya kamar yadda taken sa ba gado bane.
Yarima ko Daakye Hene (Fante) (wanda za a yi wa Sarki na gaba) kowane ɗayan zuriyar ne ya cancanci zama a kan kujera. Koyaya, ba duk masu martaba ko mata masu martaba suke Yarima ba kamar yadda wasu zasu iya cancanta. Yarima ba lallai bane dan Sarki ne amma kuma dan dan tsohon Sarki ne a bangaren uwa. Kamar haka, manyan mutane suna ƙoƙari su cimma matsayin yarima a cikin danginsu ko na 'ya'yansu.
Karamin shugaban ba ya bukatar zama mai martaba. Dole ne kawai ya dace da matsayin da zai hau. Wasu daga cikin mukamai za a iya soke su yadda suke so. Sun hada da shugabannin gidan mulki ko Mankrado, masanin harshe, da Chief Kingmaker ko Jaasehen, da Supi ko Janar na Soja, da Kaftin din Soja ko Asafohen (Fante) da sauransu. Hanyar Akans ta mallaki al-ummar su ta burge kabilun wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma kuma yayin da Akans suka ci nasara ko suka kulla kawance da wadannan al'ummomin, aka watsa musu wasu sassanta. Birtaniyyawa musamman sun ji cewa tsarin Akan yana da inganci sosai kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa shi a cikin duk mulkokinsu a Yammacin Afirka ta amfani da Tsarin Dokar Kai tsaye. Ewes da Ga-Adangmes tare da kusancin su da Akan sun gyara wasu fannoni game da shi don dacewa da al'ummomin su.
A cikin Ghana da sauran jihohin zamani inda ƙabilar Akan suke, Sarakuna, mataimakan Sarakuna, Sarakuna, da Mashahuran Akans galibi suna matsayin matsayi na alama. Siyasar zamani ta sanya su gefe-gefe a siyasar ƙasa duk da cewa abu ne na yau da kullun a gano cewa zaɓaɓɓen jami'in da aka nada ko wanda aka nada ya kasance na masarautar Akan. Kuma, musamman a ƙauyuka da yankuna marasa talauci, Sarakunan gargajiya har yanzu suna da matukar mahimmanci don tsara ci gaba, sabis na zamantakewa da wanzar da zaman lafiya. Wasu Sarakuna sun yanke shawarar ci gaba tare da jagorancin Masarautun su da Jihohin su ta hanyar da ba ta siyasa ba. Asantehen da okyehen sun jaddada Ilimi da Dorewar Muhalli bi da bi. Wasu kuma suna matsawa gwamnatin kasa da mukarrabanta su cika alkawuran da suka yiwa mutanensu.
A cikin Ghana ta zamani, an kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta / ta shari'a wacce aka fi sani da gidan "Sarakuna" (kalmar mulkin mallaka don a wulakanta Sarakunan Afirka saboda imanin wariyar launin fata don kada a daidaita Sarkin Afirka da Sarkin Turai a matsayi) don kulawa. "masarauta" da Gwamnatin Ghana kamar yadda Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta taba yi ta ba da izini ga Manyan sarakunan da kuma ba su labarai. Sarakunan Akan da yawa suna zaune a matakai daban-daban na Gidan "Shugabannin". Kowane Matsayi yana da Majalisar Gargajiya, sannan akwai Gidan Yankin "Shugabannin" kuma na ƙarshe gidan Majalisar "Shugabannin". Akan Sarakuna waɗanda suka taɓa yin yaƙi da juna da Sarakunan wasu ƙasashe a cikin Gana yanzu suna zaune tare da su don gina zaman lafiya da kuma ba da shawarar ci gaba ga ƙasashensu.
Subungiyoyin Akan da kuma asalin asali
Mutanen Akan sun hada da wadannan rukunoni masu zuwa: Abinghi, Abbe, Abidji, Aboure, Adjukru, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akye, Akyem, Alladian, Anyi, Aowin, Ashanti (manyan kabilun), Assin, Attie, Avatime, Avikam, Baoulé, Bono, Chokosi, Denkyira, Ehotile, Evalue, Fante, Jwira-Pepesa, Kwahu, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi, Tchaman, Twifu, da Wassa. Kalmar Akanman ce ta bayyana asalin al'ummar Akan ko kuma kabila. Kalmar Akan wato (jam'i mai yawa Aman) wanda ke samar da kashi na biyu a cikin wannan magana yana da ma'anar "al'umma, gari, ƙasa, ƙasa". (A) an fassara mutum kamar "Akanland".
Harshen Akan
Akan yana nufin yaren ƙungiyar ƙabilar yare ta Akan da kuma harshen Akan wanda ya kasance kuma shi ne yaren da ake amfani dashi sosai kuma ake amfani dashi a cikin ƙabilar Akan. Kowace kabila da ke da yare nata Akan tana da cikakkiyar sanarwa ga ilimin karatu a cikin yankuna masu rinjaye, a matakin firamare da na ilimin firamare (Firamare 1-3) K-12 (ilimi), kuma sunyi karatu a jami'a a matsayin digiri na farko ko na masters digiri shirin. Ana magana da harshen Akan a matsayin harshe mafi rinjaye a Yammacin, Tsakiyar, Ashanti, Gabas, Brong Ahafo yankuna na dangin Akan. Har ila yau ana magana da yare tare da wasu tasirin Akan da ake kira Ndyuka a Kudancin Amurka (Suriname da Faransanci Guiana), tare da yaren Akan da ke zuwa waɗannan wurare na Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic kuma har yanzu ana amfani da sunayen Akan da tatsuniyoyi a cikin waɗannan Kasashen Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean (ana iya ganin wani misali a cikin Maroons na Jamaica da tasirinsu tare da al'adun Akan da kalmomin aro). Tare da yanayin fasahar zamani, mutum na iya sauraren watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo kai tsaye a cikin Akan daga tashoshin rediyo da yawa da karɓar kafofin watsa labarai da watsa labarai na jama'a a cikin Akan daga yawancin hanyoyin watsa labarai da watsa labarai. Akan yayi karatu a manyan jami’o’i a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka, gami da jami’ar Ohio, jami’ar jihar Ohio, jami’ar Wisconsin – Madison, jami’ar Harvard, jami’ar Boston, jami’ar Indiana, jami’ar Michigan, da jami’ar Florida. Harshen Akan ya kasance harshen karatu na yau da kullun a cikin shirin shekara-shekara na Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) kuma ana koyar da harshen Akan kuma ana gudanar da shi ta Akan Orthography Committee (AOC). Wasu daga cikin sifofin halayyar Akans sun hada da sautin, jituwa wasali, da kuma gyara halitta.
Al'adu
Al'adun Akan sune ɗayan al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya na Afirka. Akan zane-zane yana da fadi kuma sananne ne, musamman don al'adun kera nauyin zinare na tagulla, ta amfani da hanyar jefa kakin zuma. Al'adun Akan sun isa Amurka ta Kudu, Caribbean, da Arewacin Amurka.
Wasu daga cikin mahimman tarihinsu na almara ana kiransu anansesem, a zahiri ma'ana "labarin gizo-gizo", amma a ma'anar alama kuma ma'anar "tatsuniyoyin matafiyi". Waɗannan "labaran gizo-gizo" wasu lokuta ana kiransu nyankomsem: "kalmomin allahn sama". Labaran gabaɗaya, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna danganta da Kwaku Ananse, ruhun mai ruɗi, wanda galibi ana nuna shi kamar gizo-gizo, ɗan adam, ko haɗuwa da shi.
Abubuwan al'adun Akan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: fasahar Akan, zane kente, Kalanda Akan, Akan sarauta, Akan nauyin zinariya, da addinin Akan.
Ra'ayoyin falsafar Akan da gado
Waɗannan su ne ainihin abubuwan da ke tattare da falsafar Akan da gado:
Abusua (mogya) - Abin da Akan ya gada daga mahaifiyarsa
Ntoro - Abin da Akan ke samu daga mahaifinsa, amma ɗayan ba na Ntoro ba ne; maimakon haka mutum na Abusua ne
Sunsum - Abin da Akan ke haɓaka daga ma'amala da duniya
Kra - Abin da Akan ke samu daga Nyame (Allah)
Matrilineality
Da yawa amma ba duk Akan suke aiwatar da al'adunsu na gargajiya na gargajiya ba, suna zaune ne a gidajen danginsu na gargajiya. Kungiyar gargajiya ta Akan ta tattalin arziki da siyasa ta dogara ne da layin mata, waɗanda sune tushen gado da maye gurbinsu. An bayyana jinsi azaman duk waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nasaba ta hanyar asalin haihuwa daga wata kaka. Yawancin rukuni-rukuni an haɗa su cikin rukunin siyasa wanda majalisar dattawa ke jagoranta, kowanne ɗayansa zaɓaɓɓen shugaban zuriya - wanda shi kansa kansa na iya haɗawa da dangin dangi da yawa.
Don haka, ofisoshin jama'a suna da nasaba da tsatson, kamar yadda mallakar ƙasa da sauran dukiyoyin zuriyar. Watau, ana gadon dukiyar dangi ne kawai daga dangin mai ciki. Kowane jinsi yana kula da asalin zuriyar da membobinta suka noma, suna aiki tare don girmama magabatansu, suna kula da auran membobinta, kuma suna sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin membobinta.
Hakanan an hada kungiyoyin siyasa a sama (a al'adance guda bakwai) amma ya zuwa yau, manyan kungiyoyi guda takwas da ake kira abusua: Aduana, Agona, Asakyiri, Asenie, Asona, Bretuo, Ekuona, da Oyoko. Membobin kowane irin wannan wariyar sun hada kansu da imaninsu cewa dukkansu sun fito daga tsohuwar kakanni daya - saboda haka aure tsakanin membobin kungiya daya (ko abusua) haramun ne, haramun ne ga aure. Mutum ya gaji ko ya kasance memba ne na tsawon rayuwa, nasaba, rukunin siyasa da abusua wariyar uwa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko aure na mutum ba. Membobi da matansu sun kasance suna da alaƙa daban, tare da uwa da yara suna zaune suna aiki a gida ɗaya, kuma mijinsu / mahaifinsu suna zaune suna aiki a cikin gidan daban.
A cewar wani tushe na bayani game da Akan, "Namiji yana da kusanci sosai da ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarsa (wɔfa) amma yana da rauni ƙwarai da ɗan'uwan mahaifinsa. Ana iya kallon wannan a cikin yanayin al'adar auren mata fiye da daya wanda da alama mahaɗan uwa / yaro sun fi ƙarfi ƙarfi fiye da ɗa da uba. A sakamakon haka, a cikin gado, dan yayan mutum (dan 'yar uwarsa) (wɔfase) zai kasance yana da fifiko a kan ɗan nasa. Dangantakar kawuna da dan uwansa, saboda haka, sun hau kan matsayi. "
"Ka'idodin da ke kula da gado, tsara, da shekaru - ma'ana, maza suna zuwa gaban mata da tsofaffi kafin yara." ...Lokacin da 'yan'uwan mace suka kasance, yin la'akari da tsofaffin ɗabi'un ya nuna cewa layin yan uwa sun gaji kafin haƙƙin gadon kayan layya ya sauka zuwa na gaba mai zuwa asalin zuriyar 'ya'yan mata. A ƙarshe, "shi ne lokacin da duk gajiyar magada maza ta ƙare saboda mata" na iya gado.
Wasu wasu fannoni na al'adun Akan an ƙaddara su ne na patriline ba na matriba ba. Akwai kakannin Ntoro 12 (na ruhu), kuma kowa yana cikin kungiyar Ntoro ta mahaifinsa, amma ba ga danginsa da abusua ba. Kowane rukuni na Ntoro yana da sunayen suna, taboos, tsarkakewar al'ada, da siffofin ɗabi'a. Hakan yasa mutum ya gaji Ntoro daga mahaifinsa amma baya cikin danginsa.
Wani littafi (2001) na kwanan nan ya ba da sabuntawa akan Akan, yana mai cewa wasu iyalai suna canzawa daga tsarin dangi na sama zuwa dangin nukiliya. Gidaje, kulawa da yara, ilimi, aikin yau da kullun, da kulawar dattijai, da sauransu duk wannan dangin ne ke daukar nauyin su, maimakon 'yan uwan juna, musamman a cikin birni. Ba a yin watsi da abin da aka ambata a sama game da aure tsakanin dangin mutum, amma "membobin dangi" har yanzu yana da mahimmanci, tare da mutane da yawa da ke rayuwa a cikin tsarin nuna bambancin da aka gabatar a sama.
Tasirin Akan
Abubuwan al'adun Akan gabaɗaya ana iya ganin su a cikin yankuna da yawa. Ana ganin takamaiman abubuwan al'adun Akan musamman a cikin jama'ar Afirka da ke makwabtaka da wasu jama'ar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Hakanan al'adun Akan suna da mahimmanci a Tarihi a cikin Sabuwar Duniya, inda sunayen Akan suke ko kuma suna gama gari, misali tsakanin Coromantins na Jamaica, Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, Barbados, da zuriyar Akwamu a St. John. Kofi, shugaban tawayen bautar ta 1763 da tawaye mai ƙarfi ga mutanen Holland a Guyana ɗan Akan ne.
Fitattun mutane daga asalin Akan
Kwame Nkrumah (1909 - 1972) - ya fara gwagwarmayar kasashen Afirka, wacce ta 'yantar da jihohi da dama daga Turawan mulkin mallaka.
Kofi Annan (1938–2018) - bakar fata na farko da ya shugabanci kungiyar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An bashi lambar yabo ta Nobel
Arthur Wharton (1865-1930) - ɗan wasa bakar fata na farko a duniya.
Cikakken jerin mutanen ƙabilar Akan a Wikipedia ta Turanci
Hotuna
Manazarta
Kabilu a Ghana
Kabilu a Ivory coast |
51001 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Gudanar%20da%20Harkokin%20Kasuwancin%20Shugaban%20kasa | Majalisar Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Shugaban kasa | Kwamitin Gudanar da Muhalli na Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa (PEBEC) hukuma ce ta musamman da Shugaban Najeriya ya kafa don kasuwancin Najeriya. Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da cewa yin kasuwanci a Najeriya yana da sauƙi ta hanyar gyare-gyare da manufofi.
Tarihi
Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari ne ya kaddamar da PEBEC a shekarar 2016, tare da umarnin cire mawuyacin matsala da matsalolin da ke tattare da yin kasuwanci a Najeriya.
PEBEC tana aiki tare da Ma'aikatu, Sashen da Hukumomi (MDAs) da sauran abokan tarayya don rage farashin, lokaci da yawan hanyoyin don yin tsari na kafawa da yin kasuwanci a Najeriya ya fi sauƙi da tasiri daga fara kasuwanci zuwa samun wuri don samun kuɗi don magance ayyukan yau da kullun kuma a ƙarshe don aiki a cikin yanayin kasuwanci mai aminci.
Shirin sake fasalin tsarin mulki ya fara ne a shekarar 2017 a matsayin sakamakon taron Kasuwancin Kasashen Kasar Shugaban kasa na 5 wanda Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa ya shirya wanda ra'ayoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka nuna wasu matsalolin da ke tattare da tsarin kasuwanci. Bayan wannan, PEBEC ta gabatar da shirin sake fasalin tsarin gwaji wanda ke mai da hankali kan masu tsarawa guda biyu Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC) da Hukumar Inshora ta kasa ( NAICOM) daga Yuli 2018.
Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, shirin sake fasalin yanayin kasuwanci ya yi rikodin tasiri mai mahimmanci da sakamakon da za'a iya auna shi. Wannan ya haɗa da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin manyan Bankin Duniya da ke Kasuwanci kuma an gane shi sau biyu a matsayin manyan masu inganta 20 a yin kasuwanci.
The Ease of Doing Business Index (DBI) wani matsayi ne na shekara-shekara da kungiyar Bankin Duniya ta yi wanda ke kimanta yanayin yanayin yanayi na kasuwanci a fadin kasashe 190 bisa ga alamomi 10 (fara kasuwanci, samun wutar lantarki, aiwatar da kwangila da sauransu).Rashin amfani da shi Lissafin yana ɗaukar sauƙin yin gyare-gyaren kasuwanci waɗanda aka tsara ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka tabbatar kuma suna ba da fahimta ta kwatanta bisa ga wannan tabbatarwa. Matsayin ya kasance daga 1 - 190. Babban sauƙin yin matsayi na kasuwanci yana nufin yanayin tsari ya fi dacewa da farawa da gudanar da kasuwanci.
A cikin 2019, Najeriya ta kasance a matsayi na 131 a cikin rahoton DBI na 2019/20 kuma an kira ta daya daga cikin manyan kasashe 10 da suka fi inganta tattalin arziki a duniya a karo na 2 aime shekaru 3.
Jagora
A cikin kwamitin PEBEC, Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya yana zaune a matsayin Shugaban kwangilar tare da Ministan Masana'antu, Ciniki da Zuba Jari a matsayinsa na Mataimaki. Har ila yau, a cikin kwamitin akwai Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN), Babban Sakatare, Ministoci 10, Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Tarayyar, wakilan gwamnatocin Jihar Legas da Kano, Majalisar Dokoki da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Shugaba
Shugaban majalisa shine shugaban, wanda Shugaban kasar ya zaba. Kalmar tana da tsawon shekaru huɗu, kuma shugaban yana yawanci kowane lokacin shugaban kasa. Shugaban yanzu shine Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya, Yemi Osinbajo .
Mataimakin Shugaba
Mataimakin Shugaban majalisa yana taimaka wa Shugaban a cikin gudanar da harkokin kwamitocin don tabbatar da aiwatar da gyare-gyare. Mataimakin shugaban yanzu shine Ministan Masana'antu, Ciniki da Zuba Jari, Adeniyi Adebayo .
Babban Sakatare
Babban Sakataren yana kula da al'amuran PEBEC da bangaren gudanarwa; Sarakunan Kasuwanci na Enabling (EBES). Babban Sakataren yanzu shine Jumoke Oduwole .
Umurni da Ayyuka
Taimaka wa Sakatariyar Muhalli ta Kasuwanci (EBES)
Sakatariyar Muhalli ta Kasuwanci (EBES) ita ce bangaren gudanarwa na PEBEC; tana aiki tare da Ma'aikatu, Sashen da Hukumomi daban-daban (MDAs) don aiwatar da ajandar sake fasalin P EBEC. Suna tilasta sake fasalin kuma suna aiwatar da umarnin ta hanyar hanyoyin da aka sani a duniya.
Rahoton
Reportgov shi ne shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Gwamnatin Najeriya don korafe-korafe da ra'ayoyi don hidimar kowane Ma'aikatar, Maɓuɓɓugar, da Hukumar Gwamnati ta Tarayyar Najeriya. ReportGov tun lokacin da aka tsara shi a cikin aikace-aikacen hannu wanda ke sauƙaƙa ga 'yan ƙasa su warware matsalolin da suka haɗu yayin hulɗa da Hukumomin Gwamnati.
Shirye-shiryen PEBEC
Kasuwanci ya Sauƙaƙa Yawon shakatawa
The Business Made Easy LITuation Tour yana da manufarsa ta kasance a kan ginshiƙai uku na Saurari, Aiwatarwa da Track yayin da yake aiki tare da masu sauraro a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki wajen isar da sauye-sauye wanda zai canza yanayin kasuwanci na Najeriya don mafi kyau.
Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa (NAP)
Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa ya ƙunshi shirye-shirye da ayyukan da za a aiwatar da su ta hanyar Ma'aikatu, Majalisa da Hukumomi (MDAs), Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, Gwamnatin Legas da jihohin Kano, da kuma wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin kwanaki 60 da aka tsara. Wannan shirin yana gudana tun daga shekarar 2017.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasashen Duniya (PEBEC)
Kasuwanci
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paswan | Paswan | Paswan, wanda aka fi sani da Dusadh, ƙabilar Dalit ce daga gabashin Indiya . Ana kuma samun su galibi a cikin jihohin Bihar, Uttar Pradesh da Jharkhand . Kalmar Urdu Paswan na nufin mai tsaron gida ko "wanda ya kare". Asalin kalmar, bisa abin da al'umma ta yi imani da shi, ya ta'allaka ne da shiga yakin da aka yi da Siraj-ud-daulah, Nawab na Bengal bisa umarnin kamfanin British East India, bayan haka an ba su lada da mukamin Chowkidars kuma mai karɓar haraji mai amfani ga Zamindars. Suna bin wasu al'adu kamar tafiya akan wuta don tabbatar da ƙarfin su.
Bayanin Lantarki
Paswans suna da'awar asalinsu daga yawancin mutane da almara don neman haɓaka a cikin zamantakewar su. Wasu Paswan sun yi imanin cewa sun samo asali ne daga Rahu, wanda ya fi kowa ɗa kuma ɗayan duniyoyi a cikin tatsuniyoyin Hindu, yayin da wasu ke da'awar asalinsu daga Dushasana, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Kaurava. Abubuwan da suka shafi asali daga "Gahlot Kshatriya" suma suna ci gaba tsakanin wasu daga cikin masu ba da umarnin, to amma wasu suna kallon irin waɗannan iƙirarin da ƙyama, saboda ba sa son a haɗa su da Rajputs .
Har ila yau, wasu Bhumihars sun yi jayayya cewa su zuriyar auren mutuƙar ne tsakanin maza da mata na mutane biyu daban-daban. Koyaya, jama'ar Paswan sun ƙi waɗannan ka'idojin kuma suna jayayya cewa asalin sunan 'Dusadh' ya ta'allaka ne a Dusadh, wanda ke nufin "mai wahalar kayarwa"
Tarihi
An dauke su a matsayin al'ummomin da ba'a iya taba su. A Bihar, da farko su marasa filaye ne, ma'aikata ne masu aikin gona kuma a tarihance sun kasance masu gadin ƙauye da manzanni. Kafin 1900, suma sun kasance suna raya aladu musamman a Uttar Pradesh da Bihar. Passan sun kare aikin kiwon aladu ta hanyar bayyana shi a matsayin wata dabara ta adawa da Musulmai . Sun tabbatar da cewa, don kare kansu daga Musulmai, ‘yan matan Paswan sun kasance suna sanya layu da aka yi da kashin aladu kuma suna ajiye aladu a kofofinsu, saboda kiyayya da Musulmai da aladu. Tunda Rajputs na Rajasthan suma sun goyi baya har ma da aladun daji da ake farauta, wannan gaskiyar suna amfani da ita ne don kare wannan aikin wanda ya tabbatar da cewa bayan ƙarshen tsarin Zamindari, aikin gargajiya na yin aiki a matsayin masu gadi ba zai iya samar da abinci ba. su.
Paswans sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa ta tarihi tare da ayyukan yaƙi kuma da yawa sun yi yaƙi a madadin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya a lokacin ƙarni na 18 a cikin Sojojin Bengal. Cididdigar Indiya ta 2011 don Uttar Pradesh ta nuna yawan Paswan, wanda aka lasafta shi azaman Jadawalin Jadawalin, kamar 230,593. Wannan ƙidayar ta nuna yawan mutane 4,945,165 a Bihar.
Jarumin mutanen Paswans shine Chauharmal . A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Paswan, labarin Chauharmal da Reshma sananne ne sosai. Reshma, diyar wani mai gidan Bhumihar mai iko, ta lallashi Chauharmal ya aure ta sabanin yadda mahaifinta ya so. Daga ƙarshe Chauharmal ya tunkari mahaifinsa ƙaunataccensa kuma ya kayar da shi, yana nuna nasarar da al'umma ta samu a kan azzaluman Bhumihar ɗinsu. Sauran labaran labarin sun ki amincewa da wannan sakon mai karfafa gwiwa ta hanyar da'awar Chauharmal a cikin dangin Brahmin a cikin haihuwar da ta gabata yayin da aka haifi Reshma a matsayin matar sa.
Baya ga Chauharmal Baba, wasu Dusadh suna bautar Gauriya Baba. Wannan gwarzo na jama'a kamar yadda al'adunsu na gargajiya suka yi zamani da mulkin Mughal a Indiya. Dangane da almara na gargajiya ya kasance yana hawa doki kuma yana kare ba masu jifan sa kawai ba har ma da sauran Hindu da suka hada da Rajputs daga farmakin sojojin Mughal da kuma tilasta musulunta . Baba ya kasance yana binne kan alade a gaban gidansa wanda ke gefen gabar gari. Tunda aladu sun kasance la'anane ga musulmai, hakan ya kare ƙauyen daga shigowar sojojin Mughal wadanda galibinsu musulmai ne.
Siyasa
A cikin 1900, ƙungiyar caste ta zama babbar hanyar da za a tsara don haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa. Saboda haka, an kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda aka sani game da siyasa a halin yanzu. Kamar Koeri, Kurmi da Yadav, Paswans suma sun kafa nasu Paswan Sabha a cikin 1911 don yin da'awar matsayin Kshatriya. Su ne na farko a tsakanin Dalisi don cimma wannan nasarar.
Paswans sun zama ƙarfi na siyasa a Bihar, da farko bayan farfaɗowar shugaban gurguzu Ram Vilas Paswan . Paswan ya mamaye Jam'iyyar Lok Janshakti, wacce ta zama abokiyar kawancen Lalu Prasad Yadav mai dauke da Rashtriya Janata Dal . Tun da farko, Dalit din da suka hada da al'ummar Paswan sun zabi Majalisa amma a yayin kawancen RJD-LJP sun zama masu goyon bayan wata kungiya wacce ta hada da Majalisar da suka fi so a baya da kuma sabon zabi na LJP . Yana da wahala a iya hasashen ainihin bayanan game da yawan kungiyoyin kungiyoyi daban-daban amma a cewar masu sharhi kan siyasa, wannan sabuwar kungiyar ta RJD-Congress wacce LJP ta taimaka ta ba da babban goyon baya daga Yadav, Musulmai da kuma al'ummar Paswan. Wannan tsarin zamantakewar ya ci nasara don daidaita ƙawancen JDU-BJP a 2004 Lok Sabha zaɓen Bihar.
Tun da farko, yunƙurin jawo hankalin Paswans don sonsa shi ma shugaban RJD ne Laloo Yadav ( Babban Ministan Bihar na wancan lokacin), wanda ya nuna Chauharmal a matsayin babban mutum kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sasanta su da siyasarsa ta adalci tsakanin jama'a. Ya kuma shirya Chauharmal Mela a 1995. Ram Vilas Paswan shi ma ya kasance a cikin wannan fadan, wanda ya yi nufin duka biyun don yin nasarar kansa a matsayin ainihin fuskar wannan al'umma tare da tattara goyon baya ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dalit Sena.
Manazarta
Jadawalin Caste na Bihar da Uttarpradesh
Socialungiyar Jama'a ta Bihar
Dalungiyoyin Dalit
Gehlot Rajput
Putungiyoyin Rajput |
26776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Ginen%20Ekweita | Sinima a Ginen Ekweita | Sinima a Ginen Ekweita na nufin masana'antar finafinai ta ƙasar Ginen Ekweita ko Equotorial Guinea.
Manufar sashen fina-finai ita ce tsara fina-finan Equatorial Guinea yadda ya kamata a cikin ƙasa da kuma na duniya.
Tarihi
Ƙasar Equatorial Guinea (mallakar Mutanen Espanya har zuwa shekarar 1968), ana ci gaba da fuskantar mulkin kama-karya, har yanzu sinima ba ta fito ba. Irin zaluncin da gwamnatocin da suka shuɗe suka yi da kuma nuna rashin jin daɗi a zahiri sun hana fitowar na'urar bidiyo ta bidiyo. Ƙananan tsibiran biyu na São Tomé da Príncipe (yankin Portugal har zuwa 1975), da ke cikin Tekun Ginea, ba su da yawa kuma suna cikin matsalolin tattalin arziƙi, kuma ƴan kayan marmari ne kawai aka yi a wurin. Mawallafin fina-finai kuma mai tsara shirye-shirye Javier H. Estrada ne ya koyar da tarurrukan, wanda ya ba da taken wannan kwas na wannan shekara Breaking the chains. Sararin Koyo na neman haɓaka ingantaccen fahimtar al'ummomin Afirka, ta yin amfani da yare mafi girma na duniya duka: fasaha. Babban fare ya ta'allaka ne a kusantar da sinima kusa da yawan jama'a.
Fina-finan Equatorial Guinea
"FEGUIBOX - Kundi na Rubén Monsuy da Gabriel Amdur
Salvador tauraro ne mai tasowa a cikin tawagar damben ƙasar Equatorial Guinea. Ya ba da damar da tawagar Afirka za ta iya shiga gasar Olympics a ƙarshe amma dole ne ya yi fama da talauci tare da budurwarsa Luna da kuma rashin tarbiyya.
Memoria negra
Muryar wani ɗan gudun hijira na Guinea wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda ya gaji kogi lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu, kuma ya tuna, daga jeji mai nisa, al'amuran ƙuruciya, shahararrun almara da tsoffin imani na Afirka, wanda ya kai mu cikin rikice-rikice na Equatorial Guinea.
Fim ɗin ya yi magana ne da wani batu da ba a saba ba: mulkin mallaka na Spain na wannan kasa ta Afirka da kuma gadon siyasa, addini da al'adu da suka bayyana bayan ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1968, tun daga zamanin mulkin kama-karya na Francisco Macías da aka zubar da jini zuwa yanzu. mulkin dan uwansa, Teodoro Obiang.
palm trees in the snow
Fim ɗin 'Palmeras en la Nieve, starring Mario Casas da Adriana Ugarte, an yi fim' Clarence (Adriana Ugarte) da gangan ya gano wata wasiƙar da aka manta da ita tsawon shekaru wanda ya tura ta tafiya daga rayuwa mai natsuwa a cikin tsaunukan Huesca zuwa Bioko. Manufarta de ella ita ce ta ziyarci ƙasar da mahaifinta de ella Jacobo (Alain Hernández) da kawunta Kilian suka shafe mafi yawan shekarun kuruciyarsu, kuma ta haka ne kokarin warware kacici-kacici na iyali da kuma bayyana asirin abin da ya faru. A cikin hanji na yanki a matsayin abin farin ciki da lalata kamar yadda yake da haɗari, Clarence ya tona asirin wani labarin soyayya wanda ba zai yuwu ba wanda aka saita a cikin rikice-rikice na tarihi wanda sakamakonsa zai kai ga yanzu.
Teresa (fim na 2010)
Teresa, Rocío da Yolanda dalibai ne matasa uku da rayuwa daban-daban, amma tare da abokantaka da ke haɗa su. Teresa wata matashiya ce da take ƙwazo game da rayuwar titi, ... babbar Ƙawarta ita ce Rocío, yarinya mai kyau da ba ta da sha’awar karatu domin tana da komai. Kuma a ƙarshe, Yolanda yarinya ce daga dangi mai tawali'u tare da iyayen da ba su da lafiya, wanda ke ɗaukar gaskiyar yin karatu da gaske don ci gaba da makomarta, kuma tana ba abokanta shawara su bi hanya madaidaiciya.
White Mission
Da ya isa wa’azin Kiristanci na ƙasar Guinea, babban limamin cocin ya gaya wa dattawansa labarin wani Fadan Coci Father Javier, wani matashi ɗan mishan da ya yi yaƙi don ya mai da mugu ba kawai don Allah ba, har ma don dalilai na hankali.
Marubucin ya fito daga kasar da babu kantin sayar da littattafai
Kasar Equatorial Guinea ta samu ‘yancin kai ne daga ƙasar Spain shekaru 50 da suka gabata, kuma a yanzu tana daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fama da wariyar launin fata a Afirka. Mun shigar da shi tare da marubucin da aka fi fassarawa a ƙasar, Juan Tomás Ávila Laure.
Gajerun fina-finai na Equotorial Guinea
Anomalías eléctricas (2010)
Babban hali yana karatu a gidansa a Malabo, ba zato ba tsammani, wutar lantarki ta yanke. Yana ƙoƙarin neman kyandir, amma ya faɗi saboda duhu. Hasken ya dawo kuma zai iya sake fara karatu, amma wannan ba ya daɗe. Wutar ta sake kashewa, hali yayi ƙoƙarin gyara shi, amma yana da hatsarin lantarki. Lokacin da hasken ya dawo, ya bayyana da gashin "Rasta" kuma, bayan 'yan dakiku, an yanke wutar lantarki a karo na uku. Yana ta Equatorial Guinea short rai comedy.
La cita
Wani saurayi ya tashi da safe sai aka kira budurwarsa. Sun yanke shawarar haɗuwa a mashaya. Yana zuwa ya fara jira. Yana kokarin isa gareta amma ta fita daga network. Yaci gaba da kiranta amma ya kasa kaiwa gareta. Lokaci ya wuce, ya tsufa kuma ya ƙare ya mutu. Shekaru 20 sun wuce, an dawo da hanyar sadarwar kuma, daga makabarta, mun ji yarinyar a waya tana neman saurayinta.
Marfil
Mai shirya fim na farko ya isa Equatorial Guinea a shekara ta 1904. An rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe a Malabo a cikin 1990s. A cikin 2011, yayin bikin fina-finai na Afirka na II na Equatorial Guinea, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Marfil ya sake buɗe kofofinsa. Florencio, Ángel da Estrada sun gaya mana yadda silima ta kasance, kuma har yanzu tana nan a rayuwarsu.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
La cita (película)
Cortometrajes de Guinea Ecuatorial
Películas de Guinea Ecuatorial
memori negra
Marubucin ya fito daga kasar da babu kantin sayar da littattafai
cin kasuwar Guinea
Guiné Equatorial na ƙasar Português
Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano
La Escuela de Comunicación Audiovisual Eyi Moan Ndong se pone en marcha
Nvono-Ncá se reúne con el fundador del Festival Internacional de Cine Panafricano
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
61583 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Schmitt | Harrison Schmitt | Harrison Hagan Schmitt (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, 1935) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne masanin ilimin ƙasa, ɗan sama jannati NASA mai ritaya, farfesa a jami'a, tsohon ɗan majalisar dattawan Amurka daga New Mexico, kuma mutumin da ya rayu a baya-bayan nan - kuma mutum kaɗai wanda ba shi da tushe a jirgin sama na soja - ya yi tafiya. wata.
A cikin watan Disamba 1972, a matsayin daya daga cikin ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin Apollo 17, Schmitt ya zama memba na farko na kungiyar NASA ta farko da ta fara tashi a sararin samaniya. Kamar yadda Apollo 17 ya kasance na ƙarshe na ayyukan Apollo, shi ma ya zama mutum na goma sha biyu kuma na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka ƙafar wata da kuma mutum na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe da zai tashi daga wata (ya hau Module Lunar jim kaɗan kafin kwamanda. Eugene Cernan ). Schmitt kuma ya kasance ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da ya tashi sama da ƙasa maras nauyi kuma ya ziyarci duniyar wata. Ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin al'ummar masana kimiyyar kasa da ke tallafawa shirin Apollo kuma, kafin ya fara shirye-shiryensa na aikin Apollo, ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar da ke horar da 'yan sama jannatin Apollo da aka zaba don ziyartar duniyar wata.
Schmitt ya yi murabus daga NASA a watan Agustan 1975 don tsayawa takara a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a matsayin memba daga New Mexico. A matsayinsa na dan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a zaben 1976, ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Joseph Montoya . A zaben 1982, dan Democrat Jeff Bingaman ya doke Schmitt
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Yuli 3, 1935, a Santa Rita, New Mexico, Schmitt ya girma a cikin garin Silver City kusa, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare na Western High School (aji na 1953). Ya sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin kasa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a 1957 sannan ya kwashe shekara guda yana nazarin ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Oslo a Norway, a matsayin Masanin Fulbright. Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin ilimin geology daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1964, bisa la'akari da karatun filin da ya yi a Norway.
Aikinsa a NASA
Kafin ya shiga NASA a matsayin memba na rukuni na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati a watan Yuni 1965, ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Astrogeology ta Amurka a Flagstaff, Arizona, haɓaka dabarun filin filin da ma'aikatan Apollo za su yi amfani da su. . Bayan zaɓin nasa, Schmitt ya shafe shekararsa ta farko a Air Force UPT yana koyon zama matukin jirgi. Bayan ya koma gawarwakin 'yan sama jannati a Houston, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horas da ma'aikatan Apollo su zama masu lura da yanayin kasa a lokacin da suke cikin duniyar wata da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan filin sararin samaniya lokacin da suke kan duniyar wata. Bayan kowane aikin saukowa, ya shiga cikin gwaji da kimantawa na samfuran wata da aka dawo da su kuma ya taimaka wa ma'aikatan tare da abubuwan kimiyya na rahotannin manufa
Schmitt ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa don zama ƙware a cikin tsarin CSM da LM . A cikin Maris 1970 ya zama na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati da aka sanya a cikin jirgin sama, shiga Richard F. Gordon Jr. (Commander) da Vance Brand (Command Module Pilot) a kan Apollo 15 madadin ma'aikatan. Jujjuyawar jirgin ya sanya waɗannan ukun a layi don tashi a matsayin manyan ma'aikatan jirgin a karo na uku bayan aikin, Apollo 18. Lokacin da aka soke Apollo 18 da Apollo 19 a cikin watan Satumba na 1970, al'ummar masana kimiyyar yanayin duniyar wata da ke goyon bayan Apollo sun ji sosai game da buƙatar saukar da ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa a duniyar wata, wanda ya tilasta wa NASA ta sake sanya Schmitt zuwa sauran jirgin. A sakamakon haka, an sanya Schmitt a cikin Agusta 1971 don tashi a kan manufa ta ƙarshe, Apollo 17, ya maye gurbin Joe Engle a matsayin Lunar Module Pilot. Schmitt ya sauka a kan wata tare da kwamandan Gene Cernan a watan Disamba 1972.
Schmitt ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ɗauki hoton Duniya da aka sani da The Blue Marble, ɗaya daga cikin hotunan hotuna da aka fi rarraba a wanzuwa.
Yayin da yake kan duniyar wata, Schmitt - kawai masanin ilimin kasa a cikin 'yan sama jannati - tattara samfurin dutsen da aka sanya Troctolite 76535, wanda aka kira "ba tare da shakka mafi kyawun samfurin da aka dawo daga wata ba". Daga cikin wasu bambance-bambancen, ita ce babbar shaidar da ke nuna cewa wata ya taɓa mallakar filin maganadisu mai aiki.
Yayin da ya koma Module na Lunar kafin Cernan, Schmitt shine mutum na gaba zuwa na ƙarshe da ya yi tafiya a saman wata. Tun mutuwar Cernan a cikin 2017, Schmitt shine mutum na baya-bayan nan da ya yi tafiya akan wata wanda har yanzu yana raye.[ kammala ] Apollo 17, Schmitt ya taka rawar gani wajen tattara sakamakon geologic na Apollo sannan kuma ya ɗauki aikin shirya Ofishin Shirin Makamashi na NASA.
Manazarta |
24285 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20jirgin%20saman%20N%E1%BB%99i%20B%C3%A0i | Filin jirgin saman Nội Bài | Filin jirgin saman Nội Bài (Vietnamese ) a Hanoi, babban birnin Vietnam, shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar Vietnam dangane da jimlar iya aiki.Hakanan shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a cikin ƙasar don jigilar kayayyaki, kuma filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi cunkoson jama'a don zirga -zirgar fasinjoji, bayan Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat. A halin yanzu Nội Bài, shine babban filin jirgin sama da ke hidimar Hanoi, ya maye gurbin rawar filin jirgin saman Gia Lam. Filin jirgin saman ya ƙunshi tashoshin fasinjoji guda biyu. Terminal 1, yana hidimar jiragen sama na cikin gida (Domestic Flight). Sai kuma Terminal 2, (wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015) yana hidimar duk jiragen sama na duniya (International). Filin jirgin saman a halin yanzu shine babban cibiyar jigilar tutar Vietnam Airlines, da masu ɗaukar kasafin kuɗi Bamboo Airways, Pacific Airlines da Vietjet Air.
Filin jirgin yana cikin Phu Minh Commune a gundumar Sóc Sơn, kimanin kilomita 35 (mil 21) arewa maso gabas na tsakiyar Hanoi, ta hanyar sabon gadar Nhật Tân (wanda kuma aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015). Hakanan ana iya isa gare shi ta hanyar National Road 3, wacce ta haɗa ta da gabashin unguwar Hanoi. Filin jirgin saman yana kusa da wasu biranen Hanoi na tauraron dan adam kamar Vĩnh Yên, Bắc Ninh da Thái Nguyên . Filin jirgin saman yayi jigilar fasinjoji miliyan 13 a shekarar 2013, duk da yana da karfin miliyan 9 a lokacin. Sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, wadda keda jirgin kasuwanci na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban 2014, kuma ta fara aiki cikakke a ranar 31 ga Disamba shekara ta 2014, ta kara yawan karfin tashar jirgin zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. A cikin shekara ta 2018, filin jirgin saman yayi wa fasinjoji miliyan ashirin da takwas 28 aiki. Kuma Lambar IATA ta filin jirgin sama,HAN, ta samo asali ne daga sunan garin na yanzu Hanoi.
Daga cikin hanyoyin da filin jirgin sama ke bayarwa,hanyar Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City ita ce mafi cunkoson jama'a a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ta shida mafi cunkoson jama'a a duniya, inda take hidimar abokan ciniki 6,867,114 a shekara ta 2018.
Tarihi
An haɓbaka filin jirgin saman nan da nan kudu da Phúc Yên Air Base kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1978. An kammala ginin tashar ta daya 1 kuma ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2001.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, Tiger Airways, ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sau uku tsakanin Hanoi da Singapore, bayan ƙaddamar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin Hồ Chí Minh City da Singapore ya zama jirgin farko na kasafin kuɗi da zai fara aiki a Vietnam. Daga baya kamfanin AirAsia mai rahusa ya hada shi lokacin da suka fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin Hanoi da Bangkok da Kuala Lumpur .
An buɗe titin jirgin sama na biyu (1B - 11R/29L) a cikin shekara ta 2006 kuma shekara 1 bayan haka, filin jirgin saman ya karɓi Airbus A380 a karon farko, koda yake ba'a gudanar da ayyukan A380 da aka shirya daga tashar jirgin ba. A shekara ta 2013, ya ga farkon isowar Cargolux Boeing 747-8F. A cikin 2014 filin jirgin ya karɓi sabis na farko da aka tsara tare da sabon ƙarni na jirgin sama na kasuwanci lokacin da All Nippon Airways suka fara amfani da Boeing 787-8 akan sabis tsakanin Tokyo-Haneda kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar tashar jirgin ta sami ziyarar farko ta Airbus A350 XWB. ta Airbus a lokacin Yawon shakatawa na Duniya. A cikin 2015, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Vietnam ya fara aiki da Airbus A350 XWB don tashin jiragen cikin gida na kasuwanci.
Filin jirgin ya kasance tashar SkyTeam tun tsakiyar 2010, bayan da kamfanin jirgin saman Vietnam ya shiga hanyar sadarwa a waccan shekarar.
Tashoshi da wurare
A hekta 650, Noi Bai shine filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a Vietnam, bayan filin hectare 800 na Tan Son Nhat International Airport. Terminal 1, wanda aka kammala a 2001, yana da babban sashi na jiragen sama na duniya tare da sabon ƙaramin tashar (wanda ake kira Lobby E) don jiragen cikin gida (Domestic Flight), wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen 2013. Tare da haɓakawa, tashar 1 tana da ikon sarrafa fasinjoji miliyan 9 a kowace shekara. Bayan kaddamar da Terminal 2 a watan Janairun 2015, Terminal 1 ana amfani da itane kawai don zirga-zirgar cikin gida. A halin yanzu ana haɓaka tashar don kula da fasinjoji miliyan 15 kowace shekara bayan kammalawa a cikin Maris, 2018.
Ginin sabon tashar (Terminal 2) kusa da wanda ake da shi wanda ke da ikon tsara fasinjoji miliyan 10 a kowace shekara ya fara a watan Maris na 2012. Farashin 996 M dogon sabon tashar jirgin sama, wanda Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Kasa da Kasa ta kasar Japan ta bada rancen ODA wanda masu ba da shawara na tashar jirgin saman Japan suka tsara kuma Kamfanin Taisei ne ya gina shi. Jimlar jarin da aka kashe don aikin ya kai billion 75.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 645.35). Taimakon ci gaban da Japan ta bayar a hukumance ya kai Dala billion 59 na Amurka (dala miliyan 504.27) na jarin, yayin da sauran kudaden suka rufe da kudaden gida. An kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2015 tare da sabuwar hanyar mota da ta hada tashar jirgin sama zuwa cikin garin Hanoi ta gadar Nhật Tân .
Filin jirgin yana da titin jirgin mai nisan mita 3,800 (CAT II-11R/29L) wanda aka buɗe a watan Agustan 2006, da kuma tsohon titin mai mita 3,200 (CAT I-11L/29R). An rufe tsohuwar hanyar jirgin sama don haɓakawa na tsawon watanni 4 daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamban 2014. Nisa tsakanin hanyoyin jirgin sama guda biyu mita 250 ne kacal, don haka a halin yanzu filin jirgin saman ya taƙaita iyakar fasinja daidai da ƙa'idojin aminci na Ƙungiyar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya.
Kyaututtuka
Bayan kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, filin jirgin saman Noi Bai ya karbi lambar yabo, ta mafi kyawun filin jirgin sama na duniya daga Skytrax .
Aikin ginin sabuwar tashar jirgin kasa ta Noi Bai kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta Shugaban JICA na 2015.
Wucewa
Gabaɗaya mutum na iya yin jigilar ƙasa da ƙasa ta tashar jirgin sama ba tare da biza ba muddin mutum baya buƙatar barin yankin tsaro. Akwai ikon ɗaukar fasfunan jirgi a cikin yankin tsaro ciki har da na wasu ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar VietJet.
Jiragen sama da wurare
Fasinja
Kaya
Jirgin ƙasa
An tsara layin gaba na 6 na Hanoi Metro zuwa filin jirgin sama.
Ƙididdiga
Gallery
Duba kuma
Da Nang International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat
Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Vietnam
Phu Quoc International Airport
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje
Airport information for VVNB
Sabis ɗin Canja Filin Jirgin Sama na Noi Bai
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Malawi | Tsaron abinci a Malawi | Malawi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010. Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana. Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki .
A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a Malawi tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid . Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman masara na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa. A watan Fabrairun 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i. Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci . A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa . Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci . [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]
An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha. Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci.
A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma.
Tarihi 1970-2010
Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi, ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa ta 1993. Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa.
Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998. Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi. Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa. Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989. Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da 1989, bisa ga ActionAid . Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi. Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar - manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta. Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa.
Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa
Siyasa
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda . Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin. Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa. Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki. An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a. A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar.
Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF . A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i. Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani. NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi. Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa.
A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001. Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya. Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli. Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006.
Manazarta
Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). "Halaye da tasirin farashin abinci na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashe masu rauni." 2014. The Market Monitor. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf
Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf
"Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632
Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/
"Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc
"Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/
Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska | Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html
"Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS Archived
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15835 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiya | Majiya | Subscript text
Majiya na nufin madogara ta bayani ko labari wato inda aka jiyo labari. Majiya itace take nuna gaskiyar labari ko batu. Ana saka majiya ne a cikin rubutu kamar na Littafi, Jarida ko Maƙala domin gamsar da mai karatu ya nutsu da abin da aka faɗa ko gaskiya ne. A Gabaɗaya haɗuwar duka rubutun da ke cikin jiki da kuma rubutun litattafan ya zama abin da yawancin mutane ake ɗauka a zaman ƙira (alhali kuwa shigar da bibliographic da kansu ba). Abubuwan da aka ambata game da maganganu guda ɗaya, wanda za'a iya karantawa a cikin labaran kimiyya na lantarki ana kiran su non publications, wani nau'i na rarraba microattribution.
A Kididdiga suna da mahimman dalilai masu yawa gaske: don tabbatar da gaskiya ta ilimi (ko guje wa satar fasaha ), don danganta aiki na farko daya samo asali da ra'ayoyi zuwa ingantattun tushe, don bawa mai karatu damar yanke hukunci da kansa ko bayan da aka ambata suna tallafawa ra'ayin marubuci a cikin da'awar hanya, kuma don taimaka wa mai karatu ya auna ƙarfi da ingancin abin da marubucin ya yi amfani da shi.
Abubuwan da aka ambata a gaba ɗaya suna biyan kuɗi ne ga ɗayan tsarin ambaton da aka yarda da su gaba ɗaya, kamar su Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), da sauran tsarin ambaton, saboda taronsu na haɗin gwiwa sanannen abu ne kuma mai sauƙin fassarawa daga masu karatu. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin lissafin yana da fa'ida da amfani. ga Editoci galibi suna ayyana tsarin amfani da su.
Bindiddiki, da sauran jerin abubuwa kwatankwacin nassoshi, galibi ba a daukar ambaton saboda ba su cika hakikanin kalmar ba: ba a yardaba da gangan kadau ko rahoto daga wasu mawallafa game da fifikon ra'ayin mutum.
Ra'ayi
A Bididdigar kundin tarihi na nufin littafi, ko labarin, shafin yanar gizo, ko wani abu da aka buga. yakamata subi daki-daki don gano abu musamman. Ana amfani da tsarin gudanar da salona daban a cikin ambaton kimiyya, ambaton shari'a, fasaha ta farko, zane-zane, da kuma ' yan Adam .
Abun ciki
A Abubuwan da aka ambata na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in tushe kuma suna iya haɗawa da:
Littafin: marubuta (s), taken littafi, wurin bugawa, mai bugawa, ranar fitowar sa, da lambar shafi (idan) ya dace.
Jarida: marubuci (s), taken labarin, taken jarida, ranar da aka buga shi, da lambar shafi (s).
Jarida: marubuta (s), taken labari, sunan jarida, taken yanki da lambar shafin take (idan) da kuma, ranar da aka buga.
Shafin yanar gizo: marubuta (s), Labari da taken bugawa a inda ya dace, kazalika da URL,da kwanan wata lokacin da aka saka shafin.
Kunna: ambaton layi da suna ba da ɓangare, na yanayi, da lambobin layi,ba na biyun an raba shi da lokaci: 4.452 yana nufin yanayi na 4, layi na 452. Misali, "A cikin Eugene Onegin, Onegin cire Tanya lokacin da ta sami 'yanci ya zama nasa, kuma sai kawai ya yanke shawarar yana son ta lokacin da ta riga ta yi aure" (Pushkin 4.452-53).
Waka: ana amfani da irin wannan don nuna layi daban na waƙa, kuma ƙididdigar zance yawanci sun haɗa da lambar layi (s). Misali: "Don dole ne in yi soyayya saboda ina raye / Kuma rayuwa a cikina abin da kuka bayar ne. " (Brennan, layi 15-16).
Ganawa: sunan mai tambaya, mai ba da labari (tsohon hirar sirri) da ranar hira.
Musamman masu ganowa
A Tare da bayanai kamar marubuta (s), ranar da aka buga, take da lambobin shafi, ƙididdigar na iya haɗawa da masu ganowa na musamman dangane da nau'in aikin da ake magana a kai.
KIdiddigar littattafai na iya haɗawa da Lambar Littafi Na Duniya wato (ISBN).hakan na nufun (International Standard Book Number )
Takamaiman juzu'i, kasidu ko wasu sassan da za'a iya gano su na wani lokaci, na iya kasancewa yana da wani abu da yake nufin Serial Item and Contribution Identifier wato (SICI)da kuma Lambar Serial Ta Duniya dake nufin International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).
Takaddun lantarki suna da digital object identifier wanda ata kaice ake cewa (DOI).
Abubuwan bincike na ilimin kimiyar halittu na iya samun Mai Bayyanar PubMed (PMID).
Tsarin
A maganar gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan tsarin faɗakarwa iri biyu, tsarin Vancouver da ambaton manazartaMajalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato (CSE)dake nufin Council of Science Editors tana saka ma kididdigar, na tsarin sunan-ambato .
Tsarin Na Vanco
Tsarin Vanco yana nufin amfani da lambobi daki daki a cikin rubutu, ko kuma mai sakaci acikin duka biyun Lambobin suna nufin ko dai bayanan rubutu (bayanan kula a ƙarshen shafin) ko bayanan ƙarshe (bayanan kula a shafi a ƙarshen takardar) waɗanda ke ba da cikakken Bayani. A Tsarin bayanan kula na iya buƙatan cikakken littafin tarihin ba, ya danganta da ko marubucin yayi amfani da fom na cikakken bayanin kula ko kuma taƙaitaccen bayanin kula.
Misali, wani yanki na takarda na amfani da tsarin bayanin kula ba tare da cikakken littafin tarihi ba zai iya zama kamar:
"Matakai guda biyar na bakin ciki sune musantawa, fushi, sasantawa, damuwa, da kuma yarda." 1
Bayanin cewa, wanda yake a ƙasan shafin (ƙarancin rubutu) ko a ƙarshen takardar (ƙarshen rubutun) zai yi kamar wannan:
1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Akan Mutuwa da Mutuwa (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45-60.
A cikin takarda tare da cikakken littafin tarihin, a gajeren bayanin kula na iya zama kamar:
1. Kübler-Ross, Kan Mutuwa da Mutuwa 45-60.
Shigar da littafin, wanda ake buƙata tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin kula, zai yi kamar wannan:
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. Akan yana mutuwa da kuma mutuwa . New York: Macmillan, 1969.
A cikin ɗabi'un ɗan adam, marubuta da yawa suna amfani da bayanan ƙafa ko mahimman bayanai don samar da wani labari na ɗan lokaci. Ta wannan hanyar, abin da yayi kama da takaddama shine ainihin ƙarin kayan aiki, ko shawarwari don ƙarin karatu.
Rubutun iyaye
Nunawa ga iyaye, wanda aka fi sani da Harvard nakaltowa, yana da cikakke ko na juzu'i, a cikin rubutu, bayanan ambaton da ke kunshe a cikin madafan madauwari kuma an saka su a sakin layi.
Misali na bayanin iyaye:
"Matakai guda biyar na baƙin ciki sune ƙi, fushi, ciniki, damuwa, da yarda" (K acceptancebler-Ross, 1969, shafi na 45-60).
Dogaro da zaɓin salon, nassoshi masu mahimmancin kalmomi na iya buƙatar sashin ƙarshe. Sauran salo sun haɗa da jerin amsoshin, tare da cikakkun bayanan nassoshi, a cikin ɓangaren ƙarshe, wanda marubucin ya tsara su bisa haruffa. Galibi ana kiran wannan ɓangaren "Bayani", "Bibliography", "Ayyukan da aka ambata" ko "An nemi shawarwari".
Nassoshi a cikin rubutu don wallafe-wallafen kan layi na iya bambanta da kuma nusar da . Cikakken bayani akan abu, kawai za a iya nuna shi lokacin da mai karatu ke so, a cikin sifofin kayan aiki . Wannan salon yana sa ambaton ya zama da sauƙi kuma yana inganta ƙwarewar mai karatu.
Tsarin sunan-ambato
An saka wasu manyan lambobi a wurin magana, kamar dai yadda yake a cikin tsarin jerin sunayen, amma an kirga ambaton gwargwadon tsarin ayyukan da aka kawo a karshen takarda ko littafin; wannan jerin galibi ana tsara shi ta jerin haruffa ta hanyar marubuci.
Salo
Salon kididdiga za'a iya rarraba shi zuwa salon da ya dace da Ilimin ɗan Adam yafa idantu, kodayake akwai ɗan abin da zai daidaita. Wasu jagororin salo, kamar su the Chicago Manual of Style, suna da sauƙin canzawa kuma suna rufe tsarin magana da rubutu. Sauran, kamar salon kuma sun hada da MLA da kuma APA, suna ayyana fasali a cikin tsarin rubutu guda ɗaya. Wadannan ana iya kiran su tsarin tsaruka da kuma salon kira.Hakanan jagororin daban-daban suna ƙayyade tsarin bayyana, misali, kwanan watan fitarwa, take, da lambobin shafi na bin sunan marubucin, da tarun alamomina rubutu, amfani da rubutun, girmama, zance, alamun ambato, da sauransu, musamman ga salo.kungiyoyi da yawa sun ƙirƙiri salona dacewa da buƙatun su; saboda haka, akwai jagororin da yawa. Masu wallafa kowane ɗayansu suna da nasu bambancin a cikin gida kuma, kuma wasu ayyukan suna da daɗewa don suna da nasu hanyoyin ambaton kuma: Stephanus pagination ko Plato; Bekker numbers ko kuma Aristotle; saka Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta hanyar littafi, babi da aya; ko Shakespeare da kuma wasa.
Harshena Salon Maganan Citation Style Language wato (CSL) yaren budewa ne na XML don bayyana tsarin yadda ake kawo ƙira da litattafan tarihi.
'Yan Adam
Tsarin salona Chicago Style (CMOS) an kirkireshi kuma jagorar sa shine Chicago Manual of Style . Anfi amfani dashi sosai a tarihi da tattalin arziki harma da wasu ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Salon alaƙar Turabiya mai alaƙa da juna — wanda ya samo asali daga gare ta - don nassoshin ɗalibai ne, kuma an bambanta ta daga CMOS ta hanyar ƙin ambaton alamomi a cikin jerin bayanai, da kuma faɗakarwar samun damar dole.
Tsarin Columbia an kirkireshi ne Janice R. Walker da Todd Taylor don bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da ambaton hanyoyin intanet. Yanayin Columbia yana ba da samfuran samfuran ɗan Adam da na kimiyya.
Bayanin: Bayyana Tushen Tarihi daga Abubuwan Tarihi zuwa Gidan yanar gizo na Elizabeth Shown Mills sun hada da manyan hanyoyin da ba a haɗa su a cikin CMOS ba, kamar ƙidaya, kotu, ƙasa, gwamnati, kasuwanci, da kuma bayanan coci. Ya haɗa da tushe cikin tsarin lantarki. Masana tarihi da tarihi suka yi amfani da shi.
Rubutun Harvard (ko tsarin kwanan wata) wani nau'i ne na takamaiman magana na iyaye .British Standards Institution da kumaModern Language Association sukan yi amfani da su wajen shawarar yin nuni ga iyaye. Nuna fassarar Harvard ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren lokacin kwanan wata, misali, "(Smith, 2000)", ana saka shi bayan rubutun da aka ambata a cikin maganan da kuma cikakken bayanin tushen da aka jera a ƙarshen labarin.
Salona MLA style ya haɓaka ta Modern Language Association Harshe ta Zamani kuma ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin zane-zane da ɗabi'un ɗan adam, musamman a cikin karatun Ingilishi, sauran karatun adabi, gami da adabin kwatanta da sukar adabi a cikin yaren Ingilishi (" harsunan waje "), kuma wasu karatun bambance-bambance, kamar karatun al'adu, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, fim, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, gami da talabijin . Wannan salon ambaton da tsarin rubutun yana amfani da rubutacciyar magana tare da shafi na marubuci (Smith 395) ko kuma wani shafi mai suna [short] (Smith, Contingencies 42) Acikin wannan aikin na mawallafin nan yake a tsakanin magana cikin rubutuna. The MLA Style Manual zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a shafi na "The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers" a ƙarshen Citation and bibliography format.da kuma bayanan kula (alamomi ko ƙarin bayani).Littafin Jagora na MLA don Marubuta na Takardun Bincike, musamman Tsarin Magana da tsarin littafin tarihi
MHRA Style Guide an buga shi ne ta Modern Humanities Research Association(MHRA) kuma mafi yawan amfani da shi a cikin zane-zane da ɗabi'un ɗan adam A MHRA. Ana iya samun abun siyarwa a Birtaniya dana Amurka. Ya yi daidai da salona MLA style, amma yana da wasu bambance-bambance. Misali, salon MHRA yana amfani da bayanan ƙasa wanda ke nuni da cikakkun bayanai yayin kuma samar da kundin tarihin rayuwa. Wasu masu karatu suna ganin yana da fa'ida ga cewa bayanan suna bukatan cikakkun bayanai, maimakon takaitaccen nassoshi, don haka ba sa bukatar yin nazarin tarihin yayin karatun sauran bayanan da aka buga.
A wasu yankuna na 'Yan Adam, ana amfani da bayanan ƙafa don kawai nassoshi, kuma an guji amfani da su don bayanan kafa na yau da kullun (bayani ko misalai). Awa Innan yankuna, ana amfani da kalmar "alamar ƙafa" a matsayin ma'anar "tunani", kuma dole ne editoci da masu rubuta abubuwa su kula sosai don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci yadda marubutan suke amfani da kalmar.
Doka
Bluebook tsari ne na ambaton gargajiya da ake amfani da shi a rubuce-rubuce na ilimin Amurka, kuma kotuna da yawa suna amfani da Bluebook (ko makamancin tsari da aka samo shi). A halin yanzu, labaran doka na ilimi koyaushe suna da tushe, amma motsin da ake gabatarwa ga kotuna da ra'ayoyin kotu a al'adance suna amfani da ambaton layi, waɗanda maƙalar jumla ce daban ko ɓangarori daban.na Bayanan da ke acikin layi suna ba masu karatu damar tantance karfin tushe ta hanzari, misali, kotun da aka yanke hukunci a ciki da shekarar da aka yanke hukunci.
Salon ambaton doka da aka yi amfani da shi kusan a ko'ina cikin Kanada ya dogara ne da Jagoran Kanada don Bayyana Dokar Kaya (AKA McGill Guide ), wanda aka wallafa ta McGill Law Journal .
Bayyanar da doka ta Burtaniya kusan ta duniya gaba ɗaya tana bin a Tsarina. Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)
Kimiyya, lissafi, injiniyanci, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, da magani
Salon Kamfanin American Chemical Society, ko kuma salo na ACS style, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin Chemistry da wasu kimiyyar jiki . A cikin salon salon ACS an ƙidaya su a cikin rubutu da jerin abubuwan tunani, kuma ana maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake buƙata.
A cikin salon American Institute of Physicsa(salon AIP), ana kuma ƙididdige nassoshi a cikin rubutu da cikin jerin bayanai, tare da lambobin da aka maimaita a cikin rubutun kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Salon da aka kirkira wato American Mathematical Society (AMS), ko kuma nau'ikan AMS, irin su AMS-LaTeX, ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin BibTeX a cikin tsarina LaTeX .Ana saka shi tare da alamun rubutu na farko da shekara a cikin rubutun da farkon ambaton. Ana lissafin ƙididdiga na al'ada cikin layi tare da tsarin lakabin harafi, misali [AB90]. Wannan nau'in salone ake kiran sa da " Tasirin marubuta. "
Tsarin Vancouver system, wanda Majalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato Council of Science Editors (CSE) ta ba da shawara, ana amfani da shi a cikin likitanci da takardun kimiyya da bincike.
A cikin wani babban bambance-bambance, wanda wata kungiya da Ake cema American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ta Amurka ke amfani da shi, an haɗa lambobin faɗakarwa a cikin rubutun a cikin madafun iko ba kamar na babban rubutun ba. Duk bayanan kundin tarihi an hada su ne a cikin jerin nassoshi a karshen takaddar, kusa da lambar ambaton su.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) ita ce asalin kwayar wannan salon ƙirar, wanda ya samo asali daga taron editocina Vancouver 1978. Bayanan MEDLINE/PubMed yana amfani da wannan salon faɗakarwa na National Library of Medicine providesasa yana ba da " Kaya wato (ICMJE) nanufin Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -Samfuran Misali".
Salon AMA.
Salon Cibiyar Injin wato Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE), ko salona IEEE style, ya ƙunshi lambobin ambato a cikin manyan kusoshin murabba'i da lambobi a jere, tare da maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake buƙata.
A bangarorin ilimina kimiyyar halittu wadanda suka fada a cikin ICNafp (wanda shi kansa yake amfani da wannan salon ambaton a ko'ina), wani nau'I daban-daban na ambaton taken marubuci shi ne hanya ta farko da ake amfani da ita yayin yin ambaton kuma wasu lokuta an ambace su gaba daya (misali a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi lambar da aka buga a Taxon ), tare da ayyukan da ake magana a kansu waɗanda ba a ambata a cikin littafin tarihin ba sai dai idan an ambace su a cikin rubutun. Take suna amfani da daidaitattun taƙaitattun kalmomi masu zuwa bayan Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum don abubuwan zamani da Littattafan Haraji 2 (daga baya IPNI ) don littattafai.
Salon Kiran Pechenik wani salo ne wanda aka bayyana a cikin A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, 6th ed. (2007), na Jan A. Pechenik .
A cikin 1955, Eugene Garfield ya gabatar da tsarin kundin tarihi don adabin kimiyya wato bibliographic system for scientific literature, don inganta mutuncin scientific publications .
Kimiyyar zaman jama'a
Salona American Psychological Association, ko salon APA style, wanda aka buga a cikin Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a wato social sciences. Salon ambaton APA yayi kama da rubutun Harvard referencing, yana lissafa sunan marubucin da shekarar da aka buga shi, kodayake waɗannan na iya ɗaukar nau'i biyu: ambaton suna wanda sunayen marubutan suka bayyana a cikin rubutun kuma shekarar da aka buga sannan ta bayyana a cikin iyaye, kuma marubucin - kwanan wata, wanda sunan mahaifin marubuta da shekarar wallafawa duk suna bayyana a cikin iyayen yara . A kowane yanayi, ambaton cikin rubutu yana nuni zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a ƙarshen takarda a cikin Sashin Nassoshi.
American Political Science Associationwallafa takaddar jagora da salon jagora don wallafe-wallafe a wannan fagen. Salon yana kusa da CMOS.
American Anthropological Association tana amfani da wani sabon juzu'i na salo na Chicago Style wanda aka shimfida a cikin Jagoran Salo na Bugawa.
Salona ASA style da American Sociological Association yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan salo da ake amfani da su a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamantakewar jama'a .
Batutuwa
A cikin binciken da suka yi a kan bayanan kafa a cikin mujallu na ilimi a fagen sadarwa, Michael Bugeja da Daniela V. Dimitrova sun gano cewa ambato ga kafofin yanar gizo suna da saurin lalacewa (kamar yadda aka saukar da shafukan da aka ambata), wanda suke kira "rabin-rai ", wanda ke samar da bayanan kaɗan a waɗancan mujallu marasa amfani ga ƙwarewar karatu a kan lokaci.
Sauran masana sun gano cewa abubuwan da aka buga ba su da alamun ambato kamar ɗabi'un asali.
Wani mahimmin batun shine kuskuren lafazi, wanda yawanci ke faruwa saboda rashin kulawa kan ɓangaren mai binciken ko editan jarida a cikin hanyar bugawa. Masana sun gano cewa kariya mai sauƙi, kamar tuntuɓar marubucin wata hanyar da aka ambata game da ambaton da ya dace, yana rage yiwuwar kuskuren faɗakarwa kuma hakan yana ƙara ingancin bincike.
Bincike yana nuna tasirin labarin na iya zama, a wani ɓangare, ya bayyana ta abubuwan da ke sama kuma ba wai kawai cancantar ilimin labarin ba. Abubuwan da suka dogara da filin galibi ana lasafta su azaman batun da za a magance ba kawai lokacin da aka kwatanta kwatankwacin fannoni daban-daban da, har ma yayin da ake kwatanta bangarori daban-daban na bincike na horo ɗaya.Misali, a likitanci, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, yawan marubuta, yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da kasantuwar babban a cikin taken suna tasiri tasirin; yayin fadita hanyar ilimin halayyar dan adam yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da tsawon take suna daga cikin abubuwan.
Yanayin fahimtar cewa ambaton suna zama masu rikitarwa kuma amma masu mahimmanci ma'auni ga masana. Sun bayar da rahoton hanyoyi guda biyar don haɓaka ƙididdigar ambato: (1) kalli tsawon take da alamun rubutu; (2) fitar da sakamako da wuri azaman masu gabatarwa;(3) guji ambaton wata ƙasa a cikin take, aciki ko kuma abudin hariffa; (4) danganta labarin zuwa bayanan tallafi a cikin ma'aji; da (5) guji ɓarna a cikin taken abubuwan bincike.
Hakanan sanannun alamu ne waɗanda halayen marubuta da ma'aikatan jarida ke shafar su. Irin wannan halayyan. ana kiranta tasirin haɓaka, kuma an bayar da rahoton ya ƙunshi har ma da manyan mujallu. Musamman ma manyan mujallu na kimiyyar likitanci, gami da ,The Lancet, JAMA, da ,The New England Journal of Medicine, ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa da irin wannan ɗabi'ar, har zuwa kusan kashi 30% na alamomin waɗannan mujallu ana samar da su ne ta hanyar tallan ra'ayi. A gefe guda, lamarin da ke nuna alamun kira yana tashi. yana Kwatanta. bayyana su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin marubuta waɗanda ke ambaton juna ba daidai ba fiye da sauran rukunin marubutan da ke aiki a kan wannan batun.
Duba kuma
Acknowledgment (creative arts)
Bible citation
Case citation
Citation analysis
Citation creator
Citation signal
Citationality
Coercive citation
Credit (creative arts)
Cross-reference
San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment
Scholarly method
Source evaluation
Style guide
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Armstrong, J Scott (July 1996). "The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science – On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such". Interfaces. 26 (4): 28–42. doi:10.1287/inte.26.4.25. OCLC 210941768.
Pechenik, Jan A (2004). A Short Guide to Writing About Biology (5th ed.). New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-15981-6. OCLC 52166026.
"Why Are There Different Citation Styles?". Yale.edu. 2008. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30201 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarin%20abubuwan%20dake%20haifar%20da%20gurbacewar%20iska%20daga%20AP%2042 | Tarin abubuwan dake haifar da gurbacewar iska daga AP 42 | Tarin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska daga AP 42 tarin bayanai ne na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) game da gurbatar iska, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarata 1968. , bugu na ƙarshe shine na 5th daga 2010.
Tarihi
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors shine tarin abubuwan da ke fitar da gurbacewar iska, a wasu kalmomin lambobi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da adadin gurɓataccen abu da aka fitar a cikin sararin samaniya tare da wani aiki. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ce ta fara tattara wannan tarin kuma ta buga shi a cikin shekarar 1968. A cikin shekarar 1972, an sake dubawa kuma an fitar da shi azaman bugu na biyu ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA. A cikin shekarar 1985, bugu na huɗu na gaba ya kasu kashi biyu: Juzu'i na tun daga lokacin ya haɗa da ma'ana mai tsayayye da abubuwan fitar da tushen yanki, kuma juzu'i na II ya haɗa da abubuwan fitar da tushen wayar hannu . Juzu'i na I a halin yanzu yana cikin bugu na biyar kuma ana samunsa akan Intanet. Ba a ci gaba da jujjuya juzu'i na II kamar haka, to amma ana samun samfuran tarwatsewar iska ta hanya don ƙididdige hayaki daga ababan hawa da na ababan hawa da kayan aikin hannu akan yanar gizo.
A cikin amfani na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, Juzu'i na I na haɗar abubuwan da ake fitarwa ana kiransu da AP 42 kawai.
Abun ciki
Abubuwan da ke fitar da gurɓataccen iska yawanci ana bayyana su azaman nauyin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da nauyin raka'a, girma, nisa, ko tsawon lokacin aikin da ke fitar da gurɓataccen abu (misali, kilogiram na ɓarna da ke fitowa a kowace megagram na kwal da aka ƙone). Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen kimanta hayaki daga wurare daban-daban na gurɓataccen iska. Sannan A mafi yawan lokuta, abubuwan sune kawai matsakaicin duk bayanan da ake samu na inganci karɓuwa, kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗauka su zama wakilcin matsakaicin dogon lokaci.
Ma'auni don ƙididdige fitar da hayaki kafin a yi amfani da matakan rage hayaƙi shine:
E = A × EF
kuma don fitar da hayaki bayan raguwa ana amfani da su:
E = A × EF × (1-ER/100)
Ana amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da iska ta hanyar ƙirar yanayi da sauran su don tantance adadin gurɓataccen iska da ake fitarwa daga tushe a cikin wuraren masana'antu.
Babi
Babi na 5, sashe na 5.1 ''Tsatar da Man Fetur'' ya tattauna ne game da fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga na'urori a sassa daban-daban na sarrafa matatun da kuma na'urorin sarrafa tururi da tanderu da injuna, Kuma sannan Table 5.1.1 ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka dace. Tebu 5.1.2 ya haɗa da abubuwan da ke fitar da iskar da ke gudu daga manyan hasumiya masu sanyaya jika a cikin matatun mai da na masu raba mai/ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen magance ruwan sharar matatar.
A fugitive iska gurbatawa watsi dalilai daga taimako bawuloli, bututu bawuloli, bude-ƙare da bututu Lines ko magudanun ruwa, piping flanges, samfurin sadarwa, da kuma like a kan famfo da kwampreso shafts an tattauna kuma sun hada da rahoton EPA-458 / R-95-017, "Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Emission" wanda aka haɗa a cikin sashe na 5 na AP 42. Wannan rahoton ya haɗa da abubuwan fitar da hayaki da EPA ta haɓaka don matatun mai da kuma masana'antar sinadarai ta roba (SOCMI).
A mafi yawan lokuta, abubuwan da ke cikin babi na biyar 5 an haɗa su don yanayin da ba a kula da su ba kafin a aiwatar da tsarin rage fitar da iska da yanayin sarrafawa bayan an aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin rage fitar da iska.
Babi na bakwai 7 "Tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa" an sadaukar da shi ga hanyoyin ƙididdige asarar da aka fitar daga ƙirar tanki guda shida da aka yi amfani da su don ajiyar ruwa na Organic: kafaffen rufin (a tsaye da a kwance), rufin iyo na waje, domed waje (ko an rufe) rufin iyo, rufin ciki mai iyo, sannan sararin tururi mai canzawa, da matsa lamba (ƙananan da babba). Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka tare da haɗin gwiwar EPA ne suka samar da tsarin a Babi na 7.
Hukumar EPA ta samar da wata manhaja mai suna "TANKS" wacce ke aiwatar da dabarar babi na 7 don kididdige asarar hayaki daga tankunan ajiya. Fayil ɗin mai saka shirin tare da jagorar mai amfani, da lambar tushe ana samun su akan Intanet.
Babi na 5 da 7 da aka tattauna a sama suna kwatanta irin bayanan da ke cikin sauran surori na AP 42. Kuma Yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da hayaki a Babi na 5 da tsarin lissafin hayaƙi a Babi na 7 da shirin TANKS su ma sun shafi sauran nau'ikan masana'antu da yawa ban da masana'antar mai.
Sauran hanyoyin abubuwan fitar da hayaki
Littafin Jagorar Kayayyakin Gurbacewar iska ta Duniya (GAP), Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm, Sigar 1.7, Oktoba 2010 sei-international.org.
An adana bayanan abubuwan da ke fitar da hayaki na United Kingdom 2010. Inventory Inventory na Ƙasar Yanayi na Ƙasar Ingila
Littafin Jagorar Kayayyakin Kaya . EMEP/Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai 2007 Guidebook, an sabunta ta 2016
Abubuwan da ake fitarwa IPCC Database 2006, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Revised 1996 .
Fitowar hayaki mai gudu daga ethylene da sauran tsire-tsire masu sinadarai harc.edu 2002.
Hannun Hanyoyi na Ƙimar Ƙimar fitar da hayaki (nau'i 94) Ƙididdiga Masu Guba na Ƙasar Australiya, 2006.
Hanyoyin Inventory Gas na Kanada Greenhouse . Rahoton Inventory Inventory 2016 Air Pollutant Emission Report: shafi 2 - Haɓaka ƙididdiga: Sashe na 1 Shirin Kula da Gurɓacewar iska na Ƙasa, (Kanada) 2018-05-29, an dawo da shi 2018-07-13
Sangea - Greenhouse Gas Emission Kimar Software Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka, 2012 ta Trinity Consultants/T3.
Hanyoyin Kiyasta Iskar Gas na Greenhouse Haɓaka Ma'adinai Na Kanada, 2000, Cibiyar Pembina, da Stratos Inc.
Laburare Factor Factor Pollutant Iska Finnish muhalli Cibiyar, dawo da 2018-07-13. (ya haɗa da bayani daga EMEP/EEA Guidebook na 2016)
Duba wasu abubuwan
Tukar siminti
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19717 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi%20Otedola | Femi Otedola | Femi Otedola (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Afrailu, shekarata alif 1
ɗan
Rayuwar farko
Otedola an haife shi a garin Ibadan, babban birnin jihar Oyo, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, cikin dangin marigayi Sir Michael Otedola, gwamnan jihar Legas daga shekarar 1992 zuwa shekara ta 1993.
Yarinyar Femi Otedola ta farko, Tolani, mawaƙiya ce. An haife ta ne ga Otedola da tsohon masoyiyar sa, Olayinka Odukoya. Daga baya, Femi ya auri Nana Otedola kuma ya sami ƙarin 'ya'ya mata biyu - Florence Ifeoluwa da Elizabeth Temi — da ɗa, Fewa. Florence Otedola, wanda aka fi sani da DJ Cuppy, dan DJ ne kuma furodusa ne, sannan kuma jakadiyar yawon bude ido ta Najeriya. Herarwarta, Temi, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ce mai son zane. Otedola yana da gidaje a Lagas, Abuja, Dubai, London da New York City .
Kasuwancin mai
A cikin 2003, bayan gano wata dama a kasuwar sayar da mai, Otedola ya sami kuɗin kafa kamfanin Zenon Petroleum and Gas Ltd, kamfanin sayar da kayayyakin mai da rarraba shi.
A matsayin sa na shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin Zenon, a 2004 ya saka hannun jari N15 biliyan a cikin ci gaban abubuwan more rayuwa da kuma samun rumbunan adana kaya a Ibafon, Apapa da jiragen ruwa guda hudu, wadanda suka kai jimillar karfin ajiya na tan dubu dari da arba'in da bakwai. A wannan shekarar ya sayi manyan motocin dakon mai 100 DAF akan N1.4 biliyan.
Zuwa 2005, Zenon ke sarrafa babban kaso daga kasuwar man dizal ta Najeriya, tana samar da mai ga mafi yawan manyan masana'antun kasar ciki har da Dangote Group, Cadbury, Coca-Cola, Nigerian Breweries, MTN, Unilever, Nestle da Guinness .
A watan Maris na 2007, an ba da sanarwar cewa bankuna goma sun amince da rancen haɗin dala $ 1.5 biliyan (N193.5 biliyan) zuwa ga Zenon a matsayin babban birnin aiki don gina mafi girman wurin ajiyar ruhun matuka a Afirka. Daga baya a waccan shekarar Zenon ta sami kaso 28.7 na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Afirka, daya daga cikin manyan dillalan mai a Najeriya. Hakanan Zenon ya saka hannun jari a duk fannonin hada-hadar kudi, inda ya zama mafi yawan masu hannun jari a wasu bankunan Najeriya da suka hada da Zenith Bank da United Bank for Africa (UBA). Hakanan dizal, Zenon shima ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a kasuwar kananzir.
A cikin 2012, Zenon yana cikin kamfanoni da yawa da aka ambata a cikin wani rahoto game da wata badakalar tallafin man fetur. A cewar rahoton Zenon na bin gwamnatin bashin dala miliyan 1.4. An kuma ruwaito cewa, Farouk Lawan, dan majalisar dokokin Nijeriya wanda ya hada rahoton, an nuna cewa an dauki fim din yana karbar $ 500,000 daga cikin kudin da aka ce ya kai dala miliyan 3 daga Femi Otedola don cire Zenon daga jerin. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa Otedola a baya ya ba da rahoton cin zarafin Lawan da neman cin hanci ga Jami'an Tsaron Jiha, wadanda suka kitsa wani aiki na zagon kasa. An tuhumi Lawan da rashawa a cikin watan Fabrairun 2013.
Man Fetur na Afirka
A cikin 2007, an nada Otedola a matsayin shugaba da kuma babban jami'in kamfanin mai na Africa Petroleum ta hanyar mallakar wani kamfani mai kula da kasuwancin. A watan Disamba na shekarar da kansa ya sami ƙarin kashi 29.3 na kamfanin akan N40 biliyan. Haɗa wannan haɗin kan tare da Zenon ya kawo jimlar hannun jarin Otedola zuwa kashi 55.3 cikin ɗari.
Bayan shigowar Otedola cikin kamfanin hannun jarin kamfanin mai na Afirka ya tashi sosai, inda ya kara habaka kasuwar daga N36 biliyan zuwa N217 biliyan a cikin watanni shida. A shekarar 2008, dangane da damuwar da jama'a suka nuna kan samu da kuma farashin kananzir, Kamfanin mai na Afirka ya bullo da wani shiri na cin kasuwar da sayar da mai a kan N50 a kowace lita daga sama da tashoshi 500 da ke fadin Najeriya.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2009, Otedola ya zama dan Najeriya na biyu bayan Aliko Dangote da ya fito a cikin jerin attajiran Forbes na dalolin biloniyoyi, wanda aka kiyasta kudin sa da ya kai $ 1.2 biliyan. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, Otedola ya sanar da wani yunkuri na inganta tashoshin ajiyar gas na man fetur na Afirka (LPG) a biranen Lagos, Kano da Fatakwal . Yanayi mai wahala na tattalin arziki wanda ya faru sakamakon faduwar farashin mai a duniya da kuma rancen bashi na 2008-09 ya sa Kamfanin mai na Afirka yayi rikodin asara a 2009.
Forte oil
A watan Disambar 2010, Kamfanin mai na Afirka ya sake canza sunansa, ya canza sunansa zuwa Forte Oil PLC . Otedola ya sake fasalin kasuwancin, yana mai da hankali kan fasaha da ingantaccen shugabancin kamfanoni. Kamfanin Forte Oil ya dawo da riba a shekarar 2012.
A shekarar 2013, a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin da Gwamnatin Tarayya ke yi na ganin ta sasanta harkar wutar lantarkin Najeriya, Otedola ya bayar da kashi 57% na kamfanin Forte Oil na kamfanin Amperion Ltd, wanda ya mallaki 414 MW Geregu Power Plant akan $ 132 miliyan.
Inganta ingantaccen matsayin kudi da rarrabuwa a cikin samar da wutar lantarki ya haifar da hauhawar kashi 1,321 cikin ɗari a cikin rabonta yayin shekarar 2013. Rabin farko na 2014 ya ga ribar kamfanin kafin haraji sama da ninki biyu a shekara zuwa 4.19 naira biliyan ($ 25.7 miliyan). Haɓaka kudaden shiga na duk shekara ya kasance kaso 33 cikin ɗari. A watan Nuwamba 2014, Otedola ya dawo cikin jerin masu kudi na Forbes bayan da ya fidda shi sakamakon faduwar farashin hannun jari a lokacin 2009.
A watan Satumbar 2015 Kamfanin Forte Oil ya sayar da kashi 17 na kason ta ga dan kasuwar Switzerland mai suna Mercuria Energy Group, yana ba wa Forte damar zuwa kasuwannin kayan duniya. An yi tunanin yarjejeniyar za ta ba Otedola kimanin dala 200 miliyan. A shekarar 2019, Femi Otedola ya sayar da kamfanin Forte Oil Plc kuma ya sanar da shirin sauya alkibla daga mai zuwa wuta tare da kamfaninsa, Geregu Power Plc. .
Sauran saka hannun jari da matsayi
A 1994, Otedola ya kafa CentreForce Ltd, wanda ya kware a harkar kudi, saka jari da kasuwanci. Otedola kuma shine mai kamfanin Swift Insurance.
Otedola shine babban darakta kuma shugaban kamfanin SeaForce Shipping Company Ltd kuma ya kasance a wani lokaci mafi girma a Najeriya mai mallakar jiragen ruwa bayan da ya shimfida ikon rarraba kayayyakin dizal. Daya daga cikin jiragen ruwan sa, wani jirgin kasa mai tanki a kasa wanda zai iya daukar nauyin tan 16,000, shi ne irin sa na farko a Afirka.
A watan Janairun 2006, an nada Otedola a matsayin babban darakta na Kamfanin Transnational Corporation of Nigeria Plc ba, wani kamfani na bangarori daban-daban da aka kafa a shekarar 2004 wanda shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi don mayar da martani ga damar kasuwannin da ke bukatar babban jari a Najeriya da kuma duk yankin kudu da Saharar Afirka. . Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2011.
Otedola yayi saka hannun jari da yawa, ciki harda N2.3 sayen biliyan biyu a cikin watan Fabrairun 2007 da Zenon na Stallion House da ke Victoria Island a Legas, daga Gwamnatin Tarayya. A watan da ya gaba ne aka nada shi shugaban otal din Transcorp Hilton da ke Abuja kuma aka ba shi aikin jan ragamar fadada shi da daukaka shi zuwa wani katafaren gidan tarihi. Shine mai kamfanin FO Properties Ltd. Otedola an bayar da rahoton cewa mai kudi ne na Jam'iyyar Democratic Party kuma an ce ya ba da gudummawar N100 miliyan ga kudaden sake zaben Shugaba Obasanjo Ya kasance babban aminin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Raya Jarin Kasuwancin Najeriya (NIPC) tun a shekarar 2004, kuma a wannan shekarar aka nada shi a kwamitin da aka dora wa alhakin bunkasa huldar kasuwanci da Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 2011, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya nada Femi Otedola a cikin Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa ta Najeriya.
A cikin 2020, an sake sunan Forte Oil zuwa Adrova PLC.
Rigima
A shekara ta 2012, Femi Otedola an bayar da rahoto daga wasu gidajen yada labarai masu aminci cewa ya bayar da cin hanci ga Boniface Emenalo da Farouk Lawan wanda a lokacin, shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Tsarin Tallafin Man Fetur, "kungiyar mutunci" jimlar $ 620,000. A dalilin ruwaito ta hanyar shaidu kamar yadda pertains da ayyuka na Femi Otedola shi ne cewa ya so da sunan kamfanin cire daga jerin kamfanonin tuhume ta Farouq Lawan ta kwamitin domin waxansu da tallafin man fetur tsarin mulki a 2012. Farouk Lawan da Boniface Emenalo na cikin hatsarin shiga gidan yari idan har aka same su da laifin karbar kudi daga hannun Femi Otedola a matsayin karbar cin hancin da wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi musu laifi ne da hukuncin Kurkuku. A 2 Fabrairu 2013, Duka mutane Farouk Lawan da Boniface Emenalo aka caje kotu ta cin hanci da rashawa da kuma sauran related Commission (ICPC) su fitina kasance a Capital Territory High Court a Abuja da fuska mai bakwai-count cajin na cin hanci da rashawa, an zargi hakan ya karya sashi na 10 (a) (ii) na dokar ICPC, 2000 kuma ana hukunta ta a karkashin Sashe na 10 na waccan dokar.
Farouk Lawan bai amsa laifi ba, kuma da farko haka ma Boniface Emenalo; duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru a kotun shari'a sun dauki wani yanayi wanda ba a zata ba kamar yadda Boniface Emenalo daga karshe ya yarda yana da laifi kuma, a zahiri, ya karbi rashawa da yawa a madadin Farouk Lawan . Duk yadda lamarin ya kasance, sabbin shaidu da zalunci ya bayar sun kasance tabbatattu yayin da aka kama Femi Otedola da hannu cikin bidiyon yadda yake bayar da cin hanci kuma Farouk Lawan ya karba.
Rakiyar Kanada
A Disamba 2016, Otedola da aka anyi bayani ya a wani shawara inda biyu Toronto na tushen sisters- Jyoti da Kiran Matharoo -reportedly kokarin don su samu shi da Cyberbullying da kuma ci da ceto, iƙirarin su ya shaida na Otedola magudi a kan matarsa, cewa za su post on wani sananne jima'i -shafin gidan yanar gizo. 'Yan uwa mata sun yi jayayya game da asusun Otedola. A cewar asusun su Jyoti ya hadu da Otedola, kai tsaye daga Jami'ar, a cikin 2008. Ya raɗa mata wasiƙa da Kiran zuwa Najeriya, kuma suka fara lalata da shi. Sun yarda cewa kyaututtukan sa sun wadatar da su, kamar yadda kyaututtuka daga wasu samari masu hannu da shuni, amma rigima sun taɓa yin baƙar fata, ko ma neman kyauta.
Kyauta
Otedola ya bada kuɗaɗen sau da dama a jami'ar Michael otedola Universitye, wadda aka kafata a shekarar 1985 don bawa ɗalibai marasa galihu a Legas samun damar yin karatu a matakin karatu na gaba da sakandare. a shekarar 2005 kamfanin Zenon na otedola bada N200million a asusun taimako na makarantar . wanda a sanadiyar haka ne yasa fiye da ɗalibai 1,000 suka amfana da wannan kuɗaɗen.
A shekarar 2005, Otedola ya bada N300million gudummawar kai tsaye shi daya don kammala Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa — babban wurin bautar addinin Kirista a Abuja . A 2007 yana cikin kungiyar bada tallafi da suka bada N200 miliyan ga Asusun Tsaro na Tsaro na Jiha a wani yunƙuri na rage aikata laifuka a cikin Jihar Legas. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya ba da gudummawar N100 miliyan zuwa Kwalejin Ilimin Firamare ta Otedola da ke Noforija, Epe . A 2008 ya bayar da N80 miliyan zuwa Faculty of Agriculture a Jami'ar Fatakwal . Femi Otedola ya cika alkawarin sa na dala 25,000 ga Super Eagles a wasan da suka buga da Algeria a gasar AFCON na 2019
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1962
Attajiran Najeriya
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40872 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Stalin | Joseph Stalin | Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (an haife shi a Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili; [lower-alpha 4] 18 December [ -5 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1953) ɗan asalin Georgia ne jagoran juyin juya halin Soviet kuma jagoran siyasa wanda ya jagoranci Tarayyar Soviet daga shekarata alif 1924 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar alif 1953. Ya rike madafun iko a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet (1922-1952) da Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet (1941-1953). Da farko yana mulkin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na jagoranci gama gari, ya ƙarfafa ikon ya zama ɗan kama-karya a shekarun 1930. A akida yana manne da fassarar Marxism na Leninist, ya tsara waɗannan ra'ayoyin a matsayin Marxism–Leninism, yayin da nasa manufofin ake kira Stalinism.
An haife shi a gidan matalauta a Gori a cikin Daular Rasha (Now Georgia), Stalin ya halarci Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Tbilisi kafin ya shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Labour Party ta Marxist. Ya gyara jaridar jam'iyyar, Pravda, kuma ya tara kudade ga bangaren Bolshevik na Vladimir Lenin ta hanyar fashi, sace-sacen mutane da kuma kariya. An kama shi akai-akai, ya yi gudun hijira na cikin gida da yawa zuwa Siberiya. Bayan da Bolsheviks suka kwace mulki a juyin juya halin Oktoba kuma suka kafa kasa mai jam'iyya daya a karkashin sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a 1917, Stalin ya shiga kungiyar ta Politburo. Yin hidima a yakin basasa na Rasha kafin ya jagoranci kafa Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1922, Stalin ya karbi jagorancin kasar bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924 . A karkashin Stalin, socialism in one country ya zama jigon akidar jam'iyyar. A sakamakon tsare-tsarensa na shekaru biyar, kasar ta samu hada-hadar noma da habaka masana'antu cikin sauri, ta samar da tsarin tattalin arziki (Centralised economy) Tsanani mai tsanani ga samar da abinci ya haifar da yunwa na 1930-33 wanda ya kashe miliyoyin. Don kawar da "maƙiyan ma'aikata" da ake zargi, Stalin ya kafa Great purge, wanda aka daure fiye da miliyan guda, mafi yawa a cikin tsarin Gulag na sansanin aikin tilastawa, kuma aƙalla 700,000 akshekarar tsakanin shekarar alif 1934 da 1939. Ya zuwa 1937, yana da cikakken iko a kan jam'iyya da gwamnati.
Stalin ya haɓaka Marxism-Leninism a ƙasashen waje ta hanyar gurguzu ta ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin anti-fascist na Turai a cikin shekarar alif 1930s, musamman a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain. A cikin shekarar alif 1939, gwamnatinsa ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rashin cin zali da Jamusanci, wanda ya haifar da mamayewar Soviet a Poland. Jamus ta kawo karshen yarjejeniyar ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta alif 1941. Duk da bala'o'i na farko, Rundunar Sojan Soviet Red Army ta fatattaki mamayewar Jamus tare da kwace Berlin a 1945, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. A cikin yakin, Soviets sun mamaye jihohin Baltic da Bessarabia da Arewacin Bukovina, daga bisani kuma suka kafa gwamnatocin Tarayyar Soviet a duk tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma wasu sassan Gabashin Asiya. Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka sun fito a matsayin manyan kasashen duniya kuma sun shiga lokacin tashin hankali, yakin cacar baki. Stalin ya jagoranci sake gina Soviet bayan yakin basasa da haɓaka bam ɗin atomic a 1949. A cikin waɗannan shekaru, ƙasar ta sake fuskantar wani babban yunwa da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya kai ga makircin likitocin. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953, a ƙarshe Nikita Khrushchev ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya ya yi tir da mulkinsa kuma ya ƙaddamar da rushewar al'ummar Soviet.
An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙididdiga na karni na 20, Stalin ya kasance batu na ɗabi'a mai zurfi a cikin ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist na duniya, wanda ya girmama shi a matsayin zakara na ajin aiki da zamantakewa. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, Stalin ya ci gaba da samun karbuwa a Rasha da Jojiya a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin yakin wanda ya tabbatar da matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai jagorancin duniya. Akasin haka, an kwatanta gwamnatinsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama -karya, kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi saboda sa ido kan zalunci, kawar da kabilanci, korar mutane da yawa, kisa da dubban daruruwan mutane, da yunwa da ta kashe miliyoyin mutane.
Ƙuruciya
1878–1899: Childhood to young adulthood
Stalin an haife shi a garin Gori na Jojiya, sannan wani yanki na Tiflis Governorate na Daular Rasha kuma ɗan gida ga gamayyar al'ummomin Georgian, Azeri, Armeniya, Rashanci, da Yahudawa. An haife shi a ranar 18 December kuma an yi masa baftisma a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba. Sunansa na haihuwarsa Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili, [lower-alpha 4] kuma ana masa laƙabi da "Soso", ɗan taƙaitaccen " Ioseb". Iyayensa sune Besarion Jughashvili da Ekaterine Geladze. Shi ne ɗansu tilo da ya rayu a baya suna ƙanana.
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Besarion ma’aikacin sana’a ne wanda aka yi masa aiki a wani taron bita mallakar wani mutum; Da farko nasara ce ta kuɗi amma daga baya ta faɗi cikin raguwa, kuma dangi sun sami kansu suna rayuwa cikin talauci. Besarion ya zama mashayi ya bugu da matarsa da dansa. Ekaterine da Stalin sun bar gida a shekara ta 1883 kuma suka fara rayuwa mai yawo, suna tafiya cikin dakuna daban-daban guda tara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin shekarar 1886, sun ƙaura zuwa gidan wani abokin dangi, Uba Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsabtace gida da wanki kuma ta kuduri aniyar tura danta makaranta. A cikin watan Satumba 1888, Stalin ya yi rajista a Makarantar Cocin Orthodox Gori, wurin da Charkviani ya tsare. Ko da yake ya shiga fadace-fadace da yawa, Stalin ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, ya nuna hazaka a fannin zane-zane da azuzuwan wasan kwaikwayo, ya rubuta wakarsa, da rera waka a matsayin mawaka. Stalin ya fuskanci matsalolin lafiya da yawa: Cutar sankarau ta 1884 ta bar shi da tabo a fuska; kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya ji rauni mai tsanani lokacin da wani phaeton ya buge shi, mai yiwuwa dalilin rashin lafiyar rayuwa a hannun hagunsa.
A cikin watan Agusta 1894, Stalin ya shiga cikin Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Orthodox a Tiflis, wanda ya ba shi damar yin karatu a cikin ragi. Ya shiga cikin limamai masu horarwa 600 waɗanda suka hau can, kuma ya sami manyan maki. Ya ci gaba da rubuta wakoki; biyar daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, a kan jigogi kamar yanayi, ƙasa da kishin ƙasa, an buga su a ƙarƙashin sunan "Soselo" a cikin jaridar Ilia Chavchavadze ta Iveria (Jojiya). A cewar masanin tarihin Stalin Simon Sebag Montefiore, sun zama "ƙananan ƙwararrun Georgian" kuma an haɗa su a cikin tarihin waƙoƙin Jojiyanci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Yayin da yake girma, Stalin ya rasa sha'awar karatun firist, makinsa ya ragu, kuma an tsare shi akai-akai a cikin cell saboda halinsa na tawaye. Mujallar makarantar hauza ta lura cewa ya ayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya zage damtse daga addu’a kuma ya ki yafa hularsa ga sufaye.
Stalin ya shiga ƙungiyar littattafai da aka haramta a makarantar; Musamman ma littafin Nikolay Chernyshevsky na 1863 mai fafutukar neman sauyi ya rinjaye shi Me Za a Yi? Wani rubutu mai tasiri shine Alexander Kazbegi 's The Patricide, tare da Stalin yana karɓar laƙabi "Koba" daga na jarumin ɗan fashin littafin. Sunan na iya zama abin girmamawa ga hamshakin attajirinsa, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, wanda ya biya kuɗin karatunsa a makarantar hauza ta Tiflis. ("Koba" shine ɗan ƙaramin Georgian na Yakobi, ko Yakubu, kuma Stalin daga baya ya sanya wa ɗansa na fari a cikin girmamawar Egnatashvili.) Ya kuma karanta Das Kapital, littafin 1867 na masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jamus Karl Marx. Stalin ya sadaukar da kansa ga ka'idar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Marx, Marxism, wanda a lokacin yana karuwa a Jojiya, daya daga cikin nau'o'in gurguzu iri-iri masu adawa da hukumomin tsarin mulkin daular. Da dare, ya halarci taron sirri na ma'aikata kuma an gabatar da shi ga Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, wanda ya kafa Marxist Mesame Dasi ("Rukuni na uku"), ƙungiyar gurguzu ta Georgian. Stalin ya bar makarantar hauza a Afrilu 1899 kuma bai dawo ba.
Manazarta
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40897 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund%20Freud | Sigmund Freud | Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD, German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; Haihuwar Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 Mayu 1856-23 Satumba 1939) ya kasance likitan likitancin Austrian ne kuma wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, hanyar asibiti don kimantawa da kuma magance cututtuka da aka bayyana kamar yadda ya samo asali a cikin rikice-rikice a cikin psyche, ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin patient da masanin ilimin psychoanalyst.
An haifi Freud iyayensa Yahudawan Galician a garin Freiberg na Moravia, a cikin Daular Austriya. Ya cancanci zama doctor of medicine a 1881 a Jami'ar Vienna. Bayan ya kammala aikin jinya a 1885, an nada shi a matsayin docent a neuropathology kuma ya zama farfesa mai alaƙa a 1902. Freud ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Vienna, bayan ya kafa aikinsa na asibiti a 1886. A cikin shekarar 1938, Freud ya bar Ostiriya don tserewa zalunci na Nazi. Ya rasu yana gudun hijira a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1939.
A cikin kafa psychoanalysis, Freud ya haɓaka dabarun warkewa irin su yin amfani da haɗin kai na kyauta da kuma gano canja wuri, yana kafa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin nazari. Sake ma'anar jima'i da Freud ya yi don haɗa nau'ikansa na jarirai ya sa shi ya tsara tsarin Oedipus a matsayin babban ka'idar psychoanalytical. Binciken da ya yi game da mafarkai a matsayin abin da ake so ya ba shi samfurori don nazarin asibiti game da samuwar bayyanar cututtuka da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace na danniya. A kan wannan, Freud ya yi karin bayani game da ka'idarsa na rashin sani kuma ya ci gaba da samar da samfurin tsarin tunani wanda ya ƙunshi id, ego da super-ego. Freud ya gabatar da kasancewar libido, kuzarin jima'i wanda aka sanya hanyoyin tafiyar da hankali da tsarin kuma wanda ke haifar da haɗe-haɗe na batsa, da bugun mutuwa, tushen maimaita maimaitawa, ƙiyayya, zalunci, da laifin neurotic. A cikin ayyukansa na baya, Freud ya haɓaka fassarorin fassara da sukar addini da al'adu.
Ko da yake a gaba ɗaya ƙi a matsayin bincike da kuma aikin asibiti, psychoanalysis ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin halin dan Adam, da kuma ilimin halin mutum, da kuma fadin bil'adama. Don haka tana ci gaba da haifar da muhawara mai yawa da jayayya game da ingancin maganinta, matsayinta na kimiyya, da ko yana ci gaba ko yana hana dalilin mata. Duk da haka, aikin Freud ya rushe tunanin yammacin zamani da al'adun gargajiya. W. H. Auden ta 1940 na poetic tribute ga Freud ya kwatanta shi da cewa ya halicci "dukkan yanayin ra'ayi/wanda a ƙarƙashinsa muke gudanar da rayuwarmu daban-daban".
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Sigmund Freud an haife shi a freberg iyayensa Yahudawan Ashkenazi a garin Moravia na Freiberg, a cikin Daular Austriya (Now Příbor, Jamhuriyar Czech), na farko cikin yara takwas. Dukan iyayensa sun fito ne daga Galicia, lardi mai cike da tarihi da ke ratsa yammacin Ukraine da kudu maso gabashin Poland. Mahaifinsa, Jakob Freud (1815-1896), mai sayar da ulu, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Emanuel (1833-1914) da Philipp (1836-1911), ta aurensa na farko. Iyalin Yakubu Yahudawa ne Hasidic kuma, ko da yake jakob da kansa ya rabu da al'adar, an san shi da karatun Attaura. Shi da mahaifiyar Freud, Amalia Nathansohn, wanda ya kasance ɗan shekara 20 ƙarami kuma matarsa ta uku, Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer ya aura a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 1855. Suna fama da matsalar kuɗi kuma suna zaune a ɗakin haya, a cikin gidan locksmith a Schlossergasse 117 lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu Sigmund. An haife shi da ƙugiya, wanda mahaifiyarsa ta gani a matsayin alama mai kyau ga yaron nan gaba.
A shekarar 1859, Freud iyalinsa sun bar Freiberg. Freud half-brothers sun yi hijira zuwa Manchester, Ingila, suna raba shi daga abokin wasan "marasa rabuwa" na farkon ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan Emanuel, John. Jakob Freud ya ɗauki matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu ('yar'uwar Freud, Anna, an haife shi a 1858; ɗan'uwa, Julius wanda aka haife shi a 1857, ya mutu a jariri) da farko zuwa Leipzig sannan a 1860 zuwa Vienna inda aka haifi 'yan'uwa hudu da ɗan'uwa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). A 1865, Freud mai shekaru tara ya shiga , fitacciyar makarantar sakandare. Ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa fitaccen almajiri kuma ya gama karatu daga Matura a 1873 tare da karramawa. Ya ƙaunaci adabi kuma ya ƙware a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, Ingilishi, Ibrananci, Latin da Girkanci.
Freud ya shiga Jami'ar Vienna yana da shekaru 17. Ya yi niyyar karatun shari'a, amma ya shiga sashin ilimin likitanci a jami'a, inda karatunsa ya hada da falsafa a karkashin Franz Brentano, ilimin halittar jiki karkashin Ernst Brücke, da ilimin dabbobi a karkashin farfesa na Darwiniyanci Carl Claus. A cikin shekarar 1876, Freud ya shafe makonni hudu a tashar binciken dabbobi na Claus a Trieste, yana rarraba ɗaruruwan ƙudan zuma a cikin binciken da bai dace ba na gabobin haihuwa na maza. A shekara ta 1877, Freud ya koma dakin gwaje-gwajen ilimin halittar jiki na Ernst Brücke inda ya shafe shekaru shida yana kwatanta kwakwalwar mutane da sauran kashin baya da na kwadi da invertebrates kamar crayfish da fitilu. Ayyukan bincikensa akan ilmin halitta na nama mai juyayi ya tabbatar da ilimin jima'i don ganowar neuron a cikin shekarar 1890s. An katse aikin binciken Freud a cikin shekarar 1879 ta hanyar wajibcin gudanar da aikin soja na tilas na shekara. Tsawon lokacin hutun ya ba shi damar kammala aikin fassara kasidu huɗu daga ayyukan da John Stuart Mill ya tattara. Ya sauke karatu tare da MD a watan Maris 1881.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20977 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tsaron%20Shugaban%20kasa | Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa | Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ( , R.S.P ), wani lokaci ana kiransa kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa, ita ce ƙungiyar ba da sabis na ɓoye da ke da alhakin tsaro ta VIP ga Shugaban Burkina Faso, ƙasar da ba ta da iyaka a Afirka ta Yamma . Ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga Sojojin . Har zuwa 31 ga Oktoban shekarata 2014, Shugaban ya kasance Blaise Compaoré, wani jami'in soja wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki na shekarar 1987. kungiyoyin sanannun sanannun sanannun sa hannu ne cikin siyasar Burkina Faso, suna yi wa shugaban Compaoré ƙarfe a cikin mamayar sa da ƙasar. Mutane da yawa a ƙasar sun ce suna tsoron su sosai, wanda a cikin 2012 - shekaru biyu kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin Compaoré - kungiyar Demokraɗiyya ta bayyana shi da "mulkin kama-karya".
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida - mataimakin kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa - a takaice ya hau mukaddashin Shugaban kasa bayan korar Compaoré. Daga baya a cikin watan, an nada Zida Firayim Minista. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, bayan da aka ba da shawarar a rusa ta, RSP ta sake yin wani juyin mulki wanda ya yi garkuwa da Michel Kafando da gwamnatinsa. Sojoji sun shiga ciki kuma an dawo da Kafando a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba. An rusa rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar a baya, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba 2015.
Tarihi
Taimako na Compaoré
Yunƙurin girma bayan da Kyaftin Blaise Compaoré ya ƙwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja na 1987, ya kuma shiga cikin kashe-kashe da yawa ba bisa umarnin Shugaba Compaoré ba a cikin shekarun 1990s, yana aiki a matsayin rundunar mutuwa da masu tsaron lafiyarsa . A cikin 1990, RSP ya azabtar da dalibin likitan nan kuma mai gwagwarmaya matasa David Boukary har ya mutu. A shekarar 1998, an kashe David Ouedraogo - direban dan uwan shugaban kasar François Compaoré - wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike daga dan jaridar Norbert Zongo, fitaccen mai sukar gwamnati a kasar a lokacin. A ranar 13 ga watan Disambar 1998 an tsinci gawar Zongo, dan uwansa Ernest, Ablassé Nikiema da Blaise Ilboudo a Sapouy, cike da harsasai. Da farko watsi da kisan a matsayin "mummunan haɗari", daga ƙarshe matsin lamba daga jama'a ya tilasta wa gwamnati sanya wani bincike.
Kwamitin mai zaman kansa na binciken ya gano cewa sojojin RSP sun azabtar da Ouedraogo har lahira a barikinsu saboda zargin da ya yi na satar dan uwan Shugaban kasar, kuma Norbert Zongo da sauran ukun suma RSP din sun kashe su. Bayan haka Compaoré ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin RSP, kuma an kame sojoji da yawa, daga cikinsu Marcel Kafando, wanda shi ne kwamandan sashin a lokacin kisan. Zuwa 2006, duk da haka, duk an wanke su ko kuma an dakatar da tuhume-tuhumensu.
Ba wai kawai suna aiki a matsayin masu tilasta Compaoré ba, an zargi mambobin RSP a kalla sau biyu da shiga cikin yunkurin kwace mulki. A watan Oktoba 1996 an kama sojoji RSP ashirin da biyar, kuma tare da kwamandan Regiment - Hyacinthe Kafando (ba shi da dangantaka da Marcel Kafando, magajinsa), wanda yake waje a lokacin - an gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya saboda shirya makarkashiyar juyin mulki d 'état, mai yiwuwa tare da sa hannun dan Ivory Coast. Kafando, wanda ya kasance cikin juyin mulkin soja na Compaoré na 1987 (wanda hakan ma ya samu taimako daga gwamnatin Ivory Coast a lokacin), an ba shi damar komawa Burkina Faso daga gudun hijirar da ya yi a shekarar 2001. A watan Oktoba na 2003 gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta yi nasarar hana juyin mulkin da aka shirya . A farkon watan Janairun 2004 an kame sojoji goma sha biyar, gami da mambobin RSP da dama, tare da fararen hula biyu kan zargin suna da hannu a wata makarkashiyar da ake zargi. Bayan da Shugaba Compaoré ya yi murabus a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba 2014 saboda zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar da ya bayar na soke iyakar lokacin shugaban kasa, RSP ta yi juyin mulki a ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015 bayan an ba da shawarar a rusa ta, tare da kwace ikon Ouagadougou . Koyaya, bayan yawan adawar da aikin soja na yau da kullun, shugaban rikon kwarya Michel Kafando da Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida an mai da su kan mukamansu a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar 2015.
Imentungiyar Tsaron Shugaban hadasa tana da rawar gani wajen dakatar da zanga-zangar Burkinabé ta 2011, wacce ta ɓarke a watan Fabrairu kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka sasanta a watan Yuni. Baya ga manyan zanga-zangar tituna da yajin aikin, tashin hankalin ya shafi shari'oi da yawa na lalata mutane tsakanin sojojin. RSP ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kawar da wadannan rikice-rikicen, alal misali sanya kewaye ga sansanin soja a Bobo-Dioulasso a watan Yuni kuma suna fada da sojoji masu tawaye a can. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da rikici tsakanin Sojoji da runduna, ɗayan yana tsoron Compaoré ɗayan kuma amintacce. Sakamakon rawar da suka taka a cikin zanga-zangar, RSP ta karɓi makami mafi kyau fiye da sauran sojoji, ban da ƙarin albashi.
A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu 2012, wani soja da ya fice daga Regiment, Romuald Tuina, ya yi fashi a bankin Ouagadougou da rana tsaka, ya kwashe sama da CFA miliyan bakwai ya gudu zuwa Ivory Coast. A daren 30 zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta 2013, Tuina - bayan ya dawo Burkina Faso - ya yi yunƙurin kashe Compaoré, inda ya buɗe wuta a ofishin Shugaban bayan ya kutsa kai cikin fadar shugaban ƙasa sanye da kayan soja. An kashe shi a musayar harbe-harben da ke tafe.
2014 Burkinabé tawaye
Bayan shekaru 27 na mulki, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi yunkurin cire dokar da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya kan sharuddan shugaban kasa, ta ba shi damar sake tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 . Wannan ya haifar da boren Burkinabé na 2014 a ƙarshen Oktoba, wanda ya ga dubun dubatar masu zanga-zangar adawa da tsarin mulki. Initiallyungiyar Tsaron Shugaban initiallyasa ta fara shiga cikin rikicin ne daga bangaren Shugaban, suna ta harbe-harbe da hayaki mai sa hawaye lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar shugaban, da kashe aƙalla masu zanga-zangar uku da suka yi ƙoƙari su afka gidan ɗan’uwan Shugaban, Francis Compaoré .
A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ya gudu daga kasar. Bayan wannan, Janar Honoré Traoré, babban hafsan sojojin, ya yi ikirarin kafa gwamnatin soja ta rikon kwarya tare da kansa a matsayin Shugaban kasa. Amma masu zanga-zangar da yawa sun ƙi Traoré a matsayin babban aminin Compaoré, kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida shi ma ya yi iƙirarin matsayin. Zida, na biyu a kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta shugaban kasa, ya yi kira da a mika mulki cikin lumana, yana mai cewa "zai dauki nauyin shugaban wannan sauyin da kuma shugaban kasa don tabbatar da ci gaban jihar." Daga baya Sojoji suka amince da da'awar ta Zida, shugabanninsu sun ba da sanarwar cewa "an zabi Zida gaba daya ya jagoranci lokacin mika mulki".
Yayin da wasu kungiyoyin adawa, kamar Le Balai Citoyen, suka goyi bayan Zida kai tsaye, zanga-zangar adawa da kwace sojoji ya biyo baya ba da jimawa ba. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa Zida ya sadu da shugabannin siyasa da masu fada a ji na al'umma, da kokarin sasanta rikicin don samar da gwamnatin hadin kan kasa. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na duniya suka fara gabatar da buƙatun miƙa mulki ga sojojin farar hula.
2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki
A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, kwanaki biyu bayan kwamitin gyara ya ba da shawarar a rusa RSP, mambobin RSP suka fara juyin mulki, tare da kame Shugaba Michel Kafando, Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida da sauran mambobin gwamnatin rikon kwaryar.
Sabuwar majalisar mulkin sojan ta kasa karfafa ikonta a duk fadin kasar kuma ta fuskanci zanga-zanga daga shugabannin yankin, kuma daga karshe daga sojoji na yau da kullun, don maido da gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Bayan sojoji sun shiga Ouagadougou don tunkarar RSP, an sake maida Kafando a matsayin Shugaban kasa a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba kuma Zida shi ma ya koma kan mukaminsa na Firayim Minista. Gilbert Diendéré ya ce juyin mulkin kuskure ne kuma "mun san cewa mutanen ba su goyi bayan hakan ba. Don haka ne muka yanke kauna. ”
Bayan haka
Mutane 11 suka mutu, kuma sama da 250 suka ji rauni yayin juyin mulkin. A taron farko na majalisar ministocin bayan juyin mulkin, an kori Ministan Tsaro kuma an soke matsayin shugaban kwamitin soja na shugaban kasa. An kafa kwamiti don gano wadanda ke da hannu a juyin mulkin kuma aka ba su kwanaki talatin su kawo rahoto. Ana sa ran gabatar da kara.
Rushewa
A watan Satumba na 2015, RSP ya wargaje, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara jim kaɗan kafin juyin mulkin 2015.
Duba kuma
2014 Burkinabé tawaye
2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48663 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashen%20huhu | Dashen huhu | Dashen huhu, ko dashen huhu, wata hanya ce ta fiɗan huhun mutum guda ɗaya ko duka biyun don maye gurbin huhun da wasu. Ana iya maye gurbin huhun daga mai bayarwa mai rai ko Wanda ya mutu. Mai ba da gudummawar mai rai zai iya ba da gudummawar huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Saboda wasu cututtukan huhu, mai karɓa na iya buƙatar samun huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Akwai wasu cututtukan huhu irin su cystic fibrosis, yana da matukar muhimmanci mai karɓa ya karbi huhu guda biyu. Yayin da dashen huhun ke ɗauke da wasu haɗari masu alaƙa da juna, kuma suna iya tsawaita tsawon rai da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke a matakin ƙarshe na cutar huhu.
Sharuɗɗan cancanta
Dashen huhu yanada ma'auni don aunawa ko mara lafiyan zai iya warkewa musamman ga mara lafiya Wanda ke mataki na ƙarshe na ciwon, kuma ya bi dukkan wata hanya na ganin ya warke amma ba'a yi nasara ba. Sharudɗa iri-iri na iya sa irin wannan tiyata ta zama dole. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, dalilan da suka fi yawa na dashen huhu a Amurka sune:
27% na kullum cututtuka na huhu (COPD), ciki har da emphysema ;
16% idiopathic fibrosis na huhu ;
14% cystic fibrosis ;
12% idiopathic (wanda aka fi sani da "primary") hauhawar jini na huhu ;
5% alpha 1-antitrypsin rashi ;
2% maye gurbin huhun da aka dasa a baya wanda ya gaza;
24% wasu dalilai, ciki har da bronchiectasis da sarcoidosis .
Contrain dications
Duk da tsananin yanayin fitan numfashin majiyyaci, wasu dalilai ka iya sanya mara lafiyan cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani:
Cututtuka na yau da kullun (misali, gazawar zuciya, cututtukan koda, cutar hanta )
Cututtuka na yanzu, gami da HIV da hepatitis
Duk da haka, sau da yawa, marasa lafiya na hepatitis C duka ana dasa su kuma ana amfani da su azaman masu ba da gudummawa idan mai karɓa yana da ciwon hanta. Hakazalika, zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kanjamau sun sami dashen huhu bayan an tantance su bisa ga al'ada.
Ciwon daji na yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan
Amfani da barasa na yanzu, taba ko haramtattun kwayoyi
Shekaru
Yanayin tabin hankali
Tarihin rashin bin umarnin likita
Tarihi
Tarihin dashen sassan jiki ya fara ne da yunƙuri da yawa waɗanda kuma ba su yi nasara ba saboda kin dasuwa na sassan jikin. Gwajin da akayi akan dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da wasu likitoci kamar su: Vladimir Demikhov da Henry Metras, a cikin 1940s da 1950s, sun fara nuna cewa tsarin yana yiwuwa a fasahan ce. James Hardy na Jami'ar Mississippi ya yi dashen huhun mutum na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963 . Bayan dashen huhu guda, majiyyacin, wanda aka gano daga baya a matsayin wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa John Richard Russell, ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 18. Daga 1963 zuwa 1978, yunƙurin dashen huhun da wanda da yawa ba'a yi nasara ba saboda ƙin yarda da matsaloli tare da warkarwa na anastomotic. Sai bayan da aka kirkiro na'urar huhu na zuciya, tare da haɓaka magungunan rigakafi irin su cyclosporin, shine ake iya dashen sassan jiki kamar huhu har mara lafiyan ya warke.
Nasarar dashen sassan jiki na farko da ya shafi huhu shine dashen zuciya da huhu, wanda Dokta Bruce Reitz na Jami'ar Stanford ya yi a 1981 a kan wata mace da ke fama da hauhawar jini na idiopathic .
1983: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Tom Hall) na Joel Cooper (Toronto)
1986: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu biyu na dogon lokaci ( Ann Harrison ) na Joel D. Cooper (Toronto)
1988: Nasarar farko na dogon lokaci na dashen huhu na huhu don cystic fibrosis na Joel Cooper (Toronto).
A cikin 1988, Vera Dwyer, wata mace daga County Sligo a Ireland, an gano ta da cutar huhu da ba za a iya warkewa ba, na yau da kullun da fibrotic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an yi mata dashen huhu guda ɗaya a Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an gane Ms. Dwyer a matsayin wacce akayi ma dashen huhu ɗaya mafi dadewa a duniya a wani taron da aka yi a Asibitin Mater a Dublin .
Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen Dashe
Abubuwan buƙatu don masu ba da gudummawa
Akwai wasu abubuwa da ake bukata wajen masu ba da gudummawar huhu, saboda buƙatun yiyuwar mai karɓa. Dangane da masu ba da taimakon huhu, sannan kuma ana la’akari da yadda tiyatar za ta shafi mai bayarwa:
Lafiyayye
Daidaita girman
Huhu ko huhun da aka ba da gudummawa dole ne su zama babba don isassun iskar oxygen iskar da majiyyaci, amma ƙanƙanta da zai dace a cikin ramin ƙirjin mai karɓa.
Shekaru
Nau'in jini
Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen masu karɓa don yiwuwar karɓa
Yayin da cibiyar dashe ke da 'yanci don saka nata sharuɗɗan masu neman dashen, an yarda da wasu buƙatu bai ɗaya:
Cutar huhu wacce take mataki na ƙarshe
Ya bi dukkan hanyiyi na warkewa Amma ba'a samu nasara ba
Babu wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya (misali, zuciya, koda, hanta)
Wasu majinyata masu irin wadannan cututtuka, idan har yanayinsu ya inganta har ya kai ga samun kwanciyar hankali don tsira da aikin tiyata, ana ba su kebancewa- da yawa masu fama da cutar huhu na karshen zamani za su sami ciwo mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun a wasu gabobin. ;
Babu cututtuka na yanzu ko ciwon daji na baya-bayan nan. Wasu marasa lafiya, bisa ga al'ada, masu ciwon huhu ko wasu cututtuka, ana iya ba da izini. Har illa yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta da ya rigaya ya kasance ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda yawancin marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyoyin dashe, bisa ga ra'ayin kansu, na iya karɓa ko ƙin yarda da marasa lafiya da ke da cututtukan B. cepacia ko MRSA a halin yanzu.
Babu HIV ko hanta, ko da yake wasu masu karɓa masu irin nau'in hanta kamar yadda mai bayarwa zai iya samun huhu, da kuma mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda za a iya kwantar da su kuma suna iya samun ƙananan ƙwayar cutar HIV na iya zama masu cancanta;
Babu barasa, shan taba, ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (wasu mutanen da za su iya daina waɗannan halaye kuma suna bin magani ana iya ba su dama)
A cikin kewayon nauyi yarda (alamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki ko kiba duka suna da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace)
Shekaru (daya da biyu tx)
Bayanan martaba na tunani mai karbuwa
Yana da tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa
Mai ikon iya biyan kuɗi don kashe kuɗi (inda majiyyaci ke biyan kulawar likita kai tsaye)
Mai ikon bin tsarin tsarin dasawa. Dashen huhu babban aiki ne, kuma bayan dashen, dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance a shirye don bin tsarin magunguna na rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya.
Gwaje-gwajen likitanci ga masu yuyuwar neman Dashe
Marasa lafiyan da ake la'akari da su don sanyawa a cikin jerin masu dashen sassan jiki suna yin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na likita don kimanta yanayin lafiyarsu gabaɗaya da dacewa da aikin tiyata.
Nau'in jini ; Dole ne nau'in jinin mai karɓa ya dace da na mai bayarwa, saboda antigens da ke cikin huhu da aka bayar. Rashin daidaituwar nau'in jinin na iya haifar wa Mai amsa rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi da ƙin yarda da gabobin da aka dasa daga baya.
Nau'in nama ; a zahiri, naman huhu shima zai yi daidai sosai tsakanin mai bayarwa da mai karɓa, amma sha'awar samun sashin mai ba da gudummawar da ya dace sosai dole ne a daidaita daidai da gaggawar buƙatun mara lafiya.
X-ray na kirji - PA & LAT, don tabbatar da girman huhu da kogon kirji
Gwajin aikin huhu
CT Scan (High Resolution Thoracic & Abdominal)
Duban ma'adinan kashi
MUGA (Gated cardiac blood pool scan)
Gwajin damuwa na zuciya (Dobutamine/Thallium scan)
Duban iska/perfusion (V/Q).
Electrocardiogram
Catheterization na zuciya
Echocardiogram
Makin rabon huhu
Kafin 2005, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta United Network don Rarraba gabobin jiki ta keɓe huhun masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Amurka bisa ga farkon zuwa, da aka fara yi wa marasa lafiya a cikin jerin dasawa. An maye gurbin wannan da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, wanda masu zuwa masu shayarwa masu shekaru 12 zuwa sama suna sanya ma'aunin rabon huhu ko LAS, wanda ke yin la'akari da ma'auni daban-daban na lafiyar majiyyaci. Sabon tsarin ya ware huhu da aka ba da gudummawa su bisa ga masu buƙata da gaggawa maimakon tsawon lokacin da majiyyaci ya kasance a cikin jadawalin jerin masu bukatan dashen. Har yanzu ana ba majinyatan da ba su kai shekara 12 ba fifiko dangane da tsawon lokacin da suka yi a cikin jerin masu jiran dashen. Tsawon lokacin da aka kwashe wajen jira shine abunda ake dubawa kafin yanke hukunci a lokacin da majinyata da yawa ke da bukatan huhu iri ɗaya.
Marasa lafia da aka gwada kuma aka tabbatar da yiwuwar samun narasa akan rashin lafiyan su, ana basu takarda su rike tare da su a kowane lokaci akan jiran mai ba da gudummawa idan ya samu. Waɗannan majiyyatan kuma dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don ƙaura zuwa zaɓaɓɓen cibiyar da aka zaɓa a cikin sanarwa na ɗan lokaci. Ana iya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya su iyakance tafiye-tafiyensu a cikin wani yanki na yanki don sauƙaƙe jigilar gaggawa zuwa cibiyar dasawa.
Nau'in dashen huhu
Lobe
Dashen lobe tiyata ne da ake cire wani ɓangaren huhun mai bayarwa mai rai ko wanda ya mutu kuma a yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin huhu mara lafiya. A cikin gudummawar rayuwa, wannan hanya tana buƙatar gudummawar lobes daga mutane biyu daban-daban, maye gurbin huhu a kowane gefen mai karɓa. Masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka bincike su da kyau yakamata su sami damar kula da rayuwar yau da kullun duk da raguwar ƙarar huhu. A cikin dashen lobar da ya mutu, mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya zai iya samar da lobes biyu.
Huhu ɗaya
Ana iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da yawa ta hanyar dashen huhun lafiyayye guda ɗaya. Huhun da ake ba da gudummawa ana so fito ne daga mai bayarwa wanda aka ce kwakwalwarsa ta mutu.
Huhu biyu
Wasu marasa lafiya na iya buƙatar maye gurbin huhu biyu. Wannan shi ne batun musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cystic fibrosis, saboda ƙwayar cutar da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan huhun marasa lafiyan; idan huhun daya kawai aka dasa, kwayoyin cutar da ke cikin huhun na asali zasu iya cutar da sabuwar huhun da aka dasa.
Zuciya - huhu
Wasu marasa lafiya na numfashi na iya samun ciwon zuciya mai tsanani wanda zai buƙaci a dasa musu zuciya. Ana iya jinyar waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyar tiyatar da ake maye gurbin huhu da zuciya da sassan jiki daga mai bayarwa ko masu ba da gudummawa.
Misalin da ya shafi irin wannan aikin ana kiran shi da"domino transplant" a cikin kafofin yada labarai. An fara yin shi a 1987, irin wannan dashen zuciyar da na huhu ya kunshi mai bayarwa na A, wanda aka cire nasa lafiyayyan zuciyarsa kuma aka dasa ma mai karɓa na B.
Tsari
Bayanai na yadda zaa gudanar da tiyatan ya dogara ne da irin nau'in dashen, matakai da yawa sun saba da duk waɗannan hanyoyin. Kafin yin aiki a kan mai karɓa, likitan da aka saka yana duba huhun (s) masu bayarwa don alamun lalacewa ko cuta. Idan an yarda da huhu, to, an haɗa mai karɓa zuwa layin IV da kayan aikin kulawa daban-daban, ciki har da pulse oximetry . Za a yi wa majinyaci maganin barci gabaɗaya, kuma injin zai hura masa numfashi.
Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'a ɗaya don shiriya majinyaci kafin fara tiyata. Dashen huhu ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i huɗu zuwa takwas, yayin da dashen huhu biyu yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i shida zuwa goma sha biyu don kammalawa. Idan antaba ma majinyaci tiyatar ƙirjin na iya rikitar da aikin kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin lokaci.
Huhu ɗaya
A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya, an zaɓi huhu tare da mafi munin aikin huhu don maye gurbin. Idan duka huhun suna aiki daidai, to, huhu na banfaren dama ya fi son cirewa saboda yana guje wa yin motsi a cikin zuciya, kamar yadda ake buƙata don cire huhun hagu.
A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya tsarin yana farawa bayan an bincika huhun mai bayarwa kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar huhun mai badawa. Anan katsewa ne daga ƙarƙashin kafada a kusa da ƙirji, yana ƙarewa kusa da sternum. Wata hanya ta daban ta ƙunshi ɓarna a ƙarƙashin ƙashin ƙirjin. Idan aka yi dashen huhu guda ɗaya huhun ya ruguje, an daure tasoshin jini a cikin huhu, an cire huhu a bututun mai . An sanya huhun mai ba da gudummawa, an sake haɗa magudanar jini da bututun buroshi, kuma huhu ya sake hurawa. Don tabbatar da huhu yana da gamsarwa kuma don share duk sauran jini da ƙumburi a cikin sabon huhu za a yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin huhu za a rufe ɓarnar ƙirjin.
Huhu biyu
Dashen huhu sau biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da dasawa biyu, ana iya yin shi ko dai a jere, ko kuma a lokaci guda. Jeri ya fi kowa fiye da en block. Wannan yayi daidai da yin dashen huhu guda biyu daban-daban.
Aikin dashen na farawa ne bayan an duba huhun masu ba da gudummawa kuma an yanke shawarar dasawa. Ana yin wani yanki daga ƙarƙashin hammata na majiyyaci, a kusa da kashin kashin baya, sa'an nan kuma a koma zuwa ɗayan hammata; wannan shi ake kira da clamshell incision. A cikin yanayin dashen dasawa da huhun mai karɓa tare da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan huhu ya ruguje, an ɗaure tasoshin jini, kuma a yanke a madaidaicin bronchi . Daga nan sai a sanya sabon huhu sannan a sake manne hanyoyin jini. Don tabbatar da huhu ya gamsu kafin a dasa sauran an yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin sabon huhu, aikin tiyata a huhun na biyu zai ci gaba. A cikin kashi 10 zuwa 20% na dashen huhu sau biyu an haɗa majinyacin zuwa injin huhun zuciya wanda ke fitar da jini ga jiki kuma yana samar da iskar oxygen.
Kulawar bayan tiyata
Nan da nan bayan tiyata, ana sanya majiyyaci a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don kulawa, yawanci na ƴan kwanaki. An sanya majiyyaci a kan na'urar iska don taimakawa numfashi. Gabaɗaya ana biyan bukatun abinci ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa gabaɗaya, kodayake a wasu lokuta bututun nasogastric ya isa don ciyarwa. Ana saka bututun ƙirji a ciki domin a cire ruwa mai yawa . Domin an killace majiyyaci a gado, ana amfani da catheter na fitsari . Ana amfani da layin IV a cikin wuyansa da hannu don saka idanu da ba da magunguna. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, hana duk wani rikitarwa, ana iya tura majiyyaci zuwa babban asibitin marasa lafiya don ƙarin murmurewa. Matsakaicin zaman asibiti bayan dashen huhu shine gabaɗaya mako ɗaya zuwa uku, kodayake rikitarwa na iya buƙatar dogon lokaci. Bayan wannan matakin, yawanci ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su halarci wurin motsa jiki na kusan watanni 3 don dawo da lafiya. Ma'aunin nauyi, keken motsa jiki, injin tuƙi, shimfiɗa da ƙari duk wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyarawa.
Ana iya samun illoli da dama bayan tiyatar. Saboda an yanke wasu hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyi zuwa huhu yayin aikin, masu karɓar dashen ba za su iya jin sha'awar tari ko jin lokacin da sababbin huhun su ke damun cunkoso ba. Don haka dole ne su yi ƙoƙari na hankali don ɗaukar numfashi mai zurfi da tari don kawar da ɓoye daga huhu. Yawan bugun zuciyar su baya saurin amsawa ga aikin motsa jiki saboda yanke jijiyar vagus wanda yawanci zai taimaka wajen daidaita shi. Hakanan suna iya lura da canjin muryarsu saboda yuwuwar lahani ga jijiyoyi masu daidaita sautin murya .
Shaidu sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hanzarta farfadowar jiki a cikin manya bayan dashen huhu, yana taimakawa rage nakasa daga rashin aiki na jiki, duka kafin da kuma bayan dasawa. Koyaya, babu cikakkun jagororin kan yadda yakamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin wannan nau'in yawan jama'a.
Sakamakon da aka samu daga Binciken Tsare-tsare na 2021 ya kammala da cewa tasirin motsa jiki a cikin wannan yawan mutane har yanzu suna da matukar tambaya. Yayin da wasu nazarin ke ba da rahoton fa'idodin da aka samu daga motsa jiki, yayin da wasu ba su cimma matsaya ɗaya ba. Duk da haka, labaran da ke cikin wannan bita na yau da kullum sun ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin tsoka da ƙara yawan ma'adinai na kashi da kuma ingantawa a cikin 6MWT.
Daban-daban
Ana gudanar da marasa lafiya bayan dasawa daga tuki na watanni 3 na farko suna jiran tantance ƙarfin mai haƙuri don tuƙi; Ana yawan yin wannan kima ta hanyar likitan kwantar da hankali . Gani, ikon jiki don yin ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar duba wuraren makafi, sanya bel ɗin kujera lafiya ba tare da an shafa wurin rauni ba da daidaitawar ido na hannu duk an tantance.
Tsafta ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata kowace rana don hana ƙin dasawa. Rashin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai ƙarfi yana barin masu dashen dashe cikin haɗari ga cututtuka. Dole ne a kula da shirye-shiryen abinci da tsaftacewa yayin da gastroenteritis ya zama mafi haɗari.
Hatsari
Kamar kowane aikin tiyata, akwai haɗarin zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Sabuwar huhun da aka dasa kanta na iya kasa waraka da aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda babban sashi na jikin mai haƙuri ya fallasa zuwa iska ta waje, sepsis yana yiwuwa, don haka za a ba da maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin hana hakan. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na lymphoproliferative post-transplant, wani nau'i na lymphoma saboda masu hana rigakafi, da kumburin gastrointestinal da ciwon ciki da kuma esophagus.
Kin amincewa da dasawa shine babban abin damuwa, nan da nan bayan tiyata da kuma ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Saboda huhu ko huhu da aka dasa ya fito daga wani mutum, tsarin garkuwar jikin mai karɓa zai gan shi a matsayin mamaya kuma yana ƙoƙarin kawar da shi. Kin dasawa wani yanayi ne mai tsanani kuma dole ne a yi maganinsa da wuri-wuri.
Alamomin kin amincewa:
zazzabi ;
alamun mura, gami da sanyi, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, ji na rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, gumin dare;
ƙãra wahalar numfashi;
mummunan sakamakon gwajin huhu;
ƙara yawan ciwon kirji ko taushi;
karuwa ko raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki fiye da kilo biyu a cikin sa'o'i 24.
Don hana ƙin dasawa da lalacewa na gaba ga sabon huhu ko huhu, dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi . Yawancin lokaci marasa lafiya za su sha haɗin waɗannan magungunan don yaƙar haɗarin ƙi. Wannan alƙawari ne na rayuwa, kuma dole ne a bi shi sosai. An fara tsarin rigakafin rigakafi kafin ko bayan tiyata. Yawancin lokaci tsarin ya hada da cyclosporin, azathioprine da corticosteroids, amma kamar yadda abubuwan kin amincewa na iya sake faruwa a duk tsawon rayuwar mai haƙuri, ainihin zaɓaɓɓu da adadin maganin rigakafi na iya zama dole a canza su cikin lokaci. Wani lokaci ana ba da tacrolimus maimakon ciclosporin da mycophenolate mofetil maimakon azathioprine.
Magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata don hana ƙin yarda da gabobin jiki suma suna gabatar da wasu haɗari. Ta hanyar rage ƙarfin jiki don hawan maganin rigakafi, waɗannan magungunan kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya rubuta maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana irin waɗannan cututtuka. Bi da bi, kamuwa da cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ƙin yarda, kuma gabaɗaya hulɗa na iya yin tasiri tsakanin haɗarin biyu. Wasu magunguna na iya samun nephrotoxic ko wasu lahani masu lahani. Hakanan ana iya rubuta wasu magunguna don taimakawa rage waɗannan illolin. Hakanan akwai haɗarin cewa majiyyaci na iya samun rashin lafiyar magungunan. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa don daidaita fa'idodin waɗannan magungunan tare da haɗarin haɗari.
Kin amincewa na lokaci-lokaci, ma'ana maimaita bayyanar cututtuka na kin amincewa fiye da shekara ta farko bayan tiyatar dasawa, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 50% na marasa lafiya. Irin wannan rashin amincewa na yau da kullum yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin bronchiolitis obliterans, ko žasa akai-akai, atherosclerosis .
Hasashen
Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan bayanai daga 2008. Bayanan tushe ba su da bambanci tsakanin gabobin masu ba da agaji masu rai da matattu, haka kuma ba a bambanta tsakanin lobar, guda ɗaya, da dashen huhu biyu ba.
Huhun da aka dasa yakan wuce shekaru uku zuwa biyar kafin a nuna alamun gazawa.
Nazarin ƙungiyar 2019 na kusan masu karɓar dashen huhu 10,000 a cikin Amurka sun nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen rayuwa na dogon lokaci ta amfani da sirolimus + tacrolimus (tsakanin rayuwa na shekaru 8.9) maimakon mycophenolate mofetil + tacrolimus (tsakiyar rayuwa shekaru 7.1) bayan fara rigakafin rigakafi a shekara guda. dashi. Tunda ba a gudanar da sirolimus har sai aƙalla watanni 3-12 bayan dasawa, waɗannan ƙididdiga na rayuwa na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da sharadi na rayuwa na shekara 1 bayan dasawa.
Duba kuma
Sarah Murnaghan rigimar dashen huhu
Ma'aunin tsira bayan dasawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lung transplantation
United Network for Organ Sharing
International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation
Lung Transplant Foundation
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka, Inc. girma ( AA ko AAL ), babban jirgin sama ne na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Fort Worth, Texas, a cikin metroplex Dallas–Fort Worth . Shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya idan aka auna ta da girman jiragen ruwa, fasinjojin da aka tsara ɗauka, da mil fasinja na kudaden shiga. Ba'amurke, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na yanki da masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kusan jirage 6,800 a kowace rana zuwa kusan wurare 350 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50. Jiragen saman amurka memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oneworld, kawancen jiragen sama na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ana gudanar da sabis na yankin ta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Amurka Eagle.
Jiragen saman amurka da American Eagle suna aiki ne daga cibiyoyi 10, tare da Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) shine mafi girma. Kamfanin jirgin na ɗaukar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 200 a duk shekara tare da matsakaita sama da fasinjoji 500,000 a kullum. Tun daga 2019, kamfanin yana ɗaukar mutane kusan 130,000.
Tarihi
An Kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka a shekarar 1930 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama sama da tamanin. Ƙungiyoyin biyu da aka samo asali daga kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka sune Robertson Aircraft Corporation da Colonial Air Transport . An fara ƙirƙirar tsohon a Missouri a cikin 1921, tare da haɗa su duka a cikin 1929 zuwa kamfani mai riƙe da Kamfanin Jirgin Sama . Wannan, bi da bi, an yi shi a cikin 1930 ya zama kamfani mai aiki kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin "American Airways". A cikin 1934, lokacin da sababbin dokoki da ƙaddamar da kwangilar wasiku suka tilasta yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama su sake tsarawa, kamfanin ya sake yin hanyoyinsa zuwa tsarin da aka haɗa kuma aka sake masa suna "American Airlines". Tsakanin 1970 da 2000, kamfanin ya girma ya zama mai jigilar kayayyaki na duniya, yana siyan jirgin saman Trans World Airlines a 2001.
Ba'amurke yana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin haɓaka DC-3, wanda ya samo asali daga kiran wayar marathon daga shugaban kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka CR Smith zuwa Douglas Aircraft Company wanda ya kafa Donald Wills Douglas Sr. a kan DC-2 don maye gurbin jirgin saman Curtiss Condor II na Amurka. (Gidan DC-2 na yanzu shine fadi, kunkuntar don wuraren kwana na gefe-da-gefe. ) Douglas ya yarda ya ci gaba da ci gaba ne kawai bayan Smith ya sanar da shi niyyar Amurkawa na siyan jiragen sama 20. Samfurin DST ( Douglas Sleeper Transport ) ya fara tashi ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1935, (bikin cika shekaru 32 na jirgin Wright Brothers a Kitty Hawk). Gidansa ya kasance inci fadi, kuma sigar da ke da kujeru 21 maimakon wuraren kwana 14-16 na DST an ba da suna DC-3. Babu samfurin DC-3; na farko da aka gina DC-3 ya biyo bayan DST guda bakwai daga layin samarwa kuma an kai shi ga Jirgin Saman Amurka. Jirgin saman amurka ya ƙaddamar da sabis na fasinja a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1936, tare da jirage guda ɗaya daga Newark, New Jersey, da Chicago, Illinois.
Har ila yau, Amurka tana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban DC-10, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai daga Jiragen saman amurka zuwa masana'antun a 1966 don bayar da wani jirgin sama mai fadi wanda ya kasance karami fiye da Boeing 747, amma yana iya tashi irin wannan hanyoyi masu tsawo daga filayen jiragen sama masu guntun titin jirgin sama. McDonnell Douglas ya amsa da DC-10 trijet jim kadan bayan hadewar kamfanonin biyu. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1968, shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka, George A. Spater, da James S. McDonnell na McDonnell Douglas sun sanar da aniyar Amirkawa na sayen DC-10. jiragen saman amurka ya ba da umarnin 25 DC-10s a cikin tsari na farko. DC-10 ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1970, kuma ya karɓi irin takardar shaidarsa daga FAA a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1971. Ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1971, DC-10 ya shiga sabis na kasuwanci tare da jiragen saman amurka a kan tafiya mai tafiya tsakanin Los Angeles da Chicago.
A cikin 2011, saboda koma baya a masana'antar jirgin sama, iyayen kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines AMR Corporation sun shigar da karar kariya ta fatarar kudi. A cikin 2013, Jiragen saman akurka ya haɗu da US Airways amma ya kiyaye sunan "American Airlines", saboda shi ne mafi kyawun sananne a duniya; Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu ya haifar da samar da jirgin sama mafi girma a Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe na duniya.
Wuraren da wuraren zama
Wuraren
Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, Jirgin saman Amurka ya tashi zuwa wurare 269 na cikin gida da kuma wurare 81 na duniya a cikin kasashe 48 (tun daga Janairu 2022) a cikin nahiyoyi biyar.
A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da cibiyoyi goma.
Charlotte – Cibiyar Ba'amurke ta kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma babbar hanyar Caribbean. Ayyukansa a cikin Concourse E sune mafi girman aikin jirgin yanki a duniya. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 91% na hannun jari a CLT, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Tsohuwar tashar jirgin saman US Airways .
Chicago-O'Hare - Cibiyar Amurka don Midwest. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 35% na kason kasuwa a O'Hare, wanda ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan United.
Dallas/Fort Worth – Cibiyar Amurka ta Kudancin Amurka kuma babbar cibiya gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 87% na kason kasuwa a DFW, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Hedikwatar kamfanonin Amurka kuma tana cikin Fort daraja kusa da filin jirgin sama. DFW tana aiki azaman ƙofa ta farko ta Amurka zuwa Mexico, da kuma ƙofar sakandare zuwa Latin Amurka.
Los Angeles – Cibiyar Amurka don Yammacin Tekun Yamma da ƙofa mai buɗe ido. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 19% na hannun jari a LAX, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama, kodayake Amurkawa, Delta da United kowannensu yana da zirga-zirgar fasinja iri ɗaya.
Miami – cibiyar farko ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 68% na kasuwa a "Miami International", wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama.
New York–JFK – Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Galibi yana hidimar wuraren zuwa tare da yawan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 12% na hannun jari a JFK, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya na uku mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan Delta da JetBlue.
New York–LaGuardia – Cibiyar New York ta biyu ta Amurka. Filin jirgin saman amurka kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 27% na kason kasuwa a LGA, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a bayan Delta.
Philadelphia – Cibiyar gida ta farko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Amurka da cibiyar transatlantic ta farko, da farko don wuraren shakatawa. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 70% na kason kasuwa a PHL, wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama.
Phoenix-Sky Harbor - Dutsen Rocky na Amurka. A halin yanzu Amurka tana da kusan kashi 33% na kason kasuwa a PHX, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin.
Washington–Reagan – Cibiyar amurkawa ta babban birnin Amurka. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 49% na kasuwar kasuwa a DCA, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama.
Yarjejeniyar kungiya da codeshare
Jiragen saman amurka memba ne na kawancen Oneworld kuma yana da codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Harkokin haɗin gwiwa
Bugu da kari ga codeshares na sama, Jiragen saman amurka ya shiga cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Jirgin ruwa
Tun daga Afrilu 2022, Jiragen saman amurka yana aiki da manyan jiragen kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jirage 911 daga duka Boeing da Airbus, tare da ƙarin 161 da aka tsara ko kan tsari.
Sama da kashi 80% na jiragen Amurka kunkuntar jiki ne, galibi jerin Airbus A320 da Boeing 737-800 . Shi ne mafi girma A320 mai gudanar da jirgin sama a duniya, da kuma mafi girma aiki na bambance-bambancen A319 da A321. Shine mai aiki na huɗu mafi girma na jirgin sama na iyali 737 kuma mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na bambance-bambancen 737-800.
Jiragen saman Amurkan duk jiragen Boeing ne. Shi ne na uku mafi girma na ma'aikata na jerin Boeing 787 kuma mafi girma na shida na jerin Boeing 777.
Ba'amurke ke ba da odar jirgin Boeing na musamman a cikin 2000s. Wannan dabarar ta canza ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da Amurka ta ba da sanarwar haɗe-haɗen odar jiragen sama mafi girma a tarihi don jiragen kunkuntar jiki 460 ciki har da jiragen sama 260 daga jerin Airbus A320. Ƙarin jirgin sama na Airbus ya shiga cikin rundunar a cikin 2013 yayin haɗin gwiwar jiragen saman US Airways, wanda ke gudanar da kusan dukkanin jiragen Airbus.
VA ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2022, Ba'amurke ya ba da sanarwar cewa an tabbatar da yarjejeniya tare da "Boom Supersonic" don siyan aƙalla 20 daga cikin manyan jiragen sama na su na "Overture" & mai yuwuwa har zuwa 60 gabaɗaya.
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka yana gudanar da gyaran jiragen sama da sansanonin gyarawa a Charlotte, Dallas–Fort daraja, Pittsburgh (inda ake kula da dukkan jiragen saman kunkuntar Airbus), da filayen jirgin saman Tulsa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21503 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateef%20Jakande | Lateef Jakande | Lateef Kayode Jakande, an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, a shekara ta 1929. Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2021. Ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne wanda ya zama gwamnan Jihar Legas a Najeriya daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1983 sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka a zamanin mulkin soja na Sani Abacha shekarar 1993 zuwa 1998, Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2021. Ya rayu tsawon shekaru 91.
Tasowa
An haifi Lateef Kayode Jakande a yankin Epetedo na tsibirin Lagos, jihar Legas a ranar 29, ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1929 duka iyayensa sun fito ne daga Omu-Aran, jihar Kwara . Yayi karatu a makarantar gwamnati ta Legas a Enu-Owa a Lagos Island, sannan yayi karatu a Makarantar Bunham Memorial Methodist School, a patakol daga shekarar 1934 zuwa 1943, bayan nan ya tafi makarantar King's College, a Legas a shekara ta 1943, sannan ya shiga makarantar Ilesha Grammar School a shekara ta 1945, inda ya shirya wata takarda ta adabi mai suna The Quarterly Mirror.
A shekara ta 1949, Jakande ya fara aikin jarida da farko tare da Daily Service sannan a shekara ta 1953, ya shiga jaridar Nigerian Tribune . A shekara ta 1956, Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya naɗa shi a matsayin babban editan jaridar Tribune .
Bayan barin Tribune a shekara ta alif 1975, Jakande ya kafa John West Publications kuma ya fara buga Labaran Legas. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na farko na ƙungiyar waɗanda suka mallaka Jaridu a Nijeriya (Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) ).
Gwamnan jihar Legas
Encouraged by Awolowo, he ran for election as executive governor of Lagos State in( 1979), on the Unity Party of Nigeria platform. He defeated his opponents, Adeniran Ogunsanya of Nigerian People's Party (NPP) and Sultan Ladega Adeniji Adele of National Party of Nigeria with a total of( 559,070 ), votes and was subsequently sworn in as governor. His administration was effective and open and implemented the cardinal policies of his party. He introduced housing and educational programs targeting the poor, building new neighbourhood primary and secondary schools and providing free primary and secondary education. He gave poor people's children education and many of them are now very prominent in the society today. He established the Lagos State University and the Nigerian Institute of Journalism, Lagos' house is named after the former governor. Jakande's government constructed over( 30,000) housing units. The schools and housing units were built. Some of the housing units include low cost estates at Amuwo-Odofin, Ijaiye, Dolphin, Oke-Afa, Ije, Abesan, Iponri, Ipaja, Abule Nla, Epe, Anikantamo, Surulere, Iba, Ikorodu, Badagry. To fund some of the projects, Jakande increased the tenement rates and price of plots of land in affluent areas of Victoria Island and Lekki Peninsula and the processing fees for lottery, pools and gaming licenses. He also completed the construction of the General Hospital in Gbagada and Ikorodu and built about (20), health centres within the state. As a governor, he established( 23), local government councils which were later disbanded by the military.
He also started a metroline project to facilitate mass transit. The project was halted and his tenure as Governor ended when the military seized power on (31) December (1983).
Aiki
Bayan mamayar sojoji a shekara ta 1983, an tuhumi Jakande, an gurfanar dashi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin cin amana, koda yake daga baya an yi masa afuwa. Bayan an sake shi, ya karɓi mukamin ministan ayyuka a ƙarƙashin mulkin soja na Sani Abacha, wanda hakan ya sanya wasu sukarsa. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya karɓi mukamin ne daga matsin lamba daga MKO Abiola da sauran shugabannin ci gaba. A wata hira da aka yi dashi daga baya, ya ce bai yi nadama ba game da shawarar da ya yanke na yin hidimar. Duk da haka, tarayyarsa da Abacha ya nakasa aikinsa a siyasa bayan dawo da mulkin dimokiradiyya a shekara ta 1999.
Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande ya zama babban mamba a jam’iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) lokacin da UNPP da All People Party (APP) suka dunƙule. A watan Yuni a shekara ta 2002, wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar ANPP mai biyayya ga Cif [[Lanre Razaq] ya "dakatar da shi". Jakande shi ne shugaban farko na jam'iyyar Action Party of Nigeria (APN) lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2006, A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2009 an bada rahoton yana gwagwarmaya don mallakar jam’iyyar tare da tsohon abokinsa, Dr. Adegbola Dominic.
Manyan mutane da dama sun halarci bikin cikarsa shekaru 75 da haihuwa. A wajen wannan taron, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya ce Jakande ya cancanci a yaba masa bisa irin sadaukarwar da ya yi wajen yi wa gwamnati hidima. Haka shima Tsohon Jihar Imo Gwamna Achike Udenwa ya ce rayuwar Jakande da zamaninsa sun haɗa da juriya, jajircewa, jarumtaka, da kuma gwaninta gamida yin fice.
Rayuwa da mutuwa
Jakande ya mutu a Legas a ranar 11, ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2021. An tsinci gawar sa a maƙabartar Vaults and Gardens Cemetery'', Ikoyi, jihar Legas a ranar Juma'a karfe goma sha biyu (12), a shekara ta (2021) a ƙarƙashin bin ka'idojin COVID-19.
Duba kuma
Tsarin lokaci na Legas,( 1980s)
Lateef Raji
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Haifaffun 1929
Matattun 2021
Ƴansiyasan Yarbawa
Gwamnonin Jihar Lagos
Ministocin Tarayyar Najeriya
Ƴansiyasan Jihar Lagos
Editocin Najeriya
Tsaffin ɗaliban King College, Lagos
Ƴanjaridun Yarbawa
Ƴanjaridun Najeriya
Ma'assasan Kwaleji da makarantu a Najeriya |
33393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Angola | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Angola | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Angola, tana wakiltar Angola a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na kasa da kasa kuma hukumar kwallon kafa ta Angola ce ke kula da ita . Mafi kyawun wurinsu a cikin FIFA Rankings shine matsayi na 82, a cikin Disamba na shekarar 2003. Gasar da suka samu ita ce ta shekarar 1995 da 2002 na Mata na Afirka, kuma mafi kyawun su shi ne 'yan wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar shekarar 1995. Angola dai, sabanin sauran kasashen Afrika da dama, ba ta taba shan kashi sosai ba. Ba kasafai ake yin rashin nasara ba da fiye da kwallaye biyu.
Angola ta zo matsayi na uku a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1995. Angola kuma ta samu gurbin shiga gasar a shekara ta 2002, inda ta doke Zimbabwe da Afirka ta Kudu, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Kamaru da ci daya mai ban haushi. Tun daga wannan lokacin Angola ba ta samu shiga gasar ba.
A lokacin neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2008 Angola ba ta samu fiye da zagayen farko ba, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana . Sai dai kuma sun kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin COSAFA, inda suka hadu da Afrika ta Kudu, inda ta doke su da ci 3-1.
Tarihi
Farko
Angola ta buga wasanta na farko da Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1995, inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 3-1.
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka 1995
Angola ta shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka a shekarar 1995, da Kamaru, amma ta fice, da haka Angola ta samu nasara a hannun Walkover kuma a zagaye na biyu, ta buga wasanta na farko a hukumance a wasan farko na zagaye na biyu, da Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 7 ga Janairun shekarar 1995; a inda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-1. Wasa na biyu, an tashi 3-3 ne a gida. Wannan sakamakon ya haifar da kawar da Angola saboda jimlar 6-4, amma Welwitschias ya ƙare a matsayin 'yan wasan Semi-Final, tare da Ghana .
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2002
Angola ta halarci gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2002, da Equatorial Guinea . An yi nasara ne da ci 3 – 0 da kuma 3 – 1 bi da bi. Wasan zagaye na biyu inda aka doke Congo DR da ci 1-0 sannan kuma aka tashi wasa na biyu da ci 1-0, amma a bugun fenariti da ci 5-4 ta samu tikitin shiga gasar da aka gudanar a Najeriya .
A wannan karon Angola ta kasance tare da Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu da Kamaru . Wasan farko ya kasance da Zimbabwe inda aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da kyaftin Irene Gonçalves a minti na 16 da fara wasa. Haka dai aka samu a wasan na biyu da kasar Afrika ta kudu, amma a wannan karon da kwallon da Jacinta Ramos ta ci a mintuna 75. Wasan karshe da Kamaru ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 89, wanda hakan ya sa Angola ta fice daga gasar da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya .
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2006
Welwitschias ta buga Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka a 2006/2007 na FIFA na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata da Equatorial Guinea a zagayen farko, inda ta yi nasara da ci 3-2 a wasan farko, amma ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a wasa na biyu, sannan ta sha kashi a jimillar da ci 5-4. Angola ba ta kai ga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2006 ba ko kuma a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2007 da aka gudanar a China PR .
2007 Wasannin Duk-Afirka
A karon farko Angola ta shiga gasar kwallon kafar Afirka ta All-Africa, a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar 2007 a Algeria . Kishiyarsu ita ce Afrika ta Kudu . Sun yi nasara a wasan farko da ci 3-2 sannan suka yi rashin nasara a karo na biyu da ci 4-0, inda aka tashi da jimilla 6-3, inda aka fitar da su daga gasar.
Wasannin Olympics na 2008
Welwitschias ya fara halartan wasannin share fage na gasar wasannin Olympics a bugu na 2008 da aka yi a kasar Sin PR . Kishiyar Angola ta farko ita ce Tanzaniya, amma ta janye; don haka Angola ta ci gaba da tafiya. A zagaye na biyu Angola ta buga da Ghana, inda ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin biyu da ci 2–1 da kuma 2–0, inda aka tashi da jimillar kwallaye 4-1.
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2010
Har ila yau, tawagar ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na Afirka ta 2010/2011 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a zagayen farko na CAF da Namibia, kuma ta sha kashi a wasan farko da ci 2-1, inda aka tashi 1-0 a hutun rabin lokaci, da ci 1-0, da ci Irene Gonçalves a wasan. Minti 37. An tashi kunnen doki ne 1-1, da aka tashi 1-0, kuma da ci 1-0 da Irene Gonçalves ta ci a minti na 51. Angola ba ta samu tikitin shiga gasar ba.
2011 All-Africa Games
Angola ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011, da aka yi a Mozambique, bayan da ta sha kashi a jimillar kwallaye a hannun Zimbabwe da ci 3-1, bayan da suka tashi 1-1 da 2-0. Haka kuma wadannan wasannin su ne na karshe da Angola ta buga har zuwa yau.
Wasannin Olympics na 2012
Duk da shekara daya da gudanar da wasannin share fage na Afirka ta 2011, an gudanar da gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar wasannin Olympics na Afirka na shekarar 2012 watanni 4 kafin a buga wasannin share fagen shiga gasar Afirka ta 2011. Angola ta sake haduwa da Namibia a zagayen share fage. Sun zana duka matches da ci 2–2 da kuma 0–0 bi da bi, amma sun yi rashin nasara saboda dokar Away a raga . An fitar da Angola daga gasar da aka yi a Birtaniya
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka na 2014
Angola ba ta shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka na 2014/2015 na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA, wanda aka gudanar a Namibiya a cikin kaka na 2014.
Duba kuma
Wasanni a Angola
Kwallon kafa a Angola
Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Angola
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Angola ta kasa da shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Angola ta kasa da shekaru 17
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Angola
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sakamakon AWC na 1995 a RSSSF.com
Sakamakon AWC na 2002 a RSSSF.com
Sakamakon AWC na 2006 a RSSSF.com
2007 Duk Sakamakon Wasannin Afirka a RSSSF.com
Sakamakon AWC na FIFA shafi na 2010 a Wasannin share fage na CAF na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta 2011
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29305 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance | Ambulance | Ambulance mota ce da ake amfani da ita a asibiti wajan dakko marasa lafiya daga gurin da a kayi hatsari zuwa cikin asibiti, ko kuma amfani da ita wajan ɗauko gawa zuwa gurin daza'a kaita.
Ana amfani da motocin daukar marasa lafiya don amsa gaggawar likita ta sabis na likita na gaggawa (EMS). Don wannan dalili, gabaɗaya an sanye su da fitilun faɗakarwa da sirens. Suna iya ɗaukar ma'aikatan lafiya da sauri da sauran masu amsawa na farko zuwa wurin, ɗaukar kayan aiki don gudanar da kulawar gaggawa da jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa asibiti ko wani tabbataccen kulawa. Yawancin motocin daukar marasa lafiya suna amfani da zane bisa ga motoci ko manyan motocin daukar kaya. Wasu kuma suna ɗaukar nau'ikan babura, bas, motocin limosins, jirage da jiragen ruwa.
Gabaɗaya, motocin suna ƙidaya azaman motar asibiti idan za su iya jigilar marasa lafiya. Koyaya, ya bambanta ta hanyar ikon ko an ƙidaya abin hawan mara lafiya mara gaggawa (wanda ake kira ambulet) azaman motar asibiti. Waɗannan motocin ba yawanci ba (ko da yake akwai keɓancewa) sanye take da kayan tallafi na rayuwa, kuma yawanci ma'aikatan da ke da ƙarancin cancantar aiki ne ke tuka su fiye da ma'aikatan motar asibiti na gaggawa. Sabanin haka, hukumomin EMS na iya samun motocin amsa gaggawa waɗanda ba za su iya jigilar marasa lafiya ba. Waɗannan ana san su da sunaye kamar motocin EMS marasa jigilar kaya, motocin tashi ko motocin amsawa.
Kalmar motar daukar marasa lafiya ta fito daga kalmar Latin "ambulare" a matsayin ma'anar "tafiya ko motsawa" wanda ke nufin kulawar likita na farko inda aka motsa marasa lafiya ta hanyar ɗagawa ko motsi. Asalin kalmar tana nufin asibiti mai motsi, wanda ke bin sojoji a cikin motsinsa. Ambulances (Ambulancias a cikin Mutanen Espanya) an fara amfani da su don jigilar gaggawa a cikin 1487 da sojojin Spain suka yi a lokacin daular Malaga da sarakunan Katolika suka yi a kan Masarautar Granada. A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka ana kiran motocin daukar marasa lafiya a fagen fama. Har yanzu ana kiran asibitocin filin ambulances a lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian na 1870 da kuma a cikin yakin Serbo-Turkish na 1876 ko da yake an fara kiran kekunan motocin ambulances game da 1854 a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean.
Tarihi
Tarihin motar daukar marasa lafiya ya fara ne a zamanin da, tare da yin amfani da karusai don jigilar marasa lafiya da karfi da karfi. An fara amfani da motocin daukar marasa lafiya don jigilar gaggawa a cikin 1487 ta Mutanen Espanya, kuma an sanya bambance-bambancen farar hula a cikin 1830s. Ci gaban fasaha a cikin ƙarni na 19th da 20th ya haifar da motocin daukar marasa lafiya na zamani.
Nau'ukan aiki
Ana iya haɗa motocin daukar marasa lafiya zuwa nau'ikan dangane da ko suna jigilar marasa lafiya ko a'a, kuma a cikin wane yanayi. A wasu lokuta, ambulances na iya cika ayyuka fiye da ɗaya (kamar haɗa kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa tare da jigilar marasa lafiya:
Motar gaggawa ta gaggawa - Mafi yawan nau'in motar asibiti, wanda ke ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya da ciwo mai tsanani ko rauni. Waɗannan na iya zama motocin da ke tafiya a hanya, jiragen ruwa, jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage masu tsafta (wanda aka sani da motocin daukar marasa lafiya na iska), ko ma motocin da aka canjawa wuri kamar kulolin wasan golf.
Motar daukar marasa lafiya ambulan - Abin hawa, wanda ke da aikin jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa, daga ko tsakanin wuraren jinya, kamar asibiti ko cibiyar dialysis, don kulawar da ba ta gaggawa ba. Waɗannan na iya zama bas, bas, ko wasu motocin.
Motar motar daukar marasa lafiya – Babban motar daukar marasa lafiya, yawanci bisa motar bas, wanda zai iya kwashe da jigilar marasa lafiya da yawa.
Motar agajin gaggawa - Wani nau'i na musamman na motar daukar marasa lafiya ta hanyar agaji don ɗaukar yara marasa lafiya ko manya akan tafiye-tafiye ko hutu daga asibitoci, asibitoci, ko gidajen kulawa inda suke cikin kulawa na dogon lokaci. Misalai sun haɗa da aikin 'Jumbulance' na Burtaniya. Waɗannan yawanci akan bas ne.
Motar asibiti na bariatric - Wani nau'i na musamman na motar asibiti na jigilar marasa lafiya wanda aka tsara don marasa lafiya masu kiba da ke da kayan aiki masu dacewa don motsawa da sarrafa waɗannan marasa lafiya.
Motar daukar marasa lafiya mai saurin dawo da gabobin jiki tana tattara gawarwakin mutanen da suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga bugun zuciya, hatsarori da sauran abubuwan gaggawa da kuma kokarin kiyaye gabobinsu." Birnin New York yana ƙaddamar da wani shirin matukin jirgi wanda ke tura irin wannan motar asibiti tare da $1.5. miliyan, kyauta na shekaru uku.
Motar jinya ta tabin hankali - motar asibiti da aka keɓe don kula da gaggawar tabin hankali. "Psykebilen" ("The Psych ambo") a Bergen, Norway ya fara wannan ra'ayi a cikin 2005. Sauran biranen Norway da Sweden sun bi sa'ad da shaidun suka nuna cewa sabis na motar asibiti tare da ma'aikatan da aka horar da su musamman a maganin tabin hankali yana da tasiri sosai, kuma ya rage yawan hadarin. amfani da karfi lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya a cikin rikice-rikice na tabin hankali.
Manazarta
Mota |
26561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumarou%20Ganda | Oumarou Ganda | Oumarou Ganda (1935 – 1 Janairu 1981) darakta ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Nijar a fina-finan Afirka a shekarun 1960 da 1970.
Rayuwa
An haifi Ganda a Yamai babban birnin Nijar a shekarar 1935 kuma ɗan ƙabilar Djerma ne. Ya kammala karatun firamare a birnin Yamai da kuma ya na da shekaru 16 ya koma Faransa Far East Expeditionary Corps kamar yadda wani soja daga shekarar 1951 zuwa shekarar 1955. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Asiya a lokacin yaƙin Indochina na farko ya koma Nijar, inda ya kasa samun aiki. Ya yi hijira zuwa Côte d'Ivoire kuma ya zama dogon bakin teku a tashar jiragen ruwa na Abidjan . A can ya sadu da masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch . Rouch ya kasance mai sha'awar al'ummar Nijar a Cote d'Ivoire kuma ya dauki Ganda a matsayin masanin kididdiga don bincikensa kan shige da fice.
Rouch ne ya gabatar da Ganda a sinima. Ganda yayi fitowa ta musamman a cikin fim ɗin Rouch na shekarar 1957 Zazouman de Treichville, da kuma jagorar rawar a Moi, un Noir ( I, a Negro ) a cikin 1958. Bayan 'yan shekaru ya koma Yamai, inda ya shiga cikin Cibiyar Al'adu ta Franco-Nigerian. A Cibiyar Al'adu da Cinema Club ya hadu da ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba da horo a kan jagoranci, kamara, da sauti, kuma ya zama mataimakin technician. Kulob din ya samar da fina-finai da dama, kuma a cikin 1968 ya shirya gasar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda Ganda ya rubuta rubutun fim ɗinsa na farko, Cabascabo, bisa ga abubuwan da ya samu a Indochina. Ya ci gaba da yin fina-finai a cikin shekarun 1970, yawancinsu sun sami yabo na duniya kuma sun kasance motocin sharhin zamantakewa a lokacin jam'iyya daya. Shahararriyarsa, Le Wazzou Polygame (1970) ya sami lambar yabo ta FESPACO Film Festival Best Film Award. Baya ga fina-finansa masu ban mamaki, Ganda ya kammala fina-finai da yawa kuma yana aiki a kan daya a lokacin mutuwarsa ta bugun zuciya a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1981.
Girmamawa bayan mutuwa
Daga cikin karramawar da aka yi masa, wata babbar cibiyar al'adu, wasan kwaikwayo, da ɗakin karatu a Yamai, Le Center Culturel Oumarou GANDA (CCOG) an sanya masa suna a shekarar 1981, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa.
A matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun fim a bikin fim na FESPACO na shekara na farko, bayan rasuwarsa FESPACO ta fara ba da lambar yabo ta Fina-finan Afirka mai suna Oumarou Ganda Prize.
Fina-finai
Cabascabo (1968, mintuna 45, baƙi da fari, wanda aka yi fim gabaɗaya a cikin yaren Zarma ) Fim ɗin tarihin kansa wanda ke magana da sabis na Ganda a cikin Rundunar Baƙi na Faransa a Indochina . Wani matashin soja yana ganin abokansa sun mutu a cikin yaki saboda wani abu da ya saba musu. Cabascabo ya fara a Paris a cikin 1968 kuma an nuna shi a Cannes . Ya lashe Diploma a bikin Fim na Duniya na Moscow na 6, lambar yabo ta masu sukar kasa da kasa a Malaga, da kuma ambaton girmamawa a bikin Fim na Carthage .
Le Wazzou Polygame (1970, mintuna 50, 16 mm, launi, harshen Zarma) Fim ɗin Ganda na biyu yana magana ne akan auren mace fiye da ɗaya da auren dole. Fina-finan na sukar al'ummar Nijar da masu rike da madafun iko a Afirka . Daga cikin kyaututtukan, ta sami babbar kyautar FESPACO ta farko a cikin 1972.
Saitane (1972, mintuna 64, 16 mm, launi, harshen Zarma) Wani fim na sukar al'umma wanda a cikinsa marabout ya zama abin shiga tsakanin mazinaciya da masoyinta mai arziki.
L'Exilé (1980, mintuna 90, 16mm, launi) Ƙarfafa daga labarin al'adun Afirka. Yin amfani da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin zaburarwa na ɗaya daga cikin gagarumin gudunmawar Ganda ga finafinan Afirka .
Manazarta
Tunani: Oumarou Ganda . Mujallar Fofo (Niamey) 28 Maris 2008.
Retrospectives du cinéma nigérien : Oumarou Ganda . Planete Afrique. Guy Hennebelle da Catherine Ruelle, an fitar da su daga cineastes d'Afrique Noire Satumba 2008.
Lyle Pearson. Shekaru Hudu na Fim na Afirka. Fim Quarterly, Vol. 26, Lamba 3 (Spring, 1973), shafi. 42-47
Jean Rouch, Steven Feld. Ciné-ethnography. Jami'ar Minnesota Press (2003) Tattaunawa da Rouch inda mafi yawan tattaunawa game da Ganda shine haɗin gwiwarsa da Rouch da farkon aikinsa.
Paul Stoller . The Cinematic Griot: Ethnography na Jean Rouch. Jami'ar Chicago Press (1992)
Paul Stoller. Artaud, Rouch, da Cinema of Cruelty. Kayayyakin Nazarin Halittu na Kayayyakin Halitta. Juzu'i na 8 fitowa ta 2, (Satumba 1992) Shafi na 50 - 57
Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike . Cinema Baƙar fata. Jami'ar California Press (1994) shafi. 75-79, 135, shafi
Umaru Ganda . Encyclopædia Universalis Faransa, shiga 2009-03-30.
Ƙara karantawa
Maizama Issa. Umar Ganda : cinéast nigérien : un regard du dedans sur la société en transition. Série études et recherches no 136. Dakar : Enda-Edition, (1991).
Ƴan fim
Mutanen Nijar |
22136 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20na%20Duniya | Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya | Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ( GHRD ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa (NGO) da ke Hague, Netherlands. GHRD ya mai da hankali musamman kan ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya. GHRD sanya girmamawa a yankunan da jama'a na duniya inda mai tsanani da kuma m keta hakkin dan Adam na kabilanci, da ilimin harsuna da kuma addinin 'yan tsiraru sun sun ci gaba a kan dogon lokaci na lokaci, da kuma inda tsarin taimako da kuma duniya hankalin Gwamnatoci da kuma na kasa da kasa cibiyoyin sun kasa isar .
GHRD yana gudanar da aikinsa ta hanyar ginshiƙai guda uku sune kamar haka:
Rahoton 'yancin ɗan adam: masu sa ido na cikin gida ne suka yi shi
Taimakon jin kai : da nufin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam
Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam : a Kudancin Asiya, Netherlands da Turai.
'Yan tsiraru
GHRD yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar haka:
wadanda ke da rinjaye ta fuskar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa;
waɗanda aka hana su samun kariya mai tasiri daga manyan keta doka da ƙeta;
waɗanda aka hana samun damar albarkatu kawai saboda asalinsu da imaninsu.
Aikin GHRD ya dogara ne da Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin oran Marasa rinjaye a shekarar (1992), sabili da haka tana aiki tare da yare, addini da ƙananan kabilu.
"Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar, shi ne karfafawa da karfafa girmamawa ga 'yancin dan adam da kuma' yanci na gari ga kowa, ba tare da banbancin launin fata, jinsi, yare ko addini, [...] cigaba da tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutane waɗanda ke cikin nationalan ƙasa ko ƙabilu, addinai da yare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban al'umma gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya da ke kan doka, zai taimaka wajen ƙarfafa abota da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da Jihohi "Babban Taron Majalisar 47/135, 18 ga Disamba n shekara ta 1992.
Taimako na Jin kai don Gangamin Nepal (2019)
Nepal ta yi mamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a cikin daren 31 Maris 2019. Har yanzu ba a bayyana adadin mutanen ba, amma kamfanonin dillancin labarai sun kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla rayukan 31, da raunuka 400 da kuma gidaje sama da 2,400 da aka lalata. An ba da rahoton cewa kayayyakin agajin ba su isa don biyan bukatun waɗanda bala'in ya shafa ba. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba su sami abinci ko tanti na tanti ba da za su fake.
A dalilin haka ne GHRD ya fara wannan kamfen na neman kudi. GHRD Nepal yana da ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan aiki da magunguna don amsa wannan rikicin cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar samar da abinci, tufafi, ruwa mai tsabta da matsuguni da ke da mahimmanci don rayuwa ga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Kamar yadda GHRD Nepal ke aiki a cikin gida, suna iya nuna abin da ake buƙata musamman don taimakawa yadda ya kamata. Ta haka ne za a yi amfani da kuɗin kai tsaye kuma a raba shi zuwa inda aka fi buƙata.
GHRD ya sanya manufar € 3000, wanda ya dogara da ƙididdigar yawan kuɗin magungunan asibiti, abinci da tufafin da ake buƙata a yankin da abin ya shafa. Tabbas, yayin da adadin raunin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, gwargwadon yadda muke ɗagawa za mu iya kasancewa na taimako. Kuna iya samun shafin tallafi a: https://www.geef.nl/nl/actie/humanitarain-aid-to-nepal/donateurs
Hakkokin Mata Maris (2019)
Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) ya shirya wani taro a ranar 7 ga Maris na shekara ta 2019 don nuna fitinar da ake yi wa tsirarun addinai a Pakistan.
'Yancin Dan Adam na Nirmala (2018)
GHRD ta taimaka shirya wani shiri a Nepal don kare hakkin mata. Malama Sukomal Bhattarai ta gabatar da jawabi a kan lamarin Nirmala, yarinya ‘yar shekara 13 da aka yi wa fyade da kisan kai. Ta yi amfani da wannan shari'ar ne wajen isar da sako wanda ke nuna yaduwar jinsi da tashe-tashen hankula na addini. A jimla an gabatar da jawabai guda 8 kuma kwamitin mashahurai da baƙi guda 80 sun halarci taron.
Sanarwa ta Sanarwa: Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Cin zarafin Mata (2018)
A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, ƴancin ɗan adam Focus Pakistan (HRFP) tare da haɗin gwiwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) sun shirya wani taron a ranar Mata ta Duniya ta Shekara ta 2018 don Kawar da Tashin Hankalin Mata. Wakilan kungiyoyin farar hula, mata masu fafutuka, ma'aikatan siyasa, masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a, na HRD, lauyoyi, malamai, matasa da dalibai sun halarci kawo karshen take hakkin mata.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya
GHRD Bangladesh Gangamin: Dakatar da Fyade Gang!
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Kungiyoyi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
28219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Birnin%20Hebron | Tsohon Birnin Hebron | Tsohon Birnin Hebron (Larabci: البلدة القديمة الخليل) birni ne mai tarihi na Hebron a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Hebron na zamanin da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suna tunanin cewa tun farko ya fara wani wuri, a Tel Rumeida, wanda ke da nisan kusan mita 200 (660 ft) yamma da Tsohon Garin yau, kuma ana tunanin asalin garin Kan'aniyawa ne. Tsohon birni na yau ya zauna a zamanin Girka ko Romawa (kimanin ƙarni na 3 zuwa 1st KZ). Ya zama tsakiyar cibiyar Hebron gabaɗaya a lokacin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa (wanda ya fara kusan 750 CE).
An amince da shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na uku a cikin Jihar Falasdinu a cikin shekarar 2017.
An gina Tsohuwar Birni a kewayen Kogon Kakanni, wurin binne al'adun gargajiya na Ubanni da Ma'aurata na Littafi Mai Tsarki, kuma Yahudawa da Kirista da Musulmai suna girmama shi. Tsohon birni wuri ne mai mahimmanci a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu a Hebron.
Tarihi
Tsohon birnin na yanzu an fara zama a cikin Girkanci ko kuma a ƙarshe ta zamanin Roman. An zaunar da shi a cikin kwarin ƙasa daga Tel Rumeida, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsakiyar Hebron na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Sai da aka fara halifancin Abbasiyawa ne birnin na yanzu ya zama cibiyar Hebron, inda aka gina shi a kewayen kogon sarakunan gargajiya.
Tsarin birni na Tsohon birnin Hebron ya kasance tun zamanin Mamluk, kuma ya kasance ba ya canzawa. Yawancin gine-ginen zamanin Ottoman ne daga karni na sha takwas tare da wasu rabin dozin Dozin Tsarin Mamluk. Tana kunshe da dakuna masu kama da tantanin halitta tare da tarkacen gidaje masu kagara wadanda ke aiki a matsayin iyaka ga kowane yanki, tare da kofofi a karshen manyan tituna. Tana da kusan yanki na hekta 20.6 (kadada 51; 0.206 km2), tana da dubban mazauna.
Ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na uku a cikin Jihar Falasdinu a cikin 2017, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya cikin haɗari a matsayin "Palestine, Hebron/Tsohon Garin Al-Khalil".
Yarjejeniyar Hebron ta 1997, wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Oslo, ta sanya tsohon birnin a yankin "H2", yana kula da ikon sojojin Isra'ila wanda yake ƙarƙashinsa tun 1967. A cewar rahoton Btselem , yawan Falasdinawa a cikin Tsohon City ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da Isra'ila ta kasance. farkon shekarun 1980 saboda tasirin matakan tsaron Isra'ila, gami da tsawaita dokar hana fita, tsauraran takunkumin zirga-zirga da kuma rufe ayyukan kasuwancin Falasdinawa a kusa da yankunan mazauna, da kuma saboda cin zarafin mazauna. Hukumar ta IDF ta mayar da martani ga rahoton inda ta ce, "Hukumar ta ce tana sane da cewa ana kallon dokar hana fita a matsayin tsauraran matakai, ba za a yi amfani da ita ba sai dai yanayin da ke da muhimmanci wajen kare rayukan fararen hula da sojoji ... Hebron ita ce kadai Palasdinawa. birnin da mazauna Isra'ila da Falasdinawa suke zama kafada da kafada, saboda haka, da kuma yawan hare-haren ta'addancin da ake kai wa mazauna Isra'ila da sojojin HKI da ke ba su kariya, birnin ya haifar da kalubalen tsaro mai sarkakiya." Ƙoƙarin Kwamitin Gyaran Hebron da ke ba da kuɗi na duniya ya haifar da dawowar Falasɗinawa sama da 6,000 nan da shekarar 2015. A cikin 2019, an kori kasancewar Haɗin Kan Duniya na ɗan lokaci a Hebron daga birnin. Ta fitar da wani rahoto na sirri wanda ya gano cewa Isra'ila ta saba keta dokokin kasa da kasa a Hebron kuma tana cikin "tsanani mai tsanani kuma a kai a kai" na 'yancin nuna bambanci da aka shimfida a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa game da rashin 'yancin kai. motsi ga Falasdinawa mazauna Hebron.
Gyaran Old City ya lashe kyautar Aga Khan don Architecture a 1998.
Alamomin ƙasa
Wuraren ibada
Kogon Magabata da suka hada da Masallacin Al-Jawali, Masallacin Uthman ibn Affan da Gidan Ibrahim.
Masallacin Sheikh Ali al-Bakka
Masallacin Qazzazin
Avraham Avinu Synagogue
Gidajen tarihi
Gidan tarihi na Tsohon Birni
Gundumomi da yankuna
A ƙarshen karni na 19, an rubuta Old City kamar yadda aka raba zuwa kashi tara:
Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Larabci: حارة الشيخ علي البكا;
Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Larabci: حارة باب الزاوية;
Gilashi kwata (Haret Kezazin) Larabci: حارة القزازين (duba Gilashin Hebron);
el Akkabeh (kwata na hawan) Larabci: حارة العقّابة;
Haramun kwata Larabci: حارة الحرم;
Muheisin kwata (sunan iyali);
Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Larabci: حارة قيطون;
Gabas kwata (Haret Mesherky) Larabci: حارة المشارقة;
Sabon kwata na Larabci: حارة الجديد;
Tsohon birnin ya hada da ƙananan ƙauyuka uku na Isra'ila a gefenta - Beit Hadassah, Beit Romano, da Avraham Avinu - waɗanda aka kwatanta da kafa " unguwar Yahudawa maras kyau" ko "Quarter Yahudawa". Yankin Yahudawa a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya kasance a cikin kwata na Glassmakers (Haret Kezazin).
Siyayya
An hana Falasdinawa amfani da titin Al-Shuhada, babban titin kasuwanci.
Nadin UNESCO
Amurka ba ta ba da wani tallafi ga UNESCO ba tun lokacin da aka shigar da Falasdinu a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a 2011. Gwamnatin Obama ta ba da misali da wata doka da ta riga ta kasance wacce ta haramta ba da gudummawa ga duk wata hukuma ko wata alaka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke ba da cikakken mamba ga kasashen da ba na kasa ba, wanda aka sanya a wurin. bayan da Falasdinu ta bukaci hukumar UNESCO da ta WHO a watan Afrilun 1989. Amurka da Isra'ila na daga cikin kasashe 14 daga cikin 194 da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da karbar Falasdinawa a shekarar 2011.
Takaitacciyar, Rubutun Zaɓuɓɓuka, Annexes da Taswirori (duk fayilolin da ke nan) takaddun ne da Falasɗinu ta gabatar zuwa Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a ranar 30 ga Janairu 2017 kuma ta nemi a hanzarta yin la'akari a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2017. Majalisar kasa da kasa kan Monuments da Shafuka Bayan haka (ICOMOS) ya nemi shiga tsohon birnin Hebron amma Isra’ila ta ki shiga saboda “A mataki na dabaru da ka’ida, kasar Isra’ila ba za ta shiga ciki ba, kuma ba za ta halasta duk wani yunkuri na siyasa na Falasdinu a karkashin tsarin al’adu da al’adu ba."
Da yake ba da rahoto game da rahoton ICOMOS, Jerusalem Post ya lura cewa "haɗin Hebron tare da al'ummomin Yahudawa da na Kirista na farko ba a ba da izini kaɗan ba, kuma Faɗa Rumeida [yankin Hebron na Littafi Mai-Tsarki] da sauran rukunin yanar gizon an cire su daga kan iyakoki," kuma " da PA ta yi mafi kyau tare da faɗaɗa tsarin lokaci da yanki mafi girma na birnin, wanda zai iya yin magana game da muhimmancinsa ga ci gaban addinan tauhidi guda uku tun daga shekara ta 2200 KZ." yayin da kuma rubuta cewa "Rashin ziyarar filin wasa, da taƙaitaccen bayani na rahoton Falasɗinawa, yana nufin cewa ICOMOS" ba zai iya yin cikakken kimantawa " shawarar ba ko kuma tabbatar da cewa shafin ya cika ka'idojin rubutu." da kuma cewa "Ainihin rubutun yanke shawara ya nuna cewa ICOMOS ba ta iya yin cikakken kimanta shafin ba saboda rashin ziyarar filin." da "Barazana da cin zarafi suna nuna yanayin siyasa mai daɗaɗɗa kuma mai sarƙaƙiya" da ke buƙatar "masanin siyasa". Farfesa kuma marubuci Lynn Meskell ya kwatanta tattaunawar da aka jera Hebron tare da batun Battir, yana mai cewa Falasdinu ta rubuta ayyukan barna, lalata wurare da sauran hare-hare a kan kadarorin kuma Falasdinawa sun bukaci sakatariyar da ta sanya sunayen masu hadari don tabbatar da kariya da kuma kasa da kasa. matsayin kiyayewa.
Orly Noy, yana rubutawa ga +972 Magazine, ta ce UNESCO ta yi la’akari da ko rukunin yanar gizon ya cancanci sakawa a cikin jerin da kuma wace ƙasa ce ta ƙasa, cewa ƙudurin bai ƙaryata dangantakar Yahudawa da Hebron ko Kabarin Magabata ba da kuma ƙuduri. game da Hebron gane gaskiyar cewa birnin mai tsarki ne ga Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Musulunci; amma Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya bayyana cewa an hana wata alaƙar Yahudawa da wurin. A cikin wani shiri na gabatar da sunayen Falasdinawa, a cikin watan Fabrairun 2010 gwamnatin Isra'ila ta amince da aikin wuraren tarihi na kasa da suka hada da kogon sarakunan gargajiya da sauran wuraren Palasdinawa; Gwamnatin Obama ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yin watsi da yawancin al'adun gargajiyar ƙasar da ba za a iya kwatanta su da Yahudawa kaɗai ba".
Daga baya a cikin 2017, Amurka ta sanar da cewa za ta fice daga UNESCO saboda nuna kyama ga Isra'ila kuma Isra'ila ta bi sawu. Wannan ya biyo bayan kudurori kan Urushalima a cikin 2016 da jigon wannan labarin. Bashin da ake bin Washington a lokacin ya haura dala miliyan 500. Ficewar tasu ta fara aiki ne a karshen shekarar 2018. Kamar yadda Daniel Marwecki ya kammala a cikin wani bincike na 2019 na dalilin da ya sa Amurka da Isra'ila suka bar UNESCO, "Abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na diflomasiyya na yadda rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya bayyana a mataki na UNESCO ya buƙaci. za a iya gani a tarihi kuma dangane da sauye-sauyen dabarun Amurka da hangen nesa ga MDD."
Hotuna
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Conrad Schick (1898) Hebron and its Neighbourhood, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1898.30.4.232 |
19008 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20G.%20Obaje | Nuhu G. Obaje | Farfesa Nuhu George Obaje (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 1961) farfesa ne kuma Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha (CASTER) a Jami’ar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ta Lapai, a Jihar Neja.
Tarihin rayuwa
An Haife shi kuma ya girma a wani ƙauye a jihar Kogi . Ya halarci kwalejin Barewa ta Zariya, a cikin shekara ta 1974 don babbar takardar shedar kammala karatunsa da kuma kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun Geology a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, yana da MS'c a shekara ta 1987 sannan ya tafi digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994 a Jami'ar. na Tuebingen Jamus .
Farfesa Obaje yana da kwarin guiwar iskar gas a Bidda da Sakkwato yayin da yake zantawa da Aminiya tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar Neja Delta sun hada da Basin da Bida sannan kuma muna da jihohin Anambra da Sokoto da kuma na Benuwai. Ya jagoranci karatun farko a kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya (NNPP), ya kuma ce yanayin girgije da kuma Najeriya sun rasa bututun mai, shi ya sa ta yi tsada wajen samar da iskar gas.
Wasu daga nasarorin da ya samu .
Royal Society of London (RSL) post-doctoral Fellowship a cikin Petroleum Geochemistry a Jami'ar Aberdeen, Scotland, a cikin 1997
Sabis ɗin Bayar da Ilimin Ilimi na Jamusanci (GAES) postdoctoral a cikin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Tuebingen, a 1998
The Alexander von Humboldt bincike a cikin ilimin geochemistry / ilimin kimiyyar ilimin dabbobi a Cibiyar Tarayya ta Geosciences da Albarkatun Kasa a Hannover / Jamus, a lokuta biyu daban.
bazawa
Wasu wallafawa daga Nuhu Goerge.
Ilimin ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa na Nijeriya, NG Obaje, Springer, 2009
Hanyoyin samar da ruwa a cikin tekun da ke cikin Najeriya: Daga mahangar nazarin yanayin kasa da ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere, NG Obaje, H Wehner, G Scheeder, MB Abubakar, A Jauro AAPG sanarwar 88 (3), 325-353, 2004
Abubuwan da ke tattare da rubutun mai da yanayin yanayin garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, B Ligouis, SI Abaa International Journal of kwal geology 26 (3-4), 233-260, 1994
Labaran kwal, da microfossils da kuma paleo environment of Cretaceous coal matakan a cikin Tsakiyar Binuwai na Najeriya, NG Obaje, Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie der Universität, 1994
Binciken kimiya na kimiyar iskar gas a arewacin Najeriya, NG Obaje, DO Attah, SA Opeloye, A Moumouni Geochemical Journal 40 (3), 227-243, 2006
Biostratigraphic da geochemical controls na hydrocarbon yiwuwa a cikin Benue Trough da Anambra Basin, Najeriya, NG Obaje, Associationungiyar ofungiyar Masu Binciken Mai ta Najeriya (NAPE) Bulletin 14, 18-54, 1999
Liquid hydrocarbon tushen-dutsen yiwuwar tsakiyar garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, H Hamza, Jaridar Duniya ta Kimiyyar Duniya: Geologische Rundschau 89 (1), 130, 2000
Bayanin fasali mai laushi mai laushi a cikin Cretaceous Bima Sandstone daga Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, NK Samaila, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje Journal of African Earth Sciences 44 (1), 66-74, 2006
Tsarin halittun kasa na garuruwan Cretaceous Lamza da Chikila, babban yankin Benuwai, Najeriya, A Jauro, NG Obaje, MO Agho, MB Abubakar, A Tukur Fuel 86 (4), 520-532, 2007
Onocerane da sauran triterpenoids a Late Cretaceous sediments daga Upper Benue Trough, Nijeriya: tasirin tectonic da palaeo, MJ Pearson, NG Obaje Organic Geochemistry 30 (7), 583-592, 1999
Rahoton kan abin da ya shafi fure-fure masu dauke da kayan Albian-Cenomanian a rijiyar Nasara-1, Tashin Binuwai ta Sama, Najeriya: Tasirin Biostratigraphic da palaeo da ke da tasiri, MB Abubakar, NG Obaje, HP Luterbacher, EFC, Dike, AR Ashraf, Journal of African Kimiyyar Duniya 45 (3), 347-354, 2 06
Sabbin bayanai daga bangaren Najeriya na yankin tafkin Chadi: abubuwan da suka shafi hakar mai, NG Obaje, H Wehner, H Hamza, G Scheeder, Jaridar Kimiyyar Duniyar Afirka 38 (5), 477-487, 2004
Canjin Stratigraphic da kuma damar mai da ake samu a tsakiyar Benue da kuma Benue, a Najeriya: fahimta daga sabon tushen dutsen facies, SO Akande, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, BD Erdtmann Petroleum Technology Development Journal: An Jaridar Duniya 1, 1-34, 2011
Hanyoyin man fetur na Cretaceous Formations a cikin Gongola Basin, Upper Benue Trough, Najeriya: hangen nesa game da rikice-rikicen mai, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje, H Wehner, A Jauro, Journal of Petroleum Geology 31 (4), 387-407, 2008
Nasara ‐ I well, Gongola Basin (Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria): Source ‐ rock evaluation, NG Obaje, H Wehner, MB Abubakar, MT Isah, Journal of Petroleum Geology 27 (2), 191-206, 2004
HANYA GA KWARA ER BADA GASOUS / HYDROCARBONS A CIKIN BENE BENUE / TROUGH NAJERIYA, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, Journal of Petroleum Geology 19 (1), 77-94, 1996
Hydrocarbon na Cretaceous sediments a cikin Kananan da Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria: Basira daga sabon tushe facies kimantawa, SO Akande, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, BD Erdtmann, Journal of African Earth Sciences 64, 34- 47, 2012
Geology na tattalin arziki na albarkatun kwal na Najeriya-a / taƙaitaccen bita, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, T Najime, CE Suh, Nazarin ilimin kimiyar ƙasa na Afirka 6, 71-82, 1999
Bida Basin a yankin arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya: ilimin tsirrai da ilimin kasa, NG Obaje, MK Musa, AN Odoma, H Hamza, Journal of Petroleum and Gas Exploration Research 1 (1), 001-013, 2011
Tasirin Muhalli na Ma'adinan Artesanal na Barytes a Yankin Azara, Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria MS Chaanda, NG Obaje, A Moumouni, NG Goki, UA Lar Journal of Sciences na Duniya 4 (1), 38-42, 2010.
Manazarta
Marubutan Najeriya
Masana ilimi a Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1961
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22253 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Nyabarongo | Kogin Nyabarongo | Nyabarongo (ko Nyawarungu) babban kogi ne a Ruwanda, wani ɓangare na saman kogin Nilu. Tare da tsawon tsawon 351 kilomita (218 mi) mafi tsayi kogi gaba ɗaya a Rwanda. An faɗaɗa shi kilomita 421 (262 mi) a Tafkin Rweru gami da hanyar kilomita 69 (43 mi) a saman tafkin Kagera kafin ya shiga cikin Kogin Ruvuvu don ƙirƙirar Kogin Kagera. Kogin yana farawa ne daga mahadar kogunan Mbirurume da Mwogo a Kudu maso Yammacin ƙasar. Wadannan kogunan guda biyu da kansu sun fara ne daga dajin Nyungwe, kuma wasu suna ganin shine tushen mafi nisa daga kogin Nil. Daga farkonsa, Nyabarongo ya bi arewa zuwa kilomita 85 (mil 53), kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Yankunan Yamma da Kudancin. A haɗuwa tare da kogin Mukungwa, kogin ya canza hanya kuma ya gudana zuwa gabas na kilomita 12 (mil 7.5), sannan zuwa wani tafkin Kudu maso gabas na ƙarshen kilomita 200 na ƙarshe (mil 124). Ga mafi tsayi na wannan kwas ɗin, kogin ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Arewa da Kudancin, sannan tsakanin garin Kigali da Lardin Kudancin, kuma daga ƙarshe tsakanin Birnin Kigali da lardin Gabas.
Kogin sannan kafin ya shiga Lardin Gabas kuma ya ƙare hanyarsa kusa da kan iyaka da Burundi. Kogin Nyabarongo ya fado duka a tafkin Rweru da Akagera a cikin karamar Delta mai rikitarwa. Kogin Akagera ya malala daga Tafkin Rweru, mai tazarar kilomita 1 kawai daga gaɓar Nyabarongo. Kusan dukkanin rassa na yankin Nyabarongo delta fanko ne a cikin tabkin, sai dai, wani reshe na yankin ya fice kai tsaye a cikin kogin Akagera da aka kafa. Kogin Akagera daga ƙarshe ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Victoria kuma ya samar da Kogin Nilu.
Asali
Kogin Nyabarongo ya samo asali ne daga kudu maso yammacin Rwanda zuwa gabashin tafkin Kivu. Tushen kogin ya tashi a cikin dutsen da ke rufe mafi yawan yamma na uku na Rwanda, zuwa gabashin Kyautar Albertine. Babban ruwan da ke cikin tsaunukan dazuzzuka, wanda ya samo asali a tsawan mita 2,600 zuwa 2,750 (8,530 zuwa 9,020 ft) sama da matakin teku, sune kogin Mbirurume da Mwogo. Mafi tsayi daga rafin da yake kawo Mwogo shine Rukarara, wanda ya tashi a Dajin Nyungwe. Rukarara yana gudana kudu sannan gabas, yana ɓoye cikin Kogin Mwogo. Mwogo yana gudana arewa, yana haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume kudu da Bwakira. Daga wannan haɗuwa, kogin ya ɗauki sunan Nyabarongo. Tushen Rukarara yana gwagwarmaya ne don asalin tushen Nilu, ruwan da ke nesa da ruwa.
Hanya
Nyawarungu yana tafiya zuwa arewa ta cikin dutsen mai nisa a cikin kwari mai zurfi wanda yayi daidai da tafkin Kivu kuma kusan tsawan da ya kai kimanin mita 1,500 (4,900 ft). A Muramba yana juyawa zuwa kudu maso gabas. A gefen hagu na Kogin Nyabugogo yana sadar da ruwa daga Tafkin Muhazi. A kewayen Kigali ana amfani da kogin don girki, sha da wanka. Hakanan tana karɓar najasa da shara daga masana'antu da noma. Kimanin kilomita 35 (mil 22) ya gangaren kogin Akanyaru ya shiga bankinsa na dama, zuwa kudu maso yamma na Kigali.
Haɗin kogin da ke haɗuwa yana gudana gabas sannan kuma kudu maso gabas ta hanyar babban kwari mai fadama. A kan iyaka da Burundi ya malale Tafkin Rweru. Daga nan sai ya kwarara zuwa gabas kusa da kan iyakar tsakanin Rwanda da Burundi, sannan tsakanin Rwanda da Tanzania, har zuwa inda ya haɗu da Kogin Ruvuvu. Daga can ana kiranta Kogin Kagera, babban mawadatar tafkin Victoria, wanda yake malala zuwa Kogin Nilu. Kogin ya shayar da gabashin tsaunuka da kuma tsakiyar yankin tsakiyar Ruwanda.
Dausayi
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Akanyaru suka haɗu, masu haɗar kogin da ke gabas zuwa kudu sannan ta hanyar hadaddun tabkuna da dausayi a cikin kwari mai faɗi wanda ke gudana a cikin hanyar SSE, kilomita 35 (22 mi) faɗi, wanda yake ambaliya don ƙirƙirar yankin na dindindin fadama da tabkuna. Tafkin Mugesera yana gefen gabashin kogin, kuma shi ne babban tabki na Rwandan a cikin hadadden. Tafkuna Birara da Sake suma suna kwance a gefen hagu na kogin. Tekuna a bankin dama, daga arewa zuwa kudu sune Gashanga, Kidogo, Rumira, Maravi, Kilimbi, Gaharwa, Rweru da Kanzigiri. Tafkin Rweru, wanda galibi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin Burundi, yana malalewa ta hanyar arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin kogin ta wani ɗan gajeren sashe mai dausayi.
Kodayake kusa da ekweita, iklima tana da kwatankwacin yanayi saboda tsawa. Lokacin damina daga Maris zuwa Mayu ne kuma daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. A cikin manya-manyan wuraren dausayi ana samun ambaliyar ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci. Gaba gaba, shuke-shuke gama gari sune Ficus verruculosa, Myrica kandtiana, Phoenix reclinata da Cyperus papyrus. Ruwan yana kusan 25°C (77°F). Kifi yana da yawa, kuma akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu yawa na ruwa. Sauran dabbobin sun hada da kunkuru na ruwa, kada, masu sa ido, macizai da kuma otters.
Dausayin Kogin Nyabarongo yanki ne wanda ba shi da kariya wanda ke kewaye da hanyar Nyabarongo, kuma ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 142.62 (55.07 sq mi). Yana da matukar mahimmanci ga kiyaye halittu, musamman tsuntsaye, tare da nau'ikan halittu irin su kogin Malagasy mai hatsari (Ardeola idae), da gagararren papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), mara nauyi mai launin toka (Balearica regulorum), da sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii). Dausayi suna cikin matsi mai tsanani daga harkar noma.
Wadannan jinsunan dake cikin dausayin kogin Nyabarongo an lasafta su a matsayin wadanda ke da hatsari: papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), Cricoico na Carruthers (Cisticola carruthersi), masu fuka-fuka masu fuka-fuka-fuka-fukai (Bradypterus carpalis), papyrus yellow warbler (Chloropeta gracilirostris) -babbler (Turdoides sharpei), mai saƙa mai launin ruwan kasa ta arewa (Ploceus castanops), mai hade da farin zaitun (Nesocharis ansorgei), da papyrus canary (Serinus koliensis). {{sfn | BirdLife IBA Factsheet}
Manazarta
AmbatoMajiya |
29494 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babatunde%20Ogunnaike | Babatunde Ogunnaike | Babatunde Ayodeji Ogunnaike (an haife shine a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 1956) wani injiniyan sinadarai ne Ba’amurke ne dan asalin Najeriya ne kuma Farfesa William L. Abokin Farfesa na Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering a Jami’ar Delaware (UD). Shi ne tsohon shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya ta UD. Ya rasu a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2022. Ya daɗe yana yaƙi da kansa.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Babatunde Ogunnaike a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 1956 a Ijebu Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya.
Ilimi da aiki
Ogunnaike ya halarci Jami'ar Legas don yin digirinsa na farko, inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a shekara ta 1976.
Jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko, Ogunnaike ya gabatar da waƙoƙi don gasa don ƙirƙirar sabuwar waƙar ƙasa ga Najeriya. Shigowarsa ya hade da na wasu hudu suka kafa taken kasar Najeriya a halin yanzu a shekara ta 1978.
Ya fara aikin koyarwa ne a matsayin malami a sashin injiniyan sinadarai a Jami'ar Legas, a cikin shekara ta 1982 kuma ya zama babban malami kuma daga baya, mataimakin farfesa a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Jami’ar Legas har zuwa shekara ta 1988.
Ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya sami digiri na M.Sc. digiri a kididdiga daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da PhD a fannin injiniyanci kuma duk daga jami'a ɗaya a shekara ta 1981.
Ogunnaike injiniyan bincike ne tare da rukunin kula da tsari na Kamfanin Ci gaban Shell a Houston, Texas daga shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekara ta 1982. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na DuPont kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da Gore, PPG Industries, da Corning Inc.
Ya shiga koyarwa na Jami'ar Delaware a 2002 kuma an naɗa shi zuwa William L. Friendship Professorship of Chemical Engineering a shekara ta 2008. Takensa ya zama Farfesa William L. Friendship Farfesa na Chemical da kuma Biomolecular Engineering lokacin da aka canza sunan sashen a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2012. Shi ne ke jagorantar rukunin bincike na Ogunnaike. Ya kuma kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka, Abuja .
Ogunnaike ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙo na Kwalejin Injiniya a Jami’ar Delaware tun daga watan Yuli 2011, kuma an naɗa shi Dean na Kwalejin Injiniya daga Yuli 1, 2013. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Dean a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2018 amma ya ci gaba da koyarwa.
Bincike
Ogunnaike shine marubuci kuma editan littattafai ne da yawa, gami da abubuwan ban mamaki : tushen yuwuwar da ƙididdiga ga injiniyoyi (2009) da Tsare-tsaren ƙirƙira da sarrafawa (1994). Ana amfani da littattafansa, takaddunsa don ilmantar da injiniyoyi akan kayan aiki, tsarin da sarrafawa a jami'o'i da yawa. Ya kasance babban editan Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Lantarki na IEEE akan Fasahar Sarrafa Sarrafa Sabis na Masana'antu da Injiniya Chemistry na American Chemical Society.
Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan yin samfuri da sarrafa hanyoyin masana'antu; aikace-aikacen fasaha na nazari na tsari don sarrafa hanyoyin sarrafa magunguna; ganewa da kuma kula da tsarin da ba daidai ba; hulɗar ƙirar tsari da aiwatar da aiki; kididdiga masu amfani; tsarin kula da halittu; da tsarin ilmin halitta tare da aikace-aikace.
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
Radhakrishnan, D.; Robinson, AS; Ogunnaike, BA (2018) Sarrafa bayanin martabar Glycosylation a cikin mAbs Amfani da Kariyar Kafofin watsa labarai masu dogaro da Lokaci . Antibodies, 7, 1.
Birtwistle, MR, Rauch, J., Kiyatkin, A. et al. (2012). Fitowar yawan martanin yawan ƙwayoyin sel bimodal daga hulɗar tsakanin siginar tantanin halitta analog da hayaniyar furuci na furotin. BMC Syst Boxl 6, 109.
978-14200-449-73
978-1852-331-498
978-0-19-509119-9
Halayen haƙƙin mallaka
Patent na Amurka akan Mai Kula da Hasashen Hasashen.
Girmamawa da zumunci
2019 David Ollis Lecture : North Carolina State University, Disamba 2, 2019
2019 Johannsen-Crosby Lectures : Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, Satumba 12, 2019
2019 Inaugural Costel D. Denson Lecture : Jami'ar Lehigh, Maris 20, 2019
2018 Warren K. Lewis lambar yabo, Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka
2018 Roger Sargent Lecture : Kwalejin Imperial, London, Disamba 6, 2018
2018 Sheldon Weinbaum Distinguished Lecture : Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Oktoba 11, 2018
2017 Fellow, Ƙasashen Duniya na Gudanar da atomatik (IFAC)
2017 Farfesa Farfesa, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Gabashin China, Shanghai, China
2017 Ralph Peck Lecture, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois, Chicago, Afrilu 14, 2017
2017 Richard SHMah Lecture, Northwestern University, Satumba 20, 2017
2016 Fellow, Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS)
2014 Fellow na National Academy of Inventors
2012 Fellow of Nigerian Academy of Engineering
2012 Fellow of the American National Academy of Engineering
2009 Fellow of American Institute of Chemical Engineers
2008 AACC Gudanar da Ayyukan Injiniya
2007 ISA Eckman lambar yabo
2004 Jami'ar Delaware's College of Engineering Excellence in Teaching Awards
1998 Cibiyar Injiniya ta Amurka ta Kyautar Ayyukan Kwamfuta CAST
Memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka
Memba na Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Jami'ar Delaware College of Engineering
Rayayyun mutane
Jami'ar Bayero Kano
Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin
Mutanen najeriya
Marubucin Najeriya |
21878 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Rajavi | Maryam Rajavi | Maryam Rajavi (Persian , née Qajar-Azodanlu, Persian) ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Mujahedin ta Iran (MEK), kungiyar tayi ƙoƙarin kifar da gwamnatin Iran da kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na National Council of Resistance Iran (NCRI). Ta auri Massoud Rajavi, wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar ta MEK.
Kuruciya da Karatu
An haifi Rajavi Maryam Qajar-Azodanlu ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1953. a Tehran, Iran . Tana cikin dangin masu karamin karfi wadanda suka fito daga zuriyar Qajar . Ta halarci Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sharif a Iran, inda ta samu BS a fannin karafa .
Harkar Siyasa
Rajavi ta bayyana cewa gwagwarmayar siyasarta ta fara ne tun tana 'yar shekara ashirin da biyu bayan da SAVAK ta kashe' yar uwarta Narges. Sannan ta zama memba na Mojahedin na Iran (PMOI / MEK), kuma ta fara harkar siyasa. Rajavi ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamanda kuma Babban Sakataren MEK har zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. A ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1993, NCRI ta zabi Rajavi ya zama "Shugaban rikon kwarya na Iran" idan NCRI za ta karbi ragamar mulki a Iran.
Rajavi tayi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kungiyar gwagwarmayar adawa da Shah a cikin 1970s. A cikin shekarar 1979, ta zama jami'in ɓangaren zamantakewar jama'a na PMOI / MEK, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1981. Rajavi ya kasance dan takarar majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1980.
A cikin shekarar 1982, an canza Rajavi zuwa Auvers-sur-Oise, Île-de-France inda hedkwatar siyasa ta Mojahedin take.
A shekarar 1985, ta zama Shugabar hadin gwiwa ta PMOI kuma tayi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar a tsakanin 1989 da 1993.
A cikin wata sanarwa da ta yi Allah wadai da harin da kungiyar ISIS ta kai wa majalisar dokokin Iran da kuma kabarin wanda ya assasa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, Rajavi ya ce: "Halin da kungiyar ta ISIS take a bayyane yana amfanar da Jagoran gwamnatin Iran Khamenei, wanda da dukkan zuciyarsa ya yi maraba da shi a matsayin wata dama don shawo kan matsalar gwamnatinsa a yankin da kuma na duniya. da kebewa. Wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar kuma mai daukar nauyi na farko a jihar yana kokarin sauya wurin wanda ya yi kisan kai da wanda aka kashe da kuma nuna babban bankin ta'addanci a matsayin wanda aka zalunta. ”
Wani shiri mai ma'ana 10 wanda Rajavi ya wallafa ya tsara wani shiri na sauya Iran. Ta bayyana alƙawarin da ta yi game da Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da sauran kayan aiki na duniya. Ta yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisa, kirkirar tsarin shari’a na zamani da kuma samun ‘yancin alkalai. Rajavi zai kawo karshen kudaden da Tehran ke baiwa Hamas, Hezbollah da sauran kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya kuma tana da kudurin zama tare cikin lumana, huldar da dukkan kasashe da mutunta Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Bayanin ya kunshi bayanin cewa "Mun amince da kadarorin masu zaman kansu, saka hannun jari da tattalin arzikin kasuwa." A watan Yunin shekarar 2020, akasarin mambobin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka sun goyi bayan "kudurin bangare biyu" da ke goyon bayan Rajavi da kuma "kira ga Iran mai bin tsarin dimokiradiyya" na NCRI yayin da "suka la'anci ta'addanci da kasar Iran ta dauki nauyi . Kudurin wanda ya samu goyon bayan ‘yan majalisa 221 (ciki har da Louie Gohmert da Sheila Jackson Lee ), ya ba da goyon baya ga matakai 10 na Rajavi game da makomar Iran (wadanda suka hada da“ ‘yancin kada kuri’a na duniya, tattalin arzikin kasuwa, da Iran din da ba ta nukiliya ba”) yana mai yin kira ga rigakafin "munanan ayyukan jami'an diflomasiyyar gwamnatin Iran."
Rajavi ta gabatar da shirinta a Majalisar Turai a shekarar 2006, wanda ke tallafawa cikakken daidaito tsakanin mata da siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma, musamman, sadaukar da kai ga shigar mata daidai a cikin jagorancin siyasa. Shirye-shiryenta guda 10 kan makomar Iran ta tanadi cewa za a soke duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata kuma mata za su ji da 'yancin zabar tufafinsu kyauta. Hakanan ya haɗa da ƙarewar azaba da taƙama.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, Theresa May ta hana Rajavi zuwa Biritaniya a wata tafiya inda za ta "yi bayanin yadda ake cin zarafin mata a Iran". Daga nan sai babbar kotu ta shigar da karar Theresa May, tare da Lord Carlile na Berriew (tsohon mai nazarin gwamnati mai zaman kansa game da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci) yana mai cewa za a iya daukar hukuncin na May "a matsayin wanda zai gamsar da Mullahs" A cikin 2014, Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta yi watsi da daukaka kara daga Lord Carlile na Berriew QC da sauransu kuma ta goyi bayanta don ci gaba da haramcin, wanda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 1997. Membobin Majalisar Iyayen Burtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa Sakataren Cikin Gida yana "keta doka ta 10 ('yancin faɗar albarkacin baki) na Yarjejeniyar Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam (Yarjejeniyar)", suna cewa "dalilan Sakataren cikin gida ba su da wata ma'ana ta doka, saboda sun dogara da tasirin da wata ƙasa za ta yi wanda bai yi daidai da ƙa'idodin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar ba. " Ba a cire Rajavi daga kowace ƙasar Turai ba kuma yana hulɗa tare da 'yan majalisa a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a kai a kai.
Maryam Rajavi ta hadu a bainar jama'a tare da Shugaban Kasar Falasdinu Mahmud Abbas a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016. a birnin Paris na Faransa.
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, Maryam Rajavi ta amince da kudurin HR 118, wanda ke nuna “goyon baya ga muradin mutanen Iran game da jamhuriya ta demokradiyya” kuma “ta yi Allah wadai da take hakkin dan Adam da ta’addancin da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta”
Tarihin Zaɓe
Gwaji
Faransa
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2003, Rajavi ya kama 'yan sanda na Paris tare da wasu mambobin MEK 150. An binciketa ita da wasu mutane 23 kan zargin alaka da ta'addanci. Rajavi ya musanta tuhumar, yana mai cewa "an shigar da karar ne domin a farantawa Iran rai." Daga baya aka dakatar da duk tuhumar.
Iraq
A watan Yulin 2010, Babbar Kotun Iraki ta ba da sammacin kame mambobi 39 na kungiyar ta MEK, ciki har da Rajavi, "saboda shaidar da ke tabbatar da cewa sun aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama " ta hanyar "hada hannu da tsoffin jami'an tsaron Iraki wajen murkushe boren 1991 na tsohuwar Iraqi. tsarin mulki da kisan 'yan kasar Iraki ". Kungiyar ta MEK ta musanta tuhumar, tana mai cewa "wata shawara ce ta siyasa kuma ita ce kyauta ta karshe da gwamnatin Nuri al-Maliki ta gabatar ga gwamnatin Iran"
Littattafai
Babbar Maris zuwa Yanci
A'a ga Addinin Tilas, Babu Bautar Tilas ga Gwamnatin
Mata, Musulunci da Tsarin Addini
Iran Zata Samu 'Yanci
Mabuɗi don magance akidar Islama
Duba kuma
Jerin matan Iran
Jerin mutanen daga Tehran
Faransa –Iran alaƙar
Mahaɗa
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1953
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Efik | Mutanen Efik | Efik ƙabila ce da ke kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, a kudancin jihar Kuros Riba . Efik suna magana da harshen Efik wanda yake yaren Benuwe – Congo ne na dangin Cross River . Tarihin baka na Efik ya ba da labarin ƙaura daga Cross River daga Arochukwuto ya sami ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin yankin Calabar da Creek Town. Galibi ana kiran garin Creek da kewayensa da Calabar, kuma ana kiran mutanensa da mutanen Calabar, bayan sunan Bature mai suna Calabar Kingdom aka ba jihar a cikin Jihar Kuros Riba ta yanzu . Bai kamata Calabar ta rikita batun Masarautar Kalabari ba a cikin jihar Ribas wacce Ijaw ce jihar yamma da ita. Jihar Kuros Riba tare da jihar Akwa Ibom a da tana daga cikin asalin jihohi goma sha biyu na Najeriya da aka fi sani da Jihar Kudu maso Gabas.
Mutanen Efik kuma sun mamaye kudu maso yammacin Kamaru ciki har da Bakassi . Wannan yanki, wanda a da can yankin amintacce ne daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru, an gudanar da shi a matsayin wani yanki na Gabashin Najeriya har sai da ya samu cin gashin kai a 1954, don haka ya raba mutanen Efik a siyasance. An kara fadada wannan rabuwa yayin da sakamakon zaben 1961 yankin ya zaɓi ya shiga Jamhuriyar Kamaru . Nan da nan aka sauya yawancin yankin, amma a watan Agustan 2006 - Najeriya ta miƙa yankin Bakassi ga Kamaru.
Tarihi
Ana samun mutanen Efik a yankin kudu maso kudu na yankin siyasa na Najeriya, a cikin "kusurwar kudu maso gabas ta jihar Kuros Riba." Sun mamaye bakin kogin Cross Cross kuma sun gangara zuwa yankin Bakassi, da Kogin Calabar da kuma zuwa garesu - Kogin Kwa, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) da Eniong Creek. ” Sun mamaye Calabar "a karshen ƙarni na goma sha bakwai ko a farkon karni na 18." Efik suna da dangantaka da mutanen Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Biase, Akamkpa, Uruan, da Eket .
Kodayake ba a san ainihin asalin mutanen Efik ba, amma hadisai na baka suna ba da labarin yadda suka yi ƙaura daga yankin Igbo da Ibibio (zuwa arewa maso yammacin Calabar) zuwa wurin da ake yanzu. Yawancin su sun bar zuwa Uruan a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom a yanzu, wasu zuwa Eniong da yankunan da ke kewaye. Sun zauna a Uruan kusan shekara ɗari ko makamancin haka sannan suka ƙaura zuwa Ikpa Ene da Ndodihi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin su tsallaka zuwa inda zasu je na ƙarshe a cikin Garin Creek (Esit Edik / Obio Oko). Da alama akwai matakai guda uku masu zuwa a tarihin ƙaura da sasantawa na efik: (a) wani lokaci na Igbo (b) na Ibibio da (c) tafiya zuwa bakin teku. An ce mutanen Uruan sun ba su suna "Efik" wanda ke fitowa daga kalmar aikatau da ke nufin latsawa ko zalunci, tun da ana zargin su da nuna ƙarfi.
Kodayake tattalin arziƙinsu ya samo asali ne daga kamun kifi, yankin da sauri ya zama babban cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ya kasance da kyau sosai a farkon shekarun 1900. Ana sayar da kayayyakin Turawa masu shigowa domin bayi, man dabino da sauran kayan dabino. Sarakunan Efik sun tara harajin kasuwanci da ake kira comey daga jiragen ruwa har zuwa lokacin da turawan ingila suka maye gurbinsu da 'tallafin comey'. Littafin Antera Duke, na Efik, shi ne kawai rikodin da ya rage daga gidan bautar Afirka.
Efik sune manyan mutane tsakanin fararen fatake a bakin ruwa da ƙabilun Kuros Riba da gundumar Calabar. Ofishin Jakadancin Krista suna aiki tsakanin Efiks farawa daga tsakiyar karni na 19. Mary Slessor, wata 'yar mishan daga Presbyterian daga Scotland, ta damu da kawar da al'adar camfi na kashe tagwaye jarirai. Ko da a cikin 1900, yawancin mutanen ƙasar suna da ilimin wayewa game da aƙidun Turai da al'adunsu, suna da'awar Kiristanci kuma suna ado da kayan Turawa.
A cikin 1884 sarakunan Efik da shugabannin Efik sun sanya kansu ƙarƙashin kariyar Burtaniya. Waɗannan yarjeniyoyi da haƙƙin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, suna rubuce a cikin CAP 23 na Dokokin Gabashin Najeriya, an sanya taken 'dokar tallafin Comey' Sarkin Efik, wanda aka fi sani da Obong na Calabar, har yanzu (har zuwa 2006) ƙarfi ne na siyasa tsakanin Efik. Efik da kuma mutanen tsohuwar masarautar Calabar sune farkon waɗanda suka rungumi ilimin yamma a Najeriya ta yanzu, tare da kafa Hope Trainingel Training Institute, Calabar a cikin 1895 da Makarantar High School ta Boys, Oron a 1905.
Ƙungiyoyin asiri
Alaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin Efik, kuma wacce ke basu babban tasiri akan sauran ƙabilu, ita ce ƙungiyar asirin da aka sani da Ekpe, mai kirkirar Nsibidi, wani tsohon rubutu na Afirka. Wannan al'umma ta rikide ta zama al'adar Abakuá a Cuba, ta Bonkó a Bioko da Rawar Abakuya a cikin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea . Eungiyar Ekpe ta keɓance ga maza, yayin da mata ke da nasu na Ekpa. Mutanen asalin Efik an san su da ñáñigos ko carabalís a Cuba.
Harshe
Mutanen Efik suna magana da yaren Efik, wanda yake yaren Benuwe-Kongo ne na dangin Cross River .
Yawan jama'a
Ana samun yawan jama'ar Efik a cikin yankunan dake ƙasa:
Jihar Kuros Riba, Nijeriya.
Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya.
Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
Yammacin Kamaru.
Binuwai (Mutanen Efik-Ibibio sune na hudu mafi yawan na asali waɗanda suka fara zama a yankin Binuwai a Najeriya).
Kayan abinci
Edikang Ikong miyan kayan lambu ce wacce ta samo asali tsakanin Efik. Miyar Afang wani nau'in sanannen abinci ne na duk tarayyar ƙasa da ma bayanta.
Miya tufafi
Manyan rigunan mata na Efik sune da . Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dasu azaman kayan amarya. doguwar riga ce. An ba da shawarar cewa Victoria ne sakamakon tasirin mishan Scottish Mary Slessor . ya hada da saman hannu da gajeren siket, dukkansu an sanya su da murjani da — kayan ado na ado da hannu da kafafu. Mai ɗaukar yana da ƙwanƙwasa hannu da ƙafa da abun wuya na murjani na murjani.
Duba kuma
Tarihin Efik
Akamkpa
Annang
Bakassi
Eket
Ikom
Neja Delta
Opobo
Jama'ar Igbo
Mutanen Ekoi (wanda aka fi sani da Ejagham)
Waddell (1846) Efik ko Tsoho Calabar Waddell, Tsoho Calabar;
Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu daga labarin Calabar a cikin Encyclopædia Britannica <i id="mwATU">Goma sha ɗaya Edition</i>, wallafe yanzu a cikin yankin jama'a .
Hackett, Rosalind IJ Addini A Calabar. Buga.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
kungiyar ikungiyar ta Efik, Inc.
https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/
Manazarta
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Harsunan Nijeriya
Harsunan Kamaru
Pages with unreviewed translations |
14978 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20daji | Gandun daji | Gandun daji, yankewa, yankewa ko sharewa shine kawar da gandun daji ko tsayayyen bishiyoyi daga ƙasa wanda daga baya aka koma amfani da shi. Gandun daji na iya haɗa da sauya ƙasar daji zuwa gonaki, wuraren kiwo, ko amfani da birane. Mafi yawan gandun daji yana faruwa ne a dazukan daji na wurare masu zafi. Kimanin kashi 31% na doron ƙasa ya sami gandun daji. Tsakanin hekta miliyan 15 - 18 na gandun daji, wani yanki mai girman Belgium ya lalace kowace shekara, aƙalla ana sare bishiyoyi 2,400 kowane minti.
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana sare bishiyoyi a matsayin sauya dazuzzuka zuwa wasu amfani da kasa (ba tare da la’akari da cewa mutum ne ya jawo hakan ba). "Gandun daji" da "canjin yanki na net" ba iri daya bane: na karshen shine adadin duk asarar dazuzzuka (sare bishiyoyi) da duk wata gandun daji da aka samu (fadada gandun daji) a cikin wani lokaci. Canjin net, sabili da haka kuma, na iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau, gwargwadon ribar da aka samu ta wuce asara, ko akasin haka.
Babban jigon sare gandun daji shine fadada harkar noma. Ana sare bishiyoyi don amfani da su azaman kayan gini, katako ko sayar da shi azaman mai (wani lokacin a matsayin gawayi ko katako), yayin da ake amfani da filayen da aka share a matsayin makiyayar dabbobi da amfanin gona. Mafi yawan ayyukan noma da ke haifar da gandun daji ana samun tallafi ne daga kudaden harajin gwamnati. Rashin kulawa da kimar da aka zaba, kula da gandun daji, da karancin dokokin muhalli wasu dalilai ne da ke haifar da gandun daji babba. Gandun daji a cikin ƙasashe da yawa-na faruwa a ɗabi'a da na ɗan adam-lamari ne mai ci gaba. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2012, an sare kilomita murabba'in miliyan 2.3 (890,000 sq mi) na dazuzzuka a duniya aka sare.
Cire bishiyoyi ba tare da wadataccen dashen daji ba ya haifar da lalacewar mahalli, asarar halittu, da ƙanƙantar ruwa. Gandun daji yana haifar da ƙarewa, canje-canje ga yanayin yanayi, kwararowar hamada, da kuma yin ƙaura daga yawan jama'a, kamar yadda yanayin yau da kullun ya lura kuma a da ta hanyar bayanan burbushin halittu. Haka kuma gandun daji yana da illa ga illolin da ke cikin iskar carbon dioxide, yana ƙaruwa da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da ke taimakawa canjin yanayi. Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na ƙara matsin lamba ga al'ummomin da ke neman wadatar abinci ta hanyar share dazuzzuka don amfanin noma da rage filayen noma gaba ɗaya. Yankunan da aka sare itace yawanci suna haifar da wasu mahimmancin tasirin muhalli kamar lalata ƙarancin ƙasa da lalacewa zuwa cikin kurarren daji. Dangane da binciken da aka buga a Rahoton Kimiyyar Yanayi idan gandun daji ya ci gaba a halin yanzu a cikin shekaru 20 - 40 masu zuwa, zai iya haifar da cikakken ko kusan ƙarewar ɗan adam. Don kaucewa hakan ya kamata ɗan adam ya wuce daga wayewar da tattalin arziki ya mamaye zuwa "al'adun al'adu" cewa "yana da fifikon fa'idodin yanayin ƙasa sama da sha'awar mutum ɗaya na abubuwan da aka haɗa, amma ƙarshe bisa dacewa da fa'idar gama gari".
Gandun daji ya fi tsauri a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi da ƙauyuka a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Fiye da rabin dukkan nau'in dabbobi da tsire-tsire a duniya suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi. Sakamakon sare dazuzzuka, murabba'in kilomita miliyan 6.2 (mil mil miliyan 2.4) ne kawai suka rage na ainihin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 16 (mil mil miliyan 6) na gandun dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi waɗanda suka mamaye Duniya a da. Ana share yanki mai girman filin kwallon kafa daga dajin Amazon kowane minti, tare da fadin kadada miliyan 136 (hekta miliyan 55) na dazuzzuka don noman dabbobi gaba daya. Fiye da hekta miliyan 3.6 na gandun daji mai zafi na budurwa a cikin 2018. Amfani da samar da naman shanu shi ne babban direba na sare dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon, inda kusan kashi 80% na dukkan filayen da aka canza ana amfani da su wajen kiwon shanu. Kashi 91% na yankin Amazon da aka yi dazuzzuka tun shekara ta 1970 an canza shi zuwa kiwon shanu. Asarar shekara-shekara na asarar bishiyoyi ya kai kimanin biliyan 10. A cewar binciken albarkatun gandun daji na duniya na duniya (Global Forest Resources Assessment) 2020, matsakaiciyar kasa da aka sare shekara-shekara a shekara ta 2015 zuwa 20-demi-goma ya kai hekta miliyan 10 kuma matsakaicin asarar da yankin ke samu a duk shekara a cikin shekaru 2000 - 2010 ya kai hekta miliyan 4.7. Duniya ta yi hasarar ha miliyan 178 na gandun daji tun 1990, wanda yanki ne kamar girman Libya.
Manazarta |
58301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulkin%20Sealand | Mulkin Sealand | Mulkin Sealand / / ˈsiː ˌlænd / ) wani yanki ne wanda yake ikirarin zama ƴantacciyar ƙasa to amma bai samu amincewar sauran ƙasashen duniya ba, wanda ya ayyana kansa ƴar ƙaramar ƙasa akan hasumiyar HM Fort Roughs (wanda kuma aka sani da Hasumiyar Roughs), wani dandamali na bakin teku a cikin Tekun Arewa kusan. daga gaɓar tekun Suffolk, Ingila. Hasumiyar Roughs wani katafaren Tekun Maunsell ne wanda Birtaniyya ta gina a cikin ruwan duniya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tun daga 1967, an mamaye ginin Roughs Tower da dangi da abokan aikin Paddy Roy Bates a matsayin kasa mai iko. Bates ya kwace Hasumiyar Roughs daga wasu gungun masu watsa shirye-shiryen radiyon 'yan fashi a shekarar 1967 da nufin ƙafa tasharsa a can. Sojojin haya sun mamaye Sealand a cikin 1978 amma sun sami nasarar daƙile harin. Tun daga 1987, lokacin da Burtaniya ta tsawaita yankin ruwanta zuwa mil 12 na ruwa, dandalin yana cikin yankin Burtaniya.
Tarihi
A cikin 1943, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, HM Fort Roughs (wani lokaci ana kiransa Hasumiyar Roughs) Masarautar Ingila ce ta gina shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Maunsell, da farko don kare mahimman hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki a cikin ɗakunan da ke kusa da jirgin sama na Jamus. Ya ƙunshi gindin ponton mai iyo tare da wani babban tsari na hasumiya mara kyau guda biyu haɗe da bene wanda za'a iya ƙara wasu gine-gine. An ja katangar zuwa wani wuri sama da sandunan yashi na Rough Sands, inda akayi ambaliya da gangan tushe don nutsar da shi a wurin hutunsa na ƙarshe. Wannan kusan daga bakin tekun Suffolk, a waje da da'awar Burtaniya kuma, don haka, a cikin ruwa na duniya a lokacin. Jami'an Sojojin Ruwa 150-300 ne suka mamaye wurin a duk lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu; Ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci na ƙarshe da suka bar a cikin 1956. An kori Maunsell Forts a cikin 1950s.
Kafawa
An mamaye Hasumiyar Roughs a cikin Fabrairu da Agusta 1965 ta Jack Moore da 'yarsa Jane, suna tsugunne a madadin tashar 'yan fashin teku mai ban mamaki Radio London .
A ranar 2 ga Satumbar 1967, Manjo Paddy Roy Bates, ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya ne wanda ya mallaki gidan rediyon ɗan fashin teku, ya mamaye sansanin. Bates ya yi niyyar watsa gidan rediyon sa na 'yan fashin teku – mai suna Radio Essex – daga dandamali. Duk da cewa yana da kayan aikin da ake bukata, bai fara watsa shirye-shirye ba. Bates ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Hasumiyar Roughs kuma ya ɗauke ta sarautar Sealand.
A cikin 1968, ma'aikatan Biritaniya sun shiga abin da Bates ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan yankinsa ne don yin hidimar buoy ɗin kewayawa kusa da dandamali. Michael Bates (ɗan Paddy Roy Bates) ya yi ƙoƙarin tsoratar da ma'aikatan ta hanyar harbin kashedi daga tsohon katangar. Da yake Bates ɗan Biritaniya ne a lokacin, an gayyace shi zuwa kotu a Ingila bisa tuhumar sa da laifin satar bindigogi biyo bayan lamarin. Amma kamar yadda kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa dandalin (wanda Bates ke kira yanzu "Sealand") ya kasance a waje da iyakokin Birtaniyya, wanda ya wuce iyakar ruwan kasar, lamarin ya kasa ci gaba.
A cikin 1975, Bates ya gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki na Sealand, sannan sai tutar ƙasa, taken ƙasa, kuɗi da fasfo.
1978 harin da Sealand Rebel Government
A watan Agustan 1978, Alexander Achenbach, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Firayim Minista na Sealand, ya dauki hayar wasu sojojin hayar Jamus da Holland don jagorantar harin da aka kai a Sealand yayin da Bates da matarsa suna cikin Ostiriya da Achenbach ya gayyace su don tattauna batun siyar da Sealand. Achenbach ya yi rashin jituwa da Bates kan shirin mayar da Sealand zuwa otal mai alfarma da gidan caca tare da sauran 'yan kasuwan Jamus da Holland. Sun mamaye dandalin, kuma sun yi garkuwa da ɗan Bates Michael. Michael ya iya sake kwato Sealand kuma ya kama Achenbach da sojojin haya. Achenbach, lauyan Jamus wanda ke da fasfo na Sealand, an tuhume shi da cin amanar kasa a kan Sealand, kuma an tsare shi sai dai idan ya biya DM . 75,000 (fiye da dalar Amurka 35,000 ko £23,000). Daga nan ne Jamus ta aike da jami'in diflomasiyya daga ofishin jakadancinta na Landan zuwa Sealand domin tattaunawa don ganin an sako Achenbach. Roy Bates ya ja tsaki bayan tattaunawar makonni da dama sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa ziyarar jami'in diflomasiyyar ta zama amincewa da Sealand da Jamus ta yi.
Bayan dawo da tsohon, Achenbach da Gernot Pütz sun yi shelar gwamnati a gudun hijira, wani lokaci ana kiranta da gwamnatin 'yan tawayen Sealand ko kuma gwamnatin 'yan tawayen Sealandic, a Jamus. A cikin 1987, Burtaniya ta tsawaita yankin ruwanta zuwa mil 12 na ruwa. Sealand yanzu yana zaune a cikin ruwa da aka amince da shi a matsayin Burtaniya.
Sealand a baya an sayar da " fasfo na fantasy " (kamar yadda Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kira), waɗanda ba su da inganci don balaguron ƙasa. A cikin 1997, dangin Bates sun soke duk fasfo na Sealand, ciki har da waɗanda su da kansu suka bayar a cikin shekaru 22 da suka gabata, saboda fahimtar cewa zoben satar kuɗi na duniya ya bayyana, ta hanyar yin amfani da siyar da fasfo ɗin Sealand na bogi don ba da kuɗin magani. fataucin mutane da safarar kudade daga kasashen Rasha da Iraki. Jagororin aikin da ke da hedkwata a Madrid amma kuma suna da alaka da kungiyoyi daban-daban a Jamus, ciki har da gwamnatin ‘yan tawayen da ke gudun hijira da Achenbach ta kafa bayan yunkurin juyin mulki a shekarar 1978, sun yi amfani da fasfo din diflomasiyya na bogi na Sealand da lambobi. An bayar da rahoton cewa sun sayar da fasfo din Tealand na bogi 4,000 ga ‘yan kasar Hong Kong kan kimanin dala 1,000 kowanne. Michael Bates ya bayyana a ƙarshen 2016 cewa Sealand yana karɓar ɗaruruwan aikace-aikacen fasfo kowace rana. A cikin 2015, Bates ya tabbatar da cewa yawan mutanen Sealand "kamar mutane biyu ne".
2006 wuta
A yammacin ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2006, babban dandali na Hasumiyar Roughs ta kama wuta saboda lalurar lantarki. Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ya tura mutum guda zuwa Asibitin Ipswich, kai tsaye daga hasumiya. Kwale-kwalen ceto na Harwich ya tsaya kusa da Hasumiyar Roughs har sai da wata gobarar yankin ta kashe gobarar. An gyara duk lalacewar ta Nuwamba 2006.
Ƙoƙarin tallace-tallace
A cikin Janairu 2007, The Pirate Bay, index of online index of dijital abun ciki na nisha kafofin watsa labarai da software kafa ta Swedish tunani tank Piratbyrån, yunƙurin sayan Sealand bayan mafi tsanani haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka a Sweden tilasta su neman tushe na ayyuka a wasu wurare. Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, an ba da Sealand don siyarwa ta hanyar kamfanin InmoNaranja na Sipaniya, akan farashin € 750. miliyan ( £ 600 miliyan, dalar Amurka 906 miliyan).
Mutuwar wanda ya kafa
Roy Bates ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2012; ya kasance yana fama da cutar Alzheimer shekaru da yawa. Ɗansa Michael ya karɓi aikin Sealand, ko da yake ya ci gaba da zama a Suffolk, inda shi da 'ya'yansa maza ke gudanar da kasuwancin kamun kifi na iyali mai suna 'Ya'yan itacen Teku. Joan Bates, matar Roy Bates, ta mutu a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Essex yana da shekaru 86 akan 10 Maris 2016.
Matsayin doka
A cikin 1987, Burtaniya ta tsawaita yankin ruwanta daga . Sealand yanzu yana cikin yankin ruwan Burtaniya. A ra'ayin masanin shari'a John Gibson, babu kadan don samun damar cewa Sealand za a amince da ita a matsayin kasa saboda kasancewarta tsarin mutum.
Sealand tana riƙe da Guinness World Record don "ƙananan yanki don yin da'awar matsayin ƙasa".
Ganewa
Simon Sellars na The Ostiraliya da Red Bull sun bayyana Sealand a matsayin ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, amma Sealand ba a hukumance ta amince da kowace ƙasa mai cikakken iko ba. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Sealand ta yi iƙirarin cewa Jamus ta amince da ita, kamar yadda ƙarshen ya taɓa aika jami'in diflomasiyya zuwa Sealand.
Gudanarwa
Ba tare da la'akari da matsayinta na doka ba, dangin Bates ne ke sarrafa Sealand kamar dai wata hukuma ce da aka sani kuma su ne sarakunanta na gado. Roy Bates ya sanya kansa a matsayin "Prince Roy" da matarsa "Princess Joan". Iyalin Bates sun kira ɗansu a matsayin " Prince Regent " tsakanin 1999 da mutuwar Roy a 2012. A cikin wannan rawar, a fili ya yi aiki a matsayin "Shugaban Gwamnati" na Sealand da kuma "Shugaban Gwamnati".
A taron micronations wanda Jami'ar Sunderland ta shirya a 2004, ɗan Michael Bates James ya wakilci Sealand. A halin yanzu, ɗaya ko fiye da masu kula da su ke wakiltar Michael Bates, wanda da kansa ke zaune a Essex, Ingila.
Ayyukan kasuwanci
Sealand ya shiga cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da yawa, ciki har da bayar da tsabar kudi da tambarin aikawasiku da kuma kafa wurin karbar bakuncin Intanet a bakin teku, ko " data Haven ". Hakanan masarautar tana siyar da manyan mukamai a shagonta na kan layi, kamar Lord and Baron. Wasu sanannun mutane waɗanda suka mallaki lakabi daga Sealand sun haɗa da Ed Sheeran, masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen BBC Terry Wogan da Ben Fogle .
A cikin 2000, an ƙirƙiri tallan tallace-tallace a duniya game da Sealand bayan kafa sabon mahaluƙi da ake kira HavenCo, wurin adana bayanai, wanda ya karɓi iko da Hasumiyar Roughs kanta. Ryan Lackey, Abokin haɗin gwiwar Haven kuma babban ɗan takara a ƙasar, ya bar HavenCo a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai ban tsoro a cikin 2002, yana nuna rashin jituwa tare da dangin Bates game da sarrafa kamfanin. Gidan yanar gizon HavenCo ya tafi layi a cikin 2008.
Wasanni
Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Sealand (SNFA) ta kasance memba memba na Hukumar Nouvelle Fédération-Board, hukumar da ta dakatar da wasan kwallon kafa ga jihohin da ba a amince da su ba da kuma jihohin da ba mambobin FIFA ba, wanda ya zama mara aiki a cikin 2013 kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Kungiyar Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa masu zaman kansu ( CONIFA). SNFA tana gudanar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sealand . A cikin 2004 ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta buga wasanta na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar tsibiri, inda suka tashi 2–2.
A cikin 2004, mai hawan dutse Slader Oviatt ya ɗauki tutar Sealandic zuwa saman Muztagh Ata . Har ila yau a cikin 2007, Michael Martelle ya wakilci Shugabancin Sealand a gasar cin kofin duniya na Kung Fu, wanda aka gudanar a birnin Quebec, Kanada; dauke da nadi na Athleta Principalitas Bellatorius (Principal Martial Arts Athlete da Champion).
A cikin 2008, Sealand ta shirya taron wasan skateboarding tare da Coci da Gabas ta Red Bull .
A cikin 2009, Sealand ta sanar da farfado da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Sealand da niyyar yin gasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Viva a nan gaba. An nada marubuci ɗan Scotland Neil Forsyth a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar. Sealand sun buga wasa na biyu a tarihin su da Chagos Islands a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012, sun sha kashi 3–1. Kungiyar ta hada da dan wasan kwaikwayo Ralf Little da tsohon dan wasan Bolton Wanderers Simon Charlton . Kungiyar ta buga wasanta na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2014, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ba su da aiki amma sun yi nuni da komawa a lokuta da dama a shafukan sada zumunta.
A cikin 2009 da 2010, Sealand ta aika ƙungiyoyi don yin wasa a wasu gasa na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar frisbee a Burtaniya, Ireland da Netherlands. Sun zo na 11 a Burtaniya a cikin 2010.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2013, ɗan hawan dutse Kenton Cool ya sanya tutar Sealand a koli na Dutsen Everest .
A cikin 2015, dan tseren Simon Messenger ya yi tseren tseren rabin tsere a Sealand a matsayin wani bangare na kalubalensa na "zagaye a duniya a cikin gudu 80".
A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2018, ɗan wasan ninkaya Richard Royal ya ninkaya 12 km (7.5 mi) daga Sealand zuwa babban yankin, yana ƙarewa cikin sa'o'i 3 29 mins. Royal ya ziyarci dandalin kafin yin iyo, yana samun tambarin fasfo dinsa. Ya shiga ruwan daga kujerar bosun, yana nuna alamar fara iyo, ya karasa bakin tekun Felixstowe . Daga baya Michael Bates ya ba Royal lambar yabo ta Sealand Knighthood. A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, kwanaki biyu kafin wasan Royal, wani mutum mai suna Nick Glendinning ya zama farkon wanda ya fara yin iyo daga Sealand zuwa babban yankin ta hanyar yin iyo daga Hasumiyar Roughs zuwa Bawdsey . Ya kammala tafiyar cikin kasa da sa'o'i biyar kacal. Glendinning ya yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin guduwarsa ya zo daidai, amma Royal bai yarda ba, yana mai mai da martani ga kalaman Gendinning cewa, "Babu yadda za a yi a duniya cewa hakan ya kasance kwatsam". 
An kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amurka mai suna Sealand Seahawks a cikin 2021, tana sanar da wasa a Ireland da Kudancin Dublin Panthers a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2022. Seahawks sun ci wasan da ci 42–13. A cikin Satumba 2022, The Seahawks sun ɗauki ƙungiyoyi da yawa zuwa Montpellier, Faransa don buga wasan da Faransa Royal Roosters, yayin da wata ƙungiyar tsofaffi ta ɗauki Servals de Clermont-Ferrand.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
2102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina%20%28jiha%29 | Katsina (jiha) | Katsina jiha ce a shiyyar Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya. An kuma ƙirkiri jihar Katsina ne a shekarar alif 1987, lokacin da aka samar da ita daga jihar Kaduna. A yau, Jihar Katsina ta yi iyaka da Jihohin Zamfara, Kaduna, Kano da Jigawa, har ila yau Katsina tanada iyaka da Jamhuriyar Nijar. Ana mata lakabi da "Ta Dikko Dakin Kara", kuma anama Katsinawa kirarin "Kunya gareku badai Tsoro ba".Babban birnin jihar da garin Daura, an bayyana su daga cikin "tsofaffin mazaunun al'adu, Musulunci da kuma ilmantarwa" a Najeriya.
Jihar Katsina, tana da mazauna sama da 5,800,000 a kidayar shekarar Alif ta 2006, jihar Katsina ce ta biyar mafi girma a Jerin yawan habakar jama'a a jahohin biyar mafi girma a cikin ƙasar ta Nijeriya, cikin yawan jama'a, duk da kasancewarta ta bakwai daga cikin Jihohi 17 mafi fadin kasa daga cikin jihohi 36 na tarayyar Nijeriya. Ta fuskar adadin kabilu kuwa, jama'a, Fulani sun fi kowace ƙabila yawa a jihar, kuma mafi yawancin mutanen Jihar Katsina sunabin koyarwar addinin Musulunci. A shekarar Alif 2005, In 2005, Katsina became the fifth state in Nigeria to adopt Sharia law.Katsina ta zama jiha ta biyar a Najeriya da ta yi amfani da tsarin Shari'ar Musulunci.
Gwamnan jihar Katsina na yanzu shi ne Dr.Dikko umar radda, dan jam’iyyar "All Progressives Congress"Ana daukar jihar a matsayin babbar cibiyar siyasar Muhammadu Buhari, dan asalin garin Daura, wanda ya lashe jihar a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar Alif 2019 da kusan kashi 80% na ƙuri’un mutanen jihar.
Jihar Katsina na daya daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da ke fama da matsalar ta'addanci. Wacce ta fara shekarar Alif 2020. kungiyar yan ta'adda da yan fashi da garkuwa da mutane sun yi garkuwa da yara sama da 300 a karamar hukumar kankara.
TARIHI: YUSUF SAHABI BDL
Demography
Fulani sun fi kowace kabila yawa.
Addini
Galibin mutanen Jihar Katsina musulmai ne, The Church of Nigeria has a Diocese of Katsina. kuma Gobarau Minaret muhimmin gini ne a birnin Katsina (kuma tarihi ya tabbbatar da cewa an ginata ne domin amfanin addinin musulunci). Jihar Katsina, har yanzu tana aiwatar da Shari'a a duk fadin jihar.Akwai kuma Cocin na Najeriya yana da Diocese na Katsina. Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God da Cocin Roman Katolika suna nan a cikin jihar.
Kananan hukumomin
Jihar Katsina ta kunshi kananan hukumomi har 34 ga su nan kamar haka:
Ilimi
Jihar Katsina cibiya ce ta ilimin boko dana yau da kullum. A halin yanzu tana da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Katsina, is a public university owned by the state government. Al-Qalam University, the first Islamic university in Nigeria is privately owned. Federal University, Dutsin-Ma is owned by the federal government as well as Federal College of Education, Katsina (affiliated to Bayero University Kano). Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Hassan Usman Katsina, da Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayyar Najeriya Federal Polytechnic Daura da Jami'ar Tarayya ta Dutsin-Ma, jami'ar gwamnatin tarayya ta jihar katsina, wadda aka sauya mata suna zuwa marigayi Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Jami'ar Alqalam ta Katsina ; Yusufu Bala Usman College of Legal, and General Studies, Daura da Makarantar Nazarin Karatu da Gyara, Funtua (SBRS / ABU Funtua) da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Isa Kaita Dutsin-Ma, da ke garin Dutsin-ma.
A takaice dai akwai cibiyoyin bayar da digiri har guda bakwai a cikin jihar mallakar hukumomi daba-d.a. Cn cibiyoyin sune Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, mallakar gwamnatin jihar. Jami'ar Alqalam Katsina, jami'ar Musulunci ta farko a Najeriya kuma mallakar ta ce. Jami'ar Tarayya ta Dutsinma, mallakar gwamnatin tarayya. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Katsina (wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano). National Open University of Nigeria, Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma (wacce ke da nasaba da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya), kwalejin ilimi ce ta jihar. Cibiyar Cherish Batsari, wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta ba da digiri a kwasa-kwasan kiwon lafiya.
Tasirin annobar COVID-19 a jihar Katsina
Duk da matakan da gwamnatin jihar ta dauka na hana yaduwar cutar COVID-19 a cikin jihar, a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu 2020, wani likita a karamar hukumar Daura ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar da ke da alaka da Corona virus kuma an yi wa dangin sa gwaji mai kyau. Daga baya, daya daga cikin majiyyatan likitan shima ya mutu. Don dakile yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin jihar ta bada umarnin kulle a cikin jihar tare da tura 'yan sanda don tabbatar da bin doka. Ko yaya, akwai lokuta da suka saba wa wannan umarni kuma mutane na zargin gwamnati da kulle wuraren ibada kamar su coci-coci da masallatan Juma'a yayin da manyan kasuwanni irin su 'Yar Kutungu, Himata, Greenhouse, Mudassir da sauransu ke aiki. An yi arangama tsakanin ‘yan sanda da matasa a karamar hukumar Kusada wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwa da kame fararen hula.
Fitattun mutane daga jihar Katsina
Abba Musa Rimi, Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna shekarar alif 1980 zuwa shekarar alif 1983
Abdulmuminu Kabir Usman, Sarkin Katsina
Aminu Bello Masari tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007 kuma Gwamnan jihar na yanzu
Faruk Umar Faruk CON, Na Yanzu kuma Sarkin Daura na 60
Habu Daura, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda kuma shi ne mai rikon mukamin mai kula da jihar Bayelsa, daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Yuni 1997
Hamza Rafindadi Zayyad, tsohon shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha kan Bayar da Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci
Hassan Katsina, Gwamnan soja na yankin arewa daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1967.
Ibrahim Coomassie, Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1999
Ibrahim M. Ida, Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Katsina ta Tsakiya ta jihar Katsina, Najeriya, yana kan mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2007 kuma dan jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress APC
Ibrahim Shema, Gwamnan jihar Katsina shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2015
Isa Kaita, ministan ilimi na arewacin Najeriya na farko kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki a Nijeriya ta arewa
Ja'afar Mahmud Adam, Malamin Addinin Islama mai Salafiyya yayi daidai da Kungiyar Izala
Lawal Kaita, Gwamnan jihar Kaduna a shekara ta 1983
Lawal Musa Daura, Darakta Janar na hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya ta Najeriya
Magaji Muhammed, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, tsohon Ministan masana'antu da tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Masarautar Saudiyya.
Mahmud Kanti Bello, Tsohon Babban Bulala na Majalisar Dattawa
Mamman Shata, mawakin hausa / mawaki.
Mohammed Bello, tsohon Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli
Mohammed Tukur Liman tsohon shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijan Najeriya .
Muhammadu Buhari, Shugaban mulkin soja na shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1985, Shugaban PTF kuma Shugaban Najeriya tun daga 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2015
Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda daga shekara ta1975 zuwa shekara ta1979
Muhammadu Dikko, Sarkin Katsina a shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1944.
Saddik Abdullahi Mahuta, tsohon Babban Alkalin Jihar Katsina daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 2013 da Galadiman Katsina na 11, Hakimin Malumfashi.
Sani Ahmed Daura, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na Jihar Legas a shekara ta 1990, kuma shi ne Gwamnan Jihar Yobe na farko daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1991
Sani Zangon Daura, Ministan Noma na Tarayyar da Raya Karkara a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2000, Ministan Muhalli na Tarayya as shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001
Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, dan siyasa, babban janar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Soja daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979
Sunusi Mamman, mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Umaru Musa Yaradua, Katsina sau biyu.
Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Pan-Africanist, Oxford Rhodes Scholar da Tsohon Mataimakin Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Millennium Kamfen ga watan Afirka a shekara ta 1961 zuwa shekara ta 2009
Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a Amurka saboda yunƙurin jefa bam ɗin jirgin sama na Arewa maso gabas a filin jirgi, 253 a ranar Kirsimeti, a shekara ta 2009.
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, Gwamnan Jiha a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2007, da kuma Shugaban Najeriya a shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2010
Umaru Mutallab,tsohon ma'aikacin kasuwanci da harkar banki sannan kuma tsohon Ministan cigaban tattalin arziki.
Ummarun Dallaje shi ne Shugaban Musulunci na 39 a Katsina, sarki na farko a Fulanin, sannan kuma shi ne sarki a daular Dallazawa.
Yakubu Musa Katsina, malamin addinin Musulunci.
Manazarta
^ Malam Mustapha 7 institutions currently running degree programs in Katsina http://katsinapost.com.ng/2018/05/17/7-institutions-currently-running-degree-programs-in-katsina/
Jihohin Nijeriya |
40494 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaga | Balaga | Balaga shine tsarin canje-canje na jiki ta hanyar da jikin yaro ya balaga zuwa babban jikin da zai iya haifuwa ta jima'i. An fara shi ta hanyar siginar hormonal daga kwakwalwa zuwa gonads: ovaries a cikin yarinya, gwaje-gwaje a cikin yaro. Dangane da sigina, gonads suna samar da hormones waɗanda ke motsa libido da haɓaka, aiki, da canzawar kwakwalwa, ƙasusuwa, tsoka, jini, fata, gashi, nono, da gabobin jima'i. Girman jiki—tsawo da nauyi—yana haɓakawa a farkon rabin lokacin balaga kuma yana ƙarewa lokacin da aka haɓaka jikin manya. Kafin balaga, gabobin jima'i na waje, wanda aka sani da halayen jima'i na farko, sune halayen jima'i waɗanda ke bambanta yara maza da mata. Balaga yana haifar da dimorphism na jima'i ta hanyar haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu, wanda ya kara bambanta jinsin.
A matsakaici, 'yan mata suna fara balaga a shekaru 10-11 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 15-17; yara maza gabaɗaya suna fara balaga a shekaru 11-12 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 16-17. Babban alamar balaga ga mata shine haila, farkon haila, wanda ke faruwa a matsakaici tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 13.
A matsakaici, 'yan mata suna fara balaga a shekaru 10-11 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 15-17; yara maza gabaɗaya suna fara balaga a shekaru 11-12 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 16-17. Babban alamar balaga ga mata shine haila, farkon haila, wanda ke faruwa a matsakaici tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 13. Ga maza, maniyyi na farko, maniyyi, yana faruwa ne a matsakaita a shekaru 13. A cikin karni na 21, matsakaicin shekarun da yara, musamman 'yan mata, suka kai takamaiman alamomi na balaga ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da karni na 19, lokacin yana 15. ga 'yan mata da 17 ga yara maza (da shekaru a farkon haila ga 'yan mata da kuma karar sautin muryoyin su ga samari amfani a matsayin misali). Wannan na iya zama saboda kowane adadin dalilai, ciki har da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke haifar da saurin girma na jiki, haɓakar nauyi da ƙima, ko fallasa ga masu endocrine disruptors kamar xenoestrogens, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya zama saboda cin abinci ko wasu abubuwan muhalli. Koyaya, ƙarin binciken kayan tarihi na zamani ya nuna cewa adadin balaga kamar yadda yake faruwa a yanzu shine hanyar da aka yi niyya. Ci gaban girma ya fara ne a kusan 10-12, amma alamomin matakan balaga na baya kamar al'ada suna da jinkirin da ke da alaƙa da mummunan yanayin muhalli kamar talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, iska da gurɓatawa. Balaga da ke farawa tun da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba ana saninsa da balaga, kuma balaga da ke farawa daga baya fiye da yadda aka saba ana kiransa da jinkirta balaga.
Sanannen daga cikin sauye-sauyen yanayin girma, siffar, abun da ke ciki, da kuma aiki na jiki na balaga, shine haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu, "cika" na jikin yaro; daga yarinya zuwa mace, daga namiji zuwa namiji. An samo shi daga Latin (shekarun balaga), kalmar balaga ta kwatanta canje-canje na jiki zuwa jima'i balagaggu, ba ilimin halin mutum da al'adu balagagge da aka nuna ta kalmar ci gaban samari a cikin al'adun Yamma, inda lokacin samartaka shine lokacin canjin tunani daga yara zuwa girma, wanda ya mamaye da yawa. lokacin balaga na jiki.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin balagar namiji da mace
Biyu daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin balaga a cikin 'yan mata da balaga a cikin samari sune shekarun da ya fara, da kuma manyan kwayoyin cutar jima'i, da androgens da estrogens.
Ko da yake akwai shekaru masu yawa na al'ada, 'yan mata yawanci suna fara balaga a kusa da shekaru 10-11 kuma suna ƙare balaga a kusa da 15-17; Yaran suna farawa a kusan shekaru 11-12 kuma suna ƙarewa a kusa da 16-17. 'Yan mata sun kai ga balaga ga haihuwa kimanin shekaru hudu bayan bayyanar sauye-sauyen jiki na farko na balaga. Sabanin haka, yara maza suna saurin sauri a hankali amma suna ci gaba da girma har kusan shekaru shida bayan sauye-sauyen balaga na farko da aka gani. Duk wani karuwar tsayi fiye da shekarun balaga ba sabon abu bane.
Ga yara maza, testosterone na androgen shine babban hormone na jima'i; yayin da ake samar da testosterone, duk canje-canjen yara maza suna da alaƙa da virilization. Babban samfurin metabolism na testosterone a cikin maza shine estrogen estradiol. Juyawar testosterone zuwa estradiol ya dogara da adadin kitsen jiki da matakan estradiol a cikin yara maza yawanci sun fi na 'yan mata. Namijin "girman girma" shima yana farawa daga baya, yana hanzarta sannu a hankali, kuma yana daɗe kafin epiphyses fuse. Kodayake yara maza suna kan matsakaicin kasa da 'yan mata kafin fara balaga, manya maza suna kan matsakaicin kusan sun fi mata tsayi. Yawancin wannan bambance-bambancen jima'i a cikin tsayin manya yana da alaƙa da farkon farkon haɓakar girma da saurin ci gaba zuwa ƙarshe, sakamakon kai tsaye na haɓakar haɓakawa da ƙananan matakan maza na estradiol.
Matsalolin hormonal na mata ya fi rikitarwa fiye da maza. Babban hormones na steroid, testosterone, estradiol, da progesterone da kuma prolactin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin balaga. Samar da kwayoyin steroid na gonadal a cikin 'yan mata yana farawa tare da samar da testosterone, wanda yawanci yakan canza zuwa estradiol a cikin ovaries. Duk da haka adadin juzu'i daga testosterone zuwa estradiol (wanda FSH/LH ma'auni ke motsawa) a lokacin balaga ya zama mutum sosai, yana haifar da nau'ikan ci gaba iri-iri na halayen jima'i na biyu. Samar da progesterone a cikin ovaries yana farawa ne da haɓakar hawan ovulation a cikin 'yan mata (a lokacin lokacin lutheal na sake zagayowar), kafin a samar da ƙananan matakan progesterone a cikin glandan adrenal na maza da 'yan mata. Matakan estradiol sun tashi da wuri kuma sun kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin mata fiye da maza. Duk da yake estradiol yana haɓaka haɓakar ƙirjin da mahaifa, kuma shine babban hormone wanda ke haifar da haɓakar girma na balaga da maturation na epiphyseal da rufewa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18409 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiru%20Tanimu%20Turaki | Kabiru Tanimu Turaki | Kabiru Tanimu Turaki, SAN, FCIArb, FABs, FCIDA, HCH. Hm, MPIS, MHCA (Dan Masanin Gwandu, Zarumman Kabbi) (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alib Z1957) babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Nijeriya, tsohon Ministan Ayyuka na Musamman da Harkokin Gwamnatoci, tsohon mai kula da Ministan, Ma'aikatar kwadago, wanda ya kuma yi aiki daga shekara ta 2013-2015 da 2014–2015 bi da bi yanzu ] Shugaban gamayyar Jam’iyyar Democrat ta Jama’ar da aka yi taron Tsoffin Ministocin Najeriya.
Lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kebbi har sau uku. Ya kasance memba ne na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jam'iyyar (people democratic party) PDP.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Kabiru an haife shi ne a yankin Nasarawa da ke cikin Kebbi ga dangin Alhaji Tanimu. Kamar sauran yaran zamaninsa, an tura Tanimu makarantar Alkur'ani. Don samun ilimin Yammacin Turai, sai aka sake sanya shi a makarantar Firamare ta Nasarawa, Babban Birnin Kebbi, inda aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin babban yaro kuma mai kula da makarantar.
Turaki ya halarci kwalejin Barewa da ke Zariya, kuma ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin din gidan a gidan Suleiman Barau kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Matasan Manoma.
Don ci gaba da karatunsa, Kabiru ya tafi Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Sakkwato don IJMB, sannan ya sami shiga Jami’ar Jos, don karanta shari’a. Ya kammala da girmamawa sannan ya tafi Makarantar Koyon Lauyoyi ta Najeriya, Legas inda aka kira shi zuwa lauyan Nijeriya a shekara ta alif 1986.
Rayuwar mutum
Turaki yayi aure kuma yana da yara. Shi Musulmi ne, Hausa Fulani daga jihar Kebbi. Shine lauya na farko daga jihar Kebbi da dukkan tsoffin jihohin arewa maso yamma da ya zama babban lauya.
Wanda Sarkin Gwandu ya nada shi a matsayin Dan Masanin Gwandu a watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2002, domin murnar nasarorin da ya samu, da kuma tallafawa ci gaban al’ummarsa. Haka kuma masarautar Argungu ta ba shi sarautar Zarumman Kabi a shekara ta 2012.
Turaki ya kasance mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya, Shugaban Kwamitin Kungiyar Lauyoyi na Najeriya a bangaren shari’a, kuma memba a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Shari’ar ta Najeriya. An kuma nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Hakkokin Mallaka ta Najeriya ta Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan a shekara ta 2012, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2013 lokacin da ya zama minista a gwamnatin Najeriya tare da daukar nauyin jagorantar sabon Ma’aikatar Tarayya da Ayyuka na Musamman da Gwamnati. Al'amura kuma a matsayinsa na Mai Girma Mai Kulawa na Ma’aikatar kwadago da samar da kayayyaki ta Tarayya a shekarar 2014 da 2015. Sannan kuma an sanya shi Shugaban Kwamitin Farar Takarda kan Rahoton Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa na Kwararru kan alakar da ke tsakanin kwararru a bangaren Kiwan lafiyar Jama’a. Shugaba Jonathan ya kuma nada Turaki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan Tattaunawa da sasanta matsalolin tsaro a Arewa cikin lumana.
Dangane da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban Najeriya, Turaki ya sami karramawa da kyaututtuka kamar haka:{| class="wikitable"
Honorary Life Member, Law Student Society, Bayaro University, Kano
Patron, Law Students Society, University of Jos
Patron, Kebbi State Student Association
Patron, “Tashi Mana” Theatre, Literacy and Debate Club, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi
Patron, Association of Deaf and Dumb, Kano State Branch
Patron, Gwandu Emirate Student Association
Life Patron, National Association of Nigerian Students
Sheikh Abdullahi Fodio Award
National Association of Mathematical Science Student of Nigeria Award of Excellence
National Association of Kebbi State Students Star Award
Distinguished Alumnus of the Year Award by SUG, University of Jos
Distinguished Personality of the Year Award by Law Students, University of Jos
African Meritorious Service Award for Good Leadership
Nigerian Youth Ambassador Award
Arewa Publishers Union Distinguished Merit Award
BEEMA Communications Ltd. Golden Star Award
Barewa Old Boys Association Merit Award
Zenith International Award for Excellence
Icon of Hope Award by National Association of Polytechnic Students
Nigerian Bar Association, Kano Branch, Merit Award
Nigerian Students Merit Award
Glibalink International Leadership Gold Award
NYLF Exceptional Leadership Award
LAWSAN Merit Award
2009 Kwame Nkrumah Distinguished Leadership Award
AIDO Communication African Outstanding Leader and Philanthropist Award (Ghana)
African Role Model Leadership Gold Award for Excellence
African Credibility Award
Association of Zamfara, Kebbi and Sokoto States Student Merit Award
Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Loan and Risk Management of Nigeria Award
Fellow of the Civilian Institute of Democratic Administration Award
Distinguished Award by Body of Senior Advocate of Nigeria – Abuja Branch
Nigeria Union of Local Government Award
Special Award by Belarusian Security Organization
Special Recognition Award by BAREWA Old Boys Association National Secretariat
Special Letter of Commendation for National Service by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan
Turaki loves reading, travelling and sports.
Professional career
On graduation from the Nigerian Law School, Turaki opted to be a private legal practitioner. Instead of remaining in his hometown, he went to Kano where he became a senior consul with Alhaji Tijjani Abdullahi and Company (Solicitors and Advocates) in 1987. After two years, he formed to K. T. Turaki and Co.
As a lawyer, Turaki has practiced in virtually every court and tribunal in the country, including Magistrate Court, High Court, the Court of Appeal, Armed Robbery Tribunal, Miscellaneous Offences Tribunal, Election Petition Tribunals and even the Apex Court, the Supreme Court of Nigeria. He has been a retained external solicitor and legal adviser to many organizations throughout Nigeria.
Turaki was appointed a member of the Kano State Law Reporting Committee in 1999 and a member of the Committee for the review of legislation in Kano State. The following year, he served in the committee that reviewed the Northern States Penal Code Law in 1992.
When the Nigeria Bar Association was going through one of its trying moments, Turaki was one of those called upon to resolve its crisis in 1993.
Turaki was a member of the National Political Reform Conference in 2004, as well as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Team Nigerian Trust Fund, a body that was set up to galvanize private sector participation in the sports development and financing in Nigeria.
When the defunct Bank of the North was in murky waters, Turaki was on the intervention board that was set up by the regulatory agencies to restore the bank that was on the verge of collapse to profitability.
He was at various times a member of the Council of Legal Education, as well as member for the review of investment laws in Nigeria. He was also a member of the Ministerial Committee for the Implementation of Reforms in the Nigeria Police Force as well as the committees set up by the Body of Benchers to review the laws regulating legal practice in Nigeria. His contributions led to his appointment as a notary public by the Chief Justice of Nigeria, and his elevation of the prestigious rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria in 2002.
Turaki is a member of many professional bodies, including:
MEMBER, NIGERIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, 1986
MEMBER, AFRICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, 1989
MEMBER, COMMONWEALTH LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, 1990
MEMBER, INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION, 1992
MEMBER, NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, N.B.A., 1990 – 1995
MEMBER, KANO STATE LAW REPORTING COMMITTEE, 1991
MEMBER, BODY OF BENCHERS COMMITTEE FOR RESOLUTION OF N.B.A. CRISIS, 1992
MEMBER, COMMITTEE FOR THE REVIEW OF CURRENT LEGISLATIONS, KANO STATE, 1993
MEMBER, COMMITTEE FOR REVIEW OF NORTHERN STATES, PENAL CODE LAW, 1993
MEMBER, LAWYERS IN DEFENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS (N.G.O.), 1995
MEMBER, INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIALISTS AND CORPORATE ADMINISTRATORS, 2000
MEMBER, NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS, 2001
MEMBER OF THE INNER BAR, 2002
FELLOW, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ARBITRATORS, 2009
MEMBER, BODY OF BENCHERS’ COMMITTEE FOR THE REFORM OF THE LAWS REGULATING THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN NIGERIA 2010
ELECTED CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENIAL CLASS OF THE NIGERIAN LAW SCHOOL, 2010
COUNCIL MEMBER, SECTION ON LEGAL PRACTICE, NBA, 2012
MEMBER, GOVERNING BOARD, NATIONAL JUDICIAL INSTITUTE, 2012
CHAIRMAN, NIGERIAN BAR ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, 2012
CHAIRMAN, NIGERIAN COPYRIGHT COMMISSION, 2012
MEMBER, COMMITTEE ON THE RECONCILIATION OF E-PAYMENT IN KEBBI STATE, 2012
Political career
Turaki's political career began during his school years, when he was chairman of the Caretaker Committee of the Students’ Union of SCAS, Sokoto. At the University of Jos, he was a member of the Senate of the National Association of Nigerian Students and a member of the Students’ Representative Assembly of the University and President of the Federated Organisation of Sokoto State Students and President of Birnin Kebbi Youth Association.
After graduating, Turaki continued participating in politics. He was secretary of the Youth Wing of the National Party of Nigeria in 1981. He joined United Nigeria Congress Party in 1996 where he stood as Kebbi State Gubernatorial aspirant for the party. In 1998, Turaki joined All Peoples’ Party where he was member of its National Executive Committee and in 2000 he was elevated to its Board of Trustees.
However, as the political arena in the country shifted, Turaki decamped to United Nigerian Peoples’ Party and contested for the seat of Kebbi State Governor in 2003. After the 2003 elections, he decamped to People's Democratic Party the same year and was the Party's Kebbi State gubernatorial aspirant in 2007. Following series of betrayals and numerous controversies, Turaki decided to join ACN in 2011. This, however, did not last as he later returned to People's Democratic Party the same year. In 2014/15, Turaki was appointed deputy director general (North) of the People's Democratic Party Presidential Campaign Organization.
National Issues
Ministerial Appointments
In 2013, Turaki was chosen by President Goodluck Jonathan for the rebirthing Ministry of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs. The President added the responsibility of Supervising Ministry of Labour and Productivity in 2014. Turaki managed the two ministries until 2015.
Security Challenges
When the need arose to open up dialogue with the Boko Haram insurgents, Turaki was the choice of the federal government and was appointed chairman of the Presidential Committee for Dialogue and Peaceful Resolution of Security Challenges in the North. A committee which for more than two years engaged the insurgents in discussion that saw many leaders of Boko Haram accepting the dialogue option as a means of resolving the insecurity situation in the northeast geo-political zone of Nigeria.
Other Contributions
Tuaraki was chosen to lead government delegations to Niger, Senegal, and Belarus.
In 2014 he was chosen by President Goodluck Jonathan to serve as the deputy director general of his campaign, and in 2015 was appointed to the board of trustees of the People's Democratic Party.
Controversies
Dialogue with Boko Haram
On April 24, 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan inaugurated the Presidential Committee on Dialogue and Peaceful Resolution of Security Challenges in the North to be chaired by Turaki. The committee was to open talks with Boko Haram within three months, and work out modalities for an amnesty for the insurgents and compensation for its victims.
The committee immediately began work and was able to engage some Boko Haram larders and already repented members into dialogue.
On June 16, 2013, the committee made first public statement detailing how the federal government planned to begin the process of disarmament and de-radicalization of Boko Haram members who surrendered their arms as well as ensuring that they were rehabilitated.
On July 11, 2013, the committee announced ceasefire deal with Boko Haram. Turaki stated that the ceasefire deal had the blessings of Sheikh Abubakar Shekau, the sect's leader. He further gave assurance that all Nigerians would be privy to a ceasefire agreement that would be signed in due course. In his words:
“We’re still working on the framework where we’ll sign an agreement and we’ll make that public. Wherever and whenever we agree on the time and place, the international and local media as well as all Nigerians will be privy to it.”
On the terms of the ceasefire agreement, he said it was still being worked on and the broader framework being discussed, after which Nigerians would be duly informed.
However, on July 13, 2013, barely 48 hours after Turaki's statement, Shekau punctured the federal government's claim that the Islamist extremists had agreed to a ceasefire deal in the spirit of Ramadan.
On July 22, 2013, nine days after Shekau released his video, Human Rights Writers’ Association of Nigeria called on President Goodluck Jonathan to immediately disband the Turaki-led committee. The association claimed that it would amount to grave disservice to the public for the committee to continue to exist after Shekau had debunked Turaki's claim that his committee has secured a ceasefire deal with Boko Haram. They further described the exercise as a “huge scam and a scandalous contraption that ought not to have been set up in the first place”. On July 31, 2013, another Pan-Yoruba socio-political organization, Afenifere, called for the immediate disbandment of the committee, saying recent events had overtaken its usefulness. They also called for an urgent probe of Turaki, who was also the Minister of Special Duties, to ascertain where his hoax of a ceasefire came from. Afenifere expressed concerns over renewed violent campaigns by the radical Islamist sect which claimed scores of lives in separate attacks in Borno and Kano States within 48 hours.
However, these calls by the two separate organization felt deaf ears as President Goodluck Jonathan extended the timeline of the committee by two months. Turaki said the discordant tunes coming from the sect represent the various dynamics within them. There are people who are engaged in it on the basis of ideology or dogma. Some people are doing it on the basis of economic benefits. He added that some people are fifth columnists, who will make sure you don't succeed in whatever you do.
After six months, the committee submitted its report to President Jonathan.
Gay Marriage Rejection
In August 2013, the Nigerian government rejected gay marriage at the Federal Executive Council despite pressure from the international community to legalize it. Being the minister who gave an insight into how the federal government took the decision, a forum of individuals and organizations who support gay marriage channelled their grievance directly to Turaki. In a statement directly made by Turaki, he said:
“When we were at the Federal Executive Council and we were discussing the issue of gay marriage, we all said that it is very unnatural. How can we explain this to Nigerians? That a man will go and marry a man and a woman will go and marry a fellow woman. Then we also discussed the aspect of the psychological and mental trauma that the children of such union, whether adopted or not, will have to go through. For example when they go to school and they are asked; who are your parents? And they have to answer that their mummy and daddy are both men or are both female. This does not fit into a highly religious society like ours. There is nowhere in the world where God is worshipped like in Nigeria. Even traditional worshippers also take their religion very seriously, we pray a lot and that is why God has not forsaken Nigeria. We have been through situations that saw many counties went into pieces but whatever happens in Nigeria, like an elephant, Nigeria will only shake its body and move on”.
These words did not go well with those individuals and groups who supported gay marriage. They attributed his words as being too religious denial of human rights.
Manazarta
1957 births
Living people
People from Kebbi State
University of Jos alumni
People's Democratic Party (Nigeria) politicians
Nigerian lawyers
Government ministers of Nigeria
Nigerian Muslims
'Yan Najeriya
'Yan siyasan Arewacin Najeriya
'Yan siyasa
Jam'iyyun siyasa
Jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya |
32822 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriel%20Boushaki | Feriel Boushaki | Feriel Boushaki (Aljir, 11 Mayu, 1986) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani ɗan Aljeriya ƙware a fasahar filastik, gabatarwa, raye-raye, wasan kwaikwayo, hoto da shigarwa.
Malaman Ilimi
An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1986 a birnin Algiers, kuma bayan ta kammala karatunta na asali a Aljeriya ta yi hijira zuwa Faransa.
Sannan ta karanci fasaha a École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy (ENSAPC) daga nan ta sami Diplôme National d'Arts Plastiques (DNAP) a 2010 tare da ambato mai daraja daga juri.
A cikin 2011, ta ci gajiyar babban kwas ɗin horo a matsayin wani ɓangare na musanya tsakanin sashen Art/Action da ke Haute École d'Art et de Design (HEAD) na Geneva a Switzerland.
Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatu mai zurfi a ENSAPC kuma a shekarar 2012 ta sami Diplôme national supérieur d'expression plastique (DNSEP) tare da taya alkali murna.
Daga nan Boushaki ya fara zagayowar bincike a cikin shekarun 2015 da 2016 a cikin tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Fricciones wanda ya kware a fannin kiɗa, zane-zane, zane-zane, jigogi na wakilci da nau'in kide-kide, kuma wannan a cikin filayen Royaumont Abbey a cikin yankin Viarmes.
Daga nan ta bi horo na shekaru biyu tsakanin 2018 da 2019 a raye-raye da gine-gine a École nationale supérieure de paysage de Versailles (ENSP).
Daga nan ta shiga harabar Jami'ar Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis a lokacin 2020 zuwa 2021 don samun Difloma ta Artec Interuniversity (DIU), karkashin jagorancin Yves Citton da Grégory Chatonsky.
Sana'a
Wannan mawaƙin tana yin aiki da shigarwa, ita ma ƴar wasa ce a cikin raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo. Abubuwan da ta ke samarwa suna magance batutuwan gama kai, ƙaura da kamanni. Tana shiryawa da shiga ayyukan bincike.
Ayyukan fasaha na Boushaki a matsayin raye-raye da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara a cikin 2010 tare da taron Vice-versa tare da haɗin gwiwar Ji Sook Bang a Cibiyar Pompidou da ke Paris.
A cikin 2013 ta shirya gabatarwa mai taken Ma Visite Guidée tare da haɗin gwiwar Xavier Le Roy da Fréderic Seguette a Théâtre de la Cité internationale da ke birnin Paris, sannan ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Mordre la Poussière tare da haɗin gwiwar Grand Magasin a cikin wannan tsari.
Les jeux Chorégraphiques da aka shirya a cikin 2014 an gabatar da shi ta wannan ɗan wasan Aljeriya tare da haɗin gwiwar Laurent Pichaud da Rémi Héritier a Théâtre de la Cité internationale.
Bayan zama mai ƙirƙira tsakanin 2015 da 2016 a cikin tsaunukan Koriya ta Kudu, ana haɓaka aikinta tare da kulawa ta musamman ga ra'ayoyin al'ada da shimfidar wuri, abubuwa biyu waɗanda al'ummomi ke haɗuwa a kansu.
A cikin 2016 ta tsara gabatarwa mai suna Carte blanche tare da haɗin gwiwar Tino Sehgal a Palais de Tokyo da ke Paris.
Shekarar 2018 ta ga Boushaki ya gabatar da aikin fasaha mai suna Herman Diephuis, Plus ou moins 20 pour commencer a cikin tsarin bikin Artdanthé na 20 da aka shirya a Théâtre de Vanves.
Bincike
Boushaki ya shiga cikin ayyukan kimiyya daban-daban tun daga 2011 kuma ya shiga dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa.
A haƙiƙa, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike The Other Half of the Landscape (L'autre Moitié Du Paysage LMDP) daga 2011 har zuwa 2020.
A cikin 2014 ta kafa zagayowar Permanence des Réflexions, wanda ya ƙunshi shirya tebur zagaye kewaye da halitta, kuma wanda ya daɗe har 2020.
Daga nan Boushaki ya shiga cikin shekarar 2018 Laboratory of Performing Arts (Laboratoire des Arts de la Performance LAP) a matsayin memba har zuwa 2020.
A cikin 2019 ta kafa ayyukan al'adu Les Scènes Furtives, wanda ya ƙunshi zayyana balaguron wasan motsa jiki ta wuraren kore.
Wannan mai zane ya shiga daga Nuwamba 10, 2021, a cikin ƙaddamar da ayyukan ParcourS de vi(ll) e tare da haɗin gwiwar Maison de la Recherche mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Artois.
Ta kasance memba na LabEx CDF tun 2017, wanda ke cikin hukumomin Cibiyar Louis Bachelier a Paris. A cikin 2020 ta kasance alhakin kayan aikin e-learning da mai gudanarwa na shirin FaIR.
Rawa da Watsawa
Boushaki ya kasance mai fafutuka da fasaha a matsayin raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo tun 2010.
A cikin 2010 ta shiga cikin bugu da gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon Vice-versa tare da haɗin gwiwar Ji Sook Bang a Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris.
Daga nan ya halarci Théâtre de la Cité internationale de Paris a cikin fitowar 2013 na wasan kwaikwayo Ma Visite Guidée tare da masu fasaha Xavier Le Roy da Fréderic Seguette, sannan a cikin wannan shekarar wasan kwaikwayon Mordre la Poussière a matsayin ɓangare na Grand Magasin, sannan a cikin 2014 na yanki Les jeux Chorégraphiques tare da haɗin gwiwar Laurent Pichaud da Rémi Héritier.
A cikin 2016, ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon mai taken Carte blanche, Tino Sehgal a Palais de Tokyo da ke Paris.
A lokacin bikin Arthandé na 20 da aka gudanar a cikin 2018 a Théâtre de Vanves, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon Herman Diephuis, Plus ou moins 20 pour commencer.
Bita da koyarwa
Boushaki ya halarci 2011 a Majalisar City na 12th arrondissement na Paris a cikin zane-zane na zane-zane irin su Animatrice Ville de Paris, kuma ya jagoranci zane-zane a kusa da shimfidar wuri tun daga matakin farko (CP) zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta 1st shekara (CM1) a cikin wannan gunduma.
A cikin 2012, ta kula da tarurrukan zane-zane a Lesjöfors Samtida a Sweden tare da yawan 'yan gudun hijira, yara da manya a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin LMDP (L'autre moitié du paysage).
A cikin 2013, ta kuma shiga cikin Jama'a, enfants et adultes bita na Faransa Alliance of Maracaïbo a Venezuela, sa'an nan a cikin bita a kusa da shimfidar wuri a Ouled Ftata a Maroko don zama na LMDP (Sauran rabin shimfidar wuri).
Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar aikin Starter don ta zama malami mai riko, a cikin Makarantar Fine Arts a Paris, sannan ta shiga tsakani na Atelier des a cikin Théâtre de la Cité Internationale a cikin 14th arrondissement na Paris.
Ya halarci 2020 a cikin farin juri na National Diploma of Art (DNA) a Higher Institute of Fine Arts a Besançon, sa'an nan a cikin 2021 a cikin juri na Design Sashe na Higher National Diploma na Filastik Expression (DNSEP) a École Annecy Alpes.
Daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Boushaki ya shiga cikin aikin VISION VAPEUR wanda shine aikin fasaha na haɗin gwiwa tare da mazauna gundumomin l'Horloge (Romainville), Sept-Arpents (Pantin) da Béthisy (Noisy-le-Sec), wanda ke tallafawa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Kasa (CNAP), Noisy-le-Sec Contemporary Art Gallery-Centre da Fiminco Foundation, a cikin yankin Seine-Saint Denis.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar Gizo na sirri
Bayanan martaba akan LinkedIn
Bayanan martaba akan Les Archives du spectacle
Bayanan martaba akan CNAP
Bayanan martaba akan Youtube
Bayanan martaba akan VIMEO
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1986
Iyalin Boushaki
Mai zane-zane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
59939 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%20Tingting | Wei Tingting | Articles with hCards
Wei Tingting ( Chinese ; an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) yar ƙasar Sin LGBTI+ kuma yar gwagwarmayar mata, marubuciyakuma mai shirya fina-finai. Tana daya daga cikin mata biyar .
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Wei a Hechi a kudancin gwagwalada lardin Guangxi na kasar Sin .
A cikin shekarar 2009, Wei ya sami LL. B. a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Wuhan . A cikin shekarar 2011, Wei ya sami LL. M. a fannin nazarin halittu daga Jami'ar Wuhan .
Sana'a
Yayin da yake gwawgwalada , Wei ya zama mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin yancin mata da LGBT. A cikin shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2009, Wei ya taimaka wajen daidaitawa da tsara abubuwan samarwa na The Vagina Monologues . Ta shiga Wuhan gwagwalada Rainbow, ƙungiyar LGBT.
Wei ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ji'ande, wata gwagwalada kungiyar kare hakkin LGBT a birnin Beijing .
Wei shi ne ya kafa gwagwalada cibiyar sadarwar Bisexual ta kasa a kasar Sin.
Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2016, Wei ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ayyuka a Cibiyar Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Jiki ta Beijing, wata hukumar kasa da ta shafi jima'i da lafiyar jima'i, da wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da bambancin jima'i. Wani ɓangare na aikinta ya haɗa da taimakawa wajen shirya taron shekara-shekara na Yawon Kanjamau akan Babban Ganuwar, Tafiya na Kanjamau na kasar Sin, babban aikin tara taimakon jama'a na farko na cutar gwagwalada kanjamau a babban yankin kasar Sin, da daidaita lambar yabo ta kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun don kyakkyawan rahoton al'ummar LGBT, da daidaitawa. Shirin Hakki da gwagwalda Shawarwari na kungiyar & taron LGBT na kasa na shekara-shekara a kasar Sin. Wei ya dauki nauyin watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo na LGBT na farko mai zaman gwagwalda kansa na kasar Sin mai suna "Queer Comrades", mamba ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta China, Taiwan, da Hong Kong Queer Lala Times, gwagwalada kuma ta halarci taron mata a Indiya da Koriya ta Kudu .
A shekara ta 2012, Wei Tingting da Li Tingting sun halarci zanga-zangar ranar gwagwalada soyayya ta ranar soyayya a birnin Beijing.
Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Wei ya kasance manajan ayyuka a Alliance Lala na kasar Sin.
Daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Wei ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Mujallar Les+ kuma ya tsara wani aiki mai suna "Duba gwagwalada Beijing+20 daga hangen 'yan madigo".
Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekara ta 2017, Wei ta kasance mai gudanarwa a LGBT Rights Advocacy China, inda ta yi aiki tare da wadanda suka kamu da cutar ta hanyar canza canjin LGBT don taimaka musu gabatar da shari'o'in shari'a, da kuma goyon bayan gwagwala shari'ar da ake yi da kayan koyarwa na luwadi.
Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2019, Wei shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Cibiyar Ilimin Jima'i da Ilimin Jima'i ta Guangzhou (GGSEC), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Guangzhou, kasar Sin . Ƙungiyar tana gwagwalada gudanar da ilimin jinsi da jima'i, horo da ayyukan shawarwari.
Wei ya tattara gwagwala day kayan don fim ɗin fim ɗin farko na kasar Sin game da jima'i a China, wanda ake kira Bi China kuma an sake shi a cikin shekarar 2017.
A cikin shekarar 2018, Wei ya kafa Guangzhou Nalisha Education Consulting Co., Ltd., kamfani wanda ke gudanar da binciken jinsi da gwagwalada jima'i, ilimi, horarwa da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, bayar da tallafin kiwon lafiya da kuma shawarwari ga wadanda abin ya shafa a gwagwalada fagen jinsi da jima'i don hana wariya ga mata da al'ummar LGBTI.
Mata Biyar
A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsare ita da wasu masu fafutuka gwagwalada hudu ( Zheng Churan, Wang Man, Wu Rongrong, da Li Tingting, wadanda aka fi sani da " Feminist Five ") kafin bikin ranar mata ta duniya, ranar da suka yi bikin ranar mata ta duniya. an shirya aiwatar da wani kamfen na yaƙi da cin zarafi na gwagwalda jima'i a kan safarar jama'a. Dukkanin matan biyar an bayar da belinsu ne bayan shafe kwanaki 37 a tsare. Idan da a ce an same su da laifi, matan za su iya fuskantar daurin gwagwalda shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda "kirkirar tashin hankali". Tun bayan da aka sake ta, Wei ta ce za ta ci gwagwalada gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi. Ta ce:Na karanta rahotanni da labarai da yawa game da kama mu kuma suna da ban sha'awa da ƙarfafawa. Na fara jin bacin rai kuma na yi tunanin wannan lamarin zai zama ƙarshen mu matasa, mata masu fafutuka. Amma abin da ya faru ya fara wani zamani na ban mamaki, sababbin masu fafutuka. Ba za su iya kama mu duka su toshe mu duka ba.
Girmamawa
2015: Bustle, 14 Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda za su ƙarfafa ku
2015: Mujallar Ms., 10 daga cikin ƴan mata masu sha'awar mata na 2015
2015: Asiya LGBT Milestone Awards (ALMAs), Jarumi na Shekara, wanda aka zaba
2018: lambar yabo ta Troy Perry
Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe
Filmography
2015: Muna nan - furodusa
2017: Bi China - darekta
Duba kuma
Hakkin LGBT a China
Jerin 'yan mata
Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT
Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40085 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam | Salam | Masarautar Saloum (yaren Serer: Saluum ko Saalum) masarautar Serer/Wolof a Senegal ta yau. Sarakunanta na iya kasancewa na Mandinka/Kaabu ne. Babban birnin Saloum shine birnin Kahone. 'Yar'uwar masarautar Sine ce. Tarihinsu, labarin kasa da al'adunsu suna da alaƙa kuma an saba kiran su da Sine-Saloum.
Tarihi
Saloum, kamar masarautar 'yar'uwarta ( Masarautar Sine ), sananne ne don yawancin tudun binnewa da yawa ko "tumuli" mai ɗauke da kaburburan sarakuna da sauransu. Masarautar tana da da'irar dutse masu ban mamaki da yawa waɗanda ba a san ayyukansu da tarihinsu ba sai kwanan nan.
Masanin tarihi Donald R. Wright ya bayyana cewa “A cikin shekaru goma na karshe na karni na goma sha biyar, wasu gungun ‘yan kabilar Kaabu sun yi kaura zuwa arewacin kogin Gambia inda suka mamaye wani yanki da ke gefen kudancin daular Jolof mai rauni. Daga wani ƙauye kusa da bakin kogin Saloum, ba da daɗewa ba waɗannan zuriyar suka gauraye da mazaunan Wolof da Serer kuma suka kafa jihar Saloum."
A cewar Abdou Bouri Ba Masarautar Saloum a baya ana kiranta da Mbey (a cikin Serer) kuma Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour ta sake masa suna Saloum a ƙarshen karni na 15 (c. 1494). Tsawon ƙarni da yawa kafin a sake masa suna, ana kiran babban birninta Ngap. Dangane da al'adar baka ta Serer, an sanya mata suna ne bayan Saalum Suwareh, marabout na Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (bambancin: Mbegani Ndour). Al’adar ta ci gaba da cewa, Saalum Suwareh ya amince ya ba Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (asali daga Masarautar Sine) juju fetish domin ya kayar da wanda ya ci Toucouleur da ‘yan maraba na musulmi muddin ya yi alkawarin sake sunan kasar sau daya. ya yi nasara. Mbgan Ndour ya amince. Bayan wannan kwantiragin na baka, Mbegan Ndour ya kayar da Ali Elibana kuma ya kori dakarun sa na musulmi daga Saloum ya yi mulki a kasar. Kamar Masarautar Sine, mutanen Serer sun mamaye yawan jama'a kuma suna mulki. Gabaɗaya ana kiran su biyun da Sarakunan Serer. Yawancin sassa na Gambia a yau sun kasance yankunan da Masarautar Saloum ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko, Saloum ya mika kudu zuwa gabar arewa na kogin Gambiya. Gambiya ta yau ana kiranta da Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum shine inda Saloum na zamani yake a Senegal. Saloum kuma yana da iko na ɗan lokaci Masarautar Baol. Jihohin Sabakh da Sandial Fara Sabakh da Fara Sandial ne suka mulki (bimbin laƙabi na sarakuna), kuma dukansu sun kasance na sarki a Kahone ( Maad Saloum ). A wajen 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, almajirin Maba Diakhou Bâ ya kaddamar da jihadi a Sabakh da Sandial. Bayan ya ci Fara Sabakh da Fara Sandial, ya shiga kasashen biyu tare (don haka : Sabakh-Sandial ) kuma ya mulki shi. Fara Sabakh na ƙarshe da Fara Sandial sun mutu a wannan jihadin. A lokacin daular uba na Serer da Guelowar daga karni na 15 zuwa 1969, kusan sarakuna 50 ne aka nada. Sarakunan sun ci gaba da gudanar da zaman kotun a Kahone, amma Kaolack makwabciyarsa ya mamaye birnin kasuwanci.
Masu bincike na Portuguese a cikin karni na 15 sun kira Saloum a matsayin mulkin Borçalo, bayan 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof cin hanci da rashawa don "Sarkin Saloum"-Maad Saloum).
Ko da yake Masarautar ta ci wasu manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da Faransawa, daga baya aka ci ta. Koyaya, kamar Masarautar Sine, daular sarauta ta tsira har zuwa 1969, lokacin da sarkin Saloum na ƙarshe, Fode N'Gouye Joof ya rasu. Shekarar mutuwarsa ta yi daidai da mutuwar Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, wanda shi ne sarkin Sine. Waɗannan sarakuna biyu sune sarakunan Serer na ƙarshe kuma na ƙarshe na Senegambia. Bayan mutuwarsu, an shigar da Masarautun biyu cikin sabuwar jamhuriyar Senegal mai cin gashin kanta wacce ta sami 'yancin kai a 1960. Don haka Masarautar Sine da Masarautar Saloum sune masarautu na ƙarshe kafin mulkin mallaka na Senegambia da suka rayu har zuwa ƙarni na 20.
Mutane da harshe
A kabilanci, Saloum ya kasance Serer, amma a hankali 'yan gudun hijira na Wolof sun zauna tare da Fulas, Mandinkas, da dai sauransu Ba kamar Masarautar Sine wacce ke da kabilanci Serer kuma tana da tushe mai zurfi a cikin "Sere -conservatism", kamar kiyaye addinin Serer, al'adu, al'adu, da sauransu, Saloum ya fi kowa da kowa kuma mai yawan addini. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu 'yan gargajiya na Serer da ke bin ka'idodin addinin Serer ba su da sha'awar samun irin wannan matsayi na addini da aka ba wa Sine a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare masu tsarki na Serer, duk da gidaje da yawa daga cikin wuraren Serer (duba Serer tsohon tarihi ). Ko da yake yana da yawa, amma kuma yana da kabila Serer, sauran kabilun ƙaura ne. Yaren Serer da Wolof duka ana magana da su a Saloum. Hakanan ana magana da harsunan Cangin.
Kasuwanci da labarin kasa
Saloum ya haɗa da lebur, wuraren ƙoramar ruwa a cikin ƙasa daga Kogin Saloum delta. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an lalata manyan wuraren girmar mangrove. An sami bunƙasa masana'antar gishiri-masana'anta a gidajen gishirin da ke gefen delta. Tushen tattalin arzikinta shine cinikin gyada, yana fitar da goro mai yawa zuwa Turai.
Manazarta |
60985 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ%20Afolabi%20Ojo | GJ Afolabi Ojo | Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo (1929-2020) malamin Najeriya ne kuma jagora a Cocin Katolika . An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1929, a Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, kuma ya yi tafiya mai ban sha'awa a fannin ilimi da hidima ga al'ummarsa da mai imani.
Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi
Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar Katolika ta St. George da ke Ado-Ekiti, inda ya yi makarantar firamare daga 1936 zuwa 1942. Daga baya, ya halarci Kwalejin Horas da Jama’a ta St. John Bosco da ke Ubiaja (1944-1945) kuma ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na Senior Cambridge a watan Disamba 1948. Da yake nuna himmarsa ga koyo, ya sami takardar shedar firamare ta Malamai a shekarar 1950 da kuma Matriculation na Landan a watan Yuni 1951.
A shekarar 1953, Prof. Ojo ya tafi Jami'ar Kasa ta Ireland don ƙarin karatu. A can, ya sami wani abu mai ban mamaki ta hanyar kammala karatunsa da manyan maki (First Class Honours) a 1956, ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya yi haka a fannin Geography da Economics daga makarantarsa. Tafiya ta ilimi ta ci gaba, kuma ya sami digiri na Master of Arts tare da mafi girma a cikin 1957. Daga baya, ya sami Ph.D. daga wannan makaranta a 1963.
Sana'a
Prof. Ojo ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1946 a Ado-Ekiti. Daga nan ya zama malami a kwalejin St. Joseph da ke jihar Ondo sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1959, ya zama malami a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya da ke Enugu, kuma ya zama Shugaban Sashen da sauri a 1960-1961. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin membobin farko na Jami'ar Ife, inda ya zama Shugaban riko na Sashen Geography a 1962. Ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1970, ya zama Farfesa na Geography. Prof. Ojo ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban tsangayar ilimin zamantakewa a 1972 sannan kuma ya zama shugaban tsangayar gudanarwa daga 1976 zuwa 1977.
Bayan aikin da ya yi a fannin ilimi, Farfesa Ojo ya taka rawar gani wajen samar da damar koyo daga nesa a Najeriya. Ya jagoranci kwamitin tsare-tsare na Budaddiyar Jami’ar Nijeriya a shekarar 1980-1981, sannan ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Budaddiyar Jami’ar Nijeriya na farko daga 1981 zuwa 1984.
Baya ga rayuwarsa ta ilimi, Prof. Ojo ya kasance memba na cocin Katolika, inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban. Ya kasance sakataren kungiyar Katolika ta kasa (CLCN) na kasa daga 1973 zuwa 1981 sannan ya zama shugaban majalisar Laity na kasa daga 1986 zuwa 1994. An gane sadaukarwarsa ga Cocin Katolika lokacin da ya karɓi Papal Knighthood na Knight na St. Gregory Mai Girma a 1975.
Littattafai
Ga jerin littattafan da Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo ya rubuta:
Yoruba Palaces: Ilimi kan ƙasar Yarbawa - Jami'ar London Press, 1966.
Yoruba Culture: Binciken Kasa - University of London Press, 1966.
Wallafar haɗin gwiwa "Geography for Us" - Littafi na ɗaya da na biyu, 1967.
Objective Questions and Answers in School Certificate and General Certificate of Education; Ordinary Level Geography" - Parts I and II, 1968, 1969.
Our Home Land - 1969."Abubuwan Geography na Jiki da na Dan Adam" - Littafi na Uku, Huɗu, da na Biyar, 1971.
North America and Monsoon Asia - 1973.
Europe and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - 1974.
West Africa - A cikin jerin Littattafan Bayanan kula taswira W.M. Collins Sons and Company Ltd, Glasgow, Ed., 1972.
Ed., The Church And The State in Education, 1981.
Co-editor, The History of The Catholic Church in Nigeria, 1982.
Co-ed., Ten Years of The National Laity Council of Nigeria: The Role of The Layperson in the Church In Nigeria," 1986.
Co-ed., Activities of the Laity at the Parish Level, 1986.
Co-editor, The Soul of The Nation," 1986.
Co-editor, The Laity And The New Era of Evangelisation, 1987.
Co-ed., The Spirituality Of Laypersons, 1990.
Kyauta da karramawa
Prof. An kuma san Ojo a fannin ilimi da ƙwararru. An nada shi ɗan ƙungiyar Geographical Association of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) kuma ya sami lambar girmamawa a matsayin mai hawan dutse a Jihar West Virginia, Amurka. A shekara ta 2004, an karrama shi da mukamin kwamandan rundunar ‘yan sandan Nijar (CON) saboda hazakar da ya yi wa Nijeriya da bil’adama.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A cikin rayuwarsa, Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo ya auri Florence Bukunola Ojo (nee Adeyanju), kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mata uku. Gudunmawarsa ga ilimi, Cocin Katolika, da al'ummarsa sun bar tasiri mai dorewa. Rasuwar sa a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, ta nuna ƙarshen rayuwa mai ban mamaki da tasiri.
Nassoshi
Yarbawa
Marubutan Najeriya |
50032 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Deviq | Marcel Deviq | Armand-Marcel Deviq (10 Afrilun shekarar 1907 - 17 Yuni 1972) injiniyan Aljeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa daga shekarun 1958 zuwa 1962. Memba na jam'iyyar, ya wakilci babban yanki na kudu maso gabashin Aljeriya. Deviq da iyalinsa su ne masu Motar Compagnie Saharienne, wanda ke ba da sabis na sufuri na kasuwanci a cikin hamadar Sahara.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da sana'ar kasuwanci
An haifi Armand-Marcel Deviq a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 1907 a Batna, wani birni a Aljeriya na Faransa. Deviq ɗan Pied-Noir ne, ɗan ƙabilar Faransa da ke zaune a Aljeriya. Kakansa, ɗan vintner daga yankin Faransa na Cévennes, ya ƙaura zuwa Algeria a shekara ta 1878 bayan kwari sun lalata amfanin gonarsa. Da yake zaune a Batna, ya kafa kamfanin sufuri wanda ke ba da sabis na jigilar kayayyaki zuwa garuruwan da ke kewaye ta hanyar amfani da karusan doki. Mahaifin Deviq Armand ya karbi ragamar kamfanin a cikin shekarar 1907 kuma ya fara kafa hanyoyin shiga tsakiyar Aljeriya, tare da haɗa garuruwan Touggourt da El Oued na hamada. Kamfanin ya sami babbar motarsa ta farko, 2.5 T Renault, a cikin shekarar 1925, kuma an kafa alaƙa tsakanin Touggourt da Ouargla a shekara mai zuwa.
A 1928, Deviq ya kammala karatu daga École Spéciale des Travaux Publics kuma ya fara aiki a kamfanin tare da ɗan'uwansa René, wanda yake ɗan shekara biyu. Kamfanin ya fadada cikin sauri a cikin Sahara a cikin shekarar 1930s, tare da hanyoyin da za su iya isa Fort Flatters a tsakiyar hamada ta 1931 da A Guezzam a kudu mai nisa zuwa 1936. A cikin wannan lokacin, 'yan'uwan Deviq sun fara jagorancin kamfanin tare da haɗin gwiwa, kuma an sake masa suna daga Armand Deviq et 'ya'yansa zuwa Compagnie Saharienne Automobile, tare da Marcel yana aiki a matsayin darekta na injiniya kuma René ya zama darektan gudanarwa.
Barkewar yakin duniya na biyu ya sa kamfanin ya sassauta ci gaban, saboda kayayyakin injina ya yi wuyar samu. Gwamnatin Vichy ta sanya Deviq a gidan kaso saboda tausayinsa ga Free French forces , ko da yake an sake shi bayan 'yan watanni kawai saboda tasirin 'yan'uwa biyu da aka yi a yankin. Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya ga kamfanin ya sami nasara mai yawa, yayin da aka sami damar cire kayan aikin daga kayan aikin Italiya da suka mika wuya, yayin da karuwar mai a cikin shekarar 1950s ya kai ga Kamfanin Compagnie Saharienne Automobile ya fadada rundunar su zuwa motocin 260 da aiki tare da Berliet don haɓakawa. da Berliet T100, mota mai nauyi da aka ƙera don ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin hamada. A cikin shekarar 1947, Deviq kuma ya zama memba na Société astronomique de France.
Aikin siyasa, bayan rayuwa, da mutuwa
A cikin zaɓen majalisar dokokin Faransa na 1958, an zaɓi Deviq a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, mai wakiltar wanda ya ƙunshi babban yanki na kudu maso gabashin Aljeriyaa matsayin memba na jam'iyya. Deviq ya kasance mai goyon bayan ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Faransa da Aljeriya, ya fi son "zamantawa da mutunta al'adu", kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa yankin Sahara ya fi dacewa ya shiga cikin kasar. A matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban kwamitin samarwa da kasuwanci na majalisar dokoki, Deviq ya taka rawa wajen kafa manufofin kudi na Faransa ga Sahara; Daga cikin shawarwarinsa akwai kafa bankin Sahara.
A wajen kawo karshen yakin Aljeriya a farkon shekarun 1960, Deviq ya nuna damuwarsa kan yadda sojojin Faransa suka yi watsi da yankin Sahara zuwa ga kungiyar 'yantar da kasa, kuma ya nuna damuwarsa kan tsaron Turawa a Aljeriya saboda karuwar tashe-tashen hankula na kabilanci, musamman kunar baƙin wake, tashin bama-bamai. Daga baya ya kasance mai sukar yarjejeniyar Évian, yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya na 1962 wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Aljeriya kuma ya kai ga Aljeriya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Wa'adin majalisar Deviq da sauran 'yan majalisar Faransa na Aljeriya ya kare ne a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 1962, ranar da Faransa ta ayyana Aljeriya a matsayin mai cin gashin kanta.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, Deviq ya yi yunkurin zama a kasar don ci gaba da gudanar da harkokin kasuwancinsa, wanda shi kadai ne ya mallaki sakamakon mutuwar René a wani hatsari a shekarar 1960. Duk da haka, bayan samun barazana da dama a kan rayuwarsa, Deviq ya gudu zuwa Faransa a 1963. Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta kwace wannan mota kirar Compagnie Saharienne inda aka sauya mata suna Compagnie Socialiste Automobile; karkashin jagorancin ma'aikatan da ba su iya aiki da cin hanci da rashawa, kamfanin ya rushe bayan 'yan shekaru. Deviq ya zama jagora a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya da ke gudun hijira a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Edmond Jouhaud a cikin Kwamitin Kasa na Komawa da Wawashewa, kuma yana aiki a Rahla, ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira daga Sahara. Deviq ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1972 a Paris yana da shekaru 65.
Manazarta
'Yan siyasan Faransa |
33159 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Konkomba | Mutanen Konkomba | Mutanen Konkomba ƙabila ce ta Gur wadda ta fi zama a Arewacin, Brong Ahafo, Volta, Gabas da Babban Accra na Ghana. Gundumar Saboba da Chereponi da Nanumba da Gushiegu da Karaga da Zabzugu da Tatale-Sanguli a yankin Arewa da kuma Nkwanta ta Arewa da Kudu a yankin Volta wasu ‘yan misalan gundumomin gudanarwa ne da ake ganin Bikpakpaam a cikin dimbin al’umma. Sauran manyan garuruwan Bikpakpaam a Ghana sune Atebubu, Kintampo, Techiman da Yeji a yankin Brong Ahafo. Bisa ga dokar 280 na dokar Anatomy na Ghana, mutanen Konkomba (wanda aka sani da Bikpakpaam) su ne kabilanci na biyu mafi girma a yankin Arewacin Ghana.
Kididdiga ta shekarar 2010 ta nuna cewa Bikpakpaam a Ghana ya kai 823,000 da kuma amfani da yawan karuwar yawan jama'a zai ba da fiye da miliyan daya a yanzu. CIA The World Factbook ta rahoto a cikin Demographics na Ghana cewa mutanen Konkomba sune rukuni na 8th mafi girma a Ghana wanda ke wakiltar 3.5% na Jimlar yawan jama'ar Ghana. Saboba (Chabob) a yankin Arewacin Ghana shine babban birnin duk Bikpakpaam a Ghana. Ana kuma samun Bikpakpaam a cikin jamhuriyar Togo, 'yar uwa a yammacin Afirka ga Ghana. A Togo Bikpakpaam ya fi zama a cikin Kara, Tsakiya da Lardunan Plateaux. Guerin Kouka (aka Nanguem Do, babban birnin gundumar Dankpen) a yankin Kara shi ne babban birnin Bikpakpaam a Togo. Gundumar Dankpen tana arewa maso yamma corridor na Togo. A cikin asusun Schwartz (2005), Bikpakpaam yana da kusan 50,100 a Togo. Kididdiga ta 2011 a Togo ta nuna duk da haka cewa jimillar mutanen Bikpakpaam a gundumar Dankpen kadai ya kai 122,209.
Ziyarci harshen Konkomba don ƙarin bayani. Mutanen Konkomba suna magana da yaren Konkomba a.k.a. Likpakpaln. Rawar gargajiya ta mutanen Konkomba ita ce Kinachunŋ (lafazin k-i-naa-chung). Basaraken gargajiya da ake kira Ubor ne ke jagorantar duk matsugunan Konkomba. A yankunan Bikpakpaam da ke da rinjaye, mutane sun kafa ko kafa nasu sarakunan da ke aiki a matsayin masu kula da matsugunan. Misali, yankin Saboba yana da Uchabob-bor a matsayin mai mulki. Bikpakpaam ya yi imani da ƙarfi da haɗin kai, azama da aiki tuƙuru.
Har zuwa farkon karni na 21, aikinsu na farko shine noma da kiwo. A fannin sana’a, Bikpakpaam galibi manoma ne da masu kiwon dabbobi kamar kiwo, da qananan dabbobin dawa da shanu. Wannan, mai yiwuwa, ya bayyana matsuguninsu da ke warwatse a yankin yammacin Afirka. Lallai, Maasole ya bayyana cewa Bikpakpaam ya kasance a koyaushe yana tafiya, don neman filayen noma masu albarka. Yawancin Konkombas suna ƙwazo a cikin ilimi a yau da kuma ayyukan bincike na baya-bayan nan cewa Konkombas zai zama babban ƙarfi a siyasa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a nan da 2025.
Asalin da ethnogenesis
Konkomba a asali suna kiran kansu a matsayin Bikpakpaam (jam'i) kuma zuwa harshensu a matsayin Likpakpaln. An wakilta namiji na kabilar ukpakpaanja yayin da mace ta dauki ukpakpaanpii. Koyaya, sigar anglicized, 'Konkomba' ita ce kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita don nufin duka mutane da harshe. Bikpakpaam ƴan asalin arewacin Ghana ne. Rattray (1932) yayi magana akan Bikpakpaam a matsayin wata muhimmiyar kabila a yankunan arewacin Ghana. Maasole (2006) ya kuma bayyana Bikpakpaam a matsayin, ‘yan asalin Arewacin Ghana. Kafin zuwan wasu kabilu da dama a yankunan arewacin Ghana a shekarun 1400 zuwa 1500, Bikpakpaam ya riga ya zauna a yankin. Ziyarci harshen Konkomba don ƙarin koyo (tushen kwayoyin halitta, haruffa, sautin sauti...) game da Likpakpaln (harshen Konkomba).
Asalin da Tarihi
Asalin Bikpakpaam ya kasance batun bincike na dogon lokaci yanzu. An bayyana cewa Bikpakpaam ya fi zama a yankin gabas kafin zuwan wasu kabilu da dama a yankunan arewacin Ghana a shekarun 1400 da 1500. Daga nan sai Bikpakpaam ya yi hijira zuwa wasu yankuna a farkon rabin karni na ashirin, wani bangare na matsin lamba na mulkin mallaka da kuma wani bangare na neman filayen noma masu albarka. Hakan ya bude wa sauran kabilun kofar shiga su mamaye filayensu.
Ba a san tarihin inda Bikpakpaam ya fito ya zauna a Ghana ba. Abin da aka sani shi ne, Bikpakpaam ya mamaye yankin da ake kira Kyali/Chare (yanzu Yendi) har sai da Dagombas suka ci gaba da gabas tare da fadada su kuma suka kara ture su tare da goyon bayan sarakunan mulkin mallaka. Fynn (1971) ya ce 'mun san cewa kakannin Dagombas sun hadu da mutane irin su Konkomba da ke zaune a arewacin Ghana'.
A cewar rahotanni daga dattawan Kikpakpaan, Gonjas, a ƙarƙashin Ndewura Jakpa, sun yi nasara a kan Dagombas a ƙarƙashin Ya Na Dariziogo, kuma sun tilasta wa na biyun yin watsi da babban birninsu (wanda a halin yanzu ake zaton yankin Tamale/Kumbungu) ya koma wurin da suke a yanzu, Yendi, wanda ya sa su bar birnin. sai wani gari ne na Bikpakpaam mai suna Chare. Sabbin shigowar sun ingiza Bikpakpaam baya suka kafa rarrabuwa a tsakaninsu. Duk da ikirarin suzerainty, Dagombas da alama bai taba yin iko da Bikpakpaam ba.
A cewar Martin (1976), Dagombas sun kori Konkomba, suka kafa sarakunan yanki a cikinsu. Manyan garuruwan suna da yanayin sansanonin tsaro, waɗanda ke da dabarun gabas da Kogin Oti amma Bikpakpaam ba a haɗa su ba. Dangantaka tsakanin su da Dagombas tayi nisa da gaba. Akwai kaɗan, idan akwai, haɗuwa ta aure. Wani bangare na tarihin baka na halittar Dagbon ya nuna cewa Dagombas sun mamaye Bikpakpaam lokacin da suka koma yankin gabashin yankin Arewa. Sai dai Bikpakpaam sun yi kakkausar suka kuma suka ki amincewa da ikirarin cewa suna yakin Dagombas. Mutanen Konkomba sun sha nanata cewa da radin kansu sun kaura, domin neman filaye masu albarka da korayen kiwo na dabbobi, a lokacin da Dagombas ya isa. David Tait (1964) ya ruwaito wani dattijon Bikpakpaam yana cewa: “Lokacin da muke girma muka hadu da kakanninmu, suka gaya mana cewa (kakanninmu) sun zauna a Yaan/Chare (Yendi) tare da Kabre da Bikwom. Dagombas a lokacin sun fi zama a Tamale da Kumbungu daga nan suka hau dawakai suka nufi Yendi”. Mun ga dawakai kuma dole ne mu matsa gabas.
Kungiyar kafin mulkin mallaka da na zamani
Ƙungiyar siyasa ta Bikpakpaam kafin mulkin mallaka ta ta'allaka ne kan gundumomi da dangi ke zaune waɗanda matsayinsu da 'yancin cin gashin kansu ke wakilci ta hanyar kasancewar ubor (shugaba) da wurin bautar ƙasa wanda shugaban addini, utindaan ( firist na ƙasa) ya ba da. Ubor shine shugaban gudanarwa da shari'a na al'ummomin Bikpakpaam. Babban ayyukan ubor sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) wanzar da zaman lafiya, haɗin kai, oda, adalci da haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran sarakuna don wanzar da zaman lafiya da sasanta rikici da rigingimu. Utindaan, mutum ne mai muhimmanci ba a tsakanin Bikpakpaam kadai ba, har ma da sauran kabilun Ghana, musamman a tsakanin kabilun ‘Gur’.Wannan lafazin Utindaan yana nufin mai kula da ƙasa, ga wasu kuma ga wasu, tana nufin maƙiyi na farko a ƙasar. A adabi yana nufin “mai mallakar ƙasa.” Utindaan yana da kuma yana ci gaba da samun ikon mallakar matsuguni gaba ɗaya, fiye da aiwatar da ayyuka na ruhaniya da iko akan wurin. Ubor da utindaan suna aiki tare don sayarwa ko raba fili ga daidaikun mutane. A tarihi, firist na ƙasa (utindaan) ya fara zama a tsohon garin Kyali/Chare, Yendi na yanzu a Yankin Arewa.
A zamanin yau, an tsawaita ayyukan ubor. Ubor shine bakin mutane, yana ba da izini da amincewa don ayyukan ci gaba. Ubor yana aiki kafada da kafada da shugabannin siyasa, masu zaman kansu, da na addini don tabbatar da walwala da ci gaban al'umma baki daya. Fadar sarki (kinakok) ita ce wurin farko na kira ga duk wata hukuma ko wata kungiya ta ci gaba da za ta ziyarci al’umma don ci gaba ko wata manufa. Kinakok babban ofishi ne da ake mutuntawa kuma mai martaba yana da masanin harsuna ubonabr aka (wunlaan), marubuci (ugbangmeer), babban firist, majalisar dattawa, sojojin ƙafa, masu gadi da bayi. Ubor shine shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kinakok. Kinakok kuma yana zama filin kotu na gargajiya don sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. Yawancin lokaci ana cin tarar mutane masu laifi don sulhunta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice cikin lumana. A al'adance ubor yana auren mace fiye da ɗaya saboda mata da yawa an ɗaura masa aure daga dangi daban-daban.
Kusa da ikon utindaan shi ne uninkpel, shugaban dangi. Matsayin uninkpel kusan ana keɓe shi ga mafi yawan dattijo na dangi. Kowane dangin Bikpakpaam yana da uninkpel wanda shi ma yake kula da al'amuran danginsa. Uninkpel da utindaan aiki hannu-da-hannu da bayar da rahoto ga ubor wanda shi ne shugaba.
Tsarin zamantakewa na ci gaba na Bikpakpaam yana alfahari da jagorancin matasa wanda aka sani da KOYA (Konkomba Youth Association). KOYA tana aiki ne musamman wajen hada kan Bikpakpaam, samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaba a tsakanin Bikpakpaam, wayar da kan Bikpakpaam kan muhimmancin ilimi da kuma bukatar kawar da tsofaffin ayyukan al'adu. KOYA kuma tana shiga tsakani da sasanta rikicin kabilanci. KOYA tana da rassa da yawa a duk ƙauyukan Bikpakpaam a Ghana da kuma rassan ƙasashen waje a cikin Amurka da Ingila.
Bikpakpaam kuma yana da shugaba na matasa da matasa mai suna unachiponbor (shugaba matashi). Unachiponbor yana daidaitawa da inganta zaman lafiya, hadin kai da zamantakewa tsakanin matasa. Ya tabbatar da cewa duk samari maza da mata sun samu isasshen tallafi daga sauran samari a lokacin bukukuwan aure, Ya kuma jagoranci samari zuwa gonakin surukai (a matsayin sadaki) ta hanyar ayyukan gama gari. Unachiponbor kuma ya jagoranci ’yan uwansa matasa don su tono kabarin surukai, da bayar da kinachung da ta dace a lokacin jana’izar surukai.
Al'adun Bikpakpaam
Imani Bikpakpaam: Bikpakpaam suna da imani da yawa kamar sauran kabilu. Bikpakpaam ya yi imani da wanzuwar Babban Halittu ‘Uwumbor’ (Allah) wanda ya tabbata a matsayin mahaliccin komai da ba a halicce shi ba. Uwumbor yana sarrafa kowane abu kuma yana ba da iko ga wasu ƙananan alloli da ruhohi a ƙarƙashinsa don kula da halittun da aka tsara. Haka kuma Bikpakpaam ya yi imanin cewa Uwumbor ya ba wa kowane mutum nasa kaddara kuma ba wanda ke da ikon canza kaddararsa ko ta wani. Allah mahalicci ne kadai yasan makomarsa.
Akwai kuma imani a cikin Bikpakpaam cewa Allah ne ya halicci kowane mutum kuma Allah ne kadai zai iya tafiyar da yanayin rayuwar mutum ko kayyade tsawon rayuwarsa. Idan mutum bai gama abin da aka ba shi ba ko ita a duniya, Allah ba zai taba mayar da shi ba watau Allah ba zai bar mutumin ya mutu ba, amma idan ya faru, Allah zai bar mutumin ya sake rayuwa ya kammala aikin. Irin waɗannan mutanen da suka sake dawowa suna da sunaye na musamman da za a iya gane su kamar su Jagri (namiji mai reincarnation), Piigri (mace mai reincarnation), N-ya (kakata), don mace ta sake reincarnation, N-yaja (kakana) ga namiji mai reincarnation.
Bikpakpaam yi imani da cewa akwai mugayen ruhohi da suke azabtar da mutane ta hanyar cuta, talauci, rikice-rikice, fari, har yanzu haihuwa, nakasu, mutuwa, tabin hankali da dai sauransu. Sun kuma yi imani da wanzuwar counter ruhohi (nagargaru) wanda ke magance matsalar. hare-haren mugayen ruhohi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Bikpakpaam ya yi imani da ruhohin kakanni (samuwar ruhun matattu), wanda suke kira Bitekpiib. Suna da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan ruhohin kakanni suna ɗaukar fansa a kan abokan gaba, suna kare sauran dangi da kuma kula da rayuwar gabaɗaya ta dangantakar da ke da rai. Don haka, suna zuba liyafa suna yin hadayu don su gamsar da ruhohin kakanni.
Waɗannan akidar Bikpakpaam na ƴan asalin suna shuɗewa suna ba da hanya ga Kiristanci da Musulunci. Yawancin Bikpakpaam na zamanin mulkin mallaka sun rungumi Kiristanci kuma sun gaskanta da Allah Uku (Uba, Ɗa da Ruhu Mai Tsarki). Don haka, Saboba da sauran ƙananan hukumomin Bikpakpaam gida ne ga majami'u masu yawa da suka haɗa da Cocin Katolika, Orthodox, Pentikostal da majami'un Charismatic. Kusan kashi 5% ko ƙasa da haka na Bikpakpaam Musulmai ne.
Baƙin Bikpakpaam: Bikpakpaam suna sada zumunci da maraba da mutane. Sanannu da karimcinsu, dangin Bikpakpaam na yau da kullun za su karɓi baƙi, su ba su ruwa su sha, kuma su yanka tsuntsun gida ko ƙaramar namun daji don shirya abinci ga baƙo. Suna sa baƙi su ji a gida da kuma wani ɓangare na danginsu. Suna kuma ba da abubuwan tunawa da dabbobi don kiyaye maziyartansu. Bikpakpaam suna hulɗa da makwabtansu kuma suna girmama kowa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Sau da yawa suna kula da baƙi ko baƙi fiye da yadda suke bi da kansu. Bikpakpaam yana alfahari da ɗimbin ɗimbin ayyukan fasaha da kayan gargajiya. Ayyukan zane-zane da kayan ado masu kayatarwa da kyan gani na raye-rayen gargajiya (kinachung, njeem, ichaa, tibaln, nbanba da sauransu) sun sa Saboba da sauran ƙauyuka da kewayen Bikpakpaam ya zama wurin yawon buɗe ido mai ban sha'awa da lada don ganowa.
Gado a tsakanin Bikpakpaam: Gadon Bikpakpaam na kabila ne. Kowane ɗan Kikpakpaan na zuriyar uba ne kuma zai gaji dukiyar mahaifinsa/ta. Gadon kakanni, duk da haka, yana nuna girmamawa da girmamawa ga dangantakar uwaye, wanda galibi ana gani kuma ana amfani da shi azaman gida na biyu ga yaro da kuma matsayin mafaka a lokacin tashin hankalin dangi. Iyaye mata da yara kuma suna amfani da iyalai masu uwa a matsayin babban filin saka hannun jari. Iyalin uba na girmama dangin uwa ta hanyar noma daya daga cikin gonakinsu zuwa gonaki a kowace shekara kyauta. Bugu da kari, iyalai masu uwa suna da hakkin yin jana'izar surukai masu daraja da daraja wanda dangin uba suka dauki nauyin yi.
Hazakar Bikpakpaam: Bikpakpaam suna da wayo da sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarinsu na gargajiya. Kirkirar da kakannin Bikpakpaam suka kirkira sun hada da kayan aikin gona, kayan kida, kayan aikin farauta/makamai irin su liluul, butom, ilopiin, kakpola, kitaln da dai sauransu, Ƙwarewar gine-gine da gine-gine da fasahohinsu ya haifar da tsarin gida kamar libubul, lipil, kachala, kikpawung, da n-yaam (na fenti), tinabin (takar saniya) (na gyaran gidaje) da sauransu. Wasu kayan kida sune liwul ( sarewa), kibeek (guitar), ligangaln (drum), kiwujabik (nau'in sarewa), lidabuln (nau'in ganga) da ukpiihn (ƙaho). Tufafin al'adu sun haɗa da unaa (ƙahon ƙaho), tangana (tufafi na gargajiya), tanbena (tufafin rawa da aka yi wa ado da dutsen ado da lu'u-lu'u), tibaan (jingles) da sauransu, Kayan aikin gida / kayan wanka sun haɗa da libuul (mai sanyaya yumbu), nkin (tukun yumbu), sagbo (jar), kiyiik (calabash), bukpakpankiib (sabulun gargajiya) da sauransu.
Jarumtaka da aiki tuƙuru na Bikpakpaam: Muhimman dabi'u na Bikpakpaam sun haɗa da: jaruntaka, aiki tuƙuru, azama, karimci, baƙi, jajircewa, da haɗin kai, son rayuwar iyali da tallafi ga ƴan uwa. Wannan sifa mai aiki tuƙuru ta samo asali ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun su wanda ke buƙatar kowane matashi da ya yi aiki tuƙuru don yin noman gonarsa da ta iyayensa a lokaci guda don samun 'yancin kai ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma renon iyalansu. A zamaninsu na ciyawa, manoman Bikpakpaam na yau da kullun za su yi noman doya da hannu, suna alfahari da tudun doya 15,000-20,000 duk shekara. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa Bikpakpaam sune manyan masu noman doya a Ghana da Togo. A Ghana, Bikpakpaam na alfahari da ciyar da al’umma har ma da fitar da doya ta kasuwar Konkomba da ke Agbogbloshie, Accra. Baya ga noman doya, manoman Bikpakpaam kuma suna alfahari da noman masara, masarar guinea, da gonakin gero da shinkafa. Matan Bikpakpaam suna kula da maza yayin da suke noman gona, amma kuma suna noma nasu gonakin da suke noman kayan lambu da legumes (na gyada, da wake). Har ila yau, mata suna tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa don samun fa'ida ta tattalin arziki wato shea goro (wanda ake yin man shea) da 'ya'yan itacen dawadawa, masu amfani iri-iri. Matan Bikpakpaam suma sun yi fice wajen sarrafa girbi da bayan girbi da tallan kayan abinci. Tara itacen wuta da gawayi don amfanin gida da kasuwanci na daga cikin ayyukan mata na Bikpakpaam. Ƙirƙirar wani abin sha na gida da aka sani da ndamam ("jan abin sha") wanda aka fi sani da pito kyauta ce ta halitta da kuma adana mata. Bikpakpaam kuma yana yin kiwon dabbobi don amfanin gida da kasuwanci. Irin waɗannan dabbobin sun haɗa da tsuntsaye (fowls, fowls na Guinea, agwagi, da tattabarai), naman dabbobi (yawancin awaki, tumaki, da shanu) da alade. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, wasu manoma sun tsunduma cikin noman alade, ciyawar ciyawa da noman zomo don kasuwanci. Manoman Bikpakpaam suma a yanzu suna alfahari da manya-manyan itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, musamman mango da bishiyar cashew. Al'adar haɗin kai ta hanyar aikin gama gari wanda ake kira nkpawiin yana nuna aiki tuƙuru, haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomin Bikpakpaam. Anan, daidaikun mutane suna neman taimako daga dukkan al'umma don biyan bukatun ƙwadago (noma, gine-gine da sauran nau'ikan ayyuka) kuma hakan yana faruwa bi da bi. Bikpakpaam suna da sauri, jaruntaka kuma suna sane da tsaro.
Abincin da abin shan Bikpakpaam: Bikpakpaam suna cin abin da suke noma/ noma/baya. Abincin Bikpakpaam yana da lafiya sosai kuma yana nuna yanayin lafiyarsu. Abincinsu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da "Bisatom" (a zahiri, "abinci mai zafi") wanda aka fi sani a Ghana da "tuo zafi" (TZ), "sakɔla" wanda aka fi sani da Ghana a matsayin "fufu" wanda aka yi da dawa, "likaal/kalaa/tubani” an yi shi da garin wake da gero da kuma hade da wasu kayan abinci da dama. A kokarinsu na cimma daidaiton abinci, kakannin Bikpakpaam sun gano nau'ikan kayan lambu masu kyau; wasu daga cikinsu ’yan asali ne amma wasu sanannu ne kuma suna da yawa a wasu wuraren. Waɗannan sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: "imuan" (okra), "tinyangban" (hibiscus), "kijuuk" (sunan Ingilishi ba a gano ba)", "timonfar" (ganye okra), "likpakajul" (ganye sesame), "litukal" ( ganyen baobab ), “kikotumok" (ba a gano sunan Ingilishi ba)”, “tignaafar" (Sunan turanci ba a gane su ba) “inangbanatun" (sunan turanci ba a gane su ba), "tigbufar" ( ganyen kapok), “suwaka”, (ganye mai ɗaci), “unaa” ( alayyahu ) da dai sauransu. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan lambu don shirya miya, stews ko a matsayin gefe tare da kayan abinci masu mahimmanci.
Abin shaye-shaye, na asali kuma ingantaccen Bikpakpaam ana kiransa “Pito”. Pito giya ne mai daɗi na gargajiya wanda aka yi daga karce ta amfani da masarar ƙwaya tare da sinadarai na halitta kuma babu ɗanɗano na wucin gadi kuma babu abubuwan kiyayewa. Pito ana busa shi da ƙura ko ba a haɗe ba. Pito da aka haɗe yana da kyau don "lokacin farin ciki", jana'izar, bukukuwa da sauran bukukuwa. Ana amfani da Pito mara ƙima azaman abin sha don dalilai daban-daban. Bambance-bambancen abinci na Bikpakpaam kuma na iya yin alfahari da tubers kamar dawa, rogo, dankalin turawa da hatsi kamar masara, gero, masarar guinea, “ipui”, da shinkafa, tsaba guna (“kpaka” da “jam-jam”) ("inabe" da "keer") da dai sauransu.
Sunayen Bikpakpaam: Bikpakpaam ya gaskanta sunan daya shafi yana rinjayar rayuwarsa. Sunaye masu kyau suna kawo nasara da wadata ga mutum. Don haka, ana kula sosai wajen zabar sunayen yara. Duniya mai suna Bikpakpaam yana da faɗi sosai saboda ya ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan sunaye - yanayi, matsayi, karin magana, ban dariya da magana da kuma sunayen flora da fauna da dai sauransu. Wasu sunayen da ake ba wa yara suna nuni ne da wani lamari na musamman da ke da alaƙa da na yaro. haihuwa ko wahayi ta hanyar tunani na musamman ko buri ta hanyar dangantaka. Sunaye a tsakanin Bikpakpaan kuma na iya zama karin magana ko ban sha'awa dangane da yanayin kewaye da/ko yanayi ko isar da sako ga makwabta/dangi. Wannan tsarin suna mai wadata ya sanya Bikpakpaam sunaye na musamman da ban sha'awa cikin ɗaukaka.
A al’adance, iyaye/iyalin uwa su kan zabi sunan da aka ba wa na farko da aka haifa a kowace mace da kuma iyayen/dangin namiji, ko kuma mata da miji su zabi sunan da za a bai wa ‘ya’yan da za su biyo baya bisa yarda da juna. Idan aka haifi yaro, sai a aika da tsuntsu ga dangin matar a matsayin kyauta don sanar da haihuwar yaron. Kaji namiji yana nuna yaron namiji ne kuma akasin haka. Asalin wannan kyauta shine fara saka jari don makomar yaron. Bayan 'yan kwanaki-makonni an keɓe wata rana ta musamman don sanya wa yaron suna, a cikin murna (ci, sha, waƙa, da rawa......) Mutanen Konkomba.
Misalai na suna Konkomba da ma'anarsu:
Tanamwir: Mulkinmu mai girma
Wumborja: Ubangiji kariyar mu
N-Muanbindo: Akwai farin ciki a gidana
Barkei: “haƙuri”
Ndonbi: Ina godiya gare su
Wumborgnan: Allah ya kyauta
Wumborkan: Allah ya ga
Banyubala: Ba sa fahariya.
Bilinsun: Sun manta abin da suka ce
Nkumpoi: Mutuwa taurin kai
Tabime: Kada ka raina ni
Biyakakumi: Idan da sun bar raina
Ulanja: “jovial”
Iwunliin: Kaddara
Ujakpa: “karfi kamar kifin shark”
Wumborti: Baiwar Allah
Wumborbe: Allah yana rayuwa
Nsimbaan: Jini daya
Nsanyaan: The hanya mai kyau
Nignan: Yana da kyau
Kajah: An haife shi ƙarƙashin rumfa ko rani
Bindan: Su zo.
Wasu sunaye:
Dana da Dawon: tagwayen maza
Pona da Powon: Tagwayen mata
Nakoja: Namiji da aka haifa bayan tagwaye
Nakol: An haifi mace bayan tagwaye
Napari: Haihuwa ta biyu bayan tagwaye (namiji da mata)
Sanja: Namiji da aka haifa a kan hanya yayin tafiya
Sanpu: Mace haihuwa A kan hanya a lokacin da ake tafiya
Jabaab: Namiji tagwaye wanda yayansa/yar'uwarsa tagwaye ta rasu kafin bikin suna.
Pibaab: Mata tagwaye wanda tagwayen kanne/'yar uwarta ta mutu kafin bikin suna
Gidajen Bikpakpaam: Tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, iyalai da yawa na Bikpakpaam suna zama tare a gidajen danginsu na gargajiya. Lokacin da samari da 'yan mata suka girma kuma suka yi aure sukan bar gidan iyali don kafa iyalansu. An gina gidajen da dakuna zagaye ko rectangular, daga baya (laka) kuma an yi rufin da katako. Matan Bikpakpaam sun yi alfahari da kirkiro fenti na gargajiya da aka fi sani da n-yam da aka yi da kututturen ’ya’yan itacen Dawadawa da ake amfani da su wajen yin zane da kuma yin ado a cikin dakuna. Abubuwan da suka faru bayan mulkin mallaka sun haifar da gabatar da bulo da tubalan da aka yi da siminti da gidaje masu siminti, wanda aka yi rufi da zanen zinc.
Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Bikpakpaam
Ayyukan Aure: Auren Bikpakpaam sun samo asali ne tare da ginshiƙai da yawa. Ire-iren auratayya da musanya na al’ada sun sa aka samu buɗaɗɗen tsarin aure mara iyaka. Duk da haka, al'adun da ke tare da waɗannan aure sun wanzu. A tsarin aure na yanzu, dangin ango suna noma kuma suna ba da gudummawa da yawa ta hanyar sadaki ga dangin amarya. Wadannan gudummawar da yawa yanzu an rage su sosai zuwa kawai sadaki mai sauki da ake biya ga dangin amarya bisa karfin kudi na dangin ango. Haka kuma dangin amarya suna mika jerin kayayyaki (tufafi, kicin da kayan gida) ga dangin ango domin su saya wa amarya. A tsarin auren, mata tun suna kanana ko kuruciya ana angwance da su, wani lokaci, mazan manya wadanda suke jiran su girma da aure. Wannan al’adar ta dade da daina amfani da ita domin matan aure da ba sa son mazajen aurensu sun rabu da auren sun gudu, wani lokaci kuma su kashe kansu. Aure a yau an gina shi ne tsakanin daidaikun masoya wadanda bayan kulla alaka suka gabatar da wadanda za su aura ga iyalansu domin tantancewa da karbuwa. Kafin aure, macen takan ziyarci gidan mutumin na ɗan lokaci (domin yin nazari kuma dangin mutumin su tantance) daga baya, ta koma gidan dindindin idan an ɗaura auren. Kiristanci ya yi tasiri a kan wannan yanayin zamani a tsarin aure na yanzu a tsakanin Bikpakpaam.
Wani fitaccen al'amari da ke dakushewa a tsarin aure na Bikpakpaam shi ne polygyny. A da, ukpakpanja na yau da kullun na iya auren mata fiye da ɗaya, gwargwadon ƙarfinsa na zamantakewa da na kuɗi. Yanzu saboda kiristanci, kuncin tattalin arziki, kishiyoyi da zamani, auren mata fiye da daya yana gushewa kuma yawancin mazan yanzu suna auren mace daya kacal, mafi yawansu biyu sai biborb (shugabanni) wadanda har yanzu suke auren mata da yawa da dangi da masu fatan alheri suka aura. A cikin al'ummar Bikpakpaam da aka saba a yau, ana iya samun wasu lokuta da mace za ta iya auri 'yar uwan mijinta da ya rasu.
Ayyukan binne gawa: Bikpakpaam bisa ga al'ada yana binne gawawwakinsu a cikin awanni 24 bayan mutuwarsu (banda gabatar da gawarwaki a dakin ajiye gawa da kuma binne gawa a kwanan nan). Lokacin da mutum, yaro ko babba ya mutu, ana aika saƙon kamar sautin magana, ƙaho / sarewa da foda mai fashewa (na manyan mutane) zuwa maƙwabta a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da kuma ga dangi na nesa da na kusa. Ga manya maza da mata (masu aure da haihuwa), kinachung koyaushe yana tare da hidimar binnewa. Jarirai, yara da matasa suna samun irin wannan binnewa ba tare da kinachung ba kuma, sau da yawa, ba tare da akwatin gawa ba. An yi jana'izar marigayin a jihar kuma ana yin jana'izar. Akwai makoki (ikpowiil), ikpolahn (dirges), njeem, da dai sauransu bisa dalilin mutuwa ko matsayin mamaci. Mata da yawa ne suka yi wa gawar wanka, sanye da kayan sawa kuma ana iya ajiye ta. Gawar (a cikin akwatin gawa ko a'a) maza ne ke ɗauke da ita a kafaɗa ko kai kuma ɗaya daga cikin limamin gargajiya ya yi kira ga ruhohin kakanni don gano musabbabin mutuwar. Daga nan sai a aika gawar zuwa makabarta, wanda yawanci a gaban gidan ga manya da kuma nesa da gida ga yara da samari. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa kamar nutsewa, gobarar daji, mutuwa a cikin ciki, mutuwar tagwaye duk suna da ibada ta musamman. Ana binne mazaje suna fuskantar fitowar alfijir (gabas) don tunatar da su wayewar gari da fara ayyukan noma yayin da mata ke fuskantar faɗuwar rana (yamma) don tunatar da su ƙarshen rana don yin ayyukan gida da shirya abincin dare ga dangi duka. Kamar yadda aka nuna duka wuraren binnewa suna da ma'ana ta al'adu. Wasu ‘yan bankwana da suka hada da kyautar kudi, kayayyaki masu daraja da sakonnin baki ana yiwa mamacin kafin a shiga tsakani. Kinachung da sauran bukukuwan jana'izar sun ci gaba da gudana bayan bikin jana'izar.
Ayyukan jana'izar: Bikpakpaam yana da manyan nau'ikan jana'izar guda biyu. Kamar dai yadda ake gudanar da jana'izar, su ma ana yin su ne a kan dalilin mutuwa da matsayin mamacin. Akwai kwana uku (maza) ko kwana hudu (mata) bayan jana'izar wanda 'yan uwa mata suke wanke tufafin mamatan. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin ƙaramin lamari. Bikin jana'izar na farko ana kiransa Lisaatong (a zahiri -sa abinci akan tebur) ana yin shi ga manya kawai. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da dangi, maƙwabta da masu tausayawa a wurin jana'izar don ba da abinci ga ruhin matattu. Ana yanka dabba mai kafa hudu (yawanci saniya) sannan a tanadi abinci mai gautsi (bisatom) ga kowa sai a hada da farantin abincin sai a bar shi a dakin mamacin ya kwana domin ciyarwa ya kwantar da hankalinsa. wanda in ba haka ba ana kyautata zaton zai cutar da masu rai ta hanyar kwashe kicin don samun abinci a kowane dare. Domin karbar baki, ana iya yanka wasu dabbobi da dama, da suka hada da shanu, tumaki, awaki, alade da tsuntsaye da abinci (bisatom) ga duk maziyartai da masu tausayawa. Dare da rana kinachung da ichaa, ana yin raye-rayen ngben. A lokacin waɗannan raye-rayen, ana ba da abinci da abubuwan sha (Pito, soda, shayi ....) ga duk baƙi da masauki da aka tanadar a inda ake buƙata. Bikin jana'izar na ƙarshe kuma na ƙarshe shine abin da ake kira Likpuul (jana'izar da ta dace). Wannan na iya zama bayan 'yan kwanaki ko makonni ko watanni ga yaro ko bayan shekaru da yawa ga manya, musamman ma utindaan. Kamar dai Lisaachↄng, likpuul ya ƙunshi haduwar dangi da masu tausayawa. Ana shirya abubuwan sha na Bikpakpaam pito kuma ana yi musu hidima, kuma ana yanka dabbobi da yawa (fiye da lokacin lisaachↄng) don ciyar da talakawan masu hidimar jana'iza. Wannan yawanci yana ɗaukar kwanaki 5-7 kuma ana yin shi don tarin adadin mutanen da suka mutu. A rana ta 3, ubua (boka) ya tuntubi marigayin da kuma kakannin marigayin don yin magana da 'yan'uwa game da musabbabin mutuwarsu da sauran batutuwan dangi / al'umma da ke buƙatar gyara na ruhaniya. Kinachung da sauran raye-raye ana yin su a kan dukkan shirin likpul. Ana yin karin bukukuwa kamar na zawarawa da na gadon marayu da kuma gadon gado a 'yan kwanakin nan na likhul. Kiristanci ya rinjayi duk waɗannan bukukuwan jana'izar da aka sauƙaƙe kuma an rage su zuwa hidimar coci a cikin kwanaki 3 (maza) ko 4 (mata). Bisa ga ra'ayin dangin da aka yi wa rasuwa, an ware ranar da za a yi bikin jana'izar na ƙarshe. Yawancin lokaci akwai tashe-tashen hankula a ranar Juma'a, hidimar cocin jana'izar ranar Asabar da kuma hidimar cocin godiya a ranar Lahadi da ke nuna ƙarshen jana'izar.
Bikin Ndinpondaan: Ndipondaan (ma'ana a zahiri; sabon abin sha) Biki a halin yanzu shine bikin da aka fi yi a tsakanin Bikpakpaam. Wasu kamar bikin wuta (naminsee) da sabon bikin yam (n-nidak) ba a cika yin bukin yau ba saboda tasirin al'adun kasashen waje da zamani. A yanzu haka ana kokarin farfado da dawo da bukukuwan bukukuwan. Bikpakpaam ne ke bikin Ndipondaan don gode wa Allah maɗaukaki, kakanni da alloli saboda girbin masarar Guinea da sauran kayan abinci. Kwanan nan wannan bikin yana jan hankalin jama'a. Wannan wani taron ne na shekara-shekara wanda a lokacin da duk Bikpakpaam na duniya ke dawowa gida zuwa Saboba, babban birninsu. A lokacin Ndipondaan, ana yin bitar abubuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da wasanni, gasar raye-raye da sauran al'adu. Ana amfani da dama daga wannan taron wajen gano zuriyar kakanni na daidaikun mutane, ziyarce-ziyarcen manyan wuraren tarihi na Bikpakpaam, ayyukan yawon bude ido da sake haduwar iyalai. Sauran shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa da wayar da kan jama'a da ayyukan ana farawa ko isar da su yayin bikin Ndipondaan. Ana magance batutuwan da suka shafi Kikpkakpaan kuma ana ba da shawara ga al'ummomi ko wakilansu daidai da haka. Ndipondaan kuma yana aiki a matsayin lokacin sasantawa na bambance-bambancen cikin gida da sasanta fitattun rigingimu. Ɗaya daga cikin al'ada, duk da haka, ita ce addu'a ta budewa ga Allah Madaukakin Sarki, kalmar gargaɗi daga malamai, yin layya da sadaukarwa ga kakanni, raye-rayen gargajiya, da raba abinci da abin sha tare da baƙi da dangi. Ana shirya abinci da yawa na Bikpakpaam, gami da bisaatom, da sakↄla ana shiryawa ana ci. Pito, abin sha na guineacorn da aka fi so shima ana yinsa da yawa kuma kowa yana jin daɗinsa.
Manazarta
Kabilu a Ghana |
16755 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni%20Oumarou | Seyni Oumarou | Seyni Oumarou (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Nijar ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Nijar daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007 zuwa Satumba na shekara ta 2009 da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2009 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. Ya fito ne daga yammacin ƙasar kuma ɗan kabilar Djerma (Ba Zabarme) ne. Tun watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Bai yi nasarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa ba a shekara ta 2011 da 2016 ba. Bayan shekaru a matsayin jagoran adawa a karkashin Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou, an nada shi mukamin Babban Wakilin Shugaban kasa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016.
Farkon aiki
Seyni Oumarou an haife shi a Tillabéri . Sunan danginsa, Seyni, yawanci yakan sa sunansa, kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Seini ko Seïni . Ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Kamfanin Canja Takarda na Nijar (ENITRAP) daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekarar 1998, sannan a shekarar 1995 ya zama Mashawarci na Musamman ga Firayim Minista Hama Amadou .
An naɗa Oumarou a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1999 a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya na Daouda Malam Wanké, kuma bayan zabuka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa na wani bangare na gwamnatin Hama Amadou (wanda ya dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista), wanda aka sanya masa suna a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2000. Daga nan aka nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2001 da Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu, Masana'antu, da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004. A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2004, bayan wasu murabus da ministocin da suka yi takara a zaben na shekarar suka yi, Oumarou an kara sanya shi a kan kula da lafiyar jama'a, yaki da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, da kuma gyare-gyaren asibiti, har sai da aka nada shi Karamin Ministan Kayan aiki a wani sabon gwamnati a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2004. A wannan matsayin shi ne na uku cikin mambobin gwamnati (bayan Amadou da ƙaramin Ministan Abdou Labo ).
A Matsayin Firayim Minista
Oumarou ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙaramin Ministan na kayan aiki har sai lokacin da Amadou da gwamnatinsa suka kaɗa da ƙuri’ar rashin amincewa a majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007. Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya zabi Oumarou ya gaji Amadou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni; MNSD ce ta gabatar da Oumarou a kan mukamin kuma yana daya daga cikin ‘yan takara uku da Majalisar ta gabatar wa Tandja. Nadin Oumarou ya samu hamayya daga babbar jam'iyyar adawa, Jamhuriyar kasar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS), da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin farar hula da dama, saboda ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai da wanda ya gabace shi kuma mai yuwuwa ne da irin wannan badakalar ta rashawa almubazzaranci da kudaden ilimi wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewar da aka yiwa Amadou. An rantsar da Oumarou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, kuma an ba da sabuwar gwamnatinsa a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, tare da mambobi 32 (ciki har da Oumarou).
A cikin shekarar 2007, Oumarou ya kasance shugaban sashin MNSD a Tillabéri, haka kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban ofishin siyasa na MNSD.
Rikicin Abzinawa
Oumarou ya ce a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2007 cewa gwamnati ba za ta yi shawarwari da ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ta Neman ƴancin ƴan Nijar a arewacin Nijar ba.
Rikicin jam’iyya
Yayin da ake tuhumar tsohon Firayim Minista Hama Amadou da aikata laifuka a shekarar 2008, wasu shugabannin majalisar na MNSD-Nassara sun kasance masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Yunin shekarar 2008, aka kame Amadou bisa zargin almubazzaranci da dukiyar kasa. Duk da rikici da wasu masu rajin kare MNSD har yanzu masu biyayya ga Amadou, an nada Oumarou a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Oumarou ta nemi Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta tsige mataimakan MNSD uku daga rigakafin tuhuma. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, magoya bayan Amadou suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa da Oumarou.
Zaben shekarar 2009 da shekarar 2011
A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, magoya bayan Shugaba Tandja suka gudanar da taruka suna kiran a tsawaita wa’adin shugaban na biyu, saboda ƙarewar a watan Disambar shekarar 2009. Zanga-zangar adawa da 'yan adawa — gami da masu fafutuka na MNSD masu biyayya ga Amadou — biyo bayan makonni da yawa. Bayan haka Oumarou ya gabatar da bayanai da ke nuni da cewa zaben shugaban kasa, na 'yan majalisu da na kananan hukumomi zai gudana kamar yadda aka tsara.
A watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, kuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki da ta tanadi tsawaita wa'adin shekaru Tandja ya yi nasara a yayin kauracewar 'yan adawa. An shirya zaben majalisar dokoki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, kuma Oumarou ne ya jagoranci jerin sunayen ‘yan takarar na MNSD a Tillabéri. Saboda ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa, dole ne ya sauka daga gwamnatin, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2009 kafafen yada labaran kasar sun ruwaito cewa ya yi murabus, tare da wasu ministocin biyu da su ma suke takara. Albade Abouba, Ministan cikin gida, an nada shi don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Firayim Minista a matsayin mai rikon mukamin.
Bayan zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki, wanda‘ ƴan adawa suka kaurace masa, Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) — wacce ke son a jinkirta zaben da fatan shawo kan rikicin siyasa — dakatar da Nijar daga sahunta. Oumarou ne ya jagoranci wakilan mambobin na Nijar su 22 da suka je Abuja domin tattaunawa da ECOWAS wanda aka fara a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009.
Kasancewar ya sami kujera a majalisar kasa, an zabi Oumarou a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. An kada kuri’ar baki daya, tare da dukkanin mataimaka 109 da suka kasance a wurin da suka kada kuri’ar nuna goyon baya ga takarar tasa. Oumarou ya ce a ranar zai yi aiki don dawo da martabar Majalisar Dokoki sakamakon rikice-rikicen watannin da suka gabata.
Rikicin na siyasa bai gamsu ba, sojoji suka kwace mulki a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2010, suka kori Tandja kuma nan take suka rusa majalisar kasa. Ba kamar Tandja da Abouba ba, da farko Oumarou ba sabon soja ne ya tsare shi ba; duk da haka, an kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, tare da wasu manyan mukarrabansa da masu biyayya ga Tandja. A cewar Ousmane Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, an kame su ne saboda suna da hannu cikin "ayyukan bata gari da yiwa gwamnatin zagon kasa da tsarin mika mulki". Cissé ya jaddada cewa za a hukunta duk wani aiki da nufin lalata gwamnati ko haifar da rikici. Duk da haka, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta saki Oumarou da sauran a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2010. Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, ya ce "aikinsu na rusa zaman lafiya" ya kasance "tsaka tsaki" kuma ana sakin wadanda ake zargin "don kwantar da hankali".
Bayan ƴan watanni, an zargi Oumarou da satar dukiyar kasa kuma aka kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2010. Hukumar da ke Yaki da Laifin Laifin Kuɗi ta yi zargin cewa ya ciyo jihar bashin CFA miliyan 270. MNSD ta nuna rashin jin dadinta game da kamun da aka yi wa Oumarou, wanda ake sa ran zai kasance dan takarar na MNSD a zaben shugaban kasar da za a yi a watan Janairun shekarar 2011, inda ta nemi a sake shi; ta ce tuhumar da ake yi masa wani yunkuri ne na siyasa don lalata da mayar da jam'iyyar saniyar ware. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010, an gurfanar da Oumarou tare da bada belinsa.
MNSD ta sanar a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010 cewa an sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban taron jam’iyyar. Daga karshe Mahamadou Issoufou ya kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu na zaben, wanda aka gudanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2011.
A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2015, aka sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar MNSD a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Issoufou ya sake kayar da shi, yana matsayi na uku. Watanni kadan bayan sake zaben Issoufou, Oumarou ya sanar a watan Agustan shekarar 2016 cewa MNSD na shiga cikin hadaddun "shugaban masu rinjaye" na jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Issoufou. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan shigar da MNSD cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 da nadin Oumarou a matsayin Babban Wakilin Shugaba Issoufou a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin sabon mukamin sa a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa, an baiwa Oumarou babban aiki na "gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki ko zamantakewar al'umma" kuma a hukumance an bashi matsayi na biyar a tsarin yarjejeniya ta jiha.
Manazarta
Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Mutanen Nijar |
22375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arziki%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki Ta Duniya | Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka kafa a shekarata 1969 wacce ke yin gwagwarmayar haƙƙoƙin 'yan ƙasa da / ko kabilu da kuma mutanen da ba a sadu da su ba.
Kamfen ɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya yana mai da hankali ne ga sha'awar mutanen kabilu don kiyaye ƙasashen kakanninsu. Kungiyar ta Duniya ta kira waɗannan mutanen "wasu daga cikin mafiya rauni a duniya", da nufin kawar da abin da ta kira "ra'ayoyin" da ake amfani da su don ba da hujjar take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Hakanan yana da manufar tallata abubuwan da ake hango na kasada da kabilu ke fuskanta daga ayyukan hukumomi da gwamnatoci. Vungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta ce tana da niyyar taimaka wa jama’ar ƙabila don cin gashin kansu .
Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Bayanin Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a cikin shawarwari tare da Majalisar Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa, Tsira ba ta karɓar tallafin gwamnati. Memba ne mai kafa kuma kungiyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ba da Lamuni na Kungiyoyi na Kasa da Kasa ( Yarjejeniyar Kula da Inci ta INGO ). Tsira tana da ofis a Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris da San Francisco .
Tarihi
An kafa Survival International ne a shekarar 1969 bayan labarin da Norman Lewis yayi a cikin jaridar The Sunday Times Magazine ya nuna yadda ake kashe-kashe, sace-sacen kasa da kisan kiyashi da ake yi a yankin Amazonia na Brazil. Kuma a cikin shekarata 1971, sabuwar ƙungiyar ta ziyarci Brazil don lura da hukumar gwamnatin Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) da ke da alhakin ƙabilun yankin. kungiyar Survival International da aka kafa a matsayin kamfanin ingilishi a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma an yi rajista a matsayin sadaka a cikin shekarata 1974. Dangane da tarihin rayuwar shugabanta na farko, mai binciken Robin Hanbury-Tenison, yayin tafiya tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci Conrad Gorinsky a cikin Amazon a 1968,
Shi ne na farko a wannan fagen da ya yi amfani da rubuce-rubuce da yawa, bayan da ya tsara kamfe da yawa a wurare daban-daban a duk duniya, kamar Siberia, Kanada da Kenya . Yakin neman zabe da yawa sun sami damar kawo sauyi ga manufofin gwamnati game da hakkin 'yan asalin yankin. A shekarar 2000, wannan salon gwagwarmaya ya yi nasara wajen ingiza gwamnatin Indiya ta yi watsi da shirinsu na mayar da kabilar Jarawa wacce ta kebanta da ita, bayan ta karbi wasiku 150-200 a kowace rana daga magoya bayan Tsira a duk duniya. Jim kaɗan gabanin hakan, gwamnan yammacin Siberia ya kafa dokar hana duk lasisin mai a yankin Yugan Khanty cikin 'yan makonnin da Tsira ta fitar da sanarwa. Har ila yau, Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ta jawo hankali game da tasirin ayyukan Bankin Duniya - wanda yanzu aka gane a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da wahala a yawancin ƙasashe matalauta taron.
Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta karɓi kyautar Kyauta ta Rayuwa, da Spanish 'Premio Léon Felipe' da 'Medaglia della Presidenza della Camera dei Deputati' na ƙasar Italiya.
Tsarin da manufofin
Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana aiki don haƙƙin al'ummomin kabilanci a matakan girma guda uku: ilimi, ba da shawara da kamfen. Har ila yau, yana ba wa kabilun dandamali don magance duniya, yayin haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyin asali na gida, tare da mai da hankali kan mutanen kabilun da ke fuskantar barazanar gaggawa daga tuntuɓar waje. Shirye-shiryen ilimin suna nufin mutane ne a cikin Yammacin duniya, da nufin "rusa labarin almara da ke cewa mutanen kabilu kayan tarihi ne, waɗanda aka ƙaddara su halaka ta hanyar 'ci gaba' '. Tsira tana neman inganta girmama al'adunsu da kuma bayyana dacewar su a yau wajen kiyaye hanyar rayuwarsu.
Kungiyar tana da magoya baya a ƙasashe 82. Ana buga littattafansa cikin harsuna da yawa a duk duniya. Kungiya ce ta rijista a Kingdomasar Ingila kuma daidai take a cikin Jamus, Faransa, Italia, Spain da Amurka, kuma tana iya karɓar gudummawar da ba haraji a cikin Netherlands .
Rayuwa ta ƙi tallafin gwamnati, ya dogara ne kawai da taimakon jama'a, don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa. Duk mutanen da aka turo filin sun kasance daga ma'aikatan International Survival International, babu ɗayan masu aikin sa kai ko baƙi na kowane nau'i. Ana aiwatar da ayyukan ƙasashen waje ta hanyar kabilu da kansu.
Kabilu
Akwai fiye da 150 miliyan kabilu a duk duniya, gami da aƙalla mutane 100 da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin ƙasashe 60. Vungiyar Survival International tana tallafawa waɗannan kabilun da ke cikin haɗari a matakin duniya, tare da kamfen da aka kafa a Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Yawancinsu an tsananta musu kuma suna fuskantar kisan ƙare dangi ta hanyar cututtuka da wasu illolon, ƙaura daga gidajensu ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi da haƙar ma'adinai, da kuma korar mutanen da suka zauna. Rayuwa ta yi imanin cewa haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na mallakar ƙasa, duk da cewa dokokin ƙasa sun yarda da shi, ba a mutunta su yadda ya kamata, tare da mamaye kabilu ta hanyar ayyuka kamar hakar mai da ma'adinai, sare bishiyoyi, kiwon shanu, basu damar zaman kansu ko shirin' ci gaban 'gwamnati kamar gina hanyoyi da madatsun ruwa, ko don wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa. Bayan waɗannan abubuwan tattalin arziki don mamayewar mamayewa, Tsira yana nuna jahilci da wariyar launin fata wanda ke ganin mutanen ƙabila a matsayin ci baya da dadadden tarihi. Tsira ta yi imanin cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, ra'ayin jama'a shine mafi tasiri ga canji.
An bayyana tasirin duniyar waje akan wanzuwar 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adunsu a matsayin abin birgewa sosai. A Siberia, kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen kabilun suna rayuwa ne ta ƙaura ko ta ƙaura, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 70% shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin Brazil - inda Survival ke imani da cewa yawancin kabilun duniya da ba a sadar da su ba, wataƙila sama da 50, ance suna rayuwa - akwai masu magana kusan 400 don harsuna 110. Ga marubuta kamar su Daniel Everett, wannan lamari yana wakiltar mummunan hari kan wanzuwar mutane, yayin da harshe ke bayyana yadda ƙungiyar mutane ke fuskantar gaskiya a wata hanya ta musamman, kuma yana daga cikin al'adunmu na yau da kullun. Ranka Bjeljac-Babic, malami kuma kwararre a fannin ilimin harshe, ya bayyana alaƙa ta asali da ta haddasawa tsakanin barazanar bambancin halittu da bambancin al'adu. An bayyana cin zarafin al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin zarafi mafi girma a kan rayuwa, tare da tushen tarihin mallaka . Rahoton Tsira da Ci gaba na iya Kashe haskakawa cewa mamayewar Amurka da Ostiraliya da Turawa suka yi ya kawar da kashi 90% na 'yan asalin ƙasar a waɗannan nahiyoyin. Barazanar kisan kare dangi na ci gaba.
Most fundamentally, Survival believes that it is the respect for the right to keep their land that may allow them to survive. The issues of human rights and freedom depend on the land on which they can subsist and develop according to their own culture. Interference with this basic need endangers their capacity to live sustainably.
In January 2019, the newly elected president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against Brazil’s tribal peoples."
Gangamin
Kungiyoyin dan Tattalin Arziki na forasashen duniya don ƙabilun da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin yankin na Peru, da yawa daga cikin indan asali waɗanda ba a san su ba a cikin Brazil, Rasha, West Papua, da kusan kabilu 30 a ƙasashe da yawa a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Suna zaɓar shari'arsu bisa la'akari da ma'aunin da ƙungiyar ta kafa, wanda ya dogara da abubuwa da dama, kamar aminci da ci gaba da bayanin, yanayin yanayin da ƙabilar da ake magana a kanta ke fuskanta, matakin da suka yi imani da shi ayyukansu na iya kawo canji na gaske, gwargwadon yadda ingantawa a wannan yanki zai haifar da tasiri ga wasu, ko akwai wata ƙungiya da ta riga ta fara aiki a kan lamarin, kuma ko suna da tabbacin abin da mutane da kansu suke so.
Babban barazana ga kabilun da yakin neman tsira shine mamaye ƙasashensu don bincika albarkatu. Wannan koyaushe yana haifar da ƙaura tilastawa, asarar dorewa da tilasta canje-canje ta hanyar rayuwarsu. Mati Yawancin lokaci, wannan yana tare da cututtuka daga haɗuwa da waɗanda ke waje waɗanda suke da tsarin rigakafi marasa shiri - wannan barazanar ita kaɗai na iya shafe ƙabilun baki ɗaya. Garkuwa da / ko masu kiwon shanu sun shafi mafi yawan waɗannan ƙabilun, daga Kudancin Amurka, Afirka zuwa Australasia. Arhuaco, a cikin Kolombiya, suna da gonakin magani, masu alaƙa da musayar wuta daga yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da bukatun gwamnati. Ogiek, a Kenya, suna da gonakin shayi, kuma Amungme a Indonesia, San a Botswana, Dongria Kondh a Indiya, da Palawan a Philippines suna da wuraren hakar ma'adinai.
Sauran sashen duniya masu tsira sun kuma nuna a cikin kamfen ɗin su game da cin zarafin da ake yi a kan hanyar su ta rayuwa sakamakon aikin mishan. Arhuaco, Ayoreo, Aborigines, Innu da kabilu da yawa a Yammacin Papua duk sun gamu da mummunan hari akan al'adunsu daga menene, za'a iya cewa a mahangar Tsira, na iya zama kyakkyawar niyya, amma duk da haka yana lalata rayuwar su. 'Ya'yan Khanty da Wanniyala-Aetto an sace su don su girma cikin addinai da al'adun kasashen waje. A cikin dogon lokaci, waɗannan ayyukan suna cin nasara cikin haɗuwa da lalata rukunin mutane.
Baya ga shan wahalar kisan kare dangi da aka kawo ta cuta da yunwa (wanda hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rasa muhallinsu da kuma sata ƙasa mai kyau daga gare su), Survival sun ce wasu kabilun sun sha fama da kamfen na kisan kai tsaye. Yawancin kabilun da ke Kudancin Amurka, kamar su Awá, Akuntsu, Guaraní da Yanomami, an kashe su ne a gaban ma’aikatan kasashe daban-daban, masu kiwo da ‘yan bindiga don haya, yayin da kabilun Afirka da Asiya suka sha fama da kisan gilla a hannun gwamnati. . Kungiyar vasa ta Duniya ta nuna ƙabilar Akuntsu, daga cikin mambobi biyar kawai suka rage, a matsayin misali na abin da wannan barazanar ke wakilta: a ƙarshe kisan ƙare dangi ga dukan mutane.
Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta yi kira ga hankali game da ƙaruwar kashe kansa a cikin kabilu kamar Innu, Aborigines na Australiya da Guarani, sakamakon tsoma baki a waje da al'adun kabilun da kuma tsanantawa kai tsaye. Cutuwa ko Wahalar da baƙin ciki na tilasta yin kaura, da yawa daga cikin kabilun sun sami kansu cikin yanke kauna suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ba su saba da shi ba, inda babu wani abu mai amfani da za a yi, kuma inda sabbin maƙwabta suke musu ƙyamar wariyar launin fata. Sauran illolin zamantakewar jama'a daga wannan kaura an nuna su ne ga shaye-shaye da tashin hankali, tare da kamfen ɗin da ke ba da rahoton ƙarar Innu, Mursi, Bodi, Konso da Wanniyala-Aetto . Mutanen ƙabilu kuma sun fi fuskantar matsalar yin lalata da su. Daga cikin kabilun da Survival International ta yi yakin neman zabe tare da su, an ba da rahoton fyade na ’yan mata da mata daga ma’aikatan kamfanoni masu mamaye yankin kabilun‘ yan asalin na Penan, Yammacin Papuan, Jummas da Jarawa .
Matsayin gwamnati a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya bambanta. Yawancin kabilun Brazil suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin doka, yayin da a zahiri akwai tsayin daka a cikin manufofi da ƙaƙƙarfan goyon baya ga kamfanonin da ke aiwatar da waɗannan barazanar game da rayuwarsu. A cikin Afirka, an tsananta wa kabilun San da sauran kabilu da duka da azabtarwa don tilasta ƙaura, da kisan kai a cikin Nuba, da cikin Bangladesh, Asiya, tare da Jummas. Wani loaci dole gwamnati ke bada diyya ga Survival suka yi imani da su ba wasu abubuwa ne da ba a so don ƙabilun, waɗanda aka nuna a matsayin "cigaba".
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta Survival International ta kaddamar da wani kamfen a duk duniya, tare da goyan bayan dan wasan kwaikwayo Colin Firth, don kare mutanen Awa-Guajá na Brazil, wanda kungiyar ke ganin su ne "kabilar da ta fi fuskantar barazana a duniya".
A ƙarshen shekarata 2015, Survival International ta fara yakin neman dakatar da Con, wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da mummunan tasirin manufofin kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar kan kabilun. Wannan kamfen din wani bangare ne na babbar yakin neman tsira a duniya game da kiyayewa.
Kulawa da 'yan jarida
Kungiyar Survival International ta sami ɗan kulawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tsawon shekaru tare da kamfen da aikin magoya bayan sa kai. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka amince da su sun hada da Richard Gere, wanda ya yi magana game da Jumma na Bangladesh, Julie Christie, wacce ta ba da Rediyo 4 a madadin Khanty na Siberia, Judi Dench, wanda ya yi gargadin abubuwan da suka faru game da Arhuaco na Colombia, da Colin Firth, wanda yayi magana game da korar ƙabilar San, kuma don nuna goyon baya ga mutanen Awa-Guajá.
Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai ba koyaushe suke tausayawa kungiyar ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Talabijin mai zaman kanta ta hana ɗayan tallace-tallace na vasashen Duniya na Tsira, ta ambaci Dokar Watsa Labarai ta 1990, wacce ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya tallata ayyukansu ba idan ya kasance cikakke ne ko kuma galibi na yanayin siyasa. An watsa tallan a tashar tashar kiɗa The Box da kuma tauraron dan adam na MTV wanda ke kan hanyar VH-1 . Richard Gere ya fitar da sanarwar yana kira ga masu kallo da su taimaka don dakatar da kisan mutane da kuma amfani da su da ake yi wa kabilu.
An sake samun sabani bayan wata kasida a cikin jaridar The Observer ta jefa shakku da tsoro a kan rahoton da Survival International ta bayar game da wata kabila da ba a sadu da ita ba a cikin Peru, wanda ya hada da hoto tare da 'yan kabilun suna harba kibiyoyi a jirgin sama. Bayan wani artabu mai zafi da aka kwashe watanni ana yi, tare da barazanar kai Survival International a kotu don yin batanci, The Observer ya ƙare da yarda a watan Agusta 2008 cewa labarin ya sa ba daidai ba. A cikin wani bayani, jaridar ta ce: "Duk da cewa The Observer ba za ta iya daukar nauyin bayanan wasu kafofin watsa labarai ba amma tana da aiki a karkashin Dokar Editocin kada ta buga 'bayanai marasa inganci, ko yaudara ko gurbatattu'. Ya fadi a cikin wannan aikin a nan. ”
Gwamnatin Botswana, wacce Survival International ta samu sabani na dogon lokaci tare da ita game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da mutanen San a Babban Tsibirin Tsari na Kalahari, ta koka game da yadda labarai ba daidai ba a manyan kafofin watsa labarai. 'Yan San sun kalubalanci gwamnati a kotu sau da yawa game da' yancinsu na ci gaba da kasancewa a yankinsu ba tare da tsangwama ba. Ian Khama, Shugaban kasar Botswana, ya bayyana cewa, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya "tana hana su kuma musamman yaransu damar da za su iya girma tare da yadda ake amfani da su," wanda hakan ke tilastawa 'yan asalin su ci gaba da "rayuwa mai matukar koma baya". An yi zargin cewa gwamnatin Botswana "ta umarci dukkan shugabannin sashe a kafafen yada labaran kasar da su tabbatar da cewa duk wani rahoto mara kyau game da sauya wuraren da ake takaddama daga Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) ya kamata a bambanta shi sosai da bayanan gwamnati da ake nema yanzu." A cikin watan Mayu na 2013, Survival International ta zargi gwamnati da shirin korar San daga gidajensu a Ranyane . Wakilin gwamnati Jeff Ramsay ya Sha musanta wannan zargin kuma ya bayyana Survival International a matsayin "kungiyar ba da wariyar launin fata". Daga baya kungiyar ta 'Survival International' ta ruwaito cewa a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukuncin dakatar da korar mutanen har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni. An rawaito wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na kungiyar ta Survival International yana cewa, "Ban san yadda gwamnati za ta ce babu shari'ar ba, kuma ba su shirin korar su a lokacin da Ranyane Bushmen ke kai gwamnatin kasar kotu don a daina cire ta. " Daraktan Majalisar Khwedom, Keibakile Mogodu, ya ce, "Mun yi ta tattaunawa a kan batun tare da jami'an gwamnati, eh zan iya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta kamata ta koma [Basarwa] dari shida a ranar Litinin, [27 ga Mayu]." An shigar da kara a madadin San.
A cikin shekarata 2005, Tsira ta buga littafin Akwai Ka Tafi! ( Oren Ginzburg ), wanda ke nuna al'umman ƙabila da ci gaban ya cutar da su. Duka a jumlar littafin, Stephen Corry ya rubuta: "'Ci gaban' mutanen kabilu ba tare da son ransu ba - da gaske don barin wasu su sami ƙasarsu da albarkatunsu - ya samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 ('Mun sani mafi kyau') sun shiga cikin ƙarni na 20 ' siyasa daidai 'euphemism. Al’ummomin kabilu ba koma baya ba ne: al’umma ce masu zaman kansu kuma masu kuzari waɗanda, kamar kowane ɗayanmu koyaushe, koyaushe suna dacewa da canjin duniya. Babban bambanci tsakanin mutanen kabilu da mu shine mun dauki ƙasarsu da albarkatun su, kuma munyi imanin marasa gaskiya, har ma masu wariyar launin fata, suna da'awar cewa don amfanin kansu ne. Cin nasara, ba ci gaba ba. Idan da gaske kuna son fahimtar abin da ke faruwa, karanta wannan littafin. "
Kungiyar Survival International ta ƙarfafa magoya bayanta su yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa don yada wayar da kan jama'a game da batun haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. A cikin jagorar Walk your Talk, kungiyar tana ba da nasihu kan ayyuka daban-daban, daga rubuta wasiku zuwa gwamnatoci, zuwa yada maganar ta hanyar daukar nauyi, takardu, zanga-zanga, nuna finafinai, da karbar kudi daga abubuwa da dama.
Duba kuma
Rayuwar Al'adu
Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Indan Asalin
Abokan Mutanen Kusa da Yanayi
Waƙoƙi don Rayuwa
Manazarta
Majiya
(first published by Granada, 1984)
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Weber | Max Weber | Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (/ˈveɪbər/; German: [ˈveːbɐ]; Afrilu 21, 186414 Yuni 1920) masanin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, masanin tarihi, masanin shari'a kuma masanin tattalin arziki na kasar Jamus, wanda ake kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan manazarta na ci gaban al'ummar Yammacin Turai ta zamani. Ra'ayoyinsa suna tasiri sosai kan ka'idar zamantakewa da bincike. Duk da yake Weber bai ga kansa a matsayin masanin ilimin zamantakewa ba, an gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ubanni na zamantakewa, tare da Karl Marx da Émile Durkheim.
Ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber bai yi imani da bayanin monocausal ba, yana ba da shawara maimakon cewa ga kowane sakamako za a iya samun dalilai da yawa. Har ila yau, ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber ya kasance babban mai ba da goyon baya ga hanyoyin hana ƙin yarda, yana jayayya don nazarin aikin zamantakewa ta hanyar fassara maimakon kawai hanyoyin empiriricist, bisa fahimtar ma'anar da mutane ke haɗawa da nasu ayyukan. Babban abin da ke damun Weber shi ne fahimtar hanyoyin da za a bi, ba da sani ba, da ma'anar " rashin hankali". Ya tsara kasida yana mai cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓakar jari-hujja da zamani.
Weber kuma sananne ne don kasidarsa ta haɗa ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da ilimin zamantakewa na addini, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin tasirin al'adu da ke cikin addini a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da jari-hujja. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin jari-hujja na tarihi na Marx, wanda yayi la'akari da tushen kayan kowane nau'in tattalin arziki na samarwa a matsayin ƙarfin motsa jiki wanda ke tsara addini. Weber ya fara bayyana wannan ka'idar a cikin aikinsa na seminal The Ethic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), inda ya haɗa da Furotesta na ascetic a cikin manyan "zaɓi affinities" wanda ke haifar da haɓakar jari-hujja ta kasuwa da kuma tsarin aiki na hankali-doka. a yammacin duniya. Da'a na Furotesta shi ne sashe na farko a cikin faffadan la'akarin da Weber ya yi game da addinan duniya, yayin da daga baya ya yi nazari kan addinan Sin da Indiya, da kuma addinin Yahudanci na da, tare da la'akari da bambancin tasirin tattalin arziki da yanayin zamantakewa. A wani babban aiki, "Siyasa a matsayin Sana'a", Weber ya ayyana "state" a matsayin wata ƙungiya da ta yi nasarar yin iƙirarin "mallakin halal ɗin amfani da ƙarfi na zahiri a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar". Shi ne farkon wanda ya rarraba ikon zamantakewa zuwa nau'i daban-daban: mai ban sha'awa, gargajiya, da na hankali-doka. Binciken da Weber ya yi kan tsarin mulki ya jaddada cewa cibiyoyi na zamani suna ƙara dogaro da ikon doka. Weber ya ba da gudummawa iri-iri a tarihin tattalin arziki, ka'idar, da kuma hanyoyin. Ra'ayoyinsa sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin tsarin siyasa-dukansu a tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Ludwig von Mises, Talcott Parsons, da Raymond Aron, da kuma tsakanin masu ra'ayin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayi kamar Gyorgy Lukács, Makarantar Frankfurt, da C. Wright Mills.
Bayan yakin duniya na farko, Weber yana cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Jamus mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Har ila yau, bai yi nasara ba don neman kujera a majalisa kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga kwamitin da ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Weimar na dimokiradiyya na 1919. Bayan ya kamu da mura na Spain, ya mutu da ciwon huhu a shekara ta 1920, yana da shekaru 56.
Personal life
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Maximilian Karl Emil Weber a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1864 a Erfurt, lardin Saxony, Prussia, amma danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Berlin a 1869. Zai zama ɗan fari a cikin yara takwas zuwa Max Weber Sr. da matarsa Helene Fallenstein. A tsawon rayuwarsa, Weber Sr. ya rike mukamai a matsayin lauya, ma'aikacin gwamnati, da kuma dan majalisa na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party a Prussian Landtag da Jamus Reichstag. Fallenstein wani bangare da ya fito ne daga bakin haure na Huguenot na Faransa kuma ya fito ne daga tushen arziki. A tsawon lokaci, Weber Jr. zai fuskanci tashin hankali na aure da mutuntaka tsakanin mahaifinsa, "mutumin da ya ji daɗin jin daɗin duniya" yayin da yake kallon abubuwan addini da na taimakon jama'a, da mahaifiyarsa, ɗan Calvin mai ibada "wanda ya nemi ya jagoranci rayuwa ascetic " da kuma gudanar da halin kirki absolutist ra'ayoyi.
Shigar Weber Sr a cikin rayuwar jama'a ya nutsar da gidansa a fagen siyasa da ilimi, yayin da salon sa ya yi maraba da masana da manyan jama'a kamar masanin falsafa Wilhelm Dilthey da masanin shari'a Levin Goldschmidt. Matashin Weber da ɗan'uwansa Alfred, wanda kuma ya zama masanin ilimin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, sun wuce shekarun haɓakarsu a cikin wannan yanayi na hankali. Domin Kirsimeti a shekara ta 1877, Max Weber ɗan shekara goma sha uku, ya ba wa iyayensa kasidu biyu na tarihi, mai suna "Game da Tarihin Jamus, tare da Magana na Musamman ga Matsayin Sarki da Paparoma", da "Game da Zamanin Daular Romawa". daga Constantine zuwa lokacin Hijira".
A cikin aji, gundura da rashin sha'awar malamaiwanda su kuma suka ji haushin abin da suka dauka na rashin mutunciWeber a asirce ya karanta duka juzu'i arba'in na marubuci Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan wani muhimmin tasiri ne akan tunaninsa da tsarinsa. Kafin shiga jami'a, zai karanta wasu litattafai na gargajiya da yawa, ciki har da na masanin falsafa Immanuel Kant.
Aure
A cikin 1893, Weber ya auri 'yar uwarsa Marianne Schnitger, daga baya ɗan gwagwarmayar mata kuma marubuciya a kanta, wanda ya taka rawa wajen tattarawa da buga labaran mujallolin Weber a matsayin littattafai bayan mutuwarsa, yayin da tarihin rayuwarsa yake. muhimmin tushe don fahimtar rayuwar Weber. Ba su da 'ya'ya. Auren ya ba Weber 'yancin kai na kuɗi na dogon lokaci, wanda ya ba shi damar barin gidan iyayensa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51071 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20aikin%20Jarida%20a%20Eritrea | 'Yancin aikin Jarida a Eritrea | Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Eritiriya ya ba da tabbacin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, amma an sanya Eritrea a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi muni ta fuskar ‘yancin ‘yan jarida. A shekarar 2004, 'Yan jaridu a Eritrea a karkashin gwamnatin Isaias Afwerki sun kasance cikin kulawa sosai.
Matsayin doka
Gwamnatin Eritriya ta zartar da wasu dokoki don takaita 'yancin 'yan jarida a kasarta. A shekara ta 1996, an kafa wata doka ta hana watsa shirye-shiryen watsa labarai da 'yan jarida, wadanda a yanzu suna bukatar lasisi don samun damar yin aiki. A shekarar 2001, an dakatar da duk kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, barin kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati a matsayin madadin kawai. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin iyakoki, "dole ne a gabatar da littattafan watsa labarai don amincewar gwamnati kafin a fito da su" a cewar Freedom House.
Tun daga 2001, an kama 'yan jarida da dama ba tare da wani tuhuma ba a cewar kwamitin kare 'yan jarida (CPJ), ciki har da 'yan jarida 17 da aka daure a Eritriya tun daga ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 2015. Daga cikin dauri na baya-bayan nan, a shekarar 2011 an kama wasu 'yan jarida hudu da ke aiki a gidan rediyo da talabijin na gwamnati (Dimtsi Hafash) tare da daure su. Babu wani bayani kan yanayin wadanda aka daure; da yawa ana jin sun mutu tun daga lokacin, duk da cewa a kowane hali babu tabbaci. A cikin 2014, lauyoyi sun yi ƙoƙari su matsa wa kotunan Sweden don bincika laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, azabtarwa, da kuma sace mutane, saboda daure dan jaridar Sweden-Eritrea Dawit Isaak a cewar kwamitin kare jarida. Hukumomin Eritrea sun ki ba da hadin kai kuma an rufe karar. Yayin da ake samun rahotannin cewa Isaak ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 2011, ba a tabbatar da hakan ba, wasu rahotanni kuma na cewa mai yiwuwa yana raye a shekarar 2015.
Matsayin siyasa
Yawancin 'yan jarida sun tsere daga Eritrea saboda tursasawa da dauri ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan jaridan da suka ci gaba da biyayya da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan tantance kansu. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar masu adawa ta fara ƙirƙira da yaɗa wata jarida ta ƙasa, Echoes of Forto, a Asmara. Tawagar da ke ciki da wajen kasar ce ta rubuta jaridar. Kungiyar da ke da sabanin ra'ayi ta bayyana takardar a matsayin aikin gwaji, kuma tana fatan fadada ta.
Rediyo Erena, wanda masu fafutuka na Eritrea da kuma Reporters Without Borders daga Paris ke gudanarwa, an kaddamar da su a shekara ta 2009. Ana iya shiga ta hanyar intanet, tauraron dan adam, da dandalin “kira-da-saurara”. Duk da cewa kasar Eritriya tana daya daga cikin kasashe mafi karancin kutse a intanet a duniya, kusan kashi 1 cikin dari, har yanzu gwamnati na kokarin toshe gidajen yanar gizo da dama da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritriya ke gudanarwa. An yi imanin cewa hukumomi na sa ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa ta imel kuma wasu masu amfani da su suna zargin cewa masu ba da labari na gwamnati suna bin diddigin ayyukan masu amfani a wuraren shan intanet.
Tun daga shekara ta 2004, ba a yarda da 'yan jarida na kasashen waje a Eritrea sai dai idan sun kasance a shirye su ba da rahoto mai kyau game da kasar da siyasarta.
'Yan jarida da dama sun shiga kasar a boye kuma a lokuta da dama shugaban Eritiriya ya amince da yin hira da gidajen talabijin kamar Al-Jazeera ko Sweden TV. Sai dai a shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Eritiriya ta hana tashar Aljazeera na tsawon makwanni biyu, saboda yadda ta yi ta yada zanga-zangar da aka yi a gaban ofisoshin jakadancin kasar a garuruwa daban-daban kamar London, Rome, da Stockholm.
Abubuwa na sirri
Biyo bayan dokokin da aka zartar na tace kafafen yada labarai da jaridu, an tsare ‘yan jarida da dama tun shekara ta 2001.
Dawit Habtemichael
Dawit malami ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda aka daure a gidan yari ba tare da wani tuhuma ba a shekarar 2001. Tsoffin abokan aikinsa a jaridar Echo sun dauke shi a matsayin mai hazaka, mai tsauri da kwazon aiki. Ya kafa wata jarida mai zaman kanta, Meqaleh, inda ya rubuta labarai masu mahimmanci a cikin littafinsa na yau da kullum. Ba da daɗewa ba ‘yan sanda suka tsare shi a makarantar da yake aiki. A cewar kungiyar Reporters Without Borders, Dawit ya mutu a gidan yari a shekarar 2010 tare da editan mujallar Matios Habteab.
Dawit Isaak
Dawit Isaak ɗan jaridar Sweden ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Sweden wanda gwamnatin Eritiriya ta ɗaure a gidan yari a shekara ta 2001 ba tare da shari'a ba. Aikinsa na farko a Eritriya shi ne wakilin jaridar Setit na farko a kasar.
An kama shi ne a gidansa da ke birnin Asmara. A cikin Afrilu 2002, CPJ ta ba da rahoton cewa dole ne a kwantar da Dawit a asibiti saboda azabtarwa. A watan Nuwamba 2005 aka sake shi daga gidan yari, amma bayan kwana biyu aka sake daure shi. An sha yada jita-jitar mutuwar tasa, amma ba a san ko yana raye ko ya rasu ba.
Fessayah "Joshua" Yohannes
Mawaki ne, mai wasan circus kuma marubucin labari. A cewar Aaron Berhane, an san Yohannes a matsayin mutum mai son zuciya, abokantaka da rikon amana. Tare da wasu editocin Eritrea, an kama Yohannes a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, 2001, a gidansa. Akwai bayanan da ke cewa ya rasu a shekarar 2006 ko 2007, saboda matsalolin lafiya.
Idris Abu'Are
Idris Abu'Are ya kasance hamshakin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda yake karantawa jama'a da karatuttukan karawa juna sani kan tarihin 'yancin kai na Eritriya. Bayan shekarar 1991, Abu'Are ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje kuma yana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga jaridar Eritrea al-Haditha ta gwamnati.
Idris ya yi suka sosai a ma’aikatar, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki da jaridar Tsigenay kuma ya buga tarin gajerun labarai a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, gwamnati ta sanya shi baƙar fata saboda ra'ayinsa kuma an kama shi a cikin Oktoba 2001. Yana da aure yana da 'ya daya kuma ya ci gaba da zama a gidan yari.
Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu
A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, 2009, an kama Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu tare da wasu mutane kusan 30 a ginin gidan rediyon; Ita kadai ce mace a cikin wadanda aka kama. An zarge ta da cewa tana da alaka da kafafen yada labaran kasashen waje; wasu tuhume-tuhumen da ake zargin sun hada da yunkurin kashe shugaban kasa da kuma bata ‘yan siyasa. Ta shafe shekaru biyu na farko a gidan yari a gidan yarin Mai Swra, inda ita ma aka azabtar da ita.
Duba kuma
Kafofin yada labarai a Eritrea
Hakkin Dan Adam a Eritrea
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53659 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne | Chayanne | Elmer Figueroa Arce (an haife shi a watan Yuni 28, 1968), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Chayanne, mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican Latin . A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa na solo, Chayanne ya fitar da kundi guda 21 kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 50 a duk duniya, ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗan Latin mafi siyar.
Chayanne ya halarci telenovelas na Puerto Rican guda biyu da tashar talabijin ta WAPA-TV ta watsa a cikin 80s. Waɗannan su ne Sombras del Pasado tare da Daniel Lugo da Alba Nydia Díaz, da Tormento tare da Daniel Lugo da Yazmin Pereira.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
Mahaifin Figueroa Arce shine Quintino Figueroa, manajan tallace-tallace, mahaifiyarsa ita ce Irma Luz Arce, malami, wanda ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2014, bayan dogon yaki da ciwon daji. Shine na uku cikin ‘yan’uwa biyar. Sunansa "Chayanne" mahaifiyarsa ta ba shi, don girmama ƙaunarsa ga jerin talabijin na Amurka na 1950, Cheyenne .
Sana'a tare da Los Chicos
A cikin marigayi 1970s, ya saurari Menudo, amma masu samarwa sun gaya masa cewa ya kasance matashi don kasancewa a cikin kungiyar. Ya shiga wani rukuni, Los Chicos, kuma sun samar da faifan bidiyo da yawa, ciki har da "Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos" da "Ave Maria". Los Chicos ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka kuma ya zama babban abokin hamayya ga Menudo lokacin da Chayanne ya kasance memba.
Solo artist
Bayan Los Chicos ya rabu a cikin 1984, Chayanne ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fasaha na solo. Ya sanya hannu tare da RCA Víctor kuma ya fitar da kundin sa na farko, Chayanne es mi Nombre, a waccan shekarar. Kundin sa na biyu tare da RCA Víctor, Sangre Latina an sake shi a cikin 1986.
Bayan shekaru uku tare da RCA Víctor, Chayanne ya canza lakabi zuwa Sony Music kuma ya barke da kundi na farko mai taken kansa a 1987. Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ballads da waƙoƙin raye-raye, tsarin da Chayanne zai shahara. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu da aka buga, ballad "Peligro de Amor" wanda Michael Sullivan da Paulo Massadas suka rubuta da kuma waƙar da za ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai yin gabaɗaya, waƙar rawa mai kyau "Fiesta en América" wanda Honorio Herrero ya rubuta.
A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1988, Chayanne ya fito da kundi na biyu mai suna, Chayanne . Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da yawa da suka buga, ciki har da Honorio Herrero's "Tu Pirata Soy Yo", José María Cano's "Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha", da "Este Ritmo Se Baila Así", wanda Pierre-Edouard Decimus, Jacob Desvarieux ya ƙunshi, duka mambobi ne na ƙungiyar Caribbean ta Faransa, da Roberto Li Kassav'vi . A lokaci guda kuma, Chayanne ya zama mai magana da yawun Pepsi, tare da isar da wurin talla na farko na Mutanen Espanya wanda aka watsa a bakin tekun talabijin na kasa zuwa bakin teku a lokacin 1989 Grammy Awards telecast.
A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1990, ya fito da kundi na Tiempo de Vals, wanda ke nuna wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun siyar da shi; kamar waƙar take, wanda José María Cano ya haɗa; "Completamente Enamorados", wanda Piero Cassano ya rubuta, Adelio Cogliati, da Eros Ramazzotti ; da "Daría Cualquier Cosa", wanda Luis Gómez Escolar da Julio Seijas suka haɗa. Ya bi ta tare da kundin waƙar wanda waƙar takensa za ta zama waƙar sa hannun Chayanne, Provócame (1992). Wancan kundi kuma ya fito da buga wasan "El Centro de mi Corazón" (#1 US Hot Latin, 1992), kuma an zaba shi don Pop Song of the Year a Lo Nuestro Awards na 1993, yayin da Chayanne aka jera don Male Pop Artist. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya fito da kundi na Influencias (1994), wanda ya kasance abin girmamawa ga wasu tasirin kiɗansa. A cikin 1996, ya saki Volver a Nacer .
A cikin 1998, ya sami lambar yabo na Grammy na biyu tare da kundin Atado a Tu Amor, wanda ya nuna lambarsa ta farko-daya tun 1992, "Dejaria Todo" da kuma dogon lokaci mai tsayi a cikin waƙar take. Zafin zafi ya ci gaba a cikin 2000 lokacin da Chayanne ya fito da Simplemente tare da manyan goma da suka buga "Candela" da lambar-daya ta buga "Yo Te Amo". A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2002, ya fito da Grandes Exitos, kundi mafi girma tare da wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan sababbin waƙoƙin, "Y Tu Te Vas", ita ce waƙa ta ɗaya ta rani a 2002, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa jigon waƙa don telenovela Todo sobre Camila na Venezuelan wanda Venevisión ya samar. A shekara ta gaba, Chayanne ya fito da Sincero wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin lamba guda biyu, "Un Siglo Sin Ti" da "Cuidarte el Alma".
A cikin 2005, ya yi yawon shakatawa tare da Alejandro Fernández da Marc Anthony . A wannan shekarar, ya saki albam guda biyu. Na farko, kundi mafi girma na biyu, Desde Siempre tare da sabuwar waƙar "Contra Vientos y Mareas", sannan Cautivo tare da hits kamar "No Se Por Que", "Te Echo de Menos" da "Babu Te Preocupes Por Mí".
An fitar da kundi na 13 na Chayanne Mi Tiempo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2007. Kundin da aka yi muhawara a lamba biyu akan babban ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Latin yana siyar da kwafi 17,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa. Daya daga cikin kundi na farko, " Si Nos Quedara Poco Tiempo ", ya kai lamba daya akan ginshikin Waƙoƙin Latin.
Bayan fitowar kundin, Chayanne ya fara balaguron kasa da kasa don inganta Mi Tiempo . Daga cikin wuraren da aka ziyarta a farkon rangadin akwai Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, da Amurka.
A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2008, ya fara jerin gabatarwa a Spain. Lokacin da aka yi hira da shi ya lura cewa wasan kwaikwayon zai kasance mai ruwa "kamar kiɗa", kuma "mafi Latin" fiye da abubuwan da ya gabatar a baya, wanda ya ƙunshi "mafi yawan pop, Brazilian, Caribbean da reggae rhythms" wanda zai yi amfani da shi don "raye-raye akai-akai".
Ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman a Miss Universe 2003 pageant. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2009, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai suna "Me Enamoré de Ti", yana hidima a matsayin waƙar jigo don wasan opera sabulu na 2009 Corazon Salvaje . An nuna wannan guda ɗaya a cikin sakin Chayanne na 2010, Babu Hay Imposibles .
A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai taken, "Tu respiración", wanda ke zama jigon jigo na wasan opera na sabulu na 2015 Lo imperdonable .
Aiki sana'a
A cikin 1980s, Chayanne ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu da yawa kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Generaciones tare da Luis Antonio Rivera . A cikin 1994 ya buga kansa a cikin Volver a empezar tare da Yuri . A wannan shekarar, ya kuma yi tauraro a Linda Sara gaban tsohon Miss Universe, Dayanara Torres . Shahararren mai shirya fina-finan Puerto Rican Jacobo Morales ne ya rubuta fim din kuma ya ba da umarni. A cikin 1998, ya yi tauraro a matsayinsa na farko na Hollywood, yana wasa da ɗan wasan Cuban tare da Vanessa L. Williams a cikin Dance tare da Ni . Ya kuma yi bayyanar baƙo akan Ally McBeal . A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa ya yi aiki a wasu ayyuka kamar wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Argentine Provócame, wanda ya yi sautin sauti na wannan sunan.
A cikin 2008, Chayanne ya taka rawar rawa (na vampire) akan jerin talabijin Gabriel: Amor Inmortal . Don fahimtar kansa da ra'ayi ya ɗauki tsarin yau da kullum daban-daban, barci da rana da aiki da dare. Ya lura cewa samarwa yana son "sa abubuwa suyi kama da gaske kamar yadda zai yiwu", amma tsarin daidaitawa yana da wahala. Jerin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2008, akan Mega TV .
Filmography
Fina-finai
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1968
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haush | Haush | IRHaush
Haush ko Manek'enk ƴan asalin ƙasar ne waɗanda suka rayu a Miter Peninsula na Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Suna da alaƙa ta al'ada da harshen mutanen Ona ko Selk'nam waɗanda su ma suka rayu a kan Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, da kuma mutanen Tehuelche na kudancin ƙasar Patagonia.
Suna
Haush shine sunan da Selknam ko Ona suka ba su, yayin da Yamana ko Yaghan ke kiran su Italum Ona, ma'ana Ona ta Gabas. Yawancin marubuta sun bayyana cewa sunansu don kansu Manek'enk ko Manek'enkn. Martin Gusinde ya ruwaito, duk da haka, cewa a cikin yaren Haush Manek'enkn yana nufin mutane gaba ɗaya kawai. Furlong ya lura cewa Haush ba shi da ma'ana a cikin yaren Selknam/Ona, yayin da haush ke nufin kelp a yaren Yamana/Yaghan. Tunda Selknam/Ona mai yiwuwa sun hadu da mutanen Yamana/Yaghan a yankin Haush, Furlong yayi hasashen cewa Selknam/Ona sun aro haush a matsayin sunan mutanen Yamana/Yaghan.
Asali
Yawancin marubuta sunyi imanin cewa Haush sune mutanen farko da suka mamaye Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Haush suna da alaƙa da Selknam da Tehuelche, kuma ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin uku sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ta gabace ta a ƙasar Patagonia. Ƙungiyoyin ukun sun kasance mafarauta, musamman na guanacos, kuma ba su da tarihin amfani da jiragen ruwa.
Kamar yadda Haush da Selknam ba su yi amfani da jirgin ruwa ba, Mashigin Magellan zai kasance babban shinge ga isa ga Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Selknam yana da al'adar cewa wata gada ta ƙasa ta taɓa haɗa tsibirin da babban ƙasa, amma daga baya ta rushe. Lothrop yayi watsi da hakan a matsayin wanda ba zai yuwu ba. Furlong ya ba da shawarar cewa kwale-kwalen Indiyawan (Yahgan ko mutanen Alacalufe ) sun ɗauki Haush da Selknam a kan mashigar ruwa. [8] [5]
Yanki
Wataƙila Haush sun mamaye duk tsibirin Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, kafin Selknam ya isa tsibirin. Sunaye da yawa a yankin Selknam a zamanin tarihi ana kiran su Haush. Bayan hayewa daga babban yankin, ana zaton Selknam sun kashe ko kuma sun mamaye yawancin Haush, kuma suka tura ragowar zuwa cikin Miter Peninsula. [3] [5] [6] [9]
An raba yankin Haush zuwa yankuna biyu. Yankin arewa, kusa da yankin Selknam, ya miƙe a gefen gabas na tsibirin daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Caleta Falsa akan Polycarpo Bay. Yankin kudu ya fadada daga Caleta Falsa kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula zuwa Sloggett Bay. Yankin arewa yana da mafi kyawun yanayi don zama. Yankin kudancin, wanda a yanzu kusan babu kowa a ciki, yana da yanayi mai tsauri, ya fi sanyi da ruwan sama da hazo da iska fiye da yankin arewa. [10] Furlong ya bayyana cewa yankin Haush ya fito ne daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Good Success Bay, tare da tafiya lokaci-lokaci zuwa yamma har zuwa Sloggett Bay, kuma manyan matsugunan su sun kasance a Cape San Pablo, Polycarpo Cove, False Cove, Thetis Bay, Cape San Diego da Good Success Bay. [11]
Haush sun kasance kakanninsu da na uba. An raba su zuwa gidaje akalla goma, kowannensu yana da filaye da ke gudana daga wuraren farautar cikin ƙasa zuwa gaɓar teku. Iyalan makaman nukiliya (mutane biyar ko shida) za su yi ƙaura daban-daban ta cikin yankin danginsu, wani lokaci suna shiga tare da sauran dangin makaman nukiliya. Ƙungiyoyi daga yankuna da yawa za su taru don bukukuwa, musayar kyaututtuka, da kuma amfani da kifayen kifaye. [6] [11]
Al'adu
Haush sun kasance mafarauta. Haush sun sami wani kaso mai yawa na abincinsu daga majiyoyin ruwa. Binciken da aka yi na kasusuwa daga wuraren binne a Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego ya nuna cewa tun kafin zuwan Turai Selknam ya samu mafi yawan naman da suka ci daga guanacos da sauran dabbobin ƙasa, yayin da abokan hulɗar Haush kafin zuwan Turawa, kamar Yamana, suka sami rinjaye. daga cikin naman da suka ci daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ciki har da hatimi da zakin teku. Da yake guanacos ba su da yawa a yankin Haush, mai yiwuwa sun yi ciniki tare da Selknam don fatun guanaco. [13]
Sun raba al'adu da yawa tare da maƙwabtansu Selk'nam, kamar yin amfani da ƙananan bakuna da kiban dutse, ta yin amfani da fatun dabbobi (daga guanacos, kamar yadda Selknam, amma kuma daga hatimi) don 'yan kayan da suke amfani da su (capes)., suturar ƙafa da, ga mata, ƙananan "figleafs"), da kuma al'ada na farawa ga samari maza. [14] Harsunansu, wani ɓangare na dangin Chonan, sun kasance iri ɗaya, kodayake suna fahimtar juna "sai da wahala". [15]
Tuntuɓar Turai
Tuntuɓar farko tsakanin Haush da Turawa ta faru ne a cikin 1619, lokacin balaguron Garcia de Nodal ya kai ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula, a cikin bay da suka kira Bahia Buen Suceso (Good Success Bay). A can suka ci karo da mazajen Haush goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka taimaka wa Sipaniya su tanadi ruwa da itace don jiragen ruwa. Mutanen Espanya sun ba da rahoton ganin bukkoki hamsin a sansanin Haush, wanda ya zuwa yanzu taro mafi girma na Haush da aka ruwaito. [16]
Wani malamin Jesuit a kan jirgin ruwa da ya ziyarci Good Success Bay a 1711 ya kwatanta Haush a matsayin "rashin hankali". Balaguron farko da James Cook ya jagoranta ya ci karo da Haush a cikin 1769. Kyaftin Cook ya rubuta cewa Haush "watakila mutane ne masu wahala kamar yadda suke a wannan rana a duniya." [17] HMS <i id="mwbQ">Beagle</i>, tare da Charles Darwin a cikin jirgin, sun ziyarci Tierra del Fuego a 1832. Darwin ya lura da kamannin Haush da "Patagonians" da ya gani a baya a cikin wannan tafiya, ya kuma bayyana cewa sun sha bamban da "masu tsautsayi, masu bakin ciki da ke kara zuwa yamma", da alama yana nufin Yamana. [17]
Yawan Haush ya ƙi bayan hulɗar Turai. A cikin 1915, Furlong ya kiyasta cewa kimanin iyalai ashirin, ko 100 Haush, an bar su a farkon karni na 19, [13] amma daga baya an kiyasta cewa 200 zuwa 300 Haush ya kasance a cikin 1836. A shekara ta 1891, an kiyasta 100 ne kawai aka bari, kuma zuwa 1912, ƙasa da goma. [19]
A lokacin gamuwa da zama na Turai, Haush sun zauna a can iyakar gabashin tsibirin a Miter Peninsula. Ƙasa zuwa yammacinsu, har yanzu a arewa maso gabas na Tierra del Fuego, Ona ko Selk'nam, ƙungiyar harshe da al'adu masu alaƙa, sun mamaye su. [20]
Masu mishan Salesian sun yi hidima ga Manek'enk, kuma sun yi aiki don kiyaye al'adunsu da harshensu. Uba José María Beauvoir ya shirya ƙamus. Lucas Bridges, Anglo-Argentine da aka haife shi a yankin, wanda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai wa'azin Anglican a Tierra del Fuego, ya haɗa ƙamus na harshen Haush [21]
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Sources
Mutane
Kabilu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aalhahatu%20Ibn%20Ubaidullah | Ɗalhahatu Ibn Ubaidullah | Talhah ibn Ubaydullah ( ;594-656) Ya kasance sahabin annabin musulunci Muhammad. A cikin Sunni Musulunci, galibi an san shi da zama Aljanna Goma. An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a yakin Uhud da na Raƙumi, wanda ya mutu a ciki, a wurin Ahlus-Sunnah Muhammad ne ya ba shi taken “Mai karamci”.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Talhah c.594, dan Ubaydallah bin Uthman na dangin Taym na kabilar Kuraishawa a Makka. Mahaifiyarsa, al-Saaba bint Abdullah, ta fito daga kabilar Hadram.
An bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai fata mai duhu mai yawan gashi, fuska mai kyau da kunkuntar hanci. Yana son sa tufafin saffron da miski. Ya yi tafiya cikin sauri kuma, idan ya firgita, zai yi wasa da zobensa, wanda yake na zinare kuma an saita shi da jan yaƙutu.
Talhah ya kasance dan kasuwa mai fataucin kaya wanda daga karshe ya bar gidajan da aka kiyasta zai kai 30 dirhami miliyan.
Musulunta
A 612 ya ma'abũcin zumunta Abu Bakr dauki shi zuwa ziyarci Muhammad, da kuma Talhah zama Musulmi. Ance yana daga cikin farkon mutane takwas da suka tuba.
A lokacin tsananta wa Musulmi a cikin shekarun 614-616, Nawfal bn Khuwaylid ya ɗaura Talhah ga Abubakar ya bar su da igiya tare. Babu wani daga dangin Taym da ya zo ya taimaka. Bayan haka an san su da "kungiyoyi Guda Biyu". .
Hijira zuwa Madina
A watan Satumba na 622 Talhah yana kawo ayari gida daga Syria lokacin da ya sadu da Muhammad da Abubakar a al-Kharrar. Sun tsere daga Makka kuma suna yin hijira zuwa Madina. Talhah ya basu wasu kayan Siriya kuma ya ambata cewa al'ummar musulmai a Madina sun ce Annabinsu ya jinkirta zuwa. Yayin da Muhammad da Abubakar suka ci gaba da zuwa Madina,Talhah ya koma Makka don daidaita al'amuransa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka,ya bi gidan Abubakar zuwa Madina,inda ya zauna. .
Da farko ya kwana da As'ad bn Zurarah, amma daga baya Muhammad ya ba shi wani yanki na fili wanda ya gina gidansa a kansa. An sanya shi dan uwansa a musulincin Sa'id bn Zaid . Talhah da Sa'id sun rasa fada a yakin Badar saboda Muhammad ya aike su ne don su gano ayarin Abu Sufyan. Koyaya, duka an basu hannun jari na ganimar, kamar suna nan.
Talhah ya fifita kansa a yakin Uhud ta hanyar kusantar Muhammad yayin da mafi yawan sojojin musulmai suka gudu. Ya kare fuskar Muhammad daga kibiya ta hanyar daukar harbin a hannunsa, sakamakon haka yatsun sa biyu sun shanye. An kuma buge shi sau biyu a kai, kuma an ce ya ji rauni duka 75 a yaƙin.
Talhah ya kuma yi yaƙin a mahararen ruwa "da dukkan yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Manzon Allah". .
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda
A cikin mako na uku na watan Yulin 632, Madina ta fuskanci mamayewa daga ridda daga rundunonin ridda na Tulayha, wani annabi da ke kiran kansa annabi. Abu Bakr ya hada runduna tare galibi daga dangin Hashim (na Muhammad),inda ya nada Talhah, Ali bin Abi Talib da Zubayr bin al-Awam a matsayin kwamandojin kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar kowannensu. Koyaya,ba su fuskanci wani yaƙin ba yayin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda..
Iyali
Talhah ya haifi aƙalla yara goma sha biyar ta akalla mata daban-daban takwas.
Hamna bint Jahsh na kabilar Asad,wacce ya aura a shekara ta 625.
Muhammad al-Sajjad, wanda shi ma aka kashe a Yakin Rakumi.
Imran.
Khawla bint al-Qaaqaa na kabilar Tamim.
Musa.
Ummu Kulthum bint Abi Bakr .
Zakariya.
Yusuf, wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami.
Aisha .
Suda bint Aqf na dangin Murra.
Isa.
Yahya.
al-Jarba bint Qasama (Umm al-Harith) ta kabilar Tayy.
Ummu Ishaq,ta fara auren Hasan bn Ali sannan daga baya ta auri dan uwansa Husayn .
Ummu Aban bint Utbah bn Rabi'ah
Ya'qub "Mai karimci",wanda aka kashe a Yaƙin al-Harrah.
Isma'il.
Ishaq .
Bawan Allah.
al-Saaba.
Wata Kuyanga.
Maryam.
al-Faraa bint Ali, kamammen yaki daga kabilar Taghlib.
Salih.
Yaƙin Rakumi da mutuwa
An yi yakin Raƙumi tsakanin Ali a gefe ɗaya da Aisha, Talhah da Zubayr a ɗaya gefen 10 Disamba 656. A yayin yakin, Marwan bn al-Hakam, wanda ke yaki a bangare daya da A’isha, ya harbe Talhah a cinya. Marwan ya yi tsokaci, "Bayan wannan ba zan sake neman wanda zai kashe Uthman ba." Talhah ya rungume dokinsa ya zabura daga filin daga. Ya kwanta ta amfani da dutse a matsayin matashin kai, yayin da mataimakan suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayar da jinin. Duk lokacin da suka daina latsawa, sai jini ya sake komawa. A ƙarshe Talhah ya ce, “Dakatar da shi. Wannan kibiya ce da Allah ya aiko. " Ya mutu sakamakon wannan raunin, yana da shekaru 64.
A cikin wani hadisi, Muhammad ya sanya sunan Talhah a cikin Aljanna goma da aka yi Alkawari (Larabci: العشرة المبشرون بالجنة; al-`Ashara al-Mubasharūn bi-l-Janna).
Kabari
Kabarin Talha bn Ubaydullah yana cikin Basra, Iraq. Kabarin yana wani katafaren masallaci wanda yake da gine-ginen zamani. Kabarin da kansa yana karkashin cenotaf a ƙarƙashin dome, wanda aka gina shi da irin salo irin na cenotaf ɗin Anas Ibn Malik.
Masallacin da kabarin Talha Ibn Ubaydullah da 'yan kungiyar Shi'a Musulmai masu kama da masu daukar hoto suka tarwatsa. Mayakan sun dasa bama-bamai a cikin wurin ibadar, inda suka lalata masallacin da kabarin. Kabarin, wanda ke kan sake ginawa, har yanzu Ahlussunna sun ziyarci shi.
Duba kuma
Obaidullah (disambiguation)
Sunni game da Sahabbai
Talha (suna)
Manazarta
Musulmai
Pages with unreviewed translations
Sahabbai maza
Larabawa |
50459 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Gair | Joanne Gair | Articles with hCards
Joanne Gair(an haife shi c.1958), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Kiwi Jo(a madadin Kiwi Joe ), haifaffen New Zealand ne kuma wanda aka haife shi da kayan shafa kuma mai zanen jiki wanda zane-zanen jikinsa ya yi.An fito da shi a cikin Fitilar Swimsuit na Wasanni daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2017.An dauke ta a duniya manyan trompe-l'œil mai zanen jiki kuma mai zane-zane,kuma ta zama sananne tare da murfin ranar Haihuwar Vanity Fair Demi na Demi Moore a cikin zanen jiki a 1992. Samfurin ta da ya ɓace ya fito a cikin mafi girman kima na Ripley's Gaske Ko A'''ita ga George Gair.
Baya ga samun shaharar al'adun pop-up da girmamawa a cikin salon zamani da fasaha da suka fara da zanen jikinta na Demi Moore,ita ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce a duniyar rock da roll wacce ta taimaka wa abokan cinikinta da yawa samun lambobin yabo na salo da salo.Hakanan ana a fashion and art trendsetter,kuma ta dade tana hade da Madonna.A shekara ta 2001, ta fara tunanin ta na farko kuma a cikin 2005,ta buga littafinta na farko akan zanen jiki.A kololuwar shaharar al'adunta na pop bayan murfin Vanity Fair,an yi mata la'akari sosai don kamfen ɗin Absolut Vodka Absolute Gair.Ta yi aikin editan mujallu,kuma a cikin 2005,ta zama mai daukar hoto na zanen jikinta a cikin littattafai da mujallu.
Sana'a
Gair,wanda haifaffen New Zealand ne kuma ya girma a Auckland, yana zaune a Amurka kuma yana zaune a Los Angeles. A 1977,ta fara koyar da rawa a wata makarantar firamare ta New Zealand.Ta ƙaura daga New Zealand tana da shekara 21 kuma tana da tasha iri-iri akan hanyarta ta zuwa Los Angeles. Yawancin lokaci an yi amfani da shi a Ostiraliya da Amsterdam,har sai da ta shiga Los Angeles a lokacin gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta 1984,bayan shekaru biyar daga gida.Tare da taimakon Cloutier Agency ta sami takardar izinin aiki.Daga nan sai ta tunkari Chanel da Gaultier don ba da sabis na kayan kwalliyar da aka riga aka mutunta ta. Dukansu sun yarda da ita kuma ta ƙara ƙarfafa sunanta har ta kai ga maimakon a tambaye ta ko 'yar George Gair ce,an fi samun mahaifinta a tambayi ko shi ne mahaifin Joanne Gair.Ayyukanta na farko a cikin masana'antar kiɗa sun haɗa da murfin kundi da aikin bidiyo na kiɗa don David Lee Roth,Tina Turner,Grace Jones,Annie Lennox,da Mick Jagger. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu na farko an yi amfani da ita don yin murfin kundi na Eat'Em da Smile na Roth's 1986. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da aiki tare da Madonna,wanda ya fara da bidiyon kiɗa don"Bayyana Kanku"da"Vogue". Ta kuma yi aiki a kan bidiyon kiɗa don Aerosmith da Nine Inch Nails. Ayyukanta akan bidiyo na 1997 Nine Inch Nails na"Cikakken Drug"ya lashe mata rabon kayan shafa mafi kyawun gashi / kayan shafa a cikin bidiyon kiɗa a Kyautar Bidiyo na Kiɗa.Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ga Madonna's Frozen.Daga cikin sauran fitattun mawakan da ta yi aiki tare da ita Gwen Stefani,wanda ya lashe Mafi kyawun Bidiyo a 1999 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards yana aiki tare da Gair akan bidiyon don waƙar No Shakka"Sabo ".Gair ya kuma yi aiki akan kamfen ɗin talla da kuma fasalin hotuna a ƙoƙarin nuna hangen nesa na wasu.
Daga karshe sai ta fadada ta wuce fasahar kwalliya zuwa zanen jiki don bayyana nata hangen nesa na fasaha.A watan Agusta 1991,Demi Moore ya haifar da hargitsi na fasaha na kasa da kasa ta hanyar bayyana a kan murfin Vanity Fair watanni bakwai ciki tare da 'yarta Scout LaRue a cikin hoto More Demi Moore,tare da Gair a matsayin mai zane-zane da kuma Annie Leibovitz a matsayin mai daukar hoto.Daidai shekara guda bayan haka,ta koma murfin mujallar guda ɗaya tsirara a matsayin samfurin Gair da Leibovitz a cikin kusan daidai kamar zanen jiki mai ban tsoro,Demi's Birthday Suit.Gair shine farkon mai zanen wannan fasaha kuma zane-zanen mujallu ya jawo Gair zuwa shahara.Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka,ana ci gaba da la'akari da shi mafi sanannun misali na zanen jiki na zamani.Murfin 1992 wanda ya ƙunshi zama na sa'o'i goma sha uku ga Gair da ƙungiyar masu fasahar kayan shafa abin tunawa ne na hoton Agusta 1991.An yi ta harbin ne saboda mai daukar hoto Annie Leibovitz ya kasa yanke shawarar inda zai harba kuma ya tanadi gidaje biyu na hannu,dakunan otal hudu da gidaje biyar.Hankalin al'adun pop da aka ba Gair da zanen jikinta ya jagoranci Absolut Vodka don yin la'akari da haɓakar zanen jikin Absolut Gair a cikin 1993.
Ana ɗaukar Gair a matsayin mai zanen jiki na Trompe-l'œil,amma a wasu lokuta takan kwatanta kanta gabaɗaya kuma a baki ɗaya a matsayin mai ruɗi.Ita kuma tana kiran kanta wasu kuma suna kiranta a matsayin mai yin hoto saboda gudunmawar da take bayarwa wajen fahimtar mutane game da wasu. Tun asali an yi mata wahayi zuwa ga ƙware a zanen jiki ta hanyar adon fata na ƴan asalin ƙasar Māori na ƙasarsu ta New Zealand.Koyaya,glam rockers da manyan rockers harma da farar fuska geishas,Indiyawan Indiyawa da Indiyawa mehndi duk sun ba da gudummawa ga kwarin gwiwa.Ta fara amfani da Sharpies don zana mutane a cikin 1977. Ayyukanta,wanda ya zama sananne tare da murfin Vanity Fair na Agusta 1992 na Demi Moore,ya wuce kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban kuma ya haɗa da ita tare da manyan masu daukar hoto,masu gudanarwa,manyan samfura da mashahurai.Gair ya yi aiki tare da manyan mashahuran mutane(Madonna,Cindy Crawford,Michelle Pfeiffer,Kim Basinger,Christina Aguilera,Gwyneth Paltrow,Sophia Loren da Celine Dion ) kuma ya kasance a cikin edita( Vogue,W,Vanity Fair,Rolling Stone,Playboy,Blackbook,da kuma Blackbook ).Harper's Bazaar ) kamfen na zamani( Donna Karan, Versace,Sirrin Victoria,Guess,da bebe ), kamfanonin kwaskwarima( L'Oréal,Maybelline,Revlon,Oil of Olay,da Rimmel )da kuma mega-alamomi irin su Evian.A wani lokaci ta kasance editan kyau na Black Book. Ayyukanta tare da Madonna sun haɗa da bidiyon kiɗa irin su Bayyana Kanku,Vogue,Fever,Rain,Frozen,Blonde Ambition Tour da kuma bayanan da ya biyo baya na Gaskiya ko Dare.Lokacin da Madonna ta haɗu tare da Herb Ritts don hotuna na baƙi da fari,Gair ya yi gashin ido da kayan shafa.Gair ya kasance batun shirye-shiryen talabijin da labaran mujallu da yawa, gami da menene mafi girman kima na Ripley's Gaske Ko A'a ?An baje kolin nata na farko a gidan kayan tarihi na Auckland a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin fasahar Jikin Vodafone a 2001 da farkon 2002.
Gair ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa na hoto don aiki azaman mai yin kayan shafa.A cikin 1996 da 1997,an yi mata aiki a kan fina-finai uku na Moore( Sriptease, Idan Wadannan Ganuwar Iya Magana & GI Jane ).Bugu da ƙari,ta sami ƙima na 1997 akan Playboy:Farrah Fawcett,All of Me for Farrah Fawcett.A cikin 2002,ta sami lambar yabo a kan mutanen da na sani don yin aiki tare da Kim Basinger.Har ila yau,ta sami lambar yabo ta 2003 don aiki a kan ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Aikin Darakta Chris Cunningham.
Misalin Wasanni
A cikin shekararta ta farko a cikin Batun Swimsuit (1999),ta zana Rebecca Romijn, Heidi Klum,Sarah O'Hare, Michelle Behennah,Yamila Díaz-Rahi, da Daniela.Peštová a cikin kayan aikin bakin teku iri-iri.Hotunan Gair Sports na farko sun faru a Tsibirin Necker na Richard Branson a Tsibirin Budurwar Biritaniya.Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kuma sun bayyana a cikin 2001 Sports Illustrated kalanda,da kuma Heidi Klum's ƙulla rini na swimsuit bodypainting ta sami ita da Gair murfin fitowar Jamusanci na Labarin Wasanni na Wasanni.A cikin 2001,Batun Swimsuit yana da jigon allahntaka.Murfin da ke nuna Elsa Benítez ya yi amfani da taken "Allah na Bahar Rum".Gair ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan jigon ta hanyar zane-zane na jiki kamar mutum-mutumi na allahntaka: Klum( Athena ),Díaz-Rahi ( Thalia ),Veronika Vařeková( Aphrodite, Venus ),Molly Sims( Flora ),Noémie Lenoir( Luna ), Fernanda Tavares( Aurora ),da Shakara Ledard ( Diana )a matsayin alloli.A kusan lokaci guda a cikin 2001,aikinta wanda ke nuna Klum ya kasance a kan murfin bikin cika shekaru goma na Mujallar Shape.A cikin 2003, ta zana taswirar duniya ta nahiya bakwai akan Rachel Hunter, ɗan'uwan New Zealander,kuma da gangan ta wakilci Ostiraliya da New Zealand"ƙasa"(a kan gindi).A cikin fitowar ta 2004,lokacin da ta zana Jessica White,Petra Nemcova, Marisa Miller,Noemie Lenoir,Melissa Keller,da Hall, zane-zanen sun nuna duka zanen jiki.da ɓangarorin kwat da wankin wanka na gaske a yawancin hotuna.Koyaya,ɓangaren rigar wanka ba a bayyana a duk hotuna ba. A cikin fitowar 2005,ta zana Bridget Hall, White,Miller, Anne V, da Sarahyba tare da kayan wasan motsa jiki. A cikin fitowar 2006,ta zana kwat ɗin wanka da yawa akan Klum. Daya daga cikin wadannan ya fito a bangon mujallar wasanni ta Jamus.Wannan ne karo na tara da Gair da Klum suka yi aiki tare kuma karo na bakwai da suka yi haka don Wasannin Wasanni.A cikin fitowar 2007,inda kiɗa ya kasance jigon kuma Beyoncé Knowles an nuna shi a kan murfin,ta zana dutsen dutse da na'ura mai alaka da tee shirts da bikini a kan Daniella Sarahyba,Miller,Praver da Ana Paula Araujo. A cikin 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issuit,lokacin da ta zana kayan wanka a kan Quiana Grant,Jessica Gomes,Marisa Miller,da Tori Praver,matsakaicin lokacin zama na batutuwa / abubuwa shine sa'o'i goma sha uku.
Masu daukar hoto a 1999,2001,2003 da 2004 sune Antoine Verglas,James Porto, Michael Zeppetello da Steven White don ayyukan Batun Swimsuit.Daga 2005–2007 Gair ta ɗauki hotunan hotunan jikinta da kanta.Verglas ya sake daukar hoton hoton jikin don Batun Swimsuit na 2008. Ba a zaɓi hotunan zanen jiki azaman keɓantaccen babban hoto akan murfin Batun Swimsuit.Koyaya,a cikin Batun Swimsuit na 2005 wanda Carolyn Murphy shine ƙirar murfin,Jessica White an nuna shi azaman saƙo akan murfin a cikin zanen Jikin Miami Dolphins na Gair. Don haka,a matsayin Mai ɗaukar hoto Gair mai ɗaukar hoto na Swimsuit Issuit ya yi muhawara akan murfin a wata ma'ana. A cikin 2006 wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na hotonta na zanen jikin Klum ya bayyana a cikin saƙo a bangon,amma babu wani zanen jiki da ya bayyana. Batun Swimsuit na 2016 ya ƙaddamar da nau'ikan murfin guda uku don rufaffiyar daban-daban guda uku,ɗayansu shine hoton Ronda Rousey a cikin rigar wanka mai fentin Gair,don haka ya sanya shi farkon murfin jikin Swimsuit (duk da cewa ba shine keɓaɓɓen murfin ba na waccan shekarar.).
An sake yin wani zagaye na hotunan jiki a cikin 2017 (wanda ke nuna samfurori Anne de Paula,Hunter McGrady,Lisa Marie Jaftha,da McKenna Berkley ); Mujallar ba ta haɗa da fasalin gyaran jiki a cikin 2018 ko 2019 ba.
Littattafai
Gair ya samar da littattafan Ingilishi guda biyu:Paint A'Licious:The Pain-Free Way to Achieving Your Naked Ambitions ( , Andrews McMeel Bugawa,2005)da Zanen Jiki:Ƙwararru Daga Joanne Gair(tare da gaba ta Heidi Klum )( ,Universem,2006) da kuma littafin Mutanen Espanya guda ɗaya:Arte en el cuerpo(,lamba,2007).A cikin littafinta na farko,Paint A 'Licious, ita ce mai zane da mai daukar hoto da kuma mai tsarawa wanda ya tsara al'amuran. Paint A'Licious yana da jigon taimaka wa mutane su cimma burinsu.Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ƙunsa akwai wanda ake kira Yana Tsagewa amma har yanzu kun samu,wanda ya nuna wata tsohuwa sanye da riga mai ruwan hoda tana yin rarrabuwar kawuna a wani matakin zinare, tare da taimakon wata mataimaka da aka yi mata fentin ta haɗa cikin labule da'A'a. Sweat'wanda ke nuna mace mai kiba cikin farin ciki tana jagorantar ajin wasan motsa jiki tare da fentin jikinta don ta bayyana 30 pounds slimmer.A cikin littafin,ana samun wankin abs ta wurin zama har na 'yan sa'o'i,kamar yadda adadi na gilashin hourglass yake.An shirya littafin a cikin watanni goma a New Zealand.
Littafinta na biyu,Zanen Jiki,ya haɗa da ayyuka saba'in da biyar kuma wasu daga cikin masu daukar hoto sun hada da Annie Leibovitz,Herb Ritts da David LaChapelle.Littafin ya ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa daga nunin kayan tarihi na Gair's Auckland da kuma zaɓaɓɓun hotunan Batun Swimsuit. Tsohuwar samfurin kuma Uwargidan Shugaban Faransa na yanzu, Carla Bruni,ta kasance batun littafin.An haɗa hotuna da yawa na Heidi Klum daga hotunan hotuna daban-daban,ciki har da 1991 Shape mujallar harbi shekaru goma.Hotuna da dama na Demi Moore kuma sun bayyana ciki har da madadin hotuna daga Kauai,Hawaii na 1992 Demi's Birthday Suit mako na harbi da kuma hotuna biyu na ciki na 1994 tare da Tallulah Belle Willis da 1995 na Barbie na gaba. Hoto daga aikin Samfurin Bacewa daga Ripley's Gaskanta Ko A'a?an kuma hada.Littafin ya kuma hada da aikin mujallu irin su May 1990 Fame shoot tare da Goldie Hawn da Matthew Rolston da kuma Nuwamba 1998 Interview shoot tare da Pamela Anderson da David LaChapelle da kuma wasu ayyukan kalandar Pirelli tare da Herb Ritts, Carolyn Murphy da Alek Wek.
Wasannin da aka kwatanta sun samar da Wasannin Wasanni:A cikin Paint( ,Lokaci, Inc.Nishaɗin Gida, 2007)a cikin Nuwamba 2007.An yi wa littafin lakabin cikakken tarin zanen jiki daga Batun Swimsuit SI:The Art of Joanne Gair.Littafin ya ƙunshi gyare-gyaren hotuna na duk zane-zane na jiki waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin batun wasan ninkaya tun lokacin da Gair ya shiga kuma ya keɓe duk wani zanen jiki wanda ya riga ya shiga Gair.Don haka,ita ce fitacciyar mawallafin littafin wanda ya haɗa da hotuna na duk masu daukar hoto da aka ambata.Littafin ya kuma ƙunshi labarun da ke tare da wasu batutuwa daga marubutan Wasannin Wasanni irin su Rick Reilly wanda ya lura da tsarin.Hoton murfin Sarah O'Hare Antoine Verglas ne ya harbe shi wanda ya dauki hoton Gair's 1999 zanen jikin don Batun Swimsuit. Littafin ya haɗa da hotunan da aka samar a cikin ƙoƙarin Gair na farko don Batun Swimsuit na Misalin Wasanni daga 1999–2007.Hakanan ya ƙunshi hotuna da yawa na bayan fage waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin mujallar ba.
Talabijin
Ko da yake ga mutane da yawa ta fi sani da Demi's Birthday Suit,masu fasaha na fasaha sunyi la'akari da shahararren aikinta na Bacewa Model.Aikin ya bayyana akan Ripley's Ku Gaskanta ko A'a! .A cikin zanen jikin trompe l'oeil,fuska da jikin samfurin kusan ba su bambanta da furanni ja da shuɗi da rawaya na fuskar bangon waya a bango.Zanen jikinta na farko ya kasance abin tunawa yayin da ta zana moko a kan ƙirar ƙirar mata ta Ford Modeling Agency mai suna Jana,wanda haramun ne aikin aikin rufe fuska na al'ada na maza.Misali daga gidan yanar gizon Gair na ikonta na yaudarar ido don ganin nau'in nau'in nau'i mai nau'i uku tare da bango mai girma biyu ana gani a cikin hoton Elle Macpherson mai ciki. Sauran misalan wannan fasaha sun haɗa da murfin littafinta na farko(wanda ke ƙasa)da hotuna daga cikin wannan littafin.
Ta shiga cikin Tsarin Topmodel na gaba na Jamus ta hanyar yin zane da kuma ɗaukar hotuna huɗu na ƙarshe na fafatawa a cikin damisa.A lokacin shirin,wanda shine Cycle 1 episode 6,ta sarrafa samfura biyu a kowace rana tana aiki na sa'o'i shida zuwa bakwai tare da kowannensu.Ayyukan sun rufe kafadu, ƙafafu, ƙirjin da ciki kuma sun haɗa da dogon gashi.Lamarin ya haifar da aikin da ya yi nasara sosai har ba a kawar da ko ɗaya daga cikin ’yan takara ba.
Salo
Gair yanzu ya haɓaka salo a matsayin mai zanen jiki.Aikinta na yau da kullun yana ɗaukar ita da tawagarta sa'o'i takwas, amma wasu ayyukan suna ɗaukar sau biyu.Ba ta cajin sa'a.Gair koyaushe yana shirye don ayyukanta,amma gabaɗaya baya zana aikinta akan takarda.A gaskiya ma,ta yi ikirarin cewa ta yi haka sau biyu kawai a cikin fiye da shekaru ashirin na zanen jiki.Lokacin da take buƙatar gwada wani abu ta kan yi amfani da hannu ko hannun kishiyarta (hagu).
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan,Gair ta ƙara ɗaukar hoto zuwa ƙwarewar ƙwararrun ta. Baya ga kasancewa mai daukar hoto na Paint A 'Licious,ta kasance mai daukar hoto a wasu shekaru na aikinta na Wasanni.Misali,ita ce mai daukar hoto na Heidi Klum a 2006.A ƙarshen 2007, Gair yana amfani da kyamarar Canon 5D .
Iyali
Gair ta fito daga Takapuna a Arewacin Tsibirin New Zealand,amma yanzu tana zaune a duka Los Angeles da New York City.Mahaifinta shine Hon.George Gair,tsohon ɗan siyasan New Zealand,kuma ɗan wanta Alastair Gair ɗan tseren Etchells ne.Mahaifinta ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci a Majalisar New Zealand(1966-1990)kuma daga baya Magajin Garin Arewa Shore(1995-1998). Mahaifiyarta Fay Gair ce,kuma 'yar uwarta Linda Gair ta yi aiki duka a matsayin abin koyi da kuma mataimakiyar zane a yawancin zane-zane a littafinta na farko.Linda kuma tana da diya mai suna Lauren.Ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen da Linda ta taimaka shine murfin Paint A 'Licious.Gair kuma yana da babban ɗan'uwa mai suna Warwick.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Fleder, Rob (ed. ), Misalin Wasanni: A cikin Paint, Time, Inc. Nishaɗin Gida, 2007, .
0-7407-5537-4
0-7893-1509-2
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin gidan Gair
Gair archive a Los Angeles Times''
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1958 |
30205 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20gida%20dake%20sarrafa%20iskar%20gas | Sharar gida dake sarrafa iskar gas | Sharar gida bawul ne da ke sarrafa kwararar iskar gas zuwa injin turbocharged.
Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka.
Nau'in sharar gida
Na waje
Wurin sharar gida wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa.
Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa.
Na ciki
Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa.
Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure
Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi.
Sarrafa
Manual
Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo.
Cutar huhu
Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki.
Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu.
Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma suna buƙatar sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO 2 don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau.
Lantarki
Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekarata 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.</br></br> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. </br></br> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda.
Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa
Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai kunna sharar gida, wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da mai sarrafa yawa, bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa matsi na daban wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping.
Girman sharar gida
Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka:
babban turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida
babban turbo / babban haɓaka = ƙarami mai sharar gida
ƙaramin turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida
ƙaramin turbo / haɓaka mai girma = ƙarami mai sharar gida
Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan.
babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = ƙaramin gate mai shara
babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko = babban sharar gida
karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = karamin kofar shara
babban turbo / babban injin / ƙaramin ƙarfi = matsakaicin sharar gida
karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta = babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC)
Juji bawul
Recirculation Gas (EGR)
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13299 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameera%20al-Taweel | Ameera al-Taweel | Princess Ameera bint Aidan bin Nayef Al-Taweel Al-Otaibi ( Arabic العتيبي ; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da tamanin da uku (1983)),yarima yariman Saudiyya ne kuma mai bada agaji . ta kasanceGimbiya ce a reshen daular Saud wacce ba na sarauta ba ce, Princess ta auri yar dan uwanta Yarima Al-Waleed bin Talal al Saud, kuma ta dauki matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Gidauniyar Al-Waleed bin Talal . Gimbiya Ameera memba ce a kwamitin amintattu a Silatech kuma a yanzu tana aure da mijinta wato Emirati billionaire Khalifa bin Butti al Muhairi.
Farkon rayuwa
Al-Taweel an haife ta ne a 6 ga watan Nuwamban 1983 a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia . Mahaifinta Aidan bin Nayef Al-Taweel Al-Otaibi. Mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta da iyayenta ne suka tayar da ita. A shekara ta 18 ta sadu da Yarima Alwaleed Bin Talal, wani mutum ɗan shekara 28 da haihuwa fiye da ita, yayin da suke yin wata hira don takarda makaranta. Daga baya, sun yi aure a shekarar 2008 kuma daga baya aka sake su a cikin Nuwamba 2013. Gimbiya Ameera yarima ce wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a jami'ar New Haven tare da digiri a fannin kasuwanci.
Ayyukan jin kai
A matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kuma shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na gidauniyar Alwaleed bin Talal a Saudi Arabia, gidauniyar Alwaleed bin Talal - Global, (wacce aka sani yanzu a karkashin sunan Alwaleed Philanthropies), da kuma shugaban kwamitin nishaɗin Time, Princess Ameera tana goyan bayan dimbin fa'idodin jin kai a Saudiyya da ma duniya baki daya. Gidauniyar wata kungiya ce ta duniya, ba riba wacce aka sadaukar domin tallafawa shirye-shirye da kuma shirye-shiryen da ake na rage talauci, agajin bala'i, tattaunawa tsakanin mabiya addinai, da karfafawa mata.
A matsayinta na shugabar Kamfanin Kingdom Holding, ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a madadin cibiyar Alwaleed bin Talal a wani yunƙuri na fahimtar mafi mahimmancin matsalolin da duniya ke fuskanta. A cikin ziyartar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran kungiyoyin taimako da ci gaba, tana da niyyar haɓaka da inganta hoton matan Saudiyya yayin da take wakiltar Gidauniyar, aiwatar da ayyukan da kuma gudanar da tafiye-tafiye a filin. Ta ziyarci kasashe sama da saba'in da daya.
Gimbiya ta kaddamar da gidan marayu na Alwaleed Bin Talal a Burkina Faso kuma ta tafi Pakistan don ba da taimako da agaji ga wadanda ambaliyar kasar ta shafa da kuma tallafawa ilimi. Tare da Yarima Philip, Duke na Edinburgh, Gimbiya Ameera ita ma ta bude Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci ta Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta karba, daga Yarima Philip, lambar girmamawa ta 800th don fice da tayi dangane da Philanthropy. Kwanan nan ne ta shugabantar da kai kayan agaji zuwa Somalia, inda ita da tsohon mijinta, Yarima Alwaleed bin Talal, suka sa ido kan rarraba kayan tallafi na Gidauniyar.
Gimbiya Ameera ta yi magana a bainar jama'a a Amurka ta gidan talbijin na NBC a yau, CNN International da NPR, da a cikin mujallar Time da mujallar Siyasa wajen tallafawa dukkan mata 'yancin tuki a kasarta ta Saudi Arabiya da kuma batun da ya fi girma. na karfafawar mata gaba daya don bayar da gudummawa sosai ga al'ummar Saudiya. An gabatar da ita a cikin Newsweek, Daily Beast, da The Huffington Post, kuma Piers Morgan ya yi hira da shi. Ta yi magana ne a wani zama na musamman a taron 2011 Global Global Initiative mai taken "Voices for Change a Gabas ta Tsakiya & Arewacin Afirka," inda ta tattauna ra'ayoyinta game da motsin sauye-sauye a yanzu tare da Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton . Hanyar da kanta ta bayyana game da sake fasalin na daya daga "canji, ba juyin-juya-hali ba". A cikin jawabinta ta ce: “Mutane sukan dauki muryarsu a kan titi idan gwamnatocinsu ba sa jin su. Idan muna son kwanciyar hankali a yankin, dole ne mu gina cibiyoyin kungiyoyin jama'a domin mutane su iya biyan bukatunsu ta hanyar wadannan cibiyoyin. Idan muna son wadata a yankin dole ne mu sanya hannun jari ga matasa ta hanyar karfafa masana'antu. Ta kuma ce tana son kasancewa cikin mata na farko da ke tuki a kan hanyoyin Saudiyya. Charlie Rose ta tattauna da Princess Ameera kwanan nan akan Bloomberg kuma tayi magana game da ayyukanta na daidaici da kuma karfafawa mata a Saudiyya ta hanyar Kafuwar Alwaleed. Wasan uwanta Prince Al Waleed ya gargadi ɗan'uwan sa Prince Khalid da ya sarrafa bayyanar kafofin watsa labarun Ameera ko kuma wani lokaci za a hukunta su ba tare da faɗakarwa ba. Wannan tashin hankalin ya haifar da rabuwarsu.
Ita memba ce a kwamitin amintattun na Silatech, wata kungiyar samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa tare da mai da hankali kan karfafa matasa a cikin kasashen larabawa ta hanyar kirkirar ayyukan yi da manyan hanyoyin tattalin arziki don magance rashin aikin yi a yankin. Ta kasance mamba a kungiyar nakasassu ta Children'sungiyar Yara nakasassu kuma memba ce ta member kungiyar Volan Agaji ta Saudiyya. Ita ce kuma ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Times Entertainment da Co-kafa na Tasamy kungiyar ba da riba ba wacce ke haɓaka kasuwancin al'umma.
A shekara ta 2011, Princess Ameera ta karɓi kyautar ta "ITP" Taimakawa Taimakon Bil Adama "a madadin gidauniyar Alwaleed Bin Talal a bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Kasuwa ta Arabiya. Ta kasance mafi sabuwa ga Shugaba na Gabas ta Tsakiya 100 Mafi Tsarin Arab Women Mata na 2012 jerin masu matsayi na huɗu. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Mata a shekarar daga Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ameera al Taweel ta auri Emirati billionaire Khalifa bin Butti.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Alwaleed Bin Talal Tushen Yanar Gizo
Ganawa da Princess Ameerah Al-Taweel tare da Charlie Rose
Bayanin Gimbiya Ameerah akan gidan yanar sadarwar Gidauniyar Alwaleed
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20415 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ekoi | Mutanen Ekoi | Mutanen Ekoi, wanda aka fi sani da Ejagham, ƙabilu ne na Bantoid a ƙarshen kudancin Najeriya kuma suna faɗawa gabas zuwa yankin kudu maso yamma na Kamaru . Suna magana da yaren Ekoi, babban harshen Ekoid . Sauran harsunan Ekoid ana magana da su ta ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, ciki har da Etung, wasu ƙungiyoyin a Ikom (kamar na Ofutop, Akparabong da Nde ), wasu ƙungiyoyin a Ogoja (Ishibori da Bansarra), Ufia da Yakö . Ekoi sun zauna kusa da Efik, Annang, Ibibio da Igbo yan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. A Ekoi aka fi sani ga su Ekpe da Nsibidi rubutu. A al'adance suna amfani da akidun Nsibidi, kuma su ne kungiyar da ta asali ta ƙirƙiresu.
Mutanen Ekoi a gargajiyance an tsara su ne cikin dangogi 7, kamar na Akan a Ghana .
Labarin kasa
Ana samun Ekoi a cikin Najeriya a cikin jihar Kuros Riba . Ana magana da kuma harsunan Ekoid a wannan yankin, kodayake ana magana da Ingilishi (harshen ƙasa). Ana kuma samun Ekoi a Kamaru a yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.
Tarihi
Ekoi sunyi imanin cewa magadan farkon mazauna yanzun nan sune suka mallaki filin; yayin da ba a ba wa sabbin masu izinin izinin mallakar ƙasa ba, suna da ikon siyan haƙƙin zama. Mazajen Ekoi suna da farauta a gargajiyance, yayin da mata suka tsunduma cikin aikin noma, kiwon doya, ayaba, masara (masara). Mata ma suna yin kifi, kuma maza da mata suna shiga saƙa.
Mutanen Ekoi, yayin da suke magana da yare ɗaya, ba su kula da rayuwa cikin haɗin kai ba. Da yake zaune a yankin da ke Kudu maso Gabashin Nijeriya a yanzu da kuma Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru, mutane sun rarrabu ta hanyar mallakar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da na Afirka a Afirka. Lokacin da aka kashe wani kyaftin din Jamusanci mai suna Von Weiss, ikon Turai ya ɗauki matakan yaƙi da mutanen Ekoi na asali (1899-1904 Yakin Jamusanci-Ekoi). Koyaya, amsar ba iri ɗaya ba ce; ba kawai babu yakin basasa ba, amma wasu kauyuka sun gudu maimakon fadya da baya. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen Ekoi a cikin mulkin mallakar Ingila da ba su taimaka wa 'yan uwansu ba.
Mutanen Ekoi da aka bautar cikin hayin Tekun Atlantika sun kasance sanannu a Cuba, inda fasaharsu, da ake gani a cikin nau'ikan ganga da adon mata, ya wanzu har zuwa yau.
Al'adu
Zane-zane
An san al'adun Ekoi don ƙwarewar ƙirar sassakawa. Ƙwarewar fasaharta ishara ce ga rikitarwa na ƙungiyar mutanen Ekoi. Masks ɗin su na musamman ne saboda, ba kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka ba, maƙallan Ekoi suna da gaskiya. A cikin hanyar Ekoi don yin abin rufe fuska masu gefe 2, gefen da ya fi duhu yana wakiltar ƙarfin namiji, kuma mafi fari ya fi ƙarfin mace. Abin rufe fuskar ɗin katako galibi ana rufe su da zane na fatar dabbobi (kwatankwacin yadda Leopard Society ya yi amfani da fatar ɗan adam a kan masks), kuma ana sa shi a lokacin ibada ko kuma a ɗora shi a saman tammy.
Abubuwan zane-zane, kamar zane-zane da waƙoƙi, suna da mahimmanci ga maza, kamar yadda ake ganin su a lokaci ɗaya a matsayin mayaƙa da masu fasaha, kodayake yaƙi ya zama baƙon abu a tarihin Ekoi, ban da Yakin Jamusanci da Ekoi tsakanin 1899-1904.
Harshe
Harshen Ekoi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Ekoid, yare ne na Bantoid a cikin rukunin yaren Nijar-Congo. Su ne masu kirkirar rubutun, rubutun da za a iya gani a cikin kayan tarihi da yawa waɗanda aka samo a wuraren da mutanen Ekoi / Ejagham ke zaune, kuma wanda aka fassara shi da “baƙaƙen haruffa.” Rubutu ne na Afirka gaba ɗaya, tare da kusan babu tasirin Yammacin Turai. Dangane da almara na Ekoi, 'yan kasuwa ne suka koya musu rubutun.
Ngbe da Nnimm
Nungiyoyin Ngbe da Nnimm sun kasance na maza da mata, bi da bi, a cikin yankin Ekoi. Ƙungiyar Ngbe (Damisa) ta yi imani da labarin wani tsohon sarki mai suna Tanze. Lokacin da ya mutu, ya zama kifin da mace ta kama. Wani mutum ne ya kashe matar, ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar Damisa, kuma Tanze ya zama jikin duriyar mata. Wannan tatsuniyar ta daga alamomin kifayen ruri da damisa a matsayin alamu daga Allah kuma don haka za a koma ga su a kowace kotun Ekoi.
Farawa na Nnimm zai zama 'yan mata matasa marasa aure. Zasu sanya zane-zanen rubutu na zagi da riguna na kayan alawa da bawo, da kuma abin wuya na fata. Kasusuwa na birai sun yi daidai da gashin gashin kai (gashin tsuntsu guda a bayan kai ya kasance mafi mahimmanci, saboda shi ne gashin Nnimm) kuma an gama shi da wani abin rufewa na cowrie. Ruwan Nnimm zai zama da matukar mahimmanci ga 'yan Afirka a Cuba .
Tarihi
Ekoi suna da adadi da yawa na labaran da ake magana. Wata tatsuniyar halitta ta faɗi game da Allah wanda ya halicci mace da namiji na farko kuma ya ba su damar zama a cikin bukka. Allah ya ce wa namiji ya yi wa mace ciki kuma ya bar kafin a haifi yaron. Lokacin da aka haifi yaron, Allah ya umurci mace da namiji su kula da sabon yaronsu. A karshen tatsuniyar an bayyana cewa duk mutane daga zuriyar wannan mace da namiji.
Wani tatsuniya da ke bayanin rayuwar duniya tana ba da labarin Eagle da Ox suna wasan buya da buya. Mikiya tana samun Abun nan da nan sannan ta ɓoye kan ƙahonin Ox inda Ox ɗin baya iya ganinsa. Ox yana zuwa kowace dabba yana tambaya ko sun ga Mikiya, amma Mikiya tana gaya musu duka kada su ce komai. A ƙarshe, Mujiysa ya gaya wa Ox cewa Mikiya tana kan bakansa. A fusace, Mikiya ta kame Fowl kuma ta rantse cewa zai dauki yaransa saboda wannan laifin. An ce saboda wannan, mikiya ke cin kazar tsuntsaye.
Damisa
Damisa musamman za'a iya ganin ta da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Ekoi. A lokutan (sarakuna), zai bar gidansa ya yi sadaukarwa iri-iri, ciki har da na hulunan kwanya da hakoran damisa, sanda ɗaure da fatar damisa, da abin wuya na haƙorin damisa. Hakanan, lokacin wani ya mutu, mutanensa za su shiga cikin daji don dawo da kamar 's ruhu ya koma ga Allah. Idan ba su yi hankali ba, ana jin cewa damisa ta gaske za ta kawo musu hari.
Manazarta
Kabila
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34173 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty%20Luv | Booty Luv | Articles with hCards
Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts
Booty Luv ƙungiyar rawa ce ta Biritaniya wacce aka kafa a watan Yuni shekarar 2006 ta lakabin rikodin su, Hed Kandi . Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi mawallafin R & B guda biyu, Cherise Roberts da Nadia Shepherd, dukansu sun kasance a cikin asali na asali na hip hop da R & B kungiyar Big Brovaz . Ya zuwa yau, sun fitar da kundi guda ɗaya na BPI Silver-certified studio solo album a matsayin mai ban sha'awa, kuma sun sami nasara biyar mafi girma ashirin a cikin Burtaniya. Har ila yau, sun samu nasara a duniya, inda suka samu nasara a Ireland, Poland, Netherlands da Jamus.
Duo ɗin sun yanke shawarar ɗaukar hutu a cikin shekarar 2009 don mai da hankali kan ayyukan solo bayan fitowar waƙar su " Say It ", wanda ake nufin ɗauka a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na biyu na studio. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, bayan hutu na shekaru biyu duo ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun canza suna zuwa "Cherise & Nadia" kuma sun tafi ƙaramin yawon shakatawa a Ostiraliya don haɓaka kayan daga kundi na farko. A cikin Nuwamba 2012, duo sun canza suna zuwa Booty Luv kuma sun sake dawowa da waƙar "Baƙar fata" a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu Shekara ta 2013. Kodayake kundin nasu na biyu ya kasance ba a fitar da su ba kuma ba su fitar da wani sabon abu ba tun shekarar 2013 duo har yanzu suna ci gaba da yin aiki har na shekarara 2022.
Tarihi
2002-2005: Big Brovaz da samuwar
Roberts da Shepherd duka sun fara aikin su ne a matsayin membobin R&B da ƙungiyar hip hop Big Brovaz, wanda ya sami manyan 40 na UK guda bakwai tsakanin 2002 da 2004. Roberts ya riga ya zama mawaƙin da aka kafa kafin ya shiga Big Brovaz, yana yin rikodin kundi na solo Look Inside da kuma "Mafi kyawun Na Biyu". Kundin ya samu lambar yabo ta MOBO Unsung a 2000.
An ƙirƙiri Booty Luv a farkon rikodin kundi na biyu na Big Brovaz, Sake Shigarwa, lokacin da Roberts da Shepherd suka kusanci don yin rikodi da haɓaka sabon sigar R&B / mawaƙin rai Tweet 's club buga " Boogie 2nite ". Bayan rashin tallace-tallacen da aka yi na farko daga Sake Shigarwa a tsakiyar 2006, Duo sun yarda da tayin kuma sun fara yin rikodin sabon sigar waƙar, da farko kawai a matsayin waƙar talla don lakabin rikodin Hed Kandi . Bayan watanni shida a watan Disamba, duk da haka, an yanke shawarar sigar Booty Luv na "Boogie 2nite" a matsayin ainihin guda ɗaya a cikin Burtaniya da babban yankin Turai biyo bayan sake dubawa mai kyau daga kulob DJs a wurin rawa.
2006-2009: Boogie 2nite da hiatus
A ƙarshen 2006, an aika bidiyon "Boogie 2nite" zuwa tashoshin kiɗa kuma an inganta waƙar sosai. An zaɓi remix na raye-raye na asali na Seamus Haji don zazzagewar waƙar da sakin jiki, yayin da aka zaɓi bidiyon don nuna remix ta ƙungiyar DB Boulevard . Waƙar ta zama lamba ɗaya ta farko a cikin Chart Rawar Burtaniya. Ana kashe makonni 23 a cikin Burtaniya Top 75, "Boogie 2nite" ya haifar da Booty Luv ya tsawaita kwantiragin su tare da Hed Kandi zuwa guda huɗu masu biyo baya da kundi.
A cikin Mayu 2007, bayan ɗaukar watanni da yawa don yin rikodin kundi na farko, Booty Luv ya fitar da waƙar " Shine ", murfin waƙar Luther Vandross . Rediyo ya karbe shi da kyau kuma ya zama na biyu mafi kyawun rukunin guda goma, wanda a ƙarshe ya kwashe makonni bakwai a cikin Burtaniya Top 40 . Hakanan ya kai matsayi na farko akan Chart Rawar Burtaniya.
Kundin nasu na farko, Boogie 2nite, an sake shi a watan Satumba na 2007, mako guda bayan guda na uku " Kada ku yi rikici da mutum na " (rufin waƙar Lucy Pearl ) ya kai lamba 11 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya kuma ya zama lamba ta uku. - rawa daya buga. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda biyar waɗanda Booty Luv suka rubuta, gami da guda huɗu, " Wasu Kinda Rush " (lamba 19 da aka buga a cikin Disamba 2007). Boogie 2nite ya shiga Chart Albums na UK a lamba 11 kuma BPI ta ba da ƙwararriyar Azurfa a ƙarshen 2008, yana nuna kwafin 60,000 da aka sayar. A ƙarshen 2007, UK iTunes Store ya ba da waƙar "Wani Abin da za a Yi Magana Game da shi" azaman 'Kyauta Single na Makon'. Na biyar guda daga cikin kundi, "Dance Dance", an ba da iyakataccen fitarwa a duk faɗin Turai a cikin 2008, kuma ya kai saman biyar akan ginshiƙi na rawa na Netherlands (kololuwa a lamba 27 akan babban ginshiƙi).
Roberts da Shepherd sun tabbatar a cikin wata hira da Digital Spy a cikin 2007 cewa sun shirya fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a 2008. Sun kuma ambata cewa suna magana ne game da tsare-tsare na gaba tare da Hed Kandi kuma suna son kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali kawai. A cikin wata hira ta Digital Spy a watan Yuli 2009, Shepherd ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta kasance tana aiki tare da masu samarwa da yawa kuma kundin yana da "salon mara kyau". Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa "wasu waƙoƙin suna da ainihin R&B vibe a gare su, wasu waƙoƙin raye-rayen da suka dace kuma wasu waƙoƙin poppier ne na yau da kullun. Yana da matukar ban sha'awa cakuda sauti. " Roberts ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da Fraser T Smith .
Duo ɗin sun fito da waƙar su ta farko a cikin sama da shekaru biyu " Say It ", wanda aka fara ranar Juma'a 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Aikin farko na waƙar ya kasance a bikin Dance Nation na Sony Ericsson inda duo suka yi saiti. Kiɗa na waƙar ya ɗan bambanta da kayan da suka gabata da ƙungiyar ta fitar, suna da ƙarin jin daɗin wutar lantarki. An saki guda ɗaya a kan 31 Agusta 2009, kuma an fara shi a kan gidan yanar gizon Hed Kandi na hukuma da kuma shafin raba bidiyo na YouTube . Waƙar ita ce 'Single of the Day' na Popjustice a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Mawaƙin ya ci gaba da gudanar da ƙungiyar ta Burtaniya Top 20 hits, yana yin muhawara a lamba 16 a ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba 2009, sabuwar shigarwa ta huɗu mafi girma na mako.
2011-yanzu: "Bakar bazawara" da Yin
Booty Luv ya dawo daga hutun shekaru biyu lokacin da suka yi a 2011 a Nottingham Pride da Cardiff's Pulse Street Party. An rattaba hannu kan lakabin rikodin nishadi na Pierce kuma sun fitar da wani talla mai taken " Wannan Dare ", wanda aka saki bisa hukuma na wani ɗan lokaci don ya zo daidai da yawon shakatawa na Australiya a watan Mayu 2012 ta hanyar iTunes. Duo sun fitar da bidiyon kiɗan su na hukuma don "Baƙar fata gwauruwa" a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2012, sun fito da guda ɗaya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2013, wanda ya zama saman 5 a cikin Charts na Rawar & Urban Club. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, duo ya jagoranci bikin Oxford Pride a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2013.
Kodayake kundin na Booty Luv na biyu an tsara shi don ƙarshen fitowar 2013, a ƙarshe ba a sake fitar da kundin ba, kuma Roberts da Shepherd daga baya sun sake gyara tare da Big Brovaz don yawan nunin raye-raye. Haka kuma a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da yin aikin Booty Luv.
Hotuna
Albums na Studio
Boogie 2nite (2007)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
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34267 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Wilson%20%28American%20football%20coach%29 | George Wilson (American football coach) | George William Wilson, Sr. (Fabrairu 3, 1914 - Nuwamba 23, 1978) ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa kuma daga baya ya zama koci na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL) da Miami Dolphins na Kwallon kafa na Amurka (AFL). . Wilson ya halarci kuma ya buga kwallon kafa a Jami'ar Northwwest . Ya tafi ba tare da izini ba a cikin 1937, kafin Chicago Bears ya sanya hannu. Wilson ya buga wasanni goma tare da Bears, yana tattara rikodin gabaɗaya na 111 wuce liyafar, 1,342 karbar yadudduka, da sha biyar tabawa. Ya kasance memba na Bears yayin bayyanar su biyar a Wasan Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa daga 1940 – 1943 da 1946. Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓi shi don Wasan All-Star Game daga 1940 – 1942. Ya kuma buga wasan kwando guda ɗaya na ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa don Chicago Bruins a cikin 1939 – 40. Wilson ya lashe gasa bakwai a hade a matsayin dan wasa da koci.
Aikin horarwa ya fara ne da Bears a cikin 1947, lokacin da ya zama mataimakin koci ga George Halas . Bayan kawai yanayi biyu tare da Chicago, Wilson ya bar a cikin 1949 don wani matsayi na mataimakin kocin tare da Detroit Lions, abokin hamayyar ƙungiyar Bears. Kafin lokacin 1957, ya gaji Buddy Parker a matsayin babban koci. A cikin shekararsa ta farko a matsayin koci, Wilson ya jagoranci Detroit zuwa 8–4 kakar da nasara a cikin 1957 NFL Championship Game, gasar zakarun na baya-bayan nan don zakuna. Don ƙoƙarinsa, an ba Wilson lambar yabo ta Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award . Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da zakuna har zuwa 1964, kodayake ba su iya maimaita nasarar da suka samu a 1957 ba. Wilson ya yi aiki na shekara guda a matsayin mataimakin koci ga Washington Redskins a 1965 . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kakar wasa ta ƙare, mai mallakar Miami Dolphins Joe Robbie ya hayar Wilson a matsayin kocin farko na sabon ikon mallakar AFL a 1966 . Ɗansa, George Wilson Jr., ya kasance farkon kwata-kwata a lokacin wasan farko na ƙungiyar. Wilson, Sr. ya kasa samun rikodi na cin nasara a cikin lokutansa hudu tare da Miami. An kore shi a watan Fabrairu 1970 kuma Don Shula ya maye gurbinsa.
Bayan da aka kori shi a matsayin kocin Miami Dolphins, Wilson ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa kuma ya shiga ginin gine-gine da kasuwancin gidaje a Kudancin Florida . A shekara ta 1978, ya koma Michigan, inda ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Detroit a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1978.
Kwallon kafa
Sana'ar wasa
Ya halarci kuma ya buga kwallon kafa a Kwalejin Soja ta Saint Johns Northwestern a Delafield, WI a lokacin makarantar sakandare har ma da Jami'ar Arewa maso yamma don kwaleji. Wilson ya kasance memba na 1936 Wildcats tawagar, wanda ya lashe gasar Big Ten Conference . Bayan da aka cire shi a cikin 1937, Chicago Bears ya sanya hannu a kan shi daga baya a waccan shekarar. Ko da yake Wilson ya halarci duk wasanni goma sha ɗaya na kakar wasan sa, ya fara wasanni biyu ne kawai. Ya yi rikodin liyafar guda ɗaya kawai don 20 shekarar 1937. A kakar wasa ta gaba, Wilson ya rubuta aikin sa na farko. Daga 1940 zuwa 1942, an zabe shi don wasan NFL All-Star Game, a yau wanda aka fi sani da Pro Bowl, kuma ya kasance Teamungiyar Farko a 1942. Wilson ya kasance memba na Bears yayin bayyanuwa guda biyar a gasar zakarun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa daga 1940 zuwa 1943 da kuma a cikin 1946, tare da ƙungiyar ta yi nasara duka sai 1942. An jera shi azaman farkon farkon wasan na 1940 NFL Championship Game, Wilson ya jefa wani babban shinge wanda ya fitar da masu kare Redskin guda biyu yayin da Bill Osmanski ya barke don maki na farko na Bears yayin wasansu na tarihi na 73–0 na Washington Redskins .
A lokacin lokacin 1943, Wilson ya yi rikodin babban aiki-293 yadudduka karba da 5 tabawa. A cikin 1943 NFL Championship Game, Wilson ya kama wucewa uku don 29 yadudduka a wasan da kungiyar ta sha kashi da ci 41–21 na Redskins. Ya yi irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a cikin 1944 da 1945 . A baya, ya kama 24 ya wuce 265 yadudduka, ciki har da 4 tabawa. A cikin 1945, Wilson ya rubuta aiki-mafi girma 28 liyafar, don 259 yard and 3 tabawa. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin ɗan wasa bayan kakar 1946, yana tattara rikodin gabaɗaya na 111 wuce liyafar, 1,342 karbar yadudduka, da 15 tabawa.
Aikin koyarwa
Wilson ya fara aikin horarwa da Bears a shekara ta 1947, lokacin da ya zama mataimakin koci ga George Halas . Ya shafe yanayi biyu kawai tare da Chicago, kafin ya ɗauki matsayin mataimakin koci a 1949 tare da Detroit Lions, abokin hamayyar ƙungiyar Bears. Kafin fara kakar 1957, ya gaji Buddy Parker a matsayin babban koci, wanda ya yi murabus ba zato ba tsammani a watan Agusta. 12. A cikin shekararsa ta farko a matsayin koci, Wilson ya jagoranci Detroit zuwa 8–4 kakar da nasara 59–14 akan Cleveland Browns a wasan zakarun NFL, har zuwa yau taken gasar zakarun baya-bayan nan. Don ƙoƙarinsa, Wilson shine farkon wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award . A cikin Janairu 1958, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin Western Conference na farko na talabijin Pro Bowl, yayin da Parker, sannan shugaban kocin Pittsburgh Steelers, ya jagoranci taron Gabas. Taron Yamma ya doke taron Gabas da ci 26–7.
A cikin 1960, Wilson ya ɗauki Don Shula a matsayin mai kula da tsaro, wanda daga baya ya gaje shi a matsayin kocin Miami Dolphins . The Lions sun kasance 7–5 a cikin 1960 kuma sun ci gaba zuwa bugu na farko na wuri na uku na Playoff Bowl, inda suka ci Browns 17–16. Rikodin Detroit ya ɗan fi kyau a cikin 1961 a 8–5–1, ya sake zuwa Playoff Bowl, kuma ya ci Philadelphia Eagles da kyau 38–10. Duk da kammala kakar 1962 tare da nasara 11 da cin nasara 3 - mafi kyawun nasara - rikodin asarar lokacin mulkin Wilson - sun gaza a karo na uku a jere don cin nasarar Green Bay Packers a cikin Taron Yammacin Yammacin Turai, amma sun ci nasara ta uku kai tsaye Playoff. Bowl, wannan lokacin 17-10 akan Steelers .
Wilson ya kasance tare da zakuna ta hanyar 1964, kodayake ba su iya kaiwa wani wasan gasar NFL ba bayan 1957. Shi yayi murabus a watan Disamba 23, kwanaki biyu bayan da aka kori mataimakansa biyar mataimakansa ta hanyar mallaka, kuma tsohon dan wasan Lions Harry Gilmer ya gaje shi. Bayan murabus dinsa daga Zakuna, Wilson ya tattara 53–45–6 (.538) ; Wayne Fontes ne kawai ya sami karin nasara a matsayin babban kocin Detroit. Shi sannan ya yi shekara daya a matsayin mataimakin koci karkashin Bill McPeak tare da Washington Redskins a 1965 .
A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1966, Joe Robbie ya nada Wilson a matsayin babban koci na farko na fadada ikon amfani da ikon mallakar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka, Miami Dolphins . Dolphins sun gama kakarsu ta farko tare da rikodin 3 – 11, suna ɗaure 1961 Minnesota Vikings da 1966 Atlanta Falcons don mafi kyawun rikodin lokacin don ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa. Daga cikin hudun farko na kwata-kwata a lokacin farkon shekara ta Dolphins, ɗayan ɗan Wilson ne, George Wilson Jr., wanda ya jagorance su zuwa nasararsu ta farko, nasara 24–7 akan Denver Broncos . Duk da haka, bayan rashin aikin kakar wasa, an sayar da shi zuwa Broncos, sannan aka sake shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1967.
Miami ya inganta dan kadan a cikin 1967 da 1968, yana tafiya 4-10 da 5-8-1, bi da bi. Bayan kakar 1968, kwangilar shekaru uku na Wilson ya ƙare, yana barin rashin tabbas idan zai horar da tawagar a 1969 . Robbie ya ce "George ya yi aiki mai kyau da 'yan wasa. Wannan shine qarfin maganarsa. Wannan ba yana nufin yana da rauni a wasu bangarorin ba, amma yana kula da 'yan wasa da kyau." An sanya hannu kan Wilson zuwa sabuwar kwangilar shekara guda a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1968. A cikin Fabrairun 1969, Wilson ya yi alkawarin "ci gaba da ingantawa" ga tawagar a wani abincin rana don girmama sabbin 'yan takara, yayin da magajin garin Miami Stephen P. Clark ya ba shi takarda don "kokarin da ba a gaji ba don kawo kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Miami." Duk da haka, Dolphins sun koma zuwa 3-10-1, mafi muni a cikin AFL ; An kori Wilson bayan watanni biyu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1970, kuma babban kocin Baltimore Colts Shula ya gaje shi.
Ko da yake rikodin Wilson tare da Miami ya kasance 15–39–2 (.286) kyau, da dama da zaɓaɓɓun zaɓe da kasuwanci a lokacin aikinsa ya ba Dolphins damar samun 'yan wasan da suka taka rawa a nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a farkon 1970s, ciki har da tsara Bob. Griese da Larry Seiple a cikin 1967, Larry Csonka da Jim Kiick a 1968, da Bill Stanfill da Mercury Morris a 1969, da kuma cinikin Nick Buoniconti da Larry Little a 1969 da Paul Warfield a 1970.
Rikodin aikin Wilson a matsayin babban koci shine 68–84–8 (.450), kuma ya kasance 2–0 a bayan kakar wasa. Shi ne na 70th a kowane lokaci da kocin NFL ya yi nasara.
Da farko, Wilson ya kasance mai mahimmanci game da cire shi a matsayin koci da maye gurbinsa da Shula. Bayan lokutan 1970 da 1971, ya yayi yunkurin watsi da ra'ayin jama'a na cewa Shula ta gina wata kungiya mai karfi, inda ta bayyana cewa "A matsayina na, ya karbi tawagar da aka shirya.", kafin ya kara da cewa "An kore ni a lokacin da tawagar ke shirin tafiya." A cikin sukar da ake yi wa Shula kai tsaye, Wilson ya ce, “Na kuma taimaka masa ya sami aikin horar da Baltimore Colts (a cikin 1963 ). A zahiri na rubuta masa kwantiraginsa. (Maigidan Colts) Carroll Rosenbloom ya so in ɗauki aikin kuma na yi taro goma sha biyu da shi game da shi. Amma na sa shi ya dauki Shula.” Duk da haka, duk wani tashin hankali a tsakanin su ya dushe bayan Wilson ya taya Shula murna bayan nasarar Dolphins a Super Bowl VII da kuma bayan ya gayyaci Shula don zagaye na wasan golf a sabon filin wasan golf da ya saya a Yuli 1973.
A cikin 1980, an shigar da Wilson bayan mutuwarsa a cikin Gidan Wasannin Wasanni na Michigan. Daga cikin sauran 'yan wasan uku akwai Alex Karras, tsohon dan wasan Lions wanda ya horar da shi.
Rikodin koyawa shugaban
Kwallon kwando
Sana'ar wasa
A 6'1 ″ na gaba, Wilson ya taka leda a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa (mai gaba ga NBA ) a lokacin lokacin 1939 – 40. Ya samu maki 1.1 a kowane wasa a wasanni 16 na Chicago Bruins .
Aikin fim
Wilson ya bayyana a matsayin kansa a cikin Takarda Lion, wani fim ɗin wasan ban dariya na 1968 wanda ke nuna Alan Alda a matsayin marubuci George Plimpton, dangane da littafin Plimpton na 1966 wanda ba shi da almara mai suna iri ɗaya, yana nuna ƙoƙarinsa tare da Detroit Lions. An fara fim ɗin a Detroit a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1968, kuma an sake shi a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin makon Oktoba 14, 1968.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Shi da matarsa, Claire, suna da 'ya'ya mata hudu da ɗa guda, George Wilson Jr. Bayan an kore shi daga matsayin kocinsa a Miami Dolphins, Wilson ya shiga masana'antar gine-gine da gine-gine kuma ya yi aikin wasan golf kusa da Miami. A cikin 1978, Wilson ya koma Michigan kuma ya yi niyyar zama a ƙarshe a gidan da ya gina a Howell, amma ya mutu kafin ya yi haka. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1978, Wilson Sr. ya sami bugun zuciya kuma ya mutu a asibitin Sinai-Grace da ke Detroit yana da shekaru 64.
Nassoshi
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25180 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh%20al-Isl%C4%81m | Shaykh al-Islām | Shaykh al-Islām (Larabci: شيخ الإسلام, romanized: Šayḫ al-Islām; Ottoman Turkish: شیخ الاسلام, romanized: Şhaykḫu-l-İslām ko Sheiklı ul-Islam) an yi amfani da shi a zamanin gargajiya azaman daraja ga fitattun malaman ilimin addinin Musulunci. Ya fara fitowa ne a Khurasan har zuwa karshen karni na 4 na Musulunci. A cikin kasashen tsakiya da yammacin Musulunci, lakabi ne na yau da kullun da aka bai wa masanan shari'a wadanda fatawoyinsu ke da tasiri musamman, yayin da a gabas ya zama masu mulki ne ke ba da shi. ga malaman da suka taka mukamai daban -daban amma ba galibi muftis ba. Wani lokaci, kamar yadda aka yi a kan Ibn Taimiyya, amfani da take yana da sabani. A cikin Daular Usmaniyya, tun daga farkon zamanin zamani, taken ya zo ne don nada babban mufti, wanda ke kula da matsayin manyan malamai da gwamnati ta nada. Daular Usmaniyya Sheikh al-Islam (haruffan Faransanci: cheikh-ul-islam) ya yi ayyuka da dama, ciki har da bai wa sarkin shawara kan al'amuran addini, halatta manufofin gwamnati, da nada alkalai.
Tare da soke Khalifanci a 1924, an kawar da ofishin Ottoman na Shaykh al-Islām, wanda tuni ya lalace. Zamani ya ga rawar da babban mufti ke aiwatarwa ta manyan muftis waɗanda aka naɗa ko zaɓaɓɓu ta hanyoyi daban -daban.
Amfani na gargajiya
Kamar sauran laƙabi masu daraja da aka fara da kalmar sheik, kalmar shaykh al-islam tana cikin zamanin da aka keɓe ga malamai da sufi. Ya fara bayyana a Khurasan a karni na 10 (karni na 4 bayan hijira). A cikin manyan biranen Khurasan da alama yana da ƙarin takamaiman ma'anoni, tunda mutum ɗaya ne kawai ke riƙe taken a wani lokaci da wuri. Masu rike da mukamin a Khurasan suna daga cikin manyan malamai, amma babu wata shaida da suka bayar da fatawa. A karkashin Ilkhans, Delhi Sultanate da Timurids an ba da taken, galibi daga mai mulki, ga manyan ulama waɗanda suka yi ayyuka daban-daban amma ba gabaɗaya muftis ba.
A cikin Siriya da Masar an ba da taken ga mashahuran masanan shari'a kuma yana da daraja maimakon matsayin hukuma. A shekara ta 700/1300 a tsakiya da yammacin Islama kalmar ta haɗu da bayar da fatawa. Magoya bayansa sun ba Ibn Taimiyya taken amma abokan hamayyarsa sun kalubalanci wannan amfani. Misali, malamin Hanafi 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari ya fitar da fatawa yana mai cewa duk wanda ya kira Ibnu Taimiyya "Shaikhul islam" ya aikata kafirci (kufr). Akwai rashin jituwa kan ko taken ya kasance abin girmamawa ko sanya muftin gida a Seljuq da farkon Ottoman Anatolia.
A Daular Usmaniyya
A Daular Usmaniyya, wacce ta mamaye yawancin duniyar Islama ta Sunni daga karni na 14 zuwa na 20, an ba Babban Mufti lakabin Sheikh ul-islam (Ottoman Turkish: Şeyḫülislām). Daular Usmaniyya tana da tsayayyen matsayi na malamai, inda Sheikh ul-Islam ke da matsayi mafi girma. Wakilin masarautar ya zabi Sheikh ul-Islam a cikin kaddarorin manyan biranen. Sheikh ul-Islam yana da ikon tabbatar da sabbin sarakuna; amma da zarar an tabbatar da sarkin, sarkin ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko fiye da Sheik ul-Islam. Sheikh ul-Islam ya bayar da fatawoyi, wadanda aka rubuta tafsirin Alqur'ani mai iko akan al'umma. Sheikh ul-Islam ya wakilci dokar shariah kuma a karni na 16 mahimmancinsa ya tashi wanda ya haifar da ƙara ƙarfi. Sultan Murad IV ya nada Sufi, Yahya, a matsayin Sheik ul-Islam a wannan lokacin wanda ya haifar da rashin yarda. Kin amincewa da wannan nadin ya bayyana karara karfin ikon da Sheikh ul-Islam yake da shi, tun da mutane suna tsoron zai canza hadisai da ka'idojin da suke rayuwa a ciki ta hanyar fitar da sabbin fatawoyi.
An soke ofishin Sheikh ul-islam a 1924, a daidai lokacin da Khalifancin Daular Usmaniyya. Bayan da aka kafa Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya a 1920, an sanya ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam a ma'aikatar Shar'iyya wa Awqaf. A cikin 1924, an soke ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam a daidai lokacin da Khalifancin Daular Usmaniyya. Fadar Shugaban Addinai ta maye gurbin. A matsayin magajin ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam, Shugaban Harkokin Addini shine mafi iko a Turkiyya dangane da Musulunci na Sunni.
Masu karramawa masu daraja
Malaman Musulunci masu zuwa an ba su laƙabi mai daraja "shaikh al-islam":
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (b. 164 AH)
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (b. 231 AH)
Ibn Surayj (b. 249 AH)
Al-Daraqutni (b. 306 AH)
Al-Bayhaqi (b. 384 AH)
Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (b. 393 AH)
Abu Talib al-Makki (b. 386 AH)
Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (b. 481 AH)
Al-Juwayni (b. 419 AH)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (b. 544 AH)
Ibn al-Jawzi (b. 509/510 AH)
Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (b. 577 AH)
Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (b. 625 AH)
Al-Nawawi (b. 631 AH)
Taqi al-Din al-Subki(b. 683 AH)
Taj al-Din al-Subki (b. 727 AH)
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (b. 773 AH)
Zakariyya al-Ansari (b. 823 AH)
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (b. 909 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (b. 724 AH)
Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (b. 1231 or 1232 AH)
Hussain Ahmed Madani (b. 1296)
Majd al-Din Ishāq
Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani (b. 1357 AH)
Shah Ahmad Shafi (b. 1334-35 AH)
Mūsā Jār ul-Lāh Bigiev (b. 1295 AH)
Ibrahim Niass
Manazarta |
29664 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20%28fim%20na%202021%20%29 | Reflection (fim na 2021 ) | Shirin Reflection (Ukraine) fim din wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ukrainian wanda Valentyn Vasyanovych ya bayar da umarni. An fara haska shirin, a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2021 a bikin Fim na Duniya na Venice na 78, inda aka zabi shirin don shiga gasarGolden Lion . An tsara shi don samun sakin wasan kwaikwayo mai faɗi a cikin Ukraine a cikin 2022.
Labari
Fim din ya ta'allaka ne kan Serhiy, wani likita soja mai tiyata ɗan kasar Ukraine wanda sojojin Rasha suka kama a shekarar 2014, a daya daga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka yi, a yakin Rasha da Ukraine, a gabashin Ukraine. A lokacin da yake fursuna na yaƙi, Serhiy ya shaida abubuwan ban tsoro na azabtarwa, fyade da sauran misalan wasu halaye na wulakanta mutane ga POWs. Ba da daɗewa ba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar fursunoni tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, Serhiy ya sami ƙwazo daga zaman talala kuma ya koma rayuwarsa ta yau da kullum kafin yaƙin, sai kawai ya gano cewa munanan abubuwan da ya gani a matsayin fursuna har yanzu suna farautarsa. Don taimakawa yaƙin bayan yaƙin PTSD Serhiy ya yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin gyara dangantakarsa da tsohuwar matarsa da ɗiyarsa mai shekaru 12, mai suna Polina wadda ke fama da asarar kuɗaɗen kwanan nan a yaƙin. Yayinda Serhiy ke ƙarin lokaci tare da Polina kuma yana ƙoƙarin taimaka mata ta cigaba daga asarar ƙaunataccen, a hankali ya fara fuskantar nasa tsoro da damuwa bayan tashin hankali.
Ma'aikatan shirin
Director: Valentyn Vasyanovych
Writer: Valentyn Vasyanovych
Cinematographer: Valentyn Vasyanovych
Editor: Valentyn Vasyanovych
Producers: Valentyn Vasyanovych, Iya Myslyts'ka, Volodymyr Yatsenko, Anna Sobolevska
Production designer: Vladlen Odudenko
Sound director: Serhiy Stepanksyi
Costume designer: Olena Hermanenko
Make-up: Hanna Lukashenko
Camera man: Yuriy Dunay
Casting: Tetiana Symon
'Yan wasa
as Serhiy
Nika Myslyts'ka as Polina
Nadiya Levchenko as Olha
Andriy Rymaruk as Andriy
Oleksandr Danyliuk a matsayin likitan tiyata
Andrii Senchuk a matsayin Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam
Igor Shulha a matsayin shugaban gidan yari
Dmytro Sova a matsayin azabtar da fursunoni Ukrainian
Stanislav Aseyev a matsayin jami'in FSB na Rasha
Kasafin kudi
Aikin fim din Reflection ya lashe wuri na 11th a jerin fina-finan gwamnatin ; 25. mil. An bayar da tallafin UAH na jihar, wanda ke wakiltar 80% na jimillar kasafin kuɗi na ₴ miliyan 31.3. UAH (€ 1 miliyan EUR).
Samar da shirin
Reflection ya fito ne daga Valentyn Vasyanovych da Iya Myslyts'ka (Harmata Films/Arsenal Films) da Volodymyr Yatsenko da Anna Sobolevska (Limelite/ForeFilms). Shirye-shiryen fitowar fim ɗin ya faru a watan Mayu 2020. An fara yin fim a farkon bazara na 2020 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Janairun, 2021. A watan Yuli, 2021 masu shirya fina-finai sun bayar da sanarwar cewa sun riga sun kammala shirye-shiryen da kuma fara gyara fim ɗin.
Ba kamar Vasyanovych ta fim ɗin da ya gabata ba, Atlantis (2019) inda mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayon ainihin mayaƙan Russo-Ukrainian War, a cikin Tunani mafi yawan 'yan wasan da ke da hannu sun kasance masu sana'a. Duk da haka, don tabbatar da ainihin ma'anar yakin Russo-Ukrainian, Vasyanovych ya dogara sosai ga masu ba da shawara na soja, waɗanda suka shiga yakin Russo-Ukrainian; daya daga cikin sanannun mashawarcin fim din shi ne Stanislav Aseyev, wanda da kansa ya shafe fiye da shekaru biyu a matsayin fursuna na yakin Rasha a tsakanin 2017-2019.
An dauka fim ɗin a cikin jerin alamar kasuwanci na Vasyanovych na tsaye, hotuna guda ɗaya; A cewar ƙwararrun Varity "Waiwaye" ya ƙunshi hotuna 29 a tsaye.
Talla
Ci gaba
A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan, 2021 mai rarraba fina-finai na kasa da kasa Sabon Tallan Fina-Finan Turai ya ƙaddamar da fosta na farko na fim ɗin na duniya.
A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, kwana ɗaya gabanin fitowar fim din a Bikin Fina-Finan duniya na Venice karo na 78, mai rarraba fina-finai na kasa da kasa New Turai Film Sales ya fitar da tirela ta farko ta internation ta mujallar masana'antu ScreenDaily ; da yake tsokaci game da sakin tirelar mai tallata masana'antar Sipaniya Cinemaldito ya lura cewa Daraktan fim ɗin Vasyanovych wataƙila ɗayan manyan sunaye ne a cikin sashin hukuma na 78th Venice Film Festival, yayinda aka buga masana'antar Turkiyya. Masu sha'awar fina-finai sun lura cewa bayan cin nasara a cikin 2020 babban kyautar - Golden Tulip - a bikin fina-finai na Istanbul karo na 39 Vasyanovych ya kasance ba ya halartar bikin fina-finai, kusan shekaru biyu, amma yanzu ya dawo kan babban allo tare da sabon shiga Wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake buga alama, cewa shi ne ma daga trailer ko Tunani yana da isasshen zuwa tare da 78th Golden Lion a Venice.
Fitowa
Fitowa a Bikin Fina-finai (Film Festival)
A cikin Janairu 2020 Reflection ya sami lambar yabo ta Alphapanda Audience Engagement Award a Les Arcs ' Works in Progress 2020 . Daga baya a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu 2020 An gabatar da Tunani a kasuwar hada-hadar fina-finai a bikin Fim na Berlinale .
A farkon Yuli 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin rarraba fina-finai New Turai Film Sales ya karɓi haƙƙin rarrabawar kasa da kasa don Reflection. A wannan watan, a cikin Yuli, 2021, an kuma ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na Arthouse Traffic ya karɓi haƙƙin rarraba na Yukren.
A karshen watan Yulin, 2021 daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai, Volodymyr Yatsenko, ya bayyana cewa a halin yanzu akwai gasa da ke gudana tsakanin bikin fina-finan Cannes da bikin fina-finai na Venice don 'yancin zama wurin zama na Firimiya na Duniya; a ƙarshe na ƙarshe ya ci nasara kuma saboda haka fim ɗin ya fara fitowa duniya a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2021 a bikin 78th na Venice International Film Festival, inda aka zaɓi shi don yin gasa don Golden Lion .
A watan Oktoba, an gabatar da fim ɗin a 50th Montreal Festival du nouveau cinéma a matsayin wani ɓangare na sashin Incontournables.
Sakin wasan kwaikwayo
An saita fim ɗin don samun fitowar wasan kwaikwayo mai tasiri a Ukraine a cikin 2022; Mai rarraba Ukrainian - Traffic Arthouse.
liyafar fitowa
Fim ɗin ya fito ne a watan Satumba na 2021 zuwa gaba ɗayan ra'ayoyin da suka dace daga masu yada fim. A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Rotten Tumatir, fim ɗin yana riƙe da ƙimar yarda na 100% bisa ga sake dubawa na 5, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 8/10. A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Metacritic, fim din yana da matsakaicin nauyin TBA daga 100, dangane da sake dubawa na TBA. A farkon fim ɗin duniya a Venice fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa na mintuna goma.
Leslie Felperin, rubutawa ga The Hollywood Reporter, ya yabawa fim din da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya raira waƙa da ayyukan Roman Lutskyi kuma yana cewa "labari mai zurfi, mafi mahimmanci [...] game da cin amana da fansa, jinƙai da rayuwa [an] duk sun buga. tare da babban kamewa godiya ga dabarar aikin Lutskyi". Jessica Kiang, ta rubuta wa Iri-iri, ya yaba da labarin fim din da kuma cinematography, ta kira shi "wani mai ban mamaki duk da haka rai evocation na PTSD-in-ci gaba" inda "Ukrainian darektan Valentyn Vasyanovych tambaya, tare da m austerity, abin da ya faru da ran mutum - da wata al'umma - a yaki". Kiang ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa shine "tashin hankali tsakanin labari mai ban mamaki da kuma wani lokacin rashin tausayi na visceral kowane yanayi yana ƙunshe da kuma a hankali la'akari da shi, yadda za a yi la'akari da shi - yana haskakawa a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin zane-zane, hasken Caravaggian - wanda ya sa "Tunani" irin wannan. wata sanarwa mai karfi game da mugayen rikice-rikice na makami, musamman a nan [a] farkon lokacin yakin Russo-Ukrainian da ke ci gaba da gudana" kuma ya kammala da cewa "[Tunawa] yana da mahimmanci, kalubale kuma, idan kun kasance a shirye., daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi tunzura hankali da samun lada a gasar Venice ta bana". Jonathan Romney, wanda ya rubuta wa ScreenDaily, ya yaba da tarihin fim din, yana mai cewa "fim mai banƙyama na musamman daga rashin daidaituwa kuma mai haske Valentyn Vasyanovych". Anna Smith, rubuce-rubuce don Ƙarshe, ya yaba da sabon aikin Vasyanovych wanda ya kira shi "fim mai tunani" inda "marubuci-darektan-cinematographer Vasyanovych ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shiru, al'amarin gaskiya, duka biyu suna kwaikwayon yanayin sanyi na masu tayar da hankali da kuma jaddadawa. kasancewar wadannan ta'addancin [yaki] ba sa bukatar abin burgewa". Nicholas Bell, ya rubuta wa IONCINEMA, ya yaba da sabon aikin Vasyanovych yana mai cewa "Vasyanovych yana da ikon [don] ya sa mu cikin damuwa amma abin da ya dace ya wuce bayanan karshe na fim mai ban tsoro, da kyau harbi."
Bayan fara fim ɗin a Venice a watan Satumbar 2021, mafi yawan masu sukar fim ɗin Ukrain sun yi magana game da goyon bayan fim ɗin. Alex Malyshenko daga Bird A cikin Jirgin ya yaba da fim din, inda ya kira shi "daya daga cikin manyan fina-finai na Ukrainian na shekara ta [2022] mai zuwa", amma ya lura cewa ra'ayin fim din na iya bambanta saboda, a cewar Malyshenko, kallon "Tunani", ku suna iya tunanin yakin zalunci da zabi na sirri, game da mutuwa da rayuwa bayansa, game da ra'ayin Buddha da Kiristanci game da rai har ma kadan game da fatalwowi "kuma" ga wasu zai zama kwarewa mai dadi na nutsewa, kuma wasu za su kasance. fama da dogayen al'amuran da sarkakkun yaren silima.
Kyaututtuka da naɗi
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Refection Ruɓaɓɓen
Refection
Tunani a DzygaMDB (a cikin Ukrainian)
Waiwaye a Sabon Tallan Fina-finan Turai
Fina-finan harsunan Ukraine
Fina-finan Ukrai
Wasannin kwaikwayo na
Fina-finan 2021
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
58561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20da%20Fonseca%20Galv%C3%A3o | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,wanda kuma aka sani da Dom Obá II D'África ( Lençóis,1845-1890),wani jami'in sojan Brazil ne kuma mai daraja.Jikan Obá Abiodun na Daular Oyo, ya rike mukamin Omoba a tsakanin kabilar Yarbawa na Afirka ta Yamma.Mahaifin Galvão,Benvindo,ya sami 'yanci a ranar da ba a sani ba a farkon rabin karni na sha tara.Bayan da ya sami 'yancin kai,ya nemi ya yi amfani da damar da ake yi na tseren lu'u-lu'u na Lençóis a arewa maso gabashin Brazil.Shaidu sun nuna cewa ya zo ne a shekara ta 1845,duk da cewa babu takardar shaidar haihuwa da za a tabbatar,an kiyasta an haifi dansa Cândido da Fonseca Galvão jim kadan bayan haka.
Yakin Neman Shiga
Galvão ya shiga aikin sojan Brazil a shekara ta 1865 a matsayin mai 'yanci don yakar kasarsa a yakin da ke tafe da Paraguay da ke tattare da rikicin yanki.Duk da haka Galvão bai yi rajista shi kaɗai ba,ya zo ne a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ’yan’uwanta 30 da ya amince su shiga yaƙi tare da shi.Ko da yake babu wani daftarin aiki na dole a jihar Brazil,yakin ya ba da damar daina zama arha aiki ga tsoffin bayi,kuma da yawa sun yi amfani.Galvão ya nuna alamun basirar jagoranci a farkon watanni na kafa sojojin Brazil,wannan ingancin ya ba shi girma zuwa Sajan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1865.Daga nan ne zai jagoranci tawagar sa kai 230 zuwa babban birnin lardin.An shigar da tawagar Lençóis bisa ƙa'ida zuwa cikin Ƙungiyar Sa-kai ta III,ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Domingos Mundim Pestana na National Guard,kafin a nada shi a hukumance na 24th Corps Volunteer Corps.Masu sa kai na 24 sun kasance bataliya ta Zuavo,wadanda suka yi amfani da dabaru da kakin suttura daga rundunonin Zouave na sojojin Faransa na Afirka.Bahian Zuavos sun kasance abin kallo a cikin sojojin Brazil,galibi an san su da kwalayen rigar rigar su da bakar jami'ansu.
Tare da kammala yakin su,a farkon lokacin rani na 1865,kamfanin na uku na Zouaves ya koma kwata daga Quartel da Palma zuwa Arsenal da Marinha,amma ba tare da mai ba da izini ba,saboda mataimakin shugaban kasa ya kori wanda ke kan karagar mulki. sakamakon yunkurin wasan wuta.Wannan ya bar guraben aiki,kuma yayin da yaƙi ya kunno kai,Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa ya zaɓi Cândido da Fonseca Galvão don cike aikin Sublieutenant na Kamfanin Bahia na 3 na Zouaves.
Ranar 17 ga Yuni,1865,gawawwakin sun yi tattaki zuwa fadar babban Bishop don samun albarka daga shugaban lardin kafin su tashi zuwa kudu kan jirgin ruwa na Turanci Saladin.An karbe su bayan kwanaki 6 a Guanabara Bay, tsakiyar daular Brazil.A cikin watan da aka keɓe sojojin a Campo Da Aclamação, Galvão ya fara ganawa da sarki Pedro II,kafin su fara tafiya na wata 9 zuwa yankin abokan gaba.
Yakin Tuiuti
Mayu 24,1866,yaƙi mafi girma a tarihin Kudancin Amirka ya faru tsakanin sojojin kawance na Brazil,Argentina,da Uruguay da kuma sojojin Paraguay,dake Tuiuti,Paraguay.Sojojin kawance sun tsaya tsayin daka 32,000 kuma sojojin Paraguay sun kai adadin kusan 30,200. Yakin dai ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i 5 ne kawai ana gwabza fada a kusa da sansani wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutane 9,000 a hade daga bangarorin biyu.Gawarwakin masu sa kai na Sublieutenant Galvão sun rasa maza 152 kadai.Dakarun kawancen dai sun samu nasara,amma saboda tsananin hasarar da suka yi,sun kasa cin gajiyar nasarar da suka samu,kuma sun kasance a wuri guda tsawon shekaru biyu,suna fakewa da kananan fadace-fadace.
Matsayin mutum ɗaya a cikin yaƙi ba a rubuta shi ba kaɗan ba,amma akwai bayanan Melo Moraes Filho na zamani da ke magana game da maganganun da masu sa kai na Zouaves suka yi game da Galvão,"Imanin Yarima a ofishinsa yana da tsafta kuma abin yabo ne",kuma "a duk yaƙe-yaƙen da aka yi yaƙi da su.sojojin mai mulkin kama-karya López,ya kasance koyaushe a cikin masu gadi, yana faɗa da ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali. "
Tun daga watan Agusta 31,1866,kuma yakin duk ya yanke shawara,Sublieutenant Galvão ya ɓace daga yakin saboda raunin da ya sha a hannun damansa.Makonni biyu bayan haka,an wargaza rundunar ta 24 kuma an tura 'yan sojojin da suka rage zuwa wasu sassan don kammala yakin har zuwa mutuwar Solano López.
Zuwan gida
Bayan Cândido da Fonseca Galvão ya koma Rio de Janeiro,an umarce shi ya koma lardin Bahia na haihuwa.Wannan ya fara fafutukar ganin al’umma su san irin kokarin da ya yi da kuma cancantar hidimar da ya yi a yakin,ya kuma bude kafar sadarwa tsakaninsa da sarki,“Na zo muku a yau a matsayin mai addu’a wanda bai samu ko daya daga cikin ribar da aka ba shi ba.wadanda,kamar kansa,sun ba da ayyukansu don kare ƙaunatacciyar Ƙasar Gida;Na zo ne cikin kaskantar da kai da rokon Mai Martaba da ya ba wa wannan maudu’in daraja ta daraja da kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta yakin neman zabe”.
Hanya mai wahala ta biyo baya don samun karramawa saboda gaskiyar cewa ofishin Adjutant General's ya buƙata,ƙarƙashin Order of the Day No.52,takardar shaida 'cikakkun ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi yayin yakin Paraguay'. Galvão bai iya ba da wannan takardar shaidar ba,saboda 'gidan da yake zaune a garin Lençóis ya kama wuta kuma ya kone kurmus tare da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsa'.An warware takun saka bayan shekara guda ta hanyar Order of the Day No. 880,wanda aka bayar a ranar 30 ga Satumba,1872,wanda ya bayyana,"An ba da fifikon darajan soja ga tsohon mai ba da izini na Kamfanin 3rd na Bahian Zouaves,Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,don sanin ayyukansa a lokacin yaƙin da ake yi da yaƙin. Paraguay'.
A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya Galvão ya nemi diyya ta gaskiya kuma ya yi hamayya da rashin adalci da shi da abokan yaƙin yaƙi suka yi masa sa’ad da suka isa gida. Kamar sauran mutane da yawa,Galvão ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma cikin rayuwar farar hula,kuma shaida a cikin lokacin yakin basasa nan da nan ya nuna cewa mai maye gurbin ya yi fama da shan barasa da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa,wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa,na farko da aka rubuta a watan Mayu 1876.
Manazarta |
45709 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabi%20Sulaiman | Annabi Sulaiman | Sulaiman ibn Dawud ( , lit. ' Sulemanu ɗan Dawuda ' kamar yadda Alqur'ani ya faɗa, babban sarki ne ( . , lit. ' ) kuma Annabin Allah ne wanda Allah SWT ya turo shi zuwa Isra'ilawa.
Gabaɗaya, al'adar Musulunci ta imanin cewa shi ne sarki na uku na Yahudawa kuma sarki mai hikima na Isra'ila .
A Addinin Musulunci ana kallon Sulaiman a matsayin daya daga cikin Annabawan Allah SWT wanda aka yi masa baiwa da yawa daga cikin baiwar Ubangiji da suka hada da iya magana da dabbobi da aljanu; kuma an ce ya bautar da shaidanu tare da taimakon sanda ko zobe da Allah (SWT) ya ba shi.
Musulmai sun ci gaba da cewa ya kasance mai tauhidi a tsawon rayuwarsa; ya mulki al’ummar Isra’ila da adalci; an albarkace shi da wani matsayi na sarauta da ba a bai wa kowa ba a gabaninsa ko bayansa; kuma ya cika dukkan umurninsa, an yi masa alkawarin kusanci ga Allah a cikin Aljannah a karshen rayuwarsa. Tun bayan hawan Musulunci, masana tarihi na Larabawa daban-daban sun dauki Annabi Sulemanu a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sarakuna na duniya gaba daya a tarihi.
Alqur'ani da tafsiri
Hukunce hukunce
A farkon labarin da ya shafi Annabi Sulaiman, Al Kur’ani mai girma a cikin suratul Al-anbiya aya ta 78 (21:78) ya yi ishara da wani labari cewa Annabi Sulaiman yana tare da ubansa, sa’ad da wasu mutane biyu suka je suka nemi Annabi Dawuda ya yi hukunci a tsakaninsu a kan wani al’amari . Daga baya malaman tafsirin musulunci sun fadada maganar, ciki har da Al-Tabari, da Baidawi, da Ibn Kathir . Sun ce na farko a cikin mutanen biyu ya ce yana da gonar inabin da yake kula dashi sosai duk shekara. Amma wata rana, sa’ad da ba ya nan, tumakin mutumin sun ɓace cikin gonar inabin kuma suka cinye ’ ya’yan inabin . Ya nemi a biya shi wannan barnar. Da Annabi Sulaimanu ya ji ƙarar mutumin, sai ya ba da shawara cewa mai tumakin ya ɗauki gonar inabin mutumin don ya gyara shi ya yi noma har sai inabin ya koma yadda yake a dā, sa’an nan ya mayar wa mai shi. Haka nan kuma, mai garkar inabin zai kula da tumakin kuma ya amfana da ulunsu da nono har sai an mayar masa da ƙasarsa, sa’an nan ya mayar da tumakin ga mai shi. Wannan martani yana nuna matakin shari'ar Annabi Sulemanu, wanda, Al Kur'ani mai girma ya ce, zai siffanta Annabi Sulaiman a tsawon rayuwarsa. , bisa ga al’adar musulunci, koyaushe ana danganta shi da Annabi Sulaiman, wanda daga baya ma za a kira shi Sulaimān al-Ḥakīm ( , "Sulaiman Mai Hikima"). An daidaita wannan labarin a cikin Kebra Nagast, amma a matsayin sabani da wani ɗan Sulaiman ya yanke hukunci.
Annabi Sulaiman da aljanu
Alkur'ani mai girma ya ba da labarin cewa iskar ta kasance karkashin ikon Annabi Sulaiman ne, kuma yana iya sarrafa ta da son ransa, kuma aljanu ma sun shiga karkashin ikon Annabi Sulaiman. Aljanu sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa mulkin Annabi Sulemanu. Shaidanun ( shayatin ), da aljanu an tilasta masa su gina masa abubuwan tarihi. Allah kuma ya sanya wani mu'ujiza ’ayn ( , 'fount' ko 'spring') na zubin qiṭr ( , 'tagulla' ko 'tagulla') don malalo don Annabi Sulemanu, aljanu za su yi amfani da su wajen gininsu.
Lokacin da Mahaifin Annabi Sulaiman wato Annabi Dauda ya rasu, Annabi Sulemanu ya gāji matsayinsa na sarkin Annabci na Isra’ilawa. Annabi Sulemanu ya taɓa ba mace izinin gina mutum-mutumi na mahaifinta. Daga baya, ta fara bauta wa mutum-mutumin kuma aka tsauta wa Annabi Sulemanu don ya amince da bautar gumaka a cikin mulkinsa. A matsayin hukunci, Allah ya baiwa ɗaya daga cikin aljanun bayin damar saci zoben Annabi Sulemanu ya karɓi mulkinsa (an fada a Suratu Sad 38:34). Daga baya ya tuba zunubinsa kuma ya sake samun iko bisa aljanu, ya mai da hankali ga sake gina haikalin. Ya roki Allah ya ba shi mulki da ba kamar na bayansa ba. Allah ya karbi addu'ar Sulemanu kuma ya ba shi abin da ya ga dama.
Annabi Sulaiman da tururuwa
An sanar da Annabi Sulemanu harsuna dabam-dabam na dabbobi, kamar tururuwa . Alqur'ani mai girma ya ce, wata rana Annabi Sulaiman da rundunarsa suka shiga wani wadin-naml ( , kwarin tururuwa ). A kan ganin Annabi Sulaiman da rundunarsa, a namlah ( , mace tururuwa) ta gargaɗi dukan sauran su "ku shiga cikin mazauninku, kada Annabi Sulemanu da rundunarsa su murkushe ku (ƙarƙashin ƙafa) ba tare da sun sani ba." Nan da nan ya fahimci abin da tururuwa ta ce, Annabi Sulemanu, kamar kullum, ya yi addu'a ga Allah, yana gode masa da ya yi masa irin wannan kyauta kuma ya ƙara guje wa tattake yankunan tururuwa. Hikimar Annabi Sulemanu kuwa, ita ce wata baiwar da ya samu daga wurin Allah, kuma Musulmi sun tabbatar da cewa Suleman bai manta da addu’arsa ta yau da kullum ba, wadda ta fi kowace baiwar muhimmanci a gare shi.
Manazarta |
19784 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bello%20Bala%20Shagari | Bello Bala Shagari | Bello Bala Shagari (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun, shekarar 1988) ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma mai shirya fim na tarihi. Shi ne Manajan Darakta na Royal African Young Leadership Forum (RAYLF), An nada shi jim kadan da yin murabus a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa (NYCN).
Bayan Fage
Bello sanannen jikan tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya ne Alhaji Shehu Shagari wanda ke da hannu a harkar Rajin Matasa. Ya sanar da mutuwar kakansa a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2018. Mahaifinsa shi ne babban dan shugaban, Malam Muhammad Bala Shagari na Shagari, Jihar Sakkwato . Ya yi karatun sa na farko a Sakkwato sannan daga baya ya yi SSCE a makarantar sakandaren ‘yan sanda da ke Minna, jihar Neja. A makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Cadet na Makarantun Cadet Club. Ya kammala karatun digiri na Kasuwancin Bayanai na Kasuwancin & Fasahar Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Middlesex a London . Jim kadan da kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2012, ya yi aikin koyarwa a takaice a matsayin malami a Makarantun Firamare da Sakandare a garinsu na Shagari. Ya riqe da Masarautu suna da Yarima na Shagari.
Ayyuka
Bello Shagari ya kafa kamfanin Barcode Multimedia ne a shekara ta 2012. Ya samar da labarai da abubuwan da suka kunsa kan siyasa, tarihi da kuma shawarwari. Aya daga cikin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen "Nationaya daga cikin Destayatacciyar Destayatacciyar projectasa" wanda aka fara shi a cikin shekarar 2013, shirin tarihin tarihin Nijeriya wanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya yi tun bayan samun 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da ya zama shugaban zartarwa na farko a Nijeriya a shekara ta 1979.
Dangane da haka, yayin gudanar da bincike da tattaunawa, Bello ya ci karo da manyan mashahuran 'yan siyasa, jami'an diflomasiyya, masana tarihi da shugabannin da yawa. Wasu daga cikin ganawarsa sun hada da Shugabannin Jihohin da suka gabata da na yanzu kamar su Yakubu Gowon, Olusegun Obasanjo, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar da Goodluck Ebele Jonathan .
Ya kuma yi hira da manyan mutane kamar su Prof. Jean Herskovits, masanin tarihin Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, jakadan Amurka kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Thomas Pickering, da Clifford May, wani tsohon dan jaridar New York Times dan rahoto kuma shugaban gidauniyar kare demokradiyya, da sauransu.
A matsayinsa na dan gwagwarmayar matasa, an nada Bello a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa reshen jihar Sakkwato a shekara ta 2017 bayan zanga-zanga da maye gurbin wani mutum dan shekaru 52 wanda ya kasance shugaban. Yunkurinsa ya kara karfi kuma ya tsaya takarar shugaban majalisar matasa ta kasa a taron hadin kai na shekarar 2018 wanda aka gudanar a garin Gombe wanda ya samu nasara a zaben fidda gwani wanda ya kawo shi ga martabar Kasa a shekarar 2018. A matsayinsa na Shugaban NYCN reshen Jihar Sakkwato, ya yi hadin gwiwa da wasu Gwamnati da Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don fara wani shiri da aka fi sani da RRTE a cikin Jihar Sakkwato don magance rashin aikin yi, shan miyagun kwayoyi da tashin hankalin al’umma.
Shugabancin NYCN
An zabi Shagari a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa a wajen taron Unity Congress da ke Jihar Gombe a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018. Shagari ya samu kuri'u 249 yayin da abokin karawarsa, AlMustapha Asuku Abdullahi ya samu kuri'u 234. Sakamakon haka ya fito a matsayin shugaban kasa. Kafin bayyanarsa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa, Shagari ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar NYCN reshen Jihar Sakkwato. A taron matasa na Afro-Arab karo na 3 da aka gudanar a Khartoum, Sudan, Shagari ya zama Kodinetan yammacin Afirka, na Majalisar Matasan Afro-Arab. Jim kadan da zama shugaban NYCN, Shagari ya samar da damar karfafawa ga matasa na Najeriya 3,700.
NYCN a karkashin Shagari ya zama sananne ne saboda tallan da ya kirkiro wa kungiyar ta kafafen yada labarai da kafofin sada zumunta. Ya kasance mai yawan magana a kan batutuwan da suka shafi shigar da matasa musamman a lokacin babban zaben shekarar 2019 inda masu sukarsa suka zarge shi da yi wa jam’iyyar adawa aiki tunda ya ki amincewa da jam’iyya mai mulki a bainar jama’a. Amma daga baya, ya yi nasara a zauren taro wanda ya haifar da kirkirar ma'aikatar ci gaban matasa da wasanni a Kano tare da nada Shugaban Jiha Kwamishina ta Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . Ya ga dawowar kungiyar ga shiga ayyukan kasa da kasa musamman a fadin Afirka. Koyaya, yawancin shirye-shiryensa a gida sun gaza sakamakon rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a NYCN a lokacinsa.
An lasafta shi a cikin matasa masu matuƙar tasiri a Nijeriya kusan watanni shida a kan karagar mulki kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar Crans Montana Sabbin Shugabannin gobe na shekara ta 2019.
Rikice-rikice sun dabaibaye Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa tun daga shekara ta 2014, bayan da aka gudanar da zabe mai cike da cece-kuce wanda ya kai ga cire Ministan ci gaban Matasa & Wasanni a lokacin. Koyaya, kokarin sulhu ya haifar da sabbin zababbun shuwagabannin da Shagari ya jagoranta a jihar Gombe kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ta Tarayya ta kula. Jim kadan bayan zaben, adawa ta fara sake bayyana a tsakanin mambobin kwamitin amintattu na NYCN. Wani bangare ya fito fili bayan watanni uku a Fatakwal. Wannan hade da adawa daga wasu jami'an gwamnati sun yi amfani da karfi don murkushe Shagari ya jagoranci NYCN wanda ya zama ba shi da farin jini a wurin wasu masu ruwa da tsaki. Duk da haka, duk kokarin cire Shagari daga mukamin ya ci tura gami da yunkurin kada kuri’ar rashin amincewa da shi. Daga baya, shuwagabannin sa suka sami nasarar jefa kuri'ar amincewa da shi. Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen suka kawo tsaiko ga ayyukan majalisar ta hanyar samar da wasu bangarori 3, Shagari ya yi murabus ne bisa radin kansa a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2020 domin a samu zaman lafiya. Shagari shi ne Shugaban NYCN na farko da ya yi murabus bisa radin kansa. An yabe shi sosai saboda ayyukansa da kuma matakin da ya dauka.
Kyaututtuka
Alamar Matasa ta Shekarar 2018 ta Nationalungiyar ofasa ta Organiungiyoyin Matasan sa kai.
Kyautar Kyauta ta Cibiyar Abdulsalami Abubakar don Aminci da Ci gaba mai dorewa
Kyautar Kawancen Girmamawa ta Majalisar Gudanarwa na Tsaro da Nazarin Tsaro a Nijeriya
Matasa Mafi Tasiri Na Najeriya 2018 - Jagoranci da Civungiyar Jama'a
Crans Montana Sabbin Shugabannin Gobe, Dakhla, Morocco, 2019
Kyautar lambar yabo ta Royal African Medal da kuma Amincewa da Shugabanci & Shugabanci ta Royal African Young Leadership Forum RAYLF 2020.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mutane daga Jihar Sokoto |
23314 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Adae%20Kese | Bikin Adae Kese | Bikin Adae Kese (babban wurin hutawa) muhimmin biki ne duk da cewa ba kasafai ake samun irin sa ba tsakanin mutanen Ashanti a Ghana. Akwai kuma manyan lokutta biyu na wannan bikin. 1 Shi ne awukudae da akwadidae Yana ɗaukaka nasarorin masarautar Asante. An fara yin bikin ne don samun nasarar mulkin jama'a, bayan yaƙin da Ashantis ta samu 'yancin kai, a Yaƙin Feyiase wanda suka yi yaƙi da mutanen Denkyira. Haka nan shi ne lokacin da ake yin bikin tsarkake Odwira a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya kuma saboda haka Turawa suka kira wannan al'ada "al'adan Doya". Ana yin bikin kowane sati biyu da mutane bisa ga kalandar Akans dangane da zagayowar kwanaki arba'in da biyu da watanni tara a kalandarsu. Galibi ana gudanar da wannan biki don bukukuwan ƙarshe na takamaiman nasarori da muhimman al'amuran mutanen masarautar Ashanti. Bikin ranar hutu ce don haka an hana yin aiki a ranar.
Kiyayewa
Shi ne bikin ƙarshen shekara na kalandar Akan. Bikin Adae na tara (wanda ke faruwa kowane mako shida). Adae Kese yana shigo da Sabuwar Shekara, tare da ranakun tsakanin watan Yuli zuwa Oktoba, kodayake wasu Akans kamar Akim, Akwamu, da Ashanti suna bikin Sabuwar Shekara a cikin Janairu. Ana kuma yin bikin a Fadar Manhyia. Ya ƙumshi abubuwan ibada waɗanda ke da nufin tsarkake ruhun dakunan gidan sarki daga membobin gidan sarauta da sauran manyan mutane.
Tarihi
Al'adar gudanar da wannan biki ta shahara tsakanin 1697 zuwa 1699 lokacin da aka sami mulkin ƙasa ga mutanen Ashante bayan yakin neman 'yancin kai, Yaƙin Feyiase, a kan Denkyira. An lura da bikin daga baya har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Stool na Zinariya (kursiyin) a cikin 1700. Bikin ya kasance lokacin keɓe ragowar sarakunan da suka mutu. An ajiye gawawwakin a cikin kabarin da aka binne Bantama, wani yanki na masarautar Kumasi. Adae Kese ya kawo hanyar haɗi da matakin ban gaskiya da haɗin kai tsakanin rayayyu da ruhohin kakanni. A farkon zamaninsa, wannan biki yana da fa'ida ta sadaukarwa, ta mutum da dabba. Da farko ana yin babban bikin ne a Hemmaa, kusa da fadar sarki kusa da wurin da kakannin kakanni na sarakuna. An yi kashi na biyu kuma mafi mahimmancin bikin a Bantama, wanda kuma shi ne makabartar ƙarshe ta sarakunan Asante, kuma an san shi da "sanannen al'adar Bantama" saboda sadaukarwar da aka yi ta kasance babba. Lokacin da aka sanar da bikin, ta hanyar buga ganguna, mutane sun buya don tsoron kada a zaɓe su don sadaukar da ɗan adam. A matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada, hadayar tumaki ma ta kasance. Ko sadaukarwar ɗan adam ta kasance ko ba ta kasance batun muhawara ba, amma gaskiyar ita ce al'ummomin Afirka sun ɗauki waɗannan bukukuwan a matsayin "haɗuwa tsakanin masu rai da matattu."
Al'adu
Bikin Adae Kese yana biye da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar na Adae, duk da haka, bambanci a cikin bukukuwan shi ne babban yana ɗaukar tumaki don yin hadaya ga Stool. Ana yin bikin tsarkake Odwira yayin Adae Kese a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya, don haka ne ma Turawa suka kira wannan al'adar ta doya. Ana yin bikin a wannan kakar don gode wa alloli da kakanni don girbi mai kyau. Haka nan ana amfani da lokacin don fitar da sabuwar doya.
Kowace shekara biyar, babban mai mulkin Asante ne ke karɓar bakuncin Bikin Adae Kese wanda ke ɗaukar makonni biyu ana yinsa. A matsayin biki na jihar, ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da garuruwa da yawa, a cikin yankin gargajiya da aka sani da Odwira, yana haɗa Ashanti daga kowane fanni na rayuwa (Odwira yana nufin tsarkakewa), wanda ke halarta kuma ya rungumi bikin. Asantehene, mai sarautar Kumasi, yana riƙe da sarauniyar sarauniya da sarauniyarsu a wannan lokacin lokacin da dukkansu suka fito cikin cikakken tsari. Rawa da bugun ganguna wani bangare ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Bikin kuma shi ne lokacin da mutane ke ba da tabbacin amincewarsu ga sarkin Ashante na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka cancanta ana ba su lambobin yabo a wannan ranar aukuwa. Har ila yau, sarkin yana yin biki mai zaman kansa a cikin ɗakunan fadarsa tare da waɗanda aka keɓe na gidan sarauta da sauran jami'ai.
Sharhi kan kalangu Mai Magana
Daga cikin sauran ayyukan da ke faruwa a ranar bikin, ana ɗaukar sarkin ta cikin titunan Kumasi cikin jerin gwano. Robert Sutherland Rattray ne ya rubuta sigar da ke tafe na bugun a 1923:"Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah,
Da kyar na farka na tashi.
Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti,
Da kyar nake farkawa.
Na sanya kaina in tashi,
"Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah,
Da kyar na farka na tashi.
Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti,
Da kyar nake farkawa.
Na sanya kaina in tashi,
Da wuri sosai,
Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta.
Akwai fadama, fadama, fadama,
Wanda zai iya hadiye giwa.
Kogi na iya zama ƙarami a cikin kwarin
Tsakanin manyan tsaunuka.
Amma yana gudana har abada abadin.
Idan kun tafi wani wuri kuma ina kiran ku (ruhun giwa)
Ku zo.
Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe,
Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara,
Da wuri sosai,
Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta.
Na kwanta, amma ban ji bacci ba,
Na kwanta amma idanuna basu rufe ba,
Ga agogo uku na dare.
Ina tunanin abokaina da suka bar ni suna barci,
Amoafo-Awuku-Zakara-tsohon-tsuntsu wanda kasusuwansa suka yi ƙarfi.
Tsuntsu, barka da safiya, barka da safiya.
Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe,
Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara,
Da wuri sosai,
Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta.
Sama tana da fadi, fadi, fadi,
Duniya tana da fadi, fadi, fadi,
An ɗaga sama,
An saita ɗayan,
A zamanin d, a, tuntuni, tuntuni.
Allah Maɗaukaki, wanda mutane ba su dogara gare shi, ba su faɗuwa a kansa,
Muna yi muku hidima.
Lokacin da Ubangiji Allah ya nuna muku wani abu
Da fatan za ku amfana da shi.
Idan muna son 'fari' za mu samu,
Idan muna son 'ja' za mu samu.
Shi wanda muka dogara kuma ba mu fadowa,
Allah, barka da safiya.
Kai wanda muke bautawa a ranar Asabar,
Barka da safiya,
Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe,
Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara,
Da wuri sosai,
Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta.
Ruwa ya tsallaka hanya,
Rantsuwa ta haye rafi;
Wane ne babba a cikinsu?
Shin ba mu yanke hanyar da za mu hadu da wannan rafi ba?
Kogin ya samo asali tun da daɗewa,
Kogin ya samo asali ne daga Mahalicci.
Ya halicci abubuwa,
Tano mai tsarki, mai tsabta (yana nufin babban allahn Ashantis)
Zo nan, Tano;
Yana cin raguna,
Ta, mai girma, mai ƙarfi
Wanda muke bautawa ranar Litinin.
Yana zuwa, yana zuwa,
A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali,
Yi hankali kada ku yi tuntuɓe,
A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali.
Za ku zo ku zauna,
Cif, za ka zo ka zauna.
Kon! Kon! Kon!
Babban mutum, ɗan Osai, ya zauna.
Sarki ya zauna
Wanda ya ruguza garuruwa ya zauna,
Wanda ba ya gafartawa,
Ya ɗauki kujera ya zauna."
Manazarta |
49197 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griqua%20tsabar%20kudi | Griqua tsabar kudi | Tsabar kudin Griqua ita ce tsabar kudin al'umma ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu kuma Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London ta gabatar da ita.
Tarihin Griquatown
Griquatown yana cikin lardin Arewacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Garin, wanda a da ake kira Klaarwater, an kafa shi a cikin Afrilu 1805 ta ɗan mishan William Anderson na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London .
Griqua, ƙungiya ce ta kabilanci da al'ada, ta samo asali ne daga auratayya da alaƙar jima'i tsakanin 'yan asalin Khoikhoi, iyayen bayi da mazan Turawa. Sun kira kansu a matsayin Bastaard da sauransu.
Ƙungiyar Bastaard, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka rinjaye su, suka zauna a Klaarwater. A lokacin ziyararsa a garin a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1813 John Campbell, Daraktan Kungiyar Mishan ta London ya yi tunanin sunan Bastaard ya zama abin ban haushi. Campbell ya ba da shawarar su ɗauki sunan Griqua, cin hanci da rashawa na sunan kakanninsu na ChariGuriQua . A yayin wannan taron an canza sunan Klaarwater zuwa Garin Griqua.
Siyasa da ciniki
Griquas na farko wanda ya ƙunshi galibin iyalai na Bastaard sun ƙaura kusan 1780 daga yankin arewacin yankin Cape don zama tare da Kogin Orange . Iyalan Kok da Barends masu ƙarfi, dukansu tare da ɗimbin yawa, sun kafa tsakiyar al'ummar Griqua. Ko da yake iyalan Kok da Barends mai yiwuwa ne ke kula da al'amuran Griquas waɗanda suka zauna tare da su, ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu sun kafa a yankin. John Mellville, wakilin mai wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, ya yi nazarin waɗannan rukunoni kuma ya lura cewa ɗayan rukunin ya ƙaru daga wataƙila iyalai 3 zuwa 4 na Griqua zuwa sama da 40 tsakanin 1817 zuwa 1823. Baƙi kuma sun zauna a yankin, suna kafa da'awar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da kwanon rufi yayin da suke riƙe alaƙa da jagorancin Griqua. Griquas sun kasance manyan 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka fahimci manufar kuɗi, suna aiki a matsayin 'yan tsaka-tsaki tsakanin mulkin mallaka da al'ummomin arewa. An gudanar da cinikayya ta yau da kullun a bajekolin kasuwanci da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta shirya, yayin da cinikin haramtacciyar hanya da ’yan mulkin mallaka ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Griquatown tsabar kudi
An gabatar da tsabar kudin Griqua zuwa Griquatown, Afirka ta Kudu kusan 1817-1818 ta Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London. Wannan ita ce fitowar farko da aka sani na kudin da Kiristoci mishaneri suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar Mishan ta Landan ta kira tsabar kudin a matsayin alamu kuma an tsara ta a cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu: 1/4 da 1/2 pence cikin jan karfe, da ɪɪɪɪɪ (5) da pence 10 a azurfa. A taron na 7 Agusta 1813 an tattauna wasu batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da tsabar kudi, inda
"Haka kuma aka yanke shawarar cewa tunda ba su da wata hanyar zagayawa a cikinsu da za su iya siyan kowace karamar kasida, kamar wukake, almakashi, da sauransu. suna zaton wani shago da za a kafa a tsakaninsu - wanda suka damu ya kamata a samu - sai su kasance. nemi Ƙungiyar Mishan don samun kuɗin azurfa na ƙima daban-daban da aka yi musu a Ingila, waɗanda Mishan za su karɓi alawus ɗin su daga Society, suna da sunan garin Griqua. Mai yiyuwa ne idan aka karvi wannan a cikin kankanin lokaci za su yi ta yawo a cikin dukkan al'ummomi, kuma su zama mafi dacewa"
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Cape na nufin ƙarancin ƙarancin kuɗin da aka zagaya a Griquatown da kewaye. Kasuwancin Griqua an yi shi ne ta hanyar barter, beads da rixdollars. Wannan yanayin dole ne ya sa John Campbell ya ba da shawarar tsabar kudin gundumar Griqua.
Siyan kudin shiga na Griquatown
A taron mako-mako na Daraktocin Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1816, ya kasance.
"An yanke shawarar cewa Gentlemen masu zuwa su zama kwamiti don yin la'akari da mafi kyawun yanayin samar da tsabar kudi na Azurfa don Griqua Town vizt Messrs Campbell, Muston, Steven & Bateman".
Watanni biyu bayan haka, a taron da Daraktoci da aka yi a dakunan taronsu na tsohuwar Yahudawa a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1816, ya kasance.
"An yanke shawarar cewa za a zabi £ 100 don tsabar kudi na Azurfa a matsayin cibiyar watsa labarai a garin Griqua da kewayenta a Afirka - cewa wannan kasuwancin a koma Messrs Bateman da Muston" [1
A ranar 10 ga Mayu 1816 a taron shekara-shekara na 22 (wanda ya shafi lokacin 1815/1816) na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London, an ba da rahoton cewa.
"Al'umma ta taimaka wa al'umma ta taimaka wa jama'a, masu biyan kudi wanda, ba shi da kuɗi (don kuɗi ba a sani ba a cikin duniyar da za a sayar da su don amfanin al'umma. …Domin magance wahalhalun da jama’a ke fama da su, (waɗanda a yanzu suka sami ci gaba mai yawa a cikin wayewa,) ta hanyar neman hanyar zagayawa, Daraktoci yanzu suna sayo musu tsabar kuɗi na azurfa.”
15 Yuli 1816 ya kasance
"An yanke shawarar cewa £ 200 a cikin Coins [wanda aka yi ta hanyar] Alamu don amfani… a matsayin hauhawar farashin kaya… Za a tura garin Griqua zuwa Cape of Good Hope maimakon £ 100 kawai - kamar yadda aka ba da umarni."
An maye gurbin kalmar Coins da Tokens. Dole ne hauhawar farashin da aka ambata ya dogara ne akan rashin aikin Rixdollar a Cape, kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya a Biritaniya ya kasance -8.4%.
A taron da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1816 an rubuta cewa
"An ba da umarnin biyan waɗannan takaddun kudi…William Westall…Silver Tokens £191.12"
Mintunan Gidan Gidan LMS sun rubuta cewa a taron ranar 23 ga Disamba 1816 ya kasance
"Ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan Al'umma ta biya Mista Bateman saboda asarar da ya yi a sakamakon sace yaronsa da yawa na Azurfa, don Tokens, da yardar rai ta hanyar Mista Bateman don amfani da Settlement a GriquaTown" [1
A cikin juzu'i mai zuwa, an rubuta cewa a wani taro na Daraktoci a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1817 "An zaɓe jimlar £49 ga Mista Bateman a ranar 23 ga Disamba na ƙarshe don biyan diyya ga asarar da ya yi, ta hanyar fashin yaronsa. na Azurfa, don Alamu, da aka yi umarni"
Rajistar gudummawar don Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London na tsawon Maris 1816 zuwa Maris 1817 ta ba da rahoton "Kudi a Musanya don Griqua Tokens, kowane Mr Langton - £ 3.8.0" (David Langton shi ne mataimakin sakatare kuma ma'ajin na Ofishin Jakadancin London. Al'umma a wannan lokacin). Ana tsammanin an sayar da alamun ga mai tarawa.
Wannan labarin ya nuna mana daraktocin LMS sun shiga kuma sun amince da siyan Griquatown Coinage.
Zuwan Afirka ta Kudu
A ranar 21 ga Yuli 1817 PF Hammes da R. Beck (wakilan LMS a Cape Town) suka aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga David Langton. Wani sashi daga cikin wasikar yana cewa:
“Yallabai, mun amince da karbar naka mai kwanan wata 20 ga Maris da ya gabata kuma muna da farin cikin dawowa don Amsa, cewa mun karbi kararrakin guda biyu, dauke da kananan nau’in Silver Specie da Copper cikin tsari mai kyau, kuma za mu yi aiki da su kamar yadda niyya da fatan Al’umma”.
Wannan shine kawai sanannen rikodin inda aka ambaci alamun jan karfe.
A ziyararsa ta biyu a Afirka ta Kudu, John Campbell ya sake ziyartar tashar mishan na Griqua kuma ya lura a cikin littafinsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1820:
"The Landdrost (Andries Stockenstroom) yayi tunanin yana da mahimmanci don kafa sadarwa ta yau da kullum tsakanin Griquatown da Graaff Reynet; Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwamnati don takunkumi ga ƙaddamar da kuɗin Griqua a gundumar Graaff Reynet da Beaufort."
(Yankunan biyu sun kasance ɓangare na Cape Colony, yayin da Griquatown ba)
Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a ranar 12 ga Agusta, Campbell ya rubuta:
"An tattauna kuma akan tsabar kudin. Sun ce idan zai wuce a cikin mulkin mallaka Griquas zai ɗauka da sauri. Na yi alƙawarin zan nemi Gwamna don ya ba da izinin wucewa a gundumomin Graaff-reynet da Beaufort. "
bayarwa
Heinrich Helm, ɗan mishan mazaunin Griquatown, a wata wasiƙa mai kwanan wata 21 ga Yuni 1821 zuwa ga wakilin LMS a Afirka ta Kudu, Dokta John Philip, ya rubuta:
"Mafi girman ɓangaren kuɗin Griqua har yanzu shine dukiyar Al'umma wanda Br. Anderson lokacin da ya bar mu zuwa kulawa ta. Kamar yadda Mista Campbell ya yi tunanin cewa Br. Anderson ya jefar da kuɗaɗen azurfar akan farashi mai rahusa, na tambaye shi ya sanar da ni ainihin ƙimar kowane nau'i wanda ya yi alkawarin zai yi, amma har yanzu ban sami amsa ba, don haka har yanzu yana cikina. mallaka. Ya kamata in yi farin ciki idan kai, Yallabai, za ka sami alheri ka sanar da ni abin da zan yi da shi."
Wannan shine kawai rikodin tsabar kudin da ake bayarwa. Ba a san yadda aka tantance adadin ba. Ko tsabar kuɗin da aka taɓa zagayawa shima jigo ne na muhawara mai yawa. Ba a taɓa samun rikodin asusu ta amfani da tsabar kudin Griqua ba.
Griqua Coinage ita ce tsabar kudin Afirka ta Kudu ta farko mai cin gashin kanta kuma ta zama muhimmin bangare na tarihin adadi na Afirka ta Kudu.
Takaitawa bisa takaddun zamani
1) An fara tattauna batun Griqua coinage a watan Agusta 1813 tsakanin mai girma John Campbell da Griquas a Klaarwater (Griquatown). Tunani na farko shine a ba wa ’yan mishan kuɗin kuɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na alawus ɗinsu. Masu mishan ɗin za su ba da kuɗin kuɗin zuwa Griquas don biyan kuɗin ƙananan kayan.
2) A cikin Janairu 1816 an kafa kwamitin Griqua coinage a hedkwatar LMS a London.
3) A cikin Afrilu 1816, kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa za a zabi fam 100 don tsabar kudin da za a yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar zagayawa a Garin Griqua. A ranar 15 ga Yuli 1816 an soke wannan shawarar kuma adadin ya karu zuwa £ 200.
4) A cikin Oktoba 1816 an ba da umarnin biyan LMS lissafin da ya shafi tsabar kudin akan adadin £191.12
5 Taimako na LMS-rejista na tsawon Maris 1816 zuwa Maris 1817 ya ba da rahoton cewa an sayi Griqua coinage zuwa darajar fam 3 da shilling 8 daga jama'a kafin a tura yawancin zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.
6) A cikin Yuli 1817 wakilin LMS a Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa duka tsabar tagulla da azurfa sun isa Afirka ta Kudu.
7) A cikin Agusta 1820, Reverend John Campbell ya lura cewa zai nemi Gwamnatin Cape don sanya takunkumin wucewar kudin Griqua a cikin Cape Colony. Idan haka ne takunkumi, ya lura cewa Griquas zai ɗauki tsabar kudi da sauri.
8) A cikin Yuni 1821 an ba da rahoton cewa mafi girman ɓangaren kuɗin Griqua har yanzu yana hannun tashar manufa a Griquatown kuma an jefa ƙaramin ɓangaren tsabar kuɗin azurfa ga Griquas a daidai lokacin da ba daidai ba.
Darikoki
Tagulla Quarter "Pence " : Na dabam: Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: ¼ tare da rubutu GRIQUA (a sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da kife). Matsakaicin diamita: 20.76 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.33 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 3.63 g. Gefen: Reeded kusan a tsaye.
Rabin Tagulla "Pence" : Wuta: Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: ½ tare da rubutu GRIQUA (a sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da kife). Matsakaicin diamita: 24.86 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.46 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 6.20 g. Gefen: Reeded kusan a tsaye.
Azurfa Biyar "Pence" : Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juyawa: IIIII tsakanin layi biyu a sama da ƙasa tare da rubutu GRIQUA (sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da juye). Matsakaicin diamita: 20.96 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 0.66 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 2.37 g. Edge: Reeded obliquely
Azurfa Goma na "Pence" : Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: 10 tsakanin layi biyu sama da ƙasa tare da rubutu GRIQUA (sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da juye). Matsakaicin diamita: 25.90 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.06 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 4.90 g. Gefen: Reeded a fili
Hern ya ba da rahoto da yawa nau'i-nau'i, alal misali, "pens" biyar da goma da aka buga a cikin tagulla da rabi "pens" a cikin gubar da kuma jan karfe.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mint na Afirka ta Kudu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50304 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Hartig%20Kendall | Marie Hartig Kendall | Articles with hCards
Marie Hartig Kendall (1854-1943) yar Amurka ce mai daukar hoto. Hotunanta na shimfidar wurare sun rubuta Norfolk, Connecticut, yankin a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20th. An haife ta a yankin Alsace na Faransa,ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka tare da danginta kuma ta sami horon aikin jinya a Asibitin Bellevue da ke New York.Mai daukar hoto da ta koyar da kanta,a lokacin rayuwarta Kendall ta yi sama da 30,000 na daukar hoto bayan ta fara samun kyamarar kallo a cikin 1880s.Ta lashe lambar yabo don daukar hoto a 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . Ta sayar da hotunanta a matsayin katin waya da New Haven Railroad don tallan su. Daga cikin hotunanta akwai wasu da ke nuna Babban Blizzard na 1888.
Rayuwar farko, ilimi da iyali
An haifi Marie Hartig a cikin 1854 a Mulhouse, Faransa, inda danginta suka mallaki masana'antar takalma da auduga. Bayan yakin Franco-Prussian, lokacin da aka ba da ƙasarsu ta haihuwa ga mulkin Jamus,sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, sun isa birnin New York a 1871. Ta nemi danginta da ta gudanar da rayuwa mai zaman kanta;Tare da 'yar uwarta,ta shiga cikin shirin horar da ma'aikatan jinya a Asibitin Bellevue.
A Bellevue ta sadu da wani ɗalibi,John Calvin Kendall (1847-1921), ɗan asalin Ridgefield, Connecticut . Su biyun sun yi alkawari, kuma mai yiyuwa ne saboda dokar da ta saba wa dangantakar jinya da likitoci, lMarie ta bar Bellevue,ta kammala horar da aikin jinya a Asibitin Sadaka da ke tsibirin Blackwell (yanzu Roosevelt Island). Ta auri Kendall a wani bikin farar hula a 1877. A cewar labarin iyali, ta ƙi samun zoben aure,tana mai ganin cewa alama ce ta bautar mata kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa agogon zai "fi dacewa". Sun ƙaura zuwa Norwalk, Connecticut, kuma suka fara iyali. 'Ya'yansu uku na farko sune Karolina (kuma Lena, an haifi ta1880), Helen (an haifi 1881), da Cyrus (an haifi 1882). Babbarsu, Lena, ta samu nakasu a wani hatsari mai zafi kuma ta mutu kafin cikarta ta biyu. An haifi Claude a shekara ta 1884 kuma sai a shekara ta 1899 aka haifi ɗa na biyar,Karolina (Kay).
Matsar zuwa Norfolk da daukar hoto
Kendalls sun ƙaura zuwa Norfolk, Connecticut, a cikin 1884. John Kendall ta kasance abokiyar aikin likita William H. Welch, kuma an gayyace shi don shiga aikin likitancin mahaifinsa, William Wickham Welch.Iyalin sun zauna a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen Welch. Rashin samun damar tafiya zuwa Hartford don shirya ƙwararrun hotunan yaransu, Marie ta sayi kyamarar kallo da kuɗin da ta samu ta hanyar ɗinki da saka tufafi. Ta saita nata darkroom ta koya wa kanta amfani da kyamara. Ta ci gaba da ƙirƙirar hotunan 'ya'yanta kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta sayar da hotuna ga abokanta da makwabta. Ta sayi walƙiya akan $100 wanda ya ba ta damar ɗaukar hotuna a cikin gida.
Baya ga hotonta, Kendall ta ɗauki hotuna da yawa na waje,tana nuna shimfidar wurare,masu furanni,ruwa da kuma al'amuran ƙasar Litchfield County. Hotunanta sun ɗauki mutanen garin Norfolk da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da kuma gine-ginen yankin,gami da gasar wasan tennis, gidan wasan motsa jiki na Eldridge,da ɗakin karatu na Norfolk. Kendall ta yi amfani da takarda mai rufin platinum kawai don kwafinta. Daga cikin Hotunan nata akwai hotunan abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi mai tsanani. A lokacin Babban Blizzard na 1888,ta ɗauko kyamararta, da faranti a kusa da Norfolk don rubuta dusar ƙanƙara mai tarihi.Ta kuma dauki hoton abin da ya biyo bayan guguwar kankara ta 1898. A lokacin tafiya zuwa Birnin New York, Kendall ta dauki hoton Bethesda Fountain.
Kendall ta shiga gasar kulab din kamara kuma ta gabatar da tarin hotunanta guda uku da aka tsara don nunin Columbian na Duniya na 1893 a Chicago.An nuna aikinta a cikin rumfar mata kuma an ba ta lambar tagulla saboda hotonta na motsi.Ita ce mace daya tilo da ta samu kyautar daukar hoto. Alkalan sun kuma burge da hotonta na bayan arbutus da kuma jerin hotuna inda ta fallasa faifan gilashi guda uku da ke nuna yara ko dabbobi.
An yi wahayi zuwa ga ɗan littafin daga Nunin Columbian, Kendall daga baya ta samar da Glimpses na Norfolk na 1900 wanda ya haɗa da hotunan gidajen rani azaman abin tunawa ga baƙi.Ta kuma yi irin wannan ɗan littafin don Ridgefield, Connecticut. Don ƙara samun kuɗin shiga na danginta,ta sayar da katunan da ke nuna wuraren makiyaya a Connecticut. New Haven Railroad sun yi amfani da hotunanta a yakin tallarsu. An kuma nuna aikin Kendall a Nunin Siyayyar Louisiana a St.Louis a 1904.
Baya ga kasuwancinta na daukar hoto,kendall ta kuma gudanar da wani gidan kwana da ake kira Edgewood Lodge, makarantar dinki da koyar da abinci mai gina jiki ga iyalai na gida. Kendall ta kasance mai himma a cikin motsin fushi da motsin zaɓen mata.
Wani lokaci bayan yakin duniya na 1, Kendall ta lalata wasu 30,000 na gilashin da ta tara, ta sayar da gilashin kashi ɗaya kuma kawai tana adana kusan 500 daga cikinsu. Kendall ta mutu a Norfolk a 1943.
Gallery
Legacy
An yi amfani da Hotunan Kendall sosai a cikin Theron Wilmot Crissey's 1900 History of Norfolk.
Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Norfolk tana riƙe da fiye da 3000 na kwafin Kendall, ɗaruruwan gilashi,da kundin hotuna da ta haɗa tare. An nuna hoton Kendall a cikin nunin 2013 Connecticut Historical Society nuni ta hanyar Lens daban-daban: Masu daukar hoto na Connecticut Mata uuk. Ta kasance batun nunin 2018 ta Norfolk Historical Society, Artistic Taste and Marked Skill: Hoton Marie H. Kendall, a wannan shekarar da al'ummar tarihi ta buga littafin da ke tare da Babban Legacy: Hotunan Marie Hartig Kendall .
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gado Na Musamman - Hotunan Marie Hartig Kendall, gabatarwa ta Norfolk Historical Society
Hotunan Marie Hartig Kendall, Norfolk CT 1884-1920, Norfolk Historical Society.
Matattun 1943 |
25929 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi | Wasabi | Wasabi ( Jafananci :,, ko, furtawa [ɰaꜜsabi] ; Eutrema japonicum ko Wasabia japonica ) ko horseradish na Japan wani tsiro ne na dangin Brassicaceae, wanda kuma ya haɗa da horseradish da mustard a cikin sauran tsararraki . Ana amfani da manna da aka yi daga rhizomes na ƙasa azaman kayan ƙoshin abinci don sushi da sauran abinci. Ya yi kama da ɗanɗano da zafi mustard ko horseradish maimakon barkono barkono saboda yana motsa hanci fiye da harshe . Yawancin dandano na wasabi a cikin kasuwanci shine, duk da haka, ersatz, dangane da doki da launin abinci.
Tsire -tsire yana girma a zahiri tare da gadajen rafi a cikin kwarin kogin dutse a Japan . The biyu main cultivars a kasuwa ne E. japonicum 'Daruma' da kuma 'Mazuma', amma akwai da yawa wasu. Tsohuwar rikodin wasabi a matsayin abinci ya kasance a karni na takwas AD. Shaharar wasabi a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi ya zo daidai da na sushi, yana ci gaba da haɓakawa tun daga shekara ta 1980.
Dangane da batutuwan da ke iyakance yawan amfanin gona na wasabi na Jafananci kuma ta haka yana haɓaka farashinsa da raguwar samuwarsa a wajen Japan, galibi ana amfani da shuka horseradish a maimakon dokin Japan. Wannan sigar galibi ana kiranta da "wasabi na yamma" () a Japan.
Yana amfani
Gabaɗaya ana siyar da Wasabi ko dai azaman rhizome ko tushe, wanda dole ne a ɗanɗana shi sosai kafin amfani, azaman busasshen foda, ko azaman manna mai shirye don amfani a cikin bututu masu kama da bututun haƙora .
Sashin da aka yi amfani da shi don manna wasabi an rarrabe shi azaman rhizome, tushe, ko “rhizome da ɓangaren tushe na tushe”.
A cikin wasu gidajen cin abinci masu ƙima, ana shirya manna lokacin da abokin ciniki ya ba da umarni, kuma ana yin ta ta amfani da grater don goge tushe; da zarar an shirya manna, yana rasa dandano a cikin shabiyar mintuna idan an bar ba a gano su ba. A cikin shirye -shiryen sushi, masu dafa abinci galibi suna sanya wasabi tsakanin kifi da shinkafa saboda suturar wasabi har sai an yi hidimar tana adana dandano.
Za a iya cin ganyen wasabi sabo, yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai tushe na wasabi, amma sakamako na gama gari shine gudawa .
Legumes (kirki ba, waken soya, ko Peas) iya gasa ko soyayyen, sa'an nan mai rufi da wasabi foda gauraye da sugar, gishiri, ko mai da kuma ci abinci kamar yadda wani crunchy abun ciye-ciye. A Japan, ana kiranta wasabi-mame .
Majiɓinci
Wasabi yana son yanayin girma wanda ke taƙaita noman sa - a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana da rashin jituwa da hasken rana kai tsaye, yana buƙatar zafin iska tsakanin kuma ya fi son zafi sosai a lokacin bazara. Wannan ya sa ba zai yiwu masu noman su cika gamsar da buƙatun kasuwanci ba, wanda ke sa wasabi yayi tsada sosai. Saboda haka, a wajen Japan, ba kasafai ake samun tsirrai na wasabi na gaske ba.
Sauyawa na yau da kullun shine cakuda horseradish, mustard, sitaci, da koren abinci ko koren alayyafo. Sau da yawa ana sanya alamar kunshin a matsayin wasabi yayin da sinadaran a zahiri ba su haɗa da wani ɓangaren shuka na wasabi ba. Bambancin farko tsakanin su biyun shine launi, tare da Wasabi yana koren halitta. An bayyana sabon tushen doki a matsayin yana da ɗanɗano irinta (kodayake mafi sauƙi) da ƙamshi zuwa na sabon wasabi.
A Japan, ana kiran seiyō wasabi . A Amurka, galibi ana samun wasabi na gaskiya ne a kantin kayan miya na musamman da manyan gidajen abinci.
Kimiyya
Sinadarin da ke cikin wasabi wanda ke ba da ƙarfin sa na farko shine hadaddun mahaɗan allyl isothiocyanate, wanda aka samar ta hanyar hydrolysis na thioglucosides na halitta (haɗuwar glucose na sukari, da abubuwan da ke ɗauke da sulfur mai ɗauke da sinadarai) Haɗin hydrolysis yana haɓaka ta myrosinase kuma yana faruwa lokacin da aka saki enzyme akan ɓarkewar sel da maceration ya haifar - misali, grating - na shuka. Hakanan mahaɗan guda ɗaya ne ke da alhakin raunin horseradish da mustard. Hakanan ana iya sakin Allyl isothiocyanate lokacin da aka lalata tsirrai na wasabi, saboda ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar kariya. Makasudin jiyya na ƙwayar mustard shine mai karɓar chemosensory, TRPA1, wanda kuma aka sani da 'Wasabi Receptor'.
Dadi na musamman na wasabi shine sakamakon cakudewar sinadarai masu rikitarwa daga ƙwayoyin da suka lalace na shuka, gami da waɗanda ke haifar da hydrolysis na thioglucosides daga sinigrin zuwa glucose da metothlthioalkyl isothiocyanates :
6-MITC
7-methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate
8-methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate
Bincike ya nuna cewa irin wannan isothiocyanates hana microbe girma, watakila da abubuwan da tsare abinci da spoilage kuma suppressing baka kwayan girma .
Saboda ƙonawar wasabi ba tushen mai ba ne, na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne idan aka kwatanta da tasirin capsaicin a cikin barkono barkono, kuma ana wanke su da ƙarin abinci ko ruwa. Ana jin abin jin daɗi musamman a cikin sashin hanci kuma yana iya zama mai raɗaɗi dangane da adadin da aka cinye. Shaƙatawa ko ƙamshin tururin wasabi yana da tasiri kamar ƙamshin gishiri, dukiyar da masu bincike ke ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ƙarar hayaƙi ga kurame . Subjectaya daga cikin batutuwan da ke cikin gwajin samfurin ya farka cikin 10 seconds na tururin wasabi ya fesa cikin dakin baccin sa. An ba da lambar yabo ta Ig Nobel ta shekara ta 2011 a Chemistry ga masu binciken don tantance ƙimar yawa na wasabi ta iska don farkar da mutane a cikin gaggawa.
Bayanin abinci mai gina jiki
Wasabi galibi ana cinye shi a cikin ƙananan adadi wanda ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki ba ta da mahimmanci. Manyan abubuwan da ke tushen tushen wasabi sune carbohydrates (23.5%) ruwa (69.1%) mai (0.63%) da furotin (4.8%)b
Noma
Wurare kaɗan ne suka dace da noman wasabi mai girma, kuma noman yana da wahala ko da a yanayi mai kyau. A Japan, ana noman wasabi galibi a cikin waɗannan yankuna:
Yankin Izu, a Yankin Shizuoka
Gundumar Nagano gami da Farm Daio Wasabi a Azumino (mashahurin jan hankalin yawon bude ido da gonar wasabi mafi girma a duniya)
Iwate Prefecture
Gundumar Shimane da aka fi sani da Hikimi wasabi
Hakanan akwai wurare da yawa na noman wucin gadi har zuwa arewacin Hokkaido har zuwa kudu kamar Kyushu . Kamar yadda buƙatar ainihin wasabi ya fi wanda ake iya samarwa a cikin Japan, Japan tana shigo da wasabi mai yawa daga Amurka, Taiwan, Koriya ta Kudu, Isra'ila, Thailand da New Zealand . A Arewacin Amurka, wasu tsirarun manoma da kamfanoni ke noma Wasabia japonica , wanda mafi shaharar su shine Sarki Wasabi, wanda ke cikin Forest Grove, Oregon . A Turai, wasabi yana girma a kasuwanci a Iceland, Netherlands, Hungary, da UK .
Shiri
Wasabi galibi ana dafa shi da oroshigane na ƙarfe, amma wasu sun fi son yin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiya na busasshen sharkskin (fata mai kyau a gefe ɗaya; m fata a ɗayan) Hakanan za'a iya amfani da grater da aka yi da hannu tare da hakoran shark na yau da kullun. Idan ba a samo grater-fata na fata ba, cakulan cakulan yumbu na iya zama abin karɓa mai karɓa.
Duba kuma
Jerin kayan ƙanshi
Jerin abubuwan ci
Satoyama
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20gida%20mai%20guba | Sharar gida mai guba | Sharar gida mai guba, ita ce duk wani abu da ba a so ta kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ko Illa, (misali ta hanyar shaka, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata). Yawancin kayayyakin gida na yau kamar su talabijin, kwamfuta da wayoyi suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Zubar da irin wannan sharar matsala ce babba ga lafiyar al'umma.
Rarraba abubuwa masu guba
Kayayyaki masu guba sune samfuran guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, motoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Sharar gida mai guba ta zama mafi yawa tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yana haifar da manyan batutuwan duniya. Zubar da irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan sinadarai masu guba . Kayayyaki irin su wayar salula, kwamfuta, talabijin, da na'urorin hasken rana sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata ba don hana gurɓacewar iska da gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shaƙa, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata Ko Wani nau'in jiki.
Sharar gida na iya ƙunsar sinadarai, ƙarfe masu nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Hatta gidaje suna haifar da datti mai haɗari daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da ragowar fenti ko magungunan kashe qwari. Abu mai guba na iya zama ko dai na ɗan adam kuma wasu suna faruwa ta halitta a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake ɗaukar masu guba.
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano wasu muhimman abubuwa kimanin guda 11 da ke kawo hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam:
Arsenic : ana amfani da shi wajen yin da'irori na lantarki, a matsayin sinadari a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, kuma azaman mai kiyaye itace . An rarraba shi azaman carcinogen .
Asbestos : wani abu ne da aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma har yanzu wasu kasuwancin suna amfani da wannan kayan don kera kayan rufi da birki . Shakar asbestos fibers na iya haifar da ciwon huhu da asbestosis .
Cadmium : ana samunsa a cikin batura da robobi . Ana iya shakar ta ta hanyar hayakin sigari, ko kuma a narkar da shi idan an haɗa shi azaman launi a cikin abinci . Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushi na tsarin narkewa, da cutar koda .
Chromium : ana amfani da shi azaman rufin bulo don murhun masana'antu masu zafin jiki, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, kuma a cikin plating na chrome, dyes da pigments, adana itace, da tanning fata . An san yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma tsawon lokaci yana iya haifar da mashako mai tsanani da kuma lalata ƙwayar huhu.
Sharar gida : irin su sirinji da kwalabe na magani na iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri.
Cyanide : guba da ake samu a wasu magungunan kashe qwari da rodenticides . A cikin manya-manyan allurai zai iya haifar da gurguzu, girgiza, da damuwa na numfashi.
Gubar : ana samunsa a cikin batura, fenti, da harsashi . Lokacin da aka sha ko shaka na iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin haihuwa, da koda.
Mercury : Ana amfani da shi don cika hakori da batura. Ana kuma amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine . Bayyanar cututtuka na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa
PCBs, ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a yawancin tsarin masana'antu, ta masana'antar mai amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da masu rufewa . Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi, da hanta.
POPs, masu gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta . Ana samun su a cikin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani mai juyayi da tsarin haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin sarkar abinci ko kuma su dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su da nisa cikin yanayi.
Ƙarfin acid da alkalis da ake amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Suna iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lahani na ciki ga jiki.
Mafi yawan sharar gida mai guba da haɗari su ne samfuran gida a cikin gidajen yau da kullun waɗanda ba a zubar da su ba daidai ba kamar tsoffin batura, magungunan kashe qwari, fenti, da man mota. Sharar gida mai guba na iya zama mai kunnawa, kunnawa, da lalata. A cikin Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun da farfadowa (RCRA).
Sharar da aka yi amfani da su su ne waɗanda za su iya haifar da fashewa lokacin zafi, gauraye da ruwa ko matsawa. Suna iya sakin iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali ko da a yanayin al'ada. Misali shine baturan lithium-sulfur .
Sharar da ba za a iya kunna wuta ba suna da wuraren walƙiya na ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 60. Suna iya ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalai su ne masu kaushi da mai.
Lalata sharar gida ruwa ne masu iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH na ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko daidai da 12.5. Misali shine acid acid .
Tare da karuwar fasaha a duniya, an sami karin abubuwa da ake kira masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan ƙimar yana da matuƙar ban tsoro ga wayewa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wannan fasaha sun haɗa da wayoyin hannu da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwan an ba su sunan e-waste ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye ga Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasan yara, da injin wanki. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba waɗanda za su iya rushe tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka jefar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan kayayyaki a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayan da zarar sun yi tasiri ko karya ba.
A cikin ƙasar Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idoji kan ajiya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA na buƙatar a kula da sharar mai guba tare da taka tsantsan na musamman kuma a zubar da su a wuraren da aka keɓe a cikin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yawancin biranen Amurka suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ƙila ba za a karɓa ba a wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa/ firgita, allura / sirinji, sharar magani, kayan rediyo, da gano hayaki.
Tasirin lafiya
Sharar gida mai guba sau da yawa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen, kuma fallasa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yayyafawa ko ƙafewa daga ma'ajiya, yana haifar da cutar kansa a ƙara yawan mutane da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani gungu na cutar kansar jini da ba kasafai ake samun cutar sankara ba a kusa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a shekara ta 2008.
Jaridar Human & Ecological Risk Assessment Journal ta gudanar da wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara na kananan hukumomi don ganin ko hakan zai yi illa kamar zama kusa da matsugunan kasa masu hadari. Sun gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru a ƙalla bakwai (7) wanda aka gwada musamman don nau'ikan cutar kansa guda 18 don ganin ko mahalartan suna da ƙimar girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a kusa da wuraren shara. Sun gudanar da wannan binciken ne a yammacin Massachusetts a cikin radius mai nisan mil 1 na yankin North Hampton Landfill.
Mutane suna saduwa da waɗannan gubar da aka binne a ƙasa, a cikin magudanar ruwa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke ba da ruwan sha, ko kuma a cikin ruwan ambaliya, kamar yadda ya faru bayan guguwar Katrina. Wasu guba, irin su mercury, suna dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma suna taruwa. Sakamakon tarin tarin mercury a cikin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwa, kifayen kifaye sune muhimmin tushen mercury a cikin abincin mutum da na dabba. Sharar gida mai guba." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Yanar Gizo. Afrilu 26, shekarata 2010.
Gudanarwa da zubarwa
Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kayan yau da kullun masu guba shine yadda ake zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. Kafin zartar da dokokin muhalli na zamani (a cikin Amurka, wannan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1970s), ya kasance doka don zubar da irin wannan sharar gida cikin rafuka, koguna da tekuna, ko binne shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin wuraren share ƙasa . Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da RCRA, da aka kafa a 1976, sun ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na ƙasa baki ɗaya don daidaitawa da zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari.
Masana'antar noma tana amfani da fiye da ton 800,000 na maganin kashe kwari a duk duniya a duk shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Teku kuma na iya gurɓata daga guguwar ruwa na waɗannan sinadarai kuma. Sharar gida mai guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya ko dai ya kwarara cikin tekuna daga ruwan bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa,DA wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin tekun daga 'yan kasa na yau da kullum suna zubar da man mota a cikin magudanar ruwan sama. Zubarwa shine sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa. Yawanci ana tsara wuraren zubar da shara don ɗaukar sharar har abada da kuma hana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga muhalli.
Mafi yawan al'adar zubar da shara mai haɗari shine sanyawa a cikin sashin jujjuya ƙasa kamar wurin zubar da ƙasa, tarkacen ƙasa, tari, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko rijiyar allura. Zubar da ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu ƙarƙashin Shirin Ƙuntataccen zubar da ƙasa na EPA. Ana sarrafa rijiyoyin allura a ƙarƙashin shirin Kula da allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tarayya.
Ana iya lalata dattin halitta ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mai zafi. Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyoaktif, dole ne a ware waɗannan kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba. Hanyar ajiya za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida mai guba, mai yiyuwa ta hanyar ajiya a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, haɗawa a cikin tsayayyen matsakaici kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binne a ƙarƙashin hular yumɓu mai yuwuwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kudade; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba daidai ba na zubarwa don guje wa biyan waɗannan kudade. Inda aka tsara yadda ake tafiyar da sharar guba, zubar da sharar mai guba ba daidai ba na iya zama tarar tara ko kuma zaman gidan yari. Wuraren binne ga sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ana iya amfani da su azaman kore ko sake haɓakawa don amfanin kasuwanci ko masana'antu dama Ma'adanai.
Tarihin ka'idojin sharar guba na Amurka
RCRA tana mulkin tsara, sufuri, jiyya, ajiya, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai kan duk sabbin abubuwa masu sinadarai da ake da su, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli. Dokar Superfund, wacce aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1980, ta ƙirƙiri shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar da aka yi watsi da su ko marasa sarrafa su.
An daɗe ana gwabzawa tsakanin al'ummomi da masana muhalli tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni game da tsantsa da kuma yadda aka rubuta ƙa'idodi da dokoki da kuma aiwatar da su. Yaƙin ya fara ne a Arewacin Carolina a ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekarata 1979, yayin da ake aiwatar da ka'idodin TSCA na EPA. A Arewacin Carolina, da gangan PCB - gurɓataccen mai an diga akan manyan titunan karkarar Piedmont, wanda ya haifar da mafi girma na PCB a tarihin Amurka da rikicin lafiyar jama'a wanda zai haifar da sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa. An tattara kayan gurɓataccen abu na PCB kuma an binne shi a cikin wani yanki na Warren County, amma 'yan adawar 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da manyan zanga-zangar jama'a, sun fallasa haɗarin sharar gida mai guba, rashin kuskuren wuraren da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da su, da kuma dokokin EPA da ke ba da izinin gina wuraren da aka gina. a gefe, amma a siyasance m shafukan.
Jama'ar gundumar Warren sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin zubar da shara mai guba sun dogara ne akan ainihin zato cewa busasshen kabari na EPA na ra'ayi zai ƙunshi sharar mai guba. Wannan zato ya sanar da wurin wuraren zubar da shara mai guba da kuma watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa a cikin Rijistar Tarayya ta EPA. Alal misali, a cikin shekarata 1978, tushen babban sharar gida mai guba ba zai iya zama kusa da ƙafa biyar daga ruwan karkashin kasa ba, amma wannan tsari da sauran za a iya yafe. Haɓaka ƙa'idar game da nisa tsakanin tushe na shara mai guba da ruwan ƙasa ya ba da damar tushe ya zama ƙafa ɗaya kawai a saman ruwan ƙasa idan mai / mai gudanar da ginin zai iya nunawa ma'aikacin yankin EPA cewa tsarin tattara leachat zai iya. a shigar da kuma cewa ba za a sami haɗin ruwa tsakanin tushe na ƙasƙanci da ruwan ƙasa ba. 'Yan kasar sun yi zargin cewa watsi da ka'idojin wurin zama wata hanya ce ta nuna wariya da ke taimakawa wajen sauya sheka daga kimiyya zuwa la'akari da siyasa game da yanke shawara da kuma cewa a Kudancin wannan yana nufin nuna wariya ga wuraren kula da sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin talakawa baƙar fata da sauran tsirarun al'ummomin. Sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da kamewa ta dindindin ba. Yayin da aka ci gaba da jure harabar wurin ajiyar PCB a gundumar Warren kuma bincike ya nuna cewa EPA busasshen busasshen kabari ya gaza, EPA ta bayyana a cikin Rijistar ta Tarayya cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa za su yoyo a ƙarshe kuma yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni kawai.
Shekaru da yawa na bincike da ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin gazawar Warren County PCB mai cike da ƙasa ya sa 'yan ƙasar Warren County su kammala cewa ƙirar busasshen kabari na EPA da ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da zubar da shara mai guba da haɗari ba su dogara ne akan ingantaccen kimiyya da isasshiyar fasaha ba. Jama'ar Warren County sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta shekarar 1981 ta Arewacin Carolina ba a yarda da ita a kimiyance da tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ba da izinin sanya wuraren sharar gida mai guba, masu haɗari da makaman nukiliya kafin sauraron jama'a, ta ba da izini ga ikon yanki kan wurin wuraren, kuma ta ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan aikin. tilastawa idan an buƙace ta.
Bayan zanga-zangar Warren County, 1984 Babban Haɗaɗɗiyar Tarayya da Ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa ta mayar da hankali kan rage sharar gida da kawar da zubar da sharar ƙasa da kuma matakin gyara don fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari. Sauran matakan da aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren a shekarata 1984 sun haɗa da ƙarin ikon tilasta wa EPA, ƙarin ƙa'idodin sarrafa shara masu haɗari, da cikakken shirin tankin ajiyar ƙasa.
Zubar da shara mai guba na ci gaba da zama tushen rikici a Amurka Saboda hatsarorin da ke tattare da sarrafa shara da zubar da guba, al'ummomi sukan ki amincewa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba da sauran wuraren sarrafa shara; duk da haka, tantance inda da kuma yadda za a zubar da sharar wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli.
Batun kula da sharar guba ya zama matsala a duniya yayin da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taso daga karuwar abubuwan guba da ake samarwa tare da mika su zuwa kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta fara lura da yadda ake zubar da barasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta ba da Wakilin Musamman don yin nazari game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam game da wannan batu (Hukumar a cikin shekarun 1995/81). A cikin watan Satumban shekarata 2011, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa wa'adin na haɗa dukkan tsarin rayuwa na kayayyaki masu haɗari tun daga masana'anta zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe (aka jariri zuwa kabari ), sabanin motsi kawai da zubar da sharar gida. An canza taken mai ba da rahoto na musamman zuwa "Mai rahoto na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam na kula da ingantaccen muhalli da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da sharar gida." (Human Rights Council 18/11). Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kara tsawaita wa'adin aikinta tun daga watan Satumbar 2012 saboda sakamakon illolin da ke tattare da hatsarin da ke faruwa ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar kyawawan dabi'u game da tsarawa, gudanarwa, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba don haɗawa da su. batun kare kare hakkin dan Adam na muhalli.
Taswirar datti mai guba a cikin Amurka
TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ta yi amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. 's (EPA) Superfund da Shirye-shiryen Sakin Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwai . An samo bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli daga NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu iko. Gwamnatin Trump ta cire bayanan daga intanet a cikin Disamba shekarata 2019.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na Superfund a cikin Amurka
Gurbacewa
Sharar rediyo
Gyaran muhalli
Agent Orange
Red laka, wani caustic ta hanyar samar da alumina
Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
zubar da muhalli
Mulkin mallaka mai guba
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta
Bayani kan sharar gida mai guba daga CDC
TOXMAP: Maps e-maps na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Amurka
Sharar gida mai guba Dokokin Argentina
Shara
Gida
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid%20Michel | Majid Michel | Majid Michel (an Haife shi a ranar 22 Satumban shekarar 1980) ɗan wasan Ghana ne, abin koyi, halayen talabijin, mai bishara kuma ɗan agaji. An kaddamar dashi a cikin daya daga cikin wanda suka cancanci kyautar Best Actor in a Leading Role a Afirka Movie Academy Awards a shekara ta 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 da 2017. A karshe ya lashe kyautar ne a shekarar 2012 bayan an zabe shi sau uku a jere.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Michel ne a Cantonments, wani yanki na babban birnin Ghana Accra. Ubansa ya kasance dan asalin kasar Lebanon ne kuma uwarsa ’yar Ghana ce, ya girma a babban birnin Accra tare da ‘yan uwansa guda tara. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Theresa, daga baya, makarantar Mfantsipim, almater na Van Vicker da kuma na tsohon Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan. A makarantar sakandare, Michel ya taka rawa sosai a wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kasance memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta makarantar. A matsayinsa na memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Jarumi (Best Actor) a cikin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da suka yi a ranar 'Yanci a Cape Coast, Ghana.
Sana'a
Michel ya zama ƙwararren dan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar talla ga ma'aikatar tallac-tallace; wani makwabcinsa ya gabatar da shi ga wannan hukumar. An gayyace shi ya shiga hukumar yin tallan kayan kawa, Super Model Agency, bisa umarnin makwabcinsa na gaba. Ya alamar tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin Abubuwan da Muke Yi don Ƙauna, yana samun laƙabinsa "Shaker" akan saitin. Matsayinsa a cikin Abubuwan da Muke Yi don Soyayya wani yaro ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne zai taka shi, kuma Michel ya ba da gudummawar saboda gadonsa na Lebanon. A wata hira da ya yi da gidan rediyon Star FM Ghana na shekarar 2017, Majid ya bayyana cewa bai samu rawar da ya taka a fim din farko da ya fara haskawa ba saboda rashin kyawun wasan kwaikwayo daga gare shi, inda ya bayyana sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya sa ya ci gaba da ci gaba a harkar fim. masana'antar fim.
Shirin fim din Things We Do For Love ya janyo mai nasara kuma yasa ya zamo babban tauraro. A ka dalilin kwarewa da ya nuna a shirin, an saka shi a jagoran fim dinsa na farko, Divine Love, a matsayin jagora namiji, tare da Jackie Aygemang a matsayin jagorar mata, tare da Van Vicker a cikin rawar goyon baya. Dukansu ukun sun yi amfani da rawar da suka taka a fim din wajen fara sana’arsu ta fim. Ƙaunar Allahntaka babbar nasara ce, ta mai da Majid Michel, Jackie Agyemang da Van Vicker zuwa sunayen gida a fadin Ghana.
A cikin 2008, Michel ya yi tauraro a matsayin jagora na gaba a cikin fim ɗin Agony of the Christ, wanda ya karɓi nadi bakwai a lambar yabo a Africa Movie Academy Awards a 2009. A watan Oktoban 2017, Majid ya bayyana cewa ana biyansa akalla dala 15,000 a matsayin wanda zai taka rawar gani a fim, ya kuma bayyana cewa ya samu kudi har dala 35,000 don yin fim. A shekarar 2016, Majid ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa yana taka rawa a fina-finai, bai taba yin jima'i da wata 'yar fim ba. A watan Oktoban 2017, Majid ya bayyana a wata hira da aka yi da shi a gidan rediyo cewa saboda akidarsa ta addini, ba zai daina yarda da wasan kwaikwayon da ke bukatar ya sumbaci saiti ba.
Nasibi da nasara a Nollywood
Michel yana daya daga cikin ’yan wasan Ghana da suka shiga harkar fim a lokacin da Frank Rajah Arase ya kulla yarjejeniya da Abdul Salam Mumuni na Ghana na kamfanin Fina-finan Venus. Ainihin kwangilar ta ƙunshi shigar da ƴan wasan Ghana a cikin masana'antar fina- finan Nollywood da kuma sanya su kasance da ƙarfin tauraro mai kama da ƴan wasan Najeriya. Fina-finan da aka yi a ƙarƙashin wannan kwangilar da aka nuna Michel sun haɗa da: Laifi ga Kristi (2007), Azaba na Almasihu (2008), Zuciyar Maza (2009), Wasan (2010) da Wanene Yake Sona? (2010) da sauransu.
Michel ya fara fitowa a Nollywood na Najeriya a cikin dan wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2009, Emerald, yana taka rawar gani tare da Genevieve Nnaji. Yayin da aka yaba wa aikin Majid, tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran sinadarai na kan allo tare da Nnaji, fim ɗin ya sami cikas ga ra'ayoyi mara kyau. Duk da haka, fim ɗin Silent Scandals na 2009 ya sa Majid ya shahara a Najeriya; Fim ɗin ya sami babban bita mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci don ƙimarsa mai girma da kuma aikin Michel, tare da ƙarfin sinadarai na kan allo tare da Genevieve Nnaji. Nollywood Forever Comments: "Karfin sa [Michel] ya ta'allaka ne a idanunsa kuma yana amfani da shi sosai don haka a iya fahimtar cewa koyaushe yana samun rawar da soyayya da mata da lalatar su ke taka rawa sosai". A wannan shekarar, an fitar da wani fim mai nuna Michel, Guilty Pleasures ; Abubuwan jin daɗi na Laifi akan sakin sun hadu tare da sake dubawa gabaɗaya, tare da yabo ga aikin Michel shima. Ya ci gaba da wannan yanayin mai fa'ida a cikin 2010, inda ya yi tauraro tare da Genevieve Nnaji sau ɗaya a cikin Bursting Out, wani fim wanda ya haɗu da sake dubawa mai mahimmanci.
Michel ya yi magana sosai a kafafen yada labarai lokacin da ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya; Ya furta a cikin wata hira da cewa a karon farko da ya sadu da Genevieve, "komai ya tsaya cak"; Tauraro ya buga har ya yarda akan ya riqe mata jakarta kuma ya zama mataimakinta na kusa A wata hira da ya yi, ya bayyana cewa Genevieve Nnaji ita ce ta fi kowa kisser a harkar fim. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wata hira da cewa Genevieve ya koya masa "yadda ake yin wasan kwaikwayo", kuma ya nuna a wata hira da cewa Ghana ba ta da masana'antar fim. Duk wadannan, tare da bayyananniyar rawar da ya taka a fina-finai sun sanya shi samun cece-kuce a kodayaushe a lokacin farkonsa. A karshen shekarar 2010, an ruwaito cewa jarumin na hutu ne daga Najeriya, bayan da wasu abokan aikinsa na Najeriya suka yi masa barazanar kisa, wadanda suke ganin yana samun ayyuka da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ya koma Ghana inda ya fito a fina-finai kamar 4 Play (2010) da na 4 Play Reloaded (2011).
A shekara ta 2012, ya fito a cikin fim din yaki Somewhere in Africa, ya fito a matsayin azzalumi. Duk da cewa fim din bai taka rawar gani sosai ba, rawar da Michel ya taka ya samu yabo sosai, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy a karon farko. Hakan ya sake kaddamar da sana’arsa a Najeriya inda tun daga nan ya zama tauraro kuma ya yi fice a fina-finan Najeriya. A cikin 2014, ya yi aiki tare a cikin kowane lokaci blockbuster 30 Days a Atlanta wanda ya samu da Nigerian Cinema Exhibition Coalition ya jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girma a akwatin kifaye na 2014. Sauran fina-finai na 2014 da ke nuna Michel sun hada da: Mantawa Yuni, wanda aka sadu da gabaɗaya mara kyau. Duk da haka ya fito a cikin Knocking on Heaven's Door da kumaBeing Mrs Elliot, dukansu biyu suna taka rawa da kyau a harkokin fina-finansu, a kasuwance da mahimmance.
Fina-Finan 'Dan wasa
Rayuwa
Majid Michel yana da aure kuma yana da ‘ya’ya uku. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2015, ya bayyana cewa matar sa na shekaru 10 ce dalilin nasararsa. Kuma ya ambaci Allah kaɗai ne maimakonta a gareshi. Ya sabunta alkawarin aurensu a shekaran.
Majid Kirista ne mai yakini. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016, ya kasance baƙo mai hidima a wata majami'a inda ya raba kalmar Ubangiji kuma ya yi ceto ga mutane. Da yake magana da Joy FM a Ghana, Majid ya bayyana sabuwar rayuwarsa ta ruhaniya a matsayin "gaskiya kuma wahayi daga fahimtarsa daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki". A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2017, ya bayyana cewa dangantakarsa da Allah ta yi hasarar wasu abokansa. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa abokansa na yanzu suna ƙudurta ta wurin hangen nesa daga Allah. A cikin wa'azi na 2017 na bikin Ista, Majid ya taƙaita dukan jigon gicciye Kristi a matsayin "kashe wariyar launin fata, ƙiyayya, hassada, kishi, girman kai, yaki da ikon aljanu tare da rayuwa mai sauƙi mai cike da alheri". A watan Oktoban 2017, Majid ya bayyana cewa Allah ya yi amfani da shi wajen yin abubuwan al'ajabi ga mutane. A kan al'aura, Majid ya bayyana aikin a matsayin zunubi ga Allah. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa, babu makawa mutum ya shiga aikin akalla sau daya a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma bayyana cewa ya taba zama wanda aka zalunta a shekarunsa na karami amma yana karfafa wa matasa gwiwa da su daina hakan. A yayin muhawarar kafofin watsa labarun tare da Majid bai yarda da tsarin daina bada zakka ba. Majid ya bayar da hujjar cewa zakka ba koyarwar tsohon alkawari ba ce. Maimakon haka, ya ce a ba da zakka ga coci don taimakon matalauta.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Majid Michel at IMDb
Manazarta
Mutanen Ghana
Kiristocin Kasar Ghana
'Yan wasan kwaikwayo 'yan asalin kasar Ghana na karni na 21.
Tsaffin daliban makarantan Mfantsipim
Wanda ya lashe kyautar Africa Movie Academy Award
Haihuwan 1980
Rayyayun Mutane
Mutanen Ghana masu asalin tsatson Lebanon
Ajiyayyen kundi
Mukalai masu matattun mahadan waje a Nuwamba
Daukakin mukalai masu matattun mahada |
21281 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Telebijin%20Channels | Gidan Telebijin Channels | Gidan Telabijin Channels gidan TV ne a Najeriya wanda ke aiki awa 24 don yada rahotanni wanda ofishinsu ke Legas, Najeriya. An kirkiro kamfanin channels a shekara ta 1992. Ta fara yada rahotanni a shekarar 1995. An ginata don yada rahotanni akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Najeriya. Babban kudirinta shine lura da tsarin gwamnatocin Najeriya.
Gidan TV na aiki a cikin shahararriyar kasuwar watsa labarai a Najeriya, Channels Television ita ce ta farko kuma ta farko mai bunkasa a kasar, wacce aka sadaukar da ita kawai don yada labarai. Ita ce kafar watsa labarai ta farko a Najeriya da za ta watsa shirye-shiryenta ta talabijin kai tsaye na tsawon awanni 24.
Tarihi
An kafa gidan talabijin na Channels ne a shekarar 1995 a matsayin gidan talabijin tare da ma’aikata guda 15 kacal daga wani fitaccen mai watsa labarai a Najeriya kuma dan kasuwa wato; John Momoh da Sola Momoh, shi ma mai watsa labarai. Kamfanin ya fara aiki a Legas, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma tun daga lokacin ya bunkasa ya hada da wasu tashoshi uku a jihohin Abuja, Edo da Kano . Hakanan yana da ofisoshin a kusan kowace jiha a Najeriya, gami da kirtani da alaƙa a wasu sassan Afirka, gami da ƙaƙƙarfan dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya waɗanda ke ba da damar samun labarai a duk duniya.
An ba da lasisin bude tashar a watan Yunin 1993 kuma an rarraba ta mitar akan UHF (Channel 39). Ya fara watsawa bayan shekaru biyu da sunan, "Channels Television", kuma watsa shirye-shiryen farko da aka fara a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1995, tare da John Momoh yana karanta sanarwar farko. Channels TV a halin yanzu tana watsa shirye-shirye ne ga masu sauraron sama da mutane miliyan 20.
Rufeta a 2008
A watan Satumban shekara ta 2008, Shugaba ' Yar'adua ya rufe Gidan Talabijin na Channels, wanda ya tura Hukumar Tsaron Jiha ta Najeriya (SSS) don rufe gidan rediyon tare da kame manyan ma'aikatanta saboda rahoton da tashar ta bayar na rashin lafiyar' Yar'aduwa. Rahoton da gidan Talabijin na Channels ya bayar ya danganta ne ga bayanan da aka samu daga Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Najeriya (NAN). Duk da haka, bayan bincike, NAN ta sanar cewa tashar ba ta fitar da wata sanarwa ba dangane da Shugaban ya sauka, sai dai maimakon haka an shiga kwamfutarta, a cikin zanga-zangar Channels TV ta dakatar da aikin wayar ta NANS har zuwa wannan rana. An tabbatar da cewa e-mail, wanda gidan talabijin na Channels TV ya karba, yaudara ce da aka aiko daga kwamfuta a Ivory Coast . Ministan yada labaran Najeriya, John Odey, ne ya ba wa BBC wannan bayanin yana mai jaddada cewa gwamnatin ta fusata da rahoton.
Shiri
Tawagar gidan talabijin din Channels ta samar da shirye-shirye masu fasali, wadanda suka samu yabo a duk fadin kasar. Hotunan bidiyo na abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan da suke faruwa a Najeriya, wanda kungiyoyin labarai na gidan Talabijin na Channels suka harbe sun yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kungiyoyin watsa labarai kamar su BBC, CNN da ITN . Babban shirinta, "Labarai a Goma", ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin labarai mafi mashahuri kuma mafi yawan kallo a Najeriya.
Tun daga shekarar 2009, Gidan Talabijin na Channels ke shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin "Channels National Kids Cup", taron wasanni na yara 'yan makaranta daga jihohin Najeriya goma sha shida da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Teslim Balogun da ke jihar Legas. Janar Manajan Gidan Talabijin na Channels, Steve Judo, ya bayyana cewa gidan telabijn na Channels na da kafafen yada labarai masu daukar dawainiyar jama'a kuma don haka ne suka zabi tsunduma cikin ci gaban kwallon kafa daga tushe.
Tashin-Bam a Najeriya a 2012
A watan Janairun 2012, an kashe dan jarida Enenche Akogwu, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin a Kano na gidan Talabijin na Channels, a lokacin da yake ba da rahoto kan wasu hare-hare da aka kai a can wanda kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da aka fi sani da Boko Haram ta yi ikirari harin. A cewar abokan aikin nasa, Akogwu ya nuna ne bayan tashin bam din kuma ya fara daukar hotunan taron mutanen da suka taru a wurin ba tare da sanin cewa su ‘yan kungiyar ne dauke da makamai ba.
Kyauta da yabo
An kira shi "Mafi Kyawun Tashar Shekara" sau goma sha biyu (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016) ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Najeriya ta Karrama Kyautar Kafafen Watsa Labarai
2013: An Bada Kyautar "Mafi Kyawun Gidan Talabijin a Afirka" ta African Achievers Awards, Media Achievers
2013: An kira shi "Mafi yawan Gidan Talabijin Mai Sahihanci A Rukunin Kafafen Yada Labarai" ta Majalisar Kwararrun Masu Talla ta Najeriya
2013: An ba da lambar yabo ta "Jam idi" ta ma'aikatar ilimi ta Jihar Legas saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kirkirar matasa da ci gaban ilimi
2013: "Mafi kyawun rahoto game da lafiyar mata masu ciki" ta ƙungiyar kula da cututtukan mata da haihuwa ta Nijeriya (Sogon)
2013: Kyautar Kyautar Sabis na Abokin Ciniki a Media
Hadin Gwiwa
A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2014, Kamfanin Tezuka Production tare da Channels TV don watsa shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na 8 na Astro Boy, Little Astro Boy, wanda aka yi niyya don yara kanana a gidan yara na Channels TV.
A ranar Juma'a, 14 ga watan Agusta, 2015, Deutsche Welle ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar hdin kai da "Channels TV " don nuna tsohuwar al'adar nan ta yada kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da Afirka. Peter Limbourg, Darakta-Janar na Deutsche Welle ya bayyana Channels TV a matsayin babbar tashar talabijin kuma cikakken abokin tarayya ga Deutsche Welle . Limbourg ya ce "Mu a Deutsche Welle muna tunanin cewa dole ne mu ba da rahoton manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Afirka, musamman ma a Najeriya.
John Momoh, Babban Jami'in Gidan Talabijin na Channels TV ya bayyana kawancen da cewa "An kirkire gidan ne daga sama". Ya ce, "Wannan wani bangare ne na dabarunmu na ba da labarin Afirka, musamman ma na Najeriya, daga mahangar Afirka don kada mu bar wannan mabuɗin ma'anar waye mu, abin da muke yi da dalilin da ya sa, ga sauran mutane ya fada a madadinmu ".
A watan Agusta 2015, Channels TV ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yada labarai. Ban Ki-moon, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya wakilci Majalisar ta Dinkin Duniya.
Shirye-shirye
Duba kuma
Jerin gidajen talabijin a Najeriya
Jerin tashoshin labarai
Jerin hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin ta kasa
Manazarta
Gidan Telabijin me watsa rahotanni awa 24
Kamfanoni da ke Legas
Gidajen yada rahotanni Najeriya
Gidajen Telabijin da keLegas
Kirkirar gidan Telabijin na Channels
Gidajen Telabijin a Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25730 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martanin%20Gwamnatin%20Najeriya%20akan%20annobar%20COVID-19 | Martanin Gwamnatin Najeriya akan annobar COVID-19 | Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da farko ta mayar da martani game da barkewar cutar COVID-19 a cikin kasar tare da ɗaukar matakan kariya don dakile yaduwar cutar koronavirus 2019 a cikin kasar.
Lokaci
2020
Maris
A farkon Maris, ministan kiwon lafiya a Najeriya, Osagie Ehanire, ya ba da sanarwar cewa mutane 60 da suka yi mu'amala da mai cutar ta Italiya suna cikin keɓewa, mutane 40 a jihar Ogun da 20 a jihar Legas.
A ranar 1 ga Maris, an kebe wasu 'yan kasar China hudu a jihar Filato, duk sun gwada rashin lafiya washegari.
A ranar 3 ga Maris, gwamnan jihar Legas, Babajide Sanwo-Olu ya bayyana cewa wasu 'yan kasashen waje biyu daga wata kasar Asiya da ba a bayyana sunanta ba sun gwada cutar.
A ranar 6 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta ba da sanarwar cewa wasu 'yan kasar China biyar sun kamu da cutar.Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton cewa an gano jimillar abokan hulda na farko da na sakandare 219 na lamarin kuma ana sanya ido sosai.
A ranar 9 ga Maris, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya kafa Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa don shawo kan cutar a kasar.
A ranar 10 ga Maris, Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Turkish Airlines ya soke dukkan zirga -zirgar jiragensa zuwa Najeriya sakamakon barkewar cutar.
A ranar 15 ga Maris, wata mata a jihar Enugu ta nuna alamun cutar coronavirus, ta gwada rashin lafiya washegari.
A ranar 17 ga Maris, Najeriya ta dage bikin wasanni na kasa karo na 20 da ya kamata a yi a birnin Benin na jihar Edo daga ranar 22 ga Maris zuwa 1 ga Afrilu.
A ranar 18 ga Maris, hukumar kula da masu yi wa kasa hidima ta kasa ta dakatar da 2020 Batch A rafi guda 21 na motsa jiki na kwana 21 har abada. An fara atisayen ne a ranar 10 ga Maris kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a ranar 30 ga Maris, kafin a dakatar da shi bayan kwanaki 8 kacal. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana tafiye -tafiye kan kasashe 13 da ke dauke da masu kamuwa da cutar, kasashen su ne; Amurka, Ingila, Koriya ta Kudu, Switzerland, Jamus, Faransa, Italiya, China, Spain, Netherlands, Norway, Japan da Iran. A jihar Katsina, wani dan Najeriya da ya dawo daga Malaysia ya nuna alamun cutar, ya gwada rashin lafiya washegari. Gwamnatin jihar Kano ta tabbatar da cewa mutane uku sun kamu da cutar a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta haramta taron addini sama da 50 na masu ibada na tsawon kwanaki 30, jihar Ogun kuma ta haramta duk wani taro na mutane sama da 50 na tsawon kwanaki 30. New Afrika Shrine ta dakatar da duk shirye -shiryen su har abada. Jahohin Kwara da na Legas sun sanar da rufe makarantun su na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, yayin da jihar Zamfara, Sokoto, Katsina, Niger, Kano, Jigawa, Kebbi da Kaduna suma suka rufe makarantun su na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 23 Maris Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta dakatar da duk wasu wasannin kwallon kafa na tsawon makwanni hudu.
A ranar 19 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta ba da sanarwar rufe makarantun su tare da dakatar da taron jama'a har abada, manyan makarantu za su rufe daga ranar 20 ga Maris, yayin da makarantun firamare da sakandare za su rufe daga ranar 27 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta tsawaita dokar hana fita a makarantu da cibiyoyin addini na jihar har abada. Gwamnatin tarayya ta sanar da rufe manyan makarantun gaba da sakandire da makarantun firamare. Gwamnatin jihar Enugu ta kuma ba da umarnin rufe dukkan makarantun firamare da sakandare na jihar daga ranar 27 ga Maris.
A ranar 20 ga Maris, Najeriya ta tsawaita dokar hana tafiye -tafiye zuwa wasu kasashe biyu, Sweden da Austria. Gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta hana taron jama'a, siyasa, addini da iyali fiye da mutum 20. Jihar ta kuma ba da umarnin rufe dukkan makarantun su daga ranar 23 ga Maris. Najeriya ta sanar da rufe filayen jirgin saman su na kasa da kasa, Enugu, Fatakwal da filayen jiragen saman Kano daga ranar 21 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta kuma sanar da rufe dukkan makarantun su tare da bayar da umarnin takaita duk wasu ayyukan addini. Gwamnatin jihar Osun ta haramta duk wani taro na mutane sama da 50 a cikin jihar nan take, gami da makarantu, coci -coci da masallatai. Gwamnatin jihar Delta ta sanar da rufe dukkan makarantun su daga ranar 26 ga Maris.
A ranar 21 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Nasarawa ta tabbatar da cewa mutane biyar sun gwada cutar a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Kebbi ta sanar da rufe dukkan makarantun su na firamare da sakandare. Kamfanin jiragen kasa na Najeriya ya kuma sanar da dakatar da dukkan ayyukan fasinjoji daga ranar 23 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta rage adadin mutanen da aka yarda a duk wani taron addini ko zamantakewa daga 50 zuwa 20. Najeriya ta sanar da rufe sauran filayen jiragen sama na kasa da kasa guda biyu, Abuja da Legas, daga ranar 23 ga Maris. Jihar Osun ta yi bitar haramcin da suka yi a baya kan taron jama'a sama da mutane 50 sannan ta canza shi zuwa cikakkiyar haramci, ta tilasta aiwatar da shi a kan duk wani taron jama'a a jihar a karkashin kowace tuta ko kungiya. Gwamnatin jihar Oyo ta bayar da umarnin rufe makarantu a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta kuma ba da umarnin rufe dukkan makarantun jihar daga ranar 26 ga Maris da kuma takaita duk wani taron jama'a sama da mutane 50. Gwamnatin jihar Imo ta kuma sanar da rufe dukkan makarantu a jihar su ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
A ranar 22 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Edo ta ba da sanarwar rufe dukkan makarantun su daga ranar 23 ga Maris.
A ranar 23 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Ebonyi ta haramta duk wani taron jama'a a jihar, gami da bukukuwan aure, taron karawa juna sani, taro, jana'iza da duk wani babban taro. Gwamnatin jihar Neja ta ba da sanarwar rufewa a jihar, tare da takaita zirga -zirga daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa 8 na yamma a kowace rana, daga 25 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Kano ta dakatar da duk wani taro a jihar har abada. Gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da wani bangare a cikin jihar su, rufe gidajen sinima, kulab din dare, wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, bukukuwan aure, jana'iza da cibiyoyin ibada na addini daga 24 ga Maris. Jihar Edo ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da duk wani taro na mutane sama da 50. Babban jojin Najeriya, Tanko Muhammad ya ba da umarnin rufe dukkan kotuna a Najeriya daga ranar 24 ga Maris. Najeriya ta ba da umarnin rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa na makwanni hudu tare da dakatar da taron majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, (FEC) har abada. Gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta haramta duk wani taron jama'a a jihar tare da mutane sama da 30, gami da bukukuwan aure, bukukuwa, jana'iza da kulake. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa ta sanar da dakatar da dukkan ayyukan su na tsawon kwanaki 14. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta haramta duk wani taron siyasa, addini da zamantakewa a jihar na tsawon kwanaki 14. Gwamnatin jihar Oyo ta kuma haramta duk wani taron jama'a a cikin jihar tare da mutane sama da 30, gami da ayyukan addini, bukukuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan aure.
A ranar 24 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Yobe ta ba da sanarwar rufe dukkan makarantun su daga ranar 26 ga Maris. Hukumar Hadin Gwiwar Shiga Jami’o’i da Matriculation Board ta dakatar da dukkan ayyukan su na tsawon makonni biyu. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta dage zaman majalisar zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, yayin da majalisar wakilan Najeriya ta dage zaman har abada. Gwamnatin jihar Edo ta rage adadin mutanen da aka yarda a duk wani taron jama'a daga 50 zuwa 20, rufe kasuwanni a jihar tare da barin masu siyar da kayan abinci, magunguna da sauran muhimman kayayyaki kawai suyi aiki. Gwamnatin jihar Kaduna ta tabbatar da cewa mutane uku da ake zargi sun kamu da cutar a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Nasarawa ta ba da umarnin rufe dukkan makarantun su ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba. Gwamnatin jihar Osun ta haramta kasuwannin mako -mako har abada a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta ba da umarnin rufe shaguna da kasuwanni a jihar daga ranar 26 ga Maris, wanda ke ba da damar masu siyar da kayan abinci, magunguna, ruwa da sauran muhimman kayayyaki kawai suyi aiki. Hukumar shirya jarabawar ta kasa ta sanar da jinkirta jarabawar shiga manyan makarantu 104 a cikin makarantun Unity 104 a Najeriya, wanda ya kamata a yi ranar 28 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Enugu ta haramta duk wani taro na zamantakewa da siyasa a jihar. Kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya ta haramta shirya fina -finai a fadin Najeriya. Gwamnatin jihar Delta ta haramta duk wani taron jama'a na kusan mutane 20, gami da jana'iza, yaƙe -yaƙe tare da ba da umarnin rufe kulab da gidajen sinima nan take. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta ba da umarnin rufe dukkan kasuwanni, shaguna da manyan kantuna a jihar nan da kwanaki bakwai. Gwamnati ta kuma haramta kulake, gidajen giya da gidajen abinci, ban da wuraren da ake siyar da abinci, ruwa da magunguna. Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Tarayya ta ba da umarnin a rufe shagunan cikin kasuwanni da cibiyoyin makwabta, sai dai wadanda ke siyar da kayan abinci, magunguna da sauran muhimman kayayyaki a cikin babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Sun kuma ba da umarnin rufe majami'u da masallatai nan take.
A ranar 25 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokinsu na teku, sama da kasa zuwa ciki da wajen jihar daga 26 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Kogi ta kuma ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokinsu na teku da na kasa, tare da dakatar da ayyukan babur kasuwanci a jihar daga 26 ga Maris. Sun kuma rage yawan mutane a duk wani taron jama'a zuwa 5. Gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta hana gudanar da kasuwanni a jihar ban da masu siyar da muhimman kayayyaki kamar kayan abinci, ruwa, magunguna da kayan aikin likita. Gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta ba da umarnin hana zirga -zirgar kasuwanci, rufe dukkan masallatai da coci -coci da kasuwanni ban da kasuwannin da ke sayar da magunguna, kayayyakin abinci da sauran muhimman kayayyaki. Jihar Kano ta kuma ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin su na sama da na kasa zuwa ciki da wajen jihar daga 27 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Bauchi ta kuma sanar da rufe kasuwannin jihar daga ranar 26 ga Maris ban da masu siyar da muhimman kayayyaki kamar kayan abinci da magunguna. Gwamnatin jihar Abia ta hana jana’iza da bukukuwan aure fiye da talatin. Jihar ta kuma haramta ayyukan addini sama da mutane 50 na tsawon kwanaki 30. Gwamnatin jihar Imo ta ba da umarnin rufe manyan kasuwannin jihar har abada daga ranar 28 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma rufe iyakokin ta na kasa, ta ba da damar shiga yayin tantancewa. Gwamnatin jihar Delta ta sanar da rufe iyakokin su zuwa ciki da wajen jihar su na makwanni biyu a matakin farko. Gwamnati ta sanar da rufe filin jirgin saman Asaba daga ranar 27 ga Maris; iyakokin ƙasa tare da sakamako daga 29 ga Maris; manyan kantuna, manyan kantuna, kasuwanni da shagunan da za su fara aiki daga 1 ga Afrilu, suna ba da umarnin masu siyar da abinci su gudanar da harkokin kasuwancin su a cikin yankin gidajen su. Gwamnati ta kuma umarci dukkan mazauna yankin da su kasance a gida daga 1 ga Afrilu. Gwamnatin ta ba da sanarwar cewa takunkumin bai shafi masu samar da muhimman ayyuka kamar; kiwon lafiya na tsaro, yana ba da umarnin kantin magani su kasance a buɗe, sabis na ruwa, sabis na wuta, sabis na wutar lantarki, mahimman sassan gidajen watsa labarai da kamfanonin sadarwa. Gwamna Yahaya Bello na jihar Kogi ya bayyana a wani faifan bidiyo a shafin sa na Facebook wanda daga baya ya bazu cewa “kashi 90% na hayaniya game da covid-19 na riba ce ta siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuɗaɗe”. Ya ci gaba da cewa sauran kashi 10% na mura ne kamar na mura da 'yan Najeriya gaba ɗaya ke fama da shi.
A ranar 26 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Ebonyi ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 28 ga Maris, tare da ba da damar motoci kawai dauke da kayan abinci, kayan gini, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da marasa lafiya da ke zuwa neman magani. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da umarnin a gaggauta rufe filayen jiragen sama na kasa da kasa da iyakokin kasa a cikin kasar na tsawon makwanni hudu. Gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta sanar da rufe dukkan kasuwannin jihar daga ranar 28 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Jigawa ta ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihohin su har zuwa 27 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihohin su, ban da jigilar kayayyakin abinci. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma umarci ma’aikatan su da su zauna a gida na mako guda daga ranar 30 ga Maris. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da cewa kamfanin su na kasa, Ibom Air, zai dakatar da dukkan ayyukansa na tashi daga ranar 29 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Kaduna ta sanya dokar hana fita daga magariba zuwa wayewar gari a jihar, inda ta umarci mazauna garin da su zauna a gidajensu nan take, ban da ma’aikatan da ke gudanar da muhimman ayyuka kamar; ma’aikatan lafiya, hukumar kashe gobara da jami’an tsaro. Gwamnati ta kuma ba da umarnin rufe dukkan kasuwanni, ofisoshi da wuraren ibada, da hana bukukuwan aure da duk wani taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Sokoto ta sanar da rufe iyakokin jihohin su na tsawon makwanni biyu daga ranar 27 ga Maris, ban da motocin da ke jigilar abinci da muhimman kayayyakin kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Tarayya ta takaita harkokin kasuwanci da kasuwanci a yankin zuwa awanni 15 a kullum, daga karfe 9 na dare zuwa 6 na safe.
A ranar 27 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Oyo ta sanya dokar ta-baci daga safiya zuwa wayewar gari a jihar, ta hana zirga-zirgar shiga tsakanin jihohi da shiga cikin jihar, ban da motoci dauke da kayan abinci, magunguna, magunguna da kayayyakin mai daga ranar 29 ga Maris, yayin da kuma ta rage yawan mutanen da aka yarda a cikin taron zamantakewa daga 30 zuwa 10. Jihar ta kuma ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan kasuwanni sai wadanda ke siyar da kayan abinci masu lalacewa daga 29 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Osun ta sanar da rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 28 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar duk ta sanar da rufe manyan kasuwannin su da kuma manyan kantuna, ban da kantin magunguna, abinci da wuraren da ake bukata na likitanci. Gwamnatin jihar Katsina ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 28 ga Maris, wanda ke ba da damar masu amfani da mai da ababen hawa kawai da isar da kayan abinci da sauran muhimman kayayyaki, amma tare da batun yin gwaji da gwaji a wurin shiga. Gwamnatin jihar Enugu ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin jihar daga ranar 31 ga Maris, wanda ke ba da izinin wadanda ke cikin ayyukan gaggawa na likita kawai. Gwamnatin jihar Nasarawa ta haramta duk wani taron zamantakewa da addini na mutane sama da 50, gami da bukukuwan aure, hidimomin coci -coci da sallar masallaci nan take. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da takaita zirga -zirgar shiga cikin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Neja ta haramta zirga-zirgar mutane da ababen hawa a tsakanin jihohi, tare da kebe motocin da ke dauke da kayan abinci, man fetur, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da sauran muhimman ayyuka. Gwamnatin jihar Zamfara ta sanar da rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 28 ga Maris. Gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin teku da na kasa cikin su da wajen jihar.
A ranar 28 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta ba da sanarwar rufe manyan kasuwannin su 63 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, na tsawon makwanni biyu, wanda ke ba da damar kayayyakin abinci da kasuwannin magunguna kawai. Gwamnatin jihar Abia ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su da kasuwannin su daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu, inda ta umarci mazauna su zauna a gida tare da barin masu siyar da abinci kawai su yi aiki. Gwamnatin jihar Imo ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da duk bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan jana'iza da ayyukan addini ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma umarci duk ma’aikatan gwamnati da na gwamnati da su daina aiki nan take, sai dai wadanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka da aka amince da su. Gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su na makwanni biyu a matakin farko daga ranar 29 ga Maris, tare da ba da damar motocin da ke dauke da ma’aikatan da ke cikin muhimman ayyuka kamar hukumomin tsaro, ma’aikatan lafiya, abinci, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kayayyakin mai. Gwamnatin jihar Kuros Riba ta haramta duk wani taron addini na mutane sama da biyar a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Kebbi ta ba da sanarwar takaita shiga da fita daga cikin jihar tare da fara aiki nan take. Gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 29 ga Maris, tare da takaita zirga -zirga a ciki da wajen jihar su.
A ranar 29 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta sanya dokar hana fita daga magariba zuwa wayewar gari a jihar, ta rufe kan iyakokin jihar tare da hana zirga-zirgar jahohi daga ciki zuwa cikin jihar na tsawon kwanaki 14, ban da motocin da ke dauke da kayan abinci, magunguna, kayayyakin mai da sauran su. kayan masarufi daga 30 ga Maris, yayin da kuma ke ba da umarnin mazauna gida su zauna a gida, ban da waɗanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka. Gwamnati ta kuma ba da umarnin rufe dukkan wuraren kasuwanci, ofisoshi da wuraren ibada. Gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta ba da sanarwar rufe gadar Neja tare da fara aiki nan take, ta ba da damar motocin da ke jigilar kayayyakin abinci da magunguna. Gwamnatin tarayya ta sanar da kulle jihar Legas, jihar Ogun da FCT, na tsawon makwanni biyu daga karfe 11 na dare a ranar 30 ga Maris, inda ta umarci ‘yan asalin yankunan da abin ya shafa da su zauna a gidajensu, tare da hana tafiye -tafiye zuwa ko daga wasu jihohin da sanar. rufe harkokin kasuwanci da ofisoshi, kebe asibitoci, sarrafa abinci, rarraba man fetur, bankuna, samar da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin tsaro masu zaman kansu. Gwamnati ta kuma kebe ma’aikata a kamfanonin sadarwa, masu watsa labarai, ma’aikatan watsa labarai da na lantarki wadanda ba sa iya aiki daga gida. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kuma dakatar da zirga -zirgar dukkan jiragen fasinja a duk fadin kasar, gami da jiragen kasuwanci da na masu zaman kansu. Gwamnatin jihar Osun ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da jihar su baki daya daga ranar 31 ga Maris, ta hana zirga-zirgar mutane da motsin jihohi, tare da barin wadanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka kawai su yi aiki, kamar ma’aikatan lafiya, ma’aikatan kashe gobara, jami’an tsaro, jami’an muhalli, wuta da ruwa. hukumomin samar da kayayyaki, kafofin watsa labarai da jami'an sadarwa. Jihar ta kuma ba da izinin bude kayan magunguna da na likitanci.
A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi babura masu tuka babur, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta ayyukan zamantakewa kuma ta ba da umarnin rufe dukkan kasuwanni, ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da tashoshin cikawa, inda ta umarci bankuna da su bayar da ayyukan kwarangwal. Kulle -kulle na jihar Ogun wanda ya kamata ya fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, an canza shi zuwa farawa daga 3 ga Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta nemi gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazaunansu.
A ranar 31 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Bauchi ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 2 ga Afrilu, tare da ba da umarnin rufe jihar baki daya tare da kebe wasu muhimman ayyuka. Gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, tare da kebe motocin da ke dauke da kayan amfanin gona, kayan aikin likita da jami'ai kan muhimman ayyuka. Gwamnatin jihar Delta ta yi bitar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu da farko da kuma takaita zirga -zirga ga mazauna yankin sannan ta sanar da kebe wadanda ke da hannu cikin safarar kayan masarufi kamar; abinci, ruwa, kayayyakin mai, kayayyakin magunguna da sauran muhimman ayyuka, lura da cewa bankuna za su kasance a buɗe ne kawai don ayyukan kwarangwal. Gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta kuma yi bitar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu da farko tare da kebe motocin da ke jigilar abinci, magunguna da motocin da ke jigilar ma’aikata kan muhimman ayyuka. Akwai damuwa cewa tare da rufe wuraren taruwar jama'a a Legas, mutane da yawa na iya fuskantar wahalar rayuwa da samar da abinci ga kansu da yara. Hakanan akwai damuwa cewa idan mutane suka koma gonakin dangi a cikin karkara suna iya aika coronavirus ga tsofaffi dangi.
Afrilu
A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta sanar da haramta duk wani taron jama'a sama da mutane 20 a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma bayar da umurnin rufe dukkan kasuwannin cikin gaggawa, sai dai masu bayar da muhimman ayyuka kamar; kantin magani, shagunan abinci da tashoshin sabis na mai. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohin su daga ranar 2 ga Afrilu, ta hana zirga-zirga tsakanin jihohi zuwa cikin jihar.
A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Bauchi ta soke dokar kulle baki daya a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar rufe jihar su ta har abada, tare da umartar mazauna gida da su kasance a gida, rufe dukkan wuraren kasuwanci, kasuwanni, shaguna, wuraren shakatawa da ofisoshi, tare da ba da damar shagunan sayar da abinci, kantin magani da wadanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka.
A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Neja ta sassauta umarnin takunkumin na su tare da fara aiki nan take, ta hana motsi daga karfe 2 na yamma zuwa 10 na yamma tare da ba da izinin motsi daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa 2 na yamma a kowace rana.
A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta ba da sanarwar rufe jihar su na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga 10 ga Afrilu, tare da kebe motocin da ke dauke da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Gwamnatin jihar ta ba da damar bude kasuwannin sayar da abinci da magunguna a ranakun Litinin, Laraba da Juma’a, tsakanin karfe 10 na safe zuwa 2 na rana.
A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta ba da sanarwar kulle jihar su nan da nan na tsawon kwanaki 14, inda ta umarci mazauna gida da su kasance a gida tare da barin wadanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka kawai su zaga. Gwamnatin jihar Neja ta sanar da kulle jihar su daga ranar 13 ga Afrilu, tare da kebe wadanda ke kan muhimman ayyuka.
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin tarayya ta tsawaita dokar hana fita a jihar Legas, Ogun da FCT, na wasu makwanni biyu daga karfe 11 na dare a ranar 13 ga Afrilu. Jihar Ekiti ta tsawaita dokar hana fita a jihar na wasu kwanaki 14.
A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, Jihohin Delta da Osun sun tsawaita dokar hana fita a jihohinsu na wasu kwanaki 14. Jihar Kano ta ba da sanarwar rufe jihar su baki daya na tsawon kwanaki bakwai daga 16 ga Afrilu, inda ta umarci mazauna gida da su kasance a gida, tare da rufe dukkan kasuwanni, wuraren ibada da taron jama'a a cikin jihar.
A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, akalla mutane 18 ne jami'an tsaro suka kashe a Najeriya yayin aiwatar da matakan dakile yaduwar cutar.
A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta ba da sanarwar rufe jihar su baki daya daga ranar 22 ga Afrilu, tare da takaita zirga -zirgar mutane da ababen hawa da kuma barin ma’aikata kan muhimman ayyuka, kamar ma’aikatan lafiya, shagunan sayar da magunguna, gidajen mai da gidajen watsa labarai.
A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta ba da sanarwar rufe jihar su baki daya daga ranar 22 ga Afrilu, tare da takaita zirga -zirgar mutane da ababen hawa da kuma barin ma’aikata kan muhimman ayyuka, kamar ma’aikatan lafiya, shagunan sayar da magunguna, gidajen mai da gidajen watsa labarai.
A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta tsawaita zaman kulle na wasu makwanni biyu.
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta daga kulle -kullen su.
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Kaduna ta tsawaita dokar hana fita a jihar har na kwanaki 30.
A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin tarayya ta sanar da kulle jihar Kano, na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da fara aiki nan take. Gwamnati ta kuma kara kulle jihar Legas, Ogun da FCT, na tsawon mako guda, tare da sanar da dokar hana fita ta kasa baki daya daga karfe 8 na yamma zuwa 6 na safe da za a fara ranar 4 ga Mayu, yayin da ta kuma sanya dokar hana fita a kan marasa muhimmanci. tafiye-tafiyen fasinjoji tsakanin jihohi, yana ba da izinin juzu'i da sarrafa motsi tsakanin kayayyaki da ayyuka, yana ba da sanarwar amfani da abin rufe fuska ko rufe fuska a wuraren taruwar jama'a da tsawaita haramcin taron jama'a da na addini.Gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta sanar da sake bude manyan kasuwannin su 63 daga ranar 4 ga watan Mayu.
A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin jihar Delta ta sanar da sassauta dokar hana fita daga ranar 30 ga Afrilu.
Mai
A ranar 8 ga Mayu, gwamnatin jihar Abia ta sanar da sassauta dokar hana fita daga ranar 11 ga Mayu.
A ranar 18 ga Mayu, gwamnatin tarayya ta kara kulle jihar Kano na wasu makwanni biyu, yayin da ta kuma tsawaita dokar hana fita ta kasa baki daya na wasu makwanni biyu.
Yuni
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, gwamnatin tarayya ta sassauta dokar hana fita da aka sanyawa jihar Kano da kuma hana sanya tarukan addini da ayyukan banki na tsawon makwanni hudu, yayin da ta kuma sanar da sake bude ayyukan jiragen sama na cikin gida daga ranar 21 ga watan Yuni. Gwamnatin tarayya ta takaita dokar hana fita daga karfe 10 na dare zuwa 4 na safe.
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, gwamnatin tarayya ta dage haramcin da aka sanya kan tafiye-tafiye tsakanin jihohi sannan ta sanar da sake bude makarantu ga daliban da suka kammala karatu kawai, daga ranar 1 ga watan Yuli.
2021
Janairu
A watan Janairun 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa duk da labarin wasu da abin ya rutsa da su, har yanzu 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa cutar zamba ce, yayin da wasu' yan kaɗan da suka yi imani sun rayu tare da hasashen cewa shari'o'in da aka yi rikodin su a farkon bala'in cutar sun haɓaka don samun kuɗi. da bayar da tallafi ga jihohi don wadatar da wasu jami'ai ta hanyar bayar da kwangiloli. An kuma nisanta kan jama'a, mai mahimmanci a farkon kwanakin cutar, yayin da mutane da yawa ke taruwa a wuraren jama'a ba tare da bin ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya ba.
Manazarta
Covid-19
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro (1901-1902) rikici ne tsakanin kungiyar Aro Confederacy na Gabashin Najeriya a yau, da Daular Burtaniya. Yakin dai ya fara ne bayan karuwar fargaba tsakanin shugabannin Aro da turawan Ingila bayan shafe tsawon shekaru na tattaunawa ba tare da an samun maslaha ba.
Dalilin yakin
Kungiyar Aro Confederacy, wacce ikonta ya mamaye yankin Gabashin Najeriya da kewaye, an kalubalancita a cikin shekarun karshe na karni na 19 ta hanyar kara shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a cikin yankin. Mutanen Aro da kawayensu sun bijirewa shigar da Burtaniya take masu saboda wasu 'yan dalilai da suka hada da tattalin arziki, siyasa da addini.
Dalilan yakin da Sir Ralph Moor ya gabatar, babban kwamishinan Biritaniya mai kula da gabar tekun Najeriya, ya hada da:
A cewar wani malami dan kasar Amurka, Jeffrey Ian Ross, al’ummar Aro sun yi amfani da dubarun sihiri a wuraren ibadunsu da aka keɓe wa gunkin Ibin Ukpabi, wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin al'amurran bautar da suke yi, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da barkewar yaƙin Anglo-Aro.
Bijirewar Aro
Mutanen Aro dai sun dade suna adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya cikin kasarsu, dangane da wannan adawar ta wani bangare ta hada da al'amurran tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, sun bijirewa yunƙurin da malaman mishanari na Birtaniya suka yi na shigar da addinin Kiristanci, wanda ke yin barazana ga tasirin addininsu dangane da wahayin abun bautarsu Ibini Ukpabi. Mutanen Aro sun jagoranci hare-hare da mamaye al'ummomi domin dakile shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya tun daga shekarun 1890. Yayin da turawan ingila ke shirin kai wa Arochukwu hari a watan Nuwamba 1901, sai mutanen Aro suka kaddamar da gagarumin farmakin nasu na karshe kafin hari ga mutanen Aro da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi. Dakarun Aro karkashin jagorancin Okoro Toti sun kori Obegu (wani aminin Birtaniya) wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 400. Wannan harin ta janyo Birtaniyya ta kai hari cikin gaggawa.
Balaguron Mutanen Aro
Sir Ralph Moor da Royal Niger Company sun shirya kai hari ga mutanen Aro da Ibini Ukpabi oracle tun a watan Satumba na 1899 amma saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki, an jinkirta har zuwa Nuwamban 1901. A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Lt. Col. Arthur Forbes Montanaro ya jagoranci hafsoshi 87, sojoji 1,550 da motoci 2,100 a hanyaoyi hudu wanda suka nufi Arochukwu ta Oguta, Akwete, Unwana da Itu a wani gangamin yaki ga ‘yan tawaye. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, sojojin Aro sun yi tsayin daka da duk wani runduna, duk da cewa ba su da makamai na zamani. Sai dai kuma an kama Arochukwu a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba bayan shafe kwanaki hudu ana gwabza kazamin fada a cikin birni da kewaye. A dalilin haka ne aka ce an tarwatsa wurin ibadar Ibini Ukpabi. An ci gaba da gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Burtaniya da na Aro a daukakin yankin har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 1902 lokacin da aka ci galaba a kan sojojin Aro a babban yakin karshe na Bende. Mamaye Aro ta zo karshe bayan makonni uku.
Sakamakon yakin
An kama wasu daga cikin shugabannin Aro, kamar Okoro Toti, an gurfanar da su gaban kotu, aka kuma rataye su. Karfin ikon da kungiyar Daular Aro ke rike da shi yayi gaggawar zaizayewa kuma Eze Kanu Okoro (sarkin Arochukwu), ya buya amma daga baya aka kama shi. Duk da cewa rinjayen Aro ya rushe a watan Maris na 1902, yawancin mutanen Aro sun shiga yakin neman 'yanci akan Birtaniya a yankin kamar a Afikpo (1902-1903), Ezza (1905), da sauran yankunan da mutanen Aro ke da rinjaye. Cin Aro da yaki ya taimaka wa Birtaniyya wajen bude kofar shiga garin, amma tsananin adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka kasar Inyamurai na nan a fili bai kare ba. A 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da yaƙe-yaƙe da dama a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Inyamurai kamar Rikicin Nri (1905-1911), Yaƙin Ekumeku (1883-1914), Yaƙin Matan Igbo (1929), da dai sauransu.
Manyan fadace-fadace
Yaƙuna a yankin Oguta/ Owerri (Nuwamba 1901)
Yaƙuna a Esu Itu (Disamba 1901)
Yakin Arochukwu (Disamba 1901)
Yaƙin Edimma (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikotobo (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikorodaka (Fabrairu 1902)
Yaƙin Bende (Maris 1902)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
https://web.archive.org/web/20060216042659/http://www.aronetwork.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080216/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/aro1901.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20120722180453/http://www.britishcolonialafrica.com/PDFS/1_A_Falkland_Islander_DSO.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=WNwgU_0wQukC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC&pg=PT32&lpg=PT32&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://web.archive.org/web/20110610131138/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/DLCD-DCSFT/pubs/bushwarfare/BushWarFare.pdf
Yakunan 1901
Mutanen Aro |