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17322

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu%20Maccido

Muhammadu Maccido

Ibrahim Muhammadu Maccido ɗan Abubakar (Haihuwa: 20 Afrilu 1928 Rasuwa: 29 Oktoba 2006), wanda aka fi sani da Muhammadu Maccido, shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na 19 a Najeriya . Ya kasance mataimaki na farko ga Siddiq Abubakar III (1903–1988) wanda ya kasance Sarkin Musulmi na tsawon shekaru 50. Maccido ya yi ayyuka da dama na gwamnati a lokacin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi fice sosai a matsayin mai hulda da Shugaban Nijeriya Shehu Shagari (mulki 1979 – 1983) har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki suka kawar da Shagari daga mulki. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekarar 1988, shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soji a Najeriya, Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Ibrahim Dasuki (mulki a 1985 – 1993) a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi, shawarar da ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai ƙarfi a duk arewacin Nijeriya. A shekarar 1996, Sani Abacha (1993 – 1998), tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Nijeriya 6, ya tumɓuke Dasuki daga muƙaminsa ya kuma naɗa Maccido sabon Sarkin Musulmi. An naɗa Maccido a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1996 kuma ya yi mulki daga matsayin na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya yi amfani da mukamin don kokarin sasanta rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al’ummar Musulmin arewacin Najeriya, da inganta alaka da sauran al’ummomin Musulmi, da rage rikice-rikicen kabilanci a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2006, bayan ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Maccido ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin saman kamfanin jirgin sama na ADC Airlines Flight 53, tare da ɗansa Badamasi Maccido, yayin da suke komawa Sakkwato. An binne shi a Sakkwato tare da yawancin sauran Sarakunan na Sakkwato. Rayuwar farko Muhammadu Maccido yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan yaran da Sarki Siddiq Abubakar III ya haifa kafin Abubakar ya zama Sarkin Musulmi a shekarar 1938. An haife shi ne a 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1928 a wajen garin Sakkwato a garin Dange Shuni . Sauran yara da yawa sun mutu yayin haihuwa kuma don haka lokacin da aka haifi Muhammadu ga babbar matar Abubakar Hauwa, an ba shi ƙarin suna Maccido (ma'anar bawa ) don ƙoƙarin kawar da rashin sa'a. Duk da cewa Abubakar ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu ne kawai kafin ya zama Sarkin Musulmi, amma ya riga ya sami karin' ya'ya 53 bayan haka. Maccido ya yi fice a kotun Abubakar yayin da yake girma kuma tsarin shugabancin mahaifinsa na da matukar tasiri a karshen mulkin Maccido. Misali ɗaya shi ne a shekarar 1943 lokacin da Sardauna Ahmadu, wanda ya ƙalubalanci Abubakar a zaɓen a matsayin sarki, ana zarginsa da karkatar da kuɗin haraji kuma Abubakar ya hukunta shi da kurkuku; amma, Ahmadu ya dauki lauya a kudu don daukaka kara kan hukuncin kuma kotun Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin a daina tuhumar. Yanayin siyasa ya yi matukar damuwa bayan wannan kuma daga wannan Maccido ya koyi yin sulhu da abokan adawar siyasa. Maccido ya yi karatu a kwalejin da ke Zariya kafin ya yi karatu a shekarar 1952-1953 a Kwalejin Kudancin Devon da ke Burtaniya. Shiga cikin siyasa A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na mulkin Biritaniya a kan yankin, Maccido ya zama mai tasiri a cikin muƙamin siyasa daban-daban. A shekarar 1951, Maccido ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki a Kaduna yana mulkin Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato. Kodayake yana da ƙuruciya kuma ƙaramin memba na Majalisar, ya sami damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa da shugabannin farko na Nijeriya da yawa saboda ɗan sarki ne. A ƙarshen 1950s, Zamfara da sauran al'ummomin arewa sun fara fuskantar rikice-rikicen rikici tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da ke gwagwarmaya da juna kafin zaɓen shekarar 1959. An tura Maccido zuwa ga al'ummomin don zama wakilin masarautar Sokoto a kokarin rage tashin hankali. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato a cikin shekarun 1950 ciki har da Kansilan Ayyuka (1956), Kansila na Raya Karkara (1959), da Kansilan Aikin Gona (1960). Tare da rikice-rikicen bayan samun 'yanci a Najeriya, wanda ya karu sosai bayan kisan Firimiya Sir Ahmadu Bello (daga Sakkwato) a shekarar 1966, Maccido ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kokarin sasanta rikicin. A Sakkwato, wasu fusatattun Musulmai sun yunkuro zuwa Cocin Katolika da nufin rusa ginin a wani bangare na fushin da ake yi wa Ibo da Kirista. Maccido da Marafa, suruki ne ga Ahmadu Bello, sun sadu da taron kuma suka shawo kansu suka watse don hana lalata cocin. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, Maccido ya zama Kwamishina na Majalisar zartarwar Jihar Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona sannan daga baya Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Duk da cewa ya yi nesa da gwamnatocin sojoji a shekarun 1970s, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in tuntuba tsakanin masarautar Sakkwato da shugaban Najeriya na tsawon shekaru a lokacin Shugabancin Shehu Shagari . A cikin shekarar 1986, Maccido ya bar siyasa a cikin kasar ya koma ga mahaifinsa mara lafiya Abubakar da siyasar cikin gida a Sakkwato. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kuduri aniyar rashin lafiya sosai saboda ayyukan ofis, Maccido ya kasance daga cikin Inungiyar Inner don gudanar da Masarautar. Dasuki a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988 yayin da Ibrahim Babangida ya kasance shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake a gargajiyance a tsarin addinin Sakkwato, masu zaɓen masarautu daban-daban ne suka dauki nauyin lamarin suka zabi Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988. Amma, a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin soja ta Babangida ta yanke hukuncin cewa Ibrahim Dasuki, wanda ya kalubalanci Maccido ga matsayin kuma mashahurin abokin kasuwancin Babangida ne, zai zama sabon sarki. Nan take rikici ya barke a Sakkwato da sauran arewacin Najeriya tare da magoya bayan Maccido wadanda ke nuna rashin amincewarsu da katsalandan din sojoji a cikin masarautu. Maccido an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Ya dawo bayan mulkin Babangida amma bai goyi bayan jajircewar mabiyansa ga Dasuki ba. Ya karfafawa magoya bayansa gwiwa da kada su yi tarayya da mulkin Dasuki kuma su kasance a rabe. Rayuwa ta bunkasa cikin wahalar kudi ga Maccido kuma gidansa ya fara zama mara kyau kuma har wayarsa ta katse saboda rashin biyan kudi. Musulmai da yawa a arewacin Najeriya sun yi adawa da mulkin Dasuki, tare da jerin korafe korafe da suka hada da cewa Dasuki ya rusa gidan Muhammed Bello, Sarkin Musulmi na biyu, don yin gyare-gyare a harabar gidan sarautar. Sultan Maccido daga baya ya dawo da kuɗi. Ya fara shigo da kayayyaki da sayar da kayayyakin ga 'yan kasuwar gida, kafin ya zama sarki. Marigayi Sani Abacha ne ya cire Ibrahim Dasuki daga wannan muƙamin a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1996. Ba tare da bin tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Sakkwato ba, Abacha ya nada Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi kuma an naɗa masa sarauta, ko kuma nadin sarauta, a 21 ga watan Afrilu 1996 a Sultan Masallacin Bello. A matsayin Sultan, ya zama jagora na ruhaniya ga al'ummar musulmin Najeriya kuma shugaban masarautar Sokoto. Don kaucewa matsaloli tare da Dasuki da magoya bayansa, Maccido ya roki Abacha da ya tabbatar an bi da shi ta hanyar mutuntaka kuma za a bar shi ya dawo daga gudun hijira bayan wani dan lokaci. Lokacin da ‘yan fashi da makami suka far wa Dasuki a gidansa, Maccido ya aika da wani jami’in hukuma don ba Dasuki goyon baya. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin muƙamin nasa, ya kuma zama Shugaban Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Nijeriya kuma ya yi kyakkyawar alaka da sauran kungiyoyin Musulmi a duk duniya daga wannan matsayin. Ya halarci Taron Duniya kan Addinin Musulunci, ya tafi Saudiyya don tara kudi don makarantun Islamiyya, kuma ya yi mu’amala sosai da Musulmai a wasu wurare a duniya. Don tallafawa musulmai a arewacin Najeriya, Maccido ya ba da wata kungiya ga kungiyar mata mata ta ilimi, ta kafa makaranta a wajen Sakkwato, sannan ta fara wani babban yunkuri na yada kwayar cutar shan inna a yadu. A shekara ta 2004, ya shirya bukukuwan jihadi na shekara biyu na Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Sakkwato, da kuma fara Yaƙin Fulani . Tare da karuwar rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmai a Najeriya, Maccido ya yi ƙoƙari don kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali kuma ya sa baki sau da yawa don rage tashin hankali. A lokacin da yake sarki, ya kuma ba sarakunan gargajiya wasu 'ya'yansa uku. An nada dansa Malami a matsayin "danburan sokoto"; Ahmed, wanda yanzu haka Sanata ne, an nada masa rawani a matsayin "Mainan Sokoto"; da Bello, wanda shi ne Shugaba na FBN Holdings a Najeriya, an nada shi da "Kyakkyawan Sakkwato". Koda bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu, dukkansu sun riƙe mukamansu na manyan sarakunan halifancin. Koyaya, Maccido ya nuna adawa ga gwamnatin jihar ta Najeriya lokacin da suka yi kokarin baiwa mabiya Shi’a ‘ yan cirani damar yin salla a masallatan Sokoto. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya yi adawa da wannan yunƙurin kuma ya ƙi ba da damar yin addu'a ga Musulmin Shi'a. Mutuwa Bayan bikin karamar Sallah a shekarar 2006, Maccido ya tafi Abuja don ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo . Bayan wannan taron, Maccido ya hau jirgi ya dawo Sokoto ranar Lahadi 29 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin jirgin akwai ɗaya daga cikin 'ya' ya Badamasi Maccido (wanda shi ne Sanata daga Sakkwato), jikan sa, da sauran hukumomin gwamnatin yankin da suka je Abuja domin bitar ilmi. Jirgin na ADC Airlines mai lamba 53 ya fadi ne jim kadan bayan tashinsa ya kashe yawancin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ciki har da Maccido, dansa, da kuma jikan sa. Maccido jikinsa bai ƙone ba, yana mai sauƙin ganewa. An jagoranci gawarsa a kan titunan Sakkwato tare da dubun dubatan masu makoki da suka hallara. An binne shi a babban kabarin sarakunan Sokoto (Hubbare), kusa da na mahaifinsa. Manazarta Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje   Tarihi: Sultan na Sokoto, Martin Plaut, Labaran BBC, 29 ga Oktoba 2006 Katolika suna ɗaukaka kyawawan halayen Maccido, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006 Sarkin Morocco ya yi alhinin marigayi Sultan, da sauran wadanda hatsarin ya rutsa da su, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006 Sarakunan Sakkwato Pages with unreviewed translations

38483

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Gusau

Masarautar Gusau

Garin Gusau gari ne da aka kafa shi tun a shekarar 1811 kimanin shekarar alif (207) da suka gabata bayan tasowar garin daga ‘Yandoto a shekarar (1806). Garin Gusau yana daya daga cikin manyan garuruwan tsohuwar Jihar Sakkwato kafin daga bisani ya zama babban birnin Jihar Zamfara a shekarar 1996. Kamar yadda kundin tarihin kasa na 1920 ya nuna, garin yana kan titin Sakkwato zuwa Zariya ne kimanin kilomita 179, kilomita 210 tsakaninsa da Sakkwato. Daga Gabas garin Gusau ya yi iyaka da Jihar Katsina da ta Kwatarkwashi daga Arewa kuma ya yi iyaka da garin kaura a yayin da ya yi wata iyakar da garin Bunguɗu daga Yamma a bangaren Kudu kuma ya yi iyaka da dansadau da kuma Tsafe. Wanda ya kafa garin Gusau Almajirin Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo da sheikh abdulsalami ne wato Malam Sambo dan Ashafa Kuma bahaushene ya kafa garin Gusau wanda yake shi da Jama’arsa ba ruwansu da duk harkokin da suka shafi bautar iskokai ko tsafi irin wanda Hausawa ke yi kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci, garin Gusau ba shi da tarihin jahiliya hakan ne ya sa duk al’adun Gusawa al’adu ne irin na musulunci kuma shigowar wasu mutane wato baki a Gusau bai gurbata kyawawan al’adunsu ba don kuwa mafi yawan bakin da ke tahowa malamai ne na Musulunci da almajirai Hausawa da wasunsu da kan taho garin don tsira da Addininsu da mutuncinsu da kuma dukiyarsu saboda gudun ta addancin Dan fodio dayafara bayan yafara kwadayin samun iko na mulki.A bangaren fada kuma duk umurnin da zai fito daga can zai kasance na dabara da abin da musulunci ya yarda da shi ne na kyawawan dabi’u da al’adu saboda duk kusan sarakunan da aka yi a garin Gusau Hausawane malamai ne na addinin musulunci. Masarautar Gusau Masarautar Gusau, kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna ta kafu ne a shekara ta (1806) a hannun Malam Muhammadu dan Ashafa, a wannan shekarar ne a birnin Gada Malam Muhammadu Bello dan Shehu Usmanu, ya tsaga kasar Katsina biyu Gabas da Yamma gari saba’in saba’in tsakanin shi Malam Sambo din da kuma Malam Umarun Dallaje, tun daga wannan lokaci ne kuma garin Gusau da masarautarsa suke ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kafin rasuwar Malam Sambo an yi wani lokaci da hedkwatar wannan masarauta ta koma garin Wonaka sakamakon rashin cikakken tsaro kuma a dalilin namun daji masu hadari. Sai bayan rasuwar Malam Sambo dansa Sarkin Katsina Malam Abdulkadir ya dawo da wannan hedkwatar a mazauninta na farko wato Gusau, a dai dai wannan lokaci ne kuma aka nada Sarkin Musulmi Atiku dan Shehu a lokacin da Malam Abdulkadir ya tafi mubaya’a sai ya labarta wa Amirul muminina wannan ci gaba da aka samu, shi kuma Sarkin Musulmi a nasa bangaren bai yi wata wata ba sai ya umurci Sarkin Zamfara Jibrin da Sarkin kaura Namoda da cewa su sa hannu a kewaye garin Gusau da ganuwa wanda a sakamakon wannan aiki ne garin a matsayinsa na hedkwatar masarautar ta sami kokofi guda tara (9) da suka hada da: kofar Kwatarkwashi, da kofar Katsaura da kofar Rawayya da kofar Jange da kofar Dogo da kofar Mani da kofar Tubani da kofar Koje da kuma kofar matsattsa. Tsarin Mulkin masarautar Gusau A takaice dai garin Gusau yana da masarauta daya mai babban sarki, akwai kuma iyayen kasa goma sha hudu, ‘yan majalisar sarki goma sha takwas, sarautun fada kuma akwai kimanin dari da hudu, Garin yana da masallatan juma’a ashirin da uku yana da kananan makarantun boko guda sittin da hudu matsakaita guda arba’in da uku sannan akwai manyan makarantu guda hudu. Garin Gusau gari ne da yake da manyan kasuwanni guda uku yana kuma da kamfanoni na ‘yan kasuwa guda ashirin da bakwai akwai manyan malaman addinin Musulunci tsakanin rayayyu da wadanda suka rasu kimanin sittin da biyar. Daga lokacin da aka kafa garin Gusau bayan malam Sambo dan Ashafa a 1806- zuwa 1827 an yi sarakuna daga cikin zuri’arsa irin su. Masarautar Gusau a alif (1827-1917) Malam Abdulkadir daga shekarar (1827-1867) Malam Muhammadu Modibbo (1867 -1876) Malam Muhammad Tuburi (1876-1887) Malam Muhammadu Giɗe (1887-1900) Malam Muhammadu Murtala (1900-1916) Malam Muhammadu dangida (1916-1917). Daga wannan shekarar anyi wasu Sarakuna da ba a fadi sunayensu ba daga 1917-1984 sannan sai *Alhaji Muhammadu Kabir danbaba (1984 -2015) Alhaji Ibrahim Bello (2015 har zuwa yanzu). Yiwa masarautar gyaran fuska= A shekara ta 2003 ma da aka zabi Alhaji Ahmad Sani Yeriman Bakura gwamnan Jihar Zamfara shi ma ya kara sake fasalin majalisar masarautar ta Gusau inda ta koma kamar haka. Daga karshe iyayen kasa kuma da suke karkashin wannan masarauta ta Gusau da ake kira Katsinan Gusau, sun hada da Galadima da Mayana da Madawaki da Magajin Sabon Gari da Baraden Tudun Wada da Sarkin Kudun Damba da Ubandoman wanke da Farimanan Magani da Sarkin Yakin Rijiya da Magajin Mada da Kogon Wonaka ta Yamma da Magajin Ruwan Baure. Manazarta

30328

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20samun%20%C6%B4ancin%20kafa%20asibiti

Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti

Dokokin samun Shiga da ƙafa asibiti Clinic ( FACE ko Dokar Samun damar, Pub. L. Lamba 103-259, 108 ƙididdiga. 694) (Mayu 26, 1994, 18 USC § 248 ) wata doka ce ta Amurka wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a watan Mayu shekarata 1994, wacce ta haramta abubuwa uku masu zuwa: (1) amfani da karfin jiki, barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don cutar da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙari na raunata, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da kowane mutumin da ke samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (wannan ɓangaren doka yawanci yana nufin asibitocin zubar da ciki), (2) amfani da karfin jiki, Kuma barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don raunata da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin raunata, Sannna tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da duk wani mutumin da ke aiwatar da ko ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hakkinsu na Farko na 'yancin addini a wurin bautar addini, (3) lalata ko lalata da gangan. na wurin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko wurin ibada. Fage Tsakanin shekarun 1978 zuwa 1993, yawan laifuffukan tashin hankali da ake aikatawa a kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa da asibitocin zubar da ciki na karuwa akai-akai. Sannan Dangane da kididdigar da National Abortion Federation (NAF), kungiyar masu ba da zubar da ciki ta tattara, tun shekarata 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, an sami akalla kisan kai 9, yunƙurin kisan kai 17, barazanar mutuwa 406, al'amura 179 na hari ko baturi., da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane 5 akan masu zubar da ciki. Bugu da kari, tun a shekarar 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, laifukan kadarori da aka aikata kan masu samar da zubar da ciki sun hada da harin bama-bamai 41, kone-kone 175, yunkurin tayar da bama-bamai ko konewa 96, barazanar bam 692, aukuwar kutsawa cikin shekarata 1993, al’amuran barna 1400, da kuma hare-hare 100 da suka hada da harin bam. butyric acid ("bama-bamai masu wari"). A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1992, dubban “jaruman addu’a” da masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan rayuwa sun hadu a mashigar asibitocin Buffalo a zubar da ciki na tsawon wata daya da aka tsara na tsinkewa da toshewa, suna kokarin hana mata kawo karshen ciki. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na zanga-zangar da ta hada da Operation Rescue, an kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 400. Wata kungiya mai yaki da zubar da ciki da aka fi sani da Sojojin Allah ta taka rawar gani musamman wajen aikata wadannan munanan laifuka. Wannan kungiyar ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tayar da bama-bamai tare da kona asibitoci sama da dari kafin shekarata 1994. Sun kuma mamaye asibitoci sama da dari uku tare da lalata sama da dari hudu A cikin 1993, jami’ai sun gano littafin Sojojin Allah, jagorar dabara don kone kone-kone, hare-haren sinadarai, mamayewa da tashin bamabamai, aka binne a bayan gidan Sojoji. gidan dan gwagwarmayar Allah Shelley Shannon . Kuma Ba da jimawa ba aka samu Shelley Shannon da laifin yunkurin kisan Dokta George Tiller a wannan shekarar. Baya ga aikata ta'addanci, an san wasu masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki da bin ma'aikatan lafiya tare da yin amfani da hotunansu a allunan "Ana son Kisa". Wannan tashin hankalin da ke faruwa ya kai kololuwar a cikin Maris a shekarata 1993 lokacin da Dr. David Gunn, likita wanda aikin likitancinsa ya haɗa da hanyoyin zubar da ciki, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe shi kuma ya kashe shi a wajen asibitin mata na Pensacola da ke Pensacola, Florida . Wannan karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ya zama nauyi sosai ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, kuma a cewar wasu, aikin 'yan sanda na cikin gida ya kasance mai sauki. Wasu 'yan majalisar dattawa da wakilai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya tana yin katsalandan ga 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mata na samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (musamman zubar da ciki), wanda aka ba da tabbacin tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin Roe v. Wade a shekarar 1973. Tarihin majalisa An zartar da dokar ne ta hanyar mayar da martani kai tsaye ga karuwar dabarun tashin hankali da masu fafutukar zubar da ciki suka yi amfani da su wanda ya kai ga "Spring of Life" a Buffalo Abortion Clinics, a cikin Afrilu shekarata 1992 da kuma kisan Dr. Gunn a cikin Maris shekarar 1993. An fara gabatar da Dokar FACE a cikin Janairu shekarata 1993 kuma Babban Wakilin Chuck Schumer (D--NY) ya dauki nauyinsa, tare da Wakilin Constance Morella (R--MD) a matsayin babban mai ba da tallafi. An gabatar da sigar lissafin a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris shekarar 1993, wannan wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) ya dauki nauyinsa. Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa duka sun amince da kudirin a watan Nuwamba shekarata 1993. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, kuma majalisar dattijai ta zartar da shi 69-30, tare da fitattun 'yan Republican 17 sun kada kuri'a don kudirin. Wani kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisar dattijai ya hada kudirin biyu jim kadan, sannan kuma shugaban kasa Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar da ta fara aiki a watan Mayun shekarata 1994. Tanadi Ma'anoni Yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun hukuma na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic suna ƙarƙashin fassarori daban-daban. Don haka ne Sashen Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da ma'anoni na yau da kullun ga waɗannan sharuɗɗan: Facility — Kalmar “kayan aiki” ta haɗa da asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, kuma ya haɗa da gini ko tsarin da wurin yake. Tsangwama tare da — Kalmar "shisshigi da" yana nufin tauye 'yancin motsin mutum. Tsoro — Kalmar "tsoratarwa" tana nufin sanya mutum cikin fargabar cutarwar jiki gare shi- ko kanta ko ga wani. Toshewar jiki — Kalmar " toshewar jiki " na nufin ba da izinin shiga ko fita daga wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa ko zuwa ko daga wurin ibadar addini, ko yin hanyar zuwa ko daga irin wannan wurin ko wurin ibadar addini mai wuyar gaske ba tare da dalili ba. ko mai haɗari. Sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa — Kalmar "sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa" yana nufin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka bayar a asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin aiki, kuma ya haɗa da aikin likita, tiyata, shawarwari ko shawarwari da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa na mutum, ciki har da ayyuka da suka shafi. ciki ko ƙarewar ciki. An haramta § 248. 'Yancin samun damar shiga asibitin: (a) Ayyukan da aka haramta. Duk wanda -- (1) ta hanyar karfi ko barazanar karfi ko ta hanyar toshe jiki, da gangan ya ji rauni, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki ko yunkurin cutar da wani mutum, ko tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da wani mutum saboda wannan mutumin yana ko ya kasance, ko don tsoratarwa. Kuma irin wannan mutum ko wani mutum ko kowane nau'in mutane daga, samun ko ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa musamman da asibitocin kula da lafiyar haihuwa amma kuma ana iya amfani da su a wuraren ibada: Katange hanyar mutum zuwa ƙofar wurin aiki Rage motoci daga shiga da/ko fita wurin aiki Tsayar da mutane a jiki yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tafiya zuwa ƙofar shiga ko ta wurin ajiye motoci Yin wahala ko haɗari shiga da/ko fita daga wurin aiki Ketare iyaka kan kadarorin kayan aiki Aikata duk wani aikin tashin hankali akan ma'aikacin asibiti, mai rakiya ko mara lafiya Barna Barazanar tashin hankali Yin magana da ma'aikacin asibiti ko mai kula da lafiyar haihuwa Konewa ko barazanar konewa Bama -bamai ko barazanar bam Tsoro Ba a haramta ba Ba a haramta waɗannan halaye masu zuwa ba saboda suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin yancin faɗar albarkacin baki: Zanga- zangar a wajen asibitoci Rarraba adabi Dauke alamomi Ihu (idan dai ba a yi barazanar ba) Waƙar yabo Nasiha Hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafi Hukunce-hukuncen masu laifi na keta FACE sun bambanta dangane da girman laifin da wanda ake tuhuma a baya na laifin cin zarafi iri ɗaya. Ana iya yanke wa mai laifin farko hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 100,000. Don cin zarafi na biyu, ana iya daure mai laifin har na tsawon shekaru uku a ci tararsa a kalla $250,000. Duk da haka, babban laifin da ba na tashin hankali ba yana da hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 10,000 na laifin farko, da kuma daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 25,000 na laifukan da suka biyo baya. Idan laifin ya jawo wa mutum rauni, hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 ne, ba tare da la’akari da laifin farko ko a’a ba, kuma duk laifin da ya kai ga kisa yana da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai. Waɗannan su ne matsakaicin jimloli; ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen suna halatta bisa ga shawarar alkali. Tasiri Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Ciki ta Kasa (NAF) ta tattara, al'amuran da suka fi muni na tashe-tashen hankula (kamar kisan kai, yunƙurin kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da konewa) sun ragu sosai tun daga shekarata 1994, shekarar da Dokar 'Yancin Samun Shiga Clinical ta kasance. zartarwa. Gwamnatin Clinton ta gurfanar da mutane 17 da ake tuhuma bisa laifin keta dokar FACE a 1997 kadai kuma ta gurfanar da kusan mutane 10 da ake tuhuma a duk shekara tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar. Gwamnatin George W. Bush, duk da haka, tana tuhumar mutane kusan biyu ne kawai a kowace shekara saboda keta dokar FACE. A cewar Cathleen Mahoney, Mataimakiyar Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Zubar da Zubar da Zubar da Ciki ta Kasa kuma tsohon lauya na Ma’aikatar Shari’a, “Yawancin ayyukan [tashin hankali] ya ragu sosai bayan an aiwatar da FACE kuma an fara aiwatar da shi”. Binciken shari'a A cikin shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar Rayuwa ta Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar Dokar FACE a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Gabashin Virginia a cikin shari'ar da ake kira American Life League, Inc. v. Reno . Ƙungiyar Life League ta Amirka ta yi muhawarar cewa Dokar ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, domin dokar ba ta hana yin addu’a ko wani ibada ba, sai dai toshewa, barazana, da Kuma tashin hankali. Masu shigar da karar sun kuma bayar da hujja guda uku inda suka ce dokar ta FACE ta keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Na farko shi ne dokar ta haramta cutar da mata da masu bayarwa, wanda zai iya haɗa da cutar da hankali. Domin 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu na iya haifar da illa ga tunani, masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa dokar ta FACE ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sai dai kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, inda ta ce illar da kawai aka haramta ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula, da barazanar tashin hankali, da kuma toshe asibitoci. Hujja ta biyu ta masu shigar da kara ita ce, dokar ba ta da tushe balle makama, wanda kotun kuma ta yi watsi da shi saboda akwai misalai da dama na ayyukan kundin tsarin mulkin da ke da irin yare. Kuma A karshe dai masu shigar da kara sun ce dokar ta shafi masu zanga-zangar hana zubar da ciki ne musamman kuma ba ta tsaka-tsaki, inda kotun ta ce za a yi amfani da dokar kan duk wanda ya karya ta, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Don haka, kotu ta amince da dokar FACE. Bayan an zartar da dokar 'Yancin Samun shiga Clinic, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da wasu dokoki. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, wadda aka ƙalubalanci a Kotun Tarayya kuma a ƙarshe ta rushe a McCullen v. Coakley . Duk da haka, an tsara shawarar da ƙwaƙƙwaran don kada a yi watsi da dokar FACE da sauran dokokin matakin jiha. Duba wasu abubuwan Kariyar doka ta samun damar zubar da ciki Tsarin lokaci na dokokin haƙƙin haifuwa Manazartaa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakkun rubutu na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic Shafin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka Rijistar Rikicin Ciwon Ciki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi%20Azzam%20Brigades

Abdullahi Azzam Brigades

religionAbdullah Azzam Brigades 08034271012The Abdullah Azzam Brigades ( ), ko al-Qaeda a Lebanon, kungiya ce ta 'yan kishin Islama ta Sunni, kuma reshen al-Qaeda a Lebanon . Kungiyar, wacce ta fara aiki a shekarar 2009, Saudi Saleh Al-Qaraawi ce ta kafa ta kuma tana da hanyoyin sadarwa a kasashe daban-daban, musamman a Masar, Iraki, Siriya, Jordan, zirin Gaza da Lebanon. Bayan munanan raunukan da Al-Qaraawi ya samu a sakamakon harin da wani jirgin sama mara matuki ya kai a Pakistan, kuma daga karshe mahukuntan Saudiyya sun kama shi bayan komawar sa Saudiyya, Majid al-Majid mai alaka da Saudiyya ne ya karbi jagorancin Brigades Abdullah Azzam. Fatah al-Islam da al-Qaeda. An nada Al-Majid a matsayin jagora kuma sarkin Brigades Abdullah Azzam a watan Yunin 2012, har zuwa lokacin da hukumomin Lebanon suka kama shi a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2013, kuma daga bisani ya mutu sakamakon ciwon koda a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2014. Sirajuddin Zureiqat ne ya gaje Al-Majid. Tarihi Abdallah Azzam Brigades wani dan kasar Saudiyya Saleh Al-Qaraawi ne ya kafa a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin reshen al-Qaeda a Iraki, kuma an ba shi alhakin kai hari a Levant da kuma gabas ta tsakiya . Qaraawi dan kasar Saudiyya ne kuma yana cikin jerin ‘yan ta’adda 85 da aka fi nema ruwa a jallo da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Saudiyya ta fitar a shekarar 2009. Kungiyar ta sanar da kafa ta ne a cikin wata sanarwa ta bidiyo a watan Yulin 2009 inda ta dauki alhakin harin roka da aka kai wa Isra'ila a watan Fabrairun 2009. Bayan harin da dakarun Ziad al Jarrah Battalion, wani reshen Lebanon na Brigades na Abdullah Azzam Brigades suka kai, an fitar da sanarwar da ke fayyace cewa Brigades na gudanar da ayyukansu fiye da kima. Sanarwar ta ce: [Brgedes Abdullah Azzam] ba su ke da iyaka a kasar Labanon ba amma akwai makasudin da gobararmu za ta kai ga yardar Allah nan gaba... ...da kuma kungiyoyin 'Ziad al-Jarrah' na kasar Labanon wasu ne kawai daga cikin kungiyoyinmu, kuma mun yi gaggawar kirkiro wadannan kungiyoyi tare da sanar da su saboda gaggawar yaki da yahudawa da kuma fifikon shirin a fagen daga. lokaci da wurin, amma sauran kungiyoyin suna wajen Lebanon”. A wata hira da ya yi da tashar Aljazeera a watan Agustan 2010, wani masani dan kasar Yemen kan harkar Islama ya tabbatar da cewa duk da cewa kungiyoyin da ke amfani da Abdullah Azzam suna da'awar aikata ta'addanci, amma a shekara ta 2009 bayan yakin Gaza ne kungiyar Abdullah Azzam Brigades ta yi ikirarin kai hare-hare. kafa. rassan Brigades Abdullah Azzam yana da rassa masu aiki a ƙasashe da yawa: Reshen Lebanon ya yi amfani da sunan Ziad al Jarrah Battalion, kuma ana kiransa da sunan dan kasar Lebanon mai garkuwa da mutane a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba Ziad al Jarrah wanda ya shiga cikin yin garkuwa da jirgin United Flight 93 . Reshen Abdullah Azzam Brigades a yankin Larabawa yana kiran kansa da Bataliyoyin Yusuf al-'Uyayri, mai suna Yusef al-Ayeri, wanda aka kashe wanda ya kafa Al Qaeda a Saudi Arabia. A yankin Gaza, kungiyar ta yi amfani da sunan Marwan Haddad na Brigades Abdullah Azzam a cikin Levant . A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2011, wata kungiyar Gazan ta dauki alhakin harba makami mai linzami na Grad a birnin Ashkelon na Isra'ila da wasu harsasai guda biyu a sansanin soji na Zikim . A sanarwar da kungiyar ta fitar ta ce za a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan har sai an kwato kasar Falasdinu tare da daga tutar Tauhid. Laƙabi Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da laƙabi da dama da suka haɗa da: Martyr Abdullah Azzam Brigades / Abdullah Azzam Shahid Brigades / Kataeb Shuhada' Abdullah Azzam Al-Qaeda in Lebanon Abdullah Azzam Brigades na ƙasar Al-Sham Al-Qaeda in Levant / Al-Qaeda in Levant and Egypt / Al-Qaida a Syria da Masar Kungiyar Al-Qa'idah – The Land of Al-Sham and Al-Kinanah / Tanzim al-Qaida fi Bilad ash-Sham wa Ard al-Kinanah Harakat al-Mujahidin Sunan dacewa Wasu kungiyoyi da ba su da alaka sun yi amfani da sunan a matsayin sunan saukakawa a ayyuka da dama da kuma a kasashe daban-daban. Masar Tun ma kafin kafa kungiyar a shekarar 2009, wata kungiya mai suna Abdullah Azzam Brigades ta kai munanan hare-hare a shekarar 2004 a harin bam na Sinai da kuma a 2005 a harin bam na Sharm el-Sheikh . A ranar 7 ga Oktoban 2004, yankin Sinai na Taba na Masar ya fuskanci hare-haren ta'addanci guda uku a kan wani otel da wasu sansanonin 'yan yawon bude ido biyu. Harin na Hilton Taba ya kashe mutane 31 tare da jikkata wasu 159 na daban. hawa goma na otal din sun ruguje sakamakon fashewar. Wasu sansanoni biyu da Isra'ilawa ke amfani da su a Ras al-Shitan, kusa da Nuweiba an kuma kai hari inda suka kashe 'yan Isra'ila biyu da wani dan Masar. Wasu 12 sun jikkata. Wata kungiya da ba a san ko su waye ba, mai suna Abdullah Azzam Brigades ce ta dauki alhakin kai harin. A cewar hukumomin Masar, hakan ya kasance rufa-rufa ne ga wanda ya kitsa kai harin, Palasdinawa Iyad Saleh. Shi da daya daga cikin masu taimaka masa, Suleiman Ahmed Saleh Flayfil, sun mutu a harin na Hilton, da alama saboda lokacin da bam din su ya yi da sauri. An yanke wa wasu ‘yan kasar Masar uku, Younes Mohammed Mahmoud, Osama al-Nakhlawi, da Mohammed Jaez Sabbah hukuncin kisa a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2006 saboda hannu a cikin tashin bam. A cewar masu binciken, babu wata alaka mai karfi da kungiyar Al Qaeda a tashin bama-baman. A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2005 ne aka kai hare-haren bama-bamai a wurin shakatawa na Sharm el-Sheikh na kasar Masar, inda aka kashe mutane 88, mafi yawansu 'yan kasar Masar, sannan sama da 200 suka samu raunuka, lamarin da ya zama ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin zamani na Masar. Kungiyar da ke kiran kanta Brigades Abdullah Azzam ce ta fara daukar alhakin kai hare-haren. A wani shafin yanar gizo, kungiyar ta bayyana cewa, "Mayaƙa masu tsarki sun kai hari a otal ɗin Ghazala Gardens da Tsohuwar Kasuwa a Sharm el-Sheikh" kuma suna da'awar cewa tana da alaƙa da Al-Qaeda . Gwamnatin Masar ta ce, maharan da suka kai harin bama-baman 'yan ta'addar Badawiyya ne na kungiyar da ta kai harin Taba shekara guda da ta gabata. Wadanda ake zargi da kama sun yi ikirarin cewa yakin Iraki ne ya sa su . Jordan A cikin 2005, kuma tun kafin kafa kungiyar a hukumance, sunanta ya bayyana dangane da jerin hare-haren rokoki daga Jordan. An harba rokoki da dama na Katyusha daga cikin yankin Jordan, wasu sun afkawa kusa da filin jirgin sama na Eilat, wasu biyu kuma suka afkawa kusa da wasu jiragen ruwan sojojin ruwan Amurka guda biyu da suka makale a Aqaba, USS Kearsarge (LHD-3), da kuma USS Ashland (LSD-48) . Wata kungiya mai alaka da al-Qaeda ta yi ikirarin kai harin. Daya daga cikin rokokin ya afkawa wani asibitin sojojin kasar Jordan, inda ya kashe wani sojan kasar. Ana kallon harin da reshen al-Zarqawi na Al Qaeda ne suka kai harin. Wani mai suna Abdullah Azzam Brigades shi ma ya dauki alhakin hakan. Pakistan Wata kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar Pakistan da ba a san ta ba, Fedayeen al-Islam, mai alaka da Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, ta dauki alhakin harin bam da aka kai a otal din Pearl Continental a Peshawar, Pakistan . Kakakin kungiyar, Amir Mu'awiya, ya buga waya ga kungiyoyin yada labarai da suka dauki alhakin kai harin, ya kuma yi alkawarin kara kai wasu hare-hare a kan hanya. Ya kara da cewa harin bam din na ramuwar gayya ne ga ayyukan sojojin Pakistan a yankin Swat da Malakand na lardin Arewa maso Yamma da kuma yankunan kabilar Darra Adam Khel da Orakzai Agency Sai dai a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2009, wata kungiyar da ba a san ta ba ta kira. da kanta rundunar Abdullah Azzam Shahed Brigade ta dauki alhakin kai harin, inda ta ce harin martani ne ga hare-haren da sojojin Pakistan suka kai kan mayakan Taliban a Swat Valley. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Pakistan (HRCP), Zarteef Khan Afridi (ya kasance yana aiki tare da shugabannin kabilu don kokarin sasanta yankin) da wasu 'yan bindiga dauke da makamai suka harbe a Jamrud, Khyber . Rundunar Abdullah Azam ta yi ikirarin kisan. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2012, wannan ƙungiya da ake zargin sanye da ƴan kunar bakin wake sun tarwatsa kansu a wani hari da aka kai ofishin 'yan sanda "C Division" a tsakiyar Peshawar . A cewar shaidu, jimillar maharan sun haura sama da 10, dauke da gurneti da makami masu sarrafa kansu da sabbin fasahohin zamani wadanda ba a taba amfani da su ba. An kashe 'yan sandan Pakistan biyu tare da jikkata wasu shida. Rundunar Abdullah Azzam ta dauki alhakin kai harin. Kakakin Abu Zarar Said, wanda ya ke magana daga wani wuri da ba a san ko wane wuri ba, ya ce harin martani ne ga kashe wani babban jagoran 'yan ta'addan, Badar Mansoor, a wani harin da jiragen yaki mara matuki suka kai a Waziristan. Bayan 'yan watanni, 'yan bindiga sun yi wa wata babbar motar dakon kaya ta NATO kwanton bauna a Jamrud, Hukumar Khyber. An kashe direban motar tare da jikkata wani farar hula guda a harin. Dakarun Abdullah Azzam Brigades sun dauki alhakin kai harin, inda suka yi barazanar kai wasu hare-hare kan direbobin da ke bai wa kungiyar tsaro ta NATO kayan agaji. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, wasu bama-bamai sun fashe a wani shingen binciken ababan hawa na Khasadar da ke yankin Sadokhel, Landi Kotal, yankin kabilun da ke karkashin gwamnatin tarayya, Pakistan. Akalla jami’in Khasadar daya ya rasa ransa, wani kuma ya samu rauni, kuma dakarun Abdullah Azzam Brigades sun dauki alhakin kai harin. Gulf Persian There are also other operations claimed by the Brigades, but strong doubts whether they were actually involved. For example, on 3 August 2010, a man claimed to be a spokesman of the brigade made a video statement that the Brigades were involved in the attack on the Japanese oil tanker M. Star in the Strait of Hormuz in July 2010. But many analysts are skeptical about the claim that it was the Abdullah Azzam Brigades. A BBC correspondent asserted that the perpetrators were using the name as a "name of convenience"." Siriya Kungiyar ta musanta hannu a harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a babban birnin Syria a ranar 23 ga watan Disambar 2011 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 40. Kungiyar ta'addancin ta zargi gwamnatin Syria da yunkurin kawar da hankalinta daga murkushe masu zanga-zangar da ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane sama da 5,000. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka fitar a shafukan yanar gizo na masu jihadi a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba 2011, Brigades Abdullah Azzam sun musanta alhakin kai hare-haren kunar bakin wake. A cikin wata sanarwa da sarkin kungiyar Majid bin Muhammad al-Majid ya fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta amince da yakin da take yi da dakarun shugaba Bashar al Assad a yakin basasar kasar Siriya . Majid ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan tawayen su guji amfani da bama-bamai da bama-bamai a cikin biranen saboda fargabar cutar da fararen hula na Syria. Wannan nasihar ta sha bamban da ayyukan wata kungiyar Jihadi ta Salafawa mai fafutuka a yakin basasar Siriya, wato kungiyar Al-Nusra . Lebanon Wata na'urar da aka gyara ta fashe a wajen Barikin Sojoji na Fakhereddine a Beirut, inda soja daya ya samu rauni. Wani mutum da ke da'awar cewa shi dan kungiyar Al-Qaida ne ya kira jaridar Al Balad ta kasar Lebanon kuma ya dauki alhakin kai harin kafin da kuma bayan fashe-fashen. A lokacin 2013, ƙungiyar ta fara jerin hare-hare a cikin 2013. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2013, Brigade ta dauki alhakin harin kunar bakin wake sau biyu a wajen ofishin jakadancin Iran a Beirut, wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 23 tare da raunata sama da 140. Kungiyar ta ce harin bam din na ramuwar gayya ne ga goyon bayan Iran da kungiyar Hizbullah da ke yaki da gwamnatin Siriya a yakin basasar Siriya da ake yi a halin yanzu, kuma ta yi gargadin ci gaba da kai hare-hare matukar gwamnatin Iran din ba ta amince da hakan ba. A ranar 23 ga Disamba, Brigades Abdullah Azzam sun yi ikirarin kai harin roka a Hermel, Lebanon. A cikin makonnin farko na shekarar 2014, Abdullah Azzam ya yi ikirarin kai jerin hare-haren rokoki a kudancin Lebanon. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014 ne sojojin kasar suka kai hari a cibiyar al'adun kasar Iran da ke yankin Bir-Hasan a kudancin birnin Beirut, inda suka kashe mutane 11 tare da raunata 130, manufarsu ita ce goyon bayan Iran a yakin Siriya. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an kai harin bam a wata mota a wani shingen binciken sojojin Lebanon da ke gadar Al-Assi da ke kofar birnin Hermel, a gundumar Beqaa . Baya ga dan kunar bakin waken, sojoji biyu da farar hula daya, sun mutu, kana mutane akalla 15 suka jikkata. Hukumomin kasar sun zargi Brigades Abdullah Azzam ko kuma Al-Nusrah da kai harin. Bayan wannan harin, kungiyar ta ci gaba da kai hare-haren rokoki kan garuruwan Isra'ila. Kame da mutuwar Majid al-Majid A ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2013, hukumomin Lebanon sun kama Majid bin Mohammad al-Majid, shugaban Saudiyya na kungiyar. An yi wa Al-Majid maganin koda a asibitin Makased da ke birnin Beirut . Asibitin ya sake shi kuma an ce ya boye a sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu na Ain al-Hilweh, kusa da Saida. Ana zargin ya yi yunkurin tafiya wani wuri domin neman karin magani, amma sojojin Lebanon sun kama shi a kan babbar hanyar Beirut zuwa Damascus. A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2014, gwajin DNA ya tabbatar da cewa mutumin da hukumar leken asirin sojojin Lebanon ta tsare shi ne Majid al-Majid, shugaban dakarun Abdullah Azzam Brigades. Samfurin DNA na 'yan uwan Majid da ke Saudiyya ya yi daidai da na wanda ake zargin da ya rage a hannun sojojin kasar Lebanon, in ji kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Lebanon. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, Majid ya mutu sakamakon gazawar koda a wani asibitin sojoji a Beirut . Martani  Iran Mohammad Javad Zarif, foreign minister of Iran, appreciated Government of Lebanon for arrest of Al-Majid and requested information about investigations by the Lebanese authorities with Al-Majid on the Iranian Embassy bombing.  Saudi Arabia Adnan Mansour, foreign minister of Saudi Arabia, rejected a request by Government of Iran to participate in the investigation of Majed al-Majed. Abdullah Azzam Brigades said their fight will continue, with or without their leader. Jerin sunayen 'yan ta'adda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana Abdullah Azzam Brigades a matsayin kungiyar ta’addanci, Bahrain, Iraq, New Zealand, UAE, the United Kingdom, United Kingdom. Jihohi, Kanada da Isra'ila . Duba kuma Jerin kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai a yakin basasar Syria Nassoshi Sunan malami Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19932

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin%20Karatun%20Poland

Dakin Karatun Poland

Babban Laburaren ( Polish ) shine babban ɗakin karatu na Yaren mutanen Poland, kai tsaye ga Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Kayan Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Poland . Laburaren yana tattara littattafai, majallu, kamfuta mai amfani da lantarki da na sauti da aka buga a yankin Poland, da Polonica da aka buga a ƙasashen waje. Ita ce mafi mahimmancin laburaren binciken ɗabi'a, babban tarihin tarihin rubutun Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma cibiyar nazarin tarihin littattafai domin tsaftace littattafai. Hakanan yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin babban cibiyar bincike, kuma yana da muhimmiyar cibiyar hanya don sauran ɗakunan karatu na Yaren mutanen Poland. Laburaren na Kasa yana karbar kwafin kowane littafin da aka buga a Poland azaman ajiya na doka . Laburaren Jagiellonian shine kawai sauran laburaren a Poland don samun matsayin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. Tsarin laburarin Akwai bangarori guda uku: Laburaren Cibiyar Bibliographic Institute of National Library Littafin da Karanta Makaranta Tarihi Tarihin Laburaren Kasa ya samo asali ne a karni na 18 ( Załuski Library ) gami da abubuwa daga tarin John III Sobieski waɗanda aka samo daga ɗiyar sa Maria Karolina Sobieska, Duchess na Bouillon. Koyaya, sojojin na Rashaa sun kwace tarin Załuski daga tsarina Catherine na II a bayan Raba ta biyu na Poland kuma aka aika zuwa Saint Petersburg, inda littattafan suka kafa tarin Laburaren Jama'a na Imperial a kan kirkirar ta a 1795. Sassan tarin sun lalace ko lalata kamar yadda aka kula dasu yayin cire su daga dakin karatun sannan aka kaisu Rasha, kuma da yawa aka sata. A cewar masanin tarihi Joachim Lelewel, littattafan Zaluskis, "ana iya sayan su a Grodno ta kwandon". Saboda haka, lokacin da Poland ta sake samun 'yancinta a 1918, babu wata cibiya da za ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1928, ta dokar shugaban ƙasa Ignacy Mościcki, an ƙirƙiri theakin Karatu na inasa ta hanyar zamani. An buɗe shi a cikin 1930 kuma da farko yana da kundin dubu 200. Babban Darakta na farko shi ne Stefan Demby, wanda Stefan Vrtel-Wierczyński ya gaje shi a 1934. An kara saurin tarin dakin karatun. Misali, a cikin 1932 shugaba Mościcki ya ba da dukkan littattafai da rubuce rubuce daga Gidan Tarihi na Wilanów Palace zuwa laburaren, mujalladi dubu 40 da hotuna dubu 20 daga tarin Stanisław Kostka Potocki . Tun farko dakin karatun na kasar bai da isashsehn gurin wurin zama, Saboda wannan ne yasa dole masu bincike su sami tarin wurare da yawa. Babban ɗakin karatun yana cikin sabon ginin ɗakin karatu na Warsaw School of Economics . A cikin 1935 Fadar Potocki a Warsaw ta zama gida don tarin musamman. An tsara sabon gini, wanda aka gina shi mai ma'ana don dakin karatu a inda ake kira Pole Mokotowskie a yanzu, a cikin wani yanki mai ban mamaki "Gundumar Gwamnati". Koyaya, ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II ya sami matsala. 6.5 littattafai da mujallu daga ƙarni na 19 da 20 3,000 farkon bugawa Inchi inchi 2,200 Rubuce-rubuce 52,000 maps, gumaka da kiɗa A cikin 1940 'yan Nazi sun canza ɗakin karatu na ƙasa zuwa ɗakin karatu na birni na Warsaw kuma suka rarraba shi kamar haka: Sashen Littattafai don Jamusawa (wanda ke cikin ginin Jami'ar Warsaw) Departmentuntataccen Sashe, dauke da littattafan da babu su ga masu karatu (wanda yake a babban kujerar ɗakin karatun a lokacin — Makarantar Tattalin Arziki) Duk tarin kuɗi na musamman daga ofisoshi da cibiyoyi daban-daban na Warsaw (waɗanda ke cikin Fadar Jamhuriyar ) A cikin 1944 'yan Nazi sun banka wa tarin kayan wuta wuta a matsayin wani bangare na danniya bayan Yakin Warsaw . Wannan ya haifar da lalata littattafan da aka buga da wuri 80,000, gami da ƙimar ƙarnin ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 na Polonica, rubuce-rubucen 26,000, abubuwan da ba za a iya cire su ba 2,500, zane dubu 100 da zane-zane, kayan kiɗa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo guda 50,000. An kiyasta cewa daga cikin sama da mujalladai miliyan shida a manyan dakunan karatu na Warsaw a cikin 1939, an rasa kundin mujallu miliyan 3.6 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, yawancin su na Libraryakin Karatun ne. Tarin A yau tarin Laburare na Kasa suna daya daga cikin mafi girma a kasar. Daga cikin kundin dubu 7,900,000 (2004) da aka gudanar a laburaren akwai abubuwa 160,000 da aka buga kafin 1801, sama da rubuce-rubuce 26,000 (gami da rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙi 6,887), sama da kwafin kiɗa 114,000 da zane 400,000. Har ila yau, tarin dakunan karatun sun hada da hotuna da wasu takardu masu zane, sama da zane dubu 101 da taswira, sama da 2,000,000 ephemera, da kuma litattafai sama da 2,000,000 da kuma kwafin mujallu kimanin 800,000 daga karni na 19 zuwa 21. Abubuwan sananne a cikin tarin sun hada da ganye 151 na Codex Suprasliensis, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Memory na Rajistar Shirin Duniya a 2007 don girmamawa ga mahimmancin fifikon ta da ikon ta. A shekarar 2012 laburaren ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kara wajan adana laburaren Poland miliyan 1.3 zuwa WorldCat . Hasken Littattafai Littafin Adireshin Archbishops na Gniezno da Rayuwar Bishof na Cracow na Jan Długosz rubutu ne na karni na 16 wanda Stanislaw Samostrzelnik ya haskaka tsakanin 1531-1535. A yau yana zaune a cikin tarin Laburare a cikin Warsaw. Wasu zaɓaɓɓun shafuka masu haske waɗanda ba a san su ba da ke aiki a ciki da kewayen Paris, Bruges da Gent a tsakiyar ƙarni na 15. Karkatawa (daga Latin brevis, 'short' ko 'concise') littafi ne na litattafan addinin Latin da ke cikin cocin Katolika wanda ke dauke da jama'a ko addu'o'in canonical, waƙoƙin yabo, Zabura, karatu, da sanarwa don amfanin yau da kullun, musamman ta bishops, firistoci, da diakoni a Ofishin Allahntaka. Littafin Haske mai haske na Stephan Schriber (1494). Duba nan Laburaren Dijital na Babban Laburaren (asar Poland Jerin dakunan karatu da aka lalace yayin yakin duniya na II Ossolineum Bayanan kula Manazarta Diddigin bayanai waje Labirari Pages with unreviewed translations

24842

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Webster

Adam Webster

Adam Harry Webster (an haife a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1995) sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin cibiyar baya ga Premier League kulob Brighton & Hove Albion. Rayuwar farko An haifi Webster a Chichester, West Sussex kuma an haife shi a cikin West Wittering kusa. Aikin kulob Portsmouth Webster ya koma Portsmouth yana dan shekara (12 ) bayan kin amincewa da Southampton, Chelsea da ma Portsmouth tun yana dan shekara goma. Ya sanya hannu kan tallafin karatu tare da kulob a lokacin bazara na shekarar (2011) Da farko Steve Cotterill ya kira shi don shiga tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da FC Rostov. Ya zo a cikin minti na (72 ) don gwaji Fernando Vega. A karkashin kulawar Michael Appleton, an ba Webster ƙarin damar ƙungiyar farko. Bayan bayyanar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a wasan da Chelsea a gasar cin kofin FiFA, ya fara wasansa na farko yana da shekaru (17 ) a karshen mako mai zuwa a wasan Gasar Kwallon Kafa da West Ham United. Ya dawo daga dama a madadin Greg Halford a minti na (75). A cikin kakar da ke biye, Webster ya karɓi rigar (#22) kuma yana da ƙarin dama a cikin ƙungiyar farko yana yin nasararsa a matsayin cikakken baya. Lokacin da aka tuno da shi daga Aldershot Town, an saka shi cikin sahun farko a karawa da Hartlepool United. Webster ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan, kuma babban burin sa na farko, inda ya baiwa Portsmouth nasara da ci( 1-0). Aldershot Town (aro) A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2013) Webster ya shiga Aldershot Town akan lamuni, har zuwa watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) Ya fara buga Shots ɗin sa kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da aka tashi (1-1) da Grimsby. Ya koma "Pompey" a ranar( 4 ) ga watan Janairu, bayan buga wasanni (21) kuma a ranar (21) ya sake komawa "Shots" a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Garin Ipswich A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2016) Webster ya koma kulob din Ipswich Town na EFL Championship daga Portsmouth don kudin da ba a bayyana ba, a cikin yarjejeniyar wanda kuma ya ga mai tsaron baya Matt Clarke ya tafi akasin haka. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar (6 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2016) farawa a nasarar (4 - 2 ) a kan Barnsley a Portman Road. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Ipswich da Birmingham City a ranar (13) ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Webster ya buga wasanni (24 ) a duk gasa yayin kakar a shekara ta ( 2016 zuwa 2017 ) inda ya ci kwallo daya. Webster ya fara fitowa na farko na kakar a shekara ta (2017 zuwa 2018 ) a ranar bude kakar a wasan da suka ci Birmingham City (1-0). Ya kulla kawancen tsaro tare da kyaftin din kulob din Luke Chambers a tsawon kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasanni (29 ) a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din. A ranar (28 ) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2018) Webster ya canza zuwa kulob din Bristol City na Gasar Kwallon Kafa na farko na fam miliyan( 3.5) wanda ya tashi zuwa fam miliyan (8). Brighton & Hove Albion A ranar (2) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2019) Brighton & Hove Albion ta amince da farashin (£ 44 ) wanda ya tashi zuwa (£ 22) m don Webster, dangane da likita. A ranar (3 ) ga watan Agusta, Brighton ya kammala sa hannun Webster, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya fara halarta na farko bayan kwanaki( 25) daga baya a ranar (27) ga watan Agusta a cikin nasarar dasuka tashi da ci ( 2-1) da Bristol Rovers a gasar cin kofin EFL . Webster ya fara buga Premier League na farko da kuma na farko na gasar Seagulls a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci( 4-0 ) a ranar (31) ga watan Agusta. A ranar( 5) ga watan Oktoba, Webster ya buga cikakken wasan a gida da Tottenham inda ya taimaka wa Albion zuwa tsallake -tsallake a cikin nasarar( 3-0). Webster ya ci kwallon sa ta farko ga The Seagulls kuma ta farko a saman jirgin ranar( 19) ga Oktoba a doke Aston Villa da ci( 2-1) a Villa Park. A ranar( 26 ) ga Oktoba, Webster ya zira kwallon da ta sa Everton ta dawo matsayi na (1 - 1) a cikin nasarar( 3-2) gida na Albion tare da Toffee's Lucas Digne shima ya zira kwallon da ya baiwa Brighton maki (3) a cikin minti na (90+na 4). Ya sake jefa kwallo a raga a ranar (5) ga watan Disamba inda ya bude bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Arsenal da ci (2-1). A duk lokacin farkon Webster na Brighton ya ci gaba da fafatawa a Shane Duffy daga farawa( 11) akai -akai, yana farawa a duk wasannin( 31) da ya buga a cikin zira kwallaye( 3) taimakawa( 1) da yin rikodin zane mai tsabta (5). A ranar (10) ga watan Janairun shekara ta (2021) Webster ya ci ƙwallonsa ta Albion ta biyu wanda ya sa ta zama (1-1 ) a cikin mintuna( 90+6 ) bayan mai tsaron ragar Jason Steele ya rasa ƙetare a kan hanyar sa a wasan ƙarshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Newport County inda Webster ya ci bugun fenariti a cikin( 4–3) nasara nasara. Webster ya taka leda a wasan da Brighton ta doke Liverpool da ci (1-0) ranar( 3) ga watan Fabrairu inda suka ci nasara a gasar farko a Anfield tun a shekarar (1982). Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallaye - wanda ya zo daga ci (2-0 ) a wasan karshe da ci( 3 - 2 ) a gidan Manchester City a ranar (18) ga watan Mayu, tare da magoya bayan su suka koma kwallon kafa. Webster ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Brighton a ranar (2 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta ( 2021) inda ya tsawaita zamansa a kulob din har zuwa (2026). Aikin duniya A wannan makon da ya fara buga wa Portsmouth, an kira Webster zuwa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara( 17) don gasar sada zumunci a Portugal. A watan Oktoba a shekarar (2012) an kira Webster zuwa Ingila U (17) amma manajansa Michael Appleton ya toshe buƙatun daga FA saboda ƙarancin ɗan wasa a Portsmouth. Daga baya a cikin watan, an kira shi zuwa Ingila U (18) 's. A ranar( 13) ga watan Nuwamban a shekara ta( 2012) Webster ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru (19) a wasan da suka doke Finland (1-0) inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Jack Stephens . A ranar( 24) ga watan Mayu shekara ta (2013) Webster ya yi bayyanar sa ta (3rd) don zuwan U19 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Georgia. Ƙididdigar sana'a Adam Webster at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed translations

54811

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Bell%20%28an%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%2C%20an%20haife%20shi%20a%20shekara%20ta%201976%29

Peter Bell (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1976)

Don bayani game da tsohon dan wasan St Kilda mai suna Peter Bell, duba Peter R. Bell . Peter Francis Bell (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Fremantle da kungiyar kwallon kafa ce ta Arewacin Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya . Ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tafiya (ko mai bi). Tsohon kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Fremantle, an ambaci Bell sau biyu a matsayin memba na kungiyar All-Australian Team. Ya kasance sanannen mai cin nasara kuma yana da fiye da dukiya 30 a wasan a lokuta 39 a cikin aikinsa. Bell ya buga wasanni da yawa kuma na uku mafi yawan burin kowane dan wasan AFL da aka haifa a waje da Ostiraliya. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Bell a tsibirin Jeju, Koriya ta Kudu, ɗan mahaifiyar Koriya, Kyung Ae kuma mahaifin 'yan asalin Amurka na zuriyar Navajo. A shekara ta 1979, wasu ma'aurata na Australiya waɗanda ke Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin masu wa'azi na Kirista sun karbe shi. Bell ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Kojonup, Yammacin Ostiraliya kuma ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 10 tare da Kojonup Cougars Junior Football Club . Kazalika da wasa, ya kasance mai kula da allon kwallaye na yau da kullun kuma mai iyaka. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, ya karye kafa wanda ke da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin sakewa. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Aquinas, Perth inda ya kasance mai shiga gida. A Aquinas, ya ci gaba da buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana da shekaru 15 inda ya yi fice, inda ya sami zaɓi a cikin ƙungiyar wakilan WA. A shekara ta 1994, ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu Fremantle kuma yana da tasiri nan take ana kiransa mafi kyau da adalci. Duk da cewa an dauke shi takaice ta hanyar AFL a lokacin an zaba shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan an zaba shi a cikin jerin kulob din Fremantle Dockers AFL da aka samo daga kungiyoyin gida. Bell ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu na farko da Fremantle Dockers suka sanya hannu, wanda ya fara bugawa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australia a shekara mai zuwa. Ayyukan AFL Fremantle (1995) Duk da zira kwallaye biyu tare da kwallaye guda biyu na farko a kwallon kafa na AFL, Bell ya kasa yin tasiri ga kocin Dockers Gerard Neesham, wanda ya dauke shi a matsayin mai jinkiri sosai don zama dan wasan AFL mai nasara. An zaɓi Bell don wasanni biyu kawai a shekarar 1995. Arewacin Melbourne (1996-2000) An cire shi a ƙarshen wannan kakar, ya yi aiki tuƙuru don inganta saurin ƙafafunsa, kuma an ɗauke shi a cikin shirin Pre-season na 1996, ta Arewacin Melbourne, inda ya sami zaɓi na yau da kullun da yabo saboda ƙarfin hali, kuzari da ƙwarewa a ƙarƙashin kocin Denis Pagan. Bell ya kasance dan wasan firaminista tare da Kangaroos a cikin 1996 da 1999, kuma an kira shi All-Australian a kan benci a cikin 1999. Ya zira kwallaye hudu kuma yana da dukiya 31 a 1999 Grand Final don zama daya daga cikin Roos mafi kyau a ranar. A shekara ta 2000, ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyau da mafi kyau ta Arewacin Melbourne, lambar yabo ta Syd Barker . Fremantle (2001-2008) A ƙarshen shekara ta 2000, Fremantle ya nemi dawowarsa kuma an sake sayar da Bell zuwa kulob dinsa na asali. Kamar yadda ya faru, shekara ta 2001 ta kasance mummunan lokaci ga Dockers, inda ta lashe "saki na katako" kuma ta kai ga korar kocin Damian Drum. Bell ya lashe lambar yabo ta Doig don dan wasan Dockers mafi kyau da kuma mafi kyau a wannan shekarar, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan fitilu masu haske a cikin kakar inda Dockers suka samu nasara biyu kawai. Wadannan nasarori biyu sun kasance a wani bangare saboda kyawawan wasanni daga Bell, wanda ya tara dukiya talatin da takwas da kwallaye biyu a kan Hawthorn a zagaye na 18, da kwallayoyi arba'in da hudu da kwallayi uku a kan Adelaide a zagaye ya 22. A shekara mai zuwa an nada shi kyaftin kuma a shekara ta 2003 kulob din ya kai wasan karshe a karon farko. Bell ya sake zama dan Australia, a wannan lokacin a matsayin mai bi. Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan yanayinsa har zuwa shekara ta 2004, inda ya lashe wata lambar yabo ta Doig. Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayon tawagar Fremantle ba su da kyau, kuma a cikin 2004 da 2005 sun kusan rasa yin wasan karshe. 2006 ya fara da kyau, amma Bell ya kasance babban dan wasa a cikin rikodin Freo wanda ya kafa wasanni 9 don kammala a cikin manyan hudu a karo na farko, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar da ta doke Melbourne a wasan kusa da na biyu na karshe don yin rikodin nasarar wasan karshe na Fremantle. Duk da bayar da kyaftin din ga Matthew Pavlich a shekara ta 2003, ya kasance kyaftin din na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa karshen kakar 2006. A Subiaco Oval, magoya baya masu himma sun buga kararrawa (wasan da aka yi a kan sunansa) a duk lokacin da Bell ya sami mallaka. Bell yana da ainihin kararrawa wanda aka buga da farin ciki a kan allon sa a gidansa na yanzu. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasa ta AFL daga 2003 har zuwa farkon 2007. Bell ya sanar da ritayar sa nan da nan a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2008, bayan ya buga wasan karshe a wasan da kulob din ya yi da Essendon. Ya buga wasanni 286 tare da Arewacin Melbourne da Fremantle . Kididdigar wasa Ayyukan ɗan wasa na post Bell ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Western Australia, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a . Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1976 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

48738

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPOL%2073/78

MARPOL 73/78

Yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa don rigakafin gurɓacewar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa, 1973 kamar yadda yarjejeniyar 1978 ta gyara, ko " MARPOL 73/78 " (gajeren " gurɓacewar ruwa") na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Hukumar kula da jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa ce ta samar da ita da nufin rage gurbacewar ruwa da teku, gami da zubar da mai, da gurbatar iska. An sanya hannu kan ainihin MARPOL a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1973, amma bai fara aiki ba a ranar da aka sanya hannu. Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ita ce haɗuwa ta 1973 Convention da 1978 Protocol, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1983. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2018, jihohi 156 ne ke cikin taron, kasancewar jihohin tuta na kashi 99.42% na yawan jigilar kayayyaki a duniya. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa da aka yiwa alama a ƙarƙashin ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta MARPOL suna ƙarƙashin buƙatunsa, ba tare da la’akari da inda za su tashi ba, kuma ƙasashe mambobi ne ke da alhakin jiragen ruwa da aka yi wa rajistar jiragen ruwa na ƙasa. Tanadi An raba MARPOL zuwa Annexes bisa ga nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa, kowannensu yana magana ne game da ƙayyadaddun rukuni na hayaƙin jirgi. Annex I MARPOL Annex I ya fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1983 kuma yayi magana game da fitar da mai a cikin yanayin teku. Ya ƙunshi ka'idodin fitar da mai da aka tsara a cikin gyare-gyare na 1969 ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1954 don Kare Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Mai (OILPOL). Yana ƙayyadad da fasalulluka na ƙirar tanka waɗanda aka yi niyya don rage yawan fitar da mai a cikin teku yayin ayyukan jirgin da kuma idan an samu hatsari. Yana ba da ka'idoji game da kula da ruwa na dakin injiniya ( OWS ) don duk manyan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da ballast da sharar tsaftace tanki ( ODME ). Har ila yau, ya gabatar da manufar "yankunan teku na musamman (PPSE)", wadanda ake ganin suna cikin hadarin gurbatar man fetur. An haramta zubar da mai a cikin su gaba daya, tare da wasu tsiraru kadan. Rabin farko na MARPOL Annex I yana ma'amala da sharar dakin injin. Akwai ƙarnuka daban-daban na fasaha da kayan aiki waɗanda aka ƙera don hana sharar gida kamar masu raba ruwan mai (OWS), mita abun ciki na mai (OCM), da wuraren liyafar tashar jiragen ruwa . Kashi na biyu na MARPOL Annex I yana da ƙarin alaƙa da tsaftace wuraren da ake ɗauka da tankuna. Kayan aikin sa ido kan fitar da mai (ODME) fasaha ce mai matukar muhimmanci da aka ambata a cikin MARPOL Annex I wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen inganta tsaftar muhalli a wadannan wurare. Littafin rikodin mai wani muhimmin sashi ne na MARPOL Annex I, yana taimaka wa ma'aikatan jirgin su shiga da kuma lura da fitar da ruwa mai mai, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Annex II MARPOL Annex II ya fara aiki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1987. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ƙa'idodin fitarwa don kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ta abubuwa masu guba da aka ɗauka da yawa. Yana rarraba abubuwa zuwa ciki kuma yana gabatar da cikakkun matakan aiki da matakan aiki. Ana ba da izinin fitar da gurɓataccen abu ne kawai zuwa wuraren liyafar tare da wasu ƙira da tions. Koma dai menene, ba a yarda da fitar da ragowar abubuwan da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen abu ba a cikin na ƙasa mafi kusa. Ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa ya shafi "wuri na musamman". Annex II ya ƙunshi Lambobin Sinadarai na Duniya (IBC Code) tare da Babi na 7 na Yarjejeniyar SOLAS . A baya can, tankunan sinadarai da aka gina kafin 1 July 1986 dole ne su bi ka'idodin Ka'idar Gina da Kayayyakin Jiragen Ruwa masu Haɗari Sinadarai a cikin Girma (Lambar BCH). Annex III MARPOL Annex III ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1992. Ya ƙunshi buƙatu gabaɗaya don ƙa'idodi akan shiryawa, yin alama, lakabi, takaddun bayanai, stowage, rage yawan, rarrabawa da sanarwa don hana gurɓatar abubuwa masu cutarwa. Annex ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da ke cikin Code of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, wanda aka faɗaɗa ya haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwa. gyare-gyaren ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1991. Annex IV Marpol Annex IV ya fara aiki a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2003. Yana gabatar da buƙatu don sarrafa gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar najasa daga jiragen ruwa. Annex V MARPOL Annex V ( Dokokin Kare Gurɓatar Ruwa daga Sharar Ruwa ) sun fara aiki a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1988. Ya fayyace nisa daga ƙasar da za a iya zubar da kayan a ciki da kuma rarraba nau'ikan datti da tarkace na ruwa. Abubuwan buƙatun sun fi tsauri sosai a cikin “wuri na musamman” amma wataƙila babban ɓangaren Annex shine cikakken hana zubar da robobi a cikin teku. Annex VI MARPOL Annex VI ya fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2005. Yana gabatar da buƙatu don daidaita gurɓataccen iska da jiragen ruwa ke fitarwa, gami da fitar da abubuwan da ke rage iskar oxygen, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) da ƙona jirgin ruwa. Har ila yau, ya kafa buƙatu don wuraren liyafar don sharar gida daga tsarin tsaftacewar iskar gas, incinerators, ingancin man fetur, dandamali a gefen teku da ma'adinan hakowa, da kuma kafa wuraren da ake sarrafawa na Sulfur Emission (SECAs) . IMO 2020 Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020, ana aiwatar da sabbin ka'idoji don fitar da man fetur da jiragen ruwa ke amfani da su, a cikin ƙa'idar da aka sani da IMO 2020 . Matsakaicin sulfur na duniya (a wajen SECA's) ya ragu daga 3.5% sulfur da aka yarda a cikin man ruwa zuwa 0.5%. Wannan zai inganta ingancin iska sosai a yankuna da dama na bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda zai hana sama da mutuwar 100,000 da wuri a kowace shekara, da sauran cututtukan fuka a waɗannan yankuna da biranen. Sama da kasashe 170 ne suka rattaba hannu kan sauye-sauyen, ciki har da Amurka. Ana sa ran wannan zai haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa ga masana'antun jigilar kayayyaki da mai, tare da manyan sabuntawa da ake buƙata ga jiragen ruwa da ƙara yawan samar da man fetur na sulfur. Man fetur da ake amfani da shi a cikin yankin sarrafa hayaki (watau Tekun Arewa) dole ne ya sami matakin abun ciki na sulfur ƙasa da 0.1% (1000ppm). IMO ta yi aiki don tabbatar da aiwatar da daidaitaccen aiwatar da iyakar 0.5% na sulfur a cikin Kwamitin Kare Muhalli na Marine (MEPC) da kuma karamin kwamitinta kan Rigakafin Kariya da Amsa (PPR). Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba akan matakai da yawa na tsari da ayyuka (FONAR's, Carriage Ban, Shirin Aiwatar da Jirgin ruwa da dai sauransu) don ba da damar gano duk wani rashin bin ka'ida, misali yayin ikon sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa (PSC's). gyare-gyare MARPOL Annex VI gyare-gyare bisa ga MEPC 176(58) ya fara aiki 1 Yuli 2010. Dokoki 12 da aka gyara sun shafi sarrafawa da rikodi na Abubuwan Rage Ozone. Ƙa'idar da aka gyara 14 ta shafi canjin mai na wajibi akan hanyoyin shiga ko barin wuraren SECA da iyakokin sulfur na FO. An gyara MARPOL Annex V sau da yawa, yana canza sassa daban-daban na ainihin rubutun. MEPC.219(63) ta fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Maris 2012 don hana fitar da duk wani datti a cikin teku, ban da sharar abinci, ragowar kaya, ruwan wanka, da gawar dabbobi. Akwai ƙarin tanadin da ke bayyana lokacin da yadda za a zubar da sharar da aka yarda da ita. MEPC.220(63) ta fara aiki ne a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2012 don karfafa samar da tsarin sarrafa shara a cikin jiragen ruwa. Aiwatar da aiwatarwa Domin ƙa'idodin IMO su kasance masu ɗaurewa, dole ne a fara tabbatar da su ta hanyar jimlar adadin ƙasashe membobi waɗanda haɗin jimlar ton ɗin su ke wakiltar aƙalla kashi 50% na babban tonnage na duniya, tsari wanda zai iya tsayi. Don haka an samar da tsarin karbuwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, wanda idan ba a ji wata adawa daga wata kasa ba bayan wani lokaci da ya wuce, ana zaton sun amince da yarjejeniyar. Dukkanin annexes shida an tabbatar da su ta adadin da ake buƙata na ƙasashe; na baya-bayan nan shine Annex VI, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Mayun 2005. Ƙasar da jirgin ruwa ya yi rajista ( Jihar Tuta ) ita ke da alhakin tabbatar da amincin jirgin da ƙa'idodin rigakafin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na MARPOL. Kowace al'ummar da ta rattaba hannu tana da alhakin samar da dokokin cikin gida don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kuma ta yi alƙawarin yin aiki yadda ya kamata don bin yarjejeniyoyin, abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, da dokokin da suka shafi sauran ƙasashe. A {asar Amirka, alal misali, dokokin aiwatar da abin da ya dace shine Dokar Hana Gurbacewa daga Jirgin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin aiwatar da MARPOL ya taso ne daga yanayin jigilar ruwa na duniya. Kasar da jirgin ya ziyarta za ta iya gudanar da nata jarrabawar don tabbatar da cewa jirgin ya bi ka'idojin kasa da kasa kuma za ta iya tsare jirgin idan ya ga rashin bin ka'ida . Lokacin da al'amura suka faru a wajen irin wannan ikon ko ikon ƙasar ba za a iya tantance su ba, ƙasar tana mayar da ƙararraki zuwa jihohin tuta, daidai da MARPOL. Rahoton GAO na 2000 na Amurka ya rubuta cewa ko da lokacin da aka yi masu magana, yawan martani daga jihohin tuta ya kasance mara kyau. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, matakan jigilar ruwa na ruwa sun zama bisa doka bisa sabbin umarnin MARPOL saboda yankin SECA (Yankin Sarrafa Sulfur) ya ƙaru da girma. Wannan yanki mafi girma na SECA zai haɗa da Tekun Arewa, Scandinavia, da sassan tashar Turanci. Wannan yanki an saita shi don haɗa da duk ruwan Jamhuriyar Ireland a cikin 2020 wanda ya ƙare a cikin duk ƙa'idodin Yammacin Turai ga umarnin MARPOL. Wannan ya tabbatar da cece-kuce ga masu jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen ruwa a fadin Turai. An nuna damuwa game da lalacewar muhalli da ke komawa kan tituna daga wasu manyan kamfanonin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke jigilar kaya da fasinja masu yawa ta waɗannan hanyoyin da ƙa'idodin IMO ya shafa. Suna da'awar cewa MARPOL za ta haɓaka farashin jirgin ruwa ga mabukaci da kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki don tura su kan hanyoyin Turai a matsayin ma'auni mafi inganci na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da ƙarin farashin jiragen ruwa, ta yadda za a shawo kan abin da ke rage gurɓataccen ruwa. Ƙaddamar da MARPOL Annex VI An kuma tayar da damuwa ko ka'idar fitar da hayaki a cikin MARPOL Annex VI, kamar iyakar sulfur na duniya na 0.5%, za a iya aiwatar da shi a kan ruwan kasa da kasa ta kasashen da ba su da tuta, yayin da wasu jiragen ruwa ke tafiya a karkashin tutar saukaka . An yi imani da cewa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Bahar ( UNCLOS ) ta ba da damar jihohi masu tashar jiragen ruwa su tabbatar da ikon su a kan irin wannan cin zarafi na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki (har ma da ka'idojin GHG na gaba) lokacin da suka faru a kan manyan tekuna. Jihohin gabar teku na iya tabbatar da hukumci kan cin zarafi da ke faruwa a cikin ruwansu, tare da wasu keɓancewa dangane da hanyar da ba ta da laifi da haƙƙin wucewa. Abubuwan wajibai na musamman na Jihohin tuta da faɗaɗa ikon jihohi na bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa, don tilasta MARPOL (ciki har da Annex VI) ana samun su a cikin tanadi na musamman na sashe na XII na UNCLOS. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

30822

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matasa%20Don%20Kare%20Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam

Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam

Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Turanci "Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI)" kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka . Masanan Kimiyya sun kafa kuma mafi yawan ma'aikata da kuma samar da kudade, manufar da aka bayyana ita ce "Don koyar da matasa a duniya game da 'yancin ɗan adam, don haka taimaka musu su zama masu ba da shawara mai mahimmanci don inganta haƙuri da zaman lafiya." Ƙungiyar ta inganta wanda ya kafa Scientology L. Ron Hubbard rubuce-rubucen game da yancin ɗan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Gamayyar Sanarwana Yancin Dan Adam, ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin rubutun da zane-zane da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga ɗalibai da jagororin koyarwa ga makarantu. A cewar Cocin "Church of Scientology International", Scientologist Mary Shuttleworth kafa ƙungiyar a watan Agusta 2001 " a cikin daidaitawa da Church of Scientology International ta Human Rights Office". Shafin yanar gizon Scientology ya bayyana cewa a shekara ta 2004 ya kafa ayyuka a fiye da ƙasashe 26, ciki har da Mexico, Amurka da Suwidin. Jagoranci Shugaban YHRI kuma wanda ya kafa shi ne Mary Shuttleworth (tsohuwar Mary Untiedt), tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar iyaye ta YHRI ta kasa da kasa Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance . Har ila yau, ta kafa makarantun da aka yi amfani da su a Makarantar " Shuttleworth Academy" da "Gidan Makarantar Maryamu." Shuttleworth yana riƙe da babban matsayi a TXL Films, kamfanin da ya kirkiro bidiyon kiɗan UNITED tare da YHRI. Masanin kimiyya ce. A cewar jaridar "Newsletter Church of Scientology International", babban darektan YHRI shine Tim Bowles, tsohon abokin tarayya na Bowles &amp; Moxon, yana aiki a matsayin babban majalisa na shari'a na Cocin Scientology. Bowles kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Scientology's Citizens Commission on Human Rights . Lynsey Bartilson, wanda ya bayyana a kan jerin talabijin na Grounded for Life, babban mai magana da yawun YHRI ne. Ta girma kuma ta kasance Masanin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, kuma mahaifiyarta Laurie Bartilson tsohuwar abokiyar doka ce a Moxon & Bartilson. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta na kan layi, ta bayyana cewa ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire kuma mawaƙa don Cibiyar Celebrity Center ta Scientology "Yara kan Stage don Mafi kyawun Duniya." Shirye-shirye YHRI ya haɗu tare da TXL Films (wanda Taron Lexton ya kafa, ɗan YHRI wanda ya kafa Mary Shuttleworth ) don ƙirƙirar bidiyon kiɗan da ya lashe kyautar, "UNITED." A cikin Yuni 2006, sun fito da sanarwar sabis na jama'a na 30 don TV, suna kwatanta kowane haƙƙin 30 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya ., wanda Sashen Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Cocin Scientology International na YHRI ya kirkira. Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru YHRI tana rarraba kayan da ke da alaƙa da fassararta na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da shirye-shiryen YHRI, ga yan makaranta a ƙasashe daban-daban na ci gaba, irin su Amurka, Australia, United Kingdom da kuma Jamhuriyar Czech. YHRI kuma yana aiki a Jamus. A ƙasar Belgium, ta ba da kyauta, sannan kuma ta gudanar da bikin bayar da kyautuka a kasar Bulgeriya don samun kyauta daya. YHRI ta ba da kyauta guda ɗaya ga wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin, wadda ta inganta ra'ayoyin kungiyar a shafinta na yanar gizo, da kuma wani ga wani matashin Masanin Kimiyya na Isra'ila wanda ya nuna fim din, UNITED, kuma ya rarraba kayan YHRI a makarantarsa. An gudanar da taro a Zurich. Ta tattauna shirin gabatar da lacca da raba kayanta ga daliban makarantar Ghana da Laberiya. Ta ba da shawarar biyan ƙananan makarantu a Uganda, da gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a Najeriya. A Afirka ta Kudu, asalin ƙasar Mary Shuttleworth, tana yunƙurin ganin an yi "watannin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam." Aikin ƙungiyar yana samun goyon bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma masanin kimiyya Tom Cruise kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam, kamar, zargin, surori na gida na Amnesty International . A cewar <i id="mwcg">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i>, babu Amnesty a Berlin ko hedkwatar hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Amnesty International a London da ke da masaniya game da irin wannan haɗin gwiwar da Amnesty International, tun daga Maris 2013, an cire su daga jerin masu haɗin gwiwa a kan gidan yanar gizon YHRI. A cikin 2005, Youth for Human Rights International ta shirya taro a babbar Makarantar Los Angeles. Stephen Strachan, shugaban makarantar sakandaren Jordan, ya ce ko da yake ya san wasu daga cikin masu shirya su Masana Kimiyya ne, bai san dangantakar YHRI da Ikilisiya ba har sai an jera Ikilisiyar Scientology akan kayan tallatawa a matsayin mai tallafawa. Bayan samun labarin haɗin gwiwar, an yi yarjejeniya don cire duk wani ambaton Cocin Scientology daga wallafe-wallafe, kuma an aika wasiku ga iyaye cewa ɗalibai za su buƙaci izini don halartar taron. A shekara ta 2007, YHRI ta jagoranci wani kwas na haƙƙin ɗan adam na matukin jirgi a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta rarraba ƙasida ta L. Ron Hubbard <i id="mwfw">Hanyar Farin Ciki</i> ga ɗalibai masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17, kuma sun koya musu ilimin kimiyyar jargon kamar Sikelin sautin, yayin ƙoƙarin shigar da su cikin Drug Free Marshalls, ƙungiyar Scientology kamar Narconon . Wani jami'in gwamnatin lardin ya ce yana fatan kawo shi ga yara miliyan 4.44 na lardin. Suka A cikin 2007, a wani taron matasa na 'yancin ɗan adam wanda YHRI ta shirya, a Sydney, Ostiraliya, ɗalibai uku daga Makarantar Sakandare ta ƴan mata ta Canterbury sun nuna damuwa game da abubuwan da suka shafi Scientology a cikin kayan talla. Daya ta ce ta ji "an yi amfani da ita." Sashen ilimi na duba korafe-korafen daliban. Duk da haka, David Clarke, wani mai sassaucin ra'ayi na New South Wales babban gida kuma memba na kungiyar Katolika Opus Dei, ya ce shi ma bai san wata alaka mai karfi tsakanin dandalin matasa da Cocin Scientology ba. Amma, Clarke ya kara da cewa, “Ni dan Katolika ne. Babu wani turawa kamar yadda na iya gani na Scientology." Wani ɗan jarida na Jamus ya zargi Scientology da tallace-tallace na karya ta hanyar YHRI, ɗaukar mambobi a kaikaice, kuma jami'an gwamnati a Jamus sun ce YHRI yana aiki a matsayin dabarar ɓoyewa ga Scientology. Gidan tarihin Holocaust na Florida ya koka da cewa ba a bayyana haɗin YHRI da Scientology ba lokacin da suka yi aiki tare da su don shirya zanga-zangar ƴancin ɗan adam a St. Petersburg, Florida a cikin Maris 2007. A cikin kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke sama mai shirya YHRI ya amsa cewa, yayin da Ikilisiyar Scientology ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar su, taron YHRI ne, ba taron Ikilisiya ba kuma saƙon haƙƙin ɗan adam ne, ba Scientology ba. Duk da haka, Herald ya ruwaito cewa, a kan kayan da aka raba a taron a Australia, hoton L.Ron Hubbard da furucin sun fi dacewa fiye da na masu gwagwarmaya irin su Martin Luther King da Mahatma Gandhi . Ursula Caberta, Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hamburg, ƙungiyar masu sa ido kan ilimin kimiyya, ta bayyana cewa YHRI na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Scientology wadanda ke rufe alaƙarsa da cocin kuma suna neman jawo hankalin matasa da kuma daukar nauyin matasa. A cikin 1995, Majalisar Dattijai ta Hamburg ta fitar da rahoto game da Kimiyyar Kimiyya, inda ya kwatanta tsarinsa da kuma hadarin da ya gabatar wa mutane da al'umma. Ɗaya daga cikin nassi, yana ambaton takardun Scientology, ya bayyana matsayin dukan ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda, kamar YHRI, suna da alaƙa da coci. "A cikin bayanin cikin gida, Scientology ya bayyana aikin ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa: Duk ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi suna samar da hanyar sadarwa ta duniya. Kowannensu yana da nasa matsayin da nauyinsa. Amma duk kungiyoyin sabis suna da burin jawo hankali ga fasahar L.Ron Hubbard da isar da ita ga jama'a.' Don haka, kowane aiki, duk da haka yana da alaƙa da Kimiyyance, ya dace da tsarin dabarun dogon lokaci, wanda mafi girman gudanarwa ke jagoranta." Kimiyya, YHRI Da Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Turai Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Scientology na hukuma, YHRI wani ɓangare ne na yakin neman zabe gaba daya. YHRI, wanda aka fi sani da Jamusanci a matsayin "Jugend für Menschenrechte," yana aiki a Switzerland da Jamus, yana shirya taron kare haƙƙin bil'adama ga matasa don inganta haɗin kai na addini. Dangane da yakin neman zaben, Antje Blumenthal, dan majalisar dokokin Jamus, ya nuna damuwarsa cewa ana amfani da kyakkyawar manufa ta matasa. Gwamnatocin Faransa da Jamus sun bincika Scientology game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, binciken da ƙungiyar Scientology ta kira nuna wariya. Ya ba da amsa tare da kamfen na adawa ta hanyar Cocin Scientology International Ofishin Turai na Harkokin Jama'a da Haƙƙin Dan Adam, ta amfani da sanarwar sabis na jama'a da YHRI ta bayar, kuma Sashen Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Cocin na Scientology International ya ƙirƙira. Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

47348

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbonnaya%20Onu

Ogbonnaya Onu

Ogbonnaya Onu CON (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, 1951) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma injiniya. Shi ne gwamnan farar hula na farko a jihar Abia kuma ya kasance ministan kimiyya, fasaha da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire na Najeriya daga watan Nuwamba 2015 har ya yi murabus a shekarar 2022. Ya kasance Ministan Ma'aikatar da ya fi daɗewa. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Ogbonnaya Onu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1951, ga dangin Eze David Aba Onu a Amata, Uburu, ƙaramar hukumar Ohaozara ta yankin gabas, daga baya jihar Imo, sai jihar Abia, yanzu kuma jihar Ebonyi Najeriya. Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar sakandare ta Izzi da ke Abakaliki, babban birnin jihar Ebonyi a yanzu. Anan, ya sami sakamako da matakin (distinction) a Jarrabawar Sakandare ta Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma zana jarrabawar Sakandare a College of Immaculate Conception (CIC) Enugu, inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kwazo gaba ɗaya daga cikin daliban. Ya wuce Jami'ar Legas kuma ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin Injiniya na Kimiyya a shekarar 1976. Ya tafi karatun digirinsa na uku a Jami'ar California, Berkeley kuma ya sami digiri na digiri na Falsafa a Injin Kimiyya a 1980. Sana'a Aikin koyarwa Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Legas, Ogbonnaya Onu ya zama malami a makarantar St. Augustine's Seminary, Ezzamgbo, jihar Ebonyi. Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na uku a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Onu ya zama malami a Sashen Injiniya na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Fatakwal, kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Sashen na farko. Ya kuma kasance shugaban riƙo na tsangayar Injiniya sannan kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba a majalisar gudanarwa ta jami’ar. Siyasa Ogbonnaya Onu ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin ɗan takarar Sanata a tsohuwar Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN). Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Abia a shekarar 1991 a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam’iyyar Republican Convention kuma ya yi nasara. An rantsar da shi a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar na farko a watan Janairun shekarar 1992. Shi ne shugaban farko, a taron gwamnonin Najeriya. A shekarar 1999, ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar All People's Party amma ya bar muƙamin a hannun Olu Falae bayan haɗewar jam'iyyarsa da Alliance for Democracy wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Olusegun Obasanjo na jamiyyar PDP. Ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar All Nigerian People's Party a shekara ta 2010. A shekarar 2013, jam’iyyarsa ta ANPP ta yi nasarar hadewa da Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), Democratic People’s Party (DPP) da wasu ‘ya’yan jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) suka kafa jam’iyyar. Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). A watan Nuwambar 2015 ne shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa shi ministan kimiyya da fasaha. A ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sake rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha. Kyaututtuka da nasarori Onu ƙwararren memba ne na Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria, ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Injiniya ta Najeriya, ɗan'uwa na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha, ya fara bikin makon kimiyya da fasaha na ƙasa wanda aka gudanar da bugu na farko a ranakun 13 zuwa 17 ga Afrilu 2017 a Abuja sannan a watan Maris na 2018 don baje kolin masu ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ƙere-ƙere. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya (MOU) tare da kamfanoni uku na ƙasa da ƙasa don fitar da fasahohin asali da abinci. Ya kuma rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da NASCO don fara kasuwanci na samar da biscuits masu yawan gaske. A shekarar 2016, ya bullo da wani shiri mai taken “774 YOUNG SCENTISTS NIGERIA Award PRESIDENTIAL Award (774-YONSPA)” da nufin ƙarfafawa da bunƙasa sha’awar matasan Najeriya a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire (STI). A watan Oktoban 2022, shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya mai suna Kwamandan Hukumar Neja (CON). Rigingimu Onu ya ce Najeriya za ta fara samar da fensir a cikin gida Najeriya a shekarar 2018 wanda ya ce za ta samar da guraben ayyukan yi dubu ɗari huɗu/400,000. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a fara samar da fensiran ba. A shekarar 1999, kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kawancen jam'iyyar All People's Party da Alliance for Democracy, Onu ya shiga cikin rikici inda jam'iyyar APP/AD ta zaɓi Olu Falae a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na hadin gwiwa. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen jihar Ebonyi Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da kere-kere ta Tarayya Majalisar ministocin Najeriya Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1951 Gwamnonin Jihar Abia Mutanen Jihar Ebonyi Marubuta daga Jihar Ebonyi

61471

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser%20Arafat

Yasser Arafat

Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (4 Agusta 1929 - 11 Nuwamba 2004), wanda aka fi sani da Yasser Arafat / / ˈæ rə fæt / ARR ARR -fat, also US : / ˈɑːr ə f ɑː t / AR -ə- FAHT ; ) ko ta kunyansa Abu Ammar ( ), ya kasance shugaban siyasar Falasdinu. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) daga 1969 zuwa 2004 kuma shugaban hukumar Palasdinawa ta kasa (PNA) daga 1994 zuwa 2004. A akidar Larabawa mai kishin kasa kuma mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ya kasance memba na kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta Fatah, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1959 zuwa 2004 An haifi Arafat ga iyayen Falasdinawa a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, inda ya shafe mafi yawan kuruciyarsa kuma ya yi karatu a jami'ar sarki Fu'ad na daya . Yayin da yake dalibi, ya rungumi ra'ayin kishin kasa na Larabawa da kyamar sahyoniya . Ya yi adawa da kafa kasar Isra'ila a shekarar 1948, ya yi yaki tare da 'yan uwa musulmi a lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 . Bayan fatattakar sojojin Larabawa, Arafat ya koma birnin Alkahira ya kuma zama shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinu daga 1952 zuwa 1956. A karshen shekarun 1950, Arafat ya kafa kungiyar Fatah, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke neman a kawar da Isra'ila tare da maye gurbinta da kasar Falasdinu. Fatah dai na gudanar da ayyukanta ne a cikin kasashen larabawa da dama, inda daga nan ne ta kaddamar da hare-hare a kan yankunan Isra'ila. A karshen shekarun 1960 bayanan Arafat ya karu; a shekarar 1967 ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) sannan a shekarar 1969 aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar Palasdinawa ta PNC. Kasancewar Fatah a kasar Jordan ya haifar da fadan soji da gwamnatin Sarki Hussein na Jordan sannan a farkon shekarun 1970 ta koma Lebanon. A can, Fatah ta taimaka wa kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Lebanon a lokacin yakin basasar Lebanon tare da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a kan Isra'ila, wanda ya haifar da kungiyar ta zama babbar manufar mamayewar Isra'ila a lokacin rikicin kudancin Lebanon na 1978 da yakin 1982 Daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1993 Arafat ya kafa kansa a kasar Tunisiya, inda ya fara canza salonsa daga fayyace bayyani da Isra'ilawa zuwa tattaunawa. A cikin 1988, ya amince da haƙƙin Isra'ila na wanzuwa kuma ya nemi hanyar warware rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu . A cikin 1994, ya koma Falasdinu, inda ya zauna a birnin Gaza tare da inganta mulkin kai ga yankunan Falasdinawa . Ya shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Isra'ila don kawo karshen rikicin da ke tsakaninta da PLO. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taron Madrid na 1991, Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta 1993 da taron 2000 Camp David . Nasarar tattaunawar da aka yi a Oslo ta kai ga baiwa Arafat lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel tare da firaministan Isra'ila Yitzhak Rabin da Shimon Peres a shekarar 1994. A lokacin, goyon bayan Fatah a tsakanin Falasdinawa ya ragu saboda karuwar Hamas da sauran masu adawa da ita. A karshen shekarar 2004, bayan da sojojin Isra'ila suka tsare shi sama da shekaru biyu a gidansa na Ramallah, Arafat ya fada cikin suma kuma ya mutu. Yayin da ake ci gaba da cece-ku-ce kan musabbabin mutuwar Arafat, binciken da kungiyoyin Rasha da na Faransa suka gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani mugun wasa da aka yi. Arafat ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai jayayya. Palasdinawa gaba daya suna kallonsa a matsayin shahidi da ke nuna muradin kasa na al'ummarsa. Isra'ilawa sun dauke shi a matsayin dan ta'adda. Abokan hamayyar Falasdinawa, ciki har da masu kishin Islama da wasu masu ra'ayin kishin PLO, akai-akai suna sukan shi a matsayin mai cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma mai biyayya a cikin rangwamensa ga gwamnatin Isra'ila. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da rayuwar sirri Haihuwa da kuruciya An haifi Arafat a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar. Mahaifinsa, Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, Bafalasdine ne daga birnin Gaza, mahaifiyarsa, kakar mahaifin Yasser, 'yar kasar Masar ce. Mahaifin Arafat ya yi yaƙi a kotunan Masar na tsawon shekaru 25 don neman ƙasar iyali a Masar a matsayin wani ɓangare na gadonsa amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwan masaku a gundumar Sakakini da ke hade da addini ta Alkahira. Arafat shine ƙarami na biyu a cikin yara bakwai kuma shine, tare da ƙanensa Fathi, zuriya ɗaya tilo da aka haifa a Alkahira. Urushalima ita ce gidan mahaifiyarsa, Zahwa Abul Saud, wadda ta mutu daga ciwon koda a 1933, lokacin Arafat yana da shekaru hudu. Ziyarar Arafat ta farko zuwa Kudus ta zo ne lokacin da mahaifinsa, bai iya renon yara bakwai shi kaɗai ba, ya aika Yasser da ɗan’uwansa Fathi zuwa ga dangin mahaifiyarsu a cikin Quarter Mughrabi na tsohon birni . A can suka zauna tare da kawun su Salim Abul Saudat tsawon shekaru hudu. A shekara ta 1937, mahaifinsu ya tuna da su don ’yar’uwarsu, Inam ta kula da su. Arafat ya samu tabarbarewar alaka da mahaifinsa; lokacin da ya rasu a shekara ta 1952, Arafat bai halarci jana'izar ba, kuma bai ziyarci kabarin mahaifinsa ba a lokacin da ya koma Gaza. 'Yar'uwar Arafat Inam ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da marubucin tarihin Arafat, masanin tarihin Birtaniya Alan Hart, cewa mahaifin Arafat ya sha da kyar a hannun mahaifinsa saboda ya je unguwar Yahudawa a birnin Alkahira da kuma halartar ayyukan addini. Da ta tambayi Arafat me ya sa ba zai daina tafiya ba, sai ya amsa da cewa yana son ya yi nazarin tunanin Yahudawa. Ilimi A cikin 1944 Arafat ya shiga Jami'ar Sarki Fu'ad na daya kuma ya kammala a 1950. A jami'a, ya shiga tattaunawa da yahudawa da karanta wallafe-wallafen Theodor Herzl da wasu fitattun sahyoniyawan sahyoniya. A shekara ta 1946 ya kasance dan kishin kasa na Larabawa kuma ya fara siyan makaman da za a shigo da su cikin tsohon wajabcin Burtaniya na Falasdinu, don amfani da rashin bin ka'ida a cikin Babban Kwamitin Larabawa da Sojojin Yaki Mai Tsarki . Bayan ya koma jami'a, Arafat ya karanci injiniyan farar hula sannan ya zama shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) daga 1952 zuwa 1956. A shekararsa ta farko a matsayin shugaban kungiyar, jami'ar ta koma Jami'ar Alkahira bayan juyin mulkin da kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta yi wa Sarki Farouk I. A lokacin, Arafat ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan jama'a, kuma an kira shi ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Masar a lokacin rikicin Suez ; duk da haka, a zahiri bai taɓa yin yaƙi ba. Daga baya waccan shekarar, a wani taro a Prague, ya ba da wani m farin keffiyeh - daban-daban daga fishnet-tsarin wanda ya dauko daga baya a Kuwait, wanda zai zama alamarsa. Manazarta

19514

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama%20Barrow

Adama Barrow

Adama Barrow An haife shine a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965, ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Gambiya ne kuma mai harkar gine-gine wanda shine shugaban ƙasan Gambiya na uku kuma shugaba mai ci a yanzu, kan mulki tun shekara ta 2017. An haife shi ne a garin Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsubirin Crab da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Musulmai, na biyun a kan malanta. Sannan ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhaji Musa Njie & Sons, inda ya zama manajan tallace-tallace. Motsawa zuwa London a farkon 2000s, Barrow yayi karatun cancanta a cikin ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda yayi aiki azaman mai tsaro. Bayan ya dawo Gambiya a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate kuma ya kasance Shugaba har zuwa 2016. Ya zama ma'aji na United Democratic Party, jam'iyyar adawa, sannan ya zama shugaba a watan Satumbar 2016 bayan an tura tsohon shugaban a kurkuku. Sannan an zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar UDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Daga baya an sanar da cewa zai tsaya matsayin mai zaman kansa tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyar adawa ta Coalition 2016 (wani kawancen da ke goyon bayan UDP da wasu jam'iyyun shaida). Barrow ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar na 2016 da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, ya kayar da shugaba mai ci Yahya Jammeh. Jammeh da farko ya amince da sakamakon, amma daga baya ya sake komawa kan wannan, kuma an tilasta Barrow ya gudu zuwa makwabciyar ƙasar Senegal. An rantsar da shi a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Senegal a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017, kuma an tilasta Jammeh barin Gambiya ya tafi gudun hijira a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu. Barrow ya koma Gambiya ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu. A watan Nuwambar 2021, Adama Barrow ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2024. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki An haifi Barrow ne a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1965 a Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, kwana uku kafin Gambiya ta sami yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila . Shi ɗa ne ga Mamudu Barrow da Kaddijatou Jallow. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Koba Kunda da ke yankin, sannan ya halarci makarantar Sakandiren Tsubirin Crab da ke Banjul . Sannan ya samu tallafin karatu a makarantar sakandaren musulmai . Bayan ya tashi daga makaranta, ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhagie Musa Njie & Sons, kuma ya tashi cikin mukami ya zama manajan tallace-tallace . A farkon 2000s, ya koma London inda ya karanci cancantar harkar ƙasa. A lokaci guda, yayi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro a wani shagon Argos na gida don ɗaukar nauyin karatunsa. Daga baya ya bayyana wadannan gogewar a matsayin tsari, yana mai cewa "Rayuwa tsari ne, kuma Burtaniya ta taimaka min na zama mutumin da nake yau. Yin aiki na awowi 15 a rana yana gina mutum. ” Barrow ya koma Gambiya kuma a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate, kuma daga 2006 zuwa 2016 shi ne babban jami'in kamfanin (Shugaba) na kamfanin. A ranar 12 ga watanYuni 2019, ya karɓi Babban Kyauta wanda shine The African Road Builders Babacar Ndiaye Trophy. Wannan ya kasance ne saboda shugabancin sa a gina gadar Senegambia. Barrow ya fara aikin siyasa ne tare da jam'iyyar sasantawa ta ƙasa (NRP) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ministansa na yawon buɗe ido da al'adu, Hamat Bah tare da shugaban Gambia Democratic Congress (GDC) na yanzu, Mamma Kandeh. Koyaya, a 2007, ya raba hanya da NRP kuma ya koma UDP lokacin da Bah ta ba shi shawarar kada ya yi takara da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Mamma Kandeh wacce ta tsallaka zuwa ga APRC mai mulki. Barrow ya fadi zaben ga Kandeh kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mara martaba har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Gambiya a 2016. Yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Gambiya na 2016 A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2016, gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa bakwai ne suka zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar su na zaben shugaban kasar Gambiya na 2016 . Kafin ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa, Barrow bai taɓa riƙe wani mukamin da aka zaɓa ba, amma ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar United Democratic Party (UDP). Ya yi murabus daga UDP a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba don ya tsaya takarar a matsayin mai zaman kanta, tare da cikakken goyon baya na Haɗin gwiwar 2016 . A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen, ya yi alkawarin mayar da Gambiya membobinta na Kungiyar Kasashe da kuma ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Duniya . Ya kuma yi alkawarin yin garambawul ga jami'an tsaro, tare da yin alkawarin kara kwarewa tare da raba su da siyasa. Ya kuma ce zai kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta wucin gadi wacce ta kunshi mambobi daga kawancen adawa kuma zai sauka a cikin shekaru uku. A zaɓen, Barrow ya lashe da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, inda ya kayar da Yahya Jammeh (wanda ya samu kashi 39.6%) da kuma dan takarar jam’iyya ta uku Mama Kandeh (wacce ta samu kashi 17.1%). Canjin shugaban ƙasa da kuma nadin sarauta Da farko, Jammeh ya nuna cewa miƙa mulki cikin sauƙi za a yi. Koyaya, a ranar Juma'a 9 ga watan Disamba, a cikin gidan talibijin, ya bayyana cewa "ya yi watsi da" sakamakon zaben. Wannan ya sadu da ihu na ƙasa da na duniya. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira ga Jammeh da ya "mutunta zabin al'ummar Gambiya" kuma Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana kalaman Jammeh "aikin banza ne"; Jammeh ya ki sauka daga mulki ya sha suka daga Amurka, makwabciyarta Senegal, ECOWAS, da sauransu. Cikin fargabar tsaron sa, Barrow ya bar Gambiya zuwa Senegal yayin da yake rokon Jammeh ya sauka. Jammeh ya daukaka kara kan rashin sa a zaben zuwa Kotun Koli. Lokacin da Babban Jojin Kotun Koli ya bayyana cewa kotun ba za ta iya nazarin shari’ar ba har tsawon akalla watanni hudu, Jammeh ya ayyana dokar ta baci don kokarin hana Barrow rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Sannan an rantsar da Barrow a matsayin shugaban Gambiya a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017. A wannan rana, sojojin soja daga Senegal, Najeriya da Ghana sun shiga Gambiya a wani katsalandan na sojan ECOWAS da suka haɗa da na ƙasa, da na ruwa, da na sama domin tilasta Jammeh ya fice. Sojojin Gambiya ba su yi adawa da shiga tsakani ba, wanda kawai suka hadu da kananan rikice-rikice a kebe a kusa da mahaifar Jammeh ta Kanilai . ECOWAS ta dakatar da kutsen bayan wasu 'yan sa'o'i kawai kuma ta ba Jammeh damar karshe ta sauka. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, Jammeh ya bar Gambiya zuwa gudun hijira da ECOWAS ta shirya, yana share fagen mika mulki. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya koma Gambiya, yayin da kusan sojojin ECOWAS 2,500 suka kasance a can don daidaita kasar. Barrow ya nemi sojojin ECOWAS su zauna na tsawon watanni shida. Dandazon mutane a daruruwan suna jiran a Filin jirgin saman Banjul don yi masa maraba da zuwa gida. Barrow ya kuma gaishe da jami’an soja da mambobin gwamnatin hadaka. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017 Barrow ya sake rantsar da shi a karo na biyu, a cikin Gambiya, a wani bikin naɗin sarauta da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Independence da ke Bakau a wajen Banjul babban birnin ƙasar. Shugabancin ƙasa Kafa majalisar zartarwa da nade-naden mukamai A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zaɓaɓɓun majalisar ministocin nasa dole ne su bayyana kadarorinsu kafin fara aikinsu. An rantsar da ministoci 10 daga cikin 18 a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a wani biki a Kairaba Beach Hotel, gidan wucin gadi na Barrow. Daga cikin nadin, Ousainou Darboe da Amadou Sanneh ne suka cike mahimman mukaman na Ministan Harkokin Wajen da Ministan Kudi da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki. An nada mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar ta Gambiya Isatou Touray a matsayin Ministan Ciniki, Hadin Kan Yanki da samar da Aiki, sannan tsohon mai gudun hijira Mai Ahmed Fatty an nada shi Ministan cikin gida. Ba Tambadou an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Atoni Janar amma bai halarci wurin da za a rantsar da shi ba. <i id="mwrA">The Point ta</i> lura babu wani memba na jam'iyyar hadakar PDOIS, sabanin yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar, kuma an sanar da cewa karin nade-naden zai kasance masu fasaha, ba 'yan siyasa ba. Hakanan, an nada Amie Bojang Sissoho, wata mai rajin kare hakkin mata, a matsayin Daraktan yada labarai da hulda da jama'a na Ofishin Shugaban. Manufofin gida 'Yancin ɗan adam da sauran gyare-gyare A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa za a sake dawo da sunan Gambiya daga Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Gambiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Gambiya, yana mai sauya canjin da Jammeh ya yi a 2015. Ya kuma ce zai tabbatar da ‘yancin aikin jarida a kasar. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, Gambiya ta fara aikin komawa cikin mambobinta na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe . A cikin jawabinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa ya ba da umarnin sakin duk mutanen da aka tsare ba tare da yi musu shari'a ba a karkashin mulkin danniya na Yahya Jammeh. Kimanin fursunoni 171 da ake tsare da su a gidan yari na Gile Mile 2 wanda ya yi kaurin suna. Barrow ya yi alwashin ganin Gambiya ta kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam sannan ya soke janyewar da ake yi daga Gambiya daga Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya . A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Ministan Shari'a Abubacarr Tambadou ya ba da sanarwar cewa Kwamitin Gaskiya, Sulhu da Kula da Fansa zai bayar da diyya ga waɗanda tsohuwar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh ta shafa. Barrow ya kori Janar Ousman Badjie, Babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, tare da wasu manyan ma’aikata 10 a watan Fabrairun 2017. Badjie ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon shugaban ma’aikatan Masaneh Kinteh . Hakanan an kori David Colley, darektan tsarin gidan yarin tare da garkame shi tare da wasu mutane 9 da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobin Jungulars, wani rukunin kisa da ake zargi ƙarƙashin Yahya Jammeh. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 2017, 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan bayan jawabin farko da ya gabatar a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Barrow ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar soke hukuncin kisa a matsayin wani bangare na Yarjejeniyar Zabi ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa . Ya kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkokin Dukan Ma'aikata Masu Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukan Mutane daga Bacewar Tilastawa, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Bayyanar da Gaskiya game da Yarjejeniyar da ke Tsakanin masu saka jari. Yarjejeniyar kan Haramtacciyar Makaman Nukiliya . Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Ƙasa ta yi garambawul A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zai sake suna tare da sake fasalta hukumar leken asirin ƙasar, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa, yana mai nuni da alakarta da azzalumar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh . Ya ce NIA "cibiya ce da za ta ci gaba", amma ya ƙara da cewa "bin doka, wannan zai zama aikin yau da kullum". Ya ce za a kara bayar da horo ga jami'an NIA. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a kira NIA da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Jiha (SIS). Washegari, ya kori Darakta Janar na NIA, Yankuba Badjie, ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon Mataimakin Daraktan NIA Musa Dibba. Barrow ya kuma cire NIA daga aikinta na tilasta bin doka kuma ya mamaye dukkan cibiyoyin tsare NIA na dan lokaci tare da jami'an 'yan sanda. A wani bangare na garambawul din Barrow, an kama tsohon shugaban NIA Yankuba Badjie da daraktan ayyuka Sheikh Omar Jeng wadanda ake zargi da take hakkin bil adama a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu kuma ana bincikensu kan yiwuwar cin zarafinsu. Sauran yanke shawara Haramcin caca da Jammeh ya aiwatar da shi Barrow ne ya soke shi a watan Mayu na 2017, a kokarin jawo hankalin masu saka jari da samar da ayyukan yi. Ya nada Landing Kinteh a matsayin sabon Sufeto Janar na 'Yan sanda (IGP), tare da cire Yankuba Sonko wanda Shugaba Jammeh ya nada a 2010, tare da sake Sonko zuwa wasu ofisoshin kasashen waje da na diflomasiyya. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda Ousman Sowe ya sauka zuwa kwamishina kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani kwamishina Mamud Jobe. Tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Shige da Fice Buba Sangnia wanda aka yanke wa hukunci a lokacin Jammeh kan shugabancin cin zarafin an mayar da shi kan muƙaminsa. Manufofin waje A watan Fabrairun 2017, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Barrow na farko game da manufofin ketare shi ne soke hukuncin da Jammeh ya yanke a watan Oktoba na 2016 na barin Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya . An tsara aikin ne ta hanyar wata wasiƙa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen ya aika a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, tare da gwamnatin da ke bayyana kudurinta "don inganta 'yancin dan adam", da kuma "ka'idojin da ke kunshe a cikin Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya". A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Barrow ya zama shugaban gwamnatin Commonwealth, yayin da Gambiya ta koma zama jamhuriya ta Commonwealth, wanda hakan ya kasance daga watan Afrilu na 1970 zuwa Oktoba 2013. Zanga-zangar adawa da Barrow a cikin 2019-2020 Lokacin da Barrow ya hau karagar mulki, ya shaida wa kawancen da ke mara masa baya cewa zai kira a gudanar da sabon zabe bayan shekaru uku maimakon yin cikakken wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. Daga baya Barrow ya soke wannan alƙawarin. A ƙarshen 2019 da farkon 2020, an yi zanga-zanga a Gambiya suna kira ga Barrow ya sauka bayan shekaru uku, a wani yunkuri da ake kira "Operation 3-Years Jotna", ko "Shekaru Uku Ya isa". An kame daruruwan masu zanga-zanga, an jikkata mutane da dama, sannan mutane uku sun mutu yayin zanga-zangar, a daidai lokacin da ake zargin jami’an tsaro da wuce gona da iri. Gwamnatin Gambiya ta haramta yunƙurin zanga-zangar, tana mai cewa "tawaye ne, tashin hankali da haramtacciyar hanya". A wani rahoto game da zanga-zangar, Emil Touray na Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Faransa ya ambato wani mai zanga-zangar yana cewa "Za mu yi zanga-zanga har sai Barrow ya sauka," wani kuma yana cewa "Mu je mu kona duk abin da ke na Adama Barrow da danginsa". Barrow ya mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da cewa "Babu wanda zai tilasta ni in bar shugabancin ƙasar kafin 2021," kuma wata kungiya da aka sani da suna "Shekaru Biyar Jotagul" na goyon bayan Barrow ya ci gaba da zama na tsawon shekaru biyar. Jason Burke ya ruwaito a cikin The Guardian cewa Barrow yanzu ya ce ya yi imanin cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya bukace shi ya yi aiki na cikakken shekaru biyar. Fahimtar ƙabilanci da ra'ayi kan ƙabilanci An bayar da rahoton cewa Barrow memba ne na ƙabilar Fula, wacce ita ce babbar ƙabila ta biyu a Gambiya (babba ita ce Mandinka ). An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa shi Mandinka ne, dangane da ƙabilar mahaifinsa, amma an fi sanin shi da Fulas ta fuskar zamantakewa da al'adu. Duk da haka wata hira ta rediyo da Saja Sey tare da 'yar uwarsa a Bansang sun tabbatar da cewa Fula ne. Ta bayyana cewa kakansu ya samo asali ne daga Futa Toro Senegal. Barrow da kansa ya bayyana a cikin taron da aka yi a Niamina West cewa shi Fula ne. Ya girma yana magana da yaren Fula a ƙauye da gundumar da akeyi da Fula, kuma duk matansa Fulane. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da batun da kuma ra'ayinsa game da abin da yake hangowa game da Gambiya, sai ya ce ya hada kabilu daban-daban kuma shi ba dan kabilanci ba ne: Rayuwar mutum Barrow ya kasan ce musulmi ne kuma ya ce imaninsa yana jagorantar rayuwarsa da siyasarsa. Yana auren mata fiye da ɗaya kuma yana da mata biyu, Fatoumatta Bah da Sarjo Mballow. Matan biyu duk ‘yan kabilar Fula ne . Tare da matansa, yana da yara huɗu masu rai. Habibu Barrow, dan sa mai shekaru takwas, ya mutu bayan da wani kare ya sare shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2017. Barrow bai iya halartar jana'izar ɗan nasa ba saboda, bayan shawarwarin ECOWAS, yana Senegal inda ya tsere daga rikicin bayan zabe. Shi kuma masoyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Ingila ne ta Arsenal. Tallafinsa ga ƙungiyar ya fara a farkon 2000 lokacin da yake zaune a Ingila. Manazarta "Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election". BBC News. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.   Shugabannin Afirka Shugabanni Shugaban Kasa Pages with unreviewed translations

20688

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Aro

Mutanen Aro

Mutanen Aro ko Arowa wani ƙaramin yanki ne na ƙabilar Ibo wanda ya samo asali daga masarautar Arochukwu a cikin jihar Abia ta yanzu, Najeriya . Hakanan ana iya samun Aroswa a cikin wasu ƙauyuka kimanin 250 galibi a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya da yankunan da ke kusa da su. Arowa a yau an lasafta su a matsayin Inyamurai na Gabas ko Kuros Ribas saboda wurinsu, asalinsu, al'adunsu, da yare. Allahnsu, Chukwu Abiama, shine babban jigon kafa ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Aro a matsayin yankin yanki a yankin Niger Delta da Kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a lokacin karni na 18 da 19. Asali da tarihi Tarihin Aros ya kasance kafin hijirar Igbo da kafuwar masarautar Arochukwu. Kafin ‘yan kabilar Igbo su fara zuwa yankin Aro a karni na 17, Ibibios ya zo ne daga yankin Benue da plateau ya kafa jihohi irin su Obong Okon Ita da Ibom yamma da Kuros Riba . Hijirar Ibo karkashin jagorancin Eze Agwu da Nnachi zuwa yankin Aro sun faro ne a tsakiyar karni na 17. Waɗannan 'yan ci-rani' yan kabilar Ibo sun yi tsayayya da ɗan asalin Ibibio. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Aro-Ibibio da ƙaurawar Akpa daga gabashin gabashin Kuros Riba, sun kafa ƙasar a yayin juyawar karni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18. Kawancen Igbo da Akpa, sun kayar da asalin mutanen Ibibio bayan sun kwashe shekaru suna yaki. A wannan lokacin kuma man dabino da cinikin bayi ya shahara a bayan gari. Zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, an yi kaura sosai na 'yan kasuwar Aro zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da Igbo da yankunan da ke kusa da su. Wannan hijirar, tasirin allahnsu Chukwu Abiama ta hanyar firistoci, da kuma karfin sojan su da goyan bayan kawance da wasu makwabta da ke makwabtaka da Igbo da gabashin jihohin Cross River (musamman Ohafia, Abam, Ihechiowa, Abiriba, Nkporo, Afikpo, Ekoi, da sauransu) da sauri. kafa Aroungiyar Confederacy a matsayin ikon tattalin arziƙin yanki. Koyaya, mulkin mallaka na Aro ya kasance yana fuskantar barazanar shigowar Turawa, galibi yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Tashin hankali daga ƙarshe ya haifar da zub da jini, kuma yaƙin Anglo-Aro ya faru daga shekarar 1901 zuwa 1902. Confungiyar Aroungiyar Aro da ƙarfi ta yi tsayayya amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kashi. Wannan ya taimaka wa Turawan ingila mamaye sauran abin da ya zama Gabashin Najeriya. Al'adar Aros suna da kyakkyawar al'ada. Factoraya daga cikin abubuwan shine zamantakewar Ekpe wanda yake al'umma ce mai tsarki asalin daga gabashin Kuros Riba. Theungiyar da ke da addini da kuma shari'a ta ɗauki babban matsayi a cikin al'ummar Aro. Amfani da tsarin rubutu, Nsibidi, ya dogara ne da ƙungiyoyin asiri kamar Ekpe. Uli, wani tsarin rubutu, ya faru galibi a cikin yanayin fasahar jiki. Wani lamarin kuma shine gidan ibada na Chukwu Abiama, wanda firistocin Aro suka sasanta. Sun rinjayi maƙwabta da ƙawaye kafin mamayar Birtaniyya da lalata Haikalin Chukwu Abiama da firist na Aro. Ayyukan masarufi na Ekeleke yana da mahimmanci a ƙauyukan Aro. Da aka kawo shi daga Aros da ke yammacin Neja Delta, a ƙarshe ya bazu zuwa yankin Oguta . Su ma an san su da saka shahararren zane "George". Rawar jarumar Ikperikpe ta shahara sosai tsakanin jarumawa a zamanin da kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da ita. Mazauna mafi girma a Gabashin Najeriya Aro Ajatakiri: A Ikwuano, Umuahia, Jihar Abia Aro Achara : A cikin Ama-asa, Isiala Ngwa, Jihar Abia . Aro Umu Nkpe : A Isiala Ngwa, Jihar Abia . Aro Nbawsi : A Isiala Ngwa, Jihar Abia . Aro Omoba : A Isiala Ngwa, Jihar Abia . Aro Okporoenyi : A yankin Ikwuano na jihar Abia. Aro Iyama : A cikin Ikwuano, yankin jihar Abia . Aro Amuru : A cikin Ikwuano, yankin jihar Abia . Aro Ndizuogu : Yankin Ideato na jihar Imo (Mafi girman dukkanin ƙauyuka). Aro Ndi Ikerionwu : A Jihar Anambra . Aro Ajalli : A cikin jihar Anambra. Aro Nzerem : A cikin jihar Ebonyi . Aro Amokwe : A yankin Udi na jihar Enugu . Aro Isuochi : A cikin jihar Abia. Aro Isiokpo / Igwurita Ikwerre a jihar Ribas . Aro Abagana : A cikin jihar Anambra. Aro Oru : A jihar Imo. Aro Nempi : A jihar Imo Aro Ngwa : A cikin jihar Abia. Aro Ezeagu : A jihar Enugu. Aro Achi : A cikin jihar Enugu. Aro Oboro Ite Aro Kalabari : A cikin jihar Ribas. Aro Opobo : A cikin jihar Ribas. Aro Uturu: A cikin jihar Abia Aro Anwu Anwu : Eziukwu Durunnihe a Umudurunna ABBA Nwangele LGA Jihar Imo Aro Okija (Ndi Ezennia Awa Okoro Orji): Jihar Anambra Aro Egbuoma a yankin [oguta] na jihar Imo Aro Abba, Nwangele, jihar Imo Aro Ekwulobia Aro Awa, Oguta, jihar Imo Arochukwu Aro Confederacy Tarihin Ezi Njoku. Manazarta Kahttp://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_35/ai_90331352/pg_5 https://web.archive.org/web/20071009081317/http://www.aronetwork.org/others/ibini.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070322182431/http://www.aronetwork.org/others/index.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20060212061924/http://africanevents.com/AroChuku2003AnnualDinner.htm Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Al'adun Najeriya Mutanen Afirka

51383

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Masana%27antu

Bankin Masana'antu

Bankin Masana'antu Limited (an taƙaita shi a matsayin 'BOI') shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Najeriya (DFI) a halin yanzu tana aiki. Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ta mallaki (MOFI) Najeriya (94.80%), Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) (5.19%) da masu hannun jari masu zaman kansu (0.01%). Bankin yana da mambobi 11 a cikin kwamitin kuma Aliyu Abdulrahman Dikko ne ke jagoranta. Tarihi Bankin Masana'antu Limited ya fara aiki a 1959 a matsayin Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Najeriya (ICON) Limited. A shekara ta 1964, an sake gina ICON Limited don zama Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) Limited a karkashin jagorancin Bankin Duniya. Da farko, Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC) ya mallaki kashi 75% a cikin NIDB kuma ya samar da Manajan Darakta na farko. Koyaya, an narkar da tsarin daidaito a cikin 1976 sakamakon dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 2001, an sake gina BOI daga hadewar Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB), Bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antar Najeriya (NBCI) da Asusun Ginin Tattalin Arziki na Kasa (NERFUND). Kodayake an fara saita hannun jari na bankin a biliyan 50 bayan sake gina NIDB, an kara shi zuwa biliyan 250 a shekara ta 2007. Ayyuka Bankin ya taimaka wajen gudanar da Asusun Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki da Jirgin Sama biliyan 300 da Asusun Taimako na auduga, Textile da Garments biliyan 50 daga CBN, Asusun Gudummawa na Abun Najeriya miliyan 200 (Asusun NCI), Asusun Gudun Gida na Najeriya biliyan 2.5 da Ƙananan Ma'adanai (ASM) da sauran kudade. BOI kuma tana sarrafawa da rarraba Shirin Kasuwancin Gwamnati da Karfafawa (GEEP), ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na zamantakewa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta gabatar. GEEP (wanda aka fi sani da MarketMoni) asusun biliyan 140 ne da nufin tallafawa mutane a cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba tare da rance a kashi zero. Ta hanyar asusun, BOI tana tallafawa hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, hadin gwiwoyin mata, ƙananan kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci tare da rance daga Ō10,000 zuwa Ō50,000. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin fadada damar samun kuɗi, BOI ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin daidaitaccen kuɗi. Asusun daidaitawa na MSME shine tsarin tallafi na 50:50 tare da Gwamnatocin Jihohi don gudanar da asusun don kafa ƙananan, ƙananan ko matsakaici a cikin jihohin da suka halarci. Haɗin gwiwar dabarun Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya (FMMSD) ta kafa Asusun Taimako na Kudi na Kasuwanci da Ƙananan Ma'adanai na Najeriya (ASM) biliyan 2.5 kuma ta sanya BOI a matsayin manajan asusun. Manufar Asusun ASM shine don magance bukatun kudade na masu sana'a da ƙananan ma'adinai yayin inganta ci gaban ma'adanai masu ƙarfi a Najeriya. Ta hanyar makircin, masu hakar ma'adinai na sana'a na iya samun damar zuwa miliyan 10 yayin da ƙananan masu hakar fashi na iya samun dama har zuwa miliyan 100. Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana na BOI-UNDP A cikin 2011, BOI da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) sun ƙaddamar da Shirin Samun Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa. An kafa aikin ne don aiki a matsayin shirin bayar da shawarwari da wayar da kan jama'a don ingantawa da tallafawa fadada ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa don tallafawa gidaje da kamfanoni na cikin gida a cikin al'ummomin da ba a kula da su ba. Don cimma wannan, BOI da UNDP sun karfafa masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin sararin makamashi mai sabuntawa don saka hannun jari a bangaren Najeriya. Koyaya, a cikin 2015, an sake mayar da hankali ga aikin don daidaitawa da dabarun BOI don tallafawa da aiwatar da ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. A sakamakon haka, an sake sunan aikin zuwa Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana (SEP) don nuna canjin a cikin dabarun dabarun. SEP ta fara ne tare da aikin wutar lantarki na ƙauyuka wanda ya haɗa da samar da kudade na dogon lokaci don shigar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana [buzzword] a cikin al'ummomin karkara da aka zaba. Tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2016, an shigar da ƙananan ma'auni da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin yankunan karkara 6 a cikin jihohin Najeriya 6: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Osun, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra, Jihar Edo da Jihar Kaduna. An shigar da mita da aka riga aka biya, ta amfani da samfuran Pay-As-You-Go, a kowane gida da microenterprise don karɓar sassauci na biyan kuɗi da kuma warware ƙalubalen kuɗin da ba a biya ba. An dauki matakin matukin jirgi a matsayin nasara kuma ya ja hankalin masu saka hannun jari da yawa a duk faɗin Najeriya. A bayan wannan nasarar, BOI da UNDP sun shiga yarjejeniyar raba farashi don tallafawa kashi na biyu na aikin. A cikin 2016, BOI ta ba da kuɗin bashin dala miliyan 1.4 yayin da UNDP ta ba da tallafin $ 600,000 don sake maimaita hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin ƙarin al'ummomi 11 a fadin jihohin Najeriya 4: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra da Jihar Kaduna. Dangane da fa'idodin SEP, BOI ta gabatar da samfurin kasuwanci na Solar Energy biliyan 2 a cikin 2017 don samun dama ta nau'ikan masu amfani da ƙarshe kai tsaye ta hanyar BOI da kai tsaye. Ta hanyar Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana, bankin yana da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000 da ƙananan kamfanoni a yankunan karkara da na kasuwanci nan da shekarar 2021. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group A cikin shekara ta 2011, Kwamitin Daraktocin Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group ya amince da layin bashi na dala miliyan 500 don taimakawa BOI wajen tallafawa SMEs na gida a Najeriya. A cikin 2015 da 2017, bankin ya sami dala miliyan 100 (a cikin ɓangarori biyu na dala miliyan 50 kowannensu) don tallafawa SMEs masu fitarwa tare da ikon samar da musayar kasashen waje. Za a samar da layin bashi don ayyukan tallafi da ke da niyyar rage talauci, samar da aiki da ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar kasuwanci, zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, AfDB ta buƙaci bankin ya ba da taimako na fasaha don gina iyawa ga duka BOI da SMEs. Don wannan dalili, BOI ta shiga kamfanonin kasa da kasa BDO / GBW. Rassan Bankin Masana'antu yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi a duk faɗin Najeriya tare da rassa 24, hedkwatar a Jihar Legas, Najeriya da kuma ofishin kamfanoni a Abuja, Najeriya. Rukunin reshe Kamfanin BOI-Investment Trust Company (BOI-ITC) BOI Investment and Trust Company Limited (BOI-ITC) an kafa shi ne a cikin 1978 a matsayin cikakken mallakar wanda ya riga BOI, Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB). An kafa shi a matsayin mai gudanar da kasuwar babban birnin don aiki a matsayin mai kula, mai rajista da kuma manajan asusun / fayil. Kamfanin kuma ya yi rajista tare da CBN a matsayin kamfanin kudi. A matsayinta na mai kula, BOI-ITC tana cikin kasuwancin amincewa na musamman ciki har da amincewa da masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, fa'idodin ritaya na aiki, gudanar da asusun amincewa ga masu zaman kansu le kamfanoni, gudanar da dukiya a ƙarƙashin amincewa, da kuma aiwatar da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi. BOI-Microfinance Bank Limited (BOI-MFB) Bankin BOI-Microfinance Limited kamfani ne mai iyakantaccen alhakin da aka kafa a Najeriya a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni da Allied Matters ta 2002 kuma CBN ta tsara shi. Bankin yana ba da sabis na kuɗi mai yawa ga ƙananan kamfanoni, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici da masu karamin kuɗi daban-daban a matsayin mutane da kuma kungiyoyi. Yana ba da rance na kudade, rance na aiki, rance mai amfani da rance wanda bai wuce 500 000 ga kowane kamfani ba. Bugu da kari, BOI-MFB tana da niyyar karfafa tanadi tsakanin matalauta marasa kudi na al'ummar Najeriya. BOI-MFB babbar abin hawa ce wajen isar da manufofi na BOI Bottom of the Pyramid Scheme (BOP). BOI Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited BOI Industrial and Development Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited yana ba da inshora da sabis na ba da shawara. BOI-IB Limited tana ba da ƙungiyoyi tare da inshora na wuta / haɗari na waje, inshora na fashi / fashewa, asarar sakamako, lalacewar injuna, inshora kuɗi, kayayyaki a cikin sufuri, haɗarin mutum na rukuni, alhakin jama'a, garantin aminci, inshora ta ruwa da inshora ta mota (motora). BOI-IB iyakance kuma yana ba da inshora don rancen BOI da ayyuka. Ayyukan Kudi na LECON LECON Financial Services, tsohon Leasing Company of Nigeria Limited, an kafa shi ne a matsayin cikakken mallakar Bank of Industry Limited (BOI), tsohon Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya Limited, (NIDB) a cikin 1989. An kafa shi ne don haɓaka ayyukan BOI ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki ga masu cin gajiyar bankin. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Bankuna Bankuna a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

23402

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Taylor%20%28referee%29

Anthony Taylor (referee)

Anthony Taylor (An haifeshi ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, 1978) ƙwararren alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na, Ingila da aka haifa a Wythenshawe, Manchester. A shekarar 2010, an ba shi girma zuwa jerin Zaɓaɓɓun Alkalan Wasanni waɗanda ke yin alkalanci a Premier League, kuma a cikin shekarar 2013 ya zama alkalin da aka jera don FIFA wanda ya ba shi damar yin alkalanci wasannin Turai da na duniya. A shekarar 2015, ya jagoranci wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League a filin wasa na Wembley lokacin da Chelsea ta doke Tottenham Hotspur da ci 2-0. Taylor ya dawo Wembley daga baya a waccan shekarar don yin alkalancin Community Shield yayin da Arsenal ta doke Chelsea da ci 1-0. Ya yi alkalancin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2020, tsakanin Chelsea da Arsenal; Arsenal ta yi nasara a duka biyun 2-1. Bayan zabin, ya zama mutum na farko da ya yi alkalanci na karshe na Kofin FA tun Arthur Kingscott a shekarar 1901. Sana'a Farkon aiki Taylor ya fara alkalanci a gasar Premier ta Arewa a shekarar 2002, ci gaba da yin alkalanci a Taron Arewa a shekarar 2004. An nada shi cikin jerin alkalan wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon kafa a farkon kakar shekarar 2006 da shekara ta 2007 kuma nadinsa na farko ya kasance canjaras 0-0 tsakanin Wrexham da Peterborough United a gasar League Two a watan Agusta shekarar 2006. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2006 ya alkalanci wasan sada zumunci na kasa da kasa na ' yan kasa da shekaru 19 na Ingila da Switzerland' yan kasa da shekaru 19 a Gresty Road, gidan Crewe Alexandra ; Ingila ta yi nasara da ci 3-2. Alkalancin Wasa Nadin Taylor na farko na Premier League shine haduwar Fulham da Portsmouth a watan Fabrairu shekarar 2010, wanda Fulham ta ci 1-0. Ya sake yin alkalami a wasa na farko a wannan kakar kafin a ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin Zakarun Kungiyar Masu Za ~ e na shekarar 2010-11. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2010 ya jagoranci wasansa na hudu na gasar Premier, wanda Blackburn Rovers da Fulham suka fafata. An tashi wasan 1-1. Taylor ya kori 'yan wasa uku a wasansa na farko na kakar shekarar 2011 da shekara ta 2012 . Middlesbrough ta yi nasara da ci 1-0 a Leeds United a wasan da ya sa aka kori Jonny Howson da Max Gradel na Leeds da Tony McMahon na Boro, duk saboda laifuka na biyu da za a iya bugawa. Taylor ya yi alkalanci wasanni 34 a waccan kakar kuma ya kori 'yan wasa takwas gaba daya, gami da ukun a Leeds. Taylor ya zama wata FIFA jera alkalin wasa a 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2013, yin shi m zuwa officiate UEFA Turai da FIFA duniya m wasanni. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2013 ya kasance jami'i na hudu ga Andre Marriner don wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA . A ranar bude kakar shekarar 2013 - 14 Taylor ya alkalanci nasarar Aston Villa 3-1 a Arsenal. Ya bai wa Villa bugun fanareti guda biyu sannan ya kori dan wasan Arsenal Laurent Koscielny saboda laifuka biyu da aka yi. Arsène Wenger ya bayyana hukuncin Taylor a matsayin "mai taurin kai" amma manajan Villa Paul Lambert ya ce yana tunanin jami'in "yana da wasa mai kyau". A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015, Taylor shine alkalin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League tsakanin Chelsea da Tottenham Hotspur . A cikin shekarar 2015, Taylor ya yi alkalanci a shekara ta 2015 Community Shield na FA da kuma gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta shekarar 2015 . A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2017, an zabi Taylor ya zama babban alkalin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA na shekarar 2017 . A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 2018 an zabe shi don yin alkalanci na wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2018. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, an zaɓi Taylor don zama babban alkalin wasan UEFA Super Cup A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2021, Taylor ya jagoranci wasan UEFA Euro na shekarar 2020 na matakin rukuni tsakanin Finland da Denmark. A cikin minti na 43, dan wasan tsakiyar Denmark Christian Eriksen ya fadi a filin wasa kuma yana bukatar jinyar gaggawa a filin kafin a mayar da shi wani asibiti na cikin gida kuma ya sami kwanciyar hankali. An yaba wa Taylor saboda kwantar da hankulansa amma saurin hanzarta ɗaukar lamarin, yana nuna alamar kula da lafiya a cikin daƙiƙa. An ci gaba da wasan daga baya a ranar da ta bayyana cewa yanayin Eriksen ya inganta. Horon da Taylor ya yi a baya a hidimar gidan yari a HMP Manchester an kawo shi a matsayin mai taimaka wa lamarin ta mai ba da shawara Chris Foy . Ƙididdigar Aiki Ƙididdiga ga duk gasa. Babu bayanan da aka samu kafin 2006 - 07. Hanyoyin waje Anthony Taylor refereeing career statistics at Soccerbase Anthony Taylor at RefWorld.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 2009-05-21) Anthony Taylor at WorldReferee.com Anthony Taylor referee profile at WorldFootball.net Anthony Taylor referee profile at Soccerway Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1978 Pages with unreviewed translations

41832

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Daura

Tarihin Daura

Tarihin Daura Gabatarwa A sanin kowa ne cewar, kowace al'umma da kuma kowace kasa a duniya nan tamu, tana da tarihin asalin kafuwarta, al'adunta da kuma dabi'unta wadanda take alfahari da su. Su ne kuma suke bambanta kasa ko al'umma da waninta. Ta hanyar ilmin tarihi da al'adu da dabi'un kasa ne ake sanin mashahuran mutanen kowace kasa, da kuma irin gudunmuwar da suka bayar wajen daukaka martabar kasarsu ko al'ummarsu, har sun kai fagen zama ababen koyi ga na bayansu. Har ma ta kai ana yin misali da halayen da dabi'un da suka bari don amfanin ya'yannsu da jikokinsu. Masana tarihivbda al'adu da kuma dabi'u na kowacce kasa ko al'umma, yawanci sukan yi amfani ne da kuma tabbatar da sahihancin abin da za su bayyana dangane da tarihin ko al'adun al'umma ko kuma dabi'unta. Yawancin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sune: Na daya, hanyar "Kunne ya gimi-kaka". Wato tarihin baka, irin na wane yaji ga wane, shi kuma ya fada wa wane. Hanya ta biyu, ita ce alamu na zahiri' da za a iya dogara dasu wajen tabbatar da kumakasancewar kasar ko dabi'unta ko kuma al'adunta. Wadanda sun hada da abubuwa kamar su gine-ginen mutanen kasar, tanadaddun kayan tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi da aka hako na mutanen da, wadanda suka yi zama a wurin, shekara da shekaru da suka wuce. Hanya ta uku, ita ce ta rubutattun tarihi, ko dai wadanda mutanen da suka rubuta da kansu ko kuma wadanda na bayan su suka rubuta, suka bari ta yin amfani da hanya ta daya da ta biyu. Tarihin kafuwar daular Daura da asalin sarautarta da kuma kafuwar kasashen Hausa, an same shi ne ta wadannan hanyoyi da aka bayyana a sama. Kasar Daura na da matsayi na musamman a tarihin kasar Hausa. Labarin da ake da shi game da asalin Hausa Bakwai, ya nuna mana cewa daga Daura ne aka fara juyin nan da ya kawo canje-canje a sarautun kasashen Hausa. Tarihin ya nuna mana cewa, mata ne suka fara yin sarautar Daura. Ana kiran wadannan sarauniyoyi Magajiya. A zamanin Magajiya Shwata ne wani bako sa aka fi sani da suna Bayajida ya zo Daura. Labarin zuwan Bayajida, ya ce shi mutumi nkasar Bagadaza ne a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Daura ne ya kashe Macijiya da ta addabi mutanen gari. Wannan bajinta da kuma ya yi, ta zama sanadin da ya auri Magajiya. Bayan mutuwar Bayajida da Magajiya, sai sarautar Daura ta koma ga dansu Bawo. Daga nan ne kuma sarautar ta koma hannun maza. Labari ya nuna mana cewa, 'ya'yan Bawo ne suka yi sarautar kasashen Hausa shida. Wadannan kasashe su ne Daura,Kano,Katsina,Zazzau,Gobir da Rano. Wadanda da Bayajida ya haifa kafin ya iso Birnin Daura a garin gabas, mai suna Biram, ya yi sarauta a gabas ta Biram, (Garun Gabas) wadda ita ce cikon Hausa Bakwai. Ba mu da cikakken tarihin Daura daga labarin kafuwar mulki, sai bayan jihadin Usman Dan Fodyo da ya auku a farkon karni na goma sha tara. Shi Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo, malami ne da ake zaune a kasar Gobir. Shi kuma Bafilatani ne. Yana da almajirai a ko'ina cikin kasar Hausa. Jihadin da ya hubanta domin gyaran addini, an fara shi a kasar Gobir. Bayan an cinye Gobir, sai Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kafa sabuwar daula ta Musulunci. Haka kuma almajiransa suka gabatar da jihadi a sauran kasashen Hausa, suka tumbuke mulkin Sarakunan Hausa, suka kafa nasu a kasashen mulkin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Mallam Isyaku ne almajirin Shehu USman Dan Fodiyo da ya shugabanci jihadi a kasar Daura. Mallam Isyaku ya mamaye garin Daura bayan Sarkin Daura Abdullahi, wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Gwari Abdu, ya fice daga garin tare da jama'arsa. Mallam Isyaku ne Sarki Fulani na Farko a Daura. Zuri'arsa ta ci gaba da mulkin Daura har 1906 lokacin da aka mayar da sarakunan Daura na asali. Sarakunan Daura sun yi gudun Hijira na shekara dari daga lokacin da sarkin Gwari Abdu ya fita har zuwa lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan gadon sarautarsu na Daura a cikin 1906. Sarakunan Daura sun kafa mulkinsu a wurare da dama, a lokacin da suke gudun hijira. Sun zauna a Murya da Yekuwa garuruwan da yanzu ke cikin Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sun kuma zauna a Yardaje, Toka da Acilafiya kafin su kafa mulkinsu a Zangon Daura wurin da ska fi dadewa. Daga nan ne kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan sarautar Daura, wato aka mayar da su gidansu na iyaye da kakanni. Kasar Daurata samu ci gaba a lokacin Sarkin Abdurrahman wanda ya yi shekara 55 a kn gadon Sarautar Daura (daga 1911-1966) . Allah ya jikansa, ya rahamce shi,amin. Da kuma zamanin Sarki Bashar, wanda ya gaji Sarki Abdurrahman a cikin 1966 kuma yake sarautar Daura har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya dauki ransa a ranar Asabar 24 ga Fabarairu 2007. A ranar Alhamis 1 ga watan Maris 2007 aka dorawa Alhaji Umar Faruk Umar wanda kane ne ga Marigayi Sarkin Daura Muhammadu Bsshar nauyin rikon wannan kasa a matsayinsa na Sarkin Daura na sittin (60). Allah bashi ikon daukar wannan nauyin ya kuma kare shi daga mahassada amin. Asalin Mutanen Daura da Kafuwar Masarautar Daura Abu ne mawuyaci kwaraia ce an tabbatar da ainaihin asalin kafuwar kowace irin al'umma ko kasa ba tare da an tabo matsugunnin farko na dan Adam ba. Har yanzu dai babu wani bigire (wuri) takamaimai inda marubuta tarihi suka hadu a kan cewa shi ne inda dan Adam ya fara zama; wasu su ce a nahiyar Afrika ne; wasu su ce a kasashen nahiyar Sin ne; wasu su ce a kasashen Hindu ne; wasu ma sun ce a kasashen Turai ne da dai sauran sassa na kasashen duniyarnan tamu. Duk da haka, masan tarihi da masana dabi'u da al'adun dan Adam da na kasashe da dauloli, sun hadu a kan cewar bigire (wuri) na farkon da dan Adam ya fara wayewa da kuma nuna basira da hikima da zaman duniya mahaliccinsa ya yi masa baiwa da su, shi ne wurin da yanzu aka fi sani da kasashen Gabas ta tsakiya. Daga wannan yanki na duniyanan ne za mu gutsuri tarihin kafuwar masarautar Daura da mutanen Daura. Kusan dukkan litattafan tarihin da suka yi bayanin kafuwar Daular Daura, sun tsamo tarihinne daga cikin mashahurin kundin tarihin nan da aka fi sani da suna "GIRGAM" wanda aka ce a halin yanzu akwai wani sashe na kundin yana can Damagaram. Shi kuma ya karbe shi ne daga wurin Sarki NUu a yayin da yake zaune a Zango sanadiyyar aukuwar mulkin Fulani a Daular Daura. Wani sashe na wannan kundi kuma an ce yana wata cibiyar ajiyar kayan tarihi a Ingila. Shi kuma Turawa ne suka yi dabarar dauke shi daga fadar Daura, a yayin da suke mulkin kasar nan. Har yau kuma ba su dawo da shi ba. Abubuwan da shi wannan littafi Girgam ya nuna shi ne cewar tun zamanin Kana'ana dan Sayyadina Nuhu. mutane ke zaune a wurin da ake kira Falasdinu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane na Kan'ana ne suka yi hijira daga inda suke zaune wato Falasdinu a karkashin jagorancin wani da ake kira Najibu, suka yiwo kudu maso yamma har sai da suka iso wurin da a yanzu ake kira (Lubayya) Libya. A da can kuma duk wannan sashe yana karkashin kasashen Misra ne. A wannan wuri ne su mutanen Najibu suka zauna shekaru masu yawan gaske, har ma suka yi auratayya tsakaninsu da mutanen da suka tarar a wurin, wato kabilar Kibdawa (Coptics) wadanda suka kasance masu bakar fata ne. Sun hayayyafa da wawadannan mutane, ta yadda bayan shekaru masu yawa, sai ya kasance launin jikin jikokin mutanen Najib mutanen Kan'an ya jirkice daga launi irin na Larabawa ya komo na bakaken mutane. A dai dai lokacin da Najib yayi zango a kasashen Masar sai dan sa Abdukl-Dar ya wuto zuwa kasashen Tura bulus inda ya zauna na wani dan lokaci har ma ya nemi sarauta a daya daga cikin biranen amma mutanen suka ki yarda da su ba bashi. Ganin haka, sai Abdul dar ya taso daga kasashen Turabulus, shi da mutanen sa wadanda suka biyoshi daga inda suka rabu da mahaifinsa wato Masar, suka fuskanci Kudu. Suna tafiya suka ratsa hamadar rairayin nan ta sahara har suka iso wani dausayi mai ni'ima da koramuda ake kira "Gigido". Wurin da aka fi sani da tsohion birni. A wannan wuri mai ni'ima ne suka tsaida shawarsu su zauna. Zaman Abdul dar da mutanensa a wannan wuri "Dausayi" shi ya haifar da kafuwar da garin da yanzu aka sani da sunan 'Daura'. Domin kuwa sanadiyar zamansu a wannan wuri m ai dausayi da koramu, ya sa suka saki jiki har suka kafa gari wanda ya kasaita hae ya zama Daula mai fadi wanda ta mamaye 'yan karkaru dakwe kusa da ita har ma da masu nisa da ita. Bayan mutuwar Abdul dar 'ya'yansa da jikokinsa mata ne suka ringa yin Sarautar wannan daular da ake kira Daura. Ana kiransu da sarautar MAgajiya. Ga sunayensu: Kufuru, Gini, Yakumo, Yakunya, Walzamu, Yanbamu, Gizir-gizir, Innagari, da Daurama itace ta karshe da tayi sarauta a tsohon birni. Itace ta matsa kudu ta kafa garin Daura na yanzu. Daga sunanta ne aka sam i sunan wannan gari Daura, kuma sarautar Daura ta tashi daga MAgajiya ta koma Daurama. Bayan mutuwarta a Daura ga sauran matan da sukayi sarauta: Gamata, Shata, Batatuma, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata, Zama da Shawata. Masana Tarihi su suna cewa a zamanin Daurama Shawata ne Bayajidda yazo Daura. Domin itace magajiya ta goma-sha bakwai kuma ta karshe a jerin sarautar mata. ko da yake anyi bayani cewa, Abduldar da mutanensa sun zauna a Dausayin Gigidohar suka kafa Daula, da kuma bayanin kaurar Sarauniya Daurama zuwa inda garin Daura yake a yanzu, ba wai ana nifin babu wasu mutane da ke zaune a wanna nwuri bane sam sam. A'a, akwai mutane wadanda ke zaune a karkara mai dausayi, tun kafin zuwan su Abduldar da mtanensa. sai dai su wadannan mutane ba wai suna zaune ne a tattare ba, kowa yana zaune ne da iyalinsa da danginsa. Galibinsu mafarauta ne da asu hakar tam. Kuma suna yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Basu da wani tsari na Shugabanci ko Addini, balle wani hali na ci gaba ko zamantakewa da dabi'u irin na al'ummar da kanta ya waye ko ya fara wyewa. misali, akwai irin wannan mutane a kewaye da Gigido har ma yawansu na farauta da hakar tama da kuma hanyoyin neman Abinci kan dauke su zuwa wurare masu nisa. Kamar yanda aka same su a wurare kamar Gindin dutsen Dala a kano, kasashen da yanzu aka sani da sunayen Katsina, Rano, Gobir, Zazzau, Gaya, Garun gabas da sauran wuraren da suka zamo kasashe HAusa a yau. Tun da yake irin wadannan mutane ba'a zaune suke wuri gida ba, kuma basu da tsari na shuganci sai ya kasance suna zaune ne cikin tsoro da rashin aminci. Zuwan Abduldar dausayin Gigido shi ya haifar da kafuwar daular Daura. Bayan mutuwarsa mata suka ringa yin sarautar kasar Daura. Tarihin da aka Samo daga Girgam ya nuna mana cewa mata goma sha bakwai sukayi sarautar Daura kafin sarauta ta koma hannun maza. Zuwan Bayajida Manazarta

52247

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYAUTA%20A%20MAHANGAR%20ADDININ%20MUSULUNCI.

KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI.

KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI. Al’amarin kyauta a mahangar addinin Musulunci, ana iya cewa baiwa ce, kuma ibada ce  muhimmiya. Bisa dalilin muhimmancinta yasa Allah (S.W.T) Ya yi ummarni da yin kyauta.  A  ɗaya ɓangaren, sai aka kwaɗaitar da yawaita kyauta tare da bayyana fa’idojin da kyauta ke jawowa wanda ya yi ta. Akwai ayoyi da yawa waɗanda aka tsoratar da yin rowa, tare da nuna illolin da take jawo ma mai yinta, watau marowaci. Bayan ayoyin Ƙur’ani kuma,  akwai hadisai masu yawa da suka nuna muhimmancin kyauta. A musulunci an kira kyauta (bayarwa) da sunaye daban daban kamar: zakka da zakkatul fitir (zakkar kono) da  imfaƙi(ciyarwa) da waƙaf (bayar da gida ko gona ko makaranta) da wasiyya da layya da hadaya da sauransu. Kyauta Da Sadaka Kyauta da Sadaka suna da kusanci da juna matuƙa don sun yi kama, sau da yawa abin dakan bambanta su ita ce niyya. Manzon Allah (SAW) yana kar:ar kyauta, amma ba ya karɓar sadaka. Bukhari 3.751. Manzon Allah (saw) ya tabbatar cewa kar a bai wa iyalan gidan Muhammad sadaka. Muslim ya riwaito. Abu Huraira ya ce: wata rana Hassan ya ɗauki ƙwayar dabino. Manzon Allah  ya ce kai fito da shi ba ka san mu ba ma cin sadaka ba? Fiƙhus sunna 3.73B   An taɓa bai wa Barira sadakar nama, amma ta kawo wa Annabi (SAW), sai Annabi ya ce: ke sadaka a gareki mu kuma ya zama kyauta. Bukhari 2.571. Daga Abu Huraira ya ce: "Idan aka kawo abinci zuwa ga Manzo Allah(SAW), yakan tambaya cewa kyauta ko sadaka? Idan aka ce sadaka ce, sai ya ce Sahabbai su ci, amma in aka ce kyauta ce, sai ya ci tare da Sahabbai. 3.750. Zakkah: Sadaka (kyauta) ce ta wajibi watau ita farilla ce, amma ga mai wadata. Sadaƙatul Jariya: Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce: Idan mutum ya mutu dukkan ayyukansa sun yanke.  In ban da ayyuka uku, sadaka mai gudana da ilmin da ya koyar ake aiki da shi, sai kuma natsattsen Ɗa wanda zai rinƙa yi masa addu’a. Fiƙhus Sunna 104 A.    Daga Anas Bin Malik ya ce: Duk wanda ya dasa bishiya ko ya shuka ɗan itace ya tsira ya yi Ƴaƴa , wani tsuntsu ko dabba ko mutum ya ci daga gareta. Wannan kamar sadaka ce mai gudana.Bukhari 3.513 Shari’ar  Musulunci ta sharɗanta wasu hukunce-hukunce don ladabtarwa, a inda ta yanke cewar a ciyar da abinci (kyauta) ko a ƴanta baiwa. Kamar wajen kaffarar azumin watan ramalana, inda aka ce duk wanda ya karya azumi da gangar, sai ya yi azumi sittin, ko ya ƴanta baiwa, ko ya ciyar da mutane sittin. Wannan ciyarwa alama ce ta kyauta wadda yake kishiyar rowa ce, don haka Musulunci ba ya son Musulmi ya zama marowaci. Bayan wannan kuma sai kaffarar rantsuwa, nan ma ko dai mutum ya yi azumin kwana uku, ko ya ciyar da mutane goma abincin da zasu  ƙoshi. Bayan wannan tsari kuma, sai ɓangaren da aka umarci Musulmai da su yi kyauta, su ba da zakka da sadaka da waƙafi. Dukkan waɗannan suna korar ko kawar da rowa a tsakanin Musulmai. Sada Zumunci Da Kyauta Ana iya sada zumunci ta hanyar yin  kyauta, zumuncin zai iya kasancewa naka ko na waninka. Bayan haka kuma zai iya faruwa a tsakanin mutane rayayyu (masu rai) da matattu (waɗanda suka rasu). Haka iyaye ko mata ko yayye da sauransu. “Manzon Allah  (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam). Ya kasance ya rinƙa bayar da kyauta zuwa ga ƙawayen Khadija matarsa ta farko ko bayan da ta rasu. A’isha (R.A.) ta riwaito cewa: “Ban taɓa jin kishin wata mata daga cikin matan Manzon Allah ba, kamar yadda nake kishin Khadija, duk da yake ban taɓa ganinta ba. Manzon Allah yakan yawan tuna ta tare da ambatonta, kuma in ya yanka rago yakan ɗebi naman ya bayar ya ce a kai wa wasu daga ƙawayen Khadija.  Wata rana na taɓa ce masa ka damu da Khadija matuƙa, tamkar ba wata mace a faɗi duniyar nan sai  Khadija. Yace: “ Khadija  ta yi min  komai a rayuwa wanda ba wani da ya yi min kamar haka, sannan  daga gareta na samu Ƴaƴa ”.   Bukhari 5.166. Akwai wani bayani wanda ya faru a zamanin Sahabbai, inda Abdullahi Ibn Umar zai tafi  aikin hajji. Suna cikin tafiya da jama’arsa, sai suka haɗu da wani Balaraben ƙauye. Abdullahi Ibn Umar  nan da nan, sai ya ɗauki abin hawansa da jabba ya ba shi, sannan kuma ya girmamashi. Bayan sun rabu sai aka tambayi Ibn Umar game da wannan mutumin, sai Ibn Umar yace: "Mahaifin mutumin abokin Sayyidina Umar Bin Khaɗɗaf ne”. Ibn Umar ya ƙara da cewa: Manzon Allah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ya ce: “ku sadar da zumuncin da iyayenku suke yi suna raye ko bayan sun rasu”. Kyauta Ga Maƙwabci: A’isha ta ce: “Ya Manzon Allah, ina da maƙwabta biyu wane zan bai wa kyauta daga cikinsu? Manzon Allah ya ce: “ki bai wa wanda ƙofarsa ta fi kusa da ke. Bukhari. 3.767    A’isha (R.A.) ta riwaito cewa: Manzon Allah yana yanka akuya ya rarrabar da naman, sai ya tambaya ko akwai abin da ya rage?A’isha ta ce saura karfata, sai Annabi ya ce nama na nan, karfata ce aka rasa.Tirmizi ya riwaito. Ladubban Kyauta a Musulunci: Kyauta na da wasu ladubba waɗanda  shari’a ta tsara don al’umma su kiyaye.  Akwai na umarni da kuma na hani da na kwaɗaitarwa da na tsoratarwa da sauransu. Abubuwa Da Suke ɓata Kyauta Ko Sadaka Akwai wasu abubuwa waɗanda mutum zai yi su ɓata masa kyauta ko sadakar da ya yi. Da farko akwai riya ko gori ko zobe ko tasau da sauransu. Riya Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka ba wanda ya sani, ka zo kana bayar da labari don a yaba maka. Tabbas riya  na ɓata aiki komai yawansa. Gori Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka, amma daga baya ka rinƙa cewa, ashe  ba na yi maka kaza da kaza ba?   Haƙiƙa gori na ɓata kyauta ko sadaka saboda tana tozarta wanda aka yi wa.  Wannan  ya sa Manzon Allah ya hana, Allah (swt) Ya hana a cikin Alƙur’ani a inda Yace: “kar ku ɓata sadakar ku da gori da zobe” Zobe Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka, amma daga baya ka ƙwace abin da ka bayar.  Wannan shi  ma shari’a ta hana, saboda ta haifar ƙiyayya a tsakanin wanda aka yi wa kyauta ko sadaka da wanda ya yi.   Bisa kyakkyawar  ɗabi’a duk wanda ya aikata wannan ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin mutum. Bisa shari’a kuwa, shi ma wannan abin ƙyama ne. Akwai wani hadisi mai yin haka ya yi kama da kare. Domin kare ya ke yin amai sannan daga baya yana dawo ya lashe abisa. Tasau Na nufin mutum ya yi wa budurwa ko bazawara toshi (kyauta).  Bayan ya yi  mata toshi  sai daga baya ya tayar  da kyautar wato ya ƙwace. Bisa kyakkyawar  ɗabi’a duk wanda ya aikata wannan ana ƙaukarsa ƙaramin mutum ma’ana mai ƙaranta. Duk wanda aka san shi wannan hali ba ya yin farin jini a gari. Bugu da ƙari Ƴanmata kan guje shi. Raina Kyauta A al’adance an hana mutum ya raina kyautar da aka yi masa, saboda Bahaushe ya ce: “maraina  kaɗan ɓarawo ne”, ko “lomar hasafi ta fi kaɓakin tsiya” ko “da babu gara ba daɗi”. Haka kuma ko a musulunce shari’a ta hana raina kyauta kamar a wani hadisi inda Abu huraira ya ce:Manzon Allah ya ce: “ya ku mata kar ɗaya daga cikin ku ta raina kyautar da ƙawarta ko maƙwabciyarta ko da kofatan akuya ne”.Bukhari 3.740 Daga  Abu huraira ya ce: Manzon Allah Ya ce: zan amsa gayyata walima ko da abincin kofaton akuya ne. KYAUTAR DA MUSULUNCI KE KYAMA. Abdullahi bn Umar da Abdullahi Abbas sun ruwaito cewa: Manzon Allah (SAW) haramun ne mutum ya bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, sannan daga baya ya zo ya ƙwace, sai tsakanin uba in yaba ɗansa. Duk wanda yayi kyauta ya koma mata ya zama kare mai yin amai ya dawo lashe. Abu Dauda 1571. Abu umama ya ruwaito cewa: Manzon Allah yace "duk wanda ya taimaki ɗan uwansa sannan ya karɓI wata kyauta daga gare shi to tinkari wata ƙofa daga ƙofofi riba (rashawa). 1573 Abdullahi bn Ammar bn As ya ce: Manzon Allah ya ce: ba a yarda ba mace ta yi kyauta da wani abu daga kayan mijinta ba, sai da izininsa.  Abu Dauda 1575. Nu’uman bn Bashir yace: Babansa ya tafi da shi wajen Manzon Allah, ya ce: Na baiwa Ɗana bawa, sai Manzon Allah ya tambaya ka bai wa sauran Ƴaƴanbka kamar haka?  Sai ya ce: a’a, Manzon Allah ya ce: karɓi kyautarka. Bukhari3.759.         A  ƙarshe,  ga  wasu ƙarin hujjoji kaɗan don a sanya su a matsayin madogara. Waɗannan hujjoji sun ƙunshi ayoyin Ƙur’ani da wasu hadisai, da kuma maganganun wasu bayin Allah. Gaba Ɗayansu sun yi nuni ne ga fa’idar bayarwa  (kyauta ko sadaka ko zakka)  a Musulunce da kuma cewa bayarwa ibada ce ga mahangar Musulunci. Bayan haka kuma baiwa ce domin kuwa sai wanda Allah Ya yarda da shi yake yin alheri. An ambaci sadaka Suratul Baƙara aya ta 219, 270, 272, 274, 291,  Ala’imrana aya ta 92,  134,  Nisa’I aya ta 114,  Tauba aya ta 60, 79, 103,  Nur  aya ta 56, Mujadala aya ta 12, 13, An yi ummarnin yin sadaka a Suratul Baƙara aya ta 271, An ambaci fa’idoji da falalar sadaka Suratul Baƙara aya ta 261, Anfal aya ta 60, Suratul Hadid aya ta18, Tagabun aya ta17. An tsoratar a kan ƙin yin sadaka Suratul Suratul Isra’il aya ta 28, ayoyi da  surori masu yawa a Ƙur’ani mai girma : Suratul Isra’il aya ta 29. Kar ka maƙe hannunka ka zama marowaci, kar kuma ka zama almubazzari don kar ka zama abin zargi, ko ka talauce. A cikin Suratul Laili. Da Suratul Ma’uun, da cikin Suratul Hadid. Abu Huraira ya ruwaito Annabi ya ce:  “mai kyauta yana kusa da Allah, kuma kusa da Aljannah, kuma kusa da mutane. Amma marowaci kuwa yana nesa da Allah, kuma yana kusa da wuta. Jahili wanda yake yin kyauta ya fi kusa da Allah fiye da mai ibada marowaci. Tirmizi: 580: Aliyu Ɗan Abi Ɗalib yace: Malami saboda iliminsa yana iya zama mai kyauta. A inda mai dukiya saboda son dukiyarsa yana iya zama marowaci. A Musulunci, an fifita mai bayar da kyauta a kan wanda yake karɓa. kamar wani hadisi dayace: Hannun sama (Mai bayarwa) yafi hannun ƙasa (mai kar~a) daraja. Duk wannan ana nuna kyawun kyauta fiye da rowa da kuma kwaɗayi. Ibn Abbas ya ce, Manzon Allah shi ne mafi alheri (Kyauta) a mutane. Ya fi yin kyauta a watan azumi, ya fi iska kyauta.1.1 Abdullahi Bin Amr ya ce, wani mutum ya tambayi Annabi cewa: Wane aiki ne ya fi a musulunci? Sai ya ce ka ciyar da talaka, sannan ka yi sallama ga wanda ka sani da wanda ba ka sani ba. Bukhari 1.11. Shafi Tattaunawa

40440

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka

Doka

Doka wani tsari ne na ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira kuma cibiyoyin zamantakewa ko na gwamnati ke aiwatar da su don daidaita ɗabi'a, tare da ainihin ma'anarta al'amarin muhawara mai tsawo. An siffantata daban-daban a matsayin kimiyya kuma azaman fasahar adalci. Ƙungiya ta majalisa za ta iya yin dokokin da aka tilasta wa jihohi ko kuma ta hanyar majalisa guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da dokoki; ta hanyar zartarwa ta hanyar dokoki da ka'idoji; ko alƙalai sun kafa ta ta hanyar abin da ya gabata, yawanci a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Mutane masu zaman kansu na iya ƙirƙirar kwangiloli masu ɗaure bisa doka, gami da yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa waɗanda ke ɗaukar wasu hanyoyin warware takaddama zuwa daidaitattun ƙarar kotu. Ƙirƙirar dokoki da kansu na iya yin tasiri ta hanyar tsarin mulki, a rubuce ko tacit, da haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin su. Dokar ta tsara siyasa, tattalin arziki, tarihi da zamantakewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na dangantaka tsakanin mutane. Tsarin shari'a ya bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce, tare da nazarin bambance-bambancen su a cikin ka'idar kwatanci. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen dokar farar hula, majalisa ko wata ƙungiya ta tsakiya ta tsara kuma ta ƙarfafa doka. A cikin tsarin shari'a na gama gari, alkalai na iya yin doka ta shari'a ta hanyar da ta gabata, ko da yake a wani lokaci babbar kotu ko majalisa na iya soke wannan. A tarihi, dokar addini ta yi tasiri ga al'amuran duniya kuma, tun daga karni na 21, har yanzu ana amfani da su a wasu al'ummomin addini. Ana amfani da tsarin shari'a bisa ka'idojin Musulunci a matsayin tsarin shari'a na farko a kasashe da dama, ciki har da Iran da Saudi Arabiya. Ana iya raba iyakokin doka zuwa yankuna biyu. Dokokin jama'a sun shafi gwamnati da al'umma, gami da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, da dokar laifuka. Doka mai zaman kanta tana magance rikice-rikice na shari'a tsakanin daidaikun mutane da/ko kungiyoyi a fannoni kamar kwangiloli, kadarori, azabtarwa/lalata da dokar kasuwanci. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya fi ƙarfi a cikin ƙasashen dokokin farar hula, musamman waɗanda ke da tsarin kotunan gudanarwa daban; akasin haka, rarrabuwar ka'idojin jama'a da masu zaman kansu ba su da faɗi sosai a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Dokar ta ba da tushen binciken masana game da tarihin shari'a, falsafar, nazarin tattalin arziki da ilimin zamantakewa. Har ila yau kuma, doka ta gabatar da batutuwa masu mahimmanci da sarƙaƙƙiya game da daidaito, adalci, da adalci. Falsafar doka Falsafar doka an fi saninta da fikihu. Fikihu na al'ada yana tambaya "me ya kamata doka ta kasance?", yayin da fikihun nazari ke tambaya "menene shari'a?" Fikihun nazari An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don samar da "ma'anar doka mai karɓuwa a duniya". A 1972, Baron Hampstead ya ba da shawarar cewa ba za a iya samar da irin wannan ma'anar ba. McCoubrey da White sun ce tambayar "menene doka?" ba shi da amsa mai sauƙi. Glanville Williams ya ce ma’anar kalmar “doka” ta dogara ne da mahallin da aka yi amfani da kalmar. Ya ce, alal misali, "dokar al'ada ta farko" da" dokar birni" sun kasance mahallin da kalmar "doka" tana da ma'anoni daban-daban guda biyu da ba za a iya daidaita su ba. Thurman Arnold ya ce a fili yake cewa ba zai yiwu a ayyana kalmar “doka” ba, haka kuma a fili yake cewa gwagwarmayar ayyana wannan kalma bai kamata a taba watsi da ita ba. Yana yiwuwa a yi la'akari da cewa ba a buƙatar ma'anar kalmar "doka" (misali "bari mu manta game da gabaɗaya kuma mu gangara zuwa cases"). Wata ma'anar ita ce doka tsari ne na dokoki da jagororin da ake aiwatar da su ta hanyar cibiyoyin zamantakewa don gudanar da halaye. A cikin Ma'anar Shari'a, HLA Hart yayi jayayya cewa doka shine "tsarin dokoki"; John Austin ya ce doka ita ce "umarnin wani sarki, wanda ke goyon bayan barazanar takunkumi"; Ronald Dworkin ya kwatanta doka a matsayin "ma'anar fassara" don cimma adalci a cikin rubutunsa mai suna Daular Doka; kuma Joseph Raz ya ce doka ita ce "iko" don sasanta muradun mutane. Oliver Wendell Holmes ya ce, "Annabce-annabce na abin da kotuna za su yi a zahiri, kuma babu wani abin da ya fi girman kai, shine abin da nake nufi da doka." A cikin Yarjejeniyar Doka, Thomas Aquinas ya bayar da hujjar cewa doka tsari ne na hankali na abubuwan da suka shafi amfanin gama gari wanda duk wanda aka dora wa alhakin kula da al'umma ke yadawa. Wannan ma'anar tana da abubuwa masu kyau da na halitta.   Webarchive template wayback links Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

28087

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Gille

Sarah Gille

Sarah Gille kwararre ce ta jiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Duniya ta Scripps da aka sani da bincikenta kan rawar da Tekun Kudu ke takawa a tsarin yanayin duniya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Gille ta sami digiri na farko B.S. daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1988, da kuma Ph.D. a cikin 1995 a cikin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts-Woods Hole Oceanographic Haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fasaha. Binciken Ph.D. ta ya yi amfani da tauraron dan adam don auna bambancin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci a tsayin saman teku a cikin Tekun Kudancin, gami da ƙirar waɗannan bayanai. Bayan aikinta na digiri na uku, Gille ta kara horarwa a matsayin mai binciken digiri na biyu a Scripps Institution of Oceanography da Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia. Aiki Gille ta karɓi matsayin baiwa a Jami'ar California, Irvine. A cikin shekara ta 2000 ta koma Jami'ar California, San Diego inda, har zuwa wannan kwanan wata, tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Scripps Institution of Oceanography da Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya da Aerospace. Bincike Cibiyar binciken Gille ta dogara ne akan Tekun Kudancin kasar inda take aiki akan musayar iska da teku da sauye-sauyen tarihi a yanayi a yankin. Gille yana amfani da jiragen ruwa don nazarin motsi na yawan ruwa a cikin Kudancin Tekun, da kuma haɗa bayanai daga shekarun 1990 a cikin Tekun Kudu tare da bayanan tarihi don gano dumamar yanayi a tsakiyar zurfin da ya tattara a cikin Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Binciken Gille ya haɗa da auna iskoki daga sararin samaniya ta amfani da dandamali na QuickSCAT, da kuma haɗa bayanan ganowa da masu iyo daga Tekun Kudancin zuwa samfuran duniya. Tun daga watan Disamba 2021, Gilles ta kasance babban mai bincike na tarihi na NSF wanda aka ba da kuɗin "Diapycnal da Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean" (DIMES), shirin filin na Unites States da United Kingdom don auna isopycnal (a kwance) da kuma diapycnal (a tsaye) hadewar ruwan Kudancin Tekun Kudanci, tare da nazarin karkatar da isopycnals na Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Tun daga watan Disamba 2021, Gilles ita ma mai binciken Tsari ce ta Cibiyar Muhalli ta Princeton [Jami'ar] da kuma NSF da ke tallafawa Kudancin Tekun Carbon Carbon da Ayyukan Kula da Yanayi da Modeling (SOCCOM), wanda ke da niyyar bayyana tasirin Kudancin Tekun a duniya. yanayi. Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Kelly, Kathryn A.; Gille, Sarah T. (1990). "Tsarin sufuri na Gulf Stream da kididdiga a 69 ° W daga Geosat altimeter". Jaridar Bincike na Geophysical: Tekuna. 95 (C3): 3149–3161. doi:10.1029/JC095iC03p03149. ISSN 2156-2202. Gille, Sarah T. (1994). "Ma'anar tsayin saman teku na Antarctic Circumpolar Yanzu daga bayanan Geosat: Hanya da aikace-aikace". Jaridar Bincike na Geophysical: Tekuna. 99 (C9): 18255-18273. doi:10.1029/94JC01172. ISSN 2156-2202. Gille, S. T. (15 Fabrairu 2002). " Dumamar Tekun Kudancin Tun daga shekarun 1950". Kimiyya. 295 (5558): 1275-1277. doi:10.1126/kimiyya.1065863. PMID 11847337. S2CID 31434936. Gille, Sarah T. (15 Satumba 2008). "Tsarin Yanayin Zazzabi na Decadal a Kudancin Kudancin Tekun Duniya". Jaridar Climate. 21 (18): 4749-4765. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2131.1. Jones, Julie M.; Gille, Sarah T.; Goosse, Hugu; Abram, Nerilie J.; Canziani, Pablo O.; Charman, Dan J.; Clem, Kyle R.; Crosta, Xavier; de Lavergne, Casimir; Eisenman, Ina; Ingila, Matiyu H. (2016). "Kimanin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a cikin babban yanayi na sararin samaniyar Kudancin Hemisphere". Canjin Yanayi. 6 (10): 917-926. doi: 10.1038/nclimate3103. ISSN 1758-678X. Swart, Neil C.; Gille, Sarah T.; Fyfe, John C. & Gillett, Nathan P. (2018). "Dumar da Tekun Kudancin teku na Kwanan nan da Sabuntawar Iskar Gas na Greenhouse da Ragewar Ozone". Yanayin Geoscience. 11: 836-841. An dawo da 14 Disamba 2021.CS1 ainihin: sunaye da yawa: jerin mawallafa (mahaɗi) Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa Yayin da take makarantar sakandare, Gille ta sami lambar yabo ta 1995 Carl-Gustav Rossby Award na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts. A shekara ta 2000, a matsayin mamba memba, ta samu Zeldovich Award daga kwamitin binciken sararin samaniya da kuma Rasha Academy of Sciences. A cikin shekarar 2021, Gille ya sami lambar yabo ta Sverdrup Zinare ta Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Duniya ta Amurka. An nada Gille a matsayin Fellow of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) a 2015, da kuma American Meteorological Society a 2021. Sanarwar AGU ta 2015 ta ambace ta "don gudunmuwar musamman don inganta fahimtar yanayin tekun Kudancin da kuma rawar da ta taka. a tsarin yanayi". Ci gaba da karatu Bindoff, Nathaniel L. (2018). "Canjin Yanayi: Dumuma da Sabunta Yanayin". Yanayin Geoscience. 11: 803-804. An dawo da shi 14 Disamba 2021. Farfesa Bindoff, Physical Oceanography, Jami'ar Tasmania kuma babban mai bincike, ARC Center of Excellence in Climate System Science, comments cewa Swart et al. (2018) binciken ya kiyasta mahimmancin mahimmancin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin Kudancin Tekun Kudu, kuma shine farkon yin hakan. Freedman, Andrew (28 Satumba 2018). "Makamashi & Muhalli: Masana kimiyya Sun Warware Sirrin Canjin Yanayi na Kudancin Tekun". Axios.com. An dawo da shi 14 Disamban shekarar 2021. Mista Freedman yana gabatar da sanannen asusun Swart et al. (2018) nazari, samar da sharhi ta Gille, da kuma maganganun masu zaman kansu daga Bindoff mara shiga (duba sama). Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kimiyya ta Duniya (13 Disamba 2021). "GSF: Hadin gwiwar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Duniya har yanzu Mainstream" (sakin latsa). PRNewsWire.com. An dawo da 14 Disamba 2021. [Bayanai] Sarah Gille, masanin ilimin teku na Scripps Institution of Oceanography... [as] Sverdrup Gold Medal Winner of American Meteorological Society (2021). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafukan Sarah Gille da Google Scholar ya tsara Tekunmu mai Dumama akan YouTube, Agusta 24, 2020 hira da Gille akan Jami'ar California Television Rayuwar Masanin Kimiyya a cikin Dakika 99: Masanin ilimin kimiyyar jiki Sarah Gille akan YouTube, Fabrairu 7, 2020

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataucin%20Bil%20adama%20a%20Turai

Fataucin Bil adama a Turai

Fataucin bil adama a Turai wani lamari ne da ya shafi yanki ne na faffadan al’adar ciniki a tsakanin ‘yan adam don dalilai daban-daban na cin zarafi. Fataucin bil adama ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ya biyo baya daga aikin bautar da aka yi a baya, wanda ya bambanta da fataucin ɗan adam ta yadda doka ta amince da shi kuma an yarda da shi. Ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙasashe a Turai tun juyin juya halin 1989 . Canjin tattalin arzikin kasuwa a wasu ƙasashe ya haifar da dama da kuma asarar tsaro ga 'yan ƙasar. Wahalhalun tattalin arziki da alkawurran wadata sun sa mutane da yawa cikin halin kaka-nika-yi da fataucinsu a cikin ƙasashen su da wuraren da ake zuwa a wasu sassan Turai da duniya. Na musamman ga ƙasashen Balkan wasu yanayi ne da ke tallafawa fataucin, kamar ƙungiyoyin laifuka, da dabarun daukar ma'aikata da ke ci gaba da yin ta. Yayin da za a iya yin wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, kasashen da ke wannan yanki suna fuskantar ƙalubale daban-daban kuma suna kan matakai daban-daban na bin ƙa'idojin fataucin mutane. Dalilai An bayyana Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen bayyana karuwar fataucin mutane a Turai. Ya ba da duka jarin ɗan adam da sabbin damar yanki don haɓaka faɗaɗawa. Bayan wannan lokacin, fataucin waɗanda aka kashe, musamman mata, ya kuma faɗaɗa ya haɗa da nau'ikan ma'adinai ma mabambanta, waɗanda aka sami taimako ta hanyar karuwar manyan laifuffuka, cin hanci da rashawa da raguwar iyakoki. Iyakoki mara kyau da kusancin ƙasashe masu arziki sun sanya sauƙi da rahusa jigilar waɗanda abin ya shafa a cikin yankin da kuma ƙasashen waje. Wani abin da ya taimaka wajen haɓaka fataucin shi ne yaƙi da yaƙi a ƙasashen Balkan . Kasancewar yawancin mazan kasashen waje a yankin Balkan bayan yakin Yugoslavia ya kai ga fataucin dubban mata don yin lalata da su. Alakar da ke tsakanin sansanonin soja da aikin jima'i wani sanannen lamari ne kuma sojoji sun taimaka wajen fitar da buƙatar gidajen karuwai a wannan yanki. A wajen al'ummomin Balkan, an kuma danganta halatta neman karuwanci da karuwar fataucin, inda aka gano Netherlands a matsayin mai yawan kaso na wadanda aka yi fataucin da ake kai su can. Yaduwa Ko da yake ana samun kowane nau'i na fataucin a Turai, fataucin jima'i ya fi samun kulawa kuma an yada yadda ake cin zarafin 'yan mata da mata a wannan yanki a kafafen yada labarai. Tsakanin shekarar 2003-2004, kashi 85% na wadanda aka taimaka wa wadanda aka yi wa agajin sun kasance wadanda aka yi musu fyaɗe. “Bambancin fataucin bayan Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Turai shi ne saurin da ya girma da kuma dunkulewa duniya baki daya. Babu cinikin da aka daɗe a cikin ɗan adam ko kafa hanyoyin sadarwa don sauƙaƙe wannan kasuwancin. Maimakon haka, yanayin al'ummomin riƙon kwarya ya haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin da ya dace don kasuwanci a cikin 'yan adam. Yanzu shekaru bayan mika mulki na farko, duk nau’o’in fataucin bil-Adama sun zama ruwan dare a yankin, sakamakon fatara, rashin ingantaccen matakan da za a dauka, da haɗa baki da jami’an gwamnati akai-akai a wannan sana’a, da karuwar sana’o’in muggan laifuka.” Hanyoyin fataucin mutane Teburin mai zuwa yayi cikakken bayani akan nau'ikan fataucin na musamman ga wasu wurare a Turai. Waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku, wadanda Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka da Farfesa Louise Shelley suka kirkira na da amfani wajen samar da dabarun tabbatar da doka don yakar fataucin mutane. Tun da Turai ta ƙunshi ƙasashe da yawa masu tarihin siyasa daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan uku sun shafi wannan yanki. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku kuma idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan sauran yankuna da ƙasashe, a bayyane yake cewa fataucin ya fi shafar mata, tashin hankali, da alaƙa da sauran nau'ikan laifuka. daukar ma'aikata Ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a yankin Balkan da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet sun sami nasara ta hanyar sassauƙa da sauya hanyoyinsu da hanyoyinsu don dacewa da kasuwannin duniya da ke saurin canzawa. Kwarewar aikin da aka yi a baya da manyan matakan ilimi sun ba masu fataucin damar yin "samar da takardu na yaudara, yin amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani, da yin aiki cikin nasara a kan iyakokin." Haɗin kansu da ikon yin amfani da fasahar zamani ta haifar da ƙalubale ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin tilasta bin doka da ke neman yin bincike da gurfanar da masu fataucinsu. Wani hali na musamman shine ci gaban ilimi na yawancin waɗanda aka yi safarar su. Ko da yake sun ƙware don samun aiki a ƙasashensu na asali, waɗanda abin ya shafa sukan nemi mafi kyawun damammaki ko biyan kuɗi a ƙasashen waje. An yi amfani da dabaru da dama wajen daukar wadanda abin ya shafa masu ilimi da suka hada da hukumomin aure da ayyukan yi, hukumomin tsara kayan aikin jabu, wuraren shirya fina-finai, da yin aiki da karatu a kasashen waje. Domin akwai halaltattun damammaki a waɗannan fagagen, galibi yana da wahala a ware tallace-tallacen na yaudara da sahihan damammaki. Waɗannan tallace-tallacen da aka buga ba a cika tantance su ba. Fataucin yara Fataucin yara a yankin Balkan yana yiwuwa ya faru a cikin yara masu ƙasa da goma sha biyu (don bara, sata, da sauran laifuffukan titi) da kuma waɗanda suka girmi 15 (don cin zarafin kasuwanci). Haramcin al'adu gabaɗaya yana hana fataucin yara maza don yin lalata da su, duk da haka, an lura da wasu lokuta a tsakanin yaran Romania da ake fataucinsu a ƙasashen waje. Masu fama da fataucin yara su ne naƙasassu da yara na wasu ƙabilu na musamman, irin su Jevgjit da ke Albaniya da kuma ƙabilar Romani a wasu sassan yankin. Wani rahoton UNICEF da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, ya nuna cewa yaran da suka cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa ba gabaɗaya ba ne waɗanda masu fataucin waje ke fama da su, amma ƴan yankinsu ne, waɗanda ke neman samun kuɗin shiga daga sayar da su a ƙasashen waje. Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana halaye guda biyar na gama-gari na yara da ke cikin haɗarin fataucinsu a yankin Balkan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: yaran da ke fama da tashin hankalin gida yaran da ba su da tallafin iyali da kariya (misali yaran da ke zaune a cibiyoyi) yaran da suka daina zuwa makaranta yaran 'yan tsiraru (misali. Roma) yaran da aka yi safararsu a baya Ƙalubale Duk da cewa yakin da ake yi na yaƙi da fataucin mutane a cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata ya yi tasiri wajen dakile wasu nau’o’in fataucin, tattara bayanai da sarrafa bayanai na ci gaba da zama matsala ga kasashen yankin Balkan (kudu maso gabashin Turai). Tarin bayanai wani muhimmin kayan aiki ne don sa ido kan yanayin ƙasa da yanki kuma ana amfani da bincike akai-akai don tsara manufofin hana fataucin mutane. Yana kuma da mahimmanci a tattara bayanai kan duka waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu fataucin su kuma ana amfani da bayanai kan adadin bincike da gurfanar da su a yayin tantance ayyukan ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin tattara bayanai da aka gano a wannan yanki sune: ba a fahimci yawan laifukan da aka aikata tare da wadanda aka gano, bincike, da kuma gurfanar da su ba ana buƙatar haɗin kai ta ƴan wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri kuma ana buƙatar daidaita kididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi Rashin yarda da juna tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnati na iya hana raba bayanai a fili, musamman idan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ganin cewa musayar bayanan abokan cinikin su zai jefa ko dai wanda aka azabtar ko kuma kungiyar cikin hadari. za a iya samun shingen harshe, al'adu, da tsakanin mutane waɗanda ke haifar da waɗanda abin ya shafa ga abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba. Ana binciken wasu abubuwan da suka faru na fataucin kamar fasa-kwauri, karuwanci da sauransu, wanda ke hana kama su a cikin ma'ajin bayanai. al'amuran da aka bincika kamar yadda fataucin zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin haka, koda kuwa an sake sanya su azaman ƙarami. Don magance waɗannan batutuwa, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Harkokin Hijira ta Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sun kuma fara aiwatar da tsari na daidaita tsarin tattara bayanai da bayar da rahoto a duk Turai. Matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu Dubi Karin Karatu: 'Rahoton Shekara Na Biyu Akan Wadanda Fataucin Aka Yi A Kudu Maso Gabashin Turai' don jerin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don yaki da fataucin mutane Duk da yake akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin sa-kai don mayar da martani ga fataucin, kamar rashin kuɗi, manyan ayyuka, da rashin tallafin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa. Galibin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wadanda suka bullo a shekarun 1990, da farko sun yi gwagwarmayar rike karfinsu wajen yakar masu fataucin mutane. Yayin da nasarorin da suka samu ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, ana ganin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da suka shiga tare da ɗaukar matakin inda gwamnatoci suka gaza. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi amincewa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu saboda "yawan masu fataucin suna tsoro da rashin yarda da kungiyoyi na jihohi yayin da suke yawan shiga kasashen da aka nufa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma an cire musu takardunsu idan sun isa." Tsoron fitar da su gida, tilasta musu ba da shaida, ko kuma ramuwar gayya daga masu fataucinsu su ma suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin son tunkarar hukumomin da suka dace don tallafa musu. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun tashi don cike wannan gibin da kuma ba da sabis ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ayyukan da suke bayarwa sun haɗa da: shawarwari na shari'a, zamantakewa, da tunani da goyon bayan sake haɗawa ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin fataucin goyon bayan bayanai da ƙididdiga da bincike yin fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda aka kashe Hoton ƙasa TIERS Ƙasashe na TIER 1 waɗanda gwamnatocinsu suka cika cikakkiyar ƙa'idodin Dokar Kariyar Fatauci (TVPA) Ƙasashe na 2 waɗanda gwamnatoci ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin TVPA ba, amma suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don tabbatar da kansu ga waɗannan ƙa'idodin. KASASHE NA 3 waɗanda gwamnatocinsu ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi ba kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin yin hakan. Don Takaitaccen Bayanin Ƙasa Duba kuma Fataucin Jima'i a Turai Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Fataucin Mutane Fataucin Mata Fataucin Yara Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falalar%20Azumi%20Da%20Hukuncinsa

Falalar Azumi Da Hukuncinsa

Ma’anar kalmar "Azumi" a larabci Kamewa da barin wani abu Ma’anar Azumi a Shari’a Shi ne bautawa Allah ta hanyar kamewa daga cin abinci da abin sha da jima’i, tun daga hudowar alfijir har zuwa faduwar rana. Falalar Azumi Azumi yana da falala mai girma, da lada mai yawa. Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya raba azumi zuwa gare shi, saboda girmama shi da daukaka shi. Ya zo a cikin hadisi qudusi daga Abu Hurairata – Allah ya yarda da shi – ya ce, Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya ce, “Dukkan aikin dan Adam ana ninka masa shi, ana ninka kyakkyawa sau goma, har zuwa ninki dari bakwai. Allah Mai girma da buwaya ya ce, “Sai dai azumi, haqiqa shi nawa ne, ni ne nake ba da ladansa, mutum yana barin sha’awarsa da abincinsa saboda ni. Mai azumi yana da farin cikin biyu, farin ciki yayin buda bakinsa, da farin ciki yayin haduwa da Ubangijinsa. Warin bakin mai azumi ya fi almiski qanshi a wurin Allah” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi]. Hikimar Shar’anta Azumi 1 – Tabbatar da tsoron Allah, wajen amsa wa umarninsa, da biyayya ga shari’arsa. Allah Maxaukakin Sarki ya ce, “(An wajabta muku azumi ne) ko kwa samu tsoron Allah” (Albaqara : 183). 2 – Saba wa kai haquri, da qarfafa wa zuciya wajen danne sha’awa. 3 – Saba wa mutum da kyautatawa, da jin tausayin mabuqata da talakawa, saboda idan mutum ya xanxani yunwa zuciyarsa za ta yi laushi ta karkata zuwa ga mabuqata. 4 – Samun hutu a jiki da samun lafiya a cikin azumi. Hukuncin Yin Azumi Azumin da Allah ya shar’anta ya kasu zuwa ga: 1 – Azumin Wajibi Ya kasu gida biyu : A – Azumin da Allah ne ya wajabta a kan bawa tun da farko, shi ne azumin watan Ramadan, kuma rukuni ne daga rukunan musulunci. B – Azumin da bawa ne yake musababin wajabata wa kansa shi, kamar azumin kaffara. 2 – Azumin Mustahabbi, Shi ne dukkan azumin da shari’a take so a yi shi, kamar azumin ranar Litinin da Alhamis, da azumin kwana uku a kowane wata, da azumin ranar Ashura, da azumin goman farko a cikin watan Zulhijjah, da sittu Shawwal da azumin ranar Arfa. Sharuddan Wajabcin Azumi 1 – Musulunci : Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan kafiri. 2 – Balaga : Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan yaro qarami, sai dai za a umarce shi da yi idan zai iya, don ya saba. 3 – Hankali : Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan Mahaukaci. 4 – Samun Iko : Azumi ba ya wajaba a kan wanda ba zai iya yi ba. Azumin Watan Ramadan Azumin watan Ramadan rukuni ne daga rukunan musulunci, kuma farilla ne da Allah ya farlanta a kan bayinsa. Allah Maxaukakin Sarki ya ce , “Ya ku waxanda suka yi imani an wajabta muku azumi kamar yadda aka wajabta wa waxanda suke gabaninku don ku samu taqawa”. (Al-Baqarah: 183) Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya ce, “An gina musulunci a bisa ginshiqai biyar” [Buhkari ne ya rawaito shi]. Sai ya ambaci “Azumin watan Ramadan” daga cikinsu. Daga Cikin Falalar Watan Ramadan 1 – A watan Ramadan Ana bude qofofin Aljannah, ana rufe qofofin wuta, ana daure Shaidanu, zuciya tana fuskantar aikin alheri. Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya ce, “Idan Ramadan ya zo, sai a bude qofofin sama, a rufe qofofin Jahannama, a daure Shaidanu” . [Buhkari ne ya rawaito shi] 2 – Yin azumi da tsayuwar sallar asham saboda Allah da neman lada yana gafarta abin da ya gabata na zunubai. Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya ce, “Wanda ya yi azumin watan Ramadan, yana mai imani da neman lada, za a gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi]. Ya sake cewa : “Wanda ya yi tsayuwar sallah a watan Ramadan, yana mai imani da neman lada, za a gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa” . [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi] 3 – A cikin watan Ramadan Akwai daren Lailatul Qadri, wanda Allah yake cewa a kansa “Daren lailatul Qadri ya fi wata dubu alheri” . (Alqadr : 3) Duk wanda ya tsaya a cikin wannan dare yana mai imani da Allah da neman lada to za a gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa. Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya ce, “Wanda ya tsaya a daren lailatul Qadri yana mai imani da Allah da neman lada to za a gafarta masa abin da ya gabata na zunubansa” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi] . 4 – Umara a cikin Ramadan tana daidai da yin aikin hajji tare da Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ). Manzon Allah ya ce, “Umara a cikin Ramadan tana daidai da aikin hajji tare da ni” [Muslim ne ya rawaito shi] 5 – Watan Ramadan watan Alqur'ani ne, a cikinsa aka saukar da shi, don haka ya dace a yawaita karanta shi a cikin wannan wata. Allah ya ce, “Watan Ramadan wanda aka saukar Alqur'ani a cikinsa, Shiriya ne ga mutane, da ayoyin bayanannu da rarrabe wa tsakanin qarya da gaskiya” (Albaqara : 185) . 6 – Watan Ramadan wata ne na kyauta da ciyarwa da sadaka. An karvo daga Abdullahi dan Abbas – Allah ya yarda da shi – ya ce, “ Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya fi dukkan mutane kyauta, ya kasance lokacin da yafi kyauta shi ne a cikin Ramadan, lokacin da Mala'ika Jibrilu yake haduwa da shi. Mala’ika Jibrilu yana haduwa da shi a kowane dare a cikin Ramadan, ya yi karatun Alqur'ani tare da shi. Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) ya fi kowa kyauta lokacin da Mala'ika Jibriru yake hadu da shi, ya fi iska sakakkiya kyauta” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi]. ==Da me Ake Tabbatar Da Kamawar Watan Ramadan?== Watan Ramadan ya tabbata da ganin wata, idan aka ga wata bayan faduwar ranar ashirin da tara ga watan Sha’aban, to watan Ramadan ya kama, idan kuwa ba a ga wata ba, bayan faduwar ranar ashirin da tara ga watan Sha’aban, ko kuma wani abu ya hana ganinsa, kamar hadari, ko qura, ko hayaqi, to sai a cika lissafin watan Sha’aban kwana talatin. Saboda fadin Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) : “Ku yi azumi don ganin wata, ku sauke don ganinsa, idan an kare muku shi, to ku cika Sha’aban kwana talatin” [Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi] . Karya Azumi Karya azumi haramun ne, kuma yana daga cikin manya-manyan laifuka. Duk wanda ya karya azumin na rana daya ba da wani uzuri ba, kuma bai tuba ba, to babu abin da zai isar masa, koda ya yi azumin zamani gabadaya. Saboda fadin Annabi ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) “Duk wanda ya karya azumi rana xaya daga Ramadan, ba a a kan wani rangwame da Allah ya yi masa ba, to azumin zamani gabadaya ba zai rama masa ba” [ Abu Dawud ne ya rawaito shi] . Azabar wanda ya karya azumi da gangan mai girma ce. An karvo daga Abu Umamata Al-bahili – Allah ya yarda da shi – ya ce, “Na ji Manzon Allah ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) yana cewa, ina cikin barci, sai wasu mutane biyu suka zo min,…..sannan suka tafi da ni, sai kawai na ga wasu mutane an rataye su ta agararsu, muqamuqansu a tstssage, jini yana ta kwarara. Sai ya ce, na ce, su wanene wadannan? Sai ya ce, Wadannan sune wadanda suke karya azumi ne tun kafin lokacin shan ruwa ya yi” [Ibn Hibban ne ya rawaito shi] . Manazarta Ibadah Musulunci

28374

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20garin%20Warsaw

Tsohon garin Warsaw

Tsohon Garin Warsaw (Yaren mutanen Poland: Stare Miasto kuma a zahiri kamar Starówka) shine mafi tsohon yanki na Warsaw, babban birnin Poland. Yana da iyaka da Wybrzeże Gdańskie (Gdańsk Boulevards), tare da bankin kogin Vistula, Grodzka, Mostowa da Titin Podwale. Yana daya daga cikin fitattun wuraren shaƙatawa na Warsaw. Zuciyar wurin ita ce Wurin Kasuwar Gari, mai wadatar gidajen abinci, wuraren shaguna da shaguna. Titunan da ke kewaye sun ƙunshi gine-gine na zamanin da kamar katangar birni, Cathedral na St. John da Barbican waɗanda ke haɗa Tsohuwar Gari da Warsaw Sabon Gari. Tarihi An kafa Old Town a ƙarni na 13. Da farko an kewaye shi da shingen aikin ƙasa, kafin 1339 an yi masa katanga da bangon birnin bulo. Garin ya fara girma a kusa da ginin Dukes na Mazovia wanda daga baya ya zama Gidan Sarauta. Dandalin Kasuwa (Rynek Starego Miasta) an shimfida shi a wani lokaci a ƙarshen 13th ko farkon ƙarni na 14, tare da babban titin da ke haɗa katangar da Sabon Gari zuwa arewa. Har zuwa 1817 Babban abin da ya fi shahara a Tsohon Garin shi ne Gidan Gari da aka gina kafin 1429. A cikin 1701 Tylman Gamerski ya sake gina filin, kuma a cikin 1817 an ruguza Majalisar Gari. Tun daga ƙarni na 19, ɓangarorin hudu na Dandalin Kasuwa suna ɗauke da sunayen manyan sanduna hudu waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwa a ɓangarorin: Ignacy Zakrzewski (kudu), Hugo Kołłątaj (yamma), Jan Dekert (arewa) da Franciszek Barss (gabas). ). A farkon shekarun 1910, Warsaw Old Town shine gidan fitaccen marubucin Yiddish Alter Kacyzne, wanda daga baya ya kwatanta rayuwa a can a cikin littafinsa na 1929 "שטאַרקע און שוואַכע" (Shtarke un Shvache, "Ƙarfafa da Rauni"). Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin, Tsohon Garin a wancan lokacin ƙauye ne mai zaman kansa, tare da iyalai matalauta - wasu Yahudawa, wasu Kirista - suna zaune cike da cunkoson jama'a a cikin guraren da aka rarrabu waɗanda a da suka kasance gidajen sarakuna. Sassan sa na bohemian ne, tare da masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane suna da gidajen kallo, yayin da wasu tituna suka kasance gidajen karuwai na gundumar Red-light. A cikin 1918 gidan sarauta ya sake zama wurin zama na manyan hukumomin Poland: Shugaban Poland da gwamnatinsa. A ƙarshen 1930s, a lokacin magajin garin Stefan Starzyński, hukumomin birni sun fara gyara Tsohuwar Garin tare da maido da shi zuwa matsayin da yake a da. Barbican da Tsohuwar Kasuwar Gari an maido da wani ɓangare. Duk da haka, an kawo ƙarshen wannan yunƙurin bayan ɓarkewar yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin mamayewar Poland (1939), yawancin gundumar ta sami mummunar lalacewa ta hanyar Luftwaffe na Jamus, wanda ya kai hari ga wuraren zama na birni da wuraren tarihi a yakin tashin bam. Bayan Siege na Warsaw, an sake gina wasu sassa na Tsohon Garin, amma nan da nan bayan Tashin Warsaw (Agusta-Oktoba 1944) abin da aka bari a tsaye ya tashi da tsare-tsare da Sojojin Jamus. Wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Tashe-tashen hankula, "Ƙananan Tawaye," a yanzu yana tsaye a kan katangar birni na tsohon garin. Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an sake gina tsohon garin sosai. A cikin ƙoƙari na anastylosis, an sake amfani da yawancin tubalin na asali. Duk da haka, sake ginawa ba koyaushe daidai yake ba kafin Warsaw, wani lokacin ana ba da ladabi ga wani lokaci na baya, yunƙurin ingantawa akan ainihin, ko kuma an yi facade na gaske don rufe wani gini na zamani. An zazzage tarkace don abubuwan ado da za a sake amfani da su, waɗanda aka sake shigar da su cikin wurarensu na asali. An yi amfani da vedute na karni na 18 na Bernardo Bellotto, da kuma zane-zane na ɗaliban gine-ginen kafin yaƙin duniya na biyu, a matsayin mahimman tushe a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa; duk da haka, zane-zanen Bellotto ba su da kariya gaba ɗaya daga lasisin fasaha da ƙawata, kuma a wasu lokuta ana tura wannan zuwa gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. Filaye Wurin Kasuwancin Tsohon Gari (Rynek Starego Miasta), wanda ya koma ƙarshen ƙarni na 13, shine ainihin zuciyar tsohon garin, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ya kasance zuciyar duk Warsaw. Anan wakilan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da ƴan kasuwa sun taru a cikin Gidan Gari (wanda aka gina kafin 1429, an rushe a 1817), kuma an gudanar da biki da kisa na lokaci-lokaci. Gidajen da ke kewaye da shi suna wakiltar salon Gothic har zuwa babbar wuta ta 1607, bayan haka an sake gina su a cikin salon ƙarshen-Renaissance. Dandalin Castle (plac Zamkowy) shine farkon baƙo na kallon tsohon Garin da aka sake ginawa, lokacin da yake gabatowa daga tsakiyar Warsaw na zamani. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda Zygmunt's Column ya mamaye, wanda ke sama da kyawawan gidajen Old Town. An kewaye tsakanin Tsohon Garin da Gidan Sarauta, Gidan Gidan Gidan yana cikin tarihi. Anan ne ƙofar da ke shiga cikin birnin mai suna Ƙofar Kraków (Brama Krakowska). An haɓaka shi a cikin karni na 14 kuma ya ci gaba da zama yanki na tsaro ga sarakuna. Dandalin yana cikin daukaka a ƙarni na 17 lokacin da Warsaw ya zama babban birnin ƙasar kuma a nan ne a shekara ta 1644 Sarki Władysław IV ya kafa ginshiƙi don ɗaukaka mahaifinsa Sigismund III Vasa, wanda aka fi sani da mayar da babban birnin Poland daga Krakow zuwa Warsaw. Warsaw. Gidan kayan tarihi na Warsaw ma yana can. Dandalin Canon (plac Kanonia), a bayan cocin St. John's Cathedral, ƙaramin murabba'i uku ne. Sunan ta ya fito ne daga gidajen tenement na ƙarni na 17 waɗanda na cikin canons na babin Warsaw. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan canons sun shahara sosai, kamar Stanisław Staszic wanda shi ne mawallafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 3 ga Mayu, 1791. A da, makabarta ce ta parochial, wadda ta kasance wani mutum na Baroque na Uwargidanmu daga ƙarni na 18. A tsakiyar filin, akwai ƙararrawa ta tagulla na Warsaw, wanda Babban Ma'aji Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1646 don Cocin Jesuit a Jarosław. An jefa ƙararrawa a cikin 1646 ta Daniel Tym - mai tsara ginshiƙin Zygmunt. Inda dandalin Canon ya hadu da dandalin Royal wani wuri ne da aka rufe don Sarauniya Anna Jagiellon a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 kuma ya tsawaita a cikin 1620s bayan da Michał Piekarski ya gaza a 1620 yunkurin kashe Sarki Sigismund III Vasa yayin da yake shiga Cathedral. Hakanan gidan mafi ƙanƙanta a Warsaw yana can. Ganewa A cikin 1980, an sanya tsohon garin Warsaw a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya na UNESCO a matsayin "fitaccen misali na kusan-jimlar sake gina wani tarihin tarihi wanda ya shafi karni na 13 zuwa 20." Wurin kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na ƙasar Poland (Pomnik historii), kamar yadda aka keɓe ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1994. Hukumar Tarihi ta ƙasar Poland ce ke kula da jerin sa. Hotuna Manazarta Siffofin Ikklisiya Ganuwar tsaro Wasu

49201

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla%20%28kudi%29

Manilla (kudi)

Manilla wani nau'i ne na kuɗaɗen kayayyaki, galibi ana yin su da tagulla ko tagulla, waɗanda ake amfani da su a Yammacin Afirka . An samar da su a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin zane-zane, girma, da ma'auni. Asalin kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, watakila a sakamakon kasuwanci tare da Daular Portuguese, Manillas ya ci gaba da zama kudi da kayan ado har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a matsayin kayan ado. A cikin shahararrun al'adu, suna da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic . Asalin da etymology An ce sunan manilla ya samo daga Mutanen Espanya don 'munduwa' , Portuguese don 'zoben hannu' , ko bayan na Latin (hannu) ko daga , jam'i na (abin wuya). Yawanci suna da sifar takalmin dawaki, tare da ƙarewar da ke fuskantar juna kuma suna da siffar lozenge . An fara amfani da manillas a Yammacin Afirka. A matsayin hanyar musayar sun samo asali ne daga Calabar . Calabar shi ne babban birnin tsohuwar masarautar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya mai wannan sunan. A nan ne a cikin 1505 za a iya siyan bawa akan manilla 8-10, da haƙorin giwa don manila na jan karfe ɗaya. Manillas suna da kamanceceniya da juzu'i ko juzu'i cikin kasancewa masu tsauri da madauwari da buɗe ido a gaba. Nau'ukan 'Yan Afirka na kowane yanki suna da sunaye ga kowane nau'in manilla, mai yiwuwa sun bambanta a cikin gida. Suna daraja su daban, kuma sun kasance na musamman game da nau'ikan da za su karɓa. Manillas an bambanta su da ƙima ta hanyar sautin da suka yi lokacin da aka buga su. Wani rahoto da karamin jakadan Burtaniya na Fernando Po ya fitar a shekara ta 1856 ya lissafa nau'o'in manilla guda biyar da ake amfani da su a Najeriya . Antony Manilla yana da kyau a duk kasuwanni na ciki; Kongo Simgolo ko 'kwalba-wuyan' yana da kyau kawai a kasuwar Opungo; Onadoo ya kasance mafi kyau ga Tsohon Calabar, kasar Igbo tsakanin Bonny New Kalabari da masarautar Okrika; Finniman Fawfinna yana wucewa a Garin Juju da Kasuwar Qua, amma rabin darajar Antony ne kawai; kuma Cutta Antony yana da daraja a wurin mutanen Umballa . Yaɗuwar sunaye na Afirka wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga al'adun yanki fiye da ainihin ƙwarewar masana'antu. 'Mkporo' mai yiwuwa manilla ne na Dutch ko na Biritaniya kuma 'Popo' na Faransanci ne, amma sauran misalan samfura guda ɗaya ne na Birmingham. Wani muhimmin hoard yana da rukuni na guda 72 tare da irin wannan patination da ɓawon ƙasa, yana ba da shawarar binne kowa da kowa. Akwai 7 Mkporo; 19 Nkobnkob-zagaye ƙafa; 9 Nkobnkob-oval ƙafa; da 37 Popo-square ƙafa. Mafi ƙarancin 'Nkobnkobs' a cikin tarin sun kasance 108 gm da 114 gm, yayin da ake samun su akai-akai (wanda ake kira Onoudu) ƙasa da 80 gm, wannan yana nuna cewa an binne ƙungiyar a wani wuri na girman girman manilla. An yi Mkporo da tagulla. Matsakaicin nauyin Nkobnkob-ƙafa mai tsayi tare da babban ƙarshen kewayon ƙafar ƙafa yana nuna cewa ko dai nau'in farko ne, ko kuma na zamani tare da farkon zagaye-ƙafa. Kasancewar keɓantaccen nau'in 'square-foot' na Popo na Faransa, wanda yawanci yayi yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Popos, yana nuna cewa wannan shine farkon nau'in. Farkon manilla na Faransa da alama za su kasance na zamani na farkon sassan Biritaniya. Wani lokaci ana bambanta su da manillas galibi ta hanyar iyawarsu akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan yanki da ake kira 'Bracelet' monies da 'Legband' monies. Wasu sun yi daidai da girman girman da nauyi kuma suna aiki azaman kuɗaɗen asusu kamar manillas, amma wasu an sawa su azaman nunin dukiya. Mafi ƙarancin rijiyar zai kwaikwayi motsi na 'mafi kyau' waɗanda nauyin manilla ya cika su da yawa har suka motsa ta hanyar da ta dace. Manyan manillas suna da siffa mafi buɗewa. Tarihi Asalin Wasu majiyoyin suna danganta gabatarwar su ga tsoffin Phoenicians waɗanda suka yi ciniki a bakin tekun yammacin Afirka ko ma masu binciken Carthagin na farko da 'yan kasuwa. An kuma ba da shawarar Masarawa yayin da suke amfani da kuɗin penanular . Wata shawara ita ce, masuntan Nijeriya sun taso da su a cikin tarunsu daga tarkacen jiragen ruwa na Turai ko kuma su sanya su daga ‘pin’ na tagulla da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa na katako da suka tarwatsa a Tekun Benin. Wata ka'ida ita ce, idan 'yan asalinsu ne, sun kwafi wani abin wuyar rigar Raffia da mata ke sawa, wani kuma cewa Mondua na Yarbawa tare da ƙoƙon ƙoƙon sa ya ƙarfafa siffar manilla. Mundaye na jan karfe da sarƙoƙin ƙafa sune manyan 'kuɗin' kuma yawanci mata ne suke sanya su don nuna dukiyar mijinta. Farkon ƴan kasuwan Portuguese don haka sun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran yarda kuma sun dace sosai don karɓar lambobi marasa iyaka na waɗannan 'mundaye', kuma Duarte Pacheco Pereira ya yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin 1490s don siyan hauren giwa, bayi, da barkono. Da yake bayyana musayar, tare da Masarautar Benin, a cikin nasa, 1508, Esmeraldo de situ orbis : A shekara ta 1522 a Benin wata kuyanga mai shekara 16 ta ci manilla 50; Sarkin Portugal ya sanya iyakacin manilla 40 ga kowane bawa don dakatar da wannan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani rahoto na farko kan amfani da Manilla a Afirka ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Calabar babban birnin jihar Cross River da ke gabar tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. An rubuta cewa a cikin 1505 a Calabar, (Nigeria) Manillas ana amfani da su azaman hanyar musayar, manilla guda ɗaya yana darajar babban haƙorin giwa, da kuma kudin bawa tsakanin manilla takwas zuwa goma. An kuma yi amfani da su a kogin Benin a 1589 da kuma a Calabar a 1688, inda 'yan kasuwa na Holland suka sayi bayi ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba a cikin kayan hannu mai launin toka mai launin toka wanda dole ne a yi shi sosai ko kuma za a yi watsi da su da sauri. Baya ga rahoton na farko, asalin Manillas daga Calabar don amfani da shi a Afirka da kuma musamman Najeriya an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Afirka da sauran sunan duniya na Manillas a matsayin Òkpòhò, wanda shine ( Efik ) kalmar kuɗi wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin wannan rahoton. kuma a cikin taken hotuna a cikin wannan rahoto. Rawar da ke cikin cinikin bayi A farkon karni na 16 ya zama ruwan dare a cinikin bayi don masu ɗaukar kaya su ɗauki manilla zuwa gabar tekun Afirka, kuma a hankali manillas ya zama babban kuɗin wannan ciniki. Ba da daɗewa ba Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Dutch suka maye gurbin Fotigal, waɗanda dukansu suna da gonaki masu ƙarfi a Yammacin Indies, daga baya kuma ta Amurkawa. Tafiya ta yau da kullun ta ɗauki manillas da abubuwa masu amfani da tagulla kamar kwanduna da kwanduna zuwa Yammacin Afirka, inda aka yi musayar su da bayi. Farashin bawa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin manillas ya bambanta sosai bisa ga lokaci, wuri, da takamaiman nau'in manilla da aka bayar. Production da kuma kayayyaki Copper ita ce "Jaran Zinariya" na Afirka kuma an hako su a can kuma an yi ciniki da su a cikin Sahara ta hanyar Italiyanci da Larabawa. Ba a san tabbatacciyar yadda ƴan wasan Portugal ko na Holland manillas suka yi kama ba. Daga bayanan zamani, mun san cewa an fara yin Fotigal na farko a Antwerp don sarki da yiwuwar wasu wurare, kuma kusan tsayi, kusan ma'auni, nauyin a cikin 1529, kodayake ta 1548 an rage girman da nauyi zuwa kusan - ku. A wurare da yawa an fi son tagulla, wanda ya fi arha kuma sauƙin jefawa, ya fi jan ƙarfe, don haka Portuguese sun gabatar da ƙananan manilas masu launin rawaya da aka yi da tagulla da gubar tare da alamun zinc da sauran ƙarfe. A cikin Benin, Royal Art of Africa, na Armand Duchateau, wani katon manilla ne mai fadin da ma'auni, da ɗanyen simintin gyare-gyare tare da ɓangarorin fuska, kuma sawa sosai. Zai iya zama mafi nauyi (ba a ba da nauyin nauyi ba) da manilla na farko da aka sani. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan littafi akwai wani plaque tare da Bature mai riqe da sassa biyu na siffa daban-daban, masu siffar jinjirin watan ba tare da ƙona wuta ba, ko da yake a fili yana da nauyi idan adadin ya yi daidai. A yau, sassan wannan girman da nau'i mai banƙyama suna hade da Kongo . Tsakanin 1504 zuwa 1507, 'yan kasuwa na Portugal sun shigo da manilla 287,813 daga Portugal zuwa Guinea ta tashar kasuwanci na São Jorge da Mina . Kasuwancin Portuguese ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da 150,000 manillas a kowace shekara ana fitar da su zuwa irin kasuwancin su a Elmina, a kan Gold Coast, tsakanin 1519 da 1522, da kuma oda na 1.4 manillas da aka sanya, a 1548, tare da dan kasuwa na Jamus na dangin Fugger, don tallafawa cinikin. Umurnin da ke nuna samar da nau'in manilla mai nauyin 250g na Guinea da 312g Mina. Kamar yadda Yaren mutanen Holland suka mamaye kasuwancin Afirka, wataƙila sun canza masana'anta daga Antwerp zuwa Amsterdam, suna ci gaba da "tagulla" manillas, kodayake, kamar yadda aka bayyana, har yanzu ba mu da wata hanyar da za ta iya tabbatar da ainihin manillas na Dutch. Asusun 'yan kasuwa da matafiyi duka suna da yawa kuma takamaiman game da sunaye da ƙimar dangi, amma babu zane ko cikakkun bayanai da alama sun tsira wanda zai iya danganta waɗannan asusun zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan manilla da aka samu a yau. Ƙarfan da aka fi so sune asalin jan ƙarfe, sannan tagulla a kusan ƙarshen karni na 15 kuma a ƙarshe tagulla a cikin 1630. A farkon karni na 18, Bristol, tare da kamfanoni irin su R. &amp; W. King (ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da aka haɗa daga baya a cikin Kamfanin United African Company), sannan Birmingham, ya zama birni mafi mahimmancin masana'antar tagulla ta Turai. Wataƙila an yi yawancin nau'ikan manilla na tagulla a wurin, gami da "tsakiyar zamani" Nkobnkob-Onoudu wanda nauyinsa ya ragu a kan lokaci, da kuma nau'in "lokacin marigayi" masu sauƙi kamar Okpoho (daga kalmar Efik don tagulla) da waɗanda aka ceto daga ɓarnar Duoro na 1843. Daga cikin na ƙarshen zamani, nau'ikan ma'aunin nauyi ya zo kan nau'in bambance-bambancen da ke nuna ƙira na zamani maimakon ci gaban nau'ikan. Popos, wanda nauyinsa ya sanya su a wurin canja wuri tsakanin Nkobnkob da Onoudu, an yi su ne a Nantes, Faransa, mai yiwuwa Birmingham kuma sun kasance ƙananan da ba za a iya sawa ba. Sun fi na Birmingham fadi kuma suna da sannu-sannu, maimakon kwatsam, har zuwa iyakar. Wani nau'in nau'i mai nauyi, mafi tsayi, mai yiwuwa ana samarwa a Afirka, masu tattarawa galibi suna lakafta su azaman "Sarauniya" ko "Sarauniya" manillas. Yawancin lokaci tare da ƙarewar flared kuma sau da yawa jan karfe fiye da tagulla, suna nuna nau'i-nau'i na faceting da ƙirar ƙira. Nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kudi amma mafi kyawun su mallakin sarauta ne kuma ana amfani da su azaman farashin amarya da kuma a cikin "bikin mutuwa" kafin jana'izar. Ba kamar ƙananan kuɗi-manillas ba, kewayon su bai keɓance a yammacin Afirka ba. Nau'in tagulla na musamman mai fastoci huɗu masu lebur da ƙarshen murabba'i kaɗan, kama daga kusan - , Jonga na Zaire ne ya samar da shi kuma ana kiransa 'Onganda', ko 'onglese', Faransanci mai sauti don "Turanci." . Sauran nau'o'in da galibi ake kira manillas sun haɗa da guntuwar wayoyi masu nauyi na farko (tare da kuma ba tare da "ƙulli") na asalin Calabar ba, da kuma guntun tagulla mai nau'i-nau'i masu nauyi tare da ƙarewa daga Najeriya. Rasa Dokar Kasafin Kudi ta 1902 a Najeriya ta hana shigo da manilla sai da izinin Babban Kwamishina. An yi hakan ne don ƙarfafa yin amfani da kuɗin da aka tsara. Har yanzu ana amfani da su na yau da kullun duk da haka kuma sun zama matsalar gudanarwa a ƙarshen 1940s. Har yanzu kabilar Ibo sun yi amfani da su kafin wannan kuma a Wukai an dauki kwanon masara mai zurfi daidai da babban manila guda daya kuma wani ma'auni mai siffar kofi da aka cika da gishiri yana da darajar karamar manilla guda daya. Ko da yake manillas sun kasance na doka, sun yi yawo a kan kuɗin Burtaniya da Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka kuma kamfanonin cinikin dabino sun yi amfani da ƙimar su don cin gajiyar lokacin kasuwa. Birtaniyya ta yi wani babban kira mai suna "operation manilla" a shekarar 1948 don maye gurbinsu da kudin Burtaniya na yammacin Afirka. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai kuma an sayo sama da guda miliyan 32 tare da sake siyar da su a matsayin guntu. Manilla, abin tunatarwa game da cinikin bayi, ya daina zama mai ba da izini na doka a Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1949 bayan cirewar watanni shida. An ba wa mutane izinin ajiye iyakar 200 don bukukuwa kamar aure da binnewa. Okpoho, Okombo da abi kadai aka san su a hukumance kuma an siye su a 3d., 1d.  da rabin dinari bi da bi. 32.5 miliyan Okpoho, 250,000 okombo, da 50,000 abi an mika su da musayar. Wani dillalin karafa a Turai ya sayi ton 2,460 na manillas, amma aikin har yanzu yana kashe mai biyan haraji a wani wuri a cikin £284,000. Farfadowa Kamar yadda masu sha'awar kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido da kuma amfani da 'marasa kuɗi' na ciki har yanzu ana yin su, galibi ana samun ƙarin karafa na zamani kamar aluminum, amma ƙirar har yanzu na gargajiya ne. Ana iya amfani da manilla a wasu lokuta a wasu ƙauyuka masu nisa a Burkina Faso (2000). Amfani A cikin gida, manillas su ne ainihin kudin da aka sani na gaba ɗaya da aka sani a Yammacin Afirka, ana amfani da su don siyan kasuwa na yau da kullun, farashin amarya, biyan tara, diyya na masu duba, da kuma bukatun duniya na gaba, a matsayin kuɗin binnewa. An yi amfani da harsashi na Cowrie, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Melanesia kuma ana kimanta su a ƙaramin yanki na manilla, don ƙananan sayayya. A yankunan da ke wajen gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kogin Neja, wasu kudade iri-iri, irin su mundaye masu sarkakiyar zane na asali, sassan ƙarfe galibi ana samun su ne daga kayan aiki, sandunan tagulla, da kansu galibi suna lanƙwasa mundaye, da kuma sanannen Handa ( Katanga cross) . ) duk sun kasance a matsayin kuɗaɗe na musamman. Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya yi rauni a ƙarni na 19 haka ma samar da manilla, wanda tuni ya zama mara riba. A cikin 1890s amfani da su a cikin tattalin arzikin fitarwa ya ta'allaka ne akan cinikin dabino . Masu sana'a na Afirka sun narke da yawa manillas don samar da zane-zane. Sau da yawa akan rataye manilla a kan wani kabari don nuna dukiyar mamacin kuma a yankin Degema na Benin wasu mata har yanzu suna sanya manyan manila a wuyansu a wajen jana'izar, wanda daga baya aka ajiye su a gidan ibada. An ce an yi manilla na zinare don masu mutuƙar mahimmanci da ƙarfi, kamar Sarkin Jaja na Opobo a 1891. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Najeriya

Sinima a Najeriya

Sinima a Najeriya Najeriya, wanda galibi ake kiransa Nollywood, ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya. Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi . Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a Legas daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903. Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine Palaver na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954, manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin Fina - finan Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi .Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon. A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, Yakubu Gowon ya ba da Dokar Indigenization, wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, Papa Ajasco (1984) na Wale Adenuga ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, Mosebolatan (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar. Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s, wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo Rayuwa a daure (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai. Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa Karibiyan da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da The Figurine (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. Tarihi Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim ; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi . Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke Legas daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903. A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, Balboa da Kamfanin Ispaniya don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. . Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na Abeokuta zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine Palaver na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a Palaver sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na Jihohin Bauchi da Filato a Arewacin Najeriya a yau, kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine Sanders na Kogin 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da The Man from Morocco (1945), Men of Two Worlds (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin Babban yankin Legas da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da Oshodi . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin Legas mai tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Yarabawa, waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. . Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. . A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban Ƙasa na lokacin Yakubu Gowon ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar Naira, rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen Talabijin suka bunƙasa. Mugun Haɗuwa da Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da Tashin Hankali, ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya Ekun (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake Rayuwa a daure ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin Rayuwa a Daure . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya, kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a jihar Legas kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " Alaba cartel ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. . Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin yaren Yarabawa Irapada (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 The Figurine galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan fina -finai na Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce The Figurine ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta Rabin Yellow Sun (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, The Wedding Party, fim ne na Kemi Adetiba . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan Amurka da Indiya . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, Venus Films, wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga Los-Angeles zuwa birane kamar Toronto da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ Runaway. samarwa ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar Accra, Ghana, suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina -finai 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar Mercy Aigbe, Belinda Effah, da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. Tasiri Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna ' yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". Shahara da roko A shekarar 2009, Unesco ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. Afirka Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a Ghana ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin Nijar, ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai '' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''. . Turai Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke Turai musamman a Ingila . Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru Ƙungiyoyi Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta. Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. Abubuwan da suka faru Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards Nollywood Movies Awards Hanyoyin waje Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka Manazarta Najeriya Sinima a Afrika

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance

Renaissance

Renaissance (UK:/rɪˈneɪsəns/rin-AYUSsənss, US:/ˈrənəsɑːns/ USREN-ə-sahnss) wani lokaci ne a cikin tarihin Turai wanda ke nuna alamar sauyi daga Middle age zuwa modernity da kuma ƙarni na 15 da 16, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin rayar da ra'ayoyi da nasarorin da aka samu. na gargajiya. Ya faru ne bayan Crisis of the late middle ages kuma yana da alaƙa da babban canjin zamantakewa. Baya ga ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci, masu goyon bayan "Long Renaissance" na iya sanya farkonsa a cikin karni na 14 da ƙarshensa a cikin karni na 17. Ra'ayin al'ada ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran zamani na farko na Renaissance kuma suna jayayya cewa hutu ne daga baya, amma yawancin masana tarihi a yau sun fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran da suka gabata kuma suna jayayya cewa ya kasance tsawo na tsakiyar zamanai. Koyaya, farkon lokacin-farkon Renaissance na karni na 15 da Proto-Renaissance na Italiya daga kusan 1250 ko 1300 sun mamaye sosai tare da Late Middle Ages , wanda aka saba da shi zuwa , da kuma tsakiyar zamanai su kansu dogon lokaci ne cike da sauye-sauye a hankali, kamar zamani na zamani; kuma a matsayin lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin su biyun, Renaissance yana da kusancin kamanceceniya da duka biyun, musamman ma ƙarshen zamani da farkon farkon ko wannensu. Tushen hankali na Renaissance shine nau'in ɗan adam, wanda aka samo daga ra'ayi na ɗan adam na Roman da sake gano falsafar Girkanci na gargajiya, kamar na Protagoras, wanda ya ce "mutum shine ma'aunin kowane abu". Wannan sabon tunani ya bayyana a fasaha, gine-gine, siyasa, kimiyya da adabi. Misalai na farko sune haɓaka hangen nesa a Oil painting da kuma farfado da ilimin yadda ake yin kankare. Ko da yake ƙirƙirar nau'in nau'in motsi na ƙarfe ya haɓaka yada ra'ayoyin daga karni na 15 na baya, sauye-sauye na Renaissance ba su kasance daidai ba a fadin Turai: alamun farko sun bayyana a Italiya a farkon karni na 13, musamman tare da rubuce-rubucen Dante. da kuma zane-zane na Giotto. A matsayin motsi na al'adu, Renaissance ya ƙunshi sababbin furanni na Latin da wallafe-wallafen harshe, farawa da farfadowa na 14th na karni na 14 bisa ga tushen al'ada, wanda masu zamani suka ba wa Petrarch; haɓaka hangen nesa na layi da sauran fasahohi na ba da ƙarin gaskiyar halitta a cikin zanen; da kuma gyara a hankali amma tartsatsin ilimi. A cikin siyasa, Renaissance ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'adu da tarurruka na diflomasiyya, kuma a cikin kimiyya don ƙarin dogara ga lura da tunani mai zurfi. Ko da yake Renaissance ya ga juyin juya hali a yawancin ilimin kimiyya da ilimin zamantakewa, da kuma gabatar da tsarin banki na zamani da kuma fannin lissafin kuɗi, watakila an fi sani da shi don ci gaban fasaha da kuma gudunmawar irin wannan polymaths kamar Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa kalmar "Mutumin Farko". Renaissance ya fara a Jamhuriyar Florence, daya daga cikin yawancin jihohin Italiya. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don yin la'akari da asalinsa da halayensa, suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa daban-daban ciki har da yanayin zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Florence a lokacin: tsarin siyasarta, goyon bayan danginsa masu rinjaye, Medici, da hijirar malaman Girka da nassosinsu zuwa Italiya bayan faduwar Konstantinoful zuwa Turkawa Ottoman. Sauran manyan cibiyoyin sune jihohin arewacin Italiya kamar Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, Rome a lokacin Renaissance Papacy da Naples. Daga Italiya, Renaissance ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai a Flanders, Faransa, Burtaniya, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Jamus, Poland, Hungary (tare da Beatrice na Naples) da sauran wurare. Renaissance yana da tarihin tarihi mai tsawo da, kuma, a cikin layi tare da gaba ɗaya shakku game da lokaci mai mahimmanci, an yi muhawara da yawa a tsakanin masana tarihi da ke mayar da martani ga ɗaukaka na karni na 19 na "Renaissance" da kuma daidaikun jaruman al'adu a matsayin "maza masu farfadowa", suna tambaya. da amfani na Renaissance a matsayin lokaci da kuma a matsayin tarihin delineation. Wasu masu lura sun yi tambaya ko Renaissance ya kasance "ci gaba" al'adu daga tsakiyar zamanai, maimakon ganin shi a matsayin lokaci na rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi ga tsohuwar tarihi, yayin da masana tarihin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman na longue durée, suna da maimakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaba tsakanin zamanin biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa, kamar yadda Panofsky ya lura, "ta hanyar thousand ties". Kalmar rinascita ('sake haifuwa') ya fara bayyana a cikin Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists (c. 1550), an fassara shi azaman Renaissance a cikin shekarar 1830s. Hakanan an fadada kalmar zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyin tarihi da al'adu, kamar Renaissance na Carolingian (ƙarni na 8 da 9), Renaissance na Ottonia (ƙarni na 10 da 11), da Renaissance na ƙarni na 12. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

34362

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203

Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3

map_captionPlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 map_typePlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 Pages using infobox bridge with id Pages using infobox bridge with extra embedded table Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai ruguza masonry dutse a kan Plunketts Creek a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek, gundumar Lycoming a jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. An gina shi tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1875, mai yiwuwa kusa da 1840, lokacin da aka gina titin da ke kan rafin da ke tsakanin ƙauyukan Barbours da Proctor da ba a haɗa su ba. Tafiya daga baki, gadar ita ce ta uku da ta haye rafin, saboda haka sunanta. Gadar ta kasance tsawo, tare da baka wanda ya kai fadi, da fadin titin . Ya ɗauki hanya ɗaya ta zirga-zirga. A cikin karni na 19, katako, fata, da masana'antun kwal da ke aiki tare da rafin sun yi amfani da gadar da hanyarta. A farkon karni na 20, waɗannan masana'antu sun kusan barin gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙauyuka sun ƙi. Yankin da gadar ta yi aiki ya koma mafi yawa zuwa gandun girma na biyu kuma an yi amfani da shi don shiga filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania da kuma gonar ciyawar jiha. Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 an dauke shi "mahimmanci a matsayin cikakken misali na ginin gada na tsakiyar karni na 19", kuma an ƙara shi zuwa National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988. Ko da yake an gyara ta bayan wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 1918, ambaliya mai tarihi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1996, ta lalata gadar sosai, kuma ta rushe a cikin Maris 1996. Kafin ambaliya ta 1996 kimanin motoci 450 ne ke wucewa a kowace rana. Daga baya waccan shekarar, an gina gada mai maye gurbin kuma an rubuta tsohon tsarin dutse ta Tarihin Injiniya na Amurka . An cire shi daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002. Tarihi Mazaunan farko da suna Plunketts Creek yana cikin Kogin Susquehanna na Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna , farkon mazaunan da aka yi rikodin su ne Susquehannocks . Yawansu ya ragu sosai saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yaƙe da Al'ummai biyar na Iroquois, kuma a shekara ta 1675 sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin wasu kabilu. Kwarin Kogin Susquehanna na Yamma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Iroquois, waɗanda suka gayyaci ƙabilun da suka yi gudun hijira, ciki har da Lenape (Delaware) da Shawnee don zama a cikin ƙasashen da Susquehannocks suka bar. Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754–1763) ya haifar da ƙaura na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da yawa zuwa yamma zuwa rafin Kogin Ohio. Ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, Birtaniya sun sami Sabon Sayi daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ciki har da abin da yake yanzu Plunketts Creek. Matsala ta farko tare da rafin da turawan mulkin mallaka ya yi tsakanin 1770 da 1776. Ana kiran Plunketts Creek don Kanar William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine shugaban farko na alƙali na Northumberland County bayan an kafa shi a 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ya yi wa mutanen da suka ji rauni ya yi yaƙi da ’yan ƙasar. Plunkett ya jagoranci wani balaguro na Pennsylvania a cikin Yaƙin Pennamite-Yankee don tilastawa ƙaura daga Connecticut, waɗanda suka yi iƙirari kuma suka zauna a filaye a cikin Wyoming Valley kuma Pennsylvania ta yi iƙirarin. Don ayyukansa, an bai wa Plunkett fili fili guda shida wanda ya kai a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da bakin raƙuman ruwa, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da kimanin shekaru 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland ba tare da wani alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai rafin da ke ɗauke da sunansa). An kafa gundumar Lycoming daga gundumar Northumberland a cikin 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin gundumar Lycoming a cikin 1838, asalin sunan da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township", amma rashin goyon bayan Plunkett ga juyin juya halin Amurka wasu shekarun baya ya sa wasu suyi imani da amincinsa yana tare da Daular Burtaniya. Zargin da ake yi na nuna juyayinsa na aminci ya sa aka ƙi sunan da aka tsara. Bayar da sunan garin don rafi maimakon sunan sa ana ganin sa a matsayin sulhu mai karbuwa. Kauyuka da hanya A cikin 1832, John Barbour ya gina katako a kan Loyalsock Creek kusa da bakin Plunketts Creek. Wannan ya ci gaba zuwa ƙauyen Barbours Mills, a yau da ake kira Barbours. A cikin karni na 19th, Barbours yana da maƙera da yawa, otal mai zafin rai, ofis ɗin gidan waya, masana'antar katako da yawa, makaranta, kantin sayar da kaya da kera wagon. A cikin 1840, an gina wata hanya daga arewa daga Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, ta haye ta sau da yawa. Wannan ita ce ranar farko da za a fara aikin ginin gadar, amma tashar titin gundumar da ta tsira a kan ginin ba ta ambaci gadoji ko mashigar ruwa don tsallaka rafin ba. Gadar tana bakin Coal Mine Hollow, kuma hanyar da take kan itacen katako ne da masana'antun kwal waɗanda ke aiki a cikin garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Creeks a cikin garin sun ba da wutar lantarki zuwa niƙa 14 a cikin 1861, kuma zuwa 1876 akwai injinan katako 19, injin shingle, masana'antar woolen, da masana'anta . A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, waɗannan masana'antu sun tallafa wa mazauna ƙauyuka biyu a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek. A cikin 1868 an kafa ƙauyen Proctorville a matsayin garin kamfani na masana'antar fata ta Thomas E. Proctor, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1873. Proctor, kamar yadda aka sani yanzu, arewa da Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, kuma babbar hanyar zuwa gare ta ta haye gada. An yi amfani da bawon bishiyar hemlock na gabas wajen aikin tanning, kuma ƙauyen ya fara zama a tsakiyar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka. Ma'aikatar fatu ta dauki ma'aikata "daruruwan" aiki a kan albashi tsakanin cent 50 zuwa $1.75 a rana. Wadannan ma'aikata sun rayu a cikin 120 gidajen kamfanoni, wanda kowannensu yakan biya dala 2 a wata don yin haya. A cikin 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, maƙera biyu, tsayawar cigar, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, shagon fata, tashar labarai, gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a 1885), makarantar ɗaki biyu, shaguna biyu, da kantin wagon. . Hanyar da ke tsakanin Barbours da Proctor ta ratsa Plunketts Creek sau hudu kuma gadoji hudu an lissafta su cikin tsari, suna farawa daga kudu maso kudu a Barbours kusa da baki kuma suna hawa sama. Yayin da shaidu irin su taswirori ke nuna cewa an gina gada ta uku kusa da 1840, tabbataccen tabbaci na farko na wanzuwarsa shine binciken da aka yi don mayar da hanyar tsakanin gadoji na biyu da na uku a 1875. An maye gurbin gada ta farko akan Plunketts Creek da gada da aka rufe a 1880, kuma gada ta biyu ta maye gurbin a 1886. A wannan shekarar, hanyar da ke tsakanin gadoji ta biyu da ta uku ta sake motsawa, ta koma matsayinta na farko a yammacin rafin. Ƙarshen fata ta tafin kafa an ɗauko ta a kan gada ta keken doki kudu zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musanya shi da "kore" boye da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville . Daga nan aka kai su arewa gadar zuwa Proctor. Fatukan, waɗanda aka yi wa tangar fata don yin fata, sun fito ne daga Amurka, har zuwa Mexico, Argentina, da China . Bawon Hemlock, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen aikin tanning, an ɗauko shi zuwa masana'antar fatu daga har zuwa nesa da lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da keken keke da sleds. Haɓakar katako akan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da katakon budurwar ya ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar hemlock na girma ya ƙare kuma an rufe shi kuma an rushe kamfanin Proctor Tannery, wanda ke da kamfanin Elk Tanning. Karni na 20 Ƙananan katako ya ci gaba a cikin magudanar ruwa a cikin karni na 20, amma an yi ta shawagi na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin gadar Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock Creek a 1905. A cikin 1918, ambaliya a kan rafin ya lalata hanya tsawon a bangarorin biyu na gadar, kuma ya haifar da "tsattsauran ra'ayi da fashe gada kanta". Gadar ta bukaci gyara da sake ginawa. A cikin 1931, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ta zartar da doka wacce ta ba wa jihar alhakin farashin titi da gada don yawancin manyan tituna na kananan hukumomi. Wannan ya fara aiki a cikin 1932, tare da sauke Plunketts Creek Township da Lycoming County na alhakin. Ba tare da katako da masana'antar fatu ba, al'ummar Proctor da Barbours sun ragu, haka kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya da gadoji a tsakanin su. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin 1930s kuma ofishin gidan waya na Proctor ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Kauyukan biyu kuma sun rasa makarantunsu da kuma kusan dukkanin kasuwancinsu. Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a 1968, kuma labarin jarida na 1970 akan taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" karo na 39 ya kira shi "tsohon garin tannery da ke kusa". A cikin 1980s, kantin sayar da na ƙarshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal (wanda ya zama kulob na farauta) ya tsage don yin hanyar sabuwar gada a kan Loyalsock Creek. Plunketts Creek wuri ne na katako da yawon shakatawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyuka, kuma yayin da masana'antu suka ragu, yanayin ya dawo. Dazuzzuka na biyu na girma tun daga lokacin sun mamaye mafi yawan wuraren da aka yanke. Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin mallakar filaye da aka yi watsi da ita don filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania a cikin 1919, kuma Hukumar Wasannin Pennsylvania (PGC) ta sami dukiya tare da Plunketts Creek don Lamba na Ƙasar Wasan Jiha 134 tsakanin 1937 da 1945. ] Babban kofar shiga Lands Game Lands 134 tana arewa da wurin gadar, a gefen gabas na rafin. PGC ta kafa Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya a cikin 1945 a wani yanki na filayen Wasan Jiha 134 don kiwon turkey daji. An canza gonar zuwa samar da pheasant na ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga 2007, ɗaya ce daga cikin gonakin wasan wasan Pennsylvania guda huɗu waɗanda ke samar da dabbobi kusan 200,000 kowace shekara don sakin ƙasa a buɗe don farautar jama'a. Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek, kudu da Proctor da arewacin gada. Bude karshen mako na lokacin kamun kifi yana kawo ƙarin mutane zuwa ƙauyen Barbours a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988, an ƙara gadar zuwa National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙididdiga da yawa (MPS) na Babbar Hanya Mallaka ta Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Sashen Sufuri, TR. MPS sun haɗa da gadoji 135 mallakar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Pennsylvania (PennDOT), 58 daga cikinsu na nau'in baka ne na dutse. Yayin da mutum NRHP form na gada ya kawo rahoton bincike na 1932 (shekarar da jihar ta karɓi kulawar ta), form ɗin MPS cikin kuskure ya ba da ranar ginin gadar a matsayin 1932. Ambaliyar ruwa da halaka A cikin Janairu 1996, an yi babban ambaliyar ruwa a duk faɗin Pennsylvania. Farkon lokacin sanyi na 1995–1996 ya yi sanyi da ba a saba gani ba, kuma ƙanƙara mai yawa da aka samu a cikin rafukan gida. Babban guguwa a ranar 6-8 ga Janairu An samar da har zuwa na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka biyo bayan Janairu 19-21 da fiye da ruwan sama tare da yanayin zafi sama da da iska har zuwa . Ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara sun haifar da ambaliya a ko'ina cikin Pennsylvania da cunkoson kankara ya sa hakan ya fi muni a koguna da yawa. A wani wurin kuma a gundumar Lycoming, ambaliyar ruwa a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport ta kashe mutane shida tare da haddasa asarar miliyoyin daloli. A kan Plunketts Creek, cunkoson kankara ya haifar da rikodin ambaliya, wanda ya haifar da babbar lahani ga gadar dutsen tsakiyar karni na 19. A ƙasa a cikin Barbours, ruwan ya kasance a cikin abin da ake kira "ƙauyen mafi muni a tarihi". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 daya daga cikin biyu da aka lalata a gundumar Lycoming, kuma a ranar 31 ga Janairu an nuna hoton gadar da ta lalace a shafin farko na Williamsport Sun-Gazette tare da taken "Wannan tsohuwar gadar dutsen da ke kan Plunketts Creek dole ne. canza." A cikin gundumar Sullivan da ke maƙwabta, gadar Sonestown Covered, kuma a kan NRHP, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai har ta kasance a rufe don gyarawa har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba 1996. A duk faɗin Pennsylvania, waɗannan ambaliya sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 da kuma gadoji 69 na birni ko na jihohi ko dai an “lalata ko kuma an rufe su har sai an tabbatar da amincin su”. Lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa ba za a iya gyara gadar ba, PennDOT ya ba da kwangilar gaggawa don gadar wucin gadi kafin karshen watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da "motocin gaggawa wadanda ba za su iya tafiya kai tsaye daga Barbours" zuwa Proctor da kuma bayan haka ba. Gadar wucin gadi ta kashe $87,000 kuma ta kasance fadi. Hotunan shigar da gadar a cikin Tarihin Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka (HAER) an ɗauki su a cikin Janairu, kuma HAER "an shirya fakitin takardu a matsayin raguwa don rushewar gaggawa" na gadar, wacce ta rushe a watan Maris. An kammala gadar maye gurbin dindindin a cikin 1996, kuma an cire tsohuwar gadar daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002. Bayani da gini Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai tarkace masonry dutse gada, wacce take fuskantar gabas – yamma akan Plunketts Creek. Gabaɗaya tsayinsa ya kasance kuma bakansa na madauwari guda ɗaya ya kai . Faɗin benen gadar ya kasance , kuma hanyarsa ta kasance fadi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hanya ɗaya kawai na zirga-zirga. Kafin ambaliyar ruwan da ta kai ga lalata gadar, motoci kusan 450 ne ke tsallaka gadar a kullum. Kusurwoyin waje na bangon reshe sun kasance baya, wanda ya haɗu tare da tsayin tsayin ya jagoranci zuwa jimlar yanki na ana jera su akan NRHP. Gadar ta ta'allaka ne a kan abubuwan da aka yi wa ado da siminti bayan an fara gina ta. An goyan bayan baka ta hanyar voussoirs da aka yi da "dutsen tarkace marasa tsari", ba tare da dutsen maɓalli ba. Har ila yau, babu wani dutse da ya ba da kwanan wata ko wasu bayanan ginin. Hannun hanyoyin sun kasance gefen bangon fuka-fuki da aka gina da duwatsun tsage- tsafe, kuma bangon spandrel ya kasance saman da tarkace da aka yi da “tsararrun duwatsu masu kauri”. Titin titin gadar ya tsaya kai tsaye a saman bakanta. Wannan ya haifar da "ƙunƙuntaccen bango a kambin baka" da kuma "tushen dutse mai fitowa" a saman wannan bangon spandrel na kowane gefe. Yawancin gadoji na dutse suna da ɗorewa masu ƙarfi ba tare da ado ba; wannan gada ta dandali crnellation kasance a ado siffa. Gine-gine da bayyanar da aka yi wa gadar ta zama ta musamman tsakanin gadajen dutse 58 na Pennsylvania wanda aka zaɓe ta don NRHP. Pennsylvania tana da dogon tarihin gadoji na dutse, gami da mafi tsufa irin wannan gada da ake amfani da su a cikin Amurka, gadar 1697 Frankford Avenue akan Pennypack Creek a Philadelphia . Irin waɗannan gadoji yawanci suna amfani da dutse na gida, tare da nau'ikan ƙarewa iri uku. Rubble ko ginin gine-gine na aji na uku sun yi amfani da duwatsu kamar yadda suka fito daga dutsen; dutse mai murabba'i ko masonry na aji na biyu sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi wa ado da murabba'i; kuma ashlar ko masonry na farko sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi musu ado da kyau kuma a tsanake. Rubble masonry shine mafi sauri kuma mafi arha don gini, kuma yana da mafi girman juriya . Yawancin tsoffin gadoji na dutse a Pennsylvania an gina su ne ta amfani da fasahohin ginin gine-gine. An fara aikin ginin gadar dutse tare da tono harsashin ginin ginin. Sannan wani tsari na wucin gadi da aka sani da cibiya ko tsakiya zai kasance da katako ko ƙarfe. Wannan tsari ya goyi bayan baka na dutse yayin gini. Da zarar an gina baka na dutse, ana iya ƙara ganuwar spandrel da bangon reshe. Sa'an nan kuma aka gina gadon titin, tare da cika (dutse maras kyau ko datti) don tallafawa shi yadda ake bukata. Gabaɗaya an saita bangon bango da duwatsun baka a bushe don tabbatar da dacewa mai kyau, sannan an saita su a turmi . Da zarar an gama gadar kuma turmin ya taurare sosai, sai a sauke cibiyar a hankali sannan a cire. A cikin Maris 1996, bayan tsayawa tsakanin shekaru 156 zuwa 121, baka na gada mai lamba 3 ta rushe. Lura Duba kuma Jerin gadoji da Rubutun Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka ya rubuta a Pennsylvania Jerin gadoji akan Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Pennsylvania Nassoshi   Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

15679

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Okoh

Julie Okoh

Juliana (Julie) Omonukpon Omoifo Okoh (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1947) a Ubiaja. yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Nijeriya, mai ilmantarwa, mai rajin ƙyamar mata. wadda ta kasance farfesa a ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Fatakwal daga 2004 zuwa 2017. Bayan ta yi karatu a Amurka da Kanada, sai ta sami digiri na uku a Jami’ar Bordeaux III a 1991. Tattaunawa game da al'amuran da suka shafi mata a cikin al'umma, wasanninta sun haɗa da The Mannequins (1997), Edewede (2000) da Dooofofin Rufe (2007) Tarihin rayuwa Juliana Omonukpon Omoifo da aka haifa a Ubiaja da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya jihar Edo, ‘yar Augustine Azamuoisa Omoifo, malami kuma magatakarda a kotu, da matarsa, mai dinki da manajan shago. An haife ta a cikin gida mara kyau, ita ce ta biyar a cikin 'ya'ya takwas. Duk iyayenta sun kasance masu aiki da al'adu: mahaifinta yana son kida kuma yana kaɗa guitar yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai ba da labarin gargajiya wacce ta halarci rawar Ikhio-raye-raye. Tana da aure ga Joseph Donatus Okoh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), farfesa a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Fatakwal. Suna da yara hudu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na firamare a Ubiaja, Juliana Omoifo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lady of Lourdes da ke Uromi. Sannan ta sami aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a Legas inda ta yi jarabawar GCE a matakin talakawa da na ci gaba. Godiya ga kyawawan sakamako, ta sami damar halartar kwas na shekaru uku a horo a matsayin sakatariyar harshe biyu a Cibiyar Horar da Tarayya. A cikin 1972, an ba ta izinin shiga Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago inda ta kammala karatun Faransanci da Adabin Ingilishi a 1976. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Adabin Faransanci daga Jami'ar Alberta (1979). Daga baya ta halarci jami’ar Bordeaux don yin karatun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da Ingilishi, inda ta samu digiri na biyu a shekarar 1989 da kuma digiri na uku a 1991. A shekarar 2000 da 2001, Okoh ta kasance a kasar Amurka inda ta kasance abokiyar aikin Fulbright a Kwalejin Smith, inda take karbar aiyuka a matsayin bako malami a Jami'ar Jihar ta North Carolina da kuma Jami'ar Massachusetts a Amherst. A cikin 2004, ta fara aiki mai tsayi a matsayin farfesa a ka’idar wasan kwaikwayo da suka a Jami’ar Fatakwal. Julie Okoh tayi ritaya a shekarar 2017. A wata laccar da aka yi wa laƙabi da "Zuwa Gidan Wasannin Mata a Najeriya", wanda ta gabatar a watan Oktoban 2012, Okoh ya kammala da cewa: Batun daidaiton jinsi da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata ya zo mai nisa, kuma adabin mata ya taka rawar gani wajen kawo sauye-sauye game da ɗabi'un mata. Duk da haka, har yanzu yaƙi mai tsawo yana nan gaba, saboda zai ɗauki dogon lokaci kafin daidaiton jinsi da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma don a fahimta da kuma yarda da ita yadda ya dace. Amma ni, na zaɓi hanyar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mumbarina don wannan dalili. Na yi ƙoƙarin zuwa duniya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo bisa ƙa'idodin mata da dabaru. Littattafai Okoh ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo sama da 30, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su, da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci da labarai a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi kan wasan kwaikwayo, al'adu da kuma batun jinsi. Daya daga cikin rawar da ta taka rawar gani ita ce Edewede wacce aka fara yi a Jami'ar Fatakwal a 1998. Yana da nufin shawo kan matan Najeriya cewa cire jiki al'ada ce da ya kamata a guje mata, tare da gabatar da ita a matsayin wata al'ada mai cutarwa. Wasan kwaikwayon ya hada da raye-rayen gargajiya na mata da wakoki, wani lokacin kuma. Yin amfani da yajin aiki mai tsayi azaman na'urar, mata suna jefa kuri'a don hana cirewa. Hakanan Excision shi ne taken A Cikakken Lokaci, wanda a cikinsa ake ƙarfafa masu sauraro don shiga cikin jefa ƙuri'a ko waƙa da tafawa. 1997: Maski: Wasan Wasanni ne da Makarantu 1997: Mannequins 2000: Edewede : Washegari Sabuwar Rana 2000: Cikin Cikakken Lokaci 2002: Waye Zai Iya Yaƙin Alloli? 2005: Aisha 2007: Dooofofin Rufe 2008: Jarrabawa 2009: Haunting Past: Drama 2010: Matarmu Har abada: Wasan kwaikwayo 2014: Kuka don Demokradiyya 2018: Hanyar Thorny Kyauta Okoh an bata kyautuka da yawa. Sun hada da: 2000: Babban Masanin Fulbright 2011: Kyautar Gwanin Rayuwa daga ofungiyar ofwararrun aterwararrun ateran Wasan Kwaikwayo na Nijeriya (SONTA) Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya

21379

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Ferrer

Miguel Ferrer

Miguel José Ferrer (7 ga Fabrairu, 1955 - Janairu 19, 2017) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. Babban rawar da ya taka ya kasance a fim din 1987 na RoboCop. Sauran rawar fim sun hada da Quigley a Blank Check (1994), Harbinger a Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), Shan Yu a cikin Mulan (1998), Eduardo Ruiz a cikin Traffic (2000) da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Rodriguez a Iron Man 3 (2013). Fitattun ayyukan talabijin na Ferrer sun hada da FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield akan Twin Peaks (1990-1991, 2017), Tarakudo akan Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2005), Dr. Garret Macy akan Tsallaka Jordan (2001-2007) da Mataimakin Daraktan NCIS Owen Granger a kan NCIS: Los Angeles (2012-2017). Rayuwar farko An haifi Ferrer ne a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 1955 a Santa Monica, California, shine ɗan fari a cikin yara biyar na actoran wasan kwalejin da ya ci kyautuka a kwalejin José Ferrer José Ferrer da mawakiya Rosemary Clooney, wacce ta fito daga Ingilishi, Irish da Jamusanci. 'Yan uwan ​​Ferrer sun kasance' yan uwa mata Maria da Monsita, kuma 'yan uwan ​​Gabriel (daga baya mijin mawaƙa Debby Boone) da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Rafael. Har ila yau yana da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwa, Letty (Leticia) Ferrer, daga auren mahaifinsa José kafin Uta Hagen. Ya kasance dan uwan ​​dan wasan kwaikwayo George Clooney kuma dan dan jarida Nick Clooney. Ferrer ya girma ne a Hollywood, California; yayin da yake matashi, abubuwan sha'awarsa sun karkata ga kiɗa. Ya buga ganga a Keith Moon Gefe Biyu na Wata. Ayyuka Abokin Ferrer Bill Mumy ya jefa shi a matsayin ɗan ganga a cikin jerin Sunshine, rawar da ya fara a talabijin. Ferrer kuma abokin aikin Mumy ne a cikin lalata na Innocent, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Steve Leialoha, da Max Allan Collins. Raba kaunar wasannin barkwanci Ferrer da Mumy sun kirkiro Comet Man da Trypto the Acid Dog tare da hadin gwiwar rubuta Marvel Graphic Novel The Dreamwalker. Ferrer ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a farkon 1980s yana gabatar da baƙi a gidan talabijin na episodic. Ya buga ƙaramin yanayin halin mahaifinsa a Magnum, P.I. a cikin 1981. A cikin 1983, an ba shi ɗan ƙarami a matsayin mai jiran gado a cikin Mutumin da Ba Ya Nan. Hakanan yana da ƙaramin matsayi a cikin Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) a matsayin U.S.S. Babban jami'in helm. A cikin 1984, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Mark Medoff "Lokacin da Ya dawo, Red Ryder?" a gidan wasan kwallon kwakwa na Grove a Miami, Florida. Yana da babban rawa a cikin fim din 1987 na RoboCop a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar cocaine mai son zartar da Bob Morton. Matsayin da Ferrer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa daga baya ya hada da mai keken mugunta a cikin Valentino Returns, wani injiniya mai kishi a DeepStar shida (1989), mai kula da hankali a ramuwar gayya (1990), Kwamanda Arvid Harbinger a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), Lloyd Henreid a cikin Stephen King miniseries Tsayayyar (1994), da kuma mai ba da labarin ƙwayoyi a cikin Traffic (2000). Lokaci-lokaci kuma ya ɗauki ɓangarorin jagora, kamar The Harvest da The Night Flier. A farkon 1990s, Ferrer ya fito a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin sau uku a lokaci guda: kamar yadda DA Todd Spurrier a cikin Shannon's Deal (1989-1991), kamar yadda Cajun dan sanda Beau Jack Bowman a cikin Broken Badges (1990-1991), kuma a matsayin mai rainin hankali, masanin ƙwararrun masu binciken ƙididdigar FBI Albert Rosenfield a Twin Peaks (1990-91). Ferrer ya sake buga rawar Rosenfield a fim din Twin Peaks: Wuta tare da Ni (1992). Ferrer ya yi wasa da wani fitaccen mai mugunta da ake kira "The Weatherman" a cikin matukin jirgin TV na 1997 wanda bai yi nasara ba, Kungiyar League of America. Daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar, ya ba da murya don irin wannan halin, Wizard Weather, a cikin Superman: The Series mai rai episode "Aljanu masu sauri." A cikin 1999, Ferrer ya faɗi Aquaman a cikin wani fim ɗin Superman: Mai rai, "Labarin Kifi." A wannan shekarar, a Grammy Awards na 41, an zabi Ferrer don "Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kalma ga Yara" a cikin Disney's The Lion King II, "Simba's Pride Read-Along." Ya kuma kasance fitaccen jarumin fim din Amurka mai suna Toto na wakar da zan tuna, inda ya fito tare da dan wasa Edward James Olmos. Ferrer ya sake buga wani mai binciken likita a karamin allo, Dokta Garret Macy, a cikin jerin laifuka / wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Tsallakawa Jordan (2001-07). A watan Agusta 2003, Ferrer ya fara wasan farko a New York a cikin aikin samar da Broadway na The Exonerated. A 2004, Ferrer ya yi muryar jagoran bidi'a a wasan bidiyo Halo 2. Ferrer ya ɗauki matsayin-a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Robot Chicken (2006) da Ba'amurke Ba'amurke! (2007). Ya buga Jonas Bledsoe a cikin shirin NBC na Bionic Woman series sannan a cikin 2009 kuma ya fito a wani shirin NBC, Sarakuna, a matsayin kwamandan soja na Gath. Ferrer ya buga Lieutenant Felix Valdez na 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles a cikin wasan kwaikwayon tsarin rayuwar' yan sanda na 2011, Mai Kare. Hakanan a cikin 2011, yana da baƙo sau da yawa a cikin bakon ƙarshe na Matan Gida Marasa Tsira. An sanya hannu a cikin maimaitaccen rawa a cikin NCIS: Los Angeles a matsayin Mataimakin Daraktan Kula da Binciken Laifuka Naval Owen Granger, Ferrer ya sami matsayi na yau da kullun a karo na biyar a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2013. Ya kuma fito a cikin fim din 2013 Iron Man 3 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaba. Ferrer ya sake maimaita matsayinsa na Albert Rosenfield a cikin farkawa ta 2017 na Twin Peaks. Mutuwa da gado A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2017, Ferrer ya mutu a gidansa na Santa Monica na ciwon daji na makogwaro yana da shekara 61. An binne shi a makabartar Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis a San Juan, Puerto Rico, kusa da mahaifinsa José Ferrer. Miguel O'Hara, mai jujjuya ra'ayi na Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man 2099, an sa masa suna Ferrer ne ta hanyar abokinsa, marubuci Peter David, wanda ya kirkiro halayen. Sashe na bakwai na kaka na uku na Matasan Adalci: Waje ya sadaukar da shi. Ferrer ya bayyana halin Vandal Savage a farkon yanayi biyu. Sakamakon mutuwarsa, David Kaye ya ɗauki matsayin Ferrer a matsayin Savage har ma da matsayinsa na Jonathan Rook / Stretch Monster a Stretch Armstrong da Flex Fighters. Lokacin Kasada: Kasashe masu Nisa na musamman "Tare kuma" an kuma sadaukar da shi, tare da Polly Lou Livingston, Michel Lyman da Maureen Mlynarczyk. Ferrer ya bayyana halin Mutuwa a cikin jerin. Filmography Fim Wasanin bidiyo Bidiyon kiɗa Duba kuma Jerin Puerto Ricans Bayani Pages with unreviewed translations

30468

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20zamanin%20Romawa

Sare dazuzzuka a zamanin Romawa

Sake sare dazuzzuka a zamanin Romawa ya samo asali ne sakamakon fadada yankin daular Rum, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, da yawan noma, da bunkasar tattalin arziki da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Faɗawar Romawa alama ce ta canji a cikin Bahar Rum daga tarihi (kusan 1,000 BC) zuwa lokacin tarihi wanda ya fara kusan 500 BC. Duniya ta ɗora mutane kimanin miliyan 8,000 a cikin shekaru da suka wuce kuma har yanzu tana da tsabta, amma Roma ta kori cigaban ɗan adam a Yammacin Turai kuma ta kasance jagorar mai ba da gudummawar sare daji a kusa da Bahar Rum. Dalilai Gidaje da gini Mafi mahimmancin samar da gine-gine a zamanin Romawa itace. Ana datse bishiya zuwa gidaje da ke ƙara yawan jama'a a cikin Daular Roma. Kuma a Yayin da aka gina wasu gidajen Bahar Rum da bulo da dutse, ginin rufin da aka lulluɓe da fale-falen fale-falen buraka, da kuma benaye a cikin gine-ginen gidaje da yawa ana yin su da itace. An kiyasta cewa a wani lokaci daular Roma tana da yawan mutane miliyan 56.8 kuma an kiyasta kimanin miliyan daya ko fiye a Roma kadai (yawan al'ummar da ba a kai girman girmansu ba a Turai sai London a ƙarni na 19). Tare da irin wannan karuwar yawan jama'a, haɗe tare da haɓaka salon rayuwa mai daɗi da kuma ɗabi'ar rayuwa ga Kuma al'ummomin da ke cikin birni na duniyar Romawa, amfani da albarkatu ya ƙaru. Mai Itace shine tushen farko na dumama kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antu. Man itace ya ƙunshi kashi 90 cikin ɗari na yawan amfanin ƙasa gabaɗaya, kuma ya kasance babban al'amari a cikin saran gandun daji na Romawa. Sannan Itace ta kasance mahimmin man fetur a masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adinai, narkewa, da yin tukwane. Itace da gawayi sune farkon daɗaɗɗen mai a wuraren jama'a, gidaje, wuraren wanka na jama'a da masana'antu waɗanda ke samar da haske da zafi. An fara sare dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke kusa da cibiyoyin hakar ma'adanai, tare da cinye duk wani albarkatun kasa da ke kewayen wurin aiki. Sannan Kuma Da zarar an cinye dukkan albarkatun kasa da ke kewaye da wuraren da ake nomawa, sai a yi jigilar itace a kai su don samar da tanderu da narke don cibiyoyin hakar ma'adinai. Kuma Daga ƙarshe, waɗannan cibiyoyin za su rufe kuma su ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke cikin yankin na Romawa don sake maimaita tsarin sare dazuzzuka iri ɗaya, suna ba da karuwar yawan jama'a da buƙatun amfani. Noma Noma shi ne tushen tattalin arzikin daular Roma. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, share filayen don amfanin gona shine farkon dalilin sare dazuzzuka. Kuma Hannun mutane sun ba da damar garmar ƙarfe da kuma amfani da dabbobi don share dazuzzuka masu yawa don amfani da ƙasa mai albarka. Aikin noma ya samar da kayayyaki da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Romawa, waɗanda suka dogara da amfanin gona da ake samarwa daga bayi/masu ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, a shekara ta 111 K.Z., Dokar Romawa ta ba wa duk wanda ya mallaki ƙasar jama’a har ya kai don kiyaye shi, idan an kawo shi cikin noma. Irin wannan tsarin ya haifar da share fage kuma yana nuna mahimmancin aikin noma, ba kawai ga masu wadata ba, har ma ga 'yan ƙasa, kuma ga sojoji da 'yan kasuwa masu kasuwanci da sauran yankuna. A cikin Babi na 5 (" Ƙasashen Ƙasa na Roman ") na littafin ta hanyar Way of the Soil na Guy Theodore Wrench, marubucin ya bayyana mummunan tasirin da ya haifar da zubar da gandun daji da kuma yawan aiki na ƙasa don girma yawan hatsi don haɓakar daular Romawa. yawan jama'a a kasar: Dabbobi da kiwo Babban abin da ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da shingen sake farfado da gandun daji shine kiwo na dabbobin gida. Dabbobi sun yi kiwo tare da lalata wuraren da ba su dace da noma ba. Cin shuke-shuken tsaunin tuddai da ƙananan bishiyoyi ya haifar da zaizayar kasa, ya kawar da kasa daga tuddai, daga karshe kuma ya tona asirin dutse. Silt da tsakuwa za su wanke daga tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna haifar da wasu matsaloli kamar ambaliya, dazuzzuka, da cike da ciyayi. Soja Yayin da albarkatun ƙasa ke raguwa, kiyaye ƙarfin soja don cin sabbin ƙasashe yana da muhimmanci a zamanin Romawa. Kamfen na sojoji sun lalata yankunan karkara. Kuam An tilasta wa wasu manoma fada maimakon kula da filayen. Lokacin da albarkatun ƙasa suka ƙare a yankuna da aka riga aka mamaye na Daular Roma, Kuma an tura sojoji don ba kawai don kare ƙasashen Romawa ba, har ma don tara wasu wuraren da ke da sha'awa waɗanda ke da wadataccen katako don biyan bukatun Romawa. tattalin arziki. Julius Kaisar da kansa ya umurci sojoji da su sare dazuzzuka don hana kai hare-hare na sattara. Rage gandun daji ya tabbatar da cewa dazuzzukan ba za su iya ba wa maƙiyan Roma mafaka da kama su ba. Girman sojojin da ke tsaye ya kai kusan 300,000 kuma ya ƙaru zuwa 600,000 zuwa ƙarshen lokacin daular. Sojojin Romawa sun sare dazuzzuka inda suka yi sansani ko kuma su yi tattaki don su rage magabtan da abokan gābansu za su iya ɓuya ko kuma su kai farmaki a ɓoye. Sojoji sun yi amfani da waɗannan albarkatu kuma sun gina kagara, tare da kayan aiki da sufuri don ɗaukar kayayyaki a inda ake buƙata. Gina jirgin ruwa Ginin jirgin ruwa ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sare dazuzzuka kuma yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja. Sannan kuma Ba za a iya ƙaryata mahimmancin da ke tattare da samar da katako don gina jiragen ruwa ba; jiragen ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga bunƙasar tattalin arziƙin tekun Bahar Rum, kuma ƙarfin teku yana da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa ikon siyasa. Jiragen ruwa na yaƙi suna da fifiko akan tasoshin ciniki a gasar kayan. An gina dubban jiragen ruwa a wannan zamanin na gargajiya. Kuma A lokutan yaƙi, ana iya gina ɗaruruwa a cikin wata ɗaya. Wannan ya sanya matsin lamba mai yawa akan samar da katako mai amfani. Sakamakon haka, wani tasiri na cibiyoyin gine-ginen jirgi shine ƙarancin katako a yankunansu. Sa'an nan, bayan yankunan da ke kusa sun ƙare na albarkatun itace, jigilar katako daga wasu wurare shine zaɓi na gaba. Sufuri yana da tsada, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin adadin jiragen ruwa don ci gaba da mamaye sojojin ruwa. Birane Farkon biranen Roma da kewaye an mayar da hankali ne kan ikon samun albarkatun ƙasa. Kuma Yankunan ƙananan ƙasa da wuraren da ke kusa da jigilar ruwa sun kasance cikin birni da farko, amma yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu tare da ciniki da masana'antu, ana buƙatar faɗaɗa daular da mulkin mallaka na yankunan da aka ci. Muhalli ya yi matukar lalacewa yayin da gurbacewar kona man fetur ya cika iska da masu narke da ke amfani da itace a matsayin mai ke watsa karafa masu nauyi zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙirƙirar manyan garuruwa ya taimaka wajen sare dazuzzuka a duniyar gargajiya. cunkoson jama'a ya tilastawa 'yan kasar ƙaura zuwa tsaunin da dazuzzukan suka taɓa tsayawa don gina gidajensu. Sakamakon sare itatuwa Ƙasa Tare da karuwar bukatar albarkatu da abinci, an matsa lamba akai-akai akan ƙasa da ƙasa don samar da abinci da haɓakar tattalin arziki. Sannan Kuma Share da noma akai-akai ya gaji da ƙasa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama marar haihuwa. Guduwar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa daga tsaunin da aka sare dazuzzuka na kara yawan dazuzzuka tare da hana kwararar ruwa zuwa yankunan noma. A ƙarshe, saboda yanayin tekun Bahar Rum da kuma ƙarar ƙarancin abinci na ƙasa daga ɗaruruwan shekaru na girbi, amfanin gona ya ragu. Ruwan ruwan sama da aka kulle a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ciyayi da dazuzzuka a yanzu yana gudu da sauri, kuma kowace ɗigon ruwan sama ba ta da kariya daga tsiro ko ɗigon shara. Ambaliyar ruwa/ tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi Zaizayar kasa ta kara habaka har zuwa ninki ashirin a ƙarni na 3, inda ta haifar da kwararowar da ba za a iya amfani da su ba, wadanda ke yada cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro. Sannan Kuma Ambaliyar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ya kawo cikas ga samar da ruwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da koguna, amma kuma ya ƙara dazuka zuwa yankunan bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa a raƙuman kogi. Kuma Ruwan sama ya kawar da duniyar da ba ta da kariya kuma ya canza gaɓar teku sosai, a wasu lokuta, yana tura su mil da yawa zuwa teku kamar yadda ya faru a bakin kogin Po. Wanke ƙasan ƙasa da ajiyar ƙasa da tsakuwa na nufin cewa tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi suna buƙatar motsawa, yana haifar da ƙarin nauyi ga tattalin arzikin. Ko kuma a birnin Rome, ambaliya ta mamaye sassan birnin tare da tallafawa magudanar ruwa. An lura da irin wannan ambaliya ta farko a cikin 241 BC; bayanai sun nuna karuwar ambaliyar ruwa daga wannan lokacin. Waiwaye da fadakarwa Sharewa don buƙatun noma da zafi ya zama dole don rayuwa na dogon lokaci a zamanin Romawa, ko da yake akwai muhawara kan ko Romawa sun fahimci abubuwan da ke tattare da sare itatuwa. Richard Grove ya ce, "jihohi za su yi aiki don hana lalata muhalli ne kawai lokacin da aka nuna cewa ana fuskantar barazana kai tsaye ga muradun tattalin arzikinsu." Romawa suna da wasu nau'ikan kiyaye muhalli ko da yake. Sannan Kuma An sake yin amfani da kayan gilashin tare da ƙirar gine-gine waɗanda aka yi amfani da dumama hasken rana. Dazuzzuka kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin dokokin gwamnati kuma an kiyaye su don albarkatu na gaba. Abin baƙin ciki, waɗannan yunƙurin na iya yin ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A ƙarni na 5 BC Plato ya yi korafin cewa "rashin katako ya lalata tsaunuka da filayen da ke kewaye da Athens kuma ya haifar da zaizayar kasa." Cicero kuma ya lura cewa "mu (mutane) ne masu mallakar abin da ƙasa ke samarwa," da "dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin wannan duniyar da mutane ke aiki an halicce su kuma an tanadar su domin mutane." Tafsiri Zato akan rushewar Rum   Tainter yayi jayayya da cewa "sare gandun daji bai haifar da rugujewar Rum ba," amma wanda zai iya yin shari'ar zama wani ɓangare na shi. Sannan Kamar yadda Williams ya rubuta, yana iya yiwuwa a ce yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun, annoba masu ɓarna, tawaye, mamayewa daga waje, raguwar yawan jama'a, da wuce gona da iri na birane daban-daban ko a hade, sun yi aiki a cikin ƙasa a cikin daular da ta fi ƙarfinta. A cikin littafin muhalli na shekarata 2011 Life Without Oil na Steve Hallett, marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa rugujewar Daular Roma na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da yanayin kololuwar itace a cikin tekun Bahar Rum. Ya ba da shawarar cewa, kamar yadda dole ne a fitar da itace daga nesa, dokar rage dawowa ta lalata ayyukan tattalin arzikin masana'antar Romawa, kuma ta bar Roma ta zama mai rauni ga ɗayan, an rubuta matsalolin mamayewa da rarraba cikin gida. Suna tattauna wannan a matsayin tatsuniya na taka tsantsan kwatanta shi da yiwuwar al'umma ta wannan zamani a karkashin yanayin mai bayan kololuwar yanayi. Madadin kallo Wasu suna jayayya cewa kusan duk abubuwan da ke sama sun dogara ne akan hasashe mara tarihi na abubuwan da ke damun yanzu, sannan a kan abubuwan da suka gabata. Wannan madadin ra'ayi yana ba da hujjar cewa akwai ɗimbin rikitattun lokaci, sararin samaniya, yanayi, ilimin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa waɗanda, idan aka haɗa su da cikakkun bayanan mu masu ɓarna, ke sa gama gari kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Noman bishiya, dabino, ɓaure, zaitun, ƙirji da sauransu, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma na Romawa. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa hatsi da waɗannan amfanin gonakin bishiyar. Kusan dukkan nau'ikan bishiyoyi suna sake girma idan aka sare su. Yanke itace ba, da kansa, Kuma ya lalata gandun daji. Coppicing wata hanya ce da za a iya girbe itace bisa ga ɗorewar misali. An riga an yi amfani da na'ura don ƙona mai mara kyau kamar bambaro da kwal. Akwai dalili mai kyau na yarda cewa duka bambaro da gawayi sun kasance mahimmin makamashi a zamanin da, musamman a Birtaniya ta Roman inda gawayin ya cika a wurare da yawa. Babban kariya daga zaizayar ƙasa yana tasowa ne daga tsaunin tuddai. Ba mu san girman filaye ba a zamanin da, to amma da yawa na zaizayar ƙasa a nan da ake zaton Romawa ne suka haifar da su, na iya zuwa zamanin Duhu lokacin da kula da filayen ya lalace. Canje-canje a cikin murfin bishiyar na iya tasowa daga bambance-bambancen yanayi, Kuma waɗanda har yanzu ba a fahimce su sosai ba. Amma akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa raguwar ƙasashen Yammacin Roma na da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. Slash da ƙona aikin noma, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙananan al'umma fiye da lokacin Romawa, na iya zama aƙalla alhakin sare bishiyoyi da zaizayar ƙasa kamar aikin noma na Romawa. Marshes na bakin teku na iya haifar da canje-canjen matakin teku kamar zaizayar ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Akwai dalilai da za a yi imani da cewa cututtukan bishiya tun a farkon shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata sun haifar da raguwar elm amma wannan raguwar bishiyar tana da alaƙa ta wata hanya mai rikitarwa ga ayyukan manoma Neolithic. Duba wasu abubuwan Alkaluman alƙaluma Adnin Farko: Duniyar Bahar Rum da Mutum Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam%20Chaikin

Miriam Chaikin

Miriam Chaikin(1924 zuwa 15 Afrilu 2015)marubuciya ce ta yara kuma mawaƙiya,ta buga aƙalla littattafai 35.Ta sha yin rubutu game da rayuwar Yahudawa.An ba ta lambar yabo ta Sydney Taylor Book Award da lambar yabo ta Littafin Yahudawa ta ƙasa. Tarihin Rayuwa Chaikin,wanda aka fi sani da Molly ga danginta,an haife shi a Urushalima a 1924;danginta sun zo Amurka a 1925 kuma ta girma a Brooklyn.Iyalinta talakawa ne. Chaikin ya yi aiki da kungiyar agaji ta Isra'ila Irgun a reshensu na Amurka, sannan a matsayin sakataren majalisar wakilai,sannan a matsayin editan littafi. Ta zauna a wani lokaci a Isra'ila.A cikin Birnin New York,ta zauna a Westbeth Artists Community. A matsayinta na marubucin aƙalla littattafai 35 na yara,hankalinta ya kasance kan rayuwar Yahudawa. Ta kuma buga waƙa da littafi game da Urushalima. Dan uwanta,Joseph Chaikin,dan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darekta,kuma daya daga cikin 'yan uwanta,Shami Chaikin,dan wasan kwaikwayo.Yayarta,kuma Miriam Chaikin,ƙwararriyar ɗan adam ce. Chaikin ya rasu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu,2015 yana da shekara 90. Littattafai da liyafar mahimmanci Margaret Yatsevitch Phinney ta bayyana manufar Chaikin a matsayin"amince da yara na gama-gari,amma duk da haka akwai damuwa na keɓewa da kaɗaici,da kuma sanar da su wasu sun ji irin wannan."Phinney kuma ta lura cewa manufar Chaikin,"musamman a cikin littattafanta na baya,shine haskakawa da rubuta tarihi,al'adu,da dabi'un mutanen Yahudawa",da kuma tunawa da Holocaust . Ya Kamata Na Damu,Ya Kamata Na Kula (1979),an kwatanta a cikin Jaridar Makarantar Laburare:"Daya daga cikin tarin littattafai game da matasa, Bayahude,da zama a Brooklyn kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II,wannan yana da daɗi game da shi.,duk da cewa babu wani abu da ya faru da yawa,abin da ke sa karatu mai kyau....Mutuwa,talauci,inuwa mai duhu na kyamar Yahudawa duk suna yin barazana ga duniyar Molly,amma ba sa kawo tarnaki ga yara.Ba lallai ne ku zama Bayahude ba don son wannan.”Chaikin ya ci gaba da labarin Molly zuwa wasu littattafai;The New York Times ya bayyana Abokai Har abada(1988)a matsayin"na biyar a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu gamsarwa game da Molly,kyakkyawar yarinya Bayahudiya wacce ta girma a Borough Park,Brooklyn,kafin yakin duniya na biyu.A cikin wannan kashin ita da abokanta a aji 6B dole ne su yi jarrabawar ajin ci gaba da sauri a ƙaramar sakandare.” Sauran jerin Chaikin,littattafan Yossi,Liz Rosenberg ne ya bayyana shi a cikin The New York Times a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi na rashin laifi da"almara mai daɗi".Yossi yaro Bayahude ne Hasidic. Jerin Yossi Yadda Yossi ya doke Mugun Shawara (1983),wanda Petra Mathers ya kwatanta,Harper,New York Yossi Ya Nemi Mala'iku Don Taimako (1985),wanda Petra Mathers ya kwatanta,Harper,New York Yossi Yana Ƙoƙarin Taimakawa Allah (1987),Denise Saldutti ya kwatanta, Harper,New York Feathers in the Wind(1989),Denise Saldutti,Harper,New York ya kwatanta. Sauran littattafai Ittki Pittki(1971),wanda Harold Berson ya kwatanta,Latsa Mujallar Iyaye,New York The Happy Pairr da Sauran Labaran Soyayya (1972),wanda Gustave Nebel ya kwatanta,Putnam,New York Hardlucky(1973),Fernando Krahn ya kwatanta,Lippincott,Philadelphia Rana ta Bakwai:Labarin Sabanin Yahudawa(1979),wanda David Frampton ya kwatanta,Doubleday, New York Girgiza Reshen Dabino:Labari da Ma'anar Sukkot(1984),wanda Marvin Friedman ya kwatanta,Clarion,New York Tambayi Wata Tambaya:Labari da Ma'anar Idin Ƙetarewa (1985),wanda Marvin Friedman,Clarion,New York ya kwatanta. Piano na Aviva(1986),wanda Yossi Abolafia ya kwatanta,Clarion New York Sauti da Shofar :Labari da Ma'anar Rosh Hashanah da Yom Kippur (1986),wanda Erika Weihs ya kwatanta, Clarion,New York Esther(1987),wanda Vera Rosenberry ya kwatanta,Society Publication Society Fitowa(1987),wanda Charles Mikolaycak ya kwatanta,Gidan Holiday,New York Hinkl da Sauran Labaran Shlemiel (1987),wanda Marcia Posner ya kwatanta,Shapolsky Publishers Mafarkin Dare a Tarihi:Holocaust, 1933-1945(1987),Clarion,New York Hanukkah(1990),wanda Ellen Weiss ya kwatanta,Gidan Holiday,New York Menorahs,Mezuzas,da Sauran Alamun Yahudawa(1990),wanda Erika Weihs ya kwatanta,Clarion, New York Gajimare na ɗaukaka:Tatsuniyoyi da Labarai game da Zamanin Littafi Mai Tsarki(1997),David Frampton, Clarion,New York ya kwatanta. Kada Ku Taka A Sama: Hannun Haiku (2002),wanda Hiroe Nakata ya kwatanta,Henry Holt, New York Mala'iku Suna Sharar Gidan Hamada: Tatsuniyoyi na Littafi Mai Tsarki game da Musa a cikin jeji(2002),wanda Alexander Koshkin ya kwatanta, Clarion,New York Rubutun Alexandra:Labarin Hanukkah na Farko(2002),wanda Stephen Fieser ya kwatanta,Henry Holt,New York Urushalima:Tarihin Biranen Ba na yau da kullun(2015),CreateSpace Platform Publishing Independent Space Nassoshi Kara karantawa Essay na Chaikin a cikin Littafi na shida na Marubuta da Masu zane-zane(1989),ed.Holtze,Sally Holmes. Jawabin karbuwa daga Chaikin don Kyautar Littafin Sydney Taylor, Littattafan Judaica,2:29-30 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography at Westbeth Artists Community Shami, Joe, da Molly, tunowa ta 'yar'uwarsu Tarihin Rayuwa Takardun Miriam Chaikin a Laburaren Elmer L. Andersen Matattun 2015

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20ruwa%20a%20New%20Zealand

Gurbataccen ruwa a New Zealand

Gurbacewar ruwa a New Zealand shine ƙara samun matsala ga waɗanda ke amfani da kulawa da hanyoyin ruwa da kuma hukumomin New Zealand . Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a yana da alaƙa da haɓakar gurɓataccen ruwa, saboda dalilai da yawa kamar amfani da filayen karkara, Fresh water quality is under pressure from agriculture, hydropower, urban development, pest invasions and climate change. amfani da masana'antu da ci gaban birane. Kyakkyawan ingancin ruwa yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga noma, wutar lantarki, ci gaban birane, mamayewar kwari da sauyin yanayi. Yayin da aka rage gurɓacewar yanayi daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kamar su abinci mai gina jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta da haɓakar magudanar ruwa da kuma ruwan guguwa a garuruwa ba a ƙarƙashin kulawa. Akwai wuraren kula da ingancin ruwa sama da 800 a kusa da New Zealand waɗanda ake yin samfura akai-akai. , Auckland is the region with New Zealand's most polluted waterways, with 62% of rivers and lakes graded poor by the Ministry for the Environment for swimming, and 0% of rivers and lakes graded as good. A cikin shekarata 2018, hanyoyin ruwa a duk faɗin New Zealand suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan ingancin ruwa da yawa, kamar yadda bayanan LAWA ke kulawa. Jagororin ingancin ruwa MfE ne ke buga ƙa'idodin jagora don ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta bangaren Noma Noma shine babban amfani da yankunan ƙasa na New Zealand kuma ya shafi ingancin ruwa. Sannna Kuma Fadada samar da kiwo mai tsanani ya haifar da babban matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, saman da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin shekarata 1993, Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta taƙaita bayanan da ake da su kan ingancin ruwa a cikin koguna. Sun kammala da cewa "Wasu kogin da ke kai wa a wuraren da aka bunkasa noma suna cikin mawuyacin hali" wanda ke nuna "rashin da ake samu ta hanyar noma da nuna sharar da ake samu a ware ko ban da sharar birane ko masana'antu" . Kuma Muhimmin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da aka gano a cikin ƙoramar ƙasa an narkar da nitrogen inorganic, narkar da phosphorus mai amsawa, sediment da coliforms. Kananan koguna a wasu wuraren kiwon kiwo kamar Waikato da Canterbury an gano cewa suna cikin wani yanayi mara kyau. Labe daga zaizayar tsaunuka da bakin kogi shi ma yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Matsalolin da ke ɗorawa daga tsananin ƙarfi, Kuma haɓakar guguwa mai yawa da kuma yawan ruwan sama ya haifar da miliyoyin ton na laka da ke canza tsarin mura a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na NZ. Wannan laka tana ƙunshe da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai daga zuriyar gandun daji wanda ke canza yanayin ɓarkewa da ƙara kayan gado na gadoji da ajiya a cikin tafkunan NZ da ruwan teku mara zurfi. Tun daga shekarar 2005 karuwar kiwo na dabbobin kiwo ya zarce noman noman rafi da kuma ikon da wasu majalisun yanki ke da shi don sarrafa da rage tasirin ruwa, sannan kuma akwai wasu shaidun amfani da urea da ke haifar da matakan nitrogen a magudanan ruwa. Noman noma, noman noma da gandun daji gabaɗaya basu da tasiri fiye da kiwo . A cikin shekarata 2001 Kifi da Wasan New Zealand sun fara babban kamfen ɗin ƙazanta na kiwo don ba da haske game da tasirin gurɓatawa daga haɓakar noma akan lafiyar muhalli na muhallin ruwa mai daɗi. A matsayin martani ga wannan yakin Fonterra, babban kamfanin kiwo a New Zealand, tare da wasu hukumomin gwamnati sun kaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kiwo da Tsabtace Ruwa don magance gurbatar ruwa saboda noman kiwo. Manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce iyakance damar haja zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Fonterra tana fitar da mafi yawan amfanin gonarta, kuma tana ƙarfafa manoma da su iyakance tasirin muhalli a matsayin hanyar sa masu amfani da muhalli su sayi kayayyakinsu. Sannan kuma Haɓaka binciken noma mai ɗorewa da rage amfani da taki, ƙara dasa shuki na ƙasa, ciyawa, flaxes da bishiyu a gefen rafuka. Wadannan fasahohin na taimakawa wajen dakile kwararar taki, magudanar ruwa da taki da amfani da su don bunkasa ci gaban yankunan da aka dasa. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, majalisun yanki sun ƙara ɗora ɗora wasu buƙatun tsari akan manoma don rage tasirin muhallinsu. Majalisun da yawa - ciki har da Canterbury Environment, Horizons Regional Council da Hawke's Bay Regional Council suna buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki su sami Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin, kuma tare da wasu gonaki a Otago da Waikato kuma ana buƙatar samun Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin. Tsare-tsaren na buƙatar manoma su sarrafa haɗarin muhalli a kusa da ayyuka kamar zubar da kiwo na noma, zaizayar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa (ta hanyar dasa shuki da shingen shinge mai cike da ruwa), ban ruwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. Wasu majalisu kuma sun sanya iyakokin abinci mai gina jiki ga manoma. A cikin shekarata 2016, wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce ta Greenpeace ya nuna irin gudummawar da noman kiwo ke bayarwa ga gurbacewar kogi, inda ya bayyana cewa sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kogunan da aka sa ido ba su da hadari don yin iyo a ciki. DairyNZ ta yi kira ga wannan tallan bidiyo, amma Hukumar Ka'idodin Talla ta sami goyon bayan Greenpeace. Canje-canjen don gabatar da tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli a kan manoma an ambaci suna da ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan da ke nuna ci gaban hanyoyin ruwa daga Majalisar Yankin Horizons da Canterbury na Muhalli. Har ila yau, an ambaci su a matsayin bayar da gudummawa ga bincike da Cibiyar Cawthorne ta kammala da ke nuna ingancin ruwa a yanzu yana inganta don yawancin matakan ingancin ruwa dangane da nazarin wuraren LAWA.</ref> They have also been cited as contributing to analysis completed by the Cawthorne Institute showing waterway quality is now improving for many water quality measures based on an analysis of LAWA sites. Na gida Ruwan ruwa na cikin birni yana gurɓata da kayan wanke-wanke, man datti, datti da kuma najasa. Sannan Kuma Wasu magudanan ruwa na guguwa suna da tambarin kifin da aka zana a gefen titi don haskaka gurɓacewar ruwa. Masana'antu Sarrafa masana'antu akai-akai yana haɗawa da fitar da aikin sharar ruwa zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Kumar Misali, Fonterra ta kasance tana fitar da ruwan sha mai dauke da madarar nono zuwa cikin kogin Tui, wani rafi na kogin Mangatainoka, kuma yana neman izinin albarkatu don ci gaba da yin hakan. Tasman Pulp and Paper Mill, Kuma wanda yanzu mallakar Norske Skog, ya kasance yana zubar da sharar gida a cikin Kogin Tarawera tun 1955. Nishaɗi Yawan masu ziyartar wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren da babu bandakuna na kara samun gurbacewar gurbatar muhalli daga sharar dan adam . Sannna Kuma A cikin yankunan tsaunuka, inda anaerobic narkewar al'amarin najasa ke sannu a hankali, Ma'aikatar Kulawa tana da tankuna masu riƙe da magudanar ruwa a bayan gida a bukkoki na baya. Ana fitar da magudanar ruwa ne da jirgi mai saukar ungulu don yin magani a wani waje. Zanga- zangar 'yanci, sanannen aiki a wasu yankuna, ana zarginsa da haifar da gurbatar ruwa saboda zubar da sharar ɗan adam ba daidai ba. Yankunan birni Mafi mahimmancin tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane shine saboda magudanar ruwa . Kuma Rage magudanar ruwa da haɗin kai mara kyau suna ba da damar magudanar ruwa su shiga tsarin ruwan guguwa. Har ila yau, a lokacin da aka yi taho-mu-gama tasha na bututun ruwa ya cika da magudanar ruwa tare da sakin magudanar ruwa. Ruwan da ke gudana daga tituna ya ƙunshi gurɓata kamar su zinc, jan ƙarfe, gubar da kuma hydrocarbons daga lalacewa na abin hawa, hayaƙin abin hawa da kuma daga saman titin kanta. Yankunan birane suna da shimfidar fili mai yawa don haka akwai yuwuwar cewa ruwa da ya gurbata da kwayoyin halitta ba za a tace shi ta kasa ba. Rushewar ƙasa daga ƙasƙan da aka fallasa a cikin sabbin yankuna ba ya faruwa kuma idan ya faru saboda keta izinin izinin albarkatu na iya haifar da tuhuma. sannan Kuma Don ƙayyadadden guguwar ruwa a lokacin aikin ƙasa ana amfani da bambaro da magudanar ruwa. Wadannan ba su da isasshen ruwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa inda masu shiga tsakani suka cika da yawa kuma ruwan da aka kwashe da ruwa yana gudana cikin koguna da koguna. Gurbacewar ruwa ta yanki Majalisun yanki suna da alhakin magance matsalolin amfani da ruwa da rashin amfani da su kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu, wani muhimmin Dokar Majalisar da ke tsara albarkatun kasa da na jiki kamar ƙasa, iska da ruwa. Kuma Bambancin amfani da ƙasa da yanayi yana nufin gurɓatar ruwa ta bambanta a cikin yankuna. Teburin da ke sama jimillar yanayin yanayin ruwa ne a yankuna kuma baya nuna wani yanayi na inganta ingancin ruwa ko kuma abin da ya shafi shafe ruwa. Sannan Koyaya, an lura da ingantuwar ingancin ruwa ga wasu rukunan ruwa a wasu lokuta. Bay of Plenty Kogin Tarawera, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "bakar magudanar ruwa", yana da tarihin gurbatar ruwa, galibi saboda ayyukan masana'antu. A cikin shekarata 2009, Tasman Mill ya sami izini don ci gaba da gurbata kogin har tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1950 zuwa 1989, Whakatane Sawmill ya watsar da gurɓataccen sawdust, haushi, katako, da sinadarai a ciki da wajen Whakatane da Rangitaiki Plains, ciki har da Canal na Kopeopeo, wanda ake kira mafi ƙazantar ruwa ta New Zealand. Wadannan sharar gida sun fito ne daga injin sarrafa katako, inda aka yi amfani da PCP a matsayin abin adana itace. An gurbata PCP da dioxin da furan (PCDD/PCDFs), wanda ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen dioxin. Ƙoƙarin gyara kan magudanar ruwa (wanda mai fafutukar Ngāti Awa ya fara ne Joe Harawira ) ya sami karɓuwa a duniya a shekarata 2019. Canterbury A tarihi yawancin Canterbury ya kasance busasshiyar ƙasa da noman noma amma an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa na kiwo a yankin. Kuma Noman kiwo a Canterbury yana buƙatar yawan ban ruwa tun da matsakaicin ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa don tallafawa wuraren kiwo na kiwo. Kogin Heathcote ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa na gurbatar yanayi a baya-bayan nan. Muhalli Canterbury kwanan nan ya gabatar da tsauraran sabbin buƙatun muhalli ga manoman yankin, yana buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki don haɓaka Tsare-tsaren Muhalli na Farm wanda ke nuna yadda gonaki za su ɗauki mataki don rage haɗari kamar leaching na abinci mai gina jiki, Kuma zaizayar ƙasa, haɗarin ƙazanta da kuma kare hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar ayyuka kamar shinge na hanyoyin ruwa da gudanar da aikin noman rafi. Ana duba tsare-tsaren da kansu. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da waɗannan sabbin dokoki, hanyoyin ruwa yanzu suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan da yawa. Southland A Southland magudanar ruwa daga wuraren kiwon kiwo da ake amfani da su don fiye da shanu 50 na buƙatar izinin albarkatu . Muhalli Southland ya ba da shawarar a bazu magudanar ruwa a kan adadin hectare takwas a kowace saniya 100 kuma bai kamata a shafa a cikin ƙasa mai rigar ba. A shekarar 2012, Majalisar yankin Otago ta gudanar da shari’o’i 19 kan abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar muhalli, wanda ya ninka na shekarar 2011. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na gurbatar yanayi sun kasance na zubar da kiwo. Taranaki A garin Taranaki, akwai rumfunan kiwo guda 1400 inda magudanar kiwo ke zubewa cikin magudanun ruwa a maimakon a fesa su zuwa kasa, bisa ga bayanai daga rahoton muhalli na majalisar yankin Taranaki na shekarar 2012. A cikin shekarata 2012, shugaban New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society ya bayyana mamakin adadin da aka yarda da fitar da kiwo zuwa magudanan ruwa, idan aka ba da mafi yawan sauran majalisun yankuna suna tuhumar manoman kiwo waɗanda ke ba da izinin kiwo shiga hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Yanki ta Taranaki ta ba da rahoton cewa ingancin ruwa ya tabarbare, inda kawai biyu daga cikin rukunin sha biyar da aka gwada sun cika ka'idojin ninkaya. Waikato Waikato ya dade yana noman kiwo kuma yana da wasu kasa mafi fa'ida a kasar. Ingancin ruwa, musamman kamar yadda aka nuna ta masu nunin ɗabi'a da pH, a cikin yankin Waikato yana tabarbarewa. Kogin Waikato yana da ƙazantar ƙazanta mai yawa saboda wurare daban-daban da wuraren da ba su da tushe . Kogin Yamma Kogin Yamma yana samun ruwan sama mai yawa don haka duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu za a shafe shi zuwa wani mataki. Har ya zuwa kwanan nan ana fitar da magudanar ruwa da ba a kula da su ba a cikin kogin Grey amma an ba da tallafin gwamnati don gina magudanar ruwa. Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwa a New Zealand Dabarun Gudanar da Ruwa na Canterbury Muhalli na New Zealand Noma a New Zealand#Tasirin Muhalli Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu 1-877274-51-8 Ma'aikatar Muhalli - Muhalli New Zealand 2007 Rahoton Muhalli Proffitt, Fiona (1 Yuli 2010). " Yaya tsaftar kogunan mu ?" . Ruwa & Yanayin. NIWA. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ingancin Ruwa a NIWA Land Air Water Aotearoa "Ruwa ya kasa tsabta, gwajin kore" a cikin New Zealand Herald, 2003 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

52683

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakol

Pakol

Pakol (Khowar: پاکول, Shina: ، Pashto: পাইول, : پاکول) mai laushi ne, mai laushi, mai launi, mai lauri, wanda aka saba sawa a Afghanistan da Pakistan. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da ulu kuma ana samun sa a cikin launuka daban-daban, kamar launin ruwan kasa, baƙar fata, launin toka, hauren giwa, ko ja ta amfani da walnut. An yi imanin cewa Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan. Bayyanawa Ana sanya pakol kamar beret: mai sa zai iya daidaitawa da daidaita girman don dacewa da yanayi, yanayi da girma kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ayyuka da yawa idan an buƙata. Pakol kanta tana da amfani sosai kuma tana da dadi. Yana da kyau musamman ga yanayin sanyi. Maza suna sa pakol duk shekara a yanayin sanyi, saboda hat ɗin yana aiki da kyau don kariya daga sanyi, iska, da rana. Saboda kyawawan ulu na halitta da aka yi amfani da shi don yin pakol, kai ba ya gumi, ko daskarewa, komai abin da yanayin yake. Abubuwan suna da hygroscopic, duk da haka hular ba ta jin rigar a yanayin ruwan sama, kuma ba ta bushe. Wannan ya sa ya zama tufafi masu kyau ga Pakistan da Afghanistan. Yana da murfin ulu na hannu, wanda aka kafa tare da shimfiɗa, mai zagaye, wanda aka kewaye shi da ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa. Yawancin lokaci fari ne, launin toka, ko launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwallo yana ba da damar ja shi ƙasa don rufe kunnuwa da wuyansa a yanayin sanyi da mirgina shi don yanayin zafi. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na yin ado da tufafi, wani lokacin yawanci sanya furanni ko gashin tsuntsaye a cikin hular, musamman don lokutan biki. Kayan da aka haɗa a kusa da tushe yana ba da daidaitawa da sassauci na amfani. Ta hanyar karfafawa ko sassauta igiyar, mai sa shi yana iya riƙe hular kamar yadda ake buƙata. Asalin da tarihi Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko kuma daidai a Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan. Gidan ulu ya kasance babban kayan ado na mutanen Shina da mutanen Kho (wanda aka fi sani da Chitralis), na ƙarni da yawa. Har ila yau, al'ummomin Afghanistan da yawa kamar su Pashtuns, Tajiks da Nuristanis sun karbe shi kwanan nan. An karbe shi da farko a tsakanin Pashtuns na Pakistan a matsayin maye gurbin babban turban, musamman a cikin manyan biranen, kamar misali a Peshawar, saboda 'yan kasuwa na ƙauye, waɗanda kuma ke da alhakin yada shahararren Chitrali ko pakol, da farko suna fadada kasuwancin su, daga ƙarshe sun mamaye babban yanki na tsohon birnin Peshawar. Sai kawai a cikin kabilun da ke kan iyakar Afghanistan turban na gargajiya na Pashtun har yanzu yana da mashahuri. Koyaya, hotuna daga Peshawar daga ba da daɗewa ba, har yanzu suna nuna birni da turbans suka mamaye maimakon maza da ke rufe kawunansu da pakol. Kwanan nan, an kuma gabatar da shi a cikin kwarin Kashmir ta hanyar baƙi na yanayi na kabilun Shins da suka fito daga yankunan Gurez da Tuleil a arewacin gundumar Bandipore ta Kashmir. A yau pakol da mutane na kowane matsayi na zamantakewa da asali daga Pakistan da Afghanistan ke sawa, da kuma a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Jammu da Kashmir da Delhi. Kausia da ƙin haɗin Makidoniya Wasu marubutan sun kwatanta wannan kayan ado na musamman da kausia da mutanen Makidoniya na dā suka sa. Daga nan sai ya zama mai jaraba ga wasu marubuta su haɗa pakol da kamfen ɗin Indiya na Alexander the Great a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu BC. An kuma haɗa pakol da masarautun Girka-Bactrian da Indo-Girkanci na ƙarni masu zuwa. Koyaya, pakol ba shi da alaƙa ta tarihi tare da kausia. Dangane da wani kuskuren imani game da wurin asalinsa kai tsaye, pakol yana da tarihin kwanan nan a Lardin Nuristan, inda ake sawa a ko'ina a yau, yana dawowa ba da tsufa fiye da ƙarshen karni na sha tara, amma wannan kayan kwalliya ma ƙarami ne a cikin Gundumar Chitral da ke makwabtaka. Asalin kai tsaye na pakol an sanya shi a cikin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, a cikin Gilgit-Baltistan na yanzu, kuma yana cikin sararin samaniya mai zurfi na irin wannan siffar da aka sa a kan iyakar kasar Sin / Turkestani / Indiya. An sa murfin mai sauƙi tare da rolled-rim a duk yankin, daga inda ya bazu zuwa yamma, zuwa yankin Chitral inda aka sa shi sosai a ƙarshen 1920s. A bayyane yake a wani lokaci mutanen Chitral da yankunan da ke kusa da su sun fara haɗawa da ƙarin kayan zagaye don samar da kambi mai laushi. Wannan karkatarwa ta zamani ba fasalin da sojojin Alexander zasu iya ɗauka a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ ba. Asalin, ganowa da takardu a Gilgit da Chitral Bambancin zamani na pakol ya samo asali ne daga Chitral. Har ila yau, an san hat din da khapol, wanda aka samo daga kalmar kapaal wanda ke nufin kai a cikin harshen Khowar. Babban tushen samarwa shine Chitral a Pakistan. An ambaci Pakol a cikin littafin Donatus O'Briens na 1895 a kan harshen Chitral, inda yake kwatanta tufafin kabilanci na mutanen Kho ya ce: "Kayan da yawancin maza ke sawa ya kunshi baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka da aka yi a cikin siffar jaka kuma an mirgine shi har sai ya dace da kwanyar. " Daga baya a cikin 1896 George Scott Robertson ya bayyana "Chitrali Cap". John Biddulph a cikin kabilun Hindoo Koosh (1880), ya yi magana game da "kashin gashi mai laushi" kuma ya danganta shi ga mutanen Shina na Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a arewacin Pakistan na yanzu. Biddulph ya kuma ce a wasu sassan yammacin arewacin Pakistan na zamani, kamar Wakhan, Chitral da Sarikol, mutane sun kasance suna sa ƙananan turbans. "A Chitral, Wakhan da Sirikol maza suna sanye da ƙananan turbans. A cikin Gilgit, Astor, da kuma mafi yawan Yaghestan ana amfani da murfin ulu da Mista Drew ya ambata. A cikin rukunin Shin mata marasa aure ana rarrabe su da fararen murfi, wanda matan Shin masu aure ba sa sawa. Magana ta farko game da pakol don haka yana nufin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, yayin da a lokaci guda a yankunan da suka fi kusa da yamma da kudu, gami da Chitral, mutane har yanzu sun fi son sa turban. Wannan zai nuna cewa a cikin ƙasashe har ma da yamma, har yanzu ba a san pakol ba. Shahararren pakol ya koma yamma a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, lokacin da Georg Morgenstierne ya ziyarci gundumar Chitral kuma ya ɗauki hotunan mazauna garin suna sanye da pakol, kodayake hotunan suna nuna cewa pakol ba shi da kambi mai laushi na zamani na Chitrali kuma ya fi kama da nau'in pakol har yanzu ana sawa a Hunza, wanda zai iya wakiltar "asalin" nau'in Pakol. Yakin Kafiristan da tallafin da Nuristanis suka yi Pakol wani sabon abu ne na baya-bayan nan a lardin Nuristan, ana gabatar da shi daga makwabciyar Chitral a wani lokaci a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Dangane da rubuce-rubuce na farko, mazaunan Kafiristan, Nuristanis, sun tafi ba tare da wani kayan kwalliya ba. Har ila yau, suna amfani da aske kawunansu, suna barin ƙaramin yanki a kan kambi inda aka bar gashi ya girma, yana rataye sau da yawa har zuwa kugu. A farkon tushen pakol a Nuristan ta George Scott Robertson, yana nufin pakol a matsayin hular Chitrali kuma ya bayyana cewa an sanya ta ne kawai a cikin kwarin Bashgul, kwarin gabas na Kafiristan mai iyaka da Chitral, kuma an samu hular daga Chitral. a gabas ta hanyar ciniki. Sabili da haka, an nuna a ɗan gajeren gabatarwar zuwa Afghanistan, musamman ga Nuristan na pakol. Wannan batu dai ya tabbata ne da gyalen da mutanen da aka zana a cikin manya-manyan sassaken katako da aka fi sani da gandauw s, wanda Kafirai suka shahara da shi, wanda duk ya samo asali ne tun kafin Afganistan ta mamaye Kafiristan a karshen shekarun 1890, inda aka nuna mutanen sanye da su. rawani. Bugu da ƙari, tsofaffi da matasa sun fara a cikin Kalash, yanzu suna zaune a kan iyaka a Pakistan, kuma a al'adance suna sanye da rawani, yayin da duk sauran ke sanye da pakol. Pakols dole ne ya bazu cikin sauri tsakanin mazauna yankin, yanzu an sake masa suna Nuristanis, bayan kuma a wani bangare sakamakon nasarar da Abdul Rahman Khan na Afghanistan ya yi wa Kafiristan. Bude kwarin don kara hulɗa da kasuwanci, da kuma juyowa ga jama'a zuwa Islama, ya sa mazauna su watsar da salon gashin kansu na baya kuma su rufe kawunansu da hat. Amincewa da takamaiman kayan tufafi don nuna sabon ainihi, musamman na addini, an kafa shi sosai a tarihi. Shahararren farko a Afghanistan A cikin shekarun 1980s, pakol ya sami karbuwa a manyan sassan Afghanistan a matsayin wanda aka fi so a sanya kayan ado na Mujahideen, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Afghanistan da magoya bayansu na Soviet. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da ke sanye da pakol shine shugaban soja na kwarin Panjshir Ahmad Shah Massoud . A cikin waɗannan shekarun, mutane daga ko'ina cikin Afghanistan, amma musamman daga cikin mutanen Tajik na Panjshir, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin da ke kan iyaka da Nuristan, sun sa pakol don nuna adawarsu ga gwamnati. A shekara ta 1992 Mujahideen sun mallaki babban birnin Kabul, kuma tun lokacin da Tajiks daga arewa maso gabashin kasar suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Jihar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, pakol din su ya zama babban abin hawa na babban birnin Afghanistan. Koyaya, yakin basasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Mujahideen daban-daban ya ci gaba tare da sabon bayyanar Taliban, waɗanda galibi Pashtuns ne daga kudancin ƙasar kuma suna adawa da pakol da ke sanye da Mujahideens daga arewa maso gabas. Taliban sun kasance suna sa turbans, kayan gargajiya na Pashtun, wanda ya fi dacewa da nau'ikan duhu na Kandahar, yayin da abokan adawar su suka ci gaba da sanya pakol.Lokacin da Taliban suka mallaki Kabul a watan Satumbar 1996, pakol ya ɓace daga tituna, sai kawai ya dawo lokacin da a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, Northern Alliance tare da taimakon sojojin Amurka suka sami nasarar kawar da Taliban. A wannan lokacin pakol ya sake samun shahara, yayin da Pashtuns daga kudu da kudu maso gabashin kasar, wadanda suka kasance tushen kungiyar Taliban, har yanzu sun fi son sanya turban. Shahararren farko a Indiya Mutanen Shina na arewacin Jammu da kwarin Gurez na Kashmir (ciki har da Tulail) sun sa pakol a al'ada a Indiya. An kuma sa Pakol a cikin kwarin Kashmir a wasu lokuta na tsawon shekaru, inda 'yan gudun hijira na Shins / Dards, daga Gurez suka gabatar da shi. Wani marubuci tare da jaridar da ke cikin kwarin, ya ce game da murfin cewa ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Babban Ministan Jammu da Kashmir ya yi wasa. Pakol ya zama sananne a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Delhi, 'yan Afghanistan da ke zaune a Indiya suna sayar da shi. Har ila yau, ya sami karbuwa a yankunan da Musulmai suka fi yawa a arewacin Indiya, musamman yankunan da ke kusa da wuraren ibada inda bambancin da aka karkatar ya fi shahara. Nau'o'in pakol daban-daban A cikin Pakistan da Afghanistan, akwai nau'ikan pakol daban-daban da kabilun da yankuna daban-daban ke sawa. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun kasance a cikin siffofi da salo, kuma wani lokacin na musamman ne ga wani yanki ko kabilanci. Pakol na gargajiya Hat din pakol na gargajiya yana da taushi, hat din ulu wanda yake kwance, kuma ana mirgine rims a cikin tufafin kai don a sa. An yi shi da ulu kuma ya zo da launuka daban-daban, yawanci launuka na ƙasa na halitta sune mafi yawanci ake sawa. An fi sawa a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Afghanistan kuma kwanan nan a kwarin Kashmir. Chitrali pakol Chitrali pakol ne ke sa da Chitral Scouts na Arewacin Pakistan. Yana da fari, yana da alamar alama, kuma yana da gashin tsuntsu. An dauke shi alamar mutunci da girmamawa tsakanin al'ummar Chitrali kuma yawanci suna gabatar da shi ga sanannun baƙi. Wannan salon pakol na musamman ne ga yankin. Gimbiya Diana, Kate Middleton da Yarima William sun sa shi yayin ziyarar da suka kai Pakistan. Pakol mai laushi Twisted pakol wani bambanci ne na pakol; yana da yadudduka biyu kuma rims suna karkatarwa. An yi shi da ulu mai tsabta kuma ya zo da launuka da girma daban-daban. Twisted pakol ya zama ruwan dare a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan da Kashmir. Yana da nauyi kuma ana iya daidaita shi da sauƙi fiye da na gargajiya. Waziristan Pakistan An sa shi a Waziristan, yankunan kabilanci na Pakistan, irin wannan pakol yawanci kuma kusan na musamman ne Pashtuns na Waziristan kamar Mahsud, Dawar, da Wazir. Babban bambanci tsakanin Waziristan pakol, da pakol na yau da kullun, shine cewa ya fi girma a girmansa, kuma gefuna suna da tuddai masu lankwasawa. Yana da banbanci ga yankunan Waziristan kuma an yi shi da ulu mai tsabta, yana samuwa a launuka daban-daban, kamar pakol na gargajiya. Har ila yau, kabilun Kin Pashtun ne ke sawa a fadin iyaka a Afghanistan a lardunan Paktia da Khost; yawanci ana yin musu ado da furanni, Ba kamar Chitralis waɗanda ke yin ado da gashin tsuntsaye ba. An dauke shi tufafin maza na yau da kullun. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19544

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Times

New York Times

The New York Times (NYT ko NY Times) Kamfani jarida ce na Kasar Amurka, wacce take kuma wallafa jaridu a kullum, suna da babban ofishin su a New York, kuma suna da masu karanta jaridar su a duk fadin duniya. An kafa kamfanin ne a cikin shekarar alif 1851, New York Times tun a lokacin da ta ci wani Kyauta mai suna Pulitzer 130, wato kyauta ce na wacce tafi kowanne gidan jarida, kuma an daɗe ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin babban masana'antar gidan jarida na kasar Amurka " jaridar rikodin ƙasa ". gidan jaridan na daga cikin gidan jaridu 18 a duniya wadanda suka fi kowanne yawan zagaya duniya, kuma na 3 a kasar Amurka Takardar mallakar kamfanin New York Times ne, wanda ake tallatawa a bainar jama'a. Iyalin Sulzberger ne ke mulkar ta tun daga 1896, ta hanyar tsarin raba aji biyu bayan hannayen jarin sun zama suna kasuwanci. AG Sulzberger da ubansa, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., wato takarda ta m da kamfanin ta shugaban, bi da bi-ne hudu da na biyar ƙarni na iyali ya shugabanci da takarda. Tun daga tsakiyar shekara ta 1970, The New York Times ta faɗaɗa shimfidawa da tsara ta, tana ƙara ɓangarori na musamman na mako-mako kan batutuwa daban-daban da ke ba da labarai na yau da kullun, editoci, wasanni, da fasali. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, an tsara Times zuwa ɓangarori masu zuwa: Labarai, Edita / Ra'ayoyi - Ginshikai / Op-Ed, New York (birni), Kasuwanci, Wasanni, Arts, Kimiyya, Salon, Gida, Balaguro, da sauran su fasali. A ranakun Lahadi, ana kara Times ta hanyar Binciken Lahadi (wanda a da yake Sati a Dubawa ), Binciken Littafin New York Times,The New York Times Magazine, da T: The New York Times Style Magazine . The Times zauna tare da broadsheet cikakken shafi sa-up da wani takwas shafi format for shekaru da dama bayan mafi takardunku switched zuwa shida, , kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin na karshe jaridu ya dauko launi daukar hoto, musamman a kan gaban page. Takardar takardar, "Duk Labaran da ke Fitarwa don Bugawa", ya bayyana a cikin kusurwar hagu na sama na shafin gaba. Tarihi The New York Times da aka kafa a matsayin New-York Daily Times a kan Satumba 18, 1851. kafa ta dan jarida kuma dan siyasa Henry Jarvis Raymond kuma tsohon ma'aikacin banki George Jones, da Times aka farko da aka buga da Raymond, Jones & Company . Masu saka hannun jari na farko a kamfanin sun hada da Edwin B. Morgan, Christopher Morgan, da Edward B. Wesley. An siyar da dinari (daidai da 31 a yau) , bugun farko ya yi ƙoƙari don magance jita-jita iri-iri game da ma'anarsa da matsayin da ya gabata kafin fitowar shi: A cikin 1852, jaridar ta fara wani yanki na yamma, The Times of California, wanda ke zuwa duk lokacin da jirgin jirgin daga New York ya sauka a California . Koyaya, ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba da zarar jaridun Kalifoniya na cikin gari sun yi suna. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1857, jaridar a hukumance ta taqaita sunanta zuwa The New-York Times . An cire jigon sunan birni a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1896. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1861, The New York Times ta fara buga fitowar Lahadi don bayar da labaran Yakin Basasa kowace rana. Ofaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen farko na jama'a da ya ƙunsa shine Mortara Affair, batun batun editoci ashirin a cikin Times kawai. An kai hari kan babban ofishin jaridar The New York Times a yayin da ake tsara tarzomar birnin New York . Tarzomar, wacce aka kafa ta wani daftarin aiki ga Armyungiyar Soja, ta fara ne a ranar 13 ga Yulin 1863. A kan '' Jaridar Jarida '', daga hayin City Hall, wanda ya kirkiro Henry Raymond ya dakatar da masu tarzomar da bindigogin Gatling, manyan bindigogi na farko, daya daga cikinsu ya shirya kansa. 'Yan zanga-zangar sun karkatar da akalar, maimakon haka suka afkawa hedkwatar mawallafin soke-soke Horace Greeley na New York Tribune har sai da ' yan sanda na Brooklyn City suka tilasta shi gudu, wadanda suka tsallaka Kogin Gabas don taimaka wa hukumomin Manhattan. A 1869, Henry Raymond ya mutu, kuma George Jones ya ɗauki matsayin mai bugawa. Tasirin jaridar ya karu a 1870 da 1871, lokacin da ta buga jerin bayanai kan William Tweed, shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat ta garin - wanda aka fi sani da " Tammany Hall " (daga hedkwatar taronta na farkon karni na 19) - wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen mamayar Tweed Ring na Gidan Majalissar Birnin New York. Tweed ya miƙa wa New York Times dala miliyan biyar (daidai da 107 dala miliyan a Zamani The New York Times ya sauya zuwa tsarin samar da dijital wani lokaci kafin 1980, amma kawai ya fara adana sakamakon dijital da aka samu a waccan shekarar. A cikin 1983, Times ta sayar da haƙƙin lantarki zuwa labaran ta ga LexisNexis . Yayinda rarraba labarai ta yanar gizo ya karu a cikin 1990s, Times ta yanke shawarar kin sabunta yarjejeniyar kuma a cikin 1994 jaridar ta sake samun haƙƙin lantarki akan labaran ta. A 22 ga Janairu, 1996, NYTimes.com ta fara buga littattafai. 2000s A watan Satumba na 2008, The New York Times ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta haɗu da wasu sassan da za su fara daga ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2008, a cikin bugu da aka buga a cikin babban birni na New York. Canje-canjen sun nade Sashen Metro zuwa babban sashen labarai na kasa da kasa da Hadaddiyar Wasanni da Kasuwanci (ban da Asabar zuwa Litinin, yayin da Wasanni ke ci gaba da bugawa a matsayin wani bangare na daban). Wannan canjin ya haɗa da samun sunan sashin Metro da ake kira New York a waje da Yankin -asar. Jaridun da The New York Times suka yi amfani da su na iya ba da izinin sassan huɗu a buga su a lokaci ɗaya; kamar yadda takarda ta haɗa da sassa sama da huɗu a duk ranakun ban da Asabar, ana buƙatar buga sassan daban a cikin aikin manema labarai na farko da haɗuwa tare. Sauye-sauyen sun ba The New York Times damar bugawa a sassa hudu Litinin zuwa Laraba, ban da Asabar. The New York Times ta bayyana cewa, yawan labarai shafukan da ma'aikaci matsayi zai zama canzawa, tare da takardar farga kudin ajiyar banki da yankan ƙarin aiki bayan kudi. A cikin 2009, jaridar ta fara samar da abubuwan da ake sakawa a cikin yankuna a wajen yankin New York. Farawa ga Oktoba 16, 2009, an saka shafuka masu suna "Bay Area" mai shafuka biyu zuwa kwafin bugun Arewacin California a ranakun Juma'a da Lahadi. Jaridar ta fara samar da irin wannan Juma'a da Lahadi don bugawa a Chicago a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Abubuwan da aka saka sun kunshi labarai na gida, siyasa, wasanni, da al'adun gargajiya, galibi tallan gida ne ke tallafawa. 2010s A cikin 2016, rahotanni sun nuna cewa 'yan jarida na jaridar sun kasance makasudin cin zarafin yanar gizo. Rahotanni sun ce Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya na binciken hare-haren. An bayyana keta haddin yanar gizo da cewa mai yiwuwa yana da alaka da hare-haren da ake kaiwa kan wasu cibiyoyi, kamar Kwamitin Kasa na Demokradiyya . A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, Times ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka Hillary Clinton ta imel na takaddama a cikin mafi mahimmancin batun yada labarai a cikin zaben wanda Clinton za ta sha kashi kadan da Donald Trump. Rikicin ya samu labarin kafafen yada labarai fiye da kowane batun yayin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa. Clinton da sauran masu sa ido suna jayayya cewa yada rikice-rikicen imel ya taimaka wajen faduwarta a zaben. A cewar binciken nazarin aikin jarida na Columbia, " a cikin kwanaki shida kawai, The New York Times ta gudanar da labarai da yawa game da imel din Hillary Clinton kamar yadda suka yi game da dukkan batutuwan siyasa da aka hada a cikin kwanaki 69 kafin zaben (kuma hakan bai hada da ƙarin labaran guda uku a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, da Nuwamba 6 da 7, ko kuma labarai biyu kan imel ɗin da aka karɓa daga John Podesta). " Manazarta Gidan jaridu Gidan jaridu na Amurka Manyan gidan jaridu na duniya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Chastain

Jessica Chastain

Jessica Michelle Chastain (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977) yar fim ce kuma Ba’amurkiya ce. An san ta a fina-finan tare da Feminism jigogi, ta kyautu kan ta sun hada da Golden Globe Award da gabatar da ita har saunbiyu a Academy Award. Time Magazine sunsa daya daga cikin mutane 100 da suka fi fice a duniya a shekara ta, 2012. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Sacramento, California, Chastain ta haɓaka sha'awar yin aiki tuna ƙarama. A shekara ta,1998, ta yi ta sana'a mataki halarta a karon kamar yadda Shakespeare 's Juliet . Bayan da ta fara karatun digiri a makarantar Juilliard, an rattaba hannu a kan wata baiwa ta ma'amala da mai gabatar da gidan telebijin John Wells . Ta kasance tauraron baƙo mai maimaitawa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da Dokar &amp; Umarni: Jarabawa ta Juri . Ta kuma yi rawar gani a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayon na Anton Chekhov The Cherry Orchard a shekarar, 2004 da Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome a shekarar, 2006. Chastain ta yi fim din ne a karon farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Jolene na shekarar (2008), kuma ta samu karbuwa sosai a shekarar, 2011 saboda rawar da take takawa a cikin finafinan rabin dozin, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo Take da Tsarin Rayuwa . Ayyukanta a matsayinta na masu son jama'a a cikin Taimaka ta sami damar zaɓaɓɓiyar lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Supportarfafa Talla . A shekara ta, 2012, ta ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award kuma ta karɓi wani zaɓi don Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun resswararren forwararru don rawar da aka yi game da manajan CIA a cikin thean wasan Zero Dark talatin . Chastain ta sanya ta ta farko ta hanyar Broadway a cikin farfado da The Heiress a cikin shekarar. Takaddun nata mafi girma sun fito tare da finafinan almara na kimiyya Interstellar na shekarar (2014) da Martian na shekarar (2015), da kuma fim din ban tsoro It babi na biyu na shekarar (2019), kuma ta ci gaba da karɓar yabo saboda rawar gani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar, (2014) da Miss Sloane na shekarar (2016), da Wasan Molly na shekarar (2017). Chastain itace wanda ta kafa kamfanin samar da Freckle Films, wanda aka kirkireshi don inganta bambancin fim. Tana da hankali game da lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa, da jinsi da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Tana aure da mai zartarwa na kamfanin Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke da 'ya mace. Farkon rayuwa da asali Jessica Michelle Chastain an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977, a Sacramento, California, ga Jerri Renee Hastey (ean Chastain) da kuma mawaƙa Michael Monasterio. Iyayenta dukkansu matasa ne lokacin da aka haife ta. Chastain ya ƙi yin tattauna batun asalin danginsa a fili; an cire ta daga Monasterio, kuma ta ce babu uba da aka jera sunayensu na haihuwa. Tana da ’yan’uwa mata biyu da’ yan’uwa biyu. 'Yar uwarta Juliet ta kashe kanta a shekara ta, 2003 bayan shekaru da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Mahaifiyarta da mahaifiyarta, Michael Hastey, sun girma Chastain a Sacramento. Tace mahaifin mahaifiyarta shine mutum na farko da ya fara tabbatar mata da kwanciyar hankali. Tana da dangantaka ta kusa da kakarta, Marilyn, wanda ta lasafta ta a zaman wani wanda "ya yi imani da ni koyaushe". Chastain ta fara nuna sha'awar yin aiki tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai, bayan da kakarta ta ɗauke ta ta samar da Yusufu da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Kullum sai ta kan sanya wasannin kwaikwayo tare da sauran yara, kuma suna ɗaukar kanta a matsayin darektan zane-zane. A matsayina na dalibi a makarantar El Camino Primary School a Sacramento, Chastain yayi gwagwarmayar ilimi. Ta kasance lolo kuma ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin wacce ta dace a makaranta, a ƙarshe ta sami mafita a cikin wasan kwaikwayon adabi. Ta bayyana yadda ta saba zuwa makaranta don karanta Shakespeare,, wanda wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi ya kasance tare da ita bayan halartar bikin Oregon Shakespeare tare da takwarorinta. Tare da halarta da yawa a lokacin babban shekararta a makaranta, Chastain bai cancanci yin digiri ba, amma daga baya ya sami difloma ta girma . Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin garin Sacramento daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, lokacin da take memba a kungiyar mahawarar kungiyar. Da take magana game da ƙuruciyarsa, Chastain ta ce: I [grew up] with a single mother who worked very hard to put food on our table. We did not have money. There were many nights when we had to go to sleep without eating. It was a very difficult upbringing. Things weren't easy for me growing up.. A shekara ta, 1998, Chastain ta gama karatunta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma ta fara ficewa a matsayin Juliet a masana'antar Romeo da Juliet wanda TheatreWorks, wani kamfani a yankin San Francisco Bay Area. Samfurin ya kai ta ga yin duba ga makarantar kwaleji ta Juilliard da ke New York City, inda ba da daɗewa ba ta karɓa kuma ta ba da tallafin karatu ta wanda actress Robin Williams ta ba shi . A shekararta ta farko a makarantar, Chastain ta sha wahala daga damuwa kuma ta damu matuka game da faduwa daga shirin, tana kashe yawancin lokacinta karatu da kallon fina-finai. Daga baya ta yi nuni da cewa rawar da ta taka cikin nasarar samar da The Seagull a cikin shekararta ta biyu ya taimaka wajen karfafa kwarin gwiwa. Ta yi karatun digiri a makarantar tare da Digiri a fannin Fine Arts a shekara ta, 2003. Aiki 2004-2010: Matsayin Farko Jim kadan kafin a kammala digirinsa daga Juilliard, Chastain halarci wani taron for karshe-shekara dalibai a Los Angeles, inda ta sanya hannu zuwa wani gwaninta gudanar da yawa da talabijin m John Wells. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, kuma ta fara duba ayyukan yi. Tun da farko ta ga wannan tsari yana da wahala, wanda ta yi imanin ya kasance ne sakamakon wasu mutane da ke da wahala ta rarrabe ta a matsayin jan goshi ba tare da sanya ido ba. A ta talabijin halarta a karon, The WB cibiyar sadarwa ta shekarar, 2004 matukin remake na shekarar, 1960 gothic sabulu wasar kwaikwayo ta waka Dark Inuwar, ta jefa a matsayin Carolyn Stoddard . PJ Hogan ne ya jagoranci jirgin, amma ba a dauki jerin shirye-shiryen ba don watsa shirye-shirye. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a matsayin mai baƙon wasan kwaikwayo akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likita ER tana wasa da wata mace da ta bayyana a matsayin "mai tabin hankali", wanda hakan ya sa ta sami ƙarin sassan da ba a saba gani ba kamar waɗanda hadarin ya ritsa da su ko kuma masu tabin hankali. Ta ci gaba da fitowa a cikin irin waɗannan rawar a cikin wasu jerin jerin talabijin daga shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2007, ciki har da Veronica Mars na shekarar (2004), Kusa da Gida na shekarar (2006), <i id="mwyA">Blackbeard</i> (2006), da Law &amp; Order: Trial by Jury (2005-2006) ). A shekara ta, 2004, Chastain ya ɗauki matsayin Anya, budurwa mai kirki, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan kwaikwayo na Anton Chekhov na wasan The Cherry Orchard a Massachusetts, wanda ke wasa tare da Michelle Williams.. Har ila yau, a wannan shekara, ta yi aiki tare da Playwrights sãsanni a kan wani samar da Richard Nelson 's Rodney ta Wife a matsayin' yar wani dami tsakiyar-shekaru film actor. Ba a sami karɓar abin da ta yi ba a wurin mai sukar lamirin Ben Brantley na jaridar New York Times, wanda ta yi tunanin cewa "ta wata hanya za ta ci gaba da yin launi yayin da maraice ke ci gaba". Lokacin da take aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayon, Nelson ta ba da shawarar zuwa ga Al Pacino, wanda ke neman actress don tauraruwa a cikin fitowar Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome.. Wasan kwaikwayon yana ba da labarin mummunan labari game da tarihin rayuwar jima'i. A cikin wasan, Salome ɗan shekaru 16 ne, amma Chastain, wanda ya kasance 29 a lokacin, an jefa shi saboda hakan. Wasan an shirya shi ne a shekara ta, 2006 a Wadsworth Theater da ke Los Angeles, kuma daga baya Chastain ta lura cewa ta taimaka wajen jawo hankalinta ga wasu daraktocin kungiyar. Da take rubutu game da bambancin ra'ayi, mai sukar lamirin Steven Oxman ya soki hotonta a wasan: "Chastain ba ta da matsala da Salome, ba ta da tabbacin ko ta kasance mai iya yaudarar 'yar iska ko' yar iska ce, attajiri". Chastain tayi film debut dinta a shekara ta, 2008 acikin shirin Dan Ireland's drama da suna Jolene. wanda aka gudanar da fim din kan wani karamar labari na E. L. Doctorow wanda wakar Dolly Parton' "Jolene" ta tunzura shi da rerwa. Fim yabi rayuwar wata ya ce da aka ci zarafin ta tun tana karamarta,har kusan shekaru goma. Yadda Chastain ta taka rawa a fim an yabe ta sosai daga masu reviewaer na New York Observer, wanda ya ce itace kadai fitacciyar yar'wasa a shirin. Ta lashe kyautar Babbar jaruma a Seattle International Film Festival. A shekara ta, 2009, fito a shirye-shirye kanana kamar Stolen na shekarar, (2009) ta fito a bangaren Desdemona acikin Public Theatre production na Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, tare da John Ortiz amatsayin wadanda suka gudanarda shirin da Philip Seymour Hoffman amatsayin Iago. Ta yi rubutu ma The New Yorker, Hilton Als ya yabi Chastain saboda samun "a beautiful maternal depth" acikin rawar da taka a shirin. A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Chastain ta fito a shirin John Madden mai suna The Debt, inda ta fito amatsayin matashiya Mossad wanda aka aika Gabashin Berlin a shekarar, 1960s domin ta kamo tsohon likitan Nazi wanda yake gudanar da binciken magani a concentration camps. Ta raba matakin ta da Helen Mirren, wanda suka rika fitowa amatsayin mutuum daya a shirin a mabanbantar lokacin rayuwa. Sai da sukayi aiki tare kafin suka fito a shirin ta dan samun damar lakantar murya da dabi'ar yadda wanda suka fito a madadin ta take yi. Chastain ta dauki darussan harshen German da krav maga, Kuma ta karanci littafai akan likitan Nazi Josef Mengele da tarihin Mossad. William Thomas na Empire ya kira fim din da suna "smart, tense, well-acted thriller", Kuma ya fahimci Chastain "pulses with strength and vulnerability" in her part. Kuma ta fito amatsayin Mary Debenham acikin shirin British television series Agatha Christie's Poirot, akan novel din Agatha Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express. 2011–2013: Breakthrough and rise to fame Bayan gwagwarmayar neman nasara a fim, Chastain yana da fitarwa guda shida a cikin shekarar, 2011, kuma ya sami yabo sosai don yawancin su. Farkon rawar shine kamar matar Michael Shannon ta halin Jeff Nichols ' Take Tsari, wasan kwaikwayo game da mahaifin da ke cikin damuwa wanda yayi ƙoƙarin kare danginsa daga abin da ya yi imanin cewa iska ce mai zuwa. An nuna fim din ne a bikin nuna fina-finai na Sundance na shekarar, 2011, kuma wani mai sukar lamirin Tim Robey na Daily Telegraph ya nuna yadda bangaren Chastain yake tallafawa aikin tallafin labarin.. A Coriolanus, karbuwa game da bala'in Shakespearian daga darekta-actor Ralph Fiennes, Chastain ya buga Virgilia. Matsayinta na gaba ya kasance ne da Brad Pitt, a matsayin mahaifiyar mai ƙauna na yara uku a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji na Terrence Malick, Itace Rai, wanda ta yi fim a shekara ta, 2008. Chastain ta sa hannu a fim din ba tare da karban wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada daga Malick ba, kuma ta inganta al'amuran da tattaunawa da Pitt da dama. Ta dauki sashenta a matsayin "kyautar alheri da duniyar ruhu"; a cikin shiri, ta yi zuzzurfan tunani, ta karanci zane-zane na Madonna, sannan ta karanta waqoqin Thomas Aquinas . Fim ɗin an shirya shi ne a bikin Baje kolin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar, 2011 don maraba daga masu sauraro, kodayake masu sufa sun yaba masa kuma sun sami nasarar Palme d'Or . Justin Chang na iri-iri cinye fim a "waƙar yabon Allah, domin a ɗaukaka halitta, wani exploratory, sau da yawa mystifying [...] waka" da kuma yaba Chastain don wasa ta kashi da "heartrending shigewa". Babban nasarar da Chastain ya samu a wannan shekarar ta zo da wasan kwaikwayon The Taimakawa, hadin-gwiwar Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer da Emma Stone, wanda aka kafa akan littafin Kathryn Stockett na wannan sunan . Chastain ya buga Celia Foote, wacce ke son jama'a a shekara ta, 1960s , Mississippi, wacce ke haɓaka abokantaka da budurwa bakar fata (wacce Spencer ta buga). An jawo Chastain zuwa matsayin halayyar wariyar launin fata kuma ta haɗu da kuzarta da himma; a shirye-shiryen, ta kalli fina-finai na Marilyn Monroe kuma ta bincika tarihin Tunica, Mississippi, inda halayyarta ta tashi. Taimako ya samu $ 216   miliyan a ofishin akwatin don zama fim ɗin Chastain da aka fi gani sosai har zuwa wannan lokacin. Manohla Dargis na jaridar New York Times ya yaba da ilmin sunadarai tsakanin Chastain da Spencer, kuma Roger Ebert ya yaba mata saboda "bata da lafiya da kamuwa da cuta". kungiyar ta Taimaka ta sami lambar yabo ta Actwararrun Actwararruwar Screenwaƙwalwar Guwaƙwalwa na Guild Award don Fitaccen Cast kuma Chastain ta sami lambar yabo ta Oscar ta farko a cikin Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, ban da BAFTA, Golden Globe da SAG da aka gabatar a cikin rukuni guda, duk waɗannan sun rasa ga Spencer. Aikin farko na Chastain na shekara biyu sun kasance a cikin Wilde Salomé, wanda aka tsara dangane da samarwarta ta shekarar, 2006 a cikin Salome, da kuma babban abin zargi da ake wa lakabi da Kashe filayen Texas . Aikin Chastain a cikin shekara ta, 2011, musamman a Taimako, Take Tsari da Itace na Rayuwa, sun sami lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin masu sukar da yawa. Biyu daga fina-finai na Chastain a shekarar, 2012 wadanda aka shirya a bikin Fim na 65 na Cannes — mai ban dariya Madagascar 3: Ana So Mafi Tsarin Turai da wasan kwaikwayo na Laifi . A cikin tsohon, wanda ya zama alama ta uku a jerin jerin mutanen Madagascar, Chastain ya furta Gia da Jaguar da lafazin Italiyanci. Tare da jimlar $ 747 a duk duniya   Miliyon, fim ɗin a matsayin babban aikinta. A cikin doka ba, wanda ya danganta da Haramcin Matt Bondurant- novel Gundumar Wettest a Duniya, Chastain ya yi rawa da rawa wanda ya rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin 'yan uwan bootlegging uku ( ' yan Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, da Jason Clarke ) sun taka rawa. Fim din ya sami cikakken ra'ayoyin jama'a masu inganci, tare da Richard Corliss yana neman Chastain ya cika da "ƙazantarwar lalata, lalata ha'inci". A cikin gwaji na biopic na marubucin CK Williams, mai taken Launi na Lokaci na shekarar (2012), wanda ɗaliban Jami'ar New York James Franco suka jagoranta, Chastain ya yiwa mahaifiyar ƙaramar Williams. Wani ɗan gajeren sashi wanda Chastain ta yi fim a cikin Terrence Malick's To the Wonder na shekarar (2012) an shirya shi daga fim ɗin ƙarshe, kuma saboda shirya rikice-rikice, ya watsar da fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon Oblivion da Iron Man 3 duka biyu a shekara ta, 2013. Ta maimakon sanya ta Broadway halarta a karon a wani Tarurrukan na shekarar 1947 play The gado, wasa da muhimmancin Catherine Sloper, a butulci yarinya wanda canza a cikin wani iko mace.. Tun farko Chastain ba ta yarda da rawar ba, saboda tsoron matsananciyar damuwa da ta fuskanta lokacin wasanninta na farko. Daga karshe ta yarda bayan ta gano wata alaƙa da Sloper, tana mai cewa: "Ba ta jin daɗi kuma na kasance hakan". Samun aikin an shirya shi ne a Walter Kerr Theater daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2012 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2013. Brantley ta nuna rashin gamsuwa da aikin da Chastain tayi, tana mai cewa tana "yin biris da tunani a cikin" kuma cewa lokacin tattaunawarta ba wani abu ne mai sauki ba. A ofishin akwatin, ya fito kamar yadda wani mai barci ya buge. The film received generally positive reviews, with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with "poised, seductive gravity". Kathryn Bigelow 's mai fafutukar Zero Dark talatin ya nuna fim din ƙarshe na Chastain na ƙarshe na shekara ta, 2012. Fim din ya ba da labarin wani labari mai cike da rudani wanda ya shafe shekaru 10 na kisan Shugaban Osama bin Laden bayan harin 11 ga watan Satumbar . An jefa Chastain a matsayin Maya, ƙwararren mai binciken CIA mai tausayawa wanda ya taimaka kashe Bin Laden. Abubuwan da ke da wahalar magana sun sa ba shi da kyau ga Chastain yin fim. Ta sha wahala daga rashin kwanciyar hankali yayin da take aiki kuma lokaci guda ta yi ta barin kafa cikin hawaye domin ta kasa ci gaba. Chastain bai iya haɗuwa da wakilin ɓoye na wanda Maya ke dogara da shi ba kuma ta dogara ne akan binciken marubutan Mark Boal . Zero Dark talatin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci amma ya kasance mai jayayya game da yanayin azabtarwa wanda aka nuna yana ba da amfani mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken Bin Laden.. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone ya rubuta cewa Chastain ya buga Maya "kamar hadari mai iska a cikin abin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, ba shi da wata ma'ana wanda zai yanke zurfin jijiyoyinmu". Roger Ebert ya lura da irin kyawun da Chastain yake da shi, kuma ya yi kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta iyawar ta da irinta da mai wasan Meryl Streep . Saboda rawar da ta yi, Chastain ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sami Makarantar koyon karatun, BAFTA da SAG don gabatar da mafi kyawun Actress. Chastain gaba dauki kan gubar rawa na wani mawaki wanda aka tilasta kula ga ta saurayi ta dami nieces a cikin tsoro film Mama na shekarar, (2013). An jawo hankalin ta ga ra'ayin wasa mace ta banbanta da rawar “uwa mai kyau” da ta taka a baya, kuma ta danganta yanayin halayyar ta a kan mawaƙin Alice Glass . Mawaƙin Richard Roeper ya ɗauki rawar da ta yi a matsayin tabbacin kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan ƙarni. A lokacin bude finafinan karshen mako a Arewacin Amurka, Chastain ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 da ya jagoranci manyan mukamai a cikin manyan fina-finai biyu ( Mama da Zero Dark Thirty ) a Box Office. Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin babban abin mamakin macen da ta ɓaci wanda ya rabu da mijinta (wanda James McAvoy ya buga ) sakamakon wani lamari mai ban tsoro da ya faru a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ɓatar da Eleanor Rigby na shekarar (2013), wanda ita ma ta samar. Marubucin marubuci marubuci Ned Benson ya rubuta labarin ne daga hangen miji na Rigby, daga nan ya rubuta wani sigar daban daga mahallin Rigby game da dagewar Chastain. An fitar da nau'ikan fim guda uku — Shi, Ita, da Su — . Ba ta sami masu sauraro da yawa ba, amma mai sukar AO Scott ya yaba wa Chastain saboda "bambance-bambance na takaitaccen tsarin yanki tsakanin mai tauri da mara wahala, yana nuna madaukakiyar iko ko da halayenta suna rasa shi, da kiyaye daidaituwarta koda kuwa fina-finai na fina-finai da nunin nishaɗi zuwa wajan melodrama ”. Chastain ya fito a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin shekara ta, 2014. Ta yi rawar gani a cikin Miss Julie, wanda aka daidaita fim din Agusta Strindberg ta 1888 mai suna, daga darekta Liv Ullmann . Ya ba da labari mai ban tausayi na labarin da aristocrat na Anglo-Irish wanda aka jima'i da niyyar yin barci tare da mahaifin mahaifinsa (wanda Colin Farrell ya buga ). Chastain ya ja hankalin mata game da mata Ullmann akan batun. Fim din kawai ya sami taƙaitaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin yin fim ɗin Miss Julie a Ireland, Chastain ya karɓi rubutun Christopher Nolan 's fiction fiction film Interstellar na shekara ta (2014). Tare da kasafin kuɗi na $ 165   Miliyon, babban furotin, Matthew McConaughey da Anne Hathaway, ana yin fim da yawa ta amfani da kyamarorin IMAX . An jefa Chastain a matsayin yarinyar 'yar girma ta halin McConaughey; An kusantar da ita ga aikin don ruhin motsin zuciyar da ta samu a tsakanin mata da daughterya .yan. Drew McWeeny na gidan nishaɗin HitFix ya lura da irin rawar da Chastain ke nunawa a cikin ɓangaren tallafi. Fim din ya samu sama da dala 675   miliyan daya a duniya don zama babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Chastain.. A shekara ta, 2015, Chastain ta dauki nauyin wani kwamandan a fim din almara na Ridley Scott The Martian . Starring Matt Damon a matsayin masanin kere-kere kuma wanda ke makale a duniyar Mars ta hanyar 'yan saman jannati wanda halayen Chastain ya umarce shi, fim din ya samo asali ne daga littafin tarihin Andy Weir na wannan sunan . Chastain ta sadu da 'yan saman jannati a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jet Propulsion da Johnson Space Center, sannan kuma ta danganta rawar da Tracy Caldwell Dyson ta yi, wanda ta dauki lokaci a Houston. Martian ta zama fim dinta na biyu don cin ribar sama da $ 600   miliyan biyu a jere shekaru. Chastain ya zama tauraro a matsayin macen da ta shirya makirci tare da dan uwanta (wanda Tom Hiddleston ya buga ) don tsoratar da sabuwar amaryarsa (wanda Mia Wasikowska ta buga ) a wasan Guillermo del Toro na soyayya mai suna Crimson Peak . Ta kusanci ɓangaren ƙauyen tare da tausayawa, kuma a shirye-shiryen karanta waƙoƙin kabarin da kallon fina-finan Rebecca (1940) da Menene Ya Faru da Baby Jane? (1962). Del Toro ya sanya ta don bayar da dama ga wani ɓangaren da ya ɗauka a matsayin " psychopathic ", amma Peter Debruge na Variety ya gan ta "mara kyau matsananciyar damuwa" kuma ya kushe ta saboda gaza isar da yanayin rashin tsaro da halin ta. Hakanan kuma, David Sims na Slate ya yaba mata saboda nuna halayyar ta "kishin girmanta". Conversely, David Sims of Slate praised her for portraying her character's "jealous intensity to the hilt". Bayan nuna alamun rawar da ya taka sosai, Chastain ya himmatu don neman bangaren mai haske.. Ta same ta a cikin babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Huntsman: War's War na shekarar (2016), wanda ya kasance duka biyu kuma madogara ne ga fim din shekarar, 2012 na White White da Huntsman . An jawo hankalin ta kan batun yin wasan jaruma mace wacce kwarewar ta ke daidai da wadanda suka jagoranci maza, amma ba a karban fim din ba Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin jigon mawaki, a lobbyist, a cikin mai fafutukar siyasa Miss Sloane, wacce ta sake hada kai da John Madden. Chastain ya karanta littafin tarihin <i id="mwAtY">Capitol na hukuncin</i> wanda Jack Abramoff yayi bincike game da al'adar yin kauracewa a Amurka, ya kuma sadu da masu kaunar mata don yin nazarin yadda suka dace da yanayin salon. Ganawa da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a duniyar, Peter Travers ya yaba wa Chastain saboda nasarar da ya jawo masu sauraro zuwa rayuwar Sloane, da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce ga jaridar Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang ya kira wasan kwaikwayonsa "rundunar da ta dace da magana ta musamman da murkushe rikice rikicewar tunani. ". Chastain ta karbi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi Kyawun Bestan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta yi. Chastain ta nuna Molly Bloom, tsohuwar mai tsere wacce ke gudanar da ayyukanta na caca wanda ya kai ta ga FBI ta kama ta, a wasan fitar da finafinan Aaron Sorkin, Wasan Molly na shekarar, (2017). Ta yarda da sashin saboda sha'awar yin aiki tare da Sorkin, wanda rubutun ta yaba da shi. Maimakon dogaro da bayanan jama'a na Bloom, Chastain ya sadu da Bloom don bincika halayen halayensa da rashin haɗarinsa. Ta kuma bincika duniyar duniyar poker kuma ta yi hira da wasu daga abokan cinikin Bloom. Peter Debruge ya yaba da rawar da ta kasance "ɗayan manyan ɓangarorin mata na allo" kuma ya faɗi nasarorin nasa ga "gwaninta ta ɓacin rai" da rubutun Sorkin. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Golden Globe ta biyar ga shi. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ta karbi bakuncin wani taron na Asabar Night Live kuma ya faɗi abin da aka tsara na gaskiya Spheres: Songs of Spacetime . Ta yi wani fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na Xavier Dolan Mutuwar &amp; Rayuwa na John F. Donovan, amma an yanke rawar da ta taka a bayan samarwa yayin da Dolan ta gano cewa halin ta bai dace da labarin ba. Ayyuka masu zuwa Daga cikin sauran alkawuran da ta yi, Chastain za ta yi wasa tare da Eddie Redmayne a cikin Kyakkyawan Nurse, mai fafutuka game da batun bin kadin Charles Cullen da kuma nuna mawakan kasar Tammy Wynette da ke gaban George Brolin na George Jones a cikin George George da Tammy . A matsayinta na mai samarwa, za ta sake haduwa da Octavia Spencer a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya, wanda ta yi shawarwari kan karin albashi ga Spencer. Rayuwar mutum Duk da mahimmancin kafofin watsa labaru, Chastain ya kasance mai tsaro game da rayuwarta na rayuwa, kuma ya zaɓi kar halartar taron abubuwan jabu da abokin tarayya. Tana daukar kanta a matsayin "mara kunya", kuma a shekara ta, 2011 ta ce tana jin daɗin al'amuran cikin gida kamar tafiya-kare da wasa ukulele, maimakon rabuwa. Ta ambaci 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Isabelle Huppert a matsayin wani tasiri, don sarrafa iyali, yayin da kuma take "rawar-fito" a fim. Chastain ƙaunar dabba ce, kuma ya karɓi kare mai kare . Ta kasance mai wanzuwa ga mafi yawan rayuwarta; Bayan matsalolin kiwon lafiya sai ta fara yin lalata . Ita ce mai saka hannun jari ga Beyond Meat, kamfanin maye gurbin nama . A cikin shekara ta, 2000s, Chastain ya kasance tare da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci tare da marubuci-darektan Ned Benson wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta, 2010. A shekara ta, 2012, ta fara yin amarya da Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, dan asalin Italiyan dan gidan Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke zartarwa a matsayin kamfanin Moncler . A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2017, ta auri Preposulo a gidan iyayenta da ke Carbonera, Italiya . A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ma'auratan suna da diya ta hanyar maye. Suna zaune a New York City. Advocacy Manazarta

59157

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Green%20Wall%20%28China%29

Babban Green Wall (China)

Babban Green Wall,wanda aka fi sani da Shirin Gida na Arewa guda Uku (Sinanci mai sauƙi:三北防護林;Sinanci na:三北 jark護林; :),wanda aka fi saninsa da Shirin Gida na Uku,jerin tsire-tsire na gandun daji ne da aka dasa (shelterbelts) a kasar Sin,wanda aka don hana faɗaɗa hamadar Gobi,da kuma samar da katako ga jama'ar yankin.Shirin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1978, kuma an shirya a kammala shi a kusa da 2050,a wannan lokacin zai zama kilota 4,500 (2,800 mi) tsawo. Sunan aikin ya nuna cewa za a gudanar da shi a dukkan yankuna uku na Arewa:Arewa,Arewa maso Gabas da Arewa maso Yamma. Wannan aikin yana da tarihi tun kafin zamanin gama gari.Koyaya,a zamanin da,gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan gandun daji tare da yankuna na tarihi galibi don ƙarfafa sojoji ne. Tasirin Hamadar Gobi Kasar Sin ta ga kilomita 3,600 (1,400 sq) na ciyawa da Gobi Desert ke mamayewa a kowace shekara. Kowace shekara, guguwar ƙura tana hurawa har zuwa kilomita 2,000 (sq) na ƙasa,kuma guguwar tana ƙaruwa cikin tsanani a kowace shekara. Waɗannan guguwa kuma suna da tasiri mummuna akan noma ga wasu ƙasashe da ke kusa,kamar Japan, Koriya ta Arewa,da Koriya ta Kudu.An fara aikin Green Wall a cikin 1978,tare da sakamakon ƙarshe da aka tsara na haɓaka gandun daji na arewacin China daga kashi 5 zuwa 15 cikin dari, don a rage hamada. Hanyar da tsare-tsare Kashi na hudu na aikin, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2003 yana da bangarori biyu: amfani da shukar iska don rufe faɗin ƙasa da ƙasa ba ta da danshi,da bayar da tallafin kuɗi ga manoma don dasa itatuwa da ciyayi a yankunan da suke da su.arin m.Za kuma a aiwatar da tsarin sa ido na dala biliyan 1.2 (ciki har da taswira da bayanan sa ido)."Bangaren"zai kasance da bel mai ciyayi mai jurewa yashi wanda aka shirya a cikin tsarin allo don daidaita dunkulen yashiDandalin tsakuwa zai kasance kusa da ciyayi don riƙe yashi da ƙarfafa ɓawon ƙasa don samar.Itatuwan ya kamata kuma su zama masu hana iska daga guguwar ƙura. Kokarin daidaikun mutane Yayin da kasar Sin ta yi kokarin yaki da guguwar kurar da ta mamaye sassan ciyayi tare da yin amfani da itatuwa cikin sauri.Akwai misalan daban-daban na daidaikun mutane da suke ɗaukar kansu don yaƙar mummunan yanayi mara gafartawa wanda yashi ke kawowa.Yin Yuzhen da Li Yungsheng dukkansu manyan mutane ne wadanda suka yi yaki da muhallin da suke zaune a ciki.Ƙoƙarinsu ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa don cimmawa kuma sun canza yanayin rayuwa zuwa raye-raye a cikin abin da in ba haka ba zai zama ɓangarorin da ba kowa. Yin Yuzhen ta ɗauki kanta don dasa itatuwa da hannu ɗaya don sake gyara muhallin da ya lalace a cikin Tutar Uxin na yankin yammacin yankin Semi-Arid na kasar Sin.Wasu mutane kamar babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin Xi Jinping sun amince da kokarin yin aikin gandun daji na Yin,wanda a yayin taron majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin na shekarar 2020,ya bayyana ayyukan da suka yi kamar Yin a matsayin wani gagarumin nasara da ya samu ci gaba a fannin halittu a kasar Sin baki daya. Sakamako da nasara Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, dajin da aka dasa a kasar Sin ya rufe fiye da murabba'in kilomita 500,000 (wanda ya karu daga kashi 12% zuwa 18%) - dajin wucin gadi mafi girma a duniya. A shekara ta 2008, guguwar hunturu ta lalata kashi 10% na sabbin gandun daji, lamarin da ya sa bankin duniya ya shawarci kasar Sin da ta fi mai da hankali kan inganci maimakon yawan dazuzzukanta. A cewar harkokin waje, shirin dajin na uku na Arewa ya yi nasarar sauya tsarin tattalin arziki a yankin hamadar Gobi daga aikin noma mai cutarwa zuwa yawon bude ido, kasuwancin 'ya'yan itace, da gandun daji. A shekarar 2018, hukumar kula da harkokin teku da iska ta Amurka ta gano karuwar gandun dajin da tauraron dan adam ke gani ya yi daidai da bayanan gwamnatin kasar Sin. A cewar Shixiong Cao, masanin ilmin halitta na jami'ar gandun daji ta Beijing, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta fahimci matsalar karancin ruwa a yankunan da ba su da bushewa, ta kuma sauya tsarin ciyayi tare da karancin ruwa. Shugaban sashen gandun daji Zhang Jianlong ya shaidawa kafofin yada labarai cewa, manufar ita ce kiyaye lafiyar ciyayi da zabar nau'in tsiro da dabarun ban ruwa masu dacewa. A cewar rahoton BBC a cikin 2020, shirye-shiryen dashen bishiya sun haifar da yawan shan iskar carbon dioxide kuma sun taimaka wajen rage sauyin yanayi. Kuma an yi watsi da amfanin dashen itatuwa da binciken da aka yi a baya. Shirin dajin Tsari uku na Arewa ya kuma kawo koma baya ga kwararowar hamadar Gobi, wanda ya karu da fadin murabba'in kilomita 10,000 a kowace shekara a shekarun 1980, amma yana raguwa da fiye da murabba'in kilomita 2,000 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2022. Suka Hong Jiang, farfesa a fannin ilmin kasa a Jami'ar Wisconsin, ya damu cewa bishiyoyi za su iya jika ruwa mai yawa na karkashin kasa, wanda zai zama matsala sosai ga yankuna marasa kanshi kamar arewacin kasar Sin. Dee Williams, wani masani a ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Amurka, ya yi nuni da irin gazawar da kasar Sin ta yi a baya wajen yaki da kwararowar hamada, ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa dasa bishiyoyi wani gyara ne na wucin gadi da ba zai iya canja hali ba. A cikin Disamba 2003, ɗan gaba na Ba'amurke Alex Steffen a kan gidan yanar gizonsa na Duniya Canjin ya yi kakkausar suka kan aikin Green Wall. Ya ce, kasar Sin ba ta yin amfani da kokarin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin samar da bayanai don tallafawa kokarin gida. Yawan gurbacewar da kasar Sin ke samu ya kuma raunana kasar, lamarin da ya sa ba za a iya amfani da ita a wurare da dama ba. Binciken wuraren da aka sake dazuka na Loess Plateau ya gano cewa ciyayi da aka dasa da ake amfani da su na rage danshi daga zurfin ƙasa zuwa wani mataki idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar noma. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dasa ɓangarorin bishiyoyi masu saurin girma yana rage ɗimbin halittun yankunan dazuzzuka, yana haifar da wuraren da ba su dace da tsirrai da dabbobin da aka saba samu a cikin dazuzzuka ba. John McKinnon, shugaban shirin raya halittu na EU da Sin ya ce "China tana shuka bishiyoyi fiye da sauran kasashen duniya baki daya." “Amma abin da ke damun su shi ne su zama gonaki na monoculture. Ba wuraren da tsuntsaye suke so su zauna ba." Rashin bambance-bambancen ya kuma sa itatuwan suka fi saurin kamuwa da cututtuka, kamar yadda a shekara ta 2000, lokacin da bishiyar poplar biliyan daya a Ningxia ta yi hasarar wata cuta guda, wanda ya haifar da koma baya shekaru 20 na kokarin shuka. Masanan kimiyyar gandun daji na kasar Sin sun yi iƙirarin cewa, shuka itatuwan al'adu guda ɗaya ya fi tasiri wajen ɗaukar iskar iskar carbon dioxide fiye da dazuzzukan da ke saurin girma, don haka yayin da bambance-bambancen na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa, itatuwan da ake zargin suna taimakawa wajen rage fitar da iskar carbon da Sin ke fitarwa. Liu Tuo,shugaban ofishin kula da kwararowar hamada a hukumar kula da dazuzzuka ta jihar, ya yi aman na cewa,akwai dimbin giɓi a kokarin da kasar ke yi na ƙwato ƙasar da ta zama hamada.A cikin 2011, akwai kusan kilomita miliyan 1.73 da suka zama hamada a kasar Sin, daga cikinsu akwai 530,000. km 2 an yi magani. Amma a halin yanzu na jinyar 1,717 kilomita 2 a kowace shekara, zai ɗauki shekaru 300 don kwato ƙasar da ta zama hamada. Duba kuma Tushen buffer Gyaran shimfidar wuri mai amfani da makamashi Babban Green Wall (Afirka) Babban Plains Shelterbelt, 1930s–40s, Amurka Babban Shiri don Sauya Hali, 1940-50s, Tarayyar Soviet Injiniya macro Yashi shinge Seawater greenhouse sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi Mu Us Desert, hamada da Babban Koren Ganuwar ya shafa Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Babbar Ganuwar kore ta kasar Sin Aikin tsugunar da gandun daji na kasar Sin wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Green Great Wall" Ilimin yanayin ciyawa don hana guguwar yashi Taming the Yellow Dragon - The Korea Herald 1978 in the environment Gobi Desert Forest in china Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50141

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra%27%20Langhi

Zahra' Langhi

Zahra' Langhi ( ) wata mata ne,yar gudun hijirar Libya, mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, kuma ƙwararriya a kan jinsi, warware rikici, da gina zaman lafiya. Ta kware wajen yin rigakafi da tunkarar tsatsauran ra'ayi, zaman lafiya da tsaro na mata, da shiga tsakani da tattaunawar kasa. Bincikenta ya haɗu da daidaito tsakanin jinsi tare da tarihin Musulunci, metaphysics, sufi, da ruhin mace ta hanyar kwatanta addinan. Langhi kuma Ita ne wanda ta kafa kuma shugabar kungiyar Mata ta Libya (LWPP), wani yunkuri na zamantakewa da siyasa da ya mayar da hankali kan gina zaman lafiya, hadewa da daidaiton jinsi. Ayyukan Langhi ya sami karbuwa a duniya ta hanyar Rockefeller Foundation, Helen Clark, da Yarjejeniya ta tausayi wanda Karen Armstrong ya jagoranta. A Rayuwarta ta farko Iyalinta sun gudu daga Libya a shekara ta dubu baya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas lokacin tana da shekaru uku zuwa Landan. Daga baya suka koma Alkahira. Langhi ta yaba da gudun hijira saboda tagirma da ƙwaƙƙwaran sanin asalin ƙasa. Ma’anar ma’anar ita ce: ‘yar Libya ce kuma bakuwar kasarta. "Wani lokaci 'yan Libya da ke gudun hijira suna sha'awar zama al'ada fiye da na Libya a cikin kasar." ... "Libya ce gidanmu; yana cikin abincinmu da kayan yaji." Libya ta zamani ba ta rabuwa da al'adun Langhi. Kakanta, Yusuf Langhi, ya kasance jigo a cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da mamayar Italiya, wanda ya yi sanadin gudun hijirar da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Italiya suka yi. Daga baya ya ba da gudummawar tawagar farko ta Libya zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Tawagar Cyrnica) don yin shawarwarin samun 'yancin kai na Libya a dubu baya da dari tara da arba'in da tara. Bayan da Libya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar dubu ɗaya da dari tara da hamsin da daya, Yusuf Langhi ya zama magajin garin Benghazi na farko kuma dan majalisar wakilai. Mahaifinta, Ahmad Langhi, wanda ya dade yana adawa da gwamnatin Gaddafi, an zabe shi ne bayan juyin juya hali a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu a matsayin mamba na majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Libya ta farko da aka zaba cikin shekaru hamsin da biyu, da kuma a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida a matsayin mamba na majalisar gudanarwar kasar. Bayan shekaru talatin da uku Langhi ta dawo ta taka rawar gani wajen ‘yantar da Libya, a wannan karon daga hannun Gaddafi. Ta fara zuwa Tripoli, babban birnin kasar, a watan Nuwambar a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya, domin halartar wani taro da kungiyar mata ta Libya (LWPP), wadda ta kafa wata guda kacal. Manufar LWPP ita ce tabbatar da shigar mata a fagen siyasa a Libya bayan Gaddafi. Sana'ar ta A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya, Langhi ta kafa kungiyar mata ta Libya (LWPP), tare da manyan mata talatin da uku na Libya, kuma ita ce shugabar kungiyar. Har ila yau, ta haɗu da shirin Ƙarfafa Siyasar Mata na Libya (LWPE), tare da UNWomen da Karama. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu Langhi ta ba da Tattaunawar TED mai taken "Me ya sa juyin juya halin Libya ya kasa da abin da zai iya aiki" da kuma shirya tare da daukar nauyin 'Libya Speaks', wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da aka sadaukar don kalubale na sauyin dimokuradiyya a Libya. Langhi ta ce a lokacin da ta ga irin abin da kafafen sada zumunta za su iya cimma a Masar, sai ta yanke shawarar yin kira ga “ranar fushi” ta yin amfani da Facebook a Libya, amma yanzu ta yi nadamar hakan, tana mai cewa kamata ya yi ta yi kira ga “kwanaki da darare na tausayi”. ". Ta ce fushi bai isa ya kawo gyara na gaskiya ba, don haka tabbatar da adalci da mutunci yana bukatar tausayi. Ta hanyar LWPP, Langhi taa jagoranci yakin neman zabe don sake fasalin tsarin zabe a Libya kuma ya daidaita tarurrukan farko tsakanin masu fafutuka, manyan masu neman sauyi, jami'an tsaro da leken asiri, da 'yan majalisa a kan DDR da SSR. Langhitaa jagoranci yunƙurin na LWPP na fafutukar ganin an gabatar da jerin sunayen zik ɗin (canza maza da mata a jam'iyyun siyasa) a cikin dokar zaɓe, wanda ya sami kujerugoma5sha bakwai da dugo biyar na majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa. Daga shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida zuwa shekara dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Langhi ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan cibiyoyin addinin Islama guda biyu, Jami'ar Es-Zitouna da Al-Azhar, a wani yunƙuri na haɗakar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da shugabannin addini daga Arewacin Afirka da Sahel don tattaunawa game da ƙoƙarin gina juriya. a kan tsattsauran ra'ayi da 'yancin ɗan adam. Langhi ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga rukunin bincike da wallafe-wallafe kan sauyin Libiya. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai, Langhi ta shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya / tattaunawa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin hanyar shugabannin siyasa da masu fafutuka. Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Aminci ta Amurka, ta jagoranci wani aikin bincike wanda ya tsara sashin addini na Libya a matsayin wata hanya ta fahimtar halin yanzu da kuma yuwuwar rawar da masu ruwa da tsaki na addini ke takawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya da magance tashin hankali. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida, ta jagoranci wani aikin bincike kan zamantakewar jama'a da gina ƙasa a Libya a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin 'Hanyar Zaman Lafiya mai Dorewa'. Zahra' kuma ita ce marubuciyar kasidu da yawa game da sauyin Libiya. Langhi memba ce na IFIT Ƙwararriya Ƙwararriyan Ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Canje-canje Mai Haɗawa ta IFIT ita ce sabis na ba da shawara na farko na duniya kan kewayon zaɓen dabarun da za su iya haifar da ƙarin tattaunawa da sauye-sauye a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni da rikice-rikice. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da zaɓaɓɓun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana a fannoni kamar nazarin siyasa da tattalin arziƙin, sasantawar siyasa, sauyin tattalin arziki, kafofin watsa labaru, da warware rikice-rikice, Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka suna ba da shawara mai ban sha'awa, ƙirƙira da ingantaccen shawarwari da sauƙaƙewa ga zamantakewar jama'a, siyasa da shugabannin kasuwanci na ƙasa. a cikin tattaunawar kasa da mika mulki. Langhi ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Rahoton Ci gaban Bil Adama na Larabawa (UNDP) game da Matasa, kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Tattaunawar Kasa a Libya. Langhi mai ba da shawara ce ga Tattaunawar Kasa ta Libiya . Tare da Lord Alderdice, Langhi ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Taro na Hammamet, wani dandalin kasa da kasa don tattaunawa da ci gaba a dangantaka tsakanin Birtaniya da Arewacin Afirka. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas Langhi ta shiga UN-ESCWA (Hukumar Zaman Lafiya ta Yammacin Asiya). Matsayinta shine mata, zaman lafiya da tsarin tsaro da rigakafin tashin hankali. Ganewa Don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, a ranar bakwai ga Maris shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu The Guardian ta tambayi Helen Clark, shugabar Hukumar Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), kuma tsohuwar Firayim Minista na New Zealand, don zaɓar "Mata Bakwai don kallo a siyasar duniya", kuma Langhi ya kasance. daya daga cikin wadanda aka zaba. A shekarar ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida, Mujallar Salt ta zama Zahra' a matsayi na Ishirin da shida a jerin mata Dari masu zaburarwa da ke aiki don karfafa mata da samar da zaman lafiya. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida Zahra Langhi ta kasance daya daga cikin mata Ishirin uku masu zaburarwa da ke gwagwarmayar mata ta Yarjejeniya Tausayi karkashin jagorancin masanin ilimi Karen Armstrong. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Gidauniyar Rockefeller ta sanya sunan Zahra' ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin mata biyar waɗanda ke gabatar da canji a duniya. Bayanan Ilimi Langhi ta gama PhD ne wanda ta kware a addini, tashin hankali, da sulhu a Jami'ar Friedrich Schiller da ke Jena. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin tarihin Musulunci a jami'ar Amurka dake birnin Alkahira. Ayyuka Labarai Dole ne mata masu neman sauyi na Sudan su yi hattara da makomar da ta sami mata a Libya. (The Guardian, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma tara) A yayin bikin cika shekaru Ashirin da biyar na dandalin aiwatar da ayyuka na birnin Beijing, akwai bukatar daukar ra'ayi na cikin gida. (Ajandar Shari'a, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara) Rikicin Cin Hanci da Mata: Nasarorin da Manufofi. (AlSaffir AlArabi, A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara) Tsarin Hanyar Gaba ga Mata Masu shiga tsakani a Libya . (Great Insights EDP, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas) Shekaru Bakwai na Hakuri. Rikicin Rikicin Libiya. (LWPP, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas) Yin watsi da Al'adun Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Libiya babban ƙalubale ne a cikin sauyin yanayi. (AlSaffir AlArabi, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas) #Mata Masu Ƙarfafa ME Kamfen na Ƙoƙarin Sake Gano Tushen Harkar Mata a Libiya. (AlSaffir AlArabi, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas) Sauran Haramcin Balaguron Balaguro Duniya Ba Magana Akansa (Mai zaman kanta, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai) Sashen Addini na Libya - Kokarin Gina Zaman Lafiya . (Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai) Yarjejeniyar Siyasa ta Libiya a cikin Lens na kare hakkin bil'adama. (AlMufakira AlQanuniyya, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida) Wani Mahimman Karatu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci Tattaunawar Libya da Yarjejeniyar Siyasa. (Labarin LWPP, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar) Jinsi da Gina Jiha a Libiya: Zuwa Siyasar Haɗawa. (The Journal of North African Studies, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu) Jinsi, Mata da Rikicin Larabawa. "Gender da Gina Jiha a Libya: Zuwa Siyasar Haɗuwa". (Routledge, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu) Rikicin da ake zato tsakanin Shari'ar Musulunci da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya dangane da 'Yancin Mata. (Rahoton Dimokuradiyya, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku) Matan da ke jagorantar sauyi a rikicin Larabawa: Matan Libya a matsayin Wakilan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro . (Shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu) Mata a matsayin Wakilan Zaman Lafiya a Libiya. Taron Takaful na Shekara-shekara. (Cibiyar Nazarin Gerhart a Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu) 'Ajami Sirrin Sitt 'Ajam Bint al-Nafis: Nazari na Mace na Mace na Magajin Ibn Arabi (Jarida na Society of Ibn Arabi, Winter shekara ta dubu biyu da tara) Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Sauyin%20Yanayi%20na%20Majalisar%20Dinkin%20Duniya%20na%202016

Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016

Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016, taro ne na kasa da kasa na shugabannin siyasa da masu fafutuka don tattauna matsalolin muhalli. An gudanar da shi a Marrakech, Morocco, 7-18 Nuwamba 2016. Taron ya ƙunshi taron na ashirin da biyu na Jam'iyyun (COP22), taro na goma sha biyu na jam'iyyun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (CMP12), da kuma taron farko na bangarorin yarjejeniyar Paris (CMA1). Manufar taron ita ce tattaunawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsare game da yaki da sauyin yanayi da kuma "nunawa duniya cewa ana aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris". Mahalarta taron suna aiki tare don samar da hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi a duniya. Ministan harkokin wajen Morocco Salaheddine Mezouar ne ya jagoranci taron . Kimanin mahalarta 20,000 ne ake sa ran za su halarta. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2016, kamfanin GL Events ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar sabis. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma ba da goyon bayanta ga shirye-shiryen COP 22. Standarda'idar W+ ta lashe lambar yabo ta UNFCCC na 2016 don Canji Bayanai Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi Mahalarta taron mambobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC). Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce hana "tsangwama mai haɗari na ɗan adam ga tsarin yanayi".Yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bambancin halittu da yarjejeniyar yaƙi da hamada ; dukkan ukun ana daukarsu 'Taron Rio' da aka karbe a taron Rio Earth Summit a 1992. Akwai matakai bakwai da UNFCCC ta lissafa a matsayin "takaitaccen taron". An gane matsalar sauyin yanayi a matsayin barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Dole ne a rage fitar da iskar gas na Greenhouse, musamman a kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu, sannan a matsa wa kasashe su rage hayakin. Kasashen da suka ci gaba dole ne su dauki matakin rage fitar da hayaki da kuma jagoranci ga kasashe masu tasowa. Kasashe masu tasowa za su taimaka wa kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar ba da tallafin kudi da fasaha. Kasashen da suka ci gaba da kuma masu tasowa sun gabatar da rahotanni kan manufofin sauyin yanayi da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, an jaddada tsaftataccen ci gaban da zai takaita kara yawan hayaki mai gurbata muhalli yayin da al'umma ke bunkasa masana'antu. Domin kara ingancin rayuwa a gaban sauyin yanayi, yarjejeniyar za ta yi magana tare da daidaitawa da illar sauyin yanayi idan ya cancanta. Dokokin Kyoto Taron Marrakech ci gaba ne na tarukan koli na duniya na yau da kullun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya bayan yarjejeniyar Kyoto . An rubuta yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin 1997 a COP3, amma ba a amince da ita a hukumance ba sai 16 ga Fabrairu 2005.Yana aiki daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Ta aiwatar da tsauraran ka'idoji don tabbatar da rage fitar da hayaki a duniya. Akwai manyan tsare-tsare guda uku da kasa za ta iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen rage fitar da hayaki: ciniki na fitar da hayaki na kasa da kasa, hanyoyin ci gaba mai tsafta, da aiwatar da hadin gwiwa. An kuma yi niyyar taimakawa kasashe wajen daidaita yanayin sauyin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, sakatariyar sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tana karɓar rahotanni daga ɓangarori, tana tabbatar da ma'amaloli, kuma tana ɗaukar ɓangarori. UNFCC ta ɗauki yarjejeniyar Kyoto a matsayin "mataki na farko" ga juriyar sauyin yanayi. Yarjejeniyar Paris Yarjejeniyar ta Paris na da nufin hana hauhawar yanayin zafi a duniya. An tsara wannan ta hanyar rahotannin da Jam'iyyun suka aika, da nufin kara bayyana ayyukan da kasashe masu tasowa da na ci gaba suka dauka. Har ila yau, tana da matakan haɓaka ikon ƙasashe don daidaita yanayin sauyin yanayi. Hanyoyin sauye-sauyen da ƙasa za ta iya ɗauka ana kiran su "gudumar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa". NDC dai kokari ne da kowace kasa za ta yi don rage hayakin da suke fitarwa. Lokacin aiki na wannan yarjejeniya ya fara ne a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2016. Ya zuwa yanzu, jam’iyyu 132 cikin 197 ne suka amince da shi a babban taron. COPs na gaba 2009: Copenhagen (COP15) Taron na Copenhagen an yi niyya ne don ci gaba daga Kyoto, kuma ya ƙare a cikin yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, rubutu mai shafuka 3 da ke tsara manufofin duniya gama gari game da sauyin yanayi (rage yawan hayaƙi mai gurɓataccen iska, yana iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2). °C da samar da dala biliyan 30 don 2010-2012). Duk da wadannan manufofin, an dauki taron a matsayin gazawa. 2011: Durban (COP17) Manufar taron na Durban shi ne fara shawarwari tun daga tushe domin shirya hanyar yin shawarwari a nan gaba. An kirkiro rukunin Aiki na Ah Hoc akan dandamali na Durban don Inganta Ayyukan don "rufe gibin buri" da ke akwai tsakanin alkawurran fitar da iskar gas da kasashe suka yi da nufin kiyaye sauyin yanayi kasa da karuwar 2 °C. 2014: Lima (COP20) Babban abin da taron na Lima ya sa a gaba shi ne a sake yin kokarin ci gaba da cimma burin kiyaye sauyin yanayi a karkashin karuwar 2. °C tsakanin yau da 2100. An bude taron ne da daftarin shiri kan yarjejeniyar COP21 a nan gaba a birnin Paris da kuma daukar rubutu mai shafuka 37. 2015: Paris (COP21) Kasashe 195 da ke halartar taron sun amince da yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta farko a duniya, yarjejeniyar da ke da nufin takaita sauyin yanayi zuwa yanayin zafi kasa da 2. °C. Masu halarta Ana iya rarraba masu halartar taron zuwa ɗaya daga cikin nau'ika uku: jam'iyyu, masu sa ido, ko 'yan jarida/kafofin watsa labarai. Jam'iyyu Akwai kungiyoyi guda uku daban-daban wadanda za a iya sanya al'umma a ciki idan an dauke su a matsayin "jam'iyya". Waɗannan su ne Annex I, Annex II, da Non-Annex I . Ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyun suna yanke shawarar matakin shiga kowace ƙasa. Yana ƙayyade ko ana buƙatar ƙasar ta ba da taimakon kuɗi ga wasu, sau nawa za su aika da rahotanni, da tsauraran ƙa'idoji a ƙasarsu. Taken Annex I yana nufin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu da ke da hannu a cikin ko dai Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba ( OECD ) a 1992 ko kuma ƙasashe masu canjin tattalin arziki ( EIT ). Annex II yana nufin ƙasashe a cikin OECD amma ba EIT ba. Ana buƙatar waɗannan jam'iyyun su taimaka wa ƙasashe masu ci gaba da kuɗi. Ana kuma sa ran za su dauki karin matakai don sauya sheka zuwa fasahohin da suka dace da yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Ƙasashen da ba na haɗin kai ba suna tasowa kuma musamman masu rauni ga sauyin yanayi saboda wuri, yanayin tattalin arziki, ko wasu batutuwan da aka kafa cikin ƙasa. Wani lakabi kuma shine "kasashen da suka fi ci gaba". Hakan na nuni da cewa al'ummar kasar na da iyaka wajen mayar da martani kan batutuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi. Wannan lakabin yana nuna wa wasu ɓangarorin ƙarin matakin tallafin da ake bukata. Masu lura Ƙungiyoyin masu sa ido sun haɗa da Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da hukumominta na musamman, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ( IGOs ), da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ( NGOs ). Ƙungiyoyin masu sa ido dole ne su yi aiki kuma su sami karɓu daga COP don aika wakilai zuwa kowane taro ko gabatarwa da ke da alaka da UNFCCC. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na iya zama kasuwanci, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, bincike ko cibiyoyin ilimi, ƴan asalin ƙasar, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da jinsi, ƙungiyoyin matasa, masu fafutukar kare muhalli, manoma, da masu noma. Kusan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 2,000 da IGOs 100 ne aka shigar da su a taron na 2016. Da zarar an shigar da kungiya, ba lallai ne su sake neman wannan taro ba. Masu lura na iya ƙaddamar da martani, a madadin ƙungiyarsu gabaɗaya, da suka shafi batutuwa ko umarni a cikin taron. Manufofin COP22 Ana nufin kowane COP don yanke shawara tare kan yadda za a magance sauyin yanayi da rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Koyaya, kowace shekara ana zaɓar jigo daban kuma ana mai da hankali akai. Muhimman batutuwan zaman na ashirin da biyu sun shafi kula da ruwa da kawar da makamashin makamashi. COP22 ya faru ne a ranakun 14 da 15 ga Nuwamba a lokacin UNFCCC a Marrakech. Hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da yarjejeniyar ta Paris, da kuma ajandar tattaunawa, sun kasance a kan ajandar COP22. Nik Gowing, wanda aka sani da dan jarida na Birtaniya, ya jagoranci taron. Girman Afirka zuwa COP22 A gefen COP22, taron kolin da ya kunshi "kusan shugabannin kasashen Afirka 30" ya gudana a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2016 a Marrakesh. Wannan taro dai ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan shawarwarin sauyin yanayi, inda a baya bayan nan a nahiyar Afirka ke zama bangaren duniya da ke fuskantar barazanar dumamar yanayi. A wani karin bayani na gida, birnin Marrakesh kuma ya yi amfani da damar don ƙirƙirar wa kansa hoto mai kore; misali, ta samar da kekuna 300 don amfanin jama’a a wani bangare na tsarin raba keken na karamar hukuma. Gabatarwar SuRe - Ma'auni don Dorewa da Ƙarfafa Kayan Aiki A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, Cibiyar Basel ta Duniya ta Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel (GIB) ta gabatar da sabon ƙaddamar da SuRe - Ma'auni don Dorewa da Ƙarfafa Kayan Aiki a Babban Taron Sauyin yanayi don Shugabannin gida da Yanki. GIB ta shiga cikin tattaunawa kan "bayar da kuɗaɗen ci gaba mai dorewa na yankuna" don ba da gudummawa ga taswirar Marrakech don ma'anar Aiki. 14 Nuwamba Dandalin Gudanar da Ruwa da Kula da Ruwa Cikakkun al'amurran da suka shafi sufuri na ruwa, abubuwan more rayuwa a cikin mahallin ajiyar ruwa, rarraba mai dorewa, ƙirƙira don kiyayewa, da haɓaka ƙoƙarin sababbin fasaha. Akwai masu gudanarwa guda hudu na taron: Raymond van Ermen, dan Belgium memba na Tarayyar Turai Water Partnership; Masagos Zulkifli, Ministan Muhalli da Ruwa na Singapore; Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Ministan Muhalli da Makamashi a Costa Rica da shugaban, UNEA; Susan Mboya, Shugabar Coca-Cola Africa Foundation. Dandalin rage Carbon a makamashi da ake Samarwa Wannan kwamitin ya tattauna batutuwa game da amfani da albarkatun da ake sabunta su, yadda za a yi amfani da manufofi don inganta kasuwannin makamashi mai sabuntawa, da kuma yadda za a iya inganta kayan aiki don daidaita waɗannan canje-canje. Masu daidaitawa sun hada da Nik Gowing, dan jaridan Birtaniya; HE Fatima Al Foora ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa; Lord Gregory Baker na Burtaniya; Andreas Regnell na Sweden, da Jan Rabe daga Siemens AG. Haɗa Dandalin Motsawa Birane Motsi, musamman sufurin jama'a, shine babban abin da wannan dandalin ya mayar da hankali akai. Membobin sun tattauna yuwuwar zaɓuɓɓukan jigilar jama'a masu dorewa waɗanda ke da kyau ga mai amfani. Babban makasudin shine ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin sufurin jama'a na iya zama sifiri. Masu daidaitawa sun hada da Nik Gowing, United Kingdom; Andreas Klugescheid, Amurka; Lan Marie Nguyen Berg, Norway; Glen R. Murray, Kanada; Matt Rodriquez, Amurka. Bayar da Tallafin Ayyukan Yanayi na Rufe Maɓallin Maɓalli Wannan rukunin ya tattauna inganta sabbin samfuran kore dangane da kuɗi, tare da haɗa la'akari da yanayi a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki. Mambobin kwamitin sun hada da Eric Usher, Kanada; Jochen Flasbarth, Jamus; Christian Grossman, Jamus; Frederic Samama, Faransa; Mustapha Bakkoury, Maroko; Monica Scatasta, Luxembourg. 15 Nuwamba Ƙarƙashin Ƙirƙirar Carbon a cikin Maɓalli na Yankuna masu tasowa Bangarorin sun tattauna yadda za a iya haɗa ƙananan fasahar fitar da hayaki a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ake da su, yadda masu tsara manufofi za su iya aiwatar da fasaha cikin aminci, da kuma yadda UNFCCC za ta iya taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida a sauye-sauyen zuwa makamashin kore. Masu daidaitawa sun hada da Janos Pasztor, Hungarian; HE Nestor Batio Bassiere, Burkina Faso; Diego Pavia; Mafalda Duarte, Amurka; Elham Ibrahim, Afrika. Kasuwanci mai dorewa a matsayin Direban Canji Wannan dandalin ya haɓaka ra'ayoyi kan yadda ake ƙirƙirar samfuran kasuwanci waɗanda suka bar ƙarancin sawun carbon a duniya. Masu gudanar da taron sun hada da Philippe Joubert, Najeriya; Peter Wheeler, Birtaniya; Pertti Korhonen, Finland; Paul Simpson, Birtaniya; Afrilu Crow, Amurka. Ƙirƙirar Tasiri: Haɓaka Ci gaban Ilimin Kore Wannan dandalin tattaunawa ya tattauna yadda sabbin fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa dole ne su nuna halaye masu dacewa da muhalli da dorewa. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata su taimaka ƙirƙirar ayyukan koren kuma su sami damar shigar da su cikin kasuwannin da suka riga sun kasance. Masu daidaitawa sun hada da Sue Reid, Indonesia; Paul Isaac Musasizi, Uganda; Eric Olson, Amurka; Yoshioka Tatsuya, Japan. 17 Nuwamba Matan da suke Shiryawa don Canji a Aikin Noma da Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa (WOCAN) Abin da Ake Aunawa Yana Samun Kima: Ƙarfafawa da Auna Tasirin Gender don Dorewar Filaye da Rayuwar Rayuwa. Standarda'idar W+ ta lashe lambar yabo ta UNFCCC na 2016 don Canji; Jeannettee Gurung, Phd, Lee A. West. Suka da koma baya Haɗin ƙungiyoyin burbushin burbushin burbushin mai tare da matsayi na masu kallo, gami da Ƙungiyar Coal ta Duniya, Majalisar Kasuwancin Ostiraliya, Kasuwancin Turai, da Kasuwancin Roundtable, an gamu da zargi. Masu sharhi sun ce zaben Donald Trump a zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 2016 ya kawo cikas ga yunkurin da ake yi a zauren majalisar saboda ra'ayinsa na koma baya kan sauyin yanayi. Ba a san matsayinsa kan sauyin yanayi ba. Sauran sukar sun fito ne daga masu fafutukar kare muhalli wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa taron ya kasance "mai nauyi akan maganganu da haske akan ainihin ci gaba." Taron da aka yi a birnin Paris na shekarar da ta gabata, ana kallonsa a matsayin wanda ya samar da ginshikin ci gaba a nan gaba, inda taron da ya yi nasara a birnin Marrakesh ya kamata ya mayar da wadancan alkawuran zuwa aiki. Karin sukar da aka yi sun nuna kasashen da ba su da ci gaba ba su samun isassun kudade domin a taimaka musu su dace da "canjin da ke faruwa a yanzu saboda dumamar yanayi." Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haɗin gwiwar UNFCCC Marrakech don Ayyukan Yanayi na Duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

55232

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ballinger

Adam Ballinger

Adam Ballinger (an haife shi a cikin watan Yuni 12, 1979) ɗan Ba'amurke-Australian tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda ya kwashe tsawon rayuwarsa a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Australiya, yana wasa lokutan 12 don ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Victoria Giants, Wollongong Hawks, Adelaide 36ers da Melbourne Tigers. Ya kuma shafe lokaci a Puerto Rico, New Zealand da Isra'ila a lokacin hutun NBL na Australiya. Aikin koleji Ballinger ya himmatu ga Spartans na Jihar Michigan bayan babban aikin shiri a makarantar sakandaren Bluffton a Indiana, inda ya sami Honorable Mention All-American ya girmama babbar shekararsa. Shekararsa ta farko, ya yi jan riga bayan ya karya fibula. Ya koma buga wasanni 37 don zakaran Spartans na shekarar 2000 NCAA, gami da Wasan Gasar Zakarun Turai wanda ya zira ƙwallaye a ƙoƙarinsa na burin filin wasa. Ballinger ya buga wasanni 25 a cikin jajayen rigarsa ta biyu yayin da Spartans suka je Gasar Ƙarshe. Ballinger's ƙaramar shekarar ita ce yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya fi samun nasara yayin da ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar All-Big Ten kafofin watsa labarai da lambar yabo ta Mafi Ingantattun Playeran Wasan Jahar Michigan yayin da ya gama na uku a taron a sake dawowa. A cikin babban kakarsa ta shekarar 2002–02003, ya sami maki 5.5 a kowane wasa. Hakanan yana matsayi na 10 a tarihin MSU tare da tubalan aiki 53. A lokacin babban shekararsa a Jihar Michigan, Ballinger ya taka leda a wasan da za su ziyarci ƙungiyar NBL ta Australiya Canberra Cannons. Farawa daga Power gaba, yayin wasan abokin gaba kai tsaye na Ballinger shi ne sau da yawa mafi girman ɗan wasa a Jihar Michigan, NBA labari tare da Los Angeles Lakers da shekarar 2002 inductee a cikin Gidan Kwando na Fame (kuma ɗan asalin Lansing inda makarantar take), Earvin " Magic" Johnson wanda ya shiga Cannons don wasan su a Cibiyar Breslin . Cannons kuma sun nuna tsohon abokin wasan Spartan Mike Chappell wanda Canberra ta ɗauka a shekarar 2002. Ƙwarewar aiki Ballinger ya kasance ba a kwance shi ba a cikin daftarin NBA na 2003 . A cikin watan Agustan 2003, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Giants Victoria na NBL na Ostiraliya don lokacin 2003–2004. Ya yi tasiri kai tsaye a farkon lokacin NBL na matsakaicin maki 15.7 a kowane wasa. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa ta 2007, ya buga wa Wollongong Hawks, yana ci gaba da taka leda a 2005 NBL Grand Final a waccan kakar tare da tawagar. Abin takaici, Hawks sun gangara zuwa ga abokan hamayyarsu kuma suna kare zakaran gasar Sydney Kings ba tare da cin nasara ba. Bayan lokacin 2006 – 2007 NBL, ya shiga Gigantes de Carolina na Puerto Rico don lokacin 2007 BSN. Ballinger ya rattaba hannu tare da Adelaide 36ers don lokacin 2007 – 2008 NBL inda ya sami lambar yabo ta MVP na kulob guda huɗu a jere. Ya kare na hudu a NBL a shekarar 2008 da maki 22.5 a kowane wasa kuma ya kare na hudu a zaben MVP na gasar. Haɗin kai tare da kyaftin ɗin Adelaide na dogon lokaci Brett Maher da tsohon ɗan wasan NBA Luke Schenscher, Ballinger ya taimaka wa 2008 – 2009 36ers komawa wasan NBL a karon farko tun 2005 – 06 inda aka fitar da su a Gasar Ƙarshe ta New Zealand Breakers 101– 131 a Auckland. Ballinger an nada shi kyaftin ɗin kulob na Adelaide 36ers daga lokacin 2009 – 10 NBL. A cikin abin da ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin lokacin 36ers a rikodin yayin da kulob din ya lashe cokali na farko na katako ta hanyar kammalawa na karshe tare da rikodin nasara-10-18 wanda ya haifar da koci da tsohon dan wasan zakarun 36ers Scott Ninnis. Ballinger da kansa ya yi kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya jagoranci 36ers wajen zura kwallo a raga, an hana harbe-harbe, ya kare a matsayi na biyu a wasan da kungiyar ta sake dawowa kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta MVP kulob din na uku a jere. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ironi Nahariya na Isra'ila don sauran lokutan 2009–10 Ligat HaAl . Lokacin 2010–11 NBL ya kasance kusan kwafin kakar da ta gabata tare da Ballinger yana jagorantar ƙungiyar a kusan kowane nau'in m duk da 36ers sun ƙare da rikodin 9–19. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 15.3, 6.0 rebounds, 1.9 blocks da harbi 54.1% a kowane wasa kuma shi ne ya jagoranci 36ers kafin ya ji rauni a kafarsa a wasan karshe na gida na kakar wasa. Tare da tubalan sa na 1.9 a kowane wasa, Ballinger shine babban mai hana harbi a cikin NBL yayin 2010 – 11, bayan ya ƙi harbi 50 a cikin wasannin 26 da aka buga. Ballinger ya kasance babban dan wasan Adelaide a cikin 2010-11 kuma tsarinsa ya sa ya gama na uku a cikin 2011 NBL MVP zabe duk da 36ers sun kammala da 9-19 rikodin, lokaci guda a tarihin su kulob din ya kasa samun nasara a kalla wasanni 10. a lokacin NBL. Saboda ƙananan girman 2010-11 36ers squad, 205 An yi amfani da Ballinger mai tsayi cm a matsayin cibiyar farawa ta qungiyoyin har zuwa lokacin da ya kawo karshen raunin idon sawu a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya koma ga mafi yanayin ikonsa na gaba lokacin 6'11½" (212) cm) doguwar abokin aikin Daniel Johnson yana kotu. Ballinger ya murmure daga raunin idon sawun sa ya kasance a hankali kuma ya buga mafi yawan lokacin 2011-12 NBL daga benci don 36ers waɗanda suka gama da mafi munin rikodi na 8–20 kuma suka ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe kawai a karo na biyu a tarihin su. A ƙarshen 2011 – 12, Ballinger wakili ne na kyauta kuma a cikin Mayu 2012, ya sanya hannu tare da Melbourne Tigers don lokacin 2012 – 13 NBL . A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2013, Ballinger ya sake sanya hannu tare da Tigers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, ƙungiyar ta sake shi. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 2014, Ballinger ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Wollongong Hawks, yana komawa kulob din na biyu. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2015, ya ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon kwando sakamakon ƙarshen lokacin 2014 – 15 NBL . A wasansa na karshe na NBL a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, ya fara ne a madadin Larry Davidson don yin rikodin maki 9 da sake dawowa 5 a cikin mintuna 33 na aiki, kamar yadda Hawks suka yi rashin nasara a hannun tsohon kulob din Ballinger, Adelaide 36ers. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2015, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Nunawading Specters don sauran lokacin 2015 SEABL a matsayin maye gurbin Simon Conn. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A cikin watan Yuli 2009, Ballinger ya zama ɗan Ostiraliya. An nada shi a cikin tawagar Boomers a shekarar 2009 kuma an yi masa gwaji don tawagar gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012. Na sirri Ballinger da matarsa, Bianca, 'ya'ya uku tare; Kia, Leon da Fletcher. Farashin NBL Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na NBL Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Eurobasket.com bayanin martaba Ballinger zai yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa NBL ƙididdiga Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1979 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40997

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20ya%C6%99e-ya%C6%99e%20da%20adadin%20wa%C9%97anda%20suka%20mutu

Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da adadin waɗanda suka mutu

Wannan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne da adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya haɗa da duk mace-macen da suka faru a wajen yaƙe-yaƙe kai tsaye ko kuwa a fakaice. Waɗannan mace-mace yawanci sun haɗa da mutuwar jami'an sojoji waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon yaƙi kai tsaye ko wasu harkokin yaƙair soja, sannan da kuma mutuwar sojoji a sakamakon annoban da yaƙi ya haifar, yunwa, kisan-kiyashi, kisan kare dangi, da dai sauransu. Kafin-zamaninmu na yau (kafin shekarar 1500 miladiya) Yaƙe-yaƙe na dā (kafin 500 AD) Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root. Yaƙunan shekarun baya (500–1500 AD) La'akari: ba'a iya tantance cikakkun bayanai akan wani yaki a wasu lokutab, sannan wasu yakunan sun wanzu har tsawon rayuwar mutane, misali. "Reconquista" (711–1492, shekaru 781) "Mamayer Musulmai a kasashen Indiya" (12th zuwa 16th c., tsawon shekaru 500) "Crusades" (kamfe goma ko fiye da haka a tsakanin 1095–1291, tsawon shekaru 196), "Harin Mongol da mamaye yankin" (1206–1368, tsawon shekaru), "Mamayewar Musulunci na baya baya" (622–750, tsawon shekaru 128), "Yakin shekaru dari" (1337–1453, tsawon shekaru 115). Na zamani Yakunan Zamani (shekaru 1500AD zuwa yau) wanda aka rasa rayuka fiye da 25,000 | Russo-Ukrainian War (outline) | 200,000+ | 2014–present | Russia vs. Ukraine | Ukraine | Estimates of deaths vary widely. Yakunan Zamani da adadin mace-mace kasa da 25,000 22,211 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 22,000+ – Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865) 21,000+ – Six-Day War (1967) 20,068 – Reform War (1857–1860) 20,000+ – Yaqui Wars (1533–1929) 20,000+ – War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) 20,000+ – Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) 20,000+ – Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) 20,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 19,619+ – Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979) 19,000+ – Mexican–American War (1846–1848) 18,069–20,069 – First Opium War (1839–1842) 17,294+ – 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya (1940–1944) 17,200+ – First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) 16,765–17,065 – Balochistan conflict (1948–present) 16,000+ – War of the Pacific (1879–1883) 16,000+ – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 16,000+ – Spanish–American War (1898) 15,200–15,300 – Peasants' War (1798) – Part of the French Revolutionary Wars 15,000+ – Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present) 15,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 14,460–14,922 – South African Border War (1966–1990) 14,077–22,077 – Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) 13,929+ – Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) 13,812+ – Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 13,100–34,000 – Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present) 13,073–26,373 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) 11,500–12,843 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 – Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War 10,700–14,300 – Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000+ – Assam separatist movements (1979–present) 10,000+ – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) 10,000+ – War in Donbas – Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present) 10,000+ – Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994) 10,000+ – First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) 10,000+ – Second Melillan campaign (1909) 10,000+ – Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 10,000+ – Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510) 9,400+ – Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011) 8,136+ – Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 7,500–21,741 – War of 1812 (1812–1815) 7,400–16,200 – Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) (2015–present) 7,050+ - Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) 7,104+ – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (1947–1949) 7,000+ – Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005–2010) 6,800–13,459 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965) 6,859+ – 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–present) 5,641–6,991 - Opposition–ISIL conflict during the Syrian Civil War ( 2014–present ) 6,543+ – South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 6,295+ – Central African Republic conflict (2012–present) 5,641+ – Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present) 5,100+ – Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–present) – Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict 5,000+ – Casamance conflict (1982–2014) 5,000+ – Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891) 5,000+ – Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) 5,000 – War of the Reunions (1683–1684) 4,715+ – Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present) 4,275 – Dominican Civil War (1965) 4,200+ – Shifta War (1963–1967) 4,000–10,000 – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) 4,000 – War of Devolution (1667–1668) 3,699+ – Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present) 3,552+ – First Schleswig War (1848–1852) 3,529+ – The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998) 3,366+ – Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017) 3,270+ – Second Schleswig War (1864) 3,222–3,722 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956) 3,144+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 3,114+ – 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) – Part of the 1948 Palestine war 3,007+ – War of the Golden Stool (1900) 3,000–6,000 – Negro Rebellion (1912) 3,000–5,000 – Croatian-Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573) 3,000+ – Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011) 3,000+ – Dominican War of Independence (1844) 3,000+ – Banana Wars (1914–1933) 2,944+ – Insurgency in the Maghreb (2004–present) 2,800+ – Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) 2,781+ – Iranian Revolution (1978–1979) 2,751+ – Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) 2,557+ – Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present) 2,394+ – Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 2,300+ – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present) 2,221–2,406 – 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) – Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict 2,150+ – Persian Expedition of 1796 (1796) 2,096+ – Aden Emergency (1963–1967) 2,054+ – South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015) ~2,014 – Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) 2,000–3,800 - Albanian Civil War (1997) 2,000+ – Costa Rican Civil War (1948) 2,000+ – Six-Day War (2000) (2000) 2,000+ – 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010) 2,000 – Iran crisis of 1946 (1946) 1,810+ – Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) – Part of World War II 1,774+ – Lapland War (1944–1945) – Part of World War II 1,648 – Sinaloa Cartel-Gulf Cartel conflict ( 2003–present ) 1,643–2,237 – Transnistria War (1992) 1,561 – Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present) 1,500+ – Irish Civil War (1922–1923) 1,480 – Ifni War (1957–1958) 1,449+ – M23 rebellion (2012–2013) – Part of the Kivu Conflict 1,444 – Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan ( 2015–present ) 1,300+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 1,295+ – Siachen conflict (1984–present) 1,229+ – Basque conflict (1959–2011) 1,227–5,600 – Kargil War (1999) 1,000–1,500 – Cabinda conflict (1994–present) 1,000+ – Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) 1,000+ – 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991–1992) 1,000+ – Xinjiang conflict (1960–present) 1,000+ – Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) 1,000+ – Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) – Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 1,000 – Second Mafia War (1980-1983) 907 – Falklands War (1982) 898 – Barbary Wars (1801–1815) 864 – Jamaican political conflict (1943–present) 850 – Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) – Part of the Syrian Civil War 846 – 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011) 808 – Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 789–1,874 – 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002) 771 – Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present) 740 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966) 722 – Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–present) 700–800 – Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) 670+ – Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present) 659–2,496 – Russia–Georgia war (2008) 650+ – Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present) 643–1,500 – Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present) 621 – Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991) 316 – Chiapas conflict (1994–present) 300+ – Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006-2007) 547 – Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959) 542 – East Prigorodny Conflict (1992) 500 – Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) 422 – Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) 327 – RENAMO insurgency (2013–present) 275–569 – Second Afar insurgency (1995–present) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 236 – Batwa-Luba clashes (2013–present) 233 – First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976) 233 – Anglophone Crisis (2017–present) 217 – Cuban invasion of the Dominican Republic (1959) 213–523+ – Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959) 206–345 – Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022) 200+ – 1967 Opium War (1967) 200 – Miami drug war (1970s-1980s) 200 – 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935) 174–194 – United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) 160+ – Quebec Biker War (1994-2002) 159 – ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present) 141 – 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006) 126 – 2016 Kasese clashes (2016) 115 – The Pool War (2016–present) 108 – Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present) 102–227 – India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present) (2016–present) 99–500 – Sand War (1963–1964) 95 – 2013 Guinea clashes (2013) 84–134 – Lahad Datu standoff (2013) 82 – Quasi-War (1798–1800) 82 – North-West Rebellion (1885) 71 – Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present) 70+ – DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present) 63 – Ten-Day War (1991) 62–72 – First Biker War (1977–1984) 56+ – Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present) 50+ – Castellammarese War (1930–1931) 50+ – Tong Wars (1800s–1930s) 46 – Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954) 45+ – 2020 China–India skirmishes (2020–present) 41 – 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010) 39–111 – India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) (2014–2015) 37 – 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013) 36 – Yama-Ichi War (1986-1989) 36 – 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present) – Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta 30+ – Aldermen's wars (1916–1921) 23 – Mafia-Camorra War (1915–1917) 20 – Satan's Choice–Popeyes War (1974–1976) 20 – 2009 Vancouver gang war (2009) 20 – Rowan County War (1884–1887) 16 – Greene–Jones War (1860–present) 16 – Piracy on Falcon Lake (2010–present) 12–61 – 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) – Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 11–30 – 2008 Kufra conflict (2008) 11+ – Tutt–Everett War (1844–1850) 11 – Great Nordic Biker War (1994–1997) 11 – Gombe Chimpanzee War (1974–1978) 8 – 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011) 7 – Bellevue War (1840) 2+ – Ontario Biker War (1999–2002) 2+ – Rock Machine-Rebels conflict (2009–present) Zane da jadawali Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20%C6%99asa%20na%20Cape%20Verde

Yanayin ƙasa na Cape Verde

Cape Verde (a hukumance, Jamhuriyar Cabo Verde) rukuni ne na tsibirai na Atlantic waɗanda ke da gida ga al'ummomi daban-daban na shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Tsibirin sun zama yankin gandun daji na musamman na tsibirin Cape Verde, a cewar Asusun Kula da namun daji ya Duniya. Wuri da bayani Tsibirin Cape Verde suna cikin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika kimanin kilota (280 mi) daga gabar yammacin nahiyar Afirka. Yanayin ya bambanta daga filayen da suka bushe zuwa tsaunuka masu tsawo masu aiki tare da tsaunin da ke tashi sosai daga teku. Yanayin yana da bushewa. Jimlar girman ita ce 4,033 km2 (1,557 sq ). Tsibirin ya ƙunshi tsibirai goma da ƙananan tsibiri biyar, an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyin iska (Barlavento) da leeward (Sotavento). Tsibirin shida a cikin ƙungiyar Barlavento sune Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, Sao Nicolau, Sal, da Boa Vista. Tsibirin da ke cikin ƙungiyar Sotavento sune Maio, Santiago, Fogo, da Brava . Dukkanin sai dai Santa Luzia ana zaune ne. Tsibirin uku: Sal, Boa Vista, da Maio gabaɗaya suna da daidaituwa kuma ba su da ruwa na halitta. Ana samun tsaunuka sama da mita 1,280 (4,199 ) a Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão, da São Nicolau. Yankin da iska mai karfi ta ɗauka ya haifar da rushewa a duk tsibirai, musamman wadanda kuma ke fuskantar iska. Dutsen da ke da tsaunuka sun tashi daga teku a kan tsibirai da yawa masu tsawo. Rashin tsire-tsire na halitta a cikin tsaunuka da bakin teku yana taimakawa ga rushewar ƙasa. Kwarin da ke ciki suna tallafawa tsire-tsire masu yawa. Bayanai Yanayin ƙasa Area Total: 4,072 km2 Land: 4,072 km2 Water: 0 km2 (inland water is negligible) Area – comparative About 1.5 times as large as Luxembourg Coastline Maritime claims Measured from claimed archipelagic baselines Territorial sea: Contiguous zone: Exclusive economic zone: Exclusive economic zone EEZ area: Continental shelf: 5,591 km2 Coral reefs: 0.09% of world Sea mounts: 0.04% of world Terrain Steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic. Elevation extremes Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m Highest point: Mount Fogo (a volcano on Fogo Island) Natural resources Salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum Land use agricultural land: 18.6% (2018 est.) arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.) forest: 21% (2018 est.) other: 60.4% (2018 est.) Irrigated land (2012) Total renewable water resources 0.3 km3 (2017) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) total: 0.02 km3/yr (6%/1%/93%) per capita: 48.57 m3/yr (2004) Natural hazards Prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active. Geography - note Strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site. Tebur na tsibirai Yankuna Cabo Verde tana da iyakokin teku tare da Mauritania da Senegal. Cabo Verde ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da Senegal da Mauritania da ke iyakance takamaiman iyakoki. Koyaya, yarjejeniyoyin biyu suna rikici a cikin iyakokinsu na takamaiman iyakoki. Saboda tsibirai da yawa yana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na 800,561 km2 (309,098 sq ). Yanayi Ruwan sama ba daidai ba ne, a tarihi yana haifar da fari da yunwa. Tsire-tsire masu cire gishiri yanzu suna samar da ruwa ga fiye da rabin yawan mutanen ƙasar. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da masu tara hazo tun 1962, duk da haka, ba a fadada irin waɗannan masu tattarawa ba bayan al'ummar Serra Malagueta na tsibirin Santiago, tun daga shekara ta 2009. Matskaicin ruwan sama a kowace shekara a Praia shine mm (9.45 in). A lokacin hunturu, guguwa da ke hurawa daga Sahara wani lokacin suna rufe sama; duk da haka, kwanakin rana sune al'ada a duk shekara. Ana samun sararin sama mafi haske tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuni, tare da ruwan sama kaɗan a cikin waɗannan watanni. Ƙurar Sahara, iska ta Harmattan, cike da ƙura ta fito ne daga Sahara. Wannan yana faruwa tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris kuma yana kama da "Calima" wanda ke shafar tsibirin Canary. Tekun da ke kusa da Cabo Verde yanki ne na guguwa mai zafi; tunda waɗannan guge-guguwar suna da duk Atlantic wanda za su bunkasa yayin da suke motsawa zuwa yamma, suna daga cikin gwagwarmayar gashi, kuma ana kiransu goge-type na Cape Verde. Tsibirin Cape Verde yanki ne mai lalacewa sosai. Har ila yau, yawancin tsibirai ba koyaushe suke samun ruwan sama ba. A zahiri, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wasu ruwan sama na tsibirai suna iyakance a cikin ruwan zafi. Idan ruwan sama ya zo, yawanci tsakanin Agusta da Oktoba ne. "Lokacin ruwan sama" na farko yana kawo yanayin zafi mai yawa da zafi sosai wanda ke tarwatsawa a matsayin dutsen raɓa. Sauran lokacin ruwan sama yana tsakanin Disamba da Yuni, lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas ta zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin, tsawo ne kawai sama da 600 m ke karɓar ruwan kasa na yau da kullun. Tsibirin Sal yana karɓar matsakaicin 0 mm a watan Mayu. Lokacin da ruwan sama ya zo, idan ya isa, zai iya zama mai karfi sosai. Rabin ruwan sama a cikin wani shekara na iya fadawa cikin guguwa guda. Yawancin tsibirai na Cape Verde sun bushe, amma a kan tsibirin da ke da tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma suna da nisa daga yankin, ta hanyar orography, zafi ya fi girma, yana ba da mazaunin gandun daji, wanda ya lalace sosai ta wurin kasancewar mutum mai ƙarfi. Tuddan arewa maso gabashin tsaunuka masu tsawo sau da yawa suna samun ruwan sama mai yawa kuma tuddan kudu maso yamma ba su samu ba. Wannan shi ne saboda su yankuna ne na umbria, da ke cikin tuddai na arewa ko gangaren yankunan tsaunuka, a bayan rana a Arewacin Hemisphere, cikin shadyside orographic. Don haka adadin hasken rana da yake karɓa ya fi ƙasa da yadda zai kasance idan yana da sauƙi ba tare da taimakon tsibirin ba wanda ke tsayar da yawancin rana. Dangane da ilimin muhalli na tsire-tsire, ana gano waɗannan yankunan umbria a matsayin masu sanyi da danshi. Yankin arewacin Canaries na yanzu, yana da tasirin sanyaya a tsibirin Cabo Verde, wanda ke sa zafin iska ya fi dacewa fiye da yadda zai yi tsammani a kowane hali a wannan latitude. Sabanin haka, tsibirai ba sa karɓar upwellings (kogunan sanyi) wanda ke shafar gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, don haka zafin iska ya fi sanyi fiye da Senegal, amma teku a zahiri ya yi zafi, saboda taimakon wasu tsibiran, kamar Sao Miguel tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo, sun rufe shi da itatuwa masu kyau da tsire-tsire masu tsami inda iska mai laushi ke tattare da kuma ya tsoma tsiro, duwatsu, ƙasa, katako, da moss. Sau da yawa guguwa tana fara samuwa a cikin ruwan da ke kusa da tsibirin Cabo Verde, amma yana da wuya ƙarfin gwagwarmayar ya kai kusa le tsibiran. An kafa irin guguwar Cape Verde a yankin kudancin tsibirin, kusa da Sao Miguel, bayan gudu mai zafi a nahiyar Afirka a lokacin ruwan sama. Guguwar tana samun ƙarfi lokacin da ta haye ruwan zafi na Atlantic. Dajin laurel wani nau'in gandun daji ne na girgije, gandunan daji, an haɓaka su ne musamman game da duwatsu, inda ruwan da ke cikin teku ko teku, ya haifar da aikin taimako. Tsayayya da ƙasa zuwa gaba na iska mai dumi, mai laushi, yana tilasta ƙara tsawo sama da matakin teku na wannan jiki mai rigar da iska, wanda ke sanyaya da rage raɓa, ya sa ya tarwatsa wani ɓangare na danshi wanda ya faɗi kamar ruwan sama ko hazo, ƙirƙirar wurin zama musamman mai sanyi, cike da danshu a cikin iska da kasa. Daidaitawa ne tsakanin busassun da tasirin zafi na anticyclone na subtropical, zafi da busasshen lokacin rani da orography wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar iska mai sanyi. Yayin da latitude ke ƙaruwa, wannan yana ƙara tasirin guguwa, wanda a cikin tafiyarsa daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya mamaye gabar yammacin nahiyoyi, yana zubar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kamar yadda yake ɗauke da zafi mai yawa. Ruwan sama yana ninka idan waɗannan iska suna ƙetare duwatsu a hanya. Yanayin da ya haifar ya fi rigar, amma tare da sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara na zafin jiki wanda ke da matsakaici ta hanyar kusanci da teku. Ya fi bayyana suna zaune a yankuna masu kyau da ake kira Umbrias, wannan shine arewacin tsaunuka ko gangaren tsaunin da ke bayan rana, saboda tsibirai suna cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, tsakanin mita 600 da 1,500, don haka suna amfana daga danshi da iskar kasuwanci ta bayar don samar da irin wannan teku na girgije. A cikin ilimin muhalli na tsire-tsire, an gano dutsen da sanyi da danshi. Tsire-tsire Cape Verde ita ce tsibirin da ya fi bushewa a yankin Macaronesia. Wannan tare da babban tasiri na nau'in Afirka saboda wurin da yake kusa da yankin Afirka na Sahel. Da farko, tsibirin Cabo Verde suna da babban savanna da busassun gandun daji, amma galibi an cire shi don canzawa zuwa ƙasar noma, wanda, tare da yanayin busasshen yanayi da ƙasa mai tsawo, ya haifar da rushewar ƙasa da hamada. Koyaya, ana iya raba tsibirin zuwa yankuna huɗu masu faɗi (maras kyau, tsaka-tsaki, ƙasa da zafi), bisa ga tsawo da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara daga 200 mm a yankunan da ba su da ruwa na bakin teku zuwa fiye da 1000 mm cikin dutsen mai laushi. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faruwa ne saboda kwantar da hazo na teku. A yau yawancin gandun daji sun ƙunshi shuke-shuke na agroforestry, wanda ake amfani da nau'ikan da ba na asali ba kamar Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala da Jatropha curcas. Nau'in gandun daji na laurel na asali suna cikin wuri mai laushi kawai a yankunan tsaunuka. A kan ƙananan tsibirai da suka bushe, tsire-tsire, kafin mulkin mallaka na mutum, sun ƙunshi savanna ko tsiro na steppe, tare da ɓangaren ciki mafi kyau wanda ke tallafawa tsirrai na hamada. A mafi girman tsawo, wani nau'i na busassun shrubland ma ya kasance. Wadannan tsibirai an rufe su da savanna a kan filayen da kuma busassun shrubland a gefen tsaunuka, amma bayan sama da shekaru 500 na mazaunin ɗan adam (bayan mulkin mallaka na Portugal) kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire na asali an share su don tallafawa aikin gona da ya yadu ciki har da kiwon awaki, tumaki da shanu da dasa nau'ikan amfanin gona. Akwai wasu ragowar wuraren da suka bushe a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo ciki har da nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa, amma waɗannan ba su da tabbas kuma suna da wuyar nazarin su. A kan tsibirai mafi girma da tsibirin da suka fi ruwa, musamman a yankunan tsaunuka, kamar tsibiri na Santo Antao, yanayin ya dace da ci gaban gandun daji mai bushe, da gandunar laurel kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa wannan ciyayi ya kasance a baya. Koyaya, yawancin ciyayi yanzu an canza su zuwa aikin gona kuma raguwar gandun daji yanzu sun ƙuntata zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya noma ba, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo da gangaren da ke da tsaunin tsauni. Bukatar itace ta haifar da sare daji da hamada. Musamman bayanin kula shine nau'in gandun daji mai laurel mai zafi na macaronesian laurisilva, wanda aka samo a yawancin tsibirai na Macaronesia na Arewacin Atlantic da Macharonesian Afirka: waɗannan su ne kayan tarihi na ganduna masu zafi, suna tallafawa nauʼo'i masu yawa, wato tsibirin Madeira, Azores, tsibiran Cape Verde da tsibiri na Canary. Ana samun wannan gandun daji a tsibirin Macaronesia a gabashin Atlantic, musamman Azores, tsibirai na Madeira, da tsibiran Canary na yamma, daga 400 m zuwa 1,200 m tsawo. Itacen jinsin Apollonias (Lauraceae), Ocotea ( Lauraidae), Persea (Theurace), Clethra (Clethiraceae)), Dracaena (Ruscaceae, da Picconia (Oleaceae). An sanya gandun daji na laurel na tsibirin Madeira a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1999. Dabbobi Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda huɗu ciki har da Raso lark tare da mafi yawan swifts, larks, warblers, da sparrows. Tsibirin muhimmiyar wurin kiwo ce ga tsuntsayen teku ciki har da Cape Verde shearwater da Fea's petrel (Pterodroma feae), wanda ke kiwon ne kawai a nan da Madeira. Tsibirin Santiago yana da wurin kiwo na Bourne's heron mai haɗari. Nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 11 sun haɗa da giant gecko (Tarentola gigas), kuma akwai wasu geckos da skinks da yawa. Babban skink (Macroscincus coctei) yanzu ana zaton ya ƙare. Barazanar da kariya Kusan dukkanin yanayin halitta an lalata su ta hanyar juyawa zuwa noma da katako don itace, da kuma rushewar ƙasa ta halitta, dukansu sun yi barazanar nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa. Sauran asalin gandun daji ya wanzu ne kawai a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Sabbin matsaloli sun haɗa da cire yashi na rairayin bakin teku ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yawan kamun kifi yayin da tsuntsaye masu shayarwa ke cikin rauni saboda dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka gabatar, gami da cats da beraye. Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa Jam'iyyar zuwa: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Yanayin Yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Canjin Yanayinta- Yarjejeniyar Paris, Cikakken haramtacciyar gwajin nukiliya, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Gyaran Muhalli, Hadari na Hadarin Hadariya, Dokar Tekun, Ruwa na Rashin Rubuta, haramcin gwajin Nukiliyar, Kare Yankin Ozone, Ruwan Jirgin Ruguwa, Yankunan Rukunin Rayi, Wetlands Abubuwa masu tsanani Yankin arewacin - Ponta do Sol a tsibirin Santao Antão Yankin kudu - Ponta Nho Martinho a kan Brava Yammacin Yankin - Ponta Chao de Mongrade a kan Santao Antão * Matsayi mafi gabas - Ponta Meringuel a kan Boa Vista *Lura: wannan kuma shine mafi yammacin Afirka Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21783

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asibitin%20Ignace%20Deen

Asibitin Ignace Deen

Asibitin Ignace Deen (Hôpital Ignace Deen) wani asibiti ne a Conakry, Guinea da aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Asibitin yana kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Kasa. Wani rahoto a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana yanayin a matsayin marasa kyau, tare da rashin ingancin kulawa. Tun shekara ta 2017, tare da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya daga Amurka da Denmark, asibitin Ignace Deen ya zama cibiyar binciken yanki, Ingancin kulawa Wani jagorar tafiya ya bayyana asibitin da cewa "ba abin dogaro bane sosai". Wani rahoto na watan Fabrairun 2011 ya ce asibitin yana da lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa, rashin tsafta, zafi mai zafi, wari, rashin ruwa da wutar lantarki, rashin magunguna da kulawa. Ana buƙatar cin hanci don samun izinin shiga. Akwai likitoci kadan. Gidaje sun cika makil, kwari da sauro sun mamaye su. Gidajen bayan gidan sun toshe sannan kuma an sami karancin ruwan sha, wanda ake sa ran dangin marassa lafiyar zasu kawo. Bayan wani mummunan hatsarin mota da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane biyu tare da jikkata wasu uku a cikin watan Afrilun 2008, an garzaya da waɗanda suka ji rauni zuwa asibiti. A can sun jira fiye da sa'o'i biyu ba tare da kulawa ba, tunda ba a biya ma'aikatan jinya ba. Wannan al'ada ce ta yau da kullun a Guinea, kuma yawancin marasa lafiya suna mutuwa saboda rashin biyan kuɗi kafin su sami kulawar gaggawa. Cututtuka Yawan mace-macen mata ya yi yawa a Guinea saboda rashin kulawa ta farko, rashin isassun kayan aikin haihuwa a asibitocin turawa, ma'aikata marasa ilimi da kuma rashin ilimin kiwon lafiya. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a 1991 a asibitocin kasar Guinea ya gano cewa babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar mata yayin haihuwa shi ne rikice-rikicen zubar da ciki, wadanda ke da nasaba da hauhawar jini, da zubar jini bayan haihuwa. Wani bincike da akayi a 1995 a Ignace Deen ya gano cewa karancin jini ya kai kashi 65% na duk mace-macen mata. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a asibiti ya nuna yawan cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i tsakanin mata masu ciki da suka hada da Cososis (28.76%), Farji Trichomoniasis (13.88%), Chlamydia trachomatis (3.37%), HIV (2.38%), Syphilis (0.99%) da Gonococcus ( 0.40%). Fiye da shekaru biyar, an lura da al'amuran 41 na cututtukan zuciya na huhu a asibiti, wanda ke wakiltar 7.14% na marasa lafiyar asibiti. Yanayin ya kasance na 4 bayan hauhawar jini, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma valvulopathies. Bincike Tun daga 2017, Asibitin Ignace Deen ya kasance babban shafin yanar gizo don yawancin karatu da ke nazarin lafiyar jijiyoyi a cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi. Binciken ilimin jijiyoyi a asibitin Ignace Deen ya maida hankali kan farfadiya kuma ya hada da binciken warkarwa na gargajiya a kasar, kayan aikin bincike na wayoyin zamani, matsayin makaranta da samun ilimi, da kuma samar da magunguna na antiepileptic. Wadannan karatuttukan sun gano cewa farfadiya babban nauyi ne ga marasa lafiya a Guinea. Yawancin mahalarta binciken sun ba da rahoton fuskantar> kamuwa 100 a rayuwarsu, wanda ya faɗi a cikin ƙa'idodi don rashin lafiyar farfadiya. Mahimmanci, yawancin marasa lafiya ba sa iya samun damar magungunan antiepileptic a cikin daidaito. Arin binciken da aka gano ya haɗa da cewa ana samun damar warkarwa na gargajiya a ko'ina a duniya kafin maganin allopathic kuma farfadiya tana haifar da mawuyacin nauyi ga yara ta hanyar hana samun ilimi. Tarihin asibiti Asibitin Ignace Deen, wanda da farko ake kira Hôpital Ballay, an gina shi ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka a cikin tsohon garin. Sunan asali ya karrama likita Nöel Ballay, gwamnan Guinea na farko a 1890 bayan da ya zama dabam daga Senegal. An canza sunan asibitin bayan samun 'yanci bayan wani darakta a zamanin Sékou Touré, Ignace Deen. Gwamnatin Touré ba ta da tausayi wajen murkushe masu adawa. Bayan da aka sanar da gano wani yunƙurin juyin mulki a cikin 1969, an yanke wa likitan-likita mai shekaru 42, Dokta Maréga Bocar, hukuncin daurin talala na tsawon rayuwarsa. Tsakanin 1986 da 1988, wani aikin Turai wanda Jami'ar Liège ta haɗu ya sake gyara asibitin Ignace Deen. Ba tare da kudin Turai ba, da ba za a taɓa sake gina shi kuma a sake ba ta kayan aiki ba. Yana daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin kasa guda biyu tare da dakin bincike, dayan kuma shine asibitin Donka. Ignace Deen shima asibitin jami'a ne (Center Hospitalo Universitaire, ko CHU), kamar Donka, su biyu ne kawai a ƙasar. A cikin labarai Dole ne asibiti ya magance lokaci-lokaci sakamakon rikice-rikicen siyasa. Sojoji sun murkushe zanga-zangar ranar 'yanci a ranar 28 ga Satumbar 1993. Bayanai na hukuma sun ce mutane 18 sun mutu sannan 198 sun ji rauni. Bayanan asibiti sun nuna mutuwar 31, 21 a asibitin Donka da 10 a Ignace Deen, kuma 225 sun ji rauni. A ranar 'yancin kai na 2009, mutane dubu da dama sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin soja na Kyaftin Moussa Dadis Camara a wajen Babban Masallacin Conakry. An bayar da rahoton cewa "masu zanga-zangar sun kasance 'yan tarko, an wulakanta su, an wulakanta su, an yi musu fyade, an daba su da wuka kuma an kashe su ta hanyar wasu kwayoyi na sojoji. Hukumomi sun bayar da adadin mutanen da suka mutu na 56, amma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayar da rahoton sama da 150. An kai gawarwakin dakin ijiye gawarwaki a asibitin Ignace Deen, wanda aka sanya shi karkashin kulawar sojoji. An kafa Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya don bincika tashin hankalin, tare da karbar shaidu daga likitocin Ignace Deen wadanda suka ba da agaji na farko kuma suka ji labarin yadda abin ya faru kai tsaye. A watan Oktoban 2010, an kwantar da wasu magoya bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa Alpha Condé a asibitin Ignace Deen suna korafin cewa Fulani ne suka ba su guba. Matar Condé, Mme Djene Kaba Condé, da sauran shugabannin mata sun kai ziyarar gani da ido ga wadanda abin ya shafa, wadanda ga dukkan alamu suna cikin tsananin ciwo. Labarin ya haifar da tashin hankali a Upper Guinea, inda aka kashe ko kora daga mutanen Guinea ta Tsakiya tare da lalata kayayyakinsu. Lokacin da darektan asibitin Mme Hadja Fatoumata Binta Diallo ta ce magoya bayan Condé ba su cikin haɗari kuma babu wani mutuwa da ta faru, Firayim Minista Jean Marie Doré ta dakatar da ita saboda yin maganganu na zato kafin a kammala cikakken binciken likita. Bayan makonni biyu, wasu masu magungunan gargajiya daga Upper Guinea suka ziyarci wadanda lamarin ya rutsa da su da nuna musu alamomi da lamuran da suka sa suka koma cikin koshin lafiya nan take. Binta Diallo ne Shugaban Kasar ya dawo da shi a cikin wannan watan. Bayan zaben Condé, a cikin Janairun 2011 an nada Dr. Mohamed Awada darekta-janar na asibitin. Ya maye gurbin Dr Fatoumata Binta Diallo. Manazarta

25829

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embeth%20Davidtz

Embeth Davidtz

Embeth Jean Davidtz (an haife tane a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1965) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Matsayin allon ta sun haɗa da fina-finai kamar Army of Darkness, Schindler, Mansfield Park, Bicentennial Man, Fallen , Junebug , da Fracture, da jerin shirye shiryen talabijin Mad Men , Californication, In Treatment , da Ray Donovan . Rayuwar farko An haifi Davidtz a Lafayette, Indiana, yayin da mahaifinta ke karatun injiniyan sinadarai a Jami'ar Purdue . Iyayenta, John da Jean, daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Trenton, New Jersey, sannan suka koma ƙasarsu ta Afirka ta Kudu lokacin Davidtz yana ɗan shekara tara. Davidtz yana da zuriyar Dutch, Ingilishi, da Faransanci. Dole ta koyi Afirkaans kafin ta halarci azuzuwan makaranta a Afirka ta Kudu, inda mahaifinta ya ɗauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Potchefstroom . Davidtz ya kammala karatun sakandaren Glen a Pretoria a shekarar 1983 kuma yayi karatu a Jami'ar Rhodes a Grahamstown . Fitowar farko da fara aiki Davidtz ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko tun tana da shekaru 21 tare da CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board, wanda yanzu ake kira Artscape) a Cape Town, tana wasa Juliet a cikin wani matakin samar da Romeo da Juliet a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Open-Air na Maynardville. Yin wasan kwaikwayon cikin Turanci da Afirkaans, ita ma ta taka rawa a wasu wasannin gida, ciki har da Stille Nag (Silent Night) da A Chain of Voices, duk sun sami nadin ta don Afirka ta Kudu kwatankwacin kyautar Tony Award . Fim ɗin ta na farko ya zo ne a cikin 1988 tare da ƙaramin ta rawa a cikin Mutator na Afirka mai ban tsoro Mutator . Ba da daɗewa ba, ta ci nasara mafi girma a cikin ɗan gajeren telemovie na Afirka ta Kudu A Private Life, a matsayin 'yar ma'aurata masu ƙabilanci. Davidtz ta lashe lambar yabo ta DALRO don Kyautacciyar Jarumar Tallafi don aikinta a wasan shekarar 1990 Houd-den-bek . Don wasan guda ɗaya, an zaɓi ta a cikin 1991 don kyautar Esther Roos Award for Best Actress a matsayin Tallafi a fim ɗin Afrikaans. Steven Spielberg ya lura da rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu na 1992, Nag van die Negentiende kuma ya ba ta rawar Helen Hirsch a cikin Jerin Schindler . Aikin Hollywood LA cikin 1993, Davidtz ta taka rawar Helen Hirsch a cikin Jerin Schindler na Steven Spielberg. Davidtz ta taka rawa a gaskiyar-tushen fim Murder in the First (1995), ya bi da Merchant Ivory samar idin Yuli (wato 1995). A cikin Matilda (1996), fasali wanda ya dogara da tunanin yara na Roald Dahl, ta taka rawar Miss Honey, malamin aji-ɗaya na halin taken. A cikin 1998, Davidtz ta buga masanin tauhidi yana taimaka wa Denzel Washington ta fasa manyan laifuka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki Fallen da fata fata da ke da alaƙa da Kenneth Branagh a cikin Robert Altman ya ɗauki rubutun John Grisham da ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba , The Gingerbread Man. A shekara mai zuwa, Davidtz ya nuna wata mace ta ƙarni na 19 a duniya a cikin sake fasalin Patricia Rozema na wasan kwaikwayon Jane Austen na Mansfield Park kuma ya taka rawa biyu a gaban Robin Williams a cikin tatsuniyar tatsuniyar Bicentennial Man. Matsayin tallafi a cikin karɓuwa na fim na Bridget Jones 'Diary (2001) ya ga Davidtz yana wasa Natasha, abokin aiki kuma ɗayan sha'awar soyayya Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth ). A waccan shekarar, ta fara tsere a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na CBS Citizen Baines, tana wasa da 'yar wani ɗan Majalisar Dattawan Amurka da aka kayar ( James Cromwell ) wanda ita kanta ta jingina ga sana'ar siyasa. Sauran ayyuka sun haɗa da masu ban tsoro kamar 2001's Thir13en Ghosts tare da Tony Shalhoub . A cikin 2002, ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Michael Hoffman The Emperor's Club, wanda ya haɗu tare da Kevin Kline da Emile Hirsch . A cikin Yunibug (2005), Davidtz ta buga wani dillalin fasaha na waje daga Chicago wanda mijinta ( Alessandro Nivola ) ya kawo zuwa North Carolina don saduwa da danginta a karon farko. Davidtz ta kuma fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na ABC da aka buga Grey's Anatomy a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Derek Shepherd Nancy a cikin Sashe na 3 "Bari Mala'iku Su Yi Aiki". A cikin 2008, tana da rawar yau da kullun akan HBO's In Jiyya a matsayin Amy, wani ɓangare na ma'aurata masu rauni tare da Josh Charles 's Jake. Ta baiyana matar rashin gaskiya da rashin sa'a na halin Anthony Hopkins a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Fracture na 2007. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, ta buga Rebecca Pryce, matar Lane Pryce, a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC da aka buga Mad Men . Ta kuma buga Felicia Koons, matar shugaban makaranta kuma mahaifiyar babban abokin Becca, Chelsea, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon Californication . Davidtz ta buga Annika Blomkvist a cikin daidaitawar David Fincher na Yarinyar tare da Tattoo na Dragon . Ta kuma bayyana a cikin Marc Webb 's Spider-Man sake kunnawa Mai ban mamaki Spider-Man kamar Mary Parker, mahaifiyar Peter Parker wacce ta ɓace a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki tare da Richard Parker. Rayuwar mutum Davidtz ta auri lauyan nishaɗi Jason Sloane a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2002, kuma suna da yara biyu. Davidtz yana da ƙanwarsa wacce ƙwararriyar masaniya ce a Jami'ar Nova ta Kudu maso Gabas a Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A cikin hirar da ta yi game da fitowar baƙon ta akan Ray Donovan, inda ta nuna wanda ya tsira daga cutar sankarar nono, Davidtz ya bayyana cewa an gano ta da cutar sankarar mama a 2013, wanda ya sa ta daina aiki wanda kuma aka yi mata aikin tiyata . Matsayin shine farkon Davidtz bayan an yi masa magani, kuma lokacin da aka sanar da shi cewa yana buƙatar a yi tsiraici, Davidtz yayi aiki tare da furodusan David Hollander don haɗa ƙirjin ta da aka sake gyarawa a cikin labarin, tare da yin watsi da amfani da kayan ƙira a matsayin madadin nononta na dama wanda ya kamata a dawo da shi ta hanyar tiyata. "Wani ba zai yarda ba idan wata ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta yi kamar wai nonon ta ya tafi ta ce,' Duba, har yanzu ina yin jima'i kuma kyakkyawa ce. ' Amma lokacin da gaske ne, Ina fatan zai sa wani ya ji daɗi. Har yanzu ina jin kyau, ”in ji Davidtz dangane da sakon da take son isarwa ta hanyar ɗaukar rawar. Fina-finai Fim Talabijin Manazarta Mata yan Fim Mutanen Afrika ta Kudu Pages with unreviewed translations

22384

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20Mutane

Tsaron Mutane

Tsaron mutum tsarin kula da haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a shekarar 1948. Hakanan haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ya bayyana kuma tabbatacce ne ta Yarjejeniyar Turai akan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Tsarin Mulkin Kanada, Tsarin Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dokoki a duk fadin duniya. Gaba ɗaya, haƙƙin kiyaye lafiyar mutum yana da alaƙa da 'yanci kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin, idan an ɗaure mutum ba bisa doka ba, don magani kamar habeas corpus . Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar tsaron mutum a zaman faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙi dangane da haramcin azabtarwa da azabtarwa da azaba mai ban mamaki. Hakkin na kare lafiyar mutum sannan na iya kiyayewa daga mummunan halin lahani, kuma ana iya amfani dashi dangane da haƙƙin fursunoni. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'Yancin tabbatar da lafiyar mutum ya tabbata a cikin Mataki na uku 3 na Bayanin Universalan Adam na Duniya. A cikin wannan labarin, an haɗa shi da haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci. A cikakken labarin ya karanta, "Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, a cikin yanci da amincin mutum." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa a shekarar (1966), ta kuma yarda da' yancin tabbatar da mutum. A Mataki na uku da ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaron lafiyar sa," kuma sashin ya haramta "kamewa ko tsarewa ba da dalili ba." Sashin ya cigaba da cewa "Ba wanda za a tauye wa 'yanci sai a kan irin wadannan dalilai kuma daidai da yadda doka ta tanada." Turai An ambaci haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Mataki na biyr 5 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'Yancin Bil'adama a ƙarƙashin taken ' Yancin kariya da tsaro (Kowa yana da 'yancin walwala da amincin mutum. Ba wanda za a hana wa kowa ‘yanci sai a cikin lamura masu zuwa kuma daidai da tsarin da doka ta tsara) kuma a cikin Mataki na shida 6 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yancin Tarayyar Turai ("Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaronsa "). Kanada An bayyana haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Kanada a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Kan Kanada a cikin shekara ta 1960. A Sashe na daya 1 (a) na wannan doka ya amince da "'yancin mutum na rayuwa,' yanci, amincin mutum da jin daɗin dukiya, da kuma haƙƙin hana shi sai da tsarin doka." Ko yaya, Dokar haƙƙoƙi ƙa'ida ce kuma ba ta cikin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shekara ta 1982, an ƙara haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin tsarin Mulki. Ya kasance a cikin sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada, wacce ta tanadi cewa "Kowane mutum na da 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci da amincin mutum kuma yana da 'yancin a hana shi sai dai a bisa tsarin ka'idojin adalci." Tsaron mutum a sashe na bakwai 7 ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin sirri na jiki da lafiyarta da na haƙƙin kiyaye “mutuncin mutum” na mutum. Wato, 'yancin yana kiyaye kariya daga mummunar cutarwar gwamnati (damuwa) ga yanayin tunanin mutum. ( Blencoe ya v. BC (Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam), 2000) Wannan haƙƙin ya haifar da mahimman shari'a, kamar yadda aka halatta zubar da ciki a Kanada a cikin R. v. Morgentaler a shekarata (1988) bayan Kotun Koli ta gano cewa kwamitocin zubar da ciki na warkewa sun keta dokar lafiyar mata ta hanyar yin barazana ga lafiyar su. Wasu alƙalai kuma sun ji iko da jiki haƙƙi ne a cikin amincin mutum, wanda dokar zubar da ciki ta karya. A cikin Aiwatar da Rushewa v. Sarauniya (1985) an gwada gwajin makami mai linzami wanda ya ci karo da tsaro wanda ya keta barazanar nukiliya . A cikin Chaoulli v. Quebec (Babban Mai Shari'a) (2005), wasu alkalan Kotun Koli sun ma yi la’akari da haramcin da aka yi wa Quebec kan harkokin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa don keta amincin mutum, tunda jinkirta jinya na iya haifar da sakamako na zahiri da damuwa. An yi tattaunawa tsakanin Kotun Koli da kuma tsakanin masana ilimi game da ko tsaron lafiyar mutum kuma ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki. A ka'ida, tsaron mutum zai lalace idan gwamnati ta takaita damar mutum na samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hana walwala, dauke dukiyoyin da ke da muhimmanci ga sana'ar mutum, ko hana lasisi. Koyaya, sashi na bakwai 7 yafi damuwa da haƙƙin doka, don haka wannan karatun haƙƙin tattalin arziki abin tambaya ne. Yawancin batutuwan tattalin arziki na iya zama tambayoyin siyasa . Afirka ta Kudu A cikin shekara ta 1996 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da Dokar haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wacce ta amince da haƙƙin lafiyar mutum a cikin sashe na 12. Anan, an haɗu da "haƙƙin 'yanci" Sashe na 12 ya cigaba da bayyana tsaron mutum da haƙƙin 'yanci sosai, gami da cikinta sarrafa jiki da kula da haihuwa,' yanci daga azabtarwa da ba a saba da shi ba da kuma damar fitina. A cikakke, sashe na 12 ya karanta, Turkiya Kundin tsarin mulki na Turkiyya ya ba da tabbacin tsaro na mutum, tare da 'yancin walwala, a cikin mataki na goma Sha tara 19, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1982 kuma aka gyara a 2001. Labarin ya bayyana iyakoki ga waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta hanyar hukuncin kotuna a ƙarƙashin doka, ba da izini ga cibiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da cibiyoyin shan jaraba, aikawa da sauransu. Har ila yau labarin ya takaita kamewa da tsarewa zuwa shari’ar da alkali ya ba da izinin hakan, inda babu isasshen lokacin wannan, ko kuma aka ga mutum yana da alhakin aikata laifi. Daga nan za a gaya wa mutum dalilin da ya sa aka kama shi, sannan kuma za a gaya wa danginsa na kusa game da kamun. A ƙarshe, labarin ya ba da izinin biyan diyya idan an keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. New Zealand Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta Dokar' Yanci, wacce aka zartar a 1990, ta ba da tabbacin "Rayuwa da amincin mutum" a sashe na takwas 8 zuwa na sha daya 11. Sashe na 8 ya ba da haƙƙin rayuwa sai dai lokacin da aka hana shi bisa ga adalci na asali, yayin da sashe na 9 ya haramta mummunan azaba da baƙon abu. Sashi na 10 ya hana mutum a yi masa magani ba da son ransa ba. A ƙarshe, sashe na 11 ya ba wa ɗan ƙasar New Zealand yancin ya ƙi jinya. Gundumar kasar Ingila An ambaci tsaro na mutum a cikin Jadawalin I Mataki na biyar 5 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998. Wannan sigar ita ce sabuwar shigarwar Dokar, ko da yake akwai ƙananan gyare-gyare tun lokacin. Wannan sabon aikin ya wakilci bangare guda na wa'adin da Tony Blair yayi alkawarin sake fasalin tsarin mulki. Bayani Duba kuma Tsaron mutum Pages with unreviewed translations

22514

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kare%20Hakkin%20Dazuzzuka

Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dazuzzuka

Amazon Watch kungiya ce mai zaman kanta aka kafa a shekarar alif 1996, kuma tana zaune a Oakland, California a Amurika tana aikin kare dazuzzuka da kuma ciyar da haƙƙin yan asalin yankin Amazon. Yana haɗin gwiwa tare da indan asali da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Ecuador, Peru, Colombia da Brazil a cikin kamfen don haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ba da lissafin kamfanoni da kuma kiyaye tsarin muhalli na Amazon. Gangami A cikin shekarata 1964, Kamfanin Taco na Petaco, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gulf Oil, sun fara binciken mai a Arewa maso Gabashin Ecuador. A cikin shekarar 1974, Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Ecuador, ta yi aiki ta hannun kamfanin mai na ƙasa Petroecuador, ta sami ribar kashi 25%. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Petroecuador ya sami sha'awar Gulf Oil kuma ya zama mai mallakar 62.5% na filin man Lago Agrio. Zuwa shekarar 1993, Petroecuador ya kuma sami sha'awar Texaco. Bayan Texaco ya kammala aikin gyara muhalli, Gwamnatin Ecuador ta duba ta kuma tabbatar da aikin kuma ta 'yantar, ta' yantu kuma ta dawwama har abada "Texaco Petroleum daga" duk wata da'awa ko kara da Gwamnatin Ecuador. Koyaya, a cikin Nuwamban shekarata 1993, wani rukuni na Ecuadorians sun shigar da ƙara a kotu a madadin mazauna 30,000 na yankin Oriente, suna zargin cewa Texaco ya ƙazantar da dazukan ruwan sama. Bayan shigar da kara, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta tabbatar a Aguinda v. Texaco an kori kotu daga baya bisa " dandalin da bai dace ba." Don haka, an fara ayyukan shari'a a Ecuador a shekarar 2003. Amazon Watch yana tallafawa masu shigar da kara na Ecuador ta hanyar buga wani kayan aikin jarida da ke zargin cewa Chevron (magajin kamfanin na Texaco) ya kamata a tuhume shi da zubar da na ruwa mai guba mai guba zuwa yankin gandun daji na Amazon na Ecuador wanda ke dauke da mutane sama da 30,000 - wanda ake zaton ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar alakar mai, wanda ya zarce na bala'in Exxon Valdez . A cikin shekarata 2011, yanke shawara a Ecuador ya umarci Chevron ta biya dala biliyan 9.5. Kotun Koli ta Ecuador a shekarar 2013 ta tabbatar da hukuncin kotun a hukuncin da ta yanke a shafuka 222 wadanda suka yi rubuce rubuce game da matakan gurbatar mai a rayuwa da yawa a tsoffin tsoffin wuraren rijiyoyin Chevron da ke cikin daji. A cikin duka, alƙalai ɗaukaka ƙara a Ecuador sun yi nazarin shaidu kan Chevron kuma sun tabbatar da hukuncin, tare da yin watsi da zargin Chevron na zamba. Lokacin da Chevron ya ƙi bin umarnin dala biliyan 9.5 da aka yanke masa don gurɓatawa a filin man Lago Agrio, babban lauyan masu shigar da kara, Steven R. Donziger, ya yi ƙoƙarin tattara hukuncin a Brazil, Argentina, da Kanada. Daga nan Chevron ya shigar da kara a Amurka, kuma yana dogaro da Dokar Racketeer Tasiri da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (Dokar RICO), ta yi zargin cewa lauyoyin masu shigar da kara a shari'ar Lago Agrio sun shiga almubazzaranci da zamba ta hanyar biyan kusan dala 300,000 a rashawa. don samun hukuncin kotu na 2011 a Ecuador. A ranar 4 ga Mar 2014, Alkali Lewis A. Kaplan ya kammala da cewa "an karkatar da hanyar adalci" kuma ya umarci Donziger da ya gabatar da duk wani aiki na tilastawa a Amurka. Donziger ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka, Circuit Second. Shafin yanar gizo na Amazon Watch ya bayyana ayyukanta a cikin Ecuador a matsayin "wucewa sama da tallafawa kokarin 'yan asalin don kiyaye yankunansu da kuma cin nasarar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙinsu, Amazon Watch yana kuma inganta hanyoyin hangen nesa waɗanda zasu iya kare yanayin Amazon da al'ummomin yankin. Tsarin Yasuni ITT shine ɗayan irin wannan shirin wanda muka ƙaddamar dashi sosai. Shawarwarin na neman a ajiye kimanin ganga miliyan 900 na danyen mai wanda ke kwance a karkashin dajin Yasuni na din-din-din a cikin kasar don musayar rabin kudaden man da aka manta. Idan an yi daidai, shawarwarin muhimmin mataki ne na farko don adana albarkatun mai a cikin al'adu da keɓaɓɓun yanayin yanayin cikin Ecuador da ma bayan can. " Bugu da kari, Amazon Watch mai kara ne a karar da kamfanin mai na Amurka Occidental ya yi saboda lalacewar dazuzzuka na Peruvian. Da farko Kotun Gunduma ta ba da izinin korar ba tare da yanke hukunci kan ko Amazon Watch ya tsaya kai kara ba. A kan daukaka kara, Kotun Yanki ta 9 ta soke sallamar kuma Kotun Koli ta ki nazari. Amazon Watch ya kuma tallafawa 'yan asalin Achuar don adawa da binciken mai a kan filayen su ta kamfanin mai na Canada Talisman da kamfanin Argentina na Pluspetrol. Bugu da ƙari, Amazon Watch yana tallafawa wata makaranta da ke horar da shugabannin asalin ƙasar yadda za su kare haƙƙinsu game da kamfanonin mai da ma'adinai. Dama sauran wasu abubuwan A Brazil, gwamnatin na gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a duniya a kan Kogin Xingu, daya daga cikin manyan bakin ruwa na Amazon. Ginin madatsar ruwan na Belo Monte zai karkatar da kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar Kogin Xingu, ya lalata yanki sama da murabba'in kilomita 1,500 na dazuzzuka, kuma hakan ya haifar da tilasta yin ƙaura zuwa mutane 40,000. Tare da mutanen Xingu da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Brazil da na ƙasa da ƙasa, Amazon Watch yana aiki don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayyana tasirin tasirin madatsar a kan mazauna yankin da na asali. Rahoton Amazon Watch ya nuna cewa yawan sare dazuzzuka na barazanar ingiza Amazon din ta wuce tafin da ba zai iya murmurewa ba. Rahotannin sun ce a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kashi 20 cikin 100 na yankin na Amazon an sare shi da wani kaso 20 kuma an kaskanta shi - duk hakan na faruwa ne ta hanyar share fili don aikin gona da manyan ayyukan masana'antu kamar bututun mai da iskar gas, madatsun ruwa da hanyoyi. A watan Satumbar shekarata 2016 Amazon Watch ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya kammala da cewa shigo da danyen mai da Amurka ke yi yana lalata lalacewar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon da kuma sakin manyan iskar gas. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, kungiyar kare muhalli ta Mobilize Earth ta ba da sanarwar Waliyyan Rayuwa, na farko daga cikin gajeren fim goma sha biyu da ke nuna manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar bil'adama da duniyar ta duniya. Kudaden da aikin ya tattara zasu tafi Amazon Watch da Rean tawayen tawaye. Manazarta Kara karantawa Majiyoyi Amazon Watch - Tashar yanar gizo Dan Jarida Ya Fallasa Yadda Chevron Yayi Kokarin Daukar ta A Matsayin Mai Leken Asiri Don Cin Mutuncin $ 27B Suit a cikin Ecuadorian Amazon - rahoton bidiyo na Democracy Now! Pages with unreviewed translations

35631

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayview%2C%20Humboldt%20County%2C%20California

Bayview, Humboldt County, California

Bayview (kuma, Bay View ) wuri ne da aka keɓe (CDP) wanda ke kusa da birnin Eureka a cikin gundumar Humboldt, California, Amurka. Yawanta ya kai 2,619 bisa ga ƙidayar 2020, daga 2,510 daga ƙidayar 2010. Yawancin mazauna yankin suna la'akari da wannan yanki a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Pine Hill." Geography A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, CDP tana da jimillar yanki na , duk ta kasa. Tarihi Ofishin gidan waya da ke aiki a Bayview daga 1925 zuwa 1935. Alkaluma 2010 Ƙididdiga ta Amurka ta 2010 ta ba da rahoton cewa Bayview tana da yawan jama'a 2,510. Yawan jama'a ya kasance . Kayayyakin launin fata na Bayview ya kasance 1,959 (78.0%) Fari, 28 (1.1%) Ba'amurke, 119 (4.7%) Ba'amurke, 88 (3.5%) Asiya, 5 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 185 (7.4%) daga sauran jinsi, da 126 (5.0%) daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance mutane 425 (16.9%). Ƙididdigar ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane 2,489 (99.2% na yawan jama'a) suna zaune a gidaje, 10 (0.4%) suna zaune a cikin ƙungiyoyi marasa tsari, kuma 11 (0.4%) an kafa su. Akwai gidaje 1,023, daga cikinsu 333 (32.6%) suna da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune a cikin su, 369 (36.1%) ma’auratan maza da mata ne da ke zaune tare, 167 (16.3%) suna da mace mai gida ba ta da miji. yanzu, 66 (6.5%) suna da magidanci namiji ba tare da mata ba. Akwai 112 (10.9%) marasa aure tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma 11 (1.1%) ma'aurata ko haɗin gwiwa . Magidanta 310 (30.3%) sun ƙunshi daidaikun mutane, kuma 100 (9.8%) suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.43. Akwai iyalai 602 (58.8% na duk gidaje); matsakaicin girman iyali ya kasance 3.06. Yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da mutane 601 (23.9%) 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, mutane 224 (8.9%) masu shekaru 18 zuwa 24, mutane 714 (28.4%) masu shekaru 25 zuwa 44, mutane 678 (27.0%) masu shekaru 45 zuwa 64, da kuma mutane 293 (11.7%) waɗanda suke da shekaru 65 ko fiye. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 36.2. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 96.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 95.8. Akwai gidaje 1,074 a matsakaita mai yawa na , wanda 1,023 suka mamaye, wanda 649 (63.4%) ke mallakar su, kuma 374 (36.6%) masu haya ne suka mamaye. Matsakaicin aikin da mai gida ya kasance 1.4%; Yawan aikin haya ya kasance 2.3%. Mutane 1,565 (62.4% na yawan jama'a) sun rayu a cikin rukunin gidaje masu mallakar kuma mutane 924 (36.8%) suna zaune a rukunin gidajen haya. 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 2,359, gidaje 936, da iyalai 586 da ke zaune a cikin CDP. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 981 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na CDP ya kasance 83.68% Fari, 0.59% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 4.87% Ba'amurke, 2.16% Asiya, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 3.65% daga sauran jinsi, da 4.87% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. 7.88% na yawan jama'ar Hispanic ne ko Latino na kowace kabila. Akwai gidaje 936, daga cikinsu kashi 30.8% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.6% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 13.7% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 37.3% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 28.0% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 8.7% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.48 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.00. A cikin CDP, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 25.1% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 9.7% daga 18 zuwa 24, 29.4% daga 25 zuwa 44, 23.0% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 12.7% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 36. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 97.4. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 98.0. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin CDP shine $26,023, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $32,941. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $27,542 sabanin $22,463 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na CDP shine $14,119. Kusan 20.6% na iyalai da 23.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 33.9% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 14.2% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Siyasa A cikin majalisar dokokin jihar, Bayview yana the 2nd Senate District, wanda , da the 2nd Assembly District, wanda . Ta Tarayya, Bayview yana cikin California's 2nd congressional district, wanda . Duba kuma  California portal Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

33102

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thievy%20Bifouma

Thievy Bifouma

Thievy Guivane Bifouma Koulossa (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a kulob din Shenzhen FC na China da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kongo. Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa na wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Spain, jimlar wasanni 68 na La Liga da kwallaye takwas a Espanyol, Almería da Granada ban da kakar wasa a Las Palmas a Segunda División. Kazalika yayi taƙaitaccen lokaci a Ingila tare da West Bromwich Albion da Faransa tare da Reims da Bastia, ya wakilci kungiyoyi hudu a Süper Lig na Turkiyya. Tsohon matashin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Faransa, Bifouma ya fara buga wasa a Kongo a shekarar 2014. Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2015, inda ya kasance mai yawan zura kwallaye tare. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Espanyol An haifi Bifouma a Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis. Ya shiga RCD Espanyol a Spain a farkon 2010, bai kai shekaru 18 ba, ya sanya hannu daga RC Strasbourg Alsace. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2011, ya fara buga wasa tare da ƙungiyar farko ta Catalans, bayan da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joan Verdú a cikin mintuna na mutuwa na 2-0 La Liga na gida da Deportivo de La Coruña. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2011, a wasan karshe na Copa Catalunya, Bifouma ya yi i hat-trick a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan kungiyar FC Barcelona da ke cike da ajiyewa da matasa 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallon farko tare da babban tawagar, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan karshe na 2-1 a Sporting de Gijón. A cikin watan Satumban 2012, an ba da Bifouma rance ga kulob ɗin UD Las Palmas na Segunda División. Bayan ya yi nasara, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Espanyol har zuwa 2017. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2014, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta West Bromwich Albion tare da ra'ayin canja wuri na dindindin, an ba shi riga mai lamba 50. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki takwas bayan haka, yana wasa da rabi na biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin dakika 36 na daukar filin wasan a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-1 da Crystal Palace. Bifouma ya koma babban ƙungiyar UD Almería a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, a cikin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 19 ga Maris na shekara ta gaba, an dakatar da shi na tsawon wata guda saboda zargin karya kwangilar da tsohon wakilinsa; An dage haramcin kwanaki bayan haka, kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana a kai a kai ga Andalusians, wadanda ke fama da relegation. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2015, an ba da Bifouma aron ga Granada CF na wannan gasar na shekara guda. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da Stade de Reims, kuma mallakar Espanyol. Turkiyya A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2016, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar SC Bastia ta Faransa Ligue 1. Ya kasance yana sake tafiya a cikin taga canja wuri mai zuwa, tare da Süper Lig 's Osmanlıspor akan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a cikin jimlar wasanni 22 na kungiyar daga Ankara, a wasan da suka ci 5-1 a Adanaspor a Süper Lig a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2017. Ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, Bifouma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Sivasspor a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2017. Kwanaki takwas ne kawai ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 bayan ya dawo filin wasa na Osmanlı. Bifouma ya koma babban birnin Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2018, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a MKE Ankaragücü. Ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a cikin ɗan gajeren wa'adinsa, ƙarshen ta'aziyya a 2-1 rashin nasara a gida da Kasımpaşa a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake ci gaba a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 2019 lokacin da ya sanya hannu tare da Yeni Malatyaspor na uku kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ya zura kwallo a ragar Beşiktaş JK da ci 2-0 wanda ya karya tarihin nasarar kulob din Istanbul na wasanni shida. China A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, 2020, Bifouma ya koma Shenzhen FC na Super League na kasar Sin kan kwantiragin da ba a bayyana ba kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan uku. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake shi ta hanyar yarda da juna kuma ya sanya hannu kan Heilongjiang Ice City FC a matakin na biyu na kasar. Ayyukan kasa Wani matashi na wanda ya iya yaren Faransanci na kasa da kasa, Bifouma ya zaɓi wakiltar Kongo a babban matakin, yana karɓar izinin FIFA a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2014. Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwana daya, inda ya maye gurbin Julsy Boukama-Kaya a minti na 68 na rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a waje da Rwanda a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2014, a gasar daya, Bifouma ya zura kwallaye biyu a ci 3-2 a Najeriya. A wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2015, ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Congo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Equatorial Guinea mai masaukin baki. Ya kuma zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 2-1 a rukuninsu na farko, sakamakon da ya sa kasar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a karon farko tun 1992, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta karshe a kan DR Congo, inda tawagarsa sun yi gaba da ci 2-0 amma daga karshe sun sha kashi da ci 4-2; da kwallaye uku, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu cin kwallaye biyar na hadin gwiwa. Bayan da aka rasa fiye da shekaru biyu na wasanni saboda dalilai ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye a China yayin bala'in COVID-19, an sake kiran Bifouma cikin tawagar Kongo a cikin watan Satumba 2020. A karshe ya sake taka leda a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci a gida da Senegal a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Congo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bifouma goal. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

51529

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia%20Haj-Omar

Dalia Haj-Omar

Dalia Haj-Omar (wani lokaci ana rubuta Haj Omar) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma kwararriya kan harkokin yaki da tashe-tashen hankula wacce ta yi aiki da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta sarrafa, tsarawa, kulawa, da kimanta ayyukan Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka/ Ofishin Ƙaddamarwa na Transition Initiatives a Sudan, kuma an bayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin Babbar Jami'in Raya Ci Gaba a Alternatives, Inc., kuma kamar yadda yake. hadewa da GIRIFNA, the Sudanese Non-Volent Resistance Movement. Ta kuma yi aiki da Human Rights Watch, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, Bankin Duniya, da Chemonics. Rahotonta da ra'ayoyinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar The New York Times da Foreign Affairs. Haj-Omar tana zaune a Faransa. A cewar wata majiya, "ta ji cewa dole ne ta bar" Sudan "saboda gwamnatin tana kallon aikinta." Tana jin Larabci da Ingilishi kuma tana ƙware a Faransanci. Ilimi Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin raya kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa daga jami'ar Notre Dame. Ayyukan aiki da rubutu Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Yunin 2009 cewa "Kore juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran ya nuna cewa 'yanci da 'yancin zama 'yan kasa na duniya ne, kuma hatta gwamnatin Musulunci da ta zo ta hanyar halaltacciyar zabuka na iya yin tambaya da watsi da wadanda suka dora ta." Duk da haka, "Sudan ta yi nisa sosai daga yanayin siyasar Iran da kuma samun cibiyoyin siyasa da ke aiki." A cikin muƙalar watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Haj-Omar ta koka da cewa Sudan ba ta yi kama da kasar da ke shirin gudanar da zabukan kasa na farko a cikin shekaru 24 ba, duba da yadda ake ci gaba da tantance jaridu da kuma "cikakkiyar rashin halartar jama'a daga jam'iyyun siyasa." Da take lura da cewa yanayin siyasa yana da matukar tauyewa, ta ci gaba da cewa "dole ne jam'iyya mai mulki ta bude fagen siyasa ga dukkan manyan mahalarta taron," in ba haka ba "zaben zai fuskanci rashin amincewa sosai tun kafin a yi shi." Ta ba da misali da kalaman da jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP) mai mulki ta yi game da taimakon kasashen waje daga Amurka da Norwegian Church Aid a matsayin shaida cewa "NCP na kokarin yin kira ga al'ummar Sudan ta hanyar nuna tsoma bakin kasashen yamma ko na kasashen waje a matsayin wata alama. cewa ana kai wa kasar hari — kuma su ne jam’iyyar da ta fi dacewa da kare martabar kasar.” Ta yarda cewa zaben ba "kwayoyin sihiri bane," amma ta kara da cewa "zaben da aka gudanar cikin gaskiya da adalci zai iya kawar da kasar daga tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da zabe da kuma mika mulki cikin lumana zuwa dimokuradiyya." Haj-Omar ta rubuta wa gidan yanar gizon TechChange a cikin watan Oktoba 2011 akan batun "Mene ne Matasan Sudan ta Kudu ke Koyi daga Harkar Intanet?" Ta yi gardama a cikin muƙalar watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 cewa lokacin tarihin Sudan na yanzu, wanda ya fara daga hawan mulki na Jam'iyyar National Congress Party, shine "mafi duhu, ba ga 'yan Sudan kawai ba amma ga bil'adama gaba daya," an ba da cewa "bayan Hitler, Stalin da Mao Omar Al Bashir ne ya jagoranci kisan gilla mafi girma a tarihin bil'adama." Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan Sudan ba su ga wata hanya ba, an rufe tunaninsu "a cikin akwati yana hana su yin tunani mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire[,] musamman idan ya zo ga tambayar alakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da addini." Haj-Omar ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The New York Times a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 2012, cewa gwamnatin Sudan da ke mulkin Sudan “ta damu da ci gaba da rike madafun iko kawai” don haka za ta “yi wani abu don murkushe sabuwar tawaye a tsaunin Nuba.” Ta yi kira ga Amurka da "ta yi la'akari da farashi da fa'idar hadin gwiwarta da NCP kan harkokin tsaron kasa da kuma yaki da ta'addanci, da kuma yin la'akari da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da himma tare da kungiyoyin adawa na Sudan game da makomar ba tare da NCP ba" Da take rubutawa a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 2013, game da kama jami'an 'yan sanda na jama'a (POP) na 'yar gwagwarmaya kuma injiniya Amira Osman a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, "saboda kin cire rigarta," Haj-Omar ta lura cewa POP ta samo asali ne daga abin da ake kira "Ayyukan Wayewa", shirin Musulunci na gwamnati "wanda ya kai ga kowane bangare na rayuwar zamantakewar Sudan, kuma ya sanya takunkumi kan ka'idojin gargajiya da aka dade ana amfani da su kamar masu zaman kansu da kiɗa, cakuɗe tsakanin jinsi da yin giya da shan barasa.” Haj-Omar ta bayyana cewa, mafi munin irin wannan takunkumin da aka sanya mata shine na tufafin mata, wadda ta bayyana cewa al'amura sun kara tabarbarewa tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011. Haj-Omar ta yarda a cikin wata kasida a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, cewa ita da sauran 'yan adawar gwamnati a baya ba su shirya ba "don girman zanga-zangar da ake bukata don yin kira ga sauyin gwamnati yadda ya kamata," "Tare da aka yi" na ƙarshen watan Satumba 2013 "ya canza sauye-sauyen madafun iko a Sudan,” tare da kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na murkushe turjiya da ya haifar da fushin jama’a. Ko da yake Amurka, EU, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran gwamnatoci sun yi Allah wadai da zaluncin Khartoum ga masu zanga-zangar, "al'ummar kasa da kasa," in ji Haj-Omar, da alama "ba su koyo daga dogon lokaci da ta yi da Sudan," a cewar ta ci gaba da "don shiga kawai a matakin sarrafa rikice-rikice na kwaskwarima," yana ba da lada ga NCP "don aiwatar da rabin zuciya" na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya (CPA). A wata hira da aka yi da ita a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2013, Haj-Omar ta lura cewa "matakin shiga" a zanga-zangar Sudan ta baya-bayan nan ta "firgita gwamnati," saboda abin da ya kasance "motsi na zanga-zangar matasa" ya zama "motsi na yau da kullun a ko'ina. kasar,” tare da manyan matakan fushi. "Sun yi tunanin za su iya tsoratar da mutane ta hanyar amfani da tashin hankali, amma hakan ya sa mutane suka fusata sosai," in ji ta. Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2014 cewa: "Hakikanin nasarar da gwamnatin Sudan ta samu ita ce ta katse huldar 'yan kasa ta hanyar sanya labaransu ba a ganuwa ga junansu, don haka wahalarsu ta ragu; kuma tare da wannan ƴan adam gamayya. Don haka muna buƙatar motsa jiki na ƙasa don dawo da mutuntakarmu da sanin ɗayan. Kuma ba za a iya yin hakan ba tare da ba wa ’yan gudun hijira ba, musamman ma wadanda ke fama da yake-yake da gwamnati ke yi, sararin bayyana labaransu ta yadda suka ga dama.” Ta ce wannan bangare na gwagwarmayar Sudan "shine inda muke rabuwa da juyin-juya-halin baya-bayan nan a yankin Larabawa," domin akwai "kabilanci ko kabilanci ya kebanta da Sudan." Don haka "Babban kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu neman sauyi a yau shi ne yadda za a samar da wata kungiya mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da za ta magance korafe-korafen dukkan 'yan kasar Sudan maimakon yin garkuwa da su ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na akida da kuma wani lokaci na utopian." Sharhin littafin da Tsokaci A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 2013, ta yi bitar marubuciyar 'yar Najeriya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel Americanah, tana mai cewa "zai yi tasiri tare da ɗimbin masu karatu saboda ta bayyana tunanin al'ummomi da yawa daga nahiyar Afirka daga Sudan tamu. ciki har da wadanda suka tafi da wadanda suka zauna da kuma wadanda suka dawo bayan dogon shekaru a kasashen waje.” A cikin nazarin littafin Amir Ahmad Nasr na watan Yuli 2013 na My Isl@m: Yadda Asali Ya Sace Hankalina-Da Shakku Ya 'Yantar da Raina, Haj-Omar ta kira shi a matsayin misali na cewa sabuwar tsara a Sudan ta ƙarshe tana tattaunawa "dangantakar da ke tsakanin Musulunci da kuma asali." Da take lura da tattaunawar da ya yi kan yadda Musulunci na “hankali” da ‘yancin son rai” ya rasa ga Musulunci na “al’ada” da kuma ilimin Kur’ani, ta kira littafinsa “kyauta ga tsararrakin da suka girma a karkashin duhun mulkin kisa na Sudan. (ko a ciki ko wajen Sudan), jam'iyyar National Congress Party. Waka ce ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin tunani da bincike mai zurfi, da 'yanci daga tsarin addini. Zai girgiza ginshikan musulmi da dama wadanda ba su taba fuskantar falsafar Musulunci ko na Turawa ba; zai haifar da rudani a cikin rufaffiyar al'umma kamar Sudan inda aka dakile muhawarar addini, da mulkin da ba ruwansu da addini, da kuma asalinsu." Sauran ayyukan sana'a Haj-Omar ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti game da tattara kudade a RightsCon a Silicon Valley a cikin Maris 2014, kuma an shirya yin magana a Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo a watan Mayu 2014. Kafofin watsa labarai Haj-Omar tana yawan aika sakon twitter a @daloya, yana rubutawa a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, 2014, misali: "Idan mun kasance kasa ta gaza a da, menene muke yanzu?" Ta yi rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a "Tunani, Fata, da Hasashe" da kuma a "The Udhiya Project (مشروع الأضحية)". Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

33079

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridie%20Gallagher

Bridie Gallagher

Bridget "Bridie" Gallagher (7 Satumba 1924 - 9 Janairu 2012) mawaƙiyar kasar Ireland ce, wacce aka fi sani da suna "Yarinyar Donegal". An yi mata kallon "tauraron pop na farko a duniya". Gallagher ta yi suna a cikin 1956 tare da rikodinta na "Ƙaunar Mahaifa" kuma ta sami lambar yabo na duniya tare da fassarar almara na "The Boys From County Armagh". A lokacin aikinta, wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru sittin, ta bayyana a manyan filaye da yawa a fadin duniya. Ta kuma yi wakoki irin su " Gidan Donegal " shahararru ne. Sana'a Gallagher ta fara rera waƙa a cikin cibiyar 'creeslough' tare da ƙungiyar Ceili na gida wanda Bill Gallagher ya fara. Gidan 'Creeslough' na Jim Mc Caffrey ne kuma Bridie za ta kara ziyartan zauren 'Creeslough' da ke garinta a duk tsawon aikinta na ci gaba. Ba da daɗewa ba (Billy Livingstone) ya ga gwanin Bridie a cikin 1950s (babu dangantaka da mijinta) wanda ya kasance gwaninta don rikodin Decca, kuma ta tafi garin 'Belfast' wanda zai zama tushenta, a nan ne ta auri Robert (Bob) Livingstone kuma ta haifi yara biyu maza, Jim da Peter. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan nata, Peter ya mutu a wani hatsarin mota a 1976 kuma ɗayan ya ci gaba da rangadi tare da Gallagher. Gallagher tana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan mutanen da suka halarta a Albert Hall London, tare da mutane sama da 7,500, rikodin da ba a taɓa daidaita shi ba yayin da ya ci gaba da zama wurin zama. Gallagher ya zama sananne a duniya kuma ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin duniya, Amurka, Kanada, Turai, Australia kuma an san shi da "Yarinyar Donegal". Bridie ya taka leda a yawancin fitattun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, gami da Royal Albert Hall na London, Gidan Opera na Sydney da Hall na Carnegie a New York. Bridie ya yi waƙa galibi ballads ko kuma kamar yadda daga baya aka san su da Ƙasa da Irish. Daya daga cikin fitattun wakokinta shine "The Boys From The County Armagh", wanda ya siyar da kwafi sama da 250,000, wanda shine mafi girman siyarwa dan Irish a wancan lokacin. Bridie kuma ya yi rikodin " Cottage ta Lee ", wanda marubucin Irish Dick Farrelly ya rubuta . Farrelly ya sami shahara a duk duniya tare da waƙarsa ta al'ada, " The Isle of Innisfree ", wanda asalinsa ya shahara a duniya don Bing Crosby kuma darektan fim, John Ford ya zaɓe shi a matsayin babban jigon kiɗan fim ɗinsa, "The Quiet Man". Gallagher tana da nata wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo akan RTÉ haka kuma da yawa bayyanuwa a talabijin (RTÉ, BBC, UTV, da bakin teku zuwa bakin teku a Amurka). Rayuwa ta sirri Gallagher ta zauna a Belfast tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1976 ta rasa danta mai shekaru 21 a wani hatsarin babur. Mutanen Creeslough sun karrama ta a ranar 10 ga Yuli 2000 tare da wani taron bikin murnar aikinta. Membobin danginta daga Creeslough da Donegal sun halarci taron tare da ƴan uwanta mata biyu da danginsu waɗanda suka yi tattaki daga Glasgow zuwa wurin tare da kiyasin taron magoya baya 2,500. An fito da wani plaque na yabo ga Gallagher. Washegari Majalisar Donegal County ta karrama ta lokacin da suka yi mata liyafar jama'a. Shugaban majalisar Charlie Bennett a wajen bikin ya ce "Bridie ta ba da haske ga masu fasaha da yawa da suka bi bayanta kuma na tabbata da yawa daga cikinsu suna kallonta a matsayin abin koyi yayin da suka fara sana'arsu a duniyar waka." Gallagher ta mutu a gidanta a Belfast a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2012 yana da shekara 87. An binne ta ne a garin Creeslough. Hotuna Marasa aure A Mother's Love's a Blessing/ I'll Remember You Love, In My Prayers (1956) The Boys From the County Armagh/ Kilarney and You (July 1957) The Girl from Donegal / Take this Message to my Mother (1958) At the Close of an Irish Day / Two Little Orphans (1958) The Hills of Donegal / My Mother's Last Goodbye (1958) I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget / Poor Little Orphan Boy (1958) Hillside in Scotland / Johnny Gray (1958) The Kylemore Pass / Cutting the Corn in Creeslough (1958) Goodbye Johnny / The Faithful Sailor Boy (1958) I Found You Out/ It's A Sin To Tell A Lie (December 1958) If I Were a Blackbird / The Moon Behind the Hill (1959) Moonlight in Mayo / In The Heart of Donegal (1959) I Left Ireland and My Mother Because we were Poor / Star of Donegal (1959) Noreen Bawn / Moonlight on the River Shannon (1959) Hills of Glenswilly / The Old Wishin' Chair (1959) Orange Trees Growing in Old County Down / The Crolly Doll (1959) I'll Always Be With You / Stay With Me (May 1959) Irish Jaunting Car / Johnny My Love(1960) My Lovely Irish Rose / Don't Forget To Say I Love You (1960) Homes of Donegal / Ballyhoe (1960) Rose of Kilkenny / Shall My Soul Pass Through Old Ireland (1960) The Castlebar Fair / Home To Mayo (April 1962) Christmas in Old Dublin Town/ I'll Cry Tomorrow (November 1962) A Little Bunch of Violets/ The Bonny Boy (1966) The Wild Colonial Boy/ Poor Orphan Girl (1967) Destination Donegal / The Turfman From Ardee (1967) The Glen of Aherlow / Henry Joy (1967) Cottage on the Borderline / Rose of Mooncoin (December 1967) Swinging in the Lane / 5,000 Miles From Sligo (October 1970) If I Had My Life To Live Over / Golden Jubilee (1971) Just Like Your Daddy/ No Charge (March 1976) A Mother's Love's a Blessing / The Road To Creeslough (October 1976 wasan kwaikwayo The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny Dogayen Wasa A Gida Tare da Bridie Gallagher (1962) Ƙananan Bunch of Violets (1966) A cikin Zuciyar Donegal (1968) Bridie Gallagher Ya Rera Buƙatun Irish (1970) Half Door (1978) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje DDTV: BRIDIE GALLAGHER TANA WAKAR 'SON UWA MAI ALBARKA' manazarta Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards

51758

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil%20Sahid%20Mohamed%20Khalil

Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil

Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil (1936 - 2000) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Saliyo da Lebanon, ɗan kasuwan lu'u-lu'u da kayayyaki. Ya yi kuma fice a masana'antar lu'u-lu'u a fadin Afirka da Antwerp kuma ya zama mai tasiri a siyasar Saliyo ta hanyar kusancinsa da Shugaba Siaka Stevens. Jamil kuma ya zo ya mamaye sauran sassan kasuwanci da suka hada da kamun kifi, gine-ginen yawon bude ido da sufurin jiragen sama. A shekara ta 1987, shi da wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban kasa Francis Minah, an kama su, an same su da laifi kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cikin yunkurin kisa da bai yi nasara ba kan Shugaba Joseph Momoh. Jamil ya tsere kuma an kore shi daga Saliyo. Ya koma Freetown kafin ya sake barin ta a shekarar 1999 RUF mamayewa. Ƙuruciya An haifi Jamil a Freetown a shekara ta 1936 mahaifiyarsa 'yar Saliyo ce mahaifinsa kuma ɗan Lebanon. Sana'a Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil ya gina dimbin arzikinsa ta hanyar fitar da lu'u-lu'u zuwa Antwerp a shekarun saba'in da tamanin. Za a iya cewa shi ne dan kasuwan Lebanon mafi nasara a yammacin Afirka. A sakamakon ayyukansa, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi arziki kuma mafi iko a Afirka tare da shugaban kasar Siaka Stevens. Ƙungiya tare da Siaka Stevens Jamil ya sami ruhun dangi a cikin Shugaba Siaka Stevens wanda yake da sha'awar yin amfani da albarkatun zinare da lu'u-lu'u na Saliyo don amfanin kansa. A zamanin Saliyo bayan mulkin mallaka, haɗin gwiwar Siaka Stevens da Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil zai yi tasiri sosai kan manufofin gwamnati. Dukansu biyu za su, na ɗan lokaci, su ƙidaya kansu a cikin manyan attajiran Afirka. Hadin gwiwar Stevens da Jamil abu ne mai dacewa. Stevens ya sami dama amma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa an hana shi shiga kasuwanci. Jamil ya zama mai cin gajiyar kleptocracy da Shugaba Siaka Stevens ya kafa. Gudanar da harkokin kudi na shugaban kasa ya sa ya zama mutum na biyu mafi karfin iko a Saliyo. Tare suka jefa tattalin arzikin al'ummar kasa mai tasowa cikin rudanin tattalin arziki. Jamil ya ƙarfafa Stevens ya haɗa kansa da al'ummar 'yan kasuwa na Lebanon waɗanda ke sarrafa wani yanki na cinikin lu'u-lu'u na hukuma kuma suna gudanar da yawancin cinikin lu'u-lu'u da ba na hukuma ba. Stevens ya goyi bayan safarar lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta yadda a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1969, darajar dala miliyan 3.4 da gwamnatin Saliyo ke samar da lu'u-lu'u a kowane wata ya ɓace, bisa ga umarnin Stevens da Jamil. Shugaban ya bai wa Kamfanin Kasuwancin Jamil na kasa ikon shigo da kayayyaki sama da tamanin da bakwai. ya kau da kai yayin da Jamil ya zama na gaba-gaba wajen safarar kayan masarufi da ma’adanai na kasar nan, inda ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300. An yi wa Jamil baftisma da "Diamond King". A shekara ta 1971 shugaban ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na De Beers bisa bukatar Jamil, wanda ya riga ya sami nasarar samun kashi 12% na rangwamen. A shekara ta 1984 Jamil ya sayi ragowar hannun jari daga De Beers. Wannan shi ne karon farko da De Beers ya taba yin rashin nasara a Afirka. Tommy Taylor-Morgan, Ministan Kudi, ya yi gargadin cewa Saliyo na yin asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 160 na kudaden shigar lu'u-lu'u a duk shekara saboda safarar lu'u-lu'u. Cin hanci da rashawa da fasa kwauri sun kai matsayin da samar da lu'u-lu'u a hukumance ya ragu sosai. A shekara ta 1985 kudin kasar, Leone ya ragu da kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 kuma kudin waje ya yi karanci. Tsakanin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1985 Stevens da Jamil sun yi nasarar kashe kudaden Saliyo har sai da suka mayar da daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da zinare a matsayin kasa mafi talauci a duniya. A cikin bayanin Jamil, C. Magbaily Fyle a cikin littafinsa "Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone," ya rubuta cewa "A karshen shekarun 1970, Jamil ya kasance yana rinjayar gwamnati da nadin ministoci, kuma yana jin tsoro, tsoro ko sha'awar, ya danganta da haka. hasashe na mai kallo." A shekara ta 1978, Kamfanin gine-gine na kasa da kasa, wani kamfani na gine-gine mallakin Jamil ya ba da kwangilar gina gidan shugaban kasa ta Shugaba Stevens Wanda yake a saman tsaunin Juba a Freetown kuma ya yi sama da kadada 25, ginin Kabasa Lodge ya dauki watanni biyu kafin a fara ginin. cikakke. An gamada lokacin taron OAU na shekarar 1980. A cikin watan Disamba 1987 Stevens yana London yana murmurewa daga bugun jini. Daga baya ya samu labarin cewa Jamil bai ajiye bangarensa na cinikin ba a tsawon shekarun da suka yi. A gaskiya gidan da Stevens yake zaune, a yammacin London ya kamata Jamil Said ne ya siya masa. Sai ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba. An ruwaito cewa ya gaya wa Stevens, bai sanya sunansa [Stevens] a gidan don kare shi ba. Stevens ya tunatar da shi cewa shekaru biyu kenan bayan ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. An ruwaito Stevens ya ba da labarin jikansa da ke zaune tare da shi a gidan kamar haka: "Wannan mutumin ya yi amfani da ni". "Allah ya biya shi" Haɗin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu Tasirin Jamil ya yi girma har ya yi nasarar shawo kan wanda aka zaba na hannun Stevens, Shugaba Joseph Saidu Momoh, ya gayyaci Yasir Arafat don ziyarar aiki, bisa ga umurnin abokinsa, Sarki Hussein na Jordan. Makasudin ziyarar Arafat dai ita ce kulla yarjejeniya da Momoh kan gudanar da wani sansanin horar da sojojin Falasdinawa a daya daga cikin tsibiran da ke gabar tekun Saliyo. Arafat ya bai wa Momoh dala miliyan 8 amma a karshe Momoh ya ja baya da matsin lambar kasashen yamma kuma a hukumance ya ce a’a. A maimakon haka, ya ba Jamil damar ci gaba da kiyaye abin da ake kira 500 mai karfi "dakaru na sirri" wanda ya hada da Falasdinawan gudun hijira. . . Gudun hijira ta biyu Jamil ya tsere daga Saliyo a lokacin da 'yan tawayen RUF suka mamaye Freetown a shekarar 1999. Daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan nasa ya mutu ne sakamakon ta’asar da ‘yan tawayen suka yi, inda aka harbe Jamil a gaban sa, lokacin da ‘yan tawayen suka kai hari a gidansa da ke Freetown. An ce dan ya kai wa mahaifinsa harsashin. Tsohon abokinsa, Kakakin Majalisar Labanon, Nabih Berri ya shirya shi ya tsere zuwa Lebanon a kan fasfo na diflomasiyya. Majalisar dokokin Lebanon. Jamil ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun jini a kasar Lebanon. Duba kuma Diamonds na jini Joseph Saidu Momoh Juyin Juya Hali Siaka Stevens Saliyo Antwerp Manazarta Kara karantawa Child Soldiers, Adult Interests: The Global Dimensions of the Sierra Leonean Tragedy by J. Peter Pham, Ph.D. Blood from Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror by Douglas Farah "Freetown Journal; 'Little Beiruts' Multiplying in Africa". New York Times . 24 October 1987. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the Lebanese Connection Sierra Leone: the world's poorest nation by Elizabeth Vidler, Contemporary Review, January 1993 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

51234

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikle%20Glezer

Rikle Glezer

Rikle (Ruth) Glezer (Disamba 17,1924-Janairu 12,2006) ɗan bangaranci ne na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu wanda ya tsara fitattun waƙoƙi game da Holocaust lokacin yaƙin. Rayuwar farko An haifi Glezer ga dangin Yahudawa a birnin Vilna, Poland, yanzu Vilnius,Lithuania, a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1924. 'Yar mai kayan ado,ta yi karatu a Yiddish Sh.Makarantar Frug na Kwamitin Ilimi na Tsakiya sannan kuma a cikin Makarantar Yaren mutanen Poland. Glezer ta fara rubuta wakoki tun yana dan shekara 12,ta kasance mai aiki a da'irar makaranta, kuma yana cikin SKIF, Ƙungiyar Yara ta Socialist-Ƙungiyar Yara ta Bundist.A cikin 1941, lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Nazi Jamus ta mamaye birnin, kuma ta kori Glezer da sauran Yahudawa zuwa Vilna Ghetto. Nazis sun ɗauki mahaifin Glezer a farkon mamaya. Glezer, mahaifiyarta,da kanwarta sun rayu har zuwa lokacin da aka rushe ghetto a watan Satumba 1943,kuma an fitar da su daga ghetto tare. Duk da haka, Glezer ta yi tsalle daga cikin jirgin a lokacin da yake da nisan kilomita 15 daga Vilna kuma ta isa dajin inda ta zama mai ban sha'awa. Kiɗa Glezer wrote several songs during her years of imprisonment in the ghetto. Most of her compositions were lyrics set to the melodies of popular songs:for example, her song "My Ghetto" was composed to the tune of the Russian song "My Moscow" ("Моя Москва") by the Soviet composer Isaak Dunayevsky.Rather than depicting the beauty of Vilna, however, Glezer’s lyrics tell of the grim reality of smuggling food under conditions of disease, exhaustion and starvation. Shahararriyar waƙar Glezer ita ce mashahuriyar "S'iz geven a zumertog" ("Ranar bazara ce"). Waƙar ta ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda aka kora Yahudawa zuwa cikin Vilna ghetto,roƙon su na neman taimakon, da kuma kashe-kashen da ake yi a kan hanyar zuwa ghetto, da kuma cikin dajin Ponar kusa. Dajin Ponar shi ne wurin da aka yi kisan kiyashi na Ponary, daya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi sani da kisan gillar 'yan Nazif, inda aka harbe dubban maza da mata da kananan yara daga Vilna da garuruwan da ke kewaye da su aka binne su a kaburbura. An saita waƙoƙin masu sauƙi da masu jan hankali zuwa waƙar waƙar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yiddish ta shahararriyar waƙa ta shekarun tsakanin yaƙi, 'Papirosn' (Cigarettes), wanda Herman Yablokoff ya haɗa. A shekarar 1999,mawakin Isra'ila Chava Alberstein ya rera wakar da sunan "Zumer Tag". "Ranar bazara ce, rana mai kyau kuma kyakkyawa kamar koyaushe / Kuma yanayi yana da fara'a sosai. Tsuntsaye suna rera waƙa,suna yawo cikin fara'a. An umurce mu da mu shiga cikin ghetto. Haba, ka yi tunanin abin da ya faru da mu! Mun gane: komai ya ɓace. Rokonmu na cewa wani ya cece mu babu wani amfani. Har yanzu mun bar gidanmu. Hanya ta miƙe; Tafiya ke da wuya/Ina jin cewa, kallon mu, dutse zai yi kuka. Tsofaffi da yara sun tafi kamar shanu don a yi hadaya/Jini na kwararowa a titi." - Ranar bazara ce, 1941. Ayyukan bangaranci A shekara ta 1941, lokacin da Glezer ke da shekaru 18, jim kadan bayan ya shirya waƙar "Ranar bazara ce", an saka Glezer a cikin jirgin ƙasa don a kori shi. Majiyoyi sun bambanta ko za a tura ta zuwa sansanonin Nazi ko kuma dazuzzuka na Ponar. Glezer ya sami nasarar tserewa daga jirgin, kuma ta shiga cikin dazuzzuka a cikin gandun dajin da ke kewaye da Vilna. Ƙananan memba na ƙungiyar ƙungiya, Glezer ya ci gaba da rubutawa tsakanin ayyukan soja. Jim kadan bayan haka aka fitar da ita daga ghetto zuwa wani sansani. A kan hanyar zuwa Punar, wurin da aka yi kisan gillar Ponary, sojsota yi nasarar tsalle daga jirgin. Glazer ya koma Vilina kuma ya tuntuɓi membobin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Ƙasa. Ta shiga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Lithuania a cikin gandun daji na Rudniki a kudancin Vilna,a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya a cikin "Mutuwa zuwa Fascism". Tsakanin ayyukan soja, ta ci gaba da rubutawa. Ta koma Vilna tare da ƴan bangaranci da rundunonin sojoji waɗanda suka 'yantar da birnin daga hannun sojojin Nazir. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Daga cikin Yahudawa 60,000 na Vilna da ke raye a 1939,biytana ɗaya daga cikin kusan 3,000 da suka tsira don ganin 'yantar da garinsu ta Red Army. A cikin Disamba 1948,ta yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila tare da danginta,ciki har da mijinta wanda shi ma tsohon ɗan jam'iyya ne, a cikin jirgin Nagba. A cikin 1991, littafin wakokinta, "Leader von Life" (Jagoran Zuciya, 'Wakokin Rayuwa') ya buga ta Tarklin Publishing a Tel Aviv. A cikin 1996, Glezer, yanzu da sunan aurenta Kaplan,ta yi magana game da abubuwan da ta samu ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Gidauniyar Kayayyakin gani na Shoah. Wakokin da aka sani "My Ghetto" Du Geto Mayn -- דו געטאָ מײַן Mawaƙi: Isaak DunayevskyTo "Ranar bazara ce" Es Iz Geven A Zumertog - עס איז געװען זומערטאָג Mawaƙi: Yablakoff, Herman -- יאַבלאַקאָף, הערמאַן Saita zuwa waƙar "Papirosn" "Yana da Grey da Dark a cikin Ghetto" Gro un fintster iz in geto "The Last Night" Di letste nakht "Dariyar Yahudawa" Der yidisher gelekhter "Na kyauta" Ikh bin fray Ayyukan da aka buga Jagoran Zuciya, Wakokin Rayuwa. Littafin wakoki. Tel Aviv: Zaure, 5791/1991. Bayanan kafa Mutuwan 2006

22784

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen%20Nyiragongo

Dutsen Nyiragongo

Dutsen Nyiragongo wani salo ne mai ɗauke da tsawa wanda ya kai tsawan 3,470 m (11,385 ft) a tsaunukan Virunga da ke hade da Rift Albertine yana cikin Filin shakatawa na Virunga, a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kimanin kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) arewa da garin Goma da Tafkin Kivu da yamma da iyaka da Rwanda. Babbar kogin tana da nisan kilomita biyu (mil 1) kuma yawanci tana ƙunshe da tabkin ruwa. A yanzu haka ramin yana da kujeru biyu masu sanyin ruwa masu kyau a bango - ɗayan yana da kusan mita 3,175 (ƙafa 10,417) kuma ƙarami a kusan 2,975 m (9,760 ft). Kogin Nyiragongo a wasu lokuta kuma ya kasance mafi shahararren sanannen lava a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. Zurfin tafkin ruwan ya banbanta sosai. An rubuta mafi tsayi na tafkin ruwa a kusan m 3,250 m (10,660 ft) kafin fashewar Janairu 1977 - zurfin tafki na kusan 600 m (2,000 ft). Bayan fashewar Janairu na 2002, an rubuta tafkin lava a ƙasa da kusan 2,600 m (8,500 ft), ko 900 m (3,000 ft) ƙasa da baki. Matakin ya tashi a hankali tun daga lokacin. Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira da ke kusa suna tare da alhakin kashi 40 cikin 100 na dutsen dutsen na tarihi na Afirka. Ilimin kasa Wani dutsen da ke wani bangare ya hadu da tsofaffin dutsen tsaunuka biyu, Baratu da Shaheru, kuma wasu daruruwan kananan dutsen da ke kunshe da dutsen da ke kewaye da dutsen suna kewaye da shi. Nyiragongo mazugi ya ƙunshi pyroclastics da lava suna gudana. Nesaragongo's lavas ƙananan silica ne, masu wadatar alkali, maɗaukakiyar duwatsu masu ƙarancin gaske ba tare da feldspars ba. Sun kasance daga melilitites masu wadatar olivine ta hanyar leucites zuwa nephelinites, dauke da, a cikin nau'uka daban-daban musamman ma'adanai nepheline, leucite, melilite, kalsilite, da clinopyroxene. Wannan ƙaramin haɓakar silica yana haifar da fashewa tare da kwararar ruwa mai ƙaranci. Ganin cewa yawancin kwararar ruwa suna motsawa a hankali kuma ba safai suke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam ba, kwararar ruwan Nyiragongo na iya yin tsere zuwa ƙasa har zuwa kilomita 100 / h (60 mph). Tarihi mai aiki Ba a san da yawa game da tsawon lokacin da dutsen mai fitar da dutse yake aman wuta ba, amma tun daga 1882, ya fashe aƙalla sau 34, gami da lokuta da yawa inda ake cigaba da aiki tsawon shekaru a wani lokaci, galibi a cikin hanyar tafkin lava mai gurnani a cikin ramin. An jima ana zargin wanzuwar tafkin lava amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba a kimiyance har zuwa 1948. A wancan lokacin, an auna shi kusan kusan muraba'in mita 120,000 (1.3 × 106 sq ft). Balaguro da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa tabkin ya sauya cikin girma, zurfin, da yanayin zafi a kan lokaci. Aikin tafkin lava yana gudana. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, galibin tabkin an killace shi a cikin babban kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gwangwani (kusan 18 m (60 ft) mai tsawo ta 180 m (600 ƙafa) mai faɗi) a cikin kwarin. Fashewar ya fara a ranar 22 Mayu 2021; ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021, mutane 37 sun bata kuma ana zaton sun mutu, bayan kwararar ruwa da ta isa wajen garin Goma. Fashewar 1977 Tsakanin 1894 da 1977 bakin ramin ya ƙunshi tafkin lava mai aiki. A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1977, katangar ganuwar ta karye, kuma tafkin lava ya malale a ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Lava ta gangaro zuwa gefen bangayen dutsen mai tsananin gudu har zuwa kilomita 60 a awa daya (37 mph) a kan gangaren sama, kwararar lava mafi sauri da aka rubuta zuwa yau, ta mamaye kauyuka tare da kashe akalla mutane 600. A tsakanin minti 30, tabkin lava ya wofintar, yana kwarara arewa, kudu, da yamma dutsen tsawa. Babu wani wuri a cikin duniya da irin wannan madaidaiciyar hanya ta ɗauke da tafkin irin wannan ruwan lava. Kusancin Nyiragongo zuwa yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a yana ƙaruwa da yiwuwar haifar da bala'i. Fashewa daga 1977 ya wayar da kan mutane game da irin hatsarin da Nyiragongo ke da shi, kuma saboda wannan, a cikin 1991 aka sanya shi tsaunin Dutsen Shekaru, wanda ya cancanci nazari na musamman. Shekarar 1977 ta gabaci kirkirar sabon karamin iska mai karfin gaske, Murara, dan nesa kadan da gangaren Nyamuragira. Fashewar 2002 Kogin Lava sun sake gyarawa a cikin rami a cikin fashewa a cikin 1982-1983 da 1994. Wani babban fashewar dutsen mai fitar da wuta ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2002, bayan watanni da yawa na karuwar girgizar kasa da kuma aikin fumarolic. Fississ mai nisan kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) ya bude a gefen kudu na dutsen mai fitar da wuta, yana yaduwa cikin 'yan awanni daga tsawan mita 2,800 zuwa 1,550 (9,190 zuwa 5,090 ft) kuma ya isa gefen garin Goma, babban birnin lardin a arewacin gabar Tafkin Kivu. Lava ya gudana daga kwallaye uku a ƙarshen fissure kuma ya gudana a cikin rafi 200 zuwa 1,000 mita (660 zuwa 3,280 ft) fadi kuma zuwa mita 2 (6 da 7 a cikin) zurfin Goma. An bayar da gargadi kuma an kwashe mutane 400,000 daga garin zuwa iyakar Rwandan zuwa makwabciyar Gisenyi yayin fashewar. Lava ta rufe ƙarshen arewacin titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama a Filin jirgin saman Goma, ya bar kudancin kashi biyu cikin uku, kuma ya isa Tafkin Kivu. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa lava na iya haifar da iskar gas mai zurfin gaske a cikin tafkin don tashi ba zato ba tsammani, tare da fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da methane - kwatankwacin bala'in da ya faru a Tafkin Nyos na Kamaru a 1986. Wannan bai faru ba, amma masana ilimin dutsen mai fitar da wuta sun cigaba da lura da yankin sosai. Kimanin mutane 245 ne suka mutu a sakamakon fashewar iska daga iskar shaka da gine-ginen da suka rushe saboda lava da girgizar ƙasa. Lava ta rufe kashi 13 cikin 100 na Goma, kusan kilomita murabba'in 1.8 (4.7 km2), kuma kusan mutane 120,000 sun rasa matsuguni. Nan da nan bayan fashewar, an ji yawan girgizar kasa a kusa da Goma da Gisenyi. Wannan aikin yawo ya ci gaba har kimanin watanni uku kuma ya haifar da rushewar ƙarin gine-gine. Watanni shida bayan fara fashewar dutse a 2002, dutsen Nyiragongo ya sake barkewa. Barazana mai ci gaba Gurbataccen iskar carbon dioxide, wanda aka fi sani da 'mazuku' a cikin gida, ya kashe yara har ma kwanan nan. A wuraren da iskar gas ke zubewa daga ƙasa a wasu matakai masu ƙima, ba tare da tarwatsa tasirin iska ba, tasirinsa na iya zama na kisa. A ranar 8 ga Maris din 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory ta gano wani sabon rami da aka bude a gefen arewa maso gabas na ramin, biyo bayan rahotannin cikin gida na ruri da ke fitowa daga dutsen. Wasu na fargabar cewa wannan na iya haifar da fashewar flank. Masu sa ido a cikin 2020 sun shaida tashin a cikin tafkin lawa da sauran alamun fashewar dutse mai zuwa. Fashewar 2021 A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa dutsen ya sake yin aman wuta. Lava ta kusanci tashar jirgin saman Goma kuma ta koma tsakiyar garin gabashin Goma. Daga baya gwamnan soja na lardin Kivu ta Arewa ya tabbatar da cewa fashewar ta auku ne da misalin karfe 17:00 agogon GMT. Lava ta datse wata babbar hanya zuwa Beni, kuma hukumomi sun bukaci mazauna garin na Goma da su yi kaura, lamarin da ya sa dubban mutane barin gidajensu. Hakanan an yanke wutar lantarki a fadin manyan yankuna biyo bayan fashewar. Fashewar ta haifar da aƙalla mutuwar mutane 32, galibi sanadiyyar haɗarin mota a cikin fitowar da ta biyo baya. Kulawa Kungiyar masana kimiyya ce ke sa ido kan dutsen mai fitar da wuta a Goma Volcanic Observatory (GVO). Ana cigaba da kulawa, tare da bayanan girgizar ƙasa da ke afkuwa kowane minti huɗu kuma bayanan zafin jiki ana samarwa kowane minti goma. Cigaba da bayar da tallafi ga GVO yana cikin shakku, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawara a cikin 2020 don dakatar da gudummawar da yake bayarwa. Manazarta Bayanan kula Bibliography Hanyoyin haɗin waje HUGE Lava Eruption Burns Homes! Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo - May 22, 2021 The Big Picture: Nyiragongo Crater Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV (video missing) Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV's channel, including the video, but missing the text Tourism at Nyiragongo Volcano Photos of Nyiragongo lava lake in January 2011 BBC News pictures of the destruction of Goma by the 2002 Eruption PBS Nova: "Volcano Under the City" Stromboli Online's expedition to Nyiragongo in May, 2005 Alkali Basalt Association of the Continents Google Earth view Mount Nyiragongo tourism Portal

18246

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr%20al-Din%20al-Razi

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, ko Fakhruddin Razi mutumin Farisa ne (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1150 ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1210) wanda ya kasance masanin tauhidi ya san shi sau da yawa, ya kasance mutumin farisa ne polymath, malamin addinin Islama kuma jagora ne na dabaru mai jan hankali. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce iri daban-daban a fannonin likitanci, ilmin kimiya, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari, ilimin sararin samaniya, adabi, tiyoloji, ilimin halayyar dan adam, falsafa, tarihi da fikihu . Ya kasance daya daga cikin magabata na farko da masu shakku wadanda suka zo da batun Multivers, kuma suka kwatanta shi da ilimin falaki na Al-Qur'ani . Mai musun samfurin duniya da kuma tunanin Aristotelian na wata duniya da ke zagaye da wata duniya, Al-Razi ya yi jayayya game da wanzuwar sararin samaniya sama da duniyar da aka sani. An haifi Al-Razi ne a garin Rey na Iran, kuma ya mutu a Herat, Afghanistan . Ya bar tarin wadatar ayyukan falsafa da tiyoloji wadanda ke nuna tasiri daga ayyukan Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī da al-Ghazali . Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa mai taken Mabāhith al-mashriqiyya fm 'ilm al-ilāhiyyāt wa-'l-tabi'iyyāt ( Nazarin Gabas a Metaphysics da Physics ) da al-Matālib al-'Aliya ( Batutuwa Mafi Girma ) galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi yawansu muhimman ayyukan falsafa. Tarihin rayuwa Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn a-Taymi al-Bakri a-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Tabaristani ( الحسين بن علي التيمي البكري فخرالدین الرازی طبرستانی ) an haife shi (544 AH) zuwa ga wasu baƙi Larabawa daga ƙabilar Kuraishawa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Rey a cikin Amol na Tabaristan ( Lardin Mazandaran na yau, Iran). Ya fara karatu ne tare da mahaifinsa, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn al-Makkī, shi kansa masanin sanannen martaba ne wanda a kwanan nan aka sake gano babban kwayar sa a kalam sannan daga baya a Merv da Maragheh, inda yake ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban. na Majd al-Din al-Jili, wanda kuma ya kasance almajirin al-Ghazali . Ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan makarantar tauhidin Ash'ari. Tafsirinsa a kan Al-Qur'ani ya kasance mafi banbanci da yawa daga dukkan ayyukan da ke akwai, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da suka bayyana a baya. Ya dukufa ga karatun da yawa kuma ance ya kashe dukiya mai yawa akan gwaje-gwajen da ake yi a harkar sihiri . Ya koyar a Rey (Iran ta Tsakiya) da Ghazni (gabashin Afghanistan ), kuma ya zama shugaban jami’ar da Mohammed ibn Tukush ya kafa a Herat (yammacin Afghanistan). A shekarun baya, ya kuma nuna sha'awar sufanci, kodayake wannan bai zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tunaninsa ba. Babban Sharhi Oneaya daga cikin nasarorin da Imam Razi ya samu shine aikin fassararsa na musamman akan Al-Qur'ani mai suna Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb ( Maɓallan Gaibu ) sannan daga baya ake masa laƙabi da Tafsīr al-Kabīr ( Babban Sharhi ), dalili ɗaya shine cewa ya kasance mujalladai 32 a tsayi. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi yawancin sha'awar falsafa. Daya daga cikin "manyan damuwansa shi ne isar da hankali." Amincewarsa da asalin Alkurani ya girma tare da shekarunsa. " Babu shakka hankali da tunani irin na Al-Razi "yana da muhimmiyar matsayi a cikin bahasin a cikin al'adun Musulunci game da daidaita tunani da wahayi." Ci gaban Al-Razi na Kalam (ilimin tauhidin karatuttukan musulinci) ya haifar da ci gaba da bunkasa ilimin tauhidi tsakanin musulmai. Razi ya ɗan sami lokuta daban-daban a cikin tunaninsa, wanda ya shafi mazhabar Ash'ari sannan daga baya al-Ghazali. Al-Razi yayi kokarin amfani da abubuwan Muʿtazila da Falsafah, kuma duk da cewa yana da wasu suka kan ibn Sina, amma Razi ya shafe shi matuka. Misali mafi mahimmanci wanda ya nuna kirkirar tunanin Razi na iya zama matsalar dawwama ta duniya da kuma alakarta da Allah. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake tsara hujjojin masana tauhidi da masana falsafa a kan wannan batun, ya tattara kuma ya yi nazarin dalilan bangarorin biyu sosai. Ya yi la’akari, a mafi yawancin, hujjar masana falsafa na har abada a duniya ya fi ƙarfin matsayin masu ilimin tauhidi na sanya fifikon yanayin duniya. A cewar Tony Street, bai kamata mu ga rayuwar Razi ta fa'ida ba ta tafiya daga ƙuruciya yar yare zuwa yanayin addini. Da alama ya ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban na makarantu daban-daban, irin na Mutazilite da Asharite, a cikin tafsirinsa, Babban Sharhin . Ma'anar hangen nesa na duniyoyi da yawa Al-Razi, a cikin ma'amalarsa game da tunaninsa na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma duniyar zahiri a cikin littafinsa na Matalib al-'Aliya, ya soki ra'ayin samfurin ƙasa a cikin sararin samaniya kuma "ya bincika ra'ayin kasancewar mutane da yawa a cikin yanayin sharhinsa. "a kan ayar Alqur'ani ," Dukkan godiya ta tabbata ga Allah, Ubangijin halittu. " Ya kiwata tambayar ko da kalmar " halittu " a cikin wannan aya tana nufin "mahara halittu a cikin wannan guda sararin samaniya ko halittu, ko don wasu kaunun ko wani multiverse bayan wannan da aka sani talikai." Al-Razi states:Al-Razi ya yi watsi da ra'ayin Aristotelian da Avicennian na wata duniyan da ke zagaye da wata duniya. Ya bayyana manyan hujjarsu game da kasancewar duniyoyi masu yawa ko duniyoyi, yana mai nuna kasawarsu yana karyata su. Wannan kin amincewa ya samo asali ne daga tabbatar da kwayar zarra, kamar yadda mazhabar Ash'ari ta tauhidin Musulunci ta ba da shawara, wanda ya kunshi wanzuwar sarari inda kwayoyin halitta ke motsawa, haduwa da rabuwa. . Ya tattauna more a kan batun na wõfintattu - da komai a sarari tsakanin taurari da kuma waɗansu masaukai a cikin sararin samaniya, dake dauke da 'yan ko babu taurari - a mafi girma, daki-daki, a juz'i na 5 na Matalib. Yayi jayayya cewa akwai sararin samaniya mara iyaka wanda ya wuce duniyar da aka sani, kuma cewa Allah yana da iko ya cika wurin da duniyoyin da basu da iyaka. Jerin ayyuka Al-Razi ya yi rubuce-rubuce sama da ɗari a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Manyan ayyukansa sun hada da: <i id="mwug">Tafsir al-Kabir</i> ( <i id="mwuw">Babban Sharhi</i> ) (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Mafatih al-Ghayb ) Asas al-Taqdis ( Gidauniyar Bayyanar da Rahamar Allah) Hujja ta Ibn Khuzayma, da Karramites, da Anthropomorphists 'Aja'ib al-Kur'ani ( Sirrin Alƙur'ani ) Al-Bayan wa al-Burhan fi al-Radd 'ala Ahl al-Zaygh wa al-Tughyan Al-Mahsul fi 'Ilm al-Usul Al-Muwakif fi 'Ilm al-Kalam 'Ilm al-Akhlaq ( Kimiyyar Da'a ) Kitab al-Firasa ( Littafin Firasa ) Kitab al-Mantiq al-Kabir ( Babban Littafin kan Manhaji ) Kitab al-nafs wa'l-ruh wa sharh quwa-huma ( Littafin kan Rai da Ruhu da Iliminsu ) Mabahith al-mashriqiyya fi 'ilm al-ilahiyyat wa-'l-tabi'iyyat ( Nazarin Gabas a fannin ilimin Jima'i da Jiki) Al-Matālib al-'Āliyyah min al- 'ilm al-ilahī ( Batutuwan Mafi Girma ) - aikinsa na ƙarshe. Al-Razi ya rubuta al-Matālib yayin rubuta al-Tafsir kuma ya mutu kafin ya kammala duka ayyukan biyu. Muhassal afkar al-mutaqaddimin wa-'l-muta’akhkhirin ( Girbi / Gwanin Tunanin Magabata da na Zamani) Nihayat al 'Uqul fi Dirayat al-Usul Risala al-Huduth Sharh al-Isharat ( Sharhin al-Isharat wa-al-Tanbihat na Ibnu Sina ) Sharh Asma 'Allah al-Husna ( Sharhin Asma' Allah al-Husna ) Sharh Kulliyyat al-Qanun fi al-Tibb ( Sharhin Canon Magani ) Sharh Nisf al-Wajiz li'l-Ghazali ( Sharhin Nisf al-Wajiz na Al-Ghazali ) Sharh Uyun al-Hikmah ( Sharhin Uyun al-Hikmah ) Duba kuma Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai Jerin masana kimiyyar Iran Astronomy a zamanin da na Musulunci Cosmology a cikin na da Musulunci Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi Nur al-Din al-Sabuni Bibliography Don rayuwarsa da rubuce-rubucensa, duba: GC Anawati, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi a cikin The Encyclopedia of Islam, bugu na 2, ed. by HAR Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1960-2002) juzu'i. 2, shafi na 751-5. Don rubuce-rubucen sa na bokanci da sihiri, duba: Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband VI, Abschnitt 2 (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1972), shafi na. 388–390. Don rubutunsa akan ilimin motsa jiki, duba: Yusef Mourad, La physiognomie arabe et le Kitab al-firasa de Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Paris, 1939). Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muslimphilosophy.com: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Tarihin sa Wani Tarihin GF Haddâd Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

27453

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%20Boutella

Sofia Boutella

Sofia Boutella ( ; an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982)) ƴar wasan fim ce ƴar Aljeriya, kuma ƴar rawa. Rayuwar farko Boutella an haife ta ne a gundumar Bab El Oued na Algiers, Aljeriya, ga mahaifiyar gine-gine kuma mahaifin mawaƙin jazz, Safy Boutella . Dan uwanta, Seif, yana aiki a matsayin mai zanen tasirin gani a masana'antar nishaɗi. Sunanta na nufin "mazajen duwatsu". Ta taso ne a gidan da ba ruwanta da addini wanda ke koyar da fasaha da fasaha. Boutella ta bayyana ƙuruciyarta a matsayin mai farin ciki, inda ta bayyana cewa "ta yi farin ciki da haihuwarta a cikin iyali wanda ya ba ni damar bayyana ra'ayina, na zama kaina kuma na fitar da kowane irin launi da ke rayuwa a cikin tunanina da kuma cikin zuciyata." Tare da ƙarfafawar danginta, Boutella ta fara koyar da raye-raye na gargajiya tun tana ɗan shekara biyar. A shekara ta alif 1992, tana da shekaru 10, ta bar Algeria tare da dangin ta a tsakiyar yaƙin basasar Aljeriya, suka koma Faransa. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara wasan motsa jiki na rhythmic, ta shiga cikin tawagar ƙasar Faransa tana da shekaru 18. Aikin rawa Boutella da ta girma a birnin Paris, ta fuskanci wasu nau'o'in raye-raye da dama, musamman hip hop da raye-rayen titi, wanda ya ba ta sha'awar bayar da karin "ƴanci" idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyawun salon wasan ballet da gymnastics. Ta shiga wata ƙungiya mai suna Vagabond Crew, wadda ta yi nasara a yakin shekara a 2006, kuma ta shiga cikin wani rukuni mai suna "Chienne de Vie da Aphrodites". Cigaban ta a matsayin mai rawa ya zo ne a cikin 2007, lokacin da aka zaɓe ta don aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jamie King don yaƙin neman zaɓe na mata na Nike, wanda ke zama abin koyi na mata da hip-hop. Wannan ya kasance babban ci gaba ga aikinta kuma ya haifar da ƙarin aiki tare da taurari kamar Madonna, a cikin Tafiya ta Confessions, da Rihanna . Ta yaba aikinta da Madonna saboda taimaka mata ta koyi Turanci. Boutella ta yi nasarar halartar taron kade-kade na Michael Jackson <i id="mwUA">This Is It</i> amma ya kasa halarta saboda tsawaita yawon shakatawa na Madonna, wanda kwanakinsa suka yi daidai da ziyarar Jackson. Ita ce babban jigo a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na " Hollywood Tonight " na Michael Jackson a cikin Fabrairu 2011. Aiki sana'a Tun tana ƴar shekara 17, Boutella ya sake karantawa tare da fitacciyar mawaƙiyar Spain Blanca Li . Ta fara rawa a shirye-shiryen fina-finai da talabijin, da tallace-tallace da yawon shakatawa. Ta taka rawar jagora Eva a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo StreetDance 2 (2012), mabiyi zuwa StreetDance 3D (2010). A cikin shekarar 2014, bayan shekaru 12 a matsayin dan rawa, Boutella ya nemi sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo. Da farko, da gangan ta nisanci yin wasan kwaikwayo don rawar jagoranci, tana son yin wasan kwaikwayo masu goyan baya don koyi daga ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekarar 2015, ta fito a cikin babban fim ɗinta na farko, Kingman: Sabis na Sirrin, wanda ya fara tsalle-tsalle a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan shekara guda, ta bayyana a matsayin jarumi Jaylah a cikin Star Trek Beyond, wanda aka saki a watan Yuli 22, shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2017, ta nuna wani wakilin sirri na Faransa a cikin fim ɗin David Leitch Atomic Blonde, wanda kuma ya nuna Charlize Theron, James McAvoy, John Goodman da Toby Jones . A wannan shekarar, ta taka rawa a cikin The Mummy, tare da Tom Cruise, Russell Crowe da Annabelle Wallis . Tun daga shekara ta 2018, bayanan Boutella ya tashi, kuma ta fara fitowa a cikin ƙarin ayyuka na tsakiya. A waccan shekarar, ta fito a cikin fim ɗin Gaspar Noé duhu mai ban tsoro na Climax, wanda ya yi wasa tare da Michael B. Jordan da Michael Shannon a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Fahrenheit 451, kuma ya nuna kisa na kwangilar Faransa 'Nice' a cikin aikata laifuka na gaba-gaba. thriller Hotel Artemis, tare da Jodie Foster, Jeff Goldblum, da Dave Bautista . A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, ta fito a cikin kashi na 5 na farkon kakar Amazon Prime's Modern Love . A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2021, an jefa Boutella a cikin fim ɗin kasada na sci-fi Rebel Moon wanda Zack Snyder ya jagorantarwa Netflix. Rayuwa ta sirri Boutella ta ambaci Fred Astaire, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Daniel Day-Lewis, da Bob Fosse a matsayin tasirin fasaha. Although she has lived mostly in France since age 10, Boutella maintains strong ties to her Algerian roots and identity: A cikin Maris 2014, ta fara dangantaka da ɗan wasan Irish Robert Sheehan ; a cikin Oktoba 2018, Sheehan ya bayyana cewa sun rabu. Bidiyon kiɗa Cesária Évora - " Nutridinha " (2001) Jamiroquai - " Little L " (2001) Matt Pokora - " Showbiz (Yaƙin) " (2004) BodyRockers - " Ina son Hanya (Kuna Motsawa) " (2005) Axwell - "Ji da Vibe ('Har da safe ya zo)" (2005) Madonna - " Hung Up " (2005) Madonna - " Yi hakuri " (2006) Rihanna - " SOS ( Nike Version)" (2006) Chris Brown - " Bangaren bango " (2007) Matt Pokora - " Mai haɗari " (2008) Madonna - " Bikin " (2009) Usher - " Hey Daddy (Gidan Baba) " (2009) Beat Freaks / Geminiz - "Jump II" (2010) Ne-Yo - " Kyakkyawan dodo " (2010) Ne-Yo - " Champagne Life " (2010) Michael Jackson - " Hollywood Tonight " (2011) Ɗauki Wannan - "Ku Shirya Don Shi" (2015) Dakika Talatin zuwa Mars - " Ceto Ni " (2018) Madonna - " Allah Mai iko " (2019) Bebe Rexha - " Hurray na ƙarshe " (2019) Foo Fighters - "Kunya Abin kunya" (2020) Fina-finai Magana Ƴan Fim Mutanen Aljeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25111

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Senegal

Kogin Senegal

Kogin Senegal (Larabci: نهر السنغال Nahr As-sinigāl, Faransanci: Fleuve Sénégal) rafi ne mai tsawon kilomita 1,086, (675 mi) a Yammacin Afirka wanda ya,zama iyaka tsakanin Senegal da Mauritania. Tana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitowar shekara 21,5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin ƙarakoro, da Kogin Gorgol. Kogin ya kasu kashi biyu da zarar ya wuce Kaédi reshen hagu, wanda ake kira Doué, yana tafiya daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa,cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor. A cikin shekarar 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Organisation don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005. A halin yanzu, kawai ana amfani da kogin sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Nau'ikan kwaɗi uku da kifi ɗaya ne kaɗai suka mamaye wannan yanayin. Kogin kuma yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyar sa, Dam ɗin Manantali a Mali da Dam ɗin Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal. Tsakanin akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1927, amma aka maye gurbinsa a 2014. Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Plant, upstream na Felou a Gouina Falls ya fara ne a 2013. Labarin ƙasa Babban ruwan Senegal shine kogunan Semefé (Bakoye) da Bafing waɗanda duka sun samo asali ne daga Guinea; sun kafa wani karamin sashi na iyakar Guinea -Mali kafin su hadu a Bafoulabé a Mali. Daga can, kogin Senegal yana kwarara zuwa yamma sannan arewa ta hanyar Talari Gorges kusa da Galougo da kan Gouina Falls, sannan ya zarce a hankali ya wuce Kayes, inda kuma ya karɓi Kolimbiné. Bayan yawo tare tare da Karakoro, yana tsawaita tafarkin tsohon a kan iyakar Mali -Mauritania zuwa wasu kilomita goma zuwa Bakel inda yake gudana tare da Kogin Falémé, wanda kuma yana da tushe a Guinea, daga baya yana tafiya tare da wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki. Daga nan Guinea-Mali za ta gano mafi yawan iyakar Senegal da Mali har zuwa Bakel. Ƙasar ta Senegal na ci gaba da ratsawa ta cikin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano a arewacin Senegal, inda ta ke iyaka da Mauritania har zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. A cikin Kaedi yana karɓar Gorgol daga Mauritania. Ta ratsa Boghé ta isa Richard Toll inda Ferlo ke haɗa shi daga Lac de Guiers na cikin Senegal. Yana wucewa ta Rosso kuma, yana gab da bakinsa, a kusa da tsibirin Senegal wanda garin Saint-Louis yake, sannan ya juya kudu. An raba shi da Tekun Atlantika ta bakin siririn yashi mai suna Langue de Barbarie kafin ya shiga cikin tekun da kansa. Kogin yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyarsa, madatsar ruwa ta Manantali a Mali da Dam na Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal, kusa da mashigar ruwa, yana hana samun ruwan gishiri zuwa sama. Tsakanin Manantali da Maka-Diama akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant wanda aka kammala shi a 1927 kuma yana amfani da weir. An maye gurbin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, an fara gina Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Shuka a saman Felou a Gouina Falls. Kogin Senegal yana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitarwar shekara -shekara na 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin Karakoro, da Kogin Gorgol. Ƙasar Kaédi kogin ya kasu kashi biyu. Reshen hagu da ake kira Doué yana gudana daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor. Ana kiran doguwar ƙasar tsakanin rassan biyu Île á Morfil. A cikin 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Kungiyar don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005. A halin yanzun kuma, ana amfani da ruwa mai iyaka sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Kodayake wadatar jinsi tana da matsakaiciya, nau'in kwaɗi uku da kifaye ɗaya ne kawai ke mamaye wannan yanayin. Tarihi An san wanzuwar Kogin Senegal ga farkon wayewar Bahar Rum. Pliny Dattijon ya kira shi ko wani kogin Bambotus (wataƙila daga '' behemoth '' na Phoenician don hippopotamus) da Nias ta Claudius Ptolemy. Hanno dan Carthaginian ya ziyarce shi a kusa da 450 KZ a lokacin tafiyarsa daga Carthage ta cikin ginshiƙan Herakles zuwa Theon Ochema (Dutsen Kamaru) a Tekun Guinea. Akwai ciniki daga nan zuwa duniyar Bahar Rum, har zuwa rugujewar Carthage da gidan kasuwancin sa na yammacin Afirka a 146 KZ. Tushen Larabawa A farkon tsakiyar zamanai (kimanin 800 AZ), Kogin Senegal ya dawo da hulɗa da duniyar Bahar Rum tare da kafa hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara tsakanin Maroko da Masarautar Ghana. Masana ilimin ƙasa, kamar al-Masudi na Bagadaza (957), al-Bakri na Spain (1068) da al-Idrisi na Sicily (1154), sun ba da wasu daga cikin farkon kwatancen Kogin Senegal. Masana ilmin yanayin ƙasa na farko sun yi imanin cewa kogin Senegal na sama da kogin Neja na sama sun haɗu da juna, kuma sun kafa kogi ɗaya da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma, wanda suka kira "Yammacin Nilu". (A zahiri, wasu daga cikin magudanar kogin Senegal suna kusa da Kogin Niger a Mali da Guinea.) An yi imanin ko dai reshen yamma ne na Kogin Nilu na Masar ko kuma an ɗora shi daga tushe ɗaya (daban -daban ana zato ga wasu manyan abubuwan ciki. tabkuna na Dutsen Wata, ko Girkin Ptolemy (Γειρ) ko rafin Gihon na Littafi Mai -Tsarki). Manazarta

8918

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa

Jaffa

Jaffa, a harshen Hebrew Yafo ya fito ne daga yankinlarabci Yaffa |يَافَا , wasu na kiransa da Japho ko kuma Joppa), itace dadaddiyar garin dake kudancin bangaren da ayanzu yazama Tel Abib-Yafo, tsohuwar birnin tashar ruwa ce na Isra'ila. Jaffa tayi suna ne tareda kasancewar anan ne labarun Jonah, Annabi Suleiman da Saint Peter na cikin baibul da kuma labarin da aka kaga na Andromeda da Perseus suka samo asali, sannan kuma a yanzu garin yayi suna ne, sanadiyar ire iren nau'ukan lemun dasuke nomawa, wadanda ake kira da for its Lemun Jaffa. Asalin Sunan Garin Ansamu ambaton sunan garin a wasu littafan da suka fito daga Egyptian da kuma Amarna letters a matsayin Yapu. Cewar an sanya wa garin sunan ne saboda Yafet, wanda daya ne daga cikin yayan Annabi Nuhu, Wanda kuma shine yasake Gina garin bayan the one who built it after the Genesis flood narrative|Flood. The Hellenist na danganta sunan da sunan Iopeia, ko Cassiopeia, Mahaifiyar Andromeda. Inda ake fashion duwatsu dake kusa da harbor yashara ne a matsayin inda Perseus ya ceci Andromeda. Pliny the Elder danuwansa babba yadanganta sunan da Iopa, yarinyar Aeolus, ubangijin Iska a cewarsu. Dan Palestinian geographer al-Muqaddasi yane danganta garin da Yaffa. Tarihi Tsohon garin Jaffa an gina ta ne akan wani tsauni tareda samun daman gabar tekun garin sosai dan wani dama na tsaron soji a tarihin Kasar. Labarin tell of Jaffa, da aka kirkira ta hanyar tara duwatsu da kasa a karnoni da dama, yasa tsaunin karin tsawo sosai. Gabanin Tarihi Archaeological yanuna cewar inda garin Jaffa yake antaba zama a wurin tun a karni na 7500 BCE. Zamanin Tagulla Harbourn Asali na Jaffa ana amfani dashi tun a Zamanin Tagulla. Birnin an kirkire shine a kusan 1800 BCE. An samu sunan garin Jaffa garin ne a Dadaddiyar Egypt tun a kusan 1440 BCE. Labarin daya shahara akan the Taking of Joppa ya tabbatar da kwace garin da Pharaoh Thutmose III yayi, whose general, Djehuty sun boye sojojin Egypt a buhun huna Wanda carried by pack animals sannan aka aika dasu camouflaged a matsayin tribute zuwa cikin birnin Canaan, anan ne sojojin suka fito suka kwace garin. Labarun ya zone kafin labarin Homeric story of the Dawakan Trojan a Karni biyu. Kuma ankara samunsa a Amarna letters da sunan da misrawa ke kiransa wato Ya-Pho, ( Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33). Birnin na karkashin mulkin Egypt ne harsai a 800 BCE. Hebrew Bible: conquest to return from Babylon Jaffa an ambace ta sau hudu a cikin littafin Hebrew Bible, amatsayin wani birni dake kallon Hebrew Tribe of Dan (Bibleref2|Joshua 19:46), a matsayin tashar shiga na cedars of Lebanon na Solomon's Temple (Bibleref2|2 Chronicles 2:16), a matsayin wurin da annabi Jonah embarked dan Tarshish (Bibleref2|Jonah 1:3) da kuma matsayin Tasha dan cedars din Lebanon Dan Second Temple of Jerusalem (Bibleref2|Ezra 3:7). Jaffa an ambace ta a cikin littafin Book of Joshua a matsayin garin dake iyakar Tribe of Dan, wanda sunanta na zamani yakoma "Gush Dan" for the center of the coastal plain. The tribe of Dan did not manage to dislocate the Philistines from Jaffa, but many descendants of Dan lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of Deborah" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?" Bayan Canaanite da Philistine dominion, King David da dansa King Solomon sun kwace garin Jaffa and used its port to bring the cedars used in the construction of the First Temple from Tyre. Garin yacigaba da zama a hannun Israelite har bayan rabewar united Kingdom of Israel. Lokutan Assyrian, Babylonian da Persian A shekarar 701 BCE, a kwanakin King Hezekiah (חזקיהו), Sennacherib, sarkin Assyria, ya kwace yankin daga Jaffa. Bayan wani lokaci na kwatan Babylonia, karkashin mulkin Persia, Jaffa nada gwamnati ne daga Phoenicians din Tyre. Lokutan Hellenistic zuwa Byzantine Mayakan Alexander the Great sun zauna a Jaffa. Sai daga baya tazama tashar Seleucid Empire harsai lokacin da Maccabees (1 Maccabees x.76, xiv.5) suka kwace ta kuma Hasmonean dynasty suka mulki garin. Lokacin First Jewish–Roman War, ankwace garin Jaffa da kona ta daga Cestius Gallus. Malamin tarihin Roman Jewish Josephus (Jewish War 2.507–509, 3:414–426) yayi rubutu cewa mazauna 8,400 aka kashe a garin. Pirates dasuke aiki a sabon garin sun hadu da fushin Vespasian, wanda ya rushe garin kuma ya gina ganuwa a inda take, dasanya Roman garrison agurin. Labarin New Testament game da Saint Peter wanda yadawo da Dorcas ta cigaba da rayuwa (dake cikin Acts of the Apostles, , tarihin yafaru ne a Jaffa, sai ake kira da Girka (Latinized amatsayin Joppa). relates that, while Peter was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with "clean" and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the Holy Spirit telling him to accompany several messengers to Cornelius in Caesarea Maritima. Peter retells the story of his vision in , explaining how he had come to preach Christianity to the gentiles. In Midrash Tanna'im in its chapter Deuteronomy 33:19, reference is made to Jose ben Halafta (2nd century) traveling through Jaffa. Jaffa seems to have attracted serious Jewish scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The Jerusalem Talmud (compiled 4th and 5th century) in Moed Ketan references Rabi Akha bar Khanina of Jaffa; and in Pesachim chapter 1 refers to Rabi Pinchas ben Yair of Jaffa. The Babylonian Talmud (compiled 5th century) in Megillah 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. Leviticus Rabbah (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The Pesikta Rabbati (written in the 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa.. Several streets and alleys of the Jaffa Flea Market area are named after these scholars. During the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and Byzantine locality, which only in the 5th century became a bishopric. A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known. Lokaci Matsakaici In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla, then the provincial capital. Al-Muqaddasi (c. 945/946 - 991) described Yafah as "lying on the sea, is but a small town, although the emporium of Palestine and the port of Ar Ramlah. It is protected by a strong wall with iron gates, and the sea-gates also are of iron. The mosque is pleasant to the eye, and overlooks the sea. The harbour is excellent". Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the First Crusade, and was the centre of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. One of its counts, John of Ibelin, wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on 10 September 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 (Battle of Jaffa) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies. Frederick II fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah." In 1268, Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian Mamluks, led by Baibars. Abu'l-Fida (1273 – 1331), writing in 1321, described "Yafa, in Filastin" as "a small but very pleasant town lying on the sea-shore. It has a celebrated harbour. The town of Yafa is well fortified. Its markets are much frequented, and many merchants ply their trades here. There is a large harbour frequented by all the ships coming to Filastin, and from it they set sail to all lands. Between it and Ar Ramlah the distance is 6 miles, and it lies west of Ar Ramlah." The traveller Jean Cotwyk (Cotovicus) described Jaffa as a heap of ruins when he visited in 1598. Lokacin Usmaniya In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottoman sultan Selim I, and in the census of 1596, it appeared located in the nahiya of Ramla in the liwa of Gaza. It had a population of 15 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on various products; a total of 7,520 akçe. The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to Ramla and Lod, where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore. On 7 March 1799 Napoleon captured the town in what became known as the Siege of Jaffa, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French. Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Moit described it thus: Many more died in an epidemic of bubonic plague that broke out soon afterwards. The governor who was appointed after these devastating events, Muhammad Abu-Nabbut, commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including the Mahmoudiya Mosque and Sabil Abu Nabbut. During the 1834 Peasants' revolt in Palestine, Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. Rayuwa na zamantakewa a birnin ya sake dawowa ne a farkon karni na 19th. A 1820, Isaiah Ajiman na Istanbul ya gina synagogue da dakuna domin kwanan yahudawa akan hanyarsu na tafiya zuwa birnayen Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias da Safed. Garin ne yakasance akafi sani da Dar al-Yehud (Kalmar larabci dake nufin "gidan yahudawa"); kuma nan ne farkon mazaunan unguwa na yahudawa a Jaffa. Zaban Mahmud Aja amatsayin gwamnan Usmaniya, sai yazama mafarin samun zaman lafiya da cigaba a birnin, amma hakan ya katsu a 1832 da aka kwace birnin wanda Muhammad Ali na Misira yayi. By 1839, at least 153 Sephardi Jews were living in Jaffa. The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi miRagusa. In the early 1850s, HaLevi leased an orchard to Clorinda S. Minor, founder of a Christian messianic community that established Mount Hope, a farming initiative to encourage local Jews to learn manual trades, which the Messianics did in order to pave wave for the Second Coming of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist Moses Montefiore bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it. Anazarci Biranen_Isra'ila

24808

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20J.%20Ward

T. J. Ward

Terrell Ray "TJ" Ward Jr. (an haife shi a watan 12 Disamba 1986) tsohon amintaccen ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni takwas a cikin National Football League (NFL). Ya buga ƙwallon kwaleji a Oregon , kuma Cleveland Browns ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu na 2010 NFL Draft . Ward kuma ya buga wa Denver Broncos, wanda ya ci Super Bowl 50 . Shekarun farko Ward ya buga ƙwallon makarantar sakandare a gidan wutar lantarki na De La Salle yayin nasarar cin wasanni 151. Raunin da ya samu a farkon shekarun sa ya hana masu duba da yawa, wanda ya kai shi ga tafiya tare da Ducks na Oregon. Bai hau kan sahun farko ba har zuwa babban shekarar sa saboda hazaƙar da ke cikin ƙungiyar Sana'ar sana'a Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns ya zaɓi Ward a zagaye na biyu (38th overall) na 2010 NFL Draft . Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rookie na shekaru huɗu, darajan dalar 4.02, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2010. A duk sansanin horarwa, Ward ya fafata da Mike Adams don zama farkon farawa kyauta. Babban kocin Eric Mangini ya sanya wa Ward suna zaman lafiya na farawa don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Ya fara tare da aminci mai ƙarfi Abram Elam . Ya sanya ƙwararren masani na farko a cikin farawar kakar Cleveland Browns a Tampa Bay Buccaneers kuma ya yi rikodin 11 haɗe-haɗe (solo takwas) yayin asarar 17-14. A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, 2010, Ward ya yi rikodin tara guda tara yayin nasarar Browns 23-20 akan Cincinnati Bengals a Makon 4. A cikin kwata na huɗu, an hukunta Ward saboda isar da bugun zuwa ga babban mai karɓar Bengals Jordan Shipley . An kori Shipley daga filin kuma an gano yana da rauni. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 2010, ƙungiyar ta ba Ward tarar $ 15,000 saboda bugun da ya jawo hankalin ƙasa kuma aka yi ta suka. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, 2010, Ward ya yi wasan solo guda biyar, karkacewar wucewa guda biyu, kuma ya katse wucewa biyu yayin asarar 24-20 a Jacksonville Jaguars a Makon 11. Ward ya fara yin kutse na farko a ƙoƙarin wucewa ta hannun ɗan wasan baya David Garrard, wanda aka yi niyya da farko don mai karɓar Mike Thomas, kuma ya mayar da ita don samun yadi 16 a cikin kwata na uku. A cikin Makon 14, ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe 12 na kakar wasa (solo goma) yayin asarar 13-6 a Buffalo Bills . Ya fara duk wasannin 16 a matsayin rookie a cikin 2010 kuma ya yi rikodin 123 haɗe -haɗe (solo 95), karkacewar wucewa guda goma, tsattsauran ra'ayi guda biyu, da kuma tilastawa guda. 2011 A ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 2011, Cleveland Browns ta ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar korar kocinta Eric Mangini bayan sun gama da rikodin 5-11 a 2010. Cleveland Browns sun yi hayar Pat Shurmur a matsayin sabon kocin su kuma sun yi hayar Dick Jauron don maye gurbin Rob Ryan a matsayin mai kula da tsaro. Babban kocin Pat Shurmur ya sanya wa Ward suna amintaccen tsaro don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, tare da aminci Usama Young . A cikin Makon 6, Ward ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe guda takwas na haɗe-haɗe a cikin asarar Browns '24-17 a Oakland Raiders . A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2011, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda bakwai, ya ɓata faski, kuma ya yi buhun aikinsa na farko a lokacin cin 6-3 da Seattle Seahawks a Makon 7. Ward ya yi buhun aikinsa na farko a kan Seahawks 'quarterback Charlie Whitehurst don asarar yadi takwas a cikin kwata na biyu. A watan Nuwamba 6, 2011, Ward ya murƙushe ƙafarsa yayin raunin 30-12 a Houston Texans a Makon 9 kuma bai yi aiki ba don wasanni shida na gaba (Makonni 10-15). A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2011, Cleveland Browns bisa hukuma ya sanya Ward kan ajiyar da aka ji rauni. Ya gama kakar tare da haɗe -haɗe 39 (28 solo), karkacewar wucewa uku, da buhu ɗaya a cikin wasanni takwas da farawa takwas. 2012 Ward ya ci gaba da matsayin sa a matsayin farkon aminci mai ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 2012 kuma ya fara kakar tare da fara aminci Eric Hagg . A cikin Makon 2, ya tattara tara-haɗe guda tara na haɗe-haɗe a lokacin asarar 34-27 a Cincinnati Bengals . A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2012, Cleveland Browns ya sanya Ward a wurin ajiyar rauni saboda raunin gwiwa. Ward ya gama kakar 2012 NFL tare da haɗe -haɗe guda 68 (solo 50), karkacewar fasinjoji huɗu, fashewar tilastawa uku, buhu ɗaya, da tsoma baki ɗaya a cikin wasanni 15 da farawa 15. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2012, Cleveland Browns ta ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar korar kocinta Pat Shurmur da babban manaja Tom Heckert bayan kammalawa da rikodin 5-11. 2013 A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2013, Cleveland Browns ya yi hayar mai kula da ayyukan Carolina Panthers Rob Chudzinski don zama sabon kocin su. Mai kula da harkokin tsaro Ray Horton ya riƙe Ward a matsayin farkon tsaro mai ƙarfi. Ward ya fara tare da farawa lafiya Tashaun Gipson . A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, 2013, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda biyar, ya karkatar da wucewa, kuma ya dawo da kutse don fara taɓa aikinsa yayin nasarar 37-24 akan Buffalo Bills a Mako na 5. Ward ya katange wata izinin wucewa ta hannun 'yar wasan baya Jeff Tuel, wanda aka yi niyya ga mai karɓar Robert Woods mai yawa, kuma ya mayar da ita don tazarar yadi 44 a cikin kwata na huɗu. A cikin Makona 7, ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe 11 na kakar wasa (solo tara) yayin asarar 31-13 a Green Bay Packers . A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2013, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda tara, ya karkatar da wucewa, kuma ya dawo da murmurewa don taɓawa yayin asarar 38-31 akan Chicago Bears a Makona 15. Ward ya dawo da rudani ta ƙarshen Bears ' Martellus Bennett, wanda abokin aikin sa Billy Winn ya tilasta shi, kuma ya mayar da ita don tazarar yadi 51 a cikin kwata na uku. Ya fara a duk wasannin 16 a cikin 2013 kuma ya yi 112 haɗe -haɗe (75 solo), karkacewar wucewa guda biyar, tsoma baki biyu, da buhu 1.5. Denver Broncos A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, 2014, Ward ya sanya hannu tare da Denver Broncos a kan kwangilar shekaru huɗu, dala miliyan 23. A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, ya sami tafiya ta biyu a jere zuwa Pro Bowl. Ward yana da fakitoci 61, buhu biyu, fashewar tilastawa biyu, da wucewa shida da aka kare a kakar shekarar 2015 NFL. Broncos sun gama da tsaron #1 da rikodin 12-4. A cikin Rukunin Rarrabawa da Pittsburgh Steelers, Ward ya yi rikodin abubuwa guda huɗu a cikin nasarar 23 - 16. A wasan Gasar AFC da New England Patriots, Ward yana da tawa shida kafin ya bar wasan da raunin idon sawu kuma bai dawo ba. Broncos daga baya ya ci gaba da lashe wasan 20 - 18. Ward ya dawo don yin wasa a nasarar Broncos 24 - 10 a Super Bowl 50 akan Carolina Panthers, inda ya yi rikodin takunkumi guda bakwai, kariya ta wucewa, murmushin fumble, da tsoma baki. Abokan wasansa sun kasance a matsayi na 68th akan manyan 'yan wasan NFL na 100 na 2016 . A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2017, Broncos ta sake Ward. Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, 2017, Ward ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda da darajan $ 5 miliyan tare da Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Cardinals na Arizona A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, an rattaba hannu kan Ward zuwa ƙungiyar horar da Cardinals na Arizona bayan ficewa daga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin yanayi biyu na baya. An sake shi ranar 20 ga Oktoba Ward ya sanar da yin ritaya a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 2021. Rayuwar mutum Ward shine babban ɗan'uwan tsohon Atlanta Falcons wanda ke gudu Terron Ward . Duba kuma Babu Yankin tashi Tashar yanar gizon Denver Broncos tarihin rayuwa Tarihin Cleveland Browns Oregon Ducks bio Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1986

40891

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (/məˈɡɛlən/ [ /məˈdʒɛlən/; Portuguese, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish:, IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; 4 Fabrairu 1480-27 Afrilu 1521) ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne mai bincike. An fi saninsa da yadda ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci balaguro na shekarar 1519 na Sipaniya zuwa Gabashin Indiyawan da ke kan Tekun Pasifik don buɗe hanyar kasuwanci ta teku, a lokacin ne ya gano hanyar interoceanic da ke ɗauke da sunansa kuma ya sami nasarar fara zirga-zirgar Turai daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Asiya. A lokacin wannan tafiya, an kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a shekara ta 1521 a Philippines ta yau, bayan da ya fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummar 'yan asalin da Lapulapu ya jagoranta, wanda a sakamakon haka ya zama alamar kasa ta Philippine na tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Bayan mutuwar Magellan, Juan Sebastián Elcano ya jagoranci balaguron, kuma tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun mambobi a cikin daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu da suka rage, sun kammala zagaye na farko na duniya lokacin da suka koma Spain a shekarar 1522. Biography with signature Articles with hCards An haifi Magellan a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1480 a cikin dangin ƙananan ƴan ƙasar Portugal, Magellan ya zama ƙwararren matukin jirgin ruwa kuma jami'in sojan ruwa a hidimar Crown Portuguese a Asiya. Sarki Manuel ya ki goyon bayan shirin Magellan na isa tsibirin Maluku ("Spice Islands") ta hanyar tafiya zuwa yammacin nahiyar Amurka. Da yake fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, Magellan ya bar Portugal kuma ya ba da shawarar irin wannan balaguron zuwa ga Sarki Charles I na Spain, wanda ya yarda da shi. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa a Portugal sun ɗauke shi maci amana kuma bai dawo ba. A Seville ya yi aure, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, kuma ya shirya balaguro. Domin biyayyarsa ga Masarautar Hispaniya, a cikin shekarar 1518, an nada Magellan a matsayin mai kula da jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya kuma ya ba da umarnin balaguro-jirgin ruwa biyar na Armada na Molucca. An kuma nada shi Kwamandan Order of Santiago, daya daga cikin manyan mukamai na soja na Daular Spain. Ya ba da iko na musamman da gata daga Sarki, ya jagoranci Armada daga Sanlucar de Barrameda kudu maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika, zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, har zuwa Patagonia. Duk da yawan guguwa da guguwa, balaguron ya samu nasarar ratsa mashigin Magellan zuwa cikin Mar del Sur, wanda Magellan ya sake masa suna "Tekun Aminci" (Tekun Pacific na zamani). Balaguron ya isa Guam kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, tsibirin Philippine. A can aka kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a cikin watan Afrilu 1521. A karkashin umarnin kyaftin Juan Sebastian Elcano, balaguron ya isa tsibirin Spice daga baya. Don komawa Spain da kuma guje wa kamawa da Portuguese, sauran jiragen ruwa guda biyu na balaguro sun rabu, daya yana ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don isa New Spain ta hanyar tafiya zuwa gabas ta tekun Pacific, yayin da ɗayan, Elcano ya umarta, ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma ta Tekun Indiya. har zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, daga karshe suka isa tashar jirgin ruwan balaguro kuma ta haka ne aka kammala zagaye na farko na duniya. Yayin da yake hidimar Masarautar Portugal, Magellan ya riga ya isa tsibirin Malay a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a tafiye-tafiyen da ya gabata na tafiya gabas (daga 1505 zuwa 1511-1512). Ta hanyar sake ziyartar wannan yanki amma yanzu tafiya yamma, Magellan ya sami kusan cikakkiyar kewayawa na duniya a karon farko a tarihi. Ƙuruciya da tafiye-tafiye An haifi Magellan a garin Sabrosa na Portuguese a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 1480. Mahaifinsa, Pedro de Magalhães, ƙaramin memba ne na ƴan ƙasar Portugal kuma magajin garin. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Alda de Mezquita. 'Yan uwan Magellan sun hada da Diego de Sosa da Isabel Magellan. An haife shi azaman shafin Sarauniya Eleanor, mataimakiyar Sarki John II. A cikin shekarar 1495 ya shiga hidimar Manuel I, magajin John. A cikin watan Maris 1505, yana da shekaru 25, Magellan ya shiga cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa 22 da aka aika don karbar bakuncin Francisco de Almeida a matsayin mataimakin farko na Portuguese Indiya. Ko da yake sunansa bai bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, an san cewa ya zauna a can shekaru takwas, a Goa, Cochin da Quilon. Ya halarci yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da yaƙin Cannanore a shekara ta 1506, inda ya ji rauni. A shekara ta 1509 kuma ya yi yaƙi a wani yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida da suka canza duniya, yaƙin Diu. Daga baya ya tashi a ƙarƙashin Diogo Lopes de Sequeira a cikin ofishin jakadancin Portugal na farko zuwa Malacca, tare da Francisco Serrão, abokinsa kuma mai yiwuwa dan uwan. A watan Satumba, bayan isa Malacca, balaguron ya fada cikin wani makirci kuma ya ƙare a ja da baya. Magellan yana da muhimmiyar rawa, yana gargaɗin Sequeira tare da jefa rayuwarsa cikin haɗari don ceto Francisco Serrão da sauran waɗanda suka sauka. A cikin shekarar 1511, karkashin sabon gwamna Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan da Serrão sun shiga cikin cin nasara na Malacca. Bayan cin nasara, hanyoyinsu sun rabu: An ɗaukaka Magellan, tare da ganima mai arziki. A cikin kamfanin wani Malay ya yi baftisma kuma ya yi baftisma, Enrique na Malacca, ya koma Portugal a 1512 ko 1513. Serrão ya tashi a cikin balaguron farko da aka aika don nemo "Tsibirin Spice" a cikin Moluccas, inda ya zauna. Ya auri wata mace daga Amboina kuma ya zama mai baiwa Sarkin Musulmi shawara bayan Sirrullah. Wasiƙunsa zuwa Magellan daga baya sun tabbatar da yanke hukunci, suna ba da bayanai game da yankuna masu samar da kayan yaji. Bayan ya yi hutu ba tare da izini ba, Magellan ya fadi daga ni'ima. Yin hidima a Maroko, an ji masa rauni, wanda ya haifar da gurguzu na dindindin. An zarge shi da yin kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da Moors. An tabbatar da zargin karya, amma bai sami ƙarin tayin aikin ba bayan 15 ga watan Mayu 1514. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1515, an ba shi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Portuguese, amma ya ƙi wannan. A cikin shekarar 1517, bayan jayayya da Manuel I na Portugal, wanda ya ki amincewa da buƙatunsa na ci gaba da jagorantar balaguro don isa tsibirin Spice daga gabas (watau yayin tafiya zuwa yamma, don haka guje wa buƙatar tafiya a kusa da iyakar Afirka ), ya tafi Spain. A Seville ya yi abokantaka da dan kasarsa Diogo Barbosa kuma nan da nan ya auri 'yar matar Diogo ta biyu, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Rodrigo de Magallanes da Carlos de Magallanes, dukansu sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. Matarsa ta mutu a Seville a kusa da 1521. A halin yanzu, Magellan ya sadaukar da kansa don nazarin zane-zane na baya-bayan nan, bincike, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Rui Faleiro, wata ƙofa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kudancin Pacific da yiwuwar Moluccas na Sipaniya ne a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

57690

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebessa

Tebessa

Tébessa ko Tebessa ( Tibissa, Tbessa ko Tibesti ), Theveste na gargajiya, babban birnin lardin Tébessa ne a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya . Tana da wuraren tarihi da dama, mafi mahimmanci shine bangon da ya kewaye birnin da ƙofofinsa. An kuma san birnin da kafet ɗin Aljeriya na gargajiya. Tébessa gida ce ga mutane sama da 190,000 a cikin 2007. Suna Tebessa,rubuta a cikin Faransanci, tsohuwar Helenawa an san su da ( ) ko ( , 'Ƙofofi ɗari'). An yi wannan Latin a matsayin Theveste . Tarihi A zamanin da,Theveste ya kafa wani ɓangare na daular Roma. Bayan kafuwar Daular Rum,rundunar ta 3 ga Augustan ta kasance a Theveste kafin a tura ta zuwa Lambaesis.Daga baya Theveste ya zama mulkin mallaka na Romawa,mai yiwuwa a ƙarƙashin Trajan a farkon karni na 2.A lokacin Trajan birni ne mai bunƙasa tare da mazauna kusan 30,000.Rushewar da ke rayuwa a cikin Tebessa na yau suna da wadatuwa da yawa a cikin tsoffin abubuwan tarihi,daga cikinsu akwai babban baƙon nasara na Caracalla,haikalin Roman,da Basilica na Kirista na ƙarni na 4. Akwai ambaton majalisa da masu ba da taimako suka yi a wurin.Daga cikin tsarkaka akwai bishop Lucius,wanda ya taimaka a Majalisar Carthage ta 256 kuma ya mutu a matsayin shahidi bayan shekaru biyu;Maximilianus,ya yi shahada a ranar 12 ga Maris 295;da Crispina,ya yi shahada a ranar 5 ga Disamba 304.Wasu daga cikin sauran bishop din an san su: Romulus a cikin 349;Urbicus a cikin 411; Felix ya kori da Vandals a cikin 484; Palladius da aka ambata a cikin wani rubutu. A cikin ƙarni na 4th da 5th,Theveste ya kasance babban wurin Manichaeism kuma.A watan Yuni na shekara ta 1918, an gano wani codex na Latin na ganye 26 da Manichaeans suka rubuta a cikin wani kogo kusa da birnin.Bayan wata daya, Henri Omont ya sami sauran ganyen farko guda 13.Dukan littafin yanzu ana kiransa da Tebessa codex kuma ana ajiye shi a Cologne.Markus Stein ne ya gyara shi. Patrician Solomon ya sake gina Theveste a farkon mulkin Justinian I.Sulemanu ya gina kabarinsa a Theveste,wanda har yanzu akwai. A karni na 7,mamayar musulmi ta rage wa Theveste muhimmanci amma bai halaka ta gaba daya ba.A cikin karni na 11,Banu Hilal,ƙabilar Larabawa da ke zaune tsakanin kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya,sun zauna a Tripolitania,Tunisia,da Constantinois(yankin da ke kusa da Constantine da Tebessa). A cikin karni na 16,daular Ottoman ta kafa wani karamin sansanin Janissaries a Tebessa. A cikin 1851,Faransawa sun mamaye garin.Ya zama babban birnin lardinsa, sannan yanki ne na sashen Constantine a Aljeriya.Daga baya,an mayar da yankinta zuwa sashen Bône.Bayan Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai,ta zama babban birnin lardinta mai suna. Babban abubuwan gani Arch na Caracalla,Bakin nasara na Romawa(AD 214). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman Haikali na Minerva(farkon karni na 3 AD),tare da ganuwar da aka yi wa ado da mosaics. Amphitheater(karni na 4 AD) Rago na Basilica na St.Crispina (karni na 4 AD),ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka. Berbers ne suka lalata shi a wani yanki,kuma a cikin 535 Janar na Rumawa Sulemanu ya sake gina shi.Tana da ɗakunan karatu,wuraren baftisma, catacombs,da lambuna,da shimfidar shimfidar wuri. Ganuwar Byzantine(ƙarni na 6), wanda aka fi sani da "Banganu Sulemanu"kuma hasumiya mai murabba'i goma sha uku ke gefenta. Archaeological gidan kayan gargajiya. Yanayi Tébessa tana da yanayi mara kyau( Köppen weather classification BSk),tare da zafi,bushewar lokacin rani da sanyi, ɗan sanyin sanyi. Sufuri An haɗa Tébessa ta hanya da jirgin ƙasa tare da sauran sassan Aljeriya da Tunisiya.Filin jirgin saman Tébessa ne ke ba da shi don jigilar jiragen sama. Nassoshi ambato Littafi Mai Tsarki Stein (M.)(ed.Manichaica Latina 3.1. Codex Thevestinus(Papyrologica Coloniensia juzu'in 27/3.1.) Paderborn,Munich,Vienna da Zurich:Ferdinand Schöngh, 2004, Pp. xx + 328. Stein(M.)(ed.Manichaica Latina 3.2. Codex Thevestinus(Papyrologica Coloniensia juzu'in 27/3.2. )Paderborn,Munich,Vienna da Zurich:Ferdinand Schöngh,2006,Pp. vi + 81,rashin lafiya. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official site of Tebessa Acta Maximiliani Martyris Page with photos of ancient ruins  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Theveste". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.   Biranen Aljeriya

42538

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Tidiane%20Diabat%C3%A9

Cheick Tidiane Diabaté

Cheick Tidiane Diabaté (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun a shekara ta 1988), ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mali wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga Persepolis a cikin Gasar Fasaha . Daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2016, ya wakilci tawagar kasar Mali a duniya. Aikin kulob Bordeaux An haɓaka Diabaté zuwa babban ƙungiyar Girondins de Bordeaux don kakar shekarar, 2008 zuwa 2009 bayan nasarar kakar wasa a CFA, inda ya buga wasanni 35 kuma ya zira kwallaye 18. Kamar yadda Bordeaux ya fi son sanya ƙwararrun ƴan wasan gaba, koci Laurent Blanc ya ba Diabaté aro ga ƙungiyar da ke Corsica da kuma ƙungiyar Ligue 2 AC Ajaccio don ba shi damar samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Ajaccio (layi) Diabaté ya fara bugawa AC Ajaccio wasan farko na gasar Ligue 2 ta shekarar, 2008 zuwa 2009, a cikin rashin nasara a hannun Châteauroux, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90. A wasa na biyu, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Stade de Reims da ci 3-1 a waje. Makonni uku bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, a wannan karon a 4-0 da aka doke Vannes a gida. Ya zura kwallo daya a cikin kowane wasanni uku na League 2 da suka biyo baya tare da Ajaccio yana samun nasara akan Brest da Clermont da kuma zane tare da Nîmes . Kyakkyawan wasan Diabaté ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci a raga a wasannin Ligue 2 da Guingamp, Lens, Angers, da Boulogne . Ya kuma zura kwallo a raga a wasan Derby Corse da SC Bastia, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a gida Ligue 2. Diabaté dai ya kammala kakar bana ne da kwallaye 14 a gasar Ligue 2, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar kuma ya sanya shi a matsayi na 4 a cikin wadanda suka fi cin kwallaye a gasar ta Ligue 2 ; Ajaccio ya yi nasarar hana ficewa ne kawai a ranar karshe ta kakar wasanni. Yayin da yake kan aro zuwa AC Ajaccio, Diabaté ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Bordeaux har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2013. Nancy (loan) Diabaté ya koma Bordeaux a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2009. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, an sake ba shi aro, a wannan lokacin ga ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta AS Nancy . Dan wasan ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa a kungiyar ajiyar, inda ya buga wasanni uku kacal (wasanni biyu a gasar Ligue 1 da kuma wasa daya a Coupe de la Ligue) na kungiyar farko. Komawa zuwa Bordeaux Diabaté ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Coupe de France na shekarar, 2013 don taimakawa Bordeaux ta doke Evian TG 3-2. Diabaté yana da kyakkyawan yanayin shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 Ligue 1 tare da Bordeaux, ya yi rajistar kwallaye 12 a wasanni 25 na Ligue 1 kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Toulouse FC, burin daya a kowane zagaye biyu na matches da FC Lorient, da kuma bugun daga kai sai ga na biyu a ci 4-1 gida da FC Sochaux-Montbéliard . Osmanlıspor A ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekara ta, 2016, Diabaté ya shiga Osmanlıspor akan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan da ya dawo daga lamunin sa zuwa Metz a lokacin rani, an ruwaito shi a tsakiyar watan Agustan shekarar, 2017 cewa ya amince da dakatar da kwangilarsa. Metz (loan) A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta, 2016, kulob din Süper Lig Osmanlıspor ya sanar da cewa an ba Diabaté aro ga kulob din Metz na Ligue 1 har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, tare da Metz yana da zabin siyan shi. Diabaté ya taimaka wa Metz ya guje wa koma baya ya zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni 14 kuma kulob din ya nuna sha'awar sa hannu a kan shi na dindindin a watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2017. Benevento (lamu) A cikin watan Janairun a shekara ta, 2018, Diabaté ya koma ƙungiyar Seria A Benevento a matsayin aro don sauran kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasansa na farko ga kungiyar Campania a wasan da suka doke Crotone da ci 3–2. Diabate kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga da Hellas Verona, Juventus, da Sassuolo . Sif din burinsa na zira kwallaye ya kasance irin wannan tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasanni uku ya daidaita rikodin rikodi na Seria A mai tsayi tun a shekarar, 2001 da Dario Hubner ya yi. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye takwas a cikin wasanni 11, yana da mafi kyawun manufa tsakanin 'yan wasan da ke da bayyanar fiye da ɗaya a cikin Serie A a cikin shekara ta, 2010s, a gaba da Edinson Cavani, Romelu Lukaku, Cristiano Ronaldo da Zlatan Ibrahimović . Emirates Club A ranar 18ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta, 2018, Diabaté ya shiga Emirates Club kan kwantiragin shekara guda. Esteghlal A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2019, Diabaté ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Esteghlal na Iran kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. An mika masa riga mai lamba 7. Ya yi debuted don kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Farshid Esmaeili na minti 67 a wasan lig da Machine Sazi . Kwanaki shida bayan haka, ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a filin wasa na Azadi a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Foolad . A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zira kwallayen sa na farko ga Esteghlal, inda ya ci hat-trick a wasan da suka yi waje da Tractor da ci 4–2. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na AFC na farko da Kuwait SC a ci 3-0. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasan da zura kwallaye 18 a dukkan wasannin da ya ci a gasar, inda ya ci kwallaye 13 a gasar ta bana. Al-Gharafa A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2021, Diabaté ya koma kulob din Qatari Al-Gharafa . Persepolis A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2022, Diabaté ya shiga ƙungiyar Persepolis na yankin Gulf Pro akan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. Ya karbi rigar squad mai lamba 25. Diabaté ya fara buga wasa a kulob din a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jürgen Locadia na mintina 85 a wasan lig da Mes Rafsanjan . Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cheick Diabaté at L'Équipe Football (in French) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50707

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamia%20Chentouf

Mamia Chentouf

Mamia Chentouf ( (1922-2012) ungozoma ce 'yar Aljeriya, mai fafutukar 'yancin kai kuma ta kafa kungiyar 'yancin mata ta farko a Aljeriya. Iyalinta sun kwadaitar da ita ta samu ilimi, ta halarci Jami'ar Algiers kuma ta kammala horon aikin ungozoma. A lokacin da take karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar ‘yantacciyar kasar Aljeriya, wadda ta nemi ‘yantar da kasar daga hannun turawan Faransa yan mulkin mallaka. Ta yi amfani da aikinta na ungozoma wajen yin cudanya da wasu mata, ta hada su da manufar kishin kasa tare da kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a kasar. A matsayinta na 'yar kungiyar masu fafutuka, ta yi gudun hijira, aka kama ta, sannan ta gudu zuwa Tunis, Tunisia a shekara ta 1955. Yayin da take zaune a can, ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya. A karshen yakin Independence ta zama 'yar jarida, ta koma Algiers kuma ta yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya Ƙungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya kuma ta yi nasara wajen ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kayyade iyali. Cikin takaicin rashin iya canza tsarin iyali don hana auren mata fiye da daya, ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarar 1969. Ƙuruciya An haifi Mamia Aïssa a shekarar 1922 a ƙauyen Haouz, kusa da Bensekrane a lardin Tlemcen na Aljeriya ga Elabdli Aïssa. Lokacin da take da shekara hudu danginta sun gudu saboda ‘yan sanda na neman mahaifinta. Sun ƙaura zuwa Oujda, Maroko, amma da yake mahaifinta mai goyon bayan Ben Badis ne suka sake ƙaura zuwa Ghazaouet. Duk iyayen ta biyu sun kasance masu goyon bayan ilimin mata da Aïssa, bayan ta kammala karatun firamare an tura ta a matsayin mai kula da makarantar sakandare a Mascara a shekarar 1935. A lokacin ta fara sha’awar ‘yancin mata, ta kuma rubuta takarda kan ‘yantar da mata musulmi. Lokacin da ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1942, mahaifinta ya kai ta jami'a daya tilo a Aljeriya don shiga azuzuwan ungozoma. Sun isa kusan lokaci guda tare da mamayewar Algiers a lokacin yakin Arewacin Afirka na yakin duniya na biyu. Dage karatun ta suka bar babban birnin kasar sannan ta yi koyarwa na tsawon shekara guda kafin ta dawo makaranta an kammala horar da ita a matsayin ungozoma. Aiki Lokacin da ta gama horo, Aïssa ta buɗe asibitin mata na farko a Casbah na Algiers. A lokacin karatunta, ta shiga kungiyar dalibai musulmi ta Arewacin Afirka ( ) kuma ta shiga cikin jam'iyyar Aljeriya (). Da take halartar zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a shekara ta 1945, ta yi aiki tare da Mimi Belahouel da Kheira Bouayed wajen kwashe masu zanga-zangar da suka jikkata zuwa mafaka bayan ramuwar gayya ta Faransa. A shekarar 1947, Aïssa ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar AEMAN kuma ita ce ke da alhakin ɗaukar mata don shiga PPA da yaƙi da 'yancin kai na ƙasa. Mijinta na gaba, Abderezak Chentouf shi ne shugaban kungiyar dalibai. Ta yi aiki tare da Salima Belhaffaf, Nassima Hablal, Nefissa Hafiz, , Malika Mefti, Z'hor Reguimi, da Fatima Zekal, suna tsara sel mata zuwa ga dalilin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, PPA ta narke kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun 'Yanci (MTDL) ta maye gurbinta. A shekarar 1947, Aïssa da Chentouf sun yi aure. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ita da Hamoud sun kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Aljeriya, ƙungiya ta farko ga matan Aljeriya. Tabbatar da al'adun Musulman Larabawa, sabanin al'adun Faransa, da kuma yarda da bambance-bambancen maza da mata dangane da bambance-bambancen halittu, kungiyar ta yi niyyar kara wayar da kan matan Aljeriya a fagen siyasa da bayar da taimako ga wadanda mazajensu suka kasance. gwamnatin Faransa ta kama ko kuma ta tsare shi. Chentouf ya zama shugaban kungiyar kuma Hamoud ya zama babban sakatare. Baya ga taimaka wa ’yan adawa, kungiyar ta karfafa ilimi ga yara maza da mata, da rarraba abinci da kayayyaki ga talakawa, da bayar da agaji ga marasa lafiya. Chentouf ta yi tuntuɓar juna da yawa game da lamarin ta hanyar ayyukan ungozoma. A shekarar 1954, Chentouf ta shiga jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (NLF), bayan da aka samu baraka a shugabancin MTDL. A shekara mai zuwa, ta yi mata gudun hijira kuma ta kasance a wajen ƙasar na tsawon watanni da yawa a lokacin ayyana dokar ta-baci. Bayan ta dawo Chentouf ta shiga hannun Baya Larab da Hamoud, inda suka sake tada hankalinsu, amma aka kama ta. Bayan an sake ta, saboda tsananin sa ido, Chentouf ta tafi Tunisiya, inda bayan watanni da yawa mijinta ya haɗu da ita ta. Ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Red Crescent ta Aljeriya a shekarar 1957. Saboda NLF ba ta amince da Red Cross ta Faransa ba kuma ba a gane sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Geneva ba saboda yanayin ciki na rikice-rikice, masu fafutuka sun yi fatan samun taimakon agajin jin kai da samun karbuwa ta duniya ta zama membobin kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent. An kafa ofisoshin farko na kungiyar a Tangier, Morocco da Tunis, inda Chentouf da mijinta suka zauna har zuwa shekara ta 1962. A shekarar 1961, Chentouf ta fara aikin jarida kuma an tura ta a matsayin wakiliya zuwa taron matan Afro-Asiya ta FLN, wanda aka gudanar a Alkahira. Bayan kammala yakin, ma'auratan sun koma Algiers kuma Chentouf ta shiga Jami'ar Algiers don nazarin kimiyyar siyasa. Lokacin da ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1965, tana cikin aji na farko da aka inganta bayan samun 'yancin kai. A shekara mai zuwa, Houari Boumediene, shugaban Majalisar Juyin Juyi, ya tambayi Chentouf don tsara Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Aljeriya ). Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta gudanar da taro don magance tsarin iyali da kuma canza kundin tsarin mulki. A shekarar 1967, UNFA ta bude cibiyar kayyade iyali ta farko a dakin haihuwa a asibitin Mustapha. Suna da ƙarancin nasara wajen gyara tsarin iyali saboda akwai matsananciyar adawa da soke auren mata fiye da ɗaya, kuma a shekarar 1969, Chentouf ta yi murabus daga UNFA da siyasa. Mutuwa da gado A shekarar 2007, Baya El Hachemi ne ya samar da wani shirin gaskiya Mamya Chentouf, militant de la première heure (Mamya Chentouf, mai fafutukar sa'a ta farko) don sake ba da labarin rayuwar Chentouf. A shekarar 2010, an nuna shi a Cibiyar Al'adun Aljeriya da ke Paris. Chentouf ta mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 2012, a Algiers. Watanni biyu bayan mutuwarta an ba da lambar yabo ga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarta ta hanyar Wassila-Avife Network a Palais de la Culture d'Algiers don gane gudunmawarta ga 'yancin kai da 'yancin mata. Manazarta Matattun 2012

20501

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaututtukan%20Najeriya%20Pitch

Kyaututtukan Najeriya Pitch

Kyaututtukan Nijeriya Pitch kyaututtuka ne da aka gabatar wa tsoffin 'yan wasan na Najeriya da na yanzu, masu gudanarwa da' yan jarida don girmamawa ga kuma kyakkyawan gudummawar da suka bayar ga wasanni a Najeriya. Wanda kamfanin Matchmakers Consult International Limited ya fara kuma ya samu karbuwa daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya, an gudanar da bikin bada kyaututtuka na farko na Najeriya a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2013 a Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba, Najeriya. Bukukuwa 2013 – Kyautar yabo ta Farko ta Nijeriya 2015 – Na Biyu Kyautar Kyautar Najeriya Shekarar 2016 uku a Najeriya 2017 Kyautar yabo ta 4 a Nijeriya 2018 Lambar yabo ta 5 na Najeriya Categories An fara kyautar tare da rukuni 16 har zuwa Maris 10, 2016 lokacin da aka kara nau'ikan 6. Wadannan su ne nau'ikan halin yanzu: Littattafan da suka gabata Kyautar Farko ta Nijeriya Bugun farko na kyaututtukan na Nijeriya an gabatar da shi ne a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, shekara t 2013 a Transcorp Metropolitan Hotel a Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba tare da fitattun wasanni da manyan mutane na gwamnati. Gwanaye Mai tsaron raga na bana - Vincent Enyeama Wakilin Shekara - Godfrey Oboabona Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - Mikel Obi Dan wasan gaba na shekara - Emmanuel Emenike Kocin shekara - Stephen Keshi Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu Kulob na bana - Kano Pillars FC Alkalin wasa na shekara - Jelili Ogunmuyiwa Wakilin 'Yan wasa na bana - John Olatunji Shittu Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - Jihar Legas Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Ade Ojeikere Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye Kyautar Gwarzon Kwallo - Aminu Maigari, Musa Amadu da Chris Green Kyaututtuka na Musamman na Musamman - Jay-Jay Okocha, Rafiu Ladipo, Gideon Akinsola da Paul Bassey Lambar yabo ta 2 a Najeriya An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan na Nijeriya karo na biyu a ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekara ta 2015 a Abuja bayan canjin jadawalin wanda aka shirya za a fara a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2015 a Legas . Bikin ya ga Vincent Enyeama, Toyin Ibitoye, Bimbo Adeola da Felix Anyansi-Agwu sun rike Gwarzon Gola na Gwarzo, Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (TV), Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (Rediyo) da kuma Manajan Gwarzon Shekara. Gwanaye Mai tsaron raga na bana - Vincent Enyeama Mai kare gwarzon shekara - Kenneth Omeruo Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - Ogenyi Onazi Dan wasan gaba na shekara - Ahmed Musa Alkalin wasa na shekara - Ferdinand Udoh Kulob na bana - Kano Pillars FC Kocin shekara - Okey Emordi Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu Abokin Gwanin Kwallon kafa na Shekara - Liyel Imoke Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - Jihar Legas Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Tana Aiyejina Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye Sarauniyar Riga - Asisat Oshoala Sarkin Fulawa - Vincent Enyeama Na 3 Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtuka karo na uku a Najeriya a ranar 25 ga Maris, shekara ta 2016, a Otal din Goma sha bakwai a Kaduna. A wajen bikin, Assisat Oshoala da Tana Aiyejina sun ci gaba da rike lambobin yabo a matsayin Sarauniya ta Tsangayar da kuma 'Yar Jaridar Kwallon kafa ta Shekara. Bikin ya samu halartar Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Malam Nasir El-Rufai, Mai girma Ministan Matasa da Ci gaban Wasanni, Barr. Solomon Dalong, Shugaban NFF, Amaju Pinnick, Mataimakin NFF na 2, Shehu Dikko da sauran mambobin kwamitin. Akwai kuma Sir Mike Okiro, Shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Yan Sanda, Fasto Ituah Ighodalo, Manajan Abokin Hulɗa, SIAO Partners, Kunle Soname, Shugaba, Bet9ja, Kocin rikon kwarya na Super Eagles, Samson Siasia, Kyaftin ɗin Super Eagles, John Obi Mikel da dukkan mambobin kungiyar. Super Eagles da masu horarwa. Gwanaye Ikechukwu Ezenwa - Gwarzon Gola shekara Chinedu Udoji - Wakilin Shekara Paul Onobi - Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara Odion Ighalo - Dan wasan gaba na Shekara Gbolahan Salami - Kyautar Rasheedi Yekini Gbolahan Salami - MVP (Maza) a cikin NPFL Ngozi Ebere - MVP (Mata) a Firimiya matan Nigeria Enyimba FC - Kulob na Shekara U-17 Golden Eaglet - Kungiyar Gwarzo Emmanuel Amuneke - Kocin shekara Kadiri Ikhana - Manajan Shekara Ferdinand Udoh _ Alkalin wasa na Shekara John Olatunji Shittu - Wakilin gwarzon dan wasa na bana Jihar Legas _ Jiha tare da Kyakkyawan Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa HE Nyesom Wike - Gwarzon Mai Kwallon Kafa na Shekara Tana Aiyejina _ Jaridar Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara - Buga Godwin Enakhena - Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –Radio Austin Okon-Akpan _ Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –TV Globacom _ Tallafin Gwal na Kamfanin Gwal Guinness - Azurfa- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa Supersport - Bronze- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa Segun Odegbami _ Sam Okwaraji Awards Amaju Pinnick - Kyautar Sam Okwaraji John Obi Mikel _ Sam Okwaraji Awards Asisat Oshoala - Sarauniyar Tushe Odion Ighalo - Sarkin Fulawa SHI Nasir El-Rufai - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman Barr. Solomon Dalong - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman Sir Mike Mbama Okiro - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman Dr Mohammed Sanusi - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman Samson Siasia - Gwarzon nasarar Kwallon kafa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kyaututtuka Najeriya

29783

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Sarrafa%20Shara

Dokar Sarrafa Shara

Dokokin sarrafa sharakula da sufuri, injinan adanawa da zubar da duk wani nau'i na sharar gida, gami da sharar gida, datti mai haɗari, da sharar nukiliya, da dai sauransu. An tsara dokokin sharar gabaɗaya don ragewa ko kawar da tarwatsa abubuwan sharar cikin muhalli mara tsari ta hanyar da ka iya haifar da lahani ga muhalli ko halittu, kuma sun haɗa da dokokin da aka tsara don rage haɓakar sharar da haɓaka ko ba da umarnin sake amfani da sharar. Ƙoƙarin tsari sun haɗa da ganowa da rarraba nau'ikan sharar gida da kuma tilasta jigilar kayayyaki, injinan, da kuma ayyukan zubar da su. Ƙaddamar da sharar gida Ƙadidojin sharar gida shine tsarin da aka keɓance wani takamaiman abu a matsayin "sharar gida" da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida. Tambayar na iya zama mai sarƙaƙƙiya, misali ƙayyadaddun ko wani abu "sharar lafiya ne" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun Amurka da farfadowa . Ƙayyade ko wani abu ya ƙunshi nau'in sharar gida na iya sarrafa hanyar da dole ne a sarrafa kayan daga wannan gaba. Misali, a cikin Amurka, Ko Baro, ana iya aika dattin datti na birni marasa haɗari zuwa wurin sharar gida, yayin da ake ganin man da ake amfani da shi na mota yana da haɗari kuma ba za a iya zubar da shi a wuraren shara ba, amma yana ƙarƙashin kulawa mai ƙarfi, ajiya, magani, da buƙatun zubarwa. Wasu shararrakin gida da yawa na iya samun nasu ma'anar guda ɗaya da buƙatun kulawa na musamman. A kowane hali za a iya gano "rafin sharar gida" - yana haifar da sharar gida lokacin da aka watsar da wani abu mai amfani a baya ko kuma a bar shi, sannan yana iya gudana ta hanyoyi daban-daban da aka ayyana, sake amfani da su, da wuraren ajiya kafin a isa wurin da aka keɓe na ƙarshe. Matsayin zubarwa Ma'aunin zubar da ruwa yana sarrafa halaccin, hanya, da wurin zubar da wani sharar a gida Ko hanyoyi. Ana iya tsara irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi, da ƙimar muhalli. Akwai hanyoyi da dama don sarrafa zubar da ciki. Ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hana zubarwa. Madi yawa na kowa kuma yadu irin wannan ma'auni shine haramcin zubar da shara. Inda wani yanki ya ba da izini ga takamaiman wuri ko tsarin tattara shara, ajiyewa ko watsi da shara a wani wuri na iya fuskantar hukuncin farar hula ko na laifi. Wasu ƙarin takamaiman haramcin zubar da su - daga ba da umarnin cewa ba za a zubar da fenti a cikin magudanar ruwa ba, zuwa ƙayyadaddun wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don sharar rediyo - duk sun yi aiki don gudanar da wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na sharar gida daban-daban. Har ila yau ana iya buƙatar wasu sharar gida don a raba su don sake amfani da su, maimakon zubarwa. Duk waɗannan hane-hane, a wata ma'ana, sharadi ne, ta yadda ba su hana zubar da kayan kai tsaye ba, sai dai sun taƙaita wurin zubarwa da ake dasu. Hakanan ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara ta hanyar buƙatar a bi da sharar ta musamman kafin a zubar da ita a wani wuri. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin shine Ƙuntatawa na zubar da ƙasa na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa Subtitle C shirin sarrafa shara mai haɗari. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun hana zubar da ƙasa (jeri a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa, da farko) na sharar gida mai haɗari ba tare da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su ba. "Haramcin zubarwa" yana ba da umarni cewa ba za a iya zubar da sharar ƙasa ba har sai an kula da ita don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun halaye (ƙarɓarar ƙonewa, lalata, sake kunnawa, da guba), ko kuma an yi maganin ta ta ƙayyadadden hanyoyin jiyya da aka yarda. "Haramcin dilution" ya haramta ƙara yawan ruwa, ƙasa, ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari don guje wa takamaiman magani. "Haramcin ajiya" yana ba da damar adana sharar gida kawai don dalilai na tarawa don magani, maimakon kawai adanawa har abada don guje wa magani. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi game da gini da aiki da wuraren zubar da shara. Ƙirar ƙasa, alal misali, ana iya buƙata don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun wuri don guje wa laifuffukan ƙasa ko dausayi; don shigar da tsarin layi da tsarin tarawa don rage gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa daga leacha; don ɗaukar manufofin aiki waɗanda ke rage ƙura da sauran ɓarna; don shigar da cirewar methane ko tsarin tarawa don kawar da iskar gas ; da za a rufe da kuma in ba haka ba rufe a kan ƙa'idar; da kuma yin aiki da tsarin kula da muhalli don tabbatar da yarda. A duk duniya Dokokin kasa da kasa Dokokin kasa da kasa sun hada da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi sufuri na kasa da kasa da zubar da shara masu hadari da Illa: China China RoHS Tarayyar Turai Umarnin baturi Umarnin zubar da ƙasa Umarnin Tsarin Sharar gida (kamar yadda aka sake dubawa, 20 Oktoba 2008) Umarnin ƙona sharar gida Umarnin WEEE Dokokin shara masu haɗari (2005), sake dubawa 2009 Ƙasar Ingila Dokokin sharar gida na Burtaniya an samo su ne daga mulkin EU kuma ana jujjuya su zuwa cikin dokokin Burtaniya ta hanyar Kayayyakin Ka'idoji . Dokokin Samfuran Dabbobi (ABPR) Mafi kyawun zaɓin muhalli (BPEO) Takaddar Ƙwarewar Fasaha (COTC) Dokar Kula da Gurbacewa Dokar muhalli 1995 Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli Dokar Kare Muhalli 1990 Tsarin Kasuwancin Allowance Landfill (LATS) Landfill a Burtaniya Harajin ajiyar ƙasa Dokokin haraji na ƙasa Manufofin sake amfani da doka Sharar gida (Ingila da Wales) Dokokin 2011, kamar yadda aka gyara a cikin 2012, canza Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida zuwa dokar Burtaniya Dokokin Ba da Sharar Gudanar da Sharar gida Wuraren kula da sharar Burtaniya sun yi rajista don ɗaya ko fiye na daidaitattun izini kimanin guda 28, na iya zaɓar keɓancewa daga lasisi ko kammala izinin ba da izini. Mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da ke son jigilar sharar gida (banda nasu) dole ne su sayi lasisin jigilar kaya. Ana buƙatar masu samar da shara masu haɗari (inda suke samar da fiye da kilogiram 500 a kowace shekara) don yin rajista a matsayin masu yin sharar haɗari. An gyara ƙa'idodin Shekarun 2011 a cikin 2012 bayan da'awar doka ta Kamfen don sake amfani da Real recycling, waɗanda suka bayar da hujjar cewa ba su daidaita umarnin daidai ba cikin dokar Ingila da Wales. A ranar 6 ga Maris 2013, Mista Justice Hickinbottom ya yanke hukuncin cewa 2012 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a yanzu sun cika buƙatun Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sake fasalin Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida. Yarjejeniyar ciniki da hadin gwiwa ta EU da Burtaniya ta shekarar 2020 ta hada da "alƙawuran juna" na kowane bangare "ba za a rage matakin kare muhalli ko yanayin ba ko kuma kasa aiwatar da dokokinta ta hanyar da ke da tasiri kan kasuwanci", wanda zai hada da dokoki. dangane da sarrafa shara. Amurka Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA) - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokoki game da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, sharar gida mai haɗari, da al'amurran zubar da ciki. Cikakken Martanin Muhalli, Ramuwa, da Dokar Lamuni (CERCLA) "Superfund" Dokar Bibiyar Sharar Kiwon Lafiya Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) - An kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli, ta tsara abubuwan da ake bukata don Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli don nau'ikan ci gaba daban-daban. Hukumomin Amurka sun haɗa da: Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) - tana tsara tsarawa da zubar da datti mai haɗari. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) - tana tsara jigilar datti mai haɗari Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya (NRC) - tana daidaita sharar nukiliya Baya ga dokokin aiwatarwa ko ciyar da wasu sassa na dokokin Amurka, wasu jihohin Amurka sun samar da fitattun dokoki kan wasu abubuwan sharar gida da muhalli da hanyoyi. Shawarar California 65 "Dokar tabbatar da ruwan sha mai aminci da mai guba na 1986" - yunƙurin California na 1986 wanda ya hana fitar da abubuwa masu guba cikin tushen ruwan sha. Dokar sake amfani da Sharar Lantarki - Dokar California ta 2003 game da zubar da sharar lantarki na mabukaci Manazarta Shara Muhalli Dokoki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19685

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allu%20Arjun

Allu Arjun

Allu Arjun (An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1983) jarumin fina-finan Indiya ne wanda ke aiki da farko a silima ta Telugu . An kuma san shi da iyawar rawa, ya kyautar Filmfare Awards sau biyar a Kudu da kuma Kyautan Nandi sau uku . Bayan fitowar shi ta farko aGangotri(2003), Allu ya fito a cikin Sukumar -Wanda Arya ya bada umarni(2004) wanda ya samukyautar Nandi Special Jury Award . A shekarun baya, ya fito a fina-finai kamar su Bunny (2005), Happy (2006) da Desamuduru (2007). Allu ya lashe farko Filmfare Award a matsayin Jarumi na Parugu (2008). Fina-Finan da ya yi a jere,sune Arya 2 (2009), <i id="mwNw">Vedam</i> (2010), Varudu (2010) da <i id="mwOw">Badrinath</i> (2011), sun kasa yin fim a box office. Rawar da ya taka a <i id="mwQQ">Rudhramadevi</i> (2015) kamar yadda Gona Ganna Reddy ya ci masa lambar yabo ta Filmfare don wasa mai goyan baya da Kyautar Nandi don Chaan wasa Mafi Kyawu Fina-finai kamar Race Gurram (2014), Sarrainodu (2016) da Duvvada Jagannadham (2017), sun dawo da shi kan tafarkin nasara tare da kowane ya ci ribar sama da ₹ 100. Ya yi aiki tare da darekta Trivikram Srinivas sau uku don Julayi (2012), S / O Satyamurthy (2015) da Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (2020). Su uku ne sukayi nasara riba fiye da crore ₹ 262 abox office. Rayuwar farko An haifi Allu Arjun a ranar (8) ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (1983) a cikin dangin Telugu a Madras (na yanzu Chennai ) ga furodusa fim Allu Aravind da Nirmala. Kakan kakanin mahaifinsa shi ne dan wasan barkwanci fim Allu Ramalingaiah . Wurin su din shine Palakollu na gundumar Godavari ta Yamma, Andhra Pradesh . Shi ne na biyu cikin yara uku. Babban wansa Venkatesh ɗan kasuwa ne yayin da ƙaninsa Sirish ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Mahaifiyar mahaifinsa ta auri Chiranjeevi . Shi dan uwan Ram Charan ne, Varun Tej, Sai Dharam Tej, da Niharika Konidela . Ayyuka Bayan ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan zane-zane a Vijetha kuma a matsayin mai rawa a cikin Daddy, Allu ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a Gangotri . Sannan Allu ya bayyana a cikin Sukumar 's Arya . Rawar da ya taka a Arya ita ce nasarar da ya samu, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Musamman a bikin Nandi Aw upards, Kyautar CineMAA guda biyu don Gwarzon Jarumi da Jarumi kuma fim ɗin ya kasance mai mahimmanci cin nasarar kasuwanci. Nan gaba ya haska a VV Vinayak 's Bunny yana wasa Bunny, ɗalibin kwaleji. Masu sukar lamiri sun yaba wa kokarinsa, halayensa da rawarsa. Fim dinsa na gaba shine A. Karunakaran labarin soyayya mai kay mai farin ciki . Sannan ya fito a fim din Puri Jagannadh na Desamuduru inda ya fito a matsayin Bala Govindam, ɗan jaridar da ba shi da tsoro wanda ya faɗi tare da wata mace da ta gabata. Nasarori da gwaji na nau'ikan (2008-2013) Fim dinsa na gaba shi ne Bhaskar 's Parugu, inda ya fito a matsayin Krishna, mutumin da ya yi sa'a daga Hyderabad wanda yake taimaka wa abokinsa yin magana da soyayyarsa, sai kawai ya gamu da fushin mahaifin matar da kuma irin gwagwarmayar da yake yi. ji. idlebrain.com ya rubuta: "Allu Arjun ya yi kyau kwarai a farkon rabin kamar yadda halayyar a rabin farko ke da kuzari kuma yana buƙatar ɗaukar makamashi. Ya dauki dukkan rabin farko a kafadarsa. Ya yi fice a fagen motsin rai a rabi na biyu. ” Bayan ya yi rawar bako a Shankar Dada Zindabad, ya fito a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Sukumar mai suna Arya 2 . Ya taka rawa a matsayin Arya, maraya wanda ke da halin rashin ɗabi'a saboda ya shaƙu da wadatar abokin sa Ajay, wanda baya karɓar sa. Sify ya rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun cike yake da kuzari yayin da saurayin da ya kamu da tsananin kauna. Kodayake yana yin rawar da tabarau mara kyau, halayensa na iya haifar da babban juyayi daga masu sauraro. Rawarsa tana da birgewa kuma ya yi fice a fagen motsa rai. " idlebrain.com ya rubuta cewa:" Allu Arjun ya zama cikakke kamar Arya. Halinsa a fim ɗin yana da halayen mai hankali kuma ya zana halin ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Ya haskaka a cikin al'amuran motsa rai a rabi na biyu na fim ɗin. Allu Arjun shine mafi kyawun rawa a wannan zamanin a cikin Tollywood. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa yayi rawar rawa mai wuyar gaske ya zama ba shi da ƙarfi a waƙoƙin farko na fim ɗin. ” Allu ya fito a fina-finai gwaji biyu a shekara ya (2010). Na farko shi ne Gunasekhar 's Varudu . Rediff ya rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya nuna kwazo sosai, an yi nasara da shi a lokacin da ya kamata sannan kuma lokacin da ake bukata." Yayin da Rediff ya ce: "Shi dan wasa ne mai kyau kuma yana yin adalci ga rawar da ya taka." Fim din sa na gaba shine Krish 's Vedam . Sanarwa ta gaba ita ce fim din VV Vinayak Badrinath . Ya taka rawa a matsayin Badri, jarumi wanda aka ba shi don ya kare bautar Badrinath ta Guru, wanda yake da aminci sosai. Fim ɗin ya kammala aikin kwana( 50) a cibiyoyi( 187). Bayan Badrinath, Allu ya fito a fim din Julayi, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne da aka fitar a shekarar (2012). Allu ya taka rawa irin na Ravindra Narayan, dan iska mai hankali amma duk da haka yan iska suka lalace wanda rayuwarsa ta dauki wani sabon salo bayan ya zama mashahurin babban fashin banki. Jaridar Times of India ta rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya gabatar da gamsuwa a matsayin dan damfara mai kauna. Matsayi ne wanda yake daidai damarsa kuma yana aiwatar dashi tare da ɓacin rai na halayya. Yana haskaka allo tare da rawarsa musamman, yana cire wasu kyawawan rawar rawa. ” An zabi shi ne don kyautar SIIMA don Gwarzon Jarumi . Ya baya alamar tauraro a Puri Jagannadh ta mataki mai ban sha'awa Iddarammayilatho, wasa Sanju Reddy, a garaya da wani duhu baya. Jaridar The Times ta Indiya ta rubuta cewa: "Gaskiya ga tambarinsa na" mai salo mai salo ", Allu Arjun ya yi kyau fiye da kowane lokaci. Halinsa na mai kidan guitar, wanda ke yin wasan titi a Barcelona, ya kasance mafi kyawun zane, kuma ya bambanta da fina-finansa na da. Ya sake tabbatar da cewa shi jarumi ne mai kyau kuma mai yiwuwa saboda kyakkyawan shirin daraktan, ya kan yi cikakkun maganganu a duk wuraren fada. ” 2014 – yanzu A cikin shekara ta (2014) ya fito a cikin wani tauraron dan adam a cikin Vamsi Paidipally's Yevadu . Hindu ta rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya nuna abin da mai wasan kwaikwayo zai iya yi ko da a takaice ne, a cikin 'yan mintocin da ya tattara kwarewarsa, ya shigar da halayen kuma ya yi fice mai ban sha'awa duk da cewa ya rasa asalinsa." Fim dinsa na gaba shi ne Surender Reddy 's Race Gurram, inda ya fito a matsayin wani saurayi mara kulawa. Deccan Chronicle ya rubuta cewa: "Tabbas Allu Arjun ya saci wasan kwaikwayon tare da kwazonsa. Yana da kyau tare da lokacin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya inganta sosai a matsayin ɗan wasa. A zahiri yana ɗaukar fim ɗin a kafaɗunsa. Ana amfani da ƙwarewarsa ta rawa kuma. ” Ya lashe Kyautar Kyautar Jarumai ta uku a Filmfare. Allu ya gabatar kuma yayi aiki a cikin wani gajeren fim I Am That Change (2014), don yada wayar da kan mutane game da ɗawainiyar zamantakewar su. Sukumar ne ya shirya fim din, wanda aka nuna shi a sinima a fadin Andhra Pradesh da Telangana a ranar (15) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta ( 2014). Ya yi aiki a cikin Trivikram Srinivas 's S / O Satyamurthy, wanda aka sake shi a ranar (9) ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2015). Daga baya, ya yi fim a cikin Guna Sekhar 's Rudhramadevi, wanda shi ne fim ɗin Indiya na 3D na farko na tarihi na 3 . Ga Rudhramadevi, ya sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi - Telugu kuma ya zama dan wasa daya tilo da ya ci Kyautar Filmfare ta Gwarzon Jarumi - Telugu da kuma lambar yabo ta Filmfare na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi - Telugu. Daga baya, ya yi fim a cikin Sarainodu, wanda Boyapati Srinu ya ba da umarni. A cikin shekara ta (2016), ya haɗu tare da furodusa Dil Raju a karo na uku don Duvvada Jagannadham . A cikin shkara ta (2018), fim dinsa karkashin jagorancin marubuci ya zama darakta Vakkantham Vamsi, Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India . A cikin fim din ya yi aiki a matsayin soja na Sojan Indiya wanda ke da lamuran gudanarwa na fushi . A cikin shekara ta (2020), fim dinsa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Trivikram Srinivas, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo ya sake shi. A shekarar (2020) fim dinsa a karkashin jagorancin Sukumar, Pushpa ya fito a lokacin Diwali amma an jinkirta yin fim din saboda cutar COVID-19 . S. Thaman ne ya rera wakar rap wanda Roll Rida da Harika Narayan suka yi tare da waƙoƙin Roll Rida da The Hyderabad Nawabs, kan tafiyar Allu a silima ta Telugu. An fitar da bidiyon kidan mai taken "Allu Arjun Rap Song" ta hanyar lakabin Aditya Music. Rayuwar mutum A ranar (6) ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2011) Ya auri Sneha Reddy a Hyderabad . Suna da ɗa mai suna Allu Ayaan da diya mai suna Allu Arha. A cikin shekara ta (2016), Allu ya fara wani gidan rawa mai suna( 800) Jubilee tare da haɗin gwiwar M Kitchens da Buffalo Wild Wings . Filmography da yabo Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin%20kasa%20na%20Singapore

Labarin kasa na Singapore

Kasar Singaphore kasa ce karama, wacce akwai mutane a tsiburinta dake birnin Kudu-maso gabacin Asia, tana nan a karshen Malayan Penninsula tsakanin Malaysia daIndonesia. Singapore tana da fadin kasa ona kimanim . Yankin Singapore ya ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe da sauran tsibirai. Landasar ta Singapore tana da daga gabas zuwa yamma da daga arewa zuwa kudu tare da na bakin teku Wadannan alkaluman sun dogara ne akan High Water Mark cadastral iyakokin bincikenn. Tana da yanki na musamman na tattalin arziki na . An raba Singapore da Indonesiya da Kogin Singapore da Malaysia daga Yankin Johor. Tsarin kasa Babban yankin Singapore tsibiri ne mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u, kodayake yankinta ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai masu kewaye. Tsibiri mafi nisa daga nesa shine Pedra Branca. Daga cikin kananan tsibirai da yawa na Singapore, Tsibirin Jurong, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin da Sentosa sune manyan. Yawancin Singapore ba su fi meter 15 sama da matakin teku ba. Matsayi mafi girma na Singapore shine Bukit Timah Hill, tare da tsayi daga ƙasa na 165 m (538 ft) kuma ya kasance daga dutse mai ƙyalli, dutse . Tuddai da kwaruruka na dutsen da ke cike da arewa sun mamaye arewa maso yamma, yayin da yankin gabas ya ƙunshi yashi da ƙasa mai faɗi. Singapore ba ta da tabkuna na halitta, amma an gina tafkuna da wuraren tara ruwa don adana tsaftataccen ruwa don samar da ruwan Singapore . Singapore ta sake mallakar ƙasa da ƙasa da aka samo daga tsaunukanta, da keɓewar teku, da ƙasashe maƙwabta. A sakamakon haka, yankin ƙasar Singapore ya girma daga 581.5 km² a cikin shekarun 1960s zuwa 725.7 km² a yau, kuma zai sami ƙaruwa kaɗan saboda ginin fatar teku da shinge don magance ƙimar tekun da ke ƙaruwa koyaushe. Yanayi Singapore tana da na a degree daya da rabi daga arewacin kerjin, tana kwance gaba daya tsakanin daidaito na 1 da na 2 . Yankin Singapore ana sanya shi azaman yanayi na gandun dazuzzuka mai zafi ( Köppen rabe-raben yanayi Af), ba tare da ingantattun yanayi ba. Saboda yanayin wurin da yake da yanayin yanayin teku, yanayinta yana da yanayin zafin jiki iri iri da matsin lamba, danshi mai zafi da yawan ruwan sama. Saboda haka, kusan kusan dumi ne da danshi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusan . 24 da aka taba samu a tarihi shine 512.4 (2 Disamba 1978) a Paya Lebar, (1969) da kuma (19 Disamba 2006). A yanayin wuri hovers a kusa da wani diurnal kewayon m na da matsakaicin . Mayu shine mafi tsananin watan shekara a Singapore, sannan Yuni zai biyo baya. Wannan saboda iska mai haske da hasken rana mai ƙarfi a cikin waɗancan watanni. Mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1983. Mafi ƙarancin zazzabi da aka rubuta shi ne a cikin 14 Fabrairu 1989 a Paya Lebar . Zazzabi yakan wuce sama da kuma zai iya kaiwa a wasu lokuta. Yanayin damshi yana da zangon diurnal a cikin manyan 90s da sanyin safiya zuwa kusan 60% a tsakiyar rana, amma yana ƙasa da 50% a wasu lokuta. A lokacin tsawan ruwan sama mai zafi, dangin danshi yakan kai 100%. Gabaɗaya, akwai mafi yawan ruwan sama a yammacin tsibirin fiye da gabashin gabashin Singapore, sakamakon tasirin inuwar ruwan sama. Don haka, gabashin Singapore ya fi yammacin Singapore bushe da ɗan zafi kaɗan. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin daidaiton yanayi daga wannan gefen tsibirin zuwa wancan. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a kula saboda koda karamin tsauni kamar Bukit Timah Hill na iya haifar da wannan lamarin. Duk da ƙaramar girman Singapore, akwai yiwuwar akwai hasken rana a gefe ɗaya yayin da ake ruwan sama a ɗaya gefen. Karin haske kan abunda ke hana daidaituwar duk shekara gaskiya sune lokacin damina wanda ke faruwa sau biyu a kowace shekara. Na farkon shine Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas wanda yake faruwa daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa farkon Maris. Na biyu shine lokacin Yammacin Kudu maso Yamma wanda yake faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Lokaci tsakanin lokutan damina yana samun karancin ruwan sama da iska. A lokacin Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, iskoki na arewa maso gabas suna nasara, wani lokacin sukan kai . Akwai yanayin gajimare a watan Disamba da Janairu tare da yawan ruwan sama da rana. Lokuta na yaɗuwar matsakaici zuwa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa daga kwana 1 zuwa 3 a tsawance. Yana da ɗan bushe a cikin Fabrairu har zuwa farkon Maris duk da cewa ruwan sama har yanzu ya wuce 120mm. Hakanan galibi ana iska tare da saurin iska wani lokacin yakan kai a cikin watannin Janairu da Fabrairu. A lokacin Yankin Kudu Maso Yamma, iskar kudu maso gabas ta mamaye. Kebewa zuwa warwatse ruwan sama yana faruwa da sanyin safiya da kuma wayewar gari. Washe gari "Sumatras" - layin squall wanda ya samo asali akan kusa da Sumatra - na kowa ne. Manufofin canjin yanayi Singapore ta san cewa canjin yanayi a cikin shekarun da ke tafe zai sami babban tasiri ga tsibirin. Ya ɗauki matakai uku-uku game da batun - yin bincike kan yadda ƙasar za ta shafa a cikin takamaiman bayanai, aiwatar da matakan ragewa da dacewa da canje-canje masu zuwa. Don binciken, an kafa Cibiyar Bincike kan Yanayi ta Singapore (CCRS). Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa dala biliyan 100 za a kashe sama da shekaru 100 don magance matsalar. A cikin kasafin kudin 2020 , ta ware dala biliyan 5 na farko zuwa Asusun Kare Gaban gabar Kasa da Ruwan Tsufana. Ga yawan jama'a, zai samar da kwarin gwiwa ga masu mallaka su canza zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs), kamar ragi akan ƙarin Kuɗaɗen Rajista da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa ta cajin EV. Zuwa 2040, tana sa ran dakatar da motocin mai da dizal (injin ƙone ciki). Manufofin sufurin kasar na ci gaba da mai da hankali kan makomar "mota-Lite" tare da akasarin matafiya da ke amfani da jigilar jama'a (jiragen MRT, motocin safa, motocin haya) a maimakon haka. Singapore ita ce kasa ta farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ke karbar harajin carbon, a $ 5 a kowace tan, ana amfani da ita ga manyan kamfanonin fitar da hayakin da ke samar da sama da tan 25,000 na carbon dioxide a shekara. Don rage dogaro da kasar kan burbushin halittu, tana gina daya daga cikin manya-manyan gonakin hasken rana a duniya a Tengeh Reservoir a Tuas, tare da karfin 60MW. Yankin lokaci Koda yake Singapore ba ta kiyaye lokacin tanadin hasken rana (DST), tana bin yankin UTC + 8, awa ɗaya gaba da yankin don yanayin yankinsa. Ilimin kasa da kasa Ana samun duwatsu marasa kyau a cikin Bukit Timah da Woodlands da tsibirin Pulau Ubin . Dutse yana yin girma daga dutsen mai walƙiya. Ana kuma samun Gabbro a yankin kuma ana samun sa a wani yanki da ake kira Little Guilin mai suna saboda kamannin ta da Guilin a Kudancin China. Wannan yankin yana cikin Bukit Gombak. Ana samun duwatsu masu bakin ciki a yammacin Singapore kuma galibi ana yinsu ne da dutsen yashi da laka . Hakanan ya hada da yankin kudu maso yamma. Ana samun duwatsun Metamorphic a yankin arewa maso gabashin Singapore da kuma kan Pulau Tekong da ke gabashin gabashin Singapore. Duwatsu galibi sun kasance ne daga ma'adini kuma sun hada da Tsarin Sajahat . Aikin girgizar kasa Singapore ba ta da aminci daga aikin girgizar ƙasa a yankin, saboda manyan laifuka mafi kusa (Laifin Sumatran da Laifin megathrust) suna da nisan ɗaruruwan kilomita a Indonesia. Koyaya, yawan jama'a da gine-ginen suna iya kasancewa da ɗan tasiri kaɗan ta kowane aiki kamar rawar jiki, wanda baƙon abu bane, amma gabaɗaya baya cutarwa kuma an iyakance shi da ƙananan juzu'i ko girgiza abubuwa. A ƙarshen 2004, yankuna da yawa na Asiya da Afirka sun fuskanci girgizar kasa ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004 da kuma sakamakon tsunami. Singapore ta yi sa'a saboda an kiyaye ta ta hanyar yankin Sumatra, wanda ya dauki nauyin tsunami; Tasirin kan Singapore ya iyakance ga girgizar ƙasa da aka ji a cikin wasu manyan dogayen gine-gine na can. Matsayin siyasa da na mutane Lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fara mallakar Singapore, Birnin Singapore ya kasance a gefen kudu, kusa da bakin Kogin Singapore . Wannan yankin ya kasance Babban Yankin Singapore. Sauran tsibirin ya kasance ƙasar noma da kuma gandun daji na farko. Koyaya, tun daga 1960s gwamnati ta gina sabbin garuruwa da yawa a wasu yankuna, don haka a yau kusan tsibirin ya kasance an gina shi kuma an gina shi cikin birni, in banda 'yan kaɗan, kamar gundumar Lim Chu Kang ko kuma ƙasar da aka kwato a cikin aikin da ake ci gaba. Hasasar tana da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa, galibi ana amfani da su don gudanarwa ko dalilai na ƙididdiga. A siyasance, an kasa Singapore zuwa gundumomin gudanarwa guda biyar, sannan kuma an kara rarraba su cikin majalisun gari wadanda galibi ke kunshe da mazabun siyasa ko fiye. Koyaya, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba inda ake amfani da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi don ambaton wurare, irin wannan al'adar galibi baƙon abu ne a Singapore. Iyakokin siyasa suna canzawa tare da kowane babban zaɓe don haka, wuraren da suka rufe ba lallai bane suyi daidai da fahimtar gida na wuri. Yawancin yankuna, gundumomi da maƙwabta a cikin jihar-birni galibi suna kewaye kuma ana iya bayyana su wani lokacin ba da izininsu ba. Tsare-tsare da iyakan kidaya, wadanda ake kira wuraren tsarawa , Hukumar Bunkasa Birane ta yi amfani da ita wajen ayyana wasu gundumomi da unguwanni, kodayake wadannan iyakokin ba lallai ne su yi daidai da yadda kowa yake fahimta ba. Duk da yake akwai iyakokin sabbin garuruwa, akwai lokutan da za'a iya gano wasu unguwanni daban da garin da yake. Misali Tiong Bahru, galibi ana gano shi daban da garin HDB wani yanki ne na, Bukit Merah . A matsayinta na babbar hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin tsara biranen Singapore, Hukumar Bunkasa Birane na neman aiwatar da ingantaccen amfani da filaye da rage kazanta tare da kiyaye hanyoyin zirga-zirga masu sauki, wadanda suka fi damun Singapore saboda halin da take ciki na gari-gari. Tsarin Jagora na Ci gaba ga kowane yanki yanki na tsarawa 55 an sake shi cikin aikin. Don rage cunkoson ababen hawa, an sanya farashin hanyar Lantarki (ERP) a kusa da mashigar shiga Yankin Tsakiya. A wasu sassa na Singapore ne kasa m, kuma m, kuma sukan cika da gidaje kadarori kamar daga gidaje da raya Board (HDB) ko condominiums, da na kasuwanci gundumomi suna kasa mai karfi. Koyaya, don rage damuwa akan Yankin Tsakiya, an haɓaka cibiyoyin yanki da yawa, kowannensu yana ƙunshe da gundumar kasuwanci mai mai da hankali. Masana'antar haske ana rarraba su ne a kusa da tsibirin a matsayin filayen masana'antu kuma suna cikin gidaje, kwatankwacin HDB, kuma suna ba da izinin antsan haya ne kawai waɗanda ke samar da kusancin gurɓataccen nil, yayin da masana'antun masu nauyi ke kusa da Jurong da Jurong Island . Jerin irin wadannan kadarorin ana iya samun su anan . Akwai hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu zuwa jihar Johor, Malaysia. A arewa akwai hanyar hanyar dogo da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wanda ya haɗu da garin Johor Bahru . A yamma akwai gada ta hanya ( Tuas Second Link ), wanda ya haɗu da Johor, don zirga-zirgar hanya kawai. Haɗin haɗin yana da mahimmin haɗin haɗin tattalin arziƙi zuwa Malesiya, wanda ana iya gani azaman ƙasan bayan gari. Hanyar hanyar (tsayin mita 1,038) Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson da Mitchell na Westminster ne suka tsara kuma Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd na Landan suka gina. An fara shi a cikin 1909 azaman hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar Johor State Railway don haɗa Johor Bahru zuwa Singapore, sannan hedkwatar gudanarwa na bukatun Burtaniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. An fara aikin sashin hanya a cikin 1919 kuma an kammala shi a 1923. Hanyar hanyar ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli, galibi tarin daskarewa a cikin Johore Strait. Wannan ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Malaysia. Singapore ta ki amincewa da shawarar Malaysia na maye gurbin hanyar da gada, kuma tun daga lokacin Malesiya ta gabatar da shawarar abin da ya zama sananne da "gadar rabin gada", tana sauka rabi don danganta ta da karamar hanyar. Since Singapore lacks natural freshwater rivers and lakes, the primary source of domestic water is rainfall. Demand for fresh plants around the island to help meet Akwai wuraren shakatawa sama da 300 da keɓaɓɓun yanayin 4 a cikin Singapore. Hakanan akwai bishiyoyi da yawa da aka dasa, kuma kusan kashi hamsin cikin 100 na ƙasar an rufe shi da ciyayi. Saboda wannan, ana kiran Singapore da yawa 'Garden City'. Singapore ta kasance mai matukar rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi ; musamman, hauhawar matakan teku na iya zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar kasar nan ta hangen nesa. Wuri mafi girma Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin Singapore da Johor Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hidimar Yanayi na Singapore Hasashen Yanayin Singapore Climatology na Singapore - Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa CNN.com - Yanayi - Singapore Taswira: http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides/singapore/maps.html http://www.urbanrail.net/as/sing/singapore.htm http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/singapor.htm Manazarta Labarin Kasa

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Yan%20Ra%27ayin%20Mazan%20Jiya%20Masu%20Bada%20Shawara%20Ta%20Amerika

Kungiyar Yan Ra'ayin Mazan Jiya Masu Bada Shawara Ta Amerika

Kungiyar Yan Ra'ayin Mazan jiya Masu Bada Shawara (ATR) ne a siyasance ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Amurka ya bayar da shawarwari kungiyar wanda ya bayyana burin ne "wani tsarin a cikin abin da haraji ne mafi sauki, kisa, mafi bayyane, kuma ka runtse daga gare su a yau." A cewar ATR,"Ikon gwamnati na sarrafa rayuwar mutum ya samo asali ne daga karfinta zuwa haraji. Mun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a rage karfin iko. " An san kungiyar da "alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji", wanda ke neman 'yan takarar ofishin tarayya da na jihohi da su sadaukar da kansu a rubuce don adawa da duk karin harajin. Wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ATR shine Grover Norquist, ɗan rajin kare haraji mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Tsarin Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji ƙungiya ce ta 501 (c) (4) tare da ma'aikata 14, kuɗi na $ 3,912,958, da membobin 60,000 (kamar na 2004). Grover Norquist ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1985. Kungiyar ilimin da ke da alaƙa ita ce Amurkawa don Taxaddamar da Gyara Haraji, wanda aka ƙaddara shi azaman bincike da ƙungiyar ilimi ta 501 (c) (3). Dalilin dukkanin bangarorin biyu shine ilmantarwa da / ko haraba akan duk ƙarin haraji. Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji memba ne na Policyungiyar Manufofin Siyasa, wata hanyar ƙasa ce ta Amurka da ke kula da kasuwannin da ke kan kasuwa. Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji mai ba da tallafi ne ga masu ba da gudummawa ga masu ba da tallafi, asusun ba da taimako ga masu ba da tallafi. Ayyuka Alkawarin Kare Mai Karba Tun daga shekarar 1986, ATR ta dauki nauyin alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji, rubutaccen alkawarin da ‘yan majalisa da‘ yan takarar mukamin suka rubuta wanda ya basu damar adawa da karin harajin. Duk 'yan takarar neman mukamin jiha da na tarayya, da duk wadanda ke rike da mukamai ana musu alkawarin. Kusan zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai 1,400, daga wakilan jihohi, zuwa gwamnoni, kuma har zuwa Sanatocin Amurka, sun sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin. Akwai nau'ikan daban daban a matakin kasa da jiha. A cikin sigar ta Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, mai sa hannun ya yi alwashin zuwa: a wasu jihohin Yan majalissu sun sanya hannu In the version for state legislators, the signer pledges that: A majalisar wakilai ta 112 da ke aiki a cikin shekarun 2011 da 2012, duk banda shida daga cikin membobin Republican 242 tare da mambobin Democrat biyu na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, a jimillar 238 - mafi rinjaye na wannan majalisar - da ma duka banda bakwai na Membobin Jam’iyyar 47 tare da dan Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na Democrat guda daya, gaba daya sun kai 41, sun rattaba hannu kan alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji. Duk banda 'yan Republican 13 da ke zaune sun sanya hannu kan alƙawarin, yayin da' yan Democrat uku suka sanya hannu (mai fita-Sen. Ben Nelson (NE) da mambobin majalisar Robert Andrews (NJ) da Ben Chandler (KY)). Shugaban ATR Grover Norquist ya rubuta game da mahimmancin "Alƙawarin Kariyar Mai Biyan Haraji" don wallafe-wallafe da yawa ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Mutum a cikin Yunin shekarata 2010. A cikin wannan labarin, Norquist ya rubuta,Tara haraji shine abin da politiciansan siyasa keyi yayin da basu da ƙarfin gudanar da mulki. Amincewa da kariyar mai biyan haraji an kirkire shi ne a cikin shekarata 1986 ta Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin kiyaye ƙananan matakan harajin ƙasa na Dokar Gyara Haraji na Reagan na shekarata 1986. Ya girma cikin mahimmancin matsayin ɗaya daga cikin blackan fari-da-fari, Ee ko a'a, amsoshin da aka tilasta wa politiciansan siyasa su bawa masu jefa ƙuri'a kafin su nemi ƙuri'unsu. Kwamitin Kamfen din Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya (DCCC) da daidaikun 'yan takarar Democrats suka fara kai hari "Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Mai Karba Haraji" da wadanda suka sanya hannu a lokacin zagayen shekarar 2010 tare da zargin cewa jingina ta kare ragin haraji ga kamfanonin da ke jigilar ayyukan kasashen waje. Bayyanar gardamar ta farko ta tashi ne a zaɓen musamman na HI-01. Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji sun amsa ta hanyar kiran tallan kai harin "karya ce karara." Sun yi nuni da cewa Alkawarin ba ya hana a cire ko cire wani abu. Hakan kawai yana hana daidaikun mutane da / ko kamfanoni daga fuskantar ƙarin ƙimar harajin samun kuɗaɗe kuma yana ba da damar sake fasalin haraji mara tsaka-tsaki. Masu rashi bangaranci, masu zaman kansu Factcheck.org sun yi bitar tallan DCCC kuma sun amince da ATR cewa tallar "karya ce karara." Darektan Factcheck.org, Brooks Jackson, ya rubutaAmurkawa ne suka kira shi "karya karara" don sake fasalin haraji, kungiyar da ke da alaka da Republican wacce ta sami sa hannun Djou kan alkawarin da ta yi na kin biyan haraji Mun yarda. Alkawarin harajin ATR yana kare hukumomi gaba ɗaya - amma kawai daga ƙarin haraji gaba ɗaya. Babu abin da ya ce game da ayyuka kwata-kwata. Mafi mahimmanci, baya hana sake fasalin lambar haraji. Masu sa hannu sun yarda da adawa da duk wani "raga" na rage ragi ko kirgawa "sai dai idan ya yi daidai da dala ta dala ta kara rage farashin haraji." A cewar mujallar The Hill, 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats sun debo kujeru takwas na Majalisar Wakilai a zaben Nuwamba na shekarata 2012, hade da' yan jam'iyyar Republicans da dama suka yi watsi da alkawarin, yana nufin cewa alkawarin ba zai sake samun goyon bayan mafi yawan waccan majalisar ba. lokacin da sabuwar Majalisa za ta fara zama a watan Janairun shekarata 2013. Norquist ya yi ikirarin cewa 'yan Republican 219 suna goyon bayan alkawarin; wannan adadi, duk da haka, ya haɗa da 'yan Jamhuriyyar Republican da dama waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan alƙawarin sai kawai su ƙi shi daga baya. Kirkira Wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1997, aikin Ronald Reagan Legacy Project na ATR, yayi aiki don ganin kowace karamar hukuma a Amurka ta tuna tsohon shugaban ta hanyar "muhimmiyar" kuma "ta gari", kamar sanya sunan gidan jama'a. Har ila yau aikin ya tallafawa ƙoƙari don sanya Reagan a kan dala goma . Har ila yau, aikin ya karfafa gwiwar gwamnonin jihohi da su ayyana ranar 6 ga Fabrairu ta zama “Ranar Ronald Reagan”; har zuwa shekarata 2006, gwamnoni 40 sun yi hakan. Cibiyar Kula da Kasafin Kuɗi Tun daga shekarar 2008, ATR ta nemi karfafa nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a cikin gwamnati ta hanyar Cibiyar Kula da Kasafin Kudi. Manufofin kungiyar sun hada da tallafawa kirkirar wuraren adana bayanai na yanar gizo na kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shirye. Kudin Ranar Gwamnati ATR tana daukar nauyin lissafin "Kudin Ranar Gwamnati", ranar da, a lissafin ta, "Amurkawa suka daina aiki don biyan kudaden haraji, kashe gibin, da ka'idoji daga gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi." Tun shekara ta 2008 Cibiyar da ke Kula da Kasafin Kuɗi ta ɗauki nauyin taron. Kawancen Hakkokin Mallaka Kawancen Hakkokin Yan Adam aiki ne na Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji. Tana samarda exididdigar haƙƙin Internationalasashe na Duniya kowace shekara, haɓaka rankingancin mutum don mallakar mallakar keɓaɓɓu a ƙasashen duniya. Indexididdigar ya mai da hankali kan manyan abubuwa guda uku. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Yanayi na Shari'a da Siyasa (LP), haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na jiki (PPR), da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaki na ilimi (IPR). Yadda ake bada haraji A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2014 ATR din ya ce wani rahoto da Babban Sufeton Janar na Kula da Haraji (TIGTA) ya gano cewa IRS ba ta kiyaye bayanan harajin tarayya yadda ya kamata. IRS ne suka tattara bayanan harajin daga kudaden harajin da aka shigar a Amurka. IRS tana ba da bayanan sirri ga sama da 280 na tarayya, jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi. A cewar wannan rahoton na TIGTA Littafin na IRS na Harajin Cikin Gida baya buƙatar ingancin shafin yanar gizo na ikon hukuma na kare bayanan harajin tarayya kuma baya saita wasu sharuɗɗa don asalin binciken hukumar don samun wannan bayanan. Rahoton na TIGTA ya binciki hukumomi 15 wadanda suke karbar bayanan harajin gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya gano cewa babu daya daga cikinsu da ta gudanar da cikakken bincike game da ma'aikatan da ke kula da bayanan: wata hukumar ta gudanar da binciken kasa, hukumomin guda hudu masu yatsan hannu kuma daya ne kawai ke rajistar rajistar mai laifin . Kusan rabin hukumomin suna daukar masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukunci. Bayanin harajin Tarayyar da aka baiwa wasu hukumomin dole ne ya zama sirrin dokar tarayya. Sauran ayyukan ATR yana da layuka na musamman da yawa waɗanda aka keɓe don takamaiman batutuwa ciki har da Shareungiyar Masu Rarraba Amurka (ASA), Alliance for Freedom of Worker (AWF), da The Media Freedom Project (MFP). A watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 ATR ta fara aika wa masu jefa kuri'a a Florida wasika tana umurtar su da su kira gwamnan Florida kuma dan takara mai zaman kansa na Majalisar Dattawa, Charlie Crist. Masu aika sakonnin ATR sun hada da hotunan Crist tare da Obama da kuma ambato daga marubutan dama. Taron Laraba Jim kaɗan bayan zaɓen Bill Clinton na shekarata 1992, hedkwatar ATR ta zama dandalin mako-mako, tare da rikodin rikodin rikodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don daidaita ayyuka da dabaru. "Taron Laraba" na Leaveungiyar Hadin gwiwar Mu bar mu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar shirya siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Mahalarta kowane mako sun hada da shugabannin majalisar wakilai ta Republican, kungiyoyin masu tunani na dama, kungiyoyin masu ba da shawara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu neman shiga K Street. George W. Bush ya fara tura wakili zuwa taron Laraba tun kafin ya bayyana a hukumance ya fito takarar shugaban kasa a 1999, kuma ya ci gaba da tura wakilai bayan zabensa a shekarata 2000. ATR ta taimaka wajen kafa tarurruka na yau da kullun ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda aka tsara bayan taron Laraba a Washington, tare da burin ƙirƙirar haɗin yanar gizo na masu fafutuka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don taimakawa goyan baya ga manufofi kamar rage haraji da lalata doka. A yanzu akwai tarurruka a cikin jihohi 48 da ƙari a duniya, tare da tarurruka a Kanada, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Italia, Japan, Spain, da United Kingdom. Mahimmancin taron na Laraba ya rinjayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Democrats don shirya irin waɗannan tarurruka don daidaita ayyukan game da manufofin su ɗaya. A cikin shekarar 2001, USA Today ta ruwaito cewa Rep. Rosa DeLauro ta fara irin wannan taron ne bisa roƙon shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat na wancan lokacin Richard Gephardt, har ma da yin ta a ranar Laraba. Matsayin siyasa Babban manufar manufofin Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji shi ne rage kaso na GDP da gwamnati ke amfani da shi. ATR ta ce "tana adawa da duk ƙarin harajin a matsayin ƙa'ida." Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji suna neman taƙaita kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati ta hanyar tallafawa dokar biyan haraji na haƙƙoƙin (TABOR) da kuma manufofin nuna gaskiya, da adawa da dokokin cinikin-fatauci da ciniki da kuma ƙoƙarin Demokraɗiya don sake fasalin kiwon lafiya. ATR memba ne na alungiyar Kawancen Masu Sanya Ruwa, wanda ke ɗaukar matsayi a cikin rikice-rikicen dumamar yanayi cewa "ilimin kimiyyar ɗumamar yanayi bai tabbata ba, amma mummunan tasirin tasirin ɗumamar ɗumamar duniya kan masu amfani duk gaskiya ne." ATR ta goyi bayan Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Dokar Shige da Fice na Shige da Fice na shekara ta 2006 kuma tana ci gaba da fifita wani kudurin dokar garambawul ga bakin haure. ATR ta yi kira da a rage kasafin kudin tsaron domin rage kashe kudade. Dokoki ATR ta goyi bayan Dokar Bincike da Gasar Amurka ta 2014 (HR 4438; 113th Congress), lissafin da zai gyara Dokar Haraji ta Cikin Gida don gyara hanyar lissafi da ƙimar kuɗin haraji don ƙididdigar binciken ƙwarewa wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen 2013 kuma zai sanya wannan ingantaccen darajar ta dindindin. ATR ya yi ikirarin cewa dokar za ta kasance "saukaka haraji na dindindin ga ma'aikatan Amurka" kuma ya nuna gaskiyar cewa darajar ta kasance tun shekarata 1981, amma 'yan kasuwa koyaushe suna fuskantar rashin tabbas game da hakan saboda ana tilasta wa Majalisar sabunta shi sau 14. Kamfanin ATR ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa kamfanoni sun riga sun fuskanci yawan harajin kudaden shiga na kamfanoni kuma cewa "saka jari a cikin sabbin fasahohi da hanyoyin samun jari na fuskantar matsin lamba daga wasu bangarorin lambar harajin." ATR tana tallafawa HR 6246, Dokar Kare kumbura na Ritaya na shekarata 2016. An tsara wannan aikin ne don rage harajin samun babban jari ta hanyar rage haraji akan ribar babban birnin ta daidaitaccen ƙimar hauhawar farashin lokacin lokacin da aka saka hannun jari. ATR ta bayar da hujjar cewa ta hanyar sanya haraji ga ribar ba tare da yin la’akari da nasarorin da ya faru ba saboda hauhawar farashi, cewa ana hukunta masu saka hannun jari saboda saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci. Kungiyar ta wallafa budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga dan majalisar inda ta bukace su da su kada kuri’ar amincewa da kudirin, wanda ya maida hankali kan cutarwar da ke faruwa ga tsofaffi saboda rashin kariya da wannan kudurin zai samar. An gabatar da wannan dokar ne a ranar 28 ga Satumbar, 2016 a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kuma har zuwa Nuwamba 2, 2016 ba a jefa ƙuri'a ba. Dokar kulawa A lokacin annobar 2020 COVID-19, kungiyar ta sami tallafi tsakanin $ 150,000 da $ 350,000 a cikin rancen kananan kasuwanci da gwamnatin tarayya ta tallafawa daga Bankin PNC a matsayin wani bangare na shirin Kariyar Biyan Kuɗi . Kungiyar ta ce za ta ba su damar rike ayyukan 33. An ga bashin na su sananne ne, tun da (da kuma musamman Norquist) suna yaƙin neman zaɓen gwamnati fiye da kima kuma su masu ba da shawara ne na ƙananan hukumomi. Da yake karin haske kan adadin rancen, Roll Call ya lura cewa ATR da ATR Foundation suna biyan Norquist jumlar dala 250,000 na shekara-shekara. Norquist kuma a baya ya soki kariyar rashin aikin yi na Dokar CARES a matsayin "jinkirta dawowa". Kasancewa tare da Jack Abramoff A cewar wani rahoton bincike daga Kwamitin Harkokin Majalisar Dattawa na Indiya game da badakalar Jack Abramoff, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarata 2006, ATR ta kasance "hanyar ruwa" don kudaden da ke zuwa daga abokan cinikin Abramoff don ba da gudummawar kamfen din neman yakin neman zabe. Bayanai sun nuna cewa gudummawa daga Choctaw da Kickapoo kabilun zuwa ATR an haɗa su ne ta wani ɓangaren ta Abramoff, kuma a wasu lokutan ma a kan fara taron tsakanin kabilun da Fadar White House. Duba kuma Amurkawa don Harajin Gaskiya Jama'a don Adalcin Haraji Taxungiyar masu biyan haraji ta ƙasa Asusun Haraji Amurkawa da ke tsaye don Sauƙaƙe Harajin Estate Manazarta Tsari Yadda ake bada haraji Haraji Kungiyoyi Majiyoyi Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji Amurkawa don Sake Gyara Haraji: Bayanin Kungiya - Cibiyar Kula da ritididdiga ta (asa ( Cibiyar Urban ) Americans for Tax Reform Pages with unreviewed translations

26774

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afrika%20ta%20Kudu

Sinima a Afrika ta Kudu

Sinima a Afirka ta Kudu na nufin fina-finai da masana'antar fina-finai ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma shirya fina-finai na ƙasashen waje da yawa game da Afirka ta Kudu (yawanci suna da alaƙa da launin fata). Fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya samu karɓuwa da karramawa a duniya shi ne wasan barkwanci na shekarar 1980 The Gods Must Be Crazy , rubuta, shiryawa kuma Jamie Uys ya shirya. A cikin Kalahari, ya ba da labari game da yadda rayuwa ta canza a cikin al'ummar Bushmen lokacin da kwalban Coke, aka jefa daga cikin jirgin sama, ba zato ba tsammani daga sama. Duk da cewa fim ɗin ya gabatar da mahallin da ba daidai ba na mutanen Khoisan san, ta hanyar tsara su a matsayin al'umma na farko da aka haskaka ta hanyar zamani na fadowa kwalban Coke. Marigayi Jamie Uys, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni The Gods Must Be Crazy, kuma ya sami nasara a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1970s tare da fina-finansa masu ban sha'awa da mutane masu ban dariya II, kamar jerin TV Candid Camera a Amurka. Leon Schuster 's Dole ne ku kasance kuna wasa! fina-finai iri daya ne, kuma sun shahara a tsakanin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Wani babban fim ɗin da ke nuna Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ƴan shekarun nan shi ne District9 . Neill Blomkamp, ɗan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ne ya jagoranta, kuma mai ba da izini na Lord of the Rings trilogy helmer Peter Jackson ne ya jagoranta, fim ɗin aikin / almara na kimiyya ya nuna ƙaramin aji na baƙi ƴan gudun hijirar da aka tilasta wa zama a cikin tarkace na Johannesburg a cikin abin da mutane da yawa suka gani. misali mai ƙirƙira ga wariyar launin fata . Fim din ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a duk duniya, kuma an zaɓe shi don lambar yabo ta Academy hudu, ciki har da Mafi kyawun Hotuna, a 82nd Academy Awards . Sauran fitattun fina-finai sune Tsotsi, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Fim na Harshen Waje a lambar yabo ta 78th Academy Awards a shekarar 2006 da U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na 2005 . Zamanin Shiru Gidan fina-finai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, Killarney Film Studios, an kafa shi ne a cikin 1915 a Johannesburg ta hamshakin ɗan kasuwan Amurka Isidore W. Schlesinger lokacin da ya tafi Afirka ta Kudu ba tare da burin danginsa ba bayan ya karanta game da gano zinare a Witwatersrand kuma yana sha'awar. binciko abin da zai iya samu. A cikin shekarun 1910 da 1920, an yi fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu da yawa a ciki ko wajen birnin Durban . Waɗannan fina-finai sukan yi amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki da ake samu a karkarar KwaZulu-Natal, musamman yankin Drakensberg . KwaZulu-Natal kuma ya zama wurin da ya dace don fina-finai na tarihi kamar De Voortrekkers (1916) da Alamar Sacrifice (1918). Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai Lorimer Johnston ya jagoranci fina-finai da yawa a yankin a ƙarshen shekarun 1910 wanda ya fito da ƴan wasan Amurka Edna Flugrath da Caroline Frances Cooke . Duk da halartar Johnson, Flugrath da Cooke, waɗannan shirye-shiryen Afirka ta Kudu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƴan wasan gida da labarai. Zamanin Sauti Sarie Marais, fim ɗin sauti na farko na harshen Afirka, an sake shi a cikin 1931. Sauti na gaba kamar Die Wildsboudjie (1948), Sarie Marais remake na 1949, da Daar doer in die bosveld (1950) sun ci gaba da kula da fararen fata, masu sauraron harshen Afirkaans. Shekarun 1950 sun ga ƙaruwar amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da baiwa ta masu yin fina-finai na duniya. Haɗin gwiwar Biritaniya kamar Coast of Skeletons (1956) da kuma samfuran haɗin gwiwar Amurka kamar The Cape Town Affair (1967) sun nuna haɓakar yanayin harbi a wurare na gaske, maimakon yin amfani da koma baya. Abubuwan Kayayyakin Duniya Daga shekarar 2009, an sami ƙarin amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da hazaka ta ɗakunan fina-finai na duniya. Ayyukan Amurka kamar District 9 (2009), Chronicle (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), The Dark Tower (2017), Tomb Raider (2018), The Kissing Booth (2018), Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018). 2018), Escape Room (2019) da Bloodshot (2020) suna nuna haɓakar haɓaka ta manyan gidaje na duniya don amfani da Cape Town, Johannesburg da sauran wuraren Afirka ta Kudu don shirya fina-finai. Manyan masu rarraba fina-finai 3 na Afirka ta Kudu An jera su tare da kowane mai rarraba su ne ɗakunan studio da suke wakilta: Times Media Films : 20th Century Studios, Warner Bros., Sabon Layi Cinema, Hotunan DreamWorks, DreamWorks Animation . Ster-Kinekor : Hotunan Walt Disney, Hotunan Sony Hotunan United International International : Hotunan Duniya, Hotunan Paramount, VideoVision Nishaɗi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sabbin Labarai, Bayar Aiki da Dama a Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu Gidan yanar gizon fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu Mai da hankali kan masana'antar - SouthAfrica.info Shirin Watsa Labarun Afirka . Cikakken bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka Lokaci: 1895–2003 Tarihin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu Ma'ajin Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu Mai Nuna masana'antar Afirka ta Kudu The Callsheet Newspaper na wata-wata na Afirka ta Kudu buga cinikayya masana'antar fina-finai Sinima a Afrika Afirka ta Kudu Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19266

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilli%20Antonelli

Tilli Antonelli

Tilli Antonelli ( Attilio Antonelli ; an haife shi a Russi, 27 Satumba 1955) ɗan kasuwa ne dan asalin Italiya kuma mai kera jirgin ruwa. A cikin 1981 ya kafa Cantiere Navale dell'Adriatico, wanda ke cikin rukunin kasuwancin jiragen ruwa na Marche, yankin Italiya . A cikin 1985 ya kafa tashar jirgin ruwa da iri mai suna Pershing wanda ya zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar Ferretti a 1998. Ya kasance shugaban Itama daga shekarar 2004 har zuwa 2009. A shekara ta 2010 da ya kafa fadi, a nautical kamfanin haife matsayin juya-kashe yacht manufacturer, bayan ya bar tsohon matsayi. A watan Mayu 2014 aka zabe shi memba a hukumar gudanarwa ta UCINA . Tarihin rayuwa Tun yana saurayi ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar tukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya zama dan wasan tsere . Ya shiga cikin jirgi mai mahimmanci Regattas kuma ta wannan ya sadu da ɗan kasuwar Italia Raul Gardini, wanda ke da alaƙa da duniyar jiragen ruwa waɗanda suka tura Il Moro di Venezia, ɗan ƙalubalen jirgin ruwan Italiya a gasar cin kofin Amurka ta shekarar 1992. A cikin shekarar 1973 ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Raul Gardini a jirgin ruwa mai '45' mai suna "Naif", wanda Dick Carter ya tsara, wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma mai tsara Yachts wanda ya ci nasarar cin nasarar '65 da '69 na Fastnet Race, 608 - tseren teku mai nisan kilomita tsakanin teku tsakanin jirgin ruwan da ya fara a gabar Burtaniya a 1925 kuma ya samo sunan daga Fastnet Rock da ke kudu maso yammacin gabar Ireland. A cikin wannan shekarar Antonelli ya halarci Kofin Admiral . A watan Fabrairun shekarata 1976 ya tashi zuwa Marblehead, bisa bukatar Gardini don bin ginin masta da jirgi don Il Il di na farko na Il Moro. A shekarar 1977 ya dawo Turai don shiga a karon farko a tseren Fastnet. A cikin 1978 ya zama ƙwararren mai gyaran jirgi, ƙera masana'antu da kuma da kansa yake gwada filafilin a cikin teku, da koyawa masu jiragen ruwa yadda ake amfani da su. Ya yi aiki ga masu kera jirgi biyu na duniya a Liguria : Hood Sails a Sanremo sannan a Rapallo don Horizon, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Arewacin Sails Italia. A shekara ta 1979 ya shiga cikin mummunan bugun littafin Fastnet Race, inda guguwar da ba zato ba tsammani ta rasa jiragen ruwa ɗari da biyar, wanda hakan ya haifar da aikin ceto mafi girma da ya taɓa faruwa a cikin kwanciyar hankali har zuwa wannan lokacin. A 1980 ya koma Ravenna, inda ya karɓi tayin yin aiki a matsayin Manajan Ayyuka a cikin kamfanin kera jirgin ruwa a Fano . Kafin karbar tayin ya kammala alkawurransa na tsere ta hanyar shiga zaɓen Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, a cikin Ajin Tonner Daya . Farawar kasuwanci A watan Yunin shekarata 1980 ya koma Fano ya yi aiki a filin jirgin ruwa na MSA Cantieri del Sole. Bayan 'yan watanni na aiki sai Antonelli ya ba da shawara ga abokan aiki biyu da su bude katafaren jirgin nasu, suka sami wani abokin harka da zai ba shi kudi, kuma suka samu kudin ajiya na Lire miliyan 20 don gina jirgin ruwa na musamman. Da wannan kuɗin uku suka kafa Cantiere Navale dell'Adriatico a cikin 1981. A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar ya hadu da Stefania Vagnini kuma bayan sati daya da fara soyayya ya nemi ta zama matarsa. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1982, ranar masoya, ya auri Stefania, wacce ta haifa masa yara uku, Camilla, Nicola da Ludovico. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwan sa na farko, mai kera motoci. Yayin gwajin jirgi na jirgin ruwan ya tsaya a cikin Isole Tremiti, inda ya sadu da Lucio Dalla . Shahararren mawaƙin Italiyan-mawaƙi yana son jirgin ruwa kuma ya ba da umarnin ɗayan tare da sunan "Catarro", wanda ya zama jirgi na biyu wanda aka samar da shi daga filin jirgin ruwan. Haihuwar Pershing Tare da mai tsara jirgin ruwa Fulvio De Simoni, an kirkiro ra'ayin ne don kirkirar manyan kekunan ruwa masu motsa jiki (wanda aka fi sani da Open Yachts) wanda zai kasance da kwanciyar hankali, tashin hankali, da kuma wuce gona da iri . Tare da wannan sabuwar falsafar ne jirgin ruwan ya hau kan wani juyin halitta wanda zai haifar da jiragen ruwa na Pershing (wanda a yanzu ya zama alama ta kungiyar Ferretti ), wanda sojojin Amurka Janar John J. Pershing suka zuga, gwarzo ne na yakin duniya na farko . A cikin shekarar 1985 an ƙaddamar da samfurin na farko, Pershing 45 ', ɗayan farkon buɗe Jirgin ruwa don samun ɗakuna uku da kawuna uku. Jirgin yana da ɗayan farko na fasfunan ruwa wani abu wanda ake samu akan kowane jirgin ruwan zamani a yau. A cikin shekarar 1992 an ƙaddamar da Pershing 70 '. Shine mafi girman buɗe jirgin ruwa a cikin kayan haɗin da aka taɓa ginawa a lokacin. Modelaya daga cikin samfurin an sanye shi da injin gas na 4000 hp wanda ya bawa jirgin damar isa saurin Knots 60. Amma ɗayan mafi girman fasalin salo wanda daga baya kuma ya zama gama gari a masana'antar kera motoci shine windows na gefe waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar fiberglass arch wanda aka tsara don ba rufin damar zamewa zuwa wurin ɓoye. Wannan ya maye gurbin zanen ƙarfe na gargajiya. A cikin shekarar 2000 filin jirgin ya sake zuwa wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jirginsa, Pershing 88 ', wanda ya fita daga taron tare da zane-zanen karafa na ƙarfe. Garage na gaba shima ya kasance na farko don yachting, gidaje mai laushi da kuma kankara ta jet A cikin 2006 samfurin ya fita daga samarwa, ya zama abun tarawa na iyakantaccen bugu . A farkon shekarun 90 Pershing ya nemi sabbin kasuwanni ya fadada zuwa Amurka, Tekun Bahar Rum, da Gabas mai nisa. A cikin shekara ta 1998 ya zama ɓangare na Rukunin Ferretti, babban kamfani mai riƙe da kamfani a cikin masana'antar yachting. Antonelli ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban kamfanin. A cikin shekarar 2004 an kuma sanya Antonelli a matsayin shugaban Itama, alama ce da ya sarrafa tare da Pershing har zuwa 2009. A cikin shekarar 2010, lokacin da masana'antar yachting ke cikin matsin tattalin arziki saboda rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya, asusun saka hannun jari ya ba da sayan alamar Pershing, amma Ferretti Group ba ta da niyyar siyarwa, suna gaskata cewa yana da mahimmancin dabaru don murmurewa daga rikicin. Bayan wannan shawarar ne a ranar 3 ga Maris din wannan shekarar Antonelli ya yi murabus. WIDER filin jirgin ruwa Wata rana a cikin bazara 2010 ya dawo gida tare da wata dabara, ya sadu da iyalinsa a kusa da wata takarda, kuma a kanta ya zana hangen sama na ƙwanƙolin jirgin ruwa, sannan nan da nan bayan fukafukai biyu da suka fito daga babban matattarar jirgin, suna ninki biyu girman kowane bangare. Ya yi imani cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sake nazarin sararin samaniya a kan jirgin ruwa tare da nufin ba da ta'aziyya ga masu shi. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya kafa filin jirgin ruwa na WIDER, mai suna don bayar da kyakkyawar alamar ra'ayin da ya fara aikin. A ranar 14 Afrilun shekarata 2011, a Porto Carlo Riva a Rapallo, an gabatar da ƙirar farko, mai suna WIDER 42 '. Jirgin ruwa na farko a cikin duniya tare da akwatin jirgin da zai iya faɗaɗa kai tsaye. Ya zama dole a sami suna don sabon rukuni na jirgin ruwa: "akwatin jirgin WIDER". A cikin shekarar 2014 WIDER yana da wuraren samar da abubuwa guda biyu a Italiya (a yankin Marche, a Ancona da Castelvecchio di Monte Porzio PU . Filin jirgin ruwa yana da ɗaukar hoto na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka ayyukan jirgin ruwan gaba. WIDER ta sanya aikinta na kamfani don ci gaba da tura iyakokin yachting. Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje FADAR FATA UCINA Pages with unreviewed translations

20928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojin%20Sama%20ta%20Chadi

Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Chadi

An kafa rundunar sojan sama ta Chadi, a cikin Faransa Aérienne Tchadienne, a cikin shekarar 1961 a matsayin Escadrille Nationale Tchadienne (Chadian National Flight / Squadron), kuma an ba ta sunan ta na yanzu a cikin shekarata 1973. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na sojojin Chadi. Rundunar tana da sansani tare da sojojin Faransa a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena. Tarihi Farawa A cikin 1960s Sojan Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi maza ɗari, jirgin ɗaukar kaya DC-3 ɗaya, jirgin saman lura uku, da jirage masu saukar ungulu biyu. Ingantawa A cikin 1973, lokacin da ƙarfin ta ya ƙaru zuwa maza 200, sojojin sama sun mallaki jirgin ɗaukar kaya na C-47 guda uku (ya karu zuwa 13 a tsakiyar shekarun 1970), da jiragen saman daukar haske guda uku, da helikopta ɗaya, dukkansu ana aiki a iska ta Faransa. tushe a N'Djamena. Kusan dukkanin matuƙan jirgin a lokacin Faransawa ne. Lambobin wutsiya C-47 sun haɗa da 100509, 10307 da 10409. A cikin 1976, Sojojin Sama sun samu Douglas AD-4N Skyraiders 7 daga Faransa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen yaƙin adawa da ƴan daba a arewa har zuwa 1987 lokacin da ake ganin ba za su iya aiki ba. (Lambobin wutsiya sun haɗa da Skyraider 126959). Skyraiders sun fara ganin sabis a Chadi tare da <i id="mwHQ">Armée de l'Air</i>, sannan daga baya tare da rundunar sojan saman Chadi mai zaman kanta, wanda sojojin haya na Faransa ke aiki. Yin nasara a cikin gwagwarmaya ta iska (1980 - 1990) A lokacin rikicin da aka yi da Libya a shekarar 1983, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun bayar da rahoton lalata Aermacchi Libya guda takwas SF-260s . An kama uku kuma sun yi aiki daga 1987. Ɗaya ya faɗi a cikin 1989 kuma wani ya sayar ga Amurka. Chadi kuma ta sami SAM wanda aka ƙaddamar da kafada 24 a ƙarshen 1987. A cewar wasu rahotanni da yawa, Sojojin Sama na Chadi suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen fatattakar mamayar 'yan tawaye daga makwabciyar sudan a shekarar 2009. Jami'an na Sudan ɗin sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa jiragen na Chadi sun yi ta kai hare-hare da dama zuwa cikin Sudan yayin rikicin. Koyaya, rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai ba su da cikakken bayani game da ainihin nau'ikan jiragen da Chadi ta yi amfani da su don kare 'yan tawayen da kuma kai hare-haren wuce gona da iri. Zuwa 1987, Laftanar Mornadji Mbaissanabe ne ya ba da umarnin sojojin sama. Abubuwan da suka faru da Kafafen Nishadi Abubuwan Tsaro Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya lissafa abubuwa huɗu da suka faru tsakanin 1976 da 1987, ɗaya da ya shafi Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-4 wanda wani makami mai linzami na saman-iska ya harbo shi da sauran biyun da fasinjojin C-130 Hercules, daya fadowa yayin saukar jirgin sama na yau da kullun, ɗayan yayin saukowa. A 2004, yayin jigilar 'yan jarida da jami'an Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya zuwa wani taron tarmako tare da Kofi Annan, ɗaya daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu na Chadi ya samu matsala kuma ya yi mummunan sauka a cikin hamada. Ƙasar Chadi ta rasa akalla jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a lokacin yakin Adre, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2005. Zargin take hakkin bil'adama A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2000, wani Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama na Chadi da ba a san shi ba ya nemi izinin zama 'yan gudun hijira a Kanada, yana mai cewa ya zargi gwamnatin Chadi da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Haɗarin 2017 Yawancin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu sun lalace a cikin wani hadari a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017 wanda ya afkawa babban sansanin sojojin saman a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena . An tsananta tsananin guguwar ta hanyar yin amfani da sutura. Asara ko kayan aikin da suka lalace sun haɗa da jirage masu saukar ungulu uku, PC-12, MiG-29, da jiragen yaƙi biyu Su-25. Jirgin sama Kayan kaya na yanzu Aikin jirgin sama na ƙarfin na iya zama ƙasa da adadin da hukuma ke wakilta. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Le Figaro a watan Afrilu, 2006, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi jigilar Lockheed C-130 Hercules guda biyu, daya mai aiki da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Mil Mi-17 Hip-H , da kuma Mil Mi-24 biyu "Hind" da ba sa aiki. jirage masu saukar ungulu. Daga baya C-130 TT-PAF ya ɓace a cikin haɗarin sauka a Abéché, Chadi, a kan 11 Yuni 2006. Manazarta Bayanin bayanan jirgin sama na duniya Bright Star Publishing London Fayil 337 Sheet 4 Cooper, Tom & Weinert, Peter (2010). MiGs na Afirka: Volume I: Angola zuwa Ivory Coast. Kamfanin Harpia Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825539-5-4 . Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Jirgin sama tun 1920 . London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1 . Tarihin Chadi Afirka Sojojin Chadi Sojoji Pages with unreviewed translations

39949

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20ta%20Farko

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Farko

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko ( HRFS, ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin masarautar Saudiyya . Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tsirarun ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Saudi Arabiya masu sa'ido kan ƴancin ɗan adam, tare da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa ta Saudi Arabia, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaba da Sauye da Ƙungiyar Kariya da Tsaro na Mata. Hakkoki a Saudiyya . An kaddamar da HRFS ne a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai sadaukar da kai don kare haƙƙin dan Adam a Saudiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Musulunci . HRFS tana tsaye ne don aiwatar da doka, ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tarayya, da kuma kawar da duk wata wariya a cikin al'ummar Saudiyya bisa tushen jinsi ko addini. Kafa da matsayi A shekara ta 2002, Ibrahim al-Mugaiteb ya ƙirƙiro kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Human Rights First Society (HRFS) wanda ya nemi gwamnatin Saudiyya don amincewa da ƙungiyar a doka. Duk da haka, an hana aikace-aikacen. Koda yake ba a ba HRFS matsayin gwamnati ba, , ya kasance ba a san shi ba, amma gwamnati ta yarda ya wanzu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Dokar asali ta Saudiyya ba ta yi magana game da 'yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma gwamnati ta iyakance wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Gwamnati ta haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa ko duk wata ƙungiya da take ganin tana adawa da gwamnatin ko kuma tana ƙalubalantar ikon Sarki. Dole ne duk ƙungiyoyi su sami lasisi kuma su bi ƙa'idodinta da ƙa'idodinta. HRFS ba su sami amsa ga buƙatarsu ta lasisin gwamnati ba, duk da haka, sun ci gaba da aiwatar da manufarsu. Da yake ƙungiyar ba ta da lasisi a hukumance, har yanzu ba a san ko wane irin ayyukan ƙungiya ne aka halatta ba kuma wanda zai iya fuskantar hukunci daga gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, ba tare da lasisi ƙungiyar ba za ta iya tara duk wani kuɗin aiki wanda saboda haka ya iyakance ayyukanta. Duk da haka, ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, HRFS na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta na zaman kanta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma har yanzu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna sane da su. Manufar Manufar HRFS ita ce a ƙarshe ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Saudi Arabiya. HRFS ta yi imani da ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da tarayya, tare da yin Allah wadai da duk wani wariya ga jinsi ko akidar addini a cikin al'ummar Saudiyya. Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Farko na da nufin sanya ido kan take hakkin bil'adama da tallafawa waɗanda ake take haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ta hanyar amfani da "dukkan hanyoyin lumana don bayar da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya tana mutuntawa da kare dukkan haƙƙoƙin bil'adama." A cikin cika aikin HRFS na kare ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da tarayya da kuma yin Allah wadai da nuna wariya, HRFS na iya fitar da rahotanni ga jami'an Saudiyya a matsayin shawara. Ainihin rahotannin sun zama 'taswirar hanya' kan ko wasu dokoki a Saudiyya sun sabawa yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa, ko kuma cewa waɗannan dokokin idan akwai su, hukumomin Saudiyya ba sa mutunta su. Kazalika ba da shawarwari ga jami'ai, HRFS na iya yin maraba da matakan da jami'an gwamnati ke yi don ƙirƙirar wasu ƙarin dokoki. Tsari da jagoranci , Ibrahim al-Mugaiteeb is the head of HRFS. al-Mugaiteeb is a leading human rights activist and the founder and president of the Human Rights First Society (Saudi Arabia). Despite being previously imprisoned for political activism and barred from travel, al-Mugaiteeb continues to condemn human rights abuses and speak out against discrimination. Although al-Mugaiteeb was denied a licence permitting his organisation to function as a government organisation, he continues to operate the HRFS in the Kingdom at his own risk and has done so since the introduction of the HRFS in 2002. Tushen Dokar Mulkin Mulki Mai kula da Masallatan Harami guda biyu, Sarki Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud ya ba da sanarwar Sarauta da ke ƙunshe da Babban Dokokin Mulki na Saudiyya. Bayan yin la'akari da muradun jama'a da nufin ci gaban jihar, 'Basic Law of Governance' ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Maris 1992. Asalin Dokokin Mulki Ƙa'ida ce mai kama da tsarin mulki bisa fahimtar Salafiyya ta Shari'a kuma ba ta ketare dokokin Musulunci ba . Mataki na 26 na Babban Dokokin Mulki ya yi nuni da cewa "Kasar za ta kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kamar yadda Shari'a ta tanada". Sharia ita ce tsarin shari'ar addini da ke tafiyar da mabiya addinin Musulunci . Wannan labarin ya dace da manufar HRFS inda za ta yi amfani da duk hanyoyin lumana don ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya ta mutunta wannan labarin a cikin yanayi da keta haƙƙin bil'adama na iya bayyana. Sanarwa da rahotanni Zaɓen kananan hukumomi na shekara ta 2005 shi ne na farko da aka gudanar a Saudiyya tun a shekara ta 1960. A zaɓen, ƴan ƙasa maza da suka haura shekaru 21 sun sami damar kaɗa kuri'ar rabin ƴan majalisun ƙananan hukumominsu. A ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Yarima Nayef bin Abd al-Aziz, ministan harkokin cikin gida na Saudiyya, ya sanar da wata jarida ta Kuwait cewa mata ba za su iya tsayawa takara ba ko kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓen. A martanin da jami'an hukumar zaɓen ƙasar Saudiyya suka yi kan wannan shigar sun nuna damuwarsu ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki bisa wannan dalili kamar rashin rumfunan zaɓe daban-daban ga mata, kuma mata ba su da katin shaida. Hatoon al-Fassi yana jin cewa gaskiyar jami'an sun ba da dalilai masu amfani na wannan rashin shiga ba tare da dalilai na addini ko jinsi ba shine nasara ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na mata Shugaban hukumar ta HRFS, Ibrahim al-Mugaiteeb, ya bayyana cewa zaben kananan hukumomin Saudiyya na shekara ta 2011 ba zai yi matukar tasiri ba idan har aka gudanar da zaɓen kamar yadda aka gudanar a shekarar 2005, ta yadda ba za a bar mata su shiga ba. Ya ce mafi ƙarancin ƙa’idojin zaɓen ya haɗa da duk membobi da masu zaɓe za su zaɓa, mata su shiga, sannan a rage shekarun zaɓe daga 21 zuwa 18.” zanga-zangar Saudiyya ta 2011 An gudanar da zanga-zanga da dama kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam a gaban gine-ginen ma'aikatar gwamnati a ƙasar Saudiyya a tsawon shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2012. Ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati na neman a saki fursunonin da ake tsare da su ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kuliya ba, ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kotu ba a garuruwa daban-daban da kuma zanga-zangar neman lardin Gabashin ƙasar ya samu kundin tsarin mulki da majalisa . A tsawon lokacin da aka shafe ana zanga-zangar, mahukuntan Saudiyya sun bindige wasu masu zanga-zangar sakamakon rera taken nuna adawa da majalisar Saudiyya da ministan harkokin cikin gida, Nayef, inda suka kira su ƴan ta'adda", "masu yanka" da "masu aikata laifuka". A ranar 24 ga Maris, shekara ta 2011, yayin zanga-zangar Saudiyya ta 2011, HRFS ta ce an kama masu zanga-zangar 100 bayan zanga-zangar 15-18 ga watan Maris a ciki da kusa da Qatif kuma an azabtar da wasu. Tare da HRFS, ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a da siyasa ta Saudi Arabiya (ACPRA) ta yi kira da a saki wanda ya kafa ACPRA Mohammed Saleh al-Bejadi bayan kama shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Buraidah a ranar 21 ga watan Maris da Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta yi. Zanga-zangar ta ci gaba da yin kira da a saki waɗannan fursunonin, da a janye rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Bahrain daga Bahrain, don samun daidaiton wakilci a manyan ofisoshi da kuma yin gyare-gyare a muƙaman siyasa, kamar yadda suke jin an ware su. Rahoton Ketare Mara Kyau A kokarin inganta da kare doka da kare ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya da kuma kawar da nuna wariya a cikin al’ummar ƙasar Saudiyya, ƙungiyar HRFS ta shirya wani rahoto kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin shari’a a ƙasar Saudiyya da kuma tasirinta ga ƴancin al’ummar Saudiyya mai take. "Cikin Zalunci: Yadda Ka'idar Dokokin Saudiyya Ke Cin Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya" (Rahoton). Rahoton ya ce da yawa daga cikin dokokin da ba a rubuta ba a Saudi Arabiya "suna da matukar bijirewa" kuma suna "kashewa" ga 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da haƙƙin doka don yin biyayya da kafa doka da ta dace da yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga dokar yarjejeniyoyin, ƙasar da ta rattaba hannu amma ba ta amince da wata yarjejeniya ba, wajibi ne ta guji "ayyukan da za su karya manufa da manufar" wannan yarjejeniya. Rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani kan wuraren da kundin dokokin Saudiyya ya saɓa wa dokar kare haƙƙin bil'adama da suka haɗa da: Sa ido da kuma mamaye gidaje, da laifukan ' yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba da tsawaita tsarewa, shari'ar sirri da rashin adalci, azabtarwa da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa. hana mata haƙƙin shari'a daidai gwargwado Daga nan kuma rahoton ya tattauna kan yadda waɗannan dokokin ke baiwa gwamnatin Saudiyya babban iko na cin zarafin ƴan ƙasar Saudiyya, tare da ba da kulawa ta musamman ga raunin mata, tsirarun addinai, ma'aikatan ƙaura da yara A ƙarshe rahoton ya nuna inda gwamnatin Saudiyya ta gaza wajen bin dokokinta na cikin gida wajen gudanar da ayyukanta na musgunawa 'yan ƙasar ta Saudiyya, da take haƙƙin bil'adama wanda ita kanta ta yi ikirarin kare haƙƙin bil'adama da ta yi ikirarin kare dokokinta wanda kuma ke samun kariya a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Duba kuma Hakkin Dan Adam a Saudiyya Basic Law of Saudi Arabia Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko (Turanci) Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko (Larabci) Cin Zarafi Mai Kyau: Yadda Ka'idar Dokokin Saudiyya ke keta Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Duniya Human Rights Watch: Saudi Arabia Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah%20Akhundzada

Hibatullah Akhundzada

Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada ( Pashto ; an haife shi a shekarar 1961), shi ne shugaban siyasa da addini wanda shi ne Babban Kwamandan Taliban na uku. An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Emir-al-Mumineen (Amirul Muminin) ta Taliban wanda kuma shi ne taken da magabata biyu suka ɗauka. An ruwaito Akhundzada ya bayar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban, kuma shi ne shugaban kotunan musulunci na Taliban. Ba kamar shugabannin Taliban da yawa ba, Akhundzada an yi imanin ya kasance a cikin ƙasar yayin Yaƙin Afghanistan. Ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a watan Mayun shekarar 2016 bayan kashe shugaban da ya gabata, Akhtar Mansour, a wani harin jirgi mara matuƙi. Rayuwar farko An haifi Akhundzada a shekarar 1961 a gundumar Panjwayi da ke lardin Kandahar a masarautar Afghanistan . Pashtun, yana cikin dangin Noorzai ko ƙabila. Sunansa na farko, Hibatullah, na nufin “baiwar Allah ” a harshen Larabci . Mahaifinsa, Mullah Mohammad Akhund, malamin addini ne kuma limamin masallacin ƙauyensu. Kasancewa ba su mallaki kowace ƙasa ko gonakin nasu ba, dangin ya dogara da abin da ikilisiya ta biya mahaifinsa da tsabar kuɗi ko kuma wani ɓangare na amfanin gona. Akhundzada ya yi karatu a gaban mahaifinsa. Iyalin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Quetta bayan mamayar Soviet kuma Akhundzada ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ɗayan manyan makarantun da aka kafa a unguwar Sarnan. Yin gwagwarmaya da harkar siyasa Farkon aiki A cikin shekarun 1980, Akhundzada ya kasance cikin gwagwarmaya kan yaƙin Soviet a Afghanistan. A shekarun 1990, Akhunzada na ɗaya daga cikin membobi na farko da suka shiga Taliban . Bayan da 'yan Taliban suka ƙwace lardin Farah, aka sanya Akhundzada a matsayin mai kula da yaki da miyagun laifuka a yankin. Lokacin da 'yan Taliban suka kwace babban birnin Kabul a 1996, an nada Akhundzada a matsayin memba na Sashen Inganci nagarta da Rigakafin Mataimakin . Daga baya ya koma Kandahar kuma an mai da shi malami a Madrasa, makarantar hauza ta dalibai kusan 100,000. Bayan ƙawance da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2001, Akhundzada ya zama shugaban majalisar malaman kungiyar. Daga baya aka nada Mawlawi Akhundzada a matsayin Babban Jojin Kotunan Shari'a na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan . Maimakon sarkin yaki ko kwamandan soji, yana da suna a matsayin jagoran addini wanda ke da alhakin fitar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban da daidaita batutuwan addini tsakanin membobin Taliban. Dukansu Mullah Omar da Mullah Mansour an san sun tuntubi Akhundzada a kan al'amuran fatwa. Ba kamar magabatansa da suka yi karatu a Pakistan ba - waɗanda kuma aka yi imanin sun ƙaura zuwa gabas gaba ɗaya bayan Durand Line bayan mamayar Amurka a 2001 da kuma lokacin yaƙin da ya haifar - An yi imanin cewa Akundzada ya rayu a Afghanistan a cikin shekarun 2001-2016 tare da babu rikodin tafiye -tafiye, duk da cewa yana da alaƙa ta kut -da -kut da Shura mai tushen Quetta. Bayan ƙarin girma ga mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Taliban a shekarar 2015, Akhundzada ya sanya tsari wanda a karkashinsa za a kafa kwamiti karkashin gwamnan inuwa a kowane lardin da zai iya bincikar kwamandoji ko mayaka masu cin zarafi, a cewar Mullah Abdul Bari, kwamandan Taliban a Helmand . Shugaban Taliban An naɗa Akhundzada a matsayin babban kwamandan Taliban a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2016 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Mullah Akhtar Mansour. Mansour da ɗan bindiga na biyu sun mutu lokacin da harsasai da aka harbo daga jirgi mara matuki suka afkawa motar da suke ciki. Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ne ya amince da yajin aikin. A baya Akhundzada ya kasance mataimakin Mansour. A cewar majiyoyin Taliban, Mansour ya riga ya sanya Akhundzada a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a cikin wasiyyarsa . Mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta Taliban ya bayyana cewa an nada Sirajuddin Haqqani a matsayin mataimaki na farko sannan kuma an nada Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob, dan tsohon shugaban Taliban Mullah Omar a matsayin mataimaki na biyu. Mawlawi Akhundzada kaiwa wani yawan makarantu, ko addini makarantu, a Pakistan 's kudu maso yammacin Baluchistan lardin . Masu sharhi na ganin akwai saɓani tsakanin 'yan Taliban kan wanda ya kamata a nada sabon shugaban. Sunayen da aka ba da shawarar sune Mullah Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani, na ƙarshen shine babban memba da ke da alaƙa da Haqqani Network . Akhundzada, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka tsaki tsakanin manyan 'yan Taliban. Don gujewa rikici yayin zaɓar Akhundzada a matsayin shugaba, Taliban sun yarda cewa Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani za su yi aiki a matsayin mataimakansa. Mullahs Abdul Razaq Akhund da Abdul Sata Akhund sun yi alƙawarin tallafawa Sarkin Akhundzada a watan Disambar 2016. Yousef Ahmadi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana da yawun Taliban, ya bayyana a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2017 cewa an kashe ɗan Akhundzada Abdur Rahman yayin da yake kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake kan sansanin sojojin Afghanistan da ke Gereshk a lardin Helmand . Wani jami'in gwamnatin Afghanistan ya ce suna binciken lamarin amma ba su iya tabbatar da ko an kashe Rahman ba. A watan Mayu 2021, Akhundzada ya gayyaci mutanen Afganistan don ficewar sojojin Amurka da kuma ci gaban daular Musulunci. A watan Agustan 2021, sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Akhundzada sun fara kai farmaki na neman samun nasara ta ƙarshe a yakin . Bayan Janye Sojojin Amurka, kungiyar Taliban ta sami nasarar iko da Kabul, babban birnin ƙasar. Yunkurin kashe shi Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2012 A cewar Mullah Ibrahim, dalibin Akhundzada wanda The New York Times ta yi hira da shi, Akhundzada ya kasance batun yunkurin kisan gilla a Quetta wanda Taliban ta zargi Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa, hukumar leken asirin Afghanistan. "'A lokacin daya gabatar da laccarsa a Quetta wata rana kimanin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, wani mutum ya tsaya a tsakanin daliban ya nuna Mawlawi Akhundzada bindiga daga nesa, amma bindigar ta makale,' 'Mullah Ibrahim ya tuno. "Yana kokarin harbe shi, amma ya kasa, kuma 'yan Taliban sun gaggauta tunkarar mutumin," in ji shi, ya kara da cewa Mawlawi Akhundzada bai motsa cikin tashin hankali ba. " Saboda yunƙurin kisan da aka ruwaito ya faru a Quetta, ya sabawa rahotannin cewa Akhundzada bai yi tafiya a wajen Afghanistan ba bayan Satumba 2001. Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2019 A lokacin sallar Juma'a a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2019, wani fashewa mai ƙarfin gaske ya ratsa wani babban masallaci a Balochistan, lardin Pakistan. Harin da aka kai a masallacin, ya kashe dan uwan Akhundzada Hafiz Ahmadullah kuma mahaifin Akhundzada. Ahmadullah ya gaji Akhundzada a matsayin jagoran Masallacin Khair Ul Madarais, wanda ya kasance babban wurin taro na Quetta Shura, bayan da aka nada Akhundzada a matsayin sarkin Taliban. An tabbatar da ƙarin dangin Akhundzada sun mutu a fashewar. Babbar Majalisar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan ta dauki alhakin kai harin, ta kara da cewa babban abin da aka kai wa hari shi ne Akhundzada. Rubututtuka A matsayinsa na malamin addini, ya rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa, gami da sakin Mujahedino ta de Amir ul-Mumenin Larshowene na Mayu 2017 (Umarni ga Mujahedeen daga Amirul Muminin). Nassoshi Mutanen Afghanistan Yan Taliban Pages with unreviewed translations

13961

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyi%20Shay

Seyi Shay

Deborah Oluwaseyi Joshua (An rada mata suna Oluwaseyi Odedere ; an haife ta a 21 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1985), an fi saninta da Seyi Shay (wanda aka sheda Shay-ye Shay), mawaƙiyar Najeriya ce, Ta kasance ta rubuta waƙoƙi uku don karin sauti zuwa wasan bidiyo na Konami Crime Life: Gang Wars (2005). Ta kuma rubuta "Za ku gani", waƙar da aka haɗa a kan Melanie C 's na uku na studio mai ban sha'awa Intentions (2005). Shay rubuta "White Lies", wani song daga Chip 's Rikidar album. A shekara ta 2008, ta zama shugabar mawaƙa ta defungiyar popan matan pop ɗin da ba ta cancanta ba Daga Sama. Kungiyar sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Sony Columbia Records kuma kamfanin Mathew Knowles 'Music World Entertainment Company ne ke sarrafa shi. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2013, Shay ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa da kamfanin samar da hanyoyin sadarwa Etisalat . A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Island Records . Shay ta saki album ɗinka na halarta na Seyi ko Shay a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015. Mawakiyar cigaba "Irawo", "Ragga Ragga" da "Chairman" sun goyi bayan shi. Rayuwa da aiki An haifi seyi Shay kuma ta girma a cikin Tottenham, London, England, ga iyayen Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Arewacin Najeriya kuma mahaifinta dan asalin Ife ne . Tana da brothersan’uwa biyu da tsofaffi. Mahaifiyarta ita da kannen ta sun girma.seyi Shay ta girma a cikin tsarin addini kuma tana jin kamar yarinya guda yayin yarinta. Ta fara ziyartar Najeriya ne tun tana yan shekara biyu, daga karshe ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Command a Maryland, Legas. Ta koma Landan don kammala karatunta na digiri. Abubuwan da suke nuna sha'awarta ga kade-kade sun jawo hankalin dangin ta. Mahaifiyarta ta kasance yar aikin mawaƙa kuma ƙanwarta ta kasance tana tsara waƙoƙi don TV. Hakanan, dan uwanta ya kasance wasan jockey na rediyo da kulob din diski. Seyi Shay ta shiga cikin mawakan ta na sakandare kuma ta fara yin wasan tana da shekaru 6. Ta yi wannan ne don Zauren Al'umma na Landan yayin yawon duniya, wanda ya hada garuruwa 13 a Japan. An yaba wa Seyi Shay da yabo saboda ayyukanta a Japan. Ta karanci kade ne a wata kwaleji ta Burtaniya sannan ta ci gaba da koyon harkar kasuwanci a Jami’ar Gabas ta London . A hirar da ta yi da Lanre Odukoya na wannan Rana,Seyi Shay ta ce mahaifiyarta ba mai goyon baya ce ga burin ta ba. Haka kuma, mahaifiyarta ta so ta zama likita ko lauya. Kafin barin Duniya, mahaifiyarta ta gaya mata ta mai da hankali kan aikin kida da saka Allah farko. Aikinta na kiɗa ya tashi sama lokacin da ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin ta ta farko da No Apology, kamfanin rakodi wanda ke da alaƙa da George Martin (wanda aka fi sani da " Fif Beatle "). A shekara ta 2006,Seyi Shay ta kirkiro wata kungiyar mata a Burtaniya wacce ake kira Boadicea; Ron Tom, wanda ya kafa kuma manajan All Saints da Sugababes sun sarrafa su. Bandungiyar ta rabu bayan shekara biyu, kuma Seyi Shay ta yanke shawarar cin abinci a cikin Gidan Waƙoƙin Sama Daga UK Bayan kammala binciken, ta fito a matsayin jagorar mawaki na kungiyar girlan matan da aka ɓoye Daga Yanzu. Kungiyar ta kulla yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin sarrafa Mathew Knowles bayan kammala masa. An kai su Houston don yin horo mai kara kuzahari da horo na rawa. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan Beyoncé yayin da ta kasance a Burtaniya don Ni Ni ce .. . Zagayawar Duniya . Sun gabatar da lambar yabo a shekarar 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards kuma suna da nasu wasan gaskiya na MTV da ake kira Breaking From Sama, wanda aka yada a cikin kasashe sama da 166 a duniya. Daga baya kungiyar ta watse kuma Seyi Shay ya sami damar ci gaba da yarjejeniyar ta ta sarrafa tare da Mathew Knowles, tare da tabbatar da kwangilar rikodin tare da Sony. Madadin haka, ta yanke shawarar shiga Flytime Music bayan ta sami tayin daga gare su. Seyi Shay ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙa da yawa, ciki har da Justin Timberlake, Brian Michael Cox, Darey, Bilal, Michelle Williams, Chip, Rob Knoxx, H-Money, da Cameron Wallace. Waka Seyi Shay an gabatar da ita ga Sound Sultan yayin ziyarar London a shekarar 2011. Bayan da ta saurari wasu abubuwan tarihinta, Sultan ya shawo kanta ta koma gida Najeriya don neman aikinta na kiɗa a can. Bayan haɗuwa da Sultan, Shay an gabatar da shi ga Cecil Hammond na lyaddamarwar Flytime. Hammond ya rattaba hannu a kanta zuwa rakodin rikodin Flytime Music kuma ya yanke shawarar ƙaddamar da aikin solo a Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 2013, Seyi Shay ta bar Flytime Music kuma ta gaya wa jaridar Vanguard cewa ta shiga cikin lakabin don inganta alamar ta. Ta kuma ce yayin da ake rattaba hannu a kan wajan rikodin, tana da matukar karfin sarrafa nau'ikan ta. Haka kuma, ta ce har yanzu tana da dangantaka da alamar.' Wakan ta ita kadai Haska ta Salan waka Kodayake salon sautinta na musanman hade ne na Afropop da R&B, Shay baya dacewa da wani nau'in kiɗan. Ta yi imanin cewa rawar iyawar ta tana kunshe da nau'ikan al'adu daban daban, kuma ta bayyana cewa kade-kade na wakoki ne daga abubuwanda zasu karfafa mata gwiwa.Seyi Shay ta ambaci mahaifiyarta, Mathew Knowles, 2face Idibia, Beyoncé, Tina Turner, Sound Sultan, Wizkid, da Omawumi a matsayin masu jagoranci. Fitowa a Bidiyo Lamban girma Fina finai Manazarta

39850

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20Etherington

Jade Etherington

Jade Etherington (an haife ta 9 Maris 1991) tsohuwar 'yar wasan tsalle-tsalle ce ta Biritaniya wacce, tare da jagorarta mai gani Caroline Powell, ta ci azurfa a cikin tseren kankara na mata, hade da slalom, da lambobin tagulla a cikin Super-G a Wasannin Paralympic na lokacin hunturu na 2014 a Sochi. Azurfa uku da tagulla a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu sun sanya su zama 'yan wasan nakasassu mata na Burtaniya da suka fi samun nasara a kowane lokaci, kuma 'yan Birtaniyya na farko da suka samu lambobin yabo hudu a gasar Paralympics daya. Saboda nasarar da ta samu a wasannin nakasassu na 2014, Etherington ta kasance mai ɗaukar tutar Biritaniya a bikin rufe wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2014. Etherington tana da hangen nesa cikin kashi biyar kawai a cikin idanu biyu kuma tana gasa a rukunin nakasassu. Saboda rashin lafiyarta tana buƙatar jagora mai gani, Caroline Powell. Ma'auratan sun fafata tare tun watan Agusta 2013. Bayan neman sabon jagora ta hanyar Facebook da kuma bayan wasu masu neman biyu sun ja daga, Etherington da Powell sun haɗu a cikin Afrilu 2013. Tarihin sirri An haife Etherington a Chelmsford a ranar 9 ga Maris 1991, ga Amber, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar gundumar Braintree, da Andrew, dillalan hannun jari. Sun zauna a The Causeway, Maldon, amma lokacin da Jade ya cika shekara bakwai suka ƙaura zuwa Lincolnshire. An haife ta da glaucoma da ciwon Axenfeld, nakasar gani wanda zai iya haifar da makanta. Ta gaji shi daga mahaifiyarta, Amber, wacce ta rasa ganinta tana da shekara 14. Kannenta uku suma suna da matsalar. Duk da cewa an yi mata tiyata da yawa tun tana karama, tun tana shekara 17 ta fara rasa ganinta. Ta bayyana hangen nesanta a matsayin "mai tsananin ɓaci ba tare da mai da hankali ba", kuma tana da rikodin hangen nesa kashi biyar a cikin idanu biyu, wanda ya sanya ta cikin rarrabuwar B2. Etherington ta yi karatu a Makarantar Deepings da ke Lincolnshire kafin ta yi digiri zuwa Jami'ar Bishop Grosseteste inda aka ba ta digiri a fannin ilimi da yanayin kasa. Etherington ta yi karatu don zama malamin ilimin geography tare da Jami'ar Bude, tana gudanar da PGCE, amma ta ajiye aikinta don mai da hankali kan Wasannin Paralympic na lokacin hunturu na 2014. A cikin 2014, Jami'ar Anglia Ruskin ta ba ta lambar yabo ta digirin digirgir na kimiyya. Aikin tsere Etherington ta fara wasan tsere ne tun tana ɗan shekara takwas, mahaifinta Andrew da ƴan uwanta ne suka koyar da su. Ta ci gaba da wasan motsa jiki na motsa jiki har tsawon shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin 2009, ta shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ski ta Biritaniya (BDST) a matakin haɓaka, kuma ta fara tseren duniya a cikin 2011. A shekara ta gaba ta ɗauki fitilar Olympics ta hanyar Lincoln, kuma an ƙarfafa ta don yin gasa a matsayi mafi girma bayan kallon wasannin Olympics na bazara da na nakasassu na 2012 a London. Etherington a gasar cin kofin Europa da kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na kasa da kasa (IPC) an cimma gasar tseren tsalle-tsalle tare da jagorarta mai gani Fiona Gingell, amma an tilasta Etherington ta nemi sabon jagora a shafinta na Facebook bayan Gingell ta yi aure kuma ta koma Amurka. Bayan da masu neman biyu suka janye, an bar ta ba tare da jagora ba a farkon 2013, amma Heather Mills, wadda ba ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba, ta ba kocinta, John Clark. Ma'auratan sun cancanci shiga gasar 2013 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship a La Molina, wakiltar Burtaniya. A La Molina, Etherington ta zo na hudu a cikin slalom na mata kuma ta zo na uku a cikin super-G na mata, inda ta dauki tagulla. Gudun ya tabbatar da matsayinta a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi na 2014 a Sochi. Etherington ta haɗu tare da Caroline Powell a watan Afrilu, wanda ya ba ta damar yin gasa a wannan kakar. Etherington da Powell sun fara wasan tsere tare a watan Agusta 2013. Paralympics Wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2014 shine wasan nakasassu na farko na Etherington, tana fafatawa don ParalympicsGB. Ta yi gasa a cikin tudu, ta lashe lambar azurfa tare da Powell a ranar 8 ga Maris 2014. 'Yar Slovakia Henrieta Farkasova ta zo dakika 2.73. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da wata mata 'yar Burtaniya ta samu lambar yabo ta nakasassu ta lokacin sanyi a kan dusar ƙanƙara, da lambar yabo ta ParalympicsGB ta farko a gasar Paralympics ta 2014. Daga nan Etherington ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar gudun kan kankara ta mata, da azurfa a cikin slalom da super hade. Bayan lashe lambar azurfa a gasar super-G na nakasassu a ranar 14 ga Maris 2014, ita da Powell sun zama 'yan wasan nakasassu mata na Burtaniya da suka fi samun nasara a lokacin hunturu, kuma 'yan Burtaniya na farko da suka ci lambobin yabo hudu a gasar 'yan wasan nakasassu daya. Duk da haka, sun janye daga giant slalom, wanda ya kasance a ranar bikin rufewar Sochi 2014. Lambobin lambobin yabo guda huɗu da ta ci a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2014 sun kasance cikin jimillar shida na ParalympicsGB, kashi 66% na jimlar lambobin Birtaniyya a wasannin. Etherington ita ce mai rike da tuta ga Burtaniya a bikin rufewa, duk da fashewar wani cyst na ovarian, wanda ya bar ta a cikin keken guragu don yawancin ranar bikin; ta iya tafiya da tuta bayan ta sha maganin kashe radadi. Bayan kammala wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2014, ba ta da tabbacin ko za ta ci gaba da fafatawa a matakin kasa da kasa, tana mai cewa "Ban san ainihin abin da nake so ba a yanzu" A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Etherington ta sanar da yin ritaya daga shirin tseren tseren nakasassu, tana da shekaru 23. Manazarta Haihuwan 1991 Rayayyun mutane

40669

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayode%20Oladele

Kayode Oladele

Rubutu mai gwaɓi  Rubutun tsutsa Kayode Oladele (an haife shi 8 Yuni 1963) ɗan Najeriya ne mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, lauya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya mai wakiltar Yewa North / Imeko-Afon Federal Constituency, Jihar Ogun, daga 2015-2019. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan laifuffukan cin hanci da rashawa kuma memba na kwamitocin majalisar akan shari'a, ƴancin ɗan adam, dokoki da kasuwanci, muhalli, sabis na kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin aikin gona. An zaɓe shi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2015. Kafin haka, ya kasance shugaban ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban hukumar yaƙi da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasa zagon ƙasa, EFCC, hukumar da ke binciken laifukan kuɗi. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, Dapo Abiodun, ya naɗa Oladele a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gina zaman lafiya mai mutane 20. Gwamnatin jihar ta ƙaddamar da kwamitin ne domin gano musabbabin rikicin da ya barke tsakanin manoma da makiyaya a yankin Sanatan Ogun ta Yamma a jihar, tare da samar da mafita mai ɗorawa da tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a yankin da jihar. . An haifi Oladele a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 1963 a Najeriya. Shi dai gauraye ne na ƙungiyoyin Yewa da Awori na ƙabilar Yarbawa da aka samu a yankin yammacin jihar Ogun da jihar Legas. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist, Ilaro, Jihar Ogun, inda ya sami takardar shedar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a 1981. Ya wuce Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Oyo, Ile-Ife kuma ya sami takardar shedar Sakandare/Babban Certificate of Education ( Advanced Level) a 1984. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Legas, Najeriya, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LL. B Hon. Degree a shekarar 1987. Ya wuce Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, Victoria Island, Legas kuma an kira shi Lauya a matsayin lauya kuma lauya na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya a 1988. Daga baya ya sami Master of Laws (LL. M) digiri daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wayne, Detroit, Michigan, Amurka a 2000. An shigar da shi Bar na Jihar Michigan a matsayin lauya kuma mai ba da shawara a wannan shekarar kuma ya shiga Kotun Ƙoli na Bar Amurka a cikin Disamba 2004. Shi tsohon ɗalibi ne a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Harvard Kennedy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amurka. Fage Oladele ya wakilci masu ƙara a shari’ar take haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da kasa da wata kungiyar ƴan Najeriya ta kawo ciki har da wanda ya nemi ƴancin Najeriya a 1956, Anthony Enahoro da Hafsat Abiola -Costello, ɗiyar wanda ake zaton ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a 1993. zaɓe, MKO Abiola da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a Najeriya, Gen. Abdusalami Abubakar a gaban wata Kotun Tarayya da ke Birnin Chicago, Illinois. An shafe tsawon loƙaci ana shari'ar cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan gilla da aka kai ga Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka (da ake daukaka ƙara) a ƙarshe a shekarar 2008 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ƙarƙashin gwamnatin marigayi Shugaba Umaru Musa Ƴar'aduwa ta warware. (Enahoro v. Abubakar, 408 F.3d 877 (7th Cir. 2005), Abiola v. Abubakar, 267 F. Supp. 2d 907, 910 (ND Ill. 2003), Abiola v. Abubakar, 435 F. Supp. 2d 830 (ND Ill. 2006), Abubakar V Enahoro, 546 US 1175 (2006), CA 7th Cir. An hana Certiorari). A shekarar 2009, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta naɗa shi don yin hulɗa da hukumomin Amurka da abin ya shafa dangane da binciken cin hancin Halliburton. A shekarar 2010 ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta naɗa shi ya zama ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani a shari’ar da ake yi wa Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, wanda aka fi sani da “Bomber Bom”, wanda aka samu da laifin yunƙurin tayar da bama-baman robobi da aka boye a cikin rigar sa a lokacin da yake cikin jirgin Arewa maso Yamma. Flight 253 daga Amsterdam zuwa Detroit ranar Kirsimeti, 2009. A watan Afrilun 2022, Oladele ya bayyana sha'awar sake tsayawa takara a majalisar wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), don wakiltar Yewa North/Imeko Afon Federal Constituency na jihar Ogun a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa. Sai dai ya ajiye mukamin ne a jajibirin zaben fidda gwanin bayan wani shiri da gwamnan jihar Ogun, Dapo Abiodun da kuma shugabannin jam’iyyar APC a jihar suka kaddamar. Daga baya ya zama memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Pre-Convention and Rappurteur a taron na musamman na firamaren shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) a watan Yuni 2022. A watan Oktoban 2022, an naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Kudu maso Yamma, Directorate of Grassroots Engagement and Orientation of Tinubu/Shetima APC Presidential Campaign Council (PCC) inda kuma ya zama babban kodinetan Darakta na Jihar Ogun. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2022, Gwamnan jihar Ogun, Dapo Abiodun ya kuma naɗa shi a matsayin mai baiwa kwamitin yaƙin neman zaben gwamna shawara. Masu fafutukar kare dimokuraɗiyya da fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama Oladele yana da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya ta Najeriya da tayar da mulkin farar hula wanda a karshe ya kai ga rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja a Najeriya a shekarar 1999. Ya kasance mamba na farko a kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam (CDHR), daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na farko a Najeriya da aka kafa a shekarar 1989 domin kare hakkin mutanen da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta tsare. Ya kuma kasance memba na National Consultative Forum (NCF), kungiya ta farko a Najeriya da ta yi gwagwarmayar taron Sovereign National Conference (SNC) wanda kuma daga baya ’yan uwansa masu ci gaba suka kafa kungiyar Campaign for Democracy (CD) a 1991. A cikin 1992, ya haɗu tare da Frederick Fasehun, Baba Omojola, da wasu shugabannin ƙwadago da masu fafutuka na ɗalibai don kafa ƙungiyar Movement for Social and Economic Justice (MOSEJ) sannan ya zama Babban Darakta. Bayan haka, shi da wasu ƴan ƴan fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya na Pan-Yoruba a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Fasehun suka ɗauki ciki suka kafa ƙungiyar Oodua People's Congress (OPC), ƙungiyar Yarbawa ta kasa. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen kafawa da ayyukan kungiyar National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), da suka hada da United Democratic Front of Nigeria (UDFN) da ke Amurka, da Nigerian Pro-democracy Network (NPDN) da kuma Rediyo ceto Najeriya, wani dan gajeren zango mai goyon baya. Gidan rediyon dimokuradiyya wanda kungiyar ‘Nigerian Advocacy Group for Democracy, and Human Rights’ (NAGDHR) ke gudanarwa a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka . Sakamakon shigansa cikin ayyukan tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya, gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida ta sanya Oladele ƙarƙashin kulawar tsaro, wani loƙacin qkuma ta hana shi fita Najeriya. Irin wannan aika-aikar da gwamnatin mulkin kama karya ta Sani Abacha ta yi ta sake yin ta, yayin da jami’an tsaro na farin kaya (SSS) suka kama shi, tare da kwace fasfo ɗinsa na kasa da kasa. Siyasar Jumhuriya ta Uku ta Nigeria Oladele ya kasance ɗan jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) a jihar Legas a shekarun 90s. Ya tsaya takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas domin wakiltar mazabar Mushin ta tsakiya a jihar Legas a karkashin jam’iyyar SDP amma saboda rigimar da ke tsakanin kungiyar Primrose wadda Oladele ya ke da kuma abokin hamayyar Baba Kekere ko “Ase” Group., an samu rarrabuwar kawuna a zaben fidda gwani wanda sakamakon hana shi tikitin takara yayin da dan takara daga bangaren Ase ya tsayar da shi takara a zaben watan Disamba na 1991. A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1993, ya jagoranci tawagar masu sa ido kan zaɓukan da suka sa ido a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a jihar Imo ta Najeriya ga MKO Abiola, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar SDP. Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya Oladele ya taɓa zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan laifukan almundahana a majalisar wakilai ta takwas. Ya kasance memba na sauran kwamitocin da suka hada da kwamitocin akan shari'a, sabis na kiwon lafiya, 'yancin ɗan adam, dokoki da Kasuwanci da Cibiyoyin Noma. Ya kuma yi aiki a ɓangarori da dama da kwamitocin Ad-Hoc da suka hada da Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki kan Ba da Agajin Gaggawa da Shirye-shiryen Bala’i wanda ya binciki yadda jama’a suka tauye amanar Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Ƙasa (NEMA) a shekarar 2018 da kuma Kwamitin Ad-Hoc na Shugaban Ƙasa kan cin gashin kansa. Jami’an Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Ƙasa (NFIU) don tabbatar da maido da Mambobin ƙungiyar Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units da kuma kasancewar Najeriya mamba a Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasafin Kudi (FATF) don bunkasa karfin kasar na tura bayanan kula da harkokin kudi a duniya. yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a 2017. Ya gabatar da daukar nauyin dokar gyara hutun jama’a da shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 2019. Dokar ta ba da damar ayyana ranar hutu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni na kowace shekara domin tunawa da ranar dimokradiyyar Najeriya. Ya gabatar kuma ya dauki nauyin dokar sa ido kan harkokin kudi na Najeriya da shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya sanya wa hannu, inda ya kafa wata kungiya ta tsakiya don sarrafa bayanan sirri da suka shafi hada-hadar kudi a Najeriya. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da kudurin dokar laifuka na shekarar 2017, wanda ya yi cikakken tanadi na kwace, kwace da kuma sarrafa kadarorin da aka samu daga haramtattun ayyuka. Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin ne a watan Mayun 2019 amma shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da kudurin dokar. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2020, Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya gabatar da wani kudurin doka kan yadda ake tafiyar da laifuffuka da ke neman magance matsalar rashin gaskiya da rikon amana da ke da alaka da sarrafa kudaden da hukumomin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a kasar nan suka kwato zuwa na tara. Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa don aikin da ake bukata na majalisa da zartarwa. wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa                             Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania

Wikimania

Wikimania Wato ya kasan ce wani babban taron shekara-shekara ne na Gidauniyar Wikimedia. Tattaunawa Batutuwan da aka gabatar sun hada da ayyukan Wikimedia kamar su Wikipedia, da kuma sauran wikis, software mai budewa, ilmi kyauta da abun ciki kyauta, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a da fasahar da suka shafi wadannan batutuwa. Kuma Tun daga shekarar 2011, aka sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar Wikimedian na Shekara (wanda aka fi sani da "Wikipedian of the Year" har zuwa 2017) a Wikimania. Wikimania na gaba za a gudanar da ita azaman abin aukuwa daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021. An tsara asali don faruwa a Bangkok, Thailand, a watan Agusta 2020, an dakatar da taron sannan an soke shi saboda cutar COVID-19. Bayani Taruka 2005 Wikimania 2005, taron Wikimania na farko, an yi shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2005 a Haus der Jugend da ke Frankfurt, Jamus, wanda ya sami halartar kusan 380. Makon taron ya hada da "Ranakun Kutse" guda hudu, daga ranar 1 zuwa 4 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da wasu masu ci gaba 25 suka taru don yin aiki a kan lamba da kuma tattauna bangarorin fasaha na MediaWiki da na gudanar da ayyukan Wikimedia. Manyan ranakun taron, duk da cewa an biya ta "August 4-8", sun kasance Juma'a zuwa Lahadi na wancan makon, daga ranar 5 zuwa 7 ga watan Agusta. An shirya zaman gabatarwa duk rana a cikin waɗannan kwanaki ukun. Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Ross Mayfield, Ward Cunningham, da Richard Stallman (wadanda suka yi magana a kan "Hakkin mallaka da al'umma a zamanin sadarwar kwamfuta"). Yawancin zama da tattaunawa sun kasance cikin Ingilishi, kodayake kaɗan sun kasance cikin Jamusanci. Masu daukar nauyin taron sun hada da Answers.com, SocialText, Sun Microsystems, , da Rukunin tambari. 2006 Wikimania 2006, taron Wikimania na biyu, an gudanar dashi ne daga ranar 6 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2006 a Harvard Law School 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society a Cambridge a Massachusetts, Amurka, tare da kusan mahalarta 400 –500 Wadanda suka yi jawaban sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler, Mitch Kapor, Ward Cunningham, da David Weinberger . Dan Gillmor gudanar da wani dan kasa jarida unconference da rana bayan. Wakilin Associated Press ya rufe da cikakken jawabin na Wales, kuma an buga shi a jaridu da yawa na duniya. Ya kawo labarin yadda Gidauniyar ta samo asali daga gareshi "yana zaune a cikin rigar barcin sa" zuwa tsarin kamfani wanda ya balaga da yadda yake yanzu; da turawa akai-akai don inganci akan yawa; Wikipedia za ta kasance cikin kwamfutocin da aka rarraba ta Laptop na daya ga kowane Yaro ; duka Wikiversity da ƙirƙirar kwamitin ba da shawara sun sami amincewar kwamitin Foundation; kuma cewa Wiki-WYG yana cikin ci gaba albarkacin saka hannun jari na kamfani na Wikia, Inc. da Socialtext . Answers.com ta kasan ce mai daukar nauyin Wikimania 2006, yayin da Amazon.com, da Berkman Center for Internet &amp; Society a Harvard Law School, Nokia, WikiHow su ne masu tallata matakin-Benefactors, Wetpaint, Ask.com, Yahoo!, da kuma Socialtext sune masu daukar matakin matakin abokai, kuma IBM, FAQ Farm, Abokan Abokan Hulɗa, Laptop daya ga kowane yaro, da kuma Sunlight Foundation sune masu daukar matakin matakin Magoya bayan taron. Wasu kungiyoyisu uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakunci, na biranen Landan, Milan, Boston da Toronto da Boston ne kawai aka tsara zuwa zagaye na biyu na la'akari da masu shirya Wikimania. A cikin batun Toronto da an shirya taron a cikin Cibiyar Bahen ta Jami'ar Toronto . 2007 Kamar yadda aka sanar ranar 25 ga watan Satumban 2006, Wikimania 2007, taro na uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 3 zuwa 5 ga Agusta 2007 a Taipei, Taiwan . Shi ne taron Wikimania na farko da aka gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horar da masu sa kai. Wasu kungiyoyin uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakuncin, biranen Landan, Alexandria, da Turin . Batun na Hong Kong, Singapore, Istanbul, da Orlando sun kasa shiga cikin jerin sunayen. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar ne a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 2006. A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2007, Noam Cohen dan rahoton New York Times ya ba da rahoto: "Taron ya samu halartar mahalarta kusan 440, wanda ya fi rabin mutanen Taiwan din, wadanda ke son nutsar da kansu na tsawon kwanaki uku a cikin ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka zo don samar da mai sa kai gaba daya -wani kundin sani. Taron bita ya shafi batutuwa masu amfani kamar yadda za'a hada kai cikin lumana; abin da muhimmancin ba 'gwaninta' a wani aiki da aka yi bikin na ƙyale kowa ya taimaka, ciki har da m Editocin. 2008 Wikimania 2008, taro na hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 17 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2008 a Bibliotheca Alexandrina a Alexandria, Egypt, tare da mahalarta 650 daga kasashe 45. Alexandria ita ce wurin da tsohon dakin karatu na Alexandria yake . Uku biranen da aka gabatar suna cikin gudana a ƙarshen, ɗayan biyun sune Atlanta da Cape Town . An kuma gabatar da shawarwari don Karlsruhe, London da Toronto, amma daga baya ya janye. An yi ta cece-kuce game da taron, har ma da kira don kaurace wa Wikimania 2008 saboda zargin da ake yi wa Masar na yin bita da kulli ga masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a zamanin Mubarak. Mohamed Ibrahim, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Alexandria wanda ya yi aiki don kawo taron a Alexandria, ya shaida wa BBC "Ina ganin muna da 'yancin ci gaba da kuma samar da' yancin fadin albarkacin baki a wani mataki mafi girma." Daya daga cikin burin shi shine ya taimaka ya bunkasa Wikipedia na larabci wanda yake bada gudummawa tun farkon 2005. Wani minista a Masar ya yi magana a wajen bikin bude madadin Mubarak. 2009 Wikimania 2009, taro na biyar na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 26 zuwa 28 ga watan Agustan 2009 a Buenos Aires, Argentina, tare da mahalarta 559. An yi zaɓin ƙarshe tsakanin Buenos Aires, Toronto, Brisbane da Karlsruhe, tare da zaɓin ƙarshe ya sauko zuwa Buenos Aires da Toronto. 2010 Wikimania 2010, taro na shida na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 9 zuwa 11 ga watan Yulin a Fadar Baltic Philharmonic a Gdańsk, Poland. Ranar farawa a ranar 9 ga watan yuli ta kasance tare da ƙarshen taron ilimi na WikiSym. Takaddun neman Amsterdam da Oxford na Wikimania 2010 sun sha kashi da karamar tazara. Taro ne na farko wanda ya hada da mai da hankali sosai kan al'adun kasar da ke karbar bakuncin, musamman kide kide da wake-wake na kungiyar mawaka da ake kira philharmonic, suna bikin cika shekaru goma da rasuwar mawakin nan dan kasar Poland Władysław Szpilman na farko kuma farkon fim din Truth in Numbers?..A wurin taron, Sue Gardner, babban darakta na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ta ce manufar gidauniyar ita ce bunkasa adadin masu ziyarar shafukan Wikimedia daga miliyan 371 zuwa miliyan 680 a wata, cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. 2011 Wikimania 2011, taro na bakwai na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 7 ga watan Agustan 2011 a Haifa, Isra'ila. Wurin taron shi ne Babban dakin taro na Haifa da ke kusa da cibiyar al'adun Beit Hecht a kan Dutsen Karmel . Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai a wajen taron sun hada da Yochai Benkler, wani dan’uwa ne a Cibiyar Berkman ta Intanet da Jama’a a Jami’ar Harvard da Joseph M. Reagle Jr. na MIT, marubucin Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Shima Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha a Knesset, Meir Sheetrit, shi ma ya yi jawabi a taron, kamar yadda Yonah Yahav, Magajin Garin Haifa . Daya daga cikin wadanda suka dauki nauyin taron shine Jami'ar Haifa . Taron ya gabatar da zama 125 a cikin waƙoƙi guda biyar a lokaci guda kuma ya sami halartar Wikimedians daga ƙasashe daban-daban 56, gami da wasu waɗanda ba su da wata alaƙar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila. A wata hira da Haaretz, wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya lura cewa akwai kiraye-kiraye na kauracewa taron a Isra'ila, kamar yadda aka saba yi a Misira a 2008. Ya ce duk da rikice-rikice tsakanin editoci kan rikicin Isra’ila da Falasdinu, da kuma kokarin da wata kungiyar da ke goyon bayan Isra’ila ta yi don neman karin editocin Wikipedia, ya yi imanin kasidun Wikipedia sun kasan ce galibi sun kasan ce tsaka-tsaki kan batun; ya bayyana " NPOV ba mai sassauci bane." Babban daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Sue Gardner ya yi magana a taron game da Yammacin duniya, tsarin tunanin maza da ke nuna Wikipedia. A ƙarshen bikin rufe ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, an gabatar da Jimmy Wales tare da murfin rana ta farko na hatimin gidan waya da ke da alaƙa da Wikimedia, wanda ofishin gidan waya na Isra’ila ya bayar don girmama taron. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan da aka tattauna sun hada da hada kai da cibiyoyin al'adu kamar gidajen kallo, dakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi. Bayan taron, an ba mahalarta rangadin kyauta na Haifa, Urushalima, Nazarat ko Acre . Shay Yakir, shugaban Wikimedia Israel mai barin gado, ya ce ga Isra’ila, gudanar da taron a Haifa kamar daukar bakuncin wasannin Olympics ne. 2012 Wikimania 2012, taro na takwas na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 12 zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin 2012 a Jami'ar George Washington da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da mahalarta sama da 1400 daga kasashe 87. Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, tare da hadin gwiwar Wikimania 2012, sun shirya wani taro mai taken Tech @ State : Wiki. Gwamnati wacce ta mai da hankali kan "Ilimin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amfani da wikis a ɓangaren gwamnati". Fitattun jigogin taron sune bukatar sabunta tsoho da "dowdy" tare da sabbin kayan aikin Wikimedia don jan hankali da adana wasu editoci da kuma sanya shafukan Wikimedia su zama masu gayyata da abokantaka ga masu amfani, gami da mata. Tekun Atlantika ya nuna jadawalin da aka nuna a taron wanda ya nuna yadda yawan sabbin masu gudanarwa ya ragu cikin sauri a overan shekarun nan. A lokacin bude taron wanda ya kirkiro Jimmy Wales ya yi sharhi kan Wikipedia Blackout na Janairu 2012, yana mai cewa "Lokacin da na je na ziyarci jami'an gwamnati a yanzu, suna dan jin tsoro." Duk da haka ya sake jaddada alƙawarin Wikimedia na tsaka tsaki a siyasa ban da game da "mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikinmu kai tsaye" Wales ta amince da babban mai jawabi Mary Gardiner, wacce ta kirkiro shirin Ada Initiative, cewa Wikimedia dole ne ta yi aiki don kara yawan editocin mata. Ta ce: "A matsayin wani aiki na canjin zamantakewar, koda kuwa ba aikin gwagwarmaya ba ne, al'ummar Wikipedia suna da nauyi a kan manufofinsu da kuma mutanen da ke can a duk duniya su kasance cikin tafiya koyaushe zuwa bambance-bambancen - girman laima na duniya. " 2013 Wikimania 2013, taro na tara na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 7 zuwa 11 ga watan Agustan 2013 a Jami'ar Hong Kong Polytechnic, tare da mahalarta 700 daga ƙasashe 88. Garuruwan da suka yi takarar sun hada da London (UK), Bristol (UK), Naples (Italia) da Surakarta ( Indonesia ). daya daga cikin ɓangarorin bikin an gudanar da shi a cikin mafi tsayi gini a Hongkong, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya . An yi taron rufewa a Shek O Beach . Batutuwan da aka tattauna sun hada da bambancin jinsi na Wikipedia da kuma wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales na shawarar Wikipedia da za ta fara amfani da Secure Sockets Layer don rufa shafinta. 2014 Wikimania 2014, taron Wikimania na goma, an gudanar da shi ne daga 8 zuwa 10 ga Agusta 2014 a Cibiyar Barbican da ke London, Ingila, United Kingdom. An fara yin sayayya a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2012. An zaɓi Landan a cikin Mayu 2013 a matsayin mai masaukin baki tare da sauran takaddama guda da ke zuwa daga Arusha (Tanzania). Salil Shetty, Sakatare Janar na kungiyar Amnesty International ne ya gabatar da jawabin. Taron kuma shine Wikimania na farko da sabon Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar ta Wikimedia, Lila Tretikov ta gabatar . Gabanin taron ya kasance da hackathon na kwana biyu, da kuma jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Taron yana da waƙoƙi guda biyar, tare da taron shekara-shekara na 'State of the Wiki'. Waɗannan sune: Masana'antun Zamani, Makomar Ilimi, Media na Dimokiradiyya, Budaddiyar Malanta, da Buɗe Bayanan Shirye-shiryen talabijin ne suka kwashe taron na Mintuna 60 a cikin wani shiri mai taken 'Wikimania'. 2015 Wikimania 2015, taron Wikimania na sha daya, an gudanar dashi daga ranar 15 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2015 a Hotel Hilton Mexico City Reforma a cikin Mexico City, Mexico . An buɗe farashi a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2013. Sauran biranen ‘yan takarar su ne: Arusha, arewacin Tanzania ; Bali, lardi ne a Indonesia ; Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu ; Dar es Salaam, a Tanzania ; Esino Lario, lardin Lecco, Lombardy, Italiya ; da Monastir, a Tunisia. Wadanda aka zaba sune Mexico City, Cape Town da Monastir. An zaɓi Mexico City a cikin Afrilu 2014. Babban filin taron shine Hilton Mexico City Reforma hotel. kungiyar shiryawa ita ce Wikimedia México, AC, babin yankin Mexico wanda ke wakiltar buƙatu da manufofin Gidauniyar Wikimedia . 2016 Wikimania 2016, taro na goma sha biyu na Wikimania, ya gudana daga ranar 24 zuwa 26 ga watan Yuni 2016, tare da abubuwan da ke kewaye daga ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Yuni, a ƙauyen dutse na Esino Lario, Italiya . Esino Lario ya yi siyarwa ba tare da samun nasara ba ga Wikimania 2015. Sauran biranen 'yan takarar da suka nemi izinin karbar bakuncin 2016 sun kasan ce Manila, Philippines . Wurin shi ne farkon wanda ba shi ne babban birni kuma ana yin zaman ne a filin waje. A yayin taron, an sanar cewa an nada Babban Daraktan riko na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, Katherine Maher dindindin. 2017 Wikimania 2017, taro na goma sha uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Le Center Sheraton Hotel a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Agustan 2017. An gudanar da taron ne a Kanada yayin bikin cika shekara ɗaya kuma a Montreal yayin bikin cika shekaru 375. Kwana biyu na farko sun hada da WikiConference Arewacin Amurka . Kasancewa na ƙarshe na wannan taron shi ne 915. 144 wanda aka tallafa ta hanyar cikakken tallafin karatu. Katherine Maher, Babban Darakta na WMF da Christophe Henner, WMF Shugaban kwamitin amintattu sun gabatar da dabarun alkiblar tafiyar Wikimedia mai suna # Wikimedia2030 . Esra'a Al Shafei, wani dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na kasar Bahrain, ya gabatar da kasida kan kalubalen da ke tattare da fadin albarkacin baki a Gabas ta Tsakiya Dangane da yanayin aikin Al Shafei, an tunatar da masu sauraro kar su dauki hoto, bidiyo ko yawo a yanar gizo wanda hakan na iya jefa lafiyar ta cikin hatsari. Wannan shine Wikimania na farko inda ba a aiwatar da tsarin ba kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin zaɓen kwamitin gudanarwa na WMF. 2018 Wikimania 2018, taro na sha hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga ranar 18 zuwa 22 ga watan Yulin 2018 a Cape Sun Southern Sun Hotel. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da taron ya kasan ce mai taken. Taken shi ne " Bridging Gwani rabe-rabe: hanyar Ubuntu ta ci gaba " tare da nufin mayar da hankali tattaunawa kan gina dabarun da aka raba domin cike gibin ilimin na bai daya. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka gudanar da taron wanda a Kudancin Hemisphere, ta kasan ce na biyu a Afirka kuma na farko a Yankin Saharar Afirka . Taron ya gabatar da wani taro wanda ya tattauna kalubale da yuwuwar bugu da harshen Wikipedia a nahiyar Afirka. Nicole Ebber, mai ba da shawara kan hulda da kasashen duniya na Wikimedia Deutschland da Kaarel Vaidla, WMF Process Architect don Wikimedia Movement Strategy ne suka gabatar da kashi na biyu na Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Hikimar Wikimedia. Kashi na biyu ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan mahimman batutuwa guda tara: Matsayi & Nauyi, Rawanin Kuɗaɗen shiga, Rarraba Albarkatun, acarfin Haɓakawa, Kawance, Ba da Shawara, Banbanci, Kiwan lafiyar Jama'a, da Samfuran & Fasaha. 2019 Wikimania 2019, karo na goma sha biyar na Wikimedia, an gudanar da shi ne a Stockholm, Sweden, daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Agusta 2019, a Jami'ar Stockholm, tare da halartar sama da 800. Masu karbar tallafin karatun da ma'aikatan WMF an biya su kudi a Clarion Hotel Amaranten, ɗan gajeren tafiya daga wurin taron. Clarion Hotel Amaranten shima wurin taron ne don shirya haduwar. Taron ya kasance kan batun taken erarfafa Tare: Wikimedia, Ilimin Kyauta da Makasudin Ci Gaban Dama. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin ɗorewar motsi, Wikimedia Sverige da Gidauniyar Wikimedia sun yanke shawarar biyan rabin kuɗin haɓakar carbon . Terrapass, ya ɗauki nauyin ɗayan rabin abin da ya rage don taron. Emna Mizouni ne aka zaba a matsayin Wikimedian na shekara . 2020, an jinkirta shi zuwa 2021 Wikimania 2020, taron Wikimedia na goma sha shida, an shirya gudanar da shi a Bangkok, Thailand, daga 5 zuwa 9 ga Agusta, 2020, wanda ya yi daidai da bikin cika shekara 15 da taron. A watan Maris na 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Katherine Maher ta ba da sanarwar an dage Wikimania har zuwa ranar da za a tantance, a cikin 2021. Bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2021, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Gidauniyar Wikimedia Janeen Uzzell ya sanar da Wikimania za ta koma wani abin a zo a gani a yayin da ake ci gaba da yaduwar annoba game da shirin mutum-mutum. An saita shi daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021. Wikimedia ESEAP (Gabas, kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific) ne zai dauki nauyin taron da aka shirya cikin mutum, karo na farko don hadin gwiwar yanki. Zai kasance karo na uku da za'ayi shi a Asiya kuma da farko ga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya . ESEAP za a ba shi damar karɓar bakuncin Wikimania na gaba-da-mutum. Duba kuma Taron Wiki Indaba a Afirka Wiki taron Indiya WikiConference Arewacin Amurka WikiSym Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wikimania a Meta-Wiki, wiki mai daidaita aikin aikin Wikimedia Rahotannin labarai "Wikimania a Duniya" Sean Dodson, The Guardian, 11 Agusta 2005 "Sake rubuta littattafan mulki" Alan Connor, BBC, 15 ga Agusta 2005 "Muryoyin Wikipedia da yawa, An Ji su a Waje Daya" Robert Levine, The New York Times, 7 ga Agusta 2006 "Kowa na iya gyara: karshen mako na Wikimania" Ian Sands da Jess McConnell, The Boston Phoenix, 11 ga Agusta 2006 "Ba a Yaba Tsakanin Wannan Mataki Ba" Katherine Mangu-Ward, Dalili, 15 ga Agusta 2006 Jaridar China Post - "wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia ya sakawa 'yan sa kai" Litinin, 6 ga Agusta, 2007 - Daga Dimitri Bruyas "Magoya bayan Wikimedia sun hadu don tattaunawa game da Wikimania" Andy Goldberg, News.com.au, 12 ga Yuli 2012 1:37 AM (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15) "Yadda Rigar Bikin Auren Kate Middleton take Nuna Matsalar Mace ta Wikipedia" Torie Bosch, Slate din da aka buga Jumma'a, 13 ga Yulin 2012, da karfe 18:12 na dare EDT (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15) "Wikimania ya buga DC ne yayin da Wikipedia ke fuskantar canje-canje" Hayley Tsukayama, The Washington Post, 14 Yuli 2012 Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

24881

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashin%20Hankalin%20Taliban

Tashin Hankalin Taliban

Bayan da aka fara yaki a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001, ƙungiyar Taliban, ta fara tayar da ƙayar baya, wanda aka fi sani da ƙungiyar Taliban . Ƴan Taliban sun fara kai hari kan dakarun ISAF da NATO, a Afghanistan, kuma sun kai hare -haren ta'addanci da dama. A cikin rikicin, ƙungiyar Taliban tana yaki da gwamnatin Afghanistan da kawayenta. Al-Qaeda na da alaka da Taliban. da wannan ne rikicin yankin ya bazu zuwa Pakistan . Rikicin da ke da alaƙa a Pakistan shine tawaye a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . saboda Afghanistan ta ga rikice -rikice da yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tattalin arzikinta, ya canza, kuma mutane da yawa suna dogaro da noman amfanin gona, kamar su tsirrai da ake amfani da su don samar da magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar opium, ko heroin . Mutane da yawa a Afganistan ba sa tunanin matsalolin da Taliban ke haddasawa. Don haka warware matsalar wataƙila ya ƙunshi ƙarin ƙoƙari fiye da cin nasara akan Taliban. Hakan kuma na nufin akwai bukatar a samu sauye -sauye a tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da kasar. Cinikin opium A halin yanzu, Afghanistan na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun opium. Duk da yake opium shima yana da amfanin sa azaman magani na yau da kullun, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman miyagun ƙwayoyi . A cikin 2001, Afghanistan ta samar da kashi 11% na opium na duniya, a yau tana samar da sama da kashi casa'in cikin ɗari. A shekara ta 2007, 93% na wadanda ba pharmaceutical-sa opiates a kasuwannin duniya sun samo asali ne a Afghanistan. Wannan ya kai darajar fitarwa kusan dala biliyan 4; manoma na opium suna samun kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran suna zuwa ga jami'an gundumar, masu tayar da ƙayar baya, sarkin yaƙi, da masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi . Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kai rabin GDP na Afghanistan. Kididdigar da Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ( UNODC ) ya yi a shekarar 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi 52% na GDP na kasar, ko kuma dala biliyan 2.7 a kowace shekara, ana samun ta ne ta fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. Yankunan da yanayin tsaro ya fi muni yana samar da ƙarin Opium; yankunan da suka fi karko da alama suna samar da ƙasa. Manoma da yawa a yankunan karkara sun dogara da sayar da tsaba. Opium ya fi riba fiye da alkama kuma lalata filayen opium na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ko tashin hankali tsakanin mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wasu 'yan Afghanistan miliyan 3.3 ne ke da hannu wajen samar da opium. A saboda wannan dalili, wasu mutane suna cewa kawar da amfanin gona na poppy ba zaɓi bane mai yuwuwa. Wasu shirye -shiryen kawar da poppy sun tabbatar da inganci, musamman a arewacin Afghanistan. Shirin kawar da tsirrai na opium na gwamnan Balkh Ustad Atta Mohammad Noor tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2007 yayi nasarar rage noman poppy a lardin Balkh daga kadada 7,200 a 2005 zuwa sifili zuwa 2007. Ƙididdigar Haɗarin Opium na Afganistan na 2013, wanda Ofishin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya bayar, ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 2008 Taliban ke tallafa wa manoma da ke tsiro da tsiro, a matsayin hanyar samun kuɗi ga masu tayar da kayar baya. Ba a ganin Taliban a matsayin musabbabin matsalar An yi yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikice a Afghanistan sama da shekaru talatin. Sakamakon haka, ƙasar tana cikin mafi talauci, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙasashe a duniya. Har ila yau, yana daga cikin mafi almundahana . Kashi talatin da biyar cikin dari na rudani ba su da aikin yi, kuma fiye da rabin mutanen suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci . Ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasashen yamma Oxfam ta wallafa wani ra’ayin jin ra’ayin da suka gudanar a Afghanistan, a shekarar 2010. Dangane da wannan ƙuri'ar, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na jama'ar Afghanistan ba sa ɗaukar Taliban a matsayin mayaƙa. Ana ganin talauci, rashin aikin yi da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi a ƙasarsu. Lokacin da sojojin Afghanistan da Amurka ke marawa baya suka fatattaki 'yan Taliban a karshen 2001, matakin tashin hankali ya karu. Kusan rabin wadanda aka gudanar da binciken sun ce cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kyakkyawan gwamnati sune manyan dalilan yakin da ake yi. Kashi goma sha biyu cikin dari sun ce tawayen Taliban ne abin zargi. Bayan 'yan Taliban, dalilin da ya sa mafi yawan mutane suka bayar don ci gaba da fada shine katsalandan na kasashen waje, inda kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na waɗanda suka amsa suka ce wasu ƙasashen ne ke da laifi. Haɓakar 2006 Tun farkon shekara ta 2006 Afghanistan ke fuskantar guguwar hare -hare ta hanyar fashewar bama -bamai da ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake, musamman bayan da NATO ta dauki umurnin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya a lokacin bazara na 2006. Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya fito fili yayi Allah wadai da hanyoyin da ƙasashen yamma ke amfani da su. A watan Yuni 2006 ya ce: An kuma soki masu tayar da kayar baya saboda halin su. A cewar Human Rights Watch, bama-bamai da sauran hare-haren da ƴan Taliban suka kai kan fararen hular Afganistan (kuma zuwa ga ƙaramin matakin Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin), an ba da rahoton cewa sun "ƙaru sosai a cikin 2006" tare da "aƙalla fararen hula 669 na Afghanistan aka kashe a cikin. aƙalla hare -hare 350 da makami, mafi yawansu da alama da gangan aka ƙaddamar da su kan fararen hula ko abubuwan farar hula. ” 131 na hare -haren masu tayar da kayar baya sune hare -haren kunar bakin wake wanda ya kashe fararen hula 212 (732 suka ji rauni), sojojin Afghanistan da 'yan sanda 46 (101 suka ji rauni), da sojojin kasashen waje 12 (63 da suka jikkata). Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa a farkon rabin shekarar 2011, mutuwar fararen hula ta karu da kashi 15% kuma ta kai 1462, wanda shi ne adadi mafi muni tun farkon yaƙin, duk da karuwar sojojin Ƙasashen waje. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

48467

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburg%2C%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu

Laingsburg birni ne, da ke a lardin Western Cape a ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu . Gari ne mai girman gaske na noma a cikin Babban Karoo mai ƙarancin ruwa. An lalata wani ɓangare a cikin wata ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 1981. Tarihi Bayan zuwan farkon mutanen Dutch, Jamusanci da Huguenot majagaba a cikin shekarun 1727-1728, dangin 18 Trekboer manoma suka zauna a yankin da suka tashi daga Still Bay da Swellendam, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Meiring, Bezuidenhout, Botha, van Rooyen, van Heerden., Holtzhausen, Eksteen, Du Plouuy, Roussouw, Joubert da iyalan Viljoen, waɗanda suka kafa gonakin tumaki da orange a yankin. A cikin shekarar 1738 matsugunin ya tayar da wani rukunin 'yan bindiga na Commando na 20 Riflemen, 5 Mounted Riflemen, bindigogin fili 2 da masu bindiga 8. Kwamandan Cornelius Steyn da Field Cornet Petrus Holtzhausen ne suka jagorance shi har zuwa shekarun 1760s. A cikin shekarun 1760s kwamandojin ya shirya dogon zango na ladabtarwa da bincike a cikin Beaufort West da Nelspoort don dawo da shanu da tumaki. A shekara ta 1774 matsugunin sun aika da wani rukunin kwamandoji na gaba a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Veldkornet Bronkhorst na 30 Mounted Riflemen tare da 'yan bindigar Mounted ɗauke da 80 guda biyu. mm filin cannons don leƙo asirin yankin da ke kusa da Graaff Reinet inda suka yi artabu da ƙabilu 500 na asali kuma suka ci su. Sun kuma yi arangama a taƙaice da wani kwamandan kwamitin VOC mai irin wannan ƙarfi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Field Cornet Arnoldus van der Merwe da Kapitein Gerhardus Swanepoel da suka taso daga Oudtshoorn . Daga ƙarshe iyalai 15 daga Laingsburg, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai su 162 Whites, suna cikin manoman majagaba na farko da suka zauna a Graaff Reinet a shekarar 1778, ciki har da van der Westhuizen, van Heerden, van Zyl, Bronkhorst, Blignaut, Steyn, Holtzhausen, Reynecke, Eksteen, Engelbrecht., Viljoen, Rousouw da Terre Blanche iyalai. Asalin layin dogo A cikin shekarun 1870s, gwamnatin Firayim Minista John Molteno ta lura da wani gagarumin faɗaɗa tsarin layin dogo na Cape Colony . Hanyar (wanda firaministan ya zaɓa tare da taswira, alƙalami da mai mulki) ya bi ta wata gona mai suna Vischkuil-aan-de-Buffelsrivier (tafkin kamun kifi a kan kogin Buffalo) wanda wani mutum mai suna Stephanus Greeff ya saya don manufar ci gaba. Canje-canje suna An kammala layin a cikin shekarar 1878 kuma an gina ƙaramin siding mai suna Buffelsrivier a gonar. Tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, ba da daɗewa ba wani gari ya fara haɓaka. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake masa suna Nassau don guje wa ruɗani da Kogin Buffalo a Gabashin London, kuma a ƙarshe ya canza zuwa sunan Laingsburg, bayan John Laing wanda shi ne Kwamishinan Ƙasar Crown a lokacin. Tun da farko ana kiran garin Laing's Town, amma ba da dadewa ba 'yan Afirkan da ke magana da mazauna yankin suka fara kiransa da "Links Toon", wanda ke nufin yatsan hannu na hagu, don haka aka canza wa garin suna "Laingsburg". Municipal An kafa garin a cikin 1881 kuma ya zama gunduma a cikin shekarar 1904. Tun daga lokacin an faɗaɗa ƙaramar Laingsburg zuwa Bergsig, Goldnerville da Matjiesfontein . Ambaliyar Flash ta 1981 A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 1981, a cikin shekara ɗari na Laingsburg, mafi girman ɓangaren garin ya shafe cikin mintuna kaɗan ta hanyar ambaliya mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa samu a Babban Karoo. Bayan da wani gajimare ya fashe zuwa yankin arewa maso gabas da ke kudu da Komsberg, wata katafariyar katangar ruwa ta gangaro zuwa kogin Buffes tare da share duk wani abu da ya ci karo da shi a hanyarsa. Dabbobi, mutane da dukiyoyinsu an share su tare da jefar da su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na mita. Masana kimiyyar ruwa sun ƙiyasta cewa ambaliya a Laingsburg mai girman wannan girman tana da tazarar maimaita sau ɗaya, a matsakaita, kowace shekara 100 . Kafin ambaliyar ruwan, da farko ya fara da wani ruwa mai haske wanda manoman yankin suka yi maraba da shi, tun da ba a yawan samun ruwan sama. Amma, kasan yankin yana da irin yanayin da ba zai iya sha ruwan sama da yawa ba. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa ruwa yana malalawa kai tsaye zuwa cikin koguna. Ruwa da aka gina a cikin Baviaans, Wilgerhout da Buffels Rivers da haɗuwarsu a ƙaramin gari. Kogunan sun girma cikin sauri daga ƙananan ƙoramai zuwa ga bangon ruwa mai ruri kusan 6 m girma. A cikin sa'o'i kaɗan garin ya kasance karkashin ruwa kuma mazauna garin sun yi yaki domin tsira da rayukansu. A lokacin ambaliya 'The Great Trek Monument', wanda aka gina a Laingsburg a babban titi a shekarar 1938 don girmama bikin cika shekaru 100 na Babban Trek, an wanke. Bayan ambaliya an gano babban ɓangare na abin tunawa amma tudun abin tunawa ya bace. A cikin watan Yunin 2015 Andries Gertse ya murmure kwatsam a kan titin Buffelsriver a gadar Railroad. Bayan ambaliya an sake gina wani abin tunawa ba tare da asalin tudu ba, amma tare da wani sabon tudu akan Buffesriver kusa da N1. Tare da dawo da tushe na asali an kammala tarihin abin tunawa. Gundumar ta yanke shawarar sanya matattara a gidan kayan tarihi na Ambaliyar ruwa. Babban abin tunatarwa ne kan yadda ruwan ke da ƙarfi, don samun damar karya abin tunawa gida biyu, da ɗaukar guntuwar kilomitoci a cikin kogin. Mutane guda 104 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar Laingsburg, kuma gawarwaki su 32 ne kawai aka taɓa ganowa. A cikin gidaje 184 da ke garin, guda 21 ne kawai ruwan bai shafe su ba, sauran ko dai sun lalace gaba ɗaya, ko kuma sun lalace sosai har sai an sake gina su. ( Source Ronny Van den Hoeck - Tafiya ta Pongoa - Jagoran Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu - Hartbeespoortdam) (Madogararsa - Gidan Tarihi na Ruwa na Laingsburg) Yanayin Ƙasa Laingsburg yana kan hanyar N1, a Lat: -33.20, Dogon: 20.85, a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Garin yana cikin Babban Karoo, yanki mai matsakaicin hamada na Afirka ta Kudu. Jimlar ruwan sama na garin ya kai kusan 150mm a kowace shekara. Babban ruwa shine maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a yankin Moordenaars Karoo. Kodayake kogin Buffels yana bi ta cikin garin, kogin da wuya ya sami ruwa. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi da bushewa, tare da yanayin zafi yawanci ya wuce 30 °C. Lokacin sanyi yana da ɗanɗano zuwa wani lokacin sanyi sosai, tare da dusar ƙanƙara lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa a yankin da ke kewaye. Hanyar Seweweekspoort tana kusa da R323 zuwa kudu na garin. Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Laingsburg ya dogara ne a kan noma da kiwon awaki, tumaki, lucerne (Alfalfa), ' ya'yan itace da kayan marmari . Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Karamar Hukumar Laingsburg Yawon shakatawa na Laingsburg Ambaliyar Laingsburg

50318

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela%20Dviri

Manuela Dviri

Manuela Dviri, (an haife ta a Vitali Norsa (Padova, sha uku ga juneru shekara ta dubu daya da dari ta da arba'in da tara), Tarihin Rayuwar ta Bayan ta tashi daga Padua zuwa Tel Aviv a Isra'ila a 1968, ta auri 'dan Isra'ila. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan da digiri a cikin adabin Ingilishi da Faransanci kuma ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a matsayin Malama a manyan makarantu, daga baya kuma, a cibiyar kula da yara masu tabin hankali. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a fannin huldar kasa da kasa. A ranar ashirin da shida ga Fabrairun a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas ne aka kashe danta Yonathan wanda ke aiki a cikin sojojin Isra'ila a wani rikici da kungiyar Hizbullah . A gare shi Manuela Dviri ta sadaukar da wasan kwaikwayon Ƙasar madara da zuma (shabbat), wanda Ottavia Piccolo ya shirya kuma Silvano Piccardi ya jagoranta. A yau ita 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuci kuma rayuwa ta raba tsakanin Italiya da Isra'ila. Yakin Labanon da Kamfen na "Uwa Hudu". Yayin da ake ci gaba da fama da rikici a kasar Labanon, a cikin makon makoki na mutuwar danta Yonathan (ashirin da shida ga Fabrairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas), Manuela Dviri ta nuna rashin amincewarta da manufofin gwamnati tare da gabatar da kalamanta na farko kan rashin amfani da wauta na yakin da aka gudanar. a wajen iyakokin kasar ta hanyar buga wasiku masu zafi guda uku na zanga-zangar da aka aika wa Firayim Minista na lokacin Benjamin Netanyahu . Bayan wasu 'yan watanni ya bar aikinsa a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann don sadaukar da kansa gaba daya ga yakin neman zabe na rayuwa da kuma yaki da yaki, inda ya yi kira a bainar jama'a da a janye sojojin Isra'ila daga yankin Lebanon. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ake tunawa a Isra'ila a matsayin na "Uwar Uwa huɗu", ya ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na zanga-zangar, ciki har da zaman kwanaki goma sha biyar a gaban gidan shugaban Isra'ila Ezer Weizman . Yakin da ake yi a kasar Lebanon ya samu nasara. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in, Ehud Barak, shugaban 'yan adawa, ya bayyana cewa, idan aka zabe shi, zai janye sojojin Isra'ila daga Lebanon, wanda zai yi a shekara mai zuwa. Waɗannan shekaru ne da ta shahara a cikin Isra’ila har ta kai ga shahararriyar jaridar Yediot Aharonot ta ba da rahotonta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 da suka yi fice a tarihin ƙasar Isra’ila. Ayyukan aikin jarida Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Lebanon, Manuela Dviri ta fara aiki mai tsanani a matsayin ɗan jarida da marubuci. Ya rubuta don littattafan Isra'ila Maariv, Yediot Aharonot da Haaretz . A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu ya buga (a cikin Ibrananci) littafin labarun Beizà shel shokolad ( The cakulan kwai ) da labaru da wakoki a cikin tarin daban-daban. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da daya ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Corriere della Sera inda ya buga "Diary daga Tel Aviv" kuma a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu tare da Vanity Fair wanda ya buga tambayoyi, labaru, rahotanni daga Isra'ila da kuma bayan . A cikin 2009 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridar Italiya sittin da Mariano Sabatini ya yi hira da shi don buga Ci metto la firma! Rikicin Shahararrun 'Yan Jarida . Daga Rayuwa a Ƙasar Madara da Ruwan Zuma zuwa Duniya Ba tare da Mu ba Ayyukanta a filin wasan kwaikwayo ta fara a 2002, lokacin da ya sadu da Ottavia Piccolo da Silvano Piccardi . A buƙatarsu, tare da haɗin gwiwar Silvano Piccardi, ta rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Ƙasar madara da zuma, inda wata Bayahudiya Isra'ila ta yi magana kuma ta sha wahala tare da abokanta na Falasdinu kuma ta tuna da fatalwowi na baya. An samar da ƙasar madara da zuma daga 2003 zuwa 2005 ta La Contemporanea tare da fassarar Ottavia Piccolo tare da Enzo Curcuru da Silvano Piccardi ya jagoranci, tare da nasara tare da masu sauraro da masu sukar. A cikin 2004 an buga rayuwa a ƙasar madara da zuma, wani littafin mawaƙa wanda ya tattara, ban da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma shaidarsa na sirri da na ƴan uwansa masu fafutuka, Italiyanci da Isra'ilawa. A cikin 2003, an tattara labaran da ke cikin "Diary daga Tel Aviv" na Corriere della Sera a cikin littafin Yaƙi a Idanunku . A cikin 2009 an haɗa wasu rubutun nasa a cikin shirin da RAI Trade Diari del Novecento ya rarraba. Daga 2013 zuwa 2015 ya yi aiki a kan rubuta littafin A duniya ba tare da mu, wanda aka buga a Italiya a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2015 ta gidan buga littattafai na Piemme tare da gabatarwar Gad Lerner kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 2017 tare da Mondadori . Bayan bincike mai zurfi a cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin iyalan Yahudawa a Turai da Isra'ila, kundin ya ba da labarin da ba a buga ba kuma na ban mamaki na Yahudawan Italiya a shekarun Shoa. "Saving Children" da sauran ayyukan jin kai Ayyukansa na zaman lafiya, wanda ba a taɓa katsewa ba, ya haɗa da, bayan janyewar daga Lebanon da farkon Intifada, da yawa shirye-shirye na aiki da ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Palasdinawa. Ƙirƙirar ayyuka daban-daban na tsaka-tsaki (Isra'ila-Falasdinawa), wanda mafi mahimmanci shine "Ceto Yara" aikin da ke kula da yara Falasdinawa marasa lafiya waɗanda ba za a iya ba da su ba, saboda rashin kuɗi ko tsari, ta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Falasdinu. An fara shi a cikin Nuwamba shekara ta dubu biyu da uku, "Ceto Yara" shine sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da "Cibiyar Aminci ta Peres" tare da kungiyoyin likitocin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, likitocin Isra'ila da Falasdinu da kuma godiya ga gagarumin taimakon kuɗi na Italiyanci (wanda ya fito daga yankunan Italiyanci . ). Aikin ya yi nasarar kula da kula da yara Falasdinawa 10,000 ya zuwa yanzu, a asibitoci daban-daban na Isra'ila guda hudu . Manuela Dviri kuma ita ce mai tallata layin kayan ado na Isra'ila/Falasdinawa "Shalom Banot" (a cikin Ibrananci) ko "Salam Banat" (a cikin Larabci), ma'ana "aminci tsakanin mata" wanda matan Isra'ila ke kera riga tare da haɗin gwiwar matan Palasdinawa waɗanda suke. yi musu sutura. An sayar da riguna a Isra'ila, a cikin shagunan abokin tarayya na Isra'ila "Comme il faut", tare da babban nasara. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, 2014, yana cikin tawagar Isra'ila a taron zaman lafiya da aka gudanar a fadar Vatican tsakanin Paparoma Francis, Patriarch Bartholomew na Konstantinoful da shugabannin Falasdinu da Isra'ila Abu Mazen da Shimon Peres. Manazarta

39545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20Sarkin-Adar

Musa Sarkin-Adar

Musa Sarkin Adar (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1965) wanda aka fi sani da Hon. Musa S/Adar dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya ne wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar Goronyo / Gada. Ilimi, Aikin Gwamnati da Siyasa Ya halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Gwamnati, Binji, daga shekara ta (1977) kuma ya sami takardar shedar koyarwa ta Grade 2 a shekara ta (1982) Daga nan ya wuce babbar jami'ar Uthmanu dan Fodiyo, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1988. Kafin ya zama dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar( 2007) ya taba yin siyasa tun daga shekarar (1990 zuwa 1992) inda ya kasance jigo a rusasshiyar jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) sannan kuma jigo ga Shehu Musa Yaradua mai albarka. Ya tsaya takarar Shugabancin Karamar Hukumar Gada wanda ya sha kaye idan aka yi la’akari da yadda jam’iyyar ta samu karbuwa a Sakkwato a lokacin. Daga nan ya cigaba da rayuwarsa a aikin gwamnati ya kuma samu matsayi har ya zama darakta a ma’aikata sannan ya zama Darakta Sana’o’i da nasiha. Bayan ya yi aikin gwamnati na jihar Sakkwato na kimanin shekaru goma, sannan ya nemi aiki a matakin tarayya daga shekarar( 2001 zuwa 2006) sannan ya zama Manajan Ma’aikata a Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya Apapa, Legas. Zaben 2023 Ya taba zama mamba a kwamitin tantance babban taron jam’iyyar APC na kasa karkashin jagorancin Rt. Hon. Aminu Bello Masari wanda ya samar da Sen. Abdullahi Adamu a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar APC na kasa. Har ila yau, mamba ne a kwamitin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare wanda ke da alhakin tantance dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma babban daraktan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Tinubu a tsakanin irin su Nuhu Ribadu, Hon. Abiodun Faleke, Sen. Magnus Abe, Sen. Elisha Abbo, Sen. Bent, Sen. Abu Ibrahim, Kashim-Imam. Sana'ar Majalisar Kasa Yana da kyau a san cewa a zaben shekara ta (2007) Musa ya tsaya takarar majalisar wakilai kuma ya yi nasara aka sake zabe shi a karo na biyu a zaben shekara ta (2011) Ya kuma tsaya takara a shekara ta (2015 da kuma 2019) a karkashin jam’iyyar APC kuma ya yi nasara da gagarumin rinjaye. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta (2019) ya yi burin zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar wakilai ta tara amma tsarin shiyya bai samu goyon baya ba saboda an ware kujerar zuwa shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya wanda ya share hanya ga Hon. Idris Ahmed Wase zai fito. Sannan ya tsaya takarar shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar inda ya sha kaye a hannun shugaban masu rinjaye na yanzu Hon. Alhassan Ado-Doguwa. A halin yanzu yana daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da suka fi dadewa a Najeriya da ke wakiltar al’ummar Gada/Goronyo tarayya na tsawon shekaru 16 a jere. Sannan kuma shi ne Shugaban kungiyar Arewa ta Majalisar Wakilai a yanzu. Hon. Musa S/Adar ya halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (Habitat III) New York, Amurka a shekara ta (2014) Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan jagoranci da tarurruka da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da kwas ɗin jagoranci da aka gudanar a Cleveland, Ohio a cikin shekarar (2016) wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗauki nauyin aikin majalisa. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan albarkatun man fetur a sama a majalisa ta 9, a baya ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin zabe (INEC) a majalisa ta 6 da kuma shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin sufurin kasa a majalisa ta bakwai.Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin sufurin ruwa.Ya gabatar da kudurori da dama a zauren majalisar kuma a kodayaushe yana magana ne domin hadin kan kasa tare da bayar da gudunmawa a cikin al’amuran da za su yi tasiri wajen karfafa matasa da mata ta fuskar ilimi da kuma ci gaban bil’adama baki daya. Kafin zaben shekarar ( 2019) shi ne shugaban kungiyar goyon bayan ‘yan majalisu ta APC. A matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar goyon bayan majalisar, ya jagorance su zuwa ziyarar shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, yayin da yake zantawa da manema labarai a fadar shugaban kasa a karshen taron, shugaban kungiyar Musa Sarkin Adar ya ce:“Mun duba abubuwan da ke faruwa a kasar nan da kuma jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban domin zabe na gabatowa, kuma mu ‘yan jam’iyyar APC a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa muna ganin ya zama dole mu zo mu tattauna da Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Jam’iyyar na kasa don magance matsalolin. da kuma damuwar da membobi a fadin tarayya suka nuna.“Daga abubuwan da suka faru a baya a Majalisar da ta gabata da muka samu damar zama mambobi a lokacin, mun san abin da ya faru kuma mun san abin da ya haifar da kasa. Don haka a yanzu kira ne na fito na fito a yi wa shugaban kasa goyon baya da kuma bukatar mu ma a saurare mu ta yadda za a magance matsalolin ci gaban kasar nan.”Dangane da martanin da shugaban kasar ya bayar a taron, ya ce:<blockquote>“Madalla da kyau sosai. Mun bayyana masa ra’ayin shiyya-shiyya ko abin da ake kira ayyukan mazabu; cewa ba kudi ne aka ba mu ba, a’a ayyuka ne na miliyoyin Naira da ya kamata mu rika sanyawa a inda ya kamata a sanya su a mazabunmu daban-daban kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka hada kan kasar nan. Doka Wasu daga cikin Kudirinsa, Rahotanni da Motsinsa: Dokar Hukumar Halayen Tarayya (gyara) Dokar Kare Jami'an Jama'a (gyara), 2015 Dokar Hukumar Horar da Sana'o'i ta Kasa (Establishment), 2015 Kudirin Dokar Hukumar Jami’ar Kasa (gyara), 2015 Dokar Hana Samar da Noma, 2015 Kudirin Dokokin Cigaban Kogin Basin (gyara) 2015 Rahoton kwamitin wucin gadi don binciko rikicin da ya dabaibaye bikin kaddamar da majalisar dokokin jihar Bauchi karo na 9 da kuma al’amuran da suka kai ga bacewar wasu shugabannin biyu. Akwai bukatar a binciki karbo Naira Biliyan 1.17 da Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya ta yi daga asusun Hukumar Raya Kogin Sokoto Rima. Bukatar Samar da Kayayyakin Tsaro da Kayayyakin Agaji ga wadanda harin ya rutsa da su a Kololi, Gadonmata da kauyen Kamitau dake mazabar Goronyo/Gada tarayya a jihar Sokoto. Bukatar Gaggawa Kan Tabarbarewar Tsaro A Jihar Sakkwato. Bukatar Samar da Kayayyakin agaji ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a karamar hukumar Gada da Goronyo ta jihar Sokoto. Babban muradinsa na majalisa sun haɗa da: Ci gaban karkara Ƙarfafa matasa/mata/masu aiki Agricultural Devt Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1966 Yan jam'iyyar APC Yan siyasan Najeriya Yan majalisan wakilai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

61019

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kungiyar%20Hockey%20ta%20Kasa%20%281917-1942%29

Tarihin Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (1917-1942)

An kafa Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHL) a cikin 1917 bayan mutuwar kungiyar da ta gabace ta, Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHA). A cikin ƙoƙari na cire Eddie Livingstone a matsayin mai shi na Toronto Blueshirts, mafi rinjaye na NHA franchises (The Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators and Quebec Bulldogs ) sun dakatar da NHA kuma sun kafa sabuwar NHL. Quebec Bulldogs, yayin da yake memba, ba su yi aiki a cikin NHL na shekaru biyu na farko ba. Madadin haka masu Gidan Lambun Arena na Toronto sun gudanar da sabon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Toronto. Yayin da aka yi nufin NHL a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi, ci gaba da takaddama tare da Livingstone ya haifar da taron masu NHA guda hudu tare da sanya dakatar da NHA ta dindindin shekara guda bayan haka. Ƙarni na farko na NHL ya ga gasar ta fafatawa da manyan gasa biyu masu hamayya, Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast da Western Canada Hockey League, don 'yan wasa da gasar Stanley . NHL ta fara faɗaɗa cikin Amurka a cikin 1924 tare da kafuwar Boston Bruins, kuma ya zuwa 1926 ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi goma a cikin Ontario, Quebec, yankin Manyan Tafkuna da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka . A lokaci guda, NHL ta fito a matsayin babbar gasar lig guda ɗaya kuma ita kaɗai ce mai fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Stanley. Wasan da kansa ya ci gaba da bunkasa a wannan lokacin. An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga ƙa'idodi da kayan aiki yayin da NHL ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka kwararar wasan da kuma sa wasan ya fi son abokantaka. NHL ta taka leda tare da maza shida zuwa gefe maimakon bakwai na gargajiya, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyoyin farko don ba da damar masu gola su bar ƙafafunsu don yin ceto. Sawun NHL ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kanada yayin da aka ji watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon Foster Hewitt daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku tun daga 1933 An gina Dandalin Montreal da Maple Leaf Gardens, kuma kowannensu ya buga bakuncin wasannin fa'idar All-Star da aka gudanar don tara kuɗi don tallafawa Ace Bailey da dangin Howie Morenz a Toronto da Montreal, bi da bi. Ayyukan 'yan wasan biyu sun ƙare saboda wani abin da ya faru a kan kankara, tare da Morenz ya mutu a ƙarshe, wata guda bayan ya sami rauni na farko. Waɗannan wasannin farko na NHL All-Star za su kai ga wasannin All-Star na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ci gaba a yau. Babban Bala'in da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rage gasar zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida ta 1942. Ƙungiyoyin kafa Ottawa, da ƙungiyoyin fadada New York Amirkawa, Montreal Maroons da Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers sun wuce daga wurin. Ƙungiyar Faɗawa Detroit Falcons ta ayyana fatarar kudi a cikin 1932 kuma ta tsira ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Chicago Shamrocks na Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Amurka da kuma aljihun mai wadata James Norris ya zama Detroit Red Wings . Matsanancin yanayi a Montreal yana nufin cewa birnin ya kusan rasa duka ƙungiyoyin sa a cikin 1930s; Canadiens sun kusan ƙaura zuwa Cleveland, amma sun tsira saboda ƙarfin goyon bayansa. Ƙungiyoyin shida da suka bar tsaye a cikin 1942 (Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers da Toronto Maple Leafs ) an san su a yau a matsayin " Asali shida " Shekarun farko Babban tauraron NHL na farko shine "Phantom" Joe Malone . Zakaran zira kwallaye na NHA sau biyu, Malone ya zira kwallaye biyar ga Montreal Canadiens a nasara 7–4 akan Sanatocin Ottawa a daren bude NHL. Malone ya ci gaba da yin rikodin burin 44 na jagora a cikin wasanni 20 a cikin 1917–18 . Ya sake jagorantar NHL wajen zira kwallaye a cikin 1919–20, inda ya zira kwallaye 39 a wasanni 24 tare da Quebec. A lokacin wannan kakar, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1920, Malone ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya a kan Toronto St. Patricks, rikodin da ke tsaye a yau. An zaɓi Malone zuwa Gidan Hockey na Fame a cikin 1950. Burin farko a tarihin NHL shine Dave Ritchie na Montreal Wanderers ya ci minti daya cikin nasara 10 – 9 akan Toronto, wanda shine nasarar da Wanderers suka yi a cikin NHL. Ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1918, wuta ta lalata filin wasa na Montreal, gida ga duka Wanderers da Kanada. Yayin da Canadiens suka koma Jubilee Arena na 3,000, Lichtenhein ya zaɓi ya janye Wanderers, yana nuna rashin samun 'yan wasa saboda yakin. NHL ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta ƙungiyoyi uku har zuwa lokacin da Quebec ya dawo gare ta a cikin 1919. A cikin shekarunta na farko, NHL ta ci gaba da tsarin tsagawar lokacin NHA. Zakaran rabin na farko Canadiens ya fadi a hannun zakaran rabin na biyu na Toronto a gasar cin kofin O'Brien na 1918 ta hanyar hada maki 10–7 a wasa biyu, jimillar jerin raga. Nasarar ta baiwa Toronto damar fuskantar zakaran Kungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast, the Vancouver Millionaires, a Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Stanley. Torontos ta doke Vancouver don zama ƙungiyar NHL ta farko da ta lashe Kofin. Canadiens sun ci gasar NHL akan Sanatoci a 1918–19, kuma sun yi tafiya yamma don saduwa da zakaran PCHA, Babban Birnin Seattle . An fi tunawa da jerin gwanon don sokewar sa tare da jerin da aka ɗaure a nasara biyu, asara biyu, da kunnen doki (2–2–1) saboda cutar sankarau ta Sipaniya . 'Yan wasa da yawa daga kungiyoyin biyu sun kamu da rashin lafiya, lamarin da ya sa jami'an kiwon lafiya a Seattle soke wasan na shida, da yanke hukunci. Mai tsaron lafiyar Kanada Joe Hall ya mutu sakamakon mura a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1919. A halin da ake ciki, zakarun na Toronto sun ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin rabi na 1918–19. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1919, Toronto ta sanar da ƙungiyar cewa ta janye daga gasar. NHL ta guji ragewa zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu don 1919–20 lokacin da aka sake tsara ƙungiyar azaman Toronto St. Patricks. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar Quebec ya dawo, (wanda aka sani da kakar wasa ta Quebec Athletic Club ) yana kara gasar zuwa kungiyoyi hudu. Kulob din Quebec ya buga rikodin 4 – 20 a cikin 1919 – 20, duk da dawowar Malone. Lokaci ne na ƙarshe na ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin birnin Quebec, yana ƙaura zuwa Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin 1920 don zama Hamilton Tigers . Gasa tare da WCHL Tun daga cikin 1921, NHL ta fuskanci gasa daga babban gasa na uku, ƙungiyar Hockey ta Western Canada (WCHL). Tare da gasar lig guda uku da ke fafatawa don hazaka, 'yan wasan hockey na kankara sun kasance cikin ƴan wasa mafiya samun kuɗi a Arewacin Amurka. Sun ba da umarnin albashi daidai da manyan 'yan wasan Baseball na lokacin. WCHL ta rayu tsawon yanayi shida kawai, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da PCHA a cikin 1924, amma ta ƙalubalanci NHL don Kofin Stanley sau huɗu. A cikin 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Sanatoci sun ci Edmonton Eskimos bayan sun kawar da PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires. A cikin 1924, Canadiens sun ci nasara akan PCHA's Millionaires da WCHL's Calgary Tigers a kan ƙarfin rufewar biyu ta Georges Vezina da kuma wani mummunan mummunan nunawa ta hanyar rookie na gaba Howie Morenz . Manazarta

44851

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20Action%20%28%C6%99ungiya%29

Africa Action (ƙungiya)

Africa Action ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin Washington, DC, tana aiki don canza dangantakar Amurka da Afirka don haɓaka adalci na siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a ƙasashen Afirka. Suna ba da bayanai masu dacewa da bincike, kuma suna tattara goyon bayan jama'a don kamfen don a cimma wannan manufa. Ƙungiyoyin magabata Africa Action shine sunan ƙungiyar a cikin shekara ta 2001, bayan da ƙungiyoyi uku, da suka haɗa da; Kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka, Asusun Afirka, da Cibiyar Bayanin Siyasa ta Afirka, su ka haɗe wuri guda ko su kayi maja. An kafa kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka (ACOA) a birnin New York a shekara ta 1953 ta George Houser da sauran masu fafutuka. Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin farar hula, bakar fata da farar fata ne ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bayard Rustin ƙarƙashin sunan Kwamitin Tallafawa Resistance na Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda suka shirya goyon baya ga yakin neman zabe mai cike da tarihi a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin littafin, Babu Nasara Mai Sauƙi, An kwatanta ACOA a matsayin "Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka ta farko". Ya zama haka ta hanyar “ginin haɗin gwiwa… aiki tare da matasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙa da shugabannin Afirka masu tasowa.” New York ta kasance cibiyar ayyuka ga ƙungiyar ACOA a cikin shekarun 1980 a lokacin shirya ayyukan yaƙi da wariyar launin fata . Asusun Afirka, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1966, ya yi aiki tare da ACOA don ba da babban tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai a duk faɗin Afirka. A lokacin gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, Asusun Afirka ya zama "babban wurin tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ƴan siyasa masu ci gaba." Sun karfafa gwiwar kamfanonin Amurka da masu hannun jari da su karkata zuwa Afirka ta Kudu tare da buga sabbin jerin sunayen kamfanonin Amurka da ke da hannu a ciki. An kafa Cibiyar Bayanin Siyasa ta Afirka (APIC) ko African Action a birnin Washington, DC a cikin 1978. Ta samar da bincike, da kayan ilimi da aka tsara don faɗaɗa muhawara a Amurka game da batutuwan Afirka da rawar da Amurka ke takawa a Afirka. Shirye-shirye na yanzu A cewar shafin yanar gizon su, Africa Action ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa don siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka. Africa Action ta ce Amurka na da alhakin tarihi na musamman game da Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi imanin cewa wariyar launin fata ya kasance kuma babban mahimmanci ne ga manufofin Amurka game da Afirka, 'yan Afirka da ƴan asalin Amurka na Afirka. Membobin ƙungiyar suna daraja Afirka da al'ummarta, kuma suna neman yin aiki tare da ƴan Afirka. A yau, tare da masu fafutuka da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk faɗin Amurka da Afirka, Afirka Action na aiki don canza manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka da manufofin cibiyoyin duniya don tallafawa gwagwarmayar Afirka don samun zaman lafiya da ci gaban yankin. Zaman lafiya da adalci a Darfur da Sudan A shekara ta 2008 Africa Action ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da ci gaba da rikicin Darfur tare da matsawa jama'a lamba kan shugaban Amurka mai jiran gado da ya jagoranci gamayyar ƙasa da ƙasa wajen samar da zaman lafiya da adalci a yankin na Darfur da ma Sudan baki ɗaya. A cikin watan Yunin 2008, Barack Obama da John McCain sun rattaba hannu kan wani alƙawarin "yunƙurin da ba za a cimma ba"" don kawo ƙarshen kisan kiyashi a Darfur. A yau ƙungiyar Africa Action tana jan hankalin jama'a don cika wannan alkawari ta hanyar cimma: Kare fararen hula daga tashin hankali, yunwa da cututtuka; Zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa ga dukkan ƴan ƙasar Sudan, gami da tabbatar da cikakkiyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ; da kuma Adalci ga wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙarƙashin tutar JUST LEAD ba wai kawai ayi kira ga jagoranci daga gwamnatin Amurka ba, har ma da ƙalubalantar duk mutanen da suka kasa sauke nauyin da ya rataya a wuyannsu a matsayinmu na talakawa don KOYI. akan tambaya mafi mahimmancin ɗabi'a da haɗin kai na zamaninmu. A wani ɓangare na wannan kamfen na Africa Action na aiki tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi don tattara katunan fosta miliyan ɗaya da ke kira ga shugaba Obama da ya wanzar da zaman lafiya da adalci a yankin Darfur da ma Sudan. Gangamin Kawo Karshen HIV/AIDS a Afirka Kamfen kungiyar Africa Action na kawo karshen cutar kanjamau a nahiyar Afirka ya ja hankalin masu fafutuka na Amurka su sauya manufofin gwamnatinmu domin kawo karshen matsalar HIV/AIDS a Afirka. A cewar Africa Action cutar HIV/AIDS ita ce babbar barazana a duniya a yau. Afirka ba ta da matsala a rikicin - gida ga kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na masu ɗauke da cutar kanjamau a duk duniya. Rikicin HIV/AIDS na Afirka ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin adalci na tsawon shekaru aru-aru a duniya. Yanzu, yunƙurin Afirka na kawar da cutar kanjamau na fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki, da tsarin manufofin Amurka da na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke hana samun mahimman jiyya da cikakkiyar kulawar lafiya a lafiyar nahiyar. Gangamin Soke Bashin Afirka Ƙungiyar Africa Action ta yi yaƙin neman a soke basussukan da ake bin kasashen Afrika, ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta matsa lamba kan kawar da basussuka dari bisa dari ga ɗaukacin kasashen nahiyar, masu fama da talauci ba tare da wani yanayi mai cutarwa ba. A cewar Africa Action, bashin da ake bin Afirka sama da dala biliyan 200 shi ne babban cikas ga ci gaban nahiyar. Yawancin wannan basussuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, kasancewar gwamnatocin jahilci da rashin wakilci sun ci su. Kasashen Afirka na kashe kusan dala biliyan 14 a duk shekara kan ayyukan basussuka, da karkatar da albarkatu daga shirye-shiryen HIV/AIDS, ilimi da sauran muhimman bukatu. Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu arziki sun bijirewa kiraye-kirayen soke wannan bashi, a maimakon haka sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin warware matsalar da ba ta dace ba da kuma sanya tsauraran manufofin tattalin arziki kan ƙasashen da ake bin bashi. Manyan kasashe Afirka Action ta yi imanin cewa, yana da amfani ga Amurka cewa, a kowane yanki na Afirka, ƙasashe da al'ummomi su sami damar cimma muradun bai daya na samun tsaro, dimokuradiyya da ci gaba. Yayin da hanyoyin waɗannan manufofin zasu iya bambanta, ba za su iya rabuwa ba. Ba za a iya ware ci gaban tattalin arziki daga buƙatun tsaro da faɗaɗa haƙƙin dimokuradiyya ba. Ba za a iya tsara dabaru masu ma'ana don cimma waɗannan manufofin ba kawai ta fuskar alaƙar ƙasashen biyu da zababbun ƙasashe. A dai lokacin kuma, ba zai yiwu a ba da ma'aunin nauyi daidai da alakar Amurka da kowace ƙasa ta Afirka ba. Afirka Action ta ware wasu ƙasashen Afirka ƙwara biyar a matsayin "ƙasashen da za'a fi mai da hankali akan su" inda dole ne Amurka ta kasance cikin sa hannu akai-akai kasashen su ne; Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Aljeriya. Kowace “ƙasar da za'a fi mayar da hankali akai” dole ta cika mafi yawa ko duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan: (1) manyan ƙasashe ne masu yawan jama’a (yawanci mafi girma a yankin); (2) suna alfahari da mafi ƙarfi da tattalin arzikin masana'antu a yankunansu; (3) A halin yanzu suna cikin manyan abokan ciniki na Amurka a Afirka (kuma mafi girma a yankinsu); (4) ƙasar Amirka na da bukatu dabam-dabam da daɗewa a cikinsu (tattalin arziki, siyasa, zamantakewa da tsaro); da (5) su ne masu karfin tattalin arziki da siyasa na yankunansu. Waɗannan ƙasashe, dukkansu manyan jigo ne a yankunansu, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu zai yi matukar amfani wajen warware matsaloli da dama. Mai yiyuwa ne ko dai su zama dakarun tsaro na yankin ko kuma tushen rashin zaman lafiya a yankin nahiyar, saboda muhimmancin su a kasancewar su a nahiyar. A ƙarshe, akwai mazaɓun cikin gida a cikin Amurka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da manufofin kowace ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda za su iya taimakawa haɓakawa da ci gaba da tallafawa jama'a don sabbin tsare-tsaren Amurka. Ba da fifiko ga waɗannan ƙasashe bai kamata a rude da yin kawance ba tare da wani sharadi ba da masu riƙe da madafun iko, tare da neman gina su a matsayin manyan ƙasashen yankin, ko kuma ba su kai tsaye ga taimakon tattalin arziki. A maimakon haka, dole ne manufofin Amurka game da kowace irin waɗannan manyan ƙasashe su ƙunshi ainihin yanayin kowane yanki da suke cikin su, kuma su ƙarfafa tattaunawa mai ma'ana da warware matsalolin gama gari tsakanin maƙwabta. Dole ne Amurkawa su gane cewa Amurka tana da nauyi na musamman na tarihi game da wasu zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe-Liberiya, Angola, Somaliya, da Sudan- waɗanda ke ba da kulawa ta musamman. Hannun manufofin waɗannan ƙasashe kuma za su fi tasiri idan aka haɗa su cikin manufofin yankunansu. Kulawa mai ɗorewa ga "kasashen da za'a fi mayar da hankali akai" ya kamata a sanya su a cikin mahallin yanki. Don haka, ya kamata a samar da wata manufa ta Kudancin Afirka tare da amincewa da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ita ce fifiko a cikin yankin, da kuma manufar Afirka ta Yamma wacce ta amince da matsayin Najeriya kan damuwar Amurka a wannan yanki. Abin da ke faruwa a DRC, zai yi tasiri sosai a kan makomar makobtanta. Duk da cewa nauyin yankinsu bai yi yawa ba, Kenya da Aljeriya kuma za su yi tasiri sosai a yankunansu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The African Activist Archive Project website includes a description and material (documents, posters, photographs, buttons, T-shirts, audio, video) of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund. Afrika

14693

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwanci%20a%20Ghana

Karuwanci a Ghana

Yin karuwanci a cikin Ghana haramtacce ne amma ya zama gama gari, ta yadda yawancin 'yan Ghana ba su san cewa an hana shi ba. Akwai yawon shakatawa na jima'i, karuwancin yara da fataucin mutane.. Yawan rashin aikin yi da talauci a Ghana ana tsammanin sune suka haifar da haɓaka cikin masana'antar jima'i.rk. A high percentage of sex workers are vulnerable to HIV. Rashin aikin yi shine dalilin da yasa matasa ke aikin jima'i. Yawancin masu yin jima'i suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Wasu karuwai a Ghana suna kamfen don a halatta cinikin karuwanci, kuma an tattauna. Tsohon Firayim Minista na Ghana, Dokta Kofi Abrefa Busia, masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a na Oxford, ya rubuta labarin kan karuwanci "Rahoton bincike kan zamantakewar jama'a na Sekondi-Takoradi." Dubawa An san karuwai a Ghana a cikin gida kamar "ashawo", "toutou" (wanda aka samo daga 'shillings biyu, pence biyu'; karuwar da ba ta da lada mai yawa) ko "maame-i-dey". Akwai gidajen karuwai a yawancin garuruwa, birane da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ghana. Sau da yawa waɗannan suna cikin ɗakunan ajiya na wucin gadi ko tsofaffin ɗakunan ajiya, wasu kuma suna haɗe da sanduna. An san karuwai da ba sa aiki a gidajen karuwai ko ''mazauna'' ko ''masu yawo''. Mazaunan suna aiki daga gida, suna zaune a ƙofar kuma suna kiran abokan ciniki. Idan suna tare da abokin ciniki sai su rage labule a ƙofar. Kujeru gabaɗaya suna aiki a wani yanki na gari, suna ƙirƙirar ƙaramar gundumar haske. Gabaɗaya sun kasance tsoffin mata ko zawarawa. Masu yawo sun zama mata matasa kuma suna aiki akan tituna, sanduna da otal-otal. "Matukan jirgi", galibi direbobin tasi, suna aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mata da kwastomomi a otal-otal. Yawancin lokaci suna samun kuɗi daga ɓangarorin biyu. Suna kuma taimaka wa mata su shiga otal-otal saboda yawancinsu babu matan da ke mulki. Hakanan ma'aikatan otal ɗin na iya karɓar rashawa don barin matan su shiga. Matan suna fuskantar tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci daga kwastomomin, ko yawanci ƙi biya. Ma'aikatan otal na iya yin amfani da su. Tun da aka fara aikin hakar mai a shekarar 2011, karuwanci a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Takoradi ya karu sosai saboda shigowar ma'aikatan mai. UNAIDS ta kiyasta akwai karuwai 52,000 a cikin kasar. Karuwancin namiji Yawaitar yawan karuwanci a cikin Ghana ya tashi a hankali tsawon shekaru amma ba a faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da shi ba saboda yanayin da yake ɗauka. Yin karuwanci ya fi yawa a cikin yankuna masu zuwa kamar su Tesano, Adabraka, Osu, Accra da Paloma a Accra. Karuwai maza suna yin asirin a matsayin mata saboda luwadi ba laifi bane a Ghana kamar yadda tsarin mulki ya tanada. Ayyukan waɗannan karuwai galibi maza ne ke tallata su a cikin manyan aji waɗanda ke da isassun kayan aiki don yin hankali game da ayyukan jima'i. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin haɓaka mai dacewa cikin farashin yin luwadi da 'yan luwaɗi idan aka ba da wadataccen wadatar waɗannan karuwai. Aiwatarwan Doka Aiwatarwan doka tana da sauyi, kuma akwai wasu lokuta da ake takaita karuwai. Jami’an tsaro suna cin zarafin karuwai. A cikin binciken da aka yi a duk gari da birane 26, sulusin karuwai sun ba da labarin matsalolin 'yan sanda. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoratarwa, kwace, barazanar da hare-hare. Da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa dole ne su yi lalata da jami'an don kauce wa hukunci. A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a 2007 na jami'an tsaro 251, 15% sun yarda cewa sun nemi yin jima'i saboda rashin gurfanar da karuwai da aka kama. 'Yan sanda da' yan siyasa wani lokacin ana ba su cin hanci ko sanya baki don rufe ido. Yawon shakatawa na Jima'i Ghana ta kafa kanta a matsayin matattarar yawon shakatawa ta jima'i daga yawon bude ido na yamma. Irin wannan yawon bude ido ya jawo hankulan mutane ta hanyar laulayi dokokin kasar game da kiyaye yara da kuma rashin bin doka. Karuwanci yara yana ƙaruwa matsala ce da girlsan mata ke da rauni da yara maza kaɗan. Cinikin Jima'i An sami karuwai 'yan Vietnam a Ghana a biranen Tema da Takoradi da ke gabar teku. Wani dan jaridar Ghana mai bincike Anas Aremeyaw Anas ya gano cewa an yi fataucin matan Vietnam ne zuwa Ghana da nufin karuwanci. Wata mace ‘yar Vietnam wacce ake kira Hanh ce ta dauki karuwai‘ yan Vietnam karuwai a cikin watan Yulin 2013. Kudin da kwastomominsu suka biya a Ghana ya kai dalar Amurka 100 a cikin awa daya. Karuwai sun yi aiki daga gidan karuwai a cikin gidan baƙuwar Jang Mi a Takoradi. Shekarun matan sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 35. Mata da 'yan mata daga China, Najeriya, Cote d'Ivoire da Burkina Faso suma ana fataucin su zuwa Ghana don karuwanci. Ofishin Gwamnatin Amurka na Kula da Yaki da Fataucin Mutane ya sanya Ghana a matsayin kasa ta 'Tier 2'. Duba kuma Karuwanci a Afirka Manazarta Ghana Ghanaian society Ghana

20063

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakar%20ma%27adinai

Hakar ma'adinai

Hakar ma'adinai shine hakar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci ko wasu abubuwan ilimin ƙasa daga Duniya, yawanci daga jikin ƙasa, lode, vein, seam, reef, ko ajiya. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen suna samar da kayan masarufi wanda ke da fa'idar tattalin arziƙi ga mai hakar gwal. Ma’adanan da aka gano ta hanyar hakar ma’adinai sun hada da karafa, gawayi, shallen mai, gemstones, farar ƙasa, alli, dutse mai girma, gishirin dutsen, potash, tsakuwa, da yumbu. Ana buƙatar hakar ma'adinai don samun duk wani abu wanda ba za a iya haɓaka ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin gona ba, ko kuma mai yiwuwa a ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar wucin gadi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko masana'anta. Ma'adanan ma'adanai da yalwa sun haɗa da hakar duk wani abu mara sabuntawa kamar su fetur, gas, ko ma ruwa. Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na zamani sun haɗa da neman ma'adanan ƙasa, nazarin fa'idar ribar ma'adinan da ake son samarwa, hakar abubuwan da ake so, da sake dawo da ƙasar bayan an rufe ma'adinan. Ayyukan hakar ma'adanai galibi suna haifar da mummunan tasirin mahalli, yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai da kuma bayan rufe ma'adinai. Don haka, yawancin al'ummomin duniya sun zartar da ƙa'idoji don rage tasirin. Tsaron aiki ya daɗe yana damuwa, kuma ayyukan yau da kullun sun inganta aminci a cikin ma'adinai. Tarihi Kafin tarihi Tun farkon wayewa, mutane suna amfani da dutse, tukwane kuma, daga baya, karafa da aka samo kusa da saman Duniya. Anyi amfani da waɗannan don yin kayan aiki na farko da makamai; misali, an yi amfani da dutsen ƙanƙara mai inganci da aka samo a arewacin Faransa, kudancin Ingila da Poland don ƙirƙirar kayayyakin ƙanƙan dutse. An gano ma'adanan Flint a wuraren alli inda aka bi sawun dutsen a shararraki da wuraren adana hotuna. Ma'adanai a Grimes Graves da Krzemionki sun shahara sosai, kuma kamar yawancin sauran ma'adanai, asalinsu neolithic (c. 4000-3000 BC). Sauran duwatsu masu wuya da aka haƙa ko tara don gatari sun haɗa da dutsen dutse na masana'antar gatari na Langdale wanda ke yankin Gundumar Kogin Ingila. Mafi shahararren ma'adanai a tarihin tarihi shi ne Ngwenya na Ngwenya a Eswatini (Swaziland), wanda tattaunawar rediyo ta nuna yana da kimanin shekaru 43,000. A wannan rukunin yanar gizon mutane sun halicci hematite don yin launi mai launin ja. Ma'adanai na irin wannan shekarun a cikin Hungary an yi imanin cewa wurare ne inda wataƙila Neanderthals ya haƙo dutsen ƙanƙara don makamai da kayan aiki. Tsohon Misira Tsoffin Masarawa sun yi malachite a Maadi. Da farko, Masarawa sunyi amfani da duwatsu masu launin koren malachite don kayan ado da tukwane. Daga baya, tsakanin 2613 da 2494 BC, manyan ayyukan gine-gine sun buƙaci balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje zuwa yankin Wadi Maghareh don tabbatar da ma'adinai da sauran albarkatun da babu su a cikin Misira kanta. An kuma gano wuraren neman kayan turquoise da na jan ƙarfe a Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan da sauran wurare daban-daban na Nubia a Tsibirin Sinai da Timna. Hakar ma'adinai a Misira ya faru ne a farkon dauloli. Ma'adanai na zinare na Nubia suna daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girman kowane a cikin Tsohon Misira. Wadannan marubutan sun bayyana ne ta hanyar marubucin Girkanci Diodorus Siculus, wanda ya ambaci sanya wuta a matsayin hanya daya da ake amfani da ita wajen farfasa dutsen da ke dauke da zinaren. Ana nuna ɗayan rukunin gidaje a ɗayan sanannun taswira. Masu hakar ma'adinan sun ragargaza ma'adinan kuma sun nika shi da ƙamshi mai kyau kafin su wanke foda don ƙurar zinaren. Tsohon Girka da Rome Ma'adinai a Turai yana da dogon tarihi. Misalan sun hada da ma'adanan azurfa na Laurium, wanda ya taimaka wajen tallafawa jihar birni ta Athens. Kodayake suna da bayi sama da 20,000 da ke aiki da su, amma fasahar su ta kasance daidai da ta magabatan su. A wasu ma'adanai, kamar a tsibirin Thassos, 'yan Faransa sun sassaka marmara bayan sun isa karni na 7 BC. An kawo marmar din kuma daga baya masana binciken kayan tarihi sun gano cewa anyi amfani da shi a cikin gine-gine ciki har da kabarin Amphipolis. Philip II na Macedon, mahaifin Alexander the Great, ya kama ma'adinan zinariya na Mount Pangeo a cikin 357 BC don ba da kuɗin kamfen ɗin sa na soja. Hakanan ya kama ma'adinan zinare a cikin Thrace don ƙirƙirar tsabar kuɗi, a ƙarshe ya samar da tan 26 a shekara. Koyaya, Romawa ne suka kirkiro manyan hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai, musamman amfani da manyan ruwa da aka kawo ta mahaƙar ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da yawa. An yi amfani da ruwan don dalilai daban-daban, gami da cire abubuwa masu nauyi da kuma tarkacen dutse, wanda ake kira hakar mai, da kuma hada-hadar wanka, ko nikakke, ores da tukin injina masu sauƙi. Romawa sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai a babban sikelin don hango jijiyoyin ma'adanai, musamman ma wanda aka daina amfani da shi yanzu wanda ake kira hushing. Sun gina magudanan ruwa da yawa don samar da ruwa ga ma'adinan. A can, ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin manyan tafkunan ruwa da tankuna. Lokacin da aka bude cikakken tanki, ambaliyar ruwan ta dauke kayan da aka dora musu nauyi don fallasa gadon da ke karkashin da kowane jijiyoyin zinariya. Daga nan wuta ta yi aiki a kan dutsen don dumama dutsen, wanda za a kashe shi da rafin ruwa. Sakamakon girgizar zafin da ya haifar ya fashe dutsen, wanda ya ba da damar cire shi ta hanyar ƙarin rafuka na ruwa daga tankunan da ke sama. Masu hakar ma'adinan Roman sunyi amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin don yin aikin cassiterite a cikin Cornwall da gubar dalma a cikin Pennines. Rumawan sun kirkiro hanyoyin ne a Spain a shekara ta 25 AD don amfani da dukiyar zinare masu yawa, mafi girman wurin shine a Las Medulas, inda dogayen magudanan ruwa guda bakwai suka tatse kogunan yankin kuma suka biya kudaden. Romawa kuma sun yi amfani da azurfar da ke cikin galena mai ban tsoro a cikin ma'adinan Cartagena (Cartago Nova), Linares (Castulo), Plasenzuela da Azuaga, da sauransu. Spain ta kasance ɗayan mahimman yankuna na haƙar ma'adinai, amma duk yankuna na Daular Rome ana amfani da su. A cikin Burtaniya nan asalin ƙasar sun haƙo ma'adinai na shekaru dubu, amma bayan mamayar Rome, girman ayyukan ya karu sosai, saboda Romawa suna buƙatar albarkatun Britannia, musamman zinariya, azurfa, kwano, da gubar. Fasahar Roman ba ta takaita ga hakar ma'adinai ba. Sun bi jijiyoyin karkashin kasa da zarar an fara samun damar hakar ma'adinai. A Dolaucothi sun dakatar da jijiyoyin kuma sunyi amfani da adit ta cikin dutsen da ba dutse don magudanar wuraren. Hakanan an yi amfani da irin waɗannan adon don shigar da aiki, musamman mahimmanci lokacin da aka yi amfani da saitin wuta. A wasu sassan shafin, sun ratsa teburin ruwan kuma sun lalata ma'adinan ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan injina, musamman ma masu juya ruwa-ruwa. An yi amfani da waɗannan sosai a ma'adinan tagulla a Rio Tinto a Spain, inda ɗayan jerin ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan ƙafafun 16 da aka shirya biyu-biyu, da ɗaga ruwa kimanin mita 24 (ƙafa 79). An yi musu aiki a matsayin matattarar masarufi tare da masu hakar ma'adinai da ke tsaye a saman tebur. Yawancin misalai na irin waɗannan na'urori an samo su a cikin tsohuwar ma'adinan Roman kuma wasu misalai yanzu ana adana su a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihi na Walesasa na Wales. Na da Turai Ma'adinai azaman masana'anta ya sami canje-canje masu ban mamaki a zamanin Turai. Masana'antar hakar ma'adanai a farkon ƙarni na Tsakiya sun fi mai da hankali ne akan hakar tagulla da baƙin ƙarfe. Hakanan an yi amfani da wasu karafa masu daraja, galibi don ƙyalli ko tsabar kuɗi. Da farko, ana samun karafa da yawa ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai, kuma ana fitar da ma'adanin ne daga zurfin zurfin, maimakon ta hanyar zurfafan ma'adanai. Kusan karni na 14, yawan amfani da makamai, kayan yaƙi, masu motsa jiki, da takalmin dawakai ya ƙaru da buƙatar ƙarfe. Misali, masanan zamanin da, galibi ana ɗauke da farantin da ya kai kilogiram 100 (45 kilogiram) ko sulke da takobi, mashi da sauran makamai. Babban dogaro da baƙin ƙarfe don dalilan soja ya haifar da samar da baƙin ƙarfe da ayyukan hakar. Rikicin azurfar na shekarar 1465 ya faru ne lokacin da dukkan ma'adinai suka isa zurfin da ba za a iya sake amfani da sandunan a bushe da fasahar dake akwai ba. Kodayake yawan amfani da takardun kudi, lamuni da tsabar kudi na jan ƙarfe a wannan lokacin ya rage darajar, da kuma dogaro da, ƙarafa masu daraja, zinariya da azurfa har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga labarin ma'adinai na da. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, karuwar hakar ma'adinai ya yadu daga tsakiyar Turai zuwa Ingila a tsakiyar karni na sha shida. A nahiya, ma'adinan ma'adinai mallakar na kambi ne, kuma an haƙƙaƙe wannan haƙƙin mallaka. Amma a Ingila, an taƙaita haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai ga zinare da azurfa (waɗanda Ingilishi kusan ba su da ajiya) ta hanyar yanke hukunci na 1568 da doka a 1688. Ingila na da baƙin ƙarfe, tutiya, tagulla, gubar, da ma'adanai. Masu mallakar ƙasa waɗanda suka mallaki ƙananan ƙarfe da gawayi a ƙarƙashin ƙauyukansu to suna da ƙarfin ƙarfafawa don cire waɗannan ƙarfe ko don ba da rancen ajiyar kuɗi da karɓar kuɗi daga masu aikin hakar ma'adinai. Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Dutch babban birni sun haɗu don haɓaka kuɗin haɓaka da tacewa. An kawo ɗaruruwan ƙwararrun masanan Jamus da ƙwararrun ma'aikata; a shekara ta 1642 wani yanki na yan kasashen waje 4,000 masu hakar ma'adinai da narkar da tagulla a Keswick a tsaunukan arewa maso yamma. Amfani da ikon ruwa a cikin hanyar mills na ruwa ya yawaita. An yi amfani da injinan haƙar ruwa a murƙushe ma'adinai, ɗaga ma'adanan daga raƙuman ruwa, da kuma yin ɗakunan shiga ta iska mai ƙarfi. An fara amfani da hoda baƙar fata a hakar ma'adinai a Selmecbánya, Masarautar Hungary (yanzu Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) a 1627. Baƙi hoda ya ba da izinin fashewar dutsen da ƙasa don sassautawa da bayyanar jijiyoyin ƙasa. Ayukan iska mai ƙarfi ya fi sauri fiye da saita wuta kuma ya ba da izinin hakar ƙananan ƙarfe da ma'adanai da ba za a iya hana su ba. A cikin 1762, aka kafa makarantar farko ta hakar ma'adanai a cikin wannan garin a can. Yawaitar sabbin abubuwa na aikin gona kamar garmaho, da kuma karuwar da ake amfani da shi a matsayin kayan gini, shima ya kasance abin tuki a cikin gagarumin ci gaban masana'antar karfe a wannan lokacin. Mutanen Espanya sukan yi amfani da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire kamar su kayan kwalliyar ma'adinai bayan an haƙa. Dabbobi ne suka yi amfani da wannan na'urar kuma sunyi amfani da ƙa'idodin da aka yi amfani da su don sussukar hatsi. Mafi yawan ilimin dabarun hako ma'adinan zamani sun fito ne daga littattafai kamar su Biringuccio's De la pirotechnia kuma mai yiwuwa mafi mahimmanci daga Georg Agricola's De re metallica (1556). Wadannan littattafan sun yi bayani dalla-dalla kan hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a ma'adinan Jamusawa da Saxon. Babban batu a cikin ma'adinai na da, wanda Agricola yayi bayani dalla-dalla, shine cire ruwa daga raƙuman ma'adanai. Yayin da masu hakar gwal suke zurfafa don samun sabbin jijiyoyi, ambaliyar ta zama babbar matsala. Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta zama ingantacciya sosai da wadata tare da ƙirƙirar fanfunan inji da dabbobi. Afirka Metarfe ƙarfe a Afirka ya faro sama da shekaru dubu huɗu. Daga ƙarni na 19, haƙar zinare da lu'u-lu'u a kudancin Afirka na da babban sakamako na siyasa da zamantakewar jama'a. Oceania Zinare da haƙo kwal sun fara a Australia da New Zealand a ƙarni na 19. Nickel ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arziƙin New Caledonia. Amurka A zamanin da, Amurkawa na farko sun haƙo tagulla da yawa a Tekun Manyan Keweenaw da kuma kusa da Isle Royale; ƙarfe jan ƙarfe ya kasance har yanzu kusa da farfajiyar lokacin mulkin mallaka. 'Yan asalin ƙasar sun yi amfani da tagulla mafi ƙarancin tagulla daga aƙalla shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata; an gano kayayyakin jan karfe, kwanson kibiya, da sauran kayan tarihi wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar kasar. Masu binciken Faransawa na farko da suka ci karo da wuraren ba sa amfani da karafan saboda wahalar jigilar su, amma daga ƙarshe an yi ciniki da tagulla a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da manyan hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka na farko na Amurka, "an kwashe zinariya da azurfa na asali da sauri kuma an mayar da su zuwa Spain a cikin gwanayen zinariya da azurfa", zinariya da azurfa da suka samo asali galibi daga ma'adinai a Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Turquoise mai kwanan wata a 700 AD an haƙa shi a cikin pre-Columbian America; a cikin Cerillos Mining District a New Mexico, an kiyasta "kimanin tan 15,000 na dutse daga Dutsen Chalchihuitl ta amfani da kayan aikin dutse kafin 1700." A cikin 1727 Louis Denys (Denis) (1675-1741), sieur de La Ronde - ɗan'uwan Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure da surukin René Chartier - sun karɓi umarnin Fort La Pointe a Chequamegon Bay; inda 'yan ƙasar suka sanar da shi tsibirin jan ƙarfe. La Ronde ya sami izini daga kambin Faransa don sarrafa ma'adinai a cikin 1733, ya zama "farkon mai hakar ma'adinai a tafkin mafifici"; shekaru bakwai bayan haka, barkewar cuta tsakanin Sioux da Chippewa ta dakatar da hakar ma'adinai. Yin hakar ma'adanai a cikin Amurka ya zama gama gari a cikin karni na 19, kuma Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Janar na Mining na 1872 don ƙarfafa haƙar ma'adinan ƙasashen tarayya. Kamar yadda yake tare da California Gold Rush a tsakiyar karni na 19, hakar ma'adanai da ƙarafa masu daraja, tare da kiwon dabbobi, ya zama abin tuki a Haɓakar Yammacin Amurka zuwa gabar tekun Pacific. Tare da binciken kasashen yamma, sansanonin hakar ma'adinai suka tashi kuma "suka bayyana wata ruhi ta daban, gadon da zai dawwama ga sabuwar kasar"; Masu Rushewar Zinare za su fuskanci matsaloli iri ɗaya kamar na Rus Rushan ƙasa na yamma mai wucewa wanda ya gabace su. Taimakon hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya zuwa Yamma don samun damar aiki a cikin ma'adinai. Garuruwan yamma kamar Denver da Sacramento sun samo asali daga garuruwan hakar ma'adanai. Lokacin da aka bincika sabbin wurare, galibi zinare ne (placer sannan lode) sannan kuma azurfa waɗanda aka ƙwace su kuma suka fara fitarwa. Sauran karafa galibi za su jira layin dogo ko magudanan ruwa, saboda ƙurar zinare mai laushi da kayan masarufi ba sa buƙatar narkewa kuma suna da saukin ganewa da jigilar kaya. Manazarta

43537

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Muriel

Luis Muriel

Luis Fernando Muriel Fruto (an haife shi 16 Afrilu a shekarai 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan gaba nedan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Atalanta dake qasar italiya Serie A da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Colombia . Bayan ya fara buga wasa wato aikinsa na ƙwararrun manya tare da ƙungiyar Deportivo Cali ta qasar Colombia, Muriel ya koma Udinese anan qasar italiya wato seria . Shekarunsa biyu na farko a qungiyar din yazama dan wasan shi aro zuwa Granada na qasar spaniya da Lecce a qasar italiya kafin ya koma kulob din a shekarai 2012, a cikin wannan shekarar ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyawu sosai a matasan na Seria A ta qasar italiya tare da Stephan El Shaarawy . Bayan ya zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 57, daya buga Muriel ya koma Sampdoria ta Serie A a cikin Janairu 2015. Ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar, inda ya zura kwallaye 21 a wasanni 79 da ya buga kafin ya koma Sevilla a 2017. A cikin Janairu 2019, an mayar da shi Italiya a matsayin aro tare da Fiorentina. A watan Yunin 2019, Muriel ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Atalanta ta Serie A akan kudi Yuro miliyan 18. A kakar wasansa ta farko, Muriel ya ci kwallaye 18 kuma ya jagoranci Atalanta zuwa matakin cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai a karon farko a tarihin kulob din. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya gama a matsayin na uku saman gola a cikin Serie A, bayan Romelu Lukaku da Cristiano Ronaldo . Sakamakon haka, Atalanta ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai guda biyu a jere; don ƙoƙarinsa, Muriel ya kasance cikin 2020–21 Seria A Team of the Year . Muriel a halin yanzu dan kasar Colombia ne kuma dan wasan gaba, wanda ya wakilci al'ummar qasar sa a cikakken matakin kasa da kasa tun shekara ta 2012. Ya buga wasansa na farko a watan Yunin shekarai 2012, a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Ecuador, kuma yazura kwallonsa ta farko a shekarai data gabata mai zuwa, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Guatemala . Daga baya ya halarci gasar 2015, 2019, da 2021 na Copa América, da kuma 2018 FIFA World Cup . Aikin kulob Deportivo Cali Bayan ya shafe wasu shekarunsa na girma tare da Atlético Junior, Muriel ya shiga qasar Colombian Primera A gefen Deportivo Cali a cikin Janairu shekarai 2009. Ya buga wasansa na farko da Envigado FC a ranar 12 ga Yulin shekarai 2009 a cikin abin da zai kasance kawai bayyanarsa a shekara kafin ya zira kwallaye tara a wasanni 10 a shekarai kakar wasa ta gaba. Siffar Muriel na farko na Deportivo Cali, wanda ya hada da zura qwallaye gudfa uku a raga da zarar Caldas a wasansa na uku, shiyasa ake masa lakabi da "Ronaldo Colombian", idan aka kwatanta da tsohon dan wasan Brazil Ronaldo, kuma a tsakiyar kakar wasan da Italiya ta sanya hannu. A gefe Udinese. Udinese Udinese ta kammala sanya hannun sayen dan wasan kan Muriel a hukumance a ranar 30 ga watan Mayun shekarai 2010 akan farashin Yuro miliyan 1.5. Dangane da yarjejeniyar musayar 'yan wasa, Udinese ta qasar italiya ta samu kashi 70% na hakkin buga wasa na Muriel yayin da sauran kashi 30% na Deportivo ta rike. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa Udine, duk da haka, an ba shi rance ga Segunda División gefen Granada . Lamuni zuwa Granada & Lecce Muriel ya kammala ƙauracewa zuwa Granada akan 12 ga watan Yuli shekarai 2010. qungiyar din ya samu nasarar zuwa gasar shiga La Liga ta qasar sipaniya a karon farko cikin shekaru 35 amma hakan bai yi nasara ba ga Muriel, domin ya buga wasanni bakwai kawai a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya kasa zura kwallo a raga. Bayan karewar lamunin yarjejeniyarsu tare da Granada, Muriel ya sake ba da rance don kakar wasa ta gaba zuwa ga leece ta qasar italiya Serie A, Lecce . Ya buga wasansa na farko a qungiyar din a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba a shekarai 2011, yana zuwa a matsayin dan wasan da zai dunga ansar canjin wanda zai maye gurbin Daniele Corvia a wasan dasuka samu rashin naswara akacisu 2-0 a Palermo . A farkonsa na farko na kulob din a wata mai zuwa, da Cesena, An kori Muriel saboda ya aikata wasu laifuka guda biyu. Lecce ya rataye don da'awar nasara 1-0, duk da haka, godiya ga burin daga ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasa da Udinese-loanee, Juan Cuadrado . Ya inganta don kawo karshen yakin tare da dawowar kwallaye bakwai a cikin bayyanuwa 29, kodayake kokarinsa bai isa ya hana Lecce komawa Serie B ba. Tsarinsa a lokacin kakar wasa ya jawo hankalin AC Milan da Internazionale, tare da kungiyoyin biyu sun ba da tayin a hukumance don sanya hannu a kansa, amma Muriel ya tabbatar da cewa zai koma Udinese. Rashin lafiyarsa ta Muriel bayan ya koma Udinese anan qasar italiya ya jawo fushin jin haushin Francesco Guidolin, tare da kocin qungiyar din ya nace cewa yana bukatar ya rasa punds biyar , duk da dan wasan zira kwallaye hudu a raga a wasan sada zumunta dasuka buga da Arta Cedarchis a pre-kakar sada zumunci . Ya sami damar samun tsari don farkon kakar wasa kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da akacisu 2-1 da Fiorentina a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekasrai2012, yana ba da taimako kan ya bada qwallo aci ga Maicosuel don burin budewa saban kwantiraginsa. Ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin a wata mai zuwa, inda ya sanya hannu kan ingantacciyar kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kungiyar. A cikin watan Janairu shekarai 2012, Muriel ya sami lambar yabo ta Seria A a qasar italia ya samu kyautar cikin yan qwallo yara wanda yafi kowane Best Young Revelation award tare da Milan Stephan El Shaarawy don amincewa da tsarinsa tare da Lecce da Udinese a shekarar da ta gabata. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya ba da gudummawar dawowar kwallaye 11 a wasanni 22 da ya buga a gasar Seria A, duk da cewa ya shafe kusan watanni hudu yana buga kwallon kafa saboda raunin gashin da ya yi a kafarsa ta hagu. Duk da gwagwarmayar da ya yi kuma yasha da Udinese, Sampdoria ya kammala siyan aran dan wasan biyu na Muriel da abokin wasansa Andrea Coda a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu ashekarai 2015, tare da wajibin siyan 'yan wasan biyun a karshen kakar wasa ta gaba bana kan adadin Yuro miliyan 12. Dangane da yarjejeniyar, Muriel ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sampdoria har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni shekarai 2019. Ya zura kwallaye hudu a wasanni 16 da ya buga a lokacin aronsa kafin ya kammala cinikin dindindin na qungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A cikin kamfen ɗinsa na ƙarshe tare da qungiyar din ya rubuta tarihi mafi kyawun dawowa nacili wa inda ake fara wasa dasu 11 a raga da kuma taimaka biyar, wanda ya sa Sevilla ta karya tarihin kulob din don sanya hannu a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991

22147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samun%20Ilimi

Samun Ilimi

Universal samun ilimi ne da ikon dukkan mutane zuwa da damar daidaita a ilimi, ko da kuwa su zaman jama'a aji, tseren, jinsi, jima'i, kabilanci bango ko jiki da hankulansu nakasa . Ana amfani da kalmar a duka lokacin shigar da kwaleji don azuzuwan aji da ƙananan, da kuma fasahar taimaka wa nakasassu Wasu masu sukar ra'ayi suna ganin cewa wannan aikin a cikin ilimin firamare, akasin tsayayyar cancanta, yana haifar da ƙimar darajar ilimi. Don sauƙaƙa damar ba da ilimi ga kowa, ƙasashe suna da haƙƙin neman ilimi.' Samun damar samun ilimi a duniya yana karfafa hanyoyi da dama na koyar da ilimi don cimma nasarar yada ilimin a fadin bambancin zamantakewar, al'adu, tattalin arziki, kasa da kuma ilimin halittu. Da farko an haɓaka tare da taken samun dama daidai da haɗa ɗalibai masu ilmantarwa ko nakasa jiki da tunani, jigogin da ke jagorantar samun ilimi a duniya yanzu sun faɗaɗa a kan dukkan nau'ikan iko da bambancin ra'ayi . Koyaya, kamar yadda ma'anar bambance-bambancen take a cikin kanta hadadden hadadden tsari ne, malamai masu amfani da damar samun damar duniya zasu ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale tare da haɗa canje-canje a cikin tsarin karatunsu don haɓaka jigogi na damar dama ta ilimi daidai. Yayin da ake ci gaba da samun damar shiga cikin tsarin ilimin Amurka, ana buƙatar furofesoshi da malamai a matakin kwaleji (a wasu lokuta bisa doka) su sake yin tunani game da hanyoyin sauƙaƙa samun dama a cikin ajujuwansu. Samun dama ga ilimin kwaleji na iya haɗawa da samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa na koyo da riƙewa. Misali, domin sanin yawan kayan da aka koya, farfesa na iya neman hanyoyi da yawa na tantancewa. Hanyoyin kimantawa na iya haɗawa da cikakken jarabawa, gwajin naúrar, manyan ayyuka, takardun bincike, nazarin adabi, gwajin baka ko ayyukan gida. Bayar da hanyoyi daban-daban don kimanta girman ilmantarwa da riƙewa ba kawai zai gano gibin da ke akwai ba ne a cikin duniya amma kuma zai iya haɓaka hanyoyin inganta damar duniya. Rashin nuna wariya da daidaito a harkar ilimi 'Yancin ɗan adam haƙƙin duniya ne, saboda haka ana amfani da shi ga kowa daidai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba . Koyaya, adadi mai yawa na mutane sun rasa ilimi saboda wariyar da ke hana damar samun ilimi. Nuna wariyar launin fata ya bayyana a bayyane ta fuskar samun ilimi. Misali, 'yan mata na iya fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi jinsi kamar auren yara, ciki, da cin zarafin jinsi wadanda galibi kan hana su zuwa makaranta ko bayar da tasu gudunmawar barin makarantar. Mutanen da ke da nakasa galibi suna fuskantar batutuwan amfani da zahiri, kamar ƙarancin tuddai ko jigilar makarantu da suka dace, wanda ke sa wuya zuwa makaranta. 'Yan cirani galibi suna fuskantar shingen gudanarwa wanda ke hana su yin rajista, wanda hakan ke hana su tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, nuna wariya ma yana faruwa a tsakanin tsarin ilimin yayin da wasu kungiyoyin da ke karbar darajar ilimi mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da wasu, misali, ingancin ilimi a makarantun birane da alama ya fi wanda ake samu a karkara. Hakanan wariyar launin fata yana faruwa bayan ilimi inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane basa iya samun fa'ida ɗaya daga karatun su. Misali, yara maza masu ilimi sukan daina zuwa makaranta da karfin albashi fiye da yara mata masu ilimi. Abubuwan nuna bambanci da daidaito da aka samo a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa (IHRL) sun wanzu don tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar nan ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rashin nuna bambanci da daidaito ba ra'ayoyi ne da ba a fahimtarsu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya (IHRL). An fadada haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda aka haɓaka cikin shekaru da yawa don magance wariyar da mutane ke fuskanta a yau da kullun. Musamman ilimi inda ake amfani da haƙƙin nuna wariya da daidaito ga haƙƙin neman ilimi a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da wanda aka keɓe ga batun, wanda aka sani da UNESCO CADE. Duk da karfin rashin nuna wariya da dokar daidaito, kawar da nuna banbanci da banbanci wani kalubale ne da Jihohi da kasashen duniya ke fuskanta. An yarda da wannan a cikin Shekara ta 2015 lokacin da kasashen duniya suka lashi takobin 'ba kowa a baya'. Yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa da na yanki suna amfani da hakkokin rashin nuna wariya da daidaito ga ' yancin samun ilimin wasu kebabbun kungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin da aka ware su ne wadanda suka sha wahala na tsawon lokaci da nuna bambanci na tarihi, yawanci, amma ba na musamman ba, bisa asalin asali (jinsi, alal misali), halaye (kabila, launin fata), ko yanayi ( 'yan gudun hijira, bakin haure,' yan gudun hijira na cikin gida ). Mai yuwuwa akwai yiwuwar a bijiro da nau'ikan nuna bambanci. Misalan kungiyoyin da aka ware sun hada da: yan mata da mata 'yan tsiraru na kasa, kabila, da yare mutanen da ke da nakasa 'yan asalin ƙasar bakin haure 'yan gudun hijira masu neman mafaka marasa jihar 'yan gudun hijirar (IDPs) mutanen da ke tsare / wadanda aka hana wa walwala mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci mutanen da suke zaune a yankunan karkara mutanen da cutar ta HIV ta shafa mutanen da cutar zabiya ta shafa LGBTQI tsofaffi da sauransu Samun ilimi ta hanyar doka A shekara ta 2009 majalisar dokokin Indiya da shugaban kasar Indiya duk sun sanya hannu tare da amincewa da kudurin da zai ba da doka kyauta ta tilasta ilimi ga yara ‘yan shekara shida zuwa goma sha hudu. Ya kasance babban mataki zuwa ga ilimin duniya ga kowa. Muchkund Dubey marubucin labarin "'Yancin' Ya'ya ga Dokar Ilimi da Tilastawa, 2009 : Labarin Bacewar Dama "ya tattauna kuma ya nuna batutuwan samun dama, ingancin ilimi, tasirin kudi, da nuna wariya. A Amurka, Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi ta yanke shawara mai kyau saboda ta gano kuma ta bayyana cewa, "wuraren ilimi daban-daban babu kamarsu". Wannan ya fara aiwatar da yanke hukunci a makarantu da yawa wadanda basu yanke hukunci ba har yanzu. Mahimmancin Brown vs. Kwamitin ya kasance dama ce ga dukkan ɗalibai su halarci cibiyoyin ilimi daidai gwargwadon banbancin launin fatarsu. Jonathan Kozol, marubucin littafin Shame of the Nation, yi magana game da yadda “yanayin jiki a cikin waɗannan sabbin makarantun da aka haɗu sun kasance mafi farin ciki… yanayin hankali tsakanin malamai da yara [sun] kasance masu ɗoki” a cikin abin da ya biyo baya na rarrabuwa. Samun dama ga duniya Samun Ilimi na Duniya yana nufin mutane suna da damar daidai don shiga kowane tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, ba kowane ɗayan mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko kabilu ake ba dama daidai ba. An yaba wa Amurka da tunanin da ake da shi na samun damar shiga duniya a matsayin damuwa ga nakasassu. Hukumomin kasa da kasa guda biyu (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Bankin Duniya) sun kiyasta kimanin mutane biliyan daya a duk fadin duniya nau'ikan nakasa daban-daban. Tsakanin miliyan 93 zuwa 150 daga cikinsu yara ne. Plan International ya bayyana cewa waɗannan yara ba za su iya zuwa makaranta ba kuma idan sun yi rajista za a raba su da ɗalibai na yau da kullun. Partungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Ilimi ta ce kusan kashi 90 na yaran da ke fama da nakasa daga ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci da masu matsakaici ba sa karatu. A tarihi, waɗannan yara ba a saka su cikin tsarin ilimin talakawa kuma ana magana da su makarantun koyo na musamman. Abin takaici ne cewa ilimi har zuwa yau ba ya samun damar miliyoyin yara 'yan makaranta a duniya. Yara miliyan 72 ko fiye da shekarun karatun firamare ba sa zuwa makaranta. Wasu manya miliyan 759 ba su da ilimi. Basu da ilimin da ake buƙata wajen inganta yanayin rayuwar iyalansu. Talauci na haifar da rashin ilimi. A kusan dukkanin kasashe (masu tasowa da ci gaba), an hana yara ilimi sakamakon rashin daidaito wanda ke fitowa daga lafiya, jinsi, da kuma al'adun gargajiya kamar addini, yare, da asalin kabila. Abubuwan da ke tattare da talauci da suka hada da rashin aikin yi, iyayen da ba su iya karatu ba, da kuma rashin lafiya suna ƙara yiwuwar rashin yin makaranta, da kuma yawan faduwa. Ilimin firamare na duniya ya zama babbar matsala ga ƙasashe da yawa. Mafi yawa daga cikin wadannan kasashe masu tasowa basu mallaki isassun kayan kudi don gina makarantu, samar da litattafai da sauran kayan aiki ba, da daukar ma'aikata, horarwa, da kuma biyan malamai. Yankin Afirka da ke Kudu da Sahara shine yankin da abin ya fi shafa domin har yanzu yaran Afirka miliyan 32 ba su da ilimi. Wannan yana biyo baya ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Pacific tare da miliyan 27 ko fiye. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa damar samun ilimi ta bai-daya ta kasance babbar manufa ce nan da shekarar 2030. Bibliography Babban Gwaji - tarihin ci gaban ƙarni na ashirin a Amurka na samun damar shiga kwalejoji a duniya. Duba kuma Ilimi na kyauta Ilimi Ga Kowa Ilimi gaba daya Laptop guda ɗaya ga kowane Yaro Hakkin ilimi Majiya Manazarta

50056

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%20Lamrabet

Asma Lamrabet

Asma Lamrabet ( Rabat, Maroko, 1961) likita ce'yar Morocco,ƴar mata ta Islama,ƙwararriya kuma marubuciya. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Asma Lamrabet a Rabat.A halin yanzu tana zaune a Rabat, Maroko.Ta ɗauki karatunta a matsayin na bazata. Ta yi aure da da daya. Sana'a An horar da ta a fannin likitanci, Sana'ta yi aiki a matsayin likita na sa kai a Spain da Latin Amurka Sana.Ta tafi aiki a Chile da Mexico na tsawon shekaru takwas tun daga (1995).Ta haɗu a can tare da Tauhidin Liberation,wanda ya sa ta bincika addininta. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekarar 2007,ta koma kasar Maroko, inda ta tara gungun mata musulmi masu sha'awar yin bincike da tunani kan addinin muslunci da tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu. A shekara ta 2008,ta zama shugabar kasa kuma memba na kungiyar Nazarin Duniya da Tunanin Mata da Musulunci (GIERFI),wanda ke Barcelona. GIERFI tana da membobi da masana daga akalla kasashe takwas da suka hada da Ingila da Faransa da Amurka da kuma Maroko.Manufar su ita ce su taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar fahimtar musulmi ta mace. A tsawon wannan lokacin,ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin likita,wanda ya kware akan cututtukan jini a asibitin yara na Rabat. A (2011) ta zama Daraktar Nazarin da Cibiyar Bincike kan Matsalolin Mata a Musulunci ta (Rabita Mohammadia des Ulemas) karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohammad VIIA matsayin darekta,ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa ga mata a fadin manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku. Ita ce marubuciyar littattafai biyar (a cikin Faransanci)..An fi saninta da Musulmane tout simplement . Ta buga kasidun Ingilishi da Faransanci da ke binciko batutuwan da ke jawo cece-kuce,kamar auratayya tsakanin addinai da gyara addini,a cikin mahallin musulmi. 'Yar mata ce ta hanya ta uku wacce take bitar nassosin Musulunci masu tsarki.An kwatanta ta da Amina Wadud da Margot Badran saboda akidar da suke da ita cewa fassarar da ke tattare da Shari'ar Musulunci tun karni na 9 sun wuce kima kuma dole ne a sake fassara su. Lamrabet ya kuma ambata Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak a matsayin ilhama ta hankali don tsayayya da hegemony na yammacin mata. Hanya na uku na mata "Hanyar Uku" kalma ce da Doris H.Gray ya kirkira kuma hanya ce ta 'yan Adam ta addinin musulunci.Yana ƙoƙarin sake haɗa ƙungiyoyin Islama guda biyu waɗanda "suna tsammanin samuwar wani tsari na asali na dabi'un ɗan adam wanda ya kai kan iyakoki da al'adu". A halin yanzu, masu son mata na Moroko ne ke amfani da shi. Lamrabet da takwarorinta na sake fassara litattafai masu tsarki domin su nuna mata a matsayin masu zaman kansu maimakon dangantaka da maza. Ayyukan Lamrabet misali ne na yadda za a yi amfani da tsarin mata na hanya ta uku, domin tana nazarin litattafai masu tsarki a cikin hanyar ilimi,tare da tunawa da yanayin al'ada da aka rubuta su. Har ila yau,Lamrabet ya yi imani da wani nau'i na zaman lafiya wanda ya samo asali a cikin Musulunci,maimakon tunanin Yammacin Turai.Ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da addini don amfanin kai ko na siyasa ba. Suka Ayyukanta sun harzuka masu suka da cewa wannan hanyar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa,kamar cin zarafin mata da auren mata fiye da yadda ya kamata.Wani suka kuma ya yi nuni da cewa ƴan mata na uku ba su da isasshen ilimin tauhidi da asali don fassara daidaitattun nassosi. An kwatanta aikinta a matsayin ra'ayi da rauni na tsari. An ce aikinta ya kasance "iyaka kan irin tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da aka saba da ita daga 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasar Musulunci ta Moroko,Nadia Yassine " kuma aikinta na ainihi "an riga ya kasance a cikin muhawarar zamantakewar zamantakewa". Kyauta A cikin 2013, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Social Sciences don littafinta,Femmes et hommes dans le Coran: quelle égalité? . Littattafai Lamrabet ya rubuta littattafai guda biyar: Musulmane tout simplement wanda aka buga a cikin 2002 ta Bugun Tawhid,Aïcha Epouse du Prophète ou l'Islam au na mata, wanda aka buga a 2004 ta Editions Tawhid Le Coran da kuma mata : une lecture de Liberation published in 2007 by Editions Tawhid Mata . Musulunci. Occident: chemins vers l'universel wanda aka buga a cikin 2011 ta Séguier 'Yan mata da maza da Coran: yaya za a yi? An buga shi a cikin 2012 ta Editions al-Bouraq Mata A Cikin Kur'ani: Karatun 'Yanci An Buga a 2016 by Square view. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1961

14663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20%C6%B4an%20Sandan%20Najeriya

Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya

Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke jagorantar jami’an tsaro a Nijeriya tare da kimanin ma’aikata kusan 371,800. A yanzu haka akwai shirye-shiryen ƙara rundunar zuwa 650,000, tare da ƙara sabbin mayaka 280,000 zuwa 370,000 na yanzu. NPF kungiya ce mai girman gaske wacce ta kunshi daukacin jihohi 36 wadanda aka hada su zuwa shiyyoyi 12 da gabobin gudanarwa 7. IGP Alkali Usman Baba ne ke jagorantar hukumar a halin yanzu.. An bude police academy a wudil dake jahar kano nijeriya don Inganta tsaro a Nijeriya kaba daya. Tarihin Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya An kafa rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a shekarar 1820.   A cikin shekarar 1879, aka kafa wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai 1,200. A shekarar 1896 an kafa 'yan sanda na Legas. An kafa makamancin wannan rundunar, mai suna Niger Coast Constabulary, wanda aka kafa a Kalabar a shekarar 1894 a karkashin sabon sanarwar da aka bayar na kare yankin na tekun Niger . A arewa, Kamfanin Royal Niger Company ya kafa Royal Niger Company Constabulary a cikin shekarar 1888 tare da hedkwata a Lokoja. Lokacin da aka ayyana masu kare Arewacin da Kudancin Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1900, wani ɓangare na Royal Niger Company Constabulary ya zama ƴan sandan Arewacin Najeriya, kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Neja ta Kudu ta zama ƴan sandan Kudancin Najeriya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, yawancin 'yan sanda suna da alaƙa da ƙananan hukumomi (ƙananan hukumomi). A cikin shekarun 1960, a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Farko, waɗannan rundunonin an fara sanya su a yanki sannan kuma suka zama ƙasashe. NPF ta yi aikin 'yan sanda na al'ada kuma tana da alhakin tsaron cikin gida gaba ɗaya; don tallafawa gidan yarin, shige da fice, da kuma ayyukan kwastan; da kuma yin aikin soja a ciki ko wajen Najeriya kamar yadda aka umurta. An sanar da shirye-shirye a tsakiyar shekarar 1980 don fadada rundunar zuwa 200,000. Zuwa shekara ta 1983, bisa ga kasafin kuɗin tarayya, karfin NPF ya kusan 152,000, amma wasu kafofin sun kiyasta tsakanin 20,000 zuwa 80,000. Ba da rahoto, akwai fiye da ofisoshin 'yan sanda 1,300 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda galibi ba su da makamai amma ana ba su makamai lokacin da ake buƙata don takamaiman manufa ko yanayi. Sau da yawa ana tura su ko'ina cikin ƙasar, amma a cikin shekarar 1989 shugaban ƙasa a lokacin Babangida ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tura manyan jami’ai zuwa yan kunansu don sauƙaƙa dangantakar ‘yan sanda da jama’ar gari. Hukunci Tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 ya ayyana ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya (NP) a matsayin‘ yan sanda na kasa na Najeriya tare da cikakken iko a duk fadin kasar. Akwai kuma tanadin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, don kafa rassan NPF daban "wadanda suka zama wani bangare na rundunar sojan Tarayya ko kuma kariya daga tashar jiragen ruwa, hanyoyin ruwa, hanyoyin jirgin kasa da filayen jiragen sama." Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan reshen, 'Yan sanda na Tsaro na Tsaro, an ba da rahoto ta hanyoyi daban-daban don samun ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 1990 daga tsakanin 1,500 zuwa 12,000. Gudanarwa Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana kula da tsarin gudanarwa na sassa uku, na shiyya da na jihohi. Sassa Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana ƙarƙashin babban aiki da kulawa na Sufeto Janar (IGP) wanda shugaban ƙasa ya nada kuma ke da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) ne ya tallafa masa a hedkwata a Legas kuma a kowace jiha daga kwamishinonin ’yan sanda. Tsarin mulki na shekarar 1979 ya tanadar wa Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda wacce ke da alhakin manufofin NPF, tsarawa, gudanarwa, da harkokin kudi (ban da fansho). A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1989, Babangida ya soke Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ƴan Sanda kuma ya kafa Hukumar Ƴan sandan Nijeriya a madadin ta, karkashin ikon shugaban kasa kai tsaye. Sabon majalisar ya shugabanci shugaban; shugaban hafsan hafsoshin soja, ministan harkokin cikin gida, da babban sifeton ‘yan sanda mambobi ne. A wani bangare na sake tsarin gwamnati a watan Satumbar shekarar 1990, Alhajji Sumaila Gwarzo, tsohon daraktan SSS, ya zama sabon mukamin karamin minista, harkokin ‘yan sanda. A ƙarshen shekarar 1986, an sake tsara NPF a duk faɗin ƙasar zuwa cikin yankuna yanki bakwai, waɗanda ke maye gurbin tsarin kwamanda daidai da kowane Jihohin Najeriya . Kowace kwamanda tana karkashin wani kwamishina ne na ‘yan sanda kuma an kara raba ta zuwa lardunan‘ yan sanda da rarrabuwa a karkashin jami’an gida. Hedikwatar NPF, wacce kuma ta kasance kwamandan yanki, tana kulawa tare da daidaita sauran umarnin yankin. Daga baya wadannan Area Dokokin aka harhada a karkashin Zone Dokokin kamar haka: Zone 1, cibiyarsa Kano, tare da Kano, Kastina, da kuma Jigawa Dokokin Zone 2, wanda cibiyarsa ke Legas, tare da Lagos, kuma Ogun umurtar Zone 3, cibiyarsa Yola, tare da Adamawa, da Gombe Dokokin Sake fasalin NPF na shekarar 1986 ya kasance sakamakon fitowar jama'a cikin rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda da sojoji. An dakatar da wani Sufeto na wani lokaci saboda gurnani cewa sojoji sun kwace ayyukan ‘yan sanda kuma sun sa‘ yan sanda ba su biyan albashi, sannan an yi fada tsakanin ‘yan sanda da jami’an soja kan ikon sintiri a kan iyaka. Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin ya sanar da sake tsarin NPF cikin sabbin kwamandojin yankuna bakwai da kuma shugabanni biyar (binciken laifuka, dabaru, kayayyaki, horo, da ayyuka) a karkashin mataimakin sufeto janar. Kimanin 'yan sanda 2,000 da manyan jami'an' yan sanda 400 ne aka kora daga tsakiyar shekarar 1987, suka bar manyan jami'an 'yan sanda cikin jin haushi. A tsakiyar shekarar 1989 an sake sanar da sake shirya kungiyar ta NPF bayan da AFRC ta amince da rahoton Rear Admiral Murtala Nyako. A cikin shekarar 1989 NPF kuma ta kirkiro Interungiyar Tattalin Arziki a cikin kowace jiha, ban da rukunin 'yan sanda masu motsi, musamman don sa ido kan al'amuran siyasa da kwantar da tarzoma yayin miƙa mulki zuwa mulkin farar hula. Kowane rukuni na tsakanin 'yan sanda 160 zuwa 400 an ba da umarnin ne ta hannun mataimakin mai kula da kulawa kuma an tanadar da motoci, kayan sadarwa, makamai, da kayan sarrafa jama'a, gami da garkuwar sanduna, sanduna, da hayaki mai sa hawaye. Ofishin Bincike da Leken Asiri na Tarayya (FIIB) ya kamata a kafa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Directorate na Leken Asiri da Bincike; an kafa shugabanni uku don aiki, gudanarwa, da kuma kayan aiki, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin mataimakin sufeto janar. An rarraba Daraktan Ayyuka zuwa gida huɗu a ƙarƙashin mataimakin darakta — ayyuka, horo, sadarwa, da ƴan Sandan tafi da gidan ka . Daraktan Gudanarwa ya kasance ne daga sashin gudanarwa wanda ke karkashin jagorancin mataimakin sufeto janar (AIG), da na kasafin kudi da na ma'aikata karkashin kwamishinoni. Daraktan Lissafi yana da raka'a huɗu-siyayya, bitar / jigilar kayayyaki, samarwa, da aiki / kulawa-a ƙarƙashin AIGs. An riƙe tsare-tsaren shiyya. Koyaya, an ba AIGs izinin canja jami'ai har zuwa matsayin babban Sufeta, da kafa rukunin kwamitocin, da tura dakunan tafi-da-gidanka, da kuma inganta jami'ai tsakanin mukamin sajan da sufeto. Manyan Directorates guda uku da ke sama an sake musu suna zuwa sassan Sashin binciken Laifuka D Sashen Sashen Binciken Laifuka (CID) shi ne mafi girman sashin binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sandan Nijeriya NPF. Sashin yana karkashin jagorancin Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar (DIG). Ayyukanta na farko sun haɗa da bincike da gurfanar da manyan laifuka masu rikitarwa a ciki da wajen ƙasar. Sashen kuma yana tsara binciken aikata laifuka a duk cikin NPF. CID din ya kasu kashi-kashi, tare da akasarin su Kwamishinonin ‘yan sanda (CPs) ke jagoranta. Sassan sune: i Gudanarwa ii. Sashin Yaki da Yaudara iii. Babban rajista na Laifuka (CCR) iv. Adungiyar Anti-fashi da -asa ta Musamman (SARS). Kungiyar matsa lamba End SARS ta soki ayyukanta. v. X-tawagar vi. Janar Bincike vii. Ungiyar Musamman na Musamman (SFU) viii. Sashin doka ix. Laboratory Science Labour x. Interpol Liaison xi. Kisan kai xii. Sashin Yaki da Mutane xiii. Ofishin Leken Asirin (FIB) cikawa. DCI Kaduna Annex xv. Ungiyar Ta'addancin Ta'addanci (CTU) Ƴan Sandan tafi da gidan ka An kafa rundunar 'yan sanda tafi da gidan ka a matsayin yajin aiki ko kuma Anti-tarzoma a karkashin kulawar Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda don magance rikice-rikicen jama'a. An keɓance shi don karɓar ayyukan babban rikici inda sassan 'yan sanda na al'ada ba za su iya jurewa ba. A yanzu haka akwai Dokokin MOPOL 12, MOPOLs 1 zuwa 12, suna kula da 'yan sanda 52' yan sanda wadanda suka yadu tsakanin Manyan Jihohi 36 da Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT). Kulawar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya Manyan Hukumomin Gwamnati guda uku suna kulawa da kulawa da kulawar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya; ƴan sanda Service Commission, Najeriya' yan sanda Council da kuma ma'aikatar ciki. Hukumar Kula da Yan Sanda (PSC) PSC ita ce ƙungiyar sa ido ta farar hula akan ƴan sanda. Tana da alhakin nadin, ci gaba, da ladabtar da dukkan jami'an ƴan sanda ban da Sufeto Janar na ƴan sanda. Ta hada hannu, aiki tare da aiki tare da duk masu ruwa da tsaki, watau majalisar 'yan sanda tare da Shugaban Najeriya a matsayin Shugaba, da dukkan gwamnonin Jihohin Tarayyar Najeriya, Ministan Cikin Gida da Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda a matsayin mambobi don juyawa 'yan sanda a kusa da kuma ba ta damar fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙarni na 21. Majalisar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya (NPC) Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida Matsayi a cikin Ƴan sandan Najeriya (cikin tsarin ƙasa) Sufeto Janar Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na ’yan sanda Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na ‘yan sanda Kwamishinan 'yan sanda Mataimakin Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda Mataimakin Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda Babban Sufeton ‘yan sanda Sufeto Janar na ƴan sanda Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda Sifeto 'yan sanda Sajan Manjo Sajan Kofur Lance Kofur Mai tsaro Kuɗaɗe Kasafin kudin NPF tsakanin shekarar 1984 shekara ta 1988 ya kasance a cikin N360 miliyan zuwa N380 miliyan, kuma a shekarar 1988 ya karu zuwa N521 miliyan. Babban sanannen shine babban jarin kashe kudi na N206 miliyan a shekarar 1986 da N260.3 miliyan a 1988, wanda ya wakilci 3.5 da kashi 2.5 na jimlar kashe babban kuɗin tarayya a waɗannan shekarun. Anyi amfani da wadannan karin ne domin mallakar sabbin kayan aikin sadarwa, sufuri, da makamai domin yaki da karuwar aikata laifuka, kamar su motocin British British Leyland DAF Comet da aka kawo a shekara ta 1990 Duk da wadannan sayayya, wani binciken NPF a karshen shekara ta 1990 ya kammala cewa kasafin kudin rundunar dole ne ya ninka zuwa biyan bukatunta. Tsarin albashi Biyo bayan karin albashin na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jagorancin Goodluck Jonathan ta fadada kunshin albashi da alawus din ga rundunar sojoji, sojoji masu kama-karya, ‘yan sanda da kungiyoyin leken asiri, wadanda ba a cika biyansu irin wannan albashin a baya ba. Tsawaita karin jumbo ga sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati, ya harzuka dukkan kudin albashin zuwa N267. Biliyan 4 a shekara ta 2010. Dangane da wannan tsarin albashin da ke ƙasa akwai cikakkun bayanai na albashi a kowane matsayi ko darajar jami'an 'yan sanda na Najeriya. Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba M. Buhari a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2018 ta amince da sabon tsarin albashi , sai dai har yanzu ba a bayyana bayanan ba saboda haka ba a saka shi ko sabunta shi teburin da ke ƙasa. Batutuwa Kodayake ana ɗauka ɗaukakar aiki ne mai ban sha'awa, amma NPF ta fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa game da daukar ma'aikata, horo, rashin iya aiki, da rashin da'a, kuma ba ta da ƙwarewa a fannoni na musamman. Cin hanci da rashawa da rashin gaskiya sun yadu, suna haifar da ƙaramar amincewa da jama'a, rashin ba da rahoton laifuka, da sha'awar neman taimakon kai da kai. 'Yan sanda sun fi kwarewa a ayyukan tsaro da motsa jiki fiye da ayyukan sabis na al'umma ko rigakafin aikata laifuka, ganowa, da bincike. A lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, an yi kokarin fadada NPF ta hanyar rage shekarun daukar ma’aikata daga goma sha tara zuwa goma sha bakwai da kuma yin rajistar sojoji, amma abin ya faskara. A tsakiyar shekara ta 1980 Ministan ‘yan sanda na tarayya na wancan lokacin ya yarda cewa‘ yan sanda sun kwato kaso 14 cikin 100 na dala miliyan 900 na kadarorin da aka ruwaito sun sace a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata, kuma kashi 20 cikin 100 ne kawai daga cikin mutane 103,000 da aka kama aka same su da laifi, a rikodin aiki game da irin wanda aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 1960s. Amfani da tashin hankali da ya wuce kima wajen kawar da rikice-rikicen ɗalibai ya haifar da AFRC a watan Yunin shekara ta 1986 don umartar 'yan sanda da yin amfani da harsasai na roba kawai a cikin tarzomar ɗalibai. Rahotannin hadin gwiwar 'yan sanda da masu aikata laifuka sun zama gama gari, kamar yadda kuma roko a hukumance ga jami'an' yan sanda su canza halayensu game da jama'a, su kasance masu gaskiya da gaskiya, kuma su guji ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa. A kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa da kuma saukaka masu gano wadanda suka aikata laifin, an hana jami’an ‘yan sanda bugun daga kai-komo da wuraren binciken ababen hawa dauke da fiye da N5 a kan mutumin nasu. A watan Satumbar 2005, Najeriya ta janye jami'an 'yan sanda 120 da ke aiki a ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Congo saboda zargin da ake musu na aikata lalata. Ana zargin NPF da bin wata manufa ta "Wuta don Wuta" inda yawancin wadanda aka kama suka mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda ko kuma“ a harbe su yayin da suke kokarin tserewa ” Shekaru da yawa na 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da ci gaba da gazawar horar da jami'an' yan sanda yadda ya kamata ya haifar da wani yanayi inda kisan gilla ya zama karbabben hanyar mu'amala da mutanen da 'yan sanda suka yi imanin masu laifi ne. Wanda aka kashe kwanan nan shi ne Yusuf Mohamed, shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram a Najeriya, yana raye lokacin da sojoji suka kama shi. HTun kafin tashin hankalin da ya dabaibaye rikicin Boko Haram a arewacin Najeriya, an yi tambayoyi kan yadda jami'an tsaron ke tafiyar da al'amuransu. A yanzu haka gwamnati na kokarin yiwa ‘yan sanda garambawul. Sun samar da farar Takarda mai dauke da shawarwari guda 79 domin inganta rundunar ‘yan sanda, wanda ya kamata majalisar kasa tayi la’akari da shi ya kuma zama Dokar garambawul ga‘ yan sanda. Babban sake fasali kamar: Ana biyan jami'an 'yan sanda kadan kamar $ 40 (£ 26) a wata, wannan ya kamata ya tashi zuwa $ 100 ga' yan sanda na 'yan sanda, A yi ma'amala da kimanin jami'ai 10,000 tare da bayanan aikata laifuka da aka yi hayar su tsakanin shekarar 2001 da shekara ta 2004, Kafa tsarin abin dogaro Jama'a su koka game da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka fi kowa daukar aiki ya kamata su sami wani matakin cancanta kafin a yi la’akari da su, ya kamata a gudanar da aikace-aikacen a bayyane, ‘yan sanda bai kamata su sayi na su ba,‘ yan sanda na cikin matukar bukatar wani aiki sadarwar sadarwar zamani, kuma yakamata a baiwa betteran sanda ingantattun kayan bincike da horo don amfani da su An sanya Thean sandan Najeriya a matsayin cibiyar da ake kallo a matsayin mafi rashawa a Najeriya, bisa ga binciken da aka yi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello . A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an bayar da rahoton cewa, jami'an 'yan sandan Nijeriya, na yawan samun karin ku] a] en, ta hanyar kar ~ ar mazauna garin. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara 2019, an cafke wasu Jami’an ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya uku daga Jihar Anambra bisa zargin su da karban mutane uku daga cikin su. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta fitar da sanarwa inda ta bayyana cewa an kama jami’in’ Yan Sintiri na Safer Highways Onuh Makedomu bayan an yi fim dinsa yana karbar cin hanci daga wani mai mota a Legas. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2020, an cafke wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya biyu daga Legas, Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na’ yan sanda (ASP) Adebayo Ojo da Sajan Adeleke Mojisola dukkan su a kan zargin karbar wata mata. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020 an sake kama wani jami’in ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya daga Legas, Sufeto Taloju Martins, bayan an kama shi a kyamara yana yi wa wani mai mota nasiha. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2020, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta jihar Adamawa ta sanar da cewa an cafke wani jami’inta da laifin kisan wani mai babur da ya ki ba shi cin hanci. A watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, an cafke wasu ‘yan sanda Boipatong su takwas saboda azabtarwa sannan suka kashe wani dan Najeriya a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2017. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, wasu jami'ai biyu na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Anti-Cultism Squad, Insp. Ogunyemi Olalekan da Sgt. Godwin Orji, an cafke shi tare da tuhumar sa da laifin kisan wani mutum a yayin wani samame a Legas. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019, an cafke wasu jami'ai hudu na sanannen rundunar 'yan sanda ta musamman da ke yaki da fashi da makami (SARS) tare da tuhumar aikata kisan kai bayan an kama su a yayin shirya fim sannan kuma suka harbe wasu mutum biyu da ake zargi barayin waya da rana tsaka. An harbe mutanen biyu da ake zargi barayin waya ne bayan an kama su. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, an kame wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya uku bayan sun lakada wa fasinjan fasinja duka, wanda shi ma ya zama Alkalin Kotun Kolin Najeriya, Obasi, bayan ya ki bude wayar tasa. A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wani jami’in ‘yan sanda na Najeriya saboda cin zarafin wani ma’aikacin tashar jirgin ruwa. A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta ce an kame jami’anta biyu bayan an kama su a fim suna dukan wata mata a kasuwar Odo Ori da ke Iwo, Osun . A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa, Rundunar ’Yan sandan Jihar Ribas ta’ Yan Sandan Najeriya ta gurfanar da tsohon Sajan Bitrus Osaiah a kotu saboda harbe matar abokin aikinta, Lavender Elekwachi, har lahira, a yayin wani samame da ta kai kan cinikin tituna da wuraren shakatawa na motoci ba bisa doka ba a makon da ya gabata. A ranar da ta gabata ne aka kori Osaiah a matsayin dan sanda saboda kashe Elekwachi, wanda shi ma ya rike mukamin Sajan. An ruwaito cewa da gaske Osaiah ya kame kisan. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, Yahaha Adeshina, Babban Jami’in ’Yan sanda na Sashen Hausa na Ilemba, an kame shi saboda taimaka wa Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph a kisan da aka yi wa sajan Onalaja Onajide a ranar 10 ga watan,Mayu, shejarar 2020. An bukaci Adeshina da sauran masu harbin saboda "laifukan ta'addanci." A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wasu ’yan sanda biyu na Legas da harbe wata yarinya’ yar shekara 16 har lahira. Ƙididdigar 2008 4% ragu a cikin rahoton aikata laifi 36.8% raguwa akan laifuka akan Ayyukan Local 18.8% raguwa a kan laifuka akan fularfin Doka 3.6% raguwa a kan laifuka akan dukiya An sace motoci 2,433, an dawo da 1,646 37% ragu a cikin Laifukan zirga-zirga An dawo da Naira 66,522,000 (Kudin Nijeriya) Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda: 20,613 Masu bincike: 28,175 Matsayi da fayil: 263,425 Kwatancen nazarin Laifuka na shekarar 2008 da shekara ta 2009 Bayanai da ke ƙasa suna nuna ƙididdigar aikata laifuka game da laifuffukan da aka yi wa Mutane, laifuka a kan Kadarorin ƙasa, laifukan da ke kan Authorityan doka da kuma laifukan da ke kan Ayyukan Localasa, na shekarar 2009 a duk Dokokin Jihohi Wani gidan yanar sadarwar mu'amala, kungiyar 'yan sanda ta' yan sanda ta Najeriya ta samar da rahoton aikata laifi da kuma yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan 'yan sanda cikin sauki ga jama'ar Najeriya ta hanyar kayan aiki daban-daban. Mujallar D + Z, wacce ta maida hankali kan ci gaba, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Freedom Radio, shiri ne da ake gabatarwa shekara uku na radiyo, shi ma yana taimakawa wajen dakile cin hanci da rashawa a jihohin Kano, Dutse, da Jigawa ta hanyar baiwa ‘yan kasa damar tofa albarkacin bakinsu da gogewarsu. Hakanan tana da wakili daga policean sanda a can don magance waɗannan ƙorafe-ƙorafe da magana game da sabbin ayyuka da ayyukan yau da kullun na policean sanda. Kodayake yawan cin hanci da rashawa da rahotannin take hakkin bil adama sun ragu, wannan alama ce mai kyau domin tana nuna cewa shirin yana da tasiri. Horarwa Mataimakin sufeto janar da aka nada a matsayin kwamanda ne ya jagoranci horon 'yan sanda daga hedkwatar. An horar da masu daukar aiki a kwalejojin ‘yan sanda da ke Oji River, Maiduguri, Kaduna, da Ikeja, wadanda su ma suka ba da horo ga sauran jami’an tsaro, kamar jami’an shige da fice na dauke da makamai. Kwalejin ‘yan sanda da ke Ikeja ta horar da mataimakan daraktocin mataimaka da masu kula da kananan yara. Har ila yau, akwai makarantun horo na cikin-aiki, ciki har da Makarantar Horar da Forcean sanda ta Waya da ke Guzuo, kudu maso yammacin Abuja, makarantar horas da 'yan ta'adda (CTU), Nonwa Tai, Jihar Ribas, Kwalejin' yan sanda masu bincike a Enugu, da Horon Sabis na Karnuka 'Yan Sanda Cibiyar, da Cibiyar Horar da Dutsen. A watan Agusta 1989, Tsohon shugaban kasa, Janar Ibrahim Babangida (RTD) ya aza harsashin ginin makarantar horar da ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya (NPA) a jihar Kano. NPA ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Bayero har sai an sami wadatattun kayan more rayuwa don gudanar da ayyukan kansu. Ya kamata a tsara izinin shiga ta hanyar cancanta, ta tsarin kidaya, da kuma halin tarayya. Kwamandan ya kasance aƙalla AIG kuma an taimaka masa tare da mai kula da shirin ilimi.  NPA wacce aka tsara bayan kwalejin tsaron Najeriya a Kaduna, NPA zata gabatar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar na ilimi da kuma digiri na kwararru don sabbin masu kwaleji da kuma kwas na tsawon watanni goma sha takwas ga daliban da suka kammala kwaleji da ke burin aikin dan sanda. Babangida ya kuma bayyana shirye-shiryen samun taimakon fasaha daga Burtaniya don kafa wani babban shiri na tsarawa da horarwa don zamanantar da inganta horon ‘yan sanda. Rikicin addini a Najeriya na 2009 Rikicin addini ya haifar da mutuwar a kalla 150 cikin kwanaki biyu bayan jerin hare-hare a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2009 a wasu biranen Najeriya . Bauchi a jihar Bauchi, Maiduguri a jihar Borno, Potiskum a jihar Yobe da Wudil duk an kai musu hari. Shaidu yanzu sunce sama da mutane 250 sun mutu. Najeriya ta ce galibin wadanda suka mutu ‘yan bindiga ne. An fara yakin ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli lokacin da kungiyar Boko Haram, kungiyar masu kaifin kishin Islama, ta kai hari kan ofishin ‘yan sanda domin daukar fansar kame shugabanninsu. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani tare da ramuwar gayya kuma dokar hana yawo ta fadi a yankin. Hare-haren sun bazu kuma washegari akwai gawarwaki a ofisoshin ‘yan sanda, mutane suna ta tserewa daga gidajensu wasu kuma ana jan wasu daga motocinsu don a harbe su yayin da‘ yan sanda suka kone kurmus. Daga nan ne sojojin Najeriya suka kewaye gidan Mohammed Yusuf da ke Maiduguri a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli bayan mabiyansa sun killace ciki. Wannan shi ne rikici mafi muni na addini da kasar ta fuskanta tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008. An ba da shawarar cewa siyasa, ba addini ba, ce ta haifar da rikicin. Alamar take haƙƙin dan adam Akwai rahotanni game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma take hakkin bil adama da ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya suka yi. Publishedayan rahoto mafi lahani an buga shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2010 ta Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama (HRW). Wani rahoton na Amnesty International USA ya zargi NPF da cin zarafin ‘Yan Jarida, korar su da karfi, da sauran take hakkin dan adam. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2020, jaridar This Day ta kawo rahoto a kan mummunan cin zarafi da take hakkin bil adama da Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta yi yayin kulle-kullen annobar COVID-19. Rahoton jaridar ya zargi rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da aikata karin kashe-kashe ba tare da izini ba da sauran take hakkin dan adam a lokacin tsawaita kulle-kullen a kasar, tana mai bayyana cewa wannan ya samar da kashi 59.6 cikin 100 na yawan laifukan. Duba kuma Laifi a Najeriya Man fetur a Najeriya Rikici a yankin Neja Delta Motsi don Rayuwar Mutanen Ogoni Hukumar SARSDokokin Najeriya:' 'Yan Sandan Waya Na Najeriya Kungiyar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSO) Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (SSS) Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa Manazarta 54. ^ " Lokacin da Sarkin Ned Nwoko Humilated, ya Nemi 'Yan Sanda Su tono Fadar sa ". legitloaded.com. 15 Agusta 2020. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2020. Sauran kafofin Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Tashar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya Ma'aikatar Kula da Zaman Lafiya Jaridar Afirka ta E-Policy Journal Rahoton BBC: 'Yan sanda masu farin ciki a Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister

Barrister

Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru. An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa . A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki - masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata. Bambance-bambance tsakanin Barristers da sauran lauyoyi Bambance-bambance Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci. Barrister yawanci yana da haƙƙin masu sauraro a manyan kotuna, yayin da sauran ƙwararrun shari'a galibi za su sami mafi ƙarancin damar shiga, ko kuma suna buƙatar samun ƙarin cancanta don samun irin wannan damar. Kamar yadda ake yi a kasashen da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ayyukan lauya da lauya, lauyan da ke kula da dokokin farar hula.  yana da alhakin bayyana a cikin shari'a ko kararraki a gaban kotuna. Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki . Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida . Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi. A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro - shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu - shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a. A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun “ refresher ” a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a. Dalili don raba sana'a Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da: Samun lauya mai zaman kansa yana bitar hanyar aiki yana ba abokin ciniki sabon ra'ayi mai zaman kansa daga kwararre a fagen daban da lauyoyin da zasu iya ci gaba da dangantaka mai dorewa tare da abokin ciniki. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana nada alkalai daga lauyoyi (mambobin sana'ar barrister da ke cikin hurumin da aka bayar). Tunda Barristers ba su da alaƙar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci kuma ana ƙara cire su daga abokan ciniki fiye da lauyoyi, waɗanda aka nada na shari'a sun fi zaman kansu. Samun duk wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lauyoyi a mashaya na iya baiwa ƙananan kamfanoni, waɗanda ba za su iya kula da manyan sassan ƙwararru ba, su yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni. Barrister yana aiki a matsayin duba lauyoyin da ke gudanar da shari'ar; idan ya bayyana cewa lauyan ba ya gudanar da da'awar ko kariya da kyau kafin a fara shari'a, lauyan zai iya (kuma yawanci yana da alhakin) ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki na wani da'awar daban akan lauyan. Kware a gudanar da gwaji, saboda kasancewar barristers ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara ne. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, dole ne lauyoyi su bi ka'idar taksi, wanda ke tilasta musu karɓar taƙaitaccen bayani idan yana cikin ƙwararrunsu kuma idan akwai su, sauƙaƙe samun damar yin adalci ga waɗanda ba a so. Yawan masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya haifar da ƙarancin inganci da ƙarin farashi, damuwa ga Sir David Clement a cikin nazarinsa na aikin lauya na Ingilishi. Saboda an ƙara cire su daga abokin ciniki, barristers ba za su iya sanin bukatun abokin ciniki ba. Ana iya samun cikakken cikakken nazarin dalilan da ke tabbatar da rabuwar sana'ar shari'a da kuma gardamar da ke ba da haɗin kai a cikin littafin lauyan Ingilishi Peter Reeve na 1986, Shin Sana'o'in Shari'a Biyu Ne Necessary? Ka'ida Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje. Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa. Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi. Barristers a duniya A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya - wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara - an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka - duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin - a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba. A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta. Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot ) a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu. Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales. Bangladesh A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers & Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10] Kanada A Kanada (ban da Quebec ), sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya". Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula . Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi ( avocats ) sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka . notaires ), kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba . Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec ( Barreau du Québec ) ne ke tsara lauyoyi. Faransa A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister) . Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué ( lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate ) lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil . Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe ( horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu ( barreau ). An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar ( Ordre du barreau ) ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya. Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation . Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa. Jamus A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya ( Bundesgerichtshof ), wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai . Hong Kong Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi. A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi. A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage : SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya. Indiya A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. . A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya. Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya / tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara / mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu. Ireland A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su. Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland. Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan . Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu. A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu . A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya. Japan Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun ( shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji ( zeirishi )., wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka ( "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin ( bengoshi ) ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni. Netherlands Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa - kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam - ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli". New Zealand A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya. Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa. Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister. Najeriya A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya – wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa – ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL" . Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin". Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN). Pakistan Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin [ kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya. Poland A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi ). Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" ( Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita. Koriya ta Kudu A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki. Spain Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado . Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su. Ƙasar Ingila A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi. Ingila da Wales Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi). Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya. Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi . Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple . Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a . Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan. Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi . Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne . Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi. Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation. Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a. Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba. A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire . Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature. Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB. Ireland ta Arewa A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa . 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara. Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai. Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro. Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka. Popular culture Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong) Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23) Canadian Bar Association Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Australiya (Barristers a cikin Commonwealth of Australia) New South Wales Bar Association Bar Victorian (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Queensland (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Kudancin Australiya (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yammacin Australiya (Ostiraliya) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yankin Arewa (Ostiraliya) The Barrister magazine The Inner Temple Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales) Bar Library of Northern Ireland Faculty of Advocates in Scotland The Bar of Ireland The difference between barristers and solicitors Advice on structure and training for the Bar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Manazarta

15671

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola%20Brown

Ola Brown

Olamide Brown, ana kuma kiranta da née Orekunrin, ta kasance likita ce Mai zama a kasar Biritaniya, Amman yar asalin kasar Najeriya ce, tana aikin likitanci ne tare da kula da kiwon lafiya, kuma wacce aka kafa kungiyar Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Group da ita, kuma Darakta ce na Greentree Investment Company, a kungiyar ta Flying Doctors ta ba da gudummawa sosai da aiki a cikin sarkar ƙimar kiwon lafiya a cikin sabis na motar asibiti da dabaru, tuntuba / fasahar kiwon lafiya, asibiti / ginin asibiti, bincike da kayan aiki, kula da wuraren kiwon lafiya da kuma sayar da magunguna. An yi zargin ta a kotu akan cewa Olamide tana aikin likita a Najeriya ba tare da lasisi ba. An kuma yi zargin cewa a wani lokaci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da ita saboda mummunan halin rashin da'akayi kuma a halin yanzu ba ta da rajistar yin aiki a Ingila. Wani magidanci ne ya shigar da kara a gabanta inda ta zarge ta da bayyana kuskurenta game da N1.1 billion Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Ola Brown a Landan, Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aikin Likitanci Mai suna Hull York, Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta yi aiki a Ciwon Magunguna a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila sannan daga nan aka ci gaba da ba ta lambar yabo ta Japan MEXT wanda ya ba ta damar ci gaba da karatunta a Tokyo, Japan, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da aka mai da hankali kan binciken bincike na lab tare da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi. A yanzu haka tana kammala karatunta na digiri na biyu a fannin hada-hadar kudi da tattalin arziki a jami'ar London sannan kuma tana da takardar shedar ta, ta kammala manufofin tattalin arziki daga makarantar kasuwanci ta IE, Spain da kuma satifiket a lissafin yanke shawara daga Jami'ar Michigan a United Jihohi. Aikin likitancia Bayan kammala karatu, Ola tayi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta kasar Ingila . Tare da samun ƙwarewa na musamman a fannin ilimi, ta fara ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gaggawa a yankin Yammacin Afirka a Legas, Najeriya, a karkashin kungiyar Flying Doctors Nigeria Ltd, Olala memba ce na Kwalejin Koyarwar da Likitocin Gaggawa ta Amurka. An saka ta cikin shugabannin Matasan Duniya ta Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a cikin 2013. Likitancin yawo Ola ta himmatu ne don fara Likitocin Flying bayan sun gamu da rashin yar uwarta a karkashin mawuyacin yanayi kuma ta inganta aiyukan likitanci a Najeriya Ta samu nasarar kafa Likitocin Flying a Lagos, Najeriya a 2007. A cikin 2018, an gabatar da karar akan Flying Doctors da Olamide daga dangin marigayi mai haƙuri Hanga, dangi ne ya cire wannan karar bisa radin kansa. Likitocin Flying duk da haka suna kula da ita koyaushe kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a ɓangaren kamfanoni na kasuwanci, a fannin dabaru, tallatawa, saka hannun jari da haɓaka. Zuna kudi da hannun jari Baya ga aikinta a Likitocin Flying, Dakta Ola, Olabode Agusto da Abasiama Idaresit suna gudanar da kamfani ne na farko, Greentree Investment Company wanda ke samar da jarin bunkasa wasu daga cikin kere-kere na fasahar Afirka.Kamfanin Greentree Investment yana aiki da Labarin farawa wanda ke tallafawa entreprenean kasuwa don haɓaka kasuwancin ci gaba sannan kuma saka hannun jari a cikin wasu sanannun farawa na Afirka da suka haɗa da Paystack, Precurio da Big Cabal Media da dai sauransu da kuma fayil na $ 80m wanda ya yanke a sassa daban-daban ciki har da fasahar Kiwon Lafiya, Fintech, Media, SaaS, Agri-tech, Manufacturing da e-commerce, da Edutech. A cikin 2019, ta kafa Kamfanin Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Company, wani kamfani mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya da walwala wanda ya haɗu da saka hannun jari da ayyukanta na aiki da ƙungiyarta ke gudanarwa a cikin yanayin lafiya da walwala. Kamfanin Flying Doctors na Kamfanin Kula da Lafiya na Lafiya yana saka hannun jari kuma yana aiki a tsakanin sashin ƙimar kiwon lafiya a cikin sabis na motar asibiti & kayan aiki, shawarwari / fasahar kiwon lafiya, asibitin / ginin asibiti, bincikowa da kayan aiki, gudanar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sayar da magunguna kuma a halin yanzu an saka hannun jari a Koniku, masana'antar kimiyya da fasaha kamfanin kera magunguna; Lifestores - sarkar kantin magunguna masu araha, Mdass - kamfanin bincike ne a kasuwannin da ba su da tsaro wadanda ke samar da kiwon lafiya mai sauki; Chisco express - kamfani ne mai cikakken kayan aiki wanda yake jigilar kayayyaki gami da magunguna a fadin Afirka ta Yamma da Helium Health - dandamali na telemedicine da na Electronic Medical Records. A tsayi na Corona Virus Pandemic, Ola da ƙungiyarta ta FDHIC sun ƙaddamar da akwatin gwaji ta hannu ta COVID-19 kuma wanda ya rage buƙatar PPE da yawa da rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ma'aikacin lafiya ta hanyar samar da shamaki tsakanin mai haƙuri da ke da cutar.t A watan Yulin 2020, Ola ya karbi bakuncin Ministan Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Najeriya, Otunba Adebayo a bugun farko na 'The Conversation' tare da Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Company, tare da tattaunawa wanda ya shafi ci gaban saka hannun jari da dama a bangaren kiwon lafiya. Bayyyanar ta da wallafe-wallafe Ta yi magana a dandamali daban-daban a duniya ciki har da Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya , TED Global Conference , Social Media Week Lagos, Tarayyar Turai, Taron Tattalin Arzikin Switzerland, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya, Tattalin Arzikin Duniya Tattaunawa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Jami'ar Cambridge da Bukin Aspen Ideas. An nuna Dr Ola da aikinta a dandamali daban-daban na kafafen yada labarai. Ita edita ce ta International Journal of Emergency Services kuma ta buga littattafai guda uku - EMQ a fannin likitan yara, Kula da Asibiti kafin Afirka da Gyara Kiwon Lafiya a Najeriya; Jagora ga Manufofin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya, da Journal of Medical Medical Services, da Niger Delta Medical Journal, da New York Times da kuma Huffington Post. Gyara Nigeria kiwon lafiya Banki, Kuɗi & Tattalin Arziki a cikin Kasuwa Masu Fitowa: tarin makala Daraja Ta samu lambobin yabo da dama. 7TED Global Fellow 2012 Wannan Ranar Ta Karrama 2012 - Gudummawa ga Kiwon Lafiya a Afirka Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta Afirka ta Gabas ga Kasuwancin 2012 Taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya (WEF) Jagoran Matasa na Duniya . Forbes 20 Matasa masu iko a Afirka 2013 Cibiyar Aspen Sabuwar Muryar Abokan 2013 NewsDirect Awards 'Fitacciyar mace Shugaba a shekarar 2013'. 'Yan Forbes na Afirka 30' yan kasa da shekaru 30 na shekarar 2015 YWomen - YNaija Mata 100 Da Suka Fi Tasiri A Nijeriya 2015 Birungiyar birwararren Groupwararren Businesswararren Groupungiyar Silverbird . A bikin karramawa na kungiyar Silverbird da ake yi duk shekara a watan Fabrairun 2018 a Lagas, Najeriya ta zama mafi karancin shekaru da ta taba samun lambar girma a shekaru 30 kuma ita ce mace tilo a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Jerin Kasuwancin YNaija 2020 Manazarta Diddigin bayanai na waje Dr Ola Brown Yanar Gizo Flying Doctors Yanar Gizo Ƴan Najeriya Mata Likitoci Likitocin Najeriya Mutane Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1980 Pages with unreviewed translations

15966

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Diori

Aisha Diori

An haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba,5 a Lagas, Nijeriya. ƙwararriyar masaniya ce, mai faɗakar da al'umma, mai rigakafin cutar HIV/AIDs, mai ba da tarbiyya, mai ba da shawara a Afirka, kuma an sanya mata suna "Uconic Mother" a al'adun Ball. Mahaifinta shine Abdoulaye Hamani Diori, shugabar siyasar Nijar kuma 'yar kasuwa, kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Betty Graves, mace ta farko' yar Najeriya / Gana da ta mallaki kamfanin tafiye-tafiye a Najeriya. Diori tana da Digiri na farko a fannin talla da sadarwar kasuwanci daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha inda ta kammala karatu magna cum laude. Aikin rigakafin kanjamau na Diori tare da matasa na LGBTQ a cikin al'adun Ball, wani yanki ne na LGBT, ya kasance mai tasiri a fagen lafiyar jama'a. Ita ce ta kafa filin wasan KiKi Ballroom kuma ana ɗauke da ƙwararriya wajen tsunduma wannan tarihin mai wahalar kai wa ga jama'a. Ana neman gwaninta don taimako da ci gaban shirye-shirye, da bincike da bunƙasa tsarin karatu. Diori yayi aiki a Cibiyar Hetrick-Martin a matsayin Daraktan Lafiya da Lafiya, kuma ita ce Uwar Gidan Iman, gidan WBT (mata, butch da transgender ) a cikin garin New York. A watan Fabrairun 2014, Diori ta yi aiki ga Cibiyar Nazarin Schomburg don Bincike a cikin Baƙin Al'adu a Harlem a matsayin Manajan ayyuka na Musamman, kuma ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da mutanen LGBTQ a cikin rukunin ƙwallon gidan. Rayuwar Farko An haifi Aisha Dori a Najeriya ga mahaifinta da Betty Graves yayin da mahaifinta ke gudun hijira. Tana da wani yaya mai suna Chris, wanda shi ma haifaffen Najeriya ne. Diori ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na AmeriCorps VISTA ta hanyar Majalisar Ikklisiyoyi na Birnin New York. Ta haɓaka shirye-shirye don tsofaffi na cikin gari. Rayuwa da Ayyuka A tsakiyar 1997, Diori halarci Mooshood Ball da kuma zama sha'awar a cikin jinsi nonconformity da queer pageantry. Kwallan ba kawai wasan rawa bane na 'yan luwadi ba; bisa ga shafinta "Ya kasance cike da saƙo mai aminci, 'yanci, kallon fina-finai, mata kyawawa, kyawawan butan mata " Diori ya kusanci Arbert Santana, wacce a lokacin take Uwa na House of Latex da LGBT da mai rajin wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau. Diori ya haɗu da takwaransa na Makarantar Fasaha ta Fasaha Ricky Revlon . Revlon, wanda daga baya ya zama "mahaifin luwadi" na Diori, tare da Santana wacce daga baya ta zama "mahaifiyar gay", ta taimaka mata cikin Gidan Latex, canza alƙawarinta ga jama'ar LGBTQ. Diori ya fara aiki a matsayin mai wa'azin bishara a Rikicin Kiwon Lafiya na ' Yan Luwadi (GMHC), yana karbar bakuncin kwallayen rigakafin HIV don rage yawan sabbin samarin da ke dauke da kwayar. Diori ya fara shiga cikin kwallayen "tafiya". A karkashin jagorancin iyayenta 'yan luwadi, an shawarci Diori da ta yi tafiya a cikin rukunin Fuskokin Mata da Manyan Runway na Girlsan mata don ƙwallon ta na farko, Ballwallon Alfahari na Blackari . Diori ya lashe kyautar a dukkan bangarorin biyu. Bukatunta a cikin al'adun kwalliya sun canza daga kasancewa masu shiga zuwa zama mai tsara al'umma da masaniyar tsoma baki. Diori ta sami taken "uwar-gida" daga Gidan Latex, saboda jajircewarta ga al'adun gidan rawa, taken da ta rike kusan shekaru biyar. A ƙarshen 2007, Diori ya buɗe Gidan Iman, yana haɗuwa da saƙonnin aminci da rigakafin rigakafi waɗanda suka shafi Matan, Butch da Transgender (WBT) musamman wurin rawa. Aisha ta sanya ingantaccen jima'i mai kyau da kuma isar da saƙo na ilimi tare da shafuka. Gidan Iman, sunan da ke girmama gadon Diori na Nijeriya, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tushen tushen jagoranci a cikin jama'ar WBT. Amincewa da cewa ba a yiwa matasa aiki mafi kyau a cikin gidan rawa ba, Diori da Santana sun kirkiro filin KiKi, rigakafin rigakafin kwayar cutar HIV da motsa jiki wanda ke mai da hankali kan matasa na LGBTQ masu shekaru 12 zuwa 24, inda matasa ke yin hira, tare da abokai da kuma haɗa kai da gwajin HIV, shawara da sabis na kiwon lafiya. A watan Fabrairun 2014, Diori ya fara aiki ga Cibiyar Nazarin Schomburg don Bincike a cikin Baƙin Al'adu a Harlem a matsayin Manajan Ayyuka na Musamman. Diori ya sami nasarorin haya da abubuwan da suka faru na Schomburg. Tana kulawa da kulawa da jerin abubuwan Juma'a na Farko na Juma'a na Schomburg. Membobinsu na Sana'a C2P: Haɗa don Kare, NYC Shekara-Yanzu. Kwamitin Bincike na littafin Edgar Rivera Colon, samun rayuwa a duniyoyi biyu: iko da rigakafi a cikin garin Ball City na New York City, 2009. Tambayoyin Marlon Bailey don littafinsa, Butch / Queens Up in Pumps: Gender, Performance, and Ballroom Culture in Detroit, 2012. Hanyar sadarwar gwajin rigakafin cutar kanjamau, Taron Jama'a Taron Shugabancin Gida da Kwallan Kasa, aikin na ISAN LA 2011 – Yanzu. (KOYARWA) 2003–2004. Diori ya kirkiro wata hukuma, wacce ta kunshi kungiyoyin al'umma, iyaye, shugabanni da masu ruwa da tsaki a filin wasan KiKi, wanda ake kira The KiKi Coalition. Yana ci gaba da haɗuwa kowane wata a cikin NYC don tattaunawa da magance batutuwa masu tasowa, dabaru da sabuntawa akan mafi kyawun ayyuka don rigakafin HIV / STI da magani a cikin al'ummar KiKi. Shekara-Yanzu. New York City da New Jersey Council of House na memba. Mai ba da shawara ga "Newark yana ingonewa" Cibiyar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin New Jersey, wasan kwaikwayo game da al'adun Ball . 2011. Ci gaban kimantawa na Gidan Latex Ball da Gidan Latex Project Surveysys. Creatirƙira tsarin don kimanta tsoma bakin. Taron Majalisar AIDSan Marasa AIDSan Kanana na Unitedasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cutar kanjamau, New Orleans, LA. "Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Matasa da Ci gaban Rigakafin Matasa na Shirye-shirye a cikin Gidan Kiki na Gidan Kiki," 2013. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka AAOGC Marsha P. Johnson Kyautar Gwanin Rayuwa Ga Jagorancin Al'umma 2018 Gidan Latex Ball's Ross Inarancin Creatirƙirar ,ira, 2013. Cibiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Cibiyar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau ta Hukumar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau ta Duniya a 2012 saboda kyautar rigakafin cutar kanjamau Taurarin CHANJI ga Kiki Ballroom House matasa ta hanyar Hetrick-Martin Institute . NYC na Praukar Girman kai don Saƙo Mafi Girma da Tsayawa, Cibiyar Hetrick-Martin, 2012. NYC na Girman Kai don Saƙon Siyasa Mafi Kyawu, Cibiyar Hetrick-Martin, 2011. NYC Kyautar Girman Girman Girman Gwiwa don Jagorancin Al'umma, 2011. Project HEAT Kiki Ballroom Scene Community Tattalin Arziki, 2011. Kyautar Ma'aikatan Damien Cibiyar Hetrick-Martin, 2009. NYC Latex Ball's Legend Woman Face, 2008 ( Al'adun Ballroom, girmamawa, nadi). Philadelphia Dorian Corey ta fuskar matan shekara, 2007 (girmama al'adun Ballroom). NYC ta ba da Kyautar Matan Mata na Shekarar, Uwar Shekara, kuma Mace ta Gwarzo, 2005, 2006, 2007 ( Darajar al'adun Ballroom). Girman kai a cikin lambar yabon Al'umma ta garin, 2005. Mata Fuskar Shekarar, Mata ta Shekara, 2004 ( Darajar al'adun Ballroom ). Gidan Blahnik na Kyautar Dan Adam na Shekara, 2004. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Birnin New York KOYARWA ta girmamawa mafi girma a cikin Hanyar Tallace-tallacen Zamantakewa ta HIV / AIDS, 2003. GMHC Kyautar Shirin Abinci na Ruhi don Ingantaccen Faɗakarwa ga MSM na Launi, 2000. Kyautar Kamfanin Izod don Kwarewar Tsarin Shirye-shiryen Buga, gasa ta hanyar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha, 1999. Mata Masu Talla a New York Kyautar Kyautar Aikin Malanta a Talla, 1998 da 1999. Gabatarwa, sadarwa da tsara abubuwan taron Diori ya gudanar da kamfen din wayar da kan jama’a a Cibiyar Hetrick-Martin da GMHC ciki har da kamfen da ake kauna da kauna da kuma yakin neman ba Shade, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin son kai da amfanin kai a tsakanin matasa na LGBTQ. Ta kuma kirkiro kamfen na Crystal Meth, Gangamin Shirye-shiryen Abinci na Ruhi, Transgender Health da Condom Kit kamfen da aka yi niyya ga al'ummomin LGBTQ, da kayan talla don kai wa da kuma tallata shirin ta hanyar GMHC. Diori ya kirkiro kayan talla da kuma shirin taron na Ma'aikatar Kiwan Lafiya, Maganin Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a. Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

18915

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Saman%20Shamsi

Filin Jirgin Saman Shamsi

Filin jirgin saman Shamsi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Bhandari Airstrip, filin jirgin sama da yake kusan mil 200 (320 km) a .kudu maso yamma na Quetta kuma kusan mil 248 (400 km) arewa maso yamma na Gwadar a cikin lardin Balochistan na kasar Pakistan . Filin jirgin saman yana cikin Gundumar Washuk kuma yana zaune a cikin kwarin da babu hamada a tsakanin tsaunuka biyu na Babban Makran Range kimanin mil 21 (35 km) kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen Washuk. An rufa masa asiri, kasar Pakistan ta bayar da Shamsi ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin shekara ta 1992 don farauta, tsakanin ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2001 da ranar 11 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, an ba ta hayar zuwa Amurka don amfani da ita azaman tushe don haɗin gwiwa na Babban Leken Asiri Kula da Hukumar (CIA) da ayyukan Sojan Sama na kasar Amurka (USAF) da ayyukan jirage marasa matuka (musamman wadanda suka hada da Dred Predator ) kan 'yan bindiga a Yankin Kabilanci na Tarayya da ke Pakistan . Gwamnatin Pakistan ce ta umarci Amurka da ta fice daga filin jirgin saman a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2011 bayan Lamarin Salala wanda a ciki sojojin NATO karkashin jagorancin Amurka suka kai hari kan shingen binciken Pakistan biyu na iyakar Pakistan a yankunan Kabilar da ke Tarayyar Pakistan da ke kashe sojojin Pakistan 24. Amurka ta bar filin jirgin saman a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011. Tarihi Hayar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a shekara ta (1992-2001) Gwamnatin Pakistan ta bayar da hayar Filin jirgin sama na Bhandari wanda aka yi watsi da shi zuwa gs Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) a cikin shekara ta 1992 don farauta, musamman na falconry da Bustards da ba a saba gani ba a lardin Balochistan, daga dangin masarautar UAE. Filin jirgin saman, wanda Masarautan Sheik suka canza masa suna "Shamsi" (ma'ana "Hasken rana" a larabci), kuma UAE ta inganta shi zuwa filin jirgin sama. Hayar ta Amurka a shekara ta (2001–2011) Bisa bukatar Amurka, UAE ta ba da hayar Shamsi ga kasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2001 tare da amincewar Gwamnatin kasar Pakistan ta lokacin na Shugaba Pervez Musharraf kuma CIA da USAF sun inganta shi tare a matsayin filin jirgin saman soja. . (kasar Amirka ta gina wa) ansu wa) anda za su rataya a Shamsi) anbada su da jiragen sama, baya ga tallafi da wuraren zama, kuma ta sake gina hanyar da za ta bi ta kan titin jirgin sama don ba ta damar amfani da manya da manyan jiragen soja. A daren ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2002, wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da mai na Amurka Marine Corps KC-130 ya yi hadari bayan ya bugawa wata roba a kan hanyarsa zuwa Shamsi, watakila saboda rudani da ma'aikacin ya shiga, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin guda bakwai. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, The Times kasar (London) ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta samo hotunan Google Earth daga shekara ta 2006 wanda ya nuna jiragen marasa matuka da ke tsaye a wajen shinge a ƙarshen titin jirgin da ke Shamsi. Binciken na Times amsa ne ga wata sanarwa da sanata Dianne Feinstein na Amurka ya yi cewa CIA na kafa jirgin samanta a kasar Pakistan. Hakanan an bayar da rahoton cewa kamfanin na Blackwater na Amurka yana da dakaru a wurin, wanda gwamnati ta haya don ta bai wa jiragen damar amfani da makamai masu linzami. Gwamnatin kasar Pakistan da farko ta musanta cewa ana amfani da filin jirgin saman a matsayin sansanin sojojin Amurka ko ayyukan ɓoye amma ta tabbatar da hakan daga baya. Jaridar New York Times ta ambato wani babban jami'in sojan Pakistan yana cewa a shekara ta 2009 an dauke ayyukan jiragen marasa matuka zuwa kan iyakar kasar Afghanistan. Rikicin Amurka tare da Pakistan da kuma fitarwa na shekara ta (2011) A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2011, bayan Abin da ya faru na Abbotabad na ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2011, Babban hafsan Sojan Sama, Rao Qamar Suleman, Babban hafsan hafsoshin Sojan Sama, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) ya tabbatar, a cikin bayanin kyamara a cikin taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Pakistan, cewa Shamsi bai kasance ƙarƙashin ikon PAF ba, amma a ƙarƙashin ikon UAE yake. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2011, Pakistan ta ba da umarni a fili ga Amurka da ta cire duk ma'aikatanta daga filin jirgin sama. Amurka da Pakistan sun ba da sanarwar bayan wasu kwanaki cewa ayyukan jirage marasa matuka daga filin jirgin sama sun daina a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2011, kasar Pakistan ta ba da umarnin Amurka ta bar sansaninta cikin kwanaki 15 saboda abin da ya faru na Salala, inda jirgin saman sojan Amurka ya kai hari kan shingen binciken Pakistan biyu kilomita daga cikin yankin Pakistan kuma ya kashe sojojin kasar Pakistan guda 24. Kodayake ayyukan jirage marasa matuka da suka samo asali daga tushe sun daina a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, amma har yanzu Amurka na amfani da filin jirgin sama don saukar gaggawa da tallafi na kayan aiki. A ranar 4 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, jirgin saman sojan Amurka na farko ya isa Shamsi don kwashe ma’aikatan sojojin Amurka da kayan aikinsu. Jimillar jiragen saman sojan Amurka bakwai, gami da C-17 Globemasters, sun sauka a filin jirgin saman Shamsi a cikin mako mai zuwa don dalilan ƙaura kuma an kwashe kayan aiki da ma'aikatan Amurka cikin shekaru talatin. A ranar 9 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, sojoji na Frontier Constabulary na Pakistan suka isa ƙauyen da ke kusa da Washuk don saita kansu don sake ƙwace Shamsi. An rufe duk hanyoyin shiga da dawowa daga Shamsi. Sojojin Amurka sun lalata wasu kayan aikin Amurka. A ƙarshe Amurka ta bar Shamsi a ranar 11 watan Disamban shekara ta 2011 tare da jirage biyu ɗauke da sauran sojojin Amurka da kayan aiki. Nan take sojojin Pakistan, Frontier Constabulary da jami’an hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta nan take suka mallaki filin jirgin. Wani hoto na filin jirgin saman da aka dauka a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011 kuma aka bayar da shi a hukumance ta Daraktan Hulda da Jama'a na rundunar sojan kasar Pakistan kuma aka buga shi a jaridar Burtaniya The Telegraph ya nuna sojojin Pakistan da helikopta na Sojojin Pakistan Mil Mi-17 a Shamsi jim kadan bayan US ta bar filin jirgin sama. Duba kuma Umm Al Melh Filin Jirgin Sama Manazarta Majiya             Filayen jirgin sama Filayen jirgin saman Pakistan Pages with unreviewed translations

14977

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi

Canjin yanayi

Canjin yanayi, ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi wanda hayakin dan Adam na iskar gas, da kuma sauye-sauye masu yawa na yanayi. Koda yake canjin yanayi ya gabata a baya, tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin 20, yawan girman tasirin dan Adam kan tsarin yanayi na duniya da kuma girman tasirin wannan tsarin ba a taba yin irin sa ba. CanjCanjin yanayi; aɗan adam ya haifar da canjin yanayi ba wata ƙungiyar kimiyya ta ƙasa ko ta ƙasa ke jayayya ba. Babban direba shine fitarwa na iskar gas, wanda sama da 90% shine carbon dioxide (CO2) da methane. Kone burbushin mai don amfani da makamashi shine asalin tushen fitar da wannan hayaƙin, tare da kuma ƙarin gudummawa daga harkar noma, sare bishiyoyi, da kuma matakan masana'antu. Hawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka ko zafin rai ta hanyar bayanin yanayi, kamar asarar dusar ƙanƙara mai nuna hasken rana da murfin kankara, ƙarar tururin ruwa (iskar gas mai ɗari da kanta), da canje-canjen zuwa ƙasa da tekun. Saboda yanayin samaniya yayi zafi fiye da na teku, hamada tana faɗaɗa kuma zafi da wutar daji sun fi zama ruwan dare. Hawan zafin sararin samaniya ya fi girma a cikin Arctic, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma komawar kankara da kankara a teku. yawan kuzarin yanayi da ƙimar kuzarin yanayi suna haifar da guguwa da tsananin yanayi, wanda ke lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa da aikin gona. Karuwar yanayin zafi yana iyakance yawan ruwan teku da kuma illa ga hannayen jari a yawancin sassan duniya. Abubuwan da ake tsammani yanzu da waɗanda ake tsammani daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsananin zafi da cuta sun sa Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana canjin yanayi mafi haɗari ga lafiyar duniya a cikin ƙarni na 21. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun haɗa da ƙarewa ko ƙaura daga yawancin jinsuna yayin da tsarin halittunsu ya canza, mafi akasari nan da nan cikin murjani, dutsen, da Arctic. Ko da kuwa kokarin rage dumamar yanayi na gaba ya yi nasara, wasu tasirin za su ci gaba har tsawon karnoni, gami da hauhawar matakan teku, karuwar yanayin zafi na tekun, da kuma narkon ruwan daga tekun CO2. Yawancin waɗannan tasirin an riga an lura dasu a halin yanzu kuma na zafin jiki, wanda yake kusan 1.1°C (2.0°F). Kungiyar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta ba da jerin rahotanni waɗanda ke nuna ƙimar girma a cikin waɗannan tasirin yayin da ɗumamar yanayi ke ci gaba zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) da kuma bayan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar ta Paris, kasashe sun amince da ci gaba da dumamar yanayi "sosai a karkashin 2.0°C (3.6°F)" ta hanyar rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin waɗannan alƙawura, ɗumamar yanayi zai kai kimanin 2.8°C (5.0°F) a ƙarshen karnin, kuma manufofin yanzu zasu haifar da kusan 3.0°C (5.4°F) na dumamar yanayi. Iyakan ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) na buƙatar rabin fitar da hayaƙi a cikin 2030, sa'annan ya kai matakin kusan sifili ta 2050.. Yunkurin ragewa ya hada da bincike, cigaba, da kuma tura fasahohin masu amfani da makamashi mai kara kuzari, ingantaccen ingancin makamashi, manufofi na rage hayakin mai, burbushin lamura, da kuma adana gandun daji. Fasahar aikin injiniya na yanayi, mafi yawan fitowar hasken rana da kuma cire carbon dioxide, suna da iyakantattun abubuwa kuma suna ɗaukar manyan rashin tabbas. Kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci kuma suna aiki don daidaitawa da tasirin ɗumamar yanayi na yanzu da kuma nan gaba ta hanyar ingantaccen kariya ta bakin teku, kyakkyawan kula da bala'i, da haɓaka albarkatun gona masu tsayayya. Hawan yanayin da aka lura Masana da yawa da aka samar da kayan aikin sun nuna cewa tsarin yanayi yana dumama, tun da ga shekarun 2009-2018 kasancewar 0.93 ± 0.07°C (1.67 ± 0.13 ° F) ya fi tsarin farko na masana'antu (1850-1900) zafi. A halin yanzu, yanayin zafi yana tashi da kusan 0.2°C (0.36°F) a shekaru goma. Tun daga shekarar 1950, adadin ranakun sanyi da dare sun ragu, kuma yawan kwanaki masu dumi da dare sun ƙaru. Abubuwan tarihi na ɗumama da sanyaya, kamar yanayin zamanin da Little Ice Age, basu kasance daidai ba a duk yankuna kamar ɗumamar yanayin yanzu, amma ƙila sun kai yanayin zafi kamar na ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin iyakokin yankuna. Akwai lokuttan da suka gabata na dumamar yanayi, kamar su Paleocene – Eocene Thermal Maximum. Ko yaya, haɓbakar da aka lura a cikin zafin jiki da CO2 kididdigar yana da sauri har ma abubuwan da suka faru a bayyane waɗanda suka faru a tarihin duniya ba su kusan faruwa yanzu ba. Rikodin wakili na yanayi ya nuna cewa bambancin yanayi yana daidaita farkon tasirin Juyin Masana'antu, don haka akwai ɗan ƙaramin ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da tsakiyar karni na 19. Ma'aikatar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta karɓi lokacin ƙayyadaddun lokacin aiki zuwa 1850-1900 a matsayin kusancin yanayin zafin duniya na kafin masana'antu, lokacin da rikodin ma'aunin zafi da sanyi ya fara ba da yanayin duniya. Duk da yake ma'aunin dumamar yanayi yana kusa da canjin yanayin zafin yanayi, ana auna waɗannan ma'aunin da nau'ikan sauran abubuwan lura. An sami ƙaruwa a cikin yanayi da ƙarfi na hazo mai yawa, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta ƙasa, da ƙaruwar yanayin yanayi. Fure da fauna suna yin halin da ya dace da ɗumama ɗumi; misali, tsire-tsire suna fure a farkon bazara. Wani mahimmin alama shine sanyaya yanayi na sama, wanda ke nuna cewa iskar gas masu dumama yanayi suna kama zafi a kusa da doron ƙasa kuma suna hana shi watsawa zuwa sararin samaniya. Kodayake shekaru masu rikodin rikodin suna jawo hankalin manyan kafofin watsa labaru, shekarun mutum ba su da mahimmanci fiye da yanayin yanayin duniya mai tsawo. Misali na gajeriyar matsala shine saurin karuwar yanayin zafin daga 1998 zuwa 2012, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "dumamar yanayin duniya". A duk tsawon wannan lokacin, ajiyar zafin ruwan teku ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali zuwa sama, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa ya yi sama sama. Za'a iya danganta saurin saurin ɗumamar yanayi da haɗuwa da sauyin yanayi, rage ayyukan hasken rana, da ƙara hasken hasken rana ta abubuwan da ke fitowa daga aman wuta. Mafita game da canjin yanayi Maganin canjin yanayi Misali, makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana da wutar lantarki, shine mafita daya da ake amfani da ita don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Makamashi mai sabuntawa shine ainihin mahimmancin maganin sauyin yanayi. Hanya ce ta samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da iskar gas ba. Ikon hasken rana babban misali ne na makamashi mai sabuntawa. Masu amfani da hasken rana suna canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki da gidaje da kasuwanci. Wannan yana rage bukatar wutar lantarki daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kona albarkatun mai, kamar gawayin kwal da iskar gas. Ikon hasken rana shine tushen makamashi mai tsabta da sabuntawa. Hakanan yana ƙara samun araha yayin da fasahar ke inganta. Bambancicakjini Dumamar yanayi na nufin matsakaita na duniya, tare da yawan ɗumamar yanayi ta bambanta da yanki. Abubuwan da ke sanya ɗumi-dumi ba su da 'yanci daga wuraren da hayaƙin haya ke gurɓata, saboda iskar gas ɗin ta daɗe sosai don yaɗuwa a duniya; Koyaya, baƙar adibas da aka saka a kan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara suna taimakawa dumamar yanayi. Tun kafin lokacin masana'antu, matsakaiciyar yanayin duniya ya karu kusan ninki biyu kamar na yanayin duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda girman karfin zafi na tekuna, kuma saboda tekuna suna rasa karin zafi ta hanyar danshin. Fiye da kashi 90% na ƙarin makamashi a cikin tsarin yanayi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata an adana su a cikin teku, suna dumama da shi. Ragowar ƙarin makamashin ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dumi nahiyoyi da yanayi. Hawan zafi a cikin teku yana haifar da fadada yanayin zafi wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga lura da haɓakar tekun. Yankin Arewa da pole na Arewa sun dumamau da sauri fiye da pole na Kudu da Kudancin Kudu. Yankin Arewacin duniya ba wai kawai yana da yanki mai yawa ba, har ma yana da yankin dusar kankara da kankara a teku, saboda yadda aka tsara dimbin mutanen da ke kewayen Tekun Arctic. Yayinda wadannan saman suke jujjuyawa daga nuna haske da yawa zuwa duhu bayan kankara ta narke, sai su fara daukar wutar da zafi. Hasashen Kudancin duniya sun riga sun sami ɗan kankara a lokacin bazara kafin ta fara ɗumi. Yanayin Yankin Arctic ya karu kuma ana hasashen zai ci gaba da karuwa a wannan karnin sama da sau biyu na sauran kasashen duniya. Narkewar kankara da katifun kankara a cikin Arctic ya lalata zirga-zirgar teku, gami da raunin Ruwan Tekun, yana haifar da karin dumamar yanayi a wasu yankuna.. Direbobin motsa jiki na canjin yanayi na kwanan nan Da kanta, tsarin yanayi yana fuskantar wasu zagaye daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar shekaru (kamar El Niño – Southern Oscillation) zuwa shekaru gommai ko ƙarni. Sauran canje-canje ana haifar dasu ne ta hanyar rashin daidaiton kuzari wanda yake "waje" ga tsarin yanayi, amma ba koyaushe yake waje da Duniya ba. Misalan abubuwan karfafa na waje sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya (misali ƙarar haɓakar iskar gas), hasken rana, fitowar dutsen dutse, da kuma bambancin da kewayar duniya da ke kewaye da Rana. Yanayin canjin yanayi shine kokarin nuna ilimin kimiyya wadanne hanyoyin suke da alhakin canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin yanayin duniya. Don ƙayyade halayen anthropogenic, sanannen canjin yanayin cikin gida da tilas da ƙirar waje na halitta ana buƙatar fitar da su. Saboda haka, babbar hanya ita ce yin amfani da samfurin kwamfuta ta tsarin sauyin yanayi don tantance "zanan yatsun hannu" na musamman don duk dalilan da ke iya haifar da shi. Ta hanyar kwatanta waɗannan zanan yatsun hannu tare da alamun da aka lura da kuma canjin canjin yanayi, da kuma tarihin da aka kiyaye na tilastawa, ana iya ƙayyade dalilan sauyin da aka lura. Misali, tilasta yin amfani da hasken rana ba zai zama babban dalili ba saboda yatsan yatsa yana dumamawa a cikin yanayi duka, kuma ƙananan yanayi ne kawai ya warmed, wanda shine abin da ake tsammani daga iskar gas mai zafi (wanda ke kama tarkon zafin da yake fitowa daga sama). Bayanin canjin yanayi na kwanan nan ya nuna cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shine gas mai dumama yanayi, kuma na biyun sauyin amfani da ƙasa, da aerosol da ƙoshin lafiya. Iskar gas Duniya na daukar hasken rana, sannan ta haskaka shi azaman zafi. Wasu daga cikin wannan hasken infrared yana sharar iskar gas mai guba a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma saboda sake fitar da shi ta kowane bangare wani ɓangare na zafin yana kamawa a cikin Duniya maimakon tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Kafin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen yanayi ya sa iska kusa da farfajiya ta kasance kusan 33°C (59°F) dumi fiye da yadda zai kasance a rashi. Ba tare da yanayin duniya ba, da matsakaita zafin duniya zai yi kasa da daskarewa na ruwa. Duk da yake tururin ruwa (~50%) da gajimare (~25%) sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin koren yanayi, suna ƙaruwa azaman aiki na yanayin zafin jiki kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukar su ra'ayoyi. A gefe guda, yawan gas kamar CO2 (~20%), ozone da nitrous oxide basu da dogaro da yanayin zafin jiki, kuma saboda haka ake ɗaukar su da tilastawa waje. Ozone yana aiki a matsayin iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙasƙantar layin sararin samaniya, yanayin sararin samaniya (sabanin yanayin ozone na stratospheric). Bugu da ƙari, ozone yana aiki sosai kuma yana hulɗa tare da sauran iskar gas da aerosols. Ayyukan mutane tun daga Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, galibi cirewa da ƙone man burbushin (kwal, mai, da iskar gas), ya kara yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna ƙaruwa a matakan gas kamar CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, da nitrous oxide sun haɓaka tilasta radiative. A cikin 2018, ƙididdigar CO2 kuma methane ya karu da kusan kashi 45% da 160%, bi da bi, tun shekara ta 1750. A cikin 2013, karatun CO2 da aka ɗauka a shafin farko na duniya a Mauna Loa ya zarce 400 ppm a karo na farko (matakan pre-masana'antu na yau da kullun sun kasance ~270ppm). Wadannan CO2 Matakan sun fi yadda suka kasance a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da aka tattara ingantattun bayanai don iska da aka makale a cikin dusar kankara. Ananan shaidar ilimin ƙasa kai tsaye suna nuna cewa CO Valuesimomi 2 ba su da yawa wannan tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas na anthropogenic na duniya a cikin 2018, ban da waɗanda daga canjin amfani da ƙasa, sun yi daidai da tan biliyan 52 na CO2. Daga cikin waɗannan hayakin da aka fitar, kashi 72 cikin ɗari ya kasance CO2, 19% shine methane, 6% sunadarin nitrous, kuma 3% sunadarin gas ne. Haɗin CO2 da farko ya fito ne daga ƙona burbushin mai don samar da haske mai amfani da makamashi mai zafi don jigilar kayayyaki, ƙera masana'antu, dumama wutar lantarki. Emarin fitar da CO2 ya fito ne daga sare dazuzzuka da kuma masana'antun masana'antu, waɗanda suka haɗa da CO2 da aka fitar ta halayen sunadarai don yin suminti, ƙarfe, aluminum, da takin zamani. Haɗin methane yana zuwa ne daga dabbobi, taki, noman shinkafa, wuraren shara, ruwa mai ƙaya, hakar kwal, da kuma hakar mai da gas. Haɗakar da ke cikin iska mai ƙoshin lafiya ta fito ne daga bazuwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da takin gargajiya.. Nassoshi

50348

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete%20Prytz%20Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen (an haife ta Adelgunde Margrethe Prytz, Yuni 28, 1917, Oslo,ta mutu Satumba 25, 2010, Oslo ), maƙeriyar zinare ce Norway,mai zanen enamel, kuma Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan Norwegians a cikin ƙungiyar ƙirar Scandinavian, kuma ana kiranta da "Sarauniyar Zane ta Scandinavian". Ta hanyar aikinta ta ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka duniya,ƙirƙira da bincike na kimiyya.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka tsara salon ƙirar Scandinavian a zamanin bayan yaƙi kuma ita ce mafi shaharar ma'aikaciyar Norwegian na lokutan. Manufar Kittelsen ita ke samar da kyawawan abubuwan yau da kullun masu amfani ga kowa.Ta na da yalwa da iri iri.Tare da abubuwan da aka sanya mata da kayan ado ta kasance majagaba a cikin ƙira a zamanin yaƙi da kuma abin ƙira ga tsararru gaba. A yau ɓangarorin nata sun zama gumaka masu ƙira kuma ana neman abin tattarawa. Articles with hCards Kuruciya An haifi Kittelsen a cikin 1917 a Kristiania zuwa Ingerid Juel da Jakob Prytz,wanda ta kasance maƙeriyar zinare,kuma rector na Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Yaren mutanen Norway (madaidaicin taken: Kwalejin Kasa ta Kasa, Crafts da Design,yanzu Oslo National Academy of da Arts ). Ita ce 'yar'uwar Torolf Prytz jr. kuma ta zama ƙarni na biyar na kamfanin maƙeran zinare J. Tostrup Iyalin sun kasance masu daidaitawa na duniya,kuma kamfanin tana nan tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1832 tana da bayanan duniya. Wanda ta kafa kamfanin, Jacob Ulrich Holfeldt Tostrup,ta yi karatu a Copenhagen da St. Petersburg. Ɗansa Oluf Tostrup ta yi aiki don haɗin kai mai ma'ana tsakanin fasaha,sana'a da masana'antu, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan motsa jiki lokacin da aka kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha a Oslo a 1876. Mahaifinta Yakubu Prytz shi ne darektan kamfanin iyali, wanda ya kafa Foreningen Brukskunst ( The Applied Art Association ) da kuma babban jigo na sabunta fasahar Norwegian da zane a zamanin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe.Gidan Prytz' da Juel sau da yawa ta kasance gida ga ɗalibai da malamai na ƙasashen waje na makarantar, ciki har da Alvar Aalto da Gregor Paulsson. Paulsson ta tsara kalmar "vackrare vardagsvara", wanda ke fassara kai tsaye zuwa "mafi kyawun samfuran yau da kullun". Maganar ta zama taken ga ƙungiyoyin Nordic masu amfani da fasaha. Bayan samun examen artium a 1935, Kittelsen ta fara karatun maƙeriyar zinare a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa,Crafts da Zane.Ta sami difloma a 1941,bayan haka ta yi aiki da J. Tostrup l. A cikin Afrilun 1945 ta auri Arne Korsmo, m kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Norwegian. Sun rabu bayan shekaru 15. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu dole ne ta gudu zuwa Stockholm saboda aikinta na karkashin kasa.A wurin ita da mijinta, Arne Korsmo, sun saba da gine-ginen Danish Jørn da Lis Utzon, kuma sun kulla abota na tsawon rayuwa. Shekaru bayan yakin Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Kittelsen ta koma Oslo kuma ta yi aiki da kasuwancin iyali.Ta tsara ayyuka da yawa na azurfa, enamel vitreous da robobi,wani lokaci tare da mijinta,Arne Korsmo. Kittelsen ta fara yin amfani da manyan hanyoyin masana'antu da masu zanen masana'antu ke amfani da su. A matsayin mai karɓar kyautar Fulbright, Kittelsen ta zauna a Amurka a cikin 1949 da 1950,inda ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Zane ta IIT. Kittelsen da mijinta,Arne Korsmo,sun yi tafiya a cikin Amurka da Mexico kuma sun sadu da wasu masu zane-zane,irin su Frank Lloyd Wright, Ray da Charles Eames, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, James Prestini,da Edgar Kaufmann Jr., wanda shi ne darektan Sashen Zane-zane na Masana'antu a Gidan Tarihi na Art Modern (MOMA) a Birnin New York.Edgar Kaufmann Jr. ta ziyarci Norway shekara guda kafin tafiye-tafiyen Kittelson a Amurka, sannan Kittelsen ta nuna masa faranti. LDaga baya an nuna farantin a MoMA.Ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyensu, Kittelsen da mijinta sun sami hanyar sadarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan mashahuran lokacin. Wannan ya ba da damar nuna baje kolin Form na Amurka da kuma shirya taron karawa juna sani a zane-zane na masana'antu a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha, Sana'a da Zane ta Kasa tare da malamai daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois.Taron karawa juna sani ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don sabunta abubuwan da ke ciki da hanyoyin ilmantarwa na makarantar. Daga 1954 zuwa 1957 ta shiga cikin nunin "Design in Scandinavia", wanda aka nuna a wurare da dama a Amurka da Kanada. Kusa da ƙarshen 50s, samfuranta, waɗanda Hadeland Glassverk da Cathrineholm suka ƙera, galibi ana samun su a gidajen Norwegian. "Sensasjonskasserollen" (lit. The sensation casserole ) ta samu nasara musamman, tare da sayar da raka'a 150,000 a cikin 1964. Yawancin zane-zanen nata sun sami wahayi ne daga fasahar Amurkawa, masu bayyanannun launuka masu haske da siffofi masu sauƙi. Kittelsen kuma ta ƙera kayan ado na yau da kullun, marasa tsada waɗanda aka yi da azurfa da enamel mai ɗanɗano. Ziyarar da ta kai kasashen waje bayan ta yi balaguro a Amurka tana da nasaba da halartar nune-nune da taruka,galibi suna da alaka da shigarta a Majalisar Sana'a ta Duniya (WCC), wacce ta kasance mamba ce ta kafa kuma memba. A 1971 ta auri Sverre (Loe) Kittelsen wanda ya mutu a 2002. Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta mutu tana da shekaru 93 a Oslo 25 Satumba 2010. Ayyuka Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Grete Prytz Kittelsen an ba da izini don sabunta kayayyaki iri-iri a cikin kamfanin iyali Tostrup, wanda ta yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Arne Korsmo.Sun ƙirƙiri sabbin abubuwa da yawa don amfani a cikin gida waɗanda suka dace da sabbin hanyoyin samarwa da salon rayuwa na yau da kullun.Misali shine kayan yankan Korsmo daga 1954,wanda ya ƙunshi ƴan sassa kaɗan, kuma tana da sauƙin samarwa ta taimakon ƴan kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙira kayan ado da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar zane-zane na zamani guda. Yawancin su an ƙera su ta hanya mai ma'ana ta musamman. A cikin 1957-1958 tare da haɗin gwiwar Paolo Venini, mai shi kuma darekta na Venini Glassworks a Murano ta haɓaka kayan ado a cikin gilashi da azurfa waɗanda ake la'akari da su a cikin manyan ayyukanta. Daga karshen shekarun 1950 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen masana'antar Cathrineholm a Halden.Sun gina tarin abubuwa a cikin ƙarfe wanda ya shahara sosai. Bugu da ƙari, Prytz Kittelsen ta kasance mai aiki a cikin binciken kimiyya.A cikin 1950 ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Bincike ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Oslo da Hadeland Glasswork don haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan enamel masu araha.Gwaje-gwajenta a cikin tsari, fasaha da kayan aiki sun zama nau'in bincike na fasaha da aiki. Tasiri da girmamawa Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta girma tare da manufofin motsin ƙirar zamani,inda ta kamata a samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi da kyau na yau da kullum ga kowa da kowa. Wannan,tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fasaha da fasaha mai amfani,ta zama mahimmancin aikinta. Dukansu na fasaha da kuma a hukumance an siffanta su da iya gwaji da zamani wanda ta sanya su asali har ma a yanayin duniya. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙungiyar ƙira ta Scandinavian, Kittelsen ta sami kyautuka da yawa a cikin 1950s,gami da Kyautar Lunning a cikin 1952.A yunƙurin Grete Prytz Kittelsen Norway an wakilta a karon farko a cikin Trendsetting Triennale di Milano a 1954.Anan aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Prix a kan babban tire na azurfa. Daga baya ta sami lambar yabo da yawa a Triennale. An yi Kittelsen a Knight, First Class, na Royal Norwegian Order na St. Olav a 1986. A cikin 2008 an girmama ta tare da babban nuni a cikin National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, tana nuna 360 na ayyukanta, tare da wani littafi,Grete Prytz Kittelsen: Emalje og zane,wanda Gyldendal ya buga. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Yarima Eugen a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2018 da yawa gine-gine da wuraren taro a Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet) an ba su sababbin sunaye. OsloMet na da al'adar sanyawa gine-ginen sunayen mutanen tarihi,kuma da farko matan da suka yi tasiri a daya ko fiye na fannonin karatu a OsloMet.An ba wa ɗayan ɗakin taro a harabar Kjeller suna "Grete Prytz Kittelsens hall", wanda ke a gidan Karethe Johnsen. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

31482

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanda%20Fatai%20Williams

Atanda Fatai Williams

Chif Atanda Fatai Williams, SAN CFR, CON, GCFR (22 Oktoba 1918 - 10 Afrilu 2002) ya kasance tsohon Alkalin Alkalan kasar Najeriya. Kuruciya An haifi Williams a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban 1918 a jihar Legas ta kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da ne ga Issa Williams. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga dangin ciniki a Legas kuma Williams jikan Seidu Williams ne, ɗan kasuwan Legas. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai bin Harkar Ahmadiyya a Musulunci. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ahmadiyya, kusa da Aroloya, Legas, sannan ya wuce makarantar Methodist Boys High School da ke Victoria Island, Legas inda ya samu takardar shedar makarantar West Africa. A lokacin karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga kungiyar zamantakewa mai suna Green Triangle kuma ya zama abokai da Remi Fani-Kayode, wanda mahaifinsa lauya ne da Ibikunle Akitoye. A wasu lokutan kungiyar na zuwa kotu a dandalin Tinubu domin kallon yadda lamarin ke gudana. Bayan ya samu takardar shaidar WASC, sai ya shiga aikin farar hula a matsayin magatakarda aji uku a sashin kula da lafiya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi amfani da shi kuma ya sami shiga Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Tafiyarsa zuwa Ingila ta kasance ne ta wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Elder Dempster Ship, MV Stentor, yayin da a tsakiyar Atlantic, jirgin ya yi hadari amma duk fasinjojin Najeriya sun tsira ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa. Ya karanci shari'a a Jami'ar Cambridge da Temple ta Tsakiya inda ya horar da shi a matsayin lauya a 1948. Aikin shari'a Bayan ya dawo daga Landan, ya yi aiki a takaice tare da majalisar dokokin Remi Fani-Kayode da Rotimi Williams kafin ya kafa nasa kamfanin lauyoyi a 1948. Ya shiga sashin shari’a na jihar Legas a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari’a a shekarar 1950. A shekara ta 1955, an yanke shawara ta yadda aka ba gwamnatocin yanki damar kafa matsayin Alkalin Alkalai da kuma kafa wasu dokoki. Bayan haka, an kafa kwamiti a karkashin tsohon Alkalin Alkalai, John Verity don sake duba dokokin yankin. Williams ya nemi mukamin mataimakiyar kwamishina a hukumar ta bita. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin kwamishinan shari’a na yammacin Najeriya, mukamin da ya rike har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki, wakilan yammacin Najeriya zuwa taron tsarin mulki na Landan na shekarar 1957, bayan shekara daya, ya zama babban magatakarda na babbar kotun tarayya. Yammacin Najeriya. A shekarar 1960, ya zama alkali a yankin Yamma, bayan shekara guda, sai aka tura shi sashin shari'a na Benin a matsayin alkali. Wannan posting din ya samu sanyi daga wasu mazauna Benin da ke son a samu jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma kuma zai fi dacewa da alkalin alkalan Benin. A watan Maris 1963 aka tura shi sashin shari’a na Ondo sannan a shekarar 1967 aka nada shi benci na kotun kolin Najeriya a matsayin mai shari’a. Ya yi aiki a kwamitocin shari’a daban-daban tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1979. A shekarar 1979 ya zama memba na Nigerian Body of Benchers, a wannan shekarar aka nada shi a matsayin Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya ya gaji Sir Darnley Alexander. Alkalin Alkalai Kafin bashi matsayin, Williams ya kasance alkali mafi girma a kotun koli tare da cire alkalai irinsu Udo Udoma da suka dauki mukamai a wajen Najeriya. Sai dai manyan alkalai uku da suka gabata, Adetokunbo Ademola, Taslim Elias da Darnley Alexander, ba su ne manyan alkalan kotun ba kafin a nada su. Zaɓin na Williams a cikin 1979 ya fara al'ada inda aka zaɓi babban alkalin Kotun Koli a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a. Williams ya jagoranci Awolowo v. Shari’ar Shagari inda karar Cif Obafemi Awolowo ta kalubalanci ayyana Shehu Shagari a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa na zaben shugaban kasa na 11 ga watan Agustan 1979. Ya yanke hukuncin cewa Sheu Shagari ya samu kashi biyu bisa uku na kuri’un da aka kada, inda ya samu kuri’u miliyan 16.8 da kuri’u miliyan 11.9 a gaban Obafemi Awolowo wanda ya samu kuri’u miliyan 4.9. A cikin Abraham Adesanya da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, kotu ta yi nazari kan batun Locus standi ta kafa wani hukunci da lauyoyin da dama ke sukarsa saboda hukuncin ya kafa misali na hana shiga kotuna ta hanyar masu kara sai dai idan ba su samu damar shiga kotuna ba. zai iya nuna sha'awar kansu game da lamarinsu. Dangane da irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga sana'o'in shari'a, an ba shi lambobin yabo da yawa da kuma girmamawa na kasa irin su CFR, COR, GCFR. Rayuwa An auri Williams a Landan a shekara ta 1948 da Ms Irene Williams (née Loft). Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Babatunde, Alan da Oladele. An kashe daya daga cikin jikokinsa (Anthony Fatayi-Williams) a harin bam da aka kai a Landan a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2005. Manazarta Alkalin alkalan Najeriya Alkalan Najeriya Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Cambridge Alkalan Jihar Lagos Mutane daga jihar Lagos Mutuwar Haihuwan 1918 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

57874

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonakin%20Shonga

Gonakin Shonga

Gonakin Shonga sun kunshi manoma 13 na ‘yan kasuwa da gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta Najeriya ta gayyace su domin kawo sauyi a harkar noma a jihar tare da inganta samar da ayyukan yi, inganta samar da wadataccen abinci da inganta wadatar abinci. Kamfanin sarrafa kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON) ne ya karbe gonakin Shonga saboda bashin kimanin N1.7bn da gonar ta yi. Tarihi Gwamnatin Dr. Bukola Saraki a kokarin farfado da harkar noma a jihar Kwara ta kaddamar da shirin komawa gonaki. An yi wannan aikin ne don karfafa aikin noma na kasuwanci a jihar. Gwamnati ta share fili mai fadin kadada, ta sayo kayayyakin noma kamar takin zamani, maganin ciyawa da na kashe kwari, sannan ta raba filaye ga manoma. Aikin Komawa zuwa gona ya samu nasarar kashi 14 cikin 100, saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin isassun kwarewar noman kasuwanci daga bangaren manoma. Wannan ya zama wani abin koyi ga gwamnatin jihar Kwara da ta yanke shawarar yin amfani da damar da aka samu a kasar Zimbabuwe, inda gwamnatin kasar Zimbabwe ke korar manoma fararen fata, domin baiwa manoman damar yin noma a Kwara. Wannan matakin da ya sa manoman Zimbabuwe suka nuna sha'awarsu sosai, ya kuma kai ga samar da shirin gwaji na gonakin Shonga da ya kunshi manoma 13, wadanda a yanzu suka koma garin Shonga na jihar Kwara. An bai wa manoman ko wannensu hekta 1,000 na fili a karkashin yarjejeniyar da za a sabunta na shekaru 25 don yin noman kasuwanci. Gwamnatin jihar ta samar da kayan aikin farko na share filaye da kuma ba da tabbacin wuraren lamuni na farko ga manoma. Gwamnati ta biya wa al’ummar yankin diyya tare da kara ba su tallafi, baya ga mayar da su wasu filaye domin yin noma.. Jihar Kwara ta yanke shawarar gayyato manoman kasar Zimbabwe ne domin biyan bukatun jihar, da samar da danyen kayan masarufan da ke da alaka da noma, da kuma noman da za a fitar zuwa kasashen waje. Haka kuma jihar ta fara wannan aiki ne saboda dimbin ayyukan yi da take da shi. Shonga Farms Holding Limited An kafa Shonga Farms Holding Limited (SFH) a matsayin wata Mota ta Musamman don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu dangane da aikin noman kasuwanci na Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna, Dakta Bukola Saraki. SFH an kafa shi musamman don samar da ayyuka a cikin gona. Bankunan biyar da ke da hannu wajen samar da kudaden wannan shiri sun hada da Guaranty Trust Bank, Intercontinental Banks, Unity Bank, Fin Bank da Bank PHB. Bankunan sun mallaki kashi saba'in da biyar cikin dari yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke da kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari. A daya bangaren kuma kamfanin Shonga Farms Holding ya mallaki kashi sittin cikin dari a kowace gonaki 13, wanda ya bar manoma da kashi arba’in cikin dari. Kamfanin Shonga Farms Holding Nigeria Limited, ta hannun rassansa yana yin hada-hada, kiwo, da kiwo. Yana noman amfanin gona na kasuwanci kamar masara, shinkafa, rogo, ginger, waken soya, madara da naman kaji. Kamfanin kamfani ne mai zaman kansa, daban da gwamnatin jiha. Tasiri gonakin Shonga sun habaka noman abinci sosai a jihar Kwara. A halin yanzu, masana'antar sarrafa kajin ta Farm na samar da daskararrun kaji 2,500 da aka sarrafa a kowace rana, amma idan aka gama aiki za ta samar da kaji 10,000 a kowace rana. Haka kuma gonar kiwo na da karfin sarrafa har zuwa lita 50,000 na madara a kowace rana. Manufar gonar ita ce mayar da hankali ga hidimar kasuwar kananan hukumomin jihar Kwara kafin sauran jihohin. gonakin na samar da danyen madara lita 2500 ga WAMCO (masu kera PEAK MILK) a kullum. Gidan kiwon kaji, wanda wurin da wurin yake da damar samun kajin broiler miliyan 12 a duk shekara, a halin yanzu yana samar da kajin ga kamfanin abinci mai sauri na Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) da ke Legas. Hakanan yana ba da ayaba zuwa kantin sayar da kayayyaki, Shoprite. Gonakin Shonga ba wai kawai suna inganta ayyukan yi a wannan fanni ga mazauna yankin ba, har ma wata dama ce ga manoman yankin wajen koyan ingantattun ayyukan noma. Nasarar gonakin Shonga ya haifar da sabbin abubuwa da dama a jihar Kwara. Ta hanyar gona kawai, har zuwa 3,000-4,000 suna aiki a lokacin girbi. Mazauna kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su yanzu suna jin dadin samar da wutar lantarki, ruwan sha da kuma samun wuraren kiwon lafiya. Masu zuba jari da dama kamar WAMCO da Olam a halin yanzu suna gudanar da ayyukansu a jihar Kwara, suna samar da guraben aikin yi ga mazauna yankin, yayin da wasu da dama ke nuna sha’awar zuba jari a fannin noma na Jihar Kwara Kayayyaki Aikin Shonga ya ta'allaka ne kan ayyukan noma guda uku; gauraye noma, kiwo da kiwon kaji. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

49203

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanar%20da%20sharar%20gida

Gudanar da sharar gida

Gudanar da sharar gida ko zubar da shara, ya haɗa da matakai da ayyukan da ake buƙata don sarrafa sharar tun daga farkonsa zuwa zubar da shi na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haɗa da tattarawa, jigilar kaya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida, tare da sa ido da daidaita tsarin sarrafa sharar gida da dokokin da suka shafi sharar gida, fasaha, hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Sharar gida na iya zama matsalar, ruwa, ko iskar gas kuma kowane nau'in yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na zubarwa da gudanarwa. Gudanar da sharar gida yana hulɗa da kowane nau'in sharar gida, gami da masana'antu, nazarin halittu, gida, gundumomi, kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, sharar rediyo. A wasu lokuta, sharar gida na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa a cikin duk tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Har ila yau, al'amurran kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa a kaikaice ko kai tsaye: kai tsaye ta hanyar sarrafa shara, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, ƙasa da abinci. Sharar gida tana samuwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, misali, hakowa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. An yi nufin sarrafa sharar gida don rage illar da sharar gida ke haifarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, muhalli, albarkatun ƙasa da ƙawa. Manufar sarrafa sharar dai ita ce rage illar da irin wannan sharar ke haifarwa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Babban sashi na sarrafa sharar yana hulɗar da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, wanda masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan gida suka ƙirƙira. Ayyukan sarrafa shara ba daidai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashe ( ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ); yankuna ( birane da karkara ), da kuma wuraren zama da masana'antu duk na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban. Gudanar da sharar gida da kyau yana da mahimmanci don gina birane masu dorewa da rayuwa, amma ya kasance kalubale ga yawancin ƙasashe da birane masu tasowa. Wani rahoto ya gano cewa ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana da tsada sosai, yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 20 – 50% na kasafin kuɗi na birni. Yin aiki da wannan muhimmin sabis na birni yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗen tsarin da ke da inganci, masu dorewa, da tallafin zamantakewa. Babban kaso na ayyukan sarrafa sharar suna hulɗa da sharar gida (MSW) wanda shine mafi yawan sharar da ayyukan gida, masana'antu, da kasuwanci ke ƙirƙira.A cewar kwamitin kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC), dattin datti na birni ana sa ran zai kai kusan 3.4 Gt nan da shekarar 2050; duk da haka, manufofi da dokoki na iya rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa a yankuna da birane daban-daban na duniya.Matakan sarrafa sharar gida sun haɗa da matakan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki na tattalin arziƙin madauwari, wuraren zubar da inganci, sarrafa fitarwa da shigo da kaya da ingantaccen ƙira mai dorewa na samfuran da aka samar. A cikin nazari na farko na tsari na shaidar kimiyya game da sharar duniya, sarrafa shi da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, marubuta sun kammala cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk sharar ƙasa ba a tattara ba kuma ƙarin na huɗu ba a sarrafa shi ba daidai ba bayan tattarawa, sau da yawa. ana konewa a bude da gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba - ko kusan tan biliyan daya a kowace shekara idan aka hada su. Sun kuma gano cewa faffadan fifiko kowannensu ba shi da “tsayin bincike mai inganci”, wani bangare saboda rashi “babban tallafin bincike ”, wanda kwararrun masana kimiyya sukan bukata. Sharar lantarki (ewaste) ya haɗa da na'urorin kwamfuta da aka jefar, na'urorin uwa, wayoyin hannu da caja, ƙaramin fayafai (CD), belun kunne, na'urorin talabijin, na'urorin sanyaya iska da firiji. Bisa kididdigar da Global E-waste Monitor 2017, Indiya na samar da ~ ton miliyan 2 na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma tana matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe masu samar da sharar lantarki, bayan Amurka, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Japan da Jamus . Ingantacciyar 'Gudanar da Sharar gida' ta ƙunshi aikin '7R' - 'R'efuse,' R'educe', 'R'euse', 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose ,'R'ecycle and'R'ecover. Daga cikin waɗannan '7R's, biyu na farko ('Kin' da 'Rage') suna da alaƙa da rashin ƙirƙirar sharar gida - ta ƙin siyan samfuran da ba su da mahimmanci kuma ta hanyar rage amfani. Biyu na gaba ('Sake amfani' da 'Gyara') suna nufin ƙara yawan amfanin samfuran da ake dasu, tare da ko ba tare da musanya wasu sassan samfurin ba. 'Maidawa' da 'Sake fa'ida' ya ƙunshi iyakar amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfurin, kuma 'Maida' shine mafi ƙarancin fifiko kuma mafi ƙarancin aikin sarrafa sharar da ya haɗa da dawo da kuzarin da aka saka a cikin kayan sharar. Misali, kona sharar gida don samar da zafi (da wutar lantarki daga zafi). Hakanan ana zubar da wasu samfuran da ba su lalace ba a matsayin 'zubar da ruwa', kuma wannan ba al'adar "sharar-sharar" ba ce. Manazarta

13828

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihu%20Janki%C9%97i

Salihu Jankiɗi

Salihu Alhasan Jankidi, Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kasar hausa. An haifi Salihu Jankiɗi ne a garin Rawayya ta ƙasar Bunguɗu ne a yanzu cikin karamar Hukumar Gusau, wajajen shekarar alif ta 1852 zuwa shekara ta alif 1853. Sunan mahaifinsa Alhassan ɗan Giye Ɗan Tigari mai abin kiɗi. Salihu shi ne sunansa na yanka, amma ƙannen uwarsa Karɓau ya yi masa laƙabi na Jankiɗi saboda jan da Allah ya ba shi wanda ya bi shi har bayan rasuwarsa. Alhassan Giye Dan Tigari Mahaifin Jankiɗi Alhassan Makaɗi ne na kalangu kuma mai yawan yawace-yawace don kiɗa. Yakan bar garinsu Rawayya ya shiga uwa duniya don sana’arsa ta kiɗa. Shi kuma makaɗi ne na lokacin kiɗan yaƙi. Ya je Argungu da Bida da Kwantagora da Kotonkoro da sauransu, amma yana komawa gida Rawayya. Daga baya ya tashi zuwa Kotonkoro, sai kuma ya tare Kwantagora wurin sarkin Sudan Ibrahim. Kuruciyarsa da tasowarsa Salihu Jankiɗi ya buɗe idonsa a Kwantagora a nan ne ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙuruciya. Ya tashi yana yaro mai ƙarfi da kurari, da ƙwarjini a tsakanin jama’a, sannan ja ne kamar tsada, tsaka-tsaki ne a wajen ƙirar jikinsa dangane da tsawo da gaba. Jankiɗi ya yi dambe da kokawa da sauran wasu ayyukan samartaka na sha’awa. Saboda kasancewar Salihu ya tashi cikin yaƙe-yaƙe kafin zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka duk kusan abubuwan da ya yi na yarinta na nuna ƙarfi da bajinta ne. Ya yi karatun allo inda har ya sauƙe Alƙur’ani mai tsarki ya kuma karanta wasu daga cikin ƙananan littattafan addinin Musulunci kamar Ƙawa’idi da Ishmawi da Kurɗabi da sauransu. Amma fa bai yi ilimin addini na littattafai mai zurfi ba. Koyo da fara waƙoƙinsa Makaɗi Alhassan shi ne ya fara koya masa kiɗa da waƙa inda ya soma bin sa kiɗa har ya fara kaɗa kuntakuru watau kanzagi. Daga nan kuma ya shiga cikin yayensa mata masu amshi. Lokacin masu yi wa mahaifin nasa amshi, su ne: Umma Tsohuwa A’ishatu Halimatu Bakabai Salihu Jankiɗi — daga baya ya soma. Haka kuma mahaifinsa Alhassan ya taɓa ba da shi riƙo ga ɗan’uwansa makaɗa Ɗan Yawuri don ya koyi kiɗan kalangu sosai da sosai, Bayan rasuwar Alhassan, sai Salihu Jankiɗi ya ɗauki shugabancin kiɗa a nan Kwantagora tare da waɗannan mataimaka: Alhajiya — ‘Yar Halimatu Bakaba A’ishatu Halimatu Bakaba Koyo da fara waƙoƙinsa A lokacin da ya fara kiɗan, sai ya haɗa kiɗan noma da kiɗan fawa a lokaci guda yana ta yi duk wanda ya samu a yi. Kuma da dai kalangu gadon gidansu yake wannan nau’in kiɗa. Daga cikin yaƙi da ya yi na farko-farko, akwai wannan: Yo gaba dai salsalon niƙatau, Sanda mazan burdumi da galma. Mai son noma da ɗan magaji, Sai shi biɗo sulkuna da gari, Don a yi kwanan wata gudane Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara yaƙe-yaƙensu da ƙasashen Hausa har lokacin da suka zo ita Kwantagora suka yi yaƙi da ita, sai Kwantagora ta fashe. A wannan halin ne Salihu Jankiɗi da sauran iyalinsa suka koma Kotonkoro. Daga nan sai Bagega cikin ƙasar Talatar Mafara, sai zuwa Kanoma, sai Bunguɗu, sai ya sake komawa Kwantagora bayan ƙare yaƙi. Daga nan kuma sai Salihu Jankiɗi ya koma gida Rawayya. Da yaƙi da Turawa ya ƙare, watau sun kama dukkan ƙasashen Nijeriya sosai, suka kuma shimfiɗa mulki irin nasu wanda suke buƙata, sai sarakunan da Turawan suka tabbatar (sababbi da tsoffafi) suka ci gaba da mulkin ƙasashensu. Daga wannan lokaci ne fa Salihu ya Jefar da kalangu ya kama taushi a shekara ta (tafashe) gadan-gadan yana yi wa sarakuna waƙoƙi. To, sai daga Rawayya ya koma Tsahe wurin ‘Yandoto Muhammadu a shekara (1897—1924) da ‘Yandoto Ibrahim Maikano a shekara ta (1926—1928) ya yi musu waƙoƙi. Sai kuma Salihu Jankiɗi ya kwashe iyalinsa ya koma Gusau da zama wajen sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai’akwai shekara ta (1929—1943). Daga Gusau Salihu Jankiɗi bai koma cirawa zuwa wani wuri da nufm ya zauna ba, sai dai ya je ya kai kiɗa ya dawo Gusau ɗin. A cikin wata waƙa da ya yi wa Sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai’akwai yana cewa: Ni Jankiɗi ba ni zuwa ko’ina, Kwaɗai na ba shi wucewar Gusau. Lalle ba mu zuwa ko’ina Kwaɗai na ba shi zuwa ko’ina. Bayan da aka fitar da sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai akwai aka naɗa Shehu ɗan Sama’iIa sarkin Kudu (1943—1945), sai Jankiɗi ya koma wurin Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III shekara ta (1938—1988) ya zama ubangidansa. suna zaune tare da sarkin Musulmi har zuwa lokacin da ya naɗa shi sarkin taushinsa. A wajen naɗin nasa an yi gagarumin buki inda makaɗa yan’uwansa suka haɗu, aka yi masa tattaki, magaji mai farai shi ne ma ya yi busar naɗin don sheda wa jama’a. A cikin wata waƙa da ya yi wa sarkin Musulmi, Salihu Jankiɗi ya yi godiya ainun. Yana cewa: Godiya mu kai wa sarkin Musulmi, Da yai ma sarkin taushi, Yau batun Allah ya tabbata, Babu sauran mai wata gardama. (Jankiɗi: riƙa girma ka isa Bubakar) Yaran Salihu Jankiɗi (‘Yan karɓi) ‘Yan karɓin Jankiɗi na farko na lokacin kiɗin noma da fawa da na samartaka su ne: Aishatu Halimatu Bakaba Muhammadu Alhajiya Bahago Ajiya Yan karɓin Jankiɗi na faɗa Makaɗa Ibrahim Ɗankaro ɗansa ne Mal. Abdullahi shi ma ɗansa ne. Musa Dangaladirna Labbo: ɗansa ne. MuhammaduTambai: Yaronsa ne. Hassan : ɗansa ne, Abduhlahi Jan Darno (Kaka): Yaronsa ne Na Goje : Yaronsa ne Umaru Ƙwairo : Yaronsa ne Yawace-yawacensa Salihu Jankiɗi ya yawata mafi yawan ƙasashen Nijeriya, musamman ɓangaren Arewa. Ya zagaya dukkan manyan garuruwan jihar Sakkwato da wasu ƙananan garuruwan. Haka kuma ya je Kano da Haɗejiya da Daura da Katsina da Mani da Zariya da Kaduna da Bida da Ilorin da Minna da Ibadan da Lagos da Inugu kai da dai sauran ƙasashe. Shirya waƙa Da farko Sahihu Jankiɗi yakan sami labarai da bayanan da yake sa wa a waƙa ta hanyar fadawan sarki da hira da sarakuna kansu da ta ɓangaren hakimai da masu unguwanni. Kuma yana sane da abubuwan da yake gani suna gudana a fada da kuma cikin gari. Salihu Jankiɗi mafi yawa ya fi tsayawa gida ya shirya waƙoƙinsa, kodayake yakan yi wasu waƙoƙin nan take inda duk suka samu. Amma waƙar da ya tsaya gida ya tsara ita ta fi daɗi da ƙayatarwa da ƙunsar abubuwan ban sha’awa. Rasuwarsa Salihu Jankiɗi ya rasu ranar Juma’a 13 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1973 a lokacin yana da shekaru ɗari da ishirin (120) a duniya. Allah ya gafarta masa, yasa yahuta Aamiin. Manazarta Haifaffun 1973 Mawaƙan Nijeriya

16030

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Onwe

Emmanuel Onwe

Emmanuel Onwe lauya ne, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam, marubucin jaridar, kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya . A yanzu haka kwamishinan yada labarai ne a jihar Ebonyi ta Najeriya.Hakanan shi ne ya kafa kuma mamba a kungiyar Njiko Igbo Movement Onwe ya goyi bayan bukatar nuna gaskiya da sake fasalin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ba tare da siyasa ba a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa rikice-rikicen cikin gida na ci gaba da gurgunta gwamnati, wanda, "idan ba a yi hankali ba, na iya haifar da gurguntar kasa da kuma mummunan mutuwar fatan." Fage da ilimi An haifi Onwe a jihar Ebonyi . Ya yi karatun sa na farko a wurin Our Lady of Fatima (wacce daga baya aka sauya mata suna zuwa Primary School) da ke Ikwo da kuma makarantar Sakandaren Presbyterian, Abakaliki a jihar Anambra . Onwe ya karanci karatun lauya a makarantar koyar da ilimin tattalin arziki ta London wato London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), inda ya samu digiri na farko. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga jami'ar Kwalejin Landan, inda ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a. Onwe ya samu horo a matsayin lauya a Inns of Court School of Law a London. An shigar da shi a cikin kungiyar Inns of Court School of Law a cikin 1999 kuma an kira shi zuwa English Bar. Yayinda yake a Inns of Court School of Law, Onwe ya sami lambar yabo Daga baya yaci gaba da shiga camba a gurare biyu a karamin guri ake london Asalin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu Onwe ya yi aiki da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Y-Care International, Friends of the Earth da Amnesty International . A Y-Care International, ya yi aiki babba kan tattarawa da isar da kayan agaji ga wadanda abin ya shafa na kisan kiyashin Ruwanda a 1995. Amnesty International, ya yi aiki a sashin kamfen kuma ya nuna sha'awa ta musamman ga kamfen din kungiyar a kan batutuwan da suka hada da hukuncin kisa da kuma yakin 1991 da 1992 a kan kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya ta Maoist Sendero Luminoso ( Shining Path ) a Peru . A wannan lokacin, Onwe ya halarci taron tarihi na Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vienna, Austria a watan Yunin 1993. Taron ya ba da sanarwar Vienna da Shirye-shiryen Aiki kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A matsayin share fage ga taron, Onwe ya rubuta wata makala da aka buga a cikin New Internationalist a watan Yunin 1993, wanda ya ɗaukaka ƙa'idar duniya da rashin rarrabuwa a kan batun alaƙar al'adu da fifikon haƙƙin ɗan adam. Onwe ya kasance memba na kungiyar kafa Yanci ta kasar Ingila tare da Dakta Amazu Anthony Asouzu. Bayan ya shiga kungiyar Labour ta Burtaniya a 1992, ya yi aikin yakin neman zabe na 'yan majalisa Bernie Grant da Paul Boateng tsakanin 1992 da 2005. Dukansu Grant da Baoteng duk sun kasance mambobi ne na dogon lokaci a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya. Harkar siyasa Onwe ya dawo Najeriya ne bayan nasarar da ya samu a aikin lauya a kasar Ingila don neman kujera a majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Ebonyi ta Tsakiya a babban zaben 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). Duk da cewa Onwe ne ya ci zaben, amma daga baya zai kwashe kusan shekaru 3.5 a gaban kotu kafin ya samu nasarar kwato masa wa’adi. A ranar 16 ga Yulin 2010, Kotun Daukaka Kara a Enugu ta goyi bayan daukaka kararsa tare da bayyana cewa shi ne dan takarar da ya cancanta ya wakilci Ebonyi ta Tsakiya, tare da umartar Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta ba shi Takardar Shaida Komawa, amma sai aka kwashe mako biyu ana gwabzawa kafin hukumar ta bi hukuncin.Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba har sau uku, daga karshe Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa David Mark ya ba Onwe damar rantsar da shi a matsayin sanata a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2010.Koyaya, a cikin Janairun 2011, Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ta soke nasarar Onwe a kotun daukaka kara. Onwe ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa hukuncin ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya, wanda ya hana hurumin Kotun Koli game da batun koke-koken zabe, yana mai cewa: “Akwai mummunar barna a zuciyar hukuncin Kotun Koli. Karbar ikon kotun a kan wannan lamari ba ya da goyon baya daga wata doka guda daya a kundin tarihin dokokinmu. A 'yan makonnin farko da zama sanata, Onwe ya dauki nauyin wasu shawarwari, ciki har da kudirin da ke karfafa wa Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan gwiwa da ya maida hankali kan tattara bayanan sirri a matsayin babban makamin yaki da ta'addanci bayan fashewar bam a Abuja a yayin bikin murnar bikin. bikin cika shekaru hamsin da samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2010. Onwe ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin PDP ya kuma yi takara a zaben fidda gwani na kujerar Sanata a Ebonyi ta Tsakiya a watan Janairun 2011. Zaben keta da aka ruwaito yadu a kafofin watsa labarai, lamarin da ya Onwe su kauracewa sakamakon, inda ya bayyana cewa tsarin da aka "cikakken kunya ga mulkin demokra] iyya," kuma nuna cewa ya ji kunya in ciki "irin wannan kasar da cewa kira kansa mai dimokuradiyya." Onwe ya sake tsayawa takarar sanata a 2011 a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance . Tsakanin rabin zaben Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2011, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta dakatar da zaben, saboda rashin dacewar kayan zaben. Sakamakon zaben fitar da gwani ya nuna cewa Onwe ya jagoranci a lokacin da aka dakatar da kada kuri’ar. Onwe ya ki amincewa da shiga zaben da aka sake yi mako daya bayan haka, kuma ya yi kira da a soke sakamakon. Bayan zaben, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da ‘yan sanda, inda ya zarge su da saukaka magudin zabe da ake zargin ya lalata zaben. ‘Yan sanda sun mayar da martani ta hanyar harba harsasai da hayaki mai sa hawaye a kan taron, wanda ya raunata masu zanga-zangar da dama. Yaƙin neman zaɓen Onwe ya fuskanci cin mutunci da tashin hankali, wanda ya haifar da lalata ofisoshin kamfen ɗin sa, lalata motocin kamfen ɗin sa, sace sace mataimakan sa na kamfen, da kuma kai hari ta zahiri akan wasu waɗanda suka sami raunuka da wuka da harbi. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2010, Onwe ya yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwarsa tana cikin haɗari kawai sakamakon burinsa na siyasa.. Rubutawa Onwe kuma marubucin littafin Macizai da Doves ne, wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 2009, kuma marubuci ne a jaridar New Telegraph . Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Onwe, Emmanuel, "Wanda ke Amfani da Nijeriya na jefa rayuwar gaba don ƙarin takaddama na baya," Jaridar Manufofin Kasashen waje, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/06/06/who-benefits-nigeria-jeopardizes-the-future -to-kara-muhawara-ta-wuce /, Samun damar Yuni 2013. Onwe, Emmanuel, "Wancan Mara Taimako, Mai Daɗaɗa zuciya," New Internationalist, Fitowa ta 244, Yuni 1993, www.newint.org/features/1993/06/05/helpless/, An shiga Yuni 2013. Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

51531

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin%20Mekki%20Medani

Amin Mekki Medani

Amin Mekki Medani (2 Fabrairu 1939 – 31 Agusta 2018) ( Larabci : د. ٱمين مكي مدني) lauya ne dan Sudan, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai ƙare 'yancin dan adam kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Sudan, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar farar hula, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sudan (SHRM). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Human Rights Watch a 1991 don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta 1991, da kuma mai karɓar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Ƙuruciya An haife shi a cikin 1939 a Wad Madani, Al Jazeera, Anglo-Masar Sudan, Medani ya fito ne daga asalin gata. Mahaifinsa ya kasance karamin sakatare na ma'aikatar ban ruwa dan kasar Sudan na farko, sannan kuma dan jam'iyyar Umma Party ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar uwa ce ga tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad. Shi ma kani ne ga mawaƙin Sudan Ibrahim El-Salahi, da Mamban Majalisar Sarauta Aisha Musa el-Said. Ilimi Bayan kammala karatun sakandare na Hantoub mai daraja, Medani ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya sami LL. B. tare da (Honours). Sannan a shekarar 1964 ya samu Dipl dinsa. Civ. L. (Civil Law) daga Jami'ar Luxembourg. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu ( LLM ) tare da bambanci a Jami'ar London a 1965, kuma a ƙarshe a 1970, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a na Criminal Law daga Jami'ar Edinburgh. Sana'a A cikin 1962 bayan samun LLB, ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare a sashin shari'a na Sudan. A shekarar 1966, bayan ya dawo daga Landan bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya shiga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, a matsayin babban malami kuma malami har zuwa 1971. Bayan haka, ya zama wakilin riko na hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tanzaniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin bakar fata na farko a bankin duniya da ke Washington DC. A cikin 1976, bayan ya koma Khartoum, Medani ya fara aiki a bankin Larabawa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka, a wannan lokacin kuma ya kara tsunduma cikin fafutukar inganta mulkin dimokradiyya, 'yancin dan Adam, da bin doka a Sudan. Bayan boren jama'a na 1985 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Nimeiry, ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Sudan a matsayin ministan kwadago, zamantakewa, zaman lafiya da ci gaban gudanarwa, har zuwa lokacin zaben demokradiyya na tsohon Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A shekarar 1991, an kama Medani bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan karagar mulki, sannan gwamnati ta kore shi daga Sudan, lamarin da ya sa ya yi hijira zuwa Alkahira da aiki a kungiyar lauyoyin Masar. Medani ya taba zama shugaban ofishin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama (OHCHR) a yammacin kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Bagadaza, Medani ya shaida kuma ya ji rauni a harin da aka kai a Otal din Canal wanda ya kashe tsohon kwamishinan kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakili na musamman a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello. Elkarib & Medani Amin Mekki Medani ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi a shekarar 1978 tare da Eltigani Elkarib, kuma kamfanin lauyoyin yanzu ya fi samun nasara a kasar. Wasu daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun haɗa da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada, da Bankin Khartoum "Sudan Call" A watan Disamba na 2014, bayan dawowa daga rattaba hannu kan kiran Sudan da aka gudanar a Addis Ababa, an kama Medani, wanda ya sanya hannu kan takardar a matsayin shugaban kungiyar farar hula, tare da Farouk Abu Eissa, shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa, da sauransu. a lokacin da dimbin ma’aikata daga jami’an hukumar leken asirin kasar Sudan (NISS) suka isa gidansa da ke birnin Khartoum da tsakar daren ranar Asabar 6 ga watan Disamba. Ko da yake ba a sanar da iyalansa dalilan da suka sa aka kama shi ba, amma ana kyautata zaton an kama shi ne saboda sanya hannu, wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa da na 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai a fadin kasar, na kokarin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar. Sudan a Darfur, Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile da kuma gina harsashi don dorewar dimokuradiyya bisa daidaiton 'yan kasa da cikakken zaman lafiya. An tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a sani ba har zuwa ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014, lokacin da Medani ya koma kurkukun Kober a Khartoum. A ranar 22 ga Disamba, a ƙarshe an ba Medani izinin ganawa da lauyoyinsa kuma bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalinsa. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2015, an tuhume shi a karkashin doka ta 50 (na zagon kasa ga tsarin mulkin kasa) da kuma sashi na 51 (ya yaki da kasa) a cikin kundin laifuffuka na 1991. An fara shari'arsa a gaban wata kotu ta musamman da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar yaki da ta'addanci ta 1991 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu An sake shi bayan watanni biyar a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015. Mutuwa A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2018, bayan hana shi barin kasar da gwamnati ta yi kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya da ciwon koda, Medani ya rasu. An yi alhinin mutuwarsa a matsayin rashi na ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya. Gwamnatocin Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Kanada, da sauran hukumomin duniya daban-daban da na shiyya-shiyya da wasu jama'a sun buga bayanan alhinin rashinsa. Amin Mekki Medani Foundation A cikin 2018, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Medani, an kafa gidauniyar Amin Mekki Medani. Gidauniyar tana mai da hankali kan masu fafutuka masu tallafawa da karfafa bin hakkin bil'adama, 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Gidauniyar tana samun goyon bayan kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci da dama na kasa da kasa da fatan taimakawa wajen yada tabbatar da adalci a Sudan. Nassoshi 1. ^ a b c "Amin Mekki Madani" . dspcf.org . Retrieved 2018-10-02. 2. ^ "Amin Mekki Medani - Bio, News, Photos" . Washington Times . Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2018-10-02. 3. ^ a b c "Dr. Amin Mekki Medani" . Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission . US Congress. 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2018-10-02. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . 4. ^ a b "EU: The upcoming elections cannot produce a credible result with legitimacy throughout the country | Sudanese Human Rights Activists - Norway - Part 72" . sudanhr.org . Retrieved 2018-10-02. 5. ^ Mekki Medani, Amin. "European Parliament" (PDF). European Parliament . 6. ^ "EL KARIB & MEDANI ADVOCATES" . www.karibandmedani.com . Retrieved 2018-10-02. Mutuwan 2018

30453

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Morocco

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Morocco

Maroko ta sami ci gaba sosai tun lokacin mulkin danniya na shekarun jagoranci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Hassan II (1961-99). Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai korafe-korafe game da cin zarafi na mulki a ƙarƙashin ɗansa na zamani, Mohammed VI . An sami ƙarin ɗaukaka na zamani, kuma an ba da ƙarin haƙƙi ga jama'a gabaɗaya, musamman mata da yara. A zamanin mulkin Hassan na biyu, Maroko ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin Haƙƙin dan Adam a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, musamman a lokacin shekarun jagoranci, wanda ya kasance daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa karshen 1980, wanda ya kasance lokaci ne tarihin kasar da ya shahara wajen danne ‘yan adawa da adawa, wanda ya hada da kamawa, tsarewa, dauri, da kuma kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa. A halin yanzu, Maroko na ci gaba da fuskantar akalla wasu matsalolin kare hakkin bil adama, kamar rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da al'ummar LGBT, da kuma azabtar da 'yan sanda. Duk da sauye-sauye da aka samu a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohamed VI, har yanzu ana zaman ruwan dare a ƙasar ta Maroko a yau din nan. Wannan labarin yana magana ne da Maroko ba yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama akai ba . Dubi Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara dangane da haka. Maroko ce ke gudanar da kashi 80% na yankin, don haka dokar Morocco ta shafi " Lardunan Kudancin ". 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki 'Yancin aikin jarida ba ya nan kuma ana tunanin 'yan jarida da yawa suna yin aikin tantance kansu . Tambayoyi game da sahihancin sarauta ko ayyukan Sarki haramun ne da kuma nuna shakku kan “ madaidaicin yankin ” masarautar (watau kama da yammacin sahara ) haramun ne. A shekara ta 2005 an dakatar da fitaccen dan jaridan nan dan kasar Morocco Ali Lmrabet daga aikin jarida na tsawon shekaru 10 da kuma ci tarar Dirhami 50,000 (kimanin Yuro 4,500) saboda ya bayar da rahoto game da rikici a yankin yammacin Sahara, in ji kungiyar Reporters Without Borders . Tun daga shekara ta 2007 har yanzu an hana Lmrabet aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. Yawancin manyan 'yan jarida na Moroccan, irin su Aboubakr Jamai, Ali Anouzla, Ahmed Benchemsi da Rachid Niny, an rage su zuwa shiru ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, tara tara mai yawa, kauracewa tallace-tallace da rarrabawa / hana kudaden gwamnati. An yankewa wasu da yawa daga cikin ‘yan jaridun yanar gizo hukuncin dauri saboda sukar Sarkin ko kuma suka yi zargin cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnonin da Sarki ya nada ke yi. Ba a bayyana shari’arsu ba a duniya saboda galibi matasa ne ‘yan jarida kan yi rubuce-rubuce da kananan wallafe-wallafe ko yada labaran yankin (kamar Mohammed Erraji daga Agadir wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari a shekara ta 2010 saboda sukar jawabin Sarki). Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2007, tare da bayyanar a wurin wasu mujallu masu zaman kansu na francophone, irin su Tel Quel da Le Journal Hebdomadaire da ƴan uwansu na Larabci (misali. Assahifa Al Ousbouia ), ikon gwamnati a kan kafofin watsa labarai ya dan koma daga shiga tsakani kai tsaye zuwa karin matsi na dabara, kamar amfani da kararraki da kararraki. A ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007 kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan jarida ta CPJ mai hedkwata a birnin New York ta fitar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara kan "kasashe 10 da 'yancin 'yan jarida ya fi tabarbarewa" inda ta bayyana cewa a cewar babban daraktan CPJ Joel Simon; "Tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka ba shi da zurfi idan ana batun 'yancin 'yan jarida" kuma Maroko na cikin "manyan masu koma baya 10" a shekara ta 2007 bayan da "an dauke shi a matsayin jagora a yankinta". A cikin rahoton, an dauki Maroko, tare da Tunisiya, a matsayin kasar da ke "yanke mafi yawan 'yan jarida a gidan yari a kasashen Larabawa". A cewar kididdigar ‘yancin ‘yan jarida ta shekarar 2013, kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta sanya ƙasar Maroko a matsayi na 136 cikin 179, raguwar matsayi daga matsayi na 89 da kasar ta samu a shekara ta 2002. Dangane da ƙididdigar 2015, wannan ƙungiya ta sanya Maroko a ƙasashe guda 130 cikin guda 180. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Morocco sun tauye haƙƙin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyi da taro ta hanyar dokoki da yawa. Hukumomin kasar na ci gaba da gurfanar da kafafen yada labarai na jaridu da na intanet a gaban kuliya idan suka soki gwamnati, da kuma sarki . Bugu da kari, hukumomi sun sanya wa gwamnati cikas don takaita ayyukan 'yan jarida. A Rabat, 'yan sanda sun kori wasu 'yan jaridar Faransa biyu tare da kwace kaset dinsu suna masu cewa ba su da izinin daukar fim. Rahoton ya ce gidan talabijin na Moroko ya ba da damar yin muhawara da suka. Duk da haka, irin wannan muhawarar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa ba. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2020, wani bincike da Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa an yi wa ɗan jaridar Moroko Omar Radi, hari ta hanyar amfani da Pegasus na leƙen asiri na Isra'ila. Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yi ikirarin cewa an kai wa 'yan jaridar hari sau uku tare da leken asiri bayan na'urar sa ta kamu da kayan aikin NSO. A halin da ake ciki, Amnesty ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa harin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar NSO ta sabunta manufofinsu a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019. Zaluntar siyasa Takurawar gwamnati na adawar siyasa ya ragu sosai tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A wasu lokuta ana kwatanta shekarun da suka gabata a matsayin shekarun jagoranci ( Les Années de Plomb ), kuma sun haɗa da bacewar tilastawa, kashe abokan adawar gwamnati da sansanonin tsaro na sirri kamar Tazmamart . Don nazarin cin zarafi da aka yi a zamanin Sarki Hassan II (1961-1999), gwamnati ta kafa hukumar daidaita daidaito da daidaitawa (IER), wanda zai gyara wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma biyan diyya ga fushin da jihar ta yi musu. Kasashen duniya sun yaba da wannan a matsayin wani babban ci gaba, kuma abin misali ga kasashen Larabawa . Duk da haka, IER kuma ta fuskanci hare-hare daga sassa na 'yancin ɗan adam-al'umma, tun da aikinta ba shine bayyana sunayen ko gurfanar da masu laifin ba, wanda yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa ke nema. Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin Sahrawi da masu zanga-zangar Polisario a yammacin Sahara, wanda Maroko ke la'akari da shi a matsayin Lardunan Kudancin, kuma ana zargin Maroko da tsare 'yan Sahrawi masu zaman kansu a matsayin fursunonin lamiri. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2006 wata tawaga daga ofishin hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ziyarci yankin yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kuma rahoton da ya bayar na ziyarar ya yi kakkausar suka kan rashin hakkin dan Adam a yankin musamman ma yankin Saharawi. yawan jama'a. An fitar da rahoton sirrin kuma ana iya samun shi a misali ARSO.org. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Oktoba, Maroko ta dakatar da ziyarar da tawaga daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta shirya kuma aka amince da ita a baya. Matakin dai ya zo ne kasa da sa'o'i 48 kafin tawagar ta tashi zuwa Rabat da yammacin Sahara. Manufar ita ce ta yi nazarin zargin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Polisario da hukumomin Morocco. (rubutu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci). Maroko ta yi ikirarin cewa galibin mambobin tawagar sanann magoya bayan kungiyar Polisario ne, don haka ba a tabbatar da tsaka-tsakin tawagar ba. Shugaban tawagar, Mista Ioannis Kasoulides, ya yi adawa da wadannan zarge-zargen yana mai cewa ba a kafa kungiyar ba ta Morocco ce za ta yanke shawara, kuma baya ga Morocco tun da farko ta amince da kafa kungiyar kuma an ba ta damar yin tasiri a shirinta na ziyarar. 'Yancin addini Gaba ɗaya ana kiyaye 'yancin yin addini, tare da iyakancewa. A cewar mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Moroko, “Mulkin ya ba da tabbacin ba wai ’yancin yin ibada kawai ba, har ma da gina wuraren ibada ga Kiristoci da Yahudawa da kuma gudanar da al’adunsu cikin yanci da girmamawa. . Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa addinan da ba Musulunci ba (shashi na 220 na kundin laifuffuka, ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari). Har yanzu akwai al'ummar Yahudawan Moroko, kodayake yawancin Yahudawa sun yi hijira a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙirƙirar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948. Haƙƙin zamantakewa da daidaito Yara A Maroko, dubban yara - galibi 'yan mata da wasu 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas - suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, inda sukan ci karo da tashin hankali na zahiri da na baki, keɓewa, da aikin kwana bakwai a mako wanda ke farawa da wayewar gari. yana ci gaba har zuwa dare. Ba a biya su da kyau kuma kusan babu wanda ke zuwa makaranta. Ma'aikatan cikin gida, ciki har da yara, ba a cire su daga dokar aiki ta Maroko, saboda haka ba sa jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka bai wa sauran ma'aikata, gami da mafi ƙarancin albashi ko iyakance ga sa'o'in aikinsu. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali ta Moroccan (2004 mudawana) da Tsarin Mulkinta (2012), ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne samun ƙananan ma'aikatan gida. Mata da iyali A cikin shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Morocco ta ɗauki matakai don inganta matsayin mata da yara, kuma ta zartas da sabuwar dokar iyali, Mudawanat al Usra (Laddin Iyali na Turanci), wanda a ko'ina ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba sosai ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yanki. Misali, yanzu an halatta mazan mata daya kawai sai dai idan matar ta sa hannu a yarjejeniya. Baya ga kasancewa 'yan takara a jerin sunayen zabuka masu gauraya, mata suna da jerin sunayen kasa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da ke ba su damar samun akalla kashi 10% na kujeru. Hakazalika, kuma a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006, an kafa wata kungiyar sa ido ta kasa don yaki da cin zarafin mata . Ma’aikatun jihohi da dama da gwamnatoci da jami’o’i da kuma kungiyoyin mata na kasa ana neman su hada kai tare. A shekara ta 2006, an canja matsayin ɗan ƙasar Moroccan ga yara ta hanyar uba. Soumya Naâmane Guessous, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Moroccan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen don watsa ƴan ƙasar Moroko ta uwa zuwa ga 'ya'yanta. Iyawar uwa ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga 'ya'yansu baya bayyana a cikin kundin Mudawana amma an ba shi ta hanyar yanke shawara a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2006. Kwanan nan, a shekara ta 2009, wata sabuwar doka ta kuma baiwa mata damar sakin mazajensu ba tare da izinin miji ba. Asalin Berber Masu fafutuka na Berber a kai a kai suna jayayya cewa a ƙarƙashin tutar Larabawa, ana murƙushe yarensu da al'adunsu na musamman don neman na Larabawa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin wariya da kuma hanyar mayar da hankali. Koyaya, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, na shekara ta 2001 an kafa Cibiyar Sarauta ta Al'adun Amazigh don kulawa da haɓaka harsuna da al'adun Amazigh. L'Yan sanda da sojoji sake fasalin A shekara ta 2006 Maroko ta fara aiwatar da ƴan gyare-gyare da suka shafi 'yan sanda da sojoji. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an wargaza ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Urbains de sécurité ( GUS ) (Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro na Birane). Yayin da yawancin 'yan Moroccan suka ɗauki kasancewar GUS a matsayin taimako, wasu da yawa sun ɗauka a matsayin mataki na komawa ga mulkin Makhzen . Rushewar ya biyo bayan suka da yawa game da wuce gona da iri ko cin zarafi na mulki . Wasu ayyukan rashin da'a na wasu membobin kungiyar sun juya ra'ayin jama'a wanda ya zama abin kunya. An kuma zargi GUS da cin hanci da rashawa . A lokuta da yawa, masu laifin farar hula sun kasance suna bayar da cin hanci (tsakanin dirhami 10 zuwa 20) wanda ya haifar da bayyanar sanannen laƙabi; "10 guda". Hukuncin kisa da ɗauri Yayin da hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin kisa na shari'a a Maroko, ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tun shekara ta 1993, lokacin da aka kashe Mohamed Tabet bayan dakatar da shekaru 10. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa ne bisa manyan laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da fyade, garkuwa da mutane, garkuwa da mutane da kuma ayyukan dabbanci. An bayyana cewa ya yi fyade tare da lalata da mata har 1,500 a tsawon shekaru 13. Tsakanin shekara ta 1956 zuwa 1993, an yanke wa mutane 198 hukuncin kisaHukumar da sasantawa ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane 528 a zamanin mulkin Hassan II a wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shari'a da na wuce gona da iri. Tattaunawa kan lamarin a Maroko ya kasance haramun shekaru da dama . Sai dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da wasu kafafen yada labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu ra'ayin rikau a karkashin jam'iyyar Front of Democratic Forces sun yi ta yunkurin fara muhawarar hukuncin kisa . Dangane da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na jama'a, shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan intanet sun riga sun fara muhawara kan batun. Babban da sabuwar kafa (2003) ƙungiyoyin farar hula Coalition nationale pour l'abolition de la peine de mort au Maroc ( CNAPM ) (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Maroko) wanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu dauke da taken Ensemble pour l' abolition de la peine de mort (Tare kan hukuncin kisa) shi ma ya jagoranci muhawarar. A matakin siyasa lamarin yana da ban mamaki. A hukumance, halin da gwamnati mai ci ke ciki shi ne na kawar da “de facto”. Sai dai kuma ma'aikatar shari'a ta kasar ta bayyana cewa har yanzu ta'addanci na kawo cikas wajen kawar da "de jure" kuma har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa musamman kan 'yan ta'adda. Kwamitin IER Equity and Reconciliation Commission ya ba da shawarar batun kawar da shi. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, an sanar da cewa an shirya gabatar da batun ga majalisar dokoki domin kada kuri’a a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007. Yakin siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Islama masu matsakaicin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba (wadanda ke ba da shawarar yanke hukuncin kisa kamar yadda ya dace da dokokin Sharia ) kuma ana sa ran bangarorin biyu zasu yi wahala. A cikin Afrilu 2015, Ministan Shari'a da 'Yanci (gwamnatin PJD) ya ba da sanarwar jama'a game da wani kudiri dangane da hukuncin kisa, da sauran batutuwa. Manufar ita ce a rage yawan laifukan da za a yanke hukuncin kisa, daga 31 zuwa 11. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, da sauran sassa na duniya, ciki har da Amurka, daurin rai da rai a Maroko ne in ba haka ba da aka sani da "har abada tsare", don haka ma'anar cewa rai da rai a cikin ƙasar yana da sauran na halitta rayuwa. wanda aka yanke wa hukunci kuma a koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yiwuwar sakin layi ba. Haka kuma, ana ganin yanayin gidan yari a matsayin mara inganci bisa ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda manyan damuwa game da cunkoson jama'a, amfani da azabtarwa, rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa, da tsauraran ka'idojin gidan yari. Har ila yau an ba da rahoton cewa Maroko na iya samun fursunonin siyasa . Matar Abdelqader Belliraj, 'yar kasar Maroko da Belgium, ta shaida wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a watan Janairun 2020 game da cin zarafin mijinta da ake yi a gidan yari tun 2016. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Belliraj yana tsare a gidan yari na tsawon sa’o’i 23 a rana tun bayan da aka daure shi da kuma hana shi hulda da fursunonin. Dokar ta saba wa ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yadda ake kula da fursunoni . An yankewa Belliraj hukuncin daurin rai da rai bisa zarginsa da shirya ta'addanci. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tare da Belliraj sun yi ikirarin cewa an sace su ne kuma aka sanya su shafe makonni ba tare da sadarwa ba, yayin da ake yi musu tambayoyi da azabtarwa a ofisoshin 'yan sanda. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun nuna damuwarsu dangane da tasa keyar wani dan kasar Australia dan asalin ƙasar Saudiyya, Dr Osama AlHasani zuwa ƙasar Saudiyya, bayan tsare shi a kasar Morocco. Magoya bayan wanda ake tsare da shi sun bayyana tsare shi a matsayin wani lamari na siyasa tare da bayyana bukatar mika shi da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nema. An kama AlHassani a Maroko bayan isowarsa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu bayan an zarge shi da laifin shirya ayyukan adawa da Wahabiyanci, Musulunci Sunni ya bi a Saudiyya. Har yanzu babu cikakken bayani game da kama AlHassani. Matar AlHassani ta bayyana fargabar komawar mijinta masarautar inda ta ce mai yiwuwa ya fuskanci irin halin da Jamal Khashoggi ke ciki. 2006 CIA Black site jayayya Bayan harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Casablanca a watan Mayun 2003, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun zargi Maroko da cin zarafi da azabtar da fursunoni. Wasu kafofin watsa labaru na Morocco da na kasa da kasa sun kuma yi zargin cewa kasar ta kafa sansanonin shiga tsakani na CIA (" bakar shafukan ") a yankinta, a cikin cibiyar binciken Temara inda ake cin zarafin bil'adama. A watan Satumban 2006, masu fafutuka sun bukaci Maroko ta amince da wanzuwar irin wadannan wuraren tsare mutane na sirri. Kafin haka, Vanessa Saenen ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a shekara ta 2005 Muna da bayanai dangane da hirar da mutanen da ke Guantanamo Bay suka yi cewa akwai wuraren tsare mutane a asirce. Hatta gwamnatin Amurka ba ta damu da boye wannan ba, kuma muna da bayanai daga fursunonin da aka saki a Jordan, kan Maroko, Masar da Libya, amma ba a kan Romania da Poland ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomi Associationungiyar Marocaine des Droits de l'Homme ( AMDH ) - ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1979 Organization Marocaine des Droits Humains ( OMDH ) - kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil'adama da aka kafa a kan 10 Disamba 1988 Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l'Homme ( CCDH ) - kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta gwamnati wanda marigayi Sarki Hassan II ya kafa. Annakhil Association for Women and Children ( AEFE ) - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a yankin Tensift-El Haouze a kudancin Maroko tare da manufar inganta zamantakewa, shari'a, tattalin arziki da yanayin tsabta na mata da yara ta hanyar ba da kyauta. tsarin don tunani da warware matsalolin. Ligue marocaine de la défense des droits de l'homme ( LMDDH ) - kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a 1972 Association des droits numériques ( ADN ) - ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta haƙƙin dijital da aka kafa a cikin 2014 Halin tarihi Jadawalin yana nuna ƙimar Maroko tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Maroko game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma Amina Fila Daidaiton jinsi a Maroko Hakkin LGBT a Maroko Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa Hakkokin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. 2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Amnesty International Amurka - Maroko da Yammacin Sahara sun haɗa da alaƙa da rahotannin shekara-shekara Human Rights Watch - Maroko Rahoton shekara ta 2006 Hukumar Gaskiyar Maroko: Girmama wadanda aka kashe a baya a lokacin da ba a san tabbas ba , Nuwamba 2005 Musanya Yancin Magana ta Duniya - Maroko - IFEX Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka - Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam 2007 2005 Maroko 2007 2005 Yammacin Sahara Laburaren Majalisa na Amurka - Bayanan martaba na ƙasa: Sashen Binciken Tarayya na Maroko, Mayu 2006 Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%20Wali

Obi Wali

Obi Wali (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1932 ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1993) ya kasance mai rajin kare hakkin marasa rinjaye, kuma dan siyasa, fitaccen sanata, masanin adabi, kuma mai magana ne daga Najeriya. kuma cikin nasarorin da ya samu, ya yi gwagwarmaya don neman tsirarun kabilun Ikwerre ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a rubuta adabin Afirka da yarukan Afirka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Obi Wali a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1932 a Garin Rumuigbo, hedkwatar Masarautar Apara, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Obio Akpor ta Jihar Ribas . Iyayensa sune Late Chief Frank Wali Otogbo da Late Mrs. Jane Wali Otogbo diyar shahararren Marigayi Cif Ezebunwo Amadi Nwondugba, wanda shi ne babban mai mulkin Oroworukwo Rebisi a karamar hukumar Fatakwal ta Jihar Ribas . Yana da ƙaramin sibbling, Marigayi Mrs Patience Waku Okabie Worgu. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Afirka ta Yamma, Calabar, sannan ya bi makarantar sakandare ta St. Augustine, Nkwerre . Don karatun sakandarensa ya halarci Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan, inda ya kware a fannin adabi. Sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a Amurka, inda ya samu digiri na uku a fannin adabi. Ba a sami ƙarin ƙarin bayani game da rayuwarsa ta farko ko rayuwa ta sirri / ta iyali. Ayyuka Wali yana daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa jihar Ribas a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Ilimi na farko, sannan ya kasance memba na majalisar zartarwa ta farko a jihar. Daga baya an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta shekara ta 1978 sannan kuma ya zama memba na Kwamitin Tsara Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin shekarar 1979 na Tarayyar Najeriya .An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dattijan Tarayyar Najeriya a Jamhuriya ta Biyu kuma a shekarar 1980 an zabe shi Shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa, Tarayyar Najeriya . A matsayinsa na dan siyasa, watakila an fi tuna shi da yin gwagwarmayar kare kananan kabilun Ikwerre a Najeriya. Sanata Wali na daya daga cikin sanannun shugabanni daga yankin Neja Delta da ke ci gaba da yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Neja Delta kabilar Ikwerre. Ya yi gwagwarmayar kirkirar Fatakwal daga cikin Jihar Ribas ta Nijeriya ta lokacin. Kirkirar jihar Fatakwal ga mutanen Ikwerre ya kasance muhimmiyar nasara a cikin shawarwarinsa na kawo karshen nuna wariya da danniyar da aka yi wa Ikwerre, da kuma jajircewar da jihar ta yi da amfani da albarkatunsu. Wali ya yi yakin neman a gyara rashin daidaito a cikin yanayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar Najeriya a duk lokacin da yake siyasa. Ana kuma tuna shi saboda kiran da ya yi na yin nazari mai zurfi game da alkawurran da Najeriya ta dauka ga Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Baya ga matsayinsa na siyasa, Wali ya kasance farfesa a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka, inda ya koyar da kwasa-kwasan da suka hada da “Gabatar da Adabin Afirka.”Bayan gudummawar ilimi da siyasa a Najeriya, Wali ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga karatun adabi. Gudummawa da ra'ayoyi kan adabin Afirka Wali an san shi da ikirarin cewa ya kamata a rubuta adabin Afirka da yarukan Afirka kawai. Ya nanata mahimmancin da ake rubuta ayyukan "Afirka" a cikin harsunan manoman Afirka da azuzuwan aiki maimakon Ingilishi ko wasu yarukan na waje. Ta hanyar kawancen wadannan ajujuwan da ke tsakanin yawancin kasashen Afirka, ya yi hasashen "karyewar juyin juya halin da ba makawa da mulkin-mallaka."Ya bayyana wadannan ra'ayoyin ne a cikin rubutun sa mai cike da cece-kuce "Mataccen Karshen Adabin Afirka", wanda aka yi la’akari da alama a fagen ilimin adabin Afirka na zamani. A cikin rubutun, Wali ya rubuta "wani marubucin Afirka wanda ke tunani da ji a cikin yarensa dole ne ya yi rubutu da wannan yaren."Wali ya gabatar da wannan takarda a shekarar 1962 a Jami'ar Makerere a Uganda a farkon babban taro kan sabon rubutun Afirka a cibiyar. Sanannen takarda ya ci gaba da bugawa a fitowar tana goma a mujallar Transition . Kodayake wasu na adawa da shi, amma manyan marubutan adabin Afirka kamar Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o sun yaba da rubutun na Wali, wanda ya sauya sunan zuwa na gargajiya na Afirka bayan karanta hujjar Wali. Bugu da ƙari, Wali ya ce ya zama dole ga masu sukar adabi su koyi yarukan Afirka kafin nazarin rubutun adabin Afirka da kuma samar da ra'ayoyi game da ma'anoninsu.Ra'ayin Wali da Ngũgĩ cewa adabin Afirka ne kawai za a rubuta shi cikin harsunan Afirka galibi ana sanya shi a matsayin adawa da ra'ayin Chinua Achebe da Ama Ata Aidoo, waɗanda suka ce ba za a iya rubuta adabin Afirka ba a cikin harsunan waje. Wanda ake zargi da kisan kai Wali an yi masa kisan gilla tare da yanke shi a gida a cikin dakin kwanan shi. Wasu da ake zargi da kisan gilla ne a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1993 Dalilan kisan sun kasance ba a kafa su ba; duk da haka, mutane da yawa sunyi hasashen cewa yana da nasaba da ra'ayin siyasarsa.A lokacin kisan nasa, Wali ya kasance Sanatan Najeriya mai martaba na Jihar Ribas. Daga baya aka binne shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1994. Wannan bai daɗe ba kafin ƙasar ta zartar da hukuncin kisa ga wani ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin tsiraru, Ken Saro-Wiwa . Janar Ibrahim Babangida (tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya), Cif Rufus Ada George (tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas), da Peter Odili (gwamnan jihar Ribas na wancan lokacin) da sauransu an zarge su da hannu a kisan Wali a Fatakwal . An gabatar da karar kisan Wali a gaban kwamitin da ke binciken take hakkin bil adama, a gabanta ne al’ummar Ikwere da dan Wali, Ihumuo, suka gabatar da zargin rufe bakin, tare da matarsa Nnenna. Legacy da ƙwaƙwalwa A shekarar 2014 ne aka bude Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Obi Wali ga jama'a a Port Harcourt, Jihar Ribas, aka kirkireshi aka kuma sanya masa suna domin tunawa da irin gudummawar Obi Wali na siyasa da adabi. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen Ikwerre suna shirya lacca don tunawa da Obi Wali a kowace shekara. Ayyukan da aka buga Mutum da Labari a Afirka (1965) Deadarshen ofarshen Adabin Afirka (1963) Duba kuma Ken Saro-Wiwa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Society for Research and Academic Excellence". academicexcellencesociety.com. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Marubutan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations