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6234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27u%20Musa%20Kwankwaso | Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso | Muhammad Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso (An haifi
Dr. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso a ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da shidda (1956) miladiyya, a garin Kwankwaso da ke a karamar hukumar Madobi ta jahar Kano a jamhuriyar Najeriya.
KARATU
Dr.Rabiu Musa ya halarci makarantar firamare ta garin Kwankwaso, inda daga nan ya samu ci gaba izuwa makarantar kwana ta Gwarzo, duk dai a neman ilimin firamare. Sannan sai makarantar kere-kere da ke a garin Wudil da kuma kwalejin fasaha ta Kano. Bayan daga nan ya garzaya makarantar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna polytechnic da ke a garin Kaduna, a inda kuma ya samu yin difloma a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ta kasa, da babbar diploma duk a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. Ya samu yin makarantar gaba a garin London da ke kasar Ingila a kwalejin Middlesex a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da biyu zuwa da uku (1982 zuwa 1983). Kwankwaso ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami’ar fasaha da ke Loughborough a kasar Ingila a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku zuwa da biyar (1983 zuwa 1985) inda ya samu lambar babban digiri na biyu mai suna Masters degree a turance a fannin fasahar ruwa.
Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso ya kasance hazikin mutum ne a kusan dukkan lokutan karatunsa musamman ta bangaren tsayawa da ya yi domin ganin cewa ya kammala karatu cikin nasara kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Ya kasance dalibi wanda kullum ya ke a sawun gaba wajen karatu da yin dukkan wani aikin aji da aka bashi.
An zabi Rabi'u Kwankwaso a matsayin shugaban dalibai a lokacin karatunsa, sannan ya kasance zababbe a kungiyar dalibai ta jihar Kano.
dan siyasar Najeriya ne.
SIYASA DA AIKI
Rabiu Musa kwankwaso ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1975, inda ya fara aiki da hukumar ruwa ta jahar Kano, wato Kano State Water Resources and Engineering Construction Agency wato WRECA ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru( 17), a bangarori daban-daban inda har ya zama shugaban ma'aikatar. A shekarar ta ( 1992), aka zabi Kwankwaso a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta taraiyar Najeriya mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Madobi. Kuma shi ne ya zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar a karkashin jamiyyar PDP A wani taro da akayi na gyaran kundin mulkin kasa, an zabi Rabi'u kwankwaso a matsayin wakilin jihar Kano. Ya shiga jam'iyyar PDP a shekara ta (1998).
Ya rike matsayin gwamna a jahar Kano har sau biyu, wato a shekara ta (1999 zuwa 2003), da kuma shekara ta (2011 zuwa 2015). Shi ne Gwamnan farko na jihar Kano a jamhuriya ta hudu kuma ya ci zabe ne duk a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP kafin daga bisani ya chanza jam'iyya ya koma jam'iyyarsa ta APC. A zaben shekara ta (2003), Alh. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso ya yi rashin nasara ne a hannun Mal.Ibrahim Shekarau. A watan Yuli na shekarar (2003), Olusegun Obasanjo Shugaban kasar lokacin, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Ministan tsaron Najeriya bayan samun rashin nasara da ya yi a zaben.
A shekara ta 2015, Rabi'u Kwankwaso ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari a zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar APC, daga bisani sai ya canza sheka zuwa takarar kujerar Sanata Wanda a nan ne ya samu nasarar cin zaben a shekara ta 2018. Rabi'u Kwankwaso ya fice daga jam'iyyarsa ta (APC) inda ya sake komawa jam'iyyarsa ta da wato (PDP) da niyyar yin takarar Shugaban ƙasa, sai dai bai samu nasara a zaɓen fidda gwani ba wanda aka gudanar a garin Fatakwal. Ana masa lakabi da "kwankwansiyyah".
A ranar Talata ne tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano, Musa Rabi’u Kwankwaso ya kawo karshen cece-ku-ce game da ficewar sa daga jam’iyyar PDP a lokacin da ya fice daga jam’iyyar zuwa Sabuwar jam'iyya New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) tare da yin rijistar mamba a shirye-shiryen zaben 2023.
Ya yi rajistar jam’iyyar NNPP tare da samun katin zama dan jam’iyyar a yayin wani takaitaccen biki da aka gudanar a birnin Abuja.
A cewarsa, ya fice daga PDP ne saboda gazawar shugabancinta da kuma rashin tsarin dimokuradiyya na cikin gida.
Kwankwaso a yayin wani taron manema labarai da ya kira a Abuja, ya ce a shekarar 2021 ya yi watsi da harkokin jam’iyyar PDP kuma ya jira shugabannin jam’iyyar su tattauna da shi sama da shekara guda amma bai samu amsa ba.
Ya ce ’yan Najeriya ba su gamsu da nasarorin da aka samu a karkashin Mulkin Jam'iyyar PDP da kuma Jam'iyyar APC ba, don haka suna fatan samun sauyi mai kyau a cewar sa.
Ya ce, “A yau, wadanda ba su da tabbas (game da inda na ke) za su tabbata cewa na riga na shiga NNPP".
A shekara ta 2003, bayan ya faɗi zaɓe a karo na biyu a takatar Gwamnan Jihar Kano, Shugaban Kasa Olusugun Obasanjo ya naɗa shi a matsayin babban Ministan Tsaron Najeriya wanda ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Sannan an sake naɗa shi a matsayin Jakadan Najeriya a Dafur dake Ƙasar Sudan a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin marigayi Umar Musa Yar’adua.
1. Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya a watan Janairu a shekara ta ( 1992) zuwa watan Nuwamba a shekara ta( 1993)
2 Gwamnan Jihar Kano 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta( 1999) zuwa( 29 ) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2003)
3. Ministan Tsaro na Kasa watan – Yula shekara ta ( 2003 ) zuwa shekara ta ( 2007)
4. Babban Jakadan Najeriya a Dafur ta kasar Sudan A shekara ta ( 2007) zuwa shekara ta (2011)
5. Gwamnan Jahar Kano – (29 ) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2011) zuwa( 29 ) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta ( 2015)
6. Satanan Kano ta Tsakiya –( 11 ) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta ( 2015 ) zuwa shekara ta ( 2019).
Tarihin sa
Dukkan yawancin makarantun da Kwankwaso yayi karatu shi ne yake rike mukamin shugaban daliban makarantun kuma an taba zaɓarsa a matsayin shugaba.
Zamansa Gwamna
An zabi Rabiu musa Kwankwaso a matsayin gwamnan jahar Kano a shekara ta( 1999), karkashin jam'iyyar( PDP), har zuwa shekara ta( 2003), inda ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Ibrahim Shekarau. Kasantuwar sa gwamna a jahar Kano, ya zama wani babban al'amari da ya faru a jahar kano, kamar yadda Kwankwaso ya ke nuna cikakken goyon baya ga tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Tare da yadda ya kirkiro wasu tsarurruka na musamman a gwamnatinsa da kuma yadda rashin nasarar sa ta kasance a hanun tsohon gwamna Ibrahim Shekarau. Sai dai kuma Kwankwaso ya sake nuna sha'awar tsayawa takara a zaben shekara ta( 2007), amma hakan bata yiyuba sakamakon samunshi da wasu laifuffuka da gwamnatin Ibrahim Shekarau ta jam'iyyar ANPP ta yi. Sai kwankwaso ya kawo wanda zai yi takarar a jam'iyyar PDP wato Ahmad Garba Bichi.
Kwankwaso bai yi ƙasa a gwiwa ba wajen sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben shekara ta ( 2011 ), kuma ya yi nasarar kayar da jam'iyyar ANPP wanda Salihu Sagir Takai yayiwa Takara. An yi zaben ranar (26) ga watan Afrilun shekara ta (2011), kuma ya kama rantsuwar aiki a ranar (29), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2011). Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso na daya daga cikin Gwamnoni guda biyar wato( G-7 ) waɗanda suka fita daga jam'iyyar su ta PDP tare da sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyar APC.
Akidar siyasar Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso Kwankwasiyya
.
Manazarta
Mutanen Afirka
Kano (jiha)
Jihar Kano
Mutane Jihar kano
Mutane Kano
dan siyasan Najeriya
Gwamnonin jihar Kano
Fulani yan Najeriya |
50463 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia%20Dropkin | Celia Dropkin | Celia Dropkin (an haife ta a ranar biyar ga Disamba, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai a Bobrujsk, ta mutu a sha takwas ga Agusta, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da shida) - mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya na ƙarni na 20, tana rubuce-rubuce cikin Yiddish.
Tarihin rayuwa
Dropkin (Tsylie Levine) an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1887 a Bobrujsk, wani gari a lokacin wani yanki na Rasha, a cikin dangin Yahudawa. Mahaifin Celia, mai kula da gandun daji Yoysef-Yona Levine, ya mutu da tarin fuka sa’ad da take ’yan shekaru kaɗan. 'Yan'uwan attajirai ne suka kai Celia, tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta. Har ta kai shekara takwas, ta kasance dalibar rebbetzin (matar Rabi), inda ta yi karatun gargajiya, sannan ta halarci dakin motsa jiki da makarantar sakandare a garin makwabta. Bayan ta kammala sakandare, ta kasance malama a Warsaw na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci. Daga nan ta tafi Kiev don ci gaba da karatunta, inda ta sadu da Uri Nissan Gnessin, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan Yahudawa na Sabon Adabin Ibrananci. Abotarsu ta yi tasiri sosai a aikin Celia, domin shi ne ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta. Tare da Gnessin, Celia ta koma Warsaw kuma ta zauna a can na tsawon watanni, ta koma garinsu a watan Janairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tara kuma ta auri Samuel Dropkin, memba mai aiki na Bund, ƙungiyar ma'aikata da ke aiki a Lithuania, Poland da Rasha. A shekarar 1910 aka tilasta wa Samuel barin kasar saboda harkokin siyasa. Ya tafi Amurka kuma Celia da ɗansu na farko ya shiga tare da shi bayan shekaru biyu. A New York, Celia Dropkin ta haifi wasu yara biyar. Wata 'yar, Tamara, ta mutu a 1924 ko 1925 a matsayin jariri. 'Ya'yanta da suka tsira sune John (an haifi 1910), Esther (an haife ta1913), Lillian (an haifi 1917), Henry (an haifi 1921) da Eva (an haifi 1926). A lokacin Babban Bacin rai, dangin Dropkin sun yi tafiya sau da yawa don neman aiki. Sun rayu shekaru da yawa a Virginia kuma daga baya a Massachusetts, sun dawo New York a ƙarshen 1930s. Samuel ya mutu a shekara ta 1943 kuma daga wannan lokacin Celia ta daina rubutu kuma ta fara zane-zane, zane-zanenta ya lashe gasa da yawa. Celia Dropkin ta mutu da ciwon daji a shekara ta 1956 kuma an binne ta a makabartar Dutsen Lebanon.
Halitta
Celia Dropkin tana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan mawaƙan al'adun Yahudawa masu kawo gardama a ƙarni na 20. An fi saninta da wakokinta akan batutuwa kamar jima'i, soyayya da mutuwa. Batutuwan da galibinsu haramun ne a al'adun Yahudawa. Dropkin, duk da haka, da gaba gaɗi ya kwatanta kwarjinin mace, dangantakar da ke tsakanin mace da namiji, da kuma matsayin mace a cikin yanayin rayuwa. A cikin waqoqin, mace ta daina zama wata halitta shiru tana kulle-kulle a cikin xabi’un al’umma da ta tsinci kanta a cikinta da iyaka da tsammanin da wannan al’umma ke mata; Saboda haka ana nuna shi azaman wani nau'i mai aiki na rayuwar jima'i kuma yana iya ɓoye mafarkai na ƙarfin hali da batsa, sha'awa da zato.
Duk da haka, aikin Celia Dropkin bai iyakance ga yanayin jima'i da jima'i kawai ba. Yawancin wakokinta sun bayyana yanayi, wuraren da ta ziyarta, da kuma yarinta. A New York, aikinta ya samo asali sosai. Ta fara motsawa a cikin da'irar New York na marubutan Yiddish kuma ta fara jin daɗin haɓakawa. Dropkin ya fara rubuta wakoki a cikin harshen Rashanci kawai, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha bakwai an fassara wasu imaninta zuwa Yiddish, ciki har da "Kiss", wanda Gnessin ya fassara zuwa Ibrananci. Littattafanta na farko sun fito a cikin Di Naye Velt da Inzikh (1920). Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1930, waqoqin Dropkin su ma sun bayyana a cikin wasu wallafe-wallafen ƙungiyoyin adabin Yahudawa na avant-garde kamar Yunge da Introspectivists: Onheyb, Poezye da Shriftn. An kuma ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta daga wasu kafafan marubutan Yiddish kamar Avraham Liessin, editan Cukunft. An fara sanin aikinta a birnin New York, amma ba wai kawai, domin an san wakokinta, labaranta da wakokinta a wasu sassa na duniya. Duk da haka, juzu'i ɗaya kawai na zaɓaɓɓun waƙoƙin ta, In Heysn Vin (A cikin Iska mai zafi), an buga shi a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Waƙar Yiddush ta Amurka: Anthology na Bilingual na Benjamin Harshav
Tambayar Al'ada: Mawakan Mata a Yiddish, 1586-1987 - Kathryn Hellerstein
Anthology of Modern Yiddish Poetry: Bilingual Edition, 1966 - Ruth Whitman
Tsilye Drapkin (Celia Dropkin) [An shiga Janairu 4, 2017]
Celia Dropkin [An shiga Janairu 4, 2017]
Rayuwar Celia Dropkin [An Shiga Janairu 4, 2017]
Manazarta
Mutuwan 1956 |
26495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkewar%20Covid-19%2C%20Rashin%20Abinci | Barkewar Covid-19, Rashin Abinci | A yayin barkewar COVID-19, rashin abinci ya tsananta a wurare da yawa-a cikin kwata na biyu na 2020 an yi gargadin yunwa da yawa daga baya a cikin shekarar. Dangane da hasashen farko, akwai yuwuwar daruruwan dubunnan mutane su mutu kuma miliyoyin ƙarin suna fuskantar yunwa ba tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa don magance matsalolin samar da abinci ba. , waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen na rage haɗarin yunwa mai yaɗuwa saboda barkewar COVID-19.
Ana fargabar karancin abinci sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki na COVID-19 da wasu matakan da aka ɗauka don hana yaduwar COVID-19.Bugu da ƙari, ɓarnar 2019–2021, yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikicen siyasa a wasu ƙasashe suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yunwa.
A yayin bude taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gabatar da Tsarin Abinci a Rome, Firayim Ministan Italiya Mario Draghi ya ce "Rikicin kiwon lafiya (COVID-19) ya haifar da matsalar abinci," yana ambaton bayanan da ke nuna cewa rashin abinci mai gina jiki ya zama babban dalilin rashin lafiya. lafiya da mutuwa a duniya.
A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, David Beasley, babban darektan Shirin Abinci na Duniya, ya yi jawabi ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ya bayyana cewa matakan da kasashen da ke bayar da agaji suka dauka cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, gami da samar da dala tiriliyan 17. a cikin kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi da tallafin babban bankin, dakatar da biyan bashin da IMF da ƙasashen G20 suka kafa don amfanin ƙasashe matalauta, da tallafin masu ba da gudummawa ga shirye -shiryen WFP, sun hana yunwa mai zuwa, ta taimaka wa mutane miliyan 270 cikin haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, ya yi gargadin cewa, duk da cewa ya hana yunwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasashe matalauta, za a buƙaci ƙarin ayyukan masu ba da gudummawa don hana yunwa a cikin 2021 yayin da barkewar cutar da rikice -rikicen yanki ke ci gaba da raguwa.
Bayan Fage
Ciwon fara
Tsarin yanayi na musamman a cikin 2018, gami da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar yawan fararen hamada a Tsibirin Larabawa da Kahon Afirka yayin 2019. Farar fara yin yawa wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da lalata amfanin gona, yana rage wadataccen abinci ga dabbobi da mutane. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da Bankin Duniya sun bayyana cewa kasashe 23 ne cutar ta fara kamawa kuma an kiyasta asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 8.5 na kadarori kadai. An kiyasta kimanin mutane miliyan 24 a yankuna masu alaƙa da ƙarancin abinci a cikin Yuli 2020.
Sabuwar guguwar ta fara yaɗuwa a duk faɗin Afirka a watan Yunin 2020 ita ma ta haifar da fargabar cewa ƙarancin wadata, musamman a ƙasashe kamar Siriya, Yemen, Indiya da Habasha, na iya haɓaka yunwa a yankunansu.
Annobar cutar covid-19
Biyo bayan yaduwar cutar SARS-CoV-2 na coronavirus na duniya, kuma ta haka ne cutar coronavirus cuta ta 2019, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da kulle-kullen ƙasa da ƙuntatawa balaguron ƙasa don hana yaduwar cutar. A sakamakon wadannan riƙi shirinsu da tsoro buying, karancin alaka da COVID-19 cutar AIDS da yawa tashi alhãli kuwa taimakon ceto damar da remittances daga high-samun kudin shiga al'ummai fadi. A lokaci guda, da yawa daga cikin matalautan ma’aikata a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaita ma sun rasa ayyukansu ko ikon yin noma sakamakon waɗannan kulle-kullen, yayin da yara ba za su iya samun abincin makaranta ba saboda rufe ilimin a duk faɗin duniya.
An tabbatar da 4,906,104 sun mutu kai tsaye daga COVID-19, amma Oxfam ya nuna a cikin rahoton su na Yuli 2020 cewa lokacin da ya haɗa da waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon rashin abinci, wannan adadin ya fi yawa. Oxfam ya yi hasashen a watan Yulin 2020 cewa zuwa ƙarshen shekara "mutane 12,000 a kowace rana na iya mutuwa daga COVID-19 da ke da alaƙa da yunwa", tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa jimillar mutane miliyan 265 ke fuskantar matsanancin rashin abinci-karuwar Mutane miliyan 135 sakamakon barkewar cutar.
Shugaban shirin samar da abinci na duniya ya yi gargadin a cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 cewa ba tare da ci gaba da tallafin kuɗi daga ƙasashen yamma ba, mutane miliyan 30 da shirin ke tallafawa suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa sakamakon ƙarancin abinci a 2020.
A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, Oxfam ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna fannoni goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" tare da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, gami da yankuna a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya. A cikin kwata na uku, an sake maimaita damuwar a cikin New York Times kuma duka Shirin Abinci na Duniya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun buga bayanan lura da tasirin kulle-kullen COVID-19 akan rayuwar rayuwa da amincin abinci, tare da New York Times da ke cewa: "The bala'in da ke bayyana ya kasa yunwa [. . . ] Ana ci gaba da samun abinci a yawancin duniya, kodayake farashin ya hau a ƙasashe da yawa. Ã'a, tare da tattalin arzikin duniya da sa ran kwangilar kusan kashi 5 cikin dari a wannan shekara [...] aruruwan miliyoyin mutane dake fama da wani intensifying rikicin kan yadda za a amince da asali da ake ci bukatun.
Rikicin makamai
Da dama dauke da makamai rikice-rikice da kuma kawar da crises suna gudana, ciki har da wadanda dangantaka da Yemen yakin basasa, Syria yakin basasa, tayar da kayar baya a Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War kuma Afghanistan rikici . Samar da abinci da sufuri ta yankunan da ke fama da tashe -tashen hankula ba shi da kyau, kuma rikice -rikicen makamai da na siyasa yana haifar da manyan matsuguni ciki har da 'yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya da rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Venezuela . Sakamakon haka, wadannan yankunan sun fi fuskantar barazanar yunwa kuma karancin abinci ya yi yawa.
Rahoton Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci
A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Hukumar Abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa ana tsammanin za a yi fama da yunwa "na ma'aunin Littafi Mai Tsarki" a sassa da dama na duniya sakamakon barkewar cutar. Sanarwar Rahoton Duniya na 2020 game da Rikicin Abinci ya nuna cewa ƙasashe 55 suna cikin haɗari, tare da David Beasley ya ƙiyasta cewa a cikin mafi munin yanayi "ƙasashe kusan dozin" za su faɗa cikin yunwa.</br>
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kasashe membobi masu zuwa za su sami manyan wurare tare da karancin wadataccen abinci wanda aka rarrabe a karkashin "danniya" ( IPC phase 2), "rikicin" ( IPC phase 3), "emergency" (IPC phase 4) ko "m gaggawa "(IPC phase 5) a 2020:
Hakanan yana tayar da faɗakarwa a kusa:
Alamar (*) tana nuna cewa Oxfam tana ɗaukar ƙasar a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa", kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin rahoton Oxfam na Yuli 2020. Waɗannan muhimman wurare goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" waɗanda ke lissafin kashi 65% na jimlar yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar matsananciyar yunwa (IPC phase 3 ko sama) sun haɗa da Afghanistan, DR Congo, Habasha, Haiti, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Siriya, Venezuela, Yemen da Sahel na Yammacin Afirka (da suka hada da Burkina Faso, Chadi, Mali, Mauritania, Nijar, Najeriya da Senegal).Har ila yau, ta lura da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, tare da yankunan da ke fama da yunwa, a Brazil, Indiya, Yemen, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahel. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi “kiran gaggawa” don inganta nazarin bayanai a kasashe da dama wadanda ke iya fuskantar hadari, da suka hada da Congo, Koriya ta Arewa, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Philippines da Sri Lanka,
Tasiri ta yanki
Amurka
Brazil
Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Brazil a matsayin '' tushen barkewar cutar '' Mutane miliyan 38 a Brazil suna cikin ɓangaren tattalin arziƙin da ba na yau da kullun ba, tare da mafi yawan shiga aikin rashin aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen cikin gida. Favelas da yawa sun yanke ƙarancin samar da ruwa ko samar da ruwa yayin bala'in, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta damuwar samun abinci da ruwa. A cikin Maris 2020, Majalisar Kasa ta Brazil ta amince da tsarin biyan kuɗi na 600 reais (dalar Amurka 114) ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun. Koyaya, Caritas ya soki wannan, tare da babban daraktan Brazil ya bayyana "yanzu, kawai game da abinci ne".
Haiti
Oxfam ta ware Haiti a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Haiti ta kasance cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekaru 1.5, tare da farashin shinkafa ya ninka tun shekarar 2019. Raguwar kuɗin da ake aikawa, wanda ya kai kashi 20% na GDP na ƙasar, sakamakon karuwar rashin aikin yi a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma tare ya ƙara tsananta rikicin. Rabin dukkan ayyukan Haiti suna aikin noma, wanda cutar ta yi wa illa. Kafin barkewar cutar, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kashi 40% na mutanen Haiti za su dogara da taimakon kasa da kasa don abinci, kuma ana tsammanin wannan adadin zai karu.
Amurka
Samun abinci
Bayan zanga -zangar adawa da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da tashin hankalin jama'a, wasu biranen sun fuskanci karancin abinci. Wannan tashin hankalin na iya hanzarta tashiwar harkokin kasuwanci a wuraren da ake tsammanin yin aiki lafiya. Alal misali, a Chicago 's Kudu Side al'ummomi, akwai' yan zabi ga sayar da kayayyakin lambu kamar yadda mafi Stores rufe domin hana looting. A Minneapolis lokacin da aka fara zanga -zangar adawa da ta'asar 'yan sanda, wasu unguwanni sun ga kwace da barna. Lake Street ta sha wahala daga hamada na abinci tare da kantunan kantin kayan miya kaɗan, kantin magani da sauran mahimman kasuwancin buɗe. Waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗu da kulle -kullen gida, tare da rufe kasuwanni da yawa saboda barkewar cutar.
Masu aikawa da kudi
Amurka ita ce babbar hanyar da ake tura kudi a duniya, kuma kudaden da ake aikawa daga ma’aikata a Amurka zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita na da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasashe masu karba. A cikin 2019, aikawa daga Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma suna lissafin babban adadin darajar GDP na ƙasa, musamman Tonga (37.6%), Haiti (37.1%), Sudan ta Kudu (34.1%), Kyrgyzstan (29.2%), da Tajikistan (28.2%). Koyaya, Bankin Duniya ya yi hasashen cewa ana sa ran aikawar da ake fitarwa daga ƙasashen waje za ta ragu da kashi 19.7% zuwa dala biliyan 445, wanda ta ce tana wakiltar "asara mai mahimmancin kuɗaɗen rayuwa ga gidaje da yawa masu rauni" wanda ke buƙatar mutane da yawa su tura ajiyar nesa daga ilimi zuwa magance ƙarancin abinci. Wataƙila wannan raguwar kuɗin yana da alaƙa da kulle -kullen da koma bayan tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen yamma, kamar Amurka, wanda ke haɓaka rashin aikin yi kuma yana hana mutane da yawa aikawa da kuɗi ga iyalai a ƙasashensu. Wannan yana iya ƙara ƙarin damuwa a yankunan da ke cikin haɗarin karancin abinci, musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ke fuskantar sauran rikice -rikice.
Venezuela
Oxfam ta ware Venezuela a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Rikicin siyasa mai tsananin gaske da matsanancin karancin abinci ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira mafi girma a Amurka. Duk wadanda ke cikin Venezuela da wadanda ke tserewa zuwa makwabtan kasashe, kamar Colombia da Ecuador, an gano cewa suna cikin hatsarin karancin abinci. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akalla kashi daya bisa uku na sauran mutanen Venezuela da ba su da isasshen abincin da za su ci da kansu. Waɗannan ƙarancin sun haɓaka tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar faduwar farashin mai sakamakon yaƙin farashin mai na Rasha -Saudi Arabia na 2020. 74% na dangin Venezuelan sun karɓi dabarun magancewa don magance ƙarancin abinci, gami da cin ƙasa da karɓar abinci azaman biyan kuɗi.
Gabashin Afirka
Gabashin Afirka a matsayin shiyya na da matukar rauni saboda cinkoson fararen da suka addabi yankin kwanan nan. Kasashe irin su Habasha, Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu suna fama da matsalar karancin abinci tun lokacin da farawar fararen fararen fararen fararen hula na shekarar 2019-20 ta fara a watan Yunin 2019 kuma su ne wuraren "matsananciyar yunwa". Inaya daga cikin biyar na duk mutanen da ke fama da rashin wadataccen abinci suna zaune a yankin Ƙasashe na Ƙasashe.
Habasha
Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Habasha a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Kusa da cunkoso da annoba, Habasha na fuskantar rashin tsaro saboda rikici, matsanancin yanayi da girgizar tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa.
Uganda
A cewar IPC statistics aka buga a watan Oktoba 2020, akwai fiye da 400,000 'yan gudun hijira a Uganda a rikicin yunwa matakan, tare da kara 90,000 fuskantar matsananci yunwa da 135,000 sa samun abinci mai gina jiki yara bukata da gaggawa magani, saboda lockdowns da sauran COVID-related hani da cewa sun yi mummunan tasiri a rayuwar, yayi dai -dai da rage tallafin abinci.
Turai
Ƙasar Ingila
Bankunan abinci a Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton karuwar haɓaka yayin bala'in a cikin 2020, musamman a tsakanin iyalai masu matsakaicin matsakaici a baya, bayan asarar aiki da gibi a cikin tsarin walwala. UNICEF kuma ta raba abinci a Burtaniya a karon farko a tarihin ta na shekaru 70.
Gabas ta Tsakiya
Siriya
'Yan Siriya na fuskantar matsanancin karancin abinci sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011. Kimanin mutane miliyan 17 a Siriya - sama da kashi 50% na sauran mutanen - ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin abinci, tare da ƙarin miliyan 2.2 cikin haɗari. 'Yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya suma suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin rashin wadataccen abinci, inda sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a maƙwabtancin Turkiyya da Lebanon suka nuna cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na cikin haɗarin gaske. A watan Yuni na 2020, taron masu ba da gudummawa na duniya ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 5.5 don agajin jin kai a Siriya.
Yemen
Yemen na daya daga cikin kasashen da ke fama da karancin abinci a duniya, inda aka kiyasta kimanin yara miliyan 2 da ke kasa da shekaru biyar ke fama da matsananciyar yunwa. An zargi masu tayar da kayar baya da shiga ko toshe abinci ga fararen hula, mai yiwuwa sakamakon karancin albarkatu gaba daya. Har ila yau cutar ta fara shafar Yemen da barkewar cutar kwalara tare da cutar COVID-19. Haɗuwar illar waɗannan bala'o'i ya haifar da rikicin jin kai na musamman. Kafin barkewar cutar a cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta 'yan Yemen miliyan 20 na fama da karancin abinci kuma wasu miliyan 10 na cikin hadarin gaske. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.4 don taimakawa hana yaduwar yunwa a Yaman, inda ake sa ran adadin wadanda suka mutu saboda yunwa zai zarce mutuwar da yaki, kwalara da COVID-19 suka haifar.
Sahel da Yammacin Afirka
Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta bayyana a matsayin matsalar yunwa da ta fi saurin girma, da kuma "matsananciyar yunwa", yankin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka yana da mutane miliyan 13.4 da ke buƙatar taimakon abinci na gaggawa. Barkewar cutar ta kara tsananta damuwar rashin abinci da tashin hankali ya haddasa a Maghreb da Sahel da kuma matsanancin yanayin yanayi.
A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2020, Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB), Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) da G5 Sahel sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a Geneva, Abidjan da Nouakchott . A karkashin yarjejeniyar, kasashe biyar na yankin Sahel, Burkina Faso, Chadi, Mali, Mauritania da Nijar, za su karɓi dala miliyan 20 don ƙarfafa martanin cutar ta COVID-19.
Kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Kambodiya
A lokacin da Kambodiya ta kulle Phnom Penh a matsayin martani ga barkewar cutar a cikin kasar a watan Afrilu 2021, dubunnan mazauna babban birnin sun ba da rahoton neman agajin abinci na gaggawa, musamman a “jajayen yankunan” inda aka rufe kasuwannin abinci. Gwamnati ta gudanar da rabon abinci yana kokawa don biyan bukatar a cikin birni.
Kudancin Asiya
Afghanistan
Kungiyar Oxfam ta nuna Afghanistan a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Daga tsakanin Janairu zuwa Mayu 2020, 'yan Afghanistan 84,600 sun tsere daga gidajensu sakamakon rikicin makamai a yankin, tare da wadannan' yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na karancin abinci. Kusa da wannan, sakamakon barkewar cutar a kasashen makwabta ya haifar da bakin haure na Afganistan da ke komawa gida, tare da kiyasta bakin haure 300,000 da suka tsallaka kan iyaka daga Iran, inda da yawa suka zama marasa aikin yi. Waɗannan baƙin hauren kuma suna cikin haɗari kuma suna da ƙarancin wadataccen abinci. Barkewar cutar ta kuma yi tasiri kan dabaru da bayar da agaji wanda in ba haka ba za a iya kasancewa.
Bangladesh
Kafin barkewar cutar, an yi la'akari da Bangladesh a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙarancin wadataccen abinci, tare da mutane miliyan 40 da ake ganin ba su da abinci kuma mutane miliyan 11 suna fama da matsananciyar yunwa. Baya ga wannan, Shirin Abinci na Duniya ya ba da taimako ga 'yan Rohingya 880,000 da ke tserewa daga kisan kare dangi na Rohingya da ke gudana a Myanmar, tare da Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasini ya kiyasta cewa aƙalla' yan gudun hijira miliyan 1.1 suka tsere zuwa Bangladesh. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijirar suna dogaro ne da agajin abinci, ruwa, ilimi da mafaka waɗanda bala'in cutar coronavirus da barkewar fari suka jefa su cikin hadari, a cikin ƙasar da tuni ta dogara da taimakon waje ga yawan mutanen da ba su ƙaura ba. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftar muhalli da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta matsaloli ne a yawancin waɗannan sansanin. Musamman, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Rahotonta na Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci ya keɓe Cox's Bazar inda sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na gwamnati guda biyu-sansanin' yan gudun hijira na Kutupalong da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira Nayapara.
Indiya
Oxfam ta bayyana Indiya a matsayin "cibiyar barkewar yunwa". Kimanin yara miliyan 90 waɗanda a koyaushe za su sami abincin makaranta ba za su iya yin hakan ba bayan rufe ilimin a duk Indiya. Ya zama ƙalubale na kayan aiki don isar da abinci, duk da cewa a cikin 2019 Indiya tana da tan miliyan 77.72 a cikin rarar hatsi. TM Isaac Isaac, ministan kudi na Kerala ya bayyana cewa "cikakken ƙarancin" kayan masarufi na iya tasowa. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun yana wakiltar kashi 81% na ma'aikata a Indiya, tare da yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan na yau da kullun sun zama marasa aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen. Wannan ya sa da yawa sun kasa biyan kudin abinci don ciyar da iyalansu. Dangane da hakan, gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa “sansanonin agaji” don samar da mafaka da abinci ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun da baƙi. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan sun cika da yawan mutanen da ke buƙatar abinci da mafaka. Samun damar shiga unguwannin marasa galihu don isar da muhimman ayyuka da taimako shima ya kawo cikas ga buƙatun nisantar da jama'a . A cewar The Telegraph, kusan kashi 90% na ma’aikatan Indiya ma’aikata ne na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka sami kansu ba tare da samun kuɗi ba a cikin watanni na kulle -kullen; don mayar da martani gwamnati ta bullo da wani shiri na fan biliyan 200 don samar da abinci kyauta ga 'yan kasar miliyan 800.
Amsar masana'antu
Rahoton Oxfam na Yuli 2020 akan yunwa na coronavirus ya lissafa cewa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli 2020, tafarkin barkewar cutar coronavirus, manyan kamfanonin abinci guda takwas ( The Coca-Cola Company, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg's, Mondelez, Nestlé, PepsiCo da Unilever ) ya bai wa masu hannun jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 18 a cikin ribar, ninki goma na girman ƙimar Majalisar forinkin Duniya don agajin da ake buƙata don rage ƙarancin abinci a yankunan da yunwa ta yi kamari. Da dama daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni, ciki har da Nestle da PepsiCo rubuta tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma da dama manoma ' yan kungiya da G20 ga goyon baya a abinci rarraba da kuma wadata abinci, to low albashi al'ummai.
Martanin kasa da kasa
Na ƙwarai
: The Union issued a declaration, describing "deep concern" in the continent, urging member states to prioritise farmers and food production as essential services and called upon "UN agencies, multilateral development banks, donor countries and other partners to consider the emergency as urgent and step up and provide financial and other resources to help countries that do not have the resources to adequately respond to this crisis".
: The EU supported the release of the Global Report on Food Crises by the UN, and said it was "working to address the root causes of extreme hunger" as part of an "international alliance".
: Dominique Burgeon, director of the Food and Agriculture Organization called for increased support for poorer and high-risk nations, stating "This is a matter of international solidarity, and humanity, but also a matter of global security... The world community needs to come together. We can avoid food shortages if we are able to support countries across the globe."
Na kasa
: Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced a £119 million fund to tackle coronavirus and famine, stating "coronavirus and famine threaten millions in some of the world's poorest countries, and give rise to direct problems that affect the UK, including terrorism and migration flows."
Duba kuma
Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka
Cutar COVID-19 a Asiya
Cutar COVID-19 a Kudancin Amurka
Sikelin yunwa
Duniya da cuta
Manazarta
Covid-19
Pages with unreviewed translations |
42924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20%C6%99asar%20Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Burundi | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Burundi, wadda ake yi wa laƙabi da The Swallows ( ; Kirundi ), tana wakiltar Burundi a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burundi ce ke kula da ita . Tawagar bata taɓa shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba . A baya Burundi ta kusa kai wa gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1994, inda Guinea ta yi rashin nasara a bugun fenariti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Sai dai kuma, a shekarar 2019, ta samu tikitin shiga gasar a karon farko, kuma ta shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika a rukunin B, amma ta sha kashi a dukkanin wasanninta, ta fice daga matakin rukuni ba tare da zura kwallo ko ɗaya ba.
Tarihi
Farkon wahalhalu (1974-1992)
Hukumar kwallon ƙafa ta Burundi ce ta kirkiro ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burundi a shekarar 1971 . Wasan farko na Swallows shi ne a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1976 da Somalia, inda aka tashi da ci 2-0. Bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a wasa na biyu, Burundi ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 5-0 a jimilla kuma aka fitar da ita. Shekaru goma sha bakwai ne Burundi ta sake buga wani wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar AFCON. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka fara, Burundi ta buga wasanni 20 kuma ta yi nasara sau 6, 2 da kuma rashin nasara 12.
Ƙwararren Ƙwararru (1992-1998)
A shekarar 1992, Burundi ta shiga zagayen neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a karon farko, amma an fitar da ita a zagayen farko bayan nasara daya (1-0 da Ghana ), kunnen doki daya (0-0 da Algeria ) da kuma rashin nasara biyu a gasar. koma baya don kammala kasan rukunin. Burundi ta zama ta daya a matsayi na daya a rukunin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1994, amma ta yi rashin nasara a wasansu da Guinea a bugun fenareti. Sakamakon yakin basasar Burundi, Burundi ta fice daga gasar ta AFCON a shekarun 1996 da 1998, kuma duk da cewa ta doke Saliyo da ci 2-0 a jumulla, kuma ta tsallake zuwa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1998, ta sake ficewa daga gasar.
Wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika (2000-2015)
Bayan ficewar kasar daga gasar ta AFCON a jere, Burundi ta dawo gasar a shekara ta 2000, bayan da ta doke Tanzaniya a wasannin share fage kafin ta zo ta uku a rukuninta bayan Burkina Faso da Senegal . A wasannin neman gurbin zuwa shekara ta 2002, Burundi ta sake tsallakewa zuwa matakin rukuni bayan da ta doke Djibouti da ci 4-1, amma ta kare a rukuninsu na karshe da maki biyu kacal. A cikin shekarar 2004, Burundi ta yi mafi muni, ba ta tattara maki ba kuma ta ƙare a bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Ivory Coast . A shekara ta 2008 Burundi ta kammala maki biyar tsakaninta da Masar wadda ke kan gaba kuma ba ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba ba. A shekara ta 2012 Burundi ta kasance ma kara nisa, inda ta kammala maki goma sha uku a bayan Ivory Coast wadda ta lashe gasar rukuni-rukuni. A wasannin share fage na shekarar 2013, Burundi ta kasa tsallakewa ne saboda kwallayen da ta zura a waje da Zimbabwe (2-2), kuma a shekarar 2015 ta sha kashi a hannun Botswana (1-0).
Wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA (2002–2014)
Burundi ba ta shiga gasar neman cancantar 2002 ba amma ta sake shiga cikin shekarar 2006, sai Gabon ta yi waje da ita a zagayen farko (4-1). A shekara ta 2010, Burundi ta samu nasara a kan Seychelles, amma ta kasa tsallakewa bayan Burkina Faso da Tunisia . Wasannin share fage na shekarun 2006 da 2010 sun ninka matsayin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin Afirka. Zagayen cancantar mai zuwa, Lesotho ta fitar da Burundi a zagayen farko (3-2).
Cancantar CAN ta farko (2017-yanzu)
Bayan fadowa a zagaye na biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da DR Congo, Burundi ta mayar da hankali kan shawo kan Gaël Bigirimana da Saido Berahino su zo su taka leda don zabin, duka suna wasa a Turai (na Hibernian da Stoke City bi da bi). 'Yan wasan biyu sun amince kuma Berahino ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gabon . A watan Maris din shekarar 2019, a wasan karshe na rukuni, Burundi ta buga wasa mai mahimmanci da Gabon tana bukatar maki daya kacal kafin ta samu. Wasan dai ya kare ne da ci 1-1, inda Cédric Amissi ya ci kwallo ta sa Burundi ta samu damar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. Burundi ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni ukun da ta buga a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ta kasa yin rajistar kwallo ko daya.
Hoton kungiya
Launuka
A al'adance, 'yan wasan Burundi suna sanya kala uku na tutarta: ja, kore da fari.
Masu tallafawa
A lokacin waɗannan farawa, Burundi tana sanye da Erreà, alamar wasanni na Italiya. A shekarar 2012, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Adidas na tsawon shekaru 10. Duk da wannan kwangila na dogon lokaci tare da Adidas, Burundi an yi shi a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da Nike . Har ma ta kulla yarjejeniya da Lumitel (alamar waya).
Filin wasa
'Yan wasan Burundi sun buga mafi yawan wasanninsu a Bujumbura a filin wasa na Intwari . Wasa na biyu a tarihinta, Burundi na buga wasanta na farko a gida da Somalia (3-0). Filin wasa na Yarima Louis Rwagasore gida ne ga Vital'O FC da Prince Louis FC, da kuma tawagar kasar. An dai yi gyaran filin wasan sau da yawa, musamman a watan Maris din shekarar 2018, sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa.
Magoya bayansa
A lokacin wasannin da ake yi a filin wasa na Yarima Louis Rwagasore, magoya bayan Burundi sun fi yawa, musamman saboda karancin karfin filin wasan (kujeru 10,000) na kusan 'yan kallo 13,000. Kamar dai yadda ’yan wasan suke, magoya bayansu suna sanya tufafin ja, kore da fari suna kawo tutar kasar. A wasan da Gabon za ta kara a watan Maris na shekarar 2019, hukumomi sun samar da karin kujeru saboda rashin sarari a cikin tasoshin.
Masu horarwa
'Yan wasa
Tawagar ta yanzu
An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa don wasan sada zumunci da Ivory Coast a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2022.
Kwallaye da kwallaye sun yi daidai daga 7 ga Yuni 2022, bayan wasan da Kamaru .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Burundi
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34172 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf (an haife shi: Mark Hanson ; 1958) ba'amerike neo-traditionalist malamin addinin musulunci, wanda ya kafa kwalejin Zaytuna kuma babban editan mujallar Renovatio . . Marigayi ne na koyar da ilimin zamani a Musulunci kuma ya inganta ilimin addinin Musulunci da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya a duk fadin duniya.
Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Graduate a Berkeley da shirin Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Stanford . Bugu da kuma kari, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban cibiyar jagoranci da sabuntawa ta duniya, wacce aka kafa kuma a halin yanzu Abdallah bin Bayyah ke shugabanta. Har ila yau, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar da ke samar da zaman lafiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi da ke UAE, inda Abdallah bin Bayyah kuma ke rike da mukamin shugaban kasa.
Jaridar Guardian ta yi kira ga Yusuf a matsayin "wanda za a iya cewa shi ne masanin addinin Musulunci mafi tasiri a kasashen yamma". Mujallar New Yorker kuma ta kira shi "watakila masanin addinin musulunci mafi tasiri a yammacin duniya", kuma 'yar jarida Graeme Wood ta kira shi "daya daga cikin manyan malaman musulmi guda biyu a Amurka a yau". Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu sanya hannu na Kalma gama gari Tsakanin Mu da ku, budaddiyar wasika da malaman Musulunci suka rubuta zuwa ga shugabannin Kirista suna kira ga zaman lafiya da fahimtar juna . Yusuf yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan wata budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga tsohon shugaban kungiyar ISIS, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, wadda ta karyata ka'idojin da kungiyar ta'addancin ke yadawa .
Ya kasance a koyaushe yana cikin jerin 50 na 500 Mafi Tasirin Musulmai 500 (wanda kuma aka sani da Muslim 500 ), bugu na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Musulunci ta Royal da ke Amman, Jordan, wacce ke matsayi na Musulmi mafi tasiri a ya duniya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Yusuf a matsayin Mark Hanson a Walla Walla, Washington ga malamai biyu da ke aiki a Kwalejin Whitman kuma ya girma a arewacin California. Ya girma a matsayin Kirista Katolika na Irish kuma ya halarci makarantun share fage a duka Gabas da Yamma. A shekara ta 1977, bayan ya kusan mutuwa a hatsarin mota da karatun Alkur'ani, ya musulunta. Yusuf yana da zuriyar Irish, Scotland da Girka .
Bayan samun sha'awa daga wasu matasa ma'aurata daga Saudi Arabiya wadanda mabiyan Abdalqadir as-Sufi — wanda ya musulunta dan Scotland kuma shugaban darikar Darqawa Sufi da Murabitun World Movement —Yusuf ya koma Norwich, Ingila don yin karatu kai tsaye a karkashinsa. as-Sufi. A shekarar 1979, Yusuf ya koma birnin Al Ain na kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa inda ya shafe shekaru hudu masu zuwa yana karantar ilimin shari'a a cibiyar Musulunci, inda ya yi karatu kai-tsaye tare da malaman Musulunci. Yusuf ya kware a harshen Larabci kuma ya koyi karatun Alqur'ani ( tajwidi ), lafazi, waka, shari'a ( Fiqha ) da tauhidi ( aqidah ) da sauran fannonin Musulunci na gargajiya.
A cikin shekarar 1984, Yusuf ya rabu da koyarwar as-Sufi a hukumance kuma ya koma ta wata hanya ta ilimi daban-daban sakamakon wasu malaman Mauritaniya da ke zaune a Masarautar. Ya koma Arewacin Afirka a 1984 yana karatu a Aljeriya da Maroko, da Spain da Mauritania. A kasar Mauritaniya ya kulla alaka mai dorewa da karfi da malamin addinin musulunci Sidi Muhammad Ould Fahfu al-Massumi, wanda aka fi sani da Murabit al-Hajj .
A shekarar 2020, Yusuf ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a Ƙungiyar Tauhidi ta Graduate . Kundin karatunsa mai suna, “Al’adun Musulunci na Al’ada a Arewa da Yammacin Afirka: Nazari na Isar da Hukunce-hukunce da Tattaunawar Ilimi a cikin Ibn Ashir ’s Al-Murshid al-Mu’in (Jagorar Taimako). A baya Yusuf ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya daga Kwalejin Imperial Valley da kuma digiri na farko a fannin nazarin addini daga Jami'ar Jihar San José .
Sana'a
Zaytuna College
Shi da sauran abokan aiki sun kafa Cibiyar Zaytuna a Berkeley, California, Amurka, a cikin shekarata 1996, da aka sadaukar don farfado da hanyoyin nazarin gargajiya da kuma ilimin Islama. Ya kasance tare da Zaid Shakir da Hatem Bazian wajen kafa cibiyar Zaytuna a lokacin. A cikin kaka na 2010 ta bude kofofinta a matsayin Kwalejin Zaytuna, kwalejin koyar da ilimin sassaucin ra'ayi na musulmi na shekaru hudu, irinsa na farko a Amurka. Ya haɗa da hangen nesa Yusuf na haɗa fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya - wanda aka kafa a cikin marasa ƙarfi da quadrivium - tare da horo mai tsauri a cikin fasahohin Islama na gargajiya. Yana da nufin "ilimi da shirya ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da shuwagabannin ruhaniya". Kwalejin Zaytuna ta zama jami'ar musulmi ta farko da aka amince da ita a Amurka bayan ta samu amincewar kungiyar Makarantu da Kwalejoji ta Yamma . Yusuf ya bayyana cewa "muna fatan in Allah ya yarda za a samu irin wadannan kwalejoji da jami'o'in musulmi a nan gaba".
Hamza Yusuf dai ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a shekarun baya-bayan nan kan batutuwan da suka shafi kabilanci da siyasa da kuma juyin juya halin Larabawa.
2016 Black Lives Matter comments
A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, Yusuf ya yi tsokaci da aka yi la'akari da cewa suna da mahimmanci ga dabarun da kungiyar Black Lives Matter ke amfani da ita. Yusuf ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai ƙarin matsalolin da ke addabar al'ummar baƙar fata a ciki, kamar tabarbarewar iyali. Ya kuma nuna damuwarsa kan yadda ake nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin al’ummar Musulmi, inda ake yin Allah wadai da ‘farar gata’, amma bai yi shiru kan ‘gata Larabawa’ ba, yana mai nuni da yadda Pakistan da Indiyawa ke cin zarafinsu a wasu sassan kasashen Larabawa. Don wadannan maganganu an kai masa hari a shafukan sada zumunta, amma malamai da dama sun kare Shaihu Yusuf, kamar Imam Zaid Shakir wanda ya ce, “Ina iya cewa da kwarin gwiwa babu wani kashi na wariyar launin fata a jikin Shaihu Hamza. Dan wariyar launin fata shine wanda ya yarda da fifikon wata kabila akan wani. Shaihu Hamza, kamar kowane musulmi mai kishi, ya yi watsi da wannan ra’ayin gaba daya.”
Ƙungiyoyin addinai
Yusuf yana halartar taron Samar da zaman lafiya a cikin al'ummomin musulmi wanda UAE ta shirya. Ya yabawa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa saboda karuwar juriyar da take yi da kuma daukar matakai na imani da yawa da kuma shirin gina cibiyar mabiya addinai daban-daban a Abu Dhabi .
Sharhi kan juyin juya halin Siriya
A shekarar 2019, Yusuf ya bukaci hakuri da taka tsantsan dangane da rikicin Syria. Ko da yake wasu na kallon wadannan kalamai a matsayin goyon bayan gwamnatin Syria, amma babu shakka Yusuf ya yi watsi da hakan, inda ya nemi afuwar duk wani abin da ya faru. Yusuf ya fassara wata waka mai suna ‘Addu’ar wadanda aka zalunta’ a shekarar 2010, wadda aka sadaukar da ita ga daukacin al’ummar da ake zalunta a fadin duniya.
Ra'ayi da tasiri
Yusuf ya dau mataki na adawa da dalilan addini na hare-haren ta'addanci. Ya bayyana harin na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba a matsayin "aikin kisan jama'a, tsantsa kuma mai sauki". Da yake la'antar hare-haren, ya kuma bayyana cewa "an yi garkuwa da Musulunci...a cikin jirgin a matsayin wanda aka kashe ba tare da wani laifi ba."
A halin yanzu Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Islama ta Masarautar Jordan ta sanya shi a matsayi na 36 a jerin sunayen Musulmai 500 mafiya tasiri a duniya. A cikin bugu na shekarar 2016, an bayyana Yusuf a matsayin "daya daga cikin manya-manyan hukumomin Musulunci a wajen kasashen musulmi" na The 500 Most Influential Muslims, editan John Esposito da Ibrahim Kalin .
Rayuwa ta sirri
Hamza yana zaune tare da matarsa, Liliana Trujilo-Hanson. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar.
Labarai
Duba kuma
Sheikh Abdullahi Bin Bayyah
Sheikh Abubakar Ahmad
Imam Zaid Shakir
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Appearances on C-SPAN
Hamza Yusuf Audio Lectures
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmala | Basmala | Basmala (Larabci: بَسْمَلَة, basmalah; wanda kuma aka sani ta hanyar Bi-smi llāh; بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ, "Da sunan Allah", ko Tasmiyah, تَسْمِيَّة) shine jumlar musulunci bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi ( بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ), "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai." Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin jumla a cikin Islama kuma musulmai suna amfani da shi a fannoni daban -daban galibi kafin fara "ayyukan ƙwarai" (alal misali, yayin sallar yau da kullun) da kuma yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun.
Ana amfani da shi a cikin fiye da rabin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasashe inda Musulunci shine addinin hukuma ko fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna bin addinin Islama, galibi jumla ta farko a cikin farkon gabatarwa, gami da na Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Masar, Iran, Iraki, Kuwait, Libya, Maldives, Pakistan, Tunisia da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
Ita ce jumlar da ake karantawa kafin kowace sura (surar) Alkur'ani - ban da ta tara. Sabanin musulmi kan ko zai hada da Basmala a cikin rubutun Alqur'ani, ya cimma matsaya bayan bugun Alkahira na 1924, wanda ya hada da shi a matsayin aya ta farko (āyah) na sura ta 1 ta Qur'ani amma in ba haka ba an hada shi a matsayin layin rubutu mara adadi wanda ya gabaci sauran 112 masu dacewa. surori.
Alamar Basmala ta Musulunci tana da alaƙa da bambance -bambancen baya na jumlar da ke bayyana a cikin rubutun Larabawa daga ƙarni na 5 da na 6. A cikin rubutun larabci, Basmala shine jigon da ya fi yawa, har ma fiye da Shahada.
Suna
Sunan gargajiya na jimla a Larabci na gargajiya shine Tasmiyah (تَسْمِيَّة). Sauran jumlolin da aka saba da su a cikin Islama kuma an ba da nasu sunayen bisa ga fi'ilin sigar fi'ili na 2, gami da Tasbih (تَسْبِيح) don "Subhan Allah", Tahmid (تَحْمِيد) don "Alhamdulillah", Takbir (تَكْبِير) don "Allahu Akbar", Tahlil (تَهْلِيل) don "la ilaha illa Allah", da "Ta'awwudh" (تَعَوُّذ) don kalmar "Ina neman tsari da Allah daga Shaiɗan da aka jefe" (, ).
Kalmar basmala ta samo asali ne daga hanyar da ba a saba ganin irinta ba, inda aka yi amfani da huɗu na farkon furcin kalmomin bismi-llāhi ... don ƙirƙirar sabon tushe mai kusurwa huɗu: b-s-m-l () An yi amfani da wannan tushen mai kusurwa huɗu don samo sunan basmala da siffofin fi'ili masu alaƙa, ma'ana "don karanta basmala".Hakanan ana amfani da hanyar ƙirƙirar sunan quadriliteral daga baƙaƙe na kalmomi da yawa a cikin jumla don ƙirƙirar sunan ''Hamdala'' ga Alhamdulillah, maimakon sunan Tahmid na gargajiya. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙirƙirar kalmar Hawqala.
Amfani da mahimmanci
A cewar Lane, ar-raḥmān yana da mahimmancin ma'ana, wanda aka ɗauka don haɗawa azaman abubuwan "tausayawa" ga mai bi da kafiri, don haka ana iya sanya shi a matsayin "Mai tausayi"; ar-raḥīm, a gefe guda, ana ɗauka don haɗawa azaman abubuwa masu bi musamman, ana iya sanya su a matsayin "Mai jin ƙai" (ana ɗaukarsa azaman sifa ce ta dindindin).
A cikin Alkur'ani, yawanci ana ƙidaya Basmala azaman farkon farkon sura ta farko, amma, bisa ga ra'ayin da Al-Tabari ya ɗauka, ta riga aya ta farko. Baya ga sura ta tara ("At-Tawba"), Al-Qurtubi ya ruwaito cewa madaidaicin ra'ayi shi ne Basmala ta yi banza da farkon At-Tawba saboda Jibrilu bai yi nuni da Basmala ba a cikin wannan surar, wani ra'ayi, yana cewa Muhammadu ya mutu kafin yayi bayani idan At-Tawba yana cikin Kur'ani 8 (al-ʾanfāl) ko a'a. Yana faruwa ne a farkon kowace surar Alƙur'ani mai zuwa kuma galibi ba a ƙidaya shi azaman aya sai dai a farkon bayyanarsa a farkon surar farko. Basmala tana faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rubutun sura a cikin aya ta 30 na sura ta 27 ("An-Naml"), inda ta fara gabatar da wasiƙa daga Sulayman zuwa Bilqis, Sarauniyar Sheba.
Ana amfani da Basmala sosai a rayuwar Musulmi ta yau da kullun, in ji shi azaman buɗe kowane aiki don samun albarka daga Allah. Karatun Basmala shine abin da ake buƙata a cikin shirya abincin halal.
A yankin Indiya, ana gudanar da bikin Bismillah don shigar yaro cikin addinin Musulunci.
Tabbatattun sunaye guda uku na Basmala—Allah, ar-Rahman da ar-Rahim—sun yi daidai da ukun farko na sunayen Allah guda 99 na gargajiya a Musulunci. Dukansu ar-Rahman da ar-Rahim sun fito ne daga tushe guda uku R-Ḥ-M, "don jin tausayi, ko tausayi".
Basmala tana da mahimmanci na musamman ga musulmai, waɗanda zasu fara kowane aiki bayan karanta ayar. Ta'awwudh ne ya gabace ta.
Kusan 1980, IRIB tayi amfani da ita kafin fara watsa labarai.
Hadisi
Akwai hadisai da dama da ke kwadaitar da Musulmai su karanta shi kafin su ci da sha. Misali:
Jabir ya ruwaito: Na ji Manzon Allah (sawa) yana cewa, "Idan mutum ya ambaci Sunan Allah yayin shiga gidansa ko cin abinci, Shaidan ya ce, yana yi wa mabiyansa magana: 'Ba za ku sami inda za ku kwana ba kuma babu abincin dare.' Amma idan ya shiga ba tare da ambaton Sunan Allah ba, Shaiɗan ya ce (ga mabiyansa); 'Kun sami (wurin) da za ku kwana a ciki, kuma idan bai ambaci Sunan Allah a lokacin cin abinci ba, Shaiɗan yana cewa: 'Kun sami (wuri) don kwana da abinci.''
— Daga Muslim
Nana A'isha ta ruwaito cewa: "Manzon Allah ya ce," Idan dayanku yana son cin abinci, to ya fara ambaton Sunan Allah (Bismillah). Idan ya manta yin ta da farko, sai ya yi Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu (Na fara da Sunan Allah a farko da karshensa) ".
— Daga Tirmizi da Abu Dawud
Umaiyyah bin Makshi ya ruwaito cewa: "Annabi yana zaune yayin da wani mutum yake cin abinci. Wannan mutumin bai ambaci Sunan Allah ba har sai da ɗan abinci kaɗan ya rage. Da ya ɗaga shi zuwa bakinsa, ya ce, Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu. Manzon Allah yayi murmushi akan wannan ya ce, "Shaidan ya kasance yana cin abinci tare da shi amma lokacin da ya ambaci Sunan Allah, Shaidan ya tofa duk abin da ke cikin cikinsa".
— Daga Abu Dawud da Al-Nasai
Wahshi bin Harb ya ruwaito cewa: "Wasu Sahabban Annabi sun ce, 'Muna ci amma ba mu koshi'. Ya ce, 'Wataƙila kuna cin abinci daban.' Sahabbai suka amsa da tabbatacce, sannan ya ce, 'Ku ci tare ku ambaci sunan Allah a kan abincinku. Zai yi muku albarka.
— Daga Abu Dawud
Dangane da Hadisi, Muhammad yace:
Duk abin da ke cikin littattafan da aka saukar za a same shi a cikin Alkur'ani kuma duk abin da ke cikin Alƙur'ani an taƙaita shi a cikin suratul fatihah ("Mai buɗewa") yayin da ita ma tana kunshe a cikin dabara Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim ("Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin kai").
Hadisin da aka yiwa Imam Ali yana cewa:
Basmalah yana da asali a cikin wasiƙar farko, Ba, kuma wannan kuma a cikin maƙallan sa, wanda hakan ke nuna babban haɗin kai.
Tafsiri
A cikin sharhin Basmala a cikin Tafsirin al-Tabari, al-Tabari ya rubuta:
“Manzon Allah (tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi) ya ce Yesu mahaifiyarsa Maryamu ta mika shi makaranta domin a koyar da shi. [Malamin] ya ce masa: 'Rubuta "Bism (A cikin sunan)".' Kuma Yesu ya ce masa: 'Menene' Bism '?' Malamin ya ce: 'Ban sani ba.' Yesu ya ce: ' "Ba" shine Baha'u'llah (ɗaukakar Allah), "Zunubi" shine Sana'arsa (annuri), "Mim" shine Mamlakah (sarauta)."
Kimiyyar lissafi
Jimlar darajar haruffan Basmala na Musulunci, watau jimlar-
Dangane da tsarin Abjadi na lissafin adadi, shine 786. Saboda haka wannan lambar ta sami mahimmanci a cikin Islama na mutane da sihirin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma tana bayyana a lokuta da yawa na al'adun gargajiya, kamar bayyanarsa a cikin waƙar 2006 '786 All is War 'by the band Fun^Da^Mental. An ba da shawarar yin karatun basmala sau 786 a jere a cikin Al-Buni. Sündermann (2006) ya ba da rahoton cewa wani "mai warkarwa na ruhaniya" na zamani daga Siriya ya ba da shawarar karatun basmala sau 786 a kan kopin ruwa, wanda daga nan za a sha shi a matsayin magani.
Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare a taƙaice kalmar ta hanyar buga "786", musamman a sadarwar yanar gizo, musamman tsakanin Musulman Kudancin Asiya.
Unicode
A cikin Unicode, an sanya Basmala azaman ligature ɗaya a lambar lamba U+FDFD ﷽ a cikin Siffofin Gabatarwa na Larabci-A toshe.
Manazarta |
49144 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Kudi%20na%20gama-gari | Yankin Kudi na gama-gari | Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta gama gari ( CMA ) ta haɗa Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Lesotho da Eswatini zuwa ƙungiyar kuɗi . Yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka (SACU).
Babban makasudin wannan ciniki shi ne, dukkan bangarorin za su samu ci gaba iri daya da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai adalci ta yadda za a yi mu'amala da su baki daya.
Ko da yake Rand na Afirka ta Kudu yana da doka a duk jihohi, sauran ƙasashe membobin suna ba da kuɗin kansu: Lesotho loti, dalar Namibia da Swazi lilangeni . Duk da haka, ana musayar waɗannan daidai da Rand kuma babu wani canji na nan da nan. Dokokin musayar waje da manufofin kuɗi a duk cikin CMA suna ci gaba da nuna tasirin babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu .
Daga cikin membobin SACU, Botswana ne kawai a halin yanzu ba ya cikin CMA, bayan maye gurbin rand tare da pula a cikin 1976. Botswana na son aiwatar da manufofinta na hada-hadar kudi da kuma daidaita farashin musaya idan akwai wata matsala a nan gaba a tattalin arzikin da za ta shafi tattalin arzikinta ma.
Tarihi
CMA, wanda aka kafa a watan Yuli 1986, ya samo asali ne daga yankin Rand Monetary Area (RMA), wanda aka kafa bisa ka'ida a cikin Disamba 1974; Wadanda suka sanya hannu na karshen sune Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, da Swaziland. A wannan shekarar Swaziland da Lesotho sun kafa nasu kudaden ƙasar, wanda yanzu ake kira lilangeni da loti, bi da bi. A shekara ta 1980 Lesotho ta kafa babban bankinta kuma ta fara fitar da kudin kasarta a farashi daya zuwa daya zuwa Rand.
Duk da yake shirye-shiryen na yau da kullun sun koma 1974, daga ƙarshe sun samo asali ne daga shirye-shiryen da ba na yau da kullun ba tun kafin kafuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a 1910 da kuma lokacin da aka kafa Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu a 1921, fam ɗin Afirka ta Kudu ya zama kaɗai ke yawo. takardar shaidar doka a cikin yankunan da a yau suka samar da CMA tare da Bechuanaland (yanzu Botswana). Wannan tsari ya ci gaba lokacin da aka maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Kudu da Rand na Afirka ta Kudu a 1961. Rashin fahimtar manufofin kuɗi, wani tsari na yau da kullun don tuntuɓar juna da raba raba gardama daga Afirka ta Kudu ga ƙananan yankuna ya haifar da tsawaita tattaunawa wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da yarjejeniya ta 1974 na yau da kullun, duk da haka Botswana ta yanke shawarar kin shiga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara kuma ta bi tsarin kuɗi mai zaman kanta tare da. babban bankinsa.
A cikin 1989 CMA ta canza ƙuntatawa ta musanya saboda wasu iyakoki a cikin jujjuya ma'auni sakamakon ƙarewar yarjejeniyar ɗayan ɗayan. An maye gurbin CMA da Yankin Kuɗi na Multilateral na yanzu (MMA) a cikin Fabrairu 1992, lokacin da Namibiya ta shiga ƙungiyar kuɗi a hukumance. A cikin 1993 Namibiya ta fitar da kudinta, dalar Namibia .
A cikin 2002 an gabatar da sabon tsarin raba kudaden shiga a cikin SACU, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren haɓakawa. A shekara ta 2003 Swaziland ta sake ba da izinin yin amfani da Rand a matsayin kwangilar doka don samun sauƙin musayar tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe.
Tsarin hukumomi
Yarjejeniyar kudin da aka kulla tsakanin wadannan kasashen na daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Kamar yadda aka fitar a baya, kowace kasa na da ‘yancin samun kudadenta na kasa. Waɗannan kudaden kuɗi ne kawai na doka a cikin ƙasashensu. Koyaya, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu yana da taushi a cikin CMA.
Bisa yarjejeniyar kasashen CMA za su iya samun damar shiga kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi na Afirka ta Kudu, amma a karkashin wasu sharudda. Za su iya samun damar yin amfani da kuɗi da kasuwannin babban birnin kawai ta hanyar sanya hannun jarin da aka tsara ko amintattun tsare-tsaren da cibiyoyin kuɗi za su iya riƙe a Afirka ta Kudu daidai da ƙa'idodin tsattsauran ra'ayi tsakanin ƙasashen LNS.
Biyan biyan diyya sun dogara ne akan tsarin daidai da samfurin da adadin rand da aka kiyasta yana yawo a cikin ƙasa memba da abin ya shafa. Rabon shine kashi 2/3 na yawan amfanin gona na shekara bisa ga mafi yawan hannun jarin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa wannan rabon bisa la'akari da babban fayil na kadarorin ajiyar da ya ƙunshi duka na dogon lokaci da na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana ɗaukan cewa zai kasance ƙasa da dogon lokaci.
Kasuwancin Zinariya da na waje al'amura biyu ne a cikin kasuwancin. Matsalar ita ce za su iya ba da izinin ciniki na waje na asali na gida. Waɗannan ma'amaloli za su sami ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke faruwa daga ma'amaloli tsakanin CMA da Afirka ta Kudu. Zinariya da rasidun musaya daga mutanen gida buƙatun ne don mika wuya na gida. Har ila yau, babu ƙuntatawa kan mu'amalolin duniya tsakanin waɗanda ba mazauna ba.
Adabi
Nassoshi
Kuɗi
Kudi
Kudade
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21586 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Neja%20Delta | Jami'ar Neja Delta | Jami'ar Niger Delta (NDU) tana cikin tsibirin Wilberforce, jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya . Jami'a ce ta gwamnatin Bayelsa. An kafa ta a shekara ta 2000 ta Cif DSP Alamieyeseigha, lokacin gwamnan jihar Bayelsa. Yana da manyan makarantu guda biyu, daya a cikin babban birnin jihar, Yenagoa, wanda ya ƙunshi malanta, ɗayan kuma a Amassoma. Hakanan tana da asibitin koyarwa wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Niger Delta (NDUTH) a cikin Okolobiri.}.
Jami'ar Neja Delta ta yi tafiya mai nisa tun bayan kafuwarta, Babban harabarta a Amassoma yana cikin wani wuri na wucin gadi, kuma ana ci gaba da aiki a kan gurbinta na dindindin.
Jami'ar na ba da ilimi a matakai na digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da kuma matakan digirin digirgir. Memba ce ta kungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth. Kwamitin Jami'o'in Kasa (NUC) ya amince da ita.
Tsangayoyi
Jami'ar tana da tsangayoyi goma sha biyu (12). Tsangayoyin su ne kamar haka:
Fannin Fasahar Noma
Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Ilimin zamantakewar karkara
Ma'aikatar Samar da Amfanin gona
Ma'aikatar Masunta
Sashen Kula da Kiwo
Fannin Fasahar Zane
Sashen Nazarin Turanci da Adabi.
Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Aiyuka.
Ma'aikatar Tarihi / diflomasiyya.
Sashen Falsafa.
Sashen Nazarin Addini.
Ma'aikatar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Arts.
Fannin Koyon Aikin Jinya
Ma'aikatar Biochemistry
Ma'aikatar kimiyyar dakin binciken lafiya
Sashin tiyata
Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jiki
Ma'aikatar Pathology
Ma'aikatar Magunguna.
Fannin Kula da Lafiya
Ma'aikatar Magunguna ta Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
Ma'aikatar Magungunan Iyali
Ma'aikatar Radiology
Ma'aikatar Ilimin hakora
Ma'aikatar Tiyata
Ma'aikatar Magunguna
Sashen kula da lafiyar mata da maza
Sashen ilimin likitan yara.
Fannin Aikin Injiniya
Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Noma
Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar / Man Fetur / Injin Injiniya
Ma'aikatar Injin Injiniya
Ma'aikatar Lantarki / Injin Injiniya
Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Ruwa
Ma'aikatar Injin Injiniya.
Sashen Ilimi
Sashen Ilmi da Umarni tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Biology, Chemistry, Tattalin Arziki, Harshen Ingilishi, Ingantaccen Fasaha da Aiyuka, Faransanci, Geography, Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, Tarihi, Lissafi, Jiki, Ilimin Jiki, Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Addini.
Tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Ilimin Al'umma na Manya, Gudanar da Ilimi, Jagora da Nasiha da Ilimin Firamare
Ma'aikatar Kwarewa / Ilimin Masana'antu tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Ilimin Noma, Ilimin Kasuwanci, Ilimin Sakatariya da Ilimin Fasaha.
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Kimiyya
Ma'aikatar Akawu
Ma'aikatar Banki, Kudi da Inshora
Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci
Ma'aikatar Talla
Ma'aikatar Fasahar Gudanar da Ofishi
Faculty of Pharmacy
Ma'aikatar Clinical Pharmacy da Pharmacy Practice
Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Magunguna.
Ma'aikatar Pharmacognosy & Magungunan Magunguna
Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Fasaha.
Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Fasaha
Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Toxicology.
Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani
Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Halittu
Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
Ma'aikatar ilimin kasa
Sashen Lissafi
Ma'aikatar Ilimin Halittu
Sashen ilimin lissafi.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Inganci.
Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani
Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki.
Sashen Nazarin Kasa da Gudanar. da Muhalli.
Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa
Sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam
Ma'aikatar Sadarwa.
Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji
Farfesa John Cecil Buseri {Majagaba VC}.
Farfesa Chris Ikporukpo.
Farfesa Humphrey Ogoni.
Farfesa Samuel Gowon Edoumiekumor {current}.
Tarihi
Kafa jami'ar ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2000 ya kasance wani gagarumin sauyi a tarihin ilimi da zamantakewar tattalin arziki na jihar Bayelsa musamman Najeriya baki daya..
Jami'ar, wacce ta fara ayyukanta na ilimi a cikin zangon shekara ta 2001/2002, tana da sahun farko na daliban da suka kammala karatu a shekarar karatu ta shekara ta 2004/2005. Koda yake, yawan ɗaliban guda 1,039 ne kawai a farkon, wannan ya ƙaru zuwa 4,636 a 2003/2004 kuma daga baya guda 10,294 a shekara ta 2006/2007. Jami’ar na kula da adadin da Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC) ta bayar. An sami gagarumin ƙaruwa a cikin yawan ma'aikatan ilimi da waɗanda ba na koyarwa ba.
Cibiyoyin karatu
Jami'ar tana cikin tsibirin Wilberforce, kimanin 32 kilomita daga babban birnin jihar Yenagoa kuma ya kunshi cibiyoyi uku: Gloryland (babban harabar), Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya, da kuma kwalejin wucin gadi na Faculty of Law a Yenagoa. Wani sabon harabar, wanda ƙari ne na harabar Gloryland, ana ci gaba da shi tare da gine-ginen Faculty na Makaranta, Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, DOCERAD, Ginin Majalisar Dattawa (Karkashin Gini), da sauransu..
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Uofar Babban Gateofar NDU
NDU kasar daukaka (Sabuwar Wuri) Gateofar Gateofar
Yanar gizo Jami'ar Delta Delta
Kungiyar Membobin Jami'o'in Tarayyar a cikin Nijeriya
Najeriya
Makarantun Gwamnati
Makarantun Najeriya
Ilimi a Najeriya
Ilimin Lissafi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29846 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20halittu | Sharar halittu | Koren sharar gida, wanda kuma aka sani da "sharar halittu ", shi ne duk wani sharar kwayoyin halitta da za'a iya tadawa. Yawanci ya ƙunshi sharar gonaki kamar ciyawa ko ganyaye, da sharar abinci na gida ko masana'antu. Koren sharar gida baya haɗa da abubuwa kamar busassun ganye, bambaro, ko ciyawa. Irin waɗannan kayan suna da wadata a cikin carbon kuma ana ɗaukarsu " sharar ruwan kasa ," yayin da sharar koren ya ƙunshi mai yawa na nitrogen. Ana iya amfani da sharar koren don ƙara haɓaka ayyukan takin zamani da yawa kuma ana iya ƙarawa cikin ƙasa don ci gaba da hawan keken abinci na gida.
Tarin sharar kore
Ana iya tattara koren sharar gida ta hanyar tsare-tsaren tattara shinge na birni ko ta hanyar kasuwancin sarrafa sharar masu zaman kansu. Yawancin al'ummomi, musamman a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, sun ƙaddamar da sake yin amfani da sharar kore da shirye-shiryen tattarawa don rage adadin abubuwan da za a iya lalata su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. An tanadar wa al’umma, ko kuma za su iya samar da nasu, rumbunan takin da suka cika da tsiro da ragowar abinci, sannan sai a kwashe su akai-akai. Shirye-shirye irin wannan suna ba da damar al'ummomi su zama wani ɓangare na takin dattin kore wanda ke ba su damar taka rawa wajen rage yawan abincin da ake jibgewa a cikin gida da wuraren sharar gida.
Amfani
Ana iya amfani da sharar kore don inganta inganci da dorewa na saman da ake ƙera masana'antu da tsafta da ingancin zubar da ruwa.
Ƙasashen da aka kera
Koren sharar gida wani ɓangare ne na yawancin ƙera saman ƙasa, kamar yadda yake samar da abubuwan gina jiki guda biyu don shuka tsire-tsire kuma yana ƙara yawan ƙera saman ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin katako ba sa raguwa da sauri, don haka suna ba da mafi yawan abin da ya dace don ƙarin ƙasa. Hada sharar masana'antu kamar tokar kuda ko kurar kwal tare da koren sharar don ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai wucin gadi ba kawai yana sauƙaƙe sake dawo da tarkacen masana'antu ba da kuma kiyaye shi daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, amma yana ba da damar abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin kayan sharar kore su koma cikin mahalli. Ta hanyar amfani da tokar gardawa tare da koren sharar gida, ƙasan da aka ƙera za su iya ƙara ƙarfin riƙe ruwa yayin da suke sake yin amfani da kayan ƙirƙira a lokaci guda wanda zai iya ɗaukar sarari a cikin rumbun ƙasa. Wannan yana ba da damar tokar gardama da sharar kore don haɓaka matakan gina jiki na ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka hanyoyin hawan keke na halitta na gina jikin.
Zubar da ruwa
Hakanan ana iya haɗa sharar koren tare da sharar gida da takin, samar da amintaccen zaɓi mai dorewa na muhalli don zubar da najasa . Haɗin haɗaɗɗen kore da najasa yana kawar da haɗarin da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙazantar da ke cikin sharar najasa za su iya haifar da muhalli. Yin amfani da koren sharar gida don zubar da shara ba wai yana rage yawan najasa da ake konawa da zubarwa a kowace shekara ba, har ila yau yana saukaka hawan keken dattin najasa zuwa cikin muhalli. Sannan Za a iya amfani da ragowar da aka haɗa tare da waɗannan sharar gida don amfanin gona. Wannan tsari yana rage yawan sharar da ake zubarwa cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa da sauran wuraren ajiyar shara kuma yana ba da damar yin hawan keke na sinadarai masu gina jiki gaba ɗaya ta cikin yanayi.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa
Ana iya amfani da iskar gas da aka kama daga sharar koren da za a iya amfani da ita azaman mai. Koren sharar gida na iya hada da amfanin gona mara abinci, wanda ke rube don samar da ethanol cellulosic. Sanna Kuma Hakanan zai iya taimakawa rage buƙatun iskar gas, wanda ke samar da iskar gas mai yawa, kamar carbon dioxide, lokacin da aka ƙone.
Lafiyar ƙasa
Har ila yau, an danganta takin dattin koren da ke da nasaba da dakile cututtuka da ke haifar da ƙasa kamar daskarewa da ruɓewar saiwar da ke shafar manyan ayyukan noma kamar gidajen gonaki da manyan gonaki. Wannan ingancin na hana cutar yana da tasiri mai kyau ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ba su da fasaha ko albarkatun don siyan taki mai Matuƙar tsada.
Ƙara takin da ke ɗauke da rago da ɓangarori na karafa masu nauyi zuwa ƙasa na iya ɗaga ƙarfe mai nauyi na ƙasa kuma yana ƙara yuwuwar waɗannan karafa don canzawa zuwa tsire-tsire. Lokacin da aka ƙara sharar halitta, ko Kuma a kore a cikin waɗannan samfuran ƙasa, an nuna ɗaukar ƙarfe mai nauyi na shuka yana rage yawan amfani da karafa idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan takin da ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar sludge na najasa. Wannan na iya kare masu amfani da muhalli daga haɓakar halitta wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na tarin ƙwayoyin ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin ƙasa da rayuwar shuka na yanki.
Duba sauran abubuwa
zubar da sharar lambu
Biomass
Biomass zuwa ruwa
Biomass dumama tsarin
Manazarta
Shara
Kore
Mutum |
24991 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Taremi | Mehdi Taremi | Mehdi Taremi ( Persian ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan yuli, shekara ta 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kulob ɗin Firama La Ligaciub FC Porto da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran .
Taremi ya taka leda a Persepolis tsakanin shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2018. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar Persian Gulf Pro League sau biyu shekarar (2015 zuwa 2016 da 2016 zuwa 17). Ya kuma lashe Primeira Liga mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 . Taremi ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Iran a shekarar 2015.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
Taremi ya fara aikinsa tare da Bargh Bushehr's Academy kafin ya wuce zuwa Makarantar Matasan Iranjavan.
Ya shiga Shahin Bushehr a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2010. Ya buga wasanni 7 kuma ya ci kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. A cikin hunturu na shekarar 2012, Shahin Bushehr ya sake shi don ya yi lokacin aikin soja a kulob na soja, amma ya kasa shiga kulob kuma an tilasta masa ya kashe lokacin aikin soja a sansanin da aka saba.
Ya shiga Iranjavan a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2013 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014-15 kuma an ba shi lambar 9. Taremi ya zira kwallaye 12 a wasanni 22 a cikin shekarar 2013 - 14, kuma ya zama mai zira kwallaye na biyu a gasar bayan Mokhtar Jomehzadeh.
Bayan zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a kungiyar Azadegan, Taremi yana da tayin daga kungiyoyi da yawa. Ya koma kulob din Persepolis FC a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2014 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2016.
2014–15
Ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Naft Tehran, inda ya zo a madadin Reza Norouzi a minti na 90. Ya zura kwallon sa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 15 ga watan Augusta shekarar 2014 a wasan da suka doke Zob Ahan da ci 1-0. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015 Taremi ya ci bugun fenariti a wasan Persepolis da ci 1-0 a gasar zakarun Asiya a kan Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya. Ya zira kwallaye da yawa ga kulob din, kuma ya ba da taimako mai inganci don lashe Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Gasar watan 14th Persian Gulf Pro League a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 - 15.
Taremi bai buga makon farko na sabuwar kakar ba saboda dakatarwar da aka yi masa, amma a wasansa na farko da ya dawo ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya zira kwallaye a ragar Esteghlal Khuzestan da ci 2-1. Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan mako na 2-0 da Foolad . Wannan ita ce nasarar farko da Persepolis ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ta fitar da su daga matsayinta na kasa. Kyakkyawan rawar da Taremi ya yi a cikin watan Agusta ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan Navad na watan kamar yadda magoya baya suka zaɓa. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2015 Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Rah Ahan a nasarar Persepolis da ci 2-0. Ya kawo karshen wasan farko na gasar a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye da kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 12.
A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi ya ci kwallo biyu a wasan da suka ci Siah Jamegan da ci 3-2 don ci gaba da kasancewa Persepolis a matsayi na uku. A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi yana cikin tattaunawa don tsawaita kwantiraginsa zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2017-18. Amma, a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar ba zai sabunta kwangilarsa ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Persepolis ta doke Esteghlal da ci 4-2 a wasan Tehran derby . Ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 16 a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, duk da kwazon da kungiyarsa ta samu na lashe gasar a makon da ya gabata.
Kafin fara sabuwar kakar wasa, Taremi ya sanar da cewa ba zai tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba, don shiga wata kungiyar Turai. A watan Yuli shekarar 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa Taremi yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Süper Lig Çaykur Rizespor . An soke matakin bayan da Taremi ya dawo Iran ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Persepolis . Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Persepolis a wasan da suka doke Saipa da ci 1-0, ya maye gurbin Omid Alishah a minti na 77. Ya kuma ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 4 a kan Saba Qom . Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Sepahan da ci 3-1, a wasan da ake kira El Clasico na Iran . A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kungiyar ta yi bikin lashe gasar Iran Pro League karo na 10, tare da Taremi ya zama mai zira kwallaye a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere da kwallaye 18.
A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Taremi ya zira kwallaye uku a ragar Al Wahda ta Emirati a cikin nasarar 4 - 2 don taimakawa tawagarsa ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC ta 2017 . Bayan kyawawan ayyukansa, Taremi yana da alaƙa da Dinamo Zagreb .
2017–18
Ya buga wasanni 7, ya zura kwallaye 4, kuma a lokacin kakar shekarar 2017 - 18, an dakatar da Taremi tsawon watanni hudu saboda takaddamar kwangila da kulob din Turkiyya kuraykur Rizespor tun daga watan Yuninshekarar 2016, lokacin da dan wasan ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyar. daga baya ya dawo Persepolis. An kuma dakatar da Persepolis daga sayan 'yan wasa don musayar' yan wasa biyu. FIFA ta yanke hukuncin goyon bayan kulob din na Turkiya tare da sanya haramcin.
Al Gharafa
A ranar 8 ga watar Janairu shekarar 2018, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da kulob din Al-Gharafa na Qatar. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai na 2018 da Al Jazira na UAE . Taremi ya fara cin kwallo a gasar Qatar da Al Kharaitiyat SC ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Tractor Sazi ta Iran a wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC.
A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din kwallon kafa na Portugal Rio Ave. Taremi ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan farko na Primeira Liga na kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2019 a wasan da CD Aves . A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, Taremi ya ci wa kungiyarsa bugun fenariti uku a karawar da suka yi da Sporting CP, duk kan laifukan da Sebastián Coates ya aikata, kamar yadda Rio Ave ta ci 3-2.
Porto
A watan Agusta shekarar 2020, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu tare da kulob din FC Porto na Fotigal . Ya ci wa Porto kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 a wasan da suka ci Portimonense 3-1. An yi laifi tare da Taremi a lokacin Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira na shekarar 2020 a cikin Disamba 2020 wanda ya ba Porto bugun fanareti kuma ya haifar da burin su na farko na wasan da Sérgio Oliveira ya ci . Porto ta ci gaba da lashe gasar 42nd na gasar 2 - 0, wanda ya ba Mehdi Taremi lambar yabo ta Turai ta farko. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2021, Taremi ne ya fara zirawa Porto kwallaye a ragar Juventus a wasan zagaye na 16 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA . Ya zama dan kasar Iran na farko da ya ci kwallo a matakin farko na buga gasar. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya zura kwallon da ta lashe wasan tare da bugun keke mai kayatarwa a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci 1-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka kulob din ya yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Bayan wasan karshe, an zabi burin sa akan Chelsea a matsayin mafi kyawun burin gasar zakarun Turai ta kakar, sannan daga baya ya lashe "UEFA.com Goal of the Season".
Taremi ya kammala kakar wasansa da kwallaye 16 da kuma taimakawa 11, ya zama babban mai wucewa a wannan kakar. Hakanan ya kasance a cikin Team of The Season of Primeira Liga .
Taremi ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ɗalibin ƙasar Iran a gasar Turkiyya kuma ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye 9. Alireza Mansourian ne ya kira shi don ya shiga sansanin horon ƙungiyar a Tsibirin Kish a shekarar 2013.
A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, Taremi ya zira manyan ƙwallo na farko, abin ƙwallo, a cikin nasarar 6 - 0 akan Guam a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 . A ranar 23 ga watanMaris shekarar 2017, Taremi ya ci nasara da kuma ƙwallaye guda ɗaya a nasarar da Iran ta samu akan Qatar a zagayen ƙarshe na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya ci gaba da wannan tare da wani burin a ranar 28 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, a cikin nasara da ci 1-0 da China . A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2017, Taremi ya ci wa Iran kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Uzbekistan da ci 2-0 don tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya biyu a jere. A cikin watan Yuni shekarar 2018, ya aka mai suna a cikin Iran ta karshe 23 da tawagar da 2018 FIFA World Cup a Rasha. Tare da ci 1-1 a cikin lokacin dakatarwa a wasan rukuni na Iran tare da Portugal, Taremi ya rasa bugun tazara mai maki daya wanda zai kawar da Portugal kuma ya tsallake Iran zuwa zagaye na 16.
Taremi shine na uku kuma ƙaramin yaro na danginsa. Babban ɗan'uwansa Mohammad shima ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.
Yana cikin dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Iran Sahar Ghoreishi tsawon watanni a shekarar 2018. A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020, Taremi ya ba da sanarwar yana cikin sabuwar dangantaka kuma yana shirin yin aure.
Kulob
Gasar Farisa ta Farisa : 2016 - 17
Super Cup na Iran : 2017
Kofin Kwallon Kafar Qatar: 2018–19
Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Iran na shekara : 2016, 2017
Dan wasan Gasar Farisa na Gasar Pro na Shekara : 2014-15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Manyan Goalscorer na Farisa Gulf Pro League : 2015–16, 2016–17
Teamungiyar Gasar Persian Gulf Pro League ta Shekara: 2014-15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Manyan Goalscorer League na Azadegan (Rukunin B): 2013–14
Kungiyar Firayim Minista ta La Liga : 2019–20, 2020–21
Babban Firayim Minista La Liga : 2019–20
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Rio Ave: 2019–20
Firayim Ministan La Liga na Watan: Disamba 2020, Janairu 2021, Fabrairu 2021
Firayim Ministan La Liga na watan: Janairu 2021
Dan wasan SJPF na Watan : Janairu 2021
Burin Golan Gasar Gasar UEFA: 2020–21
Manazarta |
59839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronador | Tronador | Tronador (Spanish ) wani ruɓaɓɓen dutsen wuta ne a kudancin Andes, yana kan iyakar Argentina da Chile, kusa da birnin Bariloche na Argentina. Sunan dutsen Tronador (Mutanen Espanya don "Thunderer") ta wurin mazauna yankin dangane da sautin faɗuwar seracs. Tare da tsayin , Tronador yana tsaye sama da 1,000 m sama da tsaunukan da ke kusa acikin babban dutsen Andean, wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin hawan dutse. Ana zaune acikin wuraren shakatawa guda biyu, Nahuel Huapi a Argentina da Vicente Pérez Rosales a Chile, Tronador tana dauke da glaciers guda takwas, wanda a halin yanzu ke ja da baya saboda dumamar yanayi.
Geography da Geology
Cerro Tronador yana cikin Wet Andes, yankin da ake yawan hazo na dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama.Yanayin zafi na kudancin Andes ya bada damar glaciers da yawa su yi girma saboda yawan tarin yawa. Yawancin hazo ana samar da su ta tsarin gabas na yamma daga PacificLocated a tsakiyar Andean massif a wani latitude na 41°S, Tronador wani yanki ne na shimfiɗar wuri mai tsayi na fjords, tafkunan glacial,da ƙwaruruka masu siffar U.Samar da shimfidar wuri ya faru a lokacin glaciations na Quaternary,lokacin da yankin Patagonian Ice Sheet ya rufe duka yankin.Dutsen dutsen ya girma a lokacin glacials da interglacials na Pleistocene amma ya zama kusan bacewa a ƙarshen Pleistocene ta Tsakiya,kusan 300 kada suka wuce, saboda wani canji a gaban gaba na Yankin Volcanic na Kudancin wanda yake.Tun daga wannan lokacin, glaciations da sauran matakai masu banƙyama sun tsara dutsen da yardar kaina ba tareda sabon fitowar lava ko tephra ba. Kamar yadda yake acikin dutsen Lanín na kusa, Tronador ya ƙunshi yawancin basalt, kuma ya ga raguwar ayyuka yayin da dutsen Osorno da Calbuco ke girma zuwa yamma.
Glaciers
Tronador sananne ne ga glaciers da yawa da ke rufe sassan gefuna. Har zuwa glaciers takwas an ƙirƙira su:Alerce, Ventisquero Negro, Casa Pangue,Castaño Overa, Río Blanco,Frías,Peulla, da Manso. Acikin shekarun da suka gabata glaciers a kan Tronador, kamar yawancin glaciers na Andean na kudancin, sun kasance suna ja da baya. Gilashin glacier na Casa Pangue da ke arewa maso yammacin Tronador ya sami raguwa tsakanin 1961 da 1998, tare da ƙaruwar yawan koma baya tsakanin 1981 da 1998 a 52 ma-1.Ja da baya da baƙin ciki ana danganta shi da raguwar hazo da ɗumamar yanayi na sama acikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata.
Alerce Glacier, a gefen Argentine, ana iya ziyarta daga Refugio Otto Meiling,wani bukkar dutse da akayi sandwiched tsakaninta da Castaño Overa Glacier. Castaño Overa,kuma a gefen Argentina,yafi ƙanƙanta kuma ana iya samun sa ta hanyar tafiya daga Pampa Linda. Yawon shakatawa na jagora yana ba baƙi damar haye Castaño Overa ko tafiya zuwa kololuwar Tronador.
Ventisquero Negro(baƙar dusar ƙanƙara acikin Mutanen Espanya) wani ƙanƙara ne mai ban mamaki a gindin Tronador a Nahuel Huapi National Park.Launin launin ruwansa da ba a saba gani ba ya fito ne daga datti da tarkace da aka tsinta a yankin tarin glacier,wanda Glacier Río Manso ke ciyar da shi da yawa mita ɗari sama da dutsen.Ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai launin ruwan ƙanƙara na tasowa daga dusar ƙanƙara sannan kuma suna iyo a cikin wani ƙaramin tafkin har sai ya narke.
Ƙololuwa
Dangane da taswirar Aoneker, waɗannan sune kololuwar suna akan Tronador: Anon ko Internacional (3484m), Argentino (3187), Chileno (3262), da Torre Ilse (2585). Rijiyoyin da aka ambata sun haɗa da Filo Sur (3054), Filo Blanco (3146), Filo La Vieja (2715), da Filo Lamotte (2340).
Hawan dutse da yawon bude ido
Hermann Claussen solo ne ya fara hawan Tronador a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1934, bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Bukkar dutse mai suna Refugio Otto Meiling, ita ce wurin da ake yin tafiye-tafiye na rana a kan dutsen, kuma ana kiranta da sunan wani ɗan dutsen Jamus wanda ya yi hawan hawa da yawa kuma ya kwashe shekaru yana jagorantar mutane a kusa da shi. Bukkar tana kimanin mita 1200 a tsaye a saman Pampa Linda, a gindin dutsen.
Yawancin lokacin rani Internacional ko Anon kololuwa (mafi girman kololuwar Tronador uku) yana hawa. Koyaya, lokacin zafi da ba a saba gani ba ya ƙara faɗuwa zuwa matakan haɗari a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2008. Bangaren Argentina na fuskantar kasadar zama ba zato ba tsammani saboda yanayin dumin yanayi a yankin yana lalata glaciers.
Duba kuma
Cerro Volcánico
Bariloche
Gallery
Manazarta |
38011 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdussamad%20Dasuki | Abdussamad Dasuki | OccupationAbdussamad Dasuki
Abdussamad Dasuki (an haife shi 30 Yuni 1978) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin tattalin arziki kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kudi na Gwamnatin Jihar Sakkwato a halin yanzu kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2019, mai wakiltar mazabar Kebbe/Tambuwal ta Jihar Sakkwato . Dan jam'iyyar PDP ne.
Farko Rayuwar da Karatu
An haifi Abdussamad a Jihar Sokoto a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1978 da ne ga iyalan Mai Martaba, Alhaji Ibrahim Dasuki, Sarkin Musulmi na 18 . Shi ne na 13 a cikin yara 27.
Ya yi karatun firamare a Federal Staff School Sokoto daga 1984 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1991, ya samu gurbin shiga Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a shekarar 1996. Ya fara karatunsa na jami'a a makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA), dake Kaduna, a shekarar 1997. Ya yi shekara uku a NDA kafin ya samu admission a jami'ar Abuja . Yayi karatun Digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki inda ya kammala a shekarar 2004.
Ya samu takaddun shaida da suka hada da Nazarin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas a 2008; Shugabanni a Ci gaba a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a 2013. Dasuki mataimaki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Najeriya, da Cibiyar Masana Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya.
Sana'a da siyasa
A 2006, Dasuki ya fara aiki a rukunin Dangote, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Kasuwancin Kamfanoni har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya shiga siyasa. A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen kasuwanci da siminti na Dangote/Obajana a Abuja, ya lura da bangaren matsakaicin tallace-tallace na kusan Naira biliyan 10 a kowane wata.
Majalisar Jahar Sokoto
A shekarar 2011, ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dokokin jihar Sakkwato, don wakiltar mazabar Tambuwal ta Gabas. kuma yayi nasarar lashe zaben, A lokacin da yake Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Sakkwato, ya jagoranci kwamitoci guda biyu, wato Kwamitin Noma (2011-2013) da kuma Kwamitin Kudi da Rabawa (2013-2015).
A nan, ya dauki nauyin kudirori uku - wadanda aka zartar - kuma ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a lokuta da dama, ciki har da taron 'yan majalisar Commonwealth, da kuma bikin cika shekaru dari a Burtaniya a 2011.
A shekarar 2013, kungiyar manoma ta Najeriya reshen jihar Sokoto ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban kwamitin noma.
Shigar da Kudiri
Kudirin dokar sanya haraji kan kayayyaki da ayyukan da ake ci a Otal a jihar Sokoto.
Kudirin dokar da za ta gyara tsarin kafa tsarin mulki da ayyuka na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Sakkwato da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi ta.
Kudirin dokar da za ta tsara yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan babura a jihar Sakkwato da nufin inganta tsaro da tsaron jama’a.
Wani kudiri kan bukatar gyara wata hanya a kauyen Gudum da ke kan titin Dogon Daji zuwa Sanyinna a karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto.
Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga al’umma kan bukatar kafa kwamitin wayar da kan jama’a domin yin rijistar rumbun adana bayanai na manoma ta kasa a jihar Sakkwato.
An gabatar da kudiri kan bukatar amfani da tashar kara kuzari da ke Shagari a karamar hukumar Shagari ta jihar Sakkwato.
Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga jama’a kan bukatar taya Jelani Aliyu murnar samun karramawar da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi.
Kudirin kafa karin makarantar firamare a garin Sanyinna dake karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto.
Kudiri kan bukatar gwamnatin jihar da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa su dauki kwararan matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina (2013).
Ƙudurin neman Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe na Virement Warrant 2014 don kammala wasu manyan ayyuka a jihar Sokoto.
Al'amarin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga jama'a dangane da matakin da ya saba wa ka'ida na janye bayanan tsaron da aka makala wa kakakin majalisar wakilai, Rt. Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, a fadar shugaban kasa saboda ficewar sa daga PDP zuwa APC.
Dangane da kudirin na karshe, lokacin da tsohon kakakin majalisar Tambuwal ya sauya sheka daga jam’iyya mai mulki ta PDP zuwa jam’iyyar adawa ta APC, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jam’iyyar PDP ta janye jami’an tsaronsa tare da neman bayyana kujerarsa a sarari. Dangane da hakan, Abdussamad Dasuki ya gabatar da kudiri mai muhimmanci na gaggawa inda ya bukaci majalisar dokokin jihar ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan, kuma tare da wasu ‘yan majalisa biyu sun nemi a dakatar da shari’ar da ake yi wa Tambuwal, inda suka bukaci a kara da su a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma. tare da bayyana cewa mazabar ba za ta kasance ba tare da wakilci a majalisar wakilai ba.
Tambuwal ya samu nasarar ci gaba da rike mukaminsa, kuma bayan ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar gwamna, Dasuki ya nemi ya maye gurbinsa.
Majalisar wakilai
A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2014 Abdussamad ya fito a matsayin dan takarar mazabar tarayya ta Kebbe/Tambuwal a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ya gudana a filin wasa na Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto, kuma ya samu nasara da kuri’u 70,653 a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2015. Bayan nasarar da ya samu, dan takarar PDP da ya sha kaye ya shigar da kara a kansa. Daga karshe an buga takardar koken a watan Satumbar 2015 saboda rashin cancanta.
An rantsar da shi a matsayin dan majalisar Jihar sokoto a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015, kuma a cikin Oktoba 2015, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar sojojin ruwa. Bukatunsa na doka sun haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa da ci gaban karkara.
A watan Fabrairun 2016, yana cikin tawagar da aka dora wa alhakin warware rikicin da ke faruwa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kogi, biyo bayan tsige Shugaban Majalisar ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da dakatar da wasu 14 da wasu mambobi tara suka yi. A watan Maris na 2016 – a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai mafi karancin shekaru – ya halarci taron Majalisar Matasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IPU) a Lusaka, Zambia.
A watan Mayun 2016, biyo bayan karin farashin man fetur, Abdussamad an kuma sanya shi a cikin wani kwamitin wucin gadi kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin man fetur a kasa, wanda aka ba da umarnin kafa hanyoyin kawo karshen yajin aikin da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya ta fara. NLC).
Kudiri
An hada hannu da kudurin dokar “Eh za mu iya” da ke neman yin gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999 domin bunkasa siyasa da shigar da matasa cikin harkokin mulki a Najeriya ta hanyar wajabta wa akalla mukamai guda daya – mataimaka. nadin ministoci da dai sauransu - wanda dan Najeriya kasa da shekaru 35 zai cika.
Kudi don Dokar Gyara Dokar Kifin Cikin Gida (2004) don Bitar Sama Hukunci da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa.
Kudirin Dokar Gyara Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (2003) don Bayar da Jagoran Tabbatar da Matakan Tsaro ta hanyar Bukatu da Shigarwa da Gudanar da Gidan Talabijin na Kusa (CCTV) da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su.
Gyaran kudiri kan rikicin ‘yan gudun hijira a shiyyar Arewa maso Gabas, inda ya bayyana bukatar kafa hukumar gwamnati kwatankwacin Hukumar Raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) na yankin Arewa maso Gabas.
An gabatar da wani batu mai muhimmanci ga jama'a na neman kawo karshen yajin aikin likitoci a jihar Sokoto.
Ya gabatar da kudiri a kan asusun gwamnati da babban bankin Najeriya (CBN), inda ya bukaci CBN ya bayyana duk wani buri da ke tattare da asusun ajiyar kasashen waje na tarayya.
Kudirin yazayar kasa a karamar hukumar Dogon-Daji a jihar Sokoto.
Ma'aikatan Kudi, Gwamnatin Jahar Sokoto
A watan Yunin 2019 ne Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada Dasuki a cikin mutane 26 da Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada a matsayin majalisar zartaswar jihar Sokoto. Daga baya aka bayyana shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Kudi a cikin gwamnati, biyo bayan kwarewarsa a harkokin kamfanoni da na siyasa, kuma a matsayinsa na kwararren masanin tattalin arziki.
Karin bayani
Yakubu Dogara
Aminu Waziri Tambuwal
manazarta
Haihuwan 1978
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33175 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoane%20Wissa | Yoane Wissa | Yoane Wissa (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan Premier League forward/gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brentford da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo.
Ɗan wasan Châteauroux academy, Wissa ya fara babban aikinsa tare da kulob din a cikin shekarar 2015 kuma ya biyo baya tare da Angers, ya koma Lorient a 2018. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Lorient wanda suka ƙare kakar 2019-20 a matsayin zakarun Ligue 2 kuma bayan kakar wasa a Ligue 1, ya koma Brentford a 2021. An haife shi a Faransa, Wissa yana wakiltar tawagar kasar DR Congo a matakin kasa da kasa.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Shekarun farko
Wissa ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar matasan Épinay-sous-Sénart, kafin ya koma dan wasan tsakiya sannan kuma ya na iya buga wasa a gaba. Yayin da aikinsa ya ci gaba, ya kuma zama gwani a matsayin winger da lamba 10. Wissa ya fara babban aikinsa tare da Châteauroux kuma ya ci gaba ta cikin ƙungiyar ajiyar don shiga cikin ƙungiyar farko a lokacin 2015–16 Championnat Season, wanda ya gama da wasanni 24 da kwallaye bakwai. Canja wurin zuwa kulob din Angers na Ligue 1 ya biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2016, amma Wissa ya gudanar da wasanni biyu kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2016-17 kuma ya taka leda da yawa na 2017 a kan aro a kulob din Ligue 2 Stade Laval da Ajaccio. <refname="SignsBrentford"/> Wissa ya bar Stade Raymond Kopa a cikin Janairu 2018. <refname="SignsBrentford"/>
Lorient
A cikin watan Janairu 2018, Wissa ya koma kulob din Lorient na Ligue 2 kuma nan da nan ya kafa kansa a kulob din neman ci gaba. An samu ci gaba zuwa gasar Ligue 1 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20, lokacin da Wissa ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 28 da ya buga ya taimakawa kulob din lashe gasar Ligue 2. Ya buga wasanni 38 kuma ya zira kwallaye 10 a kakar wasa ta 2020–21, wanda Lorient da kyar ta kaucewa kammalawa a wuraren fafatawar. Wissa ya bar kulob din a watan Agusta 2021 kuma ya gama nasa-shekara a Stade du Moustoir tare da wasanni 128 da kwallaye 37.
Brentford
A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2021, Wissa ya koma Ingila don shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Brentford kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara, kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, an ruwaito ya kai fam miliyan 8.5. Canja wurin ya kasance a cikin ayyukan har tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya ƙi damar da za ta motsa zuwa filin wasa na Community a lokacin taga canja wuri na baya. Duk da cewa ya kasa hada kai da kungiyar a lokacin wasannin share fage saboda an yi masa tiyatar ido, Wissa ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida na farko da ya buga a kungiyar. Kwallon da ya yi a gasar cin Kofin EFL da ci 7-0 a zagaye na uku a kan Oldham Athletic a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2021 an gane shi da wuri a cikin rukunin gasar cin kofin EFL na Zagaye kuma yaci ƙwallo na biyu, da bugun keke, an zabi kwallon shi na Zagaye. An kawo karshen tseren cin kwallayen Wissa da bugun idon sawu a tsakiyar Oktoba 2021. Ya dawo wasan wasa bayan watannin shida wanda ya haɗa da farawa shida a lokacin wasannin 9 na ƙarshe na kakar. Wissa ya ƙare kakar 2021-22 tare da wasanni 34 da kwallaye 10. <refname="Soccerbase2122"/>
Ayyukan kasa
An kira Wissa a cikin tawagar DR Congo a wasan sada zumunci a watan Oktoba 2020. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko a wasanni biyu na kasa da kasa a wasanni na biyu da na uku, a wasan sada zumunci da wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2022 da Morocco.
Salon wasa
An kwatanta Wissa a matsayin dan wasan da ya "dace da matsayi daban-daban", ciki har da winger, lamba 10 da gaba. Yana da "dribbling sosai", shi "barazana ne ga 'yan wasan baya", "yana da kyakkyawar ikon ɗaukar ƙwallon kuma ya saffarata ga 'yan wasa da ƙirƙirar damar shan Kwallaye mai yawa" da "kyawawan damar iya matsawa".
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi a Faransa shi zuriyar Kongo ne, Wissa na iya magana da yaren Lingala. Kafin yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan kwallon kafa yana da shekaru 15, ya kuma buga kungiyar rugby wasa. Ya kasance wanda ake zargin an kai masa harin acid a watan Yulin 2021 kuma ya samu cikakkiyar lafiya daga tiyatar ido na gaggawa.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen da DR Congo ta ci a farko, ginshiƙin ci yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Wissa.
Girmamawa
Lorient
Ligue 2 : 2019-20
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yoane Wissa at Soccerbase
Yoane Wissa at brentfordfc.com
Rayayyun mutane |
25512 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir | Takbir | Takbir (تَكْبِير, laƙabi [tak.biːr], "ɗaukaka [Allah]") shine jumlar larabci ʾAllāhu ʾakbaru (ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ, furta [ʔaɫ.ɫaː.hu ʔak.baru], ma'ana "Allah shine mafi girma".
Magana ce ta Larabci gama-gari, wanda Musulmai da Larabawa suka yi amfani da shi a fannoni daban -daban: a cikin Sallah (addu’a), a cikin Adhan (kiran Musulunci zuwa sallah), azaman bayanin bangaskiya na yau da kullum, a lokutan wahala ko farin ciki, ko don bayyana ƙuduri ko ƙeta.
Kiristocin Larabawa ma suna amfani da jumlar.
Tafsiri
Kalmar Larabci كَبِير (kabīr) tana nufin mai girma daga tushen Semitic k-b-r. Kalmar Larabci أَكْبَر (ʾakbar) ita ce sifar sifa (mafi girma) na sifar kabīr. Lokacin amfani dashi a cikin Takbīr galibi ana fassara shi mafi girma, amma wasu marubutan suna fassara shi mafi girma. Kalmar Takbīr da kanta ita ce jigon kalma na II na tushen triliteral k-b-r, ma'ana "babba", daga abin da aka samo akbar "babba". Siffar Allāhu shine zababben Allah, ma'ana 'Allah'.
Amfani a cikin ayyukan addinin Musulunci
Musulmai suna karanta wannan jumlar a yanayi daban -daban. Misali, lokacin da suke farin ciki sosai, don bayyana yarda, don hana Musulmi yin girman kai ta hanyar tunatar da su cewa Allah shine tushen nasarar su, a matsayin kukan yaƙi, ko lokacin matsanancin damuwa. Ba a samun jumlar a cikin Alƙur'ani, wanda ba ya nufin Allah a matsayin akbar, amma yana amfani da sunan al-Kabīr "Babban" ko Kabīr "Babban", wanda aka saba fassara shi da "Mafi Girma" (13: 9, 31:30) , 22:62, 34:23, 40:12, 4:34).
Cikin sallah
An faɗi jumlar a kowane matakin sallar biyu (sallolin farilla, ana yin su sau biyar a rana), da nafila (sallolin nafila, ana yin su yadda ake so). Kiran da musulmi yayi zuwa sallah (adhan) ta muezzin da fara sallah (iqama) shima yana dauke da jumlar.
Duk da cewa akwai gajerun addu'o'i kamarsa, yin amfani da takbi ya fi kowacce gajeriyar sallah.
Bayan haihuwa da mutuwa
Ana amfani da jumlar bayan haihuwar yaro a matsayin hanyar yabon Allah. Hakanan wani bangare ne na jana'izar Musulunci da al'adun jana'iza.
Yayin Bukukuwan Idi da Aikin Hajji
A lokacin bukukuwan Eid al-Adha da kwanakin da ke gabanta, Musulmai suna karanta Takbīr. Musamman abin da ya faru a ranar Arafah.
A lokacin yanka dabbobi na halal
Tsarin furta sunan Allah yayin yin Dhabihah dole ne mutum yace "Bismillah Allahu Akbar".
Sauran amfanin zamantakewa
Ana iya amfani da kalmar "Allahu Akbar" a yanayi daban -daban, daga bukukuwa zuwa lokutan baƙin ciki.
A cikin tarihin wani wanda ya kasance a wurin haihuwar Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr da kuma jana'izarsa, marubucin ya lura cewa an faɗi "Allahu Akbar" a lokuta biyu.
A lokutan wahala
A wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar a lokacin wahala.
Kafin Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 ya faɗa cikin daji kusa da Medan, Indonesia, matukin jirgin ya yi kururuwa "Aaaaaaah! Allāhu akbar" a cikin rediyonsa. Dangane da rubutacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo, tattaunawar matukin jirgin tare da mai sarrafa iska ya kasance cikin Ingilishi, amma kalmominsa na ƙarshe sune takbir yayin da jirgin ya faɗi a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1997, inda ya kashe mutane 234 da ke cikin hatsarin mafi muni a Indonesia. An yi zargin cewa wataƙila hatsarin ya faru ne saboda rashin daidaituwa ko gazawar injin injin turbin da hayaƙin da ke cikin gida ya haifar sakamakon gobarar daji.
A lokutan farin ciki da godiya
Ana iya amfani da Takbir don nuna farin ciki ko mamaki. Hakanan ana amfani dashi azaman tafi a cikin abubuwan addini, kamar bayan karatun Al -Qur'ani, kamar yadda ake ganin sauran nau'ikan tafi ba su dace ba.
Lokacin da aka gano Reshma Begum da rai kwanaki 17 bayan rushewar ginin Savar na 2013 a Bangladesh wanda ya kashe mutane 1129, taron jama'a sun yi kukan murna tare da fadin "Allāhu akbar" don nuna farin cikin su da godiya cewa ta tsira.
A matsayin jumla mai ma'ana iri-iri, wani lokaci masu sharhin kwallon kafa na Larabawa kan yi amfani da ita azaman abin mamaki, ko ma a matsayin waƙar ƙwallon ƙafa.
A cikin fadace -fadace
An yi amfani da shi a tarihi azaman kukan yaƙi yayin yaƙi. Tarihin Ibn Ishaq na Mohammed ya ba da labarin aƙalla abubuwa biyu da aka yi amfani da jumlar a ciki.
"Lokacin da manzon ya kai hari kan mutane sai ya jira har gari ya waye. Idan ya ji kiran sallah 'sai ya ja da baya; idan bai ji ba ya kai hari. Mun zo Khaybar da dare, kuma manzon ya kwana a can; kuma lokacin da gari ya waye bai ji kiran sallah ba, 'don haka ya hau muka hau tare da shi, ni kuma na hau bayan Abii Talba da kafafuna na taba kafafar manzo. Mun sadu da ma'aikatan Khaybar suna fitowa da safe da kwandunansu da kwanduna. Lokacin da suka ga manzon da runduna sai suka yi kira, `` Muhammadu da ƙarfinsa, '' suka juya wutsiya suka gudu. Manzon ya ce, 'Allahu akbar! An lalata Khaybar. Lokacin da muka isa dandalin mutane mugun safiya ne ga waɗanda aka yi wa gargaɗi. '"(Shafi na 511)" Don haka sai ya sauka daga kan dokinsa ya zo wurinsa sannan Ali ya ci gaba da garkuwarsa. `` Amr ya yi nufin busa wanda ya yanke cikin garkuwar sosai har takuba ta makale a ciki ta buga kansa. Amma Ali ya yi masa rauni a jijiya a gindin wuyansa sai ya fadi kasa. Ƙura ta tashi sai manzon ya ji kukan, 'Allahu Akbar' kuma ya san cewa Ali ya kashe shi. "(Shafi na 456)
Zanga -zanga
A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Iran na 1979, an yi ihu daga saman bene a Iran a cikin maraice a matsayin wani nau'in zanga -zanga. Wannan al'ada ta dawo a cikin zanga -zangar zaben shugaban kasar Iran na 2009, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da sakamakon zaben.
Amfani da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da 'yan ta'adda
A wasu lokutan ana amfani da jumlar azaman kukan yaƙi na masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulmi. Sauran Musulmai sun yi tir da wannan amfani.
Farfesa Khaled A. Beydoun ya rubuta cewa danganta kalmar da "Allah Akbar" tare da ta'addanci ta ƙara kazancewa ta kafofin yaɗa labarai da talabijin. Ya yi nuni da cewa fina -finan almara da wasan kwaikwayon suma suna amfani da shi azaman wasan kwaikwayo na fim wanda ke ƙara haɓaka ƙungiyar.
Amfani da Kiristoci
Har ila yau kalmar tana amfani da Kiristocin da ke magana da Larabci; Ana fassara “Allah” da “Allah” da Larabci. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan jumlar a cikin yanayin liturgical tsakanin Kiristocin Orthodox na Falasdinawa, kuma Archbishop na Sebastia, Theodosios ya kare shi.
A tutoci
An rubuta jimlar Allāhu akbar a tsakiyar tutar Iraki, sau 22 a kan iyakokin farar fata ta tsakiya akan tutar Iran.
Iraq
A lokacin yakin Gulf a watan Janairun 1991, Saddam Hussein ya gudanar da taro tare da manyan kwamandojin soji, inda aka yanke shawarar ƙara kalmomin Allāhu akbar (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kukan yaƙin Musulunci) a cikin tutar Iraki don haɓaka martabar addininsa na mulkinsa, yana jefa kansa a matsayin shugaban sojojin musulunci. Hussein ya bayyana tutar a matsayin "tutar jihadi da tauhidi".
A cikin 2004, Majalisar Mulkin Iraki da Amurka ta zaɓa ta amince da sabon tutar Iraki wanda ya watsar da alamomin mulkin Husaini, kamar kalmomin Allāhu akbar. Amma a cikin watan Janairun 2008, majalisar dokokin Iraki ta zartar da dokar sauya tutar ta hanyar barin cikin jumla, amma canza kiran rubutun kalmomin Allāhu akbar, wanda ya kasance kwafin rubutun Hussein, zuwa rubutun Kufic. Tutar Iraqi karkashin Husain tana da kowanne daga cikin kalmomin biyu na jumlar da aka rubuta a ɗaya daga cikin sarari tsakanin taurari akan ƙungiya ta tsakiya; tutar 2008, yayin barin kalmar a ciki, tana cire taurari.
Sauran ƙasashe
An rubuta jumlar Allāhu akbar a kan tutar Iran, kamar yadda doka ta 18 ta kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta buƙata. Wannan jimlar ta bayyana sau 22 a tutar.
Tsarin mulkin Afghanistan wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2004, ya buƙaci a rubuta Allāhu akbar a kan tutar Afghanistan.
Yunƙurin gwagwarmaya da yaƙi mulkin Biritaniya a Waziristan, Pakistan, wanda Riv ke jagoranta a cikin 1930s, ya yi amfani da jan tutar da ke ɗauke da Allāhu akbar cikin fararen haruffa.
Duba kuma
Zikiri
Tasbih
Tahmid
Tahlil
Tasmiyah
Salawat
Manazarta
Littattafai |
30258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20yan%20asalin%20%C6%99asa | Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa | Haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wanzuwa don sanin takamaiman yanayin ƴan asalin ƙasar . Wannan ya haɗa da ba kawai mafi mahimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na rayuwa da amincin jiki ba, har ma da haƙƙin kan ƙasarsu (ciki har da taken asali ), harshe, addini, da sauran abubuwan al'adun gargajiya waɗanda wani yanki ne na wanzuwarsu da asalinsu a matsayin mutane. . Ana iya amfani da wannan a matsayin magana don bayar da shawarwari na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, ko Kuma samar da wani ɓangare na dokar ƙasa wajen kafa dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da 'yancin cin gashin kai a tsakanin 'yan asalinta, ko a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa a matsayin kariya daga keta haddi. haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa ta ayyukan gwamnatoci ko ƙungiyoyin buƙatun sirri.
Ma'anar da tarihin tarihi
Haƙƙoƙin ƴan asali na waɗanda, kasancewarsu ƴan asalin ƙasar, Kuma ana siffanta su da kasancewarsu mutanen ƙasar da aka mamaye da kuma mulkin mallaka daga waje.
Ainihin wanene wani yanki na ƴan asalin ƙasar ana jayayya, amma ana iya fahinta sosai dangane da mulkin mallaka. Idan muka yi maganar ’yan asali muna magana ne kan al’ummomin da suke tun kafin mulkin mallaka da ke fuskantar wata barazana ta musamman daga wannan al’amari na mamaya, sannan da kuma alakar da wadannan al’ummomi suke da su da ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Ma'anar ma'anar su wanene ƴan asalin ƙasar, da kuma yanayin masu haƙƙi, ya bambanta. Kasancewa ma haɗa kai ana ɗaukarsa mara kyau kamar rashin haɗawa.
A cikin yanayin ’yan asalin zamani na Turawan mulkin mallaka. ana iya gano fahimtar haƙƙin ƴan asalin zuwa aƙalla lokacin Renaissance . Kuma Tare da tabbatar da mulkin mallaka tare da manufa mafi girma ga masu mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaka, wasu muryoyin sun nuna damuwa game da yadda ake kula da 'yan asalin asali da kuma tasirinsa ga al'ummominsu. A cikin daular Sipaniya, kambi ya kafa Babban Kotun Indiya a Mexico da kuma a cikin Peru, Kuma tare da hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in da suka shafi ƴan asalin ƙasar da nufin kare Indiyawa daga musgunawa. An sami damar samun damar Indiyawa zuwa kotun ta hanyar ƙaramin haraji wanda ke biyan masu taimaka wa lauyoyi.
Batun hakkin ƴan asalin kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran matakan gwagwarmayar ɗan adam. Kuma Saboda dangantaka ta kut-da-kut tsakanin al'adu da tattalin arziƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yanayin muhallinsu, al'amuran haƙƙin ƴan asalin suna da alaƙa da damuwa game da sauyin muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa . A cewar masana kimiyya da kungiyoyi irin su Rainforest Foundation, gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin kasar yana da mahimmanci don magance matsalar rage yawan iskar carbon, da kuma fuskantar barazana ga al'adu da bambancin halittu gaba ɗaya.
Wakilci
Hakkoki, da'awar har ma da ainihin ƴan asalin ƙasar ana kama su, an yarda da su kuma ana kiyaye su daban-daban daga gwamnati zuwa gwamnati. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun kasance tare da sharuɗɗa don inganta (ko aƙalla yarda) buri na ƴan asalin, Sannna kuma al'ummomin ƴan asalin galibi sun haɗu wuri ɗaya don kafa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke neman haɗin gwiwa don cimma muradun al'umma.
Ƙungiyoyin duniya
Akwai ƙungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu da dama, Kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asali da na ƴan asalin waɗanda manufar kafa su ita ce kare haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin, gami da haƙƙin ƙasa . Wadannan kungiyoyi da cibiyoyin sadarwa da kungiyoyi suna jadada cewa matsalolin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke fuskanta shi ne rashin sanin cewa sun cancanci rayuwa ta yadda suka zaba, da kuma rashin ‘yancin mallakar filayensu da yankunansu. Sannan kumaManufar su ita ce kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar ba tare da sanya jihohi su sanya ra'ayinsu na "ci gaba". Wadannan kungiyoyi sun ce kowace al'ada ta asali ta bambanta, mai cike da imani na addini, tsarin rayuwa, abinci da fasaha, kuma tushen matsalar shi ne tsoma baki a rayuwarsu ta hanyar rashin mutunta 'yancinsu, da kuma yadda za a magance su. mamaye kasashen gargajiya da manyan kamfanoni da kananan sana'o'i ke yi don cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa .
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
An wakilta ƴan asalin ƙasar da bukatunsu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko ta hanyar tsarin Ƙungiyar Aiki akan Yawan Jama'ar Yan Asalin . A cikin Afrilu shekarata 2000 Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta zartar da wani kuduri na kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na dindindin kan al'amuran 'yan asalin kasar (PFII) a matsayin kungiyar ba da shawara ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa tare da ba da izini na sake duba batutuwan 'yan asali.
A ƙarshen Disamba a shekarata 2004, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2005–2014 a matsayin shekaru goma na duniya na biyu na 'yan asalin duniya . Babban burin sabbin shekaru goma dai shi ne karfafa hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wajen warware matsalolin da 'yan asalin kasar ke fuskanta a fannonin al'adu, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, 'yancin dan Adam, muhalli, da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, bayan wani tsari na shirye-shirye, tattaunawa da shawarwari tun daga shekarar 1982, babban taron ya amince da sanarwar 'yancin 'yan asalin asali . Sanarwar da ba ta dauri ba ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya na ƴan asalin ƙasar, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ainihi, al'adu, harshe, aikin yi, lafiya, ilimi da sauran batutuwa. Kasashe hudu da ke da yawan 'yan asalin kasar sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar: Amurka, Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya. Tuni dai dukkansu hudu suka sauya kuri'ar amincewa. Da Kasashe 11 ne suka kaurace wa zaben: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Jojiya, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Samoa da Ukraine . Kasashe 34 ba su kada kuri'a ba, yayin da sauran kasashe 143 suka kada kuri'a.
Farashin 169
ILO 169 yarjejeniya ce ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . Sannan kuma Da zarar wata jiha ta amince da shi, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin doka mai kare haƙƙin kabilanci. Kuma Akwai tsira da amincin jiki ashirin da biyu, amma kuma kiyaye ƙasarsu, harshe da haƙƙoƙin addini . ILO tana wakiltar haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ne saboda su ne ƙungiyar da ta tilasta aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin keɓe.
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka
Tun daga Shekaratab1997, al'ummomin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amurka suna tattaunawa game da daftarin juzu'in sanarwar da Amurka ta gabatar kan 'yancin ƴan asali. "Bayanin daftarin a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai da ake gudanarwa dangane da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka" kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya don Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ta ambata.
Ta ƙasa
Ostiraliya
Kanada
In Canada "Aboriginal rights" () are those rights that indigenous peoples enjoy as a result of their ancestors' long occupancy of the land, for example the right to hunt and fish a particular territory. These are distinct from "treaty rights" which are enumerated in specific agreements between indigenous groups and the state. Both treaty rights and Aboriginal rights are protected by Section 35 of the Canadian constitution of 1982.
Denmark
'Yan asalin Greenland sun sami mulkin gida a cikin 1979 kuma sun ba da mulkin kai a cikin 2009.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar: Jagorar Nazarin - Jami'ar Minnesota
Binciken Haƙƙin Yan Asalin Ƙarƙashin Dokokin Duniya - Steven C. Perkins
Haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar – Encyclopedia na Duniya na Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Bugu na biyu
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin
Yarjejeniyar ILO 169 (cikakken rubutu) - Dokokin duniya na yanzu akan 'yan asalin ƙasar
Halin 'Yan Asalin Duniya - Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, fitowa ta farko, 2009
Kisan kare dangi Lewis, Norman, Fabrairu 1969 - Labari wanda ya haifar da kafuwar manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin 'yan asali da yawa.
Kiyayewa da Haƙƙin Al'umma: Darussa daga Mesoamerica
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamomin%20Ciwon%20Daji | Alamomin Ciwon Daji | Alamomin ciwon daji Ya kasan ce kuma sune asalin damar ilimin halitta guda shida da aka samu a yayin haɓaka ciwace-ciwacen ɗan adam, kuma tun daga lokacin an ƙaru zuwa ƙarfin takwas da damar iya ba da damar guda biyu. Douglas Hanahan da Robert Weinberg ne suka kirkiro ra'ayin a cikin takardar su The Hallmarks of Cancer da aka buga Janairu 2000 a cikin Cell .
Waɗannan alamomin sun zama ƙa'idar tsari don daidaitawa da rikitarwar cututtukan neoplastic. Sun haɗa da ci gaba da siginar yaɗuwa, guje wa masu hana haɓaka girma, tsayayya da mutuwar tantanin halitta, ba da damar dawwama, haifar da angiogenesis, da kunna mamayewa da metastasis. Ƙarƙashin waɗannan alamomi sune rashin zaman lafiya na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke hanzarta samun su, da kumburi, wanda ke haɓaka ayyuka masu yawa. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, ciwace-ciwacen daji suna nuna wani nau'i na rikitarwa: sun haɗa da al'umma na daukar aiki, masu yiwuwa kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullum waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga siyan halaye masu mahimmanci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar " ƙananan ƙwayar cuta ." Amincewa da yawaitar amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin zai ƙara yin tasiri ga haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin magance cutar kansar ɗan adam.
A cikin sabuntawar da aka buga a cikin 2011 ("Alamomin ciwon daji: ƙarni na gaba"), Weinberg da Hanahan sun ba da shawarar sabbin alamomi guda biyu: (1) hanyoyin rayuwa mara kyau da (2) guje wa tsarin rigakafi, da halaye biyu masu kunnawa: (1) genome rashin zaman lafiya, da (2) kumburi.
Jerin alamomin
Kwayoyin cutar daji suna da lahani a cikin hanyoyin sarrafawa waɗanda ke sarrafa sau nawa suke rarraba, kuma a cikin tsarin amsawa waɗanda ke daidaita waɗannan hanyoyin sarrafawa (watau lahani a cikin homeostasis ).
Kwayoyin al'ada suna girma kuma suna rarraba, amma suna da iko da yawa akan wannan haɓakar. Suna girma ne kawai lokacin da abubuwan haɓaka suka motsa su. Idan sun lalace, birki na kwayoyin zai hana su rarrabawa har sai an gyara su. Idan ba za a iya gyara su ba, suna yin tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta (apoptosis). Za su iya raba iyakacin adadin lokuta kawai. Sun kasance ɓangare na tsarin nama, kuma suna zama a inda suke. Suna buƙatar samar da jini don girma.
Duk waɗannan hanyoyin dole ne a shawo kan su don haɓakar tantanin halitta ya zama ciwon daji. Kowane tsari yana sarrafa sunadaran sunadaran da yawa. Dole ne furotin mai mahimmanci ya yi rauni a kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin. Wadannan sunadaran suna zama marasa aiki ko rashin aiki lokacin da jerin DNA na kwayoyin halittarsu ya lalace ta hanyar samu ko maye gurbi (maye gurbin da ba a gada ba amma yana faruwa bayan daukar ciki). Wannan yana faruwa a cikin jerin matakai, waɗanda Hanahan da Weinberg suke magana a matsayin alamomi.
Wadatar kai a cikin alamun girma
Kwayoyin ciwon daji ba sa buƙatar ƙarfafawa daga siginar waje (a cikin nau'i na abubuwan girma ) don ninka.
Yawanci, ƙwayoyin jiki suna buƙatar hormones da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke aiki azaman sigina don girma da rarraba . Kwayoyin ciwon daji, duk da haka, suna da ikon girma ba tare da waɗannan sigina na waje ba. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda kwayoyin cutar kansa zasu iya yin haka: ta hanyar samar da waɗannan sigina da kansu, wanda aka sani da alamar autocrine ; ta hanyar kunna hanyoyin sigina na dindindin waɗanda ke amsa waɗannan sigina; ko ta hanyar lalata 'kashe masu kunnawa' wanda ke hana haɓakar girma daga waɗannan sigina ( ra'ayi mara kyau ). Bugu da kari, rarrabuwar tantanin halitta a al'ada, sel marasa ciwon daji ana sarrafa su sosai. A cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, waɗannan hanyoyin suna raguwa saboda sunadaran da ke sarrafa su suna canzawa, suna haifar da haɓaka girma da rarraba tantanin halitta a cikin ƙwayar cuta.
Rashin hankali ga sigina na hana girma
Kwayoyin ciwon daji gabaɗaya suna da juriya ga sigina masu hana girma daga maƙwabtansu.
Don sarrafa rarrabuwar tantanin halitta, sel suna da matakai a cikin su waɗanda ke hana haɓakar tantanin halitta da rarrabawa. Ana tsara waɗannan hanyoyin ta hanyar sunadaran da aka sani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari . Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna ɗaukar bayanai daga tantanin halitta don tabbatar da cewa ya shirya don rarraba, kuma za su dakatar da rarraba idan ba haka ba (lokacin da DNA ta lalace, misali). A cikin ciwon daji, waɗannan sunadaran sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza su don kada su hana rarrabawar kwayar halitta yadda ya kamata, ko da lokacin da tantanin halitta yana da matsala mai tsanani. Wata hanyar da sel ke hana rarrabuwar kawuna ita ce sel na yau da kullun suma za su daina rarrabuwa a lokacin da sel suka cika sararin da suke ciki kuma su taɓa wasu sel; aka sani da hana lamba . Kwayoyin cutar daji ba su da hana lamba, don haka za su ci gaba da girma da rarrabuwa, ba tare da la'akari da kewayen su ba.
Kaucewa shirin mutuwa tantanin halitta
Apoptosis wani nau'i ne na tsarin mutuwar tantanin halitta (kwayoyin kashe kansa),ya kuma kasan ce tsarin da ake tsara sel su mutu idan sun lalace. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna iya keɓance wannan tsarin.
Kwayoyin suna da ikon 'hala kansu'; wani tsari da aka sani da apoptosis . Ana buƙatar wannan don kwayoyin halitta suyi girma da haɓaka yadda ya kamata, don kiyaye kyallen jikin jiki, kuma ana farawa lokacin da tantanin halitta ya lalace ko ya kamu da cutar. Kwayoyin ciwon daji, duk da haka, sun rasa wannan ikon; ko da yake sel na iya zama na rashin al'ada sosai, ba sa shan apoptosis. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya yin haka ta hanyar canza hanyoyin da ke gano lalacewa ko rashin daidaituwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa siginar da ta dace ba zata iya faruwa ba, don haka apoptosis ba zai iya kunnawa ba. Hakanan suna iya samun lahani a cikin siginar ƙasa da kanta, ko sunadaran da ke cikin apoptosis, kowannensu kuma zai hana apoptosis mai kyau.
Yiwuwar kwafi mara iyaka
Kwayoyi marasa ciwon daji suna mutuwa bayan wasu adadin rarrabuwa. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun tsere daga wannan iyaka kuma a fili suna iya girma da rarrabuwa mara iyaka ( dauwama ). Amma waɗancan ƙwayoyin da ba su mutu ba sun lalata ƙwayoyin chromosomes, waɗanda za su iya zama cutar kansa.
Kwayoyin jiki ba su da ikon rarraba har abada. Suna da iyakataccen adadin rarrabuwa kafin sel su kasa rarraba ( senescence ), ko mutu (rikicin). Dalilin kuma waɗan nan shingen shi ne da farko saboda DNA a ƙarshen chromosomes, wanda aka sani da telomeres . Telomeric DNA yana gajarta tare da kowane rabo na tantanin halitta, har sai ya zama gajere yana kunna jin daɗi, don haka tantanin halitta ya daina rarrabawa. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna ƙetare wannan shinge ta hanyar sarrafa enzymes (telomerase) don ƙara tsawon telomeres. Don haka, za su iya rarraba har abada, ba tare da fara jin daɗi ba.
Kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da wani shiri na zahiri, iyakar Hayflick, wanda ke iyakance haɓakar su zuwa kusan 60-70 ninki biyu, a wannan lokacin suna isa matakin jin daɗi.
Za'a iya shawo kan wannan iyaka ta hanyar kashe su pRB da p53 sunadaran sunadaran ƙwayar cuta, wanda ya ba su damar ci gaba da ninka har sai sun kai ga wani mataki da ake kira rikici, tare da apoptosis, karyotypic disarray, da kuma lokaci-lokaci (10 -7 ) fitowar tantanin halitta marar mutuwa wanda zai iya. ninki biyu ba tare da iyaka ba. Yawancin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji ba su dawwama.
Na'urar kirgawa ga tantanin halitta ninki biyu shine telomere, wanda ke raguwa a girman (rasa nucleotides a ƙarshen chromosomes) yayin kowace tantanin halitta. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na masu ciwon daji suna daidaita telomerase don tsawaita telomeres kuma sauran 15% suna amfani da hanyar da ake kira Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres.
Angiogenesis mai dorewa
Angiogenesis shine tsarin da ake samar da sababbin hanyoyin jini. Kwayoyin cutar daji suna bayyana suna iya fara wannan tsari, suna tabbatar da cewa irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna samun isashshen iskar oxygen da sauran abubuwan gina jiki.
Nassoshin jiki na yau da kullun suna da tasoshin jini da ke gudana ta cikin su waɗanda ke isar da iskar oxygen daga huhu. Dole ne sel su kasance kusa da tasoshin jini don samun isassun iskar oxygen domin su tsira. Sabbin hanyoyin jini suna samuwa a lokacin haɓakar embryos, yayin gyaran rauni da kuma lokacin sake zagayowar haihuwa na mace. Ciwon daji mai faɗaɗa yana buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin jini don isar da isassun iskar oxygen zuwa ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, don haka yana amfani da waɗannan tsarin tsarin ilimin halittar jiki na yau da kullun don amfanin sa. Don yin wannan, ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna samun ikon tsara samar da sabbin vasculature ta hanyar kunna 'canjin angiogenic'. A yin haka, suna sarrafa ƙwayoyin da ba su da ciwon daji waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar cuta da ke iya haifar da jijiyoyin jini ta hanyar rage samar da abubuwan da ke hana samar da jini, da haɓaka samar da abubuwan da ke haɓaka samuwar jini.
Ciwon nama da metastasis
Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya watsewa daga rukunin yanar gizon su ko sashin asalinsu don mamaye nama da ke kewaye da kuma yada ( metastasize ) zuwa sassan jiki mai nisa.
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa shine ikon su na mamaye ƙwayoyin maƙwabta. Shi ne abin da ke nuna ko ƙwayar cuta ba ta da kyau ko mara kyau, kuma ita ce dukiyar da ke ba da damar yada su a jiki. Kwayoyin ciwon daji dole ne su fuskanci sauye-sauye masu yawa domin su sami ikon yin metastasize, a cikin tsari mai yawa wanda ke farawa da mamaye gida na sel cikin kyallen da ke kewaye. Sannan dole ne su mamaye magudanar jini, su tsira a cikin mummunan yanayi na tsarin jini, su fita daga wannan tsarin sannan su fara rarrabuwa cikin sabon nama.
Sabuntawa
A cikin jawabin taron NCRI na 2010, Hanahan ya ba da shawarar sabbin alamomi guda biyu masu tasowa da halaye biyu masu kunnawa. An haɗa waɗannan daga baya a cikin sabunta labarin bita mai suna "Hallmarks of Cancer: the next generation."
Alamomi masu tasowa
Deregulated metabolism
Yawancin kwayoyin cutar kansa suna amfani da madadin hanyoyin rayuwa don samar da makamashi, gaskiyar da aka yaba tun farkon karni na ashirin tare da ƙaddamar da hasashe na Warburg, amma yanzu kawai samun sabon sha'awar bincike. Kwayoyin ciwon daji da ke nuna tasirin Warburg suna haɓaka glycolysis da fermentation na lactic acid a cikin cytosol kuma suna hana mitochondria kammala numfashi na aerobic na yau da kullun (oxidation na pyruvate, da citric acid sake zagayowar, da sarkar jigilar lantarki ). Maimakon cikakken oxidizing glucose don samar da yawan ATP mai yiwuwa, ƙwayoyin kansa sun gwammace su canza pyruvate zuwa tubalan ginin don ƙarin sel. A gaskiya ma, ƙananan ATP: ADP rabon da wannan tasiri ya haifar yana iya taimakawa wajen kashe mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane m yana da hyperpolarized don hana ƙarfin lantarki-m permeability canjin pores (PTP) daga jawo apoptosis .
Ana bincikar cin abinci na ketogenic a matsayin maganin adjuvant don wasu cututtuka, ciki har da glioma,saboda rashin iyawar ciwon daji a cikin metabolizing jikin ketone .
Kaucewa tsarin rigakafi
Duk da ciwon daji da ke haifar da ƙãra kumburi da angiogenesis, sun kuma bayyana cewa za su iya guje wa hulɗa tare da tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar asarar interleukin-33. (Duba rigakafin cutar kansa )
Halayen Haɓakawa
Takardar da aka sabunta ta kuma gano halaye biyu masu tasowa. Waɗannan ana lakafta su kamar haka tunda samun su yana haifar da haɓakar “alamomi” da aka ɗauka.
Rashin kwanciyar hankali
Kwayoyin ciwon daji gabaɗaya suna da matsanancin rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal wanda ke daɗa muni yayin da cutar ke ci gaba. Kwayoyin HeLa, alal misali, suna da haɓaka sosai kuma suna da tetraploidy 12, trisomy 6, 8, da 17, da lambar chromosome na modal na 82 (maimakon adadin diploid na al'ada na 46). Ƙananan maye gurbi shine mafi kusantar abin da zai fara tumorigenesis, amma da zarar sel sun fara sake zagayowar-fusion-gada (BFB), za su iya canzawa a cikin sauri da sauri. (Dubi rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta )
Kumburi
Abubuwan da aka gano na baya-bayan nan sun nuna rawar da kumburin gida ke takawa wajen haifar da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. Kumburi yana haifar da angiogenesis da ƙarin amsawar rigakafi. Lalacewar matrix na waje da ake buƙata don samar da sabbin hanyoyin jini yana ƙara rashin daidaituwar metastasis. (Duba kumburi a cikin ciwon daji )
Suka
Wani labarin a cikin Nature Reviews Cancer a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa biyar daga cikin 'alamomin' suma suna da halayyar ciwace-ciwacen daji . Alamar mugunyar cuta ɗaya ce ita ce ikonta na mamayewa da daidaitawa .
Wani labarin a cikin Journal of Biosciences a cikin 2013 ya yi jayayya cewa bayanan asali na yawancin waɗannan alamomin sun rasa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ciwon daji cuta ce mai matakin nama kuma waɗannan alamomin matakin salon salula suna yaudara.
Manazarta
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnert%20%26%20Landrock | Lehnert & Landrock | Lehnert & Landrock ɗakin studio ne na daukar hoto wanda Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock ke gudanarwa a Tunisiya da Masar a farkon ƙarni na 20, an lura da su don samar da hotunan Gabas. Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock sun samar da hotunan mutanen Arewacin Afirka, shimfidar wurare, da gine-gine don masu sauraron Turai na farko. An rarraba waɗannan hotunan a cikin monographs, kodayake kuma a matsayin kwafi na asali, hotuna, da katunan wasikun lithographic.
Fage
Rudolf Franz Lehnert (13 Yuli 1878-16 Janairu 1948) an haife shi a Gross Aupa, Bohemia (yanzu Velká Úpa, Jamhuriyar Czech), da Ernst Heinrich Landrock (4 Agusta 1878-30 Afrilu 1966) a Reindorf, Saxony, Jamus. Kawun nasa ne ya reni Lehnert a Vienna kuma ya yi karatun daukar hoto a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Vienna. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya yi amfani da kudin da ya gada daga iyayensa zuwa kasashen waje da kyamararsa kuma a shekarar 1903 ya yi balaguron farko zuwa Tunisia. A cikin shekarar 1904, lokacin da ya koma Turai, Lehnert ya hadu da Landrock, wanda ke karatu a Switzerland, kuma su biyun sun yanke shawarar zama abokan kasuwanci, sun kafa kamfanin Lehnert&Landrock, tare da Lehnert yana ɗaukar hotuna kuma Landrock shine mai kula da kasuwanci. Sun yi tafiya zuwa Tunisiya a cikin shekarar 1904 kuma sun bude kantin daukar hoto a Avenue de France, Tunis wanda Lehnert ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe don balaguron daukar hoto daban-daban a cikin Maghreb yayin da Landrock ya shirya dakin gwaje-gwajen hoto, da kuma tallan sakamakon kwafi da katuna.
A farkon WW1, an rufe shagon a lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci a cikin yankunan Faransa kuma, a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1914, an kama Lehnert, ya zama fursuna na yaƙi kuma aka aika shi zuwa sansanin horo a Corsica, yayin da Landrock ke riƙe a Switzerland. Bayan yakin, kuma bayan dawowar faranti na gilashin da aka kwace, da farko sun kafa kasuwanci a Leipzig. Ba da daɗewa ba Lehnert ya sake yin tafiya, yana tafiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya; Masar, Falasdinu da Lebanon. A cikin shekarar 1924 abokan haɗin gwiwa sun koma Alkahira sun kafa irin wannan kasuwancin zuwa na Tunis amma sun reshe "zuwa cikin gamut ɗin hoto gabaɗaya katunan wasiƙa, hotuna masu girma, katunan gaisuwa da kwafin fasaha mai kyau" don kasuwannin Turai musamman ma'amala. zuwa ga al'adar gabas da shaharar katin waya. A cikin shekarar 1930 haɗin gwiwar ya rushe lokacin da Lehnert ya koma Tunis, kuma ya buɗe ɗakin studio a matsayin mai daukar hoto,. Landrock ya ci gaba da gudanar da sitidiyo da siyayya a titin Sherif, Alkahira har zuwa barkewar WW2, lokacin da ya koma Jamus a 1938. A wancan lokacin, Kurt Lambelet, ɗan'uwan Landrock, ya ɗauki nauyin kasuwancin ya mai da shi babban kantin littattafai a cikin shekarar 1950s. Shagon gudanar da iyali har yanzu yana nan a wurinsa na asali.
Legacy
A cikin shekarar 1982, Dr. Kamar yadda Joseph Gareci ya fada a cikin labarinsa na 2015 'Lehnert da Landrock na Arewacin Afirka' a mujallar History of Photography, wanda a ciki ya bincika "bangaren Lehnert&Landrock oeuvre, jerin nazarin adadi na mutanen Arewacin Afirka da Lehnert ya yi daga shekarun 1904 zuwa 1914, da kuma daga 1930 zuwa 1939, a matsayin hanyar binciko mu'amala da tunanin Gabas da Yamma", an sami sabon sha'awar aikinsu daga malamai da masu tattarawa a cikin shekarar 1980s. Wikipedia Commons yana da adadi mai yawa na hotuna a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'Lehnert & Landrock' wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni' Hotunan tsiraicin 'yan Gabas ta Lehnert & Landrock'. Duk da yake ana ɗaukar hotunan shimfidar wuri "mafi yawan hotuna masu rai na Gabashin Afirka ta Arewa a farkon karni na 20 .... waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na soyayya Orientalism", da sau da yawa hotunan tsirara ko ɓarna mata. yaran sun fi rigima.
Sabbin sha'awar hotunan ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe da yawa, na farko shine Lehnert & Landrock. : L'orient d'un Photographe a 1987 da Philippe Cardinal ya biyo bayan wasu, alal misali, Tunis 1900 - Hotunan Lehnert & Landrock na Michel Meguin, da kuma nune-nunen ayyukansu. Hotunan Lehnert & Landrock kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin da ba a ambata ba -;
British Museum, London
Conway Library, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld, London
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
Jami'ar Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia
Royal Academy of Arts, London
The Science Museum, London
Victoria da Albert Museum, London
Manazarta |
30858 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadurran%20Bakin%20Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi
Harkokin noma kan sa darajar ruwa ta karu, ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko wajen dorewar harkokin noma a kan fakon da ake samun zaizayar asa. Dukan dattin da ruwan sama ya wanko, zuwa bakin rafi, da yadda bakin rafin kan zama tabkuna, da ma koguna da sauran tarkacen da ruwa kan kwaso, domin cike bakin rafin. Wannan na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, ya kuma hana madatsun ruwa yin aiki, yadda ya kamata. A dan lokacin, duk wadansu albarkatun dake gina jiki, kan rauraye, sai kuma shinfidar kasar dake fakon ta fara lalacewa. Yau da gobe, sai asar ta fara soyewa, ta kai ta fara wankewa. Idan zaizayar Kasar ta ci gaba, sai ta kai kasar ba ta sauran amfani. Wannan matsalar sai karuwa take yi, a duniya, inda fako ke ta wankewa, da kuma dankarewa. Matsin lambar yawan jama’a, da manufofin gwamnati, da bukatun kasuwanni da irin yadda kasar noma take lalacewa, na tilasta wa manoma, da su matsa, ya zuwa wurin da ya fi tudu.
Al’amarin na biyu, na yin noma, da ruwa mai kyau, yana farawa ne, daga yin amfani da takin zamani, da kuma feshin magungunan kwari. Wadannan magungunan, na iya wanke ruwan damina, ya gangare, zuwa bakin tabkuna, da kuma teku. A nan Afrika, inda ba a faya yin amfani da takin zamani ba, dan Karin sinadarin inganta jiki, kan za ma da amfani, a gefen bakin tekun. A yankin Asia, kuma, inda ake rangwanta yin amfani da magungunan noma, koguna na iya kasancewa cike da magunguna. Wannan na iya kai mu ga tsabtace kazanta: Gamsa-kuka, ko sauran tsire-tsire, kan tsiro, da yawa, su kuma dagula tsarin albarkatu, ya kuma rage yawan iskar shaka, ko ya kashe kifaye. Idan takin zamani da magungunan kwari suka shiga cikin koramar kasa, da ake amfani da ita, domin sha, to, za a samu matsala kan kiwon lafiyar bil adama. Hukumar Kula da Gudanar da Harkokin kungiyoyin Zaizayar kasa, (MSEC), da aka faka, cikin shekarun 1990, domin magance rashin sanin kididdigar zagaen tabkuna, dake fadin Kudu maso Gabashin yankin Asia, ya gudanar da wani bincike, a wannan fannin. Gugun kungiyoyin, sun hada da na kasashen Indonesia, da Laos, da Philippines, da Thailand, da kuma Vietnam, tare da kuma hukumar IWMI, da ma Cibiyar Inganta Harkokin Bincike, ta kasar Faransa, French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, (IRD).
A lokacin aikin, na shekaru biyar, hukumar ta MSEC, ta tantance yawan wurin, da kuma sauran fakon da ya rage na noma, a wurare har 27, (na makwararar ruwan fadamar), da ma kananan wurare, a kasashe biyar. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa, farfado da yin amfani da asar wurin, na iya taimakawa, wajen rigakafin duk wata mugunyar illa, ga al’ummar dake gefen tekun.
Mafita Harkokin Kimiyya Kididdigar ta nuna cewa, hanzarta canje-canjen kasar noman, sun shafi wuraren. Alal misali, lokacin da manoman suka nemi kara samun abun na masarufi, ta hanyar gitta wadansu iri, a garaken na rambutan, da itacen rogo, a daya daga cikin wuraren dake kasar Indonesia, sai sauran fakon ya fara Karuwa, da nauyin gram kusan uku, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 13.1. Masana harkokin kimiyya, sun gano cewa, ci gaba da noman dake haddasa zaizayar kasar, (alal misali, bunkasa irin masarar dake da saurin yabanya, maimakon shinkafar). Daga bisani, sun gano cewa, aikin na iya taimaka wa rigakafin zaizayar kasar, irin na shuka itatuwan dake ‘ya’ya, ko shuka jerin ciyawa, a kan inda kasar noman ta yi shan-bante.
An kuma ga ci gaban fakon, lokacin da manoman suka amince yin amfani da wadansu tsare-tsare na noman. Alal misali, lokacin da aka maye gurbin ciyayin da aka gitta, da itacen rogon, a garaken na yankin rambutan, dake kasar Indonesia, domin dabbobi, sai zaizayar fakon ta fara raguwa, a kowace shekara, da gram 13.1, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 2.7. Bugu da kari, manoman dake yankin Laos, sun rage zaizayar farkon, daga gram 5.9, a kowane hekta, a shekara, ya zuwa gram 0.1, inda suka yi amfani da tsarin kuyoyin da suka kara wa kasar kwari.
Tunanin Yin Canji
A dukan duniya, manoma na yin nawar yin amfani da dabarun rage zaizayaar Kasar. Masana harkokin kimiyyar hukumar IWMI, sun yi imanin manoman na da karancin tunani. Masana harkokin kimiyyar, suna tantance wani tsari ne, na rarrabe alfanun dake tsakanin kasar noman dake fako, da ta kamfanonin dake
samar da wutar lantarki, ke nomawa, a gefen madatsun ruwa. Manufar ita ce, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarkin, waanda ke da wata sha’awar dorewar tara ruwan da ba shi da dandanon gishiri, za su biya manoman, domin su rage karfin zaizayar kasar.
“Wannan yankin na da wani irin yanayin shimfi]ar kasa, kuma bisa ga irin yadda aka samu bunkasar tattalin arziki, suna da bukatar wutar lantarki,” in ji Pay Drechsel, shugaban fasalin inganta darajar ruwa, da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli, na hukumar IWMI. “An tsara ginin daruruwan madatsun ruwa, da dama.” Yin kuma amfani da wannan tunanin, na taimaka rage gurbacewar yanayi, daga takin zamani, da ma magunguna kwari, ba a nufin zai biya manoman ba, na da su yi amfani da ‘yan magungunan feshi; haka ma, tana bukatar a hari rangwanci, kwarai da gaske. Alal misali, idan har aka kai ga wani manzalin illar maganin farar wuta, phosphorus, da ake samu a yankin, to, zai yi amfani, a kawar da rangwamen, kan maganin na phosphorus, wanda ke dauke da wani sinadari, ko zai iya sanya tsadar magungunan, ko ya taimaka wa manoman, a su yi amfani da su, jefi-jefi.
Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Albarkatun Ruwa, wata kungiyar ce, mai zaman kanta, da ba riba take bukata ba, kuma daya daga cikin cibiyoyin nazari har 15, da Rukunin Harkokin Bayar da Shawarwari Kan Binciken Aikin Noma na Duniya, (CGIAR), ke tallafa wa. Manufar hukumar IWMI, ita ta ta “inganta kula da kasar noma, da kuma albarkatun ruwa, domin samar da abinci, da harkokin rayuwa, da kuma muhalli.” Cibiyar na aiki ne, da wadansu takwarorinta na kasashen waje, domin taimaka wa gano hanyoyin da za a rage duk wata illar da za ta shafi yin amfani da kasar noma, da kuma habaka darajar ruwa, da harkokin rayuwa.
Manazarta |
24132 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM | RAM | Memory-access Memory ( RAM /r æ m / ) wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta wanda za'a iya karantawa da canzawa a kowane tsari, yawanci ana amfani dashi don adana bayanan aiki da lambar inji. A bazuwar-access ƙwaƙwalwar na'urar damar data abubuwa da za a karanta ko rubuta a kusan wannan adadin lokaci ba tare da la'akari da jiki wuri na data cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Sabanin haka, tare da sauran hanyoyin adana bayanai kai tsaye kai tsaye kamar su diski mai wuya, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs da tsofaffin kaset magnetic da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, lokacin da ake buƙata don karantawa da rubuta abubuwan bayanan ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin jikinsu akan rikodin matsakaici, saboda iyakance na inji kamar saurin juyawar kafofin watsa labarai da motsi hannu.
RAM ya ƙunshi kewayewa da yawaita abubuwa masu yawa, don haɗa layukan bayanai zuwa ajiyar adireshi don karantawa ko rubuta shigarwa. Galibi ana samun damar adana bayanai fiye da ɗaya ta adireshin guda, kuma na'urorin RAM galibi suna da layukan bayanai da yawa kuma ana cewa su "8-bit" ko "16-bit", da dai sauransu.
A cikin fasahar yau, ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ba ta ɗauke da sifar kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai haɗawa (IC) tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor). RAM ne kullum hade tare da maras tabbas iri memory (kamar tsauri bazuwar-access memory (DRAM) kayayyaki ), inda adana bayanai da aka rasa idan ikon da aka cire, ko da yake ba maras tabbas RAM kuma an ci gaba. Akwai wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a iya canzawa ba waɗanda ke ba da damar samun dama don ayyukan karantawa, amma ko dai ba su ba da izinin ayyukan rubutu ko samun wasu nau'ikan iyakancewa a kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yawancin nau'ikan ROM da nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai suna NOR-Flash .
Manyan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwa guda biyu masu rikitarwa sune ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bazuwar samun dama (SRAM) da ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta bazuwar (DRAM). Amfani da kasuwanci na RAM na semiconductor ya koma 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntu na SP95 SRAM don Kwamfutar su /360 Model 95, kuma Toshiba yayi amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM don Toscal BC-1411 na lantarki na lantarki, duka biyun sun dogara ne da transistors bipolar . Memory na MOS na kasuwanci, wanda ya danganta da transistors na MOS, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen 1960s, kuma tun lokacin shine tushen duk ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor. An ƙaddamar da guntun DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko, Intel 1103, a cikin Oktoba 1970. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai rikitarwa (SDRAM) daga baya an yi muhawara tare da guntuwar Samsung KM48SL2000 a cikin 1992.
Tarihi
Kwamfutocin farko sun yi amfani da relays, lissafin injin ko jinkirta layuka don manyan ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Lissafin jinkiri na Ultrasonic sune na'urorin serial waɗanda ke iya sake haifar da bayanai kawai a cikin tsari da aka rubuta. Ana iya faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a farashi mai ɗan tsada amma ingantaccen dawo da abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar sanin yanayin yanayin gangar don inganta saurin. Latches gina daga injin tube triodes, kuma daga baya, daga mai hankali transistors, aka yi amfani da karami da kuma sauri tunanin kamar rajista. Irin wannan rijistar ta kasance babba kuma tana da tsada don amfani don yawan bayanai; gaba ɗaya kawai 'yan dozin ko hundredan ɗari na irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar za a iya ba su.
The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in 1947. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory.
An ƙirƙiri ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic-core a cikin 1947 kuma ya haɓaka har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Ya zama silar tartsatsi na ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama, ta dogara da tsararren zoben magnetized. Ta hanyar canza ma'anar magnetization na kowane zobe, ana iya adana bayanai tare da adana bit ɗaya a kowane zobe. Tunda kowane zobe yana da haɗin wayoyin adireshi don zaɓar da karantawa ko rubuta shi, samun dama ga kowane wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kowane jerin yana yiwuwa. Magnetic core memory ya kasance da daidaitaccen nau'i na kwamfuta memory tsarin har gudun hijira da m-jihar MOS ( karfe-oxide-silicon ) semiconductor memory a hadedde haihuwarka (ICs) a lokacin farkon 1970s.
Kafin haɓaka haɓakar madaidaiciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (ROM), madaidaiciya (ko karanta-kawai ) ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dama ana yawan gina ta ta amfani da matattarar diode ta hanyar adiresoshin adiresoshin, ko kuma musamman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar igiya .
Memiconductor memory ya fara a cikin 1960s tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda yayi amfani da transistors bipolar . Yayin da ya inganta aiki, ba zai iya yin gasa da ƙaramin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba.
MOS RAM
Ƙirƙiri MOSFET (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), wanda kuma aka sani da transistor MOS, na Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng a Bell Labs a 1959, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙarfe-oxide- ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor (MOS) ta John Schmidt a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1964. Baya ga babban aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor na MOS ta kasance mai rahusa kuma ta cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ci gaban fasahar silicone-gate MOS hade da kewaye (MOS IC) ta Federico Faggin a Fairchild a 1968 ya ba da damar samar da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Ƙwaƙwalwar MOS ta mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic azaman babbar fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a farkon 1970s.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (SRAM) Robert H. Norman ya ƙirƙira shi a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1963. Ya biyo bayan ci gaban MOS SRAM na John Schmidt a Fairchild a 1964. SRAM ya zama madadin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, amma yana buƙatar transistors na MOS guda shida don kowane ɗan bayanai. Amfani da kasuwanci na SRAM ya fara ne a 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntun ƙwaƙwalwar SP95 don Tsarin/360 Model 95 .
Dynamic memory-access memory (DRAM) ya ba da damar maye gurbin madaidaiciyar madaidaicin 4 ko 6 transistor latch guda ɗaya don kowane bit na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana ƙaruwa ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ƙwarai a ƙimar canji. An adana bayanai a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfin kowane transistor, kuma dole ne a sanyaya shi lokaci -lokaci kowane 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin cajin ya ɓace. Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 kalkuleta na lantarki, wanda aka gabatar a 1965, yayi amfani da wani nau'i na DRAM bipolar capacitive, yana adana bayanai 180-bit akan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya masu rarrafe, wanda ya ƙunshi transistors bipolar germanium. . Duk da yake yana ba da ingantaccen aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, DRAM na bipolar ba zai iya yin gasa tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar magnetic-core ba.
Fasahar MOS ita ce tushen DRAM na zamani. A cikin 1966, Dr. Robert H. Dennard a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM Thomas J. Watson yana aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Yayin da yake nazarin halayen fasahar MOS, ya gano yana da ikon gina masu haɓakawa, kuma adana cajin ko babu caji a kan MOS capacitor na iya wakiltar 1 da 0 na kaɗan, yayin da MOS transistor zai iya sarrafa rubuta cajin ga capacitor. Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya. A cikin 1967, Dennard ya ba da takardar izini a ƙarƙashin IBM don ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya, dangane da fasahar MOS. Chip ɗin DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko shine Intel 1103, wanda aka ƙera akan 8<span about="#mwt126" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>μm MOS aiwatar da damar 1kbit, kuma an sake shi a 1970.
Memory-synnosis dynamic memory-access memory (SDRAM) Samsung Electronics ne ya haɓaka shi. Chip ɗin SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko shine Samsung KM48SL2000, wanda ke da damar 16Mbit . Samsung ne ya gabatar da shi a 1992, kuma aka samar da shi a 1993. DDR SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko ( ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai sau biyu SDRAM) guntu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine Samsung na 64Mbit DDR SDRAM guntu, wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 1998. GDDR (DDR graphics) wani nau'i ne na DDR SGRAM (RAM masu kama da juna), wanda Samsung ya fara fitar da shi a matsayin 16Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Mbit a 1998.
Nau'ukan
Nau'ikan RAM guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su su ne Static RAM (SRAM) da RAM mai ƙarfi (DRAM). A cikin SRAM, ana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar transistor guda shida, yawanci ta amfani da MOSFET shida (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor filin-sakamako transistors). Wannan nau'in RAM ya fi tsada don samarwa, amma gabaɗaya yana da sauri kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da DRAM. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, galibi ana amfani da SRAM azaman ƙwaƙwalwar cache don CPU . DRAM yana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da transistor da capacitor biyu (yawanci MOSFET da MOS capacitor, bi da bi), wanda tare ya ƙunshi sel na DRAM. Capacitor ɗin yana riƙe da cajin babba ko ƙarami (1 ko 0, bi da bi), kuma transistor ɗin yana aiki azaman mai canzawa wanda ke ba da damar kewayon sarrafawa akan guntu ya karanta yanayin cajin capacitor ko canza shi. Da yake wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba ta da tsada don samarwa fiye da RAM ɗin da ke tsaye, ita ce mafi girman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da ake amfani da ita a cikin kwamfutocin zamani.
Dukansu a tsaye da tsayayyen RAM ana ɗaukar su marasa ƙarfi, saboda yanayin su ya ɓace ko sake saitawa lokacin da aka cire wuta daga tsarin. Sabanin haka, ƙwaƙwalwar-karanta-kawai (ROM) tana adana bayanai ta hanyar kunna ko kashe na’urorin transistor na dindindin, ta yadda ba za a iya canza ƙwaƙwalwar ba. Bambance -bambancen rubuce -rubuce na ROM (kamar EEPROM da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ) suna raba kaddarorin duka ROM da RAM, yana ba da damar bayanai su ci gaba ba tare da iko ba kuma a sabunta su ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman ba. Waɗannan nau'ikan dindindin na semiconductor ROM sun haɗa da kebul na filasha na USB, katunan ƙwaƙwalwa don kyamarori da na'urori masu ɗaukuwa, da daskararru masu ƙarfi . Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ECC (wanda zai iya zama SRAM ko DRAM) ya haɗa da kewaya ta musamman don ganowa da/ko gyara kuskuren bazuwar (kurakuran ƙwaƙwalwa) a cikin bayanan da aka adana, ta yin amfani da rabe -raben daidaituwa ko lambobin gyara kuskure .
Gabaɗaya, kalmar RAM tana nufin kawai ga na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙarfi (ko DRAM ko SRAM), kuma musamman musamman babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a yawancin kwamfutoci. A cikin ajiya na gani, kalmar DVD-RAM tana da ɗan kuskure tunda tunda, sabanin CD-RW ko DVD-RW baya buƙatar sharewa kafin sake amfani dashi. Duk da haka, DVD-RAM yana yin kama da rumbun diski idan ɗan hankali.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce ginshiƙin ginin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta . Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lantarki ce da ke adana ɗan bitar bayanai na binary kuma dole ne a saita ta don adana dabaru 1 (babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki) da sake saitawa don adana dabaru 0 (ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki). Ana kiyaye darajar sa/adana shi har sai an canza shi ta hanyar saita/sake saiti. Ana iya samun ƙima a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar karanta shi.
A cikin SRAM, ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani nau'in juzu'in juzu'i ne, galibi ana aiwatar da shi ta amfani da FETs . Wannan yana nufin cewa SRAM yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi lokacin da ba a isa gare shi ba, amma yana da tsada kuma yana da ƙarancin ajiya.
Nau'i na biyu, DRAM, an kafa shi ne kusa da capacitor. Cajin da fitar da wannan capacitor na iya adana “1” ko “0” a cikin tantanin halitta. Koyaya, cajin da ke cikin wannan capacitor sannu a hankali yana ɓacewa, kuma dole ne a sabunta shi lokaci -lokaci. Saboda wannan tsari na wartsakewa, DRAM yana amfani da ƙarin ƙarfi, amma yana iya samun babban adadi na ajiya da ƙananan farashin raka'a idan aka kwatanta da SRAM.
Yin jawabi
Don zama da amfani, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya dole ne a iya karanta su kuma a iya rubuta su. A cikin na'urar RAM, ana amfani da juzu'i da juzu'i mai jujjuyawa don zaɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yawanci, na'urar RAM tana da saitin adireshin A0. . . An, kuma ga kowane haɗin ragowa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga waɗannan layin, an kunna saitin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Saboda wannan magana, na'urorin RAM kusan koyaushe suna da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda shine ikon biyu.
Yawanci ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa suna raba adireshi ɗaya. Misali, guntu na RAM mai '' bit '' 4 'yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya 4 ga kowane adireshin. Sau da yawa faɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na microprocessor sun bambanta, don microprocessor 32 bit, za a buƙaci kwakwalwan RAM guda takwas 4.
Sau da yawa ana buƙatar adiresoshi fiye da yadda na'urar za ta iya bayarwa. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da mahara da yawa na waje zuwa na'urar don kunna madaidaicin na'urar da ake isa.
Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwa
Mutum na iya karantawa da sake rubuta bayanai a cikin RAM. Mutane da yawa kwamfuta tsarin da memory matsayi kunshi processor rajista, a-mutu SRAM makon jiya, inda, external makon jiya, inda, DRAM, paging tsarin da mai rumfa memory ko canza sarari a kan wani rumbun kwamfutarka. Yawancin masu haɓakawa da yawa za a iya kiran wannan ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin "RAM", duk da cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwa daban -daban na iya samun lokutan samun dama daban -daban, suna keta manufar asali bayan lokacin samun dama a cikin RAM. Ko da a cikin matakin matsayi kamar DRAM, takamaiman jere, shafi, banki, matsayi, tashar, ko ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na abubuwan da aka gyara suna canza lokacin samun dama, kodayake ba har zuwa lokacin samun damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na juyawa ko tef yana canzawa. . Babban burin yin amfani da tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine samun mafi girman matsakaicin damar yin aiki yayin rage girman jimlar duk tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (gabaɗaya, tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar yana bin lokacin samun dama tare da rijistar CPU mai sauri a saman da jinkirin rumbun kwamfutarka. a kasa).
A cikin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu da yawa na zamani, RAM yana zuwa cikin sauƙaƙe ingantattun nau'ikan kayayyaki waɗanda ake kira ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa ko samfuran DRAM game da girman 'yan sandunan taunawa. Za'a iya maye gurbin waɗannan da sauri idan sun lalace ko lokacin canza buƙatun suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin ajiya. Kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a sama, ƙaramin adadin RAM (galibi SRAM) suma an haɗa su a cikin CPU da sauran ICs akan motherboard, da kuma cikin rumbun kwamfutoci, CD-ROMs, da sauran sassan tsarin kwamfuta.
Wasu amfani na RAM
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa
Yawancin tsarin aiki na zamani suna amfani da hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin RAM, wanda aka sani da "ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa". An keɓe wani sashi na rumbun kwamfutarka don fayil ɗin paging ko ɓangaren karce, kuma haɗuwar RAM ta zahiri da fayil ɗin paging sune babban adadin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin. (Misali, idan kwamfutar tana da 2 GB (1024 3 B) na RAM da fayil ɗin shafi na 1 GB, tsarin aiki yana da 3 GB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke akwai. ) Lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki, zai iya " musanya " ɓangarorin RAM zuwa fayil ɗin paging don samun damar sabbin bayanai, gami da karanta bayanan da aka musanya a baya zuwa RAM. Amfani da yawa na wannan injin yana haifar da buguwa kuma gaba ɗaya yana kawo cikas ga aikin tsarin gabaɗaya, musamman saboda rumbun kwamfutoci suna da hankali fiye da RAM.
RAM faifai
Software na iya “raba” wani sashi na RAM na kwamfuta, yana ba shi damar yin aiki azaman rumbun kwamfutarka mafi sauri wanda ake kira faifan RAM . Faifan RAM yana rasa bayanan da aka adana lokacin da aka rufe kwamfutar, sai dai idan an tsara ƙwaƙwalwar don samun tushen batir mai jiran aiki.
RAM inuwa
Wasu lokuta, ana kwafin abubuwan da ke cikin guntun ROM mai ɗan jinkiri don karantawa/rubuta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ba da damar gajerun lokutan samun dama. An kashe guntu na ROM yayin da aka kunna wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar da aka fara a kan toshe adireshin (galibi ana rubuta kariya). Wannan tsari, wani lokaci ana kiranta inuwa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kwamfutoci da tsarin da aka saka .
A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, BIOS a cikin kwamfutoci na sirri na yau da kullun yana da wani zaɓi da ake kira "amfani da inuwa BIOS" ko makamancin haka. Lokacin da aka kunna, ayyukan da ke dogaro da bayanai daga BIOS na ROM maimakon amfani da wuraren DRAM (galibi kuma suna iya canza inuwar katin bidiyo ROM ko wasu sassan ROM). Dangane da tsarin, wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka aiki, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Misali, wasu kayan masarufi ba sa iya shiga tsarin aiki idan ana amfani da inuwa RAM. A kan wasu tsarin fa'idar na iya zama tsinkaye saboda ba a amfani da BIOS bayan an yi booting don samun damar kayan aikin kai tsaye. Ana rage ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta girman girman ROMs masu inuwa.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa kwanan nan
Sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan RAM <i id="mwAWI">marasa ƙarfi</i>, waɗanda ke adana bayanai yayin da aka rage su, suna kan ci gaba. Fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da abubuwan nanotubes na carbon da hanyoyin amfani da ramin magnetoresistance . Daga cikin ƙarni na 1 na MRAM, an ƙera guntun 128 kbit ( 128 × 210 bytes) tare da 0.18. technologym fasaha a lokacin bazara na 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, Infineon Technologies ta bayyana 16 MB (16 Ƙari 2 20 bytes) samfur kuma wanda ya danganci 0.18 technologym fasaha. Akwai fasahohin tsara ƙarni na biyu a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba: sauyawa mai taimako (TAS) wanda fasahar Crocus ke haɓakawa, da jujjuyawar juyawa (STT) wanda Crocus, Hynix, IBM, da wasu kamfanoni da yawa ke aiki. . Nantero ya gina ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar nanotube mai aiki 10 GB (10 Ƙari 2 30 bytes) a 2004. Ko wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin na ƙarshe za su iya ɗaukar babban kaso na kasuwa daga ko dai DRAM, SRAM, ko fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, duk da haka, za a gani.
Tun daga 2006, " daskararrun masu tuƙi " (dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha) tare da ƙarfin da ya wuce gigabytes 256 da aikin da ya wuce diski na gargajiya ya zama akwai. Wannan ci gaban ya fara ɓarna ma'ana tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta gargajiya da “diski”, yana rage banbancin aiki sosai.
Wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar samun dama, kamar " EcoRAM ", an tsara su musamman don gonar uwar garke, inda ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi sauri sauri.
Bango na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
"Bangon ƙwaƙwalwa" shine haɓaka saurin haɓaka tsakanin CPU da ƙwaƙwalwa a waje da guntun CPU. Wani muhimmin dalili na wannan banbancin shine ƙarancin bandwidth na sadarwa fiye da iyakokin guntu, wanda kuma ake kira bangon bandwidth . Daga 1986 zuwa 2000, saurin CPU ya inganta a shekara -shekara na 55% yayin da saurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai ya inganta a 10%. Ganin waɗannan abubuwan, ana tsammanin jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai zama babban cikas a cikin aikin kwamfuta.
Haɓaka saurin CPU ya ragu sosai saboda manyan shinge na jiki kuma wani ɓangare saboda ƙirar CPU na yanzu sun riga sun bugi bangon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta wata ma'ana. Intel ya taƙaita waɗannan abubuwan a cikin takaddar 2005. Da farko, yayin da geometries guntu ke raguwa kuma mitar agogo ta tashi, ƙarar transistor na yanzu yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da yawan amfani da wuta da zafi. . . Abu na biyu, fa'idodin saurin agogo mafi girma wani ɓangare ne ta hanyar jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunda lokutan samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba su iya yin tafiya tare da haɓaka mitar agogo. Na uku, don wasu aikace-aikace, gine-ginen jerin shirye-shiryen gargajiya na zama ƙasa da inganci yayin da masu sarrafawa ke saurin sauri (saboda abin da ake kira ƙwallon ƙwal na Von Neumann ), yana ƙara karkatar da duk wata ribar da adadin ƙaruwa zai iya saya in ba haka ba. Bugu da kari, a wani bangare saboda iyakancewa a cikin hanyoyin samar da fitarwa a cikin ingantattun na'urori na jihar, jinkirin-ƙarfin (RC) jinkirin watsa siginar yana ƙaruwa yayin da girman sifofi ke raguwa, yana sanya ƙarin ƙalubalen da ƙara ƙaruwa baya magancewa.An kuma lura da jinkirin RC a cikin watsa siginar a cikin "Rate Clock versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" wanda yayi hasashen matsakaicin ci gaban aikin CPU na shekara -shekara na 12.5% tsakanin 2000 da 2014.
Wani ra'ayi daban shine ragin aikin processor-memory, wanda za a iya magance shi ta hanyar haɗaɗɗun da'irar 3D wanda ke rage tazara tsakanin dabaru da ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke nesa da juna a cikin guntu na 2D. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan rata, wanda ke ƙaruwa cikin lokaci. Babbar hanyar da ake bi don cike gibin shine amfani da caches ; ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda ke ɗauke da ayyukan kwanan nan da umarni kusa da mai sarrafawa, yana hanzarta aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ko umarni a lokutan da ake kiran su akai-akai. An haɓaka matakan caching da yawa don magance gibin da ke yaɗuwa, kuma aikin manyan kwamfutoci na zamani masu ɗorewa ya dogara da haɓaka dabarun caching. Za a iya samun bambanci tsakanin 53% tsakanin haɓaka cikin saurin mai sarrafawa da saurin jinkirin samun babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Hard diski-hard hard sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa cikin sauri, daga ~ 400 Mbit/s ta SATA3 a 2012 har zuwa ~ 3 GB/s ta NVMe / PCIe a cikin 2018, yana rufe rata tsakanin RAM da saurin faifai, kodayake RAM na ci gaba da zama umarni na girma da sauri, tare da DDR4 3200 mai layi ɗaya mai iya 25 GB/s, da GDDR na zamani har ma da sauri. Mai sauri, mai arha, rumbun kwamfutoci marasa ƙarfi sun maye gurbin wasu ayyuka da RAM ke aiwatarwa, kamar riƙe wasu bayanai don samun kai tsaye a cikin gonakin uwar garke - 1 terabyte na ajiyar SSD za a iya samun $ 200, yayin da 1 TB na RAM zai kashe dubban na daloli.
Lokaci
SRAM
DRAM
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
41001 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar%20Rum | Bahar Rum | Tekun Bahar Rum teku ne da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika, Basin Bahar Rum ya kewaye shi kuma kusan an rufe shi da ƙasa: a arewa ta yamma da Kudancin Turai da Anatoliya, a kudu ta arewacin Afirka, a gabas kuma ta Levant. Tekun ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin wayewar Yammacin Turai. Shaidar Geological ta nuna cewa kusan shekaru miliyan 5.9 da suka gabata, an yanke Tekun Bahar Rum daga Tekun Atlantika kuma an yanke shi a wani bangare ko gaba daya a cikin shekaru kusan 600,000 a lokacin rikicin salinity na Messin kafin ambaliyar Zanclean ta cika kusan shekaru 5.3 miliyan da suka wuce.
Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi yanki kusan , yana wakiltar kashi 0.7% na saman tekun duniya, amma haɗinsa zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta mashigin Gibraltar-mashigin da ke haɗa Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya raba yankin Iberian Peninsula a Turai da Maroko a Afirka. kawai fadi. Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga dutsen mai aman wuta. Manyan tsibirai biyu masu nisa sune Sicily da Sardinia.
Tekun Bahar Rum yana da matsakaicin zurfin zurfin kuma mafi zurfin da aka rubuta shine ± a cikin Calypso Deep a cikin Tekun Ionian. Ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin latitudes 30° da 46° N da longitudes 6° W da 36° E. Tsawonsa daga yamma–gabas, daga mashigin Gibraltar zuwa mashigin tekun Alexandretta, a kudu maso gabashin gabar tekun Turkiyya, yana da kusan kilomita . Tsawon arewa-kudu ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mabambantan gaɓar teku da ko madaidaicin hanyoyi ne kawai ake la'akari. Har ila yau, ciki har da sauye-sauye na tsayin daka, mafi guntuwar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Tekun Trieste na kasa da kasa da gabar da tekun Libya na Gulf of Sidra kusan kilomita . Yanayin ruwa yana da sauƙi a cikin hunturu kuma yana dumi a lokacin rani kuma suna ba da suna ga nau'in yanayi na Mediterranean saboda yawancin hazo yana fadowa a cikin watanni masu sanyi. Gabashin ta na kudanci da gabas suna cike da hamada masu zafi da ba su da nisa a cikin kasa, amma gabar tekun nan da nan a dukkan bangarorin Tekun Bahar Rum na da nasaba da daidaita yanayin teku.
Tekun dai wata hanya ce mai muhimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa da matafiya na zamanin da, wanda ke saukaka kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar asali da ci gaban yawancin al'ummomin zamani. Daular Roma ta kasance tana da ikon mallakar ruwa a cikin teku tsawon ƙarni.
Ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Tekun Bahar Rum bisa agogon hannu su ne Spain, Faransa, Monaco, Italiya, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, da kuma Maroko; Malta da Cyprus kasashe tsibiri ne a cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, yankin Arewacin Cyprus da ake jayayya, da wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman Gibraltar da Ceuta, suna da bakin teku a kan teku. Iskandariya ita ce mafi girma mazaunin bakin teku. Ruwan magudanan ruwa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙasashe masu yawa, kogin Nilu shine kogin mafi tsayi da ke ƙarewa a Tekun Bahar Rum.
Tarihi
Wayewar da
Manyan tsoffin civilization sun kasance a kusa da Bahar Rum. Tekun ya ba da hanyoyin kasuwanci, mulkin mallaka, da yaƙi, da kuma abinci (daga kamun kifi da tattara sauran abincin teku) ga al'ummomi da yawa a tsawon shekaru.
Mafi shaharar wayewar Bahar Rum a zamanin da na gargajiya sune jihohin birnin Girka, Farisa da Phoenicians, waɗanda dukkansu suka mamaye gabar tekun Bahar Rum.
Darius I na Farisa, wanda ya ci Masar ta dā, ya gina magudanar ruwa da ke haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Magudanar Dariyus tana da faɗin isa ga triremes biyu su wuce juna tare da tsawaita tsawaitawa, kuma yana buƙatar kwanaki huɗu don wucewa.
Daga baya, lokacin da Augustus ya kafa daular Roma, Romawa suna kiran Bahar Rum a matsayin Mare Nostrum ("Tekunmu"). A cikin shekaru 400 masu zuwa, Daular Roma ta mallaki Tekun Bahar Rum gaba ɗaya da kusan dukkan yankunan bakin teku daga Gibraltar zuwa Levant.
A cikin shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun kayan tarihi daga Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Jami'ar Akdeniz (UA) ta bayyana wani hatsarin jirgin ruwa tun shekaru 3,600 a tekun Bahar Rum a Turkiyya. Tan 1.5 na tagulla da aka samu a cikin jirgin an yi amfani da su wajen kimanta shekarunsa.
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14004 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassey%20Ikpi | Bassey Ikpi | Bassey Ikpi, (An haife ta 3 ga watan Augustan Shekarar 1976) `yar asalin ƙasar Najeriya ce mazauniyar Amurka mai magana da ke magana da rubutu, marubuciya, kuma mai ba da shawara game da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ta bayyana ne a HBO's Russell Simmons Presents Def Poetry sau biyar kuma waƙinta ta buɗe nuna wa masu zane-zane lambar yabo na Grammy Award. Shine kuma jaridar New York Times wacce ke ba da labari mai taken "Na faɗi Gaskiya Amma Ina kwance."
Farkon rayuwa da aiki
Ikpi an haife ta ne a Ikom, jihar Cross River, Nigeria, a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1976, ga dangin Najeriya waɗanda suka fito daga Ugep . Lokacin da take ɗan shekara huɗu, ta koma tare da iyayenta zuwa garin Waterway, Oklahoma, Amurka inda ta zauna har ta kai shekara 13. Daga nan sai ta koma Greenbelt, Maryland, wata unguwar Washington DC.
Ta halarci Jami’ar Maryland, dake Baltimore County don yin karatun Ingilishi . Lokacin da take makarantar koleji, ta fara yin wakoki a wajan Baltimore da Washington DC a kusa da kewaye. Ta bar karatun a shekarar bararta ta koma New York City .
Lokacin da take kusan shekara 21, Ikpi ta koma New York City don neman ƙarin dama. A can ne ta gano "Louder Arts Movement", Nuyorican Poets Café, kuma daga baya Po Poryry Jam . Hakanan tana can inda ta koya yadda ake ɗaukar rubutun ta da muhimmanci. Ta zama fitacciyar mawakiyar magana a cikin birni kuma an nuna ta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Def Poetry Jam TV na tsawon shekaru 5, tare da kamfanin don shekara ɗaya ta fara a bikin Yammacin Edinburgh, sannan kuma don wata shekara ta yin yawon shakatawa ta ƙasa tare da asali Broadway Cast. Ta kasance tare da Def Poetry Jam ne daga 2001 zuwa 2004. It was also there where she learnt how to take her writing seriously.
Binciken Bipolar
A watan Janairu na 2004, a Chicago, yayin daya daga cikin ranakun da ta zagaya kasar don Def Poetry Jam, ta sami rauni daga bacin rai, damuwa da matsananciyar damuwa. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, a cikin New York City, ta kamu da cutar ta rashin lafiyar Bipolar II, A few days later, in New York City, she was diagnosed with Bipolar II Disorder, something she claimed had always been there since she was a kid. wani abin da ta ce ya kasance koyaushe yana can tun tana ɗan yaro. a rubuta game da ita a bainar jama'a a cikin wani ra'ayi na Huffington Post a watan Janairu 2011. Ta kuma yi magana game da shi a bainar jama'a ta hanyar jama'a da yawa, a matsayin wata hanya don taimaka wa wasu su shawo kan ɓarna da fahimtar gwagwarmaya. Ta kuma rubuta rubuce rubuce da dama na kafofin watsa labarai da dama kan batun lafiyar kwakwalwa da tafsirin al'adun gargajiya wadanda suka hada da Ebony, The Huffington Post, Essence.com, XOJane.com da TheRoot.com.
Komawa Najeriya
A 2014, watanni bayan daruruwan makaranta yara da aka sace daga Chibok a Najeriya, Ikpi shirya 'Shin, The Rubuta Thing', wani taron nuna goyon baya ta hanyar da magana maganar ga Kawo Baya Our Girls yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ta kuma rera waka tare da fitaccen mawakin nan na Najeriya 2Face Idibia don nuna goyon baya ga wannan yunkuri da ake kira 'Break The Silence'.
Aikin Siwe da "Ranar rashin kunya"
Ikpi ta kafa "The Siwe Project", wanda akewa lakabi da Siwe Monsanto, 'yar shekara goma sha biyar na amininsa wanda ya kashe kansa a shekara ta 2011 bayan tsananin damuwa a matsayin wata hanyar karfafa mutane masu cutar kwakwalwa "" wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa neman taimako da gudanar da cututtukan su kuma kada su ji tsoro ko kunyar yin magana game da shi. " Anyi rajistar Siwe a matsayin "riba mai zaman kanta ta duniya da aka sadaukar don inganta wayar da kan jama'ar game da al'umar bakaken fata ta duniya."
An ƙaddamar da aikin a watan Disamba 2011.
A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2013, an gabatar da "Ranar kunya ta farko" a kafofin watsa labarun, inda ake ƙarfafa mutanen da ke fama da matsananciyar wahala ko rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa su sanya labarun su ba tare da kunya ga duniya ba. "Wata dama ce ga mutane a duniya suyi zanga-zangar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ... [tare da] tattaunawa ta gaskiya game da kyamar cutar tabin hankali, kamuwa da cutar, da kuma zabin magani. Dalilin ranar rashin kunya shine don ƙarfafa mutane da yawa don neman magani ba tare da kunya ba.
Littattafan Farko: Ni Gaskiya nake fada Amma Ina kwance
A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa, littafinta na farko, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Yin Abokai Tare da Gattawa za ta buga ta Harper Perennial a cikin shekarar 2018. An bayyana littafin a matsayin "wani aiki mai zurfi na sirri wanda ke ba da tarihin rayuwar marubucin ɗan Ba-Amerikan wanda ke rayuwa tare da rashin damuwa da damuwa na Bipolar II, da kuma wata mace mai launi da kuma magance ƙiyayya da ke tattare da shi."
Littafin, a ƙarshe aka sake sunan shi Na Ba da Gaskiya ne Amma Ina Amince an buga shi a watan Agusta na 2019, kuma cikin sauri ya zama mai ba da izini a New York Times. An bayyana shi a matsayin "tarin rubutun labari mai ban mamaki" Kola Tubosun ya kira shi "wani taswirar taswira ga masu sha'awar koyo game da yadda cutar kwakwalwa ke shafar mutane."
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
"Wani lokacin shiru shine mafi yawan irin ihu" - Magana mai magana - Def Jam Season 2, Episode 3 (2003)
"Homeward" - Magana da aka yi magana - Def Jam Season 3, Episode 3 (2004)
"Diallo" - Magana da aka yi magana - Def Jam Season 4, Episode 3 (2005)
"Ina so in sumbace ku" - Magana da aka yi magana - Def Jam Season 5, Episode 2 (2006)
"Afuwa ga Mahaifina" - Magana da aka yi magana - Def Jam Season 6, Episode 5 (2007)
"Shingewar Ganuwa" - Magana da aka yi magana akan "Tasirin Yarinya" (2016)
Manazarta
Hadinwaje
"Bassey Ikpi's Website"
"The Siwe Project Website"
Marubutan Najeriya |
15878 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agho%20Obaseki | Agho Obaseki | Cif Agho Obaseki (ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1920) ya kasance Babban Sarki a Daular Benin daga shekarar alif 1898 zuwa shekara ta 1914, sannan Iyase na Benin daga shekarar alif 1914 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta alif 1920.
Bayan Fage
Cif Agho Ogbedeoyo the Obaseki Of Benin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Oba na Benin a lokacin takaddamar, shekara ga alif 1897 zuwa shekara ta alif 1914 A matsayin Shugaban Gudanarwa lokacin da aka kori Oba Ovonramwen. Agho shine da na karshe ga mahaifinsa, yayan Ogbeide. Ogbeide ya rike kambun Bini Ine karkashin Oba Adolo. Asalinsa mutumin garin Agbor ne. Ine shi ne shugaban gidan masarautar Ibiwe kuma ya kasance mai kula da daukaka mai martaba da sarakuna. Lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25, ya shiga cikin matsala a ƙauyen Iguovinyoba, lokacin da ya shiga cikin matar aure. Daga nan ya tafi Benin City don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma a can ya haɗu da Masarauta Yarima Idugbowa, daga baya Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi wanda ya ɗauki Agho a cikin kariya kuma abokantaka tsakanin mutanen biyu ta biyo baya. Wani saurayi Agho ya zama dan kasuwa ga Prince Idugbowa.
Hawan Ovonramwen, haɓakar kasuwancin Agho, da kuma kyautar taken Obaseki
Lokacin da Yarima Idgubowa ya zama Oba Ovonramwen, Agho ya ji daɗin cinikin dabinon da kernel na kayayyakin Turai kamar rum, ashana, gishiri, sutura, siliki, da sauran abubuwan da ake shigowa da su. Sakamakon haka, Agho ya kawo dukiya mai yawa ga Oba Ovonramwen da shi kansa kuma an ba shi lada a matsayin babban hadimin gidan masarautar Benin da aka caje shi da sasanta ƙananan rikice-rikice na gida. Oba Ovonramwen ya kuma saka wa Agho da matar sa ta farko, Etuohun kuma ya bashi taken Obaseki wanda daga nan aka sanya shi cikin taken Iweguae mai rike da jama'a. Obaseki na nufin "Falalar Oba ta fi nasara fiye da nasarar kasuwanci", a cikin shekara ta alif 1889. Oba Ovonramwen ya kara daukaka matsayin Obaseki ta hanyar ba shi bayi dari wadanda suka kasance kamammun yaki.
Faduwar Benin da canza dangantaka da Ovonramwen
Obaseki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da Fall of Benin daga Balaguron Balaguro na shekara ta alif 1897 . Ya shirya kare kasar Benin tare da rakiyar Oba Ovonramwen a lokacin da yake tserewa daga wutar rokar Biritaniya. Ovonramwen ya umurci Obaseki a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 1897 don yin bincike a Benin bayan harin bam na Burtaniya. Turawan Burtaniya ne suka gano Obaseki kuma suka hana shi komawa Ovonramwen saboda Turawan ingila suna ganin yana da amfani ga sabon tsarin siyasar da za su kafa. Alfred Turner, Mazaunin Birtaniyya, ya nada Obaseki a cikin Majalisar Sarakunan a watan Satumba shekarar 1897.
Babban sarki na Benin
Oba Ovonramwen ya tsaya a gaban kotu a watan Agusta kan abubuwan da suka haifar da Balaguron Balaguro, Turawan Burtaniya sun same shi da laifi, an tumbuke shi, an kuma tasa keyarsa zuwa Calabar da ke haifar da rashin shugabanci wanda Turawan Burtaniya suka cike ta hanyar sanya Obaseki a matsayin ainihin shugaban sabuwar kasar da aka kafa ta 'yan asalin Benin. Majalisar saboda kwarewar Obaseki da kwarewar siyasa.
Iyase na Benin
Ovonramwen ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 1914, yana buɗe hanya don Yarima Aiguobasimwin (daga baya Oba Eweka II) ya zama Oba. Hukumomin Birtaniyya, duk da haka, sun karya al'adu ta hanyar nada Obaseki, Iyase na Benin (Babban Mashawarcin Oba) wanda hakan ya bata ran sabon Oba Eweka II. Sakamakon haka, rikici ya kaure tsakanin Oba Eweka II da Obaseki, sabon Iyase na Benin. Iyase ya lullube da Oba a karkashin sabon lokacin siyasa na Biritaniya kuma har ma a cewar Birtaniyyar da ta mara masa baya, 'tabbas ya kasance mafi kama-karya da girman kai a halayensa'.
Sabuwar Yam palaver
Obaseki ya karɓi Kiristanci a cikin shekarar 1917 kuma saboda haka ya daina shiga cikin al'adun fada kamar buɗe Sabuwar Yam Festival. Tun da yake ba za a iya girbe doya ba tare da halartar Iyase ba, lokuta masu wahala sun biyo baya kuma dole Birtaniyya ta sa baki. Oba ya mayar da martani cewa ba za a iya fara bukukuwa ba tare da halartar Iyase ba sannan Iyase kuma, sun nuna cewa sabon addinin nasa ya tilasta masa rashin halartar sa. Don haka aka tilasta wa Oba Eweka II bude bukukuwan ba tare da Iyase ba, an wulakanta shi ta hanyar ba Obaseki hakuri a bainar jama'a, kuma a wani aiki na sulhu, Oba ya ba da 'yarsa, Princess Comfort Ebose Eweka, ga Obaseki. Yanzu haka Obaseki yana da mata, ‘yayan Obas biyun da suka biyo baya (na farko Ovonramwen wanda ya auri Orinmwiame yayin da yake gudun hijira, yanzu kuma Eweka II).
Mutuwa da gado
Obaseki ya yi fama da ciwon huhu kuma ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar ta alif 1920. 'Ya'yansa maza su ne Cif Aiyamekhue Jackson Obaseki (Esama na masarautar Benin) taken da attajirin da ya fi mulkin masarautar Benin ya rike, Cif Downson Obaseki (The Obaruyiedo Of Benin Kinddom), Wilson Aigbedo, Agboifo, Humphrey, da Gaius Ikuobasoyenmwen wanda daga baya ya zama jarumi Groupungiyar Action Group . Lissafin tarihin rayuwarsa da siyasarsa yana cikin littattafai biyu 'Obaseki na Benin (Tarihin Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Afirka) ' da 'The Nemesis of Power: Agho Obaseki da Benin Politics 1897-1956 ' wanda masanin tarihin Nijeriya ya rubuta kuma babban jagora kan tarihin Benin, Farfesa Philip Igbafe .
Manazarta
Edo
Mutane
Mutuwan 1920 |
48453 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Tafiye-Tafiye%20ta%20Afirka | Ƙungiyar Tafiye-Tafiye ta Afirka | Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Afirka ( ATA ) ƙungiya ce t
a kasuwanci mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta wadda aka kafa a 1975.
ATA ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin "inganta tafiye-tafiye, yawon shakatawa da sufuri zuwa ciki da wajen Afirka, da kuma karfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Afirka."
ATA tana hidima ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu na masana'antar balaguro da yawon buɗe ido ta duniya. Membobin ATA sun haɗa da gwamnatocin Afirka, ministocin yawon bude ido, ofisoshin yawon shakatawa da hukumomin, kamfanonin jiragen sama, layin jirgin ruwa, otal-otal, wuraren shakatawa, masu siyar da tafiye-tafiye na gaba da masu ba da sabis, masu gudanar da balaguro da wakilan balaguro, kafofin watsa labarai da membobin haɗin gwiwa.
ATA tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka (AUC) don haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa na yawon buɗe ido zuwa da ma faɗin Afirka. Taron ATA na shekara-shekara a Afirka da Amurka yana tattaro shugabannin masana'antu don tsara ajandar yawon shakatawa na Afirka.
Tsarin
An yi rajistar ATA a matsayin 501 (c) 6 ƙungiyar kasuwanci mai zaman kanta a cikin Amurka, tare da hedkwatarta a Washington DC da surori a duniya. Kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa da ƙasa ne ke kula da ATA kuma babban darektan gudanarwa da tawagar gudanarwa ne ke kula da shi kowace rana.
Makasudai
Mai ba da shawara ga Afirka a matsayin jagorar tafiye-tafiye na duniya
Haɓaka wayar da kan Afirka a matsayin makoma mai wadata da damammaki da kayayyaki na yawon buɗe ido
Inganta labarai masu inganci akan Afirka
Haɓaka da haɓaka shirye-shiryen balaguro zuwa da faɗin Afirka
Taimakawa membobin ƙasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallatawa
Yi aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa kan al'amuran yawon buɗe ido a Afirka tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi
Gabatar da dama ga membobi don tallatawa da nuna samfuransu da ayyukansu
Bayar da membobin ci gaba da ilimi, horo da damar koyo
Taimaka wa membobin haɓaka kasuwanci ta hanyar fallasa, sadarwar yanar gizo da masu ba da shawara
Shirya al'amura inda masu ruwa da tsaki na yawon bude ido ke haduwa don tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi al'amura da damuwa
Gudanar da bincike tare da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa kan al'amuran yawon buɗe ido a Afirka
Abubuwan da suka faru
Dandalin Shugaban Kasa
Taron shugaban kasa na shekara-shekara kan yawon bude ido na ATA, wanda gidan Afirka na Jami'ar New York ke shiryawa, yana gudana ne a birnin New York duk watan Satumba a daidai lokacin da taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya . Wannan taron na yini daya ya baiwa shugabannin Afirka wata muhimmiyar dama ta yin magana kan yadda tafiye-tafiye da yawon bude ido ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa da ci gaban kasa. Shugabannin kasashen Afirka goma daga kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, Benin, Burundi, Ghana, Gambia, Laberiya, Malawi, Morocco, Tanzania da bankin duniya sun gabatar da jawabi a taron na 2010.
Taron Yawon shakatawa na Amurka da Afirka
Babban taron masana'antu na ATA a Amurka yana gudana ne tare da babban wasan baje kolin tafiye-tafiye, yana jawo ƙwararrun masana'antun yawon shakatawa da wakilan diflomasiyya da ke sha'awar koyo game da zaɓin manufofin da suka shafi yawon shakatawa a Afirka. Mahalarta taron sun kuma binciko muhimman hanyoyin ci gaban da suka taimaka wa harkokin yawon bude ido na Afirka ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin ƴan shekarun nan da kuma taimakawa wajen haɗa kai da wasu kamfanoni don bunkasa dabarun kasuwanci.
Nunin hanyoyin haɓakawa
ATA yana ƙara hangen nesa na Afirka a matsayin makoma a kasuwannin Arewacin Amurka ta hanyar nuna wurin da aka nufa da samfuran abokan hulɗar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin manyan kasuwannin birni kamar Phoenix da Montreal da kuma manyan biranen kamar New York, Los Angeles da Atlanta . Har ila yau ATA tana shiga cikin nunin tafiye-tafiye na masana'antu na duniya a Turai, Asiya da Afirka.
Taron Yawon shakatawa na Eco da Al'adu
Kwararrun yawon bude ido da suka kware kan yawon shakatawa mai dorewa, zane-zane, al'adu, balaguron tarihi, yawon bude ido, tafiye-tafiyen kore, da kiyayewa sun taru don gano masana'antar muhalli da yawon shakatawa na al'adu na Afirka. Kasashen da ke karbar bakuncin taron karawa juna sani suna raba samfuran balaguron balaguro tare da wakilai ta hanyar ziyarce-ziyarcen fage da nazarin shari'a.
Taro na baya:
2007/8: Djibouti City, Djibouti, 2006: Calabar, Nigeria, 2005: Luanda Angola, 2004: Kampala, Uganda, 2003: Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2002: Fez, Morocco, 2001: Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2000: Abuja, Nigeria, 1996: Marrakech, Morocco, 1994: Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, 1992: Saly/Dakar, Senegal.
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekara
Taron sa hannu na ATA a Afirka yana ba da hanyar sadarwa, koyo da tsara tsari ga ƙwararrun balaguro 300-500 daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Taron yana magana akan batutuwan masana'antu akan lokaci kuma yana ba da damar haɓaka ƙwararru . Wakilai kuma suna halartar taron zagayawa na ministocin yawon buɗe ido, Bazaar Afirka don masu siye da siyarwa, abubuwan sadarwar yanar gizo, rana (ranar baƙi), liyafar cin abinci da yawon buɗe ido da kuma bayan ƙasa.
Rwanda za ta karbi bakuncin taron shekara-shekara na ATA karo na 41 a cikin bazara na 2017.
Ƙaddamarwa
Shirin ƙwararrun Matasa
Ofishin Jakadancin matasa na Afirka na Tuamar Afirka (YPP) shine don yin yawon shakatawa da ɗaliban baƙi da kuma ƙwararrun masana'antu a masana'antar yawon shakatawa da kuma horar da membobin ƙungiyar Afirka. Don cimma wannan manufa, YPP tana ba da shirye-shirye guda biyu waɗanda ke hidima ga matasa a wurare daban-daban a cikin iliminsu da haɓaka sana'a: (1) Ƙungiyar ɗaliban ATA; da, (2) ATA Matasa Ƙwararrun Network. Ta hanyar wadannan shirye-shirye guda biyu, YPP na da nufin taimakawa shugabannin masana'antu a nan gaba su sami damar samun ƙwararrun yawon shakatawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan Afirka don taimaka musu haɓaka alaƙa da hanyoyin sadarwa a yanzu waɗanda za su yi hidima ga masana'antar da ATA daga baya. Ta hanyar ƙarfafa musayar ilimi, ra'ayoyi da bukatu da kuma ba da damar horo da balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, YPP kuma tana haɗa sabbin tsara zuwa ATA da membobinta waɗanda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun yawon shakatawa ne.
Kasashen Afirka
Baƙi na Afirka wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don haɓaka yawon shakatawa da saka hannun jari. Don ƙarfafa shiga cikin masana'antar, ATA ta ƙaddamar da shirin ATA Diaspora Africa Initiative da nufin shigar da shugabannin ƴan kasuwa na Afirka, ƴan kasuwa da kafofin watsa labarai a fannin bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido ga Afirka.
Haɗin kai dabarun haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka
A cikin watan Mayun 2010, Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka (AUC) da kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta Afirka (ATA) sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna da ke tallafawa "inganta da ci gaban dawwama na yawon bude ido a Afirka". An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da fahimtar cewa manyan yankuna na duniya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin yawon buɗe ido na yanki masu inganci, kamar kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta Asiya ta Pacific (PATA) da kungiyar yawon bude ido ta Caribbean (CTO) da kuma cewa "Har yanzu Afirka ba ta amince da ita a matsayin nahiya ba. kungiyar kamar haka don hidimar tallan yawon shakatawa, bincike da bayar da shawarwari".
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje |
59216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danshi | Danshi | Rashin zafi shine maida hankali ga tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska. Rashin ruwa, yanayin gas na ruwa, gabaɗaya ba a ganuwa ga idon mutum. Rashin zafi yana nuna yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo ya kasance.
Rashin zafi ya dogara da zafin jiki da matsin lamba na tsarin sha'awa. Irin wannan tururin ruwa yana haifar da zafi mai yawa a cikin iska mai sanyi fiye da iska mai dumi. Wani fasalin da ya danganci shi ne raɓa. Adadin tururin ruwa da ake buƙata don cimma saturation yana ƙaruwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa. Yayin da zafin jiki na iska ya ragu zai kai ga saturation ba tare da ƙarawa ko rasa ruwa ba. Adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska na iya bambanta sosai. Misali, wani yanki na iska kusa da saturation na iya ƙunsar 28 g na ruwa a kowace cubic mita na iska a 30 ° C (86 ° F), amma kawai 8 g na ruwa da kowace cubic metre na iska a 8 ° C (46 ° F).
Ana amfani da ma'auni uku na farko na danshi a ko'ina: cikakke, dangi, da takamaiman. Ana bayyana cikakken danshi a matsayin ma'auni na tururi na ruwa ta hanyar iska mai laushi (a cikin gram a kowace cubic mita) ko kuma a matsayin maɓallin tururi na iska mai bushe (yawanci a cikin gram a kowane kilogram). Rashin zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin kashi, yana nuna halin yanzu na cikakkiyar zafi dangane da matsakaicin zafi da aka ba da wannan zafin jiki. Takamaiman danshi shine rabo na tururi na ruwa zuwa jimlar iska mai laushi.
Rashin zafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga rayuwa ta sama. Ga rayuwar dabba da ta dogara da gumi (sweating) don daidaita zafin jiki na ciki, babban danshi yana lalata ingancin musayar zafi ta hanyar rage yawan motsi daga farfajiyar fata. Ana iya lissafin wannan tasirin ta amfani da teburin ƙididdigar zafi, wanda aka fi sani da humidex.
Ma'anar iska "mai riƙe" tururi na ruwa ko kuma kasancewa "cike" da shi ana yawan ambaton shi dangane da manufar zafi. Wannan, duk da haka, yana yaudara - adadin tururin ruwa wanda ke shiga (ko zai iya shiga) sararin da aka ba shi a zafin jiki da aka ba kusan yana da 'yanci daga adadin iska (nitrogen, oxygen, da dai sauransu) wanda ke nan. Lalle ne, iska tana da kusan ƙarfin daidaitawa iri ɗaya don riƙe tururin ruwa kamar yadda aka cika da iska; duka biyun an ba su ta hanyar matsin tururi na ruwa a zafin da aka ba su. Akwai ƙananan bambanci da aka bayyana a ƙarƙashin "Mahimmanci" a ƙasa, wanda za'a iya watsi da shi a cikin lissafi da yawa sai dai idan ana buƙatar daidaito mai yawa.
Ma'anar
Cikakken zafi
Cikakken zafi shine jimlar tururin ruwa da ke cikin ƙarar da aka ba shi ko iska. Ba ya la'akari da zafin jiki. Cikakken zafi a cikin yanayi ya kasance daga kusa da sifili zuwa kusan 30 g (1.1 ) a kowace cubic mita lokacin da iska ta cika a 30 ° C (86 ° F).
Cikakken zafi shine nauyin tururin ruwa, wanda aka raba ta hanyar girman iska da cakuda tururin ruwa , wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka:
Cikakken zafi yana canzawa yayin da zafin iska ko matsin lamba ke canzawa, idan ba a daidaita girman ba. Wannan ya sa bai dace da lissafin injiniyan sinadarai ba, misali a bushewa, inda zafin jiki zai iya bambanta sosai. A sakamakon haka, cikakkiyar danshi a cikin injiniyan sunadarai na iya komawa ga taro na tururi na ruwa a kowane nau'i na iska mai bushe, wanda aka fi sani da rabo na danshi ko rabo na haɗuwa da taro (duba "ƙayyadaddun danshi" a ƙasa), wanda ya fi dacewa da lissafin zafi da ma'auni. Nauyin ruwa a kowane nau'i kamar yadda yake a cikin lissafin da ke sama an kuma bayyana shi azaman zafi mai yawa. Saboda yiwuwar rikice-rikice, British Standard BS 1339 ya ba da shawarar kauce wa kalmar "cikakken zafi". Ya kamata a bincika raka'a a hankali koyaushe. Ana ba da sigogi da yawa a cikin g / kg ko kg / kg, amma ana iya amfani da kowane nau'in taro.
Yankin da ya shafi nazarin kayan jiki da thermodynamic na gas-vapor mixtures ana kiransa psychrometrics.
Rashin zafi
An bayyana zafi na dangi ko na cakuda iska da ruwa a matsayin rabo na matsin lamba na tururi na ruwa a cikin iska zuwa matsin tururi na saturation na ruwa a wannan zafin jiki, yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman kashi:
A wasu kalmomi, yanayin zafi shine rabo na yawan tururi na ruwa a cikin iska da kuma yawan tururi da iska za ta iya ƙunshe da shi a zafin jiki da aka ba shi. Ya bambanta da zafin jiki na iska: iska mai sanyi na iya riƙe ƙaramin tururi. Don haka canza zafin jiki na iska na iya canza yanayin zafi, koda kuwa cikakkiyar zafi ta kasance daidai.
Rashin sanyi yana ƙara yawan danshi, kuma yana iya haifar da tururi na ruwa ya taru (idan danshi na dangi ya tashi sama da 100%, ma'anar raɓa). Hakazalika, iska mai dumi yana rage zafi. Warming wasu iska dauke da hazo na iya haifar da wannan hazo ya bushe, yayin da iska tsakanin ɗigon ruwa ya zama mafi iya riƙe tururi na ruwa.
Rashin zafi kawai yana la'akari da tururin ruwa marar ganuwa. Mists, girgije, hazo da aerosols na ruwa ba su ƙidaya zuwa ga ma'auni na ɗanɗano na iska ba, kodayake kasancewarsu alama ce cewa jikin iska na iya kasancewa kusa da raɓa.
Ana nuna zafi mai yawa a matsayin kashi; kashi mafi girma yana nufin cewa cakuda iska da ruwa ya fi zafi. A 100% dangi zafi, iska tana cike kuma tana cikin raɓa. Idan babu wani abu na waje wanda droplets ko lu'ulu'u zasu iya nucleate, yanayin zafi na dangi na iya wuce 100%, a wannan yanayin ana cewa iska ta cika. Gabatar da wasu barbashi ko farfajiyar zuwa jikin iska sama da 100% na zafi zai ba da damar kwantar da hankali ko kankara don samarwa a kan waɗancan ƙwayoyin, don haka cire wasu tururi da rage zafi.
Rashin zafi mai mahimmanci shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hasashen yanayi da rahotanni, saboda alama ce ta yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo. A cikin yanayin zafi na lokacin rani, hauhawar zafi na dangi yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki ga mutane (da sauran dabbobi) ta hanyar hana yaduwar gumi daga fata. Misali, bisa ga ƙididdigar zafi, yanayin zafi na 75% a zafin iska na 80.0 ° F (26.7 ° C) zai ji kamar 83.6 ° F ± 1.3 ° F (28.7 ° C ± 0.7 ° C).
Rashin zafi kuma maɓallin maɓallin da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta lokacin da ya dace don shigar da bene a kan dutse.
Dangantaka tsakanin cikakke, dangi-dumi, da zafin jiki
A cikin yanayin duniya a matakin teku:
Takamaiman danshi
Yanayi
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33152 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Tisserand | Marcel Tisserand | Marcel Jany Émile Tisserand (an haife shi a shekarar 1993). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Fenerbahçe ta Turkiyya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
AS Monaco
An haife shi a Meaux, Faransa, Tisserand ya fara aikinsa a INF Clairefontaine kafin ya tafi Monaco lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha uku.
A cikin watan Yuni 2013, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'a ta farko tare da Monaco, bayan ya shafe shekaru hudu a gefen ajiyar. Bayan haka, tawagar farko ta kira shi don yawon shakatawa na pre-season tare da Monaco ta manajan Claudio Ranieri. Ranieri ya ji daɗin yadda ya iya yin atisaye kuma ya kai shi wasan share fage da kulob din. Tisserand ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a 10 ga Agusta 2013 da Bordeaux a wasan farko na Ligue 1 na AS Monaco a kakar 2013-14. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 2013, ya fara wasan sa na farko a Monaco, yana wasa a matsayi na hagu-baya, a cikin nasarar 2-1 akan Saint-Étienne. A ranar 19 ga Disamba 2013, ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsawaita kwangilar sa da kulob din, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa 2018. Duk da haka, ya yi fama a cikin tawagar farko, inda aka mayar da shi a benci da ya maye gurbin saboda Layvin Kurzawa da kuma buga wasanni shida a kakar 2013-14.
Bayan ya gama zaman aro na shekaru biyu a Toulouse, Tisserand ya koma Monaco kuma ya nuna sha'awar taka leda a ƙungiyar farko ta Monaco a kakar 2016-17. A cikin kakar 2016–17, ya buga wasa daya ne kawai ga kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Nantes da ci 1–0 a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2016.
Lamuni zuwa Lens
Bayan da mahukunta kulob din suka gaya masa cewa an ba shi izinin barin kulob din a lokacin bazara, Tisserand ya koma Lens ta Ligue 2 a matsayin aro na sauran kakar wasanni a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2014. Bayan shiga Lens, ya bayyana fatan cewa matakin zai taimaka masa ya sami damar buga wasa a Monaco a kakar wasa mai zuwa.
Tisserand ya fara wasansa na farko na Lens a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2014, ya buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a cikin nasara 2-1 akan Auxerre. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris 2014, ya zira kwallayensa na farko na ƙwararru a cikin nasara 1-0 akan Metz. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya zama dan wasa na farko na yau da kullun a karkashin Manajan Antoine Kombouaré na sauran kakar wasan ya taimakawa kulob din samun ci gaba zuwa Ligue 2 (wanda daga baya ya lalace). Duk da koma baya daga rauni da kuma dakatarwar da aka yi masa, Tisserand ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu a kungiyar, kuma an fara wasa. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2013–14, kulob din ya yi sha’awar siyan shi a matsayin aro a karo na biyu. Sai dai ba su yi nasarar sake rattaba hannun ba saboda matsalar kudi .
Lamuni zuwa Toulouse
Ana tsammanin za a sake ba da lamuni, Tisserand an sake ba da rancensa ga sauran kungiyar Toulouse ta Ligue 1 a watan Yuli 2014.
A farkon kakar wasa ta bana dai ya samu rauni wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasanni da dama ba. A watan Satumba, ya koma horo na farko kuma ya fara halarta a karon Toulouse a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba 2014, ya fara a wasan da suka ci 3-0 nasara akan Rennes. A ƙarshen 2014, ya sami ƙarin rauni kuma a wani lokaci, bai cancanci yin wasa da ƙungiyar iyayensa, Monaco ba, duk da buƙata daga Toulouse. Bayan ya koma kungiyar ta farko, Tisserand ya ba da taimako ga Aleksandar Pešić don zira kwallo daya tilo a nasarar 1-0 da Reims a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2015. A cikin rashin nasara 3–2 da Metz a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu 2015, an kore shi a laifi na biyu kuma ya yi aiki da dakatarwar wasa daya a sakamakon. Duk da fama da koma baya a karshen kakar wasa, Tisserand ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 22 a duk gasa a kakar 2014–15.
A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, kocin Monaco Leonardo Jardim ya bayyana cewa yana sha'awar yin amfani da Tisserand a cikin tawagar farko a kakar wasa ta bana, saboda rawar da ya taka a kakar wasan da ta gabata. A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2015, duk da haka, an sake ba da Tisserand aro zuwa Toulouse a kakar wasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan farko na kakar wasa, yayi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka doke Saint-Étienne da ci 2–1. An kore shi ne saboda laifin da aka yi na biyu a rabin lokaci na biyu na nasarar da suka yi da Troyes da ci 3–0 a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015, kuma an dakatar da shi na wasanni biyu. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairu 2016, Tisserand ya fara wasa da kulob din iyayensa, Monaco, inda ya taka leda na mintuna 67, a cikin nasarar 4-0. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta Toulouse a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-2 da Lyon. Da yake zama dan wasa na farko na yau da kullun a kakar wasa ta biyu a kungiyar, Tisserand ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 36 inda ya zura kwallo daya a duk gasa.
Da yake yin la'akari da lokacinsa a Toulouse, Tisserand ya yaba wa Manajan Pascal Dupraz don taimaka wa bangaren gujewa faduwa, inda suka kare a matsayi na 17.
Ingolstadt
A ranar 31 Agusta 2016, Tisserand ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Ingolstadt na Bundesliga. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya wa Monaco a matsayin Yuro miliyan 5.5.
Tisserand ya fara buga wasansa na Ingolstadt a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2016, inda ya fara wasan, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da Hertha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya zama ɗan tawagar farko na yau da kullun a Ingolstadt har sai da ya bar aikinsa na kasa da kasa. Bayan fitar da DR Congo a gasar cin kofin Afrika, ya koma tawagar farko a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2017, a ci 2-0 da Bayern Munich. Bayan haka, Tisserand ya ci gaba da dawo da matsayinsa na farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Koyaya, FC Ingolstadt 04 ta koma 2. Bundesliga bayan sun tashi 1-1 da SC Freiburg a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2017, wanda ya kafa wa Maximilian Philipp kwallo ta farko a wasan. A ƙarshen kakar 2016-17, Tisserand ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara a duk gasa.
Wolfsburg
An sanar a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2017 cewa Wolfsburg ta rattaba hannu kan Tisserland a kan yarjejeniyar aro mai tsawo na sauran kakar 2017-18. Hakan ya biyo bayan lokacin da FC Ingolstadt 04 ta fitar da shi da Florent Hadergjonaj daga tawagar farko har zuwa karshen watan Agusta.
Tisserand ya fara buga wasansa na farko na VfL Wolfsburg, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya, a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2017. Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a cinyarsa wanda ya hana shi wasanni biyu kuma bai dawo ba sai ranar 22 ga Satumba 2017, ya fara dukan wasan, a 2-2 da Bayern Munich ta tashi . Tun da ya dawo daga rauni, Tisserand ya sake samun matsayinsa na farko, yana wasa a tsakiya-baya a karkashin jagorancin Andries Jonker kuma ya taka rawar gani a wasanni da dama, musamman a matsayin hagu-baya. An sanar da shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2017 cewa kulob din ya dauki zabin sayen Tisserand na dindindin. Ba da dadewa ba, Tisserand ya yi fama da rashin lafiya da lafiyar jiki wanda ya sa ba zai buga wasanni uku ba. Sai a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2017, lokacin da ya dawo daga gefe, ya zo a madadinsa a karo na biyu, yayin da suka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 da 1. FC Koln. Tun da ya dawo daga rauni, Tisserand ya dawo matsayinsa na farko, yana buga wasa a tsakiya-baya da hagu-baya a cikin watan Janairu. Duk da haka, ya yage tendon nasa kuma dole ne a canza shi yayin rashin nasara da ci 2-1 da FC Schalke 04 a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal, wanda ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ba sai a ranar 20 Afrilu 2018 ba lokacin da Tisserand ya dawo daga rauni, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin John Brooks, a cikin asarar 3-0 da Borussia Mönchengladbach . Amma dawowar sa ba ta daɗe ba lokacin da ya yage jijiyar sa, inda ya kore shi a sauran kakar wasa ta 2017–18. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha tara a dukkan gasa.
Tisserand ya ci gaba da taka leda a farkon kakar wasa ta 2018 – 19, yayin da ya ci gaba da murmurewa daga raunin da ya ji. Fitowarsa na farko a kakar wasa ta zo ne a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2018, ya fara wasa kafin ya fito a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na 86, a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 da Werder Bremen. Tisserand ya bayyana wasanni hudu tsakanin 27 Oktoba 2018 da 9 Nuwamba 2018, yana wasa a matsayin tsakiya-baya. Sai dai ya samu rauni a cinyarsa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni. Sai a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2019, lokacin da Tisserand ya dawo fagen daga, yana wasa a matsayi na dama baya, yayin da kulob din ya yi rashin nasara da ci 2 – 0 da RB Leipzig. Ya sake samun matsayinsa na farko, yana wasa a matsayin dama-baya sau ɗaya kafin ya yi wasa a tsakiya – baya don sauran wasannin na kakar 2018 – 19. Daga nan Tisserand ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a wasan da suka doke 1-1 . FC Nürnberg ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2019. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2018–19, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya ci sau daya a duk gasa.
Gabanin kakar 2019-20, Tisserand an danganta shi da barin VfL Wolfsburg, a matsayin kulake, kamar, Toulouse, Augusburg da Espanyol suna sha'awar siyan shi. Amma a ƙarshe, ya zauna a kulob din. Bayan da aka rasa farkon kakar 2019-20, saboda rauni, bayyanar Tisserand na farko na kakar ya zo ne a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2019, wanda ya fara duka wasan, a 1-1 da suka tashi da Fortuna Düsseldorf. Tun da ya dawo kungiyar ta farko daga rauni, da sauri ya zama kungiya ta farko na yau da kullun, yana wasa a tsakiya-baya matsayi. Daga nan Tisserand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Mainz da ci 1-0 a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2019.
Fenerbahce
A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2020 ya koma Fenerbahce ta Turkiyya.
Ayyukan kasa
Yayin da aka haife shi a Faransa mahaifinsa ɗan Faransa da mahaifiyarsa 'yar Kongo, Tisserand ya wakilci Kongo DR U19 a cikin shekarar 2012 kuma shi ne kyaftin na Kongo DR U20 a gasar 2013 Toulon.
A cikin watan Maris 2016, an kira shi zuwa tawagar wucin gadi na babban tawagar kasar Kongo kafin a cire shi saboda matsalolin gudanarwa. Daga baya Tisserand ya bayyana cewa yana son bugawa DR Congo wasa. A wata mai zuwa, ya buga wasa a DR Congo a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Romania a watan Mayun 2016 da ci 1-1. A watan Janairu mai zuwa, an kira Tisserand a cikin tawagar da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afrika. Ya buga wasa a ranar wasa ta 1 a matakin rukuni, a ci 1-0 da Maroko a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2017. Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni biyar a gasar, yayin da Ghana ta fitar da DR Congo a wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an kira Tisserand zuwa tawagar DR Congo don gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019. Ya buga dukkan wasannin, ciki har da zama kyaftin a kan mai masaukin baki, Masar a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2019. Sai dai an fitar da DR Congo daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Madagaskar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika zagaye na 16.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Tisserand ya girma a Meaux, Faransa, kuma ya goyi bayan Paris Saint-Germain. Yana da babban ɗan’uwa, Patrick, wanda shi ma wakilinsa ne, da kuma ’yan’uwa biyu, waɗanda injiniyoyi ne, da ’yar ’uwa, wacce akawu ce.
Baya ga yin yaren Faransanci, Tisserand yana jin Lingala kuma yana fahimtar yaren Kongo, wani abu da ya koya daga kakarsa. Tun da ya koma Jamus, yana kuma jin Jamusanci, bayan ya ɗauki darussa don koyan yaren.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42076 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20gilla%20a%20Baga%2C%202013 | Kisan gilla a Baga, 2013 | Kisan kiyashi na Baga ya fara faruwa ne a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 2013 a kauyen Baga na Najeriya, a jihar Borno, inda aka kashe fararen hula akalla kusan guda 200, gami da jikkata daruruwa, tare da lalata gidaje da kasuwanni sama da 2,000 da salawantar da miliyoyin Nairori. 'Yan gudun hijira, jami'an farar hula, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun zargi sojojin Najeriya da aikata kisan kiyashi; wasu jami'an soji sun dora laifin akan kungiyar Boko Haram, wacce tayi kaurin sune akan kai munanen hara-hare.
Wai-wa-ye
Dubban mutane ne suka mutu a fadace-fadace a Najeriya tun somawar rikicin Boko Haram a shekara ta 2009, wanda ya faro ne daga yankin arewacin Najeriya. An kashe jagoran boren kungiyar Mohammed Yusuf a Maiduguri na jihar Borno a shekara ta 2009.
A cewar jaridar The New York Times, sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da tsarin "scorched-earth standard-(wata dabara ce ta soja da ke ruguza ko wargaza duk wani abu mai amfani dake a hannun makiya)" a yakin da suke yi da Boko Haram, tare da kashe fararen hula a lokacin da suke aiki a yankunan-(unguwanni) matalauta. Kafin kisan kiyashin na Baga, an saba amfani da tsarin-(scorched-earth standard) a matsayin matakan hukunta farar hula, ba tare da wani hukunci ba a Najeriya.
Kwamandan rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Ƙasashen Duniya, Birgediya Janar Austin Edokpaye ya zargi mazauna garin na Baga da baiwa 'yan Boko Haram kariya kafin harin.
Baga wani ƙaramin ƙauye ne wanda ake kamun kifi da ke gaban tafkin Chadi, kusa da iyakar Chadi da Nijar.
Abubuwan da suka faru
A yammacin ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, yan Boko Haram sun yi artabu da sojojin gwamnati a wani sansanin soji da ke wajen Baga, inda suka kashe daya daga cikinsu. A cewar mazauna garin, sojojin sun dawo ne da wasu dakaru da motocin yaki masu sulke. Daga nan ne ake zargin sojoji sun kona gidaje a garin Baga ta hanayar watsa man fetur gami da kona kauyen, haka-zalika da harbin mutanen kauyen da suka yi yunkurin tserewa. Wasu da suka yi yunkurin guduwa zuwa tafkin Chadi sun nutse a can (cikin tafkin), yayin da wasu suka samu damar tserewa cikin daji da ke kewaye yankin. A cewar mazauna garin, sojojin sun ci gaba da kona gidaje a Baga a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu.
Birgediya Janar Austin Edokpaye ya bayyana cewa fararen hula shida ne kawai da soja daya aka kashe, yayin da sojojin suka kashe "yan ta'addar Boko Haram su 30." Ya kara da cewa “Gidaji 30” ne kawai aka kona kuma makaman Boko Haram ne musababin tayar da gobarar. Mazauna yankin da jami’an farar hula sun yi zargin cewa an kashe mutane kusan 200 tare da kona gidaje sama da 2,000. An bayar da rahoton cewa an samu asarar rayuka musamman a tsakanin yara da tsofaffi. A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, mutane 193 wadanda suka jikkata, an kwantar da su a asibitin kiwon lafiya na gida. Rahoton hotunan tauraron dan adam na kungiyar Human Rights Watch da ta yi nazari akai, sun nuna cewa akalla gine-gine 2,275 ne suka ruguje sannan wasu gine-gine 125 suka lalace sosai.
Martani
Bayan kisan kiyashin gwamnatin Najeriya ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga gwamnatocin kasashen duniya da kafafen yada labarai, lamarin da ya sa majalisar dokokin Najeriyar ta bukaci a gudanar da bincike. Sojojin Najeriya sun tare gami da hana 'yan jaridun da ke yunkurin shiga kauyen, shiga kauyen.
Inkarin sojojin Najeriya
Birgediya Janar Chris Olukolade ya bayyana cewa duk wanda ya zargi sojojin Najeriya, to ya tausaya wa 'yan Boko Haram, kuma ya kara da cewar su-(yan boko haram), ne ke da alhakin kisan kiyashin, kuma sun harbe sojojin gwamnati daga kauyen.
Gwamnatin Amurka tayi Allah wadai
Mukaddashin mai magana da yawun ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka Patrick Ventrell, a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, na shekarar 2013, ya yi Allah wadai da rikicin da aka yi tsakanin jami’an tsaron Najeriya da mayakan Boko Haram a garin Baga, inda ya bukaci hukumomi da su mutunta hakkin dan Adam.
Najeriya ta ba da umarnin bincike
Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan, a ta bakin mai ba shi shawara na musamman kan harkokin yada labarai, Reuben Abati, ya bayar da umarnin gudanar da cikakken bincike kan fararen hula da aka kashe a yakin da aka yi tsakanin mayakan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya a karshen mako.
Binciken Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kasa
Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Najeriya, a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilun 2013 ta sanar da cewar; za ta gudanar da bincike a kan lamarin. A watan Yunin 2013, hukumar ta fitar da rahoton wucin gadi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa hukumar ta kasa kai ziyara garin Baga ne saboda gazawar jami’an tsaro wajen tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar jami’an hukumar a yankin. Rahoton, ya yi nuni da wani rahoton da ‘yan sanda suka yi, wanda ya nuna cewa sojoji a Baga “sun fara harbi ba kakkautawa ga duk wanda yake sun ganin (lamarin) ” kuma “sojoji sun kona unguwanni biyar a Baga gaba daya”.
Duba kuma
2015 kisan gilla a Baga
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
Jerin abubuwan ta'addanci, Janairu-Yuni 2013
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Human Rights Watch (1 Mayu 2013), Nigeria: Barna mai yawa, Mutuwar Sojoji
Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Yuni 2013), Lamarin Baga da Halin da ake ciki a Arewa Maso Gabashin Najeriya: Nazari da Rahoto na wucin gadi.
2013 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Boko Haram
Jihar Borno |
50941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20Pele | Abe Pele | / ( / ˈb eɪdi ə ˈ j uː / ə-BAY -dee ə- YOO ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1964), wanda aka fi sani da suna Abedi Pele, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Ghana . Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Ya kuma taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma ya sami sunansa a Ligue 1 na Faransa tare da Lille da Marseille, na karshen inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a 1993, a tsakanin sauran sunayen sarauta. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Abedi Ayew a cikin iyali a garin Kibi kuma ya girma a garin Dome da ke wajen arewacin birnin Accra .
Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ghana a Tamale. An ba shi lakabin "Pelé" saboda ikonsa a kwallon kafa, wanda ya haifar da kwatancen da dan wasan Brazil Pelé .
Aikin kulob
Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na Turai. Aikin makiyaya na Abedi Pelé ya fara da Real Tamale United a Ghana a 1978. Ya bar Ghana ne bayan kammala gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1982 inda ya koma kungiyar Al Sadd da ke Qatar kan kudi dala 1,000. Bayan ɗan lokaci tare da FC Zürich, ya koma Ghana amma, bayan da Kotoko da Hearts of Oak suka kasa sanya hannu a kansa, ya koma AS Dragons FC de l'Ouémé a Benin. Daga baya zai koma Ghana ya bugawa Real Tamale United kakar wasa daya. Ya fara aikinsa a Turai tare da Chamois Niort na Faransa, daga baya ya koma Marseille kafin ya koma Lille a matsayin aro.
A matakin kulob din, ya kasance jigo a yadda Marseille ta mamaye gasar Faransa, wanda ya haifar da gasar zakarun lig hudu da na gasar cin kofin Turai biyu. A Marseille, ya kasance memba na "Magical Trio" na tawagar tare da Jean-Pierre Papin da Chris Waddle, wanda ke jagorantar watakila mafi karfi na Turai a farkon 1990s, ciki har da cin kofin Turai na karshe a 1991 . Abedi shi ne kawai sauran memba na uku har yanzu tare da gefen lokacin da Marseille ci Milan a 1993 Champions League karshe a Munich .
Daga baya ya koma Lyon bayan aronsa a Lille. Ya kuma taka leda a Torino na Italiya kuma ya kammala aikinsa na Turai tare da Munich 1860 .
Abedi Pele ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar Al Ain a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kuma an zabi shi daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kasashen waje da ke taka leda a gasar UAE.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Abedi Pele ya bugawa Ghana wasa sau 73. Har zuwa 7 Yuni 2013, lokacin da Asamoah Gyan ya zarce shi, ya kasance babban dan wasan Black Stars da kwallaye 33. Ya kasance dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarun 1980 da 1990 tare da tawagar kasarsa, kuma memba a tawagar Ghana da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika a 1982, amma bai taba samun damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, kamar yadda Black Stars ya kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, za a iya cewa shi ne ya fi kowa rinjaye a fagen kwallon kafa na Afirka kusan shekaru goma. Yawan wasan da ya yi a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 1992 ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun wasannin kwallon kafa da kowane dan wasa ya nuna a gasar guda daya. ] . Kasarsa ta Ghana ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin a waccan shekarar, sai dai ta sha kashi a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe a hannun Ivory Coast bayan an dakatar da Abedi saboda katin gargadi da ya samu a wasan kusa da na karshe da Najeriya . Kafin hakan, kwallaye ukun da ya zura a ragar Zambia da Congo da Najeriya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta kai wasan karshe na CAN a karo na bakwai - kuma wasan karshe na farko cikin shekaru goma. Wasan ya ba shi ƙarin laƙabi na " Maradona na Afirka". Ana yawan kwatanta kwallon da ya zura a ragar Congo a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe zuwa raga na biyu Maradona a kan Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya 1986 .
Ya kasance kyaftin kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na farko da suka sami matsayi na farko a FIFA World Player of the Year a zaben 1991 da 1992. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafar Faransa sau uku, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afrika na BBC a shekarar 1992, da kuma kyautar da hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta ba ta sau biyu. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta kwallon zinare saboda kasancewarsa mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 1992, kuma shi ne "mutumin da ya taka rawar gani" a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da Marseille ta doke Milan a 1993.
Abedi ne ke rike da tarihin mafi yawan fitowa a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika karo na 13 da aka yi a Libya a shekarar 1982 da kuma shekaru 16 masu zuwa (wanda ya kare a wasan karshe na 21 a Burkina Faso) ya ci gaba da bayyana a gasar kwallon kafa, inda ya fara zama memba a tawagar Ghana da ya tashi ya zama kyaftin. a shekarar 1991. Baya ga cin zarafi da ya yi a gasar ta 1992, Abedi ya kuma samu yabo sosai saboda kwallaye uku da ya ci a gasar a shekarar 1996, inda ya jagoranci Ghana zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a gasar duk da masu suka suna kyautata zaton zai kasance cikin magriba.
Bayan ritaya
Ayew ya halarci wasannin sadaka da FIFA ta shirya fiye da kowane dan wasan Afirka. Abedi Pele memba ne a kwamitin kwallon kafa na FIFA, kuma na kwamitin matsayin 'yan wasa na FIFA da CAF. Hakan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika ta Kudu ta sanya shi a matsayin kakakin gasar cin kofin duniya na 2006.
Domin nuna godiya ga ayyukan ibada da Abedi ke yi wa kasar, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a kasar, Order of Volta (civil division). Ta haka ne ya zama dan wasan Ghana na farko da aka karrama shi.
CAF-UEFA All Star
Daga cikin lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa, an sanya shi sau da yawa a cikin zabukan FIFA "All-Star" kuma ya zama kyaftin din 'yan wasan Afirka a nasarar da suka samu kan takwarorinsu na Turai a gasar cin kofin Meridian na 1997 .
A ranar 29 ga Janairun 1997, an buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da CAF na gasar cin kofin Meridian tsakanin Turai da Afirka a Benfica 's Estádio da Luz a Lisbon kuma an watsa shi a cikin kasashe 100 na duniya, ciki har da 30 a Afirka, don masu sauraro miliyan 60. masu kallo. Abedi Pele ne ya zura kwallo a farkon wasan, bayan da Vincent Guérin ya rama wa Turai daf da za a tafi hutun rabin lokaci, shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 1998, Mustapha Hadji, wanda ya ci wa Afirka tamaula a minti na 78 da ci 2-1. nasara
A cikin 2001, an canza tsarin gasar cin Kofin All-Star Cup na UEFA–CAF a karo na biyu don haɗa 'yan wasa masu shekaru tsakanin 35 zuwa 45 waɗanda a yanzu suna farin ciki da matsayinsu na 'tsohuwar' kuma suna buga wasan don jin daɗi kawai. Tawagar ta haifar da tunanin manyan lokutan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin kulob da na duniya
Jakadan kwallon kafa
A watan Yunin 2001 ne gwamnatin Ghana mai ci ta tsayar da shi don ya zama shugaban hukumar ta FA, wata dama da daga baya ya yi watsi da wani gogaggen tsohon kocin Ghana wanda a nasa kalaman ya ce wannan wata dama ce. don koyi da manyansa.
A halin yanzu yana da kulob na rukuni na farko, wanda ake kira Nania, tare da fatan nan gaba na horar da matasa masu basira don haɓaka ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Ya kuma kasance yana gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban a fadin nahiyar Afirka.
Rigima
A kwanakin baya dai Abedi Pele ya shiga cikin wata mummunar badakalar badakalar cin hancin shiga gasar Premier League ta biyu wadda hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ta same shi da wasu da laifi. Hukuncin da aka yanke ya jawo tara da dakatar da Abedi da sauran su, amma kwamitin daukaka kara na hukumar kwallon kafar ya soke su bayan da ya tabbatar da cewa an samu kura-kurai a hukuncin farko na hukumar kwallon Ghana. Zargin ya samo asali ne daga nasara mai ban mamaki 31–0 da kulob dinsa, Nania FC ya yi a kan kungiyar Okwawu United da ake girmamawa sosai. Hakazalika sakamakon 28–0 an yi rikodin shi a wani wasan rukuni na biyu da aka buga tsakanin Great Mariners da Tudu Mighty Jets a karshen mako. An kuma bincika kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a waccan wasan Promotion Play-off Zone III kuma an yi musu hukunci mai tsauri da kuma ragi. Duk da cewa ya yi kakkausar suka, Abedi ya fuskanci tsangwama daga wasu ' yan jaridun Ghana, wadanda ke neman a dauki tsauraran matakai a kansa, daga hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana da kuma tsarin shari'a. Matarsa Maha Ayew ta kasance a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2008 an dakatar da shi daga wasan kwallon kafa a kan wannan Scandal na Manipulations.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964 |
60613 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin%20Phartial | Pushkin Phartial | Pushkin Phartial; (Maris 1968-4 Fabrairu 2016) ɗan jarida ne kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa daga Uttarakhand, Indiya. An lura dashi saboda aikin da yayi na rage talauci a yankunan karkara, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin gida da rayuwar karkara, da rage sauyin yanayi acikin Himalayas na Uttarakhand.
Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi
Phartiyal yayi digirin digirgir a fannin tarihi, digiri na biyu a fannin tarihi da zamantakewa, difloma ta biyu a aikin jarida da sadarwa, sannan yayi difloma a fannin yawon bude ido. A Jami'ar Kumaon, ya kasance memba mai ƙwazo na National Cadet Corps, kuma ya lashe lambar zinare don mafi kyawun jami'a a jihar Uttar Pradesh. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin sakataren hadin gwiwa da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai a jami’ar Kumaon. Abokin Phartiyal Girish Ranjan Tiwari ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa na tunawa cewa Phartial ya kasance mai himma a cikin yunkurin dalibai na 1990 kuma sakamakon haka ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a kurkuku a Fatehgarh.
Phartial na garin Nainital ne, a Uttarakhand. Yayi aure ya haifi diya mace.
Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir, Phartial ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a jaridar Hindi daily Dainik Jagran da Press Trust of India (PTI). Ya kasance yana alaƙa da PTI har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Acikin 2003, Phartial ya shiga, bisa gayyata, Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiyar Himalayan ta Nainital (CHEA). A shekara ta 2008, ya zama babban daraktan hukumar. Acikin wannan matsayi, ya kafa Initiative Mountain Initiative, wanda daga baya aka sani da Integrated Mountain Initiative, wani dandali na bayar da shawarwari game da batutuwa daban-daban masu alaƙa na al'ummomin mazaunan tsaunuka na jihohin Indiya goma sha biyu tare da tsaunuka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa na CHEA, Phartial ya gabatar da ra'ayi na gandun daji na carbon carbon tare da ayyukan muhalli, horar da al'ummomin ƙauyen a cikin dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan maido da Uttarakhand's Van Panchayats, duk yayin da yake shiga jihar cikin wannan aikin.
Phartial ya wakilci CHEA a tarurrukan UNFCCC daban-daban. Har zuwa farkon shekarar 2016, ya kuma jagoranci halartar CHEA acikin Shirin Tsare-tsare da Ci gaban Kasashe Mai Tsarki na Kailash, shirin tsallaka iyaka tsakanin Indiya, Sin da Nepal wanda ICIMOD ke jagoranta.
Phartiyal yayi aiki a matsayin malami na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba na Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Uttarakhand a Nainital na tsawon shekaru bakwai.
Phartiyal kuma yayi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kulab ɗin tsaunukan Nainital.
Mutuwa
Acikin Janairu 2016, Phartial yana kan ziyarar ilimi a Sashen Geography, Jami'ar Cambridge, tare da haɗin gwiwar Prof. Bhaskar Vira. A yayin wannan ziyarar, an gano wani kumburi a cikin kwakwalwar Farisa. Pushkin Phartial ya mutu a Lucknow a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2016, yana da shekaru 47, daga cutar kansar kwakwalwa.
Ganewa
Phartial ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren LEAD, Babban Ɗalibin Synergos, kuma ɗan Ashoka Fellow.
Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta gwamnatin Indiya ta ba Phartial lambar yabo ta kasa don kwarewar rubuce-rubuce na shekara ta 1998-1999 saboda littafinsa na tattaki a Indiya. An sake ba shi wannan lambar yabo ta 2000-2001 da 2001-2002, don karrama labaran da ya rubuta.
A cikin 2006, an ba shi lambar yabo ta GIAN don labarinsa kan hanyoyin igiyoyi marasa tsada da ke sarrafa al'umma a Uttarakhand. An adana wannan labarin a cikin ɗakin karatu na kan layi na ICIMOD.
Sama da 2011-2012, shi ne mai karɓar Rufford Small Grant.
A cikin 2012, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Mata ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Duniya na Bambanci, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen rage yawan shaye-shaye da ƙarfafa rayuwar mata masu tsaunuka.
A cikin 2015, Majalisar CSR ta Duniya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Social Innovation Leadership Award.
A watan Fabrairun 2016, bayan mutuwar Phartial ba zato ba tsammani, hukumomi da daidaikun jama'a daban-daban sun nuna ta'aziyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Harish Rawat, sannan babban ministan Uttarakhand, da haɗin gwiwar tsaunukan Abinci da Aikin Noma.
A watan Yuli 2019, CHEA ta shirya wani taron tunawa da Pushkin Phartial a Nainital. Prof. Shekhar Pathak na daya daga cikin masu jawabi a wajen taron.
A cikin Disamba 2022, an kafa jawabin Tunawa da Tunawa da Pushkin Phartial na shekara-shekara a Nainital, wanda za'a gabatar da shi kowace shekara a babban taron shekara-shekara na CHEA.
Zaɓi tarihin littafi
Danielsen, F., Skutsch, M., Burgess, ND, Jensen, PM, Andrianandrasana, H., Karky, B., Lewis, R., Lovett, JC, Massao, J., Ngaga, Y. da Phartial, P ., 2011. A tsakiyar REDD+: rawar da jama'ar gida ke takawa wajen sa ido kan gandun daji? . Haruffa na kiyayewa, 4 (2), shafi 158-167.
Skutsch, MM, van Laake, PE, Zahabu, EM, Karky, BS da Phartial, P., 2009. Kulawar al'umma a cikin REDD+. Gane REDD, shafi na 101.
Tewari, A. da Phartial, P., 2006. Kasuwar carbon a matsayin damar rayuwa mai tasowa ga al'ummomin Himalayas. Ci gaban Dutsen ICIMOD, 49, shafi 26-27.
Singh, IHS, Tewari, A. da Phartial, P., 2012. Dajin carbon na al'umma don magance lalacewar gandun daji a cikin Himalayas na Indiya. A cikin Kula da Dajin Al'umma don Kasuwar Carbon (shafi na 138-153). Rutledge.
Uma, P., Tej, P., Sharma, HK, Pushkin, P., Aungsathwi, M., Tamang, NB, Tan, K. da Munawar, MS, 2012. Ƙimar pollinators kwari ga tattalin arzikin noma na Himalayan. Ƙimar pollinators kwari ga tattalin arzikin noma na Himalayan.
Semwal, RL, Bisht, RS da Phartial, P., 2012. Dajin Al'umma a Yankin Himalayan Indiya. Halayen Binciken Gandun daji a Yankin Himalayan Indiya, shafi 25.
Tewari, P., Mittra, B. da Phartial, P., 2008. Ciyawa na shekara-shekara: Maɓalli don sarrafa dazuzzukan al'umma a Himalaya ta Indiya. A cikin IASC 12th Biennial taron kasa da kasa Abubuwan Raba Gudanar da Gudanarwa: Haɗa Ƙwarewar gida zuwa Kalubalen Duniya, Cheltenham, United Kingdom .
Manazarta |
35751 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%2C%20Burnett%20County%2C%20Wisconsin | Webster, Burnett County, Wisconsin | Webster ƙauye ne a gundumar Burnett a cikin jihar Wisconsin ta Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 653 a ƙidayar 2010. Yana kan hanyar Wisconsin Highway 35.
Tarihi
Ana kiran ƙauyen Clam River har zuwa 1896, lokacin da aka kafa sabon ofishin gidan waya kuma mazaunin JD Rice ya roki wakilin Amurka. John J. Jenkins don canza suna zuwa Webster, bayan masanin kamus Noah Webster.
Taswira
Wurin Webster yana a (45.879066, -92.365163).
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da jimillar yanki na , duk ta kasa.
Ƙauyen Webster yana cikin garin Meenon, amma wani yanki ne na daban.
Webster yana da nisan mil 65 kudu da Superior, mil 94 arewa maso gabas da Minneapolis, da mil 110 arewa maso yamma da Eau Claire .
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 308, da iyalai 172 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 355 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.4 % Fari, 1.8% Ba'amurke 1.8% ta ta biyu ko fiye . Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 2.0% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 308 ne, kashi 27.9% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 31.8% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 17.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 6.5% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 44.2% ba dangi bane. Kashi 39.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 22.4% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.12 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.76.
Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 40.3. 24.2% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 6% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.3% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 23.9% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 21.6% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko fiye. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 43.6% na maza da 56.4% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 302, da iyalai 176 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 367.8 a kowace murabba'in mil (141.6/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 327 a matsakaicin yawa na 184.2/sq mi (70.9/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.51% Fari, 0.46% Ba'amurke, 5.05% Ba'amurke, 0.46% Asiya, da 3.52% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.31% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 302, daga cikinsu kashi 28.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 40.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 15.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 41.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 38.1% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 27.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.16 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.88.
A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 25.0% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 8.0% daga 18 zuwa 24, 22.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, 17.2% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 27.4% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 76.0. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 75.0.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $29,432, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $35,288. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $28,214 sabanin $21,500 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $15,411. Kusan 5.8% na iyalai da 9.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 15.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 9.4% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Mulki
Shugaban kauyen: Jeff Roberts
Amintattun Kauye:
Sarah Kasadi
Kelsey Gustafson
Timothy Maloney ne adam wata
Darrell Sears
Greg Widiker
Kevin "Charlie" Weis
Magatakarda/Ma'aji na Kauye: Debra Doriott-Kuhnly
Shugaban 'yan sanda: Stephenie Wedin
Shugaban kashe gobara: Alan Steiner
Alkalin Kotun Municipal: Brian Sears
Magatakardar Kotun Municipal: Tessa Anderson
Daraktan Ayyukan Jama'a: Jay Heyer
Mahimmanci: Steve Nordquist
Ilimi
Ƙauyen Webster yanki ne na gundumar Makaranta na Webster. Gundumar makarantar ta haɗa da Webster Middle-High School, hidimar maki 5–12, da Makarantar Elementary ta Webster, tana ba da maki K-4. Gundumar ta sanya ɗalibai 655 a cikin 2017-2018. Gundumar Makarantar Webster ta rufe kusan mil mil 550 na ƙasar, galibi a cikin gundumar Burnett, tare da ƙaramin yanki a kudu maso yammacin Douglas County . Ita ce gunduma ta biyu mafi girma a cikin Jihar Wisconsin, dangane da yankin yanki. Dalibai sun fito daga ƙauyen Webster, Garin Meenon, Garin Swiss, Community of Danbury, Town of Dairyland, da sauran garuruwa da yawa, da kuma ƙasar Indiyawan St. Croix Chippewa na Wisconsin .
Fitattun mutane
Mary Mack – ɗan wasan barkwanci, mawaƙa, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo
Jarrod Washburn - tulu don Mala'ikun Los Angeles
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Webster, Wisconsin - Cibiyar Kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32009 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Maxim%20Choupo-Moting | Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting | Jean-Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting (lafazin German pronunciation: [ɛˈʀɪk maksˈɪm ˈtʃʊ.pøː ˈmɔ.tɪŋ]; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich. An haife shi a Jamus, yana buga wa tawagar kasar Kamaru wasa.
Choupo-Moting ya fara aikinsa da Hamburger SV, inda ya fara buga gasar Bundesliga a watan Agustan 2007. Ya ciyar da lokacin 2009-10 akan aro a 1. FC Nürnberg kuma a watan Agusta 2011 ya shiga 1. FSV Mainz 05. Bayan wasanni uku tare da Mainz ya koma Schalke 04 a watan Agusta 2014. Ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a kulob din Gelsenkirchen, kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 80, kafin ya koma Stoke City ta Premier a watan Agustan 2017. Ya yi gwagwarmaya na mintuna a gasar EFL tare da Stoke, ya yanke shawarar komawa kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a watan Agusta 2018. Bayan kwantiraginsa da Paris Saint-Germain ta kare, Choupo-Moting ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich a watan Oktoban 2020 kan musayar kudi kyauta.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
An haifi Choupo-Moting a Hamburg Mahaifiyarsa 'yar ce Jamus kuma mahaifinsa ɗan Kamaru kuma ya fara buga kwallon kafa tun yana karami. Ya taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa a Teutonia 05, Altona 93 da FC St. Pauli kafin ya shiga Hamburger SV a 2004. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru tare da Hamburger SV II a cikin Regionalliga Nord kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar farko a watan Agusta 2007.
Hamburger SV
Choupo-Moting ya fara bayyanarsa a matsayin dan wasan Hamburger SV a wasan Bundesliga a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2007, ana aika shi a madadinsa a minti na 69 da Hannover 96. Choupo-Moting yayi gwagwarmaya don kafa kansa a bangaren Martin Jol kuma ya shafe kakar 2009-10 akan aro a 1. FC Nürnberg wanda ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 27 tare da Nürnberg ya ci gaba da rike matsayin Bundesliga. A lokacin da ya koma Hamburg, Choupo-Moting yayi ƙoƙari don yin tasiri sosai a cikin 2010-11 kuma bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu kawai a watan Janairu an saita shi don wani lamuni a wannan lokacin zuwa 1. FC Köln, duk da haka motsi ya fadi bayan da aka aika fax takardun rajista zuwa Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Jamus da latti. Bayan canja wurin da ya yi, ya ciyar da rabin na biyu na yakin tare da masu ajiya.
Mainz 05
A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2011, Choupo-Moting ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Bundesliga 1. FSV Mainz 05 akan canja wuri kyauta daga Hamburg. Choupo-Moting ya ji dadin nasarar kakar 2011-12 tare da kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye goma a gasar Bundesliga. Duk da haka, ya rasa yawancin lokacin 2012-13 tare da raunin gwiwa kuma saboda haka ya kasa yin tasiri. Ya koma kafa a 2013-14, ya zira kwallaye goma a wasanni 32 yana taimakawa Mainz ta sami matsayi na bakwai da cancantar zuwa gasar UEFA Europa League, duk da haka a karshen yakin ya yanke shawarar kada ya sabunta kwangilarsa da kulob din.
Schalke 04
A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2014, bayan kwangilar Choupo-Moting ta kare a Mainz, FC Schalke 04 ta tabbatar da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararrun shekaru uku tare da su har zuwa 30 Yuni 2017. An bayar da rahoton canja wuri a matsayin kyauta ta hanyar wasanni na Schalke da manajan sadarwa Horst Heldt . An sanya Choupo-Moting lambar tawagar 13.
A kan 6 Disamba 2014, ya zira kwallaye hat-trick a cikin nasarar gida 4-0 akan VfB Stuttgart.
Stoke City
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2017, Choupo-Moting ya koma kungiyar Stoke City ta Premier a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2017 da Everton. Choupo-Moting ya zura kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Manchester United a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2017 kuma BBC Sport ta nada shi dan wasan. A karawar da suka yi da Everton, ya zo ne a madadinsa, inda ya zura kwallo cikin mintuna biyar da zuwansa, amma ya ji rauni a wasan inda Stoke ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. Choupo-Moting ya taka leda sau 32 a cikin 2017–18, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar yayin da Stoke ta sha fama da koma baya zuwa Gasar EFL.
Paris Saint-Germain
2018-19 kakar
A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2018, Choupo-Moting ya shiga zakarun Ligue 1 Paris Saint-Germain akan canja wuri kyauta. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2018 a gasar zakarun Turai da suka doke Liverpool da ci 3-2 kafin ya zura kwallo a gasar Ligue 1 ta farko da Rennes kwanaki biyar bayan haka. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2019, Choupo-Moting ya yi kuskure a wasan gida na Ligue 1 da Strasbourg; a lokacin da wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Christopher Nkunku ke shirin tsallakewa a raga, Choupo-Moting ya yi yunkurin taba kwallon da kafarsa ta hagu a kan layin kwallon amma ba da gangan ba ya karkatar da kwallon zuwa kusa da raga sannan ya hana wata kwallo. BBC ta bayyana shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi muni da aka rasa a tarihin kwallon kafa".
kakar 2019-20
A kan 25 Agusta 2019, Choupo-Moting ya fito daga benci don maye gurbin Edinson Cavani wanda ya ji rauni a cikin minti na 16th kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a rabi na biyu na 4-0 na gida a kan Toulouse; burinsa na farko shine ƙwallo mai ban sha'awa da ya zura a raga bayan ya doke 'yan wasan Toulouse guda huɗu a filin wasa na fanariti. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2020, Choupo-Moting ya zura kwallo a minti na uku na tsayawa a karawar da suka yi da Atalanta a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya kammala zagayen karshe na PSG tare da tura kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru 25. Daga baya, ya zo a matsayin madadin a gasar zakarun Turai wasan karshe, wanda ya ƙare da ci 1-0 Paris Saint-Germain da Bayern Munich.
Bayern Munich
A kakar 2020-21
A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Choupo-Moting ya koma Bayern Munich kan kwantiragin shekara guda. Choupo-Moting ya fara bugawa Bayern wasa a zagayen farko na gasar DFB-Pokal a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu yayin da kungiyar ta doke kungiyar a matakin rukuni na biyar 1. FC Düren da ci 3-0. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Bayern Munich a 2-0 nasara akan Lokomotiv Moscow. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2021, inda ya ci kwallon farko a wasan da Bayern ta doke 1 da ci 5-1. FC Koln. A watan Afrilun 2021, ya zira kwallaye a wasannin Quarter Final na gasar zakarun Turai da tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Paris Saint-Germain, ciki har da nasarar da ta ci 1-0 a waje a Parc des Princes, duk da haka kulob dinsa ya yi rashin nasara a kan dokar cin kwallaye a waje bayan sun tashi 3-3. a jimlar. A watan Mayun 2021, ya daga kofin Bundesliga na farko tare da Bayern.
A kakar 2021-22
A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2021, ya zo a cikin minti na 88th don Robert Lewandowski yayin 2021 DFL-Supercup, nasara da ci 3-1 akan Borussia Dortmund don lashe taken DFL-Supercup. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2021, ya yi hat-trick dinsa na farko a Bayern bayan ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan farko da kungiyar ta doke Bremer SV da ci 12-0 a gasar DFB-Pokal. Wannan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na farko na Bayern tun Maris 2005 lokacin da Claudio Pizarrio ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar SC Freiburg a kakar 2004-05 DFB-Pokal. Ya kuma kafa wasu kwallaye uku a wasan, abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan Bayern na farko da ya shiga cikin kwallaye bakwai a cikin DFB-Pokal tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a kakar 2008-09.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Jamus
Choupo-Moting yana da fasfo na Jamus kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta haihuwa da kuma ƙasar mahaifiyarsa Jamus a 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship da kuma a 2011 UEFA European European Under-21 Championship cancantar zuwa 2011 UEFA gasar cin kofin Turai 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 .
Kamaru
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010, Choupo-Moting ya sami kiransa na farko ga tawagar 'yan wasan Kamaru kuma ya wakilci Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu. Haka kuma an gayyace shi zuwa tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Brazil a shekara ta 2014 . A ranar 3 ga Janairu 2017, ya sanar da cewa ba zai taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2017 ba .
Binciken cancantar Kamaru
Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Tunisiya mai kula da 'yan wasan kasar Tunisia ta yi wa FIFA tambayoyi kan ko Choupo-Moting ya cika sharuddan dan kasar Kamaru . "Game da zanga-zangar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tunisiya ta yi dangane da cancantar Choupo-Moting mai wakiltar Kamaru, FIFA ta sanar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tunisiya cewa babu wani keta dokokin FIFA da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru ta yi. kakakin FIFA ya shaidawa BBC Sport . Choupo-Moting ya taka leda a kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa na Jamus da kuma tawagar Jamus na kasa da shekaru 21, ciki har da haihuwa a Jamus da girma a Jamus tare da iyayen Jamusanci, amma FIFA ta amince da sauya sheka ta kasa kafin ya wakilci. Kamaru. Koken hukumar kwallon kafar Tunisiya ya zo ne a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na 2014 - CAF zagaye na uku duk da Choupo-Moting ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Choupo-Moting a Altona, Hamburg, kuma ya halarci Gymnasium Altona. Mahaifiyarsa Bajamushiya ce kuma mahaifinsa ɗan Kamaru.
Choupo-Moting yana da mata Bajamushiya mai suna Nevin. Suna da ɗa guda, Liam, wanda aka haifa a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2013.
Salon wasa
Ana yawan ajiye Choupo-Moting a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko a bangaren hagu. Shi ƙwararren mai buga wasa ne kuma yana da ma'ana da ƙarfin jiki, a ko dai gefen hagu ko dama ko ta tsakiyar filin. Choupo-Moting sananne ne don ƙimar aiki mai girma, tsayin daka da ƙarfi, ikon dribbling kai tsaye.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 29 Maris 2022. Makin Kamaru da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Choupo-Moting.
Girmamawa
Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1 : 2018-19, 2019-20
Coupe de France : 2019-20
Coupe de la Ligue : 2019-20
UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2019-20
Bayern Munich
Bundesliga : 2020-21, 2021-22
DFL-Supercup : 2021
FIFA Club World Cup : 2020
Kamaru
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku: 2021
Mutum
Medal Fritz Walter: Medal Azurfa ta U18 2007
Manazarta
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25279 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Kathir | Ibn Kathir | Abu al-Fiḍā 'Imād Ad-Din Ismā'īl ibn' Umar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī Al-Damishqī (إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير القرشي الدمشقي أبو الفداء عماد الدين; c. 1300- 1373), da aka sani da Ibn Kathir, ya kasance fitaccen masanin tarihin larabawa, masani kuma masani a zamanin Mamluk a Siriya. Masanin Tafsiri (Tafsirin Alkur'ani) da Fiqhu (fikihu), ya rubuta litattafai da dama, ciki har da tarihin duniya mai girma goma sha huɗu mai taken Al-Bidaya wa ' l-Nihaya.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Cikakken sunansa shine Abul Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn marmar ibn Kaṯīr (أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير) kuma yana da laqabin (epithet) na Imad ad-Dīn (عماد الدين "ginshiƙin imani"). Iyalinsa sun samo asali daga asalin kabilar Quraishawa. An haife shi a Mijdal, wani ƙauye da ke wajen birnin Busra, a gabashin Damascus, Siriya, wajen kimanin AH 701 (AD 1300/1). Ibn Taymiyyah da Al-Dhahabi ne suka karantar da shi.
Bayan kammala karatunsa ya sami naɗinsa na farko a hukumance a cikin 1341, lokacin da ya shiga kwamitin bincike da aka kafa don tantance wasu tambayoyi na bidi'a.
Ya auri 'yar Al-Mizzi, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman Siriya na wannan lokacin, wanda ya ba shi damar shiga cikin fitattun malamai. A cikin shekarar 1345 an mai da shi mai wa'azi (khatib) a sabon masallacin da aka gina a Mizza, garin mahaifin surukinsa. A shekara ta 1366, ya hau matsayin masaniyar a Babban Masallacin Damascus.
A rayuwa ta gaba, ya zama makaho. Ya danganta makanta da yin aiki da daddare akan Musnad na Ahmad Ibn Hanbal a yunƙurin sake fasalin ta ta asali maimakon ta mai ba da labari. Ya rasu a watan Fabrairu 1373 (AH 774) a Damascus. An binne shi kusa da malaminsa Ibn Taimiyya.
Akida
Akidarsa a wannan zamani ta zama sabani tsakanin Ash'aris da Salafiyya.
Matsayin Ash'ari
Ash'aris suna da'awar cewa shi kansa ya ambata:
Ya kasance a makarantar Shafi'i na fikihu na Musulunci kuma farfesa ne na Hadisi a Gidan Hadisi da aka fi sani da "Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya" wanda aka kafa shi na musamman ga waɗanda suka yi daidai da mazhabar Ash'ariyya, kamar yadda Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370) ya ambata a cikin Tabaqat al-Shafi`iyya al-Kubra (Ƙamus na Ƙamushin Tarihin Shafi'iyya) cewa sharadin koyarwa a al-Ashrafiyya shine Ash 'ari in' aqida.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449) ya ruwaito a cikin al-Durar al-Kaminah (Lu'u-lu'u Boye: akan Manyan Karni na takwas na Musulunci), cewa takaddama tsakanin Ibn Kathir da dan Ibn al- Qayyim al-Jawziyya ya barke saboda matsayin koyarwa. Da alama Ibn Kathir ya yi nuni da cewa rashin son sa ya samo asali ne daga tushen Ash'ari, kuma da zarar ɗan Ibn Qayyim ya tunkare shi game da wannan kuma ya ce ko da Ibn Kathir ya yi rantsuwa ga manyan sammai cewa baya kan aqidar. Ibn Taimiyya, mutane ba za su yarda da shi ba, domin shehinsa (malaminsa) Ibn Taimiyya ne.
David L. Johnston ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ilimin al'ada kuma Ash'arite Ibn Kathir".
Matsayin Salafi
Ibn Kathir ya yi kamanceceniya da malaminsa Ibn Taimiyya, kamar bayar da shawarar jihadin gwagwarmaya da riko da sabunta al -ummar Musulunci guda daya. Bugu da ƙari, kamar Ibn Taimiyya, yana ƙididdigewa a matsayin masani mai son tunani, gargajiya da hadisi. Dangane da tafsirin, yana amfani da hanyoyin da suka saba da tsoffin malaman Sunnah, kuma ya bi mafi yawan hanyoyin bin Taimiyya. 'Yan Salafiyya sun yi ikirarin cewa Ibn Kathir bai fassara ayoyin mutashabihat da hadisai ba, a'a ya yarda da ma'anonin ayoyin, amma ya dena tambayar "Yaya?" kuma bai kamanta shi da halitta ba kuma bai yi ta'wil akan ayoyin ba.
Yana cewa:
Mutane sun faɗi babban magana game da wannan batun kuma wannan ba shine wurin da za a yi bayanin abin da suka faɗa ba. A kan wannan, muna bin Musulman farko (salaf): Malik, Awza'i, Thawri, Layth ibn Sa'd, Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, da sauransu daga cikin Imaman Musulmai, dukkansu tsoffi. kuma na zamani wato barin (ayar da ake tambaya) ta wuce kamar yadda ta zo, ba tare da faɗin yadda ake nufi (min ghayr takyif), ba tare da kamanta ta da abubuwan da aka halitta (wa la tashbih), kuma ba tare da rushe ta ba (wa la ta'til): Ma'ana ta zahiri (zahir) da ke faruwa a zukatan masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (al-mushabbihin) Allah ya ɓata ta, domin babu wani abu daga halittarsa da ya yi kama da shi: "Babu wani abu da yake kama da Shi, kuma Shi ne Duk -Mai ji, Mai gani "(Alkur'ani 42:11).
Ayyuka
Tafsiri
Ibn Kathir ya rubuta shahararren tafsirin Alkur'ani mai suna Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim wanda ya danganta wasu Hadisai, ko maganganun Muhammad, da maganganun sahaba zuwa ayoyin Alkur'ani, a cikin bayani da kaucewa amfani da Isra'i'iliyat. Yawancin Musulman Sunni suna ɗaukar sharhinsa a matsayin mafi kyau bayan Tafsirin al-Tabari da Tafsirin al-Kurtubi kuma ana girmama shi musamman tsakanin mazhabar Salafiyya. Kodayake Ibn Kathir ya yi ikirarin dogaro da At-Tabari, ya gabatar da sabbin hanyoyi kuma ya bambanta da abun ciki, a ƙoƙarin share addinin Musulunci daga abin da ya kimanta a matsayin Isra’iliyyat. Tuhumar sa kan Isra’iliyyat mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga tasirin Ibn Taimiyya, wanda ya rage ragin yawancin tafsirin tun daga lokacin.
Tafsirinsa ya sami karbuwa sosai a wannan zamani, musamman a tsakanin Musulman Yammacin Turai, wataƙila saboda hanyar da ya bi, amma kuma saboda rashin fassarar tafsirin gargajiya.
A cikin tattaunawar ilimi
Tafsir al-Qur’an al-'Aẓīm yana da sabani a yankunan ilimi na yamma. Henri Laoust yana ɗauke da shi na farko azaman aikin ɗan adam da "na farko". Norman Calder ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai kunkuntar tunani, mai kaifin ra'ayi, da kuma shakku kan nasarorin ilimi na tsoffin masu tafsiri. Damuwarsa ta iyakance ne kawai don ƙididdige Alƙur'ani da gawar Hadisi kuma shi ne na farko, wanda ke ƙididdige asalin yahudawa daidai gwargwado, yayin da yake amfani da su lokaci guda, kamar hadisin annabci, zaɓi don tallafawa ra'ayin sa na farko. In ba haka ba, Jane Dammen McAuliffe tana ganin wannan tafsiri a matsayin, da gangan kuma aka zaɓa, wanda fassarar sa ta keɓe ga hukuncin kansa don kiyayewa, wanda yake ɗauka mafi kyau a cikin al'adun sa.
Hadisi
Al-Jāmiʿ (الجامع) babban tarin matanin Hadisi ne wanda aka yi niyya don amfani da kundin sani. Jerin jerin haruffan Sahabban Annabi ne da zantukan da kowannensu ke watsawa, ta haka ne ke sake gina sarkar ikon kowane hadisi.
Duba kuma
Ibn Taymiyyah
Al-Tabari
Al-Qurtubi
Asad Mayhani
Manazarta
Norman Calder, 'Tafsir from Tabari to Ibn Kathir, Problems in the description of a genre, illustrated with reference to the story of Abraham', in: G. R. Hawting / Abdul-Kader A. Shareef (eds.): Approaches to the Qur'an, London 1993, pp. 101–140.
Jane Dammen-McAuliffe, 'Quranic Hermeneutics, The views of al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir', in: Andrew Rippin (ed.): Approaches to the history of the interpretation of the Qur'an, Oxford 1988, pp.& nbs al hafid ibn kathir is not ash,ai |
48889 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Kungiyar%20Kwadago%20ta%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu | Congress of African Trade Unions ( COSATU ko Cosatu ) ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce a Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1985, kuma ita ce mafi girma a cikin manyan kungiyoyin kwadagon kasar guda uku, tare da kungiyoyin kwadago 21 masu alaka.
Tarihi
Kafawa da tarihin farko
A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1985, ƙungiyoyi 33 sun hadu a Jami'ar Natal don tattaunawa game da kafa tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadago. Wannan ya biyo bayan tattaunawar hadin kai na tsawon shekaru hudu tsakanin kungiyoyi masu gasa da kungiyoyin da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma "daukar nauyin da ba na kabilanci, ba jinsi da dimokiradiyya Afirka ta Kudu." An kafa COSATU bisa hukuma a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1985. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Afirka ta Kudu (FOSATU), Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa, da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa . Elijah Barayi shi ne shugaban kungiyar na farko da Jay Naidoo babban sakatare na farko.
An zartar da kudurori da dama a wannan taro na farko da suka bayyana manufar hukumar da kuma yadda hukumar ke gudanar da ayyukanta, wato:
Don kafa ƙungiya ɗaya ga kowace masana'antu a cikin watanni shida.
Don mayar da hankali kan cin zarafin mata masu aiki.
Don yin kira da a dage dokar ta baci, a janye sojoji daga garuruwa da kuma sakin duk fursunonin siyasa.
Don ci gaba da kiran matsin lamba na duniya, gami da raba hannun jari.
Don neman haƙƙin yajin aiki da karba.
Domin tantance mafi ƙarancin albashi na ƙasa.
Don tsawaita gwagwarmayar neman haƙƙin ƙungiyar ƙwadago a cikin gida.
A ranar 5-6 ga Mayu 1987 an gudanar da yajin aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin neman zaɓe na COSATU wanda ya yi daidai da babban zaɓe na 1987 . Sama da ma'aikata miliyan 2.5 ne suka halarci zaman. A ranar 7 ga Mayun 1987, da sanyin safiya wasu bama-bamai biyu suka tashi a kusa da ginshiƙan tallafi a cikin ginshiƙi na hedkwatar tarayya, gidan COSATU. Lalacewar da ta haifar ya sa aka ayyana ginin ba shi da lafiya.
Yaki da wariyar launin fata
A taron kasa karo na biyu da aka yi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga Yuli 1987, Tarayyar ta amince da Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci bayan Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Kasa ta gabatar da kudurin
A babban taro na uku da aka yi daga ranar 12 zuwa 16 ga watan Yulin 1989, an zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya bukaci mambobin kungiyar COSATU da su shiga wani kamfen na "daukar mataki" na yaki da wariyar launin fata, a makon da ya gabato babban zaben kasar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1989.
A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1989, COSATU, United Democratic Front da Mass Democratic Movement, suka kaddamar da yakin neman zabe na kasa, inda aka mamaye wuraren da aka kebe domin farar fata, kuma kungiyar da jihar ta haramtawa ta bayyana kansu 'ba a hana su ba'.
Bayan ayyukan wariyar launin fata
Majalisar ta COSATU ta yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2012 don haɗa kai da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta duniya mai fafutuka, yayin da ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Duniya .
A yayin taron 2016 da aka gudanar a Durban, Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, shugaban COSATU reshen NEHAWU Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba ya zama shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta duniya.
Cosatu ya sami raguwar zama memba bayan 2012, kodayake ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar ƙwadago.
Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa
Abokan haɗin gwiwa na yanzu
COSATU ta lissafa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa a matsayin haɗin gwiwarsu:
Tsoffin masu alaƙa
Korar kungiyar ma'aikatan karafa ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu
A kan 8 Nuwamba 2014, Irvin Jim, babban sakatare na babbar cibiyar COSATU, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka ta Kudu (NUMSA), ta sanar da cewa an kori ƙungiyar daga COSATU bayan kuri'a a wani babban zartarwa na musamman. An kira kwamitin wanda ya haifar da kuri'u 33-24 na amincewa da korar. An tuhumi NUMSA da keta kundin tsarin mulkin COSATU
A ranar 6 Nuwamba 2014, aikace-aikacen doka na gaggawa ta NUMSA don hana kwamitin zartarwa na musamman daga taron koli na Kudancin Gauteng ya dakatar da shi, don haka ya ba da izinin taron.
A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, ƙungiyoyi 7 sun sanar da cewa sun dakatar da shiga cikin ra'ayi na COSATU saboda korar NUMSA kuma sun yi kira da a kira taron kasa na musamman.
Irvin Jim ya bayyana korar a matsayin "rana mai duhu ga ma'aikata".
Gwamnati
COSATU wani bangare ne na kawance da jam'iyyar ANC da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai suna Tripartite Alliance . An tafka muhawara kan rawar da COSATU ta taka a kawancen, tun bayan da kungiyar ke sukar wasu manufofin gwamnatin ANC. Yayin da wasu masu alaka da juna suka yi ikirarin samun ‘yancin kai daga jam’iyyar siyasa mai mulki, wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa tsarin ya ba COSATU tasirin siyasa ga mambobinta.”
Ƙungiyoyin aiki da zamantakewa
Afirka ta Kudu tana daya daga cikin mafi girman cutar HIV/AIDS a duniya, tare da kiyasin 2005 na mutane miliyan 5.5 da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV - 12.4% na yawan jama'a. A cikin 2020, kusan mutane miliyan 20.6 a gabashi da kudancin Afirka suna dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Kungiyar kwadago ta taka rawa wajen yakar wannan annoba. COSATU babban abokin tarayya ne a cikin Kamfen Aiki na Jiyya (TAC), ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da ƙungiyar siyasa da ke aiki don ilmantarwa da haɓaka fahimta game da cutar kanjamau, da hana sabbin cututtuka, da kuma turawa don samun damar samun damar yin amfani da maganin rigakafi . A cikin 1998, COSATU ta zartar da ƙuduri don yaƙin neman magani. "A bayyane yake ga kungiyar kwadago a lokacin cewa mambobinta mafi karancin albashi suna mutuwa saboda ba za su iya samun magunguna ba," in ji Theodora Steel, Jami'in Kamfen na COSATU. "Mun ga TAC a matsayin aboki na halitta a yakin neman magani. Mun zartar da wani kuduri na yau da kullun a majalisar mu don taimakawa da gina TAC. 
Duk da kawancen COSATU da jam’iyyar ANC mai mulkin kasar, ta yi hannun riga da gwamnati, inda ta yi kira da a bullo da hanyoyin da jama’a ke amfani da su na maganin rigakafin cutar.
Abahlali baseMjondolo ya bayar da kwakkwaran sanarwa na goyon bayan yajin aikin ma'aikatan gwamnati na 2010.
Logo
Dabaran a cikin tambarin yana wakiltar tattalin arziki. Launin zinare na dabaran yana wakiltar dukiyar ƙasar. Alkaluman da ke tura keken, wanda ya kunshi maza biyu da mace daya dauke da jariri, na wakiltar kalubalen da ma'aikata ke fuskanta da suka hada da cin zalin kabilanci da jinsi da kuma cin hanci da rashawa. Waɗannan alkalumman baƙar fata ne yayin da suke wakiltar yawancin baƙi na gwagwarmaya da zalunci na launin fata. Alƙaluman suna riƙe da jajayen tuta da ke wakiltar rukunin ma'aikata.
Taken da ke cikin tambarin shi ne "Rauni ga mutum rauni ne ga kowa" yana nuna hangen nesan da kungiyar ke da shi na hadin kan al'umma wanda ke daure masu aiki.
Zimbabwe
A watan Oktoba 2004 da Fabrairu 2005 COSATU ta aika da tawaga zuwa Zimbabwe domin su yi la'akari da yanayin kasar kafin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe na 2005 . An kore su daga kasar a lokuta biyu.
Kungiyar ta COSATU ta shirya zanga-zanga da killace kan iyakokin kasar a Harare.
A cikin 2016, COSATU ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga masu zanga-zangar #This Flag a Zimbabwe, inda ta bayyana "hannun da gwamnatin Zanu-PF ta yi wajen mu'amala da abokan gaba da ake ganin sun yi kama da na Operation Restore Order/Murambatsvina a 2005."
Fafutukar Falasdinu
A cikin 2020 COSATU sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga al'ummar Palasdinu a ranar 15 ga Mayu (Ranar Nakba) kuma sun danganta 'yancin Falasdinawa na kasa da gwagwarmayar COSATU na yaki da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 2021 Falasdinawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da hukuncin da wata kotun Isra’ila ta yanke wanda ya ce mazauna Sheik Jarrah na bukatar a kori su daga gidajensu a birnin Kudus. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kai hari a Masallacin Al-Aqsa a cikin watan Ramadan, wata mai alfarma ga Falasdinawa da dama. Kungiyar COSATU ta yi tattaki zuwa ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Sandton a birnin Johannesburg domin nuna goyon bayanta ga Falasdinawa, inda ta bayyana cewa akwai bukatar gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da diyaucin Falasdinu da kuma take hakkin bil'adama da ake yi wa Falasdinawa.
Ma'aikatan ofis na yanzu
Ma'aikatan Ofishin Ƙasa:
Shugaba: Zingiswa Losi
Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko: Mike Shingange
Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu: Louise Thipe
Babban Sakatare: Bheki Ntsalintshali
Mataimakin Babban Sakatare: Solly Phetoe
Ma'aji: Freda Oosthuysen
Sakatarorin Lardi:
Gabashin Cape: Xolani Malamlela
Jiha Kyauta: Monyatso Mahlatsi
Gauteng: Dumisani Dakile
KwaZulu-Natal: Edwin Mkhize
Limpopo: Gerald Twala
Mpumalanga: Thabo Mokoena
North West: Ayuba Dliso
Arewacin Cape: Orapeleng Moraladi
Western Cape: Melvyn de Bryn
Kara karantawa
Jeremy Baskin, Buga Baya: Tarihin Cosatu, Routledge (Satumba 1991), lissafin farkon shekarun COSATU daga 1985 har zuwa sakin Nelson Mandela a 1990
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Kasuwanci
Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52865 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmau%20al-Assad | Asmau al-Assad | Asma Fawaz al-Assad (née Akhras; an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Siriya. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Landan ga iyayen Siriya, ta auri shugaban Siriya na 19 kuma na yanzu, Bashar al-Assad.
Assad ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta da wallafe-wallafen Faransanci. Tana da aiki a banki na saka hannun jari kuma an shirya ta don fara MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da ta auri Bashar al-Assad a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000. Ta yi murabus daga aikinta na banki na saka hannun jari bayan bikin auren ma'auratan kuma ta kasance a Siriya, inda aka haifi 'ya'yansu uku. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da kungiyoyin gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin da aka dakatar saboda barkewar yakin basasar Siriya.
Tare da mijinta Bashar, Asma an dauke ta daya daga cikin "manyan 'yan wasan tattalin arziki" a Siriya kuma tana kula da manyan bangarorin kasuwanci na Siriya, banki, sadarwa, dukiya da masana'antun teku. A sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya da ke gudana, rikici wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Assad yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin tattalin arziki da ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Siriya, yana mai da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tarayyar Turai (EU) don samar mata da kayan aiki da taimakon kuɗi, don ta sami wasu kayayyaki, da kuma rage ikonta na tafiya a cikin EU. A Burtaniya, a halin yanzu tana cikin wani bincike na farko a cikin sashin laifukan yaki na 'yan sanda na Metropolitan tare da zarge-zargen da suka shafi "tsarin tsarin azabtarwa da kisan fararen hula, gami da amfani da makamai masu guba" da kuma tayar da ayyukan ta'addanci.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Assad Asma Fawaz Akhras a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975 a Landan ga Fawaz Akheras, likitan zuciya a asibitin Cromwell, da matarsa Sahar Akhras (née Otri), diflomasiyya mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Siriya a Landan. Iyayenta Musulmai ne na Sunni kuma 'yan asalin Siriya ne, daga birnin Homs .
Ta girma a Acton, London, inda ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta Twyford Church of England sannan daga baya ta zama makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu, Kwalejin Sarauniya, London. Ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Ayyukan kudi
Bayan kammala karatunta daga King's College London, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan tattalin arziki a Deutsche Bank Group a cikin sashen gudanar da kudade tare da abokan ciniki a Turai da Gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga sashen banki na saka hannun jari na JP Morgan inda ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙware a fannin kimiyyar halittu da kamfanonin magunguna. Ta yaba da kwarewarta ta banki tare da ba ta "tunani na nazari" da kuma ikon "[ fahimtar] bangaren kasuwanci na gudanar da kamfani".
Tana gab da neman MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da, a hutu a gidan kawunta a Damascus a shekara ta 2000, ta sake saduwa da Bashar al-Assad, abokiyar iyali.
Bayan rasuwar Hafez al-Assad a watan Yunin 2000, Bashar ya zama shugaban kasa. Asma ta koma Siriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 kuma ta auri Bashar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Aure ya ba mutane da yawa mamaki tunda babu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai game da soyayya da soyayya kafin bikin. Mutane da yawa sun fassara ƙungiyar a matsayin sulhu da alamar ci gaba zuwa ga gwamnatin sake fasalin yayin da Asma ta girma a Ƙasar Ingila kuma tana wakiltar yawancin Sunni, ba kamar Alawite Bashar ba.
Bayan bikin auren, Asma ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Siriya zuwa ƙauyuka 100 a cikin 13 daga cikin gwamnatocin Siriya 14 don yin magana da Siriya da kuma koyon inda ya kamata ta jagoranci manufofinta na gaba. Ta ci gaba da kirkirar tarin kungiyoyi da ke aiki a karkashin bangaren agaji na gwamnati, wanda ake kira Syria Trust for Development; kungiyoyin sun hada da FIRDOS (ƙananan bashi na karkara), SHABAB (ƙwarewar kasuwanci ga matasa), BASMA (taimaka yara da ke fama da ciwon daji), RAWAFED (ci gaban al'adu), Kungiyar Siriya don nakasassu, da Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Siriya, da nufin yin niyya ga al'ummomin karkara, ci gaban tattalin arziki, 'yan ƙasa masu nakasa, da ci gaban al'adun yara da mata, bi da bi da bi. Mafi sanannun sune cibiyoyin MASSAR da ta kirkira, wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin al'umma don yara su koyi zama ɗan ƙasa. Saboda wannan aikin, ta sami wuri a matsayin daya daga cikin Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta 411 "Larabci mafi tasiri a Duniya".
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Vogue: A Rose in the Desert (article later withdrawn) at archive.today (archived 25 February 2011)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1975 |
23801 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranar%20Masu%20Kafa%20%28Ghana%29 | Ranar Masu Kafa (Ghana) | Ranar masu kafa ranar hutu ce ta kasa don tunawa da gudunmawar da dukkan mutane suka bayar, musamman "Manyan Shida" wadanda suka jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana. A baya ana kiran ranar da aka kafa ta da suna "Founder's Day" tare da harafin "S" wanda ke bayyana bayan ɓarna da turawa sukayi kuma an yi bikin don nuna nasarorin Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Kwame Nkrumah shi ne shugaban kasar Ghana na farko kuma memba na "Manyan Shida". An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, saboda haka, bikin ranar "Founder's" ranar 21 ga Satumba a kowace shekara don girmama shigarsa cikin ƙungiyar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya. Sauran membobin "Big Six" sune Edward Akufo-Addo, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, William Ofori Atta, da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei. Akwai tunani da hangen nesa da dama na shugabannin gwamnatin Shugaba Akufo Addo na yanzu cewa sauran membobin "Big Six" wadanda ke cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana dole ne a girmama su a matsayin wani bangare na bikin. An canza sunan daga "Founder's Day" zuwa "Founders' Day". Ma'ana kalmar tana da jam'i don haɗawa da wani memba na "Big Six" a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin "Ranar Mafarin" ta Ghana kuma don girmama su.
Tarihi
A ranar 21 ga Satumba na kowace shekara aka yi bikin ranar masu kafa (wacce a baya ake rubuta ta a matsayin 'Ranar da aka kafa') a Ghana don tunawa da ranar haihuwar shugaban Ghana na farko, Osagyefo Dakta Kwame Nkrumah, da kuma tunawa da fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da Ghana ta yi. jarumai "Manya Shida" kamar yadda sunansu ya nuna. Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo bayan ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma bisa kiraye-kirayen da ake yi na yin murnar sauran membobin "Big Six" ya gabatar da doka ga majalisar don ayyana ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin sabuwar ranar bukukuwan ranar masu kafa, don fadada fadin bikin don rufe dukkan mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwato kasar. Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ya sake ba da shawarar cewa ranar 21 ga Satumba duk da haka yakamata a sanya ta a matsayin Ranar Tunawa da Kwame Nkrumah, don tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa. Hukuncin ya raba bikin "Ranar Mafarin" a matsayin girmama "Manya Shida" daga bikin tunawa da Osagye Dr. Kwame Nkrumah a ranar haihuwarsa a gwarzon jagoran samun 'yancin kan Ghana kuma tsohon Shugaban Ghana.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta zartar da dokar yin gyare -gyare na hutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin "Ranar Mafifici," ranar da ta yi daidai da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a kasar - 'United Gold Coast Convention' (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1947. An keɓe ranar Masu Kafa don murnar da girmama mutane (Manya Shida) waɗanda suka jagoranci Ghana zuwa samun 'yancin kai yayin da Kwame Nkrumah ranar tunawa ta kasance don Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ranar haihuwar jagoran motsi zuwa samun' yancin kai.
Muhimmancin ranar
Haka kuma "Ranar da aka kafa ta" ita ma rana ce da 'yan Ghana ke amfani da wannan dama don nuna irin sadaukarwar da magabatansu da suka yi fafutukar samun' yancin kan Ghana. 'Yan kasar ta Ghana kuma suna yin bikin "Ranar Masu Kafa" don hada ayyukan da za su karfafa gwiwar jama'ar Ghana a cikin kasar da kuma na kasashen waje don karban Ghana a matsayin kasarsu ta asali. Bayan murnar "Ranar Masu Kafa" suna ƙarfafa 'yan Ghana su yaba da rawar da sadaukarwar da shugabanninta suka taka yayin da suke yin hakan ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga ƙasar a cikin dukkan ayyuka.
Lectures na jama'a
4 Agusta 2019
Ranar Masu Kafa Ta Farko, wacce ita ce 4 ga Agusta 2019 ta fadi a karshen mako saboda haka Ministan Cikin Gida, Ambrose Dery, a cikin wata sanarwa ya ce ganin ranar da za ta fada a ranar Lahadi, Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ta hannun Babban Jami'i (EI) ), wanda aka ayyana ranar Litinin, 5 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ranar hutu da za a yi irin wannan a duk faɗin ƙasar, ya gudanar da Luncheon don girmama Manyan yan ƙasa a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.
4 Agusta 2020
Jagorantar laccar ta jama'a shi ne wanda ya mallaki Dagbon, Yaa Naa Abubakari Mahama II, tare da sauran sarakunan gargajiya daga Dagbon. Shugaban majalisar, Farfesa Aaron Mike Oquaye ya gabatar da lacca ga jama'a. Mai magana da yawun Yaa Naa, Zamgbali Naa, Dr Jacob Mahama, a cikin girmamawa ya yaba da duk mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa ga gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci kuma ya nanata ainihin girmama kowa da kowa ba tare da mai da hankali kan Kwame Nkrumah ba.
Manyan mutane kamar Shugaban Ma’aikata, Mrs Akosua Frema Opare; shugaban masu rinjaye kuma ministan harkokin majalisar, Mr Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu; ministan abinci da aikin gona, Dr Owusu Afriyie Akoto; ministan yada labarai, Mr Kojo Oppong Nkrumah; shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA), Mista Roland Affail Monney sun kasance a wurin lacca.
Gidauniyar Open Foundation ta Yammacin Afirka ta ƙaddamar da gasar rubuce -rubucen ranar da aka kafa ta Ghana don haɓaka adabin Ghana na mutane da abubuwan da suka faru akan Wikipedia. Gasar, wacce ta fara daga ranar 1 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2020 tana neman samar da fadakarwa da ilmantar da jama'a kan mahimmancin Ranar Masu Kafa tare kuma da karfafa kwarin gwiwa game da tarihin Ghana.
Jayayya
Koyaya, akwai wasu takaddama daga jam'iyyar adawa ta National Democratic Congress (NDC) da Convention People's Party (CPP) don soke ta tare da tunanin cewa sabon hutun ba shine wakilcin gaskiya na abubuwan tarihi ba kuma wani yunƙuri ne na Akufo. -Gwamnatin adddo ta sake rubuta tarihin kasar.
A cewar NDC, Akufo-Addo yana neman bai wa kawunsa JB Danquah wanda ya kasance jagora a United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam’iyyar siyasa da Kwame Nkrumah ta fice daga cikinta ta kafa CPP wanda ya lashe zaben da ya gan shi ya zama Jagoran Kasuwancin Gwamnati kuma Firayim Minista kuma a ƙarshe ya zama shugaban Ghana na farko.
Manazarta |
50251 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit%20J%C3%BCrgenssen | Birgit Jürgenssen | Articles with hCards
Birgit Jürgenssen (1949 – 2003) yar Australiya ce mai daukar hoto,mai zane-zane, mai tsarawa kuma malama wacce ta kware a fasahar zane jikin mata tare da jerin hotuna, wadanda suka bayyana jerin abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar yau da kullun ta mata.a cikin nau'o'inta daban-daban ciki har da yanayi mai ban tsoro da kuma son zuciya. An yaba mata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "fitattun wakilan kasa da kasa na mata avant-garde". Ta kuma zauna a Vienna.Baya ta gudanar da nune-nunen hotunan ta da sauran ayyukan fasaha,ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna da Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Jürgenssen a Vienna, Austria a shekara ta 1949. Tsakanin 1968 zuwa 1971 ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna.Ta fara samun kulawa ga daukar hoto tare da halartarta a cikin nunin MAGNA-Feminismus: Kunst und Kreativität (MAGNA feminism:art and kerawa). Jürgenssen tayi aiki a matsayin malama kuma mai kulawa.
Jürgenssen ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003 tana da shekaru 54.
Aiki da salo
Daga ƙarshen 1960s,ta haɓaka nau'ikan zane-zane na hoto daban-daban waɗanda suka zagaye jikin mace da canjin sa.
Oeuvre na Jürgenssen tana gabatar da siffofin mata da aka kirkira ta hotuna, waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin al'adu na waje a cikin tsarin aikin danne haki da kuma takurawa rayuwar mata akai-akai.A cikin rukunin ayyukanta, wanda aka gabatar tare da Hubert Winter wanda ke kula da kadararta mai taken "Estate Jürgenssen", Hotunan suna da faɗin mosaic na "zane-zane,ruwa, hotuna,allo, zane-zanen rana da abubuwa masu tarin yawa". A cikin 1972, a matsayin wakilcin jinsi, ta ɗauki hoton jikinta a wurare huɗu tare da rubutun "frau (mace)".A cikin wani hoton kai da aka ɗauka a cikin 1976, kuma ana kiransa "Ich möchte hier raus! (Ina so fita daga nan! Jürgenssen tana sanye cikin "lafiya, farar lace abu wuya da tsintsiya", kuma tana danna kunci da hannayenta zuwa wani akwati na nunin gilashi, wanda aka fassara don ba da shawarar "tarkonta a cikin ka'idojin kyawu da na gida wanda mata sukan yi sau da yawa. an yi shi ne."
Ayyukan daukar hoto na Jürgenssen, masu lamba 250,an nuna su a wani biki na baya-bayan nan da Sammlung Verbund da Bankin Austria Art Forum suka gudanar; 50 daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan Sammlung Verbund, Vienna ne ke nuna su.
One of Jürgenssen's works is titled "10 Days – 100 Photos" published in 1980. This collection, which has 100 pictures taken over a period of 10 days, consists of self-portraits, with face excluded or camouflaged by fur, in Polaroids and photographs which have been set in an asymmetrically fashion with interjections of a few lines of narrative. On this picturization Jürgenssen said: "the identity of the woman has been made to disappear – all except for the fetishized object, which is the focus of male fantasy". In another work of 1974 titled "Amazon" she has photographed "mother and child" in a standing pose with hands held like "latter-day holy figures on a tall iron chair."
Jürgenssen ta yi amfani da fata a matsayin babban zane a yawancin zanenta, abubuwa,da hotunanta, kuma ta ɗauka tare da kwatanta kaddarorin kayan da ke kan hoton. a cikin wannan mahallin "jerin takalmi", wanda aka yi a cikin 1970s, ya ƙunshi sassaka tare da zane-zane. Ta yi sculpturen takalmi guda 18,kowanne da kayan daban-daban kamar su lankwasa da kakin zuma, tsatsa da burodi,kashin muƙamuƙi na dabba da aka kafa akan matashin siliki mai suna "Relict Shoe" (1976), Takalmin Flyweight (1973), takalman organza na siraran takarda guda biyu tare da bayyanar.na matattun kudaje da aka dinka a cikin masana'anta. Wasu daga cikin zane-zane nata sun nuna wasu duwatsu masu siffa guda uku masu taken "Gasar Kyakkyawa" (1978),da Marlene Dietrich a yanayinta tare da gashin ido a kai da shan taba a gado.
Sauran sanannun hotuna masu launin hannu sune: Kitchen Apron, Nest (1979), Nun (1979), hoton kai wanda aka zana da launin zinare a cikin baƙar fata a kwance a cikin "tsarin wasan kwaikwayo". Musamman,a cikin matar gidan Kitchen Apron (Hausfrauen-Küchenschürze) hoton da aka ɗauka a cikin aikin 1975,ta kwatanta kanta a matsayin nau'i na mace wanda ke ƙarƙashin "dakin dafa abinci don samar da sabuwar halitta".
Monographs
Jürgenssen kuma an bata damar buga manyan litattafai guda biyu.An buga ɗaya a cikin 2009 ta Hatje Cantz / Sammlung Verbund wanda Gabriele Schor da Abigail Solomon-Godeau suka gyara. Wannan littafin tarihin, wanda ke da misalai da yawa na hotunanta waɗanda ke fitar da tsarinta mai zaman kansa ga tarihin fasaha, daidaitarta da adabi, ka'idodin ilimin halin ɗan adam,da "tsari". An buga littafi na biyu a cikin 2011 ta Prestel wanda Gabriele Schor da Heike Eipeldauer suka shirya.
Gabriele Schor (ed. ): Birgit Jürgenssen. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009
Gabriele Schor, Heike Eipeldauer (eds. ): Birgit Jürgenssen. Aust Kat. Bankin Austria Kunstforum, Vienna. Munich, Prestel, 2010
Natascha Burger, NicoleFritz (eds. ): Birgit Jürgenssen. Ni ne Aust Kat. Kunsthalle Tübingen, GAMEC Bergamo, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Louisiana. Munich, Prestel, 2018
Sauran wallafe-wallafe
Landesgalerie Oberösterreich: Birgit Jürgenssen - früher oder später. Anlässlich der gleichnamigen Ausstellung in der Oberösterreichischen Landesgalerie, Linz, 12. Fabrairu - 15. Maris 1998. Bibliothek der Provinz, Weitra 1998 .
Peter Noever (Hrsg. ): Birgit Jürgenssen. Schuwerk - Abubuwan da ke da nasaba da "Feminism". [Katalog anlässlich der gleichnamigen Ausstellung im MAK Wien, 17. Maris - 6. Yuni 2004] MAK, Vienna 2004 .
Gabriele Schor (ed. ): MACE. The Feminist Avant-Garde na 1970s. Yana aiki daga SAMMLUNG VERBUND, Vienna. Aust Kat. BOZAR, Cibiyar Fine Arts, Brussels, 2014
Rita E. Täuber (eds. ): Gnadenlos. Kunstlerinnen und das Komische. Aust Kat. Kunsthalle Vogelmann / Städtische Museen Heilbronn. Wienand Verlag, Köln, 2012. ISBN 978-3868321364
Brigitte Huck (et al. ): Die Damen. Aust Kat. Zeitkunst Niederösterreich, St. Pölten. Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2013. ISBN 978-3-86984-446-6
The Museum of Modern Art, New York (ed. ): Hoto a MOMA. 1960 - Yanzu. Aust Kat. Museum of Modern Art, New York. New York, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Modern, 2015. ISBN 9780870709692
Massimo Gioni, Roberta Tenconi (eds. ): Babbar Uwa. Aust Kat. Fondazione Nicola Trussardi, Mailand. Mailand, Skira Edita, 2015. ISBN 978-8857228600
Patricia Allmer (ed. ): Matsaloli. Mata masu fasaha / surrealism / zamani. Manchester: Jaridar Jami'ar Manchester, 2016. ISBN 978-0719096488
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Matattun 2003 |
30658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwamishinan%20muhalli%20na%20Ontario | Kwamishinan muhalli na Ontario | Kwamishinan Muhalli na Ontario ( ECO ; ) jami'in da ba na bangaranci ba ne na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario wanda aka zarge shi da tabbatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Muhalli ta lardin (EBR). Kwamishinan bai kai rahoto ga wata ma’aikatar ba, sai dai ita kanta majalisar, kuma an zabo shi ne ta hanyar shawarar kwamitin jam’iyyar da shugaban majalisar ya jagoranta. Daga nan ne aka nada shi ɗan takarar ta hanyar ƙuri'ar gamayya ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario.
Ofishin Kwamishinan Muhalli na Ontario ya ƙunshi Kwamishinan da ma’aikata 24, waɗanda suka tallafa wa Kwamishinan wajen sa ido kan yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan muhalli EBR da kuma ba da rahoto ga Majalisar.
Gwamnatin lardin Premier Doug Ford ta soke ofishin a cikin shekarata 2019, tare da alhakin aiwatarwa da gudanar da EBR zuwa ga Babban Auditor na Ontario.
Umarni
Manufar EBR ita ce a bai wa 'yan Ontario haƙƙoƙin shiga cikin yanke shawara na muhalli, da kuma ɗaukar ma'aikatu alhakin yanke shawararsu yayin da suke shafar muhalli. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau, EBR ya kafa Rijistar Muhalli, bayanan yanar gizo inda ma'aikatu ke aika shawarwari da shawarwari masu mahimmanci na muhalli don sanarwa da sharhi.
A cikin shekarata 2009, an gyara EBR don baiwa ECO alhakin bayar da rahoto kowace shekara game da ci gaban da Ontario ta samu wajen rage hayakin iskar gas, da kuma kiyaye makamashi.
Kwamishinonin
Rahotanni da Bugawa
ECO tana fitar da rahotanni da yawa kowace shekara.
Rahoton Kare Muhalli
Kowace shekara, ofishin yana fitar da rahoton kare muhalli wanda ya shafi bin ma'aikatar bin Dokar Haƙƙin Muhalli (EBR), da batutuwan kare muhalli da suka shafi ma'aikatun da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin EBR. Har zuwa Shekarar 2016, ana kiran wannan rahoton rahoton shekara-shekara kawai, kuma yana tare da Karin bayani. Ƙarin ya ƙunshi sake dubawa na kowane aikace-aikacen da aka ƙaddamar a ƙarƙashin EBR, da na ma'aikatun' amfani da rajistar muhalli . Kuma Rahoton Shekara-shekara ya ƙunshi labarai waɗanda suka yi bayani dalla-dalla kan zaɓaɓɓun yanki daga Ƙarin, da labarai game da haɓakawa ko mahimman abubuwan da ke da sha'awa ga ECO.
Ƙananan Matakai Gaba, Juzu'i na 1: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2015-2016/EPR-Small-Steps-Forward_Vol1-EN.pdf
Ƙananan Matakai Gaba, Juzu'i na 2: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2015-2016/EPR-Small-Steps-Forward_Vol2-EN.pdf
Zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau, Zaɓuɓɓuka marasa kyau: Haƙƙin Muhalli da Kariyar Muhalli a Ontario - 2017 - http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2017/Good-Choices-Bad-Choices.pdf
Komawa ga Basira: Rahoton Kariyar Muhalli na shekarata 2018: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2018/Back-to-Basics.pdf
Rahoton Ci gaban Gas na Greenhouse
Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ECO ta fitar da rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ci gaban da gwamnatin Ontario ta samu wajen rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.
Fuskantar Canjin Yanayi: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2016/2016-Annual-GHG-Report-EN.pdf
Dokar Yanayi na Ontario: Daga Tsari zuwa Ci gaba http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf
Rahoton Ci Gaban Kare Makamashi
Tun daga shekarata 2008, ECO ta ba da rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ayyukan a Ontario don rage amfani, ko yin amfani da inganci, na wutar lantarki, iskar gas, propane, mai da man sufuri. Ana fitar da waɗannan rahotanni a cikin juzu'i biyu: juzu'i na farko ya ƙunshi babban tsarin manufofin da ke shafar tanadin makamashi a cikin Ontario, na biyu kuma ya bayyana shirye-shiryen kiyayewa da ake gudanarwa, tantance tanadin makamashi da aka samu daga waɗannan tsare-tsare, da kuma auna ci gaban da aka cimma.
Kiyaye: Bari Mu Samu Babban Rahoton Ci Gaban Kare Makamashi na Shekara-shekara - 2015/2016: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2015-2016/ECO_Conservation_Lets_Get_Serious.pdf
Kowane Drop yana ƙididdigewa: Rage Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙarfi da Sawun Sauyin Ruwa na Amfani da Ruwa na Ontario - 2016/2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2016-2017/Every-Drop-Counts.pdf
Kowane Joule Yana ƙididdigewa: Shekarar Amfani da Makamashi na Ontario a cikin Bita - 2016/2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2016-2017/Every-Joule-Counts.pdf
Yin Haɗuwa: Magana madaidaiciya game da Wutar Lantarki a Ontario http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2018/Making-Connections.pdf
Rahotanni na Musamman
Baya ga rahotannin da ke sama, ECO na iya yin rahoto na musamman kan duk wani lamari da ya shafi EBR wanda, kuma a ra'ayin Kwamishinan, bai kamata a jinkirta shi ba har sai rahoton shekara-shekara.
Haɓaka Tsarin Makamashi na Tsawon Lokaci na Shekarata 2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2016/LTEP-2016-Special-Report.pdf
Binciken Ayyukan EBR - Girmama Haƙƙin Muhalli na Ontario 2015/2016: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2016/EBR-Performance-Checkup_EN.pdf
Bayan Akwatin Blue: Sabon Farawa na Ontario akan karkatar da sharar gida da Tattalin Arziki - 2017 - http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2017/Beyond-the-Blue-Box.pdf
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Benin | Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Benin | An yi la'akari da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Jamhuriyar Benin a matsayin gabaɗaya sama da matsakaici ga Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara .
Wani rahoton Amurka na 2012 ya yaba wa Benin "don ci gaba da mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya" kuma ya yaba "ayyukan majalisa na 'yan shekarun nan don zartar da aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, azabtarwa, da sauran laifuffuka", da kuma "kafa." na cibiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da suka hada da mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama da majalisar kasa don inganta daidaito da daidaito tsakanin jinsi".
Rahoton ya ci gaba da nuna damuwa, duk da haka, "game da ci gaba da rahotanni na yawan tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro, ciki har da 'yan sanda, da kuma mummunan yanayin gidan yari da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari'a", da kuma "ta hanyar rahotanni masu tsanani. takunkumi kan 'yancin yajin aiki a ma'aikatun jama'a da kuma maganganun da hukumomi ke yi akai-akai na nuna adawa da kungiyar, yana kara rura wutar zaman jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zanga". Bugu da kari, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa "hankalin ci gaban da gwamnati ke samu wajen magance munanan nau'ikan aikin yara ".
Tarihin tarihi
Kasar Benin dai ta kasance kasar Faransa da aka fi sani da Dahomey, wadda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960. Daga 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1990 kasar Marxist–Leninist ce wacce mai mulkin kama karya Mathieu Kérékou ya mulki, wanda ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki. A karkashin Kérékou, ƙasar ba ta da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida kuma ba ta da yancin ɗan adam. Ya canza suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin a 1975. A cikin 1990 an cire kalmar "People's" daga sunan kasar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1991 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da nufin kafa wata kasa wadda a cikinta "dokar doka, 'yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a, mutuncin dan Adam. kuma an tabbatar da adalci, kariya da kuma inganta shi a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaban da ya dace ga kowane dan kasar Benin."
A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an maido da mulkin dimokradiyya a kasar Benin a shekarar 1991. A zaben da aka gudanar a waccan shekarar, Kérékou ya sha kaye a hannun Nicéphore Soglo kuma ya amince da sakamakon zaben. An mayar da shi mulki a zaɓen shekara ta 1996 aka sake zabe a 2001; zaɓen 2006, wanda Kérékou bai tsaya takara ba, an dauke shi cikin 'yanci da adalci.
Tun daga 1991, ana ɗaukar Benin a matsayin mafi girman matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. An rubuta cewa kasar Benin ta bayyana cewa tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba a tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare Haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasar, wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin rikon kwarya, "ba sa hada kai a tsakaninsu", ta yadda "ta ya zama al'ada ga ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a yanki ɗaya ba su san juna ba", wanda ke haifar da "kwafi na ƙoƙarin". A zaman taro na 47 na hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a shekarar 2010, babban mai shigar da kara na kasar Benin, Victor Topanou ya bayyana cewa, "a yau akwai bayyananniyar manufar siyasa don tabbatar da nasarar al'adun 'yancin dan Adam", yana mai nuni da kokarin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan. don rage radadin talauci ta hanyar tsare-tsaren kananan bashi, da inganta samun adalci ta hanyar gina sabbin kotunan shari'a da gidajen yari, da kara yawan abinci da kula da lafiya a gidajen yari.
Jamhuriyar Benin ta rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa kamar haka: Yarjejeniya ta Afirka (Banjul) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanci magani ko azabtarwa; Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata; Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara; Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata; Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Tattalin Arziki, Haƙƙin Jama'a da Al'adu; da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa.
Wannan ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Benin tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".
Haƙƙoƙin na asali
Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, da matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, mata da nakasassu suna ci gaba da fuskantar wariya, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don yaƙar ta.
Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a wasu lokuta ana hana wadannan hakkokin. Ofishin gidan Rediyo da Talabijin na gwamnati (ORTB) ya takaita yada shirye-shiryen da ke sukar gwamnati; gwamnatin kasar ta toshe siginar wani gidan rediyon kasar Faransa da ya bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2010 kan kokarin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi na tsige shugaba Yayi; sannan an yi sayayya da yawa, wanda ake zargin jami’an gwamnati ne, na kwafin jaridun da suka ba da rahoto kan wata almundahana. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun shiga aikin tantance kansu, kuma an gurfanar da wasu da dama daga cikinsu kan zargin cin zarafi, ko da yake alkalai sukan zaɓi ba za su tuhume su ba. "Zagi" na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yana da hukuncin dauri ta hanyar aiki tukuru. Har yanzu, akwai kafafen yada labarai masu fafutuka da galibi ke sukar gwamnati, duk da cewa isarsu ba ta da yawa, wani bangare saboda jahilci. Kafafen yada labarai mafi tasiri mallakar gwamnati ne. Wasu kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu suna samun tallafin gwamnati.
Akwai haƙƙin shiga Intanet mara iyaka, amma babu shi a yawancin wurare. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin ilimi ko al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya tana mutunta ' yancin yin taro, kodayake a wasu lokuta takan ƙi ba da izinin taron ƙungiyoyin adawa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta haramta tarukan jama'a da dama, ciki har da zanga-zangar 'yan kungiyar da ke nuna damuwa kan cin hanci da rashawa da sauran batutuwa. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokin ƙasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin yin tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar, fita ƙasashen waje, yin hijira da komawa gida, kuma ana girmama wadannan hakkokin, duk da cewa akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa a faɗin ƙasar da ke hana zirga-zirga da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro ke amfani da su wajen neman cin hanci. Kodayake yara ƙanana suna buƙatar takaddun shaida lokacin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don guje wa fataucin, rashin aiwatar da wannan buƙatun yana haifar da ci gaba da fataucin.
Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin ya tanada, ƙasa ce da ba ruwanta da addini, wanda a cikinta ne aka ba wa kowa ‘yancin addini kuma a cikinta ba a ba wa makarantun gwamnati damar ba da koyarwar addini (ko da yake an halatta makarantun addini masu zaman kansu). A kasar Benin, inda a ƙidayar 2002 yawan jama'a ya kasance kashi 27 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 24 cikin dari Musulmai, kashi 17 na Voudon (Vodoo), kashi 6 cikin dari na sauran addinai na asali, da kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Kiristanci na Celestial, kuma inda bukukuwan kasa sun hada da Kirista da Musulmai masu tsarki. Kwanaki, "mutunta bambance-bambancen addini ya yadu a kowane mataki na al'umma da kuma a dukkan yankuna", a cewar rahoton gwamnatin Amurka na 2011, kodayake akwai " rikici lokaci-lokaci tsakanin masu aikin Voodoo da Kirista game da ayyukan ƙaddamar da Voodoo, yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan sanda".
Haƙƙoƙin mata
Halin ‘yancin mata a kasar Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zartar da dokar ta sirri da ta iyali a shekara ta 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Aiwatar da dokar hana fyaɗe, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, na fuskantar cikas ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda, da fargabar kyama ga al'umma. Rashin iya aikin 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton lamarin, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri ne.
An bayyana kaciyar mata a matsayin "mafi girman cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar Benin". Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata da 'yan mata an yi musu fyade (sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 a wasu yankuna da kabilu), amma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokar da ta hana ba. Karuwanci, musamman karuwancin yara, shi ma ya zama ruwan dare, inda abokan cinikin suka kasance masu yawon bude ido. Haka nan ana yawan cin zarafi, inda dalibai mata da dama ke cin zarafin malamansu. Duk da cewa laifin aikata laifi ne wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, aiwatar da shi ya yi kasala. Al’adun gargajiya da ba su dace da mata ba a yanzu ba su da karfin doka a kasar Benin, inda mata ke samun ‘yancin kai daidai da tsarin mulkin kasar, ciki har da harkokin aure da gado. Har yanzu, suna fuskantar wariya mai yawa na zamantakewa da aikin yi saboda halaye na al'ada game da matsayin jima'i, kuma suna da wahalar samun lokaci mai yawa don samun bashi kuma lokacin da gwauruwa ba su da 'yancin sarrafa dukiyarsu. Mata a yankunan karkara suna taka rawa a karkashin ƙasa kuma suna yin aiki tukuru.
Matan da suka fuskanci wariya ko cin zarafi na iya neman taimako daga Women in Law and Development-Benin, Female Jurist Association of Benin (AFJB), da Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative ta hanyar Care International's Empower Project. Wani rahoton Amurka na shekara ta 2012 ya yaba wa Benin bisa kafa Majalisar Kula da daidaiton jinsi da daidaito ta ƙasa.
Haƙƙoƙin yara
Hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da ma’aikatar iyali ana dorawa alhakin bunkasa ‘yancin yara.
Yara sun zama ’yan kasa ta hanyar haihuwa a Benin ko kuma haihuwar iyayen da ’yan kasar Benin ne. Ba a rubuta haihuwar mutane da yawa ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da hana ilimi, kula da lafiya, da sauran ayyuka. Makarantar firamare wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin 'yan mata ba sa zuwa makaranta. Auren yara ya yadu, duk da cewa auren yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 14 haramun ne a fasahance, tare da halatta auren wadanda ke tsakanin 14 zuwa 17 idan iyaye sun ba da izininsu.
A bisa al'adar ƙabilanci, sau da yawa ana kashe yara a lokacin haihuwa saboda dalilai daban-daban - alal misali, an kashe ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye saboda a al'adance ana daukar tagwaye a matsayin mayu. Yaran da aka haife su da wuri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi kuka a lokacin haihuwarsu ba, ana ɗaukarsu mayu. Babban dalilin kashe wadannan yara shi ne, ana daukar su a matsayin tushen bala'i. Wani rahoto ya bayyana kisan gillar da aka yi kamar haka: “Da zaran an haifi yaron ta hanyar da ake ganin zai mayar da su mayya ko kuma na rashin al’ada, sai shugaban iyali ya ba da jaririn ga wani mai kisa. Daban-daban dabaru da ake amfani da su don kashe jarirai suna da muni. Sau da yawa akan yi karo da jaririn a kan bishiya kafin a binne shi ko kuma a yanka shi. Ba a kashe wasu mayu ko yaran da ba na al'ada ba. Gabaɗaya ana watsar da su, ana sayar da su, ko kuma ba su ga dangin da suka shahara don adana irin waɗannan yaran. Suna ajiye waɗannan yaran ba don soyayya ba amma don a yi amfani da su daga baya a matsayin hanyar musanya a matsayin bawa na gida. Wadannan yaran dole ne su rayu ta hanyar bara. Haka kuma rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, duk da cewa dokar kasar Benin ba ta fito karara ta haramta kisan gilla ba, amma ta haramta kisan gilla, wanda ke nufin ana iya gurfanar da kisan gilla a matsayin kisan kai. Amma duk da haka irin waɗannan lokuta ba kasafai suke zuwa kotu ba saboda mutunta imani da al'adun gargajiya da/ko saboda wahalar tattara shaidun da suka dace.
Wata al’adar da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare ita ce sanya yaro matalauta da iyalinsa masu wadata a matsayin ma’aikacin gida, lamarin da yakan haifar da lalata da sana’o’i da kuma fataucin mutane. Ana kiran wannan aikin "vidomègon". Sauran matsalolin sun hada da karuwanci da yara, wanda galibi yakan shafi yaran tituna, da aikin yara. Akwai yara kanana da yawa a kan titi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta ko kuma ba sa samun kulawar likita.
Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2004 ya jaddada cewa a yankunan karkarar Benin, inda ake fama da cin zarafin yara, iyaye ne ke kan gaba wajen wannan cin zarafi, tare da lura da cewa su ne ke da alhakin "kashe 'ya'yansu da ba a haife su ta hanyar da ta dace ba." ; su kansu malaman makarantun firamare su rika yi wa ’ya’yansu dukan tsiya, su kan nemi ‘yan sanda su yi wa ‘ya’yansu da suka aikata ba daidai ba, suna sayar da ‘ya’yansu ga masu fataucin yara. . . . Wasu daga cikin yaran da suke fama da tashin hankalin da wani dan gida ko jami’in gwamnati ya yi, ba su ma san cewa abin da suka jure laifi ne. Yawancin tashin hankali har yanzu ba a san su ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa ba sa yin tir da su ko kuma don kawai sun dauki su a matsayin al'ada. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar yara a Benin, amma har yanzu lamarin yana da muni.
An ƙirƙiri Brigade na Kariyar Ƙananan yara a cikin shekara ta 1983 kuma "an ba da izinin yin aiki a duk lokacin da yara ke cikin haɗari na ɗabi'a ko na jiki. Yana aiwatar da ayyuka don hana laifin matasa. A ci gaba da zama cibiyar da ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi yara ta hanyar sada zumunta. A cewar jami’anta, rawar da take takawa ita ce ta zamantakewa a yau.”
Benin ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a 1990, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a shekara ta 1996, da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 182 na ILO a cikin shekara ta 2004.
Haƙƙin naƙasassu
Babu wata doka da ta hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu, kodayake gwamnati, a karkashin doka, yakamata ta kula da irin wadannan mutane. Haka kuma babu wata doka da ke buƙatar kowane gine-gine, na jama'a ko akasin haka, ya zama abin shigar da keken hannu. Babu kadan a cikin hanyar taimakon hukumomi ga nakasassu, wadanda galibi ke tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar bara. Akwai, duk da haka, kariya a cikin dokar aiki ga nakasassu ma'aikata.
Haƙƙin LGBT
A cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta lura da kin amincewar Benin na shawarar da ta gabata cewa ta "lalata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jima'i" tare da nuna damuwa "game da 'yan LGBT a Benin", suna tambayar: "Wane ayyuka ko shirye-shiryen ilimi kuke yi. Shin akwai wurin tabbatar da aminci da walwalar 'yan LGBT?" Rahoton ya yi kira ga Benin da ta "[d] ta hukunta dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jinsi daya da kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma manufofin da suka dace ga 'yan sanda wadanda ke inganta tsaron lafiyar dukkan 'yan kasar Benin ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba".
Haƙƙin HIV/AIDS
Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a nuna wa mutane wariya dangane da matsayin HIV, kuma ba a yawan samun irin wannan wariyar ba.
Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru
Babu wata kabila mafi rinjaye a Benin. An wakilta kabilu da dama a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati.
Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka
Akwai tsarin kare 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ƙasar ta rike kusan 7,300 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, yawancinsu 'yan kasar Togo ne. Benin tana aiki tare da UNHCR da sauran ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane. Ana gayyatar waɗanda ba su cancanci zama ɗan gudun hijira ba don neman izinin zama.
Haƙƙin ma'aikata
An ba wa ma’aikata damar hada kai su yi yajin aikin, duk da cewa ana bukatar su ba da sanarwar yajin aikin na kwanaki uku kuma gwamnati na iya haramta su saboda wasu dalilai. Ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki, suma suna da damar yin ciniki tare. Akwai kwamitin tuntubar juna ta kasa da ke shiga irin wannan tattaunawa. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ko da yake yana samuwa a sassa da dama, tare da yara sau da yawa. Yara a ƙarƙashin 12 ba za su iya aiki a kowane aiki ba; waɗanda ke tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi ko riƙe ayyukan gida. Amma waɗannan hane-hane ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, kuma a zahiri yara 'yan ƙasa da bakwai suna aiki a gonaki, kasuwanci, gine-gine, kasuwanni, da sauran wurare, tare da sanya wasu zuwa “wakilai” kuma a sanya su aiki a wasu ƙasashe.
Sakamakon karancin sufeto, ana aiwatar da ka'idar aiki mara kyau kuma a cikin abin da ake kira na yau da kullun. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma yana da rahusa, kuma akwai hani iri-iri kan lokutan aiki da makamantansu amma galibi ana aiwatar da su ne kawai a “bangaren hukuma”. Hakanan ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin lafiya da aminci yadda ya kamata.
Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake kamawa
Kame ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an Jandarma ba su da kayan aiki da kuma ba su da horo, duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta lamarin. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin, ba za a iya kama wadanda ake tuhuma ba tare da sammaci da shaida ba kuma dole ne alkali ya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya cikin sa'o'i 48, amma ba a kiyaye wadannan ƙa'idojin ba. Ana mutunta haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma na gaggawar yanke hukunci, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin neman wakilci da ziyartar dangi.
Akwai matsalar ta’addancin da ’yan daba ke yi a kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka wadanda suke ganin ba a hukunta su a gaban kotu ba; Ba a kama ’yan irin wadannan ’yan ta’adda ba. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa yaduwar wannan al'ada a kasar Benin ya shafi yadda ake amfani da shi a baya a Najeriya.
Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Benin da dokokin kasar sun hana azabtar da mutane, amma hakan yana faruwa, kuma ana yawan bugun fursunonin. A shekara ta 2010, Adam Yessoufa ya mutu a gidan yari bayan da jami'an tsaro suka yi masa dukan tsiya. Babu wani bayani game da lamarin da aka bai wa jama'a kuma ba a tuhumi kowa ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa a kullum ba a hukunta ayyukan cin zarafi da hukumomi ke yi a Benin. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa, jami’an tsaro ba sa jinkirin yin amfani da sarka da duwawun taba sigari wajen mallaki ‘yan uwansu ko ‘yan uwansu, inda ya ba da misali da wani dan sandan jandarma da ya daure matarsa tare da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye.
Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a
Yawancin lokaci ana jinkirta gwaji saboda cunkoson doki da rashin isassun ma'aikata da kayan aiki. Ko da yake ya kamata bangaren shari’a ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, amma yana da saukin tasiri daga sauran bangarorin gwamnati. Akwai cin hanci da rashawa. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka saba a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula na Faransa da al'adun gida, gami da yancin yin shari'ar juri, da ɗaukan rashin laifi, haƙƙin lauya, 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da 'yancin ɗaukaka. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kasancewar ba a yi wa matasan da ake tuhuma shari’a a kotunan yara yana wakiltar cin zarafin ƙa’idodin duniya.
Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni
Gidajen yarin Benin na cike da cunkoson jama’a, inda daya daga cikin su ke dauke da fursunoni da dama wanda ya ninka karfin da ake da shi a hukumance. Daga cikin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a gidajen yarin Benin sun hada da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, cututtuka, rashin tsafta, rashin isassun magunguna, da rashin isassun iska. Ana yawan ɗaure yara tare da manya. Ana barin masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam su ziyarci gidajen yari. Mata da yawa ana daure su da ’ya’yansu suna haihuwa a gidan yari ba tare da likita ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da IRIN ya yi ya nuna cewa, “[p] yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku a Benin yana da muni sosai wanda ya kasance tare da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, ɗaya daga cikin dalilai biyu da suka tilasta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa Amnesty International ta sanya ƙasar a cikin yanayin da take yi na shekara-shekara a duniya. Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam a karon farko a shekara ta 2008". Wani rahoton gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2012 ya yi kira ga Benin da ta “[i] inganta yanayin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren da ake tsare da su tare da rage cunkoson jama’a ta hanyar gina karin gidajen yari ko rage tsawon tsarewar da ake yi kafin a yi shari’a”. Rahoton 2012 na ACAT-Benin ya ba da irin wannan shawarwarin.
Har yanzu ana bin hukuncin kisa a kasar Benin, kuma ana yanke wa wadanda aka yanke hukuncin kisa hukuncin kisa, amma ba a aiwatar da wani kisa ba tun 1987.
Duba kuma
'Yancin addini a kasar Benin
Fataucin mutane a Benin
Hakkin LGBT a Benin
Siyasar Benin
Bayanan kula
1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 , ta Amnesty International
'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012 , ta Freedom House
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25669 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20fasaha%20ta%20Brno | Jami'ar fasaha ta Brno | Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno (a taƙaice: AMMA ; a cikin Czech : Vysoké učení technické v Brně – taƙaitacciyar Czech: VUT ) jami'a ce da ke Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech.
An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta alif 1899 kuma da farko tana koyar da darussa guda ɗaya a cikin injiniyan jama'a, ya girma ya zama babban jami'ar Czech mai fasaha tare da ɗalibai sama da 18,000 da suka yi rajista a cikin ikon 8 da cibiyoyin jami'a 2.
Tarihi
'Yan Jesuits sun mamaye ilimin jami'a a Moravia a farkon karni na 18 yayin da suke iko da Jami'ar Olomouc . Mayar da hankali kan tauhidi da falsafa ba ta sami karbuwa daga manyan mutanen Moravia ba. Mai martaba ya fara fara koyar da aikin lauya a Jami'ar Olomouc a alif na 1679. Daga baya a cikin alif 1725, masarautar Moravian ta tilasta kafa Cibiyar Nobility a Olomouc. An ba da doka da tattalin arziki, lissafi, lissafi, geometry, gine -gine na soja da soja, tarihi, da labarin ƙasa. Kamar yadda aka yi niyyar inganta jaruntaka kuma an koyar da harsunan waje, rawa, takobi, da daidaitawa a can. Cibiyar ta kasance a Olomouc har zuwa alif na 1847 lokacin da aka koma Brno, inda ta zama tushen abin da daga baya ya zama Jami'ar Fasaha.
Saboda lalacewar Jami'ar a Olomouc, babu wata cibiya da za ta ba da ilimin ilimi a Moravia, kuma makarantar fasaha ɗaya ce, ban da ta Jamusawa, ba za ta iya rufe ƙarancin buƙata ba, don haka ɗalibai galibi sun bar Prague, Vienna, ko Kraków . Dangane da wannan yanayin muryoyin da suka nemi a kafa jami'a, amma ba na yanki ba a Olomouc amma a babban birnin jihar - Brno, ya ƙaru. Jamusawan Moravian sun ƙi jami'ar Czech ta biyu kuma ta haka ne suka haifar da jayayya da yawa (sulhu ya faru bayan rushewar Daular Austro-Hungarian a 1919 ta kafa Jami'ar Masaryk ). A watan Satumba 1899 aka warware matsalolin ta hanyar kafa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Czech ta Franz Joseph a Brno.
A farko, an daidaita jami'ar a titin Augustine kuma dole ne ta yi tare da furofesoshi 4 da ɗalibai 47 waɗanda za su iya yin karatun Civil Engineering kawai. A cikin shekara mai zuwa (1900) an fara koyar da fannin injiniyan injiniya sannan injiniyan al'adu (shimfidar ƙasa), injiniyan lantarki, da injiniyan sunadarai. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin gine -gine. A cikin shekara ta 1911 an koma jami'ar zuwa wani sabon gini mai cike da annashuwa a Titin Veveří wanda har yanzu Faculty of Civil Engineering ke amfani da shi. A cikin lokacin tsakanin, an haɗa shi da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jamus kuma an sake masa suna Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno. Makarantar ta yi amfani da sunan Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dr. E. Benes na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Bayan mamayar da Jamusawa suka yi a Czechoslovakia da girka Kariyar Bohemia da Moravia, duk jami'o'in Czech, gami da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Czech, an tilasta su rufe (duba Ranar Dalibai ta Duniya ) . Bayan kawo karshen yakin a shekarar 1945, an mayar da jami'ar zuwa halin da take ciki kafin yakin, haka kuma ta kwace gine-ginen Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Jamus da ke Brno wanda aka rufe. Bayan yakin, an sake buɗe makarantar a ƙarƙashin tsohon sunan Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dr. E. Benes. Makarantar ta daina wanzuwa a 1951; an canja wasu sassa zuwa sabuwar kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Soja. Iyayen da suka ba da horo na farar hula kawai ya kasance Faculty of Civil Engineering da Architecture Faculty, duka a ƙarƙashin sunan Kwalejin Injiniya. Tuni a cikin 1956, sannu a hankali an dawo da aikin jami'a a ƙarƙashin sunan Fasaha na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno. Bayyanar yau ta kasance mafi ƙarfi ko ƙasa da ƙarfi a cikin shekara ta1961.
Bayan shekara ta 1989 an sake tsara wasu fasahohi da fitowar sabbin sababbi da yawa. An dawo da Ilimin Kimiyya a shekara(1992) kuma ban da fannonin fasaha, AMMA ya mai da hankali kan tattalin arziƙi (Faculty of Business kafa a 1992) da fasaha (Faculty of Fine Arts, kafa a 1993).
Wani muhimmin ci gaba yana da alaƙa da shekara ta 2000 lokacin da BUT ya raba ikon koyarwa guda biyu da aka tura a Zlín - Faculty of Technology da Faculty of Management and Economics - kuma ta haka ne aka kafa Jami'ar Tomas Bata.
Canje -canjen ƙungiya mafi mahimmanci na baya -bayan nan shine tsagewar sashen Injiniyan Lantarki da Ilimin Injiniyan Lantarki da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta a Kwalejin Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa da Fasahar Fasahar Watsa Labarai wanda ya faru a 2002.
Yawancin gine -ginen AMMA yanzu suna cikin yankin ƙarƙashin Palacky Hill a gundumar Kralovo Pole. Akwai Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Business, Faculty of Chemistry, da sabon gini na Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication kazalika da kwalejoji biyu na kwaleji.
Ilimin Fasahar Watsa Labarai yana cikin tsohon gidan sufi na Carthusian a Titin Bozetechova da sabon hadaddun da ke kan titin. Faculty of Civil Engineering yana cikin babban gini da aka sake ginawa akan Titin Veveri. Faculty of Architecture yana kan titin Porici, Faculty of Fine Arts akan Titin Udolni. AMMA kuma yana amfani da harabar kwaleji ta uku a Titin Kounicova. Ofisoshin Rector suna cikin sabon ginin Baroque da aka gyara a Titin Antoninska.
A cikin fiye da shekaru 120 AMMA ya balaga zuwa cikin cibiyar da aka sani a duniya wanda ke ba da ilimi a fannoni daban -daban daga fannonin fasaha da kimiyya ta hanyar tattalin arziki zuwa zane -zane.
Shugaban jami’ar shi ne rector wanda ke da wakilai biyar daga cikin daraktoci a fannonin ayyuka daban -daban. Batutuwan kuɗi na AMMA suna hannun bursar, sadarwa da haɓaka kasuwanci ne na jami'in hulɗa da jama'a tare da haɗin gwiwar Sashin hulɗar waje. An tattauna muhimman takardu da jagororin Majalisar Dattawa ta Ilimi wacce ta ƙunshi ma'aikaci da ɗakin ɗalibi. Jagorancin kimiyya na BUT yana ƙayyade Majalisar Kimiyya, tana aiki azaman ƙwararrun masana, sauran jami'o'i, da masana'antu.
Kowane malami yana karkashin jagorancin shugaban addini da mataimakinsa. Hakanan, kwalejojin suna da majalisar dattawan ilimi waɗanda ke hulɗa da dokokin ikon. Hakanan, kwalejojin suna da majalisar ilimin su. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da yawa a AMMA, saboda dalilan tarihi da ake kira Ƙungiyoyin Dalibai. Kowace Makaranta tana da ɗakin ɗalibanta wanda ke wakiltar ɗalibai a Majalisar Dattawa ta Ilimi - ɗalibai suna da damar shiga cikin gudanar da sashensu.
Rectorate - Farfesa. RNDr. Ing. Petr Štěpánek, CSc., Dr. hc
Majalisar Ilimi - shugaban majalisar dattijai na yanzu doc ne. Dokta Ing. Petr Hanček.
Bursar - doc. Ing. Ladislav Janíček, Ph.D., MBA, LL. M. shine bursar jami'a.
Facilities
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Ilimin Injiniyan Injiniya
Faculty of Chemistry
Faculty of Architecture
Faculty of Business and Management
Ilimin Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Information Technology
Faculty of Architecture (FA)
Daya daga cikin tsoffin ikon tunani na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno an kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1919. A lokacin da wanzuwar baiwa aka hade tare da Faculty of Civil Engineering. A halin yanzu yana ba da horo kan gine -gine da ƙirar birni kuma yana da ɗalibai kusan ɗari uku.
Koyar da Ilimin Kimiyya a BUT ya koma shekara ta1911 lokacin da aka kafa Ma'aikatar Chemistry a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Czech . An katse ci gaban a cikin shekara ta 1951 ta hanyar canza AMMA zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Soja . An dawo da koyar da ilmin sunadarai a shekara ta 1992. Faculty ta fahimci shirye -shiryen digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na digiri a cikin sunadarai da masana'antar abinci.
Faculty of Electric Engineering da Sadarwa (FEEC)
Da karatu a baiwa ne mayar da hankali a kan wani m kewayon kimiyya yankunan: kula da fasahar da yaro-, ilimin halittu da aikin likita aikin injiniya, ikon lantarki da kuma lantarki injiniya, electrotechnology da kuma lantarki, microelectronics, radioelectronics da teleinformatics.
Faculty of Information Technology (FIT)
Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1964 an kafa sashen kwamfyutoci ta atomatik a cikin Fasahar Injiniyan Lantarki, kwanan nan Cibiyar Informatics ta ware wacce aka canza a cikin shekara ta 2002 zuwa sashen fasaha mai zaman kansa na fasaha. Harabar FIT tana cikin tsohon gidan sufi na Carthusian da tsohuwar ƙasa.
Sashen Kwamfuta
Ma'aikatar Bayanai
Sashen Fasaha Masu Hankali
Sashen Graphics Computer da Multimedia
Faculty of Civil Engineering (FCE)
FCE ita ce tsohuwar jami'ar fasaha ta Brno kuma mafi girma tare da adadin ɗalibai - 6 500. A cikin shekar ta 1899 jami'a ta fara ayyukanta tare da wannan reshe kuma waccan baiwa ita ce kawai ta tsira daga canjin canji - canji AMMA zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Soja a shekara ta 1951.
Faculty of Injiniyan Injiniya (FME)
Bude sashen injiniyan ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1900 kuma a nan shi ne mafi tsufa na biyu na BUT. A baya an koyar da reshen makamashi daga wanda daga baya ya zama Faculty of Electrical Engineering.
Tsarin karatu
Makarantar tana ba da matakan karatu guda biyu na asali-digiri na farko na shekaru uku da shirin digiri na biyu. Mataki na uku shine shirin digiri na uku.
Ofaya daga cikin ƙaramin malami AMMA yana mai da hankali kan tattalin arziki da fannonin kasuwanci na karatu. A 1992 da baiwa da aka rabu da asali Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Bayan digiri na farko, na maigida da na doctoral a cikin wannan fanni baiwa tana ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in kasashen waje na karatun digiri na biyu na MBA . Kimanin ɗalibai 3 000 suna nazarin gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, kuɗin kamfani, haraji da kimiyyar gudanarwa.
Dalibai na iya yin karatu a cikin shirye -shirye huɗu a cikin Czech a wannan ikon:
Injiniyan Jama'a
Injiniyan Birane
Bincike da Cartography
Gine -gine
da shiri guda ɗaya cikin Turanci:
Injiniyan Jama'a
Kwasa-kwasai
Makarantar tana ba da karatun:
Injiniya
Ilimin Kimiyya a Injiniya
Ininiyan inji
Tsarin Samarwa
Tsarin Masana'antu
Injiniyan Masana'antu
Machines da Kayan aiki
Aiwatar da Kimiyyar Halittu
Injiniya na Jiki da Kaya
Gwajin Ilimin Lissafi da Gwajin Inganci
A akasin wannan, ɗayan ƙarami AMMA ikon tunani shine Faculty of Fine Arts. A cikin shekara ta 1993 an kafa shi daga cibiyar zane -zane mai kyau wanda ya kasance a cikin ginin gine -gine shekara guda da ta gabata. A matsayin adadin ɗalibai (dubu 3) ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta ta halin yanzu AMMA. Wasu daga cikin shirye -shiryen karatun sune:
zanen
sassaka
zane -zane
zanen hoto
ƙirar masana'antu
halayen tunani
VMP (multimedia, wasan bidiyo).
Cibiyoyin jami'a
Cibiyar Injiniyan Laifuka (IFE)
Manufar na institute ne yake karantar da na bincike masana a cikin digiri shirye-shirye - Venture aikin injiniya da kuma bincike injiniya (gwani aikin injiniya a harkokin sufuri da kuma dukiya). Yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin shirin injiniyan The Forensic a matsayin karatun digiri. A shirye -shiryen shine canjin cibiyar zuwa sashen sashen daban tare da sunan wucin gadi Faculty of Forensic Engineering.
Cibiyar Ayyukan Wasanni (CESA)
Tare da haɗin gwiwar Faculty of Business CESA tana ba da darussan karatu a Gudanar da Al'adun Jiki. Dalibai na iya zaɓar daga wasanni sama da 70 kamar kwando, iyo, wasan motsa jiki, golf ko ruwa.
Jami'ar Fasaha CEITEC Brno (CEITEC AMMA)
CEITEC wata cibiya ce don ingantaccen ilimin ci gaba wanda ke ƙarfafa keɓancewar kimiyya a cikin ƙungiyoyin bincike da haɓaka ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa. Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na cibiyoyi na musamman, wanda gaba ɗaya ya dogara da shirye-shiryen bincike na CEITEC. A halin yanzu, ana samun shirin doctoral guda ɗaya - Abubuwan Ci gaba da Nanosciences.
Makarantar ita ce mai riƙe da takaddun ECTS na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ( Tsarin Canja wurin Kuɗi na Turai ) - Label da DS ( Labarin Ƙarin Diploma ) na tsawon lokacin 2009-2013, yana nuna godiya ga ingancin ilimin jami'a dangane da ƙa'idodin Bologna Sanarwa . Label na ECTS yana goyan bayan karatu a ƙasashen waje a jami'o'i a duniya. An ba da Takaddun Label na DS don kyautar kyauta ta Kyautar Diploma ga duk waɗanda suka kammala ƙa'idodin Hukumar Turai.
295 shirye -shiryen karatun (wanda 89 aka yarda da su cikin yarukan waje)
Kasancewa cikin manyan ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa da kimiyya
Yi karatu a jami'o'in kasashen waje da na abokan tarayya
Fiye da wasanni 70 a cikin cibiyoyin wasanni 5 na musamman
Masauki a cikin dakunan zama don yawancin masu nema
Dakunan karatu 9
Civil, Mechanical, Electrical da Forensic engineering
Fasahar Sadarwa
Kimiyya
Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa
Fine zane
Gine -gine
Yarjejeniyar tsarin tare da jami'o'i 90 a duniya
Binciken ilimi na duniya da shirye -shiryen ci gaba
CEEPUS
LLP / Erasmus
TEMPUS
Shirye -shiryen haɗin gwiwa da digiri na biyu
Ana bayar da shi ta ikon tunani a cikin darussan su
Ilimin MBA (Jagora na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci)
yana ba da shawara, bayanai da sabis na ƙungiya
yana ba da horo da shawarwari
yana shirya darussa da taron karawa juna sani ga tsofaffi a Jami'ar Shekaru ta Uku
Ana aiwatar da ayyukan bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno tare da haɗin gwiwar ayyukan ƙasa da na ƙasa, shirye -shirye, tallafi da cibiyoyin bincike. AMMA yana ba da haɗin kai sosai tare da sauran jami'o'i da cibiyoyi, tare da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Jamhuriyar Czech da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ƙoƙarin haɗa kan koyarwa da bincike na kimiyya yana tallafawa ta ɓangaren aikace -aikace wanda aka shirya sabon tsarin karatun. Dalibai za su iya samun ƙwarewar aiki mai amfani yayin karatun su, ta hakan yana sauƙaƙa zaɓin aiki da gasa na masu karatun BUT. Ofaya daga cikin maƙasudin AMMA shine zama jami'ar bincike.
Fasahar muhalli
IT da fasahar sadarwa
Injiniyan Aeronautical
Kayan aikin Injiniya
Microelectronics da Nanotechnology
Nazarin gine -gine da injinan gini
Advanced polymer da yumbu kayan
Tsari da Injiniyan Chemical
Robotics da Artificial Intelligence
Gane hotuna da sarrafa kwamfuta
Fasahar kere -kere
Cibiyoyin Bincike
AdMaS - ingantattun kayan gini, injiniya da fasaha
CEITEC - cibiya ce mai kyau a kimiyyar halittu, kayan aiki da sabbin fasahohi tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Fasaha ta Brno da Jami'ar Masaryk, Jami'ar Brno Mendel, Jami'ar Dabbobi da Kimiyyar Magunguna, Brno, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki, Kwalejin Kimiyya da dabbobi. Cibiyar Bincike .
Cibiyar bayanai, sadarwa da fasahar kere -kere
Cibiyar Bincike ta kayan masarufi
Cibiyar Bincike da amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa
Cibiyar NETME - Sabuwar Fasahar Ƙera Masana'antu
Cooperation with industry
BUT cooperation with industry includes among others:
innovation and the preparation of new degree programs in collaboration with industry
direct cooperation in research and development companies in Czech Republic and abroad
personal participation of experts on education process
professional visits and internships
contact point for cooperation between enterprises and the BUT is Technology Transfer Office
Notable teachers
Mirek Topolánek, Firayim Minista na 7 na Jamhuriyar Czech
Luděk Navara, marubucin Czech ba ƙagaggen labari ba, ɗan talla, masanin tarihi da masanin tarihi
Norbert Troller (1900-1984), mai zane da ƙere-ƙere.
Radim Jančura, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Hukumar Dalibi
Tomas Mikolov, masanin ilmin injin
Manazarta |
48139 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amincewa%20da%20auren%20jinsi%20a%20Najeriya | Amincewa da auren jinsi a Najeriya | Najeriya ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya ko haɗin dadiro ga jinsi ɗaya ba. Ana iya hukunta luwaɗi tsakanin maza da ɗaurin shekaru 14 a Kudancin Najeriya kuma yana iya haifar da hukuncin kisa ga maza a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin dokar Musulunci a arewacin ƙasar. Mutanen da suka "yi, shaida, taimako ko ƙarfafa" auren jinsi ɗaya na iya fuskantar hukunci mai tsanani.
Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Haramtarwa) 2013
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya ta gabatar da lissafin da ya hana auren jinsi guda kuma ya bukaci Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da ta zartar da shi cikin gaggawa. A cewar Ministan Shari'a, Bayo Ojo, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya gabatar da lissafin bayan taron kasa da kasa kan cutar kanjamau da cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i a Afirka (ICASA) a Abuja a shekarar 2005. Kudin zai yi kira ga ɗaurin shekaru biyar ga duk wanda ya yi, "yi, shaidu, taimako, ko kuma ya ba da" auren jinsi ɗaya. Hakanan zai hana duk wani nuni na "dangantaka ta jima'i" da kuma karɓar yara ta hanyar gays ko lesbians. Ƙudirin ya sami ƴan adawa kaɗan a majalisar. Hakanan zai ba da umarnin ɗaurin shekaru biyar don shiga cikin fafutukar jama'a ko ƙungiyoyi da ke tallafawa haƙƙin ƴan mata da ƴan luwaɗi, gami da haramta kowane irin dangantaka da ɗan luwadi.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da lissafin. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin yin taraiya na kasa da kasa 16 sun sanya hannu kan wata wasika da ke Allah wadai da dokar, suna kiran ta keta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tarayya da ƴancin yin taro da aka tabbatar da dokar kasa da kasa da kuma Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a da kuma shingen gwagwarmaya da yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 3 suna rayuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS a Najeriya. Ba a zartar da lissafin ba kafin zaben 2007.
An gabatar da irin wannan takardar kuɗi a cikin 2013. Ya ce: "Mutumin da ya yi rajista, ya yi aiki ko ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƴan luwaɗi, al'ummomi ko ƙungiyoyi, ko kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ya nuna wa jama'a dangantakar soyayya ta jinsi guda a Najeriya ya aikata laifi kuma yana da alhakin yanke hukunci har zuwa shekaru 10". Ya wuce majalisar tare da 'yan adawa kaɗan, kuma Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2014 a matsayin Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) Dokar 2013 (SSMPA). Masu goyon bayan dokar sun ambaci bangaskiyarsu ta Kirista da al'adunsu don tallafawa doka. Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa al'adun yankin ba su haramta auren jinsi guda da dangantaka ba. Misali, wani Ìyá Ṣàngó (Yoruba: [ì.já ʃã̀gó]) mace ce firist na Shango, allahn tsawa da walƙiya a cikin addinin Yoruba, wanda a lokacin da yake da trance ba a sake kallon shi a matsayin mace kuma ana ganinsa ya auri Shango a matakin metaphysical, ya zama namiji.
Wani shari'a, Mista Teriah Joseph Ebah v. Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, ta kalubalanci tsarin mulki na dokar an sallame ta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 204 saboda rashin matsayi. A cikin 2018, masu gwagwarmayar LGBT da yawa sun ce ga sanin su cewa ba a taɓa amfani da dokar don hukunta kowa a cikin kowane shari'ar da ta shafi auren jinsi ɗaya ba. A cewar masu fafutuka, wannan saboda dokar "ba ta dace ba", kuma shari'o'i da yawa da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da LGBT ba su da tabbacin da ya dace, wanda ya sa "ba zai yiwu ga masu gabatar da kara su gabatar da shari'ar da za a iya cin nasara ba kuma su tabbatar da cewa an aikata duk wani laifi". Duk da haka, "saboda wannan dokar, 'yan sanda suna bi da mutane ta kowace hanyar da suke faranta musu rai. Suna azabtarwa, suna tilasta mutane su furta, kuma lokacin da suka ji game da taron maza, sai kawai su je su kama mutane. " A cikin 2018, an kama wani rukuni na mutane 47 a Legas saboda zargin da ake yi "ƙwarewa cikin kulob din gay". Mutanen sun ce suna halartar bikin ranar haihuwar. An ga wannan shari'ar a matsayin shari'ar gwaji kan ko za'a iya amfani da doka don gurfanar da ita. Alkalin Rilwan Aikawa na Babban Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ya watsar da karar saboda rashin shaidar a watan Oktoba 2020.
A watan Oktoba 2020, masu gwagwarmayar LGBT sun kuma yi amfani da zanga-zangar End SARS a Najeriya don neman kawo karshen warewar al'ummar LGBT a Najeriya.
Rundunar Hisbah ta Jihar Kano ta kama samari 12 a watan Janairun 2015 a Kano kan zargin shirya bikin auren jinsi guda. Mutanen sun musanta hakan, suna cewa suna shirin bikin ranar haihuwar aboki. Hakazalika, 'yan sanda sun kama mata matasa 11 a shekarar 2018 kan zargin shirya bikin auren lesbian. Matan sun karyata zargin, suna cewa suna murna da nadin shugaban kulob din rawa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an kama mutane 19 a kan irin wannan tuhuma. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in da ya haifar da hukunci.
Ra'ayin jama'a
Wani binciken ra'ayi na 2015 da NOIPolls ta gudanar tare da hadin gwiwa tare da Initiative for Equal Rights da Gidauniyar Bisi Alimi sun nuna cewa kashi 87% na 'yan Najeriya sun goyi bayan Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) na 2013.
Dubi kuma
Hakkin LGBT a Najeriya
Amincewa da auren jinsi a Afirka
Manazarta
Hakki
LGBT a Najeriya
LGBT a Afurka |
16024 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofo%20Abayomi | Kofo Abayomi | Oloye Sir Kofoworola Adekunle "Kofo" Abayomi Kt M.D. (10 ga watan Yulin 1896 - 1 ga watan Junairu 1979) ya kasance likitan ido da siyasa na Nijeriya . Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Lagosungiyar Youthungiyar Matasan Legas a cikin 1934 kuma ya ci gaba da samun kyakkyawar aikin bautar jama'a. Babban aikin da ya yi a bainar jama'a shi ne shugaban kwamitin bunkasa ci gaban Legas daga 1958 har zuwa 1966.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Abayomi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli 1896 a Legas.
Ya kasance asalin Egbe-Yoruba . Daga 1904 zuwa 1909, ya halarci Makarantar UNA, Lagos sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Wesleyan da a yanzu ake kira Methodist Boys High School Lagos. Ya kasance malamin dalibi a Kwalejin Wesley sannan daga baya Eko Boys High School daga 1912 har zuwa 1914. Ya bar koyarwa a farkon 1914 ya shiga ma'aikatan Asibitin Afirka, Legas a matsayin mai ba da magani. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya ba da kansa don yin aikin suttura a wani babban asibiti a cikin Kamaru . Ya kuma yi karatun kantin magani a babbar kwalejin Yaba, sannan ya halarci Likitan Likita na Jami’ar Edinburgh, ya kammala a 1928. An ci gaba da rike shi a matsayin mai zanga-zangar na wani lokaci kafin ya dawo Najeriya ya yi aiki a karkashin Dokta Oguntola Sapara . Ya sake komawa Ingila a shekara ta 1930 don karatun likitancin wurare masu zafi da tsafta, sannan a shekarar 1939 ya sake yin karatun digirgir a bangaren tiyatar ido da magani. A matsayinsa na likitan Afirka tare da horo na Biritaniya, Abayomi ya shiga aikin likitancin Coan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya don yin rayuwa, kuma dole ne ya jimre da likitocin Burtaniya waɗanda suke jin cewa African Afirka ba su da ƙasa.
Matasan Najeriya
Abayomi ya kasance memba ne na kafa kungiyar Matasan Najeriya (NYM) a shekarar 1933. [4] membobin kungiyar hankali ta Legas ne suka kirkiro NYM din wadanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da shirin na Kwalejin Yaba, wanda suke ganin zai samar da karancin ilimi ga ‘yan Afirka. Asalin kungiyar ana kiranta Lagos Youth Movement amma an sake mata suna a 1936 don ya nuna girmanta. Abayomi ya zama Shugaban NYM a lokacin da Dr. James Churchill Vaughan ya mutu a 1937. Abayomi an zabe shi memba na Majalisar Dokoki a 1938. Lokacin da ya yi murabus daga mukaman biyu don ya iya zuwa kasashen waje don ci gaba da karatu, sai ya zuga rikici. ‘Yan takarar da suka fafata sune Ernest Ikoli, wani Ijo, da Samuel Akisanya, wani Ijebu wanda Nnamdi Azikiwe ya goyi bayan. Lokacin da zartarwa ya zabi Ikoli a matsayin dan takarar su, duka Akisanya da Azikiwe sun bar jam'iyyar, tare da daukar mafi yawan mabiyan su.
Daga baya aiki
Abayomi ya dawo Nijeriya a cikin 1941 don ci gaba da nasarar aikin sa na iyali. Daga baya ya zama likita na farko mai zaman kansa da aka zaba shugaban kungiyar likitocin Najeriya . [1] Egbe Omo Oduduwa, kungiyar jin dadin zamantakewar Yarbawa da aka kafa a Landan a shekarar 1945, an kafa ta ne a Ile Ife a watan Yunin 1948. An zabi Sir Adeyemo Alakija a matsayin shugaban kasa. Abayomi an zabe shi ma'aji. Ya kasance memba na Gwamna Executive majalisa daga 1949 zuwa 1951. A 1950 da Alaafin na Oyo, Adeyemi II, ya ba da Oloye Abayomi da Masarautu lakabi na Daya-Isokun na Oyo . Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin Afrilu 1952, Oba Adele II na Legas ya ba shi sarautar Baba Isale .
Abayomi yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar ta Action Group lokacin da aka kafa reshen waccan jam’iyyar a Legas a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1951. [10] A farkon rabin shekarar 1954, an yi taho-mu-gamar haraji da yawa a garuruwan Oyo na arewacin. A watan Agusta na waccan shekarar, wasu sarakunan Yarbawa da dama sun tura shi ya ga Alaafin na Oyo kuma suka yi kokarin sanya shi ya daina goyon bayan Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru .
Sir Kofo ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya a kan Majalisar da ke Kula da Kwalejin Jami’o’i, Ibadan daga kafuwarta a 1948 zuwa 1961. An nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa na Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a, Ibadan lokacin da aka bude shi a shekarar 1951 A shekarar 1958, an nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwar Ci Gaban Legas, wacce ke da ikon rusa gine-ginen da ba su da tsabta da kuma aiwatar da su. tsarin tsara gari. Kwamitin ya kuma shiga cikin samar da gidaje da bunkasa gine-gine masu zaman kansu a Surulere, Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Yammacin Ikoyi na sake farfado da filaye har zuwa kadada dubu daya da aka kwato a Tsibirin Victoria .
Abayomi ya zama Shugaban Najeriya na farko na Hukumar Kula da Asibitin Kwalejin Jami’a, Ibadan a 1958, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1965. A 1959, ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa na Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas da ke Legas. Ya yi aiki a hukumar ko kuma shugaban wasu kamfanoni har tsawon rayuwarsa. Sir Kofo ya mutu cikin lumana a gida a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1979 yana da shekara 82, ya bar wata bazawara, Oyinkan, Lady Abayomi, wacce ita kanta ta yi fice a tarihin Nijeriya.
Manazarta
Majiya |
29957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubar%20dalma%20ga%20dabbar%20raptors | Dubar dalma ga dabbar raptors | Guba gubar lamari ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ke shafar yawan raptor, a tsakanin sauran nau'in. Ba tare da gyarawa ba, yawancin raptors za su shiga cikin alamun gubar dalma da zarar an shafa. Yayin da jama'a na iya zama ba su san yadda za su iya haifar da matsalar ba, kusan kashi Dari 100% na gubar dalma za a iya hana su idan mutane sun mai da hankali sosai kan farautarsu da ayyukansu . Akwai manyan masu bada gudummuwa guda biyu ga wadannan nau'in dabbobin daji da gubar dalma ke shafa kuma ta hanyar mafarauta ne masu amfani da harsashin gubar, ko kuma ta hanyar masu kifin dalma ta hanyar amfani da dalma.
Bayyanawa ga jagora
Lokacin da mafarauta suka harbe dabba, sukan bar ɓarna da sauran sharar gawa a cikin dazuzzuka daga baya. Wannan zai zama matsala idan mafarauci ya zaɓi yin amfani da harsashin gubar. An nuna cewa da gaske duk dabbobin da aka harba da gubar na dauke da gutsuttsura dalma a cikinsu. Harsashin gubar hatsi guda har 150 guda ɗaya yana da ikon kashe gaggafa 10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin gawarwakin barewa 38 da aka bincika, sama da kashi 74% na su sun ƙunshi guntun dalma sama da 100 daga harsashi ɗaya. Daga wurin shigar harsashi cikin dabba, waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura na iya yin tafiya har zuwa kimanin cikin gawa. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ƙanƙanta ne da ba za a iya gani da su ba, to Sai Dai amma za a nuna su akan hotunan dabbar. Masu cin zarafi da masu fasa bututun da suka gano ragowar dabbobin da sharar gida za su cinye wadannan kananan dalma. Daga nan sai a wargaje gutsuttsuran sannan a tsotse gubar a cikin jini saboda aikin nika na gizzard, wanda hakan ke haifar da tarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya' Dangane da matsalar kamun kifi, an gano lokacin kamun kifi mafi girma ya haifar da sakamako. Sannan a cikin mafi yawan adadin mace-mace sakamakon maganin gubar. Tsuntsaye na iya cin kifin da ya cinye jigon gubar ko nutsewa idan layin kamun kifi ya karye. Hakanan suna iya ƙoƙarin kai hari kan kifin da wani mai kamun kifi ya jawo shi. Akwai kuma abin da ake zubarwa ko kuma a bar shi a baya a cikin ruwa ko a wuraren kamun kifi, kuma wanda tsuntsaye za su iya cinyewa da gangan. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan al’amari shi ne, gubar ba wani sinadari ne da ake saurin kawar da shi ba, kuma ba za a iya kaskanta shi ba, domin abu ne mai tsayayye. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da tara tarin gubar a cikin mahalli a kan lokaci, saboda akwai ƙarin shiga fiye da yadda ake fita. Ko da yake ba a matsayin babban batu ba, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fallasa namun daji a zahiri ga gubar, kamar ta hanyar fenti na tushen gubar ko ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai.
Pathogenesis
Lokacin da gubar ta shiga cikin sashin narkewa na raptors, yanayin acidic na cikin su yana ba da damar rushewa da shiga cikin jini. Idan gutsuwar gubar tana cikin kyallen tsuntsu ne kawai, ba zai yuwu ta haifar da gubar gubar ba, saboda cikinta yana buƙatar rushe shi. Da zarar cikin jini, sannan an gano gubar don kwaikwayi rawar calcium a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin salula na yau da kullun da tsarin da calcium zai bi. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ci gaba da kiyaye calcium homeostasis da zarar gubar ta shiga cikin jini ba. Ana watsar da siginar siginar zuwa synapses na jijiyoyi yayin da ƙwayoyin jijiya na cholinergic ke hanawa, yana haifar da canjin hali kamar yadda aka shafi cerebellum . Sannan Ayyukan jijiyoyi a fili yana zama cikin haɗari sosai. A cikin jini da kanta, ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna haɓaka raguwar rayuwa, kuma ƙarancin haɗin heme yana faruwa saboda enzymes δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase da ferrochelatase sun zama masu rauni. Tsuntsu sai ya zama rashin jini .
Alamomi da alamomi
Lokacin da tsuntsaye suka fara nuna sauye-sauyen hali, za su iya fara nuna matsala wajen saukowa . Har ila yau, suna fara nuna matsayi mara kyau, kuma sau da yawa ana iya samun su suna kallon ƙasa. To amman Muryar su na iya canza sauti, saboda sau da yawa yakan zama babban honk, kuma suna iya buɗe baki a wani yanki tare da ƙarar hayaniya da ke fitowa daga ciki. Bayan kamar makonni biyu, dangane da, tsuntsu ya zama mai rauni a bayyane, kuma yawanci yana nuna matsala ta tafiya da tashi. Fuka-fukan kuma na iya fara fitowa a faɗuwa, tare da fiffiken fikafikan da ake ganin sau da yawa suna jan ƙasa, kuma tsuntsayen na iya yin ƙarancin ƙoƙarin samun abinci. Idan tsuntsu ya rayu bayan makonni biyi zuwa uku 2 zuwa 3 bayan gubar dalma to shi ma zai iya fara bayyana ya bushe kuma kashin keel zai iya bambanta sosai saboda a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci ba zai iya narkar da abinci ba yayin da filin ya zama gurgu. Ana ganin koren feces sau da yawa akan gashin wutsiya, a matsayin tasirin wannan.
Har ila yau, tsananin tattara gubar a cikin jini na iya yin illa ga tsarin koda da kuma tsarin haihuwa, kamar yadda kodan ke shafar kuma duk wani kwai da aka dage yana iya samun raunin bawo. Wasu nau'in mikiya kuma an gano cewa sun ragu don babu samar da maniyyi ya faru, kuma mazan na iya samun raguwar girman maniyyi. Har ila yau, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsuntsaye su fuskanci makanta a sakamakon yadda kwayoyin bitamin ke shafa. Sakamakon ire-iren wadannan tasirin da gubar ke yi a jiki ga mikiya, ba kasafai ba ne wadannan tsuntsayen su fuskanci girgizar tsoka ko na kasa kafafunsu su zama gurguje. Saboda wasu nau'o'in waɗannan alamun da mai raptor zai iya fuskanta, masu gyaran namun daji na iya samun sauƙi lokacin riƙewa da kuma kula da tsuntsaye saboda suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin da za su iya yin yaki.
Bincike
Mutumin da ya dandana tare da namun daji zai iya gano mafi yawan lokuta raptor mai alamar alama wanda ke da gubar dalma. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake gano cutar da ba ta dace ba. Tabbatacciyar hanyar tantance ko tsuntsu yana da gubar dalma ita ce ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jini da gwada shi don gubar. To amman Ana ɗaukar tsuntsun al'ada kuma yawanci gubar ba ta shafa ba idan an gano jinin yana da ƙasa da kusan 20μg/dL, kodayake ba zai yuwu ba tsuntsu mai alama ya kasance ƙasa da 20μg/dL. Ana ɗaukar raptor a matsayin fuskantar adadin gubar a cikin tsarin su idan yana tsakanin 20-60 μg/dL. Idan mikiya tana da matakan jini na gubar sama da 60μg/dL to ana la'akari da shi a matsayin shari'ar asibiti kuma yiwuwar mikiya ta tsira a wannan lokacin ba ta da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya gwada hanta da kashi don gwada gubar gubar ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa ne bayan gaggafa ta riga ta mutu. Tsuntsaye kuma za a iya yin x-ray, saboda duk wani babban guntu na gubar da aka cinye za a iya gani a kai.
Magani
A lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya da ke fama da gubar gubar, manufar ita ce rage shigar da gubar a cikin jini, don kawar da duk wani gubar mai guba da ke sha, da kuma taimakawa da tallafawa dabbar ta murmurewa. Idan gubar ta riga ta shiga cikin jini, yana da mahimmanci a bi da tsuntsun da wani abu da zai shiga jikin kowane ɓangarorin gubar ta hanyar amfani da mahaɗan chelating . Duk Wadannan mahadi za su sa tsuntsu ya kawar da gubar daga jikinsa ta hanyar fitar da su a cikin fitsari. Magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance wannan sune EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) da DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da alluran intramuscularly tare da EDTA ko da yake a cikin jini sun fi tasiri, saboda tasirin gubar EDTA akan kodan. DMSA magani ne na baka na gama gari wanda ana iya amfani dashi don magani kuma. Idan an dauki x-ray kuma guntuwar gubar sun bayyana, ana iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata tare da endoscope, ta hanyar gastrotomy, ko kuma ta hanyar gavage a ciki, ko da yake idan ɓangarorin sun yi girma gubar gubar na iya yin girma a gare su. iya tsira daga tiyata.
Ilimi
An nuna cewa akwai ƙarin yawan gubar dalma da ake gani a lokutan farautar manyan wasanni. An tabbatar da cewa, daidaita harsashin dalma na iya rage yawan tsuntsayen da suka kamu da cutar da gubar dalma. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mafarauta su canza zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba. Harsashin jan karfe shine mafi mashahuri madadin kuma sama da kusan kashi 90% na mafarauta sun ce yana aiki daidai ko ma fiye da harsashin gubar na yau da kullun, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓukan harsasai na ƙarfe waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su. Hakanan ana samun maganin kamun kifi mara gubar. Idan mafarauci ya ki canzawa zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba a matsayin madadin, to, kona gawar ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi na gaba. Ko da yake ana binne gawar ya fi a bar ta a fili, rodents da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya tono gawar cikin sauƙi sannan kuma za a sake fallasa gawar. Har ila yau, mafarauta su fahimci yadda gubar za ta kasance a cikin naman da suke farautar abinci idan suka yi amfani da harsashin dalma, wanda shi ma ba shi da lafiya ga mutum.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Guba na dabba
Manazarta |
16037 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Dokpesi | Raymond Dokpesi | Raymond Anthony Aleogho Dokpesi (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1951 - 29 Mayu 2023) a garin Ibadan dan kasuwa ne na kafafen yada labarai na Najeriya. Iyayensa sun fito ne daga Agenebode, jihar Edo a cikin dangi ciki har da ‘yan’uwa mata guda shida. Ya shiga masana'antar watsa labaru ta Najeriya tare da kamfaninsa wato DAAR Communications kuma ya kafa gidan talabijin na Najeriya mai suna Africa Independent Television(AIT) Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin shirya taron jam'iyyar Democratic Party na kasa a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2020, har yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2020, Dokpesi ya zama mai tsira da COVID-19 .
Ilimi
Dokpesi ya fara karatun sa na farko da Kwalejin Loyola ta Ibadan . Bayan haka ya shiga Kwalejin Immaculate Conception (ICC) garin Benin inda ya kasance ɗan majalisa na Ozolua Play house, ƙungiyar rawa / wasan kwaikwayo. Yayi karatun digirinsa na farko a Jami’ar Benin Edo State sannan ya kammala karatun sa a jami’ar Gdansk, Poland inda ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniyan Ruwa . Karatun sa, tun daga sakandare har zuwa jami'a Alhaji Bamanga Tukur ne ya dauki nauyin karatun sa
A farkon shekarun 1990, sakamakon dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa, a cewar Muyiwa Oyinlola (2004) Kafafen yada labaran Najeriya sun mamaye gwamnatin ne kawai. Ba a samun bayanai sai daga kamfanonin watsa labarai mallakar gwamnati. Koyaya, Shugaban kasa na lokacin Janar Ibrahim Babangida, ya sake fitar da wata doka wacce ta ba da damar watsa labarai na kashin kai a Najeriya . Bayan wannan dokar sai gidan talabijin na sirri mai zaman kansa na farko a Najeriya, Talabijin Mai zaman kansa na Afirka (AIT). Dokpesi ne ya fara aikin AIT, sannan kuma ya kasance tashar Talabijin ta tauraron dan adam ta farko a Afirka.A yau ana daukar Dokpesi a matsayin babban malamin yada labarai na Najeriya. Wasu ma suna ambatonsa a matsayin Ted Turner na Najeriya. Dokpesi ba kawai ya fara aikin talabijin na tauraron dan adam na farko ba har ma da gidan rediyo na farko mai zaman kansa a Najeriya. A cewar dan jaridar Kolapo (2006), Raymond ya yi ikirarin cewa AIT ta kafa mizanin tsarin albashi a masana'antar yada labarai wanda Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ta kwaikwayi.
Ayyuka
Dokta Raymond Dokpesi ya fara ne a matsayin mataimakin na musamman ga Alhaji Bamaga Tukur daya daga cikin Janar Manaja na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya. Dokpesi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma’aikacin gwamnati a Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya a karkashin Alhaji Umaru Dikko da Janar Garba Wushishi. Hadin gwiwar Raymond Dokpesi da irin su Tukurs da Marigayi Abiola, ya haifar da haihuwar layin kasashen Afirka (AOL).
Layin Tekun Afirka
Dokpesi a shekarar(2006) ya taƙaita Lines na Tekun Afirka; ɗaya daga cikin manyan hafsoshi, Dakta Raymond Dokpesi kasuwancin farko shi ne Layin Jirgin ruwa na asali na asali a Afirka. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1980s. Kodayake kasuwancin bai daɗe ba, amma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta Najeriya kamar yadda ya taimaka ƙirƙirar dokar jigilar jigilar kayayyaki ta Nijeriya Dokar a shekarar 1986 wacce ta bayyana tsarin raba 40:20:20 na kaya tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa.
Sadarwar Daar
Koyaya, kamar yadda Babban Chief, Dr. Raymond Dokpesi ya yi a fagen karatunsa; bai taɓa mantawa da ƙaunarsa ta farko ba, showbiz da nishaɗi . Ana kuma iya gano wannan zuwa farkon lokacinsa a makarantar sakandare lokacin da yake mamba na farko na Ozolua Playhouse, ƙungiyar dancedrama. Ya yanke shawarar tabbatar da burinsa ne a lokacin da ya kirkiro da ra'ayin kafa rediyo a lokacin mulkin Ibarahim Babaginda lokacin da yanayin ya dace sosai ta yadda aka sanya dokar watsa labarai a Najeriya. A shekarar 1994 ya kaddamar da gidan rediyon FM mai zaman kansa na farko RayPower . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya ƙaddamar da Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka . Don haka, a cewar Oyinlola (2005) ya zama mai sassauci a duk kafofin watsa labaran Najeriya don irin su Galaxy TV, Silverbird TV , MBI telebijin, Rhythm FM da sauran mutane.
Fadada a cikin Amurka da Turai
Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka ya sami labarai da yawa. A ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2003, Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka ya ƙaddamar da sigina a cikin Amurka. A halin yanzu, ana karɓar AIT a Amurka, Mexico, Caribbean, da Turai gaba ɗaya akan tauraron dan adam na Hotbird da kuma ƙasashe a cikin Afirka.
Nasarori / Nasarori
Ayyukan Dokpesi sun hada da:
An kafa layin jigilar 'yan asalin ƙasar na farko a Nijeriya.
Kafa gidan rediyon mai zaman kansa na farko Raypower FM a Najeriya.
Gidan Talabijin na Farko na Najeriya wanda shine tashar talabijin ta tauraron dan adam ta farko a Afirka.
Kafa gidan talabijin na farko da zai fara watsa shirye-shirye na awanni 24 a Najeriya.
Unaddamar da siginar Independent na Afirka a Amurka.
Shugaban Kungiyar Yada Labarai Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya.
An taimaka wajen kirkirar Dokar Manufofin Jirgin Ruwa (doka) ta 1986.
Siyasa
Dokpesi shima yana da nasa hannu a siyasa. Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko na siyasa shi ne a matsayin manajan kamfen din siyasa na Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, wanda ya ga Tukur ya shiga gidan gwamnatin jihar Gongola na wancan lokacin. Ya kuma dauki irin wannan rawar yayin yakin neman zaben Alharji Adamu Ciroma, da yakin neman zaben Alharji Bamanga Tukur a shekarar 1993. Haka kuma lokacin yakin neman zaben Peter Odili. Dokpesi ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar Kudu maso Kudu (SSPA) wata kungiya da ke neman bunkasa kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. A shekarar 2017, Dokpesi ya tsaya takarar neman Shugabancin Jam’iyyar PDP na Kasa amma ya sha kashi a hannun Uche Secondus .
Kyauta da girmamawa
Dokpesi ya samu lambobin yabo a madadinsa a madadin kamfanin DAAR Communications Plc, kuma an ba shi mukamai daga garinsu saboda yabawa da gagarumin kokarin da yake yi wa Najeriya. Daga garinsu, an tsare shi da lakabi biyu, biyu daga ciki ana ba 'ya'ya maza masu cancanta ne kawai. Shi Oghieumua da Ezomo na Weppa Wanno na jihar Edo da kuma Araba na Osoro Land Okpe. A cewar Ojewale (2004), kamar yadda aka ambata yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Dakta Kwame Nkrumah a Accra, da kuma Gidauniyar Kyautata Kayayyakin Kasuwanci ta Geneva Switzerland, Dokpesi ya sami yabo saboda harkar sadarwa ta Daar ta hau saman Afirka kuma ta ba da gudummawa ta Rediyo da Talabijin. tashar da ta sanya Najeriya a kan taswirar duniya.
Kyauta
Raymond Dokpesi ya gina makarantu don al'umma kuma ya ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban da ke son zuwa manyan makarantu.
Sukar da rikici
A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2010, aka kame Dokpesi saboda zarginsa da tayar da bam a cikin motar Abuja. An sake shi bayan ya kwashe awanni tara a tsare sannan daga baya ya kai karar rundunar 'yan sanda ta asirin kasar bisa zargin daurin ba daidai ba.
A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2015 Dokpesi, a madadin jam’iyyar PDP, ya nemi afuwa a bainar jama’a saboda rashin gudanar da mulkin Nijeriya a karkashin gwamnatocin PDP.
“Kada ku yi kuskure, PDP na sane cewa akwai kurakurai da aka tafka a kan hanya. Mun yarda cewa a wasu lokuta a lokutanmu na baya, an tafka kura-kurai; ba mu sadu da tsammanin 'yan Nijeriya ba. Muna tausayin gafara. Amma abin da ya gabata daidai yake. Muna kira ga dukkan masu imani, magoya baya da masu tausaya mana da su bamu hadin kai don ci gaba. ”
Ya kuma soki PDP kan tsayar da Jonathan Goodluck a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP a zaben Maris din 2015.
Laifin Cin Hanci da Rashawa akan Raymond Dokpesi
A ranar 9 ga Disambar 2015, Dokpesi tare da kamfaninsa, Daar Holding da Investment Limited, an gurfanar da su a Babbar Kotun Tarayya, Abuja a kan zambar dala biliyan $ 2.1bn. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi ikirarin cewa an sanya kudin ne don sayo makamai ga sojojin Najeriya don yaki da mayakan Boko Haram, amma ana zargin Dasuki Sambo, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na wancan lokacin, ya karkatar da shi zuwa Dokpesi na Daar Holding da Investment Limited don zaben shugaban kasar Najeriya na 2015 don goyon bayan Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan.
Tuhume-tuhume na kotu mai lamba "FHC / ABJ / CR / 380/2015" kuma hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa ta'annati (EFCC) ce ta shigar da karar tana nuna cewa ana zargin su da karya dokar safarar kudi, da dokar EFCC da kuma dokar sayen kayayaki. Alkalin da ke jagorantar, Mai shari’a Gabriel Kolawole, ya ba da belin Mista Dokpesi kuma ya dage shari’ar zuwa ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2016.
A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2019, Dokpesi, wanda ke ci gaba da shari’a, an mayar da shi gidan yari bayan an kama shi a Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Abuja, inda ya isa bayan dawowa daga jinya a Dubai, amma jim kadan aka sake shi. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, an ba shi damar barin Nijeriya saboda rashin lafiya duk da shari’ar da ake yi a halin yanzu. A watan Maris na shekarar 2020, har yanzu shari'arsa na ci gaba kuma Dokpesi ya ma bayyana a gaban kotu.
Lafiya
A shekarar 2020, Dokpesi da danginsa suna asibiti a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Abuja bayan da suka kamu da cutar COVID-19 . Dokpesi da jikokinsa biyu an sallame su a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2020 bayan da aka gwada su duka game da ragowar COVID-19. A lokacin wannan sallama, duk da haka, dan Dokpesi Raymond Jr. da sauran danginsa suna ci gaba da karbar magani.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20sa%20kai%20ta%20kare%20muhalli | Ƙungiyar sa kai ta kare muhalli | ENGO (kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) a fagen kare muhalli. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna aiki a cikin gida da kuma duniya wanda ke sa su taka muhimmiyar rawa a wajen magance nau'o'in al'amurran muhalli daban-daban da ke faruwa a duniyar yau. Wani abin da ya fi bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli shi ne, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli suna da kundin tsarin mulki da ya bayyana ka’idojin yadda za a raba madafun iko tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin su.
Daga fitowar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli a cikin shekarata 1970s da shekarata 1980s, a baya lokacin da mutane kawai suka fara fahimtar mahimmancin lamuran muhalli, an sami cigaba da yawa don taimakawa duniya da mazaunanta. Wasu mashahuran misalan waɗannan masu ba da gudummawa sune WWF, Greenpeace, Conservation International, Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Hali, Abokan Duniya, Gidauniyar namun daji na Himalayan da Hukumar Binciken Muhalli.
Rabewa da manufofin
Don kimanta rabe-rabe na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa guda biyar:
• Asalin geopolitical (wuri),
• akidar siyasa (hagu / dama / babu goyon baya),
• girman (yawanci),
• matakin mayar da hankali na siyasa (na gida / yanki / na duniya / duniya),
• hanyoyin samun kuɗi (kudaden shiga).
Babban burin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su zuwa:
• Samar da dangantaka da gwamnati da sauran kungiyoyi.
Bayar da horo da taimako a cikin kiyaye aikin gona don haɓaka amfani da albarkatun gida.
• kafa hanyoyin magance muhalli, da sarrafa ayyukan da aka aiwatar don magance matsalolin da suka shafi wani yanki.
Don cikakken fahimtar tasirin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli wanda ƙungiyar za ta iya yi a yanki, yana da mahimmanci a lura da cewa ƙungiyar za ta iya yin aiki a waje da tsarin da Kuma gwamnatocin jihohi da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati dole ne su bi.
Tallafawa
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ba gwamnatocin tarayya ko na jihohi ba, don haka suna karɓar kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni, da Kuma sauran cibiyoyi. Tare da tallafin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli suma suna karɓar kadarori masu yawa da albarkatu ta hannun masu tallafawa gwamnati irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) da Hukumar Cigaban Dorewa (CSD) waɗanda suka maye gurbin manufofin muhalli. Kudaden da bangarori daban-daban ke bayarwa babu makawa suna yin tasiri kan yadda za a fitar da kokarinsu, da Kuma aiwatar da manufofin muhalli daban-daban, da Kuma ayyukan da ake yi na kalubalantar da matsa lamba ga jihohi su ba da hadin kai wajen kare muhalli. A bayyane yake cewa masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu suna yin tasiri kuma suna shafar yadda ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli ke kallo da ba da rahoton yanayin muhalli.
Hanyoyi
Tunanin gida yana da mahimmanci ga nau'ikan ƙoƙari da manufofin abin da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli za su aiwatar. Wannan manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa yadda ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli za su “sauƙaƙa, ba da kuɗi, haɓakawa, da Kuma ba da tallafi na tsare-tsare da ƙungiyoyi ga ƙungiyoyin da ake kira ƙungiyoyin jama’a.” Ƙoƙarin nasu ya zo da nau'i-nau'i da yawa kamar: ƙaddamar da yaƙin gwajin makaman nukiliya, zanga-zangar farautar whale, da "kamfen na kasa da kasa kan lalata kayan muhalli sakamakon ayyuka kamar" share katako, da kuma sukar jihohi game da manufofinsu marasa tasiri ko kamfanoni na kasa da kasa. samar da lalata muhalli."
Kalubale
• Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli sun ƙara fahimtar hasarar rayayyun halittu a Afirka tare da gudanar da aikin kiyaye dabbobi da namun daji da na gida.
A cikin shekarun 1980, Turawa mazauna ƙauyuka ne suka mamaye mafi yawan mafi kyawun ƙasar Zimbabwe waɗanda aka raba su zuwa nau'ikan "(1) manyan filayen kasuwanci, (2) wuraren shakatawa na kasa da wuraren safari, (3) filayen gandun daji, (4) filayen birni" wanda (ban da na jama'a) mallakar gwamnati kuma ke sarrafa su. Matsalolin muhalli a can ana bayyana su da "sauyin yanayi na zahiri da ke haifar da kuma shisshigin mutane wanda mutane ke ganin ba za a amince da shi ba dangane da wani tsari na ka'idoji da aka saba amfani da su".
Duba wasu abubuwan
Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli
Dan gudun hijirar kiyayewa
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassina%20Zerbo | Lassina Zerbo | Lassina Zerbo (an haifi 10 Oktoba, 1963) Burkinabé ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burkina Faso daga 2021 zuwa 2022. Kafin hakan shi ne Babban Sakatare na Kungiyar Yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniyar Haramta Gwajin Nukiliya. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2022, an hambarar da Zerbo a juyin mulkin .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Zerbo ya sami PhD a Geophysics daga Jami'ar,de Paris XI, Faransa, a cikin 1993.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki
Aikin Zerbo na kasa da kasa ya fara ne da matsayi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi tare da BHP Minerals Internationa,l . Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin lissafi na aikin don shirye-shiryen kamfanin na Afirka, wanda ke zaune a Virginia, Amurka, kuma ya ba da ƙwarewar fasaha ga duk ayyukan sa na lantarki.,Bayan shiga Anglo American Exploration a cikin 1995, Zerbo ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Jami'in Geophysicist na Afirka yayin da yake kula da ayyukan bincike da ci gaba don yawancin ayyukan kamfanin a Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya. A cikin wannan rawar, ya gudanar da dukkan ayyukan Afirka ta hanyar ayyuka a fadin nahiyar.
A matsayinsa na Daraktan Cibiyar Bayanai ta Duniya ta CTBTO (IDC) daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2013, shi ne babban batu kan batutuwan CTBT da suka shafi gwaje-gwajen nukiliya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Arewa ta gudanar a 2006, 2009 da 2013.Zerbo ya jagoranci taron Kimiyya da Fasaha na CTBT a cikin 2011 da 2013 kuma ya gudanar da nasarar tura cibiyar CTBT Virtual Data Exploitation Center (vDEC), wacce ke ba da sabon tsarin yin hulɗa tare da al'ummar kimiyya. Wannan hulɗar tana taimakawa tabbatar da cewa CTBTO ta riƙe matsayinta a ƙarshen ƙarshen kimiyya da fasaha masu alaƙa.
Sakataren zartarwa na CTBTO
An zabi Dr Zerbo a matsayin Babban Sakatare a watan Nuwamba 2013, inda ya karbi mukamin a watan Agustan 2014. Dr Zerbo an san shi da kafa wasu tsare-tsare da suka hada da kafa a shekarar 2014 na kungiyar fitattun mutane (GEM), wanda ya kunshi mutane da kwararru da aka sansu da su a duniya don inganta shigar da yarjejeniyar aiki da kuma kara karfafa kokarin kasa da kasa don cimma wannan buri. A cikin 2016, ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar. Ƙungiyar Matasa ta CTBTO don kuma haɗar da matasa don haɓaka manufofin Yarjejeniyar.
Zerbo ya tabbatar da dawo da hadin gwiwar fasaha ta kasar Sin tare da CTBTO, wanda ya kai ga ba da takardar shaida na tashoshin sa ido na kasa da kasa guda biyar na farko a yankin kasar Sin tsakanin shekarar 2016 da 2018. Zerbo kuma ya tabbatar da alƙawarin Cuba don shiga cikin yarjejeniyar, wanda aka sanar a cikin 2019. Nasarar Haɗin Motsa Jiki na 2014 a Jordan,kafa Cibiyar Tallafin Fasaha da Horarwa (TeST) a cikin 2019, da nasarar gudanar da aikin ƙungiyar yayin bala'in Covid-19 a cikin 2020 ya nuna ikon CTBTO a ƙarƙashinsa. shugabancinsa.
Bayan bala'in Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 Zerbo ya jagoranci tattaunawa ta fasaha game da yarjejeniyar taimakon fasaha na CTBTO ga cibiyoyin gargadin tsunami. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da duk wasu bayanai masu mahimmanci na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka yi kira da su biyo bayan girgizar ƙasa, tsunami da na Fukushima da aka yi a Japan a watan Maris na 2011.
Firaministan Burkina Faso
A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2021, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré ya nada Zerbo a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista na Burkina Faso.
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2022, an hambarar da Zerbo da Kaboré a wani juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin jami'in soja Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba wanda ya karbi ragamar shugabancin Burkina Faso.
Sauran ayyukan
Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba
Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (WEF), Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ajenda na Duniya (GAC) kan Tsaron Nukiliya
Ganewa
Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) ta zaɓi Zerbo don karɓar lambar yabo ta 2018 don Diflomasiya ta Kimiyya don amincewa da himmarsa na kawar da gwajin nukiliya. Da yake sanar da lambar yabo, AAAS ya ce an zaɓi Zerbo don "amfani da ƙwarewar ilimin kimiyya da ikon jagoranci don magance kalubale masu wahala da inganta zaman lafiya a duniya."
Don fahimtar aikinsa a CTBTO da kuma a cikin lalata da kuma yaduwar,makaman nukiliya gaba ɗaya, Zerbo an ba shi kyautar 2013 "Mutumin Sarrafa Makamai na Shekara" ta Ƙungiyar Kula da Makamai, Amurka.
A shekara ta 2015 ya zama kwamandan rundunar Burkina Faso saboda aikinsa na kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaron kasa da kasa.
An kuma yi masa ado da Grand Cross a cikin odar Chilean na Bernardo O'Higgins a watan Yuni 2016.
A cikin Fabrairun 2017, Zerbo ya sami lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a bikin cika shekaru 25 da Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan saboda jagorancinsa na inganta kokarin hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya.
A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Zerbo ya sami zama ɗan ƙasa na musamman na girmamawa na birnin Hiroshima don yunƙurinsa don "tsara, watsawa da kuma isar da" gaskiyar harin bama-bamai, da ƙoƙarin jagoranci-ciki har da ayyukan GEM-don inganta saƙon Hiroshima. da Hibakusha .
A watan Agustan 2019 Zerbo ya sami lambar yabo ta Nazarbayev ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan don Duniyar da ba ta da Makaman Nukiliya da Tsaro na Duniya, tare da Marigayi Daraktan Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya, Yukiya Amano.
A cikin watan Satumba na 2019, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jamhuriyar Madagascar don girmamawa ga jagorancinsa, aikin da ya yi a kan inganta iyawa, da kuma inganta yawan harsuna. An kuma nada Zerbo Farfesa mai girma a Jami'ar Santo Domingo mai cin gashin kansa, Jamhuriyar Dominican, a cikin Oktoba 2019. An ba da misalin gudummawar da ya bayar wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya da zaman lafiya a duniya, Zerbo an ba shi lambar yabo ta gwarzon ci gaba na Forum for Rebranding Africa a watan Nuwamba 2019.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Zerbo tana da aure kuma tana da ’ya’ya mata uku.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Iassina zoben
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20kwangila | 'Yancin kwangila | 'Yancin kwangila shi ne tsarin da daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi ke kulla kwangiloli ba tare da takunkumi na gwamnati ba. Wannan ya saba wa dokokin gwamnati kamar dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi, dokokin gasar, takunkumin tattalin arziki, ƙayyadaddun farashi, ko ƙuntatawa kan kwangila tare da ma'aikata marasa izini . 'Yancin yin kwangila shi ne tushen tattalin arziki na laissez-faire kuma shine ginshiƙi na 'yancin walwala na kasuwanci. Masu ba da ra'ayi sun yi imanin cewa ta hanyar "'yancin kwangila", mutane suna da 'yancin zabar wanda za su yi kwangila, ko za su yi kwangila ko a'a, da kuma sharuddan kwangilan da su bi.
Tarihi
Henry James Sumner Maine ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin zamantakewa ya samo asali daga matsayin da aka samo daga matsayin zamantakewa zuwa waɗanda suka dogara da 'yancin kwangila. kafa wajibai da dangantaka ta haihuwa, amma kwangila yana ɗauka cewa mutane suna da 'yanci kuma daidai. 'Yanci na zamani, irin wanda Robert Nozick ya ci gaba, yana ganin 'yancin yin kwangila a matsayin furcin yanke shawara masu zaman kansu na mutane daban-daban suna biyan bukatun kansu a ƙarƙashin " ƙananan ƙasa ."
Amurka
Lochner v. New York
A shekara ta 1902, an ci tarar wani ma'aikacin biredi na New York mai suna Joseph Lochner saboda karya dokar jihar da ta kayyade adadin sa'o'in da ma'aikatansa za su iya yin aiki. Ya kai karar jihar ne bisa dalilin tauye masa hakkinsa na “tsari da ya dace”. Lochner ya yi ikirarin cewa yana da 'yancin yin kwangila da ma'aikatansa ba tare da adalci ba kuma jihar ta yi katsalandan cikin rashin adalci. A cikin 1905, Kotun Koli ta yi amfani da juzu'in tsari don bayyana dokar jihar New York da ta sanya iyaka akan sa'o'i na aiki. Rufus Wheeler Peckham ya rubuta ga masu rinjaye: "A karkashin wannan tanadi babu wata kasa da za ta hana kowane mutum rai, 'yanci, ko dukiya ba tare da bin doka ba. Haƙƙin siye ko siyar da aiki wani ɓangare ne na 'yancin da wannan gyaran ya kare."
Da yake rubuta rashin amincewa, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. ya zargi akasarin su da kafa hukuncin da ya yanke kan akidar laissez-faire . Ya yi imanin cewa tana yin doka bisa tattalin arziki maimakon fassara kundin tsarin mulki. Ya yi imanin cewa "'Yancin Kwangila" ba ya wanzu kuma ba a yi niyya ba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Bayan haka
A cikin "Liberty of Contract" (1909), Roscoe Pound ya soki dokokin 'yanci na kwangila ta hanyar gabatar da shari'ar bayan shari'ar da Kotun Koli na jihohi da tarayya suka kashe 'yancin aiki. Pound ya bayar da hujjar cewa hukunce-hukuncen kotuna sun kasance "kuskure ne kawai" daga mahangar doka ta gama gari kuma "har ma daga na mutum-mutumi mai hankali" (482). Pound ya kara kwatanta yanayin dokokin aiki a lokacinsa zuwa ra'ayi na kowa game da riba da kuma cewa su biyun "na iri ɗaya ne" (484). Pound ya koka da cewa gadon irin wadannan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na "ilimi" da "na wucin gadi" na 'yancin yin kwangila sun haifar da "rasa girmamawa ga kotuna" amma ya yi hasashen makomar "haske" ga dokar aiki (486-487).
Kotun koli ta yi amfani da 'yancin koyar da kwangila a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa amma gabaɗaya ta amince da dokar kawo sauyi a matsayin tana cikin ikon 'yan sanda na jihohi. A shekara ta 1937 Kotun ta sauya ra'ayinta a shari'ar West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish . A wannan yanayin kotu ta amince da dokar jihar Washington da ta tanadi mafi ƙarancin albashi .
Ƙasar Ingila
A ƙarshen karni na 19, ma'aikatar shari'a ta Ingila ta amince da "'yancin kwangila" a matsayin tsarin da ya dace da manufofin jama'a, wanda ya fi dacewa a karkashin dokan Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson na Sir George Jessel MR. A cikin karni 20 da suka gabata, ra'ayin dokar na gama gari ya canza gaba daya. A cikin dokar George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd, Lord Denning MR ya kwatanta "'yancin kwangila" tare da zaluntar masu karamin karfi, a yayin da yake bayyana ci gaban da dokar ta samu.
Ranar fna musamman akan 'yancin kwangila
Babu ɗayanku a zamanin yau da zai tuna da matsalar da muka fuskanta - lokacin da aka kira ni kotu - tare da ƙa'idodin keɓancewa. An buga su a 'yan ƙananan takaddu a bayan tikiti da fom ɗin oda da daftari. An ƙunshi su a cikin kasida ko jadawalin lokaci. An dauke su don kare duk wanda ya dauke su ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Babu wanda ya taɓa yin adawa su. Bai taba karanta su ko sanin abin da ke cikinsu ba. Komai rashin ma'anar su ya tsayu akansu. Duk wannan an yi shi ne da sunan "'yancin kwangila". Amma ’yancin ya kasance a gefen babban abin damuwa wanda ke 'yan jaridu. Babu 'yancin ga ɗan ƙaramin mutumin da ya ɗauki tikiti ko tsari ko daftari. Babban abin damuwa ya ce, "Karɓi ko ka bar shi." Karamin mutum ba shi da wani zabi illa ya dauka. Babban damuwa zai iya kuma ya keɓe kansa daga abin alhaki don amfanin kansa ba tare da la'akari da ƙaramin mutum ba. Ya kan ci moriyar hakan lokaci bayan lokaci. Lokacin da kotuna suka ce wa wannan babbar damuwa, "Dole ne ku sanya shi a cikin kalmomi masu ma'ana", babbar damuwar nan kuwa ba ta da wani shakku kan yin hakan. Ya sani sarai cewa ƙaramin mutumin nan ba zai taɓa karanta ɓangarorin keɓancewar nan ba ko ya fahimce su ba.
Lokaci ne mai tsanani ga dokar kwangilarmu. An kwatanta shi da sharudda biyu, Thompson v. London, Midland da Scottish Railway Co. [1930] 1 K.B. 41 (wanda akwai keɓancewa daga abin alhaki, ba akan tikitin ba, amma kawai a cikin ƙaramin bugu a bayan jadawalin lokaci, kuma kamfanin ba shi da alhakin) da L'Estrange v. F. Graucob Ltd. [1934] 2 K.B. 394.
Makamin sirri
Fuskantar wannan cin zarafi na mulki - ta masu ƙarfi a kan marasa ƙarfi - ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan sassan sharuddan - alkalai sun yi abin da za su iya don kawo karshen hakan. Har yanzu suna da gunki a gabansu, "'yancin kwangila". Har yanzu sun durƙusa, suka yi masa sujada, Amma sun ɓoye wani makami a ƙarƙashin mayafinsu. Sun yi amfani da shi wajen caka wa gunki wuka a baya. An kira wannan makamin "tsara aikin kwangila na gaskiya". Sun yi amfani da shi da fasaha da basira. Sun yi amfani da shi don su rabu da ma'anar dabi'a na kalmomin keɓewa da kuma sanya musu wani gini mai tsauri da rashin ɗabi'a. A cikin yanayi bayan yanayi, sun ce kalmomin ba su da ƙarfi don ba da babbar damuwa daga abin alhaki; ko kuma cewa a cikin yanayin babban abin damuwa bai cancanci dogara ga batun keɓancewa ba. Idan jirgi ya kauce daga tafiyar kwangilar, mai shi ba zai iya dogara da batun keɓancewa ba. Idan ma'aikacin sito ya ajiye kayan a cikin ma'ajin da bai dace ba, ba zai iya yin addu'a don taimakon ƙa'idar iyakancewa ba. Idan mai siyar ya ba da kaya daban-daban da waɗanda aka yi wa kwangilar, ba zai iya dogara ga kowane keɓe daga abin alhaki ba. Idan mai jirgin ruwa ya isar da kaya ga mutum ba tare da samar da lissafin jigilar kaya ba, ba zai iya tserewa alhaki ba ta hanyar la'akari da batun keɓancewa. A takaice dai, a duk lokacin da faffadan kalmomi – a ma’anarsu ta dabi’a – za su haifar da sakamako mara kyau, alkalai ko dai sun yi watsi da su a matsayin abin kyama ga babbar manufar kwangilar, ko kuma a rage su da girmansu domin samar da kyakkyawan sakamako. . Ana misalta wannan da waɗannan shari'o'in a cikin House of Lords: Glynn v. Margetson & Co. [1893] A.C. 351; London da North Western Railway Co. v. Neilson [1922] 2 A.C. 263; Cunard Steamship Co. Ltd. v. Buerger [1927] A.C. 1; kuma ta Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v The King [1952] A.C. 192 da Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd. v. Rambler Cycle Co. Ltd. [1959] A.C. 576 a cikin Majalisar Keɓaɓɓu; da kararraki marasa adadi a Kotun Daukaka Kara, wanda ya ƙare a Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning Co. Ltd. [1978] Q.B. 69. Amma a lokacin da maganar ta kasance mai hankali kuma ta sami sakamako mai ma'ana, alkalai sun yarda da shi; a kowane hali, lokacin da sashe bai keɓe alhakin gaba ɗaya ba amma kawai ya iyakance shi zuwa adadi mai ma'ana. Don haka inda aka ajiye kaya a cikin dakin alkyabba ko aika zuwa wurin wanki don tsaftacewa, yana da kyau kamfanin ya iyakance abin da ya dace da su zuwa adadi mai ma'ana, dangane da ƙaramin cajin da aka yi don sabis ɗin. An kwatanta waɗannan ta hanyar Gibaud v. Great Eastern Railway Co. [1921] 2 K.B. 426; Alderslade v Hendon Laundry Ltd [1945] K.B. 189 da Gillespie Bros. & Co. Ltd. v Roy Bowles Transport Ltd. [1973] Q.B. 400.
Duba kuma
Kwangila kyauta
Lochner zamanin
Rashin daidaito na ikon ciniki
Dokar kwangilar Ingilishi
Dokar kwangilar Amurka
Bayanan kula
Atiyah, PS: "Tashi da Faɗuwar 'Yancin Kwangila" (Jami'ar Oxford, Amurka; Sabon ed; Dec 12, 1985)
Bernstein, David E.: 'Yancin Kwangila, Dokar George Mason & Takarda Binciken Tattalin Arziki Na 08-51 (2008)
Trebilcock, Michael J.: "Iyakokin 'Yancin Kwangila" (Jami'ar Harvard Press)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
'Yancin Kwangila Daga Dr. Edward Younkins |
35432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT%20%28wa%C6%99a%29 | TT (waƙa) | Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu sau biyu. JYP Entertainment ne ya fitar da waƙar a ranar 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2016, a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga wasansu na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. Sam Lewis da Black Eyed Pilseung ne suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa ta. Taken "TT" yana nufin alamar motsin rai da ake amfani da ita don bayyana kuka ko bakin ciki.
An fitar da sigar Jafananci ta "TT" a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na farko na ƙungiyar Jafananci, #Sau biyu. An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ke tare da shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017.
Fage da saki
A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2016, JYP Entertainment ta sanar da dawowar sau biyu tare da taken taken "TT" daga EP na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. An gabatar da teaser na farko na bidiyon kiɗan a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, wanda ke nuna wani yaro da yarinya sanye da kayan ado na Halloween. sai kuma teaser na biyu a ranar 21st. An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba a matsayin zazzagewar dijital akan rukunin kiɗa daban-daban.
An fitar da sigar remix mai taken "TT (TAK Remix)" a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, azaman waƙar kari daga kundi na musamman sau biyu. Twicecoaster: Lane 2 .
Abun ciki
Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" ya hada da Black Eyed Pilseung, wanda kuma shine mawallafin waƙoƙin da aka buga sau biyu " Kamar Ooh-Ahh " da " Cheer Up ", kuma Rado ya shirya. Yana da waqoqin da Sam Lewis ya rubuta, wanda ke bayyana yadda wata yarinya ke bugun zuciyarta yayin da take soyayya a karon farko. Waƙar K-pop ce tare da tasirin lantarki mai nauyi da tsayayyen bugun tarko mai zurfi na gida. Daga cikin waƙar, memba sau biyu Jihyo ya ce "Muna da waƙar da ta fi nuna kuzarin sau biyu, mai haske wanda muka nuna tun 'Kamar Ooh-Ahh' da 'Cheer Up'".
Bidiyon kiɗa
Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar take "TT" Naive ne ya jagoranta, ƙungiyar samarwa iri ɗaya bayan bidiyon kiɗan don waƙoƙin Sau biyu "Kamar Ooh-Ahh" da "Cheer Up". Ya sami fiye da ra'ayoyi miliyan 5 akan YouTube a cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i 24 tun lokacin da aka saki shi. Kamar yadda na 2016, bidiyon ya kafa sabon rikodin a cikin sa'o'i 40 kawai, wanda ya sa ya zama bidiyon kiɗan ƙungiyar K-pop mafi sauri don kai ra'ayi miliyan 10 sannan kuma ya karya rikodin mafi sauri don isa ra'ayoyi miliyan 20 a cikin sa'o'i 114 (kwana 4 18 hours). ). Bidiyon kiɗan kuma ya kasance matsayi na uku akan Bidiyon Kiɗa Mafi Shahararrun Bidiyo na YouTube na 2016 a Koriya ta Kudu, yayin da "Cheer Up" ke kan gaba a jerin.
A farkon 2017, bidiyon kiɗa na "TT" ya buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 kuma ya zama mafi kyawun bidiyo na ƙungiyar K-pop yarinya na kowane lokaci. Hakanan ya rubuta aikin K-pop na farko na mace da ƙungiyar tsafi mafi sauri don cimma ra'ayoyin YouTube miliyan 200 da miliyan 300. A cikin Satumba 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya zama na farko ta hanyar K-pop mace don buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 400 akan YouTube.
A cikin faifan bidiyo na kiɗa, membobin sun nuna mutane daban-daban da shahararrun haruffa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Halloween-themed cosplays: Jeongyeon da Momo suna nuna Pinocchio da Tinker Bell bi da bi; Dahyun shine Farin Zomo daga Kasadar Alice a Wonderland yayin da Sana ita ce Hit-Girl of Kick-Ass jerin ban dariya. Chaeyoung shine Karamin Mermaid kuma Nayeon kyakkyawan shaidan ne. Mina 'yar fashin teku ce mace mai kama da Pirates of Caribbean . Tzuyu da Jihyo suna da sabanin ra'ayi; Tzuyu wani baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki a cikin baƙar fata mai gani yayin da Jihyo ke hade da Elsa daga Frozen da Farin Sarauniya daga Alice Ta Gilashin Kallon - sanye da doguwar farar riga. Bidiyon ya ƙare da saƙon "Za a ci gaba", mai nuni ga tsarin kundin kundin . Sautin da bidiyon kiɗan ya ƙare da shi shine farkon waƙar take na dawowar su mai zuwa, " Knock Knock ", wanda ke ci gaba da shirin da aka nuna a cikin "TT" ta hanyar warware asirin wanda ya buga ƙofar.
Mahimman liyafar
Billboard sun haɗa da "TT" a cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙin K-pop na jerin 2010s, suna rubuta cewa "ƙungiyar 'yan matan da suka bayyana shekaru goma sun ƙarfafa gadon su tare da wannan waƙa ta goey synth-pop wacce ta haifar da sabuwar magana ga masu sha'awar K-pop a duk duniya. . Waƙar tana alfahari da tsutsar kunne ga kowa da ɗanɗanon kowa.”
Ayyukan kasuwanci
"TT" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin 2016, kamar yadda ya yi iƙirarin babban matsayi na <i id="mwqQ">Gaon</i> 's Digital Chart na makonni huɗu a jere. Ya kuma yi kololuwa a lamba biyu da uku akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mwrA">Billboard</i> ' Sales Digital Song Sales da <i id="mwrw">Billboard Japan</i> Hot 100, bi da bi.
"TT" ya zarce rafi miliyan 100 a cikin Afrilu 2017 da zazzagewar 2,500,000 a cikin Yuli 2018 akan Chart Music na Gaon. An sanya shi a lamba 6 akan jerin gwanon Billboard Japan Hot 100 na Ƙarshen Shekara na 2017, waƙar Koriya kaɗai a kan matsayi. Hakanan ita ce mafi kyawun siyarwa sau biyu a Amurka tare da sayar da kwafi 33,000.
Sigar Jafananci
Bayan 'yan makonni bayan da aka saki, "TT Pose", wanda shine ɓangare na choreography na "TT", ya zama wani yanayi a Japan. Shahararrun Jafananci da yawa sun kwaikwayi shi akan SNS kuma ya zama sananne a tsakanin matasa. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, sau biyu a hukumance sun ba da sanarwar cewa an saita farkon su a Japan don 28 ga Yuni. Sun fitar da wani kundi mai suna # Sau biyu wanda ya kunshi wakoki goma da suka hada da nau'ikan "TT" na Koriya da Jafananci. Yana da wakokin Jafananci wanda Shoko Fujibayashi ya rubuta.
An fitar da cikakken bidiyon kiɗan na "TT" na Japan a ranar 21 ga Yuni. Jimmy na BS Pictures ne ya ba da umarni, ƙungiyar ɗaya ce wacce ta samar da wasu faifan kiɗan na mawakan JYP Entertainment ciki har da na 2PM na " Lokacin da Muka Yi Tare ", Got7's " Hey Yah " da " My Swagger ", da ƙari. Ya yi matsayi a lamba 4 na YouTube Japan Top Trend Music Video a cikin 2017.
A cikin Fabrairu 2018, "TT (Jafananci ver.)" ya sami takardar shedar dijital ta Zinariya sama da abubuwan zazzagewa sama da 100,000 akan Oricon Digital Singles Chart, wanda ke nuna alamar shedar farko ta ƙungiyar daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan (RIAJ). A cikin Afrilu 2020, ɗayan kuma ya sami sabuwar takaddun shaida ta kwararar Azurfa don sama da sanannun rafukan 30,000,000.
Yabo
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Takaddun shaida
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Duba kuma
Jerin lambobin Gaon Digital Chart na 2016
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53618 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat%20Fateh%20Ali%20Khan | Rahat Fateh Ali Khan | Articles with hCards
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan ( Punjabi and , furta [ɾəɦət̪ fətɛ(ɦ) əliː xɑːn] ; an haife shi 9 Disamba 1974) mawaƙi ɗan Pakistan ne, da farko na qawwali, nau'in kiɗan ibada na Sufi . Khan yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaka mafi girma da albashi a Pakistan . Kane ne ga Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, dan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan kuma jikan mawakin Qawwali Fateh Ali Khan . Baya ga Qawwali, yana kuma yin kade-kade da wake-wake masu haske. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mawakin sake kunnawa a fina-finan Hindi da kuma masana'antar fina-finan Pakistan .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Rahat a cikin dangin Punjabi na Qawwals kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya a Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan . Shi ɗan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan ne, jikan Fateh Ali Khan kuma ƙane ga fitacciyar mawakiyar Qawwali Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .
Rahat ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan tun yana ƙarami kuma an same shi yana waƙa tare da kawunsa da mahaifinsa, yana ɗan shekara uku. Tun yana dan shekara bakwai, kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ya riga ya horar da shi fasahar rera Qawwali .
Sana'a
Rahat ya yi a bainar jama'a a karon farko, lokacin yana da shekaru tara, a bikin cikar kakansa. Tun yana dan shekara sha biyar, ya kasance jigon kungiyar qawwali ta Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan kuma ya zagaya kasar Ingila tare da kawunsa a shekarar 1985. Ya kuma yi wakokin solo a wuraren kide-kide daban-daban, ban da cika matsayinsa a cikin kungiyar Quawalli .
Ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa a Bollywood tare da fim ɗin Paap (2003), a cikin waƙar "Mann Ki Lagan".A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace.
A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace.
Waƙar "Zaroori Tha" daga kundi na Back 2 Love (2014) ya zama farkon ainihin bidiyon kiɗan da ba na fim ba daga yankin Indiya don haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 akan YouTube bayan shekaru biyu, da 200 miliyan views a cikin shekaru uku da fitowar ta. A ƙarshe ya kai ga kallon Biliyan 1. Hakanan yana yawon shakatawa tare da Leo Twins daga Nescafé Basement akai-akai.
Sauti da haɗin gwiwa
A cikin rawar da ke ƙarƙashinsa tare da kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Eddie Vedder, na ƙungiyar rock na Amurka, Pearl Jam, Rahat ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti na fim din Hollywood na 1995, Dead Man Walking . A cikin 2002, ya yi aiki a kan sautin sauti na The Four Feathers tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙin Amurka na mawaƙa da kiɗan fim, James Horner . A cikin 2002, Rahat ta yi baƙo tare da The Derek Trucks Band a kan waƙar "Maki Madni" don kundin motocin motoci, Muryar Haɓaka . A cikin 2006, an nuna muryoyinsa akan sautin sauti na Mel Gibson 's Apocalypto .
Talabijin
Ya yanke hukunci a wasan, Chhote Ustaad tare da Sonu Nigam . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin alƙalai a wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Junoon, wanda aka fara a NDTV Imagine a 2008.
Concert Nobel Peace Prize
Rahat ya zama dan Pakistan na farko da ya yi waka a duk wani wasan wake-wake na Nobel, lokacin da aka gayyace shi zuwa wurin shagalin a bikin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel na 2014 . Ya yi qawwali na Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan wanda ba a mantawa da shi ba "Tumhe Dillagi" da "Mast Qalandar", sannan kuma ya rera "Aao Parhao" a can.
Nunin kiɗan
Coke Studio
Rahat ta fito a cikin bugu biyar na nunin kida na Pakistan Coke Studio .
Ya fara fitowa ne a kakar wasa ta 1, inda ya hada kai da mawaki Ali Azmat don wakar " Garaj Baras ". Daga nan ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Abida Parveen a kakar wasa ta 7 don " Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni ".
A kakar wasa ta 9, ya rera " Afreen Afreen " tare da Momina Mustehsan wanda ya sami ra'ayi sama da miliyan 300 akan YouTube, wanda ya zama waƙar Pakistan ta farko da ta haye wannan alamar. Ya yi aiki tare da Amjad Sabri don " Aaj Rang Hai ", wanda shine wasan karshe na karshen, kafin kashe shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2016.
Ya fito a Coke Studio Pakistan (lokaci na 10) inda ya yi " Sayonee " tare da Ali Noor da lambar solo mai suna Rangreza. Sabon fitowar Rahat a Coke Studio yana cikin Coke Studio 2020 inda ya yi "Dil Tarpe" tare da Zara Madani.
An cire MTV
Rahat ta fito a cikin <i id="mwvg">MTV Unplugged</i> (Indiya) a cikin 2016.
Hotuna
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
Rigima
A shekarar 2018, diyar Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ta ce ta yi niyyar daukar matakin shari'a kan cin zarafin mawakan da ke rera wakokin mahaifinta. Ga wannan Rahat ya amsa yana mai cewa shi ne magajin Nusrat kuma baya bukatar izinin kowa ya rera wakokinsa.
A watan Janairun 2019, an zargi Khan da yin fasa-kwaurin kudaden kasashen waje kuma Hukumar tilastawa (ED) ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta gayyaci shi.
Duba kuma
Dildar Hussain
Jerin mawakan Pakistan
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14960 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Muir | David Muir | David Jason Muir (An haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, 1973). ɗan jaridar Ba'amurke ne kuma mai gudaner da shiri ABC World News na dare kuma mai haɗin gwiwa ne na mujallar ABC News 20/20, wani ɓangare na sashen labarai na gidan talabijin na watsa labarai na ABC, wanda ke Birnin New York. Muir a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da shiri karshen mako kuma bangare na farko a gidan Talabijin na ABC na Dare tare da Diane Sawyer, wanda ya gaje ta a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. A ABC News, Muir ya lashe lambar yabo Emmy da Edward R. Murrow da yawa saboda aikin jarida da na duniya.
Dangane da Rahoton Tyndall, rahoton Muir ya sami mafi yawan loka shekarar in iska a cikin shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 2013, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗayan fitattun 'yan jarida a Amurka. Labaran Duniya a Dare tare da David Muir ya zama gidan labarai da aka fi kallo a Amurka. A shekarar 2013, shirin telebijin na mako yazo na "12 da ake kalla a cikin Labaran Talabijin". Muir da aka jera a matsayin daya daga cikin wonda ya fi daukan sha´awa a shekarar 2014.
Tarihin Rayuwar sa
David Muir an haife shi ne darikar Roman Katolika a garin Syracuse, New York, ya girma ne a tsaunin Onondaga, kuma yana da iya magana da harshen Sifen. Muir yana da kani daya da kannai guda biyu na yayan bappanunsa, da kuma kane shida da kanne guda uku na yayan kawu nen sa. Yayinda yake yaro, yana kallon shirin flagship ABC News kowane dare tare da danginsa kuma ya ba da kyauta mai tsawo ga Peter Jennings a matsayin babbar tasirin aikin jarida. Ya kammmala karatu daga Onondaga Central Junior-Senior High School a watan Mayu a shekarar 1991 kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ithaca ta gida, ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko a fannin aikin jarida a watan Mayu shekarar 1995. Yayin da yake kwaleji, wani farfesa ne ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Muir wanda ya gaya masa cewa yana da “zai iya labaran Jaridar na TV.” Ya yi wani zangon karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Jarida ta Siyasa a Asusun Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Georgetown da kuma wani zangon karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Salamanca ta Spain tare da Cibiyar Ilimin na dalibai .
Ayyuka
Daga shekarar 1994 zuwa shekara ta 2000, Muir yayi aiki a matsayin gudanar wa kuma mai rahoto a WTVH-TV a Syracuse, New York. kuma maikawo rohhoto daga Kudus, Tel Aviv, Isra’ila, da Zirin Gaza biyo bayan kisan gillan Firayim Ministan Isra’ila Yitzhak Rabin na shekarar 1995 ya ba shi babbar girmamawa daga Kungiyar Daraktocin Labaran Rediyo-Talabijin . Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya karrama Muir don Rahoton Kasuwanci mafi Kyawu da Mafi Kyawun Hirar Gidan Talabijin. Pressungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Syracuse ta amince da Muir a matsayin mai gudanar wa na "Mafi kyawun Labarai na Gida", kuma an zaɓi shi ɗaya daga cikin "mai gudanar da Labaran Cikin Gida Mafi Kyau" a cikin Syracuse.
WCVB talabijin
Daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2003, Muir mai gudanar wa ne kuma mai ba da rahoto ne ga gidan talabijin na WCVB a Boston, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta Edward R. Murrow na yankin saboda rahoton bincike da lambar yabo ta National Headliner da Associated Press saboda aikinsa na bin hanyar maharan da lamarin ya shafa a cikin harin 11 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2001 . Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press kuma ya fahimci tatsuniyoyinsa da bayar da rahoto.
Labaran ABC
A watan Agusta shekarar 2003, Muir ya shiga ABC News a matsayin mai gudanar wa na shirin labaran yanzu dare News World Now . Ya kuma zama mai gudanar war labarai na ABC News da sanyin safiyar Labaran Duniya na Safiyar yau ( Amurka A Safiyar yau ). Farawa a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Muir shine mai gudanar da Labaran Duniya a kowonne Asabar . A cikin shekarar 2006, da kuma wasu lokuta daga baya, ya haɗu da majallar labarai ta Primetime . A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2012, Muir ya zama mai gudanar da labaran karshen mako, kuma aka sanya sunan watsa labaran <i id="mwag">Labaran Duniya</i> tare da David Muir . An yaba wa Muir da shiru a cikin kimantawar watsa shirye-shiryen ƙarshen mako. A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Muir ya sami ci gaba zuwa haɗin gwiwa tare da ABC's 20/20 tare da Elizabeth Vargas .
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2005, Muir yana cikin New Orleans Superdome yayin da mahaukaciyar guguwar Katrina ta buga, kuma ya zauna a New Orleans don ba da rahoto game da matsalar jin kai da ke faruwa. Rahotannin Muir sun bayyana kuma sun nuna yanayin lalacewar da ke cikin Cibiyar Taro da Asibitin Sadaka, yayin da Muir da mai daukar hotonsa suka bi ta cikin wata ruwa mai zurfin har kirji mai hana gano marasa lafiyar da ke cikin asibitin.
Muir ya ruwaito daga iyakar Isra’ila da Labanon a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2006 kan yakin Isra’ila da kungiyar Hizbullah. Muir ya kasance a Gaza a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007 don ba da rahoto game da juyin mulkin Hamas, yana ba da rahoto daga cikin Zirin na Gaza . A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007, an tura Muir zuwa Peru bayan mummunar girgizar da ta auka wa kasar a cikin shekaru fiye da 20.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2008, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga Ukraine, fiye da shekaru 20 bayan hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl . A cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2009, David Muir da Diane Sawyer sun ba da rahoton awanni a awa 20/20 game da bindigogi a Amurka suna samun “sakamako mai tayar da hankali” kamar yadda New York Daily News ta bayyana .
A watan Mayu shekarar 2009, rahoton Muir a ranar 20/20 ya nuna ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin yara marasa muhalli a Amurka. Muir ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Tekun Mexico don bincika malalar man BP . A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2011, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga Haiti bayan mahaukaciyar guguwar kuma ya dawo ya ba da rahoto game da hare-haren da ake kaiwa mata.
A watan Yunin shekarar 2011, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga dandalin Tahrir yayin juyin juya halin siyasa a Masar, da kuma daga Fukushima, Japan sakamakon mummunan tsunami da tashar makamashin nukiliya. Muir yayi rubuta game da rahotonsa daga Mogadishu, Somalia, da kuma dawowarsa mai zuwa, "Cikin Cutar Cutar Cutar Somaliya", don Daily Beast. Muir ya kuma kafa wasu awanni na bala'in a Newtown yayin da yake faruwa, sannan ya ba da rahoto daga wurin yayin da Shugaba Obama ya ziyarci garin. Muir ya kuma ba da rahoto daga harbe-harben taron silima a Aurora, Colorado; daga Joplin, Missouri bayan afkuwar guguwa mai halakarwa; kuma daga Tucson, Arizona bayan harbin ‘yar majalisa Gabrielle Giffords wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar wasu shida.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012, Muir ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu aiko da rahotanni ga zaben Shugaban Kasar Amurka na shekarar 2012 . Ganawar da Muir ya yi da dan takarar Republican Mitt Romney wonda ya haifar da manyan labarai na kasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki da manufofin bakin haure a Amurka. zaben Muir Emmy- ya sa Amurka jerin a kan Amirka, tattalin arziki ne a ci gaba da alama a kan ya watsa shirye-shirye . Muir ya kawo jerin shirye-shiryen zuwa wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, gami da ABC's The View, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin baƙon maƙon.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2013, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga cikin Iran, har ya zuwa tattaunawar nukiliyar. Muir shine dan jaridar Yammacin Turai na farko da ya kawo rahoto daga Mogadishu, Somalia game da yunwa. Muir da tawagarsa sun sha suka yayin da suke ba da rahoto daga Mogadishu. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya karɓi kyautar Edward R. Murrow don rahotonsa.
A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2014, ABC News ta sanar da cewa Muir zai gaji Diane Sawyer a matsayin mai gudanerwa da kuma editan ABC World News . Muir ya fara watsa shirye-shiryensa na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, "Labaran Duniya na Daren kowonne rana tare da David Muir" ya zama labaran da aka fi kallo a kasar da yamma, wanda ya wuce NBC Nightly News a karon farko tun daga 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2009.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2016, Muir ya fitar da rahoto na tsawon shekara game da rikicin jaruntaka a Amurka, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta CINE Golden Eagle saboda rahotonsa.
Rayuwar sa da alumma
Muir ya gabatar da jawabin farawa ne a Kwalejin Ithaca da ke New York a watan Mayu na shekarar 2011, a lokacin ya bukaci wadanda suka kammala karatun su yi amfani da muryoyin su. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, Muir ya karɓi digirin girmamawa na Doctor na Haruffa da kuma Jessica Savitch Award na Bambancin forwarewa a Fannin Aikin Jarida daga Kwalejin Ithaca.
A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2015, Muir ya gabatar da jawabin farawa a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas da ke Massachusetts. A yayin bikin, an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor na Media.
A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2018, Muir ya gabatar da adireshin farawa a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da ke Madison, Wisconsin.
Duba kuma
New Yorkers a cikin aikin jarida
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21533 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20and%20the%20World%20Bank | Nigeria and the World Bank | Babban Bankin Duniya wata cibiya ce da aka kafa a shekara ta 1944 kuma tun daga shekara ta 1958 ta ba Najeriya lamuni da bashi mai rahusa ta hannun Developmentungiyar Ci Gaban Internationalasa ta Duniya (IDA) da Bankin forasa don Sake Gyara da Ci Gaban (IBRD). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe mambobi guda 189. Babban burinta shine taimakawa da sake gina kasashe bayan yakin duniya na 2. Amma yanzu, burinta shi ne kawar da talauci a cikin kowace ƙasa memba. Bayan samun 'yencin kai a shekara ta 1960, a hukumance Najeriya ta shiga Bankin Duniya a ranar 30 ga Maris, din shekarar 1961. Kasancewar burin da bankin duniya ya gabatar a kasashen daban daban, a hankali a hankali tsawon shekaru sun tsara bankin zuwa hukumomi biyar don tunkarar wasu batutuwa a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Nijeriya ta yi ƙawance da IDA, an gina ta musamman don taimakawa ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ba da rance don ƙarancin ƙimar riba, da kuma IBRD..
Tarihi
Najeriya a halin yanzu ita ce kasa mafi yawan mutane a Afirka sannan kuma ita ce babbar mai fitar da mai kuma baya ga wannan, tana da kasa ta biyu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka. Duk waɗannan halayen sun sanya ta ƙasa mai ƙarfin tattalin arziki, amma kuma Nijeriya na fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen ci gaba. Sai a shekarar 1999 ne mulkin dimokiradiyya daga karshe ya mamaye Nijeriya karkashin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Daga nan ne dangantaka da Bankin Duniya da Najeriya suka bunkasa. Bankin Duniya ya kasance yana aiki tare da Najeriya don rage yawan talauci, samar da ingantaccen jari na dan Adam, fadada kudaden shigar kasar ta bangarorin da ba na mai ba, da kuma taimakawa wajen tafiyar da tattalin arziki. Har zuwa 2004, Bankin Duniya ya yi jinkirin sakin kudade kuma yawancin ayyukan suna tafiya a hankali kuma ba su gamsuwa ba. Zuwa shekarar 2000 zuwa 2007 an kafa Bankin Duniya kan yin gyare-gyare a tsarin kwanciyar hankali da gudanar da mulki. Dangane da kimantawa na Bankin Duniya, wannan an ayyana shi azaman mai gamsarwa daidai gwargwado. Sauran ginshikan da aka mayar da hankali a kansu su ne isar da sabis na zamantakewar al'umma, karfafawa al'umma, da samar da ginshikin ci gaban mai ba mai ba. Duk waɗannan ba su gamsuwa ba gwargwadon kimantawar Bankin Duniya. Kodayake canji ya yi jinkiri, kafin shekara ta 2007 kyakkyawan sakamako ya fara fitowa daga ayyukan a Nijeriya. A shekara ta 2016, Najeriya ta zama ta 12 a jerin kasashen da suka fi karbar rance daga Babban Bankin Duniya da dala biliyan 6.6. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, Babban Bankin Duniya yana da jimillar ayyuka guda 31 a wurare guda 772 a cikin Najeriya. Wannan duka ya haɗa har da dala biliyan 9.21 na shirye-shirye a ɓangarori kamar tsaro na zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya, noma, kamun kifi, gandun daji, makamashi, gudanar da gwamnati da sauran yankuna da ke buƙatar tsaftacewa. Zuwa shekara ta 2018 Bankin Duniya ya amince da ayyuka sama da guda 225 a Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 1958, yawancinsu sun faru ne ta hanyar kudaden IDA da kuma lamunin IBRD.
Bankin Duniya ya Samu Nasara a Najeriya
Duk da kasada da ke tattare da yawancin aiyuka, Babban Bankin Duniya da Najeriya ne ke aiwatar da su da nufin inganta abubuwan more rayuwar kasar. Wasu sun tabbatar da cewa ba su ci nasara ba, amma wasu da yawa sun sami nasara kuma sun canza rayuwar mazaunan Najeriya. Bankin Duniya ya sami ci gaba a fannoni da dama kamar, bunkasa birane da karkara, samar da makamashi, noma, da sauransu. . . Aikin Samun Karkara da Motsi (RAMP) ɗayan ayyukan nasara ne na Bankin Duniya. Manufar wannan aikin shine ginawa da sake gina hanyoyi don inganta yanayin zamantakewar jama'a da kawo kasuwanci a cikin wasu al'ummomin. Tun daga shekarar 2008, an sake ginawa ko inganta sababbin hanyoyin ketaren kogi da sama da kilomita 464 na karkara. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarshe yara suna iya zuwa makaranta a lokacin damina. Ban da wannan kuma, an yi jigilar kayan gona na tan miliyan 4.6 idan aka kwatanta da na baya na tan miliyan 3.5. Hakan kuma ya haifar da raguwar farashin sufuri da kuma karuwar yawan jama'a a yankin; wanda har yanzu yake karuwa har zuwa wannan ranar. A wannan lokacin, sabbin kanana da matsakaitan kasuwanci kamar gonakin kamun kifi, gonakin kaji, katako, da sabbin kasuwanni a nutsar da wadannan hanyoyi. Wani aikin da aka samu nasara shine shirin bunkasa makamashi na kasa (NEPD). Ya fara ne a shekara ta 2005 kuma ta hanyar rufe wannan aikin a cikin shekara ta 2012, sun sami damar isar da ingantaccen makamashi ga masu amfani da miliyan 4.4 a Nijeriya. Sun haɗu da al'ummomi 40 da sama da gidaje 24,600 a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da layin metro 8,100. Aikin Fadana na kasa ya yi matukar nasara wanda aka sake sabunta shi a karo na biyu da na uku tare da mai da hankali daban-daban kowane lokaci don ci gaba da inganta yanayin manoma yayin da yake kan turbar ajanda na Sauyin Aikin Noma na Najeriya. Aiki ne da yake aiki tun daga 1993 kuma har yanzu yana gudana har zuwa 2018. Bayan lokaci ya juya aikin gona ya zama kasuwanci mai fa'ida kuma ya gyara manoma su zama "Agro-preneurs". Hakanan ya rage yawan talauci a yankunan da aka kafa shi a ciki..
Kwanan nan mayar da hankali
Kodayake an samu ci gaba ta hanyar ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan a Najeriya, akwai bukatar a kara yin wasu abubuwa don kawo kasar cikin sauri. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2018, Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar tsawaita Dabarun Kawancen Kasar da Najeriya har zuwa 30 ga Yuni, shekara ta 2019. A yin hakan, an amince da fara wasu sabbin ayyuka 7 da darajarsu ta kai dala biliyan 2.1 a Najeriya. Wadannan ayyukan za'a aiwatar dasu ta hanyar yawan IDA din. Babban abin da waɗannan ayyukan suka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne kan mahimman sassan da za su haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa tare da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Tsarin Bunkasuwa (ERGP). Ta wannan ne kuma aka samar da aikin samar da zaizayar kasa da ruwa na kasa (NEWMAP) da dala miliyan 400 domin ragewa da kuma yin aiki da kasa da guguwar zaizayar kasa da kuma lalata kasa a jihohi da dama a fadin Najeriya. Bankin Duniya da Ma’aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya ne suka kirkiro kamfanin NEWMAP bayan da shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya nemi Bankin Duniya da ya shiga tsakani tare da taimakawa zaizayar kasa a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da lalata kasa a Arewa.
ƙasa ta tsakiya
An saki dala miliyan 750 zuwa ga tsarin Baitulmalin Jihar, Bayyanar da kai da dorewarsa da dala miliyan 125 zuwa ga Hukumar Kasafin Kudi da Cibiyoyin. Waɗannan ayyukan biyu za su yi aiki tare don ƙarfafa fa'idodin kasafin kuɗi da yin bayanan ƙididdigar ƙasa da kuɗaɗen jama'a abin dogaro. Wannan zai haifar da ci gaba da amincewa da gwamnati. Ta hanyar wadannan ayyukan za su tabbatar da sanya ido yadda ya kamata kan ayyukan da suka shafi ilimi, lafiya, da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Waɗannan ayyukan na PforR (Shirin don Sakamakon) da aka amince da su a ranar 27 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2018 za su ci gaba har zuwa Disamban shekara ta 2022.
Ci gaban ɗan adam: lafiya da jinsi
Za a ware zunzurutun kudi har dala miliyan 232 don Gaggawa Sakamakon Nutrition na cikin aikin Nijeriya. $ 225 miliyan da ke zuwa daga IDA credits da sauran miliyan 7 a matsayin tallafi daga Global Financing Facility. An saita wannan aikin a cikin Disamba 2023. A Najeriya, yawan rashin abinci mai gina jiki tun daga shekarar 2008 bai canza ba a wani babban mataki. Suna da tarihin rashin abinci mai gina jiki na tsawon lokaci wanda ke yaduwa ba daidai ba a duk fadin Najeriya. Tamowa tana shafar kusan kashi 44% na yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar. Sanya su cikin haɗarin rashin ci gaba zuwa cikakkiyar damar su ko kuma haɗarin mutuwa. Wannan aikin an tsara shi ne ga mata masu juna biyu, yara mata, da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar. Zai amfani mutane sama da miliyan 8.7 miliyan $150 IDA credits da ake sa wajen Najeriya Polio Eradication Support Project ɓangare na kokarin kawar da cutar shan inna a duniya. Wannan aikin zai kawo allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna ta baki daya ga akalla kashi 80% na wadanda aka nufa da su a kowace jihohin Najeriya da ke halartar. Wannan zai taimaka wajen rage mace-macen jarirai da rage kasadar cutar shan inna a tsakanin manya da yara. Shirin mata na Najeriya yana kan matan da suka wuce shekaru 18 kuma kai tsaye zai amfani mata guda 324,000 a duk faɗin Nijeriya, wanda zai iza su zama membobin Afungiyar Afungiyoyin Mata (WAG) waɗanda za su kawo ingantaccen horo da haɓaka ƙwarewa waɗanda za su gabatar da ƙarin mata a bangaren tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Wannan aikin yana mai da hankali ne kan ƙarfafa mata ga tattalin arziƙi kuma yana samar da hanyar da za a ji muryoyinsu. Wannan shine aikin Bankin Duniya na farko a Nijeriya wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan jinsi ɗaya tak. Ana tallafawa ta hanyar bashin dala miliyan 100 daga IDA.
Makamashi
Aikin samarda wutar lantarki a Kasar Najeriya (NEP) ana daukar nauyin ta ne ta hanyar dala miliyan 350 na IDA daga Bankin Duniya. Manufar ita ce a samar da wadataccen kuma ingantaccen wutar lantarki ga magidanta, kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu, jami'o'i, da asibitin koyarwa ta hanyar amfani da kananan grids masu amfani da hasken rana da kuma tsarin hasken rana kai tsaye. An ƙaddamar da aikin haɗin gwiwar Arewa mai ƙarfi / Dorsale Nord Regional Power Inter-connector Project a shekarar 2018 azaman haɗin gwiwa wanda ba zai taimaki Nijeriya kawai ba, har ma da Benin, Burkina Faso da Niger. Haɗa waɗannan ƙasashe huɗu zuwa layin watsa layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi zai ba da damar shiga cikin ingantaccen cinikin makamashi na yanki. Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da dala miliyan 465.5 don wannan aikin. $ 275.6 miliyan sun zo ne ta hanyar bashi kuma sauran a matsayin tallafi daga IDA. A sakamakon haka, wannan aikin zai kawo ingantaccen lantarki mai araha ga iyalai da kamfanoni. Saboda haka, samar da gasa a cikin kasuwancin da zai taimakawa kasuwanci ya bunkasa ya kuma samar da ayyukan yi da taimakawa tattalin arziki a kowace kasa mai cikakken iko.
Manazarta
Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Siyasan Najeriya
Babban Bankin Najeriya
Babban Bankin Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50409 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela%C3%AFde%20Labille-Guiard | Adelaïde Labille-Guiard | Articles with hCards
Adélaïde Labille-Guiard ( née Labille ; 11 Afrilu 1749 - 24 Afrilu 1803),kuma Wanda aka sani da Adélaïde Labille-Guiard des Vertus, 'yar karamace 'yar Faransa ce kuma mai zanen hoto. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga mata don samun dama iri ɗaya da maza don zama manyan masu zane-zane.Labille-Guiard ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama memba na Royal Academy, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami izini don kafa ɗakin studio ga ɗalibanta a Louvre.
Rayuwar farko da karatutuka
An haifi Adélaïde Labille a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1749 a birnin Paris . Mahaifinta, Claude Labille ya kasance mai haberdasher.
Labille-Guiard ta zama kwararriya, pastels,da zanen mai.Ba a san komai ba game da horon da ta yi saboda ayyukan karni na 18 wanda ya sa malamai (waɗanda galibi maza ne) kada su ɗauki yara mata.A wannan lokacin,ana ganin mata ba za su iya bin umarni tare da maza ba.A lokacin kuruciyarta, Labille-Guiard ta yi karatun ƙaramin zane tare da mai zanen mai François-Élie Vincent kuma an nuna aikinta na farko a Académie de Saint-Luc.
Labille-Guillard ta auri Louis-Nicolas Guiard a 1769, amma ta rabu da shi shekaru takwas bayan haka,ta riga ta iya tallafawa kanta ta hanyar zane-zane. Ta koyi tare da pastel master Quentin de la Tour har zuwa 1774.Daga 1776 zuwa 1780,ta fara nazarin zanen mai tare da kawarta François-André Vincent (ɗan babbn François-Élie Vincent), wanda zai zama mijinta.
Nasara
Nunin nune-nunen a Académie de Saint-Luc
An shigar da Labille-Guiard a Académie de Saint-Luc a cikin 1767 lokacin tana da shekaru ashirin. Kundin shigarta ya ɓace tun lokacin kuma abin baƙin ciki babu wani bayanan wanzuwarta da ya tsira a yau. Académie de Saint-Luc ya ba Labille-Guiard sarari don yin fasaha A 1774,ta nuna aikinta a Salon. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ta yi nasara sosai har makarantar Royal Academy ta yi laifi,kuma tare da goyon bayan masarautar,ta ba da wata doka a cikin Maris 1776 ta soke "guilds, 'yan uwantaka,da al'ummomin da fasaha", ta tilasta wa Académie de Saint-Luc rufe ta.kofa a 1777.Koyaya, wannan bai dakatar da burin Labille-Guiard a matsayin mai zane ba.
Kasancewa memba na Royal Academy
Da zarar makarantar Académie de Saint-Luc ta rufe kofofinta, Labille-Guiard ta fara koyon zanen mai, don haka za ta iya nema zuwa Royal Academy wanda ta buƙaci ta gabatar da aƙalla zanen mai don shiga.A cikin ƙarshen 1770s,ta zana hotuna da yawa na manyan malaman ilimi,ƙirƙirar lambobin sadarwa tare da Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.
Labille-Guiard ta zaɓi nuna wasu ayyukanta a Salon de la Correspondance a 1779 da 1783.Wannan ya hada da hoton kanta a cikin hotuna na pastel da na mai,wanda masu suka ya samu karbuwa sosai.Da sauri aka lura da baiwar Labille-Guiard a matsayin mai zanen mai da kuma pastellist, kuma ta sami karɓuwa ta ƙasa,wanda hakan ya kai ga karɓe ta a Kwalejin Royal.A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1783,an karɓi Labille-Guiard a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Faransa Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture.An kuma zabi abokin takararta, Elisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun a wannan rana; su biyun su ne mata na farko da aka kaddamar. Dukansu Labille-Guiard da Vigée Le Brun nan da nan an soki su bayan shigarsu da wadanda suka fusata a shigar mata; Labille-Guiard ta sha fama da hare-hare a kan fasaharta da halayenta. Ɗayan ƙasidar da ba a bayyana sunanta ba Suite de Malborough au Salon 1783, ta zargi Labille-Guiard da musanya ni'imar jima'i don taimakon zane.An buga ƙasidar a kan sunan François-André Vincent (ko da yake har yanzu bata yi aure ba,shi ne jita-jita da ake yi mata),tana mai cewa Labille Guiard tana da "vignt cents" (daruruwan ashirin,ko dubu biyu) masoya. Duk da haka, samun karɓuwa a cikin Royal Academy ta buɗe kofa ga Labille-Guiard yayin da ta sami tallafi daga dangin sarauta.
Mai zanen gidan sarauta
Ta hanyar tsantsar iyawar fasaha da hazaka, Labille-Guiard ta zama mai zanen gidan sarauta. Ma'abota sarautarta sun hada da kanwar Louis XVI na Faransa, Gimbiya Marie Adélaïde da 'yar uwarta Victoria Louise, da 'yar'uwar Sarki Elizabeth kuma ta sami fensho na gwamnati na rayuwa 1,000. A cikin 1787, ta zama peintre des mesdames, matsayin da ta kai ta yin zanen Madame Adélaïde da Madame Victoire. Hoton Adélaïde da aka kammala a cikin 1787 tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girman aikin Labille-Guiard har zuwa yau. Daga baya an ba ta izini a cikin 1788 ta ɗan'uwan Sarki,Count of Provence (daga baya Louis XVIII na Faransa ).An umurce ta da ta zana shi a tsakiyar babban aikin tarihi, Réception d'un chevalier de Saint-Lazare par Monsieur, Grand maître de l'ordre.A cikin 1795 ta sami masaukin masu fasaha a Louvre (bayan kamfen na tsawon shekaru goma) da sabon fansho na rayuwa 2,000.Ita ce mace ta farko mai fasaha da aka ba wa izinin kafa ɗakin studio don kanta da ɗalibanta a Louvre.
Salo da mahallin
Labille-Guiard sau da yawa ba ta dace da kwanciyar hankali a cikin iyakokin kyawawan halaye na mata a ƙarni na 18. Domin ta jawo hankalin masu kallo iri-iran ciki har da manyan maza da mata,ta kan shigar da kayan zamani na baya-bayan nan a cikin zane-zanenta, wanda ya ba ta damar nuna iya fasaharta.Ta yi kyau wajen ba da cikakkun bayanai, kamar nuna folds na alatu da yadudduka na siket masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke cikin salo a lokacin.Duk da haka,sau da yawa takan yi fenti tare da murɗawa kamar yadda mata suna fuskantar kai tsaye a wurin kallo ko kuma da ƙananan wuyansa, wanda ba a saba ba a karni na 18 lokacin da aka nuna mata.
Ana iya ganin ƙarin shaidar jajircewar Labille-Guiard a cikin hotunanta, wanda ya sa ta ɗan fallasa fiye da yadda aka saba, amma bai isa ya haifar da zargin lalata ba.Ana ganin wannan a cikin zanen hotonta na kai da almajirai biyu.Ba kamar wasu zane-zane na mata masu fasaha ba a karni na 18, Labille-Guiard ta zaɓi ta nuna kanta tana aiki sosai maimakon mai hutawa. Labille-Guiard ta kuma nuna adawa da wasu hane-hane,kamar waɗanda ke iyakance adadin matan da za su iya zuwa Royal Academy.Ta hanyar zana ɗalibai mata biyu a cikin Hoton Kai tare da Almajirai Biyu,Labille-Guiard ta ba da shawarar a ba da ƙarin mata damar shiga Kwalejin Sarauta.Ta wannan ma'ana, Labille-Guiard ta kasance mai ƙarfin hali,amma ba ta da ƙarfin hali don zubar da mutuncinta da kuma rasa girmamawar da ta yi aiki tuƙuru don samun a cikin duniyar fasaha.
A lokacin, mata masu fasaha suna da alaƙa akai-akai da gunkin Minerva. Saboda haka, Labille-Guiard da abokin hamayyarta Vigée Le Brun duk an kira su "Minervas na zamani." Ƙwararriyar tasu ta samu kwarin guiwar masana ilimi da majiɓinta a kotu.
Mai ba da shawara ga matasa mata masu fasaha
Labille-Guiard ta yi tasiri a kan matasan mata masu fasaha.A cikin wata wasika da wata uwa ta rubuta da diyarta ta yi karatun zanen zane tare da wata mata mai ilimi, (wanda bisa ga bayanin,da alama Labille-Guiard ne) ta bayyana cewa malamin ta dage kan kiyaye mafi girman matakan ladabi a dakin karatun ta. Jajircewarta ga dalibai mata ta bayyana a duk lokacin da take zama a Royal Academy.A wani taro da aka yi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1790,Labille-Guiard ta ba da shawarar cewa a shigar da mata ba tare da iyaka ba kuma a ba su izinin yin aiki a hukumar gudanarwar cibiyar.An amince da dukkan kudurori biyun. Duk da haka, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kwalejin sun yi watsi da shi kuma suka soki Labille Guiard a matsayin "Jeanne d'Arc", da "kaza a cikin zakara," kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi Allah wadai da ita.
Labille-Guillard ta ci gaba da ba da shawarwari ga mata,inda ta gabatar da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa tare da wani abin tunawa game da ilmantar da matasan mata da aka hana su arziki, wanda Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ta yi nuni a cikin aikinsa.
Ta fuskar juyin juya hali
Maimakon gudu a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789,Labille-Guiard ta zauna a Faransa.Sai dai alakar sarautar da ta yi a tsawon rayuwarta ya sa ta zama abin zargi a siyasance.Ta yi ƙoƙarin sanya kanta a matsayin mai fasaha ga Jamhuriyar. Ta ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga baitul malin ƙasar kuma ta zana mambobi goma sha uku na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar (Faransa juyin juya halin Musulunci), ciki har da Maximilien Robespierre da Alexandre de Beauharnais . A cikin 1791,ita da Jacques-Louis David sun ba da izini daga majalisa don su zana Louis XVI tana ba da kundin tsarin mulki ga dansa,wanda ba a kammala ba. Daga 1792, ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Paris da ƙauyen Pontault-en-Brie,inda ta gudu tare da Vincent, ɗalibai biyu, da sauransu. A cikin 1793 an umurce ta da ta lalata wasu ayyukanta na sarauta,ciki har da hukumar da ba a gama ba na Count of Provence.Yin gudun hijira na Comte na Provence yana nufin Labille-Guiard ba kawai ta rasa majibincinta na sarauta na ƙarshe ba, amma kuma ba ta sami kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari 30,000 da aka amince da ita ba. Juyin juya halin ya kara cutar da aikinta lokacin da 'yan'uwan sarauta suka yi hijira a watan Fabrairun 1791 ba tare da biyan kuɗin hotuna da yawa da suka ba Labille-Guiard damar yin fenti ba. Labille-Guillard ta bar Paris a takaice na tsawon shekaru a wannan lokacin, amma ta dawo.A cikin 1795, ta sami masauki a Louvre,kuma ta ci gaba da yin zane da nuna hotuna a Salon har zuwa 1800, shekarar da ta auri tsohon malaminta, François-André Vincent a 1800. Hotunan pastel na Marie Adélaïde, Victoire-Louise,da Élisabeth sun zauna a cikin mallakar Labille-Guiard har sai da ta mutu daga rashin lafiya a ranar 24 ga Afrilu,1803.
Legacy
Daga cikin tarin jama'a da ke rike da ayyukan Adélaïde Labille-Guiard sune Gidan kayan gargajiya na Getty, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Phoenix, Gidan kayan tarihi na Jami'ar Harvard, Gidan kayan tarihi na Honolulu na Art,Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas), Gidan kayan gargajiya na Los Angeles County Museum of Art, da Louvre, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa (Washington, DC), Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Warsaw, Gidan Tarihi na Mata a cikin Arts (Washington, DC), Gidan Tarihi na Speed (Kentucky) da Versailles.
Labille-Guiard wata mutum ce da aka fito da ita akan sashin shigarwa na Judy Chicago The Dinner Party, wanda ake wakilta a ɗaya daga cikin fale-falen 999 na bene na Heritage.An jera ta a ƙarƙashin wurin saitin Artemisia Gentileschi
Bayanan kula
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Auricchio, Laura. Adélaïde Labille-Guiard: Mawaƙi a zamanin juyin juya hali, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2009.
Baetjer, Katharine. "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749-1803)" a Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, www.metmuseum.org, wanda aka buga Yuni 2016.
Chicago, Judy. Dinner Party: Daga Ƙirƙiri zuwa Tsare, London: Merrell, 2007. ISBN 1-85894-370-1
Passez, Anne-Marie. Adélaïde Labille-Guiard: Biography et catalog raisonné, Paris: 1973.
Portalis, Roger (1901). "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard" a cikin Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne: 1901, shafi. 352-367.
Portalis, Roger (1902). Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Paris: Imprimerie Georges Petit, 1902.
Kallon, Jean. "Hoton Madame Adélaïde na Faransa, 'yar Louis XV," Mujallar Burlington (vol.3, Maris 1969), supp.i-vi.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Labille-Guiard, Adélaïde a Benezit Dictionary of Artists
Labille-Guiard (née Labille), Adélaïde ta Kathleen Nicholson a Grove Art Online
Masu sarauta zuwa Romantics: Haskaka kan Adélaïde Labille-Guiard a Gidan Tarihi na Mata a cikin Fasaha
Tarihin Adélaïde Labille-Guiard daga Société Internationale pour l'Étude des Femmes de l'Ancien Régime
Labille-Guiard, Adélaïde a Neil Jeffares, Kamus na pastellists kafin 1800, bugun kan layi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
11223 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20Slimani | Islam Slimani | Islam Slimani (; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai buga wasa a gaba ga ƙungiyar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Primeira Liga Sporting CP da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Shi ne ɗan wasan gaba na Algeria da ya zura kwallaye 40.
Slimani ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa tare da JSM Chéraga da CR Belouizdad. A shekarar 2013, ya koma Turai, ya sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Sporting CP. Ya taka leda kuma yana zira kwallaye akai-akai a lokutan kakarsa uku a Portugal, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe Taça de Portugal a shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an komar da Slimani zuwa Leicester a rikodin kulob din fam miliyan 28.
Dan kasar Algeria, Slimani ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara ta 2012 kuma ya buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a cikin shekara ta (2013, 2015, 2017 data 2021, kuma yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar ta 2019. Har ila yau, yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, inda ya ƙare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye biyu a raga. Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekara ta 2022, ya samu nasarar buga wasanni sama da 80 a duniya kuma ya zura kwallaye 40, hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin kasar Algeria.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Slimani a Algiers, Aljeriya.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Slimani ya shiga CR Belouizdad daga JSM Chéraga akan kuɗin canja wurin dinari na Algerian 800,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. A watan Agusta, ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a kungiyar a matsayin dan wasa da MC Oran a makon farko na shekara ta 2009–10 Algerian Championnat National. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko tare da Belouizdad da kwallaye 8 a wasanni 30.
A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2011, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan lig da JS Kabylie, wanda ya jagoranci CR Belouizdad zuwa nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 7-1. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare kuma wasu kungiyoyin Faransa kamar Nice da Le Havre sun nuna sha'awar sa hannu, Slimani ya yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da CR Belouizdad.
Sporting CP
Kakar 2013-14
A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2013, Slimani ya shiga Sporting CP akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya fara kakar shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2014 a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa, yana samun suna a matsayin dan wasa mai tasiri saboda ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci lokacin da ya fito daga benci. Saboda rashin nau'i na Fredy Montero, duk da haka, Slimani ya zama mai farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2014 da Rio Ave, Braga, Vitória de Setúbal da kuma 1-0 akan abokan hamayyar Porto. A watan Disambar shekarar 2013 an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya na shekara yayin da ya lashe kyautar zinare ta Aljeriya.
Kakar 2014-15
A kakar wasa ta biyu Slimani ya yi nasara yayin da ya zama babban dan wasa. Manufarsa ta farko na kakar wasa ita ce a cikin Derby de Lisboa 1-1 a waje Draw zuwa Benfica. A matakin Turai Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Schalke 04 a Estádio José Alvalade a minti na karshe inda ya kare 4-2 a Sporting. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya kare a matsayi na uku a gasar, amma a Taça de Portugal ya kai wasan karshe da Braga a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015, slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar Sporting da ci biyu da nema. bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 3-1. inda ya samu kambun sa na farko a tarihinsa a karshen kakar wasa ta bana Slimani ya buga wasanni 33 kuma ya zura kwallaye 15 ciki har da 12 a gasar.
Kakar 2015-16
A cikin kakar shekarar 2015-16, Slimani ya ce zai kasance kakar wasa ta karshe kuma yana fatan samun nasarar lashe gasar Primeira Liga na shekaru 14 sabon kuma tsohon kocin Benfica Jorge Jesus, wanda ya ce zai dogara sosai kan Slimani don lashe gasar. kuma farkon shine a Supertaça da Benfica kuma ya kare Sporting da ci daya mai ban sha'awa, inda ya ci kambi na biyu. A farkon gasar, Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Académica a wasan waje a ranar 4 ga Oktoba shekarar 2015, kuma a zagaye na bakwai da Vitória de Guimarães, ya ci hat-trick na farko a gasar lig ta Portugal. A saman zagaye na 15, Slimani ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar mai tsaron gidan Porto Iker Casillas wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar ta dawo kan teburin gasar. Bayan wannan wasan, Slimani ya zira kwallaye a wasanni hudu a jere 6 a raga Vitória de Setúbal, Braga, Tondela da Paços de Ferreira . Bayan wasanni biyu, ya dawo ya zira kwallaye biyu a Nacional.
Kafin wasan lig na Sporting a gida, Benfica ta shigar da kara kan Slimani saboda cin zarafin Andreas Samaris da gwiwar hannunsa a wasan gasar cin kofin Portuguese a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2015. Bayan jira mai tsawo kuma kwana ɗaya kafin wasan, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal ta sanar da cewa Slimani zai iya shiga cikin yanke hukunci game da kambun. Koyaya, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 kuma ta koma matsayi na biyu, bayan Benfica. Bayan mako guda, ya zira kwallaye 20th burin wannan kakar a wasan da Estoril. Bayan wannan taron, ya zira kwallaye hudu a raga Belenenses, Marítimo da Moreirense, da Porto. Slimani ya ba da gudummawa ga nasara a Estádio do Dragão bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu. A zagaye na karshe, ya zura kwallo ta 27 a kakar wasa ta bana da Braga. Wasan ya kare da ci 4-0 amma bai sa Sporting ta lashe kofin gasar ba, domin Benfica ta kare da maki biyu. A wannan kakar, Slimani ya zira kwallaye 27 a gasar amma ya kare a bayan dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye Jonas, da kwallaye 32.
A kakar wasa ta gaba, Sporting ta so ta ci gaba da rike Slimani amma ya dage kan barin kungiyar, kuma daga karshe gwamnatin ta amince da hakan. A ranar 28 ga watan Augusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe da Porto a Estádio José Alvalade kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta ƙarshe daci 2–1 a Sporting.
Leicester City
Kakar 2016-17
A ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekarar 2016, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta 2016-17 a Ingila, Slimani ya koma zakarun gasar Premier Leicester City kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya zuwa Sporting a matsayin £28 miliyan, rikodin kulob ga Leicester. Leicester ta doke West Bromwich Albion wajen daukar Slimani.
A ranar 14 ga Satumba, ya fara bugawa Leicester wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA inda ya buga mintuna 62 a wasan da suka doke Club Brugge da ci 3-0. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, ya fara buga gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 3-0, inda ya zura kwallaye biyun farko a kungiyar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, Slimani ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da Leicester ta doke Porto da ci 1-0 a gasar zakarun Turai a matakin rukuni bayan da abokin wasan kasar Algeria Riyad Mahrez ya zura kwallo daya tilo. Ita ce kwallo ta shida da yaci Iker Casillas ya zura a raga a shekarar 2016, biyar daga ciki ya ci a lokacin da yake tare da tsohuwar kungiyarsa Sporting.
Bayan wannan kwallon, Slimani ya kasa zura kwallo a ragar West Bromwich Albion a gasar Premier a ranar 11 ga wata, bayan da Mahrez ya ci kwallo 2-1. Daga baya, a ranar 13 ga watan, bayan shigar da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, Slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar tawagarsa daga bugun fanareti a minti na karshe da Middlesbrough. A ranar wasa 15, Slimani ya taimaka wa Foxes samun nasara a kan Manchester City 4-2 bayan ya ba da taimako biyu ga masu cin kwallo Jamie Vardy da Andy King. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, bayan wasanni biyar ba tare da an zura kwallo a raga ba, Slimani ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan West Ham United a filin wasa na King Power inda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa ta lashe ta biyar a gasar Premier bana, ranar karshe ta shekarar 2016.
Slimani ya zura kwallaye hudu daga cikin kwallayen gasar lig guda biyar da kai, amma ya samu nasarar harbin kashi 38% a watan Janairun 2017. Bayan halartar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, Slimani ya koma kulob din da ya ji rauni, wanda ya shafi sauran kakar wasansa inda bai taka rawa sosai ba kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu kacal a wasan da Sunderland. da Everton. A wasan gasar League Cup da Sheffield United, ya zira kwallaye biyu.
Kakar 2017-18: Newcastle United (an aro)
A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, Slimani ya rattaba hannu a kulob ɗin Newcastle United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa ya hana shi buga wasansa na farko a kulob din, wanda a karshe ya faru daidai watanni biyu da sanya hannu, a wasan da suka doke Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0, kuma yana da hannu wajen ginawa don kwallo daya tilo na wasan, ya zura kwallo a raga. by Ayoze Perez. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, Slimani ya sake shiga cikin ginin burin cin nasara a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Arsenal da ci 2-1, bayan da Pérez ya buge da kai, kuma ya shiga hanyar Matt Ritchie.
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, an dakatar da Slimani wasa uku saboda tashin hankali bayan wani abin da ya faru a bayan-ball da Craig Dawson na West Bromwich Albion, wanda ya kawo karshen kakarsa da Newcastle.
Fenerbahçe (lamuni)
A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2018, Slimani ya koma kulob din Süper Lig Fenerbahçe a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a Yeni Malatyaspor. Burinsa na farko a kulob din ya zo ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2018 lokacin da Fenerbahçe ya ci kwallo ta biyu a ragar Kayserispor da ci 3-2.
Monaco (lamuni)
A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2019, Slimani ya koma Monaco a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da zura kwallaye tara da taimakawa bakwai a wasanni 18 na gasar kafin a kammala gasar Ligue 1 ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a watan Mayu, Monaco ta zabi ba ta ba Slimani kwantiragi na dindindin ba.
Lyon
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, Slimani ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Ligue 1, Olympique Lyonnais. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, ya fara buga gasar lig, ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Tino Kadewere a cikin minti na 76, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 a Metz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu a gasar Coupe de France da ci 5-1 da AC Ajaccio. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kulob din a ranar 21 ga Maris, bayan da ya zo maye gurbinsa, a rashin 4-2 a hannun Paris Saint Germain.
Ayyukan kasa
A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2009, Abdelhak Benchikha ya kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Aljeriya A' don wani sansanin horo na mako guda a Algiers. A cikin watan Maris na 2010, an sake kiran Slimani, a wannan karon don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011 da Libya a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin abokin wasansa na CR Belouizdad Youcef Saïbi da ya ji rauni. Sai dai Slimani bai buga wasan ba, yayin da Algeria ta ci 1-0.
A watan Mayun na shaekjara ta 2012 ne aka kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Aljeriya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2014 da Mali da Ruwanda, da kuma karawar da za ta yi da Gambia a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2013. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, inda ya maye gurbinsa a hutun rabin lokaci a wasan sada zumunta da Nijar. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Algeria, inda ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Rwanda da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shekarar 2014. Ya ci gaba da jefa kwallo a ragar Mali a wasa na gaba, sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gambia.
An zabi Slimani a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta halarci gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku a watan Janairu. Sai dai Aljeriya ta samu maki daya ne kawai kuma an fitar da ita a matakin farko.
Algeria ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014, tare da kocin Vahid Halilhodžić ya zabi Slimani a cikin 'yan wasa 23 da zai buga. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014, Slimani ya zira kwallon farko a ragar Les Fennecs a wasan rukuni na 4-2 da Koriya ta Kudu. Ya kuma yi taimako ga kungiyar ta uku burin ta wucewa da kwallon zuwa Abdelmoumene Djabou. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallo da kai a wasan da Algeria ta tashi 1-1 da Rasha, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa al'ummar kasar samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko bayan da ta kasa yin hakan a baya a shekarar 1982, 1986 da 2010. A wasan zagaye na 16 da Jamus Slimani ya samu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Manuel Neuer ya samu nasarar jefa kwallo a ragar Jamus a karon farko a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Daga karshe Aljeriya ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, amma an yaba da yadda suka taka rawar gani a gasar. <refname="ger14"/>
A wasan farko da Aljeriya ta buga na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekarar 2015 Slimani ya zura kwallon karshe a wasan da suka doke Afrika ta Kudu da ci 3-1.
Slimani yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019, ya ci kwallo daya a gasar da suka yi da Tanzania a matakin rukuni.
A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar Djibouti da ci 8-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 2022. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 6-1 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta 2022,, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a tarihin Aljeriya da kwallaye 38 ya wuce Abdelhafid Tasfaout wanda ya rike tarihi da kwallaye 36 da 19. shekaru tun 2002.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Wasanni CP
Taça de Portugal : 2014-15
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2015
Aljeriya
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2019
Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya : 2013
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2016 (a madadin)
Taça de Portugal Mutumin Karshe na Match : 2015
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Watan SJPF : Disamba 2015
Kyautar Leões/Lions 2016: Gwarzon Dan Wasa
Gwarzon Premier League na Watan: Fabrairu 2022
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Islam Slimani at DZFoot.com (in French)
Islam Slimani at Soccerbase
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Haifaffun 1988 |
18618 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%20Mayweather%20Jr | Floyd Mayweather Jr | Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 1977) Floyd Mayweather Jr ne zakaran dan wasan naushi na duniya daga kasar Amurka, kuma shine wanda ya buga wasa 50 ba tare da faduwa ba, an masa lakabi da wanda ba'a taba kayarwa ba, ya tsere ma Muhammad Ali mai wasa 61 faduwa 05, da kuma Mike Tyson mai wasa 58 faduwa 06. ƙwararren ɗan damben Ba’amurke ne mai tallata kuma tsohon kwararren ɗan dambe. Ya yi takara tsakanin shekarar 1996 da shekara ta 2015, kuma ya sake dawowa daga yaki a 2017.
A lokacin aikinsa ya lashe manyan lambobin duniya goma sha biyar ciki har da Ring a azuzuwan nauyi biyar, gasar zakarun layi a aji hudu masu nauyi (sau biyu a welterweight ), kuma ya yi ritaya tare da rikodin mara nasara. Kamar yadda wani mai son, Mayweather lashe a samu lambar tagulla a cikin featherweight rabo a shekarar 1996 Olympics, uku Amurka Golden Guanto wasan (a haske flyweight, flyweight, kuma featherweight), da kuma US kasa gasar a featherweight. Mayweather aka mai suna "Fighter na shekaru goma" ga 2010s ta dambe Writers Association of America (BWAA), a biyu-lokaci lashe The Zobe mujallar ta Fighter na Shekara lambar yabo (1998 da 2007), a uku-lokaci lashe BWAA Fighter of the Year award (2007, 2013, and 2015), kuma sau shida yana lashe Kyautar Mafi Kyawun ESPY (2007-2010, 2012-2014). A cikin 2016, Mayweather ne ESPN ta zaba a matsayin babban ɗan dambe, fam na fam, na shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Tun daga Yunin 2020, BoxRec ya ba shi matsayin ɗan dambe na 2 mafi girma a kowane lokaci, fam na fam a bayan Ezzard Charles. Yawancin labaran wasanni da rukunin yanar gizo na dambe, gami da Zobe, Labarin Wasanni, ESPN, BoxRec, Fox Sports, da Yahoo! Wasanni, sun zaɓi Mayweather a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan dambe-da-fam a duniya sau biyu a cikin shekaru goma.
Ana kiran sa sau da yawa a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan dambe a cikin tarihi, tare da kasancewa ɗan wasa mafi cancanta tun lokacin da CompuBox ya kasance, yana da matsayi mafi girma da ƙari a cikin tarihin dambe. Mayweather yana da tarihi na cin nasara 26 a jere a yakin duniya (10 da KO ), 23 ya ci (9 KOs) a yakin basasa, 24 ya ci (7 KOs) a kan tsoffin manyan masu ba da labari na duniya ko na yanzu, 12 ya ci (3 KOs) a kan tsohon ko zakarun layi na yanzu, da nasara 4 (1 KO) a kan International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees. Mayweather yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na biyan kuɗi-kowane-kallo, a kowane wasa. Ya shugaba da Forbes kuma Sports kwatanta lists na 50 qarshe-biya 'yan wasa na 2012 da kuma 2013, da kuma Forbes jerin sake a duka 2014 da kuma 2015, jeri shi a matsayin mafi girma da-biya dan wasa a duniya. A cikin 2006, ya kafa kamfanin talla na damben sa, Mayweather Promotions, bayan barin sa Bob Arum 's Top Rank . Mayweather ya kirkiro kusan 24 miliyan PPV ya saya kuma $ 1.67 biliyan cikin kuɗaɗen shiga a duk tsawon aikinsa, wanda ya zarce kwatankwacin tsoffin abubuwan jan hankali na PPV da suka haɗa da Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Lennox Lewis, Oscar De La Hoya da Manny Pacquiao . A shekarar 2018, Mayweather ya kasance dan wasan da aka fi biya a duniya, inda albashin sa ya kai dala miliyan 275.
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr ne a Floyd Joy Sinclair a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1977, a Grand Rapids, Michigan, a cikin dangin dambe . Mahaifinsa, Floyd Mayweather Sr., tsohon dan wasa ne wanda ya yi yaki da Hall of Famer Sugar Ray Leonard. Kawunsa Jeff da marigayi Roger Mayweather sun kasance kwararrun ’yan dambe, tare da na baya - tsohon mai horar da Floyd - sun lashe gasar duniya biyu, da kuma fada da Hall of Famers Julio César Chávez, Pernell Whitaker, da Kostya Tszyu . Mayweather an haife shi da sunan mahaifiyarsa, amma sunansa na karshe zai canza zuwa Mayweather jim kaɗan bayan haka. An haifi kakan mahaifiyarsa a Kingston, Jamaica . Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ottawa kafin ya bar makarantar.
Dambe ya kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwar Mayweather tun yarintarsa kuma bai taɓa ɗaukar wata sana'a da mahimmanci ba kamar Dambe. "Ina tsammanin kaka ta ta fara ganin abin da na iya," in ji shi. "Lokacin da nake saurayi, na ce mata, 'Ina ganin ya kamata in samu aiki.' Ta ce, 'A'a, kawai a ci gaba da dambe. " A lokacin 1980s, Mayweather ya zauna a Unguwar Hiram Square ta New Brunswick, New Jersey, inda mahaifiyarsa ke da dangi. Daga baya ya ce, "Lokacin da nake kimanin shekara takwas ko tara, na zauna a New Jersey tare da mahaifiyata kuma mun yi bakwai a ɗaki ɗaya kuma wani lokacin ba mu da wutar lantarki. Lokacin da mutane suka ga abin da nake da shi a yanzu, ba su san inda na fito ba da kuma yadda ba ni da wani abu da ya girma.
Ya kasance al'ada ga matashi Mayweather ya dawo daga makaranta kuma ya sami allurar rigakafin jaririn a farfajiyar gidansa. Mahaifiyarsa ta kamu da ƙwayoyi, kuma yana da wata goggonta wacce ta mutu daga cutar Aids sakamakon amfani da ita da ƙwayoyi. "Mutane ba su san lahira da na shiga ba," in ji shi. Mafi yawan lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi tare da shi shi ne ya kai shi dakin motsa jiki don yin atisaye da aiki a kan dambe, a cewar Mayweather. "Ba na tuna shi ya taba kai ni wani wuri ko ya yi wani abin da uba zai yi da da, zuwa wurin shakatawa ko kuma fina-finai ko kuma a samu ice cream," in ji shi. "A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa yana son 'yarsa [babbar' yar'uwar Floyd] fiye da yadda yake so na saboda ba ta taɓa samun bulala ba kuma ina samun bulala a kowane lokaci."
Mahaifin Mayweather yayi jayayya cewa Floyd baya faɗin gaskiya game da farkon dangantakar su. Dattijo Mayweather ya ce "Duk da cewa mahaifinsa ya sayar da kwayoyi, amma ban hana 'dana ba." “Magungunan da na siyar, yana daga cikin su. Yana da abinci da yawa. Yana da kyawawan tufafi kuma na ba shi kuɗi. Ba ya son komai. Duk wanda ke Grand Rapids zai iya gaya muku cewa na kula da yarana ”. Floyd Sr. ya ce ya yi komai na darensa kuma ya kwashe kwanakinsa tare da ɗansa, ya kai shi dakin motsa jiki kuma ya horar da shi zama ɗan dambe. "Idan ba don ni ba da ba zai zama inda yake ba a yau," in ji shi.
Mayweather ya ce "Ni da kaina na daga kaina". "Kakata ta yi abin da za ta iya. Lokacin da ta fusata da ni, zan tafi gidan mahaifiyata. Rayuwata ta kasance cikin damuwa da faduwa. " Mahaifinsa ya ce ya san irin zafin da daure shi ya haifar wa dan nasa, amma ya nace cewa ya yi iya kokarinsa. "Na aike shi ne don ya zauna tare da kakarsa," in ji shi. "Ba kamar na barshi da baƙi bane." Idan babu mahaifinsa, dambe ya zama mafita ga Mayweather. Yayinda dattijo Mayweather ya yi amfani da lokacinsa, dansa ya sanya dukkan ƙarfinsa a cikin dambe kuma ya daina zuwa makarantar sakandare. "Na san cewa zan yi kokarin kula da mahaifiyata kuma na yanke shawarar cewa makaranta ba ta da mahimmanci a lokacin kuma zan shiga dambe don neman abin da zan samu na kudi," in ji shi.
Wasa a matakin kwarewa
Mayweather ya lashe wasan sa na farko a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoban 1996, lokacin da ya fitar da sabon dan wasan sabon nan Roberto Apodaca a Zagaye 2. Mai horar da Mayweather a lokacin shine kawun sa, Roger Mayweather; mahaifinsa har yanzu yana cikin kurkuku bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci game da fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin 1993. Thearshen ya ɗauki matsayin mai horar da ɗansa lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku (bayan faɗa na Mayweather Jr. na 14-zagaye na biyu na Sam Girard). Daga 1996 zuwa farkon 1998, Mayweather ya ci mafi yawan gwagwarmayarsa ta knockout ko TKO.
A farkon fara aikin sa, Mayweather ya sami yabo daga dukkan ɓangarorin duniyar dambe kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin fitacce kuma mai kwazo. A yayin fadarsa da Tony Duran mai sharhin na ESPN ya ce, " an ambato Emmanuel Steward yana cewa ba a da 'yan kaɗan da suka fi wannan yaran hazaka. Zai yuwu ya lashe gasar duniya biyu ko uku; Ina ganin zai ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyawu ". Mai koyar da IBHOF kuma mai sharhi Gil Clancy ya yi sharhi kafin fada na tara na Mayweather (da Jesus Chavez), "Ina tsammanin Floyd Mayweather shi ne fitaccen mai hangen nesa a duk wasannin Olympic ".
Mayweather vs. Hernandez
A shekarar 1998, tsakanin shekaru biyu da shiga dambe, kwararren dan wasa, Mayweather ya lashe kambun duniya na farko (WBC super feweightweight lb) Championship) tare da buga wasan zagaye na takwas na Duniyar ring mai lamba # 1-mai daraja mai nauyin nauyi Genaro Hernández bayan abokin hamayyar abokin hamayyarsa ya tsayar da fadan. Wannan shine rashin nasara na farko da Hernández yayi a cikin wannan nauyin; ya ce bayan fadan, "Ya kayar da ni, yana da sauri, mai hankali kuma koyaushe na san yana da saurin. Ina ba shi girmamawa. Gwarzon gaske ne ".
Tare da nasarar Mayweather ya zama zakaran layin rukunin; Genaro Hernández ya buge Azumah Nelson a baya, wanda mamayar sa a gasar tseren-fuka-fukai ya sa wallafe-wallafen dambe suka ba shi damar zama zakara. Zobe ya daina bayar da bel ga zakarun duniya a cikin 1990s, amma ya sake farawa a 2002. Nelson ya ci nasarar matsayin sa na asali yayin shekarun 1990; saboda haka, ba a ba shi taken Sarauta mara komai ba shi, Hernández, ko Mayweather (duk da cewa Mayweather shi ne Zoben Zoben # 1-mai daraja mafi girman fuka-fukai).
Mayweather ya zama na farko a gasar Olympics ta Amurka a 1996 don cin nasarar kambun duniya. Bayan nasarar da ya samu daga mai tallata Mayweather Bob Arum ya ce, "Mun yi imani a cikin zuciyarmu cewa Floyd Mayweather ne magaji a layin da zai fara da Ray Robinson, zuwa Muhammad Ali, sannan Sugar Ray Leonard. . . Mun yi imanin cewa ya ba da misalin irin salon yakin ne ”. Bayan kama taken Mayweather ya kare shi a kan mai fafatawa Angel Manfredy tare da TKO a zagaye na biyu, wanda ya ba Manfredy rashin nasararsa ta farko cikin shekaru hudu.
A ƙarshen 1998 Mayweather ya zaba ta Zobe a matsayin gwarzon ɗan dambe mafi kyau a duniya # 8, kuma ya zama ɗayan mafi ƙarancin shekaru da suka karɓi kyautar Zoben Fighter na shekara (21, da Shekaru iri ɗaya Sugar Ray Robinson da Muhammad Ali sun kasance a lokacin da suka lashe lambobin yabo na farko). A cikin 1999, Mayweather ya ci gaba da mamayar sahun manyan masu nauyin fuka-fuka ta hanyar kare kambun sa har sau uku. Kare na biyu na taken nasa ya sabawa dan Argentina din Carlos Rios, wanda ya ci nasara a yanke hukunci baki daya . Mayweather, wanda ya fafata a zagaye na takwas a karo na uku a rayuwarsa, ya ci nasara ne a kan alkalan da suka ci 120-110, da 119-108, da kuma 120-109.
Mayweather ya kare kambun na uku a kan Justin Juuko, wanda ya ci nasara ta hanyar bugawa a zagaye na tara. Juuko ba zai iya doke kirga na 10 ba ta alkalin wasa Mitch Halpern, kuma fadan ya kare a cikin ni'imar Mayweather sakan 80 cikin wannan (tara). Matsayinsa na karshe a 1999 shi ne na Carlos Gerena, tare da Mayweather da ya yi nasara a hukuncin da ya yanke a zagaye na bakwai (RTD). Mayweather ya ce bayan fadan, "Ina so in nuna wa duniya cewa tare da Oscar De La Hoya da Roy Jones Jr, ni ne fitaccen dan gwagwarmaya a duniya". Ba a lura da wannan mamayar ba a duniyar damben; da karshen shekara, 22-shekara Mayweather aka ranked The Zobe ta # 2 laban-ga-laba mafi kyau dambe a duniya (bayan Roy Jones Jr. ).
Kafin ya yi nasarar kare kambunsa karo na biyar a kan tsohon zakaran damben WBC, Gregorio Vargas a farkon 2000, Mayweather ya kori mahaifinsa a matsayin manajansa kuma ya maye gurbinsa da James Prince . 'Yan watanni bayan fadan, sabani tsakanin uba da ɗa ya girma yayin da Mayweather ya kori dattijo Mayweather a matsayin mai horar da shi. A cikin wata hira ta 2004 Mayweather ya ce duk da cewa yana son mahaifinsa, amma ya fi ilimin sunadarai tare da Roger saboda mahaifinsa ya matsa masa lamba don ya zama cikakke. Mayweather, a kariyar kare kambinsa karo na biyar, ya samu nasarar rufewa kusa da "Goyo" Vargas a Las Vegas . A yayin zagaye na 10, lokacin da Mayweather ya ji mai sanar da HBO Jim Lampley ya ce zakaran ya sauya sheka zuwa kudu a karo na biyu a fafatawar sai ya jingina da ringide ya ce "Wannan shi ne karo na uku". Bayan dakatarwar watanni shida, Mayweather har yanzu ya gagara. Yayin zagaye na shida, Mayweather ya jefa Vargas tare da ƙugiya zuwa haƙarƙarinsa kuma ya ratse zuwa yanke shawara ɗaya.
Roger Mayweather ya koma matsayin sa na mai horar da dan dan uwan sa don fafatawa ta gaba; wasan da ba taken taken nauyi a karawar da aka yi da Emanuel Burton, wanda Mayweather ya yi nasara a wasan zagaye na tara na fasaha.
Mayweather vs. Corrales
A daya daga cikin yakin da ya fi dacewa kuma wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a aikinsa Mayweather ya yi gwagwarmaya da buga wasa, tsohon zakaran damben feff na IBF Diego Corrales (33-0, tare da 27 KOs). Shigowa cikin fadan Mayweather da Corrales ba a ci nasara ba, kuma babu wani mayaƙin da ya taɓa zane. Mayweather ya The Zobe ta # 2-ranked super featherweight a duniya (da kuma # 7 kore-ga-laba), yayin da Corrales shi ne # 1-ranked super featherweight a duniya da kuma # 5 kore-ga-laba. Kafin sanarwar ta fada Mayweather ya bayyana cewa yana son ya yi fada da Corrales, wanda ke fuskantar zaman kurkuku saboda zargin da ake masa na lakadawa matarsa mai ciki. Mayweather ya ce "Ina son Diego saboda ina yi wa duk matan da aka yi wa rauni a fadin Amurka". "Kamar dai yadda ya buge wannan matar, ni ma zan doke shi".
Duk da yake duka mayaƙan shekarunsu ɗaya (23), Corrales yana da fa'idodi da yawa a kan Mayweather: inci biyu a tsayi, inci ya kai kuma (duk da cewa duka biyun sun isa matakin hukuma a cikin ƙimar 130-lb super-featherweight) ba bisa ka'ida ba 146 lbs, a kan Mayweather na 136 lbs. A fafatawar, Mayweather ya lashe kowane zagaye kuma ya buge Corrales sau biyar (sau uku a zagaye 7 da sau biyu a zagaye 10). Bayan bugawar karo na biyar, 'yan kusurwa na Corrales sun hau kan labule kuma sun dakatar da fadan, ta haka suka kafa Mayweather a matsayin mai da'awar taken taken dambe-da-fam na dambe. A lokacin dakatarwar Mayweather ya kasance a kan katunan kwalliyar, yana kan gaba da 89-79, 90-79, da 90-78. Duk cikin yaƙin, masu sharhi na HBO sun bincika Mayweather. Larry Merchant ya ce, "Mayweather yana fada ne a al'adar dambe da mika wuya cikin sauri wanda ya koma Michigan, har zuwa masu fada kamar Sugar Ray Robinson". Harold Lederman ya ce,
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1977 |
23839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulman%20Tibet | Musulman Tibet | Musulman Tibet, wanda kuma aka sani da Kachee sun haɗa al'umma marasa rinjaye a yankin Tibet. Duk da kasantuwar su Musulmai amma ana kallon su a matsayin hatartattun ƴan Tibet a Gwamnatance, in banda Musulman Hui, da sau tari ake ware su. Kalmar harshen Tibeti ta Kan je na nufin Kashmiri da Kashmir an san shi a Kanchee Yul (Yul na nufin Ƙasa).
Tarihi
Abokan hulɗa na farko da Tibet da duniyar Islama sun fara ne a tsakiyar karni na takwas lokacin da ya haɓaka daga haɗin kasuwanci ta hanyar siliki da kasancewar sojojin musulmai a kwarin Fergana . Duk da karancin ilimin da duniyar Islama ke da shi game da Tibet, akwai wasu ayyukan Musulunci na farko da suka ambaci Tibet. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tushe ya fito ne daga aikin da Abu Sa'id Gardezi ya rubuta mai suna Zayn al-Akhbar . A ciki, aikin ya ambaci muhalli, asalin ban mamaki na Tibetan (ta hanyar Himyarites), allahntakar sarki, manyan albarkatu (kamar musk) da bayanin hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa da daga Tibet. Wata majiyar kuma, Hudud al-Alaam (Yankunan Duniya) wanda marubuci da ba a sani ba ya rubuta a 982 ko 983 a Afghanistan, ya ƙunshi musamman labarin ƙasa, siyasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin yankunan Tibet, birane, garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka. Wannan tushe ya fara ambaton kasancewar Musulmai a Tibet kai tsaye ta hanyar bayyana cewa Lhasa yana da masallaci guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Musulmi.
A lokacin mulkin Sadnalegs (799-815), an daɗe ana yaƙi da ƙasashen Larabawa zuwa Yammacin Turai. Ya bayyana cewa 'yan Tibet sun kame sojojin Larabawa da yawa kuma sun matsa su yin hidima a kan iyakar gabas a cikin shekara 801. 'Yan Tibet suna aiki har zuwa yamma kamar Samarkand da Kabul . Sojojin larabawa sun fara samun galaba, kuma gwamnan Kabul na Tibet ya miƙa wuya ga Larabawa kuma ya zama Musulmi kusan 812 ko 815
Ciniki mai yawa tare da Kashmir, Ladakh, da Baltistan suma sun kawo Musulmai zuwa Tibet musamman bayan karbuwa ko haɓaka kasancewar Islama a waɗannan yankuna tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. Ci gaban Musulmai ya ci gaba a matsayin sakamakon yarjejeniyar Tibet-Ladakhi na 1684 inda gwamnatin Tibet ta ba da izinin ayyukan kasuwanci daga Ladakh su shiga Lhasa kowace shekara uku. Yawancin Musulmin Kashmiri da Ladakhi sun shiga waɗannan ayyukan tare da wasu mazauna a Tibet.
A lokacin mulkin Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617 - 1682), al'ummar Musulmai na dindindin sun zauna a Tibet. An ba su izinin zaɓar majalisar wakilan su, su sasanta rigimar shari'ar ƙungiyarsu da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma an ba su wasu filaye don gina masallaci kusa da Lhasa .
Yawan Musulman Kashmiri a Nepal (asali suna da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da danginsu a Tibet) sun tsere zuwa Tibet farawa daga 1769 sakamakon mamayar kwarin Kathmandu ta Prithvi Narayan Shah . Tun farkon karni na goma sha bakwai, Ningxia da sauran Hui na arewa maso yammacin (Musulman China) sun fara zama a yankunan Tibet na gabas (kamar a Amdo ). Sun yi auratayya da 'yan Tibet na gida kuma sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa ta kasuwanci tare da sauran Musulmai a cikin China.
Wani sabon tashin hankali na sabbin mazauna Musulmai ya fara bayan cin Dogra na Tibet a 1841. Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Kashmiri da na Ladakhi (wadanda aka kama a matsayin fursunoni lokacin da suke fada da sojojin Dogra) sun tsaya a baya don zama a Tibet. Wasu 'yan Hindu Dogras kuma sun zauna a Tibet kuma daga baya sun musulunta.
Bayan nasarar da kasar Sin ta yi kan Tibet a shekarar 1950, Musulman Tibet sun fuskanci munanan zalunci kamar 'yan uwansu' yan Buddha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulman China (tare da Han da sauransu) sun zauna a Tibet. Gwamnatin China ta sanya Musulmin Tibet a matsayin Hui. Koyaya, ana kiran musulman Tibet da suna Zang Hui (Hui na Tibet) yayin da suke magana da Tibet kuma suna da al'adar abin duniya kusan iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na Buddha. Hui na Tibet na Lhasa (ba kamar sauran Musulman Tibet da ke zaune a wani wuri ba) suna ɗaukar kansu sun bambanta da Musulman China kuma wani lokacin suna yin aure tare da wasu 'yan Tibet (ciki har da Buddha) maimakon' yan uwansu Musulmai daga China.
Tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa
A cikin 1959, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya yanke shawarar cewa Barkor Khache 'yan asalin Indiya ne. Harafin farko da al'ummar Barkor Khache da ke Lhasa suka rubuta shi ne ga Musulman Tibet da ke Kalimpong a 1959:
Bayan tawayen Tibet na 1959, gwamnatin jihar Jammu da Kashmir ta ba 'yan gudun hijirar Musulmin Tibet mazaunin zama/jihar. Gwamnati kuma ta ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga majalisar dokokin Jammu da Kashmir .
Tuba a Qinghai
Mutanen Salar sun yaɗa addinin Islama ga tsohon Kargan Tibet na Buddha a Lamo-shan-ken. Wasu mutanen Tibet a Qinghai da suka musulunta yanzu ana ɗaukar su 'yan kabilar Hui .
Kusa da ƙauyen Tibet na Skya Rgya a Qinghai, Musulmai suna zaune kusa da kogin Yellow a cikin garin Dong sna kilomita 20 kuma gwamnatin China ta yi musu rajista a matsayin Hui. Tsofaffi "Hui" a wannan ƙauyen suna magana da Sinawa marasa kamala amma suna magana da cikakkiyar 'yan Tibet kuma suna ciniki tare da Tibet akai -akai, suna cewa asalin su' yan Tibet ne. Ofaya daga cikinsu, mutumin da aka haifa a 1931 ya ce "Muna da jini ɗaya; magabatanmu ɗaya ne. Mun kasance muna auratayya da juna, muna al'adu iri ɗaya kuma muna bin ƙa'idodin gargajiya iri ɗaya. Ma Bufang ne ya musuluntar da mu. ”
Matan Tibet suna auren maza Musulmai
Bayan Salars sun koma Xunhua, sun musuluntar da 'yan ƙabilar Tibet kuma matan Salar sun ɗauki matan Tibet a matsayin mata. 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun yi shagulgulan bikin Sallar da amarya ta watsa hatsi da madara a kan doki.
Matan Tibet sune ainihin matan Salars na farko da suka isa yankin kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin tarihin baka na Salar. 'Yan kabilar ta Tibet sun amince su bar matansu' yan Tibet su auri maza Salar bayan sun gabatar da wasu bukatu da dama don biyan bambancin al'adu da addini. Hui da Salar sun aura saboda kamanceceniyar al'adu da bin addinin Musulunci iri daya. Tsofaffin Salars sun auri matan Tibet amma ƙananan Salars sun gwammace su auri wasu Salars. Han da Salar galibi ba sa aure da juna sabanin auren matan Tibet da maza Salar. Salars duk da haka suna amfani da sunayen Han. Dangin Salar patrilineal sun fi iyaka fiye da dangin kabilar Han a yadda suke hulɗa da al'adu, al'umma ko sakewa. Maza Salar galibi suna aurar da mata da yawa ba Salaar ba kuma sun auri matan Tibet a matsayin mata bayan sun yi hijira zuwa Xunhua bisa lamuran tarihi da tarihin mutane. Salasa kusan ta musamman ta ɗauki matan da ba Salafawa ba a matsayin mata kamar matan Tibet yayin da ba su taɓa aurar da matan Salar ga mazan da ba Salaar ba sai maza Hui waɗanda aka ba su izinin auren matan Salar. A sakamakon haka Salars sun haɗu sosai da sauran kabilu.
Salars a Qinghai suna zaune a bankunan biyu na kogin Yellow, kudu da arewa, ana kiran na arewa Hualong ko Bayan Salars yayin da na kudu ana kiransu Xunhua Salars. Yankin arewa na kogin Yellow shine cakuda Salar da ƙauyukan Tibet da ba a daina ba yayin da yankin kudu da kogin rawaya ya kasance Salar mai ƙarfi ba tare da rata tsakaninsa ba, tunda Hui da Salars sun tura 'yan Tibet a yankin kudu a baya. Matan ƙabilar Tibet da suka musulunta, maza Salar ne suka ɗauke su a matsayin mata a bankunan biyu na kogin. Kalmar baffan uwa (ajiu) ana amfani da ita ga 'yan Tibet ta Salars tunda Salars suna da asalin asalin Tibet. 'Yan kabilar Tibet suna shaida hanyoyin rayuwar Salar a cikin Kewa, ƙauyen Salar kuma ana amfani da shayi na man shanu na Tibet. Sauran tasirin al'adun Tibet kamar gidajen Salar da ke da kusurwa huɗu tare da farin dutse a kansu sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adar Salar muddin Musulunci bai hana su ba. 'Yan kabilar Hui sun fara jituwa tare da yin auratayya da Salars a Xunhua bayan da suka yi hijira daga can daga Hezhou a Gansu saboda daular Ming ta kasar Sin tana mulkin Xunhua Salars bayan 1370 kuma jami'an Hezhou ke mulkin Xunhua. Yawancin Salars tare da sunan Ma suna da alama sun fito ne daga zuriyar Hui tunda yawancin Salars yanzu suna da sunan Ma yayin da a farkon yawancin Salars suna da sunan Han. Wasu misalan Hezhou Hui wanda ya zama Salars su ne ƙauyukan Chenjia (dangin Chen) da Majia (Ma dangi) a Altiuli inda dangin Chen da Ma Salars ne waɗanda suka yarda da zuriyar Hui. Salar da Hui duk sun raba bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, bukukuwan haihuwa da addu'o'i yayin da suke yin auratayya kuma suna yin addini iri daya tunda yawancin 'yan kabilar Hui sun koma yankin Salar a gabar kogin Yellow. Yawancin matan Hui sun auri maza Salar kuma a ƙarshe ya zama sananne ga Hui da Salar don yin aure saboda kasancewar su Musulmai fiye da Han, Mongols da Tibet. Harshen Salar da al'adunsa duk da haka ya yi tasiri sosai a ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16 a cikin asalin asalin su ta hanyar aure tare da Mongol da Tibet waɗanda ba Musulmai ba tare da lamuni da yawa da tasirin na Mongol da Tibet a cikin yaren su. Salars sun kasance masu yaruka da yawa a cikin Salar da Mongol sannan kuma a cikin Sinanci da Tibet yayin da suke kasuwanci sosai a lokutan Ming, Qing da Jamhuriyar China akan kogin rawaya a Ningxia da Lanzhou a Gansu.
Salars da Tibetans duka suna amfani da kalmar kawun uwa (ajiu a cikin Salar da Sinawa, azhang a Tibet) don nufin juna, suna nufin gaskiyar Salars zuriyar matan Tibet ne da ke auren maza Salar. Bayan amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan sau da yawa suna maimaita labarin tarihin yadda mazajen Salar 2,000 suka auri matan Tibet waɗanda su ne Salai na Farko da suka yi hijira zuwa Qinghai. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun nuna cewa 'yan Tibet sun kalli Salars daban da Hui. A cewar almara, auren tsakanin matan Tibet da maza Salar ya zo ne bayan sulhu tsakanin buƙatun da wani ɗan Tibet ya yi da masu hijira Salar. 'Yan Salar sun ce kwarin Wimdo wani dan kabilar Tibet ne ya mallake shi kuma ya bukaci Salars su bi dokoki 4 domin su auri matan Tibet. Ya bukace su da su sanya tutocin addu'o'in addinin Buddha na Tibet a kusurwoyi huɗu, su yi addu'a tare da ƙafafun addu'o'in Buddha na Tibet tare da mantra om mani padma hum kuma su rusuna a gaban mutum -mutumin Buddha. Salars sun ƙi waɗannan buƙatun suna cewa ba sa karanta mantras ko sunkuyar da mutum -mutumi tunda sun yi imani da allah mahalicci ɗaya kawai kuma musulmai ne. Sun yi sulhu a kan tutoci a cikin gidaje ta hanyar sanya duwatsu a kusurwoyin gidajensu maimakon tutocin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Wasu 'yan Tibet ba sa banbance Salar da Hui saboda addinin Musulunci. A cikin 1996, garin Wimdo yana da Salar ɗaya kawai saboda 'yan Tibet sun yi kuka game da kiran salla da masallacin da aka gina a yankin a farkon shekarun 1990 don haka suka kori mafi yawan Salai daga yankin. Salars sun kasance masu magana da harsuna biyu a Salar da Tibet saboda auratayya da matan Tibet da ciniki. Yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta ga ɗan Tibet ya yi Salar. Matan Tibet na Xiahe sun kuma auri maza Musulmai waɗanda suka zo can a matsayin yan kasuwa kafin shekarun 1930.
A gabashin Qinghai da Gansu akwai lokuta na matan Tibet da suka zauna a cikin addinin Buddha na Lama na Buddha yayin da suke auren maza Musulmin China kuma za su haifi ɗa daban -daban waɗanda za su kasance Buddha da Musulmai, ɗiyan Buddha sun zama Lamas yayin da sauran ɗiyan Musulmai ne. Hui da Tibet sun auri Salars.
Daular Qing daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar China Salar Janar Han Youwen ta haife shi ga wata mace 'yar Tibet mai suna Ziliha (孜 力 哈) kuma mahaifin Salar mai suna Aema (阿 额 玛).
Mutanen Balti
Mutanen Balti na Baltistan a Pakistan da Kargil a Indiya zuriyar mabiya addinin Buddha ne na Tibet waɗanda suka koma addinin Noorbakshia na Musulunci. Tare da wucewar lokaci adadi mai yawa ya koma addinin Shi'a, sannan wasu kalilan suka koma addinin Musulunci na Sunni. Yarensu na Balti yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya fi kusa da Tibet na gargajiya fiye da sauran yarukan mutanen Tibet .
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje
Musulman Tibet
Musulunci a Tibet: Gabatarwa ta Mai Tsarki The Dalai Lama; Ciki har da 'Musulunci a cikin Al'adun Tibet'; 'Matsayin Buddha da Ra'ayin Musulunci na Ƙarshen Haƙiƙa'; da Labarin da aka kwatanta 'Litattafan Tibet'- Fons Vitae
Musulunci a cikin Tibet 'Bidiyon Llasa' - Fons Vitae books
Gallery of Tibet (Ya haɗa da hoton Minaret)
Masallaci a Lhasa
Musulunci da Tibet: mu'amalar al'adu, ƙarni na 8 zuwa 17
Binciko Kabilanci: Bayanan Al'adu na Al'ummar Musulmin Tibet a Kwarin Kashmir - Nazari
'Yan tsiraru a cikin' yan tsiraru: Musulman Tibet na Nepal sun yi bikin Ramadan
Tarihin Sin
Sin
Pages with unreviewed translations |
60890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus%20small%20%27Webbiana%27 | Ulmus small 'Webbiana' | Articles with 'species' microformats
The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus qananan ' Webbiana', ko Webb's curly-leaf elm, bambanta da sabon sabon ganye wanda ya ninka sama a tsayi, an ce an girma a Lee's Nursery, Hammersmith, London, kusan 1868, kuma shi ne na farko. wanda aka bayyana a waccan shekarar a cikin Tarihin Lambuna da kuma Likitan fure-fure da Pomologist . Gidan gandun daji na Späth na Berlin ya tallata shi a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20 a matsayin U. campestris Webbiana Hort., da Louis van Houtte na Ghent kamar yadda U. campestris crispa (Webbiana) . Henry ya yi tunanin 'Webbiana' wani nau'i ne na Cornish Elm, yana ƙarawa (wataƙila tare da bayanin Petzold da Kirchner na 1864 na Loudon 's var. concavaefolia a zuciya ) cewa "da alama ya kasance daidai da rashin cikakken bayanin U. campestris var. concavaefolia . Loudon "- ra'ayi ya maimaita ta Krüssmann.
Green ya ba da shawarar cewa "Webbiana" "zai yiwu a sanya shi tare da <i id="mwNg">U.</i> × <i id="mwNw">hollandica</i> ". Samfuran ganyen Herbarium, duk da haka (duba 'Haɗin waje'), suna nuna clone tare da dogon petiole da nau'in 'Stricta' - nau'in leaf mai murɗa ko nannade a tsayi, akai-akai mai lakabi 'Webbiana' kuma an gano shi azaman nau'in Field Elm . Krüssmann ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa.
Kada ku ruɗe tare da wych elm cultivar tare da ganye masu tsayi mai tsayi, <i id="mwQg">U. glabra</i> 'Concavaefolia' .
Bayani
Petzold da Kirchner a cikin Arboretum Muscaviense (1864) sun bayyana ganyen <i id="mwSA">Ulmus campestris concavaefolia</i> (Loudon), a matsayin "gajere kuma mai zagaye, kore mai duhu a sama da farar kore a ƙasa, fiye ko žasa maɗaukaki, wato, karkata zuwa sama a gefuna don haka. kodadde a kasa ya fi shahara fiye da na sama mai duhu" - kwatance, kamar yadda Henry ya lura, cewa daidai yayi daidai da 'Webbiana'. 'Webbiana', kamar yadda Henry ya bayyana (1913), "dala ne a al'ada, tare da rassa masu tasowa da ƙananan ganye. Ganyen suna nadewa a tsayi, ta yadda akasarin saman na sama a boye suke, amma “a wasu bangarorin suna kama da na var. <i id="mwTQ">tsananin</i> " Kasidar Späth ta 1903 ta ce tana da "kananan ganye mai zagaye". Ellwanger da Barry Nursery na Rochester, New York, sun bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan iri-iri, tare da ƙananan ganye masu lanƙwasa". Bean (1936) ya bayyana shi a matsayin "columnar in al'ada". Gidan shakatawa na Royal Victoria, Bath, inda akwai samfurin, ya bayyana 'Webbiana' a cikin 1905 a matsayin "itace mai kyau". Tsabar ja tana kan saman samara .
Etymology
Asalin al'adar ba a sani ba ne, amma yana iya tunawa da Philip Barker Webb, masanin ilimin botanist na Ingilishi a farkon karni na 19.
Kwari da cututtuka
Ba a san itacen yana da wata mahimmancin juriya ga cutar elm ta Dutch ba.
Noma
An dasa 'Webbiana' guda biyu a Kew Gardens a cikin 1871. An dasa itace ɗaya a cikin 1899 azaman U. campestris webbiana a Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Kanada. 'Webbiana' da <i id="mwbQ">Ulmus campestris concavaefolia</i> an jera su daban a Royal Victoria Park, Bath (1905). Itacen ya ci gaba da noma a cikin nahiyar Turai, yana bayyana a cikin jerin Hesse Nursery na Weener, Jamus, zuwa 1930s, da kuma a New Zealand. An gabatar da shi zuwa Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19, yana bayyana a cikin kasida na Dutsen Hope Nursery (wanda kuma aka sani da Ellwanger da Barry ) na Rochester, New York . Aƙalla samfurori guda biyu an san su don tsira, ɗaya a cikin Amurka da ɗaya a cikin Birtaniya, na biyun da aka bi da shi azaman shinge mai shinge don kauce wa hankalin Scolytus beetles wanda ke aiki a matsayin vectors na Dutch elm . Itacen ya kasance a cikin noma a Poland, inda aka yada shi daga samfurori na ƙarshe na rayuwa a cikin ƙasar, a Sanniki, wanda aka yi imanin cewa tsohon gandun daji a Podzamcze, Masovian Voivodeship, wanda ya sayar da 'Webbiana ' tun daga 1937.
Fitattun bishiyoyi
"Kyakkyawan samfurin wannan nau'in iri-iri" ya tsaya a cikin filin Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, tsayi da a cikin 1920s.
Synonymy
? U. campestris var. concavaefolia Loudon : Henry; Krüssmann
? U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa': Wageningen Arboretum
Hanyoyin shiga
Amirka ta Arewa
Arnold Arboretum, Amurka. Acc. a'a. –
Turai
Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, Birtaniya. Acc. a'a. 1138.
Wurin Lambun Wakehurst Wurin Wakehurst, Burtaniya. Acc. a'a. 1879 – 21052 (kamar yadda U. carpinifolia f. webbriana [sic])
Makarantun jinya
Amirka ta Arewa
Babu wanda aka sani
Turai
Szkółki Konieczko , Gogolin, Poland.
Szkółka Krzewów Ozdobnych , Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
Szkółka Drzew i Krzewów Ozdobnych BÓR , Sędziszów, Poland.
Manazarta
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. f. webbiana Rehd. (Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1960)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. aff. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. carpinifolia 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet (including samara) described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. f. 'Webbiana' Rehd. (Amsterdam specimen)
Sauyin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22402 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%27adam%20Na%20Ruwa%20Da%20Tsafta | Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta | Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS), ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalissar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin a ta shekarar 2010.
HRWS an amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita dokar data zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli.
Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita.
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekarata 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida."
HRWS ts tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba.
ICESCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa
Yanayin duniya
Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO / UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta."
Tushen shari'a da amincewa
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta.
Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su day suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. "
Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar… 2 . Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace ... (c) Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. . "
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "
"Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" - wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya.
Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati."
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. ” Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands ) bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15.
Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli.
Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kan wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). ” Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin ' yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa .
An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta.
Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa.
Fikihun duniya
Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam
An yi la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na Humanungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay . Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam ; shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu.
Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari
Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ( ICSID ) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma ci gaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s.
Azurix Corp v. Ajantina
Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina . Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta.
Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania
Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania . Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce . Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar.
'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida
Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi ( ESCR ) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki.
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni
Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni . Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci.
Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana.
Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15.
Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg
An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg . Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa.
Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli ( SCA ) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin.
Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra ] en . Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a".
Indiya
Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa.
Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana
Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida.
Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar
Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki.
'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa
Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya.
New Zealand
Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Amurka
A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa.
Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka
A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois . Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun.
Ostiraliya
Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba.
Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa / raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci.
A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya.
A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.
Tattaunawa da suka rage
Tasirin wuce gona da iri
Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tasirin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane ). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayinda yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata.
Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan
Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu . Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus . An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa.
Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha
Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli.
Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa . Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata.
Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha (" mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa "), da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali ' yancin cin abinci ). "
Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi
Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ( ICESCR ) ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike.
Kungiyoyi
Listedungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa.
Nationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam)
UNDP
UNICEF
Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa
Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati
DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya)
GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya)
SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland)
EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka)
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya
Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF)
Jini: Ruwa
Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa
Freshwater Action Network (FAN)
Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya
Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa
Cibiyar Pacific
Aikin Ruwa
Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa
UUSC
WaterAid
WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020)
Zaman LafiyaJam
Duba kuma
Bayani
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Ruwayar Ruwa
'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ
'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29849 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Ri%C6%99e%20da%20%C6%8Aaukar%20Makamai | Haƙƙin Riƙe da Ɗaukar Makamai | Haƙƙin riƙe da ɗaukar makamai (wanda aka fi sani da yancin ɗaukar makamai) haƙƙi ne ga mutane su mallaki makamai don kiyaye rayuwa da 'ƴanci da kuma dukiyoyinsu.
Fage
Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin 1689 ya ƙyale 'yan Furotesta na Ingila su "sanya Makamai don Kare su wanda ya dace da Sharuɗɗansu kuma kamar yadda Doka ta ba da izini" kuma ya ƙuntata ikon Ingila Crown don samun sojojin da ke tsaye ko kuma su tsoma baki tare da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai na Furotesta. "Lokacin da Papists ke da Makamai da Aiki sabanin Doka" kuma suka kafa cewa Majalisa, ba Crown ba, na iya tsara 'yancin ɗaukar makamai.
Sir William Blackstone ya rubuta a cikin karni na 18 cewa 'yancin samun makamai taimako ne ga "hakki na dabi'a na tsayin daka da kariyar kai" wanda ya shafi dacewa da izini ta doka. Kalmar makamai, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin 1600s, tana nufin tsarin kayan aiki don yaki. An fi amfani da shi a zaman ma'anar makami.
Shigar da wannan haƙƙin a cikin rubutaccen tsarin mulki wani al'amari ne da ba a saba gani ba. A cikin shekara ta 1875, kashi 17 cikin 100 na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa sun haɗa da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai. Tun farkon karni na ashirin, "matsayin ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 9 kuma yana faɗuwa". A cikin wata kasida mai suna "Hakkin Bindiga na Amurka Gaskiya Ne Bambancin Ba'amurke," wani bincike na tarihi da nazarin kwatancen kundin tsarin mulki tun daga shekara ta 1789, Tom Ginsburg da abokan aikinsa "sun gano tsarin mulki 15 kawai (a cikin ƙasashe tara) waɗanda suka taɓa haɗawa da bayyana haƙƙin rike makamai. Kusan dukkanin waɗannan kundin tsarin mulkin sun kasance a cikin Latin Amurka, kuma yawancin sun kasance daga ƙarni na 19."
n.
Kasashen da suka amince da 'yancin rike da makamai
Amurkawa
Guatemala
Yayinda yake kare haƙƙin riƙe makamai, kundin tsarin mulkin Guatemala ya fayyace cewa wannan haƙƙin ya ta'allaka ne kawai ga "makamin da doka ba ta haramta ba".
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Honduras bai kare hakkin rike da makamai ba..
Kodayake ba a fayyace su ba a cikin dokar, kowane mutum na da damar samun lasisin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai a dokokin Honduras, muddin sun cika sharuddan da doka ta buƙata.
Mexico
Kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico na 1857 na farko ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallakar makamai. A cikin sigarsa ta farko, an fayyace haƙƙin a cikin sharuddan kamanceceniya kamar yadda yake a cikin Kwaskwarima na Biyu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka. Wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Mexico na 1917 ya sake sabunta haƙƙin, yana mai cewa amfani da shi dole ne ya kasance daidai da dokokin 'yan sanda na gida.
An haɗa wani canji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 1917. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan Mexico suna da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai kawai a cikin gidansu kuma ƙarin amfani da wannan haƙƙin yana ƙarƙashin izini na doka a cikin dokar tarayya .
Gaba ɗaya, inda kundin tsarin mulkin zamani ya shafi makamai kwata-kwata, manufar ita ce "don ba da damar gwamnati ta tsara yadda ake amfani da su ko kuma ta tilasta aikin soja, ba ta ba da 'yancin ɗaukar su ba". Kundin tsarin mulki wanda tarihi ya ba da tabbacin ikon mallakar makamai sune na Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Laberiya, Mexico, Nicaragua da kuma AmurkaKusan dukkanin misalan Latin Amurka an yi su ne akan na Amurka. A halin yanzu, daga cikin kundin tsarin mulkin duniya kusan 200, uku har yanzu sun haɗa da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai: Guatemala, Mexico, da Amurka; daga cikin waɗannan ukun, na Amurka kawai bai haɗa da ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan ƙuntatawa ba. Har zuwa shekara ta 2008, Kotun Kolin Amurka ba ta taɓa rushe wata doka da ke da nufin sarrafa bindigogi ba. Hukuncin farko da Kotun Kolin Amurka ta yi kan gyara na biyu, United States v. Cruikshank a cikin shekara ta 1876, ya ba wa jihohi damar hana mallakar bindiga ta wasu tsiraru, suna yanke hukunci na farko da na biyu kawai ga gwamnatin tarayya, ba gwamnatocin jihohi da dokoki ba. An soke wannan hukuncin a cikin shekara ta 2008, sakamakon shari'ar District of Columbia v. Heller kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, McDonald v. Chicago, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta gudanar da cewa jihohi ba za su iya ƙuntata ikon mallakar bindigogi don kare kai a cikin gida ba.
Turai
Jamhuriyar Czech
A tarihi, ƙasashen Czech sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen yaɗuwar mallakar bindigogi na farar hula. A cikin shekara ta 1420s da 1430s, bindigogi sun zama kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ga yawancin sojojin Hussite na ƙauye, waɗanda mayaƙansu masu son, ciki har da mata, sun kare jerin hare-hare na ƙwararrun sojojin 'yan Salibiyya na mayaka masu sulke da makamai masu sanyi. Duk da kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Hussite, ƙirar bindigogi sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri kuma mallakarsu ta fararen hula ya zama al'amari na gaske.
An fara aiwatar da ka'idojin bindigogi na farko a cikin shekara ta 1517 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniya ta gama gari tsakanin manyan mutane da masu burgewa kuma daga baya a cikin 1524 a matsayin Dokar Tsaya akan Makamai ( zřízení o ručnicích ). Dokar ta 1517 ta bayyana a sarari cewa "dukkan mutanen da ke tsaye suna da 'yancin ajiye bindigogi a gida" yayinda a lokaci guda kuma suka kafa dokar hana ɗaukar makamai a duniya. Dokar ta 1524 ta tsara tsarin ba da izini don ɗaukar bindigogi da cikakken aiwatar da hukunci da hukuncin ɗaukar kaya ba tare da irin wannan izini ba. Daga baya ya zama mara izini kuma har zuwa shekara ta 1852, lokacin da Dokar Imperial mai lamba 223 ta sake dawo da izinin ɗaukar kaya. Wannan doka ta cigaba da aiki har zuwa lokacin mamayewar Jamus a 1939 .
Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a lokacin juyin juya halin Hussite, haƙƙin riƙe bindigogi ya jure sama da shekaru ɗari biyar har zuwa lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka hana bindigogi a lokacin mamayar Jamus a karni na 20. Daga baya mallakar makamai ya zama ƙarƙashin izinin gwamnati a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na gurguzu inda kawai waɗanda ake ganin masu biyayya ga jam'iyyar gurguzu za su iya ɗaukar makamai. Bayan dawowar 'yanci, Jamhuriyar Czech ta ba da izinin ba da izinin ba da izini, wanda duk mazauna za su iya kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai dangane da cikar sharuɗɗan tsari.
A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, kowane mazaunin da ya cika sharuddan da aka gindaya a cikin Dokar Lamba 119/2002 Coll. yana da hakkin a ba da lasisin bindigogi sannan zai iya samun bindiga. Masu riƙe D (motsa jiki) da lasisin E (kare kai), waɗanda kuma za a fitar, na iya ɗaukar har zuwa ɓoyayyun bindigogi biyu don kariya. Ana kare hakkin mallakar makamai bisa doka.
An shigar da shawara don samun haƙƙin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai da aka haɗa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki a cikin majalisar Czech a cikin Disambar shekara ta 2016. Kuri'ar 139 zuwa 9 ne aka amince da kudurin a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 2017 ta majalisar wakilai. Daga baya ya gaza samun goyon bayan da ya dace a Majalisar Dattawa, inda Sanatoci 28 cikin 59 da suka halarta ne suka goyi bayanta (mafi rinjayen kundin tsarin mulki shine kuri'u 36). Sanatoci 35 ne suka shigar da wata sabuwar shawara a watan Satumbar 2019 sannan suka amince da ranar 21 ga Yulin shekara ta, 2021, inda suka kara da wani sabon hukunci, bisa ga abin da "yancin kare kansa ko na wani ko da ta hanyar amfani da ana ba da garantin makami a ƙarƙashin sharuddan da doka ta gindaya."
Switzerland
Swiss suna da haƙƙin mallakar makamai a ƙarƙashin doka ta 3 na Dokar Makamai ta 1997. Switzerland tana aiwatar da aikin shiga aikin soja na duniya, wanda ke buƙatar duk 'ƴan ƙasa maza maza su cigaba da riƙe bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu gaba ɗaya a gida idan an kira. Kowane namijin da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 34 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan takarar shiga aikin soja, kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aiki za a shigar da shi cikin rundunar sojan har sai shekaru ko rashin iya yin hidima ya ƙare aikinsa. Har zuwa Disambar shekara ta 2009, ana buƙatar waɗannan mutanen su ajiye bindigogin yaƙin kashe gobara da gwamnati ta ba su a cikin gidajensu muddin suna cikin aikin soja. Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, sun sami zaɓi na ajiye makamansu a ɗakin ajiyar makaman gwamnati. Har zuwa Satumbar 2007, sojoji sun karɓi harsashi 50 da gwamnati ta ba su a cikin akwati da aka rufe don ajiya a gida; bayan 2007 kusan ƙwararrun sojoji guda 2,000 ne kawai aka yarda su ajiye harsashin a gida.
A cikin wata kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Fabrairun 2011, masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da wani shiri na 'yan kasar da zai tilasta wa jami'an soji su ajiye bindigu da bindigu a harabar soji kuma suna bukatar a yi rajistar makamai masu zaman kansu.
Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin United Kingdom babu wani haƙƙin atomatik na ɗaukar makamai, kodayake ƴan ƙasa na iya mallakar wasu bindigogi kan samun lasisin da ya dace. Talakawa na jama'a na iya mallakar bindigogin wasa da bindigogin harbi, ƙarƙashin lasisi, yayin da bindigogin hannu, atomatik, da na tsakiyar wuta ba bisa ka'ida ba ne don mallaka ba tare da ƙarin sharuɗɗa na musamman ba. Lokacin da ba a halarta ba, duk bindigogi masu lasisi dole ne a adana su amintacce (kulle) kuma a ware daga harsashin su. Dokokin na airguns ba su da ƙarfi kuma bindigogin iska tare da makamashin muzzle wanda bai wuce 6 ƙafa-fam karfi (8.1 joules) da sauran bindigogin iska tare da makamashin muzzle wanda bai wuce 12 ft⋅lbf (16 J) ba sa buƙatar kowane takaddun shaida ko lasisi, ko da yake buƙatun ajiya iri ɗaya ya shafi. An kafa babban iko na farko akan bindigogi tare da wucewar Dokar Bindiga ta 1920, an ƙara ƙuntatawa ta hannun bindiga a cikin martani ga kisan kiyashin 1996 na Dunblane wanda mutane 18 suka mutu.
A tarihi Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi 1689 ta ba da izini:
Tun 1953, laifi ne na laifi a cikin United Kingdom ɗaukar wuka (ban da wuƙaƙe masu naɗewa da ba a kulle ba tare da yanke inci 3 (7.62 santimita) ko ƙasa da hakan) ko duk wani " makami mai ban tsoro " a cikin jama'a. wuri ba tare da izini ba (misali 'yan sanda ko jami'an tsaro) ko uzuri mai ma'ana (misali kayan aikin da ake buƙata don aiki). Yanke gefen wuka ya bambanta da tsayin wuka. Hanya daya tilo da mutum zai iya daukar makami shi ne a kan kadarorinsa na sirri ko kuma duk wata kadara da jama'a ba su da hakkin isa gare ta, kamar yadda doka ta haifar da laifin idan ya faru a fili, misali., Gidan mutum, fili mai zaman kansa, wurin da ke cikin shagon da jama'a ba su da hanyar shiga, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Sashe na 141 Criminal Justice Act 1988 musamman ya lissafa duk wasu makamai masu banƙyama waɗanda ba za a iya mallakar su ta hanyar fasaha ba - har ma a kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu - ta hanyar sanya haramtacciyar siyar, kasuwanci, hayar, da dai sauransu.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, doka ba ta ƙyale wani makami mai cutarwa ko wani abu na yau da kullun da aka yi nufinsa ko aka daidaita shi a matsayin makami na ɓarna a bainar jama'a kafin barazanar tashin hankali ta taso. Hakan zai zama karbuwa ne kawai a idon doka idan mutum ya yi makami kai tsaye kafin ko kuma a lokacin da aka kai hari (a wurin jama'a). Ana kiran wannan da " makamin dama " ko "amfani da makamai nan take".
Sauran
Sharia
A karkashin shari'ar Sharia, akwai 'yancin mallakar makamai. Sai dai a lokacin rikicin cikin gida ko tashin hankali na cikin gida ana iya dakatar da wannan hakki na wani dan lokaci don a wanzar da zaman lafiya da hana cutarwa, kamar yadda Imam ash-Shatibi ya ambata a cikin ayyukansa na Maqasid ash-Shari'ah (Manufofin Shari'a da Manufofin Shari'a). ). An haramta wa ‘yan kasa da ba su yi addinin Musulunci rike makamai ba, kuma ana bukatar sojoji su ba su kariya, kasar da suke biyan kudin jiziyya . A madadin su ba sa bukatar fitar da zakka .
Yemen
Yemen ta amince da haƙƙin mallaka da ɗaukar makamai. Ana iya samun damar yin amfani da bindigogi duka cikin sauƙi da bin doka.
Rikicin Bindiga da Siyasar ‘Yancin Makami
'Yan majalisa galibi suna sanya takunkumin doka kan 'yancin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai a ƙoƙarin rage tashin hankali da aikata laifuka. Ayyukansu na iya zama sakamakon larura, ko kuma saboda ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ke motsawa don yin irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi. The Brady, Snowdrop Campaigns, da Million Mom Maris su ne misalan kamfen da ke kira ga tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan haƙƙin kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai.
Ƙididdigan hatsari na da wuya a samu, amma ana samun bayanai da yawa kan batun mallakar bindiga da kuma asarar rayuka. Cibiyar bincike kan laifuka da shari'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNICRI ta yi kwatance tsakanin kasashen da ke da matakan mallakar bindiga daban-daban tare da yin bincike kan alakar matakin mallakar bindiga da kisan kai, da kuma tsakanin matakin mallakar bindiga da kisan kai. Ana ganin alaƙa mai ƙarfi a cikin duka biyun. Ƙaƙƙarfan mayar da hankali kan tasirin matakin mallakar bindiga a kan kisan gilla ko kisan kai na bindiga, duk da haka, yaudara ne saboda bincike mafi ƙarfi na fasaha ya nuna cewa matakan bindigogi ba su shafi adadin kisan kai ba ko kuma yawan adadin kashe kansa - matakan bindiga ne kawai ke shafar rabon kisan kai ko kashe kai da aka yi da bindigogi. A yayin binciken laifuffukan ƙasa da ƙasa shekarun 1989 da 1992, an tattara bayanai kan mallakar bindiga a kasashe goma sha takwas, inda kuma akwai bayanan WHO game da kisan kai da kisan kai da aka yi da bindigogi da sauran hanyoyin. Sakamakon da aka gabatar a cikin wata takarda da ta gabata dangane da ƙasashe goma sha hudu da aka yi nazari a kansu a lokacin ICS na farko da kuma matsayinsu (Spearman's rho), sun nuna cewa mallakar bindiga na iya kara yawan kashe kai da kashe-kashe ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi, yayin da ba zai rage kashe kansa da kashe-kashe da wasu hanyoyi ba. A cikin bincike na yanzu, an haɗa ƙarin ƙarin ƙasashe huɗu waɗanda 1992 ICS ke rufewa kawai, kuma an yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu alaƙa da Pearson. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin binciken da ya gabata. UNICRI ta kuma yi bincike kan alakar da ke tsakanin matakin mallakar bindiga da sauran nau'ikan kisan kai ko kisan kai don sanin ko yawan mallakar bindiga ya kara wa wasu nau'ikan kisan kai ko kuma kashe kansa kawai. Sun bayar da rahoton cewa, "ba a gano yawan mallakar bindiga da zai rage yiwuwar afkuwar lamarin da wasu hanyoyi ba. Don haka, mutane ba sa juya wukake da sauran kayan kisa da yawa sau da yawa lokacin da ake samun ƙarin bindigogi, amma yawancin bindigogi yawanci yana nufin ƙarin waɗanda ke fama da kashe kansa da kisan kai. Yin hasashe kan dalilan da ka iya haifar da masu binciken sun kammala da cewa, “abin da muka sani shi ne, bindigogi ba sa rage kashe-kashe saboda wasu hanyoyi, amma suna tafiya tare da karin harbe-harbe. Ko da yake ba mu san dalilin da ya sa ainihin haka yake ba, muna da dalili mai kyau na zargin bindigogi don taka rawa a cikin wannan. "
Wakilin binciken ya gano cewa bindigogi ne kan gaba wajen kashe-kashe a kasashe 3 daga cikin guda 14 da ya yi nazari; Arewacin Ireland, Italiya, da Amurka. Ko da yake bayanan suna nuna cewa rage samun nau'in nau'in makamai masu mahimmanci - bindigogi - yana haifar da raguwa a cikin laifukan bindigogi da kisan kai da bindigogi da kuma laifuffukan gaba daya da kuma kashe kansa, marubucin ya yi gargadin cewa "rage yawan bindigogi a cikin Hannun ƴan ƙasa na iya zama wani aiki marar bege fiye da wani batu", yana yin misali da Amurka.
Sabanin binciken na shekara ta 1993 duk da haka, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da masu bincike na UNICRI suka yi daga shekara ta 2001 ya yi nazari kan alakar mallakar bindiga a gida da kisan kai baki daya, da kashe kansa gaba daya, da kuma kisan gilla da kisan kai da bindiga a tsakanin kasashe 21. An sami alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin mallakar bindigar gida da adadin kashe kashen bindigu na jinsi biyu, da kuma adadin kisan gillar da aka yi wa matan da aka kashe. Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa da aka gano dangane da adadin kisan kai da kashe kansa, da kuma adadin kisan gilla da aka yi da bindigogi da suka shafi maza da aka kashe. Mai sukar lafiyar jama'a da kare hakkin bindiga Miguel Faria a rubuce a cikin Surgical Neurology International yayi ikirarin cewa kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai ba kawai kariyar tsarin mulki ba ne har ma da cewa bindigogi suna da fa'idodi masu fa'ida waɗanda cibiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta yi watsi da su; cewa bindigogi suna da fa'ida wajen kare kai, kare kai, tare da kare rayuka da dukiyoyi.
Duba kuma
Fihirisar labaran siyasar bindiga
Jerin kasashe ta mallakar bindiga
Bayanin dokokin bindiga ta al'umma
Hakkin kare kai
Dokokin wuka
Bayanan kula
Magana
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likitocin%20%C6%B3ancin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20na%20Isra%27ila | Likitocin Ƴancin Ɗan Adam na Isra'ila | Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam –Isra'ila ( PHR-I ; Yahudanci: רופאים לזכויות אדם-is) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, ba riba, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke Jaffa . Likitocin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam an kafa Isra’ila ne a shekara ta 1988 da nufin bunƙasa “al’umma mai adalci inda aka ba da hakkin kiwon lafiya daidai wa daida ga duk mutanen da ke karkashin kulawar kasar Isra’ila.”
PHR-I ya ce "ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam, ɗabi'un likitanci, da adalci na zamantakewar jama'a sune ginshikin hangen nesanmu na duniya," kuma yana adawa da abin da yake ci gaba da kasancewa "mamayar da ke gudana a yankin Falasɗinu." A watan Satumbar Shekara ta 2010, an ba PHR-I Kyauta ta Rayuwa "saboda ruhun da suka sha a wajen aiki don haƙƙin lafiyar dukkan mutane a Isra'ila da Falasɗinu".
PHR-I wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba, Dokta Ruchama Marton, yana goyon bayan yunkurin Ƙauracewa, Divestment da takunkumi kuma ya sha suka daga kungiyoyin Isra’ila masu adawa da shi. Shugaban PHR-I shi ne Farfesa Raphi Walden, masanin tiyata ne, memba a kwamitin Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, kuma farfesa a fannin magani a jami’ar Tel Aviv, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Zartaswar shi ne Dakta Mushira Aboo-Dia, likitan mata a Hadassah Ein Kerem asibiti kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Gallanter na Adalcin Rayuwa.
Ƙa'idodin Aiki
Sharuɗɗan aikin PHR-I sun dogara ne da dabarun ɗabi'un likitanci, adalcin zamantakewa, da haƙƙin ɗan adam . Mafi yawan aikin PHR-I ya dogara ne akan buƙatu da shaidu daga mutanen da wataƙila an keta haƙƙinsu. Irin wannan iƙirarin na iya fitowa daga yankunan Falasɗinawa da ke mamaye, ƙauyukan Bedouin da ba a san su ba a Negev, ko kuma daga ma'aikatan ƙaura, 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka da ke zaune a Isra'ila. PHR-I suna ba da shawara a madadin su ta hanyar hukumomi da aka kafa daban-daban kamar su Hukumar Kula da Kurkukun Isra’ila, Kupat Holim Israel Health Services, Sojojin Tsaro na Isra’ila, da Ma’aikatar Kiwon Lafiya, da sauransu kuma suna yin kira ga tsarin kotu idan ya cancanta. Bugu da kari, PHR-I na wallafa rahotanni kan damuwar mutane daban-daban, kuma yana gudanar da asibitoci guda biyu; daya don mutanen da ba su da halin zama a Jaffa, Isra'ila, da kuma asibitin tafi da gidanka da ke aiki sau 3 Zuwa 5 a kowane wata a wasu garuruwa a Yammacin Gabar .
Sassan
PHR ta ƙunshi sassa guda huɗu waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike da kuma gudanar da ayyuka game da haƙuri da haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Asibitin Waya
Likitocin Kare Haƙƙin Bil-adama –Isra'ila ta gudanar da Aikin Kula da Lafiya na Salula tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a Shekara ta 1988, da nufin magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke gudana a Terasar Falasɗinu da ke Mallaka. Cibiyar Kula da Waya ta haɗu da ƙwararrun likitocin Israila da Falasɗinawa da membobin ƙungiyoyin Falasɗinawa don yin aikin likita na haɗin gwiwa mako-mako a ƙauyukan Falasɗinawa na ƙauyuka. A cikin wannan saitin, likitocin Isra’ila suna ba da kulawa ta farko kai tsaye kuma idan ya cancanta, masu ba da kulawa don kulawa, yayin da Falasɗinawa da Isra’ila Farmists ke ba da magunguna na asali ga marasa lafiya.
Cibiyar Budewa
Alaka da Ƙungiyar Likitocin Isra'ila
Bayan PHR-Na ba da agaji na farko ga masu zanga-zangar shingen tsaro a kauyen Bil'in na Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan, Yoram Blachar shugaban Ƙungiyar Likitocin Duniya (WMA) da ƙungiyar Likitocin Isra'ila (IMA) sun gaya wa Haaretz cewa PHR-I "ƙungiya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta siyasa da aka ɓoye a matsayin ƙungiyar likitoci."
IMA ta yanke alaƙa da PHR-I bayan Ruchama Marton ya sanya hannu kan takardar cire Blachar a matsayin shugaban WMA. PHR-I da Marton sun bayyana cewa Marton baya bayyana ra'ayoyin PHR-I bane, amma nata. A cikin Shekara ta 2016, IMA da PHR-I sun ma sun yi kira ga Kotun Koli da ta kori dokar tilasta wa Isra’ilawa ciyar da fursunoni a matsayin abin da ya keta dokokin kasa da kasa, gami da hana azabtarwa. Bayan roko daga PHR-I, IMA ta daidaita jagorarta na ɗabi'a kan fifikon kula da lafiya a cikin saiti da dama yayin da wanda aka zato maharin ya sami rauni. A cikin Shekara ta 2019, IMA ya shiga roƙon PHR-I game da cire zaɓuɓɓukan inshorar da gwamnati ta ba da tallafi ga yara ƙaura marasa rajista kamar amicus.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar Yanar Gizo
Likitocin kare hakkin dan adam –Isra'ila kan Flickr
Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam –Isra'ila kan Gidauniyar Kyautar Dama ta Rayuwa
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23904 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27irar%20Latitud | Da'irar Latitud | Da'irar latitude ko layin latitude a doron ƙasa madaidaiciyar gabas ce - yamma ƙaramin da'irar da ke haɗa duk wurare a kewayen duniya (yin watsi da ɗagawa) a layin daidaitawa na latitude.
Da'irori na latitude galibi ana kiransu a layi ɗaya saboda sun yi daidai da juna; wato jiragen da ke dauke da kowanne daga cikin wadannan da'irori ba sa rabe -raben juna. A wuri ta wuri tare da wani da'irar latitud da aka ba da ta longitude . Da'irar latitude ba kamar da'irar longitude ba, wacce dukkan manyan da'ira ce tare da tsakiyar Duniya a tsakiya, yayin da da'irar latitude tayi ƙarami yayin da nisa daga Equator ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya lissafin tsayin su ta hanyar aikin sinadari na yau da kullun ko aikin cosine. Hanya ta 60 a layi ɗaya arewa ko kudu rabi ce muddin layin Equator (yin watsi da ƙaramin faɗin duniya da kashi 0.3%). Da'irar latitude daidai take ga duk 'yan meridians .
A latitud daga cikin da'irar ne kamar kwana tsakanin mazauna da kuma da'irar, da kan kusurwa ta kokuwa a Duniya ta tsakiya. Equator yana kan digiri 0 °, kuma Pole na Arewa da Pole na Kudu suna 90 ° arewa da 90 ° kudu, bi da bi. Equator shine mafi tsawo da'irar latitude kuma shine kawai da'irar latitude wanda shima babban da'ira ne.
Akwai 89 na game (duka digiri ) da'ira na latitud tsakanin mazauna da kuma zura sandunan a kowane yammancin duniya, amma wadannan za a iya raba mafi daidai ma'aunai na latitud, kuma sukan wakilci a matsayin wani gidan goma na digiri (misali 34,637 ° N) ko da minti da daƙiƙa (misali 22 ° 14'26 "S). Za a iya auna ma'aunin latitude zuwa tsayin katako, don haka akwai adadi mai yawa na da'irar latitude a Duniya.
A kan taswira, da'irar latitude na iya zama ko a'a, kuma tazarar su na iya bambanta, gwargwadon abin da ake amfani da shi don yin taswirar saman duniya akan jirgin sama. A kan tsinkayen ma'auni mai daidaituwa, wanda aka dora akan mai daidaitawa, da'irorin latitude suna a kwance, a layi ɗaya, kuma an daidaita su daidai. A kan wasu tsinkayen silinda da sikeli, da'irar latitude a kwance take kuma a layi ɗaya, amma ana iya keɓe ta ba daidai ba don ba da taswirar halaye masu amfani. Misali, akan tsinkayen Mercator da'irar latitude sun fi nisa a kusa da sandunan don kiyaye ma'aunin gida da sifofi, yayin da akan tsinkayen Gall -Peters an keɓe da'irar latitude kusa da sandunan don a kwatanta kwatancen yankin. daidai. A kan yawancin tsinkayen da ba sa-cylindrical da non-pseudocylindrical, da'irar latitude ba madaidaiciya ce ko a layi ɗaya.
Arcs of circles of latitude wani lokaci ana amfani da su a matsayin iyakoki tsakanin ƙasashe ko yankuna inda aka rasa iyakokin halitta na musamman (kamar a cikin hamada), ko lokacin da aka zana iyakar wucin gadi azaman "layi akan taswira", wanda aka yi shi da sikelin Taron Berlin na 1884, game da manyan sassan nahiyar Afirka. Kasashen Arewacin Amurka da jihohi ma galibi an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar madaidaiciya, waɗanda galibi ɓangarori ne na da'ira. Misali, iyakar Colorado ta arewa tana kan 41 ° N yayin da iyakar kudancin take a 37 ° N. Kimanin rabin iyakar iyaka tsakanin Amurka da Kanada yana biye da 49 ° N.
Manyan da'irori na latitude
Akwai manyan da'irori biyar na latitude, da aka jera a ƙasa daga arewa zuwa kudu. An daidaita matsayin Equator (digiri 90 daga juzu'in Duniya na juyawa) amma latitudes na sauran da'irori sun dogara da karkatar da wannan axis dangane da jirgin da ke kewaye da Duniya, don haka ba a daidaita su sosai. Ƙimar da ke ƙasa don 2 August 2021 :
Da'irar Arctic ( 66°33′48.7″ N)
Tropic of Cancer ( 23°26′11.3″ N)
Mai daidaitawa (0 ° latitude)
Tropic na Capricorn ( 23°26′11.3″ S)
Da'irar Antarctic ( 66°33′48.7″ S)
Waɗannan da'irori na latitude, ban da Equator, suna nuna rarrabuwa tsakanin manyan mazhabobi biyar.
Layin Equator
Mai daidaitawa shine da'irar da ta daidaita daga Pole ta Arewa da Pole ta Kudu . Yana raba Duniya zuwa Yankin Arewa da Kudancin Duniya. Daga cikin kamanceceniya ko da'irar latitude, ita ce mafi tsawo, kuma ita ce kawai ' babban da'irar ' (da'ira a farfajiyar Duniya, wanda ke tsakiyar cibiyar Duniya). Duk sauran daidaitattun sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma an mai da su ne kawai akan axis na Duniya.
Da'irorin Polar
Yankin Arctic shine yanki mafi nisa a kudancin Arewacin duniya inda rana za ta iya cigaba da kasancewa sama ko ƙasa da sararin sama na awanni 24 (a cikin watan Yuni da Disamba bi da bi). Hakazalika, da'irar Antarctic tana nuna yankin arewa mafi nisa a Kudancin inda rana za ta iya ci gaba da kasancewa sama ko ƙasa a sararin sama na awanni 24 (a watan Disamba da Yuni na Solstices bi da bi).
Latitude na iyakacin duniya daidai yake da 90 ° debe karkacewar axial ta Duniya.
Da'irori masu zafi
Tropic na Ciwon daji da Tropic na Capricorn alama ce ta arewacin arewa da kudu inda za a iya ganin rana kai tsaye (a ƙarshen watan Yuni da ƙarshen watan Disamba bi da bi).
Latitude na da'irar wurare masu zafi daidai yake da karkacewar ƙasa.
Motsi na Tropical da Polar Circles
Ta hanyar ma'ana, matsayin Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle da Antarctic Circle duk sun dogara ne da karkatar gindin duniyar dangane da jirgin da ke kewaye da rana (ƙanƙancewar yanayin duhu '). Idan Duniya ta kasance "madaidaiciya" (ginshiƙinta a kusurwoyin dama zuwa jirgin sama mai kewaya) da babu Arctic, Antarctic, ko Tropical circles: a cikin sandunan rana koyaushe tana zagaye tare da sararin sama, kuma a ma'aunin rana koyaushe tashi saboda gabas, wuce kai tsaye sama, kuma saita yamma.
Matsayin Tropical da Polar Circles ba a gyara ba saboda karkatar da axial tana canzawa sannu a hankali - motsi mai rikitarwa wanda aka ƙaddara ta fifikon juzu'i daban -daban (wasu waɗanda aka bayyana a ƙasa) tare da gajeru zuwa dogon lokaci. A shekara ta 2000 miladiyya ƙimar karkatar ta kusan 23 ° 26 ′ 21.406 ″ (bisa ga IAU 2006, ka'idar P03).
Babban sake zagayowar na dogon lokaci yana haifar da karkacewar axial tsakanin 22.1 ° da 24.5 ° tare da tsawon shekaru 41,000. A halin yanzu, matsakacin darajar karkatar yana raguwa da kusan 0.468 ″ a shekara. A sakamakon haka, (kusan, kuma a matsakaita) Tropical Circles suna karkacewa zuwa mai daidaitawa (da Polar Circles zuwa sandunan) ta mita 15 a kowace shekara, kuma yankin Tropics yana raguwa da a kowace shekara.
Karkacewar ƙasa tana da ƙarin bambance-bambance na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda ƙoshin abinci, wanda babban lokacin, tare da tsawon shekaru 18.6, yana da girman 9.2 ”(daidai da kusan mita 300 arewa da kudu). Akwai ƙaramin sharudda da yawa, wanda ke haifar da sauye-sauye na yau da kullum na wasu mita a kowace hanya.
A ƙarshe, madaidaicin jujjuyawar duniya ba a daidaita shi a cikin ƙasa, amma yana fuskantar ƙananan juzu'i (akan tsari na mita 15) wanda ake kira motsi na polar, wanda ke da ƙaramin tasiri akan Tropics da Polar Circles da kuma a kanin lay Equator.
Canje-canje na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin kwanaki ba sa yin tasiri kai tsaye a wurin matsanancin latitudes inda rana za ta iya fitowa kai tsaye, ko kuma a cikin awanni 24 na dare ko dare, mai yiwuwa, sai dai idan da gaske suna faruwa a lokacin solstices. Maimakon haka, suna haifar da sauye -sauyen ka'idoji na kamanceceniya, wanda zai faru idan an kiyaye karkatar da aka bayar a cikin shekara.
Za'a iya ayyana waɗannan da'irarori latitude akan sauran duniyoyin da ke da karkacewar axial dangane da jiragen su na kewaya. Abubuwa kamar Pluto tare da karkatattun kusurwoyin da suka fi digiri 45 za su sami da'irarorin wurare masu zafi kusa da sandunan kuma kusurwoyin kusa da maƙiyan.
Sauran daidaitattun layikan
An yi niyya an ƙaddara yawan iyakokin ƙasashe da na ƙasashe don a ayyana su, ko kuma a kimanta su ta hanyar daidaituwa. Daidaici yana yin iyakoki masu dacewa a cikin arewacin duniya saboda ana iya auna ma'aunin tauraron dan Adam (zuwa tsakanin fewan mitoci) ta hanyar ganin Tauraron Arewa .
Tashi
Yawancin lokaci ana bayyana da'irar latitude a tsayin sifili. Haɓaka yana da tasiri a wuri dangane da jirgin da aka ƙera ta da'irar latitude. Tun da (a cikin tsarin geodetic ) ana ƙaddara tsayi da zurfin ta hanyar al'ada zuwa farfajiyar duniya, wurare da ke raba madaidaiciya iri ɗaya — amma suna da matsayi daban-daban (watau kwance tare da wannan al'ada) — ba sa kwance a cikin wannan jirgin. Maimakon haka, duk abubuwan da ke raba r madaidaiciya — amma na ɗimbin tsayi da tsayi — suna mamaye saman mazugin da aka yanke ta jujjuyawar wannan al'ada a kewayen juzu'in Duniya.
Duba kuma
Da'irori na wani yanki
Jerin da'ira na latitude
Hanyoyin waje
US Naval Observatory - yana nufin ƙanƙantar da duhu
Manazarta
Da'ira
Pages with unreviewed translations |
26498 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida%20Shu%C9%97i | Maida Shuɗi | Maida Shiɗi ya kasan ce an ƙarɓa sunan da yawa ga wani samarwar data kunshi muhalli, kullum da kuma kasafin kudi da sake fasalin cigaba bayan da COVID-19 cutar AIDS . An sami babban tallafi daga jam’iyyun siyasa, gwamnatoci, masu fafutuka da masana a fadin Tarayyar Turai, Ingila, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashe don tabbatar da saka hannun jari don ɗaga ƙasashe Ana kashe koma bayan tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar yaƙar canjin yanayi, gami da rage kwal, mai, da amfani da gas, da saka hannun jari a tsaftataccen sufuri, makamashi mai sabuntawa, gine-gine masu muhalli, da ayyukan kamfanoni masu ɗorewa ko ayyukan kuɗi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Cigaban Tattalin Arziki ne ke tallafawa waɗannan dabarun. A watan Yuli na 2021, Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kusan kashi 2% na kudin ceto tattalin arzikin duniya ne za su tsaftace makamashi. Bayanai na OECD sun nuna cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na kuɗin saka hannun jari na COVID-19 da aka ware don "murmurewa kore" har zuwa Maris 2021.
Bayan Fage
Tun juyin juya halin masana'antu, kona gawayi, man fetur da iskar gas ya saki miliyoyin tan na carbon dioxide, methane, da sauran iskar gas zuwa cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar yanayi. Zuwa shekarar 2020, matsakaicin zafin duniya ya karu da sama da 1 ° C tun daga matakin farko na masana'antu. Kwamitin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya na Sauyin Yanayi ya lissafa cewa ci gaba da ƙona gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai dumama duniya da tsakanin digiri 0.8 zuwa digiri 2.5, a kowane gigatonnes 1000 na ƙona carbon kuma akwai gigatonnes 2900 a cikin tabbatar reserves. Don haka kona wani yanki na gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai haifar da dumamar yanayin duniya wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona, da kuma taron ɓarna na taro na 6. A karshen shekarar 2019, an sami karuwar aukuwar gobarar daji a Ostiraliya, gandun dajin Amazon a Brazil, da gandun daji na Arctic a Rasha, da kuma karuwar hadarin guguwa a Amurka da Caribbean, da ambaliya. A cikin 2015, mafi yawan ƙasashe sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris da ke yin alƙawarin takaita fitar da hayaƙin carbon a duniya don hana hauhawar zafi sama da digiri 2, tare da burin iyakance yanayin zafi zuwa digiri 1.5. Masu fafutuka da 'yan siyasa, musamman matasa, sun zama masu ƙara faɗa a cikin neman " Green New Deal " a cikin Amurka, ko Juyin Masana'antu na Green a Burtaniya, don kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin sufuri, makamashi. tsara, noma, gine -gine, da kuɗi. A ƙarshen 2019, EU ta ba da sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Green Green, duk da cewa an ce wannan ya yi nisa da burin kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin ƙungiyar nan da 2050.
A farkon 2020, cutar ta COVID-19 ta sa ƙasashe sun kulle tattalin arzikin su, don hana kamuwa da cuta da mutuwa daga yaduwar cutar. Wannan yana buƙatar kasuwancin da yawa su dakatar da aiki, yayin da mutane ke tafiya ƙasa da ƙasa, siyayya kaɗan, kuma suna zama a gida don yin ƙarin aiki. A yawancin ƙasashe wannan ya haifar da wasu asarar aiki, yayin da a Amurka, Ingila, da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin haƙƙin aiki, an sami hauhawar hauhawar rashin aikin yi. Faduwar ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma ya haifar da faduwar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli . Wannan ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin kamfen su yi kira, kuma 'yan siyasa da gwamnatoci su yi alƙawarin, "murmurewa kore".
Yayin da aka shirya shirye -shirye da yawa na farfadowa don yaƙar matsalar tattalin arziƙi, muryoyin sun yi kira da a haɗa dabarun rage sauyin yanayi. Aiwatar da ƙa'idodin kore a cikin fakitin dawo da tallafi na ayyukan da ke haɓaka tsaka -tsakin carbon sun kasance manyan da'awa. Dangane da haka, an tsara “koren murmurewa” a matsayin dama maimakon raba nauyi, kamar yadda hanyar dawowar mai dorewa ba kawai tana haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska ba amma tana iya tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ɗorewa. A cikin jawabai na baya, an ƙirƙira waɗannan tasirin sakamako masu kyau kamar haɗin gwiwa . Dangane da IPCC, ana iya bayyana fa'idar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin: "sakamako mai kyau wanda manufa ko ma'auni da aka ƙulla da manufa ɗaya zai iya haifar da wasu manufofin, ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da ke tattare da jindadin jama'a gaba ɗaya". Matakai daban-daban na iya samun tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa. Bayar da kuzari masu sabuntawa na iya haɓaka aikin yi da haɓaka masana'antu. Dangane da kasar da yanayin turawa, maye gurbin cibiyoyin samar da makamashin kwal da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa na iya ninka ninki biyu na ayyuka ta kowane matsakaicin karfin MW. Bayan tasirin tattalin arziƙi, dabarun rage sauyin yanayi na iya haɓaka fa'idodin haɗin gwiwa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi. Tura kananan hanyoyin sadarwa na hasken rana na iya inganta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ga yankunan karkara da kuma maye gurbin makamashin da ke amfani da gawayi tare da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa na iya rage yawan mutuwar da ba a jima ba sakamakon gurbata iska.
Bayar da shawarwarin kore
Shawarwari don "murmurewa kore" sun bambanta sosai gwargwadon masu ba da shawara.
A cikin Amurka, gungun masana da masu fafutuka da ke aiki a manufofin canjin yanayi sun gabatar da "kore mai motsawa don sake gina tattalin arzikinmu" a cikin Maris 2020, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwari daga 'yan takara daban -daban a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2020 . An gabatar da shawarar da aka gabatar a matsayin jerin manufofin da suka shafi filayen takwas, gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, sufuri, kwadago da masana'antun kore, samar da makamashi, abinci da aikin gona, muhalli da kore kayayyakin more rayuwa, manufofin kirkire -kirkire, da manufofin kasashen waje. An saita mafi ƙarancin matakin tallafinsa a kashi 4% na GDP na Amurka, ko kusan dala biliyan 850 a shekara, har zuwa nasarar cin nasarar cikakken ɓarna da rashin aikin yi a ƙasa da kashi 3.5%.
A cikin Burtaniya, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar "murmurewa mai ɗorewa da jurewa," kuma ta ba da sanarwar fan miliyan uku don gina ginin a cikin Yuli. Sabanin haka, a farkon watan Yuli, wata kungiyar masana ilimi da tunani ta ba da shawarar "Dokar Mayar da Green" wacce za ta yi niyya a fannoni tara na gyaran doka, kan sufuri, samar da makamashi, aikin gona, burbushin halittu, ƙaramar hukuma, yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa, kuɗi da gudanar da kamfanoni., aiki, da saka jari. Wannan yana da burin kafa ayyuka a kan dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da masu gudanar da aikin don kawo karshen amfani da duk kwal, man fetur da iskar gas "cikin sauri kamar yadda ake iya aiwatar da fasaha," tare da tsauraran matakai idan har yanzu babu sauran hanyoyin fasaha.
A watan Yuni na 2020, gwamnatin Jamus ta yi alƙawarin dawo da kore tare da tallafin € 40 biliyan (£ 36 biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 45) a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin dawo da billion biliyan 130.
A watan Yulin 2020 Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da babban asusu na farfadowa na billion 750 biliyan, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Next Generation EU (NGEU), don tallafawa kasashe membobin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta kashe. Babban burin sauyin yanayi na kashi 30% zai shafi jimlar kashe kuɗi daga NGEU bisa ƙa'idar yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris .
A watan Fabrairu na 2021, masu sharhi kamar Majalisar Dangantakar Ƙasashen waje sun lura cewa ban da manufofin sauyin yanayi da ake samu a Amurka ta hannun wanda ya lashe zaɓen farko na Democrat da Shugaba Joe Biden, sauran manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziki kamar China, Indiya, kuma Tarayyar Turai ta kuma fara "aiwatar da wasu manufofin da Green New Deal ta tsara."
A cikin bazara 2021, Biden ya gabatar da Tsarin Ayyukan Jojiya na Amurka da Tsarin Iyalan Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin dawo da kore waɗanda suka haɗa da saka hannun jari a kamawa da adana carbon, makamashi mai tsafta, da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Jama'a kwatankwacin Hukumar Kula da Jama'a . Shirye -shiryen sun sami suka daga masu ci gaba waɗanda ke kallon su da sauran manufofin canjin yanayi na Biden ba su da babban buri.
Sabuntawar Yuli 2021 ga Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil Adama ya gano kashi 17% na kudaden saka hannun jari na COVID-19 wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa an raba su zuwa "murmurewa kore" tun daga Maris 2021 don rashin isa, yana mai gargadin cewa sabbin manufofin canjin yanayi yakamata su kasance na tsare-tsaren dawo da COVID-19, waɗanda su ma suna buƙatar tushen tushen tushen, maimakon alamu, tare da buƙatar canje-canje na tsarin sama da siyasa kuma nan da nan, raguwar iskar gas ɗin da za a fifita.
Tattalin arziki
Babban burin shi ne dawo da tattalin arziƙi da gyara lalacewar yanayi da muhalli a lokaci guda.
Bayanan kula
E McGaughey, M Lawrence da Dukiyar Al'umma, ' The Green Recovery Act 2020 ', shawarar Burtaniya, da pdf
Bernie Sanders, Shawarar Green New Deal ga Amurka
Ƙungiyar Sabon Sabon Ƙungiyar, Sabon Sabon Yarjejeniyar ( Yuli 2008 )
Green New Deal for Europe (2019) Edition II, Gabatarwa ta Ann Pettifor da Bill McKibben
Manazarta
Covid-19
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21691 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierno%20Abdourahmane%20Bah%2C | Thierno Abdourahmane Bah, | Tarihin rayuwa: Rayuwa ta farko: 1916-1927 An haifi Thierno Abdourahmane Bah a shekara ta 1916 a Donghol Thiernoya, Labe, Guinea. Shi ne mafi girman girman 'ya'ya maza tara na Thierno Aliou Boûbha Ndiyan. Thierno Abdourahmane shine na uku daga yara hudu daga Nênan Maryama Fadi Diallo, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1978 yana da shekaru 102.A cikin dangi, ana kiran yara maza da suka yi baftisma kamar shi Thierno, saboda girmamawa ga kakan Thierno Abdourahmane Nduyeejo, ɗan Thierno Malal Jafounanke,limamin farko na Labé. Yi caji cewa Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé ne ya damka shi, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin kusan zuriyarsa ke ɗaukar nauyinsa.
Yara
Gidan Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan a cikin Labe Thierno Abdourahmane ya yi rayuwarsa ta farko yayin da aka yarda da mahaifinsa Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan kuma aka yarda da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ruhun jama'a a cikin Fouta-Djallon, memba na aristocracy na littafin a cikin karni na 18 da 19. Paul Marty, wanda ya halarta a hankali kuma ya "yi nazari" Thierno Aliou a cikin 1915, baya ɓoye ainihin sha'awar da ya ji halartar malamin. Ya dauke shi a matsayin "masanin Larabci mai daraja ta farko, wanda yake da ilimi sosai a fannin larabci da kuma ilimin addinin Islama," wanda "ya shafi kowa da iliminsa, tsoron Allah da darajarsa da dai sauransu. na Karamokos sun shafe ƙaramin shekarunsu a Makarantarsa Ya ambaci lamba, yana mai lura da cewa "waɗannan gabaɗaya sun fi ilimi", ya rubuta: Thierno Aliou ya bayyana cewa ya mai da hankali kan ɗaga wasu hanyoyin koyarwar na Foula na yau da kullun da kuma ba ɗalibansa wasu Maganganun larabci,
Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ba wai kawai babban malamin manyan littattafai ba ne, mai ilimantarwa na zamani, sannan kuma ya kasance shahararren mawaki a cikin Larabci da kuma Poular, wanda Paul Marty ya lura da shi a addinin Musulunci a Guinea 1917. A cewar Ibrahima Caba Bah, 'ya'yansa sun ba da labarai cewa wasu maraice, bayan da wutar ta kare a makarantar, ya kan hada wasu daga cikin daliban, galibi karkashin jagorancin Thierno Oumar Kaana, don sanya su karanta baitocin nasa. daga ɗayan littattafansa (Maqaliida-As-Sa'aadati). Ya saurari daga ɗakinsa a tsaye a ƙarƙashin itaciyar lemu a tsakar gida, wanda wutar da take mutuwa ta haskakawa ta haskaka shi
Matasan, suna sane da hankalin da suke nunawa game da hotunan da suke yi wa maigidansu mai girmamawa, za su tafi da zuciya ɗaya, tare da sanya mafi kyawun gwaninta. Ba tare da tunani ba, sun ɗanɗana waƙoƙin, sun haɗu da larabcin mai wadatarwa kuma, ta hanyar haɗuwa. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawancin waɗannan ɗaliban sun bar kyawawan halaye idan ba waƙoƙi masu daɗi ba, galibi a cikin Pular, wanda ya fi bayar da fa'ida shi ne Thierno Jawo Pellel.
Saboda haka a cikin dangin dangi inda nazarin littattafai da motsa jiki na hankali shine babban aikin da Thierno Abdourahmane ya fara gano duniya. Lokacin da yara da matasa da yawa, suna zaune a cikin da'ira a sararin sama, a kewayen babbar wuta don nazarin maraice, sautuka ko ayoyin Kur'ani da aka rubuta a kan allunansu, wasan kwaikwayon "Sauti da Haske" yana nuna waƙar da ba za ta iya manta da kowa ba wanda ya rayu ko kuma kawai aka lura. Kada ku nemi wani wuri don asalin da Thierno Abdourahmane yake jan hankalinsa ga rubutacciyar kalmar, da kuma waƙoƙi musamman.
Thierno Abdourahmane, duk da ƙuruciyarsa, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, tare da ɗan'uwansa Thierno Habibou, wanda ya haddace Kur'ani Mai Tsarki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsu, ya kammala Bu hanu da Sulaymi, littattafai biyu, na Musulunci. 'Yan uwan biyu sun kuma kammala littafin Shaykh Abu Zayd, sanannen limamin garin Kairouan a Tunisia, da Ricalat, wannan wasiƙar da ke cike da girma da kuma cikakken littafin doka da tsarin addinin Islama, wanda aka koyar a duk makarantun Kur'ani na Fouta-Djallon. Tare da dan dan uwansu Dai, dan Alfa Bakar Diari, ‘yan’uwan biyu sun kasance a cikin bita na Muhayyibi, waka don darajar annabi Muhammad.Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ya lura da wayayyen da yaron nasa yake dashi, don haka ya karfafa shi bisa tsari, duk da cewa ya rayu shekaru goma sha daya a karkashin inuwar kai tsaye Thierno Aliou.Mutuwar Thierno Aliou tabbas ba ta kasa barin ɗansa mara ƙarfi ba. Amma azurtawa tana lura da shi, mai yiwuwa wataƙila don albarkar Thierno Aliou, wanda ya rubuta a cikin Maqaliida -As- Saaadati:
Zan yabi Annabi duk rayuwata. Bayan mutuwata, ta gaji daga gare ni, ina yabon Annabi, wanda yake daidai da ni.
Sonan zai nuna fifikon wannan magana a cikin littafinsa, Wasiyyat-tu Al-Walidi. Akwai lokacin da za a yi doudhal, bayan mutuwar Thierno Aliou a cikin watan Maris na 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba, waɗanda suka kasance maimaitawa da mataimakan ilimi. Thierno Mamadou Sow, ɗan Thierno Oumarou Perejo, Thierno Abdoullahi Rumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri, Thierno Oumarou Kana na Taranbali, mutumin da ke da kwarin gwiwa, "almajirin da aka fi so" na Thierno Aliou, Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo:
Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni kuma ya taimake ni na dawo ba tare da kuskure ba. Maigidan ya so shi kuma ya kusance shi ... Haƙiƙa yawancin sirrinsa, bai ɓoye shi ba. Zai sanya shi a matsayinsa na 'ya'yansa, saboda wannan a bayyane yake soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama sirri ne wanda ban sani ba.
Thierno Abdourahmane Bah yayin huduba kafin sallar Juma'a a Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé a 1989
Akwai a ƙarshen, a Thierno Aliou Doudhal a cikin watan Maris 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu koyarwa da mataimakan koyarwa. Thierno Mamadou shuka, ɗan Thierno Oumar Perejo, da Thierno Abdoullahi Roumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri. Har ila yau akwai Thierno Oumar Kaana na Taranbaali, almajirin da Thierno Aliou ya fi so. Akwai kuma Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo:
Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni ya kuma daidaita ni ba kuskure. Maigidan ya ƙaunace shi kuma ya kusace shi. Lallai da yawa daga cikin sirrinsa, bai boye shi baYa sanya shi a cikin 'ya'yansa, saboda abin da ke bayyane soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama boyayye ba ni da ganewa
Ilimi
Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1927, Thierno Abdourahmane Bah, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya koyi karatu da rubutu na Kur'ani, farkon zagaye na koyarwar gargajiya Fouta-Djallon. Ya yi karatu a Thierno Oumar Pereedjo Dara - Labe, inda ya yi karatu daga 1927 zuwa 1935. Thierno Oumar wani almajiri ne da aka horar a makarantar Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan, wanda ya kasance ɗan wa ne. Thierno Abdourahmane Bah ya koya daga wajen dan uwan nasa: Grammar (nahaw), Law (fiqh), theology (Tawhid), da sauran fannoni (Fannu, bayan, Tasrif, Maani). Tafsir (Kur'ani mai fassara) ya nuna lokacin karatun, kuma ya bashi, bisa ga al'ada, taken Thierno. A cikin shekarunsa na farko na karatu, Thierno Bah Abdourahmane ya nuna ainihin kyaututtukan waƙoƙin da ya bayyana a cikin yanayin larabci da Pular. Ya ci gaba koyaushe wannan aikin adabi a cikin yarukan biyu.
Rubutu
Thierno Abdourahmane ya samar da adadi mai yawa na rubutu, cikin larabci da kuma Pular (caakal da gimi). Littattafan larabci wadanda suke nuni da halin addini sune hudubobin da ya gabatar kafin sallar juma'a a Masallacin Alpha Karamoko Mo Labé. Wani rukuni na biyu na rubutun larabawa ya kunshi karatun makaranta akan tambayoyin da rayuwar zamani tayi wa alummar musulmai zuwa tarurrukan makarantar koyar da shari'ar musulinci wanda ya kasance memba kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa. Jigogin da aka inganta su ne: mazhabobi a cikin addinin Islama, farashin jini, cika yarjejeniyoyi, 'yancin dan adam, da uwaye mata, tsarin iyali, Taimakawa, da sauransu.
Waƙoƙin Larabcin Haɗaɗɗen Baƙin Larabci ya fara ne lokacin da Thierno Abdourahmane, ɗan shekara goma sha uku yana karatu a Thierno Oumarou Pereejo Dara-Labe. An tattara adadi da yawa karkashin taken Banaatu Afkaarii, 'Ya'yan Tunanina, a cikin juzu'i wanda Al-Hajj Hanafiyyou Kompayya ya rubuta. An buga rubutun a Kuwait, bisa shawarar Ministan harkokin kasashen waje na Sarkin kasar. Wannan tarin ya kunshi godiyar da dalibi Thierno Abdourahmane ya yiwa ubangidan nasa a karshen karatunsa, da kuma martanin da Thierno Oumarou Pereejo ya yi, yabo daga manyan larabawa da marubucin ya samu damar haduwa da shi: Gamal Abdel Nasser na Egypt, The King Fahd na Saudi Arabia, Sarkin Kuwait, da sauransu Wasu ayyuka guda biyu: Maqalida As- Saadati, mabuɗan farin ciki, da Jilada Mada.Fii Hizbi Al - Qahhar, waɗannan ayyukan guda biyu suna haɓaka waƙoƙin aikin gargajiya a cikin adabin larabci. Duk ayyukan asali suna da alaƙa guda biyu waɗanda ya haɓaka zuwa baiti biyar, suna ƙunshe da asali, suna riƙe da rhyme da mahimmancin ma'anar rubutun farko. Salon ana kiransa Takhmisu, wanda ke da kofa biyar. An buga Maqalida -As- Saadati a kasar Algeria, karkashin wannan taken, tare da taken: Miftahu AlMasarrati, Mabudin Farin Ciki, Waciyyatu-Al- Walidi, wanda Al Hajj Hanafiyyou ya rubuta da hannu, an buga shi a Conakry
Agv da yaƙi
Rayuwa tana cikin nutsuwa da sauki ga Thierno Abdourahmane tsakanin hisan uwansa, matansa da coman uwansa, tare da aikinsa na al'ada da muke aiwatarwa ba tare da tunani mai yawa ba. Ba zato ba tsammani za a katse shi farat ɗaya lokacin da Hitler ya fara Yaƙin Duniya na II.Hitler ya bayyana cewa yakin nasa,yayin da mutane ke tahowa cikin sauki, har sai lokacin, suna ci gaba da harkokin su, watsar da hakan kuma suka sanya kansu cikin yanayi na fada. Thierno Abdourahmane, mai ɗimbin makamai, ya fara lura da ƙaruwar matsalolin da ke addabar jama'a, 'yan ƙasa. Ya rayu cikin tsananin wahala, mawaƙi wanda ya san kansa a matsayin madubin mutanensa, kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya: Mawaƙi ne wanda ke farantawa mutane rai, wanda ya ninka himmarsu; kuma mawaƙi ne ke girgiza zukata waɗanda ke rayarwa.Bayan yakin, Fulani masu hankali na Fouta Djallon sun kirkiro wata kungiyar al'adu, Amicale Gilbert Viellard (agv) don Renaissance da ci gaban Lafiya mai kyau. Thierno Abdourahmane sha'awar Agv; ya yi daya daga cikin wakokin siyasarsa na farko don karfafawa Fulawa gwiwa don tallafawa kungiyar Amma Foulbhe, dalilinsu ya ɓace tun shekaru masu yawa; babu wani daga cikinmu da ke muhawara game da abin da yake yi. An kora mu kamar shanu zuwa makiyaya,ma'aikata zuwa kowane nau'in taches ashi, faɗuwa, ba tare da sanin dalili ko yaya ba.
Wasikar dimokiradiyya
wacce take bayanin ainihin manufofinta da hanyoyinta, kayan hadin kai ne ga al'ummar Fulani wacce shuwagabanninsu ya kamata su zama masu gaskiya da kishin kasa:Ya shugaban kasa, zama mai gaskiya, mai kaunar nasa ƙasa da mutanensa, wannan kaɗai ke haifar da manufa;Ya ku membobi, ku kasance a dunkule a kan wannan shugaba, kalli abin da yake yi.Rubutun ya samu karbuwa daga shugabannin Gilbert Viellard (AGV), gami da Mr. Yacine Diallo. An ninka waƙar kuma an rarraba ta ko'ina cikin Fouta. An zabi Thierno Abdourahmane a matsayin shugaban sashen na Agv a Labé, ya tsara, a yayin taron kungiyar a birni, da Hymn to Peace da Fouta Djallon, wanda aka yi maraba da shi da nasarar da ba a taba samu ba. Wakar ta bayyana wani waƙoƙi na ban mamaki da wahalar "yunƙurin yaƙi", ayyuka waɗanda aka ɗora wa zalunci a kan jama'a a lokacin tsakanin 1940-1944. Ya bambanta da bala'in yaƙi da zalunci, an girmama maza da yankuna na Fouta-Djallon, don ƙarfafa ƙaunar ƙasa, suna bayanin menene wannan soyayyar. Wakar ta ƙare da gayyatar foan banzan a wurin aiki da zuwa binciken. Thierno Abdourahmane ya nuna launi daga abubuwan da aka fi so na waƙoƙin da ya rubuta: soyayya da jinƙai ga masu tawali'u, nasiha ga nazari da aiki, kaunar landan :asar: Jigogi suna sane da dimokiradiyya, 'yan gurguzu ko kuma aƙalla masu taimakon jama'a cewa za ta ci gaba fiye da sau daya.
Bayyanar asalinsa Fouta
Wani jigon Thierno Abdourahmane shi ne kiran Fouta-Djallon, da shimfidar wurare da jama'arta, al'adun gargajiya, da lokutta. Thearshen waɗannan matani, wanda yayi ƙarshe (lannirdhun) yana ba da kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da tsinkaye wanda yake da yanayin. Jin daɗin ilimi bisa ga mawaƙi, yana da tsada, dalili: gayyata ce zuwa aikin kirkirar ci gaba, gabatar da aiki a matsayin ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a, in ba haka ba addini. Ya dan uwa, ka ga kyan da aka yi wa kasarka, da fa'idodi da wadannan dukiyar da ba ta lalacewa! Kiyaye kasar ka, ka so ‘yan kasar ka,‘ ya’yan ka su basu ilimi, ka tabbatar da iyayen ka, ka wahala dasu, baza ka tuba ba! Cewa Anan na tsaya; wannan ya isa a fara fahimtar baiwar Allah Madaukakin Sarki, mara gajiyawa, Allah, ka cece mu, ka ceci Guinea, ka kara imani, Tarayya da fahimtarmu, da ni'imomi ba iyaka. Thierno Abdourahmane ya wadatar da rubutaccen wallafe-wallafen Fouta Djallon na abubuwa masu ban mamaki, duk da yanayin yanayin halittar su. Kagaggen labaran da aka haifa da gaskiya; ayyukan adabin da aka haifar da wani lamari ko wani yanayi da aka lura ko aka samu, ya haifar da hakan, wani yanayi na kirkirarru, wanda iliminsa ke tsara tunanin al'umma. A matsayin mutum na mai al'adu, Thierno Abdourahmane ya kasance mai ci gaba. Ya kasance cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri, kamar yadda yake a cikin imaninsa na Islama. Ya kasance mai ci gaba a cikin kirkirarrun littattafan Fula.
Rayuwar jama'a
Thierno ya kuma jagoranci ayyukan jama'a da yawa, kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, siyasa, da addini. Ayyukan Siyasa 1945: An zaɓa shugaban ɓangaren Amicale Gilbert Vieillard (Agv) a cikin Labé
1956–1959: Mataimakin Magajin Garin Labé
1963-1966: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Thiangel-Boori (Labé)
1967–1969: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Timbi-Madiina (pita)
1971–1973: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Kona (Koin)
1974–1976: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Daara-Labé (Labé)
1975–1983: Sufeto na madrasas (Ecole Franco-Arabe) 1984–1987: Ministan shari'a na Guinea
Ayyukan Addini
1950: An zabi Khalife janar na kungiyar 'Yan uwa ta Tidjania don yammacin Afirka ta Cherif Boun Oumar 1950: zababben Ma'ajin Masallacin Karamoko Alfa Mo Labé. 1976–1984: Memba na Majalisar Musulunci ta Kasa ta Guinea, hukumar da ke kula da aikin hajji a Makka 1981: Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar Koyon Addinin Musulunci ta Duniya (Majmau-al-Fiqh)
1973–1983: Limamin Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé 1984–1987: Imam Ratib na Babban Masallacin Faisal Conakry, Guinea
1987–2010: Imam Ratib na babban masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé
Mutuwa
Wikimedia Commons tana da kafofin watsa labarai masu alaƙa da Thierno Abdourahmane Bah. Thierno Abdourahmane ya shafe shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa a Labe, inda ya mutu 22 Satumba 2013 yana da shekara 97; an binne shi 23 Satumba 2013 a cikin yardar mahaifinsa, kusa da Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labe.
Bayani |
59700 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neto%20%28dan%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%2C%20an%20haife%20shi%20a%20shekara%20ta%201989%29 | Neto (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) | Norberto Murara Neto (an haife shi 19 ga watan Yuli 1989), wanda aka fi sani da Neto ( mazaunin brasil dan asalin kasar portugal: [ˈnɛtu] ), ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma kyaftin din kulob din Premier League Bournemouth .
Neto ya fara taka leda da kungiyar Athletico Paranaense ta Brazil sannan kuma ya buga wa kungiyar Fiorentina ta Italiya wasa. Ya koma Juventus ne a shekara ta 2015, inda ya lashe kofuna biyu na cikin gida a kowane kakar wasanni biyu da ya yi tare da kulob din, inda ya zama mataimaki ga dan wasa Gianluigi Buffon a gasar, amma ya bayyana a duk wasannin kulob din a duka biyun da suka yi nasara a Coppa . Yaƙin Italiya . Daga 2017, ya taka leda a Spain ta La Liga a matsayin zabin farko ga Valencia da kuma mai jiran tsammani a Barcelona . Ya koma kulob din Premier League AFC Bournemouth a 2022, ya zama kyaftin.
A shekarar 2010 ne aka fara kiransa da buga wa a tawagar kwallon kafar Brazil amma bai samu damar buga wasansa na farko ba sai a shekarar 2018. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta 2012 kuma yana cikin tawagar kasar a gasar Copa América ta 2015 .
Aikin kulob
Athlético Paranaense
An haife shi a Araxá, Minas Gerais, Neto ya ƙaura tun yana matashi daga Cruzeiro na jiharsa zuwa Athletico Paranaense . Ya yi wasansa na farko na ƙwararru yana da shekaru 19 a Campeonato Brasileiro Série A saboda dakatar da zaɓi na farko Rodrigo Galatto, kuma ya kiyaye takarda mai tsabta a wasan 3-0 na gida akan Grêmio Barueri a 16 ga watan Agusta 2009. Sauran bayyanarsa daya tilo a kakar wasa ta zo ne a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba a wasan karshe na gida, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin lokaci a Galatto a wasan da ta doke Botafogo da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Arena da Baixada .
Bayan Galatto da zabi na biyu Vinícius sun bar qungiyar Atlético-PR, Neto ya zama mai tsaron raga na farko a kakar 2010 . A cikin wasan bude gasa ta ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, an kore shi a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a Korintiyawa saboda keta da Dentinho ; bayan dakatar da wasanni biyu, ya dawo ya fara kowane wasa na kulob din har zuwa watan Oktoba, lokacin da aka tilasta masa barin wasanni da yawa bayan an kira shi ga tawagar kasar Brazil .
Fiorentina
Neto ya amince da yarjejeniyar taka leda a kulob din Fiorentina na Italiya a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu 2011, ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar bayan kwanaki uku don biyan kuɗi na Yuro miliyan 3.5 akan yarjejeniyar biya uku kuma Atlético-PR yana riƙe da kashi 25% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikinsa. Zabi na biyu ga Artur Boruc, ya fara taka leda a karon farko a cikin zagaye na 4th na 2011-12 Coppa Italia a 24 ga watan Nuwamba 2011 a gida ga 'yan uwan Tuscans Empoli, ya ci 2-1. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Seria A a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Atalanta .
A cikin 2013-14, tare da Boruc da Emiliano Viviano yanzu sun bar Stadio Artemio Franchi, Neto ya zama mai tsaron gida na farko na La Viola . Ya buga wasansa na farko a nahiyar a tseren da suka yi zuwa zagaye na 16 na karshe na UEFA Europa League, inda ya buga wasanni tara; wannan ya fara ne tare da nasarar 2-1 a Grasshopper Zürich a cikin wasan a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya ƙare tare da kawar da abokan hamayyar Juventus a cikin Maris 2014. A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, ya taka leda a 2014 Coppa Italia Final, wanda Fiorentina ta sha kashi da ci 3–1 a hannun takwaranta Napoli .
Fiorentina ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2014-15, inda Sevilla ta yi nasara. Neto ya buga wasanni bakwai cikin takwas, tare da dan Romania Ciprian Tătărușanu ya buga wasannin da suka gabata kafin rauni.
Juventus
Neto ya koma Juventus kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2015, bayan da yarjejeniyarsa ta Fiorentina ta kare. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, inda ya fara wasan 1–1 na Seria A a gida da Frosinone . A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, ya samu nasara a wasansa na farko mai tsabta tare da kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Torino da ci 4-0 a wasan Coppa Italia . Ya ci gaba da sharan fage na gasarsa ta farko a wasan karshe a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2016, inda ta doke Sampdoria da ci 5-0 a gida, yayin da Juventus ke murnar nasarar lashe kofin Seria A. Mako guda bayan haka, ya ajiye wani takarda mai tsabta don lashe kofin karshe da ci 1-0 da AC Milan a Stadio Olimpico na Rome.
A cikin kakarsa ta biyu tare da kulob din, Neto ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2016, a wasan karshe na zagaye na kungiyar Juventus, ya kiyaye takarda mai tsabta a gida 2-0 a kan Dinamo Zagreb . Ko da yake ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mai tsaron raga na biyu ga Gianluigi Buffon a gasar, shi ne mai tsaron gida na farawa a gasar Coppa Italia, wanda ya nuna a duk wasanninsu ciki har da nasarar 2-0 a kan Lazio a wasan karshe a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2017. Juventus ta lashe kofin Coppa Italia karo na 12, inda ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar zakarun itali sau uku a jere da kuma kofin gasar.
Valencia
A 7 ga watan Yuli 2017, Neto ya koma Valencia akan kwangilar shekaru hudu a cikin yarjejeniyar € 7 miliyan, da ƙarin € 2 miliyan a cikin kari na yanayi. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, wanda ya fara a gasar La Liga da ci 1-0 a gida da Las Palmas .
Yayin da Neto shi ne mai tsaron gida na farko a duka lokutan gasar sa a filin wasa na Mestalla, Jaume Doménech ya buga dukkan wasannin Copa del Rey ciki har da nasara da ci 2-1 a kan Barcelona a wasan karshe na 2019 .
Barcelona
A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 2019, an sanar da cewa Neto zai koma Barcelona kan kudi €26m da €9m a cikin ƙari. Ya isa a matsayin tsaron bayan na biyu ga Marc-André ter Stegen, kwana daya bayan mai tsaron gida Jasper Cillessen ya koma wata hanya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba a wasan da Inter Milan ta ci 2-1 a karshen matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, tare da kocin Ernesto Valverde ya huta da yawancin manyan 'yan wasansa. Ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar a kakar wasa ta bana, tun daga ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2020 a Derbi barceloní da Espanyol, an tashi 2-2 a waje yayin da Ter Stegen ya ji rauni.
Neto ya buga wasanni shida na farko na Barcelona da uku daga cikin wasannin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai shida na 2020-21, yayin da abokin wasansa na Jamus ya dauki tsawon lokaci har zuwa karshen Oktoba don murmurewa daga raunin gwiwa; wannan ya haɗa da rashin nasara a gida da 3-1 Real Madrid a El Clasico a ranar 24 ga Oktoba.
AFC Bournemouth
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2022, Neto ya koma kulob din Premier League AFC Bournemouth a kyauta, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 12. Ya kasance mai tsaron raga na biyu ga Mark Travers . Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL a waje da Norwich City, inda ya yi nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan sun tashi 2-2; Bayan kwana takwas ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar, inda aka tashi babu ci a gida zuwa Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya kasance zaɓi na farko har sai da ya sami rauni a kasan gwuiwa ranar 24 Oktoba a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 a West Ham United, tare da Travers ya maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci; ya dawo a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2023 don shan kaye da maki daya a waje da Brentford, kuma koci Gary O'Neil ya yaba masa saboda murmurewa kafin jadawalin.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A watan Satumba na 2010, Neto mai shekaru 21 ya samu kiransa na farko ga tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil a ƙarƙashin manaja Mano Menezes, wanda ya zaɓi sabbin 'yan wasa da yawa wayan da suke da ido ga gasar Olympics ta 2012 . Bai halarci wasan sada zumunci da Iran a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da kuma Ukraine a Ingila ba, An sake kiransa a watan Oktoba don fuskantar Argentina a wani wasan baje kolin a Qatar.
Neto dai yana cikin tawagar Brazil da za ta buga gasar Olympics ta 2012 a Burtaniya, inda ya buga wasan farko da suka yi nasara a kan Masar da Belarus a matakin farko na rukuni na biyu kafin Gabriel ya maye gurbinsa a lokacin da al'ummar kasar suka ci lambar azurfa.
Neto yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai masu jiran gado mai suna Dunga na babban tawagar a 2015 Copa América, amma a ƙarshe an kira shi cikin babban tawagar bayan raunin gwiwa ga Diego Alves . Ya ci gaba da zama a kan benci yayin da Jefferson ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na farko, kuma Brazil ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe.
A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba 2018, shekaru takwas bayan kiransa na farko na babban jami'in, Neto ya fara bugawa Brazil wasa lokacin da ya fara wasan sada zumunci da 5-0 a kan El Salvador a Amurka.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Serie A : 2015-16, 2016–17
Coppa Italia : 2015–16, 2016–17
Supercoppa Italiyanci : 2015
Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2016–17
Valencia
Copa del Rey : 2018-19
Copa del Rey: 2020-21
Brazil U23
Lambar Azurfa ta Olympic : 2012
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29991 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Gyare-Gyare | Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare | Haƙƙin gyare-gyare yana nufin dokar da gwamnati za ta ba da damar masu amfani da damar gyara da gyara kayan masarufi (misali lantarki, na'urorin mota ko motocin gona irin su tarakta), inda in ba haka ba mai yin irin waɗannan samfuran yana buƙatar mabukaci ya yi amfani da shi kawai. sabis ɗin da ake bayarwa ta Kuma hanyar hana damar yin amfani da kayan aiki da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ko shingen software da aka sanya a wuri don hana gyara ko gyara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan matsalolin sukan haifar da hauhawar farashin kayan masarufi ko kuma tura masu sayayya don maye gurbin na'urori maimakon gyara su. Yayin da al'ummar duniya ke nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da girma na magudanar ruwa (musamman na'urorin lantarki), muhawara ta farko kan 'yancin yin gyara ta ta'allaka ne kan Amurka da cikin Tarayyar Turai.
Ma'anarsa
Haƙƙin gyare-gyare yana nufin manufar ƙyale masu amfani na ƙarshe, masu amfani da kasuwanci da masu amfani, na fasaha, lantarki ko na'urorin mota don gyara waɗannan samfuran cikin yardar kaina idan akwai gazawar inji ko fasaha. Abubuwan buƙatu guda huɗu suna da mahimmanci musamman sune kamar haka:
kamata ya yi a yi na’urar da kuma tsara ta yadda za a yi gyara cikin sauki;
Masu amfani na ƙarshe da masu ba da gyare-gyare masu zaman kansu ya kamata su sami damar samun dama ga kayan aiki na asali da kayan aiki (software da kayan aikin jiki) da ake buƙata don gyara na'urar a yanayin kasuwa mai kyau;
gyare-gyare ta hanyar ƙira ya kamata ya yiwu kuma kada a hana shi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen software;
gyara na'urar yakamata a sanar da masana'anta a sarari.
Yayin da farko hukumomin kariya na masu amfani da motoci da kera motoci bayan masana'antar sabis na tallace-tallace suka jagoranci, tattaunawar kafa hakkin gyara ga kowace irin na'ura da masana'antu suka sami karbuwa yayin da na'urorin lantarki irin su wayoyi da kwamfutoci suka zama gama gari ana amfani da su.
Manufofin haƙƙin gyare-gyare shine a fifita gyara a maimakon maye gurbin da kuma sanya irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren mafi araha wanda zai haifar da tattalin arziki mai dorewa da raguwar sharar lantarki. Nan da shekara ta 2021 ƙasashe da yawa da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar haƙƙin gyara doka don masana'antu daban-daban kamar na'urorin lantarki ko na kera motoci.
Tasirin muhalli na rashin gyarawa
Na'urorin lantarki
Sharar gida
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ƙara ta'azzara matsalar e-sharar gida shine raguwar rayuwar yawancin kayan lantarki da na lantarki. Akwai direbobi guda biyu (musamman) don wannan yanayin. A gefe guda, buƙatun mabukaci na samfuran masu ƙarancin farashi yana adawa da ingancin samfur kuma yana haifar da gajeriyar rayuwar samfur. A ɗaya kuma, masana'antun a wasu sassa suna ƙarfafa sake zagayowar haɓakawa na yau da kullun, kuma suna iya tilasta shi ko da yake an iyakance samar da kayan gyara, littattafan sabis da sabunta software, ko ta hanyar tsufa da aka tsara.
Na'urorin lantarki da ba a yi amfani da su ba
Har zuwa kashi 95% na albarkatun da ake amfani da su don kera na'urorin lantarki za a iya sake yin fa'ida, yayin da mafi yawan sabbin na'urorin da aka kera suna amfani da kaɗan zuwa wani abu da aka sake fa'ida saboda tsada. A Italiya misali, 52% na yawan jama'a sun mallaki na'urorin lantarki ɗaya ko fiye da ba a yi amfani da su ba saboda tsufa ko lalacewar injina ko gazawar lantarki. Ba da damar gyare-gyare cikin sauƙi zai sake dawo da kaso mafi girma na waɗannan na'urori zuwa kasuwa ta hannu ta biyu don haka rage samar da sabbin na'urori kuma a sakamakon haka rage yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da hayaƙi da ke haifar da irin waɗannan na'urori.
Bangaren motoci da ababen hawa
Rage fitar da iska ta hanyar maye gurbin jiragen ruwa maimakon gyara
Duk da yake haƙƙin gyara kusan koyaushe yana fifita mabukaci, daga mahangar muhalli sake amfani da su a cikin masana'antar kera motoci ba za a iya fifita su a kowane lokaci fiye da tsofaffi ba: ci gaba da ƙa'ida a Turai da Amurka ya haifar da matsakaicin hayaƙi na motoci yayin amfani. muhimmanci. Yayin da samar da mota ke haifar da hayaki mai mahimmanci, gaba ɗayan hayaƙin rayuwa yana da ƙasa da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da raguwa yayin amfani da motar. A cikin shekara ta 2009 gwamnatin Jamus ta zaburar da masu siye da kasuwanci don maye gurbin tsofaffin motoci da sababbi. A lokacin yakin neman zaben an maye gurbin motoci sama da 400.000 masu matsakaicin shekaru 14.4 tare da nau'ikan na yanzu suna rage hayakin jiragen ruwa na kasa da kashi 1% a kowace shekara tare da raguwa mai ban mamaki a cikin barbashi da iskar oxygen.
Tarihin haƙƙin gyarawa a Amurka
Tsare-tsare na tsufa da ƙuntatawa da rikitarwa masu zaman kansu (1920-1950)
A ra'ayi cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga kayayyakin halitta ci gaba da bukatar musanya wani samfurin ta mazan tsara da aka kawo sama a kan babban sikelin da General Motors executive Alfred P. Sloan, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga tsarin su a kan shekara guda fiye da shekara tushe zai haifar da buƙatar buƙatun. abokan ciniki don maye gurbin motocin da aka saya a baya da sababbi. Duk da yake babban gasa Ford, bisa ka'idodin da ya kafa Henry Ford, ya fi son sauƙi da sauƙi don maye gurbin sassa, sau da yawa masu canzawa a cikin samfurori, GM ya ji ba'a iyakance ga la'akari ba game da ikon abokin ciniki don gyara motocin har ma da abubuwan da aka fi so. ƙananan inganci don daidaitawa da sauri zuwa canje-canje na shekara-shekara a cikin buƙatun mabukaci a cikin bege na siyar da ƙarin motoci. Daga ƙarshe wannan dabarar ta ba GM damar ƙetare Ford a matsayin babban mai kera motoci na Amurka. Sakamakon nasarar GM, manufar canza ƙira da gangan kuma a sakamakon haka ma sassa a cikin bambance-bambancen samfur na shekara-shekara sun zama dabarun da aka amince da su sosai a tsakanin masana'antu daban-daban a cikin tattalin arzikin Amurka kuma Ford ta karɓe shi.
Duk da yake GM da Ford da farko sun bambanta sosai game da tsarinsu na musanya kayan aiki da sauƙi na gyarawa, masana'antar mota gaba ɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen kafa manufar gyare-gyaren da aka tabbatar: Tun daga shekarun 1910 da 20s Ford ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don kafawa. ƙwararrun dillalai da cibiyoyin sadarwar sabis don fitar da abokan ciniki zuwa Ford sun samar da sassan maimakon zaɓin shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu kuma galibi ba na gaske ba bayan sassan tallace-tallace don gyara motoci. Har ila yau, Ford ya matsa kaimi don daidaita farashi a tsakanin ingantattun shagunan gyaran gyare-gyaren da ke yin tilascin kuɗaɗen kuɗi ko da na gyare-gyare daban-daban.
Wannan tsarin ya lalata gyare-gyare mai zaman kanta daga kusurwoyi daban-daban: idan aka ba da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙirar ƙira, masu amfani da hankali an tura su zuwa sayan sabbin motoci yayin da kula da tsofaffin motoci da gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata ba su da kyau ta hanyar tura masu amfani zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar gyara izini waɗanda galibi suka fi tsada fiye da masu zaman kansu..
A gaskiya ma, ba wai kawai masana'antun sun lalata yuwuwar gyara ta hanyar fasaha ba, sun kuma kai hari kan kamfanoni a kotuna da suka yi ƙoƙari su gyara kayan aiki: a cikin shekara ta 1938 Champion Spark Plug, wani kamfani wanda da kansa ya gina nasararsa a kan kwafin ƙirar tartsatsi na waje don zama. kerarre kuma daga baya aka sayar wa Buick, ya kai ƙarar kamfanin Reich.
Ƙuntata samun dama ga sassa (1950s-2000s)
A shekara ta 1956 yawancin masana'antun masana'antu daban-daban sun yi amfani da dabara mai kama da GM don samfuran su, amma matsayi mafi girma na IBM a cikin babbar kasuwar kwamfuta ya haifar da haƙƙin farko na gyarawa: IBM, a baya a lokacin babban mai samar da fasahar bayanai ga masana'antu. Gwamnatin Amurka da manyan kamfanoni, ma'aikatar shari'a ta kai karar gwamnatin Amurka saboda rashin gasa da ke lalata kasuwar hannu ta biyu ta hanyar hana abokan ciniki damar mallaka, amma kawai don hayar kayayyakinsu. Ganin cewa duk kayan aikin dole ne a mayar da su ga IBM bayan karewar yarjejeniyar hayar IBM ita ce kawai mai injinan. Samun damar zuwa software na IBM da kayan masarufi koyaushe ana haɗa su yadda ya kamata tare da kiyaye sauran kamfanoni "software" daga kayan aikinsu kuma ba sa barin abokan ciniki su gudanar da dabarun IBM akan injunan IBM. Idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin kasuwar IBM na kusada guda ɗaya, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Amurka ta yi nasarar bin dokar amincewa da ta tilastawa IBM ba wai kawai ta sayar da duk samfuran a yanayin da ba zai yi lahani ga siyan hayar su ba, har ma don karkatar da sashin sabis da samar da sassa, kiyayewa. umarni da kayan aiki a yanayin kasuwanci iri ɗaya ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu dangane da sashin sabis na kansu suna ba da tabbacin cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar kasuwar hannu ta biyu da bayan kasuwar tallace-tallace. Duk da yake wannan ya zama ainihin haƙƙin farko na gyarawa, dalilan yanke shawarar sun dogara ne akan dalilai na aminci kuma ba a zartar da su akan masana'antun lantarki na gaba a matsayin ƙofar masu fafatawa a cikin gida irin su HP da masana'antun Asiya ta hanyar gabatar da abin da ake kira na'urori masu dacewa da IBM da aka kafa. yawan 'yan wasa daban-daban a kasuwa. Sakamakon haka an soke dokar amincewa a kotuna a shekara ta 1997.
A halin da ake ciki ƙananan kotuna da manyan kotuna sun ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa mallakar samfur ya zo tare da haƙƙin gyarawa da gyare-gyaren irin wannan samfurin: a cikin shekara ta 1961 Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a fili game da shari'ar Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Mai canzawa Top Replacement Co. cewa hatta samfuran haƙƙin mallaka ana iya gyara su ba tare da keta haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka ba. Yayin da al'amuran da suka gabata suka yi amfani da matakai masu rikitarwa don nauyi idan an sake gina samfur ko gyara, Kotun Koli ta bayyana karara cewa, muddin za'a iya gane samfur a matsayin abin da aka gyara ba azaman sabon samfuri ba, an yarda da gyara.
Tare da IBM yana fuskantar babban matsin lamba ta umarnin yarda da yanayin doka da ke karkata don neman gyara, sauran masana'antun masana'antu sun ɗauki juzu'i daban-daban kuma suna tsoma baki tare da gyare-gyare mara izini ta hanyar lantarki. Apple, wanda ya tashi da sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun kwamfuta, ya sayar da kwamfutoci na farko tare da kwatancen allon kewayawa, mai sauƙin musanya abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da share umarnin gyarawa. Ƙaddamar da ci gaban fasaha kowane nau'in samfura kamar motoci, masu yankan lawn, har ma da injin kofi, suna da ƙarin kayan aikin lantarki ta hanyar ƙira, da wuya a maye gurbinsu fiye da injiniyoyi. Duk da yake a cikin shekaru hamsin na lantarki a cikin mota an iyakance shi ga sauƙi mai sauƙi don fara injuna da kuma samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi kamar na'urar kwandishan ko kulle tsakiya, shekarun sittin sun ga karuwar adadin na'urori masu mahimmanci da za a yi amfani da su a cikin motoci da ke farawa da sarrafa injin kamar man fetur. kunna wuta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsari na haɗa kayan lantarki tare da injiniyoyi, rabon kayan lantarki a cikin jimlar lissafin kayan mota ya tashi daga 5% a cikin 1970s zuwa sama da 22% a cikin shekara ta 2000.
1975 ya ga gabatarwar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss wanda ke jagorantar ka'idoji don garanti da aka bayar akan samfuran: yayin da doka ba ta ayyana wajibci ga masana'anta don ba da garanti tare da kowane samfurin da aka sayar wa masu siye ba, ya ayyana mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don irin wannan garanti idan mai kaya ya yanke shawarar ba da shi. Tarihin majalissar yana nuna cewa manufar dokar ita ce samar da garanti akan samfuran mabukaci cikin sauƙin fahimta da aiwatarwa da samar da Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya hanyoyin da za a inganta masu siye. Yayin da Dokar Garanti ta Magnusson-Moss ta ayyana sharuɗɗan kamar gyarawa a cikin garanti, bai wajabta masana'antun su buɗe samfuran su don gyarawa cikin sauƙi ba.
Bugu da kari, haƙƙin mallaka ya zama gaba kan iyakancewar gyarawa: kamar yadda lambar software ta rubuta ta bai wa mahaliccin lambar ikon kawai don yanke hukunci idan za a ƙirƙiri abubuwan da aka samo asali daga lamba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan shine ƙarar MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. wanda a cikinsa aka gurfanar da Peak Computer, Inc. ta hanyar yin kwafin tsarin aiki na MAI ba tare da izini ba don gyara tsarin kwamfuta da MAI kera. Duk da yake MAI lashe ƙarar, da majalisa chambers aiwatar ban da Digital Millennium Copyright Dokar a shekara ta 1998 fili kyale irin wannan kofe ga manufar gyara na'ura. Duk da yake wannan dokar don haka ta daidaita yanayin shigar da software mai kariya don manufar kulawa da gyara, ba ta yi hasashen adadin makullin software na shekaru masu zuwa ba.
Filin na'urar tawada tawada ta zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a: tare da shigar da kwamfutoci a kusan kowane gida kuma firintocin sun kasance ga kusan kowa da kowa. Masu kera na'ura sun ga tallace-tallacen harsashin tawada a matsayin samfurin kasuwanci mai riba a haƙiƙanin gaskiya sau da yawa suna ƙara cajin tawada sannan na firinta da kanta. Don hana sake cika harsashi fanko, yawancin masana'antun sun fara sanya microchips kirga matakan cika matakan da amfani akan sake cika harsashi ba zai yiwu ba ko aƙalla ya fi wahala.
Sabbin ƙalubale (2000-2020)
Doka tana motsawa zuwa dama don gyarawa
Da farkon shekara ta 2000s masana'antar ƙera motoci ta sake yin bincike: shawarar farko na haƙƙin gyara lissafin masana'antar kera motoci Joe Barton da Edolphus Towns ne suka gabatar da su don kawo ƙarshen "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba" na masu kera motoci da ke kula da su. kan gyaran bayanan da ka iya haifar da shaguna masu zaman kansu su juya masu motoci baya saboda rashin bayani. Ƙoƙarin yunƙurin shiga tsakani da masana'antar kera motoci suka yi watsi da shawarar amma duk da haka ya gabatar da ci gaba ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sa-kai da ta tilasta wa masana'antun samar da kayayyakin gyara da bincike ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu. Duk da yake yarjejeniyar son rai tabbas ta kasance ci gaba, bincike daga baya ya gano cewa samun damar yin amfani da kayan gyara da gwajin mota ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin matsala don ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu. A gaskiya ma, wani binciken da Terrance Group ya gudanar ya gano cewa fiye da 59% na ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin bincike da sassa daga masana'antun.
Bayan saitin yana goyan bayan ci gaba da haɓaka haƙƙin gyare-gyare a cikin motoci kamar yadda sauran masana'antu suka fara samun karɓuwa a reshen majalisa tare da ƙara yawan shawarwarin doka da yanke hukuncin kotu sune kamar haka:
Nasarar farko ta aiwatar da haƙƙin gyara ta zo ne lokacin da Massachusetts ta zartar da haƙƙin farko na Amurka na gyara doka don sashin kera motoci a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ke buƙatar masu kera motoci su sayar da kayan sabis iri ɗaya da bincike kai tsaye ga masu siye ko ga injiniyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar yadda suke. ana amfani da su don samar da dillalan su na musamman. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce ta farko da ta fara zartarwa a tsakanin jihohi da dama, kamar New Jersey, waɗanda kuma suka zartar da irin wannan doka ta Majalisarsu. Fuskantar yuwuwar buƙatu iri-iri daban-daban, manyan ƙungiyoyin cinikin motoci sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna a cikin Janairu 2014 ta amfani da dokar Massachusetts a matsayin tushen yarjejeniyarsu ga duk jihohi guda 50 waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarar 2018 na kera motoci. An cimma irin wannan yarjejeniya ta hanyar Sadarwar Samar da Motocin Kasuwanci don amfani da manyan motocin da ke kan hanya.
A cikin shekara ta 2013 manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun fara samar da: Haɗin kai na Haƙƙin Gyaran Dijital, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiyar Gyara ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon repair.org, an kafa shi kuma ya jagoranci kusan duk ƙoƙarin majalisar dokoki a Amurka yana tasiri ga samar da shawarwari iri ɗaya mai da hankali. kungiyoyi a duniya. Haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ce ta 501 (c) (6) wacce aka haɗa a cikin New Jersey kuma ana ba da kuɗaɗe gaba ɗaya ta kuɗaɗen shiga. Manufar haɗin gwiwar ita ce tallafawa bayan kasuwa don samfuran fasaha ta hanyar ba da shawara don gyara dokoki, ƙa'idodi, da manufofi.
Masu ƙera suna kulle kayan aikin su
A maimakon haka, masana'antun sun sami sababbin hanyoyin da za a kulle na'urori a zahiri suna kewaye haƙƙin masu mallakar don gyarawa: ayyuka kamar haɗaɗɗiyar sashi (bangayren na'urar suna serialized kuma ba za a iya musanya su da wasu ba), ya zama sananne a tsakanin masana'antun. Hatta gyare-gyaren da aka fi sani kamar maye gurbin nunin wayar hannu yana haifar da rashin aiki saboda kulle-kullen da aka aiwatar a cikin software. Apple, wanda ke ƙera iPhone misali ya fara taƙaita musanyar nunin nunin nunin faifai da ke farawa da saƙon gargaɗi a kan tsofaffin na'urori zuwa gaba kai tsaye cire fasalin tsaro kamar ID ɗin Fuskar idan ba a musanya nunin ta wurin masana'anta da aka ba da izini ba. Yayin da aka fara fara wannan yanayin a fannin aikin gona ta hanyar masana'antar tarakta John Deere, ya zama wani abu mai yaduwa a cikin na'urorin lantarki a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata.
Shari'a
Amurka
A cikin Amurka haƙƙin gyara da aka samo aikace-aikacen a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jiha sune kamar haka:
Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss ; dokar tarayya ta Amurka da ke tafiyar da garanti akan samfuran mabukaci
Dokokin Tarayyar Amurka da na jihohi game da Haƙƙin Masu Motoci don Gyara
A wasu ƙasashe da yankuna
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, haƙƙin mabukaci na gyara ko musanyawa kayan da ba su da kyau a ƙarƙashin Dokar Haƙƙin Mabukaci 2015
Doka, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da juriya na masana'anta a cikin tarihin kwanan nan (2020 da bayan)
Ƙaddamar da doka don dokokin jiha
Dokokin da aka yi niyya don amfani da ikon dokar kasuwanci ta gabaɗaya a cikin jihohi don gyare-gyare na gaba ɗaya na na'urori gami da ɓangaren lantarki na dijital sun dogara ne akan MOU Automotive daga shekara ta 2014. Dokokin samfuri sun nisanci duk wani buƙatu don canza tsarin takaddun bayanai, hanyar isar da sassan da ke akwai, kayan aiki, bincike ko bayanai, ko kowane buƙatu don bayyana kowane sirrin kasuwanci. An ba masu kera damar yin cajin farashi mai ma'ana da ma'ana don sassa na zahiri da kayan aikin, kuma an iyakance su cikin cajin su don bayanin da aka riga aka buga akan layi.
Baya ga ayyukan kungiyar - mutane daban-daban sun tashi tsaye don aiwatar da ayyuka kai tsaye, kamar fara shirye-shiryen kada kuri'a. An shigar da yunƙurin jefa ƙuri'a a Missouri kuma an ba da takaddun haɗawa a kan kuri'ar shekara ta 2022. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2021, Louis Rossmann ya fara kamfen ɗin tattara kuɗi don tara dala miliyan 6 ta amfani da dandalin GoFundMe don fara shirin jefa ƙuri'a kai tsaye don kare haƙƙin mabukaci don gyara a cikin Commonwealth na Massachusetts, yana ambaton nasarorin da suka gabata a cikin masana'antar kera motoci.
Dokokin ƙasa
Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) ta fitar da rahoton "Nixing the Fix" a watan Mayun 2021 ga Majalisa, inda ta bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kamfanoni da ke iyakance gyare-gyare kan kayan masarufi da ta yi la'akari da cin zarafin dokokin kasuwanci, tare da bayyana matakan da za a iya yi don magance matsalar. yafi tilasta wannan. Wannan ya haɗa da sarrafa kai ta masana'antun da abin ya shafa, da kuma faɗaɗa dokokin da ake da su kamar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss ko sabbin dokoki don baiwa FTC ingantaccen aiwatarwa don kare masu sayayya daga ƙuntatawa na ƙwazo. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Zartaswa ta shekara ta 14036, "Ingantacciyar Gasa a Tattalin Arzikin Amirka", ɗimbin tsare-tsare a ɓangaren zartarwa. Daga cikin su sun haɗa da umarni ga FTC don ƙirƙira dokoki don hana masana'anta hana gyare-gyaren da masu su ko shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu ke yi. Kimanin makonni biyu bayan da aka ba da EO, FTC ta yi kuri'a na bai daya don tilasta 'yancin yin gyare-gyare a matsayin manufa kuma za ta yi kokarin daukar mataki a kan kamfanonin da ke iyakance irin aikin gyaran da za a iya yi a shaguna masu zaman kansu.
Duba kuma
Yi da kanka
Rushewa
Bugfix
Injiniyan juyawa
Bude tushen
Buɗe ƙira
Gyara cafe
Faci mara hukuma
Manazarta
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53617 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamamiwhoami | Iamamiwhoami | iamamiwhoami / / ˌ aɪæm . æm aɪ ˈh uː æm aɪ / EYE -am EYE am-eye- HOO -am-eye ) shine kiɗan lantarki da aikin na gani na mawaƙin Sweden-mawaƙi Jona Lee tare da haɗin gwiwar mai yin rikodin ta Claes Björklund. Aikin, tun shekarar 2009, ya fitar da jerin abubuwan gani na kaset a tashar tare da manyan masu sauraro na duniya. Masu haɗin gwiwa na gani na aikin sun haɗa da darektan Sweden Robin Kempe-Bergman, har zuwa 2013, da Wave gama gari, wanda ya ƙunshi Lee da mai daukar hoto John Strandh, da tsohon Agustín Moreaux.
Su videos musamman sun yada virally, da kuma aikin ne sananne ba kawai domin ta m multimedia fitarwa, amma kuma halitta 'leveraging na YouTube da hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri videos don yada su music da rakiyar videos, garnering a cult bin . A cikin 2010, Lee ya kafa lakabin rikodin don iamamiwhoami, , wanda take gudu. Daya daga cikin bidiyon su, mai suna " y ", wanda ya samar da ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 50 tuni, tun da shi ne hanyar farko da Google zai kai ka idan mai binciken gidan yanar gizon bai cika kalmar "youtube" kai tsaye ba. Wannan sannu a hankali ya zama meme intanet mai hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.
Tun daga Disamba 2009, an fitar da bidiyon kiɗan iamamiwhoami a cikin jerin abubuwa da yawa akan tashar YouTube na aikin, yayin da ake samun kiɗan su ta hanyar dillalan kiɗan dijital. A watan Mayun 2013, an fitar da jimillar bidiyoyi 24 a tashar YouTube ta iamamiwhoami. Gudu daga farkon saitin bidiyo na share fage zuwa jerin cikakkun waƙoƙin tsayi, bidiyo da waƙoƙin suna samar da labari mai ci gaba da ke nuna Lee a matsayin jarumi. iamamiwhoami sun fitar da kundi na farko na zahiri, kundin audiovisual Kin, a cikin watan Yuni 2012, yayin da aka fitar da jerin cikakken tsawon farko, Bounty (2010–2011), a zahiri a watan Yuni 2013. An saki kundi na uku, Blue, a watan Nuwamba 2014.
Har ila yau, aikin ya sake yin waƙa don Moby da The Irrepressibles, da kuma yin raye-raye a cikin raye-rayen kide kide da wake-wake da ke zagaye da sakin Kin, Bounty da Blue . An watsa wani "concert" fasaha na kan layi don tallafawa jerin abubuwan Bounty akan layi a cikin 2010, yana faruwa a cikin daji. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2015, "concert" na wasan kwaikwayon kan layi na biyu don tallafawa jerin Blue ɗin an watsa shi akan layi; An fitar da wannan "concert" a zahiri da kuma dijital a cikin Satumba 2015 a matsayin Concert in Blue, kuma ya haɗa da sabuwar waƙar iamamiwhoami ta farko ("The Deadlock") tun 2014.
A cikin Maris 2017, Lee ya fara aikin solo a matsayin ionnalee, yana mai cewa ci gaba ne na iamamiwhoami, kodayake "ayyukan biyu ba za su kasance a lokaci guda ba".
A cikin Maris 2022, Lee ya sanar da sabon kundi na audiovisual daga iamamiwhoami, Kasance Nan Ba da dadewa ba, wanda aka saki a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2022.
Fage
A kide-kide, iamamiwhoami ita ce ƙwararren mawaƙin Sweden-mawaƙiya Jonna Lee da mai yin rikodin ta Claes Björklund. Lee, ta yi hira da Playgroundmag.net, ta bayyana cewa iamamiwhoami an haife shi ne daga "fuskar al'ada a cikin mafi kyawun tsari", dangane da sakewar da ta yi a baya a matsayin mai fasahar solo. Lallai, salon kaɗe-kaɗe da na gani na iamamiwhoami tashi ne daga madadin pop ɗin da Lee ya ƙirƙira a baya, ko da yake ta yarda cewa "canji mai yiwuwa ya fi fitowa fili daga mahangar waje." Lee ya fara haɓaka iamamiwhoami a cikin 2009 kuma ya fara ƙirƙirar kiɗan tare da Björklund a ainihin lokacin tare da fitowar su a cikin 2009–2010. Lee ya bayyana cewa suna son shi "ya girma cikin 'yanci kuma yaga tsohuwar [sic] ta tushensa kuma ya fara farawa", yana hangen ikon "gani da zahiri" waƙoƙin su. Lee ta fara hadin kai tare da Dokokin Kantata-Bergman, Agaustín Moreaux, kuma kwanan nan, Mataimakin mutane "cewa son" Iamami Whoami ba wani abu bane [ita] na iya girgiza kashe. Tsarin kafa iamamiwhoami ya fara da "buƙatun canji" da kuma gaskiyar cewa akwai waƙoƙin da aka riga aka ci gaba. Lee ta yarda cewa suna aiki tare da iyakataccen hanya ta hanyar lakabinta don kiyaye yancin su na kere-kere.
Tun lokacin da aka ɗora bidiyon su na farko zuwa YouTube, bidiyo da kiɗa na aikin sun ci gaba kuma suna aiki a cikin "ainihin lokaci", kuma kowace waƙa ta ƙare kafin a samar da su don kallo. Upload na farko, "Prelude 699130082.451322" ya bayyana akan YouTube a cikin Disamba 2009 kuma shine farkon jerin labaran da ba a taɓa gani ba. Lee ya ce game da wannan tsari "duk lokacin da aka fara samarwa, ana fitar da shi nan da nan bayan an ci gaba da tattaunawa da masu sauraro a halin yanzu. Labari ne na tarihin juyin halitta, tun daga farkonsa har zuwa yanzu. Ina tsammanin Intanet ita ce wurin da za ku iya yin hakan." Lee ya furta cewa da gaske, "jikin iamamiwhoami shine kiɗan mu, inda waƙoƙin su ne rubutun labarin da ke faruwa kuma ana raba su cikin ainihin lokaci. Daga nan sai a fadada shi da hotuna masu nuna ci gabanmu da halin da muke ciki a matsayin wani bangare na tarihin tarihin mu.” Lee ya nuna sha'awar karya "bangon" tsakanin masu kallo da masu sauraro.
iamamiwhoami sananne ne ga sirrinta. Don haka, ba a tabbatar da sa hannun Lee ba sai Agusta 2011, lokacin da ta fara ba da tambayoyinta na farko game da aikin. Lee ta bayyana sunan aikin (lafazin ni ne, ni, wanene ni) ta sami wahayi daga gaskiyar cewa "ba ta san ainihin abin da take son iamamiwhoami ya zama ba." Lee ta gano cewa "ba a ɓoye ba amma ni ban bayyana ba saboda abin da ya dace shine aikin da muka yi da kuma yadda masu sauraro suka bayyana ainihina. " Ko da yake Lee ya yarda cewa sirrin yana da mahimmanci, tana jin akwai "yawan sadarwa daga gare ni [ga masu sauraro] a kowane lokaci duk da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne." Ko da yake "mutane sun gane da sauri cewa [ta] tana da hannu", ta "zabi kada ta yi tsokaci game da shi, saboda [ta] kawai tana son mutane su mai da hankali kan abin da [su] suke yi", da kuma yin magana game da ko wace ce ita "a matsayin mutum ɗaya, ba ta jin dacewa".
Tarihi
2009-2011: Farko uploads da Bounty
Bidiyon farko guda biyu na iamamiwhoami an ɗora su zuwa YouTube a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2009, kuma an tura su daga wani asusun imel da ba a san sunansa ba zuwa ga yawan 'yan jarida na kiɗa da shafukan yanar gizo. Waɗannan bidiyon sun ci gaba da nuna wata mace mai launin fari da ba a san ta ba, kuma fuskarta ta ɓata, kuma tana baje kolin jigogi kamar haihuwa da girma. Hotunan da ke da alaƙa da tatsuniyar mandragora (furen ɗan adam, berries, karnuka da ake amfani da su don fitar da mandrake, da maniyyi na mutumin da aka rataye) suna maimaita a cikin bidiyon iamamiwhoami. Kowannen shirye-shiryen bidiyo shida na farko yana ƙarewa da zane na dabba daban ( akuya, mujiya, whale, kudan zuma, llama, da biri ). Bayan yin rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo game da bidiyon, dan jaridar MTV James Montgomery ya karbi kunshin da wani manzo ya yi, wanda ya hada da makullin gashin gashi, wani yanki na haushi, da hoton dabbobi shida tare da tambayar "Ya ce?" Ci gaba da asiri; Bidiyo na shida ("23.5.12.3.15.13.5–8.15.13.5.3383") ya ƙare da matar tana raɗa "Me ya sa" ko "Y." Kowane bidiyo yana nuna lambar lambobi azaman ɓangaren take. Lokacin da aka lissafta su cikin haruffa, waɗannan suna fitar da kalmomi kamar "ilimi", "Ni", "ninsa", "mandragora", "officinarum", da "barka da gida". Mandragora officinarum yana nufin tushen mandrake, wanda idan sabo ko bushe zai iya haifar da ruɗi kuma yana girma daga maniyyi wanda aka rataye. A cikin 2012, Lee ya bayyana manufar su shine "bari aikin ya kasance cikin mayar da hankali da kuma tura iyakokin al'ada a cikin nau'i daban-daban." Wannan mataki na farko na aikin ya sami tabbatacce, idan sake dubawa masu shakku da shafukan yanar gizo da yawa sun sami kansu suna tambayar masu karatu su yi la'akari da ainihin mace mai launin gashi a cikin shirye-shiryen bidiyo. iamamiwhoami an yi hasashe ya zama aikin masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da Lady Gaga, Goldfrapp, Björk, Knife, Trent Reznor da Christina Aguilera . Silsilar lamba waɗanda ƙwaƙƙwaran bidiyo na teaser ɗin suka tsara sautin aikin, sun kafa asirai da yawa, kuma sun yi aiki don siffata cikakkiyar waƙoƙin ayyukan. Misali, "23.5.12.3.15.13.5–8.15.13.5.3383" na dauke da wakokin da suka karkata zuwa murya wadanda daga baya suka bayyana a wakar "o". A kan 25 Nuwamba 2017, an fitar da cikakken sigar "13.1.14.4.18.1.7.15.18.1.1110" a ƙarƙashin aikin ionnalee na gefe, wanda ke nuna cikakkiyar ayar da aka karkata a matsayin babban mawaƙa na waƙar "GONE"
"jeri" na biyu na aikin iamamiwhoami ya fara ne tare da ɗora cikakkiyar waƙa da bidiyon kiɗa mai suna "b", wata ɗaya bayan bidiyon share fage na ƙarshe. Gano tabbataccen sake dubawa don canjinsa mai ban mamaki a salon da amfani da piano mai nauyi da kuma dabarun murɗa murya, waƙar ita ce farkon da aka ɗora zuwa Shagon iTunes, ana ba da ita azaman zazzagewar dijital da aka biya akan 15 Maris 2010. Ko da yake ana tsammanin "bayyana" mai zane a bayan moniker, faifan bidiyon sun nuna karara ta fuskar fuskar Jonna Lee. Yaren mutanen Sweden kafofin watsa labarai gane Lee. Koyaya, ƙungiyar gudanarwar Arewacin Amurka ta Lee Philadelphonic ta yi sharhi "Idan Jonna ya shiga cikin wannan, ba mu da masaniya game da irin wannan." Duk da haka, daga karshe an yi tunanin cewa shigar ta cikin aikin za ta tabbatar da fitowar faifan bidiyo na "t", wanda fuskarta ta bayyana gaba daya ba tare da wani gyara ko murguda ba da zai boye mata. A cewar rraurl.com da MTV Brasil, Viktor Kumlin ne ya jagoranci "o" wanda kuma shine darektan bidiyon kiɗan Lee na "Wani Abu So Shuru". Wannan ya tabbatar da karya ne. Yayin da aka fitar da bidiyon bakwai masu taken haruffa a hankali, magoya baya sun taru cewa bidiyon na iya rubuta kalmar "Bounty". Kowane bidiyo na bakwai yana farawa da daidai sautin dabbar, duk da haka, sautin dabbar ba ya cikin waƙoƙin da aka saki. Ƙarshen taron wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye IN CONCERT na 2010 ya nuna cewa onomatopoeia da aka yi amfani da shi don wakiltar kiran dabbobi za a iya yin kusanta da lafazin kalmar Ingilishi "Bounty". A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2011, an gano waƙoƙi da yawa masu rijista akan ISWC suna da alaƙa da iamamiwhoami. Misali, wakoki masu taken, "Up!/Higher", "Sautin Barin Tafi/Love", da "Little Hope/Sing a Song of Fire" duk sun shafi waƙoƙin iamamiwhoami, "b", "o", da "y", bi da bi. Lee da Claes Björklund ne suka yi rajistar ayyukan. An yi wa waɗannan waƙoƙin rajista kusan lokaci guda da waƙoƙi da yawa daga kundin kundi na Lee This Is Jona Lee 2009.
A cikin Oktoba 2010, iamamiwhoami ya bukaci mai sa kai daga masu sauraro da a gabatar musu da cikakken sunansu ta hanyar bidiyo na saƙo; babu umarnin da aka bi. Magoya bayan aikin sun kafa rumfunan zaɓe kuma sun gabatar da wani ɗan agaji daga al'ummar YouTube tare da sunan mai amfani da YouTube na ShootUpTheStation. Bayan wata daya, a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2010, an watsa wani wasan kwaikwayo na kan layi kai tsaye ga wanda zai shafi gidan yanar gizon inda aka jagoranci ShootUpTheStation ta cikin dazuzzuka na iamamiwhoami ta Lee aka kawo a binne shi kuma a kona a cikin akwatin takarda. A cikin Concert an gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na duka preludes, Bounty da sabuwar waƙa mai taken "." da gudu cikin awa daya da minti hudu.
A watan Agusta 2011, iamamiwhoami sun buga wasan kwaikwayo na farko kai tsaye a bikin Way Out West Festival na shekara-shekara a Gothenburg, Sweden. Bayan dogon rashi, sai suka fitar da waƙoƙin "; John" da "Clump" waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin abin ban mamaki ga Bounty . A matsayin ƙarshe ga Bounty, Bullett Media ya buga labarin hira tare da iamamiwhoami don Batun 'Sirrin' su na Winter 2011. An amsa tambayoyi ta musamman tare da samfurin waƙoƙin da aka ƙirƙira daga wakokin na yanzu, tare da ƙarin wasu jumlolin da ba a san su ba da aka ce su ne waƙa don fitowar kiɗan nan gaba. Labarin ya kuma haɗa da hotunan tallatawa na iamamiwhoami, tsirara a cikin gandun daji kuma an fito da shi tsakanin abubuwa iri ɗaya daga "; John" da "T". Iamamiwhoami ya yi nuni da rubutawa da daukar hoton labarin. Bayan wasan kwaikwayonsu a Way Out West, iamamiwhoami ya fara yin rikodi da shirya kundi na farko na studio.
Bounty ya sami karbuwa sosai, tare da Kathy Iandoli na MTV ta kwatanta Bounty kamar yadda "ta nuna flaxen, allahn ethereal tana karkatar da hanyarta a cikin yanayi, yayin da sauran [bidiyoyin] sun haɗa da gurɓatattun hotuna waɗanda ke ɗauke da masana'antu, sautin sauti na synthy da aka kunna wuta. Haɗin ya kasance mai ban mamaki, duk da haka yana da ban sha'awa, yana wakiltar haɗakar hotunan fina-finai masu ban tsoro tare da sababbin shekarun hankali. Lakabin waƙoƙin sun kasance masu banƙyama, ... lambobi da tarin kalmomi . . . . Bidiyon ba su kai ga gaci dubu ɗari ba - kuma har ma mafi girma ... a fili mutane sun lura." A bikin Grammis na Sweden da aka gudanar a watan Janairun 2011, iamamiwhoami ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a cikin nau'in "Innovator of the Year" ( Swedish ), wanda aka yi sabon ƙaddamarwa. Wata mata da ba a bayyana sunanta ba, daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa ita ce Nina Fors, mahaifiyar Emil Fors, wani mawaƙin Sweden wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan shirya faifan bidiyo, ya karɓi lambar yabo a madadinsu kuma ya ba wa mai magana ambulan tare da kalmomin "Ga wanda zai damu." an buga a gaba. An bayyana abinda ke ciki a matsayin farar takarda mara komai. Kafin ta tafi, matar ta yarda da cewa, “Na gode. Abin da zan iya fada ke nan". iamamiwhoami ya lashe kyautar MTV O Music a 2012 a cikin "Digital Genius" category.
2012-2013: Kin
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2012, tashar YouTube ta iamamiwhoami ta sake yin aiki tare da ƙaddamar da bidiyon "kin 20120611", wanda aka aika zuwa shafukan kiɗa da yawa daidai da fitowar asali. Wannan ya ci gaba da kowane fitowar da ta gabata a cikin jerin Kin . An yi hasashen cewa taken bidiyon ya shafi ranar 11 ga Yuni 2012, ta yin amfani da tsarin ƙawancen ƙawancen Gregorian da aka fi sani a Sweden. Bidiyon ya biyo bayan bidiyon kiɗa na asali a cikin jerin Kin, mai taken "Sever", daga baya waƙar buɗewa akan kundi na farko na iamamiwhoami. Silsilar ta ƙunshi waƙoƙi da bidiyo guda tara, waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin "Kayayyaki" kuma ci gaba ne na labarin baka wanda aka kafa ta asali uploads, wasan kwaikwayo na kan layi da jerin Bounty . Tare, faifan bidiyon sun samar da wani fim na gama-gari kuma mai suna Kin wanda aka fitar a CD/DVD kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na Turai da yawa. An fitar da zazzagewar dijital ta kowace waƙa ga dillalai wata rana bayan loda YouTube. Dangane da zane-zane, yawancin Kin sun ƙunshi manyan halittu masu gashi waɗanda ke hulɗa da Lee a duk cikin labarin, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "wakilta [wani yanki na] da yawancin sauran mutane. Rayuwa da ita abin farin ciki ne sosai. Na fuskanci sakamakon rayuwa ba tare da shi ba." . Sakin ya haifar da tambayoyin farko da Lee ya yi don haɓaka kundin, a karon farko yana bayyana tsarin ƙirƙirar abubuwan gani da kiɗan iamamiwhoami. Ta yi nuni da yin Kin a wata hira da jaridar The Guardian cewa ta kasance "watanni tara na aiki tuƙuru". Lee ya kuma bayyana Kin "ya zo rayuwa bayan ganawa ta kusa da masu sauraro a wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 2011" kuma ta kira kanta "uwa mai girman kai".
A cikin shirye-shiryen saki, iamamiwhoami an sanya hannu a kan Cooperative Music, Ƙungiyar Biritaniya na lakabi masu zaman kansu da aka kafa ta V2 Records . Reshen Italiyanci na lakabin shine farkon wanda ya sanar da sakin jerin a matsayin kundi, wanda zai zama audiovisual kuma za a rarraba duka ta jiki da ta hanyar saukewa na dijital a kan 11 Yuni 2012. kuma ya samo asali daga lakabin kansa na aikin, "Ga wanda zai damu.", Magana mai maimaitawa a cikin duka bidiyon su da zane-zane guda ɗaya. Wannan ya zo daidai da ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon farko na lakabin, wanda a baya aka yi amfani da shi don watsa ainihin wasan kwaikwayo na kan layi. An kuma gano cewa iamamiwhoami tana ƙarƙashin kulawar DEF Artist Management na tushen London, wanda tsarin aikinta ya haɗa da sauran masu fasahar Sweden. An saki Kin a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2012 a cikin CD/DVD da tsarin LP/DVD ta gidan yanar gizon lakabin, tare da sakin hukuma wanda ya biyo baya akan 3 Satumba 2012.
Bayan fitowar, kundin ya haifar da ingantaccen bita daga masu suka, waɗanda suka yaba burin kundin a matsayin gamayya da kuma salon sa, wanda ya haɗa nau'ikan kiɗan lantarki da yawa da kuma muryar Lee. iamamiwhoami an zabi shi ne don "Mafi kyawun wasa na watanni 12 da suka gabata" ta BBC Radio's 6 Music Blog Awards, tare da abokan hamayyar su Lana Del Rey, Elliphant, Battlekat, Savoir Adore da Sautin Kibiyoyi . A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2012, Tom Robinson ya ayyana iamamiwhoami a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a gidan rediyon BBC, kuma aikin ya sami babban wasan farko na wasan kwaikwayo na farko tare da "O" bayan sanarwar. Wannan ya biyo bayan fitowar iamamiwhoami's first airplay promotional single, "Play", on 30 Yuli 2012. iamamiwhoami ya lashe lambar yabo ta MTV O Music Awards Digital Genius Award, 'yan uwan yan takarar kasancewa Amanda Palmer, Gorillaz, OK Go, Radiohead da The Flaming Lips . Aikin ya fara yawon shakatawa na Turai don dangi a cikin 2012, yana buga bukukuwa da wuraren wasanni a duk faɗin Turai.
Asalin samarwa da fito da shi cikin jerin mawaƙa a cikin 2010 da 2011, An fitar da Bounty azaman kundi akan 3 Yuni 2013 akan lakabin iamamiwhoami Ga wanda abin ya shafa, wanda Cooperative Music ya rarraba, ƙungiyar tambarin masu zaman kansu. Bidiyon kiɗa na farko daga Bounty, mai suna "B", an sake shi a ranar 14 ga Maris 2010 akan tashar YouTube ta iamamiwhoami, bayan haka ya biyo bayan "O", "U-1", "U-2", "N", "T" da "Y". An fitar da ɗimbin ɗaiɗaikun aure jim kaɗan bayan an ɗora kowane bidiyon kiɗa zuwa YouTube. Lakabin gaba ɗaya sun samar da kalmar "Bounty". Yayin da aka ɗauka cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin sun ƙunshi jerin waƙoƙin Bounty kawai, a cikin 2011 an sake fitar da ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu da bidiyon kiɗa, "; John" da "Clump" kuma ba a tabbatar da su a matsayin na ' ba har sai Yuni 2012 lokacin da tashar YouTube ta iamamiwhoami ta haɗa su cikin jerin waƙoƙi mai suna "Bounty" tare da waƙoƙin da aka ambata a baya.
A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2012, gidan yanar gizon alamar iamamiwhoami Ga wanda abin ya shafa. An sabunta tare da bayanin kula a shafi na farko wanda ya bayyana "20130603 - mai girma; Bounty", yana hasashen sakin jiki na jerin Bounty . An tabbatar da hakan a washegari lokacin da sashin Sakin gidan yanar gizon ya nuna fasahar murfin kundi ' Bounty, tare da jerin waƙoƙinsa.
iamamiwhoami ya fara rangadin duniya don tallafawa Kin da Bounty a cikin 2012 da 2013, gami da kwanakinsu na farko a Arewacin Amurka.nnkj
2014-2017: Blue da Concert a Blue
A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2014, Ga wanda zai iya damuwa. da cibiyoyin sadarwa na hukuma duk an sabunta su tare da zane-zanen da ke nuna Lee a gaban wani ruwa mai suna "Fountain". An tabbatar da shi azaman sabon guda kuma an sake shi ta hanyar dijital akan 22 Janairu 2014. Ga wanda zai damu.'s kuma an sabunta shi tare da fasalin "Generate", sabis na ba da gudummawa wanda aka yi alƙawarin "amfani da kuɗi don dalilai masu ƙirƙira kawai". Bayan mai amfani ya ba da gudummawa, an tura su zuwa shafi mai ɗauke da hoton gif na kifin da ake saki a cikin tafki. Bayan "Fountain" an kasance guda uku "Farauta don Lu'u-lu'u", "Vista" da "Matsa Gilashin ku", waɗanda aka saki lokaci-lokaci a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 28 ga Afrilu, da 4 ga Agusta, bi da bi.
A kan 30 Afrilu 2015, kundin rayuwa na biyu / aikin (CD/DVD / littafi) an sanar da shi bisa hukuma, mai suna Concert in Blue, wanda aka saki a kan 2 Satumba 2015 a cikin keɓaɓɓen bugu na jiki da na dijital. Kamar yadda aka fitar da su a baya, an fitar da Concert in Blue tare da littafin hoto. Concert a cikin Blue ya haɗa da waƙoƙi daga Blue da Bounty da Kin . Concert in Blue zai kuma ga fitowar sabuwar waƙar iamamiwhoami ta farko tun daga 2014 ("The Deadlock"), wanda aka sake shi azaman guda.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Duniya%20kan%20Hakkokin%20Dan%20Adam | Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taron kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya a Vienna, Austria, a ranar 14 zuwa 25 ga watan Yuni 1993. Wannan dai shi ne taron kare hakkin bil adama na farko da aka gudanar tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka. Babban sakamakon taron shine sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki.
Fage
Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dade tana aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan Adam, taron Vienna ya kasance taro na biyu ne kawai na duniya da aka mayar da hankali kan kare hakkin bil adama musamman, wanda na farko shi ne taron kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan Adam da aka gudanar a Tehran, Iran., a cikin watannin Afrilu–Mayu 1968 don bikin cika shekaru ashirin da shelar ‘yancin ɗan adam ta duniya.
Taron Vienna ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da tarurrukan duniya suka shahara, inda aka gudanar da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da raya kasa a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, da taron kasa da kasa kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, nan ba da jimawa ba. a watan Satumba 1994. Bayan haka, za a yi taruka da yawa, ciki har da taron koli na duniya kan raya al'umma a birnin Copenhagen na kasar Denmark, a watan Maris na shekarar 1995 da taron duniya karo na hudu kan mata a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, a watan Satumba na shekarar 1995. Ana kallon irin waɗannan tarurrukan a matsayin wata hanya ta haɓaka shiga duniya, tuntuɓar juna, da tsara manufofi, kuma ana ganin ta a matsayin wata babbar sabuwar hanya ta yin tasiri ga al'ummar duniya.
An fara gabatar da ra'ayin yin taron duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin 1989. Ƙarshen yakin cacar-baka ya haifar da bege cewa dogon lokaci da gurgujewar ɗabi'un Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya saboda adawar da ake yi tsakanin manyan masu ƙarfi za su ƙare.
Gabanin taron na shekarar 1993, an yi hasarar yawancin kyakkyawan fata na zamanin 1989. An gudanar da tarurrukan shirye-shirye a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, tun daga shekarar 1991, kamar yadda wasu tarurrukan yanki da tauraron dan adam suka yi. Wadannan sun yi gwagwarmaya don samar da sababbin ra'ayoyin da kasashe za su iya amincewa da su, da kuma nuna bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da rawar da ake takawa na mulkin kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), da kuma ko sababbin kayan kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasance mai yiwuwa kuma ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Daga karshe an tilastawa babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yanke shawara kan ajandar taron a shekarar 1992. Pierre Sané, Sakatare Janar na Amnesty International, ya damu da cewa taron na iya wakiltar wani mataki na baya-bayan nan game da 'yancin ɗan adam. Ya kara da cewa, “Ba abin mamaki ba ne gwamnatocin ba su wuce gona da iri ba. Bayan haka, su ne suke tauye haqqin bil’adama.”
Taro
Taron na duniya kan kare hakkin dan Adam ya samu halartar wakilan kasashe 171 da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 800, tare da mahalarta kusan 7,000 gaba daya. Wannan ya sa ya zama taro mafi girma da aka taɓa yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masanin kare hakkin dan Adam John Pace ne ya shirya shi.
An yi ta tattaunawa da yawa gabanin taron kan abubuwan da ba za a iya fada a lokacin taron ba. Dokokin da aka amince da su sun bayyana cewa, ba za a iya ambata takamammen ƙasashe ko wuraren da ake cin zarafin ɗan adam ba, ciki har da waɗanda ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula na yanzu kamar Bosnia da Herzegovina, Angola, da Laberiya, da waɗanda ke ci gaba da sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar China, da Kuba. Maimakon haka, za a tattauna batun take haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin zayyana kawai; wannan ya sa jaridar New York Times ta bayyana cewa taron yana gudana "A cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki da aka cire daga gaskiya." Musamman ma cewa, yakin Bosnia da ke ci gaba da gudana a jirgin sama na sa'o'i daya kacal daga Vienna ya shaida cewa babu wani sabon zamani na hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da ya fara aiki.
Duk da ka'idojin, kungiyoyi da masu zanga-zangar a wurin taron sun yi farin cikin ambaton takamaiman cin zarafi da ake ci gaba da yi a duk fadin duniya, inda da yawa ke nuna hotunan ta'addanci a kokarin nuna rashin amincewa da juna. Wani wanda ya damu game da yanayin Polisario Front da yammacin Sahara ya ce, "Yana da wuya a lura."
Taron ya yi nazari mai zurfi game da 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da ƙoƙarin nuna yancin mata, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa, 'yancin tsiraru, da dai sauransu a cikin yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na duniya. Hakkokin mata musamman sun samu gagarumin tasiri a wajen taron.
Daya daga cikin laifuffukan da aka yi a taron shi ne kasashen yammacin duniya da suka shelanta wata ma'ana ta bai daya ga hakkin bil'adama da kasashen da suka ce hakkin bil'adama na bukatar fassara daban-daban a cikin al'adun da ba na yammacin Turai ba, kuma yunkurin sanya ma'anar duniya ya zama tsoma baki a cikin harkokinsu na cikin gida. China, Syria da Iran ne suka jagoranci kungiyar ta baya, sannan ta hada da wasu kasashen Asiya kamar Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, da Vietnam. A ranar bude taron, sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Warren Christopher ya yi kakkausar suka ga wannan ra'ayi, yana mai cewa "Ba za mu iya barin dangantar al'adu ta zama mafaka ta karshe na danniya ba."
Tsohuwar memba na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma 'yar takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa Geraldine Ferraro ta halarci taron a matsayin wakiliyar Amurka, kuma ta kasance daya daga cikin mahalarta taron masu matukar sha'awar al'amuran 'yancin mata.
Duk da matsin lamba daga jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, Dalai Lama na 14 ya iya ba da jawabi a gun taron kan nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan dan Adam.
Sakamako
Babban sakamakon taron duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam shine sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki, wanda aka tsara a ƙarshen taron kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta jihohi 171 a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1993. Yayin da wata fassara mai yuwuwa tana ganin wannan takarda a matsayin "kyakkyawan tsari amma wa'azi mara kyau", ya zo ya wakilci yawancin ijma'i kamar yadda ake iya samu kan 'yancin ɗan adam a farkon shekarun 1990. Kuma a hakika ya sanya sabbin maki a ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a fannoni da dama. Ya kafa dogaro da dimokuradiyya, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da yancin ɗan adam. Musamman, ya maye gurbin Yakin Cold War na 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa (CPR) ban da 'yancin zamantakewa da al'adu na tattalin arziki (ESCR) tare da manufar haƙƙin ba za a iya raba su ba (wanda ba zai iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin ɗaya ba tare da ɗayan ba), haɗin kai (saitin ɗaya). na hakkoki yana buƙatar tabbatar da ɗayan), da kuma alaƙa (cewa duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da juna). Ta yi kira da a samar da kayan aikin tallatawa da kare hakkin mata da yara da kuma ‘yan asalin kasar. Ta bukaci karin kudade ga Cibiyar kare hakkin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mafi mahimmanci, ta yi kira ga sabon ofishi, Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Daga baya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar a matsayin wani bangare na kuduri mai lamba 48/121.Har ila yau, ta samar da matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 1993.
A farkon shekara ta 2000s, an fayyace wuraren da sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki suka ba da shawarar an cika su gabaɗaya ko a sashi. Taron ya kuma bayyana muhimmancin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su ci gaba da takawa wajen samar da ayyukan kare hakkin bil adama.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam a gidan yanar gizon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky%20Ford | Vicky Ford | Victoria Grace Ford (née Pollock (ranar haihuwa, 21 Satumba shekara ta 1967) yar siyasa ce ta Biritaniya, Memba ce a Majalisar (MP) na Chelmsford tun a shekarar 2017. Memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar bankin saka hannun jari ce, 'yar majalisar gundumomi, kuma 'yar majalisar Turai ta Gabashin Ingila (2009 zuwa 2017).
Ford ta kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Yara tsakanin Fabrairu shekara ta 2020 da Satumba shekara ta 2021, kafin a nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka, Latin Amurka da Caribbean a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Ci gaba yayin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021.
Kuruciya da aiki
An haifi Victoria Grace Pollock a ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1967 a Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland ta Arewa ga iyalin Anthony da Deborah Marion Pollock. Iyayenta duka likitocin Ingila ne. Tun tana karama, ta hadu da mahaifiyarta wajen yakin neman zabe tare da kungiyar zaman lafiya kuma mahaifinta ya tsaya a zaben kananan hukumomi na Alliance Party of Northern Ireland .
Ta halarci makarantar firamare da Omagh Academy da ke Arewacin Ireland, amma bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ta tafi makarantu a Ingila. Ford ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St Paul mai zaman kanta, Kwalejin Marlborough mai zaman kanta sannan ta karanci Maths da Economics a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 da 2001, Ford tayi aiki da JPMorgan Chase. An kara mata girma zuwa mataimakiyar shugaba a sashin harkokin rance. A cikin shekara ta 2001, ta shiga Bear Stearns a matsayin manajan darakta na kasuwannin babban birnin lamuni inda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2003.
Siyasa
Ford ta shiga Jam'iyyar Conservative a shekarar 1986. A shekarar 2006, an zaɓi Ford a matsayin ɗan majalisa, mai wakiltar Balsham Ward a Majalisar gundumar South Cambridgeshire. Ta kasance ‘yar takarar majalisa a babban zaben shekarar 2005 na mazabar Birmingham Northfield, amma ta sha kayi a hannun dan majalisar wakilai mai ci, Richard Burden.
A shekara ta 2007, ta kasance babbar mai ba da shawarwari a Jam'iyyar Conservative ta sake duba harajin Burtaniya "Hukumar Gyaran Haraji".
Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
An zabi Ford a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Ingila a zaben Majalisar Turai da akayi a shekara ta 2009. Ta kasance mamba a ofishin kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kawo sauyi a Turai, kuma mamba ce ta wakilan majalisar dokoki kan hulda da kasar Sin.
A matsayin ta na MEP, Ford ta kasance mai ba da rahoto ga Majalisar game da sauye-sauye da dokokin bindiga, tsaron mai da iskar gas da kuma tsarin tsarin kasafin kudi wanda ke neman kara bayyana gaskiya da rikon amana na kashe kudaden jama'a. Ta kasance jagorar mai shiga tsakani kan asusun Horizon 2020 don bincike da kan buƙatun babban bankin banki, tsarin garantin ajiya da jinginar gidaje.
Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2014 ta kasance memba a kwamitin majalisar Turai kan masana'antu, bincike da makamashi da kuma kwamitin majalisar Turai kan harkokin tattalin arziki da dukiya .
Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017 ta kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Kasuwancin Cikin Gida da Kariyar masu siyayya, kwamitocin tattalin arziki na majalisar, mai da hankali kan manufofin dijital da buɗe damar kasuwanci don ayyuka da kayayyaki.
A shekara ta 2016, Ford tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mambobin majalisar Turai goma da suka fi tasiri ta hanyar Siyasa Turai, musamman don aikinta akan manufofin dijital.
'yar majalisa
An zabi Ford a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Chelmsford a babban zaben shekara ta 2017. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017, Ford ta gabatar da jawabinta na farko a cikin muhawarar jawabin Sarauniya, farkon cin abinci na shekarar 2017 don yin hakan. A ofishin majalisar a shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2019 ta yi aiki a kan Kimiyya da Fasaha da Mata da Daidaita zabar kwamitocin.
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018 ne aka nada Ford a matsayin Sakatare mai zaman kansa na majalisar wakilai ga tawagar ministocin Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth . A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, ta zama Sakatariyar Mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Alok Sharma, Sakatariya ko Jiha don Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya.
An sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020, inda aka nada Ford a matsayin Ministan Yara ; Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Majalisa a Sashen Ilimi, mai alhakin yara da iyalai.
A sake tsarin majalisar ministocin da akayi a watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Ford ta daina aiki a matsayin Ministan Yara kuma ta zama sabuwar Mataimakiyar Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Raya Kasa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da aka yi a Burkinabe a shekara ta 2022.
Rayuwa
Vicky ya auri Hugo Ford a shekara ta 1996. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. Ma'auratan sun hadu a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta kasance daliba a Kwalejin Trinity shi kuma dalibi ne a Kwalejin Magdalene. Shi masanin cutar kansa ne kuma shi ne darektan sabis na cutar kansa a Asibitin Addenbrooke da ke Cambridge.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haifaffun 1967
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17734 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya%20Haqqi | Yahya Haqqi | Yahya Haqqi ( Larabci : حقي ) (an haife shi 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1905 -ya mutu 9 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1992) (ko Yehia Hakki, Yehia Haqqi ) marubuciya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar kasar Masar. An haife shi daga dangin masu matsakaicin matsayi a cikin Alkahira, an horar da shi a matsayin lauya a Makarantar Koyon Shari'a ta Alkahira, yana kammala karatu a shekarar 1925. Kamar sauran marubutan Misira da yawa, kamar Naguib Mahfouz da Yusuf Idris, ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, yana mai ƙara yawan kuɗin da yake samu a fagen adabi; daga ƙarshe ya zama mai ba da shawara ga dakin Karatun na Masar .
A cikin aikinsa na wallafe-wallafe, ya wallafa tarin gajerun labarai, labarai guda ( Fitilar Umm Hashem), da labarai da yawa da sauran gajerun labarai ban da. Ya kasance editan mujallar adabi ta Al-Majalla daga shekarar 1961 zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da aka hana buga wannan a Masar. Ya yi gwaji da ka’idoji daban-daban na adabi: gajeren labari, labari, sukar adabi, kasidu, bimbini, da fassarar adabi .
Farkon rayuwa da iyali
Haqqi aka haife kan ga watan Janairu 7, shekarar 1905 a Alkahira unguwar Zainab zuwa tsakiyar aji- Turkish Musulmi iyali. Kakanninsa sun yi kaura daga Turkiya zuwa Girka, kuma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan gidan, Ibrahim Haqqi (a. 1890), kakan Yahya, ya ƙaura zuwa Masar a farkon karni na sha tara. Ibrahim Haqqi ya yi aiki a Damietta na wani lokaci, kuma yana da ‘ya’ya maza uku: Muhammad Ibrahim (mahaifin Yahya), Mahmoud Taher, da Kamal. Matar Muhammad Ibrahim, mahaifiyar Yahya, ita ma asalin asalin Baturke ce. Duk iyayensa sun ji daɗin adabi. Yahya Haqqi shi ne ɗa na uku a cikin shida, kuma yana da mata biyu. Babban wansa shine Ibrahim, sai Ismael. 'Yan uwansa kanana, bisa tsarin haihuwa, su ne Zakariya, Musa, Fatima, Hamza, da Maryamu. Hamza da Miriam duk sun mutu tun suna 'yan watanni.
Ya kammala karatunsa daga Faculty of Law kuma ya zama lauya a Alexandria . A shekarar 1929 ya shiga aikin diflomasiyya ya yi aiki a Jeddah, Rome, Paris, da Ankara . A shekarar 1952 aka nada shi jakada a Libya . A shekarar 1953 aka nada shi Daraktan Sashen Kere-kere sannan kuma mai ba da shawara kan Adabi ga Kungiyar Kundin Litattafai ta Masar a shekarar 1958. A cikin shekara ta 1959, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa kuma ya zama edita na ɗaya daga cikin mujallar da ke Cairo. A cikin shekara ta 1970, aka naɗa memba na Majalisar Supremeoli ta Rediyo da Talabijin.
Aikin adabi
A cikin aikinsa na wallafe-wallafe, ya wallafa tarin gajerun labarai guda biyu, labari daya, ("Barka da Safiya", wanda Miriam Cooke ta fassara daga Larabci), labari mai suna ( Haske ta Hasum Hashem, sau biyu ana fassarawa daga Larabci, na MMBadawi da Denys Johnson-Davies), da kuma labarai da yawa wadanda wasu daga cikinsu sun shafi sukar adabin marubuta ne, da sauran gajerun labarai banda haka. Sabri Hafez ya ɗauki Haqqi a matsayin jagora a cikin rubuce-rubucen gajerun labarai, kuma mai gwaji a cikin tsari da salo. Yawancin masu sukar adabi suna yabawa da salon rubutun Haqqi da kuma dacewarsa da harshensa. Ya kasance editan mujallar adabi ta Al-Majalla daga shekarar 1961 zuwa shekarar 1971; wannan matsayi ne mai hatsari, saboda an dakatar da buga shi a Misira ta hanyar umarnin gwamnatin Gamal Abdel Nasser . A wannan lokacin har ma kafin Haqqi ya jagoranci marubutan Masar masu tasowa wadanda ayyukan su suke matukar birge su kuma yake imani dasu. A cikin shekarun 1960 kuma Haqqi ya dauki matakin da ya ba shi karfin gwiwa na yin ritaya daga rubuta gajerun labarai da litattafai, amma ya ci gaba da rubuta kasidu da masu suka suka bayyana a matsayin zane-zanen fasaha.
Aiki
Aikinsa a Book Organisation ya bashi damar karatu da yawa. An dauke shi a matsayin mahaifin gajeren labari da labari a Misira. Gajeren labarinsa na farko ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1925, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗayan manyan jagororin rubutun gajerun labarai na wannan zamani a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa .
Gajerun labaransa suna isar da ƙoƙari ne na bayyana wata falsafa akan rayuwa, wani matsayi ko ra'ayi da kuma ƙwarin gwiwar ɗan adam wanda ya ɗauki maɓuɓɓugar tushen kyawawan halaye. Ya yi imanin cewa harshe ba kawai kayan aiki ba ne na nunawa ko isar da ra'ayoyi amma mahimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin rubutu a duk ƙa'idodin adabi. Karatunsa na shari'a ya yi tasiri a kan rubuce-rubucensa waɗanda ke da alamun rashin daidaito.
Haqqi ya kuma fassara shahararrun ayyukan adabi na duniya kamar "The Chess Player" wanda aka fi sani da The Royal Game na Stefan Zweig, Baltagul (The Hatchet) na Mihail Sadoveanu, da kuma "The Prodigal Father" na Edith Saunders, ya kuma halarci fassarar shahararren Likitan Rasha Zhivago na Boris Pasternak .
A shekarar 1990, ya ci "King Faisal International Prize", a cikin Harshen Larabci da Adabi, Gajerun Novels Fannin. Kyautar tana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru na Gidauniyar Sarki Faisal (KFF), wata ƙungiya mai taimako da aka kafa a 1976G / 1396H ta thea andan maza da ofa daughtersan Marigayi Sarki Faisal bin Abdulaziz, na Masarautar Saudi Arabia, don tunawa da su uba.
Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi, a cikin shekarar 1983, taken "Legion of Honor", Kashi na Farko.
Bugu da kari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jami'ar Al Minya, Misira ta ba shi digirin girmamawa.
A cikin shekarar 1969, ya ci lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta kasar Masar saboda littafinsa mai suna "The Postman" inda ya nuna hanyoyin da'awar dabi'u da ka'idojin Masar.
A cikin shekarar 2005, UNESCO tana da alaƙa da bikin cika shekara ɗari da haihuwar Yahya Haqqi, a matsayin ɗayan gumakan al'adun Duniya.
Littattafai da aka Rubuta game da Yahya Haqqi
"Gihad Fil Fann" (foroƙarin Cigaban Fasaha) جهاد فى الفن, Mustafa Abdalla, Mai Bugawa: Babbar Majalisar Kula da Al'adu ta Masar "Zekrayat Matweyya" (Ba a Sanar da Tunawa ba) ذكريات مطوية, Noha Yahya Haqqi.
Bibliography
Ba-almara
"Asubahin littafin labari na Masar" فجر القصة المصرية
"Antar da Juliet" عنتر وجولييت
"Matakai a cikin suka" خطوات فى النقد
"Waƙar Sauƙi" أنشودة للبساطة
adadi da yawa da aka saka a cikin "Kammalallen Ayyuka" الأعمال الكاملة.
Ayyukan adabi
Littafinsa mai suna "Qandeel Om Hashem" (Fitilar Om Hashem) a shekarar 1943, ya yi tasiri matuka kan karatun littafin larabci domin aiki ne mai matukar muhimmanci cikin yare da fasaha. A ciki ya yi bita kan kwastomomin da suka mamaye yankunan karkarar ta Masar da hanyoyin gyara su ta hanyar ilimi don samun ci gaba.
"Om Al'awagiz" (Uwar marassa galihu) أم العواجز
"Dima 'Wa Teen" (Jini da Laka) دماء وطين
"Antar da Juliet" عنتر وجوليت
"Sah El Nome: (Tashi daga barci) ن النوم
"Ihtigag" (Zanga-zanga) احتجاج
"Aqrab Affandi" (Mr. Scorpion) عقرب أفندى
"Tanawa'at Al Asbab" (Yana Da Bambanci) تنوعت الأسباب
"Qessa Fi Ard'hal" (Labari A Cikin Kira) قصة فى عرضحال
"Iflass Khatibah" (Fatarar Matchan wasa don aure) إفلاس خاطبة
"Al Firash Al Shaghir" (Smallananan Bed) الفراش الصغير
"Al Bostagi" (The Postman) البوسطجى
Fitilar Ummu Hashim قنديل أم هاشم
Littafinsa mai suna "Khaleeha Ala Allah" shi ne mafi gaskiyar tarihin rayuwar mutum kuma mafi bayyana ci gaba a matakai daban-daban na rayuwar marubucin.
Manazarta
Mutuwan 1992
Pages with unreviewed translations |
10386 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN | CNN | CNN (Cable News Network) tashar watsa labarai ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai hedikwata a Atlanta, Jojiya, Amurka. An kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1980 ta hannun mai mallakar kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka Ted Turner da Reese Schonfeld a matsayin tashar watsa labarai na tsawon sa'o'i 24 a kullum, kuma a halin yanzu mallakar kamfanin na watsa labarai na hannun Manhattan, Warner Bros. Discovery. CNN ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labarai tsawon sa'o'i 24. Kuma tashar talabijin ta farko- da ta fara watsa labarai a Amurka.
Tun daga watan Satumba na shekarar 2018, CNN tana da masu mu'amala (subscribers) da tashar mutane miliyan 90.1 a matsayin masu biyan kuɗi (subscriptions), kuma (kashi 97.7% cikin 100 na masu mu'amala da tashar, na da tashar acikin akwatunan telebijin nasu a gidajen su). MSNBC, matsakaicin masu kallo 580,000 a ko'ina cikin yini, ya ragu da kashi 49% daga shekarar da ta gabata, a cikin raguwar masu kallo a duka hanyoyin sadarwar tashar (channels). Yayin da CNN ke a matsayi na 14 a cikin jerin tashoshin watsa labarai a shekara ta 2019, gidan telebijin ɗin yayi kukan kura inda ya zabura izuwa mataki na 7th daga mataki na 14 da yake abaya. Acikin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa da sukayi fice akwai; (Fox News a mataki na 5, da MSNBC a mataki na 6, a wannan shekarar), ta koma mataki na 11 a shekarar 2021.
A duk duniya, shirye-shiryen CNN ana watsawa ta hanyar CNN International, waɗanda masu kallo ke gani a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna sama da 212; tun daga watan Mayu 2019. Gidan talabijin ɗin mallakar Amurka, ana takaita sunan da CNN (US), Bugu da ƙari tana watsa shirye-shiryen ta a Kanada, wasu tsibiran Caribbean da kuma a Japan, inda aka fara watsa shirye-shirye a kafar yaɗa labarai ta CNNj a shekara ta 2003, tare da fassarar lokaci guda cikin harshen Jafananci.
Tarihi
Kana iya karanta cikakken tarihin CNN anan
An kaddamar da Cable News Network da karfe 5:00 na yamma, a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1980. Bayan gabatarwa daga; Ted Turner, David Walker da matarsa Lois Hart sune na farko da suka fara jawabi/watsa shiri a tashar. Burt Reinhardt, mataimakin shugaban zartaswa na CNN, ya ɗauki mafi yawan ma'aikatan tashar su 200 na farko, ciki aka watsa shiri na faro da aka ma shirin laƙabi da, news anchor wanda, ɗan jarida Bernard Shaw ne, ya gabatar da shirin.
Tun farkon farawa, CNN ta faɗaɗa hanyar isar da shirye-shiryen ta izuwa sassa daban-daban ta hanyar tauraron ɗan adam, gidajen yanar gizo, da tashoshi na musamman na (kamar CNN Airport). Kamfanin yana da ofisoshi 42 (11 na cikin gida, 31 na ƙasashen waje), fiye da tashoshin gida na haɗin gwiwar 900 (wanda kuma ke karɓar labarai da abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyar sabis na labarai na bidiyo na CNN Newsource), da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa na yanki da na waje da dama a duniya. Nasarar tashar ya dogara kacokan akan babban wanda ya kafa ta Ted Turner, kamfanin Time Warner ada ana kiranta da WarnerMedia sai yayi maja da Discovery Inc. aka samar da Warner Bros. Discovery) Wanda a ƙarshe y mallaki kafofin Watsa Labarai na rukunin Turner Broadcasting System a shekarar 1996.
Shirye-shirye
Kana iya karanta cikakken jerin shirye-shiryen da CNN ke watsawa anan
Mako
Jadawalin ranar mako na CNN na yanzu ya ƙunshi mafi yawan shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin sa'o'i na rana, sannan kuma labarai masu zurfi da shirye-shiryen bayanai a lokacin yamma da sa'o'i na farko. Shirye-shiryen safiya na cibiyar sadarwa ya ƙunshi Early Start, shirin labarai na safiya wanda Christine Roman da Laura Jarrett suka shirya da ƙarfe 5-6 na safe agogon (ET), sai shirin CNN This Morning, dake biye a bayan shirin da ya gabata, shirin safiya morning show na cibiyar sadarwa, wanda Don Lemon, Poppy Harlow da kuma Poppy Harlow suka shirya. Shirin Kaitlan Collins a karfe 6-9 na safe a agogon (ET). Yawancin shirye-shiryen dare da rana na tashar CNN sun ƙunshi; CNN Newsroom, shirye-shiryen labarai na birgima wanda Jim Sciutto ke shiryawa da safe da kuma shiri da suka haɗa da; CNN anchor, Victor Blackwell, da Alisyn Camerota ko kuma maimaicin shirin CNN anchor da rana. A tsakanin wallafe-wallafe na Newsroom, At This Hour with Kate Bolduan da ƙarfe 11 na safe zuwa tsakar rana ET, sai kuma shirin Inside Politics, wanda John King ke shiryawa a tsakar rana-1, da rana.
La'asar
Shirye-shiryen CNN daga la'asar zuwa maraice ya ƙunshi, shirin; The Lead with Jake Tapper a karfe 4-5 na yamma agogon (ET) da shirin The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer a ƙarfe 5-7 na yamma ET. Brianna Keilar da/ko John Berman Sune ke gabatar da shirye-shiryen a wasu lokuta, da idan Tapper da Blitzer basu zo ba. Labaran maraice dama wasu shirye-shirye na musamman, sun haɗa da; Erin Burnett OutFront adaidai karfe 7 na yamma a agogon ET, sai shirin Anderson Cooper 360° da karfe 8 na yamma ET, da shirin CNN Tonight ko wasu shirye-shiryen na CNN wanda Laura Coates, da/ko Alisyn Camerota ke gabatarwa da karfe 10 na dare ET.
Karshen mako
Lokacin farko na karshen mako-daga karfe 9 na yamma ET, ranar Asabar da 8 na yamma ET, ranar Lahadi - an sadaukar da shi galibi ga shirye-shirye na Jadawalin factual programming, da ya ƙunshi shirin; documentary da miniseries, da jerin shirye-shirye na reality (kamar shirin Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown da United Shades of America), da kuma fina-finai na gaskiya waɗanda ake haskawa a CNN Films. Shirye-shiryen safiya na karshen mako ya ƙunshi CNN Newsroom (simulcast from CNN International) da karfe 4-6 na safiyar kowace Asabar da 3-6 na safiyar kowace Lahadi agogon ET, wanda ke biyowa bayan an gabatar da shirin fitowar ta CNN This Morning, wanda Amara Walker da Boris Sanchez suka gabatar. wanda ake nunawa a kowace Asabar da karfe 6 – 9 na safe da Lahadi a karfe 6 – 8 na safe agogon ET, da shirin Asabar na cibiyar sadarwa Smerconish tare da Michael Smerconish a karfe 9 na safe ET. Jerin shirye-shirye na safiyar Lahadi ya ƙunshi, da farko shirin political talk shows, gami da Inside Politics Sunday, wanda Abby Phillip ya shirya a karfe 8 na safe a agogon ET, shirin [State of the Union]], wanda Jake Tapper da Dana Bash suka shirya a karfe 9 na safe, ET kuma ake maimaita shirin da rana ET,
sai kuma shirin al'amuran duniya Fareed Zakaria GPS, wanda Fareed Zakaria ya gabatar da karfe 10 na safe a agogon ET, kuma ana maimaita shi da karfe 1 na rana ET. Shirye-shiryen karshen mako ban da waɗanda aka ambata a sama, suna ciki jadawalin kundin CNN Newsroom wanda Fredricka Whitfield, Jim Acosta, Pamela Brown, da sauran ma'aikata ke gabatarwa.
A shekarar 2014-15, bayan soke shirin Piers Morgan Tonight (wanda, aka maye gurbin shirin mai tsawo, da shirin Larry King Live), CNN ta yi gwaji tare da gudanar da binciken ƙwaƙwaf ga shirye-shiryen karfe 9: 00 na yamma, masu tsawon awa ɗaya a agogon ET, kamar shirin da John Walsh ke gabatarwa na; The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, da kuma shirin da Mike Rowe yake gabatarwa na Somebody's Gotta Do It. Sai shugaban gidan jaridar Jeff Zucker ya bayyana cewa shirye-shiryen na kawo cikas don kawar da CNN daga dogaro da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi jadawalin shirye-shiryen (pundit-oriented programs), da kuma jawo hankalin matasa masu tasowa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar. Zucker ya bayyana cewa karfe 9:00 na dare, za a iya tafiya ɗan hutu na gajeren zango a yayin gabatar da manyan labarai don ƙarin lokacin alokacin shiri. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun zo daidai lokacin ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen game da hanyar sadarwa, mai ɗauke da taken "Go there". A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2014, CNN ta ƙaddamar da The Sixties, shirye-shiryen masu gajeren zango da Tom Hanks da Gary Goetzman suka samar (Produced), shirin ya ba da tarihin Amurka a shekarun 1960s. Sakamakon nasarar shirin, CNN ta ba da umarnin bin diddigin abubuwan da ke jan hankali a cikin shirin. An ƙara tsawon shirin Anderson Cooper 360° izuwa sa'o'i biyu, daga karfe 8 na dare zuwa 10 na dare.
A shekarar 2019, CNN ta samar da aƙalla shiri masu dogon Zango kwara 35. Tare da shirin Hanks/Goetzman franchise (ciki har da 2018 spin-off 1968), CNN ta watsa wasu shirye-shirye masu gajeren zango (miniseries) na labaran da suka shafi labarai da manufofin Amurka, irin su The Bush Years, da (Daular Amurika)-American Dynasties: Kennedys shirin CNN mafi girman akan kowane shiri mai dogon Zango na farko, har zuwa yau-(shirin na matsayin na ɗaya mafi girma), shirin na da makallata miliyan ɗaya da dubu ɗari bakwai (miliyan 1.7). Shirin Parts Unknown an ƙare shi, bayan da mai gabatar da shirin Anthony Bourdain ya kashe kansa a shekarar 2018; CNN ta ba da sanarwar sabbin shirye-shirye masu gajeren zango-(miniseries), da docuseries don shekarar 2019, haɗi da shirye-shiryen; American Style (wani shiri mai gajeren zango-(miniseries) da kamfanin watsa labarai na Vox Media ya samar), The Redemption Project, tare da Van Jones, Chasing Life with Sanjay Gupta, Tricky Dick (wani shiri mai gajeren zango-(miniseries) na tarihin Richard Nixon), The Movies (wasan kwaikwayo masu gajeren zango na Hanks/Goetzman), da Once in a Great City: Detroit 1962-64.
Bayan, kamfanonin Chris Licht da Warner Bros. Discovery, suke iko da CNN, an sanar a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2022 cewar CNN za ta rage farashin saye da kwamitocin daga wasu kamfanoni a matsayin ma'auni na rage tsada, amma Licht ya jaddada cewa "shiri mai tsawo ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sauran shirye-shiryenmu", yayin da tashar ta ba da sanarwar bada guraben shirye-shirye na shekarar 2023 wanda zasu haɗa da shirye-shirye na Giuliani: What happened to American's Mayor?, United State of Scandal, da The 2010s.
On-air presentation
CNN ta fara watsa shirye-shirye a tsarin samfurin high-definition 1080i, a cikin Satumba 2007. Wannan tsari yanzu shine daidaitaccen tsari ga CNN kuma ana samunsa akan duk manyan kebul da masu samar da tauraron ɗan adam.
CNN tana ɗaukar hoto a tsarin HD (Wanda ake gani tartsatsai), an fara gabatar da bas ɗin CNN Election Express a watan Oktoban shekarar 2007. Motar (Election Express), na iya ɗaukar nau'in (HD kwara biyar a lokaci guda), an yi amfani da shi don muhawarar shugaban ƙasa ta CNN-YouTube na tashar da kuma tambayoyin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa.
A cikin Disamban shekarata 2008, CNN ta gabatar da wani cikakken sake fasalin (on-air appearance), wanda ya maye gurbin salon da ake amfani da shi tun a shekarar 2004. Zane-zanen (On-air graphics) ya ɗauki tsari mai zagaye, lebur a cikin tsarin launi na baki, fari, da ja. da kuma gabatar da sabon akwati kusa da tambarin CNN don nuna tambura da ƙayyadaddun zane-zane na yanki, maimakon a matsayin babban allon talla (banner ) sama da ƙasan na uku. Sake fasalin ya kuma maye gurbin tikitin “flipper” a tsaye, wanda zai iya ko dai ya nuna kanun labarai (both manually inserted and taken from the RSS feeds of CNN.com), ko cikakkun bayanai na “topical” masu alaƙa da labari.
An gabatar da babban sake fasalin CNN na gaba a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 2011, tare da maye gurbin duhu, yanayin kamannin 2008 tare da tsarin launi mai sheki, shuɗi da fari, da matsar da akwatin tambarin na biyu zuwa ƙarshen allo. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar sadarwar ta fara samar da shirye-shiryenta kawai a cikin (16:9 aspect ratio), tare da amfani da letterboxed tsari na HD, a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, an yi watsi da "flipper", asali yana nuna allon baya mai kalar shuɗih-(blue background) tare da farin rubutu, an gwada rubutun shuɗi akan allo baya mai kalar fari-(white background) don dacewa da kamannin 'flipper'.
A ranar 11 ga Agusta na shekarar 2014, CNN ta gabatar da sabon fakitin zanunnuka. Yanzu yana musanya tsakanin kanun labarai na gabaɗaya da labaran kuɗi daga CNN Business, kuma an maye gurbin akwatin tambari na biyu-(Secondary logo box) tare da wani ƙarami, wanda ke nuna ko dai ;take-(tittle), hashtag, ko (Twitter handle). A cikin Afrilu 2016, CNN ta fara gabatar da sabon nau'in kamfani, wanda aka sani da "CNN Sans", a duk faɗin dandamalinsa-(platforms). An sanar daga Helvetica Neue kuma an ba da izini bayan tattaunawa da (Troika Design Group), dangin (font) sun ƙunshi nau'ika 30 mabanbanta, tare da ma'aunin nauyi da faɗi daban-daban don sauƙaƙe amfani a cikin watsa shiri, talabijin, da hanyoyin dijital.
A watan Agusta 2016, CNN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da CNN Aerial Imagery and Reporting (CNN AIR), aikin tattara labarai da jirgi marar matuki (drone), ya rahoto don haɗa hotuna da rahotanni a dukan rassan CNN da dandamali, tare da Turner Broadcasting da Time Warner.
Ma'aikata
Manazarta
CNN -Amurka
Gidajen Talabijin |
52789 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak%20Haji%20Muhammad | Ishak Haji Muhammad | Ishak Haji Muhammad (14 Nuwamba 1909 - 7 Nuwamba 1991), wanda aka fi sani da Pak Sako, marubuci ne na Malaysia, mai aiki a cikin shekarun 1930 har zuwa 1950. Ya kasance mai kishin kasa kuma ya fara shiga kafin samun 'yancin kai kuma ya ci gaba bayan haka. Ya yi yaƙi don ra'ayin hadin kan Melayu Raya inda Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei suka haɗa kai a cikin rukuni ɗaya.
Sunan Pak Sako ya fito ne daga taken 'Isako-san' wanda Jafananci suka ba shi, wanda shine furcin sunansa a cikin harshen Jafananci. Sauran sunayen Ishak sun hada da Anwar, Hantu Raya (The Great Ghost), Isako San da Pandir Moden (The Modern-day Pandir)
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Ishak a shekara ta 1909 a Kampung Bukit Seguntang, Temerloh, Pahang kuma ya sami karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Malay ta Kg. Tengah, Temer Loh a shekara ta 1919 kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Clifford, Kuala Lipis daga 1924 zuwa 1928. Ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta ilimi daga makarantar Raub English a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1930, ya tafi Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) don horar da shi a matsayin jami'in Ma'aikatan Malayan. Ya rike mukamai a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Jami'in Gundumar, Majalisa na Class III da kuma malamin harshe kafin ya shiga fagen wallafe-wallafen. Ya halarci Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan a shekara ta 1941 kafin mamayar Malaya ta Japan kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na MCP tare da Rashid Maidin, Ahmad Boestamam da Abdullah CD a Perak .
Rubuce-rubuce da siyasa
Ishak ya gaji da aikinsa a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Burtaniya kuma ya sami rayuwar ma'aikacin gwamnati na Burtaniya cike da yaudara, favouritism kuma babu sha'awar adana bukatun Malays waɗanda aka ce Burtaniya ta ba su kariya. A shekara ta 1934, ya yi murabus daga Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan kuma ya yi tafiya a yankin Malaya. Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen kasa da siyasa. An ɗaure shi sau biyu (1948-1953; 1965-1966).
Manzo na Malay
Ishak shine na farko da ra'ayin buga jaridar Utusan Melayu (The Malay Post) kuma daga baya ya zama wanda ya kafa littafin. Ya bar Warta Malaya (Malayan Times) kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pahang, Kelantan da Terengganu don kamfen don kafa Utusan Melayu Press. Ya yi aiki a jaridar a karkashin Abdul Rahim Kajai a matsayin edita. A lokacin da Japan ta mamaye Malaya, ya zama editan Berita Malai (Malayan News).
Ya ci gaba da zama a Hulu Langat duk da cewa ya yi aiki a Kuala Lumpur. Zai ɗauki sufuri na jama'a zuwa ofis. Na ɗan lokaci, yana da Fiat lokacin da yake aiki a Rembau, amma bai yi tuki ba kuma dole ne ya hayar direba.
Littattafai
Ishak ya samar da litattafai da yawa, gajerun labaru, litattafan rubutu da kuma rubuce-rubuce don jaridu na Utusan Melayu Group. National Library of Malaysia yana da, a cikin tarin su, fiye da 1,000 kofe na aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen.
Ayyukansa guda biyu da aka fi sani da su sune Putera Gunung Tahan (The Prince of Mount Tahan) da Anak Mat Lela Gila (The Son of Crazy Mat Lela), wanda ya nuna ra'ayoyinsa da burinsa a matsayin mai kishin kasa da marubuci. Su ne litattafan satire da aka yi wa Birtaniya kuma sun kasance masu sukar Birtaniya. Ishak ya sanya muhimmancin al'adun Malay a cikin rubuce-rubucensa kuma ya ɗaukaka al'adun Malaysia ta hanyar kwatanta shi da al'adun Ingilishi wanda aka ce ba shi da inganci kuma yana da tsananin tashin hankali. Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a rubuce-rubucen gajeren labari.
Da ke ƙasa akwai samfurin sauran ayyukansa:
Budak scholarship (Trishaw Boy). Marang: Mohamad bin A. Rahman, 1957
Judi karan (The Electric Bet). Singapore: Geliga, 1958
Pengantin baru (Sabon ma'aurata). Singapore: Geliga
A cikin shekarunsa na baya, an fi saninsa a matsayin marubuci a cikin Utusan Malaysia da Gila-Gila (mujallar satire ta gida).
Kyaututtuka
A matsayin haraji ga gudummawar da ya bayar, Jami'ar Malaya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Literature a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1973. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 1976, Ishaak ta karbi kyautar Pejuang Sastera (Literary Exponent) daga Firayim Minista.
Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1991 da karfe 5.40 na safe a gidansa a Kampung Bukit Raya, a Hulu Langat, Selangor . An binne shi a ƙauyen yarinta a Temerloh, bayan addu'o'in Jumma'a, kusa da kaburbura na iyayensa, bisa ga sha'awarsa. An kwantar da shi a asibitin Tawakal a ranar 18 ga Oktoba bayan ya sha wahala daga bugun jini, kuma ya bar asibitin makonni biyu kafin ya mutu. A farkon shekarar, ya sake fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a Babban Asibitin Kuala Lumpur a ranar 22 ga Yuli. Wannan hari ya bar gefen dama ya gurgunta.
A matsayin haraji, UMNO ta ba da gudummawar RM16,874.15 ga iyalinsa a ƙarshen Babban Taronta a wannan shekarar. RM10,000 ya fito ne daga hedkwatar UMNO yayin da sauran suka ba da gudummawa daga wakilan ta yayin taron. Firayim Minista, Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ne ya gabatar da shi ga Babban Ministan Pahang, Tan Sri Khalil Yaacob don a ba iyalinsa.
Kyauta
An sanya masa suna da wurare da yawa, ciki har da:
Jalan Pak Sako, Temerloh, Pahang
Kolej Pak Sako, Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL), Bestari Jaya, Selangor
Akademi Pak Sako, Jalan Telawi, Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur
Bayani
Manazarta
Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Yarima na Dutsen Tahan, Singapore: Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, (Asia), 1980.
Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Ɗan Mat Lela, Singapore: Littattafan Tarayya, 1983.
Ishak Haji Muhammad, "Ilham Men Lati Putera Gunung Tahan", Dewan Sastera, 23 ga Afrilu 1976.
Haɗin waje
Laburaren Sojojin Malaysia
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Locke | John Locke | John Locke FRS (/lɒk/; 29 ga Agusta 1632 -28 ga Oktoba 1704) wani masanin falsafa ne kuma likita dan kasar Ingila, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu tunani na Fadakarwa kuma wanda akafi sani da "father of 'liberalism". An yi la'akari ya ɗaya daga cikin na farko na masu mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, bin al'adar Francis Bacon, Locke yana da mahimmanci ga ka'idar kwangilar zamantakewa. Ayyukansa sun shafi ci gaban ilimin kimiyya da falsafar siyasa. Rubuce-rubucensa sun rinjayi Voltaire da Jean-Jacques Rousseau, da kuma masu tunani da yawa na Hasken Scotland, da kuma juyin juya halin Amurka. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga tsarin jamhuriya na gargajiya da ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi suna nunawa a cikin sanarwar 'Yancin kai na Amurka. A duniya baki daya, ka'idojin siyasa-dokar Locke na ci gaba da yin tasiri mai zurfi kan ka'idar da ayyuka na gwamnati mai iyaka da kare hakki da 'yanci na asali a karkashin doka.
Sau da yawa ana ambaton ka'idar Locke a matsayin asalin tunanin zamani na identity and the self wanda ya yi fice a cikin ayyukan masana falsafa na baya kamar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, da Immanuel Kant. Locke shine farkon wanda ya ayyana self ta hanyar ci gaba da sani.
Ya sanya cewa, lokacin haihuwa, mind ba komai bane, ko tabula rasa . Sabanin falsafar Cartesian dangane da abubuwan da suka rigaya sun kasance, ya ci gaba da cewa an haife mu ba tare da ra'ayoyi na asali ba, kuma ilimin da aka ƙaddara shi ne kawai ta hanyar kwarewa da aka samo daga fahimtar hankali, ra'ayi da aka sani da empiricism.
Da yake nuna akidar kimiyya a cikin abubuwan da ya gani, wanda dole ne wani abu ya kasance mai iya gwadawa akai-akai kuma babu wani abu da ya kebe daga karya, Locke ya bayyana cewa "duk abin da na rubuta, da zarar na gano cewa ba gaskiya ba ne, hannuna zai kasance. wanda zai jefa shi a cikin wuta”. Irin wannan misali ɗaya ne na gaskatawar Locke ga empiriricism.
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Locke a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta a karni na 1632, a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin gida mai daɗaɗɗen coci a Wrington, Somerset, kimanin mil 12 daga Bristol. Ya yi baftisma a wannan rana, domin dukan iyayensa ’yan Puritan ne. Mahaifin Locke, wanda kuma ake kira John, lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda ga alkalai na Aminci a Chew Magna kuma a matsayin kyaftin na sojan doki ga sojojin majalisar a farkon yakin basasar Ingila. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Agnes Keene. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Locke, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Market house na Pensford, kimanin mil bakwai kudu da Bristol, inda Locke ya girma a wani gidan Tudor na karkara a Belluton.
A cikin karni na 1647, an aika Locke zuwa babbar makarantar Westminster da ke Landan a ƙarƙashin tallafin Alexander Popham, ɗan majalisa kuma tsohon kwamandan John Sr. Bayan ya kammala karatu a can, an shigar da shi Cocin Christ, Oxford, a cikin kaka na 1652 yana ɗan shekara 20. Shugaban kwalejin a lokacin shi ne John Owen, mataimakin shugaban jami'ar. Kodayake ɗalibi ne mai ƙwazo, Locke ya fusata da tsarin karatun digiri na lokacin. Ya sami ayyukan masana falsafa na zamani, irin su René Descartes, mafi ban sha'awa fiye da kayan gargajiya da aka koyar a jami'a. Ta hanyar abokinsa Richard Lower, wanda ya san daga Makarantar Westminster, Locke an gabatar da shi ga likitanci da falsafar gwaji da ake bi a wasu jami'o'i da kuma a cikin Royal Society, wanda daga bisani ya zama memba.
An bawa Locke digiri na farko a cikinwa watan Fabrairu 1656 da digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1658. Ya sami digirin farko na likitanci a cikin watan Fabrairu 1675, bayan ya yi nazarin batun sosai a lokacinsa a Oxford kuma, ban da Lower, ya yi aiki tare da manyan masana kimiyya da masu tunani kamar Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis da Robert Hooke. A cikin karni na 1666, ya hadu da Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, wanda ya zo Oxford don neman maganin ciwon hanta. Ashley ya ji daɗin Locke kuma ya lallashe shi ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa.
Sana'a
Aiki
Locke ya kasance yana neman aiki kuma a cikin 1667 ya koma gidan Ashley a Exeter House a Landan, don zama likitan kansa. A London, Locke ya ci gaba da karatun likitancinsa a karkashin kulawar Thomas Sydenham. Sydenham ya sami babban tasiri akan tunanin falsafar LockeTasirin da zai bayyana a cikin Maƙala Game da Fahimtar Dan Adam.
An gwada ilimin likitancin Locke a lokacin da cutar hanta Ashley ta zama mai barazana ga rayuwa. Locke ya haɗu da shawarar likitoci da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka wajen shawo kan Ashley don yin tiyata (sa'an nan kuma mai barazanar rai a kanta) don cire cyst. Ashley ya tsira kuma ya ci gaba, yana yaba Locke da ceton rayuwarsa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30084 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Siyayya | Haƙƙin Siyayya | Haƙƙin Siyayya tsari ne a cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland tun daga 1 ga Agustan shekara ta 2016 da Wales daga ranar 26 ga Janairun shekara ta 2019) wanda ke ba amintattun masu haya na majalisa da wasu ƙungiyoyin gidaje haƙƙin doka don siye, akan babban ragi, gidan majalisar da suke zaune a ciki Hakanan akwai Haƙƙin Nema ga masu hayar da aka tabbatar na gidajen ƙungiyoyin gidaje da aka gina tare da tallafin jama'a bayan shekara ta 1997, akan ƙaramin ragi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1997 sama da gidaje guda 1,700,000 a Burtaniya an sayar da su a karkashin tsarin tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1980, tare da bayyana shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da raguwar yawan gidajen jama'a a Burtaniya, wanda ya ragu daga kusan kusan. Raka'a miliyan 6.5 a cikin shekara ta 1979 zuwa kusan raka'a miliyan 2 a cikin 2017, yayin da kuma ana lasafta shi a matsayin babban direban haɓakar 15% na mallakar gida, wanda ya tashi daga 55% na masu gida a shekara ta 1979 zuwa kololuwar 71% a shekara ta 2003 (wannan adadi. ya ragu tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 2000 zuwa 63% a cikin shekara ta 2017 [wannan adadi ya ware Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa]).<ref>MKoore, Thatcher p 471</ref>
Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar ta haifar da ƙarancin gidaje ga mutanen da ba su da kuɗi, ta ƙaddamar da kumfa na farashin gidaje, kuma ta haifar da abin da aka fi sani da ƙaura da ƙauracewa al'ummomin gargajiya.
Haƙƙin Siye shine ikon Karamin Ministan Gidaje .
Tarihi
Hukumomin yankin sun sami ikon sayar da gidajen majalisa ga masu haya tun daga Dokar Gidajen 1936, amma har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970 irin wannan tallace-tallace ya iyakance: tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1964, an sayar da wasu gidajen majalisa 16,000 a Ingila. Da farko dai jam'iyyar Labour ta gabatar da ra'ayin 'yancin masu haya na mallakar gidan da suke zaune a cikin littafinsu na babban zaben 1959, wanda suka sha kaye. A cikin shekara ta 1968 an ba da wata da'ira ta iyakance tallace-tallace a birane amma wata gwamnati mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta janye a 1970.
The Conservative Greater London Council (GLC) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata 1960s aka lallashe Horace Cutler, shugabanta na Housing, don ƙirƙirar wani general tallace-tallace makirci. Cutler ya ƙi yarda da ƙa'idodin ƙananan hukumomi na zama masu samar da gidaje, kuma ya goyi bayan tsarin kasuwanci na kyauta. Ba a yarda da siyar da gidaje na GLC ba a lokacin gwamnatin Ma'aikata na tsakiyar 1970s amma an sake ɗauka da zarar Cutler ya zama Jagora a shekara ta 1977. Sun tabbatar da shahara sosai. Cutler ya kasance kusa da Margaret Thatcher (MP na Finchley ), wanda ya ba da damar sayen gidaje na majalisa manufofin Jam'iyyar Conservative a kasa. Manufar ita ce mafi girma a cikin tsarin shekara ta 1974 Conservative manifesto amma ba ta tabbatar da wata kadara ba a zabukan gama gari guda biyu na waccan shekarar saboda yawan riba da kuma yawan biyan jinginar gida da kuma haɓakar rashin daidaito yayin da farashin gidaje ya faɗi.
Ana cikin haka, tallace-tallacen gidajen majalisa ga masu haya ya fara karuwa. An sayar da wasu guda 7,000 ga masu haya a cikin 1970; wannan ya haura zuwa sama da 45,000 a shekara ta 1972.
manufofin Thatcher
Bayan Margaret Thatcher ta zama Firayim Minista a watan Mayu 1979, an zartar da dokar aiwatar da Haƙƙin Sayi a cikin Dokar Gidaje ta 1980 . Michael Heseltine, a matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli, shi ne ke kula da aiwatar da dokar. Wasu mutane 6,000,000 abin ya shafa; kusan daya cikin uku sun sayi rukunin gidajensu. Heseltine ta lura cewa "babu wata doka guda daya da ta ba da damar mika dimbin dukiyar kasa daga jihar zuwa ga jama'a". Ya ce ‘yancin saye yana da manyan manufofi guda biyu: baiwa mutane abin da suke so da kuma sauya yanayin da ke kara tabarbarewa a jihar kan rayuwar dan adam.
Ya ce: “A kasar nan akwai sha’awar mallakar gida sosai. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a inganta wannan ruhu. Yana nuna muradin al'umma, tabbatar da yalwar arziki ta hanyar al'umma, yana karfafa sha'awar mutum don ingantawa da zamanantar da kansa, bai wa iyaye damar tara dukiya ga 'ya'yansu da kuma zaburar da dabi'un 'yancin kai da dogaro da kai wanda shine ginshikin al'umma mai 'yanci."
Farashin siyar da gidan kansila ya dogara ne akan kimar kasuwa, wanda aka yi rangwame da farko tsakanin kashi 33 zuwa 50% (har zuwa kashi 70% na gidajen kansiloli), wanda aka ce yana nuna hayar hayar da masu haya ke biya da kuma ƙarfafa ɗaukar nauyi. ; Matsakaicin ragi an haɓaka zuwa 60% a cikin shekara ta 1984 da 70% a cikin shekara t 1986. Ya zuwa shekarar 1988, matsakaicin rangwamen da aka bayar a lokacin shine 44%. Dole ne karamar hukuma ta ba da jinginar gida ba tare da ajiya ba. Rangwamen ya ta’allaka ne da tsawon lokacin da ‘yan hayan suka zauna a gidan, tare da cewa idan daga baya suka sayar da gidan nasu cikin kankanin lokaci sai su mayar da wani kaso na rangwamen. Manufar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan Thatcherism .
Manufar ta zama sananne nan da nan. Wasu kananan hukumomin da ke karkashin ikon Labour sun yi adawa da su, amma dokar ta hana su hana sayayya da ba su damar karbar bashi. Tallace-tallace sun fi girma a kudu da gabashin Ingila fiye da na London na ciki da arewacin Ingila . An iyakance tallace-tallace zuwa gidajen buƙatun gabaɗaya; kaddarorin da aka daidaita da waɗanda aka gina musamman don tsofaffi an keɓe su daga tsarin.
Rabin kuɗaɗen da aka sayar an biya ne ga ƙananan hukumomi, amma gwamnati ta hana hukumomi yin amfani da mafi yawan kudaden wajen rage basussuka har sai an cire su maimakon kashe su wajen gina wasu gidaje. Tasirin shi ne rage yawan gidaje na majalisa, musamman a yankunan da farashin kadarorin ya yi tsada, kamar London da kudu maso gabashin Ingila.
A cikin shekara ta 1982, an sayar da gidajen majalisa guda 200,000 ga masu haya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1987, an sayar da fiye da gidajen kansiloli 1,000,000 a Burtaniya ga masu haya, kodayake adadin gidajen kansilolin da masu haya suka saya ya ragu a shekarun 1990.
Jam'iyyar Labour ta fara adawa da tallace-tallace kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adawa da su a babban zaben 1983 amma ta yi watsi da adawa a hukumance ga shirin a 1985. Duk da haka, a babban zaben 1987, gwamnatin Conservative ta gargadi masu jefa kuri'a cewa har yanzu gwamnatin Labour za ta soke shirin.
Lokacin da Labour ta dawo kan mulki a babban zaɓe na 1997, ta rage rangwamen da ake samu ga masu haya a cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a kan gidajensu; wannan ya hada da kusan daukacin birnin Landan.
Haƙƙin Siyan Dokokin bayan 2005
An canza Dokokin Haƙƙin Siyayya a cikin 2005. Yanzu ana buƙatar hayar shekaru biyar don sabbin masu haya su cancanci, kuma kadarorin da aka saya bayan Janairu 2005 ba za a iya sanya su nan da nan a buɗe kasuwa ba idan mai shi ya yanke shawarar siyar. Irin waɗannan masu yanzu dole ne su kusanci mai gidansu na baya (majalisa ko ƙungiyar gidaje) kuma su ba su haƙƙin kin farko. Idan mai gida na baya baya wanzuwa, misali a lokuta inda tsohon mai gidan ya kasance mai rijistar jama'a wanda ya daina kasuwanci, to dole ne a fara ba da kayan ga hukumar gidaje ta gida.
Lokacin da Haƙƙin Siyan ya kamata ya gudana daga watanni 12 zuwa watanni 3. Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi (FCA) yanzu tana mulki kuma ta tsara yawancin nau'ikan siyar da jinginar gida.
Gwamnatin FCA ta Haƙƙin Siyan sayayya wani ɓangare ne don magance matsalar da ta yaɗu ta Haƙƙin Siyan siyar da bata gari daga dillalai da lauyoyi iri ɗaya. Dukkansu suna da nasu manufofin, kuma da yawa suna cajin kuɗaɗen da ya wuce kima waɗanda aka cire daga rangwamen abokin ciniki. Ayyukan da aka yi a sama tare da ƙarshen lokacin haɓaka da alama sun shawo kan wannan matsala.
A cikin 2009, cibiyar tunani ta Localis ta ba da shawarar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin ƙa'idodin sake fasalin gidaje na zamantakewa, cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙƙin siye zuwa cikin ɓangarorin ãdalci, wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar zama ɗan haya mai kyau.
Lokacin cancantar ya canza daga shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 3 a cikin 2018.
Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan
A taron Jam'iyyar Conservative na 2011, David Cameron ya ba da shawarar haɓaka Haƙƙin Siyan rangwame don sake farfado da kasuwar gidaje da kuma samar da rasit waɗanda za a iya kashewa a kan sabbin gidaje. Ma'aikatan gidaje na zamantakewa sun nuna damuwa game da wannan tsari.
Tun daga ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2012, Haƙƙin Siyayya ya ƙaru zuwa matsakaicin £75,000 ko 60% na ƙimar gidan (70% na faffada) dangane da wanda yake ƙasa. A cikin Maris 2013, an ƙaru mafi girman rangwame a London zuwa £ 100,000. Matsakaicin haƙƙin siyan ragi yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara ta kuɗi daidai da CPI kamar a watan Satumbar da ta gabata.
Manufar shirin ita ce, ga kowane ƙarin gida da aka sayar, za a gina sabon gida don 'hayar haya mai araha' a kusan kashi 80% na hayar kasuwa, da nufin kiyaye matakin gidaje masu araha tare da haɓaka adadin Properties akwai ga waɗanda ke cikin jerin jira. Ma'auni na hayar shekara biyar zai kasance, kuma idan an sayar da kadarorin a cikin shekaru biyar na farkon siyar, za a buƙaci a mayar da wani ɓangare ko duk ragi.
Kudirin Gidaje da Tsare-tsare 2016 ya tsawaita haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar ƙungiyoyin gidaje.
Scotland
A cikin Yuli 2013, Gwamnatin Scotland ta tabbatar da cewa za a soke Haƙƙin Siyayya a Scotland daga 2017. An soke shi a ƙarshe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Gidaje (Scotland) 2014 daga 1 ga Agusta 2016.
Wales
A lokacin bazara na 2017, Gwamnatin Welsh ta ba da shawarar wata doka don soke Haƙƙin Siyayya a Wales . Majalisar Welsh ta zartar da wannan doka a cikin Disamba 2017, kuma shirin ya ƙare a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2019.
Suka
An soki tsarin Haƙƙin Sayi saboda dalilai masu zuwa:
Masu hasashe sun sami damar siyan kadarorin majalisa ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ciniki da aka jinkirta, suna hanzarta hauhawar farashin kadarorin;
An sayar da kadarorin majalisa masu kima na kasuwanci da zamantakewa a kasa da kimar kasuwarsu ko kuma kudin da za su maye gurbinsu, wanda ya kasance almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama'a;
Ragowar rukunin gidaje na majalisa an tattara su ne a wuraren da ba a so da ƙarancin damar yin aiki, wanda ke daɗa warewa da wulakanta masu haya.
Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2013 da memba na Majalisar London Tom Copley, Daga Haƙƙin Siyan Siyayya Don Bayar, ya nuna cewa 36% na gidajen da aka sayar a ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Siyayya a London (gidaje 52,000) majalisa ce ta hayar daga masu gidaje masu zaman kansu., abin da ke haifar da zargi da cewa makircin "yana wakiltar ƙimar kuɗi mai ban sha'awa ga masu biyan haraji" tun lokacin da "ya taimaka wajen haifar da karuwa a cikin lissafin fa'idar gidaje, ya haifar da ƙarin matsin lamba kan jerin jiran ƙananan hukumomi kuma ya haifar da ƙarin 'yan London da aka tilasta su shiga cikin ƙasa. sashen haya mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa". Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 ya nuna kusan kashi daya bisa uku na hakkin Siyan gidaje yanzu mallakar masu gidaje ne masu zaman kansu, yayin da dan marigayi Ian Gow (ministan gidaje na Thatcher) ya mallaki gidaje kusan 40.
A cikin 2015, Alan Murie ya kammala da cewa "ba za a iya daidaita batun tsawaita haƙƙin siye ba cikin sauƙi tare da 'yancin kai da matsayin sadaka na ƙungiyoyin gidaje" da kuma cewa "ƙara haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar gidaje ya farfado da majalisar da ta gabata. muhawara da kuma tada tambayoyi game da matsayin doka na kungiyoyin agaji da kuma hadarin da ke tattare da kungiyoyin gidaje da masu ba da kudade."
Wani bincike da BBC ta gudanar a shekara ta 2017 a yankunan kansilolin da ake tashe-tashen hankula, ya nuna cewa majalisun sun dawo da gidajen da aka tilasta musu sayar da su, wani lokacin kuma a lokuta da dama farashin na asali. Kungiyoyin agaji na gidaje sun soki rashin saka hannun jari a gidaje masu saukin kudi.
Duba kuma
Taimako don Siya
Magana
Ci gaba da karatu
Muri, Alan. "Gidaje da Muhalli," a cikin Dennis Kavanagh da Anthony Seldon, eds., Tasirin Thatcher (1989) shafi na 213-25
Jones, Colin & Murie, Alan. Haƙƙin Siyayya: Bincike & Ƙimar Manufofin Gidaje (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006).
Forrest R da Murie A (1990) Siyar da Jihar Welfare bugu na biyu na London, Routledge.
Wilson W da Bate A (2015) Ƙara Haƙƙin Siyayya (Ingila), Takarda Takaice No 07224, 9 Yuni 2015 Library House of Commons
Blow E (2015) Kwatanta Haƙƙin Siyayya a Ingila, Scotland, Wales da Arewacin Ireland'' Takaddun Takaddun Lamba 07174, 12 Yuni 2015, Laburaren House of Commons
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Haƙƙin Siyayya: siyan gidan majalisar ku a GOV. UK yanar gizo
Right to Buy ( Ofishin Mataimakin Firayim Minista )
Siyayya
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40877 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C9%97in%20Suna | Raɗin Suna | Suna na nufin laƙabi da akewa yaro/yarinya tun gabanin haihuwa kuma wannan suna kan kasance da mutum har iya rayuwarsa. A al'adance, akan yi bikin raɗin suna a yayin da yaro ya kai kwanaki bakwai a duniya inda ake gudanar da taron biki da yanka (dabba, musamman rago) a ranar, sannan kuma akan sanya masu suna dangane da rana ko yanayi da akayi haihuwar.
Tarihi
Kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci ƙasar Hausa, idan aka haihu ana raɗa wa abin da aka haifa suna ne ta hanyar la’akari da lokaci ko yanayin da aka yi haihuwar. A mafi yawancin lokuta ire-iren waɗannan sunaye kakanni ne ke sanya su. Yana da muhimmanci kafin a kawo ire-iren waɗannan sunaye, a yi waiwaye don duba yadda Hausawa ke gudanar da taron raɗin suna ga ‘ya’yansu kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci a kasar Hausa.
Mutanen Birchi
A al’adar kaina-fara, mutanen Birchi waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyen Goda ta ƙasar Birchi a ƙaramar Hukumar Kurfi ta Jihar Katsina, idan mace ta haihu ba ta da damar fita daga ɗakinta, sai bayan kwanaki arba’in, don kuwa a wurinsu wannan ita ce ranar da ake raɗa wa abin da aka haifa suna. A wannan rana, sai dattawa misalin su goma su taru a gidan da aka yi haihuwar. A lokacin da suka haɗu, sai su sanya a samo kundon kara a tsaga shi biyu, daga nan sai su yi zane iri daban-daban a jikin kowane tsagin na wannan kundon kara kamar irin yadda ake yin tsagen fuska na gargajiya. Idan an gama sai a kira wata tsohuwa daga cikin zuriyarsu, a ba ta waɗannan tsagaggun kundon kara wanda akayi wa tsage ta kai wa mai jegon don ta zaɓi ɗaya. Bayan ta zaɓa sai ta miqa wa wannan tsohuwa wanda ta zaɓa, ita kuma tsohuwar, sai ta kawo wa waɗannan dattawa wanda mai jegon ta zaɓa. A lokacin da suka karɓa, sai su duba zanen da yake jikin wanda mai jegon ta zaɓa, ta wannan hanya ce suke gane sunan abin da aka haifa. Daga nan sai su sanar da wannan tsohuwar sunan da aka raɓa wa wanann jariri, ita kuma sai ta sanar da mai jego wadda ta haifi jariri, amma kuma za su gargaɗi tsohuwar ita da mai jegon da kar su kuskura su gaya wa kowa sunan. Su ma dattawan ba za su sanar da kowa ba, sai ranar da za a yi masa aure ne za a sanar da shi da sauran jama’a sunansa. Daga nan sai kakanni su laqaba masa wani suna na daban wanda za a riqa kiransa da shi kafin zuwan ranar aurensa. (Hira da Sarkin Noma Na-Goda a Gidansa da ke Goda Birchi, a ranar 16/8/1988).
Maguzawa
Su kuma Maguzawan da suke zaune a kudancin ƙasar Katsina mafi yawancinsu ba ruwansu da taron suna bayan kwana uku ko huɗu da haihuwa. Abin da suke yi kawai shine, idan mace ta haihu, sai a kawo kaji biyu daga gidan mahaifan mijinta don a yin ƙauri.Daga nan ba a sake yin wani abu sai bayan kwana arba’in. A duk tsawon wannan lokaci ba a yi wa abin da aka haifa suna. A lokacin da aka kwana arba’in, sai a yi wani biki wanda mata ne kawai suke taruwa a wurin wanda ake kira "kantsaki" watau a ci abinci a kuma bayar da gudummuwa ga mai jego. Yadda ake yi shi ne, kowace mace da za ta wurin wannan biki tana tafiya da irin gudummuwar da ta ga ya dace ta ba mai jego. A wurin wannan taron ne ake yanka ɗan akuya a yi abinci a ci, a wannan lokaci ne kafin matan su watse suke tunanin lokacin da aka haifi jaririn, wannan ne zai ba su damar zaɓar irin sunan da suka ga ya dace a raɗa wa wannan jariri. Misali, idan an haife shi a lokacin ana ruwa sosai da damina sai su sanya masa suna 'Anaruwa‛ da sauransu (Ibrahim, 1982: 131-132).
Ga Maguzawan da ke gundumar Kwatarkwashi ta Jihar Zamfara waɗanda ke bautar Magiro a garuruwansu na da ba su da wata tsayayyar rana wadda suke raɗa wa ‘ya’yansu suna. A al’adar waɗannan mutane ba a raɗa wa yaro suna sai lokacin da ake da damar yin sunan ko da kuwa bayan shekaru ne. A wurinsu mutum yana iya haɗa ‘ya’yansa da yawa tun daga na ɗaya ko fiye da ɗaya don ya yi masu suna a rana ɗaya. Wannan dalili kansa a wani lokaci, sai a sami mutum har ya yi aure ba a raɗa masa suna ba, sai dai a yi ta kiran sa da sunan kakanni (Hira da Alhaji Joxi Kwatarkwashi, wadda Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammed Gusau ya yi da shi a cikin shekara ta 1985).
A lokacin da wannan mutum ya sami damar yi wa ɗansa ko ‘ya’yansa suna, sai ya gayyaci ‘yan uwa da abokan arziki, ya sanar da su ranar da za a yi sunan. A wannan rana akan haɗa yaran unguwa ɗaya don yi masu suna, kafin zuwan ranar suna, sai uban kowane yaro ya tanadi abin da zai yanka, wannan ne ya sa ake ɗaukar lokaci don yin shiri. A ranar suna sai jama’ar da aka gayyata su taru a kofar gidan da za a yi sunan. Farkon abin da za a fara yi shi ne, sai a ba jama’ar da suka halarta abinci kowa ya ci, a kuma sha giya. Bayan an gama, sai a yanka dabbar suna a feɗe ta a kawo fatar gaban dattawa a ajiye. Daga nan sai babba daga cikin waɗannan dattawa ya kira wanda za a rada wa sunan, sai ya zo gabansa ya durƙusa. Daga nan sai wannan dattijo ya ɗauko fatar dabbar sunan ya rufa ta a kan wanda za a yi wa sunan, ya ce, ‘sunanka wane’, bayan ya raɗa masa suna, sai ya ajiye fatar a wani wuri. Haka za a yi wa dukkan waɗanda za a raɗa wa sunan a wannan rana, ɗaya bayan ɗaya har sai an yi wa kowa (Hira da Alhaji Joxi
Kwatarkwashi, wadda Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammed Gusau, ya yi da shi a cikin shekara ta 1985).
Manazarta |
22359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu%20Zaman%20Lafiya%20Ba%20Tare%20Da%20Adalci%20Ba | Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare Da Adalci Ba | Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba ( NPWJ ) ko Non C'è Pace Senza Giustizia (NPSG) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Italia, wacce Emma Bonino, ɗan siyasan Italiya, tsohon memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma memba na Majalisar Dattawa ta yanzu ya kafa a shekarata 1993. . NPWJ dogara ne a Roma, kuma shi ne memba na kwamitin NGO hadin gwiwa domin kotun kasa da kasa (CICC) ya kuma bijiro da batun kafa jam'iyya na Non violent Magance M Party, an NGO da Janar (category I) da shawara Status a United Nations ECOSOC . Manyan shirye-shiryen sun hada da batun hukunta manyan laifuka na duniya, yi wa mata kaciya, dimokiradiyya ta MENA, gami da kuma aikin Iraki. 'Yancin dan adam sun fi fuskantar barazana a yanayi na rikici, inda hatta kasashen duniya kan inganta matakan gajere da nufin dakatar da fadan, amma wanda ke haifar da karin rikici, cigaba da rashin hukunci da lalata dokar, sai dai idan sun bayar da alhakin laifuffukan. da kuma sasantawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Adalci, dimokiradiyya da bin doka da oda ginshikai ne na dorewar zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yanci na gari da' yancin ɗan'adam. Ayyukan NPWJ na asali tun daga shekarar 1993 an tsara su ne don inganta kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuffuka ta dindindin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ingantaccen tsarin hukunta masu aikata laifuka na duniya don rigakafin, hanawa da gurfanar da laifuffukan yaƙi, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kare dangi .
Shirin Shari'a na Kasa da Kasa
NPWJ na shirin shari'ar manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa har yanzu yana mai da hankali ne a kan kokarin kasa da kasa da kasa don dawo da doka da samar da gaskiya da kwatowa ga wadanda suka aikata laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, ta hanyar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta Kotun kasa da kasa ko Kotuna, na kasa gabatar da kara ko wasu hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi. Gurin su shi ne Babban manufar shirin kasa da kasa na hukunta masu aikata laifuka shine tabbatar da cewa duk wata hanyar da za'a bi, an tsara ta kuma ana aiwatar da ita ta yadda zata bada gudummawa wajan dawo da doka, tana biya bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki kuma tana biye da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayinda NPWJ ke cigaba da aiki zuwa ga gama-gari na Dokar ta ICC ta Rome ta hanyar inganta amincewarsa da aiwatar da dokoki masu inganci, abinda aka lura yawancin abin da ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da cewa an magance wadannan laifuka ta hanyar shari'ar kasa da ta kasa da kasa ko kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi, tare da ICC a matsayin mai kara kuzari, a matsayin waliyyi kuma makoma ta karshe.
Shirin Kaciyar Mata
Shirin kaciyar mata, wanda aka fara shi a shekara ta 2000, ya yi bayani ne kan daya daga cikin yaduwar da kuma tsari na take hakkin dan'adam na mutuncin kansa, wanda aka aikata ga miliyoyin mata da 'yan mata a duk duniya, wanda kuma ba a kalubalance shi a karkashin hujjar mutunta al'adun gida. Abinda dai ake so ko Babbar manufar shirin FGM ita ce samar da yanayin siyasa, shari'a da zamantakewar al'umma wacce ke kalubalantar halaye da halaye a kan kaciyar tare da inganta watsi da ita, ta fuskar ingantawa da kuma kare hakkokin mata da 'yan mata, gami da inganta amincewa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Maputo kan Hakkokin Mata a Afirka. Shirin yana inganta dabarun masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu aikata fannoni da ke aiki a kan kaciyar mata FGM da kuma inganta sauye-sauye na shari'a a matsayin kayan aiki mai tasiri na canjin halaye domin juya akalar al'adun zamantakewar jama'a game da FGM.
Tsarin Dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Shirin dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2003, ya kuma magance yanayin inda akasari keɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodi na duniya lungu da sako sau da yawa a keɓe da sunan kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da zato rashin dacewar al'adu. Babban manufar shirin MENA Demokradiyya shi ne inganta dabi'un dimokiradiyya, cibiyoyin sassaucin ra'ayi da budewa gwamnati ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin siyasa na tuntuba wadanda ke amincewa da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin farar hula a matsayin halattaccen kuma takaddama mai dacewa don tattaunawa da cibiyoyin Jiha kan batutuwan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Ana gudanar da wannan shirin ne a matakin kasa da kuma na shiyya, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatoci da dama, da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma abokan hulda, da nufin samar da shawarwari masu inganci da karko da hanyoyin tattaunawa kan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya.
Aikin Iraq
A cikin tsarin MENA Demokradiyya, aikin Iraki, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2006, yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin mulki da tsarin kafa hukumomi a Iraki ta hanyar inganta tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin daga dukkanin bangarorin siyasa kan batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da siyasa, gami da musamman abin da ya dace na nauyi da iko a matakai daban-daban na Jihohi, Gundumomi, Gwamnoni, Garuruwa da wajaje. Ta hanyar samar da dama don muhawara a bayyane da sanarwa, aikin Iraki na da nufin taimakawa hanawa ko warware rikice-rikicen tattaunawar da kuma gano mafita mai dorewa.
Dubaru
Abubuwan fifiko don aiki don duk shirye-shiryen an zaɓi su bisa ga buƙatu kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ƙira da aiwatar da ayyuka. A cikin ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, NPWJ na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma inganta muhawara ta jama'a ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa da aiwatar da muhimman shirye-shirye, kamar taron kasa da kasa da na shiyya, wadanda galibi ake daukar nauyinsu tare da shirya su tare da Gwamnatin kasar da suke ciki, tare da karfafa kawance tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran masu fada a ji a cikin al'umma, don samun damar mallakar masu ruwa da tsaki duk na siyasa da kuma sakamakon. NPWJ ta kuma dauki nauyin ba da taimako ta fuskar fasahar zamani, ta hanyar shigar da kwararrun masanan shari'a ga gwamnatoci don tsara dokoki da kuma taimakawa wajen tattaunawa a kan kayan kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa. A ƙarshe, NPWJ ta sami ƙwarewar filin musamman a cikin "taswirar tashe-tashen hankula" da manyan takardu game da keta dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan da rikice-rikice ya shafa da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sadarwar kai da kai tsakanin al'ummomin cikin rikice-rikice da yankunan da ke bayan rikici kan batutuwan shari'ar masu aikata laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa .
Bayani
Manazarta
Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba
Kaciyar Mata
Tarihi |
13340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameera%20Moussa | Sameera Moussa | Sameera Moussa ( Larabcin Misra|سميرة موسى) Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sha bakwai 1917 - 5 ga watan Agusta, 1952) ta kasance shahararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar nukiliya ƴar' ƙasar Masar, wadda ta sami digiri na uku a Ilimin atomic radiation kuma tayi aiki don ganin yin amfani a likitance da kimiyyar nukiliya ya kuma zama mai karɓuwa ga kowa. Ta shirya taron Atomic Energy for Peace Conferenc kuma ta dauki nauyin shirya taron kasa da kasa a karkashin tutar Atoms for Peace ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a Jami'ar Alkahira .
Samartaka da kwaleji
An haifi Moussa a Masar a cikin birnin Gharbia Governorate a shekara ta 1917. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa, mahaifinta sananne ne ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa a garin, daga bisani ya koma tare da 'ƴarsa zuwa Alkahira da sanya jari a wani ƙaramin otel a yankin El-Hussein. A ƙoƙarin mahaifinta, Moussa ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Kaser El-Shok, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantu a Alkahira. Bayan da ta kammala karatun ta, ta shiga makarantar Banat El-Ashraf, mahaifinta ya gina shi kuma yake gudanar da shi.
Duk da cewa Moussa ta sami babban matsayi a karatunta na sakandare, kuma zata iya shiga cikin gurbin karatun injiniya, amma ta dage kan shiga Kwalejin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Alkahira . A cikin shekarar 1939, Moussa ta sami BSc a cikin aikin ilimin radiology, tare da lambar girmamawa ta farko (First Class) bayan binciken ta game da tasirin rayukan X-ray akan abubuwa daban-daban. Dokta Moustafa Mousharafa, shugaban sashen farko na jami'ar, ya yarda da dalibarsa wanda ya rika taimaka mata donta zama malama mai zurfi a fannin koyarwa. Bayan haka, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar mata ta farko a wannan rukuni ɗaya kuma mace ta farko da ta riƙe matsayin jami'a, kasance farkon wanda ya sami digirin-digiri na uku a fitilar kwayar zarra.
Binciken nukiliya
Moussa ta yi imani da Atoms for Peace . An san ta da cewa "Burina shi ne a kula da warkar da cutar sankara ( kansa) kuma ta zama da arha kamar Aspirin ". Ta yi aiki tukuru don wannan manufa, kuma a ko'ina takan yi bincike mai zurfi, ta fito da wani tarihi lissafi da zai taimaka wurin raba sunadaran karafa masu rauni kamar tagulla, wanda zai bayar da damar gudanar da yin nukiliya bam mai sauki.
Ta shirya taron Atomic Energy for Peace Conference kuma ta dauki nauyin shirya taron kasa da kasa a karkashin tutar "Atom for Peace", inda aka gayyaci manyan masana kimiyya. Taron ya ba da shawarwari da yawa don kafa kwamiti don kare kai daga barazanar makaman nukiliya, wanda ta yi kakkausar suka sosai. Har ila yau, Moussa ya ba da kansa don taimakawa wajen kula da marasa lafiya na kansa a asibitoci daban-daban musamman tun da mahaifiyarta ta shiga mummunan yaƙi da wannan cuta.
Ziyara zuwa Amurka
Moussa ta karɓi malanta daga Fulbright Atomic domin ta zama sananniya tare da wuraren bincike na zamani a Jami'ar California . An ba ta izinin ziyartar asirin injunan atom na Amurka. Ziyarar ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a bangarorin ilimi da kimiyya na Amurka tun da ta kasance mace ta farko da ba haifaffen Amurka ba da aka ba ta wannan gatan.<ref name=":1"></ref
Ta yi watsi da tayin da aka yi mata na bukatar zama a Amurka kuma an ba ta damar zama yar'kasar Amurka, amma takan ce, "Masar, ƙaunatacciyar ƙasata na jirana".
[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> ]
wallafaffun Ayyuka
Dr. Moussa ta samu kwarin gwiwa ne sakamakon gudummawar masana ilimin kimiyya na farkon musulmai, da malamin ta Dr. Moustafa Mashrafa . Wanda hakan ya sanya ta rubuta kasida kan aikin da Muhammad bn Musa al-Khwarizmi ya yi wajen kafa (samar da) ilimin algebra. Ta kuma wallafa labarai da yawa waɗanda ke ba da labari game da abin da ke bayan ƙarfin makaman nukiliya, tasirinta, da amincin amfaninsu ta hanya mafi sauƙi. Ta kuma tattauna tarihin kwayar zarra da tsarinta, da kuma hatsarin fasahar fasahar nukiliya. Kazalika, da kaddarorin radiation da illolinsu na halitta.
Mutuwa
A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1952 bayan ziyarar farko da ta je Amurka ta yi niyyar komawa gida, amma an gayyace ta zuwa wani tafiya. A kan hanya, motar ta fadi daga tsayin ƙafa 40, wanda ya kashe ta nan da nan. Asirin abin da ya faru, tun bayan da aka gayyace ta zuwa California an nuna ba gaskiya ba ne daga baya, ban da bacewar direban motar wanda ya tsallake daga motar jim kadan kafin ya sauko, lamarin da ya sa wasu mutane suka yarda cewa kisan gilla ne aka kulla mata dan a kasha ta. An yi zargin cewa Mossad din Isra’ila na da hannu a kisan Sameera Moussa ta hannun wata mata mai suna Judeo -Egyptian, Raqya Ibrahim (Rachael Abraham).
Saboda mummunan yanayin kisan da ta yi da kuma wariyar launin fata a tsakanin tsarin kimiyya, ba a taɓa fitar da aikin Sameera ba kawai saboda yawancin su an rubuta sune cikin Larabci.
Kyautuka da girmamawa
A ganin kokarinta, an ba ta kyautuka masu yawa saboda kokarin ta.. Daga cikinsu akwai:
1953, lokacin da Sojojin Masar suka girmama ta.
1981, lokacinda aka bashi kyautar Order of Science and Arts, First Class, daga baya-shugaba Anwar Sadat .
An sanya wa ɗakin bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya da wata makaranta a ƙauyen nata suna.
Gidan talabijin na Masar ya watsa wani jerin gwano mai taken Mutuwar Mutuwar batsa tarihin rayuwarta.
A shekarar 1998, yayin bikin ranar Mace ta Misira, an yanke shawarar kafa kwanciyar hankali ta al'adu a wurin haihuwarta da ke dauke da sunanta.
An buga wani littafi wanda ya nuna rayuwarta da gudummawar kimiyya.
Duba kuma
Ali Moustafa Mosharafa
Bedair yace
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Haifaffun 1917
Matattun 1952
Mutanen Misra na karni 20th
Tsoffin dalibai na jami'ar Alkahira |
13592 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ubaidah%20ibn%20al-Jarrah | Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah | Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah, cikakken suna Abū 'ubaydah' Amir dan 'Abdullāh dan al-Jarah ( Larabci 583-639 CE), yana daga cikin Sahabban annabin musulinci Muhammadu . Mafi yawa da aka sani da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikinwainda akayiwa alkawarin Aljanna. Ya kasance kwamandan babban runduna ta rundunonin Islam na kasar shaam a lokacin Raashid Halifa Umar kuma yana cikin jerin halifofin da Umar ya nada a matsayin Khalifanci . yana daya daga cikin wainda suka amshi Musulumci tun daga farkon daawar Annabi Muhammad tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi.
ya halacci yake-yaken Musulumci wainda suka hada
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Abu Ubaidah a shekara ta 583 Miladiyya a gidan 'Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, dan kasuwa mai sana'a. Abu Ubaidah asalinsa Qurayshu ne daga Banu al-Harith bn Fihr. Kafin ya musulunta, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mashahuran Quraishawa kuma ya shahara a cikin Quraysh na Makka saboda girman kai da jaruntakarsa.
Shiga Musulunci
A shekara ta 611, Annabi Muhammadu yayi kira zuga tauhidi tauhidi Allah ga mutanen Makkah. Ya fara kira ne da kiran mafi kusanci da sahabbansa da dangi sa a asirce zuwa ga addinin Musulunci shi LAA ILAHA ILALLAHU MUHAMMADUN RASULULLAHI cewa BABU WANI ABUN BAUTA FACE ALLAH KUMA ANNABI MUHAMMADU MANZON ALLAH NE . Ya musulunta kwana daya bayan saiyidunaa Abubakar a shekara ta 611 yana dan shekara 28.
Hijira zuwa Abiyasina
Abu Ubaidah ya rayu cikin mummunan yanayin da musulmai suka shiga ciki a Makka tun daga farko har karshe. Tare da sauran musulmai na farko, ya jure wulakanci da zalunci na Quraishawa. Kamar yadda hijira ta farko zuwa Abiyasina ( Habasha ) ta yi nasara, wannan cin zarafin da aka yi wa musulmai ya yi nasara sosai.
Hijira zuwa Madina
A cikin 623 Miladiya, lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi yayi hijira daga Makkah zuwa Madina, Abu Ubaidah shi ma yayi hijira tare dashi. Lokacin da Annabi Muhammad ya'isa Madina, ya hada kowane baƙi ( Muhajir ) tare da ɗaya daga cikin mazaunan Madina ( Ansari ), tare da Muhammad bin Maslamah tare da Abu Ubaidah da ke sanya su 'yan uwan juna cikin imani. Musulmai sun kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali a Madina kusan shekara daga kafin Qurayshu ta ɗibi dakaru don kai wa Madina hari.
Yaƙin a zamanin Annabi Muhammad
Yaƙin Badr
A shekara ta 624, yakin badar ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu wan farko Musulmai sunyi yunkurin tare fataken kuraishu a karkashin jagoranci Abu Sufiyan. Musulmai sun tare hanyan da ke tsakanin Madina da Makkah Abu Ubaidah ya shiga cikin babban yaqin farko tsakanin musulmai da Qurayshawa na Makka, a yakin Badr . A wannan yaƙin, ya yi yaƙi da babansa Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, wanda yake yaƙi tare da rundunar Qurayshu. Daga baya Abu Ubaidah ya kai masa hari kuma ya kashe shi.
An saukar da ayar Alqur’ani mai girma game da wannan halin da Abu 'Ubaidah yayi:
Yaƙin Uhudu
A shekara ta 625, yakin Uhudu ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu. Wan kuraishu sun fito yakin ne sabo da daukan fansar wainda aka kashe da cikinsu na yakin Badar wanda Sarkin Makkah Abu Sufiyan ne ya jagoranci babban tawaga sannan Kuma Khalid bin Walid Ya jagoranci tawagan sojoji masu dawakai ya shiga yakin Uhud . A karo na biyu na yakin, lokacin da sojojin Khalid bin al-Walid suka fatattaki musulmai daga baya, suna canza nasarar Musulunci zuwa ga shan kashi, mafiya yawan sojojin musulmin sun fatattake su daga fagen daga, kuma mutane kalilan ne suka dage. Abu Ubaidah daya ne daga cikinsu kuma ya tsare Muhammad daga farmakin sojojin Qurayshi. A wannan rana, Abu Ubaidah ya rasa biyu daga cikin hakoran gabansa yayin da yake kokarin cire wasu alamomin makamai biyu na Muhammad wadanda suka shiga kumatunsa.
Rikici tare da kabilun yahudawa
Daga baya a shekara ta 627 ya shiga Yakin Trench da kuma mamayewar Banu Qurayza . An kuma sanya shi kwamandan wata karamar balaguron da ta tashi don kai farmaki da kuma lalata kabilun Tha'libah da Anmar, waɗanda suke washe duk wasu ƙauyuka na kusa.
A shekara ta 628 ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah kuma yana daga cikin shaidu kan wannan yarjejeniya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yaƙin Musulmi zuwa yakin Khaybar .
Yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙarshen zamanin Muhammadu
A shekara ta 630, lokacinda sojojin musulmai suka Kwace Makka, Abu Ubaidah ya kasance yana yin umarni da daya daga cikin rukunoni hudu wadanda suka shiga cikin birni daga hanyoyi daban-daban guda hudu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya halarci yakin Hunayn da Zirin Ta'if . Shima yana cikin yakin Tabuk karkashin umarnin Muhammad da kansa. Da dawowar su daga yakin Tabuk, wakilan kirista daga Najran suka isa Madina suka nuna sha’awar shiga addinin Musulunci kuma suka roki Muhammad ya aiko musu da wani mutum da zai jagorance su a al'amuran addini da kuma sauran al'amuran kabilanci kamar yadda dokokin Musulunci suka fada, Abu Ubaidah Muhammadu ya naɗa shi ya tafi tare da su. Shi kuma Muhammad ya aiko shi mai karbar haraji ( 'aamil ) zuwa kasar Bahrain . Ya kasance a Makka lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632.
Yaƙi a matsayin kwamandan
A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika da 'Amr ibn al-'As zuwa Daat al-Salaasil daga inda ya yi kira da a karfafa shi, wannan sanannu ne yawon shakatawa na Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah . Muhammadu ya aiki Abu Ubaidah a cikin rundunar rundunar da ta hada Abu Bakr da Umar. Sun kai hari kuma suka ci abokan gaba. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sake tura wani balaguro a karkashin umarnin sa ya nemo hanyoyin masu safarar Qurayshi.
A zamanin halifa Abubakar
Lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632 batun maye ya faru a Saqifah na Banu Sa'ida, Abu Ubaidah yana nan tare da Abu Bakr da Umar. Umar ya ce wa Abu Ubaidah ya miqa hannunsa don halifan, amma ya ki, ya ce wa Abubakar ya mika hannu ya dauki amanar. Bayan yaƙin Ridda lokacin da Abu Bakr ya aika Khalid ibn al-Walid zuwa Iraq don cinye shi, ya tura sojojin musulmai huɗu zuwa cikin Levant, ya sanya Abu Ubaidah kwamandan ɗayansu. An zaɓi maƙasudinsa don zama Emessa kuma an umurce shi da ya tafi yankin Tabuk bayan rundunar Sharjeel ibn Hassana .
A zamanin Umar
Nada shi a matsayin Babban Kwamandan
A 22 Agusta 634, Halifa Abubakar ya mutu Umar ya zama kalifa. Umar ya sauke Khalid bn al-Walid daga umurnin rundunar islama ya kuma nada Abu Ubaidah a matsayin sabon kwamandan. An yi wannan don korar tunanin cewa nasarar da aka samu ya kasance ne sakamakon Khalid . Bugu da ƙari, Khalid mutum ne mai karimci, wanda a cewar wasu mutane galibinsu zai ɓata kuɗinsa wajen bayar da kyaututtuka ga sojojinsa a matsayin ladabtar da jaruntakarsu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan alƙawarin Abu Ubaidah, Khalid ya ce, "Ya ku mutane, an naɗa wakilinku a kan ku." Wannan tunatarwa ya kasance a cikin hasken maganar Annabi (SAW), "Akwai mai tsaro ga kowane Uma kuma Abu Ubaidah shi ne mai lura da wannan al'ummar."
Saboda nau'ikan umarni daban-daban, an sami raguwa cikin sauƙin yadda ake gudanar da abubuwa, yayin da Abu Ubaida ya yi tafiya a hankali a hankali, ya bambanta da Khalid wanda aka ce yana guduwa 'kamar hadari daga yaƙi zuwa yaƙi'; ta yin amfani da mamaki, zagi da karfin gwiwa don cin nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe. Nasarar Siriya ta ci gaba a karkashin sabon kwamandan. Abu Ubaida ya kasance mai dogaro da shawarar Khalid, wanda ya kiyaye shi da shi gwargwadon iko.
Nasarar tsakiyar Bala'in
Jim kadan bayan nadin Abu-Ubaidah a matsayin babban kwamandan, sai ya aika karamin ragowa don halartar bikin shekara-shekara da akeyi a Abu-al-Quds, ranar yau ta Abla, kusa da Zahlé ; gabashin Beirut . Akwai wani jami'in soja Byzantine da kiristocin larabawa da ke kare wannan adalci, musulmai ne suka sanya girman garkuwar sannan kuma aka rufe ta da hanzarin 'yan ta'adda musulmai. Tun kafin a lalata shi gaba daya, Abu Ubaidah, da ya sami sabon leken asiri, ya aika Khalid don ya ceci sojojin musulmai. Khalid ya isa can ya ci su a yaƙin Abu-al-Quds a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 634 kuma ya dawo da tarin ganima daga alfarma da ɗaruruwan fursunoni na Byzantine.
Lokacin da aka kame tsakiyar Siriya, musulmin sun yi wa Tozantines mummunan rauni. Yanzu an katse sadarwa tsakanin arewacin Siriya da Palestine . Abu Ubaidah ya yanke shawarar tafiya Fahl ( Pella ), wanda kusan a kasa matakin teku, kuma inda tsaffin sojoji na Byzantine da wadanda suka tsira daga yakin Ajnadayn suka kasance. Yankin yana da mahimmanci saboda daga nan sojojin Byzantine na iya buge gabas kuma su yanke layin sadarwa tare da Arabia . Haka kuma, tare da wannan babbar runduna ta baya, ba za a iya mamaye Falasdinu ba.
Don haka sojojin musulmai suka koma Fahl. Runduna ta Byzantika an ci nasara a yaƙin Fahl a ranar 23 ga Janairu 635 AD
Yakin yaƙi na Emesa da yaƙi na biyu na Dimashƙu
Bayan yaƙin, wanda zai zama babbar mabuɗin Falasdinu da Jordan, sojojin musulmai suka rarrabu. Sharjeel da gawawwakin Amr sun tafi kudu don kama Falasdinu. A halin da ake ciki, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid tare da manyan katanga sun koma arewacin Lebanon don cinye Lebanon da arewacin Siriya.
While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, sensing the opportunity, quickly sent an army under General Theodore Trithyrius to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison had been left. Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims having finished the business at Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. The Byzantine army met the Muslims half way to Emesa, at Maraj-al-Rome. During the night Theodras sent half of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise attack on the Muslim garrison
Khalid dan leken asirin Khalid ya sanar da shi matakin, Khalid da ya samu izini daga Abu Ubaidah, ya tsallaka zuwa Damascus tare da mai tsaron gidan sa . Yayin da Abu Ubaidah ya yi yaƙi kuma ya ci sojojin Byzantine a yaƙin Maraj-al-Rome, Khalid ya koma Damaskus tare da sojan dokinsa ya kuma kai hari da cin nasarar Theodras a yaƙin na biyu na Damascus .
Mako guda baya, Abu Ubaida da kansa ya tashi zuwa Ba'albek (Heliopolis), inda babban haikalin Jupiter yake tsaye. Ba'albek ya mika wuya ga sarautar musulinci bayan da aka samu juriya sosai sannan ya amince da bayar da haraji. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid kai tsaye zuwa Emesa.
Yaƙin Yarmouk
Bayan sun kama Emesa, musulmai sun koma arewa don karbe arewacin Siriya. Khalid, wanda ke matsayin mai tsaron gaba ya dauki mai tsaron nasa ya fatattaki arewacin Siriya. A wajen Shaizer, Khalid ya kama wani mai ɗaukar hoto da ke ba da abinci ga Chalcis. An yi wa fursunonin tambayoyi tare da sanar da shi game da babban burin Emperor Heraclius don dawo da Siriya. Sun gaya masa cewa wataƙila sojoji, mai yiwuwar 200,000 masu ƙarfi, za su fito don karɓe yankinsu. Khalid ya tsaya anan. Bayan abubuwan da ya gabata, Heraclius, yanzu an guji fadace fadace tare da musulmai. Yayi niyyar tura manya manyan garuruwa kuma ya ware gawarwakin musulmai daga kowane bangare, kuma ta haka ya kewaya da hallaka sojojin musulmai. An ƙaddamar da dakaru 5 masu yawa a watan Yuni na 636 don dawo da Siriya.
</br> A ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Agusta, an yi yaƙin Yarmouk, ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 6 kuma ya ƙare a cikin mummunan rauni ga Rundunar Soji. Yakin Yarmouk ana ɗaukar shi ɗayan yaƙin yaƙi na tarihi. Rashin nasara ne na tarihi wanda ya rufe makasudi na Byzantines, girman shan kashi ya yi matukar ta'asar da Byzantine ba zai taba murmurewa daga hakan ba. Hakan ya sanya dukkan Daular Byzantine ta zama mai rauni ga Musulmai. Yaƙi shi ne mafi girma yaƙi har abada aka yi yaƙi a kan ƙasar Siriya har zuwa wannan kuma ya kasance wata dabara mai ban mamaki na Abu Ubaidah.
Kama Urushalima
Da sojojin Byzantine suka rushe kuma suka fatattaka, da sauri musulmai suka karbe yankin da suka ci kafin Yarmouk. Abu Ubaida ya yi wani taro tare da babban kwamishina, wanda ya hada da Khalid, don yanke hukunci kan nasarar da za a samu nan gaba. Sun yanke shawarar cinye Urushalima. Yankin Kudus ya dauki tsawon watanni hudu bayan haka birnin ya amince da mika wuya, amma kawai ya sami kalifa Umar a cikin mutum. 'Amr ibn al-'As ya ba da shawarar cewa a aika Khalid a matsayin kalifa, saboda tsananin kamanninsa da Umar. An san Khalid kuma daga ƙarshe, Umar ya zo kuma Urushalima ta mika wuya a ranar Afrilu 637. Bayan Urushalima, sojojin musulmai sun sake farfaɗowa. An sa gawawwakin Yazidu zuwa Dimashƙu don su ci Beirut. Sojojin Amr da Shurahbil sun ci gaba da mamaye sauran Falasdinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid, a ƙarshen mayaƙan mayaƙan 17,000 suka ƙaura zuwa arewacin don cinye arewacin Siriya duka.
Abu Ubaida ya tura kwamandojin 'Amr ibn al-'As, da Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, da Shurahbil ibn Hassana suka koma yankunan su don sake kwato su. Yawancin wuraren da aka ƙaddamar ba tare da faɗa ba. Abu Ubaida da kansa, tare da Khalid, ya koma arewacin Siriya don sake cinye su da dakaru mayaƙa 17,000. Khalid tare da mahaya dawakai aka aika zuwa Hazir sai Abu Ubaidah ya koma Chalcis.
Tare da Emesa tuni, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun matsa zuwa Chalcis, wanda shine babban mahimmancin sansanin Byzantine. Ko da yake Chalcis, da Byzantines za su tsare Anatolia, Heraclius ta mahaifarsa Armenia kuma akwai Asia yankin babban birnin Antakiya. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid tare da sojan dawakansa, mai tsaron lafiya, zuwa ga Chalcis. Sojojin Girka suna tsaron sansanin sojojin ƙarƙashin kwamandansu, Menas, wanda aka ce yana da babban matsayi, na biyu ga sarki kansa kawai. Menas, yana jujjuya daga dabarun na zamanin Byzantine, ya yanke shawarar fuskantar Khalid da kuma halakar da manyan jagororin sojojin musulmai kafin babban rukunin su shiga su Hazir, gabashin Chalcis. Wannan shi ne aka sani da Yaƙin Hazir, wanda har ma ya tilasta wa Umar yaba wa mashahurin soja na Khalid. An ruwaito Umar ya ce:
Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Armeniya da Anatolia
Bayan yaƙin Umar Umar ya ba da umarnin kwace Al-Jazira, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen bazara 638 AD Bayan nasarar, Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm (magabcin Al-Jazira) don mamaye yankin Byzantine da ke arewacin Al-Jazira. Sun yi tafiya ba tare da izini ba kuma suka kama Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakır), Malatya da duka Armeniya har zuwa Ararat kuma sun kai hari arewacin da tsakiyar Anatolia. Heraclius ya riga ya yi watsi da duk wata hanyar da ke tsakanin Antakiya da Tartus don ƙirƙirar yankin mai saiti ko kuma ƙasa ta mutum tsakanin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon musulmai da kuma yankin Anatolia.
Umar har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da sojojin nasa daga kara mamayewa cikin zurfi cikin Anatolia amma maimakon haka ya umarci Abu Ubaidah, wanda yanzu shine gwamnan Syria, da ya karfafa mulkinsa a Syria. A wannan karon, an ruwaito Umar ya ce:
Babban yunwar
Daga baya a waccan shekarar ta Arab ta fada cikin matsanancin fari, kuma mutane da yawa sun fara halaka daga yunwar da cututtukan annoba iri daya, duk sakamakon fari da rikicewar sa. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa marasa yawa (a cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai), daga ko'ina cikin Arabia, sun taru a Madina kamar yadda ake raba abinci. Ba da daɗewa ba, kayan abinci na Madina ya ƙi zuwa matakan tsoro. A wannan karon, Halifa Umar ya riga ya rubuta wa gwamnonin lardunansa cewa suna neman duk wata taimakon da za su taimaka da shi. Daya daga cikin irin wannan wasika an garzaya wurin Abu Ubaidah, wanda ya amsa nan da nan:
Gaskiya zuwa ga tabbacin, Abu Ubaidah ta tafiyar da abinci da kayayyaki kasance na farko da ya isa Madina, tare da 4,000 raƙuma isa cike da abinci. Don magance adadin mai yawa, Umar ya nada Abu Ubaidah don raba wannan tsakanin dubban mutane da ke zaune a wajen Madina. Bayan taimakon Abu Ubaidah da kokarin sa, Umar ya ba da sadaki 4,000 a matsayin mai sauƙin kai ko godiya, wanda ya ƙi saboda dalilan cewa aikin ya yi saboda Allah ne.
Bala'i na 'Amwas
Watanni tara sun shude tunda fari da sabuwar matsala ta fara yin kiwo. Annobar annoba ta barke a Siriya da Iraki ta Yamma; Ya yi tsanani sosai a cikin Suriya. Lokacin da labarin bullar cutar Umar ya kama hanyarsa don tafiya Siriya, amma ya dawo daga kan iyakar Siriya kamar yadda sahabbansa suka shawarce shi. Abu Ubaidah ya gamu da shi a inda yace:
Umar ya dawo daga Siriya saboda sau daya Muhammadu ya yi umarni cewa kada mutum ya shiga wurin da cutar ta warke sai dai idan yana da lafiya. Don haka Abu Ubaidah ya koma wurin sojojinsa a Emesa. A wannan lokacin ne annoba ta mamaye ƙasar Suriya, wacce ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba. Ya lalata yawan jama'a. Kamar yadda Halifa Umar yake so ya sanya Abu Ubaidah a matsayin magajin nasa bai so ya ci gaba da zama a yankin da annoba ta ke ba. Umar ya aika da manzo ga Abu Ubaidah da wata wasika yana cewa:
Lokacin da Abu Ubaydah ya karɓi wasiƙar Umar, sai ya ce, '' Na san dalilin da ya sa Umar yake buƙata. Yana son tabbatar da rayuwar wanda, har abada, ba madawwami ba ne. " Don haka ya rubuta wa Umar:
Lokacin da Halifa Umar ya karanta wannan wasiƙar hawaye ya cika idanunsa waɗanda suke tare da shi suka ce, "Shin Abu Ubaidah ya mutu?" ya amsa ya ce "A'a, amma mutuwa na kusa da shi." . Halifa Umar ya aika masa da wani manzo yana cewa idan ba ka dawo ba ko kaɗan ka koma ƙasar tuddai mai ƙarancin yanayi kuma Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia.
Wani dalili kuma da yasa Abu Ubaydah bai fita daga Siriya ba shine saboda sau daya ne Muhammad ya ba da umarnin cewa idan wata annoba ta kamu da ita, babu wani daga jihar da zai tsere kuma babu wani daga cikin jihar da zai shiga ta (keɓe kai).
Mutuwa
Da zaran Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia ya kamu da cutar. Lokacin da mutuwa ta rataye shi, sai ya yi magana da sojojinsa:
Sannan ya nada Muadh bn Jabal a matsayin magajinsa kuma ya umurce shi da jagorantar mutane da addu'o'i; bayan salloli Muadh ya tafi wurinsa, a wannan lokacin ransa ya tashi.
Muadh ya tashi ya ce wa mutane:
Ya mutu a shekara ta 639 AZ, aka binne shi a Jabiya. An ba da labarin cewa Janaza din shi ne jagorancin Muadhad bn Jabal .
Legacy
Fuskarsa kyakkyawa ne, siriri da tsayi kuma fuskarsa mai haske kuma tana da gemu mai ƙoshin gaske. Yayi matukar farin ciki da dube shi da sanyaya zuciya yayin haduwa da shi. Ya kasance mai ladabi sosai da tawali'u kuma ya kasance mai jin kunya. Amma duk da haka a cikin mawuyacin hali zai zama mai ɗaukar nauyi da faɗakarwa. An bashi taken Amin ko kuma Majibincin jama’ar Muhammad ( Ummah ). 'Abd Allah ibn' Umar ya taba fada game da shi:
Ya zaɓi rayuwa mai sauƙi, yana zaɓar mafi kyawun tufafi idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu sahaba (sahabban Muhammadu). A lokacin da, yayin mamayar Kudus, Halifa Umar ya zo Syria, Khalid bn al-Walid da Yazid bin abu Sufyan sun hadu da shi; Halifa Umar ya tsallake daga raƙinsa kuma ya jefa musu yashi yayin da yake yi musu gargaɗi da cewa “Bai cika shekara ɗaya ba tun da kun fito daga yunwar da wahalar Arabia kuma kun manta da sauƙi duk lokacin da kuka ga alhinin Siriya. Sarakuna? " Duk mutanen biyu suna sanye da kyawawan tufafi sannan a baya sun saba; Khalid ibn al-Walid ya lura cewa a karkashin tufafinsu har yanzu suna da isasshen makamai, yana mai nuna cewa har yanzu sun saba da halayen rayuwar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya, suna kawo sauƙi ga Halifa. A kwatankwacin haka, Abu Ubaidah shima ya kasance, amma ya kasance mai kula da rigar sa da tsarin rayuwarsa koyaushe. Umar ya yi farin ciki da ganinsa, a wannan maraice kuwa, lokacin da Umar ya isa gidansa, ya ga cewa Abu Ubaidah, mutumin da ya yi nasara a fagen yaƙi (yana samun haƙƙin ganima), ba shi da dukiya a gida sai guda ɗaya. gado, takobi da garkuwa. Sai Umar ya ce masa:
Kiristocin Levant sun musulunta kuma Abu Ubaidah ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su; dukkan membobin kabilun Kiristocin guda biyu, Banu Tanookh da Banu Saleej, sun musulunta bayan mamaye birnin Qasreen. Haka kuma, akwai babban taimako da Abu Ubaidah ya ba wa wadanda ba musulmai ba wadanda ke rayuwa a matsayin darajojinsa a Syria. Musulmai suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin sahabbai goma na Muhammadu waɗanda Allah yayi musu alkawarin aljanna a duk rayuwarsu.
Filin Jirgin sama na Ubaydah Bin Al Jarrah kusa da Kut, Iraq ansa masa sunansa dan girmama shi.
Iyali
Kaɗan kawai aka sani game da dangin Abu Ubaidah. Yana da mata biyu. Daga matarsa Hind bint Jabar yana da dansa Yazid da Ubaidah. Daga matarsa Warja yana da dansa Umair, amma dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. Ba a san shi ba idan yana da 'ya'ya mata, amma an ba da labarin zuriyarsa masu ƙare. Duk da wannan, dangin Al-Jarrah a cikin Aligarh na yau (a Uttar Pradesh na Indiya), Jordan da Lebanon sun ce zuriyarsu daga Abu Ubaidah da dangin Alqayem waɗanda aka san su da Falasdinawa ne.
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Abu Ubaidah
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20556 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Iwellemmedan | Mutanen Iwellemmedan | Iwellemmedan ( Iwəlləmədǎn ), ya kuma rubuta Iullemmeden, Aulliminden, Ouilliminden, Lullemmeden, da Iwellemmeden, suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa bakwai ko ƙungiyoyi (waɗanda ake kira " ƙungiyoyin Drum "). Ƙungiyoyinsu suna da ƙaura daga tarihi kuma suna hulɗa da wasu ƙabilun. Iwellemmeden suna zaune a yanki mai fadi daga gabas da arewa ta tsakiyar Mali, ta kwarin Azawagh, zuwa arewa maso yammacin Nijar da kudu zuwa arewacin Najeriya . Duk da kuma yake sau ɗaya ƙungiya guda da yawa na Abzinawa da dangi, al'ummomin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyin ƙawance, tun ƙarni na 18 sun kasu kashi Kel Ataram (yamma) da Kel Dinnik (gabas) ƙungiyoyi. Bayan bin mulkin mallaka da 'yanci, yankuna na Iwellemmedan sun tsallaka kan iyakar Mali / Niger, kuma hanyoyinda suke bi na zamani sun yada al'ummomin Iwellemmedan zuwa Burkina Faso da Najeriya . Suna magana da bambancin Tawellemmet na harshen Tamasheq kodayake wasu dangogin na yanzu ko na gargajiya suna magana da wasu bambancin Tamasheq da yarukan Songhai da yarukan Larabci.
Raba
Asalin rarrabuwa cikin Kel Ataram ("mutanen yamma") da Kel Dinnik ("mutanen gabas") ya koma aƙalla 1800, kuma wataƙila ƙarni ɗaya da ta gabata. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da rarrabuwar kai a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, tare da baiwa toan Jamhuriyar Nijar gabas ta ba wa jami’inta “shugaba”, amma bayan shekara ta 1916, an sake raba ɓangaren yamma tsakanin manyan shugabannin masarautar Faransa. Rabuwa da gabas da yamma Iwellemmedan ya kasance a cikin lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Hannun yamma na Iwellemmedan shine Kel Ataram da ke tsakiyar garin Ménaka na Mali. Bangarorin 'yanci "marasa kyauta (galibi" maraboutic "ko" Imajeghen "ƙabilun da suka gaji shugabancin addini na gari) sun haɗa da Tahabanaten da Ighatafan .
Babban mahimmin ɓangaren gabas na ƙungiyar shine Kel Dinnik (var. Kel Dinnig ), wani lokaci ana kiransa "Ouilliminden Kel Dinnik", kuma ya kasance a cikin Azawagh, kusa da Tchin-Tabaraden da Tahoua . Manyan abubuwan da suke "kyauta" / "Imajeghen" sun haɗa da Irreulen, Lisawan, Tiggirmat, Tellemidez, da Ikhekheren . Dangin Kel Nan mai 'yanci / mai martaba shine asalin gargajiyar Amenokal, babban shugaban hadaddiyar ƙungiyar da shugabannin dangi suka zaba.
Dukkan ƙungiyoyin biyu makiyaya ne, wadanda tsarin hijirar su ya kaisu arewa zuwa Sahara a lokacin kankanin lokacin damina, da kuma kudu har Najeriya da Burkina Faso a lokacin rani. Kamar dukkan kungiyoyin Abzinawa, an kirkiresu ne daga wasu manya-manyan masu fada a ji, wadanda suke mu'amala da aminci daga dangi da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun iyakance ga takamaiman jarumai. Ƴan gidan da ke mulki suna jagorantar manyan ƙungiyoyi, kuma suna yin ƙaura lokaci-lokaci, kiwo, kasuwanci, yaƙi, da ayyukan addini. Castananan ƙungiyoyi, da dangin da suka haɗu da rukunin ƙungiyoyin dangi masu 'yanci suna iya zama masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ba sa cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, koda kuwa suzerains ɗinsu na gargajiya mambobi ne na ƙungiyoyi kamar Iwellemmedan. Bugu da kari, manyan kungiyoyin na iya hada da kawancen wadanda ba Buzaye ba, kamar ƙabilun yankin da ke jin larabci.
Tarihi
Ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa sun koma kudu zuwa cikin Mali da Nijar yanzu wani lokacin kusan ƙarni na 11 CE, kuma Iwellemmedan an kafa kudu da gabashin Adar Ifoghas a ƙarni na 17 AD. Tarihin baka na gwagwarmaya ya yarda cewa Iwellemmedan ya shiga rikici tare da ƙungiyar Kel Taddemekat, amma bai yarda ba ko an kori Iwellemmedan ne daga abokan Adar Ifoghas ta abokan gaba ko suka ci yankin Kel Taddemekat kudu da yamma na massif. Ba tare da la'akari ba, a tsakiyar karni na 15 miladiyya, Iwellemmedan ya sarrafa yanki daga Tafkin Faguibine da arewacin Timbuktu gabas ta duk yankin da yake yanzu Gao na Mali, zuwa cikin Azawagh na Nijar har zuwa gefen Aïr Massif .
Tsunduma cikin doguwar gwagwarmaya tare da magadan ƙarni na 15 miladiya ta mamayar moroccan daular Songhai, dangin Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram daga karshe suka sanya mulkin kai tsaye a kan Timbuktu, tare da duk kwarin Kogin Neja daga yankin Neja zuwa yankin da ke garin Ka ce, Nijar . An kori Kel Ataram ne kawai daga Timbuktu a cikin 1826 ta haɓakar Daular Fula Macina, amma ta riƙe yawancin yanki zuwa arewacin ta.
A daidai lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka faɗaɗa yankunansu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Iwellemmedan sune suka kasance babbar ƙungiyar Abzinawa a duk yammacin Niger da gabashin Mali, har zuwa gabar Kogin Niger, inda suka mamaye mutane da yawa. na ƙauyukan Songhay. Bayan fatattakar su da Faransawa suka yi bayan kwace Timbuktu a cikin 1894, Kel Ataram Amenokal ya yi alkawarin ba da zalunci tare da Faransanci a 1896, kuma a ƙarshe an sami zaman lafiya a 1903. A daidai wannan lokacin, Faransanci sun mai da hankali kan rikicin su da Kel Ifoghas zuwa arewa. A cikin shekaru goma, an canza mukamai, lokacin da Ifoghas suka taimaka don kawar da tashin 1914 – 1916 na Iwellemmedan da dangin da ke kawance a ƙarƙashin Amenokal Fihirun. Juriyarsu ga mamayar Faransa ta jawo musu asara mai yawa, tare da mutuwar da yawa daga cikin mayaƙansu, kuma a ƙarshe sun fi son Kidal na Kel Ifoghas ta ikon mulkin mallaka. Yawancin abubuwa daga ƙarshe Faransanci ya karye daga Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram, wanda ya ƙara raunana ƙungiyar.
Asalin Abzinawan Iwellemmedan na asali yana cikin Nijar. Koyaya, mummunan fari a cikin 1972 da 1982 sun tilasta wa makiyaya Iwellemmedan yin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Najeriya don neman wuraren kiwo don garken dabbobinsu. Yawancin Aulliminden daga ƙarshe sun matsa kusa da yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Waɗannan Abzinawa sun zauna a gefen biranen arewacin Najeriya, kuma da yawa ba su dawo ƙasarsu ba. A cikin shekarun 1970, adadi mai yawa na 'yan gudun hijirar Abzinawa, da yawa daga cikinsu Iwellemmedan, sun zauna a sansanonin' yan gudun hijirar da ke kudancin Nijar, galibi Lazert, a gefen arewa maso gabashin Yamai . Bayan lokaci wannan ya zama yanki na dindindin a cikin babban birnin Nijar.
Manazarta
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan Nijeriya |
23884 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebisi%20Shank | Adebisi Shank | Adebisi Shank Ya kasance uku-yanki instrumental dutse uku daga Wexford, Ireland kunshi garaya Lar Kaye, bass garaya Vincent McCreith da ɗan ganga Michael Roe. An sanya hannu ga ƙungiyar Richter Collective a Ireland, kafin a rufe alamar rikodin a watan Disamba na 2012, Manyan Abubuwa masu ban tsoro a Burtaniya, Gidan Sargent a Amurka da Parabolica a Japan. Sunan su yana nuni ne ga halin Oz Simon Adebisi. An bayyana salon kiɗan nasu a matsayin "mahaukaci mai rikitarwa" A watan Satumba na 2014, ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar rabuwarsu, tare da kowane memba yana bin hanyoyi daban -daban. Sun fito da kundin faifan studio guda uku da kuma wani ƙaramin wasa a cikin aikin su.
Tarihi
The band formed in August 2006, after both drummer Mick Roe and guitarist Lar Kaye, who worked together in math rock band Terrordactyl, collaborated with bass player Vinny McCreith, who at the time worked on a solo chiptune project named The Vinny Club. The group's name, which derives from the Oz character Simon Adebisi, was picked by guitarist Larry Kaye when they needed a name quickly. Not long after their formation, in July 2007, the band released their first EP, titled This is the EP of a band called Adebisi Shank. They released the EP on DIY label Armed Ambitions and this led to the band later in 2007 touring across continental Europe with Marvins Revolt.
A farkon 2008 sun zagaya Japan, suna tallafawa LITE da sakin EP akan sabon tambarin Jafan, Parabolica.
A cikin 2010 an kuma zaɓe su don Kyautar Kiɗa na Zaɓi kuma sun taka a Vicar Street a gaban taron jama'a da aka sayar. Sun sha kashi a Tarihin Yawon shakatawa na farko Door Cinema Club.
Don sakin kundi na biyu, ƙungiyar ta rattaba hannu kan alamar Amurka da kamfanin gudanarwa Sargent House, suna ba da tallafin alamar Arewacin Amurka da gudanarwar duniya. Wannan sanya hannu yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar saboda koyaushe suna da sha'awar ziyartar Amurka; duk da haka, suna son yin hakan ne kawai idan za su iya samun alamar rikodin don tallafa musu. Kafin sakin faifan ɗakin karatun su na biyu, a cikin 2010, ƙungiyar ta buga yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 14 a cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland da Arewacin Ireland, gami da bayyanar bikin a Indiependence, Castlepalooza, Off The Cuff da Glasgowbury. A cikin 2011 ƙungiyar ta lashe Mafi Kyawun Album, Mafi kyawun Dokar Rock da Kyakkyawan ƙira a The Digital Socket Awards 2011, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan da masu rubutun ra'ayin kiɗan Irish suka shirya.
A ƙarshen 2012, Kaye ya bayyana cewa ya ƙirƙiri wani babban rukunin ƙungiyar electropunk mai suna No Spill Blood . A band aka kafa tare da mambobin daga sauran makada kamar Kuduro wanda yake so ya Mutu ?, Elk, kuma Magic Aljihuna da kuma fito da su halarta a karon EP a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2012.
A cikin watan Yuli na 2012 ƙungiyar ta tsunduma kan wani sabon balaguron Tunez wanda ya ratsa Ireland, wanda ya ba ƙungiyar damar fara halarta da yin sabon abu, wanda ba a saki ba.
A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2013, ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar kammala kundi na uku mai zuwa, bayan da ta fitar da shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2014, don ingantattun bita daga magoya baya da masu suka. A ranar 24 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su rabu bayan yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje na karshe. Bandungiyar ta ce Kaye da McCreith za su ci gaba da kasuwancin kiɗa, tare da Kaye yana wasa tare da sauran ƙungiyarsa All Tvvins, kuma McCreith zai kasance yana samarwa da haɗawa, da kuma wasu aiki tare da wasannin bidiyo kuma a matsayin mai yin solo a ƙarƙashin sunan VMC Sound. Hakanan yana da shirye -shiryen ci gaba da Duo na Macizai. Roe, a gefe guda, malamin kasuwanci ne a kwalejin kiɗan Dublin BIMM.
Halaye
Salon kiɗa
Adebisi Shank yana da salon kiɗan da aka bayyana a matsayin "mahaukaci mai rikitarwa math- rock" kuma sun bayyana kansu a matsayin robot-rock Allmusic ya bayyana su a matsayin fusing "frenetic hardcore- impact math rock with the epic range of post-rock, the freewheeling heavy of heavy karfe, and the dancefloor-shredding sensibility of electronic dance music ." Duk da kasancewa ƙungiyar makada, ƙungiyar tana amfani da gurɓataccen sautin murya a cikin waƙoƙi, suna kula da muryoyin su kamar suna cikin ƙungiyar kiɗan su, tare da ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa ba za su taɓa yin amfani da "sautin tsafta" a cikin kiɗan su ba. Bandungiyar ta haɗa da kayan kida daban -daban a cikin tarin su, ta amfani da: gita, ganguna, masu haɗawa, marimbas, ƙaho, vocoder, gungu -gungu da "kayan kida waɗanda ba mu da tabbas har yanzu an ƙirƙira su.
An kwatanta salon ƙungiya da makaɗan dutsen lissafin lissafi kamar Don Caballero da Battles,haka nan kuma suna da salon su idan aka kwatanta da "jituwa masu nasara na tsibirin Fang tare da daidaitaccen ilimin lissafi na Battles, the genre- wasan hawan igiyar ruwa na Daft Punk da tsananin rashin lafiya.Tasirin band ɗin ya bambanta, wanda ya fito ta nau'o'i daban -daban, gami da: Yarima, Leonard Cohen, Radiohead, Oingo Boingo, Nirvana, Sarauniya, Thin Lizzy, Paul Simon, Adalci, Andrew WK, Jamie Lidell, Caribou, Vangelis, Steely Dan, Thomas Dolby, Arthur Russell, The Beach Boys, Smashing Pumpkins, Heads Heads, My Bloody Valentine, Fleetwood Mac, Steve Reich, Debussy, Dream Tangerine, OutKast, Lindsey Buckingham, Burt Bacharach, Le Butcherettes, The Brecker Brothers, R. Kelly, Éric Serra, Michael Jackson .
Wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa
An bayyana wasan kwaikwayon na rayuwa na Adebisi Shank a matsayin wanda ba a so. Wani muhimmin sashi na hoton ƙungiyar da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa shine ɗan wasan bass Vincent McCreith sanye da abin rufe fuska. Abun rufe fuska ya rufe dukkan fuskarsa kuma yayi kama da mayafi. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a cikin wata hira game da manufar abin rufe fuska McCreith yayi sharhi yana cewa: "Na ƙi ƙungiya ta zama shahararre kawai saboda 'yan wasan bass suna da kyawu da kyawawan idanu
Membobi
Lar Kaye - guitar (2006–2014)
Vincent McCreith - bass guitar (2006 - 2014)
Michael Roe- ganguna, feat. Irfan (2006-2014)
Binciken hoto
Albums ɗin Studio
Ƙara wasan kwaikwayo
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Hanyoyin waje
Yanar gizon hukuma (wanda aka adana)
Adebisi Shank
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
47996 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Zimbabwe | Hakkin Dan Adam a Zimbabwe | Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a Zimbabwe a karkashin mulkin Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyarsa, ZANU-PF, tsakanin 1980 da 2017.
A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam irin su Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta keta haƙƙin mafaka, abinci, 'yancin motsi da zama,' yancin taro da kariya ga doka. Akwai hare-hare a kan kafofin watsa labarai, 'yan adawa na siyasa, masu gwagwarmayar jama'a, da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Taron adawa sau da yawa batun hare-haren da 'yan sanda suka kai, kamar su murkushewa a taron 11 ga Maris 2007 na Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). A cikin abubuwan da suka faru, shugaban jam'iyyar Morgan Tsvangirai da wasu masu fafutukar adawa 49 sun kama su kuma 'yan sanda sun yi musu duka sosai. Edward Chikombo, wani ɗan jarida wanda ya aika hotuna na duka ga kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje, an sace shi kuma an kashe shi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Bayan an sake shi, Morgan Tsvangirai ya gaya wa BBC cewa ya ji rauni a kai kuma ya yi wa hannunsa, gwiwoyi da baya, kuma ya rasa jini mai yawa. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka sun yi Allah wadai da aikin 'yan sanda. Duk da yake babu wani abu da masu fafutuka suka ji rauni, amma ba tare da ambaton dalilin su ba, jaridar yau da kullun da gwamnatin Zimbabwe ke sarrafawa The Herald ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun shiga tsakani bayan masu zanga-zangar "sun yi fashi da shaguna, sun lalata dukiya, sun yi wa fararen hula fashi, da kuma kai hari kan jami'an 'yan sanda da marasa laifi na jama'a". Jaridar ta kuma yi jayayya cewa 'yan adawa sun kasance "da gangan suna keta haramcin taron siyasa".
Rashin amincewar ƴan sanda
Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam cewa cin zarafin 'yancin mutum da mutunci yana da yawa a Zimbabwe, musamman ga wadanda ake zargi da' yan adawar siyasa. Masu goyon bayan gwamnati da hukumomin tilasta bin doka ne ke aikata laifuffukan, kuma sun hada da hare-hare, azabtarwa, barazanar kisa, satar mutane da kuma kamawa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba.
A cikin 1999, Amurkawa uku John Dixon, Gary Blanchard da Joseph Pettijohn sun yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da su bayan kama su. Alkalin shari'ar ya yarda da shaidar azabtarwa kuma ya ba su hukunci mai sauƙi bayan da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifin makamai.
A cikin wannan shekarar, Robert Mugabe ya yi Allah wadai da alƙalai a Kotun Koli ta Zimbabwe wadanda suka nemi ya yi sharhi game da kamawa da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hanyar jami'an tsaro na jihar, na 'yan jarida biyu, Mark Chavunduka da Ray Choto.
Hukumomin tilasta bin doka sune babban tushen cin zarafin bil'adama a Zimbabwe. A cewar Human Rights Watch an sami karuwar shari'o'in da 'yan sanda suka kai hari da azabtar da magoya bayan adawa da masu fafutukar farar hula. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shari'a shine kamawa da kuma duka na ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar kwadago, gami da shugaban kasa da babban sakatare na Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, a ofishin 'yan sanda na Matapi, bayan zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2006. Da farko an hana 'yan kungiyar taimakon likita da na shari'a.
Wani irin wannan shari'ar ita ce kama shugaban mai fafutukar dalibai Promise Mkwanazi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2006. An tsare Mkwanazi a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a Bindura na kwanaki biyar ba tare da tuhuma ba. A wannan lokacin 'yan sanda sun cire shi sau da yawa, suka ɗaure shi kuma suka yi masa duka da sanduna, wadanda suka zarge shi da ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnati. Ya kasance batun sa ido na 'yan sanda tun daga shekara ta 2000 saboda sa hannu a cikin tarurrukan jam'iyyar MDC da daukar ma'aikata tare da taimakon' yan uwansa da tsoffin' yan gwagwarmayar dalibai Tafadzwa Takawira da Tendai Ndira, wadanda su ma sun sha wahala daga zalunci na' yan sanda, azabtarwa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin sel waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin tsabta tare da bayan gida da ba mai iska ba a cikin tantanin halitta.
Daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa Satumba ta 2006, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Zimbabwe ta yi rikodin shari'o'i sama da 1200 na keta hakkin dan adam da hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka yi, gami da shari'oʼin azabtarwa 363, shari'o"in kai 516 na hari, shari'o-tafiye 58 na barazanar mutuwa, shari'ar kamawa 399 ba bisa ka'ida ba da shari'ar tsare-tsare 451 ba bisa ka-tsare ba. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da wadanda ke fama da mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ta gano cewa ana ƙarfafa hukumomin tilasta bin doka da su aikata cin zarafi ta hanyar maganganun da manyan mambobin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da ke mulki suka yi.
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ruwaito a cikin sanarwar jama'a mai kwanan wata 12 ga Yuli 2007 cewa halin da ake ciki a Zimbabwe na ci gaba da tabarbarewa yayin da zanga-zangar jama'a game da Mugabe da ZANU-PF ke ƙaruwa. Kwanan nan farashin gwamnati a kan dukkan kayan masarufi na cikin gida ya haifar da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake bukata, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu tsananin damuwa da sojojin gwamnati da ke neman aiwatar da ƙuntatawa da kuma murkushe rikice-rikice. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da sake jaddada umarnin ta na kawar da duk wani rashin amincewa ko adawa da manufofinta "ta kowace hanya da ta dace", gami da karfi mai kisa. Ya goyi bayan wannan sanarwa tare da ayyukan bazuwar da ba su nuna bambanci ba na tashin hankali da gwamnati ke tallafawa daga jami'an tsaro daban-daban a kan duk wanda aka ɗauka abokin adawar ne; waɗannan hare-haren galibi suna faruwa ba tare da tayar da hankali ko gargadi ba a matsayin nau'in ta'addanci na jihar.
Ƙuntataccen ƴanci na jama'a
A Zimbabwe ƴancin taro an hana shi sosai ta hanyar doka. Tsarin shari'a ya kara fadadawa a aikace, tare da tilasta bin doka da ke kula da zanga-zangar adawa da tarurrukan jama'a. Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da kamawa da kuma bugun masu zanga-zangar. A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch "Za a yi ka duka sosai": An yi amfani da dokoki irin su Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA) da Dokar Laifuka daban-daban (MOA) don rushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da kuma tabbatar da kama masu fafutukar farar hula. A wasu lokuta, ana gudanar da masu gwagwarmaya fiye da iyakar da doka ta ba da izini, sau da yawa ba tare da caji ba.
A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World na shekara ta 2006, Freedom House ta gano cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da' yancin yada labarai na Zimbabwe sun kara lalacewa. Dokar Samun Bayanai da Kare Sirriyar Tsaro ta 2002 (AIPPA) tana buƙatar 'yan jarida da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarai su yi rajista tare da Hukumar Watsa Labarai da Bayanai (MIC) da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati don hana mutane yin aiki a matsayin' yan jarida. Wani gyare-gyare da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005 ya gabatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru biyu ga 'yan jarida da ke aiki ba tare da izini ba. Hukumomi sun umarci jaridu masu adawa da masu zaman kansu da su rufe, kuma ana tsoratar da 'yan jarida, ana kama su, kuma ana gurfanar da su, tare da goyon bayan dokokin da ke aikata laifuka game da buga bayanan "maras tabbas". Ana hana ƴan jarida na kasashen waje takardar izini a kai a kai, kuma an hana masu ba da takardun gida don wallafe-wallafen kasashen waje takardun izini kuma an yi barazanar korar su. Jiha tana sarrafa duk kafofin watsa labarai da kuma manyan jaridu irin su The Chronicle da The Herald . Rahotanni sun mamaye hotunan Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da hare-hare kan masu sukar gwamnati. A cewar Freedom House, gwamnati kuma tana sa ido kan abubuwan da ke cikin imel.
A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yankin ta ambaci Ministan Tsaro na Jiha Didymus Mutasa kamar yadda yake bayyana cewa hukumomi ba za su "yi watsi da ƙudurin da suka yi na farautar sauran hanyoyin samar da bayanai a kasar ba."
Duk da yake wasu masu lura da zaben Afirka sun yi la'akari da zaben majalisar dokoki na 2005 wanda ya nuna nufin mutane, yarjejeniyar gaba ɗaya ita ce waɗannan da zaɓuɓɓukan da suka gabata a Zimbabwe ba su da 'yanci da adalci, tare da yaduwar zamba. An hana 'yan takara da magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa, MDC, yin kamfen a bayyane a wasu yankuna, kuma sun fuskanci tsangwama, tashin hankali da tsoratarwa. An ba da kayan abinci na gwamnati ga masu jefa kuri'a don musayar kuri'un su. An nuna bambanci sosai ga kafofin watsa labarai game da ZANU-PF. A ranar zabe, an karkatar da masu jefa kuri'a da yawa, musamman a cikin mazabar da 'yan adawa suka mamaye. Babban dalilin wannan shi ne cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su jefa kuri'a a cikin mazabar da ba daidai ba saboda rashin isasshen jama'a. Masu lura da zabe sun kuma lura da tsoratar da masu jefa kuri'a a wuraren zabe. A wani abin da ya faru, 'yan sanda ba su dauki mataki ba lokacin da wani dan takarar ZANU-PF ya yi barazanar harbe jami'an zabe na MDC. Rahotanni na bayar da rahoton kuri'a da ke nuna goyon baya ga jam'iyyar da ke mulki sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da haraji.
Sakamakon yunƙurin juyin mulki na Zimbabwe na 2007
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta rushe wani juyin mulki da ake zargi a watan Mayu 2007. A cewar gwamnati, sojoji sun shirya cire Shugaba Robert Mugabe daga ofishin kuma sun nemi Ministan Gidajen Karkara Emmerson Mnangagwa ya kafa gwamnati tare da shugabannin sojoji. An kama mutane da yawa, ko dai suna aiki ko kuma sun yi ritaya daga Sojojin Kasa na Zimbabwe, kuma an tuhume su da cin amana tsakanin 29 ga Mayu da farkon Yuni 2007. An ci gaba da kamawa, da kuma kashe-kashen da aka yi. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka da kuma jami'in tsaro na kasashen waje David Miliband sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa.
Nuna bambanci
Mata ba su da amfani a Zimbabwe, tare da dogaro da tattalin arziki da ka'idojin zamantakewa da ke hana su yaki da nuna bambancin jima'i. Duk da haramtacciyar doka, al'adu kamar auren tilas har yanzu suna nan. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani. Duk da yake dokar aiki ta haramta cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki, irin wannan cin zarafin ya zama ruwan dare kuma ba a gurfanar da shi ba. Duk da yake doka ta amince da haƙƙin mata na dukiya, gado da saki, mata da yawa ba su da masaniya game da hakkinsu.
Shugaba Mugabe ya soki masu luwadi, yana mai da hankali ga matsalolin Afirka ga su. Dokar al'ada ta hana maza masu luwadi, kuma zuwa ƙarami mata masu luwadi. A wasu lokuta kuma yana aikata laifuka nuna soyayya tsakanin maza. An yi gyare-gyare na dokar aikata laifuka don bayyana sodomy don haɗawa da "duk wani aikin da ya shafi hulɗa ta jiki tsakanin maza wanda mutum mai ma'ana zai ɗauka ya zama abin kunya".
Rashin tashin hankali a lokacin zaben kasa na 2008
A shekara ta 2008, an gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa. Jam'iyyar adawa ta adawa don Canjin Dimokuradiyya (MDC), karkashin jagorancin Morgan Tsvangirai, ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki da zagaye na farko na shugaban kasa, wanda ya haifar da raguwa a ƙarshen. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na watanni uku tsakanin zagaye na farko da na biyu na zaben shugaban kasa ya lalace ta hanyar karuwar tashin hankali da aka yi wa magoya bayan MDC. MDC ta bayyana cewa akalla magoya bayanta 86 - ciki har da Gibson Nyandoro da Tonderai Ndira - an kashe su, kuma wasu 200,000 sun tilasta su fita daga gidajensu ta hanyar 'yan bindiga masu goyon bayan gwamnati. An bayar da rahoton cewa zaben da kansa ya kasance alama ce ta tsoratar da jama'a, tare da tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa yin zabe, kuma ana buƙatar nuna kuri'un su ga wakilan jam'iyyar gwamnati kafin sanya shi a cikin akwatin zabe.
Torturewa
An yi zargin cewa jami'an tsaro na Zimbabwe suna da sansanin azabtarwa a cikin filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange; hanyoyin sun haɗa da mummunan duka, cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin kare.
A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2020, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin 'yan gwagwarmayar adawa uku da membobin majalisa, Joana Mamombe, Cecilia Chimbiri da Netsai Marova. An kama su kuma an tilasta su su su ɓace a ranar 13 ga Mayu a babban birnin Zimbabwe, Harare, saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati game da martani ga annobar COVID-19 da yunwa mai yawa a kasar. Bayan kwana biyu an same su a cikin mummunan yanayi a Bindura, kilomita 87 daga Harare. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, 'yan sanda sun zargi masu fafutuka da taruwa da niyyar inganta tashin hankali na jama'a da rushe zaman lafiya.
Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama
An dai samu rahotannin cin zarafin bil adama da gwamnatin Mugabe ta yi tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017. Da take rubuta wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a kwata kwata, Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann ta yi ikirarin cewa "akwai kwararan hujjoji da ke nuna cewa Mugabe na da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama". A shekara ta 2009, Gregory Stanton, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar malamai na kasa da kasa na kisan ƙare dangi, da Helen Fein, a lokacin babban darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Kisan Kisan, sun buga wata wasika a cikin jaridar New York Times da ke nuna cewa akwai isassun shaidu na laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. domin gurfanar da Mugabe a gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil’adama da dama sun soki ƙasashen yammacin duniya da yin watsi da kisan da gangan aka yi wa akalla mutane 20,000 galibi fararen hula Ndebele, wadanda Brigade ta biyar ta Mugabe ta kashe a tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1985 a lokacin da ake kwace kasa. Wasu masana da masu fafutuka sun yi imanin ainihin adadin zai iya zama 80,000. gwamnatin Mugabe ta sha suka daga abokan hamayyar siyasa da ƙungiyoyi irin su Amnesty International kan take hakkin dan Adam da jami'an tsaron ƙasar ke yi. An yi kisan kiyashi a gidan yarin Chikurubi da ke birnin Harare, a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1996, inda kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kiyasta cewa an kashe fursunoni sama da 1,200 a cikin sa'o'i kadan. A cikin 2006, Amnesty International ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar da ta faru a gidan yarin Harare mafi girman tsaro yayin kisan kiyashin watan Yuni 1996. Tun daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017, a cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama an kiyasta cewa gwamnatin Mugabe ce ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane miliyan 3 zuwa 6 a kai tsaye ko a fakaice, duk da cewa wasu majiyoyi sun banbanta, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta ce dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ne. sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da yunwa sakamakon manufofinsa da ayyukansa, an kuma yi ta kashe-kashe a jahohin kasar inda dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ma suka yi amanna cewa sun mutu, don haka kai tsaye ko a fakaice Mugabe zai iya daukar nauyin akalla miliyan guda. mutuwa.
A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2020, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna damuwa game da kama wani fitaccen ɗan jarida mai bincike da kuma shugaban adawa wanda ya nuna cewa hukumomin Zimbabwe bai kamata su yi amfani da cutar COVID-19 a matsayin uzuri don hana 'yanci na asali ba.
A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2020, kamfen ɗin #ZimbabweanLivesMatter ya ja hankalin fitattun mutane da 'yan siyasa na duniya game da cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam a Zimbabwe, yana ƙara matsin lamba ga gwamnatin Emmerson Mnanagwa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya zo ne bayan kamawa, satar mutane da azabtar da manyan masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kuma ɗaure ɗan jarida, Hopewell Chin Tianono, da kuma marubucin da aka jera a cikin littafin Booker, Tsitsi Dangarembga.
A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2020, bishops na Katolika sun ɗaga muryarsu a karo na farko kan cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam don tallafawa # Zimbabweanlivesmatter . A karkashin Wasikar Fastocin Bishops na Katolika na Zimbabwe, sun soki Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa saboda cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin iko.
Amsar gwamnati
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga ƙasashen Yamma ta hanyar zarge-carga game da halayen mulkin mallaka da munafunci, suna da'awar cewa ƙasashe kamar Ingila da Amurka suna da irin wannan ko mafi muni, misali a yakin Iraki.
A cikin jawabin da aka yi a taron kaddamar da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2006 Ministan Shari'a, Shari'a da Harkokin Majalisar Dokoki na Zimbabwe, Patrick Chinamasa, ya tabbatar da cewa Zimbabwe za ta "yi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutanenta". Koyaya, ya zargi "kasashe masu tasowa" da tallafawa kungiyoyin ba da agaji na cikin gida tare da burin "ƙazantar da ikon mallakarmu, ƙirƙirar da kuma tallafawa kungiyoyi masu adawa na cikin gida waɗanda ba su da tushen tallafi na cikin gida, da kuma inganta rashin jin daɗi da ƙiyayya tsakanin jama'ar cikin gida game da gwamnatin da aka zaba".
Tarihin tarihi
Wadannan sune kimantawar Zimbabwe tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga a kowace shekara wanda aka kimanta a kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta).
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Taron NGO na 'Yancin Dan Adam na Zimbabwe
Rahoton Kasar Zimbabwe kan Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2008 daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Zimbabwe An adana daga Amnesty International Amurka tare da shekaru goma na rahotanni
Zimbabwe: Binciken shekara-shekara na keta haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago (2008) daga Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
Rahoton Shekara na 2012 An adana shi , ta Amnesty International
Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi Agusta 2012 a , ta Freedom House
Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch
Hakki
Yanci
Zimbabwe
Yancin dan Adam a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57741 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Auger | Charles Auger | Charles Auger de La Motte ( - 13 Fabrairu 1705)ya kasance mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Faransa.Ya kasance gwamna bi da bi na Marie-Galante,Guadeloupe da Saint-Domingue.
Sana'a
Shekaru na farko (1640-1683)
An haifi Charles Auger a Saint-Christophe kusan 1640. Iyayensa sun fito daga Normandy,kuma sun zauna a Saint-Christophe a cikin 1630s.Ya shiga sabis na Order of Malta, wanda ya mallaki tsibirin,kuma ya zama jarumi na tsari.An nada shi mai bincike akan Saint Christophe kuma mai duba katangar tsibirin.
Auger ya auri Louise d'Angennes,'yar Louis d'Angennes,Marquis de Maintenon.Ita ce 'yar'uwar Charles François d'Angennes, Marquis de Maintenon . Yan fashin Barbary sun kama Auger daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Salé,Maroko.Bayan an sake shi ya hau a farkon 1681 a matsayin laftanal a cikin jirgin ruwa na sarki La Sorcière,wanda surukinsa,Marquis de Maintenon ya umarta.Ya shafe shekaru biyu yana tafiya a cikin tekun Antilles.
Marie-Galante (1683-1692)
An nada Auger a matsayin Laftanar sarki na Marie-Galante,kudu da Guadeloupe, a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1683,kuma a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1686 ya zama gwamnan Marie-Galante.Ya maye gurbin Marquis de Maintenon,wanda ya shafe watanni biyu kacal a tsibirin a cikin shekaru uku na ofis.Yaƙin Shekaru Tara ya kasance daga 1688 da 1697 kuma haɗin gwiwar jihohi sun yi yaƙi da su ciki har da Dutch da Ingilishi waɗanda ke adawa da Louis XIV na Faransa .An yi watsi da Marie-Galante a cikin 1692 saboda hare-haren Ingilishi, kuma Auger ya tafi Martinique don taimakawa kare tsibirin.
Guadeloupe (1695-1703)
A ranar 21 ga Agusta 1695 an nada Auger gwamnan Guadeloupe. Ya gaji Pierre Hincelin,wanda ya mutu a shekarar da ta gabata.A cikin Janairu 1696 ayarin jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa sun isa Martinique dauke da kayayyaki da alburusai,tare da rakiyar jiragen ruwa guda uku.A cikin Maris 1696 Auger ya bar Saint-Pierre,Martinique akan ɗayan waɗannan jiragen ruwa don ɗaukar mukaminsa a Guadeloupe.
A farkon 1701 ya bayyana a fili cewa wani yakin Turai ya kusa,tun lokacin da Duke na Anjou ya zama Sarki Philip V na Spain,kuma sauran iko na Turai ba za su yarda da iyali guda su rike rawanin Faransa da Spain ba.A cikin Yuli 1701 gwamnan janar na Faransa West Indies,Charles Desnotz,ya zo Guadeloupe don tuntuɓar Auger,kuma ya roƙe shi da ya fara shirye-shiryen yaƙi nan da nan. Ya yi alkawarin ba Auger duk taimakon da yake bukata.Desnotz ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1701,kuma Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut ya zama gwamna janar na rikon kwarya.An nada Charles-François de Machault de Belmont gwamna a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1702.A ƙarshe Machault ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa ga majalisar mulkin mallaka a Martinique a ranar 24 ga Maris 1703.
A ranar 19 ga Maris 1703 (8 Maris OS ) wani tarin jiragen ruwa 45 dauke da sojoji 4,000 da mayakan sa kai karkashin Christopher Codrington suka fara Siege na Guadeloupe . . Bayan makonni biyu da rabi turawan Ingila sun sami nasarar daukar katanga a Basse-Terre.Lokacin da ya isa Martinique Machault ya gano cewa mai niyyar François-Roger Robert yana tattara ƙarfafawa ga Guadeloupe,wanda Ingilishi ya mamaye. Mutane 1,500 ne suka ba da kansu,daga cikinsu an zaɓi 700 don balaguron balaguron.Nicolas de Gabaret,wanda ya kasance babba a Auger,an ba da umarnin gabaɗaya.
An yi amfani da jiragen ruwa tara,jiragen ruwa biyu da brigantine ( Trompeuse, Union,da Samaritaine)don jigilar kayayyaki,kuma an bar su da safiyar ranar 31 ga Maris 1703 tare da rakiyar jiragen ruwa guda biyu da wani jirgin ruwa da Machault ya kawo zuwa Indiya ta Yamma.Gabaret ya isa Guadeloupe a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1703.Ya bi diddigin dabarun duniya waɗanda suka tabbatar da tasiri tare da tasirin Ingilishi na yanayi da sha. Ingilishi ya janye a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1703.Auger ya zargi Dominican Jean Baptiste Labat da gina hasumiya mai tsaro a Pointe-des-Pères don baturi na bakin teku don kare garin Basse-Terre. An gina shi daga dutsen mai aman wuta a shekara ta 1703 a ƙofar garin Baillif.
Tortuga (1703-1705)
Jean-Baptiste du Casse ya bar Tortuga zuwa Faransa a shekara ta 1700,inda aka nada shi kwamandan runduna a rundunar sarki.A lokacin da ba ya nan Sieur na Boissi Ramé ya ba da umarnin mulkin mallaka,amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba kuma aka nada Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet a matsayin gwamnan riko a wurinsa.Dokar sarauta ta 1 Mayu 1703 ta sanya Auger gwamnan Tortuga da Coast of Saint-Domingue a madadin Ducasse,kwamandan rundunar sojojin ruwa na Amurka.Ya hau mulki a watan Nuwamba 1703.An karɓi dokar da aka nada shi a majalisar Léogâne a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1703 da na Le Cap a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1703.Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé ya zama gwamnan riko na ƙasar. Guadeloupe.
Auger ya shirya kariyar Saint Domingue a kan Ingilishi,amma ya yi jayayya da ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatansa,laftanar sarki (kuma tsohon gwamna) Joseph d'Honon de Galiffet.Auger ya mutu a Léogâne a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1705. An maye gurbinsa da Jean-Pierre de Charit a matsayin gwamnan riko na Saint-Domingue. |
43820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Villa | David Villa | David Villa Sánchez ( Spanish pronunciation: [daˈβið ˈbiʎa santʃeθ] ; an haife ne a uku ga watan Disamba shekarai alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a qungiyar qwallonm kafa ta barcelona . Masu fafutuka na kallon Villa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba na zamaninsa, kuma daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Spain na kowane lokaci. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Mashawarcin Fasaha kuma Shugaban Ayyukan Kwallon Kafa na Duniya na kulob din Super League na Indiya Odisha FC .
Wanda ake yiwa lakabin suna da El Guaje ( Yaron a Asturian ) saboda sunan wasan kwallon kafa tare da yara da suka girme shi, Villa ya sami mummunan ciwoda rauni tin yana yaro amma ya sami damar fara aikinsa a cikin manyan yan wasan qwallan qafa na ƙwararru tare da Sporting de Gijón a qasar sipaniya a shekarai dubu biyu da daya 2001. . Ya kuma koma Real Zaragoza anan qasar tasu ta sipaniya bayan yanayi biyu, inda ya fara buga gasar La Liga a qasar sipaniya, kuma ya lashe kofin Copa del Rey da Supercopa de España . Ya koma qungiyar Valencia a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005 kan kudin canja wuri na Yuromiliyan sha biyu kacal kuma sun sake daukar wani kofin Copa del Rey . A lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin da takwas 28, Villa ya yi rajistar kwallaye 28 a raga kuma ya sami ƙaura zuwa Barcelona akan Yuro miliyan arba'in a shjekarai2010, inda ya lashe gasar La Liga tare da barcelona na farko da UEFA Champions League, kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na 2011 . Ya bar kulob din a cikin 2013 bayan ya kammala canja wurin € 5.1 miliyan zuwa Atlético Madrid, inda ya lashe wani lakabin La Liga. Bayan kakar wasa guda a babban birnin Spain, Villa ya tashi ya koma sabuwar kungiyar MLS ta New York City, inda ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a kungiyar kuma ya yi fice, inda ya lashe kyautar MLS MVP Award na mafi kyawun dan wasa a 2016. A cikin 2018, Villa ya sanar da tashi daga New York, don shiga Vissel Kobe a Japan.
Villa ya buga wasansa na farko a qasar sipaniya a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Ya halarci manyan wasannin gasa guda hudu, kuma ya kasance babba memba na kungiyoyin qasar sipaniya da suka ci kofin yuro na shekarai dubu biyu da takwasUEFA Euro 2008 da gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarai dubu biyu da goma 2010 . Ya zira kwallaye uku a gasar cin kofin duniya shekarai dubu biyu da shidda 2006, shi ne wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Euro 2008, kuma ya samu kyautar takalmin Azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010. Abubuwan da ya nuna don Spain da Valencia sun gan shi a cikin FIFA FIFPro World11 na 2010. Ya zama dan wasa na farko dan kasar Sipaniya da ya taba cin kwallaye 50 a duniya kuma, bayan ya dawo a takaice a shekarar 2017, ya yi ritaya daga buga wa kasar wasa da kwallaye 59 a wasanni 98 da ya buga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a Spain da kuma kasar. wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya, da kwallaye tara.
Yarantaka da fara aiki
An haifi Villa a qasar sipaniya a garin Tuilla, ƙaramin Ikklesiya a Langreo, Asturias, yanki a arewacin qasar tasu a sipaniya, ɗan José Manuel Villa, mai hakar ma'adinai . Lokacin da Villa ke dan yaro yana da shekaru hudu, damarsa ta zama dan wasan kwallon kafa ta shiga cikin hadari lokacin da ya samu raunin karaya a kafarsa ta dama, amma ya samu cikakkiyar lafiya daga baya. Saboda raunin daya samu, shi da mahaifinsa sunyi yi aiki a kan ƙarfafa hagu kafar da Villa kyakkyawan ya zama ambidextrous . Ya tuna cewa mahaifinsa ya kasance yana goyon bayansa a kowane lokaci: “Ya kasance yana can yana jefa mini kwallaye a raga akai-akai, yana sa ni bugun ta da kafar hagu lokacin da dama na ke cikin filasta bayan karya ta, ina da shekaru hudu. Da kyar na iya tunawa wani zaman horo daya da mahaifina baya nan. Ban taɓa kasancewa ni kaɗai a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba."
Villa ya yarda kuma yanaji a jikinsa cewa ya kusa daina wasan kwallon kafa tin yana dan shekarusha hudu 14 bayan da ya kara ruguzawa da mai horar dasu. Duk da haka, saboda kwarin gwiwar da iyayensa suka ba shi, ya dage wajen neman yaga ya cika burinsa, ganin cewa basirarsa tana ganan a qwallan qadfa za ta iya samar masa da abin rayuwa. "A wancan zamanin ni ba kowa ba ne, ba na samun ko sisin kwabo kuma bayan an sanya ni in zauna a benci duk lokacin da nake so in tafi in yin wasa da abokaina," in ji shi. "Amma mahaifina kullum yana bani goyon baya yana karfafaman yana taya ni murna har sai da sana'ata ta juya." Ya ci gaba da fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a UP Langreo kuma lokacin da ya cika shekaru 17 ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mareo.
Club career
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981 |
51384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Raguet%20Hirst | Claude Raguet Hirst | Articles with hCards
Claude Raguet Hirst(an haife shi Claudine,1855 – 1942)ɗan Amurka ne mai zane na har yanzu.Ita ce kaɗai macen zamaninta da ta sami yabo ta amfani da dabarar trompe-l'œil("wauta ido").
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Claudine a Cincinnati,Ohio a watan Nuwamba 1855,ita ce babbar 'ya'ya mata biyu Juliet da Percy Hirst.Ta ƙidaya dan majalisar Pennsylvania Henry Wynkoop a cikin kakaninta. Lokacin da ta kai shekara bakwai,dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Clifton,yanki mai wadata tare da al'ummar fasaha masu tasowa.A cikin hirar 1940 da ɗan ƙauyen,Hirst ya tuna fara darussan zane yana ɗan shekara goma da halartar makarantar rawa tare da wani matashi William Howard Taft. Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 14,an shigar da ita a Cibiyar Matasa Matasa ta Mount Auburn.Nunin Masana'antu na Cincinnati na 1872 ya haɗa da uku daga cikin ayyukanta na farko.
A cikin 1874,Hirst ta yi rajista a Makarantar Zana da Zane ta McMicken inda ta ɗauki azuzuwan zane mai girma uku da sassaƙa itace.An nuna ayyukanta a cikin Pavilion na Mata na 1876 Centennial Exposition a Philadelphia.Ta bar Makarantar Zane a 1878 kuma ta koyar da sassaƙan itace.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane waɗanda suka sassaƙa dalla-dalla na Cincinnati Organ Screen don ƙungiyar Kiɗa.Da farko a cikin 1870s,ta yanke sunanta zuwa "Claude",mai yiwuwa don guje wa jima'i wanda ya sa yawancin mata masu fasaha na zamanin.
Matsa zuwa New York
Hirst moved to New York City by 1880,where the promise of training,employment,and fame lured many of her contemporaries.Her mother and sister followed her there shortly after,leaving the alcoholic Percy Hirst in Ohio,where he soon died.Hirst rented a studio in Greenwich Village where she befriended landscape painter William Crothers Fitler.The pair married in 1901.
Yayin da yake a New York,Hirst ya koyar da fasaha kuma ya ɗauki darussa masu zaman kansu daga Agnes Dean Abbatt,Charles Courtney Curran,da George Henry Smillie.Ta shiga duka Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta New York da Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Amirka.Ta nuna har yanzu rayuwa da zane-zanen ruwa a New York da sauran garuruwa.An baje kolin ayyukanta akai-akai tare da na malamanta a wurare irin su Ƙungiyar Mata masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane na kasa,Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Kasa, Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwance na Philadelphia,da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago.Abubuwan da ta kasance a farkon rayuwarta a New York sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itace da furanni,galibi pansies da wardi, kuma takan gano nau'ikan fure a cikin takenta.A cikin shekarun 1880s,aikin goga na Hirst ya tsananta,kuma a ƙarshe zai zama kusan ba za a iya gane shi ba.
Hirst ya fara amfani da dabarar trompe-l'œil mai saurin gaske da kuma hoton namiji.Ɗaliban karatunta har yanzu sun haɗa abubuwa kamar littattafai,kyandir,jaridu,da bututun meerschaum da aka shirya akan teburin katako.Ta ƙirƙiri adadin bututu da taba har yanzu rayuwa,ɗayan wanda sukari baron HO Havemeyer ya saya.
Hirst ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan matan da suka yi amfani da trompe-l'œil a lokacin zamanin Victorian.An bayyana ta a matsayin"mace Harnett"dangane da zamaninta,William Harnett. Ta watsar da furanni a matsayin batun bayan 1890 kuma ta shafe sauran ayyukanta tana mai da hankali kan abubuwan teburin ɗakin karatu. Yayin da aka danganta canjin jigo ga Harnett, Hirst da kanta ta ba da labarin cewa"[Fitler]ba shi da tsari sosai.Abubuwan taba nasa koyaushe suna kusa kuma wata rana na lura da abin da suke yi na ban sha'awa.Yana da bututu mai launi mai daraja.Kamar tsohon hauren giwa ne.A koyaushe ina son tsofaffin littattafai da tsofaffin zane-zane,don haka na sanya bututu tare da wasu tsofaffin littattafai na na yi musu fenti.”
According to Christine Crafts Neal,Hirst's 1890s work,A Gentleman's Table"recalls the 17th-century Dutch tradition of the moralizing(vanitas)still-life composition."The piece has the features of a typical bachelor still life,with pipes,bottles, glasses and cards arranged on a table.According to art historian Martha Evans,works in the oeuvre of contemporaries Peto and Harnett typically condoned the male culture that was represented and rarely offered depictions of alcohol.Evans relates that while Hirst's work was commissioned by a men's club in Chicago,she offers a subtle criticism of the male pursuits of gambling and drinking.Most of the bottles are empty, implying that heavy drinking has taken place.The sugar cubes and sliced lemon suggest that one of the liquors is absinthe,"considered the'cocaine' of the nineteenth century."The overturned bottles, the cards strewn about the table and the abandonment of a pyramidal composition create a sense of disarray in the work.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Haihuwan 1855 |
20944 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Breweries | Nigerian Breweries | Nigerian Breweries Plc, shine babban kamfani kuma mafi girma a kamfanin kera giya a Kasar Nijeriya. Tana hidimar kasuwar Najeriya da fitarwa zuwa wasu sassan Yammacin kasashen Afirka.
Tarihi
Kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya an kirkireshi a shekara ta 1946 kuma kwalban farko na kamfanin, STAR Lager, ya fito da layukan kwalbar kamfanin giyar ta Legas a watan Yunin shekara ta 1949. Yayin da kamfanin ya fadada zuwa wasu yankuna, ya kafa wasu kamfanonin yin burodi irin su Aba Brewery a shekarar 1957 da Kaduna Brewery a shekara ta 1963. Zuwa shekara ta 1971, kamfanin ya kasance ɗayan manyan masana'antu a cikin ƙasar dangane da saka hannun jari. A shekarata 1982, an kara wani kamfanin giya a cikin Ibadan . A watan Satumba na shekarar 1993, kamfanin ya sayi kamfanin giya na biyar a Enugu, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2003, kamfanin giya na shida, wanda aka sanya a Ameke a Enugu. Kamfanin giya na Ama Brewery ya fara yin giya a ranar 22 ga Maris na shekara ta 2003 kuma a hectolita miliyan 3 shine mafi girma a giya a Nijeriya.
Shekarun farko
Frank Samuel na UAC ne ya gabatar da shawarar kirkirar kamfanin giya a Legas kafin yakin duniya na biyu . Amma har sai lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare sannan aka ɗauki matakai na zahiri don fara wannan aikin. Shugabannin kasuwanni a cikin yankin dukkansu kasuwanni ne da aka shigo dasu tare da babu giyar da ake samarwa a cikin gida. UAC ba shi da tarihin fasaha a cikin giya wanda ya jagoranci kamfanin don shiga yarjejeniyar fasaha tare da Heineken, aikin giya ya kuma kawo saka hannun jari daga wasu kamfanonin kasuwanci a Nijeriya da suka hada da John Holt, GBO, SCOA, CFAO da UTC waɗanda duk suka ɗauki wasu sa hannun jari a cikin sabon kamfanin. Ginin kamfanin giya ya fara a Iganmu, Lagos a 1947 kuma an kammala shi a 1949. Bayan kammalawa, babban cikas na NBL shine yadda sabuwar alama za ta sami karbuwa tsakanin masu shan giya a cikin kasar da kuma yadda za a mayar da ita alama ta zama giyar da aka fi so. Wani batun tashin hankali, shi ne yadda za a yi jigilar samfurin zuwa mabukata a duk faɗin ƙasar. Don samun karbuwa, NBL yayi amfani da binciken kasuwar masu amfani don fahimtar bukatun kasuwar kuma ya kirkiro dabarun talla a kusa da STAR Lager wanda yayi amfani da tallace-tallace don nuna hanyar haɗi tsakanin shan giya da zamani. Ofaya daga cikin jigogin talla shine a nuna giya ta STAR a matsayin ingantaccen samfurin da ake samarwa a cikin gida, wanda zai jawo hankalin masu saye su sayi wanda aka yi a cikin giyar Najeriya. Ya dauki nauyin kayan kwalliyar 'yar uwa, Lintas don samar da tallace-tallace kuma yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka yi amfani da fasahohin bincike na kasuwa da kuma tallata wani nau'ikan Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da waje, na bugawa da na talabijin. Tsakanin shekara ta 1950 da shekara ta 1960, yawan shan giya ya karu a Najeriya kuma NBL ya kara yawan kasuwar sa. Tauraru ta sami jagoranci a kasuwa a shekara ta 1960 wanda hakan ya haifar da bukatar gina wasu masana'antu a Najeriya. Don samun samfuran ga masu amfani, kamfanin ya ba da haƙƙin siyar da alamarsa don zaɓar masu rarrabawa da gina ɗakunan ajiya a manyan wurare a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 1970s, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar tallace-tallace ta mota da ta ƙasa.
Bugu da kari, NBL ta gabatar da ma'adanan da ba na giya ba da kuma abubuwan sha masu dadi a karkashin alamar Rainbow wadanda suka hada da, Krola, Tip Top Tonic Water da kuma ruwan soda na Sundowner. Hakanan ya gabatar da Gulder cikin kasuwa kuma ya sami haƙƙoƙin tallata Schweppes lemon zaki a ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 1972, ta sayar da ikon amfani da abin sha na giya. To gain acceptability, NBL utilized consumer market research to underst
1980s da 1990s
A cikin shekara ta 1980s, NBL sannu a hankali ya haɓaka rabon kasuwa na kasuwar giya a kan ƙananan ƙananan giya. A shekara ta 1988, cibiyoyin NBL suka shiga tsarin juyawa lokacin da gwamnati ta hana shigo da sha'ir da aka shigo da shi. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da taimakon fasaha na Heineken tare da tsarin sauya fasalin sannan kuma ya kafa gonar hatsi a cikin jihar Neja don samar da hatsin da ake samarwa a cikin kasar don kamfanonin giyar.
Karni 21st
A shekara ta 2010, NBL ta sami masana'antun giya daga Sona Group masu kera maltonic malt da kuma masu mallakar giyar Goldberg. Masana’antun sun hada da Sona Breweries a Ota da Kaduna da Life Breweries a Onitsha. A cikin shekara ta 2014, kamfanin ya haɗu da Consolidated Breweries, masu samar da fitarwa 33 da Williams Dark Ale.
Kayayyaki
Kamfanin yana da alamu, gami da:
Star Lager (an ƙaddamar da shi a 1949) Pale Lager
Gulder lager beer (1970) Pale Lager
Karin Bayani (1992) 6.5% ABV Stoarin Stoari
Heineken Lager (Yunin 1998) Babban Lager
Sona Breweries (2011)
Ciki har da Zinare, Tusk, Wilfort Dark Ale, da Maltonic maras maye
Goldberg Lager (Oktoba 2011)
Lager Nahiyar Duniya (Oktoba 2011)
Star Lite Lager (Fabrairu 2014) Lale Lager
Ace Passion Apple Spark (Disamba 2014)
Lager na Fitarwa 33 (Janairu 2015)
Williams Dark Ale (Janairu 2015)
Turbo King Stout (Janairu 2015)
Lagarin Lager (Janairu 2015)
Breezer (Janairu 2015), a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan marmari mai ɗanɗano na 'ya'yan itace
Tushen Ace (Afrilu 2015)
Star Radler (Yuli 2015)
Desperados (Disamba 2020) quanƙan quan Tequila-Lager
Tsarin Ace (Satumba 2015)
Star TripleX (Satumba 2015)
Strongbow Cider (Nuwamba 2015)
Shaye-shaye marasa barasa
Maltina (1976), a cikin nau’uka uku, wadanda suka hada da Maltina Classic, Maltina Strawberry, da Maltina Abarba; Maltina Sip-it (2005), a cikin Tetrapak;
Amstel Malta (1994).
Fayrouz, a cikin pear, abarba da dandano mai ban sha'awa (2006)
Abincin makamashi na Climax
Malta Gold (Oktoba 2011)
Lafiya (Janairu 2015)
Maltex (Janairu 2015).
Yawancin kayayyakin ana cushe su a cikin kwalaben da za'a iya mayar da su kuma duk samfuran yanzu suna nan a cikin gwangwani. Fayrouz, Maltina da Amstel Malta suma an samar dasu a cikin kwalaben PET
Manyan ofisoshin kamfanin suna cikin Legas.
Duba kuma
Jerin giya da giya a Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Rahoton shekara-shekara na Nigerian Breweries Plc 2009
Shafin kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya
Kamfanonin Najeriya
Giya
Gine-gine
Haraji a najeriya
Mashaya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin%20koyarwa%20da%20taimako%20na%20africa | Shirin koyarwa da taimako na africa | Shirin Koyarwa da Taimako na Ayyukan Gaggawa na Afirka ( ACOTA ), wanda a da shi ne Shirin Ba da Amsa Rikicin Afirka (ACRI), shirin Amurka ne don horar da masu horar da sojoji da ba da kayan aikin soja na Afirka don gudanar da ayyukan tallafawa zaman lafiya da agajin jin kai.
Shirin ACOTA, wanda ya yi nasara a ACRI a shekarata 2004, yana da nufin hadaka karfin sojojin Afirka a fannoni kamar 'yancin dan adam, hulda da gungiyoyin jama'a, dokokin kasa da kasa, kwarewar ma'aikatan soja, da kananan ayyuka. Sama da sojojin Afirka 40,000 ne za a horas da su a aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya cikin shekaru biyar. Shirin Horarwa da Taimako na Ayyukan Gaggawa na Afirka yana da kuma tarihin tallafawa sojojin Afirka wadanda daga baya suka shiga ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya ko tallafawa zaman lafiya a nahiyar. Asusun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ne ke daukar nauyin shirin.
Kafa ACRI
A cikin Oktoban shekarata 1996, a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton, Gwamnatin Amurka ta kafa rundunar Amsar Rikicin Afirka (ACRI), don ba da damar mayar da martani kan lokaci kan rikicin bil adama da kuma ba da damar ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka.
Manufar ACRI a nan take ita ce ta kara yawan kasashen Afirka tare da ingantacciyar hanyar mayar da martani ga wanzar da zaman lafiya da kalubalen agaji, ta yadda za a inganta zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya a cikin iyakokinsu da na yankunansu. Babban dalilin kafa kungiyar ACRI a wancan lokaci shi ne yiwuwar yin wani gagarumin kisan kare dangi a Burundi kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 1994 a kasar Ruwanda . Duk da kuma haka, da zarar an kafa ACRI, wadannan kashe-kashen sun ci gaba, duk da haka rundunar ba ta shiga cikin hukuma ba. Har sai da kungiyar ACRI ta maye gurbinta da ACOTA a shekara ta 2004 kuma duk da kisan gillar da ake ci gaba da yi a lardin Darfur na kasar Sudan, gwamnatin Amurka ba ta taba tura dakarun ACRI ba don dakatar da kisan kiyashi a Afirka. Duk da kuma kasidun da aka kafa ACRI da suka yi kira da a kai agajin jin kai a Afirka, babu wani mataki da aka dauka.
Rigingimu
Mummunan hasarar da sojojin Amurka suka yi a Somaliya ya yi tasiri wajen samar da kungiyar ta ACRI. A shekara ta 1992, bayan faduwar gwamnatin Siad Barre, Kasar Amurka ta zabi shiga tsakani na soji wanda ta sanya wa suna Restore Hope amma aikin ya karu a lokacin da aka mayar da hankali daga taimakon jin kai zuwa wani yunkuri na sake fasalin gwamnatin Somaliya. A shekara ta 1993 bayan yakin Mogadishu (1993), wanda aka nuna a cikin littafi da fim din Black Hawk Down, an dauki manufa a Somalia a matsayin kasa. An caccaki gwamnatin Clinton game da sakamakon wannan aiki, musamman saboda shawarar yin watsi da yankin kafin kammala ayyukan jin kai da tsaro, da kuma rashin sanin barazanar da mayakan Al-Qaida ke yi a Somaliya da ma muradun tsaron Amurka. a gida.
Wannan baƙar magana ita ce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta matsa wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lamba game da tsoma baki a kisan kiyashin Rwanda na shekarata 1994 Duk da cewa tashin hankalin da ya mamaye jaridun duniya, gwamnatin Amurka ta ki amincewa da cewa an yi kisan kare dangi. Shugabannin Afirka ciki har da shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Nelson Mandela sun dauki kafa kungiyar ACRI a matsayin wani yunkuri na wulakanci da Amurka ta yi na inganta martabarta bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Rwanda . {Asar Amirka da ta kasance a shirye ta tara Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don dakatar da kawar da kabilanci a Bosnia na Turai, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta aika da sojoji don kawo karshen kisan kare dangi na Rwanda a shekarar 1994
Kungiyar hadin kan Afrika OAU ta kira wani kwamitin kwararru domin gudanar da bincike kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda. Kuma Sun kammala da cewa a lokacin yakin basasa an yi kisan kare dangi, kuma sun yi nuni da yadda ake jure wa kisan kiyashi da shugabannin Afirka ke yi. Kuma Ta hanyar sanya wa rahotonsu suna "Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide", kwamitin ya nuna Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin alhakin wannan bala'i. Shugabannin yankin irin su Michel Micombero na Burundi da Idi Amin na Uganda da Sarkin Afirka ta Tsakiya Bokassa da Mobutu na Zaire sun ba da gudummawa kai tsaye da kuma a fakaice wajen fara yaki da kisan kare dangi ta kuma hanyar daukar matakin nuna halin ko-in-kula ga shawarar da gwamnati ta aiwatar da aikata laifuka wadda ta yi amfani da su. tatsuniyoyi na asalin Tutsi da Hutu.
Kasashe masu shiga
Abokan huldar ACOTA 25 sun hada da Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Saliyo, Afrika ta kudu, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, da Zambia.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Shirin wanzar da zaman lafiya a Afirka
Kara karantawa
Manazarta
Wannan labarin ya gunshi rubutun yankin jama'a daga gidajen yanar gizon gwamnatin Amurka.
GlobalSecurity.org
Kayan aikin Sojojin Afirka da Amurka ta horar da su don zaman lafiya, Linda D. Kozaryn, Sabis na Bayanin Sojojin Amurka |
48800 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Jablonka | Eva Jablonka | Eva Jablonka ( (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952) ɗan Isra'ila ce masanin ka'idar juyin halitta kuma masanin ilimin halitta, wanda aka sani musamman don sha'awarta ga gadon epigenetic . An haife ta a 1952 a Poland, ta yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila a 1957. Ita farfesa ce a Cibiyar Cohn don Tarihin Falsafa na Kimiyya da Ra'ayoyi a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . A cikin 1981 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Landau ta Isra'ila don ƙwararren Jagoran Kimiyya (M.Sc.) aiki kuma a cikin 1988, lambar yabo ta Marcus don fitattun Ph.D. aiki. Ita ce mai goyon bayan 'yancin ilimi, ta fahimci cewa a kan irin waɗannan batutuwa, "al'amuran ilimi da na siyasa ba za a iya raba su da gaske ba", ko da yake ba ta kasance mai goyon bayan sauƙaƙan mafita ba, kuma tana nuna fifikon bayyana matsayinta.
Yi aiki akan jigogi na juyin halitta
Jablonka ya buga game da jigogi na juyin halitta, musamman epigenetics . Mahimmancinta ga nau'ikan juyin halitta wanda ba na kwayoyin halitta ba ya sami sha'awa daga masu ƙoƙarin fadada iyakokin tunanin juyin halitta zuwa wasu bangarori. An bayyana Jablonka a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba wajen ci gaba da juyin juya hali a cikin ilmin juyin halitta, kuma shi ne babban mai ba da goyon baya ga fadada tsarin juyin halitta .
Littafinta na farko kan batun Epigenetic, Gadon Epigenetic da Juyin Halitta: Lamarckian Dimension (1995), an haɗa shi tare da Marion Lamb . Littafinta na Animal Traditions (2000), wanda aka rubuta tare da Eytan Avital, misalan tsarin watsa al'adun ɗan adam zuwa duniyar dabbar da ba ta ɗan adam ba, don nuna cewa juyin halittar al'adu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin halittar sauran dabbobi. Jablonka ya sake yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ɗan Rago akan Juyin Halitta a Girma Hudu (2005). Gina kan tsarin ilimin halittar ci gaba na juyin halitta, da kuma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na kwayoyin halitta da ilimin halitta, suna jayayya game da watsar ba kawai kwayoyin halitta ba, amma bambance-bambancen gado da ake yadawa daga tsara zuwa tsara ta kowace hanya. Suna ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan bambancin zai iya faruwa a matakai hudu. Na farko, a matakin da aka kafa na kwayoyin halitta . Abu na biyu, a matakin epigenetic wanda ya ƙunshi bambance-bambance a cikin "ma'ana" na nau'in DNA da aka ba da, wanda aka watsar da bambance-bambance a cikin fassarar DNA yayin tafiyar matakai na ci gaba a lokacin haifuwa, wanda zai iya dawowa cikin gyare-gyare na DNA kanta. Girma na uku yana ɗaya daga cikin sha'awa ta musamman ga Jablonka, wanda ya ƙunshi watsa al'adun ɗabi'a. Akwai misali da aka rubuta lokuta na zaɓin abinci da ake bayarwa, ta ilimin zamantakewa, a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, waɗanda ke dawwama daga tsara zuwa tsara yayin da yanayi ya ba da izini. Girma na huɗu shine gado na alama, wanda ya keɓanta ga ɗan adam, kuma a cikin abin da aka ba da al'adu "ta wurin iyawarmu na harshe, da al'adu, wakilcinmu na yadda za mu nuna hali, sadarwa ta hanyar magana da rubutu." A cikin kula da manyan matakai, Jablonka da Ɗan Rago sun bambanta tsarinsu daga banalities na ilimin halayyar juyin halitta, na "memes", har ma daga ra'ayoyin Chomskian na nahawu na duniya. Suna jayayya cewa akwai ci gaba da hulɗar tsakanin matakan - epigenetic, halayya har ma da hanyoyin gado na alama kuma suna haifar da matsa lamba akan gado na DNA kuma yana iya, a wasu lokuta, har ma taimakawa DNA ta canza kansu - don haka "haɓaka juyin halitta". Don aiwatar da rubutunsu, suna amfani da gwaje-gwajen tunani da tattaunawa tare da mai tambaya mai shakku, IM-Ifcha Mistabra, Aramaic, suna cewa, don "kishiyar zato".
A cikin 2008, Jablonka da Lamb sun buga takarda Gado mai laushi: ƙalubalanci Tsarin Zamani wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaida ga tsarin kula da tsarin halittar Lamarckian da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen juyin halitta da hanyoyin da ke tattare da gadon epigenetic kuma na iya haifar da canje-canjen gishiri waɗanda ke sake tsara epigenome.
A cikin 2019, Jablonka da Simona Ginsburg sun buga Juyin Halittar Rai: Koyo da Tushen Hankali . A ciki, Jablonka da Ginsburg sun ba da shawarar sabon ka'idar game da asalin sani, wanda ya danganci koyo. Ƙwararrun hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don alamar sauyi daga rashin rayuwa zuwa rayuwa, marubutan suna ba da shawarar saiti na ma'auni da ke nuna sauyi zuwa ƙaramin sani: wani hadadden nau'i na ilmantarwa na haɗin gwiwa, wanda suka kira ilmantarwa mara iyaka
Manazarta |
35382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden%2C%20Maine | Sweden, Maine | Sweden birni ne, da ke a gundumar Oxford, Maine, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 406 a ƙidayar 2020 . Saita tsakanin tsaunuka, dazuzzuka da tafkuna, Sweden ta ƙunshi ƙauyen Gabashin Sweden.
Tarihi
Wannan yanki ne na kabilar Abenaki wanda babban ƙauyen ya kasance a Pequawket (yanzu Fryeburg ). An kai wa Pequawket hari a lokacin Yaƙin Dummer a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1725 daga Kyaftin John Lovewell da rundunarsa. An kashe Lovewell a yakin, bayan da kabilar suka gudu zuwa Kanada don tsira. Da ake kira New Suncook Plantation, Babban Kotun Massachusetts ta ba da shi a 1774 ga hafsoshi da sojoji (ko magada) don ayyukansu ga jihar. A cikin 1800, an haɗa garin azaman Lovell bayan Kyaftin Lovewell.
Yankin kudu maso gabas na Lovell (wanda zai zama Sweden) ya fara zama a cikin 1794 ta Colonel Samuel Nevers daga Burlington, Massachusetts . An bi shi a cikin 1795–1796 ta Benjamin Webber daga Bedford, Yakubu Stevens daga Rowley, Andrew Woodbury da Micah Trull daga Tewksbury, da Peter Holden daga Malden . A kan shirin wanda ya raka takardar shigar da yankin kudu maso gabas, an yi masa lakabi da Southland. An saita shi azaman "Sweden" ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1813. Saman garin ya ɗan karye, amma yana da ƙasa mai kyau don noma, musamman ma noman hatsi. Sauran masana'antu sun haɗa da injin katako wanda ke samar da gajere da dogon katako, baya ga girgiza. Garin kuma yana da masana'antar jigilar kaya .
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na wanda, nasa ƙasa ne kuma ruwa ne. Plummer Brook da Kogin Kezar ne ke zubar da shi.
An ketare garin ta hanyar jiha ta 93. Tana iyaka da garuruwan Waterford zuwa arewa maso gabas, Lovell zuwa arewa maso yamma, Fryeburg zuwa kudu maso yamma, da Bridgton zuwa kudu maso gabas.
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 391, gidaje 178, da iyalai 122 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 331 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 95.9% Fari, 0.3% Ba'amurke, 0.5% Ba'amurke, 0.3% Asiya, 0.3% daga sauran jinsi, da 2.8% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.8% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 178 ne, kashi 24.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 56.7% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 5.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 6.2% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 31.5% ba dangi bane. Kashi 26.4% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 9.6% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.20 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.61.
Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kai shekaru 50.9. 17.6% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 4.1% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 17.4% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 38.9% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 22% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na garin ya kasance 48.1% na maza da 51.9% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 324, gidaje 132, da iyalai 97 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 11.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (4.4/km ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 266 a matsakaicin yawa na 9.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (3.6/km ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.77% Fari, da 1.23% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.31% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 132, daga cikinsu kashi 31.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 62.9% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 7.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 25.8% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 19.7% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 8.3% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.45 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.79.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 24.4% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 4.3% daga 18 zuwa 24, 25.6% daga 25 zuwa 44, 28.7% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 17.0% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 42. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 89.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 96.0.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $30,781, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $40,625. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $30,000 a kan $24,375 na mata. Kudin kowa da kowa na garin shine $14,991. Kimanin kashi 12.9% na iyalai da 19.5% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 25.6% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 35.0% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Wurin sha'awa
Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Sweden
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Garin Sweden, Maine
Maine.gov - Sweden, Maine
Maine Genealogy: Sweden, Oxford County, Maine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22627 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20Asthma | Cutar Asthma | Cutar Asma (Turanci: tuberculosis, asthma) wata cuta ce na kumburewar hanyoyin iska a hunhu. Ana iya Kuma ganeta ta hanyar alamomi daban daban, sashhekar numfashi, da kuma shakewar hanyoyin iska - Bronchospasm. Alamomin cutar sun hada da sauti yayin numfashi, tari, tsukewa ko takurewar kirji, da kuma karancin iska yayin numfashi. Wadannan alamomi kan iya faruwa na wasu 'yan lokuta a rana, ko kuma na tsawon lokuta a makwo. Dangane da mara lafiya, alamomin cutan ka iya tsananta da dare ko kuma yayin motsa jini.
Anyi ittifaki cewa cutar asthma na wanzuwa ta hanyar gado ko kuma yanayin muhalli. Hanyoyin kamuwa da cutan ta hanyar yanayin muhalli sun haɗa da yawan shakar gurbatacciyar iska, ko kuma allergens - wato rashin lafiyar ci ko taba wani abu. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke janyo wannan cuta sun hada da magunguna irinsu aspirin da kuma Beta Blockers. Ana iya gano asalin cutar ta hanyar nazarin alamominta, aunawa ta hanyar theraphy na tsawon lokaci, da kuma gwajin lafiyar hunhu. Ana iya rarraba asthma dangane da yanayin yawaituwar alamominta, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ko kuma kololuwar yanayin fitar da iska. Ana kuma iya kasafta ta da atopic ko kuma non-atopic.
Har yanzu, babu wata sananniyar maganin asthma, amma za'a iya sarrafa ta. Ana iya rage faruwar alamominta ta hanyar kaucewa abubuwan da suke assasa ta kamar, allergins da kuma abubuwan shaka wanda hunhun mai ita bai so, da kuma koreta ta hanyar shakar abun karin numfashi mai dauke da sinadaran corticosteroids. Ana iya amfani da Long-acting beta agonists(LABA) ko kuma sinadarn antileukotriene agents tare da abun shaka idan an kasa sarrafa alamomin. Ana iya magance alamomin da suka munana acikin sauri ta hanyar shakar magunguna irinsu salbutamol da corticosteroids ta baki. A yayin da alamomi suka munana sosai, ana iya amfani da intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate da kuma kwanciya a asibitin don magani.
A shekara ta 2019, asthma ta kama akalla mutum miliyan 262, kuma ta janyo mutuwar mutum dubu 461,000. Mafi akasarin mace-macen sun faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa. Cutar asthma kan fara ne tun mutum yana yaro, sannan tsarin na kara gaba tun daga 1960s. An fara gano cutar asthma ne tun daga zamanin Tsohuwar Misra. Kalmar asthma ta samo asaline daga harshen Girka ἆσθμα, ''âsthma,'' wanda ke nufin sheshheka.
Alamominta
Alamomin cutar asthma sun hada da yawan shakewar numfashi, daukewar numfashi, cunkushewar kirji, da kuma tari. Majina na iya fitowa dalilin yawan tari mai tsawo. Alamominta kanyi tsanani da daddare, ko kuma da sassafe ko kuma a dalilin motsa jiki ko sanyi. Kadan daga cikin masu dauke da cutar asthma ne basu fuskantar wadannan alamomin, sai dai idan sun hadu da abubuwan da ke taso ciwon, a yayinda wasu kuwa nan da nan suke kamuwa da ita tare da alamomi masu tsanani.
Sauran matsaloli
Akwai ciwoce-ciwoce da dama da ke faruwa ga masu dauke da ciwon asthma, irinsu gastroesophageal reflux disease {GERD}, rhinosinusitis, da kuma daukewar numfashi a yayin bacci (apnea). Har ila yau ana yawan samun matsalolin tunani, da kuma matsalolin natsuwa wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin kashi 16 zuwa 52% da kuma matsalolin kunci a kashi 14–41%. Har yanzu ba'a gama tantacewa ba ko dai asthma ce ke kawo matsaloli na kwakwalwa ko kuma matsaloli na kwakwalwa ne ke kawo cutar asthma. Cutar asthma irin na zamanin nan, amma banda na zamunan baya suna da alaka da yawan janyo mutuwa, mutuwa ta hanyar cututtukan zuciya, da kuma mutuwa ta hanyar munanan ciwuka na hanyoyin numfashi. Cutar asthma, musamman mummunar cutar asthma na da alaka da haifuwar munanan cututtukan toshewar pulmonary (COPD). Wadanda ke dauke da cutar asthma musamman idan ba'a magance ta ba da kyau suna cikin hadarin kamuwa daga martani na radiocontrast agents.
Lalacewar hakori na yawan faruwa ga masu dauke da cutar asthma. Hakan na iya zama a dalilin illolin beta 2 agonists wajen rage yawan miyau. Wannan matsala ka iya haifar da matsalar sauya fasalin hakori - dental erosion.
Siloli
Ana kamuwa ne da cutar asthma ta hanyar muhalli sarkakkiyar kuma mara kyau da kuma kwayoyin halitta na gado. Hakan yana tasiri akan tsananinta da kuma jin maganinta. Anyi amanna da cewa karuwar samun masu cutar asthma yana da dangantaka da sauyin epigenetics (abubuwan gado wanda basu da alaka da kwayoyin haihuwa - DNA), da kuma sauyin muhalli na rayuwa. Cutar asthma da ke kama mutum tun yana dan shekara 12 watakila na da alaka da gado, a yayinda kuma asthma da ke kama mutum bayan shekaru 12 na da alaka da muhalli.
Muhalli
Akwai al'amurran muhalli da dama da aka danganta da cutar asthma, wanda suka hada da allergies, gurbacewar iska, da sauran sinadarai dake cikin muhalli. Akwai abubuwan da aka sani wadanda ke janyo cutar asthma ga wanda suka cidanya da su kuma ana kiransu da Asthmagens. Daga cikin wadannan sinadarai na asthmagens akwai ammonia, latex, magungunan kwari, solder da burbushin walda, kura na karfe da katako, feshin fentin isocyanate a wajen gyaran ababen hawa, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, anhydrides, gam, abun rini, abubuwan aikin karfe, maiko, da kuma kwayoyin bakteriya (molds). Shan sigari ga mai ciki ko kuma bayan haihuwa na da matukan hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma. Karancin ingancin iska a muhalli a dalilin hayakin ababen hawa kamar Gurbacewar iska a dalilin konewar man-fetur, ko kuma yawaitar matakin Ozone, na da alaka da bunkasar cutar asthma da kuma tsananinta. Kusan rabin cutar asthma a cikin kananan yara a America suna faruwa ne yankunan da ingancin iskansu bai kai matakin da EPA suka gindaya ba. Karancin iska mai inganci yafi yawa a unguwannin talakawa.
Cutar asthma na da alaka da cudanya da abubuwan da huhu bai so (allergens) na cikin gida. Sanannu daga cikin abubuwan cikin gida da ke janyo cutar asthma sun hada da kwayoyin halittu dake cikin kura, Kyankyasai, gashin dabbobi, da mold. Wasu daga cikin kwayoyin virus da ke kama hanyoyin numfashi kamar respiratory syncytial virus da rhinovirus kan iya janyo karuwar sanadiyyar kamuwa da cutar asthma a kananan yara, amma kuma wasu daga cikin cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa dasu kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.
Azancin kula da tsafta
Azancin kula da tsafta wato hygiene hypothesis yana yunkurin bayani akan yadda cutar asthma ke kara yaduwa a duk fadin duniya a sakamako na kai tsaye wanda ba cikin tsari ba na rashin sani, a yayin yarinta, ga bakteriya da kuma virus. An ayyana cewa, rage yawan backeriya da virus na da alaka da tsaftar muhalli da karancin yawan iyali a cikin al'umman wannan zamani. Cudanya da endotoxin na backtriya yayin yarinta ka iya magance hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma, amma kuma cudanya da ita yayin tsufa ka iya janyo bronchoconstriction. Hujjar da ke karfafawa azacin kula da tsafa baya shine karancin kamuwa da cutar asthma a gonaki da kuma gidajen da ke da dabbobin gida.
Amfani da magungunan antibiotics a farkon rayuwa na da hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.
Manazarta |
51677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Albaniya | 'Yancin Addini a Albaniya | Kundin tsarin mulkin Albaniya ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Ba a sami rahoton cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba dangane da imani ko aiki. A cikin bayanan da masana ilimin zamantakewa Brian Grim da Roger Finke Albania suka tattara sun yi ƙasa a kan Dokokin Gwamnati na Addini, Dokokin Zamantake Addini, Ƙaunar Gwamnati na Addini da Zaluntar Addini.
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati ta bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin. Gwamnati ta bayyana rashin zaman lafiya. Babu addini a hukumance kuma dukkan addinai daidai suke; duk da haka, manyan al'ummomin addini (Musulmi Sunni, Bektashi, Orthodox, da Katolika) suna jin daɗin matsayin hukuma (misali, bukukuwan ƙasa) da matsayin zamantakewa dangane da kasancewarsu na tarihi a ƙasar. Hutu na hukuma sun haɗa da ranaku masu tsarki daga dukkan manyan addinai huɗu.
Duk kungiyoyin addini da suka yi rajista suna da hakkin su rike asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori da gine-gine. Ba a sanya takunkumi ga iyalai game da yadda suke renon yaransu dangane da ayyukan addini. Dangantaka ta aminci tsakanin addinai a cikin al'umma ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini.
Yin lasisi
OfGwamnati ba ta buƙatar rajista ko lasisi na ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyi na Jiha yana kiyaye bayanai da ƙididdiga kan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke tuntuɓar ta don taimako. Babu wata kungiya da ta bayar da rahoton matsalolin yin rajista a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunshi. Duk kungiyoyin addini masu rijista suna da hakkin su mallaki asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya samun matsayin hukuma ta mai shari'a ta hanyar yin rajista tare da Kotun Lardi na Tirana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda ta amince da matsayin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ba tare da la'akari da ko ƙungiyar tana da al'adu, nishaɗi, addini, ko halin jin kai ba. Dukkanin al’ummomin addini sun soki Gwamnati kan rashin amincewar ta na ba su matsayin da ba a biyan haraji. Tun shekara ta 2003 an keɓe masu wa'azi na addini na ƙasashen waje daga harajin izinin zama.
Kwamitin kula da al’adu na Jiha a karkashin ma’aikatar yawon bude ido, al’adu, matasa, da wasanni, tana da alhakin tsara dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da dukkanin mabiya addinai tare da kare ‘yancin yin addini da inganta hadin kai da fahimtar juna a tsakanin addinai. Kwamitin ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanansa na ƙungiyoyin addini suna taimaka wa 'yan sanda ba da izinin zama ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin samun matsala wajen samun izinin zama a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Koyaya, a matsayin gama gari, an ba wa masu wa’azi na addini na ƙasashen waje izinin zama na shekara 1 kacal maimakon shekaru 5 da doka ta ba mazauna ƙasar fiye da shekaru 2. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa, kwamitin ya fara aiki da gwamnati kan sharudda da za su ba da izinin zama na tsawon shekaru har zuwa shekaru 5 ga ingantattun kungiyoyin addini masu alaka da kasar.
Babu wata doka ko ƙa’ida da ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin addini su sanar da Kwamitin ayyukansu; duk da haka, sashi na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira da a samar da yerjejeniya daban-daban don daidaita dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummomin addinai. Cocin Katolika ta ci gaba da zama al’ummar addini tilo da suka kammala irin wannan yarjejeniya da Gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ba da umarnin yin shawarwari tare da sauran rukunoni uku da suka rage kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar aiki a watan Mayu 2006 don wannan dalili. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwamitin ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyoyi uku-Musulmi, Orthodox, da Muslim Bektashi al'ummomin. VUSH, wata ƙungiyar Furotesta, ta tuntuɓi Kwamitin dan tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashen biyu amma ba ta sami amsa ba a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton.
Makarantun Addini
Ma’aikatar ilimi ta kasar ta bayyana cewa makarantun gwamnati na kasar nan na boko ne, kuma dokar ta haramta koyar da akida da addini. Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta bayar, kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyi, da gidauniyoyi sun gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi 101, wadanda 15 daga cikinsu makarantu ne masu alaka da addini, tare da dalibai sama da 2,600. A bisa doka dole ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta ba wa irin wadannan makarantu lasisi, kuma manhajoji dole ne su bi ka’idojin ilimi na kasa. Kungiyoyin Katolika da na Musulmai sun gudanar da makarantu da dama da ke da lasisin gwamnati kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata matsala wajen samun sabbin lasisin sabbin makarantu. Cocin Orthodox da Bektashis suna gudanar da cibiyoyin koyarwa na addini don horar da malamai.
Da'awar dukiya ta addini
Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta; duk da haka, maido da kadarorin da tsohuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace ya ci gaba da zama matsala. A bisa dokar da ta shafi maidowa da kuma biyan diyya irin wadannan kadarori, al’ummomin addini suna da hakki iri daya da na mutane masu zaman kansu dangane da abin da ya shafi mayar da kadarori ko diyya, amma kungiyoyin addini sun nuna shakku kan kayyade kadarori zuwa . A lokacin rahoton, Gwamnati ba ta kafa wani asusu na musamman don biyan diyya ba, amma Ofishin Firayim Minista ya yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin kadarorin addini. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da shirin kawar da cikas da aka samu a hukumance da na doka wadanda suka kawo cikas wajen dawo da kadarorin da aka kwace ta hanyar kawar da bukatar kungiyoyin addini su samar da mukamai da takardu don tabbatar da mallakar asali. A lokacin mulkin gurguzu, ana yin rikodin kadarorin da gwamnati ta kwace gabaɗaya, kuma Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin ganin ta amince da waɗannan takaddun bayanan a matsayin daidai da sunayen kadarori, don haka ta fayyace mallakar filaye a wasu lokuta.
Dukkanin manyan al'ummomin gargajiya guda huɗu suna da ƙaƙƙarfan da'awar kadarorin da ba a warware su ba. A al’amuran da suka shafi komawar gine-ginen addini, gwamnati ta kasa mayar da filayen da ke kewaye da gine-ginen, wani lokaci saboda da’awar sake fasalin da wasu masu zaman kansu suka yi da suka fara nomansa ko amfani da shi dan wasu dalilai. Cocin Orthodox ya ci gaba da gina wani sabon babban coci a Tirana a kan wani yanki na fili da ta samu a matsayin diyya ga sauran filaye da gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace, amma ta yi ikirarin rashin daukar mataki kan wasu ikirari na kadarorin kasar a duk fadin kasar, da kuma wahala, dawo da gumaka na addini da rubuce-rubuce masu tamani. Cocin Orthodox da Cocin Katolika suna ƙoƙari su dawo da wuraren ajiyar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta kama kuma aka ajiye a cikin tarihin ƙasar.
Ko da yake Cocin Katolika na da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ikirari, ta nuna cewa ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan kuma ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinta a wasu wurare. Duk da haka, idan a ƙarshe za a biya diyya ga sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, za a sa ran samun diyya ma.
Kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya da kuma Musulman Bektashis sun kuma bukaci gwamnati ta mayar da wasu kadarori. Kungiyar Islama ta yi nasarar samun lakabin wani babban fili a Tirana inda wani masallaci ya taba tsayawa. Sai dai ba ta samu takardar izinin gina sabon masallaci ba. A karkashin sabon tsarin kula da birane na Tirana, an kebe wani fili a Tirana, wanda kuma mallakin al'ummar musulmi ne saboda haka. Jama'ar Musulunci sun ki amincewa da wannan wurin da cewa ya yi kadan kuma sun ci gaba da fifita wurin na asali. Ba a warware matsalar ba a ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Har ila yau al’ummar Bektashi na neman gwamnati ta biya diyya ga wadanda aka zalunta da addini a lokacin mulkin gurguzu.
Batun zama dan kasa
Dokar Cocin Orthodox ta shekarar 1954 ta ce dole ne babban Bishop ɗinta ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Albaniya; duk da haka, babban Bishop ɗan ƙasar Girka ne wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Albaniya. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi bayani, Gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kan bukatarsa ta zama dan kasa ba, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2003.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya
Gabaɗaya, Albaniya tana da rigima na addini kaɗan. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na musgunawa sakamakon imani na addini.
Tun a shekara ta 2001 an ci zarafin musulmin Albaniya da dama, ana nuna musu wariya da kuma tsanantawa saboda akidarsu. Jami’an Tsaron Albaniya sun tsare wani limamin Albaniya mai suna Artan Kristo, ba tare da wani tabbaci ba. Dangane da bayanan Artan Kristo da kuma bayanin wasu limaman Albaniya da kuma Dandalin Musulmi na Albaniya, an tsare Kristi ba bisa ka’ida ba, tun da bai yarda ya zama dan leken asiri na Hukumar Tsaro ta Albaniya ba.
Duk da cewa babu wata doka da ta hana nuna alaƙar addini a makarantun gwamnati, akwai lokutan da aka hana ɗalibai yin hakan a aikace. A watan Disambar 2003, an hana wani dalibi musulmi daukar hoton difloma saboda yana da gemu. A ƙarshe an ba ɗalibin izinin kammala karatun ta hanyar sa hannun ofishin Ombudsman (cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin bincikar tuhume-tuhumen ƴan ƙasa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kare yancinsu na asali).
A shekara ta 2002, wasu al'ummomin Bektashi da ke wajen Tirana sun fuskanci tsoratarwa, barna, da barazanar tashin hankali. Daga baya, hukumomin Albaniya sun gano wadanda ke da alhakin (wadanda ba Albaniya ba) kuma sun kore su saboda keta dokokin shige da fice. Babu wani sabon rahoton barna a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo. Shugabannin Bektashi sun yi imanin cewa tasirin addini na kasashen waje da ke neman kawo cikas ga kokarin kasar na wanzar da juriya da 'yancin addini su ne tushen wadannan abubuwa. Sauran shugabannin addinai sun bayyana irin wannan damuwar game da rawar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na kasashen waje ke takawa.
An harbe babban sakataren kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya Sali Tivari a hedikwatar kungiyar a watan Janairun 2003. Babban mai gabatar da kara ya mayar da karar zuwa ga hukuma don ci gaba da bincike kuma har zuwa karshen wa'adin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa bai warware ba.
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda sun kama Kastriot Myftari, marubucin littafin "Albaniya National Islamism" bisa zargin ingiza kiyayyar addini ga Musulunci. Littafin ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin marubucin game da Musulunci da kuma yadda addinin ya yi tasiri ga rayuwar Albaniya. A cewar ofishin mai gabatar da kara, bayanai da dama a cikin littafin sun wulakanta Musulunci. Mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci kotun daurin watanni 6 ga marubucin. A watan Yuni ne dai kotun ta wanke Myftari daga zargin da ake masa.
A shekara ta 2004, wakilan Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun nuna damuwarsu cewa coci-coci, giciye, da wasu gine-gine an lalata su.
A cikin watan Nuwamba 2005 wani jawabi daga shugaban Albania a London, ya tada zanga-zangar jama'a daga dandalin Muslim Forum na Albania wanda ya zargi shugaban da cin zarafin Musulunci.
A cikin watan Afrilu 2008, wani labari daga dan majalisar gurguzu, Ben Blushi da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na musulmi sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama. A cewar marubucin NGO, marubucin ya nuna alamun wariyar launin fata ga Turkawa, Romawa da Musulman Albaniya a cikin littafin.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar. Babu rahotannin tilastawa addini.
Duba kuma
Addini a Albaniya
Hakkin Dan Adam a Albaniya
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
58501 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Leclerc%20de%20Hauteclocque | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque | Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 Nuwamba 1902 - 28 ga Nuwamba 1947)Janar ne na Faransanci a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.Ya zama Marshal na Faransa bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1952,kuma an san shi a Faransa kawai a matsayin le maréchal Leclerc ko kawai Leclerc .
Ɗan gidan aristocratic,Hauteclocque ya sauke karatu daga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar soja ta Faransa,a 1924.Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Faransanci na Ruhr da kuma a Maroko,ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami.An ba shi kyautar croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1933.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya yi yakin Faransa.Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da suka bijirewa gwamnatinsa ta Armistice don yin hanyarsa ta zuwa Burtaniya don yin yaki da Faransanci mai 'yanci a karkashin Janar Charles de Gaulle,tare da yin amfani da nom de guerre na Leclerc don kada matarsa da 'ya'yansa su kasance cikin haɗari idan ya kasance.suna ya bayyana a cikin takardun. An tura shi zuwa Afirka Equatorial na Faransa,inda ya tara shugabannin yankin don yakar 'yan tawayen Faransa mai 'yanci,ya kuma jagoranci wata rundunar yaki da Gabon,wadda shugabanninta ke goyon bayan gwamnatin Faransa.Daga Chadi ya jagoranci kai hare-hare zuwa Libya Italiya.Bayan da dakarunsa suka kwace Kufra,ya sa mutanensa suka rantse da rantsuwar da aka fi sani da suna Serment de Koufra a yau,inda suka yi alkawarin ci gaba da yaki har sai tutarsu ta tashi a kan babban cocin Strasbourg.
Dakarun da ke karkashinsa,wadanda aka fi sani da L Force,sun yi yakin neman zabe a kasar Libya a shekarar 1943,sun rufe gefen tekun na Sojoji na takwas a lokacin da suka shiga kasar Tunusiya,kuma sun shiga cikin harin da aka kai kan layin Mareth . Daga nan aka canza L Force zuwa 2e Division Blindée,kodayake galibi ana kiranta da La Division Leclerc.Ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Leclerc a yakin Normandy,kuma ya shiga cikin 'yantar da Paris da Strasbourg.
Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai a watan Mayun 1945,an ba shi umarni na Rundunar Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya( Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO).Ya wakilci Faransa a mika wuya daular Japan a Tokyo Bay a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1945.Nan da nan ya fahimci wajabcin warware rikicin siyasa a Indochina,amma ya sake kasancewa a gaban 'yan kasarsa,kuma an kira shi zuwa Faransa a 1946.An kashe shi a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Aljeriya a shekara ta 1947.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1902 a Belloy-Saint-Léonard a sashen Somme,Faransa.Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864 – 1945),da Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870 – 1956).An ambaci sunan Philippe don girmama wani kakan da sojojin Croatia suka kashe a hidimar masarautar Habsburg a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin a 1635.
Hauteclocque ya fito ne daga tsohuwar layin masu martaba na ƙasa .Kakanninsa kai tsaye sun yi aiki a Crusade na biyar a kan Masar,da kuma a Crusade na takwas na Saint Louis da Tunisia a 1270.Sun kuma yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Saint-Omer a 1340 da Yaƙin Fontenoy a 1745.Iyalin sun yi nasarar tsira daga juyin juya halin Faransa .Membobi uku na iyali sun yi hidima a Grande Armée na Napoleon kuma na huɗu,wanda ya yi fama da rashin lafiya, ya yi hidima a cikin jirgin. Ɗan na uku,Constantin,wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Rasha na Napoleon,Sarki Louis XVIII ne ya ƙirƙira shi a matsayin chevalier,da Papal ɗin Paparoma Pius IX a 1857. Constantin yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.Babban, Alfred François Marie (1822-1902), ya mutu bai haihu ba.Ƙananan, Gustave François Marie Joseph (1829-1914), ya zama sanannen Masanin ilimin Masar.
Shi kuma Gustave yana da ‘ya’ya maza uku.Na farko, Henry (1862-1914),na uku,Wallerand (1866-1914),ya zama hafsoshi a cikin sojojin Faransa,suna aiki a lokacin yakin mulkin mallaka,ciki har da yaki da Samory a Sudan. An kashe su duka a farkon yakin duniya na farko.Dan na biyu shine Adrien,wanda ya shiga cikin watan Agusta 1914 a matsayin soja a cikin ,tsarin mulkin da dansa Guy yake a cikinsa . Daga baya aka ba Adrien izini,kuma sau biyu ana ba shi kyautar Croix de Guerre don gallantry.Ya tsira daga yakin,kuma ya gaji sarautar iyali da dukiya a Belloy-Saint-Léonard.
Farkon aikin soja
Philippe de Hauteclocque yana karatun gida har sai ya kasance 13,lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa L'école de la Providence,makarantar Jesuit a Amiens .A cikin 1920,yana ɗan shekara 17,ya tafi Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève,wanda aka sani da Ginette, makarantar share fage a Versailles . Daga nan ya shiga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar sojan Faransa. Kowane aji yana da suna; Nasa shine Metz et Strasbourg bayan garuruwan Alsace da Lorraine sun koma Faransa ta yarjejeniyar Versailles .Ya sauke karatu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1924, kuma an ba shi mukamin babban laftanar sojan Faransa .Bayan ya zaɓi reshen sojan doki,sai ya halarci makarantar sojan doki a Saumur,wanda daga nan ne ya sauke karatu a ajinsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1925.
Babban ɗan'uwan Hauteclocque Guy ya auri Madeleine de Gargan,'yar Baron de Gargan.Philippe ya zama mai yawan ziyartar gidan Gargan,kuma ƙanwar Madeleine Thérèse ta burge shi.Su biyun sun yi zawarcin lokacin yana Saint-Cyr.A cikin al'adar tsofaffin iyalai masu daraja,Count Adrien ya tambayi Baron de Gargan izinin Philippe ya auri Thérèse.An yi bikin aure a Cocin St Joan na Arc a Rouen a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1925. Don kyautar bikin aure,Adrien ya ba su gidan caca a cikin Tailly . Suna da 'ya'ya shida: Henri (1926-1952),wanda aka kashe a yakin Indochina na farko ; Hubert (1927-),wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Tailly daga 2001 zuwa 2008;Charles (1929-);Jeanne (1931-);Michel (1933–2014); da Bénédicte (1936-).Philippe da Thérèse sun yi hayar wata ’yar gwamnatin Ostiriya,kuma suna magana da Jamusanci a gaban ’ya’yansu don inganta harshensu.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Saumur, Hauteclocque ya shiga tsarinsa, , wanda a lokacin yana aiki a Trier a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Franco-Belgian na Ruhr .Aikin Garrison bai yarda da shi ba, don haka ya ba da kansa don hidima tare da , tushen a Taza a Maroko.An kara masa girma zuwa laftanar a watan Oktoba 1926. A cikin 1927,an sanya shi a matsayin malami a Makarantar Soja ta Dar El-Beida a Meknes,makarantar soja ta Faransa Maroko. A nan, ya sadu da ,tsohon sojan yakin duniya na farko yana da shekara takwas da haihuwa,wanda daga baya zai ba da kai don yin hidima a karkashin umarninsa.A cikin 1929, an haɗa shi da 38e Goum Mixte Marocains,rukunin Goumier na Moroccan a M'Zizel a cikin tsaunukan Atlas . Ya ga an dauki mataki a yakin da ake yi da mayakan Ait Hammou. A wani mataki, an harbi dawakai biyu daga karkashinsa. Bayan haka, an buga shi zuwa , babban rundunan sojan doki na Armée d'Afrique,da ke Rabat .
A cikin Fabrairu 1931, Hauteclocque ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami,amma yana so ya koma hidima mai aiki.Alokacin hutun bazara a cikin 1933,ya tashi zuwa kudu zuwa Afirka,inda ya ba da rahoto ga Général de brigade Henri Giraud a ranar 11 ga Yuli.Giraud ya aika shi cikin filin a matsayin jami'in haɗin gwiwa tare da goum . An ba shi lambar yabo ta croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta. Babban Kwamandan a Maroko, Général de division Antoine Huré, ya ji cewa Hauteclocque bai kamata ya kasance a can ba, kuma ya rike kyautar har tsawon shekaru uku.Wasu sun ji daban,kuma an ba Hauteclocque shiga da wuri a cikin kwas don haɓakawa ga capitaine .Ya sanya na hudu a cikin aji, kuma an kara masa girma a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1934. Ƙaddamarwa ya kasance a hankali a cikin yakin tsakanin sojojin Faransa,musamman ma a cikin sojan doki,kuma shi ne kawai na biyu a cikin ajin Saint-Cyr zuwa.kai wannan matsayi.Yawancin sun jira har zuwa 1936.An kuma yi shi Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur .
Ko da yake sun kasance Katolika masu aminci,Hauteclocque da Thérèse sun yi rajista ga Action Française,mujallar wata ƙungiyar siyasa ta dama mai suna iri ɗaya,duk da hukuncin da Paparoma ya yi a kansa,kuma ya ci gaba da yin haka ko da bayan Thérèse ya ƙi amincewa .Sabanin haka,dan uwansa ɗan jarida ne da ya sami lambar yabo wanda ya ba da rahoto game da haɓakar Jam'iyyar Nazi a Jamus,ya ziyarci sansanin taro a Dachau, kuma ya rubuta game da Daren Dogon Wuka.Xavier ya mutu a cikin Afrilu 1935,yana da tabbacin cewa 'yan Nazi sun kashe shi guba. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu,Hauteclocque ya lalata kwafinsa na Action Française .
Hauteclocque ya karya ƙafarsa a wurare biyu a faɗuwar dokinsa a 1936.Ya shaida wa kamfaninsa cewa laifinsa ne na hawa kafadar hanya.Bayan haka ya yawaita tafiya da sanda.Bayan wani mummunan hatsarin da ya shafi rasa hanyarsa a lokacin motsa jiki da kuma makale a filin da aka killace da igiya,ya gaya musu cewa idan kun yi wani abu na wauta,yana da kyau ku yarda.
A cikin Nuwamba 1938,Hauteclocque ya shiga École supérieure de guerre,Kwalejin ma'aikatan Sojojin Faransa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aji na 60th.Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Yuli 1939,an umarce shi da ya kai rahoto ga (4e DI)a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata. |
30394 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Portugal | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Portugal | Gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukar Portugal a matsayin mai nasara wajen kiyaye 'yancin ɗan adam da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasa. Portugal ta tabbatar da aniyarta wajen ingantawa da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ministan shari'a na kasashen har zuwa watan Satumba na shekara ta 2018, Francisca Van Dunem, ya ce Portugal tana da "kyakkyawan tarihin" game da 'yancin ɗan adam amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da cin zarafi.
Portugal kasa memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai don haka 'yan kasarta suna samun kariya ta Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Hakki . Baya ga kasancewarta memba na Tarayyar Turai, Portugal ma memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya .
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Tarihi
A ranar 25 ga Afrilun 1974 wani juyin mulkin soji ya kawo karshen mulkin Estado Novo wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin farkisanci a kasar Portugal kuma shi ne mafarin sabuwar dimokradiyya bayan shekaru 48 na mulkin kama-karya da kuma yakin mulkin mallaka na shekaru 13. Wannan ya haifar da dimokuradiyya na majalisa da sabon tsarin mulki na 1976 na Jamhuriyar Fotigal wanda ya ba wa 'yan kasarta hakki na asali. An kayyade muhimman haƙƙoƙin ƴan ƙasa a cikin Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Kafin Portugal ta riga ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun zama memba a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1955. Ko da yake memba tun 1955 ba sai bayan sun dawo mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1974 Portugal ta zama memba mai ƙwazo a Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wadda ta ƙarfafa kariya da haɓaka duk yancin ɗan adam a ko'ina a duniya. A cikin 1979 Portugal ta kafa tsarin kula da lafiyarta wanda ya ba da damar samun kulawar lafiya kyauta ga duk 'yan ƙasarta. Wannan ya tabbatar da sashe na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya wadda ta ce “Kowa yana da ‘yancin samun yanayin rayuwa mai dacewa da lafiyar kansa da na iyalinsa, gami da abinci, sutura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da zamantakewar zamantakewa. ayyuka, da kuma yancin samun tsaro idan aka yi la’akari da rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, takaba, tsufa ko sauran rashin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ya fi karfinsa”.
Ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1986 Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a hukumance bayan da ta nemi shiga ranar 28 ga Maris, 1977. A cikin Tarayyar Turai suna da Yarjejeniya ta Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam wanda Portugal ta rattaba hannu kuma ta amince da haka don haka ta yi alƙawarin doka don kiyaye wasu ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a.
Hakkokin yara
A cikin 1990 Portugal ta zama mai sa hannu kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara . Bayan haka sun kuma rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da ka'idojin zaɓi ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan shigar yara a cikin rikicin makamai, kan sayar da yara, karuwanci da batsa na yara a 2003. A cikin 2013 sun sanya hannu kuma sun amince da ka'idar zaɓin ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan hanyar sadarwa.
Talauci
Sa hannu da tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da ka'idojin zaɓi ya haifar da haɓakar albarkatun da aka ware don inganta haƙƙin yara a Portugal. Ko da yake an sami gyare-gyare, har yanzu akwai manyan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin yara. Ɗaya daga cikin biyar na yara, kashi 20%, yana rayuwa ƙasa da talauci kuma Portugal na ɗaya daga cikin kasashe takwas na gaba da talauci mafi girma a tsakanin yara.
Cin zarafin jima'i
Portugal ta zama sabuwar hanya ga cibiyoyin sadarwar masu aikata laifuka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara don safarar yara zuwa yankin Schengen don yin lalata da su Binciken ECPAT na duniya a cikin 2016 ya gano cewa Portugal ta zama wurin tafiye-tafiye mafi shahara ga masu laifin jima'i . Dokokin Portuguese da ke wurin don yaƙar wannan batu sun zo ƙarƙashin Mataki na 160-2 na Kundin Laifukan Laifuka kuma sun faɗi hukuncin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru uku zuwa goma don laifin fataucin yara don manufar cin zarafi ciki har da lalata. Ko da yake ana aiwatar da wadannan matakan, an gabatar da daftarin doka kan samar da dabarun kasa da za su kare yara daga lalata da cin zarafin yara ga majalisar amma ba a amince da su ba.
Hakkin LGBT
Har zuwa 1982 liwadi laifi ne. A shekarar 1982 ne aka yi gyare-gyaren da ya haramta yin luwadi da madigo tsakanin mutanen da suka haura shekaru sha shida a asirce. Al'ummar LGBT a Portugal sun amfana lokacin da Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1986. Wannan ya amfanar da al'umma ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƴancin da aka samu a wasu ƙasashen da ke cikin EU. Bayan yanke hukuncin luwadi da madigo an sami bullar kungiyoyin LGBT da kungiyoyin kare hakkin luwadi a cikin 1990s a Portugal. Tun 1982 Portugal ta ci gaba da sauri a cikin ci gaban doka don karewa da kiyaye haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. A cikin 2001 ne suka amince da ƙungiyoyin farar hula na ma'auratan. Sannan a shekara ta 2004 sun gabatar da haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wanda a bayyane ya hana nuna bambanci da wani ya danganta da yanayin jima'i kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya da suka sanya wannan a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu. A shekarar 2010 kuma sun halasta auren jinsi daya a matsayin kasa ta tara a duniya da ta yi hakan a lokacin. Bayan shekaru shida kuma sun halasta daukar yara ta hanyar masu jinsi daya.
Dangi da sauran ƙasashen duniya an amince da Portugal a matsayin ci gaba tare da haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. Kwanan nan, a cikin Afrilu 2018 majalisar dokokin Portugal ta amince da wata doka da ta ba wa mutanen Transgender damar samun fifikon jinsi da gwamnati ta amince da su ba tare da an gano su a matsayin masu tabin hankali ba. Kasar Portugal tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai shida da suka amince da hakan. Da wannan kudiri sun kuma haramta tiyatar da ba dole ba ga jarirai masu jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da raɗaɗi na tsawon rayuwa, matsalolin lafiya da asarar jin daɗin jima'i.
ILGA Portugal wacce cibiyar haɗin kan al'umma ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT a cikin Portugal ta ba da kyautar bakan gizo ga kwalejin 'yan sanda na shari'a saboda shirinta na horarwa da ke mai da hankali kan nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen LGBT.
Haƙƙoƙin mata
Tarihi
Kafin kifar da gwamnatin kama -karya a shekarar 1974, an tauye mata takunkumin karya doka kuma ba su da wata alaka da kungiyoyin mata na duniya don haka ba su da karfin kungiya. Tare da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1976 mata sun sami daidaito na doka kamar na maza. Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata (wanda aka sake masa suna Hukumar Daidaito da Haƙƙin Mata a 1991) tana da rawar inganta matsayin mata a Portugal da kuma kare haƙƙinsu, an kafa wannan a cikin shekara ta 1977. Sannan bayan shekaru ashirin Majalisar Ministoci ta haɗa ra'ayin jinsi a kowane mataki na siyasa kuma tun daga lokacin aka fitar da tsare-tsare da dama na ƙasa don daidaito.
Fihirisar Daidaiton Jinsi
A cikin Ma'auni Daidaiton Jinsi 2017 wanda ke amfani da ma'auni daga 1, cikakken rashin daidaituwa, zuwa 100, cikakkiyar daidaito, Portugal ta sami maki 56 wanda shine maki 10 ƙasa da matsakaicin Tarayyar Turai. Wannan yana nuna cewa Portugal tana ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ci gabanta tare da yancin mata. Kodayake makinsa ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaici amma ya nuna sama da matsakaicin ci gaba daga shekara t 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2015 yana ƙaruwa da maki 6.1.
Tsarin ayyuka na ƙasa
Portugal tana da tsarin aikin ƙasa (NAP) wanda ya shafi cin zarafi na cikin gida da jima'i kuma an yi niyya don yaƙar cikin gida da cin zarafin jinsi (2014-2017). Kazalika wannan kasar ta Portugal ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke cikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan rigakafin da yaki da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata. Rikicin cikin gida yana kan gaba a manufofin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin Portugal tare da dabaru da yawa don yaƙar lamarin.
Dokokin zubar da ciki
A baya zuwa Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 dokar zubar da ciki ta kasance mai tsauri kuma an ba da izini ne kawai idan mummunan rauni ko mutuwa za a yi wa matar. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 an gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama wadda ta amince da kashi 59% na amincewa da zubar da ciki. Wannan ya ba mata damar dakatar da ciki har zuwa mako na goma na ciki. Tun bayan wannan canjin doka gaba ɗaya ya rage mace-mace da yawan zubar da ciki.
Haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira
A halin yanzu Portugal tana aiki da Dokar Mafaka 27/2008 wacce ita ce doka da aka yi la'akari da ita daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da na Tarayyar Turai. A hade tare da wannan Portugal jam'iyyar jiha ce ga Yarjejeniyar 1954 da ta shafi Matsayin Mutane marasa Jiha da Yarjejeniyar 1961 kan Rage Rashin Jiha . Hakanan ta yarda kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a shekara ta 1960. Takardar Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 1951 wadda Portugal ta amince da ita ta tsara haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma wajibcin doka na jihohi don kare su saboda haka 'yan gudun hijira a Portugal suna samun kariya da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kwanan nan a cikin shekara ta 2018 Firayim Ministan Portugal Antonio Costa ya ba da sanarwa, "Muna buƙatar ƙarin shige da fice kuma ba za mu yarda da duk wani maganganun kyama ba". Wannan na nuni da bukatar Portugal na kwanan nan na neman 'yan gudun hijira don taimakawa wajen dakile raguwar yawan al'ummarta. Kasar Portugal wani bangare ne na shirin sa kai wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fara a watan Janairun 2018 wanda ke da nufin sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira mutum 50,000 cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa.
Ko da yake ƙasar Portugal ta bayyana halin maraba da ‘yan gudun hijira Hukumar Kula da ‘Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta bayyana damuwarta game da ingancin yanayin karbar baki a Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 2012 UNHCR ta ga cunkoson jama'a a wurin liyafar da ake da su da kuma matsalolin da ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dakatar da sabis na Tsaron Jama'a.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu
Yanayin gidaje ga mutanen asalin Afirka da Romawa
A cikin Mataki na ashirin da biyar na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin rayuwa ciki har da gida wannan batu ne ga mutanen Afirka da kuma Romawa a cikin Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 1978 Portugal ta kuma amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu wanda a cikin Mataki na 11 ya bayyana 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa. Kazalika amincewa da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin biyu a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Portugal, Mataki na 65, sun yarda da fahimtar gaba ɗaya kan mahimmancin gidaje. A cikin shekara ta 2016 Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta gudanar da Wakilin Musamman kan isassun gidaje a Lisbon da Porto . A cikin wannan rahoto ya lura cewa akwai ƙarancin gidaje na zamantakewa ko shirye-shiryen ƙarin haya wanda ke haifar da galibin Romawa ko mutanen Afirka zama a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun. Waɗannan matsugunan na yau da kullun ba sa samar da ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa kuma galibi ba su da wutar lantarki kuma ana saita su a cikin datti. Rahoton ya amince da cewa akwai tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a kasar Portugal amma ya bayyana cewa Romawa da al'ummar Afirka ba su da isassun hanyoyin samar da gidaje don haka akwai bukatar a magance wannan batu.
Azaba da sauran mugun nufi
A ranar 9 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 1989 Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko cin mutunci ko azabtarwa amma akwai damuwa daga Amnesty International game da zarge-zargen azabtarwa da cin zarafi yayin da take tsare a Portugal. A cikin shekara ta 2016 kwamitin Turai na rigakafin azabtarwa a lokacin ziyararsa na lokaci-lokaci a Portugal ya kuma nuna damuwa game da musgunawa da aka yi a lokacin da 'yan sanda ke tsare da su daga wasu zarge-zarge masu inganci. Wannan cin zalin da ake zargin ya shafi fursunonin ‘yan asalin Afirka ne da kuma ‘yan kasashen waje da suka hada da harbin jiki da kai da mari da naushi da kuma duka da sanduna. Kwamitin rigakafin azabtarwa ya bukaci gwamnatin Portugal da ta magance wannan batu da kuma cunkoson da ake yi a gidajen yarin da ke haifar da munanan yanayin rayuwa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ma a watan Mayun shekara ta 2018 ta aike da mambobin kwamitinta na rigakafin azabtarwa da su je su duba gidajen yari a Portugal domin tabbatar da ko fursunonin na da wata kariya daga gallazawa da musgunawa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Against azabtarwa wanda ke sanya su ƙarƙashin wajibcin ba da damar Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa don gudanar da bincike ba tare da tsangwama da sanarwa ba zuwa wuraren da aka hana 'yan ƙasa 'yancinsu . Hukumar SPT bayan ziyarar ta bukaci gwamnatin kasar Portugal da ta kafa wani tsarin rigakafi na ƙasa wanda wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar cewa su nemi hanyoyin da za su bi wajen tsare su tare da sanya karin kayan aikin mutane da na kudi don gyarawa.
Manazarta
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57762 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarachi%20Nwosu | Amarachi Nwosu | Articles with hCards
Amarachi Nwosu (
Amarachi Nwosu (Lafazin Igbo;an haife ta 29 Satumba 1994) yar Najeriya yar Amurka mai daukar hoto, mai zane na gani,mai shirya fina-finai,marubuci kuma mai magana a halin yanzu yana zaune a birnin New York. Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa Melanin Unscripted. wani dandamali mai kirkire-kirkire da hukumar da ke da nufin wargaza ra'ayoyin jama'a da ruguza layukan al'adu ta hanyar fallasa hadaddun al'adu da al'adu a duniya. Fim ɗin ta na halarta na farko "Black in Tokyo" wanda aka ƙaddamar a Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya a Gidan Tarihi na ICP,New York City a cikin 2017 kuma ta nuna fim ɗin a Tokyo,Japan a Ultra Super New Gallery a Harajuku.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Haihuwar iyayen Igbo na Najeriya,Itsekiri da al'adun Ghana, Nwosu ta girma a Washington DC kuma ta yi wasu shekarunta na farko a Port HarcourtNigeria da New York City.
Nwosu ta tafi makaranta a Jami’ar Temple da ke Philadelphia amma ta koma Tokyo a lokacin karamar yarinya bayan ta samu guraben karo karatu shida don yin karatu a kasashen waje na shekara guda a matsayin dalibar kasa da kasa,inda ta yi digiri a fannin sadarwa na kasa da kasa.Ta gama karatun digiri a Amurka kuma ta koma Tokyo don koyon Jafananci kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai cikakken lokaci,inda ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da Highsnobiety a Japan kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan ciniki kamar Beats da Sony Music Japan.
Sana'a
Shigar Nwosu a cikin al'adu ya shafi masana'antu daban-daban daga kiɗa,kayan ado,wasanni da tasirin zamantakewa.Ayyukantasun mayar da hankali kan haɗa waɗannan wurare ta hanyar ba da labari na gani da tasirin al'umma.
Ta harba wani labari mai suna 'Sankofa' a Cape Coast Castle a Ghana don Vogue. Mai fafutuka Malala Yousafzai,wacce ita ce mafi karancin shekaru da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel,ta umurce ta da ta rubuta ziyarar da ta kai Tokyo a shekarar 2019. Sauran manyan jarumai da ta shadow da harbi sun hada da supermodel Naomi Campbell a lokacin tafiyarta zuwa LagosNigeria da Ebonee Davi.s Ta kuma ba da umarni gajerun fina-finai kan karfin mata a wasanni ga kamfanoni irin su Nike a ciki.Najeriya.
Nwosu ta shiga cikin tura sautin Afrobeats da afrofusion a matsayin mai zane na gani,ɗan jaridar kiɗa,daraktan ƙirƙira da manajan alamar.Ta yi aiki tare da masu fasaha kamar Mr Eazi,Yxng Bane,Nonso Amadi,Odunsi The Engine,Santi, Kwesi Arthur da Tobi Lou. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na Childish Gambino a lokacin yawon shakatawa na 'This is America' na 2018.
In 2018,she directed the launch of Budweiser in Nigeria through their Budx platform by curating the homecoming exhibition for Nigerian-American Hip Hop documentarian Chi Modu within her Melanin Unscripted platform as a way to bridge the golden era of Hip Hop in America and the current space of Hip Hop in Nigeria. The event was a two-day exhibition, workshop, panel, concert and party.
Ta kuma hade kade-kade da al'adun matasa a Japan,inda ta harba fasalin farko na The Fader wanda ke nuna yanayin kida na zamani a Tokyo kuma mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta fito a shafin Adidas Tokyo na Instagram a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna bambancin ra'ayi a Japan. . https://paper-journal.com/contributor/amarachi-nwosu/
Social Media da bayar da shawarwari
A cikin 2017, Nwosu ta wallafa a shafinsa na twitter game da saɓani da al'adu na bugu na Afirka ta mai zanen Burtaniya Stella McCartney a loka on baje kolinsa a makon Fashion na Paris,wanda ya haifar da fushi a dandalin sada zumunta. OkayAfrica ta kira shi "Cultural Colonialism" kuma a cikin wani hoto mai bidiyo ta twitter,ta koka da yadda ake amfani da ƙirar Afirka ta alamar "amma ta yi amfani da samfurin Afirka ɗaya kawai akan titin jirginta".
Duk da martani,McCartney ya kasa ba da hakuri kuma ya ba da sanarwa ga Fashionista wanda ya ba da lambar yabo ga alamar Vlisco a Netherlands maimakon matan Afirka na asali.
“An buga su ne game da bikin na musamman na fasahar masaku, al'adun sa da kuma nuna al'adunsa.Mun tsara kwafin tare da haɗin gwiwar Vlisco a cikin Netherlands,kamfanin da ke ƙirƙirar yadudduka na musamman na Real Dutch Wax a cikin Holland tun 1846 kuma yana taimakawa kula da gadonsa.” ya rubuta.
Sanannen ambato
OkayAfrica ta bayyana Nwosu a yakin neman zaben mata 100 na shekarar 2019 don murnar watan tarihin mata.
Haihuwan 1994
Rayayyun mutane
Articles with hAudio microformats |
20627 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Sango | Harshen Sango | Sango (ana rubuta shi Sangho ) shi ne babban yare na farko da ake magana da shi a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya sannan kuma shi ne harshen hukuma na ƙasar. Ana amfani dashi azaman yaren yare a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yana da masu magana da shi a ƙasar 450,000 a cikin shekarar 1988. Hakanan tana da masu magana da harshe na biyu miliyan 1.6.
Sango ne a Creole bisa Arewa Ngbandi harshe . An yi amfani dashi azaman yare na kasuwanci tare da Kogin Ubangi kafin turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin shekarata 1880s. A cikin maganganun magana 90% na kalmomin yare shine Sango, alhali a cikin karin magana game da kalmomin aro na Faransa sun fi yawa.
Rarrabuwa
Wasu masana ilimin harshe, suna bin William J. Samarin, sun rarraba shi a matsayin Ngbandi- tushen ƙira; duk da haka, wasu (kamar Marcel Diki-Kidiri, Charles H. Morrill) sun ƙi yarda da wannan rarrabuwa kuma suka ce canje-canje a cikin tsarin Sango (na ciki da waje) za a iya bayanin su sosai ba tare da tsarin ƙaddamarwa ba.
Dangane da tsinkayen mulkin mallaka, Sango ba abin bambance a cikin cewa ta Afirka ce maimakon ta Turai. Kodayake Faransanci ya ba da gudummawar kalmomin aro da yawa, tsarin Sango ya kasance tsarin Afirka ne gaba ɗaya.
Tarihi
Anyi amfani da Sango iri-iri a matsayin harshen yare tare da Kogin Ubangi kafin mamayar ƴan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, a ƙarshen 1800s. Sojojin Faransa sun tattara 'yan Afirka ta Tsakiya, lamarin da ya sa suka ƙara amfani da Sango a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar wariyar launin fata. Duk cikin ƙarni na 20, mishan mishan sun inganta Sango saboda yawan amfani da shi.
Asalin masu fataucin kogi suna amfani da shi, Sango ya kasance a matsayin yaren yare bisa lafazin Ngbandi na Arewa na ƙabilar Sango, wani ɓangare na tarin harsunan Ngbandi, tare da tasirin Faransa.
Cigaban da sauri na birnin Bangui tun daga shekarun 1960 yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga ci gaban Sango, tare da ƙirƙirar, a karon farko, na yawan masu magana da yaren farko. Ganin cewa baƙin haure zuwa birni suna magana da yarurruka daban-daban kuma suna amfani da Sango ne kawai a matsayin harshen yare, yaransu suna amfani da Sango a matsayin babban yarensu (kuma wani lokacin kawai). Hakan ya haifar da saurin fadada kamus din, gami da kalmomin yau da kullun da na karin magana. Hakanan, sabon matsayinta na yaren yau da kullun na babban birni ya haifar da Sango da samun babban matsayi kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin fannoni wanda a da ya saba amfani da Faransanci.
Yankunan kasa
Sango ya yaɗu a cikin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da masu magana 350,000 a kidayar 1970. Ana kuma magana da shi azaman yankin yare a kudancin Chadi, inda mai yiwuwa ba a magana da shi ta asali kuma amfani da shi yana raguwa, kuma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, inda amfani da shi ke karuwa.
A yau, Sango harshe ne na ƙasa da na hukuma na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda ya sa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta kasance ɗaya ƙasashen Afirka da ke da harshen asali a matsayin harshen hukuma.
Rijista
Wani bincike da Taber yayi (1964) ya nuna cewa wasu kalmomin asalin Sango kusan 490 sunada kusan kashi 90% na maganganun magana; duk da haka, yayin da ba a cika amfani da kalmomin aro na Faransanci ba, suna yin amfani da yawancin kalmomin, musamman a cikin maganganun masu ilimi. Ana iya kwatanta yanayin da Ingilishi, wanda yawancin kalmomin, musamman kalmomin "koya", sun samo asali ne daga Latin, Girkanci, ko Faransanci yayin da ƙamus ɗin asali ke da ƙarfi na Jamusawa . Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa sakamakon ya keɓance takamaiman ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ake kira "mai aiki" iri-iri. Aikin Morrill, wanda aka kammala shi a cikin 1997, ya bayyana cewa akwai ka'idoji uku na zamantakewar al'umma da ke fitowa a cikin yaren Sango: nau'ikan "rediyo" na birane wanda aka tsara shi da kashi 80% na wadanda suka zanta dashi kuma yana da karancin kalmomin bashi na Faransa; wani abin da ake kira "fasto" iri-iri, wanda aka ci 60%; da kuma nau'ikan "mai aiki", wanda masu ilimi ke magana dashi, waɗanda ke amfani da kalmomin aro na Faransa yayin amfani da Sango, wanda ya sami kashi 40%.
Fasaha
Wasula
Sango yana da wasulan baka bakwai da na hanci biyar. Ingancin wasali da yawan wasulan na iya shafar harshen uwa na waɗanda ba su da asali da harshen Sango.
Bakandamiya
Abubuwan haɗin Palatal suna faruwa ne a cikin kalmomin aro da wasu yaruka. Wasu yaruka suna da canje-canje tsakanin [ᶬv] da [m], [ᵐb] da [ᵑ͡ᵐg͡b], [ᵐb] and [b], medial-medial [l] and [r], and word-farkon [h] da [ᶬ ]. [ᶬv] ba safai ba.
Tsarin mara nauyi
Tsarin silsila gabaɗaya CV ne. Wasulan jere suna da wuya amma suna faruwa. C da kuma C bi da bi.
Kalmomi gabaɗaya sune monosyllabic ko bisyllabic amma ƙasa da yawa sune trisyllabic. Huɗu
u-syllable kalmomi aka halitta via reduplication da tabi, kuma ƙila za a rubuta a matsayin kalmomi biyu (kêtêkêtê ko kêtê kêtê 'kankanin bit', walikundû ko wa likundû 'sihiri').
Sautin
Sango yare ne na sautin murya. Yaren yana da sautunan asali guda uku (babba, tsakiyar, da ƙasa), tare da sautunan kwane-kwane kuma suna faruwa, galibi cikin kalmomin aro na Faransa. Sautuna suna da nauyin aiki mara nauyi, amma ƙananan nau'i-nau'i suna wanzu: dü 'ba da haihuwa' a kan ɗa 'rami'.
Kalmomin rancen daga Faransanci galibi suna da yanayin sautin ƙasa mai ƙasa ( bâan 'bench' daga bankin Faransa). A cikin kalmomin duk salo suna ɗauke da ƙaramar murya banda na ƙarshe, wanda aka tsawaita kuma yana ɗaukar sautin sauka. Sautin ƙarshe gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙananan faɗakarwa don sunaye (ananäa 'abarba' daga ananas ta Faransanci) da faɗuwar ƙasa ƙwarai don kalmomin aiki (aretêe 'to stop' daga Faransanci arrêter ).
A keɓe, sautunan suna da bambancin aƙida, kuma hakan ma zai iya shafar su da harshen uwa na masu magana da ba asalinsu ba.
Nahawu
Sango yare ne mai keɓe kalmomin magana-aikatau, kamar yadda yake a Turanci. Kalmomin suna suna na mai ƙayyade sifa-siffa-suna:
"karamin yaro"
Ana sanya alamun jam'i a kalmomin â-, wanda ke gaba da jimlolin suna:
"wasu kananan yara"
- - ana iya haɗe shi zuwa abubuwa da yawa a cikin kalmar suna ta wasu masu magana, amma wannan ba shi da yawa:
"muhimman mutane / masu martaba"
Wani rabuwar ƙari na baya baki -ngö nominalizes fi'ilai. Hakanan yana canza duk sautunan cikin fi’ili zuwa tsakiya:
Asali ana samarda halitta tare da gabatarwar tî 'na':
"ramin ruwa, da kyau"
Koyaya, haɗuwa yana ƙara zama gama gari: dûngü 'well' (lura da canjin yanayin). Irin waɗannan mahaɗan wasu lokuta ana rubuta su azaman kalmomi daban.
Ana amfani da kari na magana a- lokacin da batun yake na suna ko suna amma ba lokacin da batun yake ko dai karin magana ko a bayyane ba (kamar yadda yake a mahimmancin sa):
"yaransa suka zo"
"an haifeshi" (lit. "wani ya haife shi")
"tashi ka zo (nan)"
Wani lokacin ana sanya prefix a matsayin kalma daban.
Karin magana suna mbï "I", mo "ku (mufuradi)", ga "shi, ita, shi", ë "mu", ï "ku (jam'i)", âla "ku (jam'i)", âla "su" . Fi'ili suna ɗaukan kari a- idan ba a gabatar da karin magana ba: mo yeke "kai ne" amma Bêafrîka ayeke "Afirka ta Tsakiya ita ce". A'idodi masu amfani musamman sun haɗa da yeke "be", bara "greet" ( bara o "hi!"), Hînga "sani". Abubuwan mallaka da ƙwarewa an ƙirƙira su da kalmar tî "na": ködörö tî mbï "ƙasata", yângâ tî sängö "Yaren Sango". Wani kowa bigire ne na, rufe da dama locative, dative, kuma instrumental ayyuka.
Tsarin al'ada
An fara rubuta Sangogo daga mishanarai na Faransa, tare da taron Katolika da na Furotesta da suka ɗan bambanta. Littafin Bible na 1966 da waka na 1968 suna da tasiri sosai kuma har yanzu ana amfani dasu har yau.
A cikin 1984, Shugaba André Kolingba ya rattaba hannu kan "Décret No 84.025", tare da kafa rubutun gargajiya ga Sango. Harafin Sango na hukuma ya ƙunshi haruffa 22:
Haruffa suna furta kamar yadda su IPA m, fãce ya furta a matsayin [j]. Har ila yau, digraphs ake furta da , bi da bi.
kuma iya amfani da rance da kalmomi ba da cikakken batutuwa a cikin Sango ta phonological tsarin.
Harshen aikin hukuma ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe masu zuwa: wasu add ga implosive Sango yana da wasula bakwai ta baka, , daga cikinsu guda biyar, , sun auku a cikin nassi . A cikin aikin hukuma orthography, tsaye ga duka biyu da kuma tsaye ga duka biyu da ana rubuta wasulan hanci .
Sango yana da sautuna uku: low, mid, da high. A misali sautin ƙasa ne wanda tsakiyar sautin da aka alama tare da diaeresis, , kada-sake mi za a rubuta
Sango yana da kayan rubutu kaɗan banda adabin addini, amma an inganta wasu kayan karatu da rubutu.
Koyo
Ana ɗaukar Sango mai sauƙin koya; a cewar Samarin, "tare da aikace-aikacen ɗalibi ya kamata ya iya magana da yaren a cikin kimanin watanni uku." Koyaya, isa ga iya magana sosai yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsayi, kamar kowane yare.
Ga masu magana da Ingilishi akwai manyan matsaloli biyu. Dole ne mutum ya tuna kada a raba baƙaƙe biyu: Bambari, misali, dole ne a kira shi ba-mba-ri, ba bam-ba-ri ba. Hakanan, kamar kowane yare na harshe, dole ne mutum ya koya kada ya bambanta sautin gwargwadon mahallin. Misali, idan mutum yayi wata tambaya tare da sautin tashinta kamar yadda yake a Turanci, mutum na iya fadin wata kalma daban-daban kuma bai dace ba a ƙarshen jimlar.
Bibiyar Tarihi
Manazarta
Buquiaux, Luc. Jean-Marie Kobozo et Marcel Diki-Kidiri, 1978 Dictionnaire sango-français. . .
Diki-Kidiri, Marcel. 1977. Le sango s'écrit aussi. . .
Diki-Kidiri, Marcel. 1978. Grammaire sango, phonologie da aiwatarwa
Diki-Kidiri, Marcel. 1998. Dictionnaire orthographique du sängö
Henry, Charles Morrill. 1997. Harshe, Al'adu da Ilimin Zamani a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Fitowar Cigaba da Ci gaban Sango
Khabirov, Valeri. 1984. Babban Abubuwan Tsarin Tsarin Nahawu na Sango (Takardun PhD, Jami'ar St. Petersburg, a cikin Rasha)
Khabirov, Valeri. 2010. Syntagmatic Morphology na Saduwa da Sango . Jami'ar Pedagogical ta Jami'ar Ural. 310 p.
Samarin, William. 1967. Darasi a Sango .
Saulnier, Pierre. 1994. Lexique orthographique sango
SIL (Centrafrique), 1995. Kêtê Bakarî tî Sängö: Farânzi, Anglëe na Yângâ tî Zâmani. Petit Dictionnaire Sango, Mini Sango Dictionary, Kleines Sango Wörterbuch
978-1-57506-018-7
Taber, Charles. 1964. Lamunin Ba da Lamuni na Faransa a Sango: Nazarin Anididdiga . (Takardun MA, Hartford Seminary Foundation. )
Thornell, Christina. 1997. Harshen Sango da Littafinsa (Sêndâ-yângâ tî Sängö)
Online Sango Turanci na Faransa
Sangonet.com
Kafa kalmomin aro na Faransa a Sango
Shafi a Sango - Yângâ tî Sangho tî Bêafrîka
Darussan Sango a Faransanci
Kalmar komputa ta Sango
Shafin PanAfrican L10n akan Sango
Albarkatun cikin da game da yaren Sango
Harsuna
Al'ummomi
Kabila
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33189 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unoma%20Azuah | Unoma Azuah | Unoma Azuah (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1969) marubuciya ce ta Najeriya, marubuciya, kuma mai fafutuka wanda bincike da fafutuka suka mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubucen LGBT a cikin adabin Najeriya. Ta buga littattafai guda uku, biyu daga cikinsu sun sami lambobin yabo na duniya. Ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi ƴan Najeriya, kamar a cikin Jiki Mai Albarka: Sirrin Rayuwa na LGBT Nigerians (2016).
home_townUnoma Azuah
residenceUnoma Azuah
Articles with hCards
Tarihin Rayuwarta
An haifi Azuah ne a garin Ogwashi-Ukwu a jihar Delta ta Najeriya mahaifinta Tiv ne dan Ukan a karamar hukumar Ushongo ta jihar Benue da kuma mahaifiyarta ‘yar kabilar Igbo ‘yar Asaba a jihar Delta.  Kasancewar an haife ta a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, iyayenta daga bangarorin biyu, ta taso galibinsu ‘yar kabilar Igbo ne, kuma an rabu da dangin ubanta saboda bai kamata sojan Tiv na Najeriya ya tsallaka layin abokan gaba ba ya shiga cikin kasar Biafra (Igbo).) mace.
Ta halarci Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, inda a matsayinta na daliba, ta shirya mujallar adabi na sashen Ingilishi mai suna The Muse kuma ta sami lambobin yabo na mafi kyawun ɗalibar Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun na shekaru biyu a jere: 1992 da 1993. Tana da Digiri na Farko a Turanci, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1994), Master's a Turanci daga Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland, Ohio (2001) da Jagora a Fine Art daga Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia, Richmond (2003).
Shawarwarin kare haƙƙin ɗan luwadi
Azuah itane 'yar Najeriya ta farko ta ya ba da al'amuran LGBTQI daidaitaccen gani a cikin karatun adabin Najeriya. Ta bar Najeriya a shekarar 1999, bayan da ta fuskanci barazana da dama ga rayuwarta saboda aikinta, kuma a yanzu ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya don ci gaba da taimakawa tare da yin aiki da kungiyar LGBTQI ta Najeriya.
A game da aikinta, Azuah ta ce, “A koyaushe na kan binciko jigon jima’i a cikin rubuce-rubuce na, musamman ma a cikin waqoqin da nake yi da waqoqi na. Kasusuwan da ake ci a haƙiƙa an yi wahayi zuwa ga labari na gaskiya. Rayuwar babban jigo a sako-sako tana nuna rayuwar baƙon Najeriya da na sadu da shi. Ya kasance mai tsananin son luwadi, amma idan ya je gidan yari ya zama abin lura ga masu cin zarafi, dan luwadi yakan zama mai cetonsa.”
Game da dokar hana luwadi a Najeriya, ta kuma ce kamar haka: "Ina jin cewa shugabannin Najeriya na amfani da lamarin a matsayin wani makami don kawar da hankalin 'yan Najeriya daga damuwa da gaske kamar rashin damar tattalin arziki da samar da ababen more rayuwa. Guguwar kiristoci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke mamaye Najeriya ya kara rura wutar wannan batu da bai kamata a ce a yi muhawarar kasa ba domin abin da manya masu yarda suke yi a cikin dakin kwanansu bai kamata ya shafi kowa ba.
Binciken da ta yi kan jigogin 'yan luwadi a cikin aikinta, da "kare jima'i", ga marubucin Najeriya an bayyana shi a matsayin "hakika jajircewa." Yanzu 'yar kasar Amurka, ta ci gaba da kasancewa "ta shiga cikin kasarta ta asali ta hanyar musayar labaran zalunci da 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual da transgender al'umma a can."
Rayuwar sana'a/Aiki
Azuah a halin yanzu taana koyar da rubutu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois - Chicago.
Labaran da ta wallafa
Wakokin Dare. Legas: Oracle, 2002. Tarin Waka
Wuta mai tsayin sama. Frederick, MD: Buga Amurka. Yuli, 2005. Littafin labari.
Tsawon Haske. Jamus: VDM; Dokta Müller, 2008. Tarin gajerun labarai.
Kasusuwan Abinci. New York: Bugawa Demarche, 2013. Buga na Amurka. Littafin labari.
Akan Karyayyun fuka-fuki: Anthology na Mafi kyawun Waqoqin Nijeriya Na Zamani. New York: Dlite, 2014.
Jiki Mai Albarka: Sirrin Rayuwar 'Yan Madigo na Najeriya, Luwadi, Madigo da Madigo: marasa almara. Jackson, TN: Cookingpotbooks, 2016
Kyauta
Mafi kyawun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararren da aka Haifa a Afirka ta yi
Mafi kyawun marubucin almara na shekara ta 2006 don Sky-high Flames, Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya / lambar yabo ta Flora Nwapa don almara, 2006
Kyautar Griot Hero don haɗin gwiwar jama'a tare da Manya da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare, West Tennessee, 2008
Wanda aka zaɓa, Thomas Ehrlich Kyautar Ilimin Ilimin Jama'a, Jami'ar Indiana, 2009
Kyautar Littafin Aidoo-Snyder, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka, don Kasusuwan Abinci, 2011
Wanda ya ci nasara, lambar yabo ta Hellman-Hammett don Flames na Sky-high
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1968 |
32935 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naby%20Ke%C3%AFta | Naby Keïta | Naby Laye Keïta (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya na tsakiya a Premier League ta Liverpool da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea.
Keïta ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da kulob din Ligue 2 FC Istres a shekarar 2013, kuma bayan shekara guda ya koma Red Bull Salzburg, inda ya lashe gasar Bundesliga ta Austrian Bundesliga da kuma gasar cin kofin Austrian sau biyu a cikin lokutansa biyu. Daga nan ya koma RB Leipzig a shekarar 2016, inda kuma ya zama kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar wasa a shekararsa ta farko da kuma kungiyar UEFA Europa League na kakar wasa a karo na biyu. Ya amince ya koma Liverpool a shekarar 2017, kuma ya kammala tafiyar shekara guda, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta gaba.
Keita ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Guinea a shekarar 2012. Ya buga wasanni sama da 40 kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2015, 2019 da 2021.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
FC Istres
Keïta ya koma kulob din Horoya AC yana da shekara tara. Ya koma Faransa a Shekarar 2012, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa na FC Istres bayan wasan da bai yi nasara ba a FC Lorient da Le Mans FC.
A cikin shekarar shekarar 2013, an mai da shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Istres. Ya fara buga gasar Ligue 2 a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2013 da Nîmes Olympique. Ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni 23 a kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin mai sana'a, yayin da tawagarsa ta koma ga Championnat National.
Red Bull Salzburg
A cikin shekarar 2014, ya shiga kungiyar Red Bull Salzburg ta babban rukuni na Austrian. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2014 da Wiener Neustadt. Keïta ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye biyar da taimakawa biyu a wasanni 30, inda ya lashe gasar lig da kofin sau biyu. A kakar wasa ta gaba, an zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na Austriya.
RB Leipzig
A watan Yuni 2016, Keïta ya koma Red Bull Salzburg 'yar'uwar kulob RB Leipzig, wanda aka kawai ciyar da Jamus Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasansa na farko a gasar lig da ta buga da Borussia Dortmund kuma ya ci karin kwallaye bakwai a kakar wasansa ta Bundesliga. An sanya sunan shi a cikin qungiyar lig ta kakar wasa.
An kira Keïta a cikin 'yan wasan kakar wasa na 2017-18 UEFA Europa League, wanda tawagarsa ta kasance 'yan wasan kusa da na karshe.
Liverpool
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 2017, an kulla yarjejeniya don Keïta ya shiga Liverpool a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2018 bayan da kulob din Ingila ya haifar da sakin sa na £48 miliyan ban da biyan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Daga nan aka ba da rahoton cewa ba za a sami kuɗi ba (£ 48 miliyan miliyan) idan Leipzig ba ta cancanci buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai ba, £ 4.75 miliyan (£52.75 miliyan duka) idan sun cancanci zuwa Gasar Europa da kuma £11 miliyan (£59 miliyan duka) idan sun gama a cikin wuraren gasar zakarun Turai. A karshe Leipzig ta kare a mataki na 6 a gasar Bundesliga, a haka ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Europa.
Kakar 2018-19
Bayan ya shiga Liverpool, an ba shi rigar lamba 8 ta hanyar gwarzon Liverpool, Steven Gerrard, wanda aka bar shi bayan tafiyar Gerrard zuwa LA Galaxy a 2015. Keïta ya fara bugawa Liverpool wasa ne da West Ham United a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan 2018 kuma ya taka leda a kwallon farko da Mohamed Salah ya ci a ci 4-0.
A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2019, Keïta ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Liverpool a wasan da suka yi nasara da Southampton da ci 3 – 1, kuma ya kara kwallo ta farko a Turai bayan kwana hudu a kan FC Porto a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League quarter final. Ya ji rauni ne a watan Mayun 2019, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Ko da yake Keïta ya ji rauni, ya ci kofinsa na farko na Liverpool yayin da ba ya cikin tawagar ranar wasa yayin da takwarorinsa suka samu nasara a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Tottenham Hotspur a farkon watan Yuni.
kakar 2019-20
Cike da rauni ta hanyar rauni, Keïta ya kasance ɗan wasan gaba a farkon sashe na gaba. A ranar 7 ga Disamba, ya ba da kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan da suka ci Bournemouth da ci 3 – 0, wasan da ya nuna wasansa na farko a gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, ya ba wa Liverpool kwallon farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2 – 0 da ta doke tsohon kulob dinsa, Salzburg, wanda ya sa zakarun Turai da ke rike da kofin suka kai ga matakin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a rukunin E.
A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Monterrey na Mexico da ci 2 – 1 yayin da Liverpool ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya; Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, ya fara wasan karshe da Flamengo, yana buga mintuna 100 har sai an maye gurbinsa da Liverpool 1 – 0 don zama zakarun kulob na duniya. A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, 2020, an ba shi suna a farkon jerin wasannin da za su kara da Sheffield United, amma an cire shi bayan ya samu rauni a lokacin dumi, wanda James Milner ya maye gurbinsa. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana Keïta da Liverpool sun lashe kofin Premier.
Ayyukan kasa
A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2012, Keïta ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a tawagar kasar Guinea da Saliyo a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2014. Ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje.
An saka Keïta a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Michel Dussuyer a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2015 a Equatorial Guinea. A wasan farko da Ivory Coast ta buga, Gervinho ya buge shi a fuska, wanda aka ba shi jan kati.
A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta 2015, Keïta ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa a cikin shekaru uku, a cikin nasara 1-0 da Namibia a wasan farko na zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. Bayan kwana uku a karawar ta biyu-a Maroko saboda bullar cutar Ebola a Guinea ya sake zura kwallo a wasan da ci 2-0.
Manajan Paul Put ya zabi Keïta don gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2019, inda raunin da ya faru ya shafe shi. A watan Janairun shekarar 2022, Keïta ya taimaka wa Guinea ta samu tikitin shiga zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2021 a Kamaru. Ayyukansa sun sa ya sami matsayi a cikin mafi kyawun wasanni goma sha ɗaya na matakin rukuni. Duk da haka, an kawar da Guinea bayan rashin nasara a Gambia, wasa Keïta ba zai iya taka leda ba saboda tara katunan yellow.
Salon wasa
Yayin da ake rubuta wa The Guardian, Nick Ames da Nick Miller sun bayyana Keïta a matsayin "mai tsauri, dan wasan tsakiya na," yana kwatanta shi da N'Golo Kanté. Sun kuma lura, duk da haka, cewa ya iya rarraba kwallon da kewayon da daidaito, da kuma zira kwallaye a raga, wanda a maimakon haka akai-akai kai shi da za a kwatanta da Brazilian-Portuguese tsohon playmaker Deco. David Usher na ESPN ya bayyana Keïta a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kuzari, tare da kyawawan halaye na tsaro, wanda kuma ya ba shi damar taka rawar gani idan ya cancanta. Usher ya ci gaba da lura cewa Keïta "mai sauri ne, gwaninta, kirkira kuma kai tsaye. Yana iya dribble, wucewa da harbi, kuma yakan sanya kyan gani na yau da kullun. " Ralf Rangnick ya danganta shi yana da radar 360° na halitta.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Keïta yana da ɗan'uwana, Petit Keïta, wanda ya kasance a baya tare da Jamusanci Inter Leipzig. A cikin watan Oktoba 2018 an ba da rahoton cewa yana horo a Kwalejin Liverpool, kodayake ba a ba shi kwangila ba.
A cikin shekarar 2017, an tuhumi Keïta da faɗin takardun karya. Jaridar Bild ta Jamus ta bayar da rahoton cewa, a farkon watan Disambar 2016 da makwanni shida bayan haka, ya gabatar da lasisin tuki na kasar Guinea na bogi domin samun lasisin tuki a Jamus. Kotun gundumar da ke Leipzig (Amtsgericht Leipzig) ta ci tararsa Yuro 415,000, bisa ga hukuncin da Keita ke samu a shekara na kusan Yuro miliyan 3. Lauyan Keïta ya shigar da kara. Kotun daukaka kara ta rage tarar zuwa Yuro 250,000.
A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Keïta, abokan wasansa na Guinea da abokan hamayyarsu daga Maroko sun makale a lokacin juyin mulkin Guinea na 2021. Duk sun dawo gida lafiya.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 9 Yuni 2022. Makin Guinea da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Keita.
Girmamawa
Red Bull Salzburg
Bundesliga ta Austria: 2014–15, 2015–16
Kofin Austria : 2014–15, 2015–16
Liverpool
Premier League : 2019-20
Kofin FA : 2021-22
Kofin EFL : 2021-22
UEFA Champions League : 2018-19, wanda ya zo na biyu: 2021-22
FIFA Club World Cup : 2019
Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Guinea: 2015, 2021
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafar Bundesliga na Austriya: 2015–16
Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar wasa: 2016–17
Kungiyar UEFA Europa League na kakar wasa: 2017-18
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2018
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shakespeare | William Shakespeare | William Shakespeare ( 26 Afrilu 1564 - 23 Afrilu 1616) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da " Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard"). Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa. An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa.
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Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613. Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi. A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo.
Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa. Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci".
Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya
Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning. An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George. Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa.
Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford, makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553, kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta, kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin.
Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Shakespeare ya auri Anne Hathaway mai shekaru 26. Kotun da'a na Diocese na Worcester ta ba da lasisin aure a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1582. Kashegari, biyu daga cikin makwabtan Hathaway sun buga shaidu da ke ba da tabbacin cewa babu wani da'awar halal da ta hana auren. Wataƙila an shirya bikin cikin gaggawa tun lokacin da shugaban gwamnati na Worcester ya ba da izinin karanta haramcin aure sau ɗaya maimakon sau uku, da watanni shida bayan auren Anne ta haifi diya mace. Susanna, ta yi baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu 1583. Twins, ɗan Hamnet da 'yar Judith, sun bi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka yi musu baftisma a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu 1585.
Bayan haihuwar tagwaye, Shakespeare ya bar tarihin tarihi har sai da aka ambace shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na London a karni na 1592. Banda shi ne bayyanar sunansa a cikin "lissafin korafi" na wata shari'a a gaban kotun Sarauniya a Westminster Michaelmas Term 1588 da 9 Oktoba 1589 shekaru". Marubutan tarihin rayuwar da suke ƙoƙarin yin lissafin wannan lokacin sun ba da rahoton labaran apocryph da yawa. Nicholas Rowe, marubucin tarihin rayuwar farko na Shakespeare, ya ba da labarin wani labari na Stratford cewa Shakespeare ya gudu daga garin zuwa Landan don tserewa tuhumar farautar barewa a cikin gida na squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare kuma ya kamata ya dauki fansa akan Lucy ta hanyar rubuta balla mai ban tsoro game da shi. Wani labari na karni na 18 shine Shakespeare ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yana kula da dawakai na abokan wasan kwaikwayo a London. John Aubrey ya ruwaito cewa Shakespeare ya kasance malamin makaranta na kasa. Wasu malaman ƙarni na 20 sun ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Shakespeare ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta Alexander Hoghton na Lancashire, wani mai gidan Katolika wanda ya ba da wani sunan "William Shakeshafte" a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ƙananan shaidu sun tabbatar da irin waɗannan labarun ban da jita -jita da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Shakeshafte shine sunan gama gari a yankin Lancashire.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
37336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrygo | Rodrygo | Rodrygo Silva de Goes ( ɗan Fotigal na Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁoˈdɾigu ˈsiwvɐ dʒi gɔjs] ; an haife shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2001), wanda aka fi sani da Rodrygo, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar La Liga ta Real Madrid da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Ya fara aikinsa da Santos, inda ya buga wasanni 80 kuma ya zira kwallaye 17 kafin €45 2019 zuwa Real Madrid. A matakin kasa da kasa, Rodrygo ya fara bugawa Brazil wasa a shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 18 kacal.
Aikin kungiya
Santos
An haife shi a Osasco, São Paulo, Rodrygo ya shiga saitin matasa na Santos a cikin shekarar 2011 yana da shekaru goma, da farko an sanya shi ga ƙungiyar futsal . A cikin watan Maris 2017, tare da tawagar farko na yau da kullum a Peru don wasan Copa Libertadores da Sporting Cristal, an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko ta mai sarrafa Dorival Júnior don kammala horo.
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2017, Rodrygo ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko, bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, an ciyar da shi zuwa babban tawagar ta rikon kwarya Elano .
Rodrygo ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko - da Série A - halarta a karon a ranar 4 ga watan nuwanba shekara ta 2017, yana zuwa a matsayin marigayi maye gurbin Bruno Henrique a nasarar 3-1 a gida da Atlético Mineiro . A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu ne ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 Campeonato Paulista da Ponte Preta .
Rodrygo ya fara buga gasar Copa Libertadores a ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, ya maye gurbin Eduardo Sasha a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da Real Garcilaso ; yana da shekara 17 da kwana 50, ya zama matashin dan wasan Santos da ya fito a gasar. Bayan kwana goma sha biyar ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu ta kungiyarsa ta hanyar kokarin mutum daya a wasan da suka doke Nacional da ci 3–1 a filin wasa na Pacaembu ; yana da shekaru 17 da watanni biyu da kwana shida, ya zama dan Brazil mafi karancin shekaru da ya zura kwallo a gasar kafin ’yan uwansa matasa Santos da suka kammala karatunsu suka karya tarihinsa Kaiky da Ângelo .
Rodrygo ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a babban rukunin kwallon kafa na Brazil a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, inda ya jefa ta karshe a wasan da suka doke Ceará da ci 2-0. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, ya zura kwallo a raga sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Gabriel a ragar karshe a ragar Vitória da ci 5-2 a gida.
A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Rodrygo ya canza lambar rigarsa daga 43 zuwa 9 (lambar da ya riga ya saka a lokacin Libertadores). Don yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar 2019, ya sake canza lambobi, yanzu zuwa riga 11, wanda abokin karatunsa na matasa Neymar ke sawa a baya.
Real Madrid
A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018, Real Madrid ta cimma yarjejeniya da Santos don canja wurin Rodrygo, tare da dan wasan ya koma Los Blancos a watan Yuni shekarar 2019 kuma ya sanya hannu har zuwa 2025. Kudin jita-jita shine € 45 miliyan, tare da Santos yana karɓar € 40 miliyan kamar yadda kulob din ya mallaki kashi 80% na hakkinsa tare da sauran na wakilan Rodrygo.
A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, Rodrygo ya fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a kan Osasuna a cikin minti daya. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko, kasancewa cikakkiyar hat-trick, kuma ya ba da taimako ga kulob din a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 301, da Galatasaray a ci 6-0 a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2019–20 kakar. Matashi na biyu da ya taba cin kwallo hat-tric a gasar, shi ne dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a karni na 21 da ya zura kwallo a gasar. A kakar wasansa ta farko, ya yi nasarar buga wasanni 19, yayin da ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, yayin da Real Madrid ta lashe gasar La Liga ta 2019-20 . A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Rodrygo ya zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a ci 3-2 a kan Inter Milan a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020-21 .
A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, 2022, bayan da ya maye gurbinsa a wasa na biyu na 2021 – 22 UEFA Champions League wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, ya zira kwallaye tare da karewa don aika wasan zuwa karin lokaci, inda Karim Benzema ya ci kwallo. wanda ya ci kwallon da kai, wanda hakan ya baiwa Real Madrid damar tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, Rodrygo ya taimaka wa Real ta lashe gasar La Liga ta 35 bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka ci Espanyol 4-0 a Bernabéu . A ranar 4 ga Mayu, yayin da yake biye da 0–1 (3–5 a jimillar jimlar) a wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai wasan kusa da na karshe da Manchester City, ya zira kwallaye biyu tsakanin mintuna 89 da 91st don daidaitawa da aika wasan. cikin karin lokaci. Benzema ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida inda ya lashe wasan da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya baiwa Real Madrid damar tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe da Liverpool da jimillar kwallaye 6-5 sannan kuma ta lashe gasar. Biyo bayan nasarar da suka yi da City da sauran gudunmawar nasara a minti na karshe, an yaba da tasirin Rodrygo a kungiyar duk da karancin shekarunsa kuma cikin sauri ya zama gwarzon kungiyar asiri a Madrid.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A ranar 30 ga watan Maris 2017, an kira Rodrygo zuwa Brazil 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 don gasar Montaigu na shekara . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo da kungiyarsa ta samu a wasan da suka doke Denmark da ci 2-1, sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Kamaru da Amurka .
A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2018, Rodrygo da abokin wasan Santos Yuri Alberto an kira su har zuwa 20s, amma an yanke su daga cikin tawagar bayan kwanaki shida bayan bukatar shugaban kulob din.
A cikin watan Nuwamba 2019, an kira Rodrygo a karon farko zuwa babban tawagar Brazil, don Superclásico de las Américas da abokan hamayyar Argentina a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cikin asarar 1-0 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, ya maye gurbin Willian na mintuna 20 na ƙarshe.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Mahaifin Rodrygo, Eric, tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. A dama baya, ya taka leda a da dama tiers na Brazilian kwallon kafa, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu shi ne Série B .
Hotuna
Kididdigar sana'a
Kungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen Brazil.
Girmamawa
Real Madrid
La Liga : 2019-20, 2021-22
Supercopa de España : 2019-20, 2021-22
UEFA Champions League : 2021-22
UEFA Super Cup : 2022
Mutum
Campeonato Paulista Mafi Sabo: 2018
Goal.com NxGN: 2020
IFFHS Matasan Maza (U20) Ƙungiyar Duniya : 2020, 2021
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Real Madrid profile
Un1que Football profile
Bayanan martaba na Santos FC
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15669 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Isi%20Bewaji | Joy Isi Bewaji | Joy Isi Bewaji marubuciya ce 'yar Nijeriya, marubuta a fagen rubutu, marubuciya, sabuwar ' yar kasuwa ta kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai fafutuka kan zamantakewar al'umma. Rubuce-rubucenta da wasanninta sun dogara ne kan rashin dacewar al'adu da abubuwan da har ma da suka shafi addini. Kodayake ba ta bayyana a matsayin mace mai ra’ayi ba, ra’ayinta kan al’amuran da suka shafi jama’a ya sanya aka bayyana ta a matsayin “mata mai tsoron mata ta zamani” ta kafofin yada labarai.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Bewaji tayi karatun sakandare a kwalejin kwaleji ta jihar Legas, Kankon Badagry. Ta yi karatun Mass Communication a Kwalejin Fasaha, Ibadan. Ta ci gaba da neman aiki a kafofin watsa labarai.
An sake ta tare da yara. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2016, ta bayyana cewa "tana aiki da kyau ita kadai".
Ayyuka
Bewaji ta kasance Manajan Darakta a gidan rediyon Happenings, kuma ya kasance edita a mujallar Happenings. Ita ce a baya manajan edita na mujallar Genevieve . Ita ce kuma mai gabatar da Tattaunawar wanda ke tattare da batun mata, jima'i da kuma ɓarna a cikin al'ummar Nijeriya. A cikin 2016, ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batutuwan da suka shafi yarinyar. Bewaji ta kasance mai sukar shahararrun ayyukan addini a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya, ta bayyana karshen sakamakon a matsayin kirkirar' yan kasa "masu rauni, masu son kai da kuma yaudara". Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa addini kayan aiki ne kawai don samar da gamsuwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin yanayin kirkira. Kalaman nata sun samu suka daga mutane da dama ciki har da Mark Anthony Osuchukwu daga YNaija, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya kamata ta damu da harkokinta a cikin wani kasida mai taken, Hallelujah Challenge vs the Joy Isi Bewaji Challenge .
A cikin shekarar 2014, ta bayyana Tina's Takalma & Batutuwa na Loveauna, wanda shine jerin sauti da aka yi wa mata. Yayin wata hira ta shekarar 2014, ta bayyana cewa tana dab da wallafa wasu littattafanta.
A cikin shekarar 2016, ta shirya kuma ta daidaita zaman mai taken Daidaitan Jinsi Da Raha na Feminism, inda masu tattaunawar suka gabatar da batutuwan da suka shafi mata wajen cimma cikakkiyar damar su. Da take magana a kan dalilin wasanta, Labari na Farji (2016), Bewaji ta bayyana cewa "mata sun ki yarda da ci gaban al'adun gargajiya da aka dora musu". Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna ta hanyar nuna wariyar jinsi, tashin hankali na gida, rarrabuwar addini da zaluncin al'adu ga mata.
A taron ranar matasa na duniya na shekarar 2016, Bewaji ya bayyana addini, al'ada da gargajiya a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da talauci a Najeriya, ta shawarci matasa da su yi watsi da duk abin da suka koya daga tsofaffin al'ummomin, tana mai cewa ba za su yi nisa a rayuwa ba idan suka ci gaba da zama a cikinsu. An bayyana Bewaji a matsayin mai son mata ta zamani. Bellanaija ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa tana neman matsayin falsafa wajen sake inganta yadda mata ke kallon kansu a cikin al'umma. Ta kuma yi magana game da mata a Jami'ar Harvard .
Bewaji ita ma babbar mai sukar lamirin waƙoƙin manyan mawaƙan Najeriya ne, waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin rage mata zuwa wani kayan masarufi da za a iya saya da albarkatu don samun gamsuwa ta hanyar jima'i. Ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa wannan da'irar ta zama babu makawa ga al'umma su ga mata a matsayin masu son abin duniya.
A shekarar 2017, Bewaji ya shawarci matan aure na Najeriya da su tsaya tsayin daka kan duk wani namijin da ba shi da kima da daraja a gare su, musamman ta hanyar bayar da labarin abin da ya sa alkawurran aurensu ba za su kasance masu fifiko sama da lafiyarsu da farin cikinsu ba.
A cewar Guardian, wasan da ta yi da Albasar Aure A Wurin Bikin aure (2017) amsar wasan kwaikwayo ce ga ƙalubale da yawa da kuma tambayoyin da matan Najeriya masu aure ke fuskanta, gami da tasirin dangin miji a cikin auren da kuma wajibanci na matan Najeriya. An gudanar da wasan a Freedom Park, jihar Legas a ranar 5 ga Maris, tare da wasu ‘ yan fim din Nollywood da suka hada da Osas Ighodaro da Damilola Adegbite a manyan mukamai.
A cikin 2019, Bewaji ta fito da "Las Las, Za mu kasance Lafiya", littafin jagora wanda yake takardun bayanan tunaninta a matsayinta na mai sukar zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu a kan ɓatancin ofan Najeriya, rayuka, ƙarya da imanin ofan ƙasa.
Yanayin rikice-rikicen batutuwan da take magana da su da kuma fahimtar ta game da mata ya sa wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun soki mata da suka hada da, Adegoke Adeola, wata 'yar jarida ce tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun, takwararta ta mata, Omotoyosi Ogunbanwo, Uchegbu Ndubuisi, malami a Jami'ar ta Najeriya da sauransu.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1977
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
35235 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Richardson%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | George Richardson (ice hockey) | Kyaftin George Taylor Richardson (Satumba 14, 1886 - Fabrairu 9, 1916) ɗan wasan hockey ne na Kanada, ɗan kasuwa kuma soja. Richardson ya buga wasan hockey ga Jami'ar Sarauniya da kuma rejista na 14 na Kingston, kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan zamaninsa. An sanya shi a cikin Gidan Hockey na Fame, kuma shine mai suna George Richardson Memorial Trophy . Richardson wani yanki ne na fitattun dangin kasuwanci waɗanda ke da kuma sarrafa kasuwancin sarrafa hatsi a Kingston, Ontario. Ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Kanada a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, kuma ya mutu yana aiki a Belgium.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Richardson an haife shi kuma ya girma a Kingston, kuma ya sauke karatu daga Sarauniya tare da digiri na farko na kimiyya a 1906. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na fitaccen dangin Richardson na gida. Kakansa, James Richardson shine wanda ya kafa James Richardson & Sons . Kawunsa, Henry Westman Richardson, ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan majalisar dattawan Kanada. 'Yar'uwarsa, Agnes ita ce mai ba da taimako na Cibiyar fasaha ta Agnes Etherington . Ɗan'uwansa, James Armstrong Richardson Sr. ɗan kasuwa ne, mai jirgin sama, kuma shugaban jami'ar Sarauniya daga 1929 zuwa 1939. 'Yar sa, Agnes Benidickson ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a Jami'ar Sarauniya. Yayansa, James Armstrong Richardson ɗan kasuwan Manitoba ne, kuma ministan gwamnatin tarayya na Kanada; kuma George Taylor Richardson ɗan kasuwan Manitoba ne, kuma mai karɓar Order of Manitoba . Bayan kammala karatun jami'a Richardson ya shiga kamfanin fitar da hatsi na danginsa.
Sana'ar wasa
Richardson ya taka leda a Jami'ar Sarauniya Golden Gaels daga 1903 zuwa 1906, lokacin da kungiyar ta ci Intercollegiate Hockey Union a 1903, da Gasar Intercollegiate na Kanada a 1904, da 1906. An san shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tawali'u, kuma ƙwararren ƙwallo. Ya zira kwallaye biyar a kan Princeton da Yale lokacin da Sarauniya ta lashe kambin kwalejin Arewacin Amurka a 1903. Ƙungiyar Sarauniya ta 1906 ta ƙalubalanci Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Ottawa don gasar cin kofin Stanley . Richardson ya buga reshen hagu na 14th Regiment na Kingston daga 1907 zuwa 1909. Ƙungiyar 1908 ta lashe gasar Hockey Association ta Ontario, da kuma J. Ross Robertson Cup, kamar yadda Richardson ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya da Stratford. Richardson ya lashe kofin Allan na 1909 shekara guda bayan haka. Daga nan ya shiga Kingston Frontenacs a matsayin shugaban kungiya, lokacin da yara kanana suka lashe kambun OHA a 1911 da 1912. Richardson bai taba yin sana'ar wasan hockey ba, tunda yana da wadatar arziki daga aiki a cikin kasuwancin iyali.
Aikin soja
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Sarauniya Richardson ya shiga cikin rukunin sojoji na gida, kuma ya tashi ya zama Laftanar tare da Gimbiya ta Wales' Own Regiment. Lokacin da aka ayyana yakin duniya na farko, ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Kanada a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1914 a CFB Valcartier. Ya kasance a Western Front a watan Fabrairun 1915.
Richardson ya samu mukamin kyaftin ne sakamakon kasancewarsa shi kadai ne wanda ya tsira a Bataliya ta 2 a lokacin yakin kusa da Saint-Julien a Langemark. Kyaftin Richardson ya sayi takalma da abin rufe fuska na gas ga maza a ƙarƙashin umarninsa. An kashe shi a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1916, sakamakon harbin da aka yi masa sau uku a kwatangwalo da ciki, a wani yaki kusa da Wulverghem. An binne shi a cikin Bailleul Communal Cemetery Extension a Bailleul, Nord a cikin kabari 2027, wanda kuma aka jera shi azaman mãkirci na 2, jere B, kabari na 74.
Girmamawa bayan mutuwa
Richardson ya zama Chevalier na Legion of Honor na Faransa ta Jamhuriya ta uku a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1916. An jera Kyaftin Richardson a shafi na 154, na Littafin Tunawa da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko na Kanada. Ya ba da dala 15,000 ga Jami'ar Sarauniya don zane-zane da wasannin motsa jiki, $ 5,000 don wuraren wanka a Kingston, $ 30,000 ga masu ba da agaji na birni, da $ 30,000 don samar da asusu na amana don ilimin yaran ma'aurata a cikin kamfaninsa, waɗanda aka kashe ko aka kashe a yaƙi. An kafa Asusun Tunawa da George Taylor Richardson don ba da tallafi don ƙarfafa fasahar fasaha a Jami'ar Sarauniya. An sanya sunan Richardson Memorial Stadium a Queen's don girmama shi. Daga 1932 zuwa 1971, Zakaran wasan hockey na Gabashin Kanada ya lashe Kofin tunawa da George Richardson, kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Gasar Tunawa. An shigar da Richardson a cikin Hall of Fame na Hockey a cikin 1950, da kuma cikin Gidan Wasannin Wasanni na Kingston da Gundumar a cikin 2015.
Kididdigar sana'a
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Biographical information and career statistics from Legends of Hockey
History of hockey and the Canadian military Veterans Affairs Canada
George Richardson at Find a Grave
Manazarta
Mutuwan 1916
Articles with hCards |
30321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20%C6%99orafe-%C6%99orafe%20na%20amurka | Ƴancin yin ƙorafe-ƙorafe na amurka | A Amurka an lissafta ' yancin yin koke a cikin Gyaran Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka, wanda musamman ya haramtawa Majalisa dage "yancin jama'a a cikin lumana na hallara, da kuma shigar da kara ga Gwamnati don gyara koke-koke".
Ko da yake sau da yawa ba a manta da su ba don neman wasu shahararrun ƴancin yanci, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su ba tare da izini ba, yawancin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ana aiwatar da su a kan gwamnati kawai ta hanyar amfani da wannan ainihin haƙƙin.
A cewar Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, tun lokacin da aka rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki, haƙƙin neman koke ya faɗaɗa. Ba a taƙaice kawai ga buƙatun "gyara korafe-korafe" a kowace ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi ba, amma yana fahimtar buƙatun na yin aiki da gwamnati na ikonta don ci gaban sha'awa da wadata ga masu kora da kuma ra'ayoyinsu a kan. Kuma al'amuran siyasa masu rikitarwa. Haƙƙin ya shafi “kusantar ƴan ƙasa ko ƙungiyoyin su ga hukumomin gudanarwa (waɗanda duka halittu ne na majalisa, da kuma hannun zartarwa) da kuma kotuna, sashe na uku na Gwamnati. Lallai ‘yancin yin koke ya shafi dukkan sassan gwamnati. Haƙƙin shiga kotuna hakika wani bangare ne na ‘yancin kai ƙara”.
Tushen tarihi
A cikin <i id="mwIw">Sharhin</i> Blackstone, Amurkawa a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun karanta cewa "haƙƙin neman koke GA sarki, ko kuma ko dai majalisar dokoki, don magance korafe-korafe" ya kasance "haƙƙin da ya shafi kowane mutum".
A cikin shekarata 1776, Bayanin Independence ya ambaci gazawar Sarki George don magance korafe-korafen da aka jera a cikin koke-koke na mulkin mallaka, kamar Bukatun Reshen Zaitun na shekarata 1775, a matsayin hujjar ayyana 'yancin kai:A kowane mataki na waɗannan Zaluncin Mun Koka don gyarawa cikin mafi ƙasƙanci: Koke-kokenmu da aka maimaita an amsa su ne kawai ta maimaita rauni. Basarake, wanda halinsa ke da alamar kowane irin aiki da zai iya ayyana Azzalumi, bai dace ya zama shugaban mutane masu 'yanci ba. A tarihi, ana iya gano haƙƙin a baya zuwa takaddun Ingilishi kamar Magna Carta, wanda, ta hanyar karɓuwa daga masarauta, ya tabbatar da haƙƙin a fakaice. 14 Dokar Edw III 1 Babi na 5 (1340) ya sanya koke a kan ƙa'idar doka. Sannan kumaYa bukaci a samar da wata Hukuma a kowace Majalissar da za ta “ji karar da aka kai musu, korafe-korafen duk wadanda za su yi korafin irin wannan jinkiri ko korafin da aka yi musu”.
Sa'an nan kuma daga baya, Mataki na ashirin da 5 Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa "Hakkin wadanda ake zargi da kai karar Sarki ne kuma duk alkawurra da kararrakin da ake yi na irin wannan karar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne." . . "Maganin korafe-korafe", da aka samu a cikin sashe na gabatar da gyare-gyare na farko na ƙasar Amurka yana samuwa a cikin Mataki na 13 na Dokar Hakki na 1689 "Kuma don Gyara dukkan Korafe-korafe da inganta ƙarfafawa da kiyaye Dokokin da ya kamata a gudanar da su. akai-akai." wanda ke nuni da cewa ‘yancin gabatar da kara yana hade da ‘yancin gyara koke-koke a majalisar. Ana samun irin wannan magana a cikin Ƙoƙarin Haƙƙin Scotland.
Yarima William na Orange (Sarki na gaba William III) ya bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Dalili na korafe-korafen da zai haifar da Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1688. Game da 'yancin yin koke ya yi tsokaci game da gwaji na Bishops Bakwai inda Ubangijin Ruhaniya ciki har da Arch Bishop na Canterbury suka sadaukar da Hasumiyar kuma suka yi ƙoƙari don Seditious Libel don ƙin bin umarnin karanta sanarwar Indulgence. alkalai sun yi musu shari'a kuma suka wanke su. An gano cewa ba za a iya hukunta Bishops da laifin Seditious Libel ba saboda suna yin haƙƙin neman koke da ke ƙunshe a wancan lokacin a cikin Dokar Ta'addanci ta 1661. Wannan halin da ake ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da Art.1 Bill of Rights (1688) inda irin wannan dakatar da dokoki ba tare da izinin majalisar ba, ba tare da la'akari da "lalacewar hujja" an gane shi ba bisa doka ba "Cewa ikon da aka yi na dakatar da dokoki ko zartar da dokoki. ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ba tare da amincewar Majalisa ba haramun ne."
Amfani na farko
Babban motsa jiki na farko da kare haƙƙin koke a cikin ƙasar Amurka shi ne bayar da shawarar kawo ƙarshen bauta ta hanyar aika Majalisar da koke fiye da dubu kan batun, wanda wasu 'yan ƙasa 130,000 suka sa hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 1836, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da jerin ka'idoji na gag wanda kai tsaye ya gabatar da duk irin wadannan koke-koke na yaki da bautar ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma suka haramta tattaunawarsu. Majalisar dattawa ta dauki irin wannan mataki. Kuma Tsohon shugaban kasa John Quincy Adams da sauran Wakilai daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar soke waɗannan dokoki a cikin 1844 bisa ga cewa ya saba wa yancin Tsarin Mulki (a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ) don "koken gwamnati don magance koke- koke ".
Iyakar
Yayin da haramcin tauye haƙƙin neman koke a asali ana magana ne kawai ga majalisar tarayya ( Majalisar dokoki ) da kotuna, koyarwar haɗakarwa daga baya ta faɗaɗa kare haƙƙin da yake da shi a halin yanzu, kuma a kan dukkan kotunan jihohi da tarayya da majalisun dokoki da zartarwa. rassan jaha da gwamnatocin tarayya. Haƙƙin shigar da ƙara ya haɗa da a ƙarƙashin inuwarta haƙƙin doka na gurfanar da gwamnati, da haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi da yuwuwar ƙungiyoyi don shigar da gwamnati.
Wasu masu shigar da kara sun ce ‘yancin kai karar gwamnati ya hada da wata bukata da gwamnati ta saurara ko kuma ta mayar da martani ga jama’a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ƙi wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekarata 1984:Babu wani abu a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ko kuma a cikin dokar shari'ar wannan Kotun da ke fassara cewa 'yancin yin magana, tarayya, da koke ya buƙaci masu tsara manufofin gwamnati su saurara ko mayar da martani ga hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kan al'amuran jama'a. Duba kuma Smith v. Ma'aikatan Babban Titin Jihar Arkansas, inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin la'akari da korafe-korafen ma'aikata lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shigar da su, sannan maimakon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Babban Titin ta Jiha, bai keta gyare-gyaren farko ga Amurka ba. Tsarin Mulki.
Kotun Koli ta fi fassara Faɗin Ƙoƙarin a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maganar Magana ta Kyauta na Gyaran Farko, amma a cikin yanke shawara na shekarata 2010 a Borough na Duryea v. Guarnieri (2010) ya yarda cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyun:
Ƙuntatawa
Dokar South Dakota ta hana masu laifin yin lalata da su yada koke, suna da hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da tarar dala 2,000.
Bayar da koke na wani fursuna a Ofishin Gidan Yari na Tarayya (BOP) haramun ne a ƙarƙashin 28 CFR 541.3, kuma ana azabtar da shi ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku .
Kalmar “Koke” kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waɗannan ka’idoji guda biyu ta taƙaita ne ga waɗannan korafe-korafen da ke gudana a ɓangaren zartarwa ko na majalisu na gwamnati, kuma ba ta haɗa da takaddun da aka shigar a gaban kotu ba, waɗanda kuma ake kira da “koke”, kamar koke-koke na coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, haramci, da certiorari, da sauransu. Kuma A yayin da aka fi kiran wadannan a matsayin "koke" nau'i ne na karan-tsaye ga gwamnati wanda zai iya sa kotuna ta fitar da wata takarda ta umurci gwamnati ta yi aiki, ko kuma ta daina aiki, ta hanyar da aka kayyade.
‘Yancin ma’aikatan gwamnati na magance korafe-korafe da ma’aikatansu kan al’amuran da suka shafi aiki za a iya takaita shi ga tsarin gudanarwa a karkashin tsarin kotun koli. Sannan A cikin Pickering v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne kotu ta daidaita 'yancin ma'aikaci na yin magana a kan sha'awar gwamnati na kasancewa mai inganci da tasiri a ayyukan jama'a da take yi. Daga baya Kotun Koli - Connick v. Myers, Garcetti v. Ceballos, da Gundumar Duryea v. Guarnieri - ya kafa cewa dole ne ma'aikatan gwamnati su nuna cewa sun yi magana a matsayinsu na ɗan ƙasa a kan abin da ya shafi jama'a lokacin da suke tuhumar ma'aikacin su a ƙarƙashin Magana na Farko ko Ƙa'idar Ƙorafi.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Mu Jama'a (tsarin shigar da kara)
Manazarta
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33772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Evans%20%28Dan%20siyasan%20Birtaniya%29 | Robert Evans (Dan siyasan Birtaniya) | Robert John Emlyn Evans (an haife shi 23 ga Oktoban 1956) ɗan siyasa ne na "Labour Co-operative Party" na Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) daga 1994 har zuwa 2009. An fara zabar shi a Majalisar Turai mai wakiltar Landan North West, sannan daga 1999 da 2004 a mazabar Lanadan. Ya kasance kansila na gundumar Surrey dan yankin Stanwell da Stanwell Moor tun daga 2013.
Kuruciya da aiki
An haifi Robert John Emlyn Evans a shekara ta 1956 a Ashford, sannan a Middlesex, yanzu a yankin Surrey. Ya yi karatu a Ashford County Grammar School kafin ya sami shaida B,Ed da MA daga Institute of Education, University of London. Daga nan ya zama malami kuma, a lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Turai, ya kasance shugaban makarantar Crane Junior School a Hounslow .
Siyasa
An zabi Evans a matsayin dan majalisar Turai mai wakiltar Landan North West a zaben majalisar Turai na 1994, wanda a baya ya tsaya bai yi nasara ba a 1989 . Ya zauna tare da ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu ta Turai kuma ya zauna a karkashin Kwamitin Sufuri da yawon buɗe idanu na Majalisar Turai. Babban nasarar da ya samu ita ce samar da wata sabuwar doka a Turai da ta haramta nuna wariya ga nakasassu fasinjoji lokacin tafiya ta jirgin sama. Ya kasance wanda ya maye gurbin kwamitin tattalin arziki da harkokin kudi, shugaban tawaga mai kula da hulda da kasashen kudancin Asiya kuma yana da alaka da Romania da Moldova. Daga 1999-2004 ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin 'Yanci da 'Yancin Jama'a, Adalci da Harkokin Cikin Gida. Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2007 ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Labour ta majalisar Turai .
Evans ya kasance mai lura da zabe na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, kuma shi ne Shugaban tawagar sa ido ga zaben Pakistan a 2008 da Babban mai sa ido na EU a Cambodia a shekara ta 2003.
Evans ya sanar a cikin Nuwamba 2008 cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takara a zaben Majalisar Turai na alif 2009 Tun daga lokacin ya kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yan majalisa daban-daban, MEPs, zuwa Kwalejin CAMS a Hayes, kuma tare da ƙwarewarsa ta musamman a Bangladesh ga ƙungiyoyin agaji BRAC, London Tigers da kuma tushen Brussels, NGO Shipbreaking. Bugu da ƙari, shi malami ne na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London.
Evans ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki bai yi nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Labour na mazabar Gabashin Berkshire a 1987 da Uxbridge a 1992, sannan a zaben fidda gwani na Brent East na 2003. A baya Brent East ta kasance amintacciya ga 'yan Jam'iyyar Labour, kuma Ken Livingstone ya rike shi kafin Evans ya sha kayi a hannun jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats.
Jami'ar Brunel London ta ba Evans lambar girmamawa na digirgir a shekarar 1998.
Evans ya kasance mataimakin shugaban League Against Cruel Sports, mai kula da BRAC-UK, da kuma na Brussels a tushen Kudancin Asiya, NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Shi memba ne na Rayuwa na Ashford Cricket Club, Cambridge University Cricket Club, kuma memba na Ashford Middlesex Hockey Club, MCC da Middlesex County Cricket Club.
A watan Nuwamban 2012, Evans fito takarar Labour na ' yan sanda da kwamishinan laifuka a Surrey. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2013, an zabe shi Kansila na gundumar Surrey na gundumar Stanwell da Stanwell Moor.
A matsayinsa na kansilan gundumar Surrey, Evans ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe don tallafawa ayyukan jama'a, musamman riƙe tashar kashe gobara ta yankinsa, Staines Fire Station a Stanwell. Ya yi kamfen a kan titin saukar jiragen sama na uku a filin jirgin sama na Heathrow kuma yana goyon bayan filin jirgin ya kasance "mafi kyau kada ya girma". A cikin Mayu 2014, Evans ya ba da shawarar jefa ƙuri'a mai nasara don cimma matsayin Fairtrade ga Surrey - gundumar farko a kudancin Ingila don yin hakan. Canjin ya samu adawa da shugaban Conservative na shekaru masu yawa. Duk da kasancewarsa shi kadai dan majalisar Labour, Evans ya samu nasarori da dama a matakin karamar hukumar, ciki har da shawo kan Surrey ya yi adawa da komawa makarantun nahawu, ya amince da kuma taya Sadiq Khan murna da aka zabe shi a 2016 a matsayin magajin birnin Landan da kuma daukar Co. Yarjejeniya ta jam'iyya mai adawa da bautar zamani. Dan jaridar siyasa Richard Heller ne ya bayyana shi akan politics.co.uk, Evans an sake zabar shi a wannan kujera a watan Mayu 2017 tare da karuwar 11% a cikin kuri'unsa akan abin da in ba haka ba dare mai ban sha'awa ga Labour. An sake zabe shi cikin kwanciyar hankali tare da karin kuri'u a 2021.
Rayuwa
Yana jin Faransanci, na Espanya kuma yana koyon Bengali.
Duba kuma
Zaben 2004 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Robert Evans (Asusun Twitter)
Personal profile of Robert Evans
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30953 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Mushikiwabo | Louise Mushikiwabo | Louise Mushikiwabo (an haife ta 22 ga watan Mayu, Shekarata 1961) ita ce ta huɗu kuma a halin yanzu Sakatariyar Janar na Ƙungiyar internationale de la Francophonie. Ta taba rike mukamin ministar harkokin wajen kasar Rwanda daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2018.Ta kuma kasance Kakakin Gwamnati.A baya ta kasance ministar yada labarai.
A ranar 12 ga Watan Oktoba, shekarata 2018, an zabe ta na wa'adin shekaru hudu don matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) a taron Francophonie a Yerevan, Armenia.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Louise Mushikiwabo a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu , shekarat 1961 a Kigali, babban birnin Rwanda. Mahaifinta shi ne Bitsindinkumi, dan Tutsi daga kabilar Batsobe; Bitsindinkumi ta yi aiki a matsayin manomi, yana kula da ƙananan gidaje da kuma aiki a matsayin mai kula da kantin sayar da kofi na mulkin mallaka. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Nyiratulira, kani na farko ga masanin falsafa Abiru kuma masanin tarihi Alexis Kagame. Ta yi yarinta a Kigali. Ƙananan yara tara, 'yan uwanta sun haɗa da Lando Ndasingwa, wanda ya zama sanannen dan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa a Rwanda kafin a kashe shi a 1994 a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da Anne-Marie Kantengwa, wanda ya karbi otal din Chez Lando. Bayan rasuwarsa kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Rwanda daga shekarata 2003 zuwa 2008.
Bayan ta kammala makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kigali, Mushikiwabo ta tafi karatu a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ruwanda (Jami'ar Ruwanda a halin yanzu), a kudancin birnin Butare, a 1981. Ta kammala jami'a a shekarar 1984, inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Ingilishi, sannan ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malamar sakandare. A cikin 1986, ta yi hijira daga Ruwanda zuwa Amurka, inda ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a cikin Harsuna da Fassara a Jami'ar Delaware, tare da Faransanci a matsayin yaren ƙwararrunta. Bayan kammala karatun ta a 1988, ta ci gaba da zama a Amurka, ta zauna a yankin Washington, DC. Ta fara aiki ne da kungiyoyi masu fafutuka, kafin ta yi aiki a African Development Bank (ADB); A matsayin wani ɓangare na rawar da ta yi tare da ADB ta zauna a Tunisiya na ɗan lokaci, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama Daraktan Sadarwa na banki.
A cikin shekarar 2006, Mushikiwabo ta rubuta wani littafi, Rwanda Means the Universe, wanda Jack Kramer, ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka kuma tsohon soja ne ya rubuta shi. Littafin na ɗan littafin tarihin rayuwa ne, yana kwatanta tarihin dangin Mushikiwabo, farkon rayuwarta a Ruwanda, da abubuwan da ta faru a lokacin yin hijira zuwa Amurka. Har ila yau, ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda, ta fuskar tarihi da kuma ta fuskar Mushikwabo da ke zaune a Washington, yayin da ta samu labarin cewa an kashe 'yan uwanta da dama.
Aikin siyasa
Ministan Yada Labarai, 2008 – 2009
A watan Maris din shekarar 2008 ne shugaban kasar Rwanda Paul Kagame ya gayyace Mushikiwabo da ya koma kasarta ta Rwanda da samun mukami a gwamnatinsa. An nada ta a matsayin ministar yada labarai, ta maye gurbin Laurent Nkusi. A farkon mulkinta, Mushikiwabo ita ce ke da alhakin yanke hukunci kan ko za ta dauki mataki a kan wasu kungiyoyin yada labarai na cikin gida da suka yada labaran batanci kan Kagame. Wata jarida, jaridar Kinyarwanda kullum Umuco, ta buga labarin kwatanta shugaban kasa da Adolf Hitler, kuma babbar majalisar 'yan jarida (HCP) ta bukaci gwamnati ta dakatar da lasisin jaridar. Nkusi ya ki amincewa da wannan bukata, kuma yayin da Mushikiwabo bai dakatar da takardar a hukumance ba, amma duk da haka ya daina bugawa a watan Oktoba 2008. Mushikiwabo gabaɗaya tana ƙarfafa abokan aikinta da su goyi bayan 'yancin aikin jarida, amma kuma ta dage wajen tabbatar da cewa kafofin watsa labaru sun bi ƙaƙƙarfan dokokin Ruwanda da ke tattare da kin kisan kiyashi. A shekara ta 2009, ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da gidan rediyon Kinyarwanda na wucin gadi da gidan rediyon Burtaniya (BBC) ke yadawa, saboda ta yi iƙirarin cewa an watsa shirye-shiryen "wanda ke ba da damar kisan kiyashi da masu adawa da kisan kiyashi kyauta"; BBC ta musanta wannan ikirari, tana mai cewa ita da gwamnati suna da tafsiri daban-daban game da kisan kiyashin.
Kazalika kasancewar ta dauki nauyin yanke shawarar ma’aikatar, Mushikiwabo ta kuma cika aikin mai magana da yawun gwamnati a lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar yada labarai. Misali a lokacin da Rwanda ta fuskanci rikicin diflomasiyya da Jamus bayan kama shugabar tsare-tsare ta shugaba Kagame Rose Kabuye, Mushikiwabo ya yi magana da kafafen yada labarai na duniya don fayyace matsayin gwamnatin Rwanda. Ta yi amfani da basirarta na harshe, tana iya ba da bayanai a duk yarukan hukuma na Rwanda, Kinyarwanda, Faransanci da Ingilishi.
Sauran ayyukan
Gidauniyar Afirka ta Turai (AEF), Memba na Babban Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a akan Harkokin Afirka da Turai (tun 2020)
Taron Tsaro na Munich, Memba na Majalisar Shawarwari
Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba
Rayuwa ta sirri da iyali
Dan uwanta, Lando Ndasingwa, shi ne kawai ministar Tutsi a gwamnatin Habyarimana na karshe, amma an kashe shi a farkon kisan kare dangi na 1994. 'Yar uwarta, Anne-Marie Kantengwa, ta dauki nauyin kula da otal da gidan cin abinci na dan uwansu, Chez Lando, bayan kisansa. Mushikiwabo kuma 'yar autan fitaccen malami ne dan kasar Rwanda kuma limamin coci Alexis Kagame.
Manazarta |
19943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhariyya | Buhariyya | Buhariyya ko da turanci Buharism, na nufin akidar zamantakewar siyasa da tattalin arziki na Shugaban kasar Nigeria kuma tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Muhammadu Buhari yake dashi. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Najeriya a shekara ta 1983 wanda ya lalata Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta biyu, Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya zama shugaban mulkin soja. Nan da nan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin injiniyan zamantakewar soja da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, yaki Shugaba mai horaswa da nufin ƙarfafa halaye na gari.
Buhariyya ya zo ne a sanadiyyar wakiltar ƙarni na uku na ƙasa a lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki, ba ya son kwaminisanci ko jari-hujja . Akidarsa ta tattalin arziki kawai an tsara shi ne kan ayyukan da ake buƙata don al'ummar Duniya ta Uku don ci gaba: galibi wadatar tattalin arziki, ɗan ƙasa mai ladabi, da ci gaban ƙasa. A matsayinsa na babban shugaba kuma kwamanda na tsarin mulki, Buhari ya sami karfin iko.
Gyara juyin mulkin shekara ta alif 1985 juyin mulkin da aka yi a kasar shi ne adawa da buhariyya; babban hafsan sojan sa kuma mai jiran gado Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya nuna adawa da kakkausar lafazin yakin neman zaben Buhari da manufofin ruguza tattalin arziki. Daga baya Babangida ya zama mafi dadewa a kan mulki bayan yakin basasa ; gwamnatinsa ta ga sake daidaitawa kan sabon tsarin kasa da kasa da ke bullowa cikin sauri tare da bullo da shirye-shiryen IMF wadanda suka hada da:cinikayyar kai tsaye, ragi da rage darajar kudi.
Muhammadu Buhari da aka daure,ya kwashe shekaru 30 yana mulki, ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003, da shekara ta 2007, da kuma shekara ta2011, sannan kuma daga baya a shekara ta 2015, inda ya lashe na karshe sannan ya kayar da Abokin takararsa Goodluck Jonathan . Buhariyya sannu a hankali ya rikide ya zama wata al'ada ta mutane kuma da farko ya sami cikakken goyon baya a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya, har zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Nijeriya na shekara ta 2019, wanda ya haifar da raguwar farin jinin Buhari.
Bayani
Buharism ya kafu ne kan alkiblar tattalin arziki na akidar cigaban kasa. Sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinta ana nuna su ne kamar suna kawar da tattalin arziƙin siyasa daga ikon fitattun '' parasitic "kuma zuwa cikin ikon" ajin mai fa'ida ". Ga ɗalibanta, Buharism yana wakiltar gwagwarmaya ta hanyoyi biyu: tare da duniyar duniya da wakilanta na ciki da masu ba da shawara.
Manufofinsa don tsarin zamantakewar jama'a yana nuna halin kirki na Sakamakon Jiha. Masu haifar da sakamako sun yi imanin cewa halin ɗabi'a na aiki ya dogara da sakamakon aikin, saboda haka aiki dai-dai ne idan ya ba da fa'ida mafi girma ga yawancin mutane. Don haka aiki yayi dai-dai idan ya haifar da tsari na gari, jin dadin jama'a, da wadatar kayansu.
Akidar tattalin arziki
Buharism ya ki amincewa da babbar hanyar Yarjejeniyar Washington, maimakon hakan ya kasance cewa ga kasar da ke fama da rikice-rikice don samun nasarar inganta daidaiton kudaden ta hanyar ragi, dole ne a fara kasancewa da yanayin cewa farashin kowace kasa fitarwa ana kiranta a cikin kudin ta. Dangane da Najeriya, galibi tana fitar da ɗanyen mai, wanda aka siyar akan dala, kuma ba a fitar da kayan da aka gama ba, wanda zai zama mai rahusa ta hanyar ragi kuma zai haifar da farfadowar tattalin arziƙi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Washington. Tunda babu irin wannan yanayin, Buharism ya tabbatar da cewa, ga duk ƙasar da yanayin Consididdigar Washington bai kasance a sarari ba, akwai hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalar matsalar tattalin arzikinta . Saboda haka, maimakon yin amfani da rage darajar kudi don dawo da tattalin arzikin Najeriya mai fama da rikice-rikice a wancan lokacin, Buharism sai ya yi amfani da wata manufa ta hana shigo da kayayyaki da ake ganin ba dole ba ne, da rage satar mai, da inganta fitar da kayayyaki ta hanyar kasuwancin cinikayyar cinikin danyen danyen mai mai don kayayyaki kamar injuna, yana ba shi damar fitarwa sama da adadin OPEC .
Neo-Buharism
A shekara ta 2015, tare da dawowar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki a matsayin shugaban farar hula, kuma ya fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da koma baya sosai a farashin mai na duniya, matakin rashin aikin yi, tattalin arziki da ba shi da dama, da kuma kalubalen tsaro da suka katse samar da kayayyaki ba tare da ajiya ba saboda tabarbarewar hukumomi da cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, Buharism na nufin dabarun da aka mayar da hankali ciki wanda ya yi watsi da matakan tsuke bakin aljihun da ke kan matalauta yayin inganta saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma yin amfani da karfin jihohi don rage shigo da kayayyaki.
Buharism a matsayin manufofin tattalin arziki ya jaddada samar da karuwar kayan cikin gida don haka damar aiki ta hana shigo da kaya da karfafa sauya shigo da kaya. Hakanan ya jaddada sanya hannun jarin jihar a cikin ababen more rayuwa tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa don kara samar da kayayyaki da kuma dawo da albarkatun tattalin arzikin da gamayyar kungiyoyin da aka kafa suka samar don samar da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewar matalauta a lokacin mika mulki zuwa wadatar tattalin arziki.
Sukar
Masu sukar, sau da yawa ake magana a kai Buhari siyasa Outlook kamar kama-da amincewa . Yawancin lokaci ana bayyana ra'ayin Buharism a matsayin dimokiradiyya mara bin doka .
Buharism, suna jayayya, kuma yana mai da hankali ga sakamakon jihar, a bayyane yake ya haifar da jihar 'yan sanda masu adawa da mulkin mallaka sabanin wata doka . Wannan rikice-rikicen siyasa ya kara fadada zuwa ga wata alakar da ke tsakanin sassan jihar a bangare guda da kuma bin doka a daya bangaren, wadanda ke da goyan bayan manyan masu mulki.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Buharism Bayan Buhari: Raddi ga Mohammed Haruna na Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2002 a Landan
Buhari da Idiagbon: Wata dama da aka rasa ga Najeriya daga Max Siollun a cikin Oktoba 2003
Fashewar 'Buharism' da ba-da-Shaka a cikin Yanci ta Mohammed Nura a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2010 a cikin Leadership (Nigeria)
Muhammad Buhari
Siyasar Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
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