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32435 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20gine-gine%20da%20zane | Masanin gine-gine da zane | Masanin gine-gine shine mutumin da ke tsarawa da kuma kula da gine-gine. Yin aikin gine-gine yana nufin samar da ayyuka dangane da ƙirar gine-gine da sararin da ke cikin rukunin da ke kewaye da gine-ginen da mutane ke zaune ko kuma amfani da su a matsayin babban manufarsu. Etymologically, kalmar Architecture ta samo asali ne daga tsarin gine-ginen Latin, wanda ya samo asali daga Hellenanci ( arkhi-, chief + tekton, magini), watau babban magini.
Buƙatun ƙwararrun masu gine-gine sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Hukunce-hukuncen gine-ginen suna shafar lafiyar jama'a, don haka dole ne maginin ya sami horo na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi ilimi mai zurfi da ƙwarewa (ko horarwa) don ƙwarewar aiki don samun lasisin yin gine-gine. Aiki, fasaha, da kuma buƙatun ilimi don zama injiniyan gine-gine sun bambanta ta hanyar hurumi, kodayake nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka sana'ar gaba ɗaya.
Asali
A cikin tarihi na d ¯ a da na daɗaɗɗen, galibin ƙirar gine-gine da gine-ginen masu sana'a ne suka yi su—kamar mashin dutse da kafintoci, waɗanda suka kai matsayin ƙwararren magini. Har zuwa zamani, babu wani taƙamaiman bambanci tsakanin gine-gine da injiniya . A Turai, laƙabin gine-gine da injiniya sun kasance da farko bambance-bambancen yanki waɗanda ke magana akan mutum ɗaya, galibi ana amfani da su tare.
An ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba daban-daban a fasaha da lissafi sun ba da damar haɓakar ƙwararru za ta ba da shawarar. Ba a yi amfani da takarda ba a Turai don zane har zuwa ƙarni na 15 amma ya zama mai girma bayan 1500. An yi amfani da fensir sau da yawa don zana ta 1600. Samuwar duka biyun da aka ba da izinin yin zane-zanen da aka riga aka yi da ƙwararru. A lokaci guda, gabatar da hangen nesa na layi da sabbin abubuwa kamar yin amfani da tsinkaye daban-daban don kwatanta ginin mai girma uku a cikin nau'i biyu, tare da ƙarin fahimtar daidaiton ƙima, ya taimaka wa masu zanen gini sadarwa ra'ayoyinsu. duk da haka, ci gaban ya kasance a hankali. Har zuwa katrni na 18, gine-gine sun ci gaba da tsarawa da tsara su ta hanyar masu sana'a ban da manyan ayyuka.
Gine-gine
A yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kawai waɗanda suka cancanta da lasisi masu dacewa, takaddun shaida, ko rajista tare da ƙungiyar da ta dace (sau da yawa na gwamnati) na iya yin aikin gine-gine bisa doka. Irin wannan lasisi yawanci yana buƙatar digiri na jami'a, nasarar kammala, da lokacin horo. Wakilin kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane ta hanyar amfani da sharuɗɗa da lakabi an iyakance shi ga masu lasisi ta doka, kodayake gaba ɗaya, abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar masu zanen gine-gine ba su da kariya ta doka.
Yin aiki da gine-gine yana nuna ikon yin aiki ba tare da kulawa ba. Kalmar (ƙwararriyar ƙira), ta bambanta, lokaci ne mai faɗi da yawa wanda ya haɗa da ƙwararrun waɗanda ke yin aikin kansu a ƙarƙashin wata madaidaicin sana'a, kamar ƙwararrun injiniya, ko waɗanda ke taimakawa a cikin aikin gine-gine a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai lasisi. gine-gine irin su masu aikin gine-gine . A wurare da yawa, masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ba su da lasisi na iya yin ayyukan ƙira a waje da hani na ƙwararru, irin waɗannan gidaje masu ƙira da sauran ƙananan sifofi.
Yi aiki
A cikin sana'a na gine-gine, ilimin fasaha da muhalli, tsarawa da sarrafa gine-gine, da fahimtar kasuwanci suna da mahimmanci kamar zane. Duk da haka, ƙirar ita ce ƙarfin motsa jiki a cikin aikin da kuma bayan. Masanin gine-gine yana karɓar kwamiti daga abokin ciniki. Kwamitin na iya haɗawa da shirya rahotannin yuwuwar, binciken ginin gini, ƙirar gini ko na gine-gine da yawa, gine-gine, da sarari a tsakaninsu. Mai ginin gine-gine yana shiga cikin haɓaka abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so a cikin ginin. Duk cikin aikin (shirin zama), mai ginin gine-gine yana daidaita ƙungiyar ƙira. Tsarin, injiniyoyi, da injiniyoyin lantarki da sauran ƙwararrun abokin ciniki ne ko maginin gini ke ɗaukar hayar, waɗanda dole ne su tabbatar da cewa an daidaita aikin don gina ƙirar.
Matsayin ƙira
Mai ginin gine-gine, da zarar abokin ciniki ya yi hayar, yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi na ƙira wanda duka biyun suka dace da buƙatun waccan abokin ciniki kuma suna ba da wurin da ya dace da amfanin da ake buƙata. Dole ne mai zane ya sadu da, kuma yayi tambaya, abokin ciniki don tabbatar da duk buƙatun (da nuances) na aikin da aka tsara.
Sau da yawa cikakken taƙaitaccen bayani ba a bayyana gaba ɗaya ba a farkon: yana haifar da ƙimar haɗari a cikin aikin ƙira. Mai zane na iya yin shawarwari da wuri ga abokin ciniki, wanda zai iya sake yin aiki da ainihin sharuɗɗan taƙaitaccen bayani. "Shirin" (ko taƙaitaccen) yana da mahimmanci don samar da aikin da ya dace da duk buƙatun mai shi. Wannan to jagora ce ga mai ginin gine-gine a ƙirƙirar tunanin ƙira.
Gaba ɗaya ana sa ran shawarwarin ƙira su zama na hasashe da kuma na zahiri. Ya danganta da wurin, lokaci, kuɗi, al'adu, da kuma samar da sana'o'i da fasahar da za a yi zane a ciki, madaidaicin iyaka da yanayin waɗannan tsammanin za su bambanta.
Haskaka wa wani abu ne da ake buƙata domin zayyana gine-gine wani aiki ne mai sarƙaƙiya da buƙatar aiki.
Duk wani ra'ayi na ƙira dole ne a farkon matakin tsararrakinsa ya yi la'akari da adadi mai yawa na batutuwa da masu canji waɗanda suka haɗa da halayen sarari (s), ƙarshen amfani da tsarin rayuwa na waɗannan wuraren da aka tsara, haɗin gwiwa, alaƙa, da kuma al'amurran da ke tsakanin wurare ciki har da yadda aka haɗa su tare da tasirin shawarwari a kan kusa da wuri mai faɗi. Zaɓin kayan da suka dace da fasaha dole ne a yi la'akari da su, gwadawa da sake dubawa a matakin farko a cikin ƙira don tabbatar da cewa babu koma baya (kamar farashin da aka fi tsammani) wanda zai iya faruwa daga baya. Wurin da kewayensa, da al'adu da tarihin wurin, suma za su yi tasiri wajen zayyana. Zane kuma dole ne ya fuskanci ƙara damuwa tare da ɗorewar muhalli. Mai ginin gine-gine na iya gabatar da ( gangan ko a'a), zuwa mafi girma ko ƙarami, fannonin ilimin lissafi da gine-gine, sabon ko ƙa'idar gine-gine na yanzu, ko nassoshi ga tarihin gine-gine .
Wani muhimmin sashi na zane shi ne cewa mai zanen sau da yawa yana yin shawarwari tare da injiniyoyi, masu bincike da sauran ƙwararru a duk lokacin da aka tsara, tabbatar da cewa an haɗa nau'o'i irin su kayan tallafi na tsarin da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Sarrafa da tsara farashin gini kuma wani ɓangare ne na waɗannan shawarwari. Haɗin kai na nau'o'in daban-daban ya haɗa da babban matsayi na sadarwa na musamman, ciki har da fasahar kwamfuta mai ci gaba kamar BIM ( ginin bayanan gini ), CAD, da fasahar tushen girgije.
A kowane lokaci a cikin ƙira, mai ƙirar yana ba da rahoto ga abokin ciniki wanda zai iya samun ajiyar kuɗi ko shawarwari, yana gabatar da ƙarin canji a cikin ƙira.
Masu ginin gine-gine suna huɗɗa da hukunce-hukuncen gida da na tarayya game da ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idojin gini . Mai tsara gine-ginen na iya buƙatar bin dokokin tsare-tsare na gida da na yanki, kamar koma baya da ake buƙata, iyakokin tsayi, buƙatun ajiye motoci, buƙatun bayyana gaskiya (windows), da amfani da ƙasa . Wasu kafaffen hukunce-hukuncen suna buƙatar riko da ƙira da ƙa'idodin kiyaye tarihi . Haɗarin lafiya da aminci sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙira na yanzu, kuma a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana buƙatar rahotannin ƙira da bayanan da suka haɗa da abubuwan da ke gudana kamar kayan aiki da gurɓatawa, sarrafa sharar gida da sake yin amfani da su, sarrafa zirga-zirga da amincin gobara.
Hanyar ƙira
A baya can, masu gine-gine sun yi amfani da zane-zane don nunawa da samar da shawarwarin ƙira. Duk da yake har yanzu ana amfani da zane-zanen ra'ayi ta hanyar gine-gine, fasahar kwamfuta yanzu ta zama ma'aunin masana'antu. Koyaya, ƙira na iya haɗawa da amfani da hotuna, haɗin gwiwa, kwafi, linocuts, fasahar sikanin 3D da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a cikin samar da ƙira. Ƙarawa, software na kwamfuta yana tsara yadda masu gine-gine ke aiki. Fasahar BIM ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar gini mai kama-da-wani wanda ke aiki a zaman bayanan don raba ƙira da bayanan gini a duk tsawon rayuwar ƙirar ginin, gini da kiyaye wa. Abubuwan gabatarwa na gaskiya (VR) suna zama ruwan dare gama gari don ganin ƙirar tsari da sarari na ciki daga hangen nesa.
Matsayin muhalli
Kamar yadda gine-gine na yanzu an san su zama masu fitar da carbon zuwa sararin samaniya, ana ƙara sarrafawa akan gine-gine da fasaha masu dangantaka don rage hayaƙi, ƙara ƙarfin makamashi, da kuma yin amfani da makamashi mai sabunta wa. Za'a iya haɓaka hanyoyin makamashi masu sabunta wa a cikin ginin da aka tsara ko ta gida ko na ƙasa masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sakamakon haka, ana buƙatar mai ginin gine-ginen ya ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi na yanzu waɗanda ke ci gaba da tsanantawa. Wasu sabbin ci gaba suna nuna ƙarancin amfani da makamashi ko ƙirar ginin hasken rana . Koyaya, ana kuma ƙara buƙatar mai ƙirar don samar da yunƙuri a cikin ma'anar muhalli mai faɗi, kamar samar da sufuri mai ƙarancin kuzari, hasken rana na yanayi maimakon hasken wucin gadi, samun iska na yanayi maimakon kwandishan, gurɓatawa, da sarrafa sharar gida, amfani da sake yin fa'ida. kayan aiki da kayan aikin da za'a iya sake sarrafa su cikin sauƙi a nan gaba.
Matsayin gini
Yayin da zane ya zama mafi ci gaba da cikakkun bayanai, ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙididdiga an yi su ne daga dukkan abubuwa da sassan ginin. Dabarun samar da gine-gine suna ci gaba da ci gaba wanda ke ba da buƙata ga mai ginin don tabbatar da cewa ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da waɗannan ci gaban.
Ya danganta da buƙatun abokin ciniki da buƙatun hukunce-hukuncen, bakan hidimomin gine-ginen yayin matakan gini na iya zama mai faɗi (cikakkun shirye-shiryen daftarin aiki da bitar gini) ko ƙasa da hannu (kamar ƙyale ɗan kwangila ya aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙira masu yawa).
Masu ginin gine-gine yawanci suna sanya ayyuka don bayar da tallafi a madadin abokan cinikin su, suna ba da shawara kan bayar da aikin ga babban ɗan kwangila, sauƙaƙe sannan kuma gudanar da kwangilar yarjejeniya wacce galibi ke tsakanin abokin ciniki da ɗan kwangila. Wannan kwangilar tana aiki bisa doka kuma ta ƙunshi nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da inshora da Alƙawuran duk masu ruwa da tsaki, matsayin takaddun ƙira, tanade-tanade don samun damar gine-gine, da hanyoyin sarrafa ayyukan yayin da suke ci gaba. Dangane da nau'in kwangilar da aka yi amfani da shi, ana iya buƙatar tanadi don ƙarin ƙaramin kwangila. Mai ginin gine-ginen na iya buƙatar cewa wasu abubuwa sun rufe da garanti wanda ke ƙayyadaddun rayuwar da ake tsammani da sauran ɓangarori na kayan, samfur ko aiki.
A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, dole ne a ba da sanarwar kafin a fara aiki a wurin, don haka ba da sanarwar ƙaramar hukumar don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa. Mai zanen zai sake duba tare da duba ci gaban aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙaramar hukuma.
Mai ginin gine-ginen zai yawanci duba zane-zanen ƴan kwangilar da sauran abubuwan ƙaddamarwa, shirya da ba da umarnin rukunin yanar gizon, da kuma ba da Takaddun shaida don Biyan kuɗi ga ɗan kwangila (duba kuma Design-bid-build ) wanda ya dogara da aikin da aka yi har zuwa yau da kuma kowane kayan sauran kayan da aka saya ko haya. A cikin Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe, mai binciken adadi galibi yana cikin ƙungiyar don ba da shawarwari kan farashi. Tare da manya-manyan ayyuka masu sarƙaƙƙiya, ana ɗaukar manajan gini mai zaman kansa wani lokaci don taimakawa wajen ƙira da sarrafa gini.
A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana buƙatar takaddun shaida ko tabbacin kammala aikin ko ɓangaren ayyuka. Wannan buƙatar takaddun shaida ya ƙunshi babban haɗari - don haka, ana buƙatar duba aikin yau da kullun yayin da yake ci gaba a kan wurin don tabbatar da cewa ya dace da ƙirar kanta da kuma duk ƙa'idodi da izini masu dacewa.
Madadin yin aiki da ƙwarewa
Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun ga hauhawar ƙwararru a cikin sana'ar. Yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine da kamfanonin gine-gine suna mayar da hankali kan wasu nau'ikan ayyuka (misali, kiwon lafiya, dillalan, gidajen jama'a, gudanar da taron), ƙwarewar fasaha ko hanyoyin isar da ayyuka. Wasu gine-ginen sun ƙware kamar lambar gini, ambulaf ɗin gini, ƙira mai dorewa, rubutun fasaha, adana tarihi (US) ko kiyaye wa (Birtaniya), samun dama da sauran nau'ikan masu ba da shawara.
Mutane da yawa gine-gine zažužžukan don matsawa zuwa cikin dukiya (dukiya) ci gaban, kamfanoni kayayyakin tsare-tsare, aikin management, gini management, shugaban dorewa jami'an zane na ciki, birnin tsarawa, mai amfani gwaninta zane, zane bincike ko wasu related filayen.
Buƙatun ƙwararru
Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance daga wuri zuwa wuri, ana buƙatar yawancin masu gine-ginen duniya su yi rajista tare da ikon da ya dace. Don yin haka, ana buƙatar masu gine-gine yawanci don biyan buƙatu guda uku: ilimi, ƙwarewa, da jarrabawa.
Buƙatun ilimi gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi digiri na jami'a a fannin gine-gine. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ƙwarewa don masu neman digiri yawanci suna gamsuwa ta hanyar aiki ko horo (yawanci shekaru biyu zuwa uku, dangane da ikon). A ƙarshe, ana buƙatar Jarabawar Rijista ko jerin jarrabawa kafin a ba da lasisi.
Ƙwararrun da suka tsunduma cikin ƙira da lura da ayyukan gine-gine kafin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ba lallai ba ne su sami horo a cikin wani tsarin gine-gine na daban a fagen ilimi. Maimakon haka, sau da yawa suna horarwa a ƙarƙashin kafafan gine-gine. Kafin zamanin nan, babu bambanci tsakanin masu gine-gine da injiniyoyi kuma sunan da ake amfani da shi ya bambanta dangane da wurin da ake ciki. Sau da yawa suna ɗauke da laƙabin babban magini ko na safiyo bayan yin hidima na shekaru masu yawa a matsayin koyo (kamar Sir Christopher Wren ). Nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa sana'ar gaba daya, wanda ya zama babban jigon ci gaban fasahar gine-gine da ƙa'idar.
Amfani da "Architect" ko gajarta kamar "Ar." kamar yadda doka ke tsara take da sunan mutum a wasu ƙasashe.
Kuɗaɗe
Tsarin kuɗin gine-gine yawanci ya dogara ne akan adadin ƙimar gini, azaman ƙimar kowane yanki na ginin da aka tsara, ƙimar sa'o'i ko ƙayyadadden kuɗin dunƙule. Haɗuwa da waɗannan sifofin su ma na kowa ne. Kafafen kuɗaɗe yawanci ana dogara ne akan kuɗin da aka keɓe na aikin kuma suna iya bambanta tsakanin kashi 4 zuwa 12% na sabon kuɗin gini, don ayyukan kasuwanci da na hukumomi, ya danganta da girman aikin da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin. Ayyukan mazaunin sun bambanta daga 12 zuwa 20%. Ayyukan gyare-gyare yawanci suna ba da umarni mafi girma bisa ɗari, wanda ya kai 15-20%.
Gaba ɗaya lissafin kuɗi na kamfanonin gine-gine sun yi yawa, ya danganta da wuri da yanayin tattalin arziki. Lissafin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan yanayin tattalin arzikin gida a al'ada amma, tare da saurin haɗin gwiwar duniya, wannan yana zama ƙasa da wani abu ga manyan kamfanoni na duniya. Albashi kuma ya bambanta, dangane da gogewa, matsayi a cikin kamfani (ginin ma'aikata, abokin tarayya, ko mai hannun jari, da sauransu), da girman da wurin kamfanin.
Ƙungiyoyin sana'a
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa sun wanzu don haɓaka aiki da haɓaka kasuwanci a cikin gine-gine.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (UIA)
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIA) Amurka
Cibiyar Sarauta ta Masarautar Biritaniya (RIBA) UK
Hukumar Rajista ta Architects (ARB) UK
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Australiya (AIA) Australia
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAIA) Afirka ta Kudu
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun (ACA) Birtaniya
Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine masu lasisi (ALA) Amurka
The Consejo Profesional de Arquitectura y Urbanismo (CPAU) Argentina
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Indiya (IIA) & Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) Indiya
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙasa (NOMA) Amurka
Kyaututtuka
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi ne ke ba da kyautuka iri-iri, tare da sanin ƙwararrun masu gine-gine, gine-ginensu, tsarinsu, da ayyukan ƙwararru.
Kyautar da ta fi dacewa da mai ginin gine-ginen zai iya samu ita ce lambar yabo ta Pritzker, wani lokaci ana kiranta " Kyautar Nobel don gine-gine." Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Pritzker shine Philip Johnson wanda aka ambata "tsawon shekaru 50 na tunani da kuzari wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin gidajen tarihi, dakunan karatu na wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen lambuna da tsarin kamfanoni". An ba da lambar yabo ta Pritzker na bugu arba'in da biyu kai tsaye ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma a yanzu akwai ƙasashe 22 da ke da aƙalla na gine-gine guda ɗaya. Sauran lambobin yabo na gine-gine masu daraja sune lambar yabo ta Royal Gold, Medal na AIA (Amurka), Medal na Zinare na AIA (Ostiraliya), da Praemium Imperiale .
Masanan gine-gine a Burtaniya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan sana'a ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, har zuwa 1971 za a iya zaɓar su ƴan uwan Royal Institute of British Architects kuma za su iya rubuta FRIBA bayan sunansu idan suna jin karkata. Wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na RIBA bayan 1971 suna iya amfani da baƙaƙen RIBA amma ba za su iya amfani da tsohuwar ARIBA da FRIBA ba. Abokin girmamawa na iya amfani da baƙaƙen, Hon. FRIBA. kuma Fellow na Ƙasashen Duniya na iya amfani da baƙaƙen Int. FRIBA. Masu gine-gine a Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga sana'ar ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, an zaɓe su Fellows na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka kuma za su iya rubuta FAIA bayan sunansu. Masu gine-gine a Kanada, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga sana'a ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa ga bincike, malanta, sabis na jama'a, ko ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gine-gine a Kanada, ko kuma wani wuri, ana iya gane su a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada . za su iya rubuta FRAIC bayan sunansu. A Hong Kong, wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na HKIA na iya amfani da HKIA ta farko, kuma waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ta musamman bayan nadi da kuma zaɓen Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Hong Kong (HKIA), za a iya zabar su a matsayin ƴan uwan HKIA kuma suna iya amfani da FHKIA. bayan sunansu.
Masu gine-gine a Philippines da Filipino al'ummomin kasashen waje (ko su Filipinos ne ko a'a), musamman ma wadanda kuma suke da'awar wasu ayyuka a lokaci guda, ana magana da su kuma an gabatar da su azaman Architect, maimakon Sir / Madam a cikin magana ko Mr./Mrs. /Ms. ( G./Gng. /Bb. in Filipino) kafin surnames. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar ko dai a cikin kanta ko kafin sunan da aka bayar ko sunan mahaifi.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Masana ilimin zane
Masu zane
Masanan gine-gine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Burundi | 'Yancin Addini a Burundi | Kundin tsarin mulkin Burundi ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta wannan hakkin a aikace. Manufar gwamnati tana ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta. A cikin wani bincike na Gwamnatin Amurka na 2007, babu rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya bisa ga imani ko aiki na addini.
Alkaluman addini
Ƙasar tana da fadin da yawan jama'a 8,390,500. Ko da yake ba a samu kididdiga masu inganci kan mabiya kungiyoyin addinai daban-daban ba, amma majiya an kiyasta yawan kiristoci ya kai kashi 67 cikin dari, yayin da Roman Katolika ke wakiltar rukuni mafi girma a kashi 62 cikin dari. Furotesta da Anglican masu aikin sun ƙunshi sauran kashi 5 cikin ɗari. Wakilin yankin mai tsarki ya yi kiyasin cewa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika ya kai kusan kashi 65 cikin dari. Kimanin kashi 23 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar suna bin ka'idodin addini na asali na gargajiya; Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun tallata magungunan HIV, AIDS da sauran cututtuka. An kiyasta yawan al'ummar musulmi ya kai kashi 10 cikin 100, yawancinsu suna zaune ne a cikin birane. Ahlus-Sunnah su ne mafi yawan al'ummar musulmi, saura kuma shi'a ne.
Ƙungiyoyin mishan na ƙasashen waje suna aiki a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa
Kundin tsarin mulkin da aka fitar a watan Maris na 2005 ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan ’yancin a aikace. Gwamnati a kowane mataki na kokarin kare wannan hakkin gaba daya kuma ba ta amince da cin zarafi na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ba. An haramta wariya a kan hukuncin addini. Doka ta 1992 da ta shafi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, gami da ƙungiyoyin addini, ita ce ginshiƙin amincewa da rajistar ƙungiyoyin addini.
Babu addinin kasa.
Gwamnati ta bukaci kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Duk wata kungiya da ke da dabi’ar addini dole ne ta shigar da wadannan abubuwa zuwa ga ma’aikatar: ma’aikata ko alakarsu, kwafin dokokinta, adireshin hedkwatarta da ke kasar, adireshi a kasashen waje idan cibiyar addini ta gida ce reshe da bayanai game da hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar da wakilin shari'a. Idan wata ƙungiya mai ɗabi'a ta addini ta kasa yin rajista da Ma'aikatar, ana tunatar da wakilinta game da abin da ake bukata don yin hakan. Idan wakilin bai bi ba, an umurci wurin da ake yin ibada ko taron da a rufe sa. Duk da cewa ana iya daure wakilin cibiyar ko kungiyar addini na tsawon watanni 6 zuwa 5 saboda rashin bin wadannan umarni, amma a lokacin rahoton babu wani wakilin da ya samu wannan hukunci.
Gwamnati ta bukaci dukkan kungiyoyin addini su kasance da hedkwata a kasar.
Duk da yake babu wata doka da ta ke ba wa kungiyoyin addini harajin haraji, gwamnati ta kan yi watsi da haraji kan abubuwan da ake shigowa da su na addini da cibiyoyin addini ke amfani da su da kuma shigo da kayayyaki na addini da aka tsara don ci gaban zamantakewa. Ma’aikatar Kudi tana tattaunawa kan wannan keɓe bisa ga shari’a, kuma babu wata alama ta addini wajen ba da irin wannan keɓe.
Shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin addini ana ba su matsayin diflomasiyya. Ƙungiyoyin masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukaka imaninsu a fili. Gwamnati ta yi marhabin da taimakon raya kasa da suke bayarwa.
Gwamnati ta amince da kwanakin tsarkaka na Katolika, gami da zato, hawan hawan Yesu zuwa sama, Ranar Dukan tsarkaka, da Kirsimeti. A shekara ta 2005 kuma gwamnatin kasar ta amince da bukukuwan karamar Sallah a hukumance da kuma bukukuwan karshen watan Ramadan da kuma Idin Al-Adha da ake yi a karshen aikin Hajji.
Takurawa 'yancin addini
Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da ayyukan addini gabaɗaya.
Cin zarafin 'yancin addini
Ba a san cin zarafi na 'yancin addini da Gwamnati ta yi a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo ba.
A baya, an dauki jam'iyyar 'yantar da 'yan kabilar Hutu (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) da alhakin kashe mabiya addinai, ciki har da fararen hula biyar da suka halarci taron addini a lardin Bujumbura a watan Yunin 2005 da limamin Katolika Gerard. Nzeyimana a lardin Makamba a watan Oktoba 2004. Ba a tuhumi kowa a wadannan kashe-kashen ba.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar.
Tilastawa addini
Ba a sami rahotannin addinai da aka tilasta musu yin addini ba, gami da na wasu ƴan ƙasar Amurka waɗanda aka sace ko kuma aka ɗauke su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Amurka, ko na kin barin irin waɗannan 'yan ƙasar a mayar da su Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya
Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya
A shekarar 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Burundi a matsayin 3 cikin 4, tare da lura cewa dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da Cocin Katolika ta tabarbare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Wani rahoto na shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa gwamnati ta amince da kuma yi wa kungiyoyin addini rajista ta hanyar dokar 2014 da ke tafiyar da tsarin gudanar da ayyukan kungiyoyin addini, wanda ya ce dole ne wadannan kungiyoyin su yi rajista da ma’aikatar cikin gida.
Duba kuma
Addini a Burundi
Hakkin dan Adam a Burundi
Manazarta
Sources
Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata . Burundi: Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya 2007 . Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda ke cikin jama'a .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah%20Hashim | Khadijah Hashim | Khadijah Hashim (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif da Dari tara da arba'in da biyu(1942) a cikin gundumar Batu Pahat, Jahar, Kasar Malaysia ) marubuciya ce, malama kuma ’yar jarida a Malaysia. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama sannan kuma a matsayin 'yar jarida tare da jaridun cikin gida Utusan Melayu a shekara ta (1974-1976) da Berita Harian a shekara ta (1976-1985). An fi saninta da marubuta, kuma ta samar da litattafai 19. Ta kuma faɗaɗa kirkirarta a fagen gajerun labarai, rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo , littattafan yara, waƙoƙi da shayari. An kuma zabi littafin waka na yara "Sayang Sayang" don ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na kwamitin kasa da kasa kan littattafan matasa (IBBY) a Basel, Switzerland a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu(2002) da kuma "Semerbak Poetry" a Macau, China a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006). Khadijah ta ci gaba da sha'awar burinta a rubuce, wanda ya haifar da sabuwar fasahar "Putera-puteri Malaysia".
Wallafa
Da yawa daga cikin gajeren labarai da litattafan Khadijah sun dace da wasan kwaikwayo na TV. Daga cikinsu akwai "Mawar Merah di Jambangan", "Sekapur Sirih Segeluk Air", "Ditepi Pagar", da "Badai Semalam" da "Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang". Littafin "Laila Azwa Gadisku" ya dace da fim din talabijin. A halin yanzu, an shirya litattafan "Mira Edora" da "Pelangi Pagi" a fina-finan finafinai tare da taken "Mira Edora" da "Bicara Hati" bi da bi.
Na farko kuma ɗayan sanannen sananniyar tatsuniyarta "Badai Semalam" a shekara ta (1968) an kuma yi amfani da ita azaman littafin makaranta a Singapore da Malaysia. An fassara labari zuwa Turanci, "Storms of jiya", na Mahani Abdul Hamid a shekara ta( 1991) da Spanish, "Tormentos del ayer", na Alberto Balanza da Yahia a cikin shekara ta( 2010) . "Badai Semalam" an sake buga shi sau da yawa kuma na baya-bayan nan ya kasance a cikin shekara ta (2006) ta Alaf (21) a cikin silsilar sabon labari. Hakanan an sake buga fassarar Ingilishi a shekara ta (2009) ta Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a ƙarƙashin Sashin Adabin Malaysian.
Littafin "Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi" ya sami kyautar ta'aziya a gasar rubutu a bikin cikar Malaysia shekaru goma da samun 'yanci. Hakanan Tatsun Hoshino ya fassara littafin zuwa Jafananci. An kuma zaɓi littafin "Exiled" don kyautar lambar yabo ta adabin Dublin ta Duniya a shekara ta 1997. Littafin nata mai suna "Langkah Pertama" ya lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Yara na Mobil-MABOPA a shekara ta 1995. Khadijah ita ce ta sami kyautar Marubutan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a cikin shekara ta 1999 kuma ta yi aikin Rubuta Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar Iowa a shekara ta 1994. Jerin littafin labarin yayanta, "Siri Lagenda", "Siri Aura dan Fauna" da "Siri Teladan dari Rimba" an fassara su zuwa Ingilishi daga Cibiyar Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a shekara ta (2009).
Littattafai
Badai Semalam, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1968, 201 shafuka.
Jalan ke Kubur, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1969, 139 shafuka.
Pelangi pagi, Johor Baru, Penerbitan Penamas Malaysia, 1971, 133 shafuka.
Merpati Putih Terbang lagi, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1972, shafuka 289.
Belum Masanya, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd., 1976, shafuka 96.
Di Tengah Kabus, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1980, shafuka 123.
Bila dan di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1981, shafuka 199.
Mira Edora, Kuala Lumpur: K Buga Sdn Bhd, 1984
Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang, Petaling Jaya: `` K 'Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 133.
Laila Azwa Gadisku, Kuala Lumpur: `` K 'Bugawa da Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 144.
Cinta Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: `` K 'Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1989
Alun Hidup, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1990, shafuka 217.
Di Ruangmu Aku di Sini, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1992
Ke Mana Kasih Hendak Dibawa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 133.
Melawan Arus, 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 229.
Sanata Adila, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa da Rarrabawa 1993
Langkah Pertama, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, 1994, shafuka 126.
Fasa Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1995
Mencari Azizah, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Rarrabawa, 1998
Gajerun labarai
Segeluk Air, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1974, 142 shafuka.
Koleksi Cerpen-cerpen Malaysia (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Universiti Malaya, 1977, shafuka 446.
Cerpen-cerpen ASEAN (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1978, 279 pages.
Aku Anak Menteri, Petaling Jaya: Penerbitan Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. 1980, Shafuka 73.
Batas Menanti, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Latsa (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1982, Shafuka 95.
Hawa (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1984, shafuka 250.
Angin Senja, Petaling Jaya: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd .. 1985. Shafuka 93.
Bujang Kota, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 144.
Dongeng Merdeka (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 339.
Alun Menggulung Perlahan (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 286.
Kasih Entah di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2001
Mawar Merah di Jambagan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2001
Gajeren Labarin Matasa
Mawar Merah di Jambangan, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1979, shafuka 129.
Angin dari Sawah, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Sdn. Bhd., 1980, Shafuka 95.
Arnizah (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh) Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 82.
Malang Tak Berbau (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 54.
Rahsia Gadis Bisu (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa & Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 61.
Littattafan labarin yara
Anak Kucing, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Anak Monyet Mati Ibu, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Balik Kampung, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Dua Kali Dibedah, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Press (M) Sdn. Bhd. 1983.
Hati Nurani Berdebar, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Lauk Kenduri, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Sepatu Bola, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Tak Susah Sebut 'R', Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Ta Tsakiya (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983.
Siri Citra Sang Unggas: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2009
Dendam Helang
Jalak. . . Ya .. Jalak
Hati Kera
Helah Murai
Gagak Putih
Siri Cerita Rakyat Si Awang: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.
Awang dengan Tempayan Buruk
Awang Lidi Sebatang
Awang dengan Bapa Burung
Awang Kenit
Awang dengan Gergasi
Siri Insan Madani: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Balasan Tsklabah
500 Tahun Beribadat
Allah Pencipta Alam
Pembukaan Kota Makkah
Kasih Sejati
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 1: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Sang Bedal yang Bebal
Buluh Berjasa
Kepingin Mentimun Muda
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 2: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Gong Berdengung
Benkung Bernyawa
Dendam Belum Berakhir
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 3: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Sang Bedal Tak Berbudi
Mati Hidup Semula
Kula da Berbisa
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 4: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Kenduri Besar
Cikgu Sang Kancil
Langit Nak Runtuh
Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 5: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd.,
Kecundang Sudahnya
Bakal Pengantin
Hidangan istimewa
Siri Legenda: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Si Tanggang
Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup
Badang
Puteri Gunung Ledang
Bawang Putih Bawang Merah, Kuala Lumpur
Siri Teladan dari Rimba: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Helah Si Bangau Tua
Singa Mai Cin Ganyayyaki
Jasa Tikus dan Semut Hitam
Burung Hantu Tertipu
Gajah dan Ular Buta
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Semut Melancong ke Pulau Pinang
Sedap Rumput Enak Lagi Lobak
Rama-rama Nakal
Itik dan Buaya
Mencari Damai
Siri Sukabaca, 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Angsa Berjasa
Arnab Buta
Misi Katak ke Angkasa
Ikan Emas Mangsa Banjir
Atungiyar Anjing Manja si Kucing
Mafi Kyawun Labari da Aka Fada Game da Jerin: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd.,
Yaro da Kato
Yaro daga Kwakwa
Yaro da aku
Yaron Da Ya Ci Jarabawa
Yaron Da Bai Iya Rago Gatarin ba
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Mari Berpantun 1
Mari Berpantun 2
Mari Berpantun 4
Waka
808 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1997
1001 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1999
Mastika Warisan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2005
1010 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Tarin Littattafan Matasa
Cerdik Tak Berakal (Peny. ), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 87.
Ibuku Sayang (Peny. ) Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 90.
Sayang Telani (Peny. ), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka.
Waka
Semerbak Puisi, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2004
Dua Dimensi Khadijah Hashim (sajak dan lukisan berus Cina), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2008
Puisi Tunas Bangsa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2008
Putera-puteri Malaysia, 'K' Publishing & Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2010
Nazarin
Panduan Menulis Skrip Drama Radio, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa & Masu Rarrabawa, a shekara ta 1986, shafuka 136.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Khadijah Hashim di DBP.
Haifaffun 1942
Rayayyun mutane
Mutane daga johor
'Yan jarida
'Yan jaridan maleshiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olubunmi%20Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1982) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne a (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Akoko North East / Akoko North West na jihar Ondo. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya) bayan an zabe shi a watan Maris na 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da BTO a Oyin Akoko, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ansarudeen, Oyin Akoko daga 1987 zuwa 1990 da Hakda International School a Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kafin ya kammala firamare a Universal Primary School, Akure a 1993. Daga nan sai ya wuce makarantar sakandire ta FUTA staff, Akure inda ya yi karatun sakandire kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin babban shugaban dalibai a shekarar 1998.
A 1999, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) don karanta Injiniya da Lantarki. A shekarar 2002, a lokacin da yake shekara ta uku a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya wuce Jami’ar North London (yanzu Jami’ar London Metropolitan ) inda ya karanta Electronics da Communication Engineering kuma ya kammala a 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwar Dijital (Digital Communication and Networking) daga wannan cibiyar a shekarar 2006. Yana da takaddun shaida a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru goma sha takwas a ICT ciki har da babban lakabi na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin rukunin farko na masu satar da'a daga Royal Britannia IT Training Academy a Burtaniya kafin ya cika shekaru 24.
Sana'a
Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya kasance kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa tare da samun bunkasuwa a fannin ICT, inda ya zama shugaban wani babban kamfani mai ba da shawara na ICT a Najeriya, Matrix IT Solutions Limited, yana da shekaru 24. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren, yana riƙe da takaddun shaida a cikin Hacking Ethical da kuma Counter Measures. Shi ma ƙwararren injiniya ne na CompTIA Network Plus da kuma mai riƙe da takaddun shaida na Hardware A+ na Britannia.
A Najeriya, ya tuntubi Bankin Duniya da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da Asusun Bunkasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF), Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da JAMB, Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo (NFVCB), Hukumar Bunkasa Abubuwan Ciki da Kulawa ta Najeriya (NCDMB ), National Health Insurance Scheme, Abuja (NHIS), Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), Kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya, Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya, Hukumar Kula da Karatun Jama'a, Manya da Marasa Lafiya. Ilimin gama gari da sauransu.
Siyasa
A 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Akoko North East / Akoko North West na jihar Ondo a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan rantsar da shi, ya tara wasu ‘yan majalisa 246 domin marawa burin shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, a karkashin dandalin ‘yan majalisar dokoki na farko, wanda shi ke jagoranta. Bayan wasu watanni, sai shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). Ya jagoranci kwamitin majalisar wakilai wajen binciki zargin badakalar sama da Naira biliyan 80 a hukumar, wanda hakan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gudanar da bincike kan harkokin kudi na hukumar ta NDDC cikin sama da shekaru ashirin da kafuwa. A watan Maris na 2021, kudirin da ya gabatar na soke dokar NDDC wanda zai sa ba za a iya cin zarafin ofis ba, kudirin da ya tsallake karatu na farko.
Tunji-Ojo kuma mamba ne a kwamitocin majalisar wakilai mai kula da harkokin tsaro da leken asiri, abubuwan cikin gida, albarkatun iskar gas, hukumar raya arewa maso gabas (NEDC), gidaje, majalisar karamar hukumar FCT da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi ma'adanai da alhazai.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, 2021, Jami’ar Joseph Ayo Babalola (JABU) Ikeji Arakeji, Jihar Osun ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir kan harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Sir Ahmadu Bello Platinum Leadership da kuma Kwame Nkrumah Leadership Award a matsayin Jakada na Matasan Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya auri Abimbola Tunji-Ojo wanda shi ma dan jihar Ondo ne kuma suna da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Digiri na Daraja a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a - Jami'ar Joseph Ayo Babalola
Kyautar Jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah - "Jakadan Matasan Afirka" na Kungiyar Daliban Afirka (AASU)
Memba, Majalisar Sarauta ta Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, United Kingdom
Memba, Majalisar Kasuwancin E-commerce
Memba, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Fasahar Kwamfuta
Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Gudanarwa
Memba, British Society of Instrumentation and Control, United Kingdom
Memba, Electronic Consultancy Society, United Kingdom
Memba, Digital Communication Network, United Kingdom
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar APC |
52688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang%20Matheba | Bonang Matheba | Bonang Dorothy Matheba (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1987), mai gabatar da talabijin ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta sami lambar yabo, halayen rediyo, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da halayen kafofin watsa labarun. An san ta da ƙwarewar gabatar da fasaha da muryar sa hannu. Ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na SABC 1 LIVE (yanzu Live Amp ) wanda ya gina haskenta a cikin masana'antar. An kuma san ta da kasancewa Bakar fata ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka nuna a cikin mujallu da yawa.
A shekarar 2011, ta kasance mace ta farko a Afrika ta Kudu wacce ta shahara Inda ta kaddamar da shirin kai tsaye wanda ake kira da B*Dazzled. A 2013 ta kasance da ambasada na irin Revlon, a wajen Amurka.
Articles with hCards
No local image but image on Wikidata
A cikin 2014, ta dauki nauyin shirya gasar MTV Europe Music Awards na 2014, wanda ya sa ta zama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta karbi bakuncin bikin. A cikin 2015, ta zama ɗn Afirka ta farko da aka ba ta E! Labaran Afirka ta Musamman akan E! .
A cikin 2016, ta yi fice a bangon mujallar Forbes Woman Africa, tare da wasu mata uku waɗanda duk aka ba da kanun labarai na kasancewa Fuskokin Kasuwanci. Ta fito da littafinta Daga A zuwa B kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayon nata na gaskiya Being Bonang, duka a cikin 2017. A cikin 2018, an nuna ta a kan batun wutar lantarki na GQ SA, don fitowar Satumba.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bonang a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1987 a gundumar Mahikeng ta Arewa maso Yamma, zuwa Charlotte Mokoena, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Albarkatun Jama'a da Harkokin Kasuwanci na Sasol, da Gampi Matheba, babban malami a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma . Ita 'yar ƙabilar Tswana ce da ke yaren Bantu .
Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Leondale, a Gabashin Johannesburg, yayin da Bonang ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Fourways, makarantar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati a Fourways, Johannesburg.
Sana'a
Talabijin da fim
A cikin 2002, Matheba ta fara fitowa a talabijin a wasan kwaikwayon yara na SABC 2, ƙalubalen fantasy na Manhattan yayin da take shekara 15. Har ila yau, ta fito a cikin wasu yara na SABC 2 da dama. A cikin 2007, Matheba ya ba da amsa don lokacin farko na wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na SABC 1 LIVE (yanzu Live Amp ) bayan barin varsity. Daga baya an ba ta sarautar wadda ta lashe wasan tare da Tbo Touch. Ayyukan gabatar da ayyukanta sun yi babban nasara kuma a nan ne aka ƙirƙiri "Sarauniya B" ta sobriquet. An watsa shirinta na ƙarshe a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2012 yayin da ta sanar da cewa za ta bar shirin. Bayan ta tashi daga LIVE, ta dauki bakuncin wasu nunin nunin da suka hada da Clash of the Choirs SA, Afternoon Express, Top Billing and KFC Taste Kitchen.
Matheba ta dauki bakuncin nunin kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma fitattun abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su shine MTV Africa Music Awards 2016, Miss South Africa 2018, da kuma shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards da BET Awards 2016 . A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2018, Matheba ta shirya taron kide-kide na Jama'a na Duniya : Mandela 100 tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci Trevor Nuhu, supermodel Naomi Campbell da sauran fitattun jama'a.
A cikin 2008, Matheba ta yi rawar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko akan nunin SABC 1, InterSEXions inda ta buga Nurse Seipati. Kamar yadda na 2019, Matheba ta yi tauraro kuma ta haɗa haɗin gwiwar fim ɗin shirin na Jama'a, wanda aka fara a Maris, 9 a Bikin Fim na Manchester.
Matheba ta kafa gidan samarwa da ake kira Bonang Matheba Entertainment a cikin 2017. Ƙungiyar samarwa tana da nuni ɗaya, wanda shine nunin gaskiya na 1Magic, Kasancewar Bonang wanda ke mayar da hankali da kuma nuna rayuwar yau da kullun na Matheba.
A watan Mayun 2022, ta dauki nauyin lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards.
Rediyo
A cikin 2009, Matheba ta sami kira daga gidan rediyon YFM inda aka gaya mata cewa za a ƙara ta cikin sabbin jerin masu gabatarwa. Ta sami nata nunin ranar ƙarshen mako mai suna "The B* Hive", wanda ya kasance nasara nan take wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan matasa masu sauraro. Daga nan ta bar shirin rediyo a 2014.
An sanar da Matheba a matsayin sabon rediyo DJ don tashar rediyon Metro FM a cikin 2015. Ta maye gurbin Siphokazi Janairu wanda ya zama sabon tsohon soja na Metro FM. Ramin Matheba ya nuna The Front Row, ya kasance mai sauraro mai girma da farin ciki har sai da aka samu sabani da manajan gidan rediyon, bayan wani sauyi a kan iska wanda ya ga Bonang yana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon tare da jita-jitar abokin hamayyarta na masana'antu Lerato Kganyago ba tare da sanarwar ta taso ba. A fusace da rashin sadarwar su, Bonang ya yi murabus daga gidan rediyon washegari.
Salo
A cikin 2008, Matheba ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da dillali na Legit wajen ƙaddamar da layin tufafinta na farko, "Just B". Daga nan sai ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wani mai zane na London don ƙirƙirar tarin jaka mai suna "Baby Star".
A cikin 2014, babban kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu Woolworths, ya bayyana haɗin gwiwa tare da Bonang. Sun jefar da layin kamfai "Distraction By Bonang", wanda har yanzu yana ci gaba yayin da aka gabatar da sabbin tarin.
A cikin 2018, Matheba tare da Superbalist, sun zubar da tarin T-shirts mai suna "BONANG ta Bonang Matheba". T-shirts na da shahararrun maganganun Bonang da aka buga a kansu, ciki har da "Mo'ghel", "Bawa Mutane Abin da Suke So" da "#IAmBonang".
Gidan BNG
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2019, Matheba ta yi haɗin gwiwa ta musamman tare da Woolworths wajen ƙaddamar da kewayon kayan alatu Méthode Cap Classique (MCC) da ake kira, "The House of BNG". Haɗin gwiwar ya sa ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka ƙara zuwa ƙungiyar Méthode Cap Classique Association.
Sauran ayyukan
Amincewa
A cikin 2013, an nada ta a matsayin jakada na kayan kwalliya Revlon a Afirka ta Kudu. Yarjejeniyar ta sanya ta zama jakadiyar kasa da kasa ta farko a wajen Amurka.
A cikin Oktoba 2016, Matheba an bayyana shi a matsayin jakada na alamar vodka, Cîroc a Afirka, tare da mai zane-zane David Tlale, mai zane-zane na hip hop, Da LES da kulob DJ, DJ Dimplez.
Bayan tafiya zuwa Brazil a cikin 2017, an nada ta sabuwar jakadan Alamar Afirka don takalman takalman Ipanema, wanda ke karbar mukamin daga supermodel Brazilian Gisele Bündchen . Daga baya an bayyana cewa a lokacin tafiyar ta ta yi ganawa da masu sana'ar takalma na Brazil har ma ta harbi wani talla a Rio de Janeiro.
A cikin 2018, Matheba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa tare da hanyar sadarwar salula Cell C, yarjejeniyar da ta ga tana haɗin gwiwa da su don ƙaddamar da nata app ɗin wayar hannu da fakitin emoji mai suna "BMoji". Sauran abubuwan da Bonang ya amince da su sun hada da Peugeot, BIC Razors, Brutal Fruit, Diva Divine Hair, Pads na Rayuwa, da Courvoisier .
A cikin 2020, an sanar da Bonang a matsayin jakadan Samsung na Afirka ta Kudu, don kewayon su na S20 da Z Flip. A cikin Satumba 2020, an nuna ta akan murfin Mujallar Glamour tare da samfurin Rich Mni.
Rubutu
A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2017, Matheba ta fito da littafin tarihin rayuwarta Daga A zuwa B wanda aka rubuta ta littafin Thabiso Mahlape na Black Bird. Littafin ya sami karɓuwa daga jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu, inda mutane da yawa suka caccaki littafin a shafukan sada zumunta game da kurakuran rubutunsa, na nahawu da na gaskiya. Kukan ya kai ga fitar da littafin daga kantunan kantin sayar da litattafai na musamman Littattafai . Daga baya an maye gurbinsa da bugu na biyu inda aka gyara yawancin kurakuran da suka gabata.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Matheba ya yi kwanan wata mai zanen hip-hop na gida, Slikour har zuwa 2009. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Slikour ya jefar da Matheba ta sakon Facebook. A cikin 2012, Matheba ya yi kwanan wata mai yin rikodin rikodin da faifan jockey Euphonik . An tuhumi Euphonik da laifin cin zarafi bayan da ya bayyana cewa ya yi mata duka . Sannan ta yi watsi da tuhumar bayan da ma'auratan suka sasanta. Yayin da ta yi watsi da tuhumar, mutane sun yi zargin cewa Matheba ta yi karya game da lamarin. Matheba ya musanta waɗannan ikirari, yana mai cewa: “Ban taɓa tunanin yadda za a yi mini mugun nufi ba sa’ad da aka ba da labarin rabuwata. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi zafi kuma wani lokacin ban san yadda na tsira ba", abin da aka yi magana game da shi a cikin littafinta, Daga A Zuwa B. Sai ta cire ambaton a cikin siga na biyu na littafin.
Daga ƙarshen 2015 zuwa 2017, Matheba ta yi kwanan wata rapper AKA . Dangantakar su, wanda ya fara a matsayin al'amari, ya cika da rikici, yana faruwa yayin da AKA ke hulɗa da wani mai ciki DJ Zinhle, wanda daga baya ya fallasa fling a watan Agusta 2015 bayan rabuwar su.
Tun daga lokacin Matheba ta adana bayanan abokan zamanta da na rayuwarta cikin sirri.
Filmography
Talabijin
Fim
Yabo
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bonang Matheba on Facebook
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15006 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Ladipo%20Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika (an haife ta 7 Maris 1968) marubuciya ce 'yar asalin Burtaniya- 'yar asalin Najeriya wacce take rubuce-rubucen litattafai, gajerun labarai da kuma makaloli. Ita ce marubuciya guda biyu da aka karɓa sosai, In Dependence (2009) da Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (2016), kuma yana da aikin bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe ciki har da Granta, Transition, Guernica, da OZY, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Editan Littattafai na OZY. Ayyukan Manyika kuma yana cikin fasalin 2019 New Daughters of Africa.
Farkon rayuwa
Sarah Manyika an haife ta kuma ta girma a Nijeriya. Ta kuma zauna a Kenya, Faransa, Zimbabwe, da Burtaniya. Mahaifinta dan Najeriya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Birtaniya ce. Manyika ta gaji sunan haihuwarta (Ladipo) daga mahaifinta, wanda aka haifa a garin Ibadan (Kudu Maso Yammacin Najeriya) a ƙarshen 1930s. Mahaifinta ya sadu kuma ya auri mahaifiyarta a cikin Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1960s. Sarah ta kwashe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas da kuma garin Jos a Jihar Filato. Yayinda take matashiya, ta zauna tsawon shekaru biyu a Nairobi, Kenya, kafin dangin ta su koma Burtaniya.
Ayyuka
Manyika ta yi karatu a Jami'o'in Birmingham (UK), Bordeaux (Faransa), da California (Berkeley), inda ta sami Ph.D daga na biyun. Ta yi aure a Harare, Zimbabwe, a 1994, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin San Francisco (inda ta koyar da adabi a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco), London da Harare.
Rubuce-rubucen nata sun hada da kasidu da aka wallafa, takardun ilimi, bitar littattafai da gajerun labarai. Gajeren labarinta mai suna "Mr Wonder" ya bayyana a cikin littafin 2008 Women Writing Zimbabwe. Littafinta na farko, In Dependence, asali an buga shi a farko Jaridar Legend, London ce ta buga shi a shekarar 2008, kuma babbar shagon sayar da litattafai ta Burtaniya ta zabi shi a matsayin littafin da ya fito da shi na watan Black History Month. A 2009, In Dependence, Cassava Republic ce ta buga shi, wata jaridar wallafe-wallafen da ke zaune a Abuja, Nijeriya (da kuma na baya-bayan nan, a Burtaniya), tare da wadatattun marubuta waɗanda suka haɗa da Teju Cole da Helon Habila. Da take magana game da shawarar da ta yanke na sa hannu tare da wani mawallafin Afirka, Manyika ta ce: "Na fahimci cewa ta hanyar bayar da haƙƙin duniya ga wani mawallafin Afirka zan iya, a wata ƙaramar hanya, tooƙarin magance rashin daidaiton iko a cikin duniyar da masu tsaron ƙofofin adabi, har ma da abin da ake kira labaran Afirka, suna da tushe a yamma." A shekarar 2014, kamfanin Weaver Press ya buga In Dependence a kasar Zimbabwe, in da yake wani littafi ne tsayayyen wanda ya dace da shi domin ci gaban Adabin Ingilishi. Hakanan an gabatar da In Dependence ta hanyar JAMB a Nijeriya don candidatesan takarar da ke zaune a 2017 UTME.
Littafin na biyu na Manyika, Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun, a kan buga shi a cikin bazarar 2016 wasu marubuta da yawa sun amince da shi, gami da Bernardine Evaristo ("Labarin Manyika game da wata tsohuwa 'yar Najeriya ba shi da nutsuwa, yana da wayewa kuma yana faɗaɗa kundin adabin zamani na Afirka zuwa maraba da sabon yanki"),
Aminatta Forna ("kyakkyawa kuma kyakkyawa ce aka kirkira ... Labarin Sarah Manyika yana nuna mutane na gari cikin mafi kyawun su. lifaukakawa!"), NoViolet Bulawayo ("Mai hankali, mai son sha'awa, mai ban dariya, da motsi"), Jamal Mahjoub ("Manyika tana rubutu da babbar murya da nutsuwa, tana haskaka halayenta da wayewar kai"), Peter Orner ("Kyakkyawan, muhimmin sabon labari, kuma wanda zai ci gaba da yin kuwwa a cikin tunanin mai karatu na dogon lokaci bayan"), E. C. Osondu ("wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba ... tunani mai ƙarfi kan rashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙaura da kadaici. Abubuwan haruffa a cikin wannan littafin zasu kasance tare da ku "), kuma Brian Chikwava ("Wani ƙagaggen labari ne, koyaushe abin mamaki ne"). An fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa.
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun an jera shi a cikin Satumba 2016 don Goldsmiths Prize (tare da littattafai ta Rachel Cusk, Deborah Levy, Eimear McBride, Mike McCormack and Anakana Schofield), "labari na farko na Afirka da aka fara tunanin samun wannan kyautar", wanda aka kirkireshi don bayar da lada ga almara wanda ya karya tsarin ko ya faɗaɗa damar sabonn littafin. Hakanan an zaba littafin don kyautar California Book Award a cikin labaran almara (tare da ayyukan irin waɗannan marubutan Andrew Sean Greer, Percival Everett, and Viet Thanh Nguyen). Na farawa don Like a Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun Manyika ta ce: "Na sadu da tsofaffi mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi rayuwa mai launuka iri-iri, amma duk da haka idan ya zo ga almara, ban sami labarai da yawa da ke nuna wannan ba, musamman idan ya zo ga rayuwar baƙar fata mata. Lokacin da ba zan iya samun labaran da zan so karantawa ba, sai in gwada rubuta su da kaina." Sunan labarin sabon layi ne da aka yarda dashi daga wata waka da Mary Ruefle ta kira "Donkey On".
Manyika ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, edita daga Margaret Busby, shiga cikin abubuwan haɗi.
Rubuce-rubuce marasa almara na Manyika sun haɗa da kasidu na sirri da kuma bayanan zurfin bayanan mutanen da ta haɗu da su, gami da Evan Mawarire, Toni Morrison and Michelle Obama.
Manyika tana aiki a kan allunan Hedgebrook da Museum of the African Diaspora(MOAD) a San Francisco. Ta kuma dauki bakuncin jerin bidiyo na OZY, Rubuta, kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Editan na mujallar.[1] Ta kuma taba zama alkali a gasar adabi, da Etisalat Prize for Literature a 2014 da kuma Goldsmiths Prize a 2020. Manyika ta gabatar da jerin hirarraki na fim kowane wata don MOAD, wanda ake kira "Conversations Across the Diaspora", kuma baƙunta daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun haɗa Ibrahim Mahama, Jess Cole, Strive Masiyiwa, Tatyana Ali, and Anna Deavere Smith.
Rayuwar Aure
Ta auri :en:James Manyika a Harare, Zimbabwe a shekara ta 1994.
Ayyuka
Litattafai
In Dependence (Legend Press, 2008; Cassava Republic Press, 2009)
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (Cassava Republic Press, 2016,
Gajerun labarai
"Mr Wonder" in Women Writing Zimbabwe (Weaver Press, 2008)
"Modupe" in African Love Stories (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2006)
"Girlfriend" in Fathers & Daughters (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2008)
"The Ambassador's Wife" a cikin Margaret Busby (edita), New Daughters of Africa (Myriad Editions, 2019)
Littafin surori
"Oyinbo" in Prolematizing Blackness (Routledge, 2003)
Zaɓaɓɓun rubutun
"Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie", Guernica, 23 Yuni 2015.
"Betting on Africa", Brittle Paper, 28 Maris 2016.
"For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books", OZY, 29 Oktoba 2017.
"Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes", OZY, 2 Nuwamba 2017.
"On Meeting Toni Morrison", Transition, No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp. 138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research a Jami'ar Harvard.
"What James Baldwin Means To Me", Brittle Paper, 4 Maris 2019.
"On Meeting Mrs Obama", Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling, 22 Maris 2019.
Rahoton bincike
Ph.D. Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Report to the Rockefeller Foundation. Haɗin gwiwa tare da David Szanton (Jami'ar Berkeley, California, 2002).
Nassoshi |
41965 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal%20Bolkiah | Hassanal Bolkiah | Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1946) kuma shine sultan na 29 kuma Yang di-Pertuan na Brunei tun 1967 kuma har ila yau shine Firayim Ministan kasar Bruni tun daga samun 'yancin kai daga hannun Burtaniya a shekara ta 1984. Yana daya daga cikin Sarakuna mafi shahara da suka rage a duniya. Shine babban da ga Omar Ali Saifuddien III da Raja (sarauniya) Pengiran Anak Damit, kuma ya gaji mulkin ne daga hannun sarkin Brunei bayan gazawar mahaifinsa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoban 1967.
An saka sarkin acikin jerin attajiran duniya. A shekara ta 2008, Forbes ta kiyasta yawan dukiyar sarkin da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 20. Bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta Burtaniya a cikin 2022, Sultan a halin yanzu shine sarki mafi dadewa a duniya a yanzu, kuma shine shugaban kasa mafi dadewa a yanzu. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2017, Sarkin ya yi gagarumin biki don murnar cika shekaru 50 a kan karagar mulki.
Kuruciya
An haifi Sarkin ne a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1946, a Istana Darussalam, a Garin Brunei (yanzu ana kiransa Bandar Seri Begawan ) a matsayin Pengiran Muda (Yarima) Hassanal Bolkiah. Sarkin ya sami karatun sakandare a Victoria Institution da ke Kuala Lumpur, bayan haka kuma ya halarci Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Burtaniya, inda ya kammala a 1967.
Mulki
Ya zama Sarkin Brunei Darussalam a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoban 1967, bayan mahaifinsa ya yi murabus. An gudanar da nadin sarautarsa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1968, kuma ya zamo Yang di-Pertuan ( Shugaban Ƙasa ) na Brunei. Kamar mahaifinsa, Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth II ta bashi matsayin dakare na kasar Burtaniya, yayinda Brunei ta kasance yankin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya har zuwa 1984.
A karkashin tsarin mulkin Brunei na 1959, Sultan shine shugaban kasa mai cikakken ikon zartarwa, gami da ikon gaggawa tun 1962. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, 2006, an ba da rahoton cewa Sultan ya yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Brunei kwaskwarima don ya mai da kansa ma'asumi a karkashin dokar Brunei. Bolkiah, a matsayin Firayim Minista, kuma shine shugaban gwamnati. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu yana rike da mukaman ministan tsaro, ministan harkokin waje da kuma ministan kudi. Saboda haka a matsayinsa na ministan tsaro shi ne babban kwamandan rundunar sojoji na kasar Brunei, haka nan kuma mai girma Janar na sojojin Birtaniya da na Indonesiya sannan kuma babban Admiral a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta sarki . Ya nada kansa a matsayin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda (IGP) na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Royal Brunei .
Bolkiah ya yi jawabi a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan shigar Brunei Darussalam a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumban 1984. A shekarar 1991, ya gabatar da akidar ra'ayin mazan jiya ga Brunei mai suna Melayu Islam Beraja ( Masarautar Musulunci ta Malay, MIB), wacce ke gabatar da sarauta a matsayin mai kare addini. Kwanan nan ya goyi bayan kafa gwamnatin Brunei tare da ayyana kansa Firayim Minista kuma Shugaban kasa. A shekara ta 2004, an sake buɗe Majalisar Dokoki, wadda aka rushe tun 1962.
Hassanal Bolkiah ya kirkiri gidauniyar Sultan Haji ta Hassanal Bolkiah (YSHHB).
An baiwa Hassanal Bolkiah shugaban taron shugabannin APEC a shekarar 2000 lokacin da Brunei Darussalam ta karbi bakuncin taron. Hassanal Bolkiah shi ne kuma shugaban kungiyar ASEAN a shekara ta 2013 lokacin da Brunei Darussalam ta karbi bakuncin taron.
Hassanal Bolkiah shi ne Shugaban Addini, kuma Musulunci shi ne addini na hukumar kasar. An gina masallatai da wuraren sallah da rukunoni a fadin kasar. Sarkin ya bada umurnin a gudanar da bukukuwan Musulunci kamar na farkon Maulidin Annabi, Isra da Miraj da Nuzul Alqur'ani mai girma. Yana yawan halartar masallatai da wuraren ibada a fadin kasar nan domin gabatar da sallar juma'a.
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah ya kuma ba da shawarar a dauki hukuncin shari'ar Musulunci, ciki har da cewa za a hukunta mazinata ta hanyar jefewa.
Hassanal Bolkiah ya kuma haramta gudanar da bukukuwan Kirsimeti a 2015, ciki har da sanya hula ko tufafi masu kama da Santa Claus. Haramcin ya shafi musulmin yankin ne kawai. Har yanzu ana barin Kiristoci su yi bikin Kirsimeti. A cewar Bishop na Brunei kuma Cardinal Cornelius Sim, a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2015, akwai kusan 4,000 daga cikin 18,000 na Katolika na Brunei, galibin 'yan kasar China da baƙi da ke zaune a ƙasar, waɗanda ke halartar taron jajibirin Kirsimeti da ranar Kirsimeti. Duk da yake babu cikakkiyar dokar hana bukukuwa, an hana yin illa ga kayan ado na Kirsimeti a wuraren taruwar jama'a, musamman kantunan kasuwanci; haramcin bai shafi kananan shaguna ba ko kuma gidaje masu zaman kansu ciki har da majami'u.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946 |
25175 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallar%20Sunnah | Sallar Sunnah | Sallar Sunnah (Larabci: صلاة السنة) sallar nafila ce ko nafila (sallar layya) da za a iya yi ban da salloli biyar na yau da kullun, waɗanda tilas ne ga dukkan Musulmi. Sallar Sunnah tana da halaye mabambanta: wasu ana yin su ne a lokaci guda da sallolin wajibi biyar na yau da kullum, wasu ana yin su ne kawai a wasu lokuta (misali da daddare), ko don takamaiman lokuta (misali lokacin fari); wasu suna da nasu suna (misali Tahajjud) wasu kuma ana gane su ta yadda ake yin su (misali "4 (rakat) kafin Zuhr da 2 bayan"). Tsawon sallar sunnah kuma ya bambanta.
Yayin da salloli biyar na yau da kullun suna wajib/farilla (na wajibi), sallar sunnah (da sauran ayyukan sunnah) Mustahabb ne (yana ƙarfafa gwiwa) - waɗanda ke yin su za su sami lada a lahira, amma babu hukuncin sakaci da su.
Sunnah (a cikin addinin musulunci na yau da kullun), na nufin al'adu da ayyukan da (aka yi imani da su) suna bin misalin annabin musulunci Muhammad. Dangane da labarai, ruwayoyi, fassarori, al'adun musulmai, dukkan waɗannan sallolin Muhammadu ne ya yi su (ban da sallolin farilla guda biyar na yau da kullun).
Bambance -bambance
Idan aka kwatanta da sallar tilas
Sohaib Sultan ya bayyana cewa matakan yin sallar sunnah (Takbir, fatiha, da sauransu) daidai suke da sallolin farilla (farilla) guda biyar na yau da kullun, amma bambanta dangane da sallar shine adadin rakat (shima rakʿah (Larabci: ركعة rakaʿah, furta [ˈrakʕah]; jam'i: ركعات rakaʿāt), wanda shine raka'ar sallah.
Ana yin addu'o'i ne kawai a wasu lokuta
Tahajjud da Tarawih sallolin dare ne da akeyinta lokacin Ramadan, Tarawih ne kawai a cikin Ramadan. (duba ƙasa)
Ana yin addu'o'i don takamaiman lokatai
Salatul istasqa addu’a ce ta rokon Allah akan ruwan sama. Ana yin Kusuf a lokacin faɗuwar rana; Khusuf lokacin kusufin wata. (duba ƙasa)
Sallar Sunnah wacce ake yin ta a lokaci guda da sallar tilas
A cewar Sohaib Sultan, annabin musulunci Muhammad yayi sallar sunnah "kafin da/ko bayan kowace sallar farilla" don samun karin ni'ima da fa'ida daga Allah. Misalan wadannan sunna mu’akkadah ko “tabbatar” sunnar sallar, kamar yadda aka kafa a mazhabar fiqhu ta Hanafi, (a cewar Faraz Rabbani) sun hada da:
"Raka'a 2 kafin sallar Asuba"
"Raka'a 4 kafin Zuhur da 2 bayanta"
"Raka'a 2 bayan Magrib"
"Raka'a 2 bayan Isha'i"
Wannan sallar sunnah ba ta da suna na musamman. Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha duk sunayen sallolin dole ne. Rakat - shima rakʿah (Larabci: ركعة rakʿah, furta [ˈrakʕah]; jam’i: ركعات rakaʿāt) - shine motsi daga tsayuwa, yin ruku’u a ƙasa, zuwa sake tsayawa, wannan yana cikin kowane sallar salat.
Sallah tabbatattu da kuma wanda ba tabbatattu ba
Wani rarrabuwa tsakanin sallolin da ba na farillah ba shine ko sun “tabbata” ko “ba a tabbatar ba”:
Sunnah mu’akkadah ko “tabbatar da sunnah” ko "Sunnah mai karfi"addu’o’i, wanda Muhammad “ya ci gaba da yi kuma kusan bai taɓa yin watsi da shi ba” (bisa ga al’ada). Misalan sunnar mu’akkadah sun hada da “Sallar Idi, ko raka’a biyu bayan sallar magriba”.
Ghair mu’akkadah ko “sunnas da ba a tabbatar da su ba”. Waɗannan Muhammadu ba su da saurin aiwatarwa kamar yadda ya yi su wani lokacin "wani lokacin kuma ya yi watsi da su". Misalin ghair mu’akkadah shine raka’a biyu kafin sallar Isha.
Ire -iren wadannan addu’o’i guda biyu suna da “kalmomi da hukunce -hukunce daban -daban”.
Wasu misalan sallolin sunnah da ba a tabbatar da su ba
Raka'ah 4 bayan Zuhur (ko dai ta hanyar yin raka'o'in sunna guda 4 da aka tabbatar 4, ko daban),
Raka'ah 4 ko 2 kafin sallar Asuba
Raka'ah 6 (salatul awwabin) bayan magriba, da kyau a cikin saiti biyu (za a iya haɗa sunna da aka tabbatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na 6 idan mutum ya zaɓi)
Raka'ah 2 kafin Isha'i
Raka'ah 4 bayan isha'i (mutum na iya haɗa sunnonin da aka tabbatar a cikin wannan idan ana so).
(Idan sallah tayi kwafa sunnonin da aka tabbatar a sama za a iya hada su da sallolin sunnah da aka tabbatar ko a'a).
Sunnar sallah
Kada a rikita sallar sunna da sunnonin sallah. Ba wai kawai akwai nau'o'in salloli na wajibi da na tilas ba, amma sassan wajibi da na zaɓi (kalmomi da ayyuka) na sallah (aƙalla ga Musulman Salafi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid).
Misalan kalmomi da ayyuka na wajibi da “ginshiƙi” sun haɗa da:
i. Tsayuwa yayin sallolin farilla idan mutum ya sami damar yin hakan;
ii. Takbeer mai buɗewa wato faɗin “Allaahu akbar”;
iii. Yin Fatiha a farkon raka'a
Misalan kalmomin sunnah da ayyuka sun hada da:
i. Yana cewa bayan bude takbier, "Subhaanaka Allaahumma wa bi hamdika, wa tabaaraka ismuka, wa ta'aala jadduka wa laa ilaaha ghayruka babu abin bautawa sai Kai). " Wannan shi ake kira du’aa ’al-istiftaah (buɗe du’a)
ii. Neman tsari da Allaah
iii. Bismillah
iv. Yace Ameen
Yin watsi da waɗannan baya ɓata salla.
Tahajjud
Tahajjud (Larabci: صلاة التهجد) ana yin sallar ne da daddare, kuma ana son a yi ta bayan an fara bacci na ɗan wani dare. Malamai suna da ra’ayoyi mabambanta game da ko bacci na farko yana da cikakken buƙata ko a’a. A Saudiyya a lokacin azumin watan Ramadan, akwai mutane da yawa da ke barin sallar Tarawih a babban masallaci cikin gaggawa domin su koma gida, su yi barci, sannan su farka su yi sallar Tahajjud da sanyin safiya. Wasu kawai suna zama a cikin masallaci suna yin waɗannan sallolin na tilas kafin su koma gida.
Lokacin sallar Tahajjud ya fadi tsakanin lokutan sallar isha'i da sallar asubahi. Haka kuma an so a yi sallar a cikin sulusin dare na qarshe. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa lada ya fi girma ga waɗanda suka yi wannan addu'ar daga baya. (Yana da wuyar farkawa da yin addu’a da sassafe, yana ƙarawa ƙoƙarin mutum girma, yana haifar da lada mafi girma daga Allah).
Kowace addu'a ga musulmi ana yin ta ne tare da maimaita ayyuka da aƙalla raka'a ɗaya. Sallar Tahajjud tana kunshe da mafi karancin rakat daya da matsakaicin lamba 11. Wasu suna cewa 13 amma duk lambar da ta wuce 13 bidi'a ce (Innovation); domin babu wani hadisi; Wannan sahihi ne (mai ƙarfi) yana nuna cewa Muhammadu ya wuce raka'a 13 (a cewar Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Nasr al-Marwazee)
An ruwaito daga Manzon Allah (sallal Lahu alaihi wa aalihi wa sallam) cewa ya ce: "Ku yi riko da sallar dare, domin ita ɗabi'ar salihai ce a gabanku, kuma hanyar kusantar ubangijinku ce. kaffara ga zunubai, da nisantar zalunci. " [Tirmizi da Hakim]
Abdullahi bn Amr bn al-As (RA) ya ruwaito cewa Manzon Allah (tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi) ya ce da shi, “Ya Abdullahi, kada ka zama kamar mai-haka, ya kasance yana yin addu’a. a cikin dare sai ya bar sallar dare ”. [Bukhari da Muslim]
An so a yi tahajjud a yi sallar a cikin sulusin dare na qarshe, amma yin ta a kowane lokaci ya fi alheri fiye da rashin yin ta kwata -kwata.
Tarawih
Tarawih (Larabci: صلاة التراويح) sallar dare ne muakada na sunnah yayin Ramadan. Addu'a ce wacce ake yin ta kawai a lokacin azumin musulmi na Ramadan. Ana iya yin shi kaɗai, a cikin ƙungiya, a gida, ko a cikin masallaci ko wani wurin taron jama'a ba kome. Yawanci, Musulmai suna taruwa suna yin tarawih a matsayin ƙungiya, galibi tsakanin dangin dangi a cikin babban gida. Wasu na iya haduwa a masallacin unguwarsu, zauren taro, ko ma a filin waje. Dangane da ƙasar, ana iya yin sallar tarawihi a masallaci maza kawai, ko kuma cakuda maza da mata (duk da cewa sun rabu da juna a zahiri). Adadin raka'ar sallar Tarawih raka'ah ashirin ne. Muhammadu yana tsoron cewa idan ya ci gaba da yin salloli a cikin masallaci, to mabiyansa za su iya tunanin cewa tilas ne ba na tilas ba.
Bayan Muhammadu, Taraweeh har yanzu ana yin sallar raka'a 20. Batun da mutane ke yi cewa ya yi sallah 8 yana game da Tahajjud (salah). A babban masallacin Makka, Imam (limamin sallah) yana yin raka'a ashirin sannan ku yi sallar isha'i da witiri. Adadin mutanen da ke shiga sallar tarawihi a babban masallacin Makkah na iya kaiwa miliyan 3-4. Suna cika dukkan matakai a cikin masallaci, rufin leɓe, waje a farfajiya, wasu titunan da ke kusa (waɗanda aka rufe), kuma a wasu lokutan har ma suna amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin otal ɗin wasu otal -otal da ke kusa.
Haka kuma al'ada ce ga Imam a kowane masallaci ya karanta dukkan abinda ke cikin Alkur'ani a cikin watan azumi ta hanyar karanta kusan sashi daya a rana. Wannan aikin karatun Alƙur'ani gaba ɗaya an san shi da khatm (cikakken karatun).
Istisqa
Salat ul istasqa (Larabci: صلاة الإستسقاء) addu’a ce ta rokon Allah ruwan sama. Ya kunshi raka'a biyu. Kamar yadda Ibn Qudaamah ya ce: "Addu'ar ruwan sama sunna ce tabbatacciya, ta tabbatar da aikin manzon Allah ... da na magadansa"
Liman yana yin sallah, tare da mabiya, raka'ah biyu a kowane lokaci ban da lokutan da ba a son yin su a cikinsa. A raka’ar farko liman yana karanta Suratul A’la bayan suratul Fatiha. Kuma a raka'a ta biyu, yana karanta Suratul Ghashiyah bayan Fatiha, kuma yana gabatar da khutbah kafin sallar ko bayansa. Da zaran ya gama khutbah (huduba), mutane suna fuskantar alkibla (alkiblar sallah) kuma suna rokon Allah. An fara gabatar da ita a Madina a cikin watan Ramadan na 6 ga Hijira.
Akwai hadissan Muhammadu da dama da ke magana game da addu'ar samun ruwan sama. Ash-Shaf'i yana cewa an samo shi ne daga Salim ibn Abdullah, a kan mahaifinsa cewa Muhammadu zai ce ga ishsqa:
"Ya Allah, ka ba mu ruwan sama mai albarka, mai albarka, mai yalwa, janar, mai ci gaba. Ya Allah, ka ba mu ruwan sama kuma kada ka sanya mu cikin masu yanke tsammani. Ya Allah, (bayinka), ƙasa, dabbobi, da (halittunka) duk suna shan wahala kuma suna neman kariya.Kuma ba mu yin korafi sai kai. Ya Allah ka sa amfanin gonarmu ta yi girma, kuma a cika nono. Ka ba mu daga albarkar sama ka tsiro mana daga albarkar kasa. Ya Allah ka yaye mana wahala da yunwa da rashin haihuwa kuma ka yaye mana masifa kamar yadda babu mai kawar da masifa sai Kai. Ya Allah muna neman gafarar ka kamar yadda kai mai gafara ne, kuma ka aiko mana da ruwan sama mai yawa ". Ash-Shaf'i ya ce: "Na fi son liman ya yi addu'a da wannan (sallah)."
Sa’ad ya ba da rahoton cewa ga ishsqa, Muhammadu zai yi addu’a: “Ya Allah, ka rufe mu da gizagizai masu yawa waɗanda ke da ruwan sama mai yawa da amfani, akai - akai yana sauƙaƙa mana ruwan sama kuma yana yayyafa mana da walƙiya. Ya Allah, kai ne cike da daukaka, falala da Daraja ”. Wannan yana da nasaba da Abu 'Awanah a cikin Sahihinsa.
Amr bn Shu'aib ya ba da labari daga babansa, a kan kakansa, cewa don istisqa ', Muhammadu zai ce: "Ya Allah, ka wadata ruwa ga bayinka da dabbobinka, ka nuna rahamarka kuma ka rayar da ƙasashen da suka mutu." Abu Dawud ne ke da alaka da wannan.
An fi son wanda ke yin wannan addu'ar ya ɗaga hannayensa da bayan hannayensa zuwa sama. Rubuce -rubucen Musulmi daga Anas cewa Muhammad zai nuna da bayan hannunsa yayin ishsqa.
An kuma fi son ganin ruwan sama, a ce: "Ya Allah ka sanya ruwan sama mai amfani" kuma ya kamata ya tona wani bangare na jikinsa ga ruwan sama. A gefe guda kuma, idan mutum yana tsoron cewa ruwan sama ya yi yawa, ya kamata ya ce: "Ya Allah ka yi mana rahama kada ka azabtar da mu, bala'i, halaka ko ambaliya. Ya Allah ka sanya shi a kan dazuzzuka, gonaki da bishiyoyi. "Ka sanya shi a kusa da mu ba kan mu ba."
Kusuf da Khusuf ((Hasken Rana da Hasken Wata)
Salatul-Kusuf (Larabci: صلاة الكسوف) addu’a ce da ake yi yayin kusufin rana; Ana yin Salatul Khusuf (Larabci: صلاة الخسوف) yayin kusufin wata. Dukansu Nafl ne (ba na wajibi ba) tare da sallar rakat guda biyu da yakamata al'ummar musulmai su yi a cikin jama'a.
Ana yin Rakat (Raka'ah) guda biyu ko huɗu na Khusuf salah a cikin Jama'a (Rukuni) ko ɗaiɗai, tare da fifikon addu'o'in mutum ɗaya. Ba Adhan (Kiran Sallah) ko Iqamah (Kiran Sallah na Biyu) da ake kira Khusuf salah. Ana iya yin karatun Alqur'ani a lokacin Khusus salah ko a cikin shiru ko da karfi.
A lokacin Muhammadu, an yi masassarar rana. Mutane sun yi gaggawar danganta wannan da abin duniya, wato mutuwar ɗan Muhammad, Ibrahim. Muhammad ya bayyana musu gaskiyar wannan lamari. A cikin Sahihinsa (ingantaccen hadisi), Imam Muslim ya ruwaito cewa A'ishah (rali) ta ce:
Akwai kusufin rana a zamanin Manzon Allah. Ya mike yayi sallah ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa sosai. Sannan ya sunkuya ya kuma tsawaita ruku'u sosai. Sannan ya ɗaga kansa ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa da yawa, amma bai kai (duration) na tsayuwar farko ba. Sannan ya sunkuya ya kuma dade yana ruku'u da yawa, amma bai kai tsawon lokacin ruku'u na farko ba. Sannan yayi sujjada sannan ya mike ya tsawaita tsayuwar, amma bai kai tsayuwar farko ba. Daga nan sai ya sunkuya ya tsawaita ruku'u, amma bai kai na farko ba. Daga haka ya ɗaga kansa sannan ya miƙe ya tsawaita tsayuwarsa, amma bai kai tsayuwar farko ba. Sannan yayi ruku'u kuma ya dade yana ruku'u kuma bai kai ruku'u na farko ba. Sannan ya yi sujjada; sa’an nan ya juya, rana ta yi haske, ya yi wa mutane jawabi. Ya yabi Allah kuma ya yabe shi ya ce: "Rana da wata alamu ne na Allah guda biyu; ba su rufuwa saboda mutuwar wani ko saboda haihuwar kowa. Addu'a, ku yi sadaka.Ya ku Al'ummar Muhammadu, babu wanda ya fi hasala fiye da Allah lokacin da bawansa ko kuyangarsa ta yi fasikanci.Ya ku mutanen Muhammadu, Wallahi, da kun san abin da na sani, da kuka yi kuka mai yawa da dariya kaɗan. Ya Allah. shaida, na sanar da su."
Duba kuma
Sallar Nafila
Manazarta
Bayanan kula |
51445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Elior | Rachel Elior | Rachel Elior(an haife ta 28 Disamba 1949) farfesa ce ta Isra'ila a falsafar Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima a Urushalima,Isra'ila.Manyan batutuwan bincikenta sune Hasidism da tarihin sufancin Yahudawa na farko.
Aikin ilimi
Elior ita ce John da Golda Cohen Farfesa na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tunanin Sufanci na Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci,inda ta koyar tun 1978.A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Sashen Tunanin Yahudawa.Ta sami PhD Summa cum laude a 1976. Kwarewarta sune Sufancin Yahudawa na farko,Littattafan Tekun Matattu, Littattafan Hekhalot,Almasihu, Sabbatianism,Hasidism,Chabad, Frankism da kuma rawar mata a al'adun Yahudawa.
Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Princeton,UCL,Jami'ar Yeshiva,Jami'ar Tokyo,Jami'ar Doshisha a Kyoto,Case Western Reserve University.a Cleveland,a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Michigan-Ann Arbor .
Ita mamba ce a kwamitin majalisar kasa da kasa na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila .
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin 2006,Elior ya sami lambar yabo ta Gershom Scholem don Bincike a Kabbalah daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bil'adama ta Isra'ila.
Suka da jayayya
A fannin ƙwarenta na farko,Hasidism, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,Farfesa a Arewa maso Yamma,ya ce"Elior yana amfani da wani tsohon ra'ayi na motsi [hasidic]don tabbatar da labarinta.Ta bar ra'ayi,ra'ayoyi,fahimta
da bayanan da masana suka tattara waɗanda suka daɗe sun rabu da tsarin tunanin Dinur ko Scholem."Kuma cewa Elior,da sauransu,"ya kamata ya sake duba tsarin ra'ayi na[marubuta na farko na labarun hasidic'],wanda kafofin suka kasance tare a cikin yanayin da ba na zamani ba kuma suna magana da juna cikin yardar kaina,a matsayin ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar Platonic."
Rubutun Tekun Matattu
Ka'idarta ta tushen sufanci a cikin ajin firist ta fuskanci kalubale daga Prof. Yehuda Liebes na Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma fahimtarta game da tsohuwar kalandar Sacha Stern ta ƙi.Eibert Tigchelaar ta lura cewa misalan nata suna da"rashin ƙayyadaddun tarihi waɗanda ke da damuwa da takaici."Yusuf Dan ya kare ta.Farfesan Princeton Peter Schaefer ya ce ta ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutu da lokuta,kuma ba ta kula da mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa.Ya kuma lura cewa ra’ayinta game da mala’iku a Qumran da kalandar ba daidai ba ne.Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb ta ga aikin Elior"ba zai yuwu ba".Himmelfarb ya ce Elior ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin haɗin kai, alaƙar tarihi ba tare da tushe ba,kuma yana ganin abubuwan da kawai"ba a can."
Elior yayi iƙirarin cewa Essenes, waɗanda ake zaton marubutan Littafin Tekun Matattu ba su taɓa wanzuwa ba.Ta yi jayayya(kamar yadda Lawrence Schiffman,Moshe Goshen-Gottstein,Chaim Menachem Rabin,da sauransu suka yi) cewa Essene da gaske ’ya’yan Zadok ne masu tawaye,wani rukunin firist da sarakunan Girka suka kore daga Haikali na Urushalima a ƙarni na biyu BC.Ta yi zato cewa an ɗauke littattafan da aka kore su."A Qumran,an sami ragowar babban ɗakin karatu,"in ji Elior,tare da wasu nassosin Ibrananci na farko tun daga ƙarni na 2 BC.Har sai an gano Littafin naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu,farkon sanannen sigar Tsohon Alkawari tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD.“Littattafai sun tabbatar da gadon firistoci na Littafi Mai Tsarki,”in ji Elior,wanda ya yi hasashen cewa an ɓoye littattafan a Qumran don adanawa.
James Charlesworth,darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Tekun Matattu kuma farfesa a Makarantar tauhidin tauhidin Princeton,ya ce akwai"babban shaida game da wanzuwar Essenes"kuma"Ba shi yiwuwa Josephus ya kirkiro ƙungiyar da Philo ya riga ya ambata,wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima."Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb, farfesa a addinin Princeton,ta ce ba ta tunanin aikin Elior ya kasance kamar "sanarwa ta tarihi"kamar yadda sauran bincike kan Littattafai,tana mai cewa,"[Elior] ba ya son yin amfani da tarihin tarihi wanda aikin sauran malamai ke yi." -->
Duba kuma
Moshe Idel
Ada Rapoport-Albert
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov da mutanen zamaninsa,Kabbalists,Sabbatians, Hasidim da Mithnagdim, Urushalima Karmel Publication House 2014
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Mantuwa:Sirrin Rubuce-rubucen Tekun Matattu,Cibiyar Van Leer da Hakibutz haMeuchad,2009
Dybbuk da matan Yahudawa, Urushalima da New York,Urim Publications,2008
Littattafan Heikhalot da Al'adar Merkavah Tsohuwar Sufancin Yahudawa da Tushensa,Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronot;Sifrei Hemed:2004 (Ibrananci)
Herut al Haluhot-Nazari a cikin Tushen Sufi na Hasidism,Tel Aviv: Jami'ar Cast mai Yadawa: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Press 1999.
Paneiah ha-Shonot shel ha-Herut -Iyunim be-Mistika Yehudit(Alpayim 15,Am Oved 1998)
Torat HaElohut BaDor haSheni shel Hasidut Habad,Jerusalem:Jami'ar Hebrew:Magnes Press 1982 (Ibrananci)
Heikhalot Zutarti:Rubutun Sufi na Farko na Lokacin Talmudic Mishnaic, Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci: Magnes Press 1982(Ibrananci)
Galia Raza:Rubutun Kabbalistic na Karni na 16,Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci 1981(Ibrananci)
Judah Liebes,"Yaran Rana vs.Yaran wata"Haaretz 4/6/2003
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin Facebook
Prof. Shafin gidan Elior a Jami'ar Hebrew
Asalin Rubutun Tekun Matattu ya haifar da muhawara
Bayahuden Isra'ila
Rayayyun mutane |
30898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyne%20Akombe | Roslyne Akombe | Roselyn Kwamboka Akombe (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) tsohuwar kwamishiniyar Kenya ce ta Hukumar Zaɓe da Kan Iyakoki (IEBC) ta Kenya.
Ta shahara a kafafen yada labarai na kasar Kenya bayan ta bayyana a gaban hukumar da ke tattaunawa da wadanda za su nada a hukumar, ta kuma ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi sabon mukaminta na kwamishina, duk da cewa hakan na nufin za a rage ma ta albashi da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga aikinta na baya. a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta ce wannan sadaukarwa ce da ta ke a shirye ta yi wa kasarta. Ta shahara a duniya bayan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishina a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Jim kadan bayan murabus din nata, ta tashi daga kasar saboda fargabar rayuwarta a cikin yanayin siyasar da ake ciki.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a cikin 1976, a gundumar Nyamira ta yau, a cikin lardin Nyanza a lokacin, Kenya. Ta girma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na cikin gida. Ta sami digiri na farko, Digiri na Ilimi, daga Jami'ar Nairobi.Daga baya, ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a Harkokin Duniya, daga Jami'ar Rutgers, ta Amurka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa, a cikin wannan fanni, kuma daga Jami'ar Rutgers.
Aiki
An dauki Akombe a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar kan harkokin siyasa a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York.
Aikin a IEBC
A watan Janairun 2017, aka nada ta a matsayin kwamishina a hukumar ta IEBC, lamarin da ya bai wa jama’a mamaki lokacin da jama’a suka fahimci cewa za ta rage albashin kashi 70 cikin 100 daga tsohuwar aikinta ta yin aiki da hukumar. Ta bayyana cewa wannan lamari ne na kishin kasa ga kasarta kuma tana da burin taimakawa kasar ta gudanar da sahihin zabe da kuma fatan taka rawa a cikinsa. Kafofin yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, "An ba ta hutu na musamman ba tare da albashi ba don yin aiki a hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta Kenya," kuma "za ta ba da goyon baya na fasaha ga hukumar a shirye-shiryen zaben 2017 da kuma goyon bayan kokarin hanawa. rikicin bayan zabe a Kenya." Ta yi aiki tare da IEBC Akombe ba zata karɓi kowane albashi a matsayin ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Matsakaicin albashin Akombe a matsayinsa na kwamishinan IEBC an kiyasta shi akan KES 800,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 8000) a wata.
Bayan aikinta a IEBC, nan take Roselyn ta zama fuskar hukumar, kuma ta halarci taron manema labarai da yawa da aka baiwa jama'a. Hasali ma, ita ce ke da alhakin fitar da da yawa daga cikin wadannan tarukan manema labarai, inda ake ganin ta a matsayin mai iya magana da santsi. Hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suke ganin ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar, duk da cewa ita kwamishina ce kawai. A cewar jaridar Daily Nation ta Kenya, Akombe "wata matasa ce, mai magana da kai tsaye kuma kwamishina mara kunya tare da manyan kunci wanda ya bayyana abubuwa da murmushi." Ayyukanta a hukumar sun hada da horas da jami'ai, yin jawabi ga taron manema labarai, bayar da rahoto ga shugaba da babban jami'in hukumar da kuma daukar wasu ayyuka don tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci a zaben Kenya.
Rigimar murabus
A ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban 2017, Akombe ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishiniyar hukumar ta IEBC a lokacin da kasar ke cikin rikici bayan da kotun koli ta soke zaben Kenya na 2017. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Kotun Koli ta Kenya ta yanke hukuncin da ta bayyana sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa na ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2017. Kotun ta ce hukumar ta IEBC ta gaza cika sharuddan da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya na gudanar da sahihin zabe tare da bayar da umarnin sake gudanar da zaben cikin kwanaki 60.
Sakamakon haka, IEBC ta shirya gudanar da sabon zabe tare da sanar da sabon ranar zabe a matsayin ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, sannan ta tura shi zuwa 26 ga Oktoba 2017. Sai dai jam'iyyar adawa ta National Super Alliance (NASA), karkashin jagorancin Raila Amolo Odinga ta yi tur da matsin lamba kan hukumar, tana mai cewa ba za ta iya gudanar da zabe kamar yadda aka tsara a halin yanzu ba. Wannan ra'ayi ya samu goyon bayan dukkanin 'yan siyasa masu alaka da dan takarar NASA, Raila Amolo Odinga, ciki har da abokin takararsa Kalonzo Musyoka. Hasali ma, hakan ya kai ga kauracewa zaman da daukacin ‘yan majalisar dokoki da na majalisar dattawa suka yi tare da cewa ba su amince da shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa ba. Sai dai kuma, Uhuru Kenyatta da dukkan 'yan siyasa masu alaka da jam'iyyarsa ta Jubilee Party sun yi adawa da wannan ra'ayi, suna masu cewa Raila ba shi da hurumin jagorantar IEBC kan ayyukanta. Bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan jiga-jigan biyu ya haifar da abin da wasu ke kira da rikicin siyasa a Kenya.
Kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka mai wuya, IEBC ta yi kokarin gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin 'yan adawa da gwamnati ba tare da cimma wata nasara ba. A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hukuncin kotun, Raila da jam'iyyarsa ta NASA sukan bayar da wa'adi, wanda ta kira a matsayin mafi karanci da ba za a iya ragewa ba idan ba tare da wanda ba za a iya gudanar da sahihin zabe a Kenya ba. Yayin da IEBC ta fito yana cewa ba za ta iya cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, Raila Odinga ya bai wa kasar da al’ummar duniya mamaki da cewa ya janye daga takarar shugabancin kasar da aka maimaita saboda hukumar ba ta da ikon bai wa ‘yan kasar Kenya zabe mai inganci da gaskiya. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a Kenya yayin da Raila da jam'iyyarsa suka tayar da hankali na soke zaben da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2017, yayin da Uhuru da jam'iyyarsa suka matsa kaimi a sake zaben. Dangane da wannan rugujewar siyasar da aka yi, ya bayyana cewa ’yan iska da ma’aikata daga jam’iyyar Jubilee Party da NASA ne suka kutsa cikin hukumar kuma an yi mata magudi.
A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, Akombe ta tabbatar da wannan jita-jita lokacin da ta yi murabus a cikin takardar murabus din ta da aka buga a yanar gizo.
Tasiri kan maimaita zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2017
Murabus din da Kwamishinan ya yi ya jawo hankulan kafafen yada labarai. An ci gaba da sabon zaben duk da cewa Raila Odinga daya daga cikin manyan 'yan takara ya janye daga zaben kuma ya bukaci magoya bayansa da kada su shiga kada kuri'a. An ayyana Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da rantsar da shi, kuma ‘yan sanda sun kashe masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar.
Manazarta |
30266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20na%20muhalli | Yanayi na muhalli | Halin muhalli, yanayi Na muhalli, ya kasance yanayi shine kowane abu, abiotic ko biotic, wanda ke rinjayar rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin yanayi, adadin hasken rana, da pH na ƙasan ruwa wanda kwayoyin halitta ke rayuwa. Abubuwan da suka shafi halittu zasu haɗa da samuwar kwayoyin abinci da kasancewar ƙayyadaddun ilimin halitta, masu fafatawa, mafarauta, da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayanin
Genotype na kwayoyin halitta (misali, a cikin zygote) wanda aka fassara zuwa cikin phenotype na manya ta hanyar haɓakawa yayin tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana ƙarƙashin tasirin muhalli da yawa. Sannan kuma A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya kallon nau'in phenotype (ko yanayin phenotypic) azaman kowane siffa mai ma'ana da ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta, kamar yawan jikinsa ko launin fata.
Baya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na gaskiya na monoogenic, abubuwan muhalli na iya ƙayyade cigaban cuta a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun yanayin. Damuwa, cin zarafi na jiki da tunani, abinci, fallasa zuwa gubobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, radiation da sinadarai da aka samu a kusan duka. Da samfuran kulawa na sirri da masu tsabtace gida sune abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke ƙayyade babban ɓangaren cututtukan da ba na gado ba.
Idan tsarin cuta ya ƙare ya zama sakamakon haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli, ana iya kiran asalinsa na etiological a matsayin yana da nau'i mai yawa .
Ciwon daji galibi yana da alaƙa da kuma abubuwan muhalli. Kula da nauyin lafiya, Kuma cin abinci mai kyau, rage barasa da kuma kawar da shan taba yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, a cewar masu bincike.
Hakanan an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli don asma da Autism .
Bayyanawa
Exposome ya ƙunshi saitin yanayin muhalli na ɗan adam (watau waɗanda ba kwayoyin halitta ba) fallasa tun daga tunanin gaba, wanda ya cika kwayoyin halitta . Sannna Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji Christopher Paul Wild ya fara gabatar da wannan fallasa ne a shekara ta 2005 a wata kasida mai suna "Complementing the genome with an"exposome": fitaccen kalubalen auna bayyanar da muhalli a ilimin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. Manufar bayyanar da yadda za a tantance shi ya haifar da tattaunawa mai raɗaɗi tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin shekarata 2010, 2012, 2014 ] 2021.
A cikin labarinsa na shekarata 2005, Wild ya bayyana cewa, "A mafi cikakke, bayyanar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan rayuwa ), tun daga lokacin haihuwa." An fara gabatar da ra'ayin ne don jawo hankali ga buƙatun samun ingantacciyar bayanai da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin muhalli don bincike mai haɗari, don daidaita saka hannun jari a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cewar Wild, ko da sigogin da ba su cika ba na fallasa na iya zama da amfani ga ilimin cututtuka . A cikin shekarar 2012, Ƙirar daji ta ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin, gami da na'urori masu auna firikwensin mutum, na'urorin biomarkers, da fasahar ' omics ', don mafi kyawun ayyana bayyanar. Ya yi bayanin yanki guda uku masu ruɓani a cikin fallasa:
yanayi na waje na gaba ɗaya ciki har da yanayin birane, ilimi, abubuwan yanayi, zamantakewar jama'a, damuwa,
wani yanayi na musamman na waje tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, radiation, cututtuka, abubuwan rayuwa (misali taba, barasa ), abinci, motsa jiki, da dai sauransu.
yanayi na ciki don haɗawa da abubuwan ilimin halitta na ciki irin su abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa, hormones, microflora gut, kumburi, damuwa na oxidative .
A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayyana wannan ma'anar a cikin zurfin zurfi a cikin littafi na farko a kan fallasa. A cikin shekarata 2014, marubucin wannan mawallafin ya sake sake fasalin ma'anar don haɗawa da martanin jiki tare da tsarin rayuwa na ƙarshe wanda ke canza sarrafa sinadarai. Kwanan nan, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka a ciki da kuma kusa da lokacin daukar ciki, bayyanar cututtuka na mahaifa ya haɗa da bayyanar cututtuka irin su kiba na uwa / kiba da ciwon sukari, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ciki har da abinci mai kitse mai yawa / calorie mai girma, wanda ke hade da matalauta tayi., Kuma Girman jarirai da yara, da ƙara yawan kiba da sauran cututtuka na rayuwa a rayuwa ta gaba.
Aunawa
For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of diabetes have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible. However, it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E".
Ayyukan bincike
Tun daga shekarata 2016, maiyuwa ba zai yiwu a aunawa ko ƙirar cikakkiyar bayyanar ba, amma yawancin ayyukan Turai sun fara yin ƙoƙari na farko. A cikin shekarar 2012, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da manyan tallafi guda biyu don ci gaba da bincike mai alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da aikin HELIX a Cibiyar Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Barcelona a kusa da shekarata 2014, kuma da nufin haɓaka bayyanar farkon rayuwa. Aiki na biyu, Exposomics, tushen a Imperial College London, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin a shekarata 2012, da nufin yin amfani da wayoyin hannu ta amfani da GPS da na'urori masu auna muhalli don tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa.
A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an fara wani babban shiri mai suna "Ƙungiyoyin Lafiya da Muhalli- Faɗin Ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙimar Ƙwararrun Ƙididdiga kuma ta fara. Kuma An zana shi a matsayin mafi girman binciken da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a Turai, HEALS yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da yanayin da aka ayyana ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin jerin DNA, gyare-gyaren DNA na epigenetic, bayyanar kwayar halitta, da abubuwan muhalli.
A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta {asa ta {asar Amirka, ta gudanar da wani taro mai suna "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Personal Exposomes." Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka bayyani, "Exposome and Exposomics", ya zayyana wurare uku masu fifiko don yin bincike kan abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano. Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH) sun saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin da ke tallafawa bincike mai alaka da abubuwan da suka hada da biosensors, kuma suna tallafawa bincike kan hulɗar mahalli .
Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP)
An gabatar da ra'ayin wani Project Exposome Project, mai kama da Human Genome Project, kuma an tattauna shi a cikin tarurrukan kimiyya da yawa, amma kamar na shekarar 2017, babu irin wannan aikin. Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin fayyace yadda kimiyya za ta bi wajen aiwatar da irin wannan aikin, an yi rashin tallafi. Rahotanni kan lamarin sun hada da:
wani bita na shekarata 2011 game da ilimin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa da bayyanar da Paul Lioy da Stephen Rappaport, "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa da Bayyanawa: damar samun daidaituwa a cikin ilimin lafiyar muhalli" a cikin mujallar Muhalli na Lafiya .
Rahoton a shekarata 2012 daga Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa a cikin Ƙarni na 21st: A Vision and A Strategy", yana bayyana ƙalubalen da ke cikin ƙididdiga na yau da kullum na exosome.
Filaye masu alaƙa
Ma'anar ƙaddamarwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarwarin shekarata 2010 na sabon tsari a cikin nau'in cututtuka, "ka'idar cuta ta musamman": Kowane mutum yana da tsarin cututtuka na musamman da ya bambanta da kowane mutum, la'akari da bambancin bayyanar da tasirinsa na musamman akan kwayoyin halitta. pathologic tafiyar matakai ciki har da gyare-gyare a cikin interactome . An fara bayyana wannan ka'ida a cikin cututtukan neoplastic a matsayin "ka'idar ƙwayar cuta ta musamman". Dangane da wannan ƙa'idar cuta ta musamman, filin interdisciplinary na ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (MPE) ya haɗu da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan cututtuka.
Direbobin tattalin arziki
Sauye-sauyen duniya yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa; duk da haka manyan abubuwa guda biyar da ke kawo sauyi a duniya su ne: karuwar jama'a, karuwar tattalin arziki, ci gaban fasaha, halaye, da cibiyoyi. Wadannan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin duniya guda biyar suna iya samo asali ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma wanda kuma, ana iya ganin waɗannan a matsayin direbobi ta fuskar su. Abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi na zamantakewar al'umma na iya haifar da buƙatun zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki na albarkatu kamar buƙatun katako ko buƙatar amfanin gona. Kuma A cikin saran gandun daji na wurare masu zafi alal misali, babban abin tuƙi shine damar tattalin arziƙin da ke tattare da hakar waɗannan albarkatun da mai da ƙasar zuwa amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ana iya bayyana waɗannan direbobi a kowane mataki, daga matakin duniya na buƙatar katako har zuwa matakin gida.
Ana iya ganin misalin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki ke shafar sauyin yanayi a cinikin wake tsakanin Brazil da China. Kasuwancin waken waken soya daga Brazil da China ya karu matuka a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaban da ake samu a harkokin kasuwanci tsakanin wadannan kasashen biyu ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga direbobin tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin masu tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki a nan sun hada da karuwar bukatar waken waken soya na kasar Sin a kasar Sin, da Kuma karuwar canjin amfanin gona a fannin noman wake a Brazil, da kuma muhimmancin karfafa cinikayyar waje tsakanin kasashen biyu. Duk waɗannan direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa suna da tasiri a canjin yanayi. Alal misali, haɓakar ci gaban noman waken soya a Brazil yana nufin akwai buƙatar ƙarin filaye da aka samar don wannan albarkatu. Wannan ya sa gaba dayan dazuzzukan ya koma gonakin noma wanda a nasa bangaren ke da tasiri ga muhalli. Wannan misalin canjin amfani da ƙasa wanda buƙatun albarkatu ke haifarwa, ba wai yana faruwa ne kawai a Brazil tare da samar da wake ba.
Wani misali kuma ya fito ne daga The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union lokacin da suka ba da umarnin bunƙasa albarkatun man fetur ga ƙasashen da ke cikin membobinsu. Tare da direban tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa na haɓaka samar da albarkatun halittu yana tasiri ga amfani da ƙasa a waɗannan ƙasashe. Lokacin da ƙasar noma ta koma ƙasar noman makamashin halittu, wadatar amfanin gona ta asali tana raguwa yayin da kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da direban tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa don buƙatar ƙarin filayen noma don tallafawa buƙatun girma. Duk da haka, tare da rashin wadataccen fili daga maye gurbin amfanin gona zuwa man fetur, Kuma dole ne kasashe su duba yankunan da ke nesa don bunkasa wadannan filayen noman na asali. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasashe inda wannan sabon ci gaba ya faru. Misali, kasashen Afirka suna mayar da savannas zuwa gonakin noma kuma wannan duk ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na son samar da makamashin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, direban zamantakewar tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da canjin amfani da ƙasa ba duka ke faruwa a matakin duniya ba. Waɗannan direbobin suna iya samun gogewa har zuwa matakin gida. Sauya amfanin gona ba wai kawai ya fito ne daga canjin yanayin noma ba, babban canji ya zo daga Tailandia lokacin da suka canza aikin noman poppy na opium zuwa amfanin gona marasa narko. Kuma Wannan ya haifar da bunƙasa fannin noma na Tailandia, amma ya haifar da tasiri a duniya ( maye gurbin opium ).
Misali, a Wolong China, mazauna wurin suna amfani da gandun daji a matsayin itacen mai don dafawa da dumama gidajensu. Kuma Don haka, direban zamantakewar tattalin arzikin da ke cikin wasa anan shine buƙatar katako na gida don tallafawa rayuwa a wannan yanki. Da wannan direban, jama’ar yankin na rage kayan aikin da suke samu na itacen mai don haka sai su ci gaba da yin nesa da su domin kwato wannan albarkatun. Wannan motsi da buƙatun katako yana taimakawa ga asarar pandas a wannan yanki saboda yanayin yanayin su yana lalacewa.
Duk da haka, lokacin da ake binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida an mayar da hankali kan sakamako maimakon yadda canje-canje a cikin direbobi na duniya ke shafar sakamako. Tare da wannan ana faɗin, ana buƙatar aiwatar da tsare-tsare na al'umma yayin da ake nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin zamantakewar al'umma.
A ƙarshe, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki a kowane mataki suke taka rawa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam a kan muhalli. Waɗannan direbobin duk suna da tasiri a kan ƙasa, mutane, albarkatu, da muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kuma Tare da wannan ana faɗin, mutane suna buƙatar cikakken fahimtar yadda direbobin tattalin arzikinsu za su iya canza salon rayuwarmu. Misali, idan muka koma misalin waken waken soya, a lokacin da wadata ta kasa biyan bukatar waken waken, kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona na karuwa wanda hakan ke shafar kasashen da suka dogara da wannan amfanin gona don samun abinci. Wadannan tasirin na iya haifar da tsadar waken soya a shaguna da kasuwanninsu ko kuma na iya haifar da rashin wadatar amfanin gona gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Sannan Tare da waɗannan sakamakon biyun, matakin na gida yana shafar matakin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa na karuwar buƙatun waken soya na Brazil a China. Daga wannan misali ɗaya kaɗai, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa ke yin tasiri ga canje-canje a matakin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na duniya, yanki, al'umma, da matakin iyali. Babban manufar da za a cire daga wannan ita ce ra'ayin cewa komai yana da alaƙa kuma cewa ayyukanmu da zaɓin mu a matsayinmu na mutane suna da manyan abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke tasiri ga duniyarmu ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"TAU Kwararru Yana Bitar Abubuwan Haɗin Muhalli (hairspray! Lipstick! Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta , Labaran Likitan Yau .
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23848 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magana%20Jari%20Ce | Magana Jari Ce | Magana Jari Ce ma'ana Yin fa'ida yana da fa'ida ko a zahiri yana nufin Hikima dukiya ce Ko kuma "ikon ba da labari abu ne mai ƙima" kamar yadda Rupert East ya bayyana, littafin labari ne wanda aka rubuta da harshen Hausa, littafin ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin littafi mafi girma da aka taɓa faɗa a cikin Harshen Hausa a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya, littafin a hukumance an amince da shi a matsayin littafin litreure a Makarantun Sakandare na Najeriya don darussan Hausa da manhaja, fitaccen marubucin wanda ya fito daga Arewa ya rubuta littafin Najeriya Protectorate wanda aka fi sani da Abubakar Imam, an fara buga sigar farko a 1937 ta Kamfanin Nigerian Publishing Company Limited da sauran sassan littattafan da Zariya Coparation. Magana Jari ce ya kasan ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan littatafai a jadawalin kundin tarihin littafai na Hausawa.
Labarin tarihin rigiyar kusugu
Magana Jari Ce part 1 aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1937 daga Kamfanin buga littattafan Arewacin Najeriya, yayin da na biyu da na uku a cikin shekaru daban -daban ta Coparation Zaria.
An rubuta littafin ne sakamakon hallartar Abubakar Imam a gasar rubutu da Rupert East ta shirya a 1933, wanda Abubakar Imam ya ci tare da littafinsa na farko na farko da aka sani da Ruwan Bagaja, cikin tsawon watanni shida na rayuwarsa a Zariya, ya rubuta Magana Jari Ce a matsayin littafinsa na biyu, wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin 1937, sannan kashi na 2 da kashi na 3 a cikin shekaru daban -daban.
Bugawa
An buga littafin a siga uku, Magana Jari Ce 1, 2 da 3, an buga kowane juzu'i a cikin Shekaru daban-daban.
Tsarin labari
Labari ya gaya wa wani labarin wani matashi Yariman da aku Pet da aka sani da Aku, shi ma ya siffanta royalist da sarauta rayuwa a cikin Hausa Emirates, inda royalist gwagwarmayar sarauta suna gado, abin da ya sa su kaffa yin tsare-tsaren da inherite wani na sarki, sarauta da kuma darajoji masu daraja . A cikin littafin, kwatsam ya fara da labarin wani babban sarkin masarautar da ke da masarauta, abin takaici a gare shi, ba shi da wani yaro da zai gaji duk dukiyar sa ya zama sarki na gaba, sa'ar da sarkin, Shehun gargajiya ya yi mafarkin cewa idan Masarautar za ta tara limamai arba'in don yi masa addu'o'i na kusan kwanaki arba'in, Allah zai amsa addu'arsu kuma ya albarkace shi da ɗa, mafarkin da ya samu har zuwa haihuwar Musa, ƙaramin yarima mai jiran gadon sarauta. masarautar, wanda ya zama adali kusa da wanda aka jefa lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu.
Musa yana da kimanin shekara goma sha biyu, wani masarautar masarautar Sinari ya aika da mai ganinsa ga Emire Abdurahman, mahaifin Musa, yana ba da shawarar yin aure tsakanin 'yarsa Yarima Sinaratu tare da Yarima Musa, shawarar auren da ta bata wa Sarki Abdurahman rai, wanda hakan ya sanya shi abin kunya. mai son ganin Sinari ta hanyar gaya masa magana mara daɗi kuma fitar da shi daga masarautarsa a wulakance.
Dangane da abin da ya faru, mai hangen nesa ga Sarki Abdurahman yana son hada hannu da Sarkin Sinari don yakar masarautar sa a madadin kujerar sarauta, ya aika da bawansa don ya jagorance su zuwa masarautar ta hanyar bin hanyar da ba a sani ba don shiga cikin masarautar sannan ya jefa masarautar., shirin bai yi nasara ba wanda ya sa Emire Abdurahman ya rama ta hanyar fada, Sarki Abdulrahman dole ya fita yaki, don haka ya bar mai ganinsa a kan karagar mulki don ya yi mulkin masarautar, bai san cewa mai ganinsa mayaudari ne ga masarautar ba.
Bayan ya barin, da visier acquire wani ra'ayin da kashe kambi yarima da kuma shiryawa domin Emire ya mutu a yakin, wanda zai sa shi righteousus dauki kan jefa, mahaifin kambi yarima Musa bar daula domin yaki, yayin da ya mahaifin ya bar fadar don yin gwagwarmaya don yaƙi, ya yi watsi da bayinsa da suka fi aminta da su don kare ɗansa daga duk wani maciya amana na cikin gida wanda zai iya cutar da yarima, kamar yadda yaron zai zama Emire na gaba idan bai dawo da rai ba, yanayin da ya sa mai hangen nesan sa ya yi niyyar ɗaukar abin da aka jefa ta hanyar kashe ƙaramin yaro, yana fatan sarki ya mutu a fagen fama, wannan tabbas zai sa ya zama mai adalci ga wanda aka jefa idan sarki da yarima mai jiran gado sun mutu.
A daya bangaren kuma dabbar da aka saya wa yarima mai jiran gado da aka sani da Aku, ya san kowane lokaci, ya san abin da ya gabata, na yanzu da na gaba, don haka aku ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aiki da yarima mai jiran gado ta hanyar ba shi labarai, don yarima ba zai bar fadar cikin kadaicin mahaifinsa ba, barin fadar zai sa mai hangen nesa ya ci moriyar cimma ɗaya daga cikin burinsa biyu.
Jarumai
Jaruman wasan littafin sun hada da
Sarki Abdurahman sarkin masarautar, mahaifin yarima mai jiran gado Musa kuma kakan Mahamudu.
Waziri mai hangen nesa ga Sarki Abdurahman wanda ya yi mubaya'a ga Sarkin Zinari don ƙirƙirar masarautar a madadin mayar da shi sarautar sarauta.
Musa yarima mai jiran gado, dan Sarki Abdurahman.
Mahamudu ɗan ɗiyar Sarki Abdurahman, kuma abokin ƙuruciya ga yarima mai jiran gado Musa, shima ɗa ne ga kwamandan masarautar mai shekaru 70, tun yana ƙaramin yaro don ya gaji matsayin mahaifinsa, dole ne ya yi fafatawa da juna tare da Emire a cikin yaki.
Waziri Aku wanda ke nufin aku, dabba ne ga yarima mai jiran gado Musa, wanda daga baya ya zama mai hangen nesa ga masarautar masarautar, shine mai ba da labari ga yarima mai jiran gadon sarauta don kawar da son zuciyarsa da kuma karkatar da yarima mai jiran gado daga barin fadar don bin mahaifinsa zuwa yaƙi, wanda mai hangen nesa zai so ya ci moriyar kashe yarima mai jiran gado a gefen fadar.
Sarkin Zinari, Abdulaziz dan Shehu Mukhtar, masarautar kishiya ga Sarki Abdurahman, wanda ya fusata sakamakon kin amincewa da shirin aurensa da Musa dan Sarki Abdurahman da kuma wulakanta wanda ya aiko shi don neman shawarar.
'Yar Sinaratu ' yar Sarkin Zinari, wacce yake so ta auri yarima Musa, yin watsi da shawarar tare da wulakanci shine abin da ke ba shi haushi.
Wazirin Sinari visier ga Sarkin Zinari, Sarki Abdurahman ya tozarta shi lokacin da aka aiko shi da neman aure, Ya kasance mai biyayya ga masarautar sa sabanin mai ganin Sarki Abdurahman.
Duba kuma
Abubakar Imam
Ruwan Bagaja
Kamfanin buga littattafai na Arewacin Najeriya
Harshen Hausa
Littafin tarihin
Furniss, Graham (1996). Waka, karin magana da al'adun da suka shahara a kasar Hausa. Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya. Edinburgh: Jami'ar Edinburgh Press don Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya.
Muhammad, Abdulwahab (2015). Nazarin Manyan Na'urorin Lexical a cikin Abubakar Imam Magana Jari Ce (1. Aufl ed. ). Saarbrücken. ISBN 978-3-639-86078-8 .
Manazarta
Littattafai
Litattafan 1937 |
18370 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usani%20Uguru%20Usani | Usani Uguru Usani | Usani Uguru Usani (an haife shine a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta.alif 1961) fasto ne, malami ne, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Niger Delta a cikin gwamnatin Najeriya .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Usani ne a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961 a Nko, karamar hukumar Yakurr ta Jihar Kuros Riba . Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Nko, St. Brendan's Secondary School, Iyamoyong, karamar hukumar Obubra , Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato ; Jami'ar Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba; Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas, Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas da Sarauniya Mary da Kwalejin Westfield, Jami'ar Landan . Usani yana da Digiri Kimiyya a fannin ilimin kasa, ya yi Babar difloma a fannin Gudanarwa, sannan kuma ya yi Digiri na biyu a kan Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci, sannan kuma ya karanci ilimin Falsafa a fannin kula da muhalli, sannan kuma ya yi karatun Digiri na biyu a Dunkulewar Duniya da Ci gaba kuma a yanzu haka dalibin Digiri ne a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Jihar Kaduna .
Ayyuka
Usani fasto ne. Usani ya yi aikin bautar kasa (NYSC) a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati, Kagara, karamar hukumar Rafi ta Jihar Neja . Bayan hidimarsa ta NYSC, ya kasance malami daga watan Agusta a shekarar (1988) zuwa watan Janairu shekara ta (1992) a Community Secondary School, Iko-Esai da makarantar sakandare ta, Adim, duk na Jihar Kuros Riba . Daga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1992) zuwa watan Nuwamba shekara ta (1993) Usani ya yi aiki a Ofishin Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Gwamna Clement Ebri kan Rubuta Jawabi da Nazarin Manufofi, a lokaci guda a matsayin Sakatare, Tsarin Gyara Tsarin (SAP) Kwamiti (shirin ajanda na gwamnati don sauƙaƙe sakamakon Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ) tare da ƙarin haƙƙin lamuran Hulɗa da Majalisa. A tsakanin wannan lokacin, an nada shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Sojojin Najeriya, Kwamitin Jihar Kuros Riba. Tsakanin shekara ta (1994 zuwa 1995) an nada shi a matsayin Darakta Oban (Nijeriya) Rubber da Palm Estates Limited.
A watan Yulin shekara ta (1995) an nada Usani Kwamishina a Ma’aikatar Matasa, Wasanni da Ci Gaban Jama’a, Jihar Kuros Riba a karkashin Shugaban Gudanarwar Sojoji Gregory Agboneni ; a watan Nuwamba A shekara ta (1995) aka fadada jakar don hada ayyukan Fasaha. A watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1997) a wani hukuma rushe kuma reconstitution, an sabunta aikin sa a Ma'aikatar Gona Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma bunkasa karkara, a karkashin mulkin Soja Umar Farouk Ahmed inda ya yi aiki har sai da ya kai shekara ta( 1999) bayan hidima tare da Christopher Osondu, har karshen mulkin Soja a garin Cross River Jiha . Daga watan Janairun shekarar (2001) zuwa Janairun shekara ta( 2004) an nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kare Hakkokin mallaka na Najeriya .
Usani ya tsaya takarar kujerar Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba sau uku. A zaben shekarar (2003) karkashin jam'iyyar Democrats , Donald Duke ne ya kayar da shi, a shekara ta (2012) karkashin jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) Liyel Imoke ya kayar da shi kuma a shekara ta (2015) a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress . Daga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2004) zuwa (2006) Usani ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Koyon Ilimin Gudanarwa ta London, Ilford, Essex, yayi kwasa-kwasai da dama ga masu karatun kasuwanci, ɗaliban MBA da ƙwararrun candidatesan takarar ABE da ACCA. Ya kuma koyar a Kwalejin Ilimi ta London, Stratford, London.
Tsakanin watan Yulin shekarar (2014) zuwa Nuwamba a shekara ta (2015) an zabe shi Shugaban Jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) na Jihar Kuros Riba.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Shugaba Mohammadu Buhari ya nada Usani a Majalisar zartarwar Tarayyar Najeriya a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Neja Delta . Ya hango Rahoton Bincike na Fasaha na ayyukan daga farkon Ma’aikatar kuma an gudanar da bincike na asali game da tushen zamantakewar al’umma da kayayyakin more rayuwa na yankin (wanda UNDP ta taimaka). An sake duba shirin Tsara Neja Delta. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Fadar Shugaban Najeriya ta umarci Usani ya kaddamar da kwamitin, sannan daga baya ya sanya ido kan ayyukan Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC), a zaman wani bangare na ayyukan da Ma’aikatar Neja Delta ke bin doka.
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekarar (2017) Usani ya sami lambar girmamawa ta ci gaban kasa daga kungiyar Masana binciken kasa tare da nada Adjunct Malami a sashen nazarin kasa a jami'ar jihar Nasarawa, Keffi, jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya.
Manazarta
Gwamnonin Nijeriya |
50254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohja%20Kahf | Mohja Kahf | Mohja Kahf ( , an haife ta a shekara ta 1967 a Damascus) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya 'yar Siriya ce, marubuci, kuma farfesa. Ta rubuta Waƙoƙin Hagar waɗanda suka sami karramawa a cikin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2017 na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Larabawa. Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Pushcart don maƙalarta na ƙirƙira, "The Caul of Inshallah" da memba ƙungiyar wasanni ta hukuma Arkansas a shekara ta 2002 akan waƙa. An nuna waƙarta a cikin ɓangarorin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Jenny Holzer.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Kahf a Damascus, Siriya. A cikin watan Maris 1971, tana da shekaru uku da rabi, ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ta taso ne a gidan musulmai masu ibada. Duk iyayenta sun zo Amurka a matsayin dalibai a Jami'ar Utah. Kahf da danginta sun koma Indiana bayan iyayenta sun sami digiri na jami'a. Lokacin da take aji na goma, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa New Jersey. A cikin shekara ta1984, Kahf ta zauna a Iraki na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A lokacin kwaleji ta yi semester daya a matsayin daliba mai ziyara a jami’ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jeddah, Saudi Arabiya.
Kakan mahaifiyar Kahf ya kasance ɗan majalisar dokokin Siriya a shekarar 1950, amma an kore shi daga Siriya saboda adawa da gwamnatin Baath. Mahaifinta memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, ƙungiyar da aka haramtawa kasar Siriya, kuma a dalilin haka aka yi gudun hijira daga Siriya.
Kahf ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Douglass a shekarar 1988 sannan ta sami Ph.D. a cikin fagen kwatancen wallafe-wallafe daga Rutgers, Jami'ar Jihar New Jersey a cikin shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995 ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Arkansas inda ta yi aiki a cikin Shirin Kwatanta Adabi da Nazarin Al'adu, kuma memba ce a Cibiyar King Fahd na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Arkansas, Fayetteville.
A lokacin aikinta a Rutgers, Kahf ta koyar da ka'idojin mata, matan gwagwarmayar Falasɗinu, da mata masu fafutuka na Black Power. Bayan ta koma Arkansas, Kahf ta yi aiki na wani lokaci a kan kwamitin Ozark Poets da Writers Collective, ta shiga cikin shagunan wakoki na gida kuma, bayan da ta ci nasara a kan "Team Ozarks" tare da Brenda Moossy, Lisa Martinovic, da Pat Jackson, wakilci. yankin tare da ƙungiyar mata duka a shekara 1999 National Poetry Slam a Chicago,
Kahf ya kasance memba na RAWI, Radius na Marubutan Larabawan Amurka, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1993 Kahf a halin yanzu memba ce na Kungiyar Ta'addanci ta Siriya. A shekarar 2011, Kahf da 'yarta sun ziyarci kan iyakar Turkiyya zuwa Siriya domin yin aiki da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya. Kahf ta rubuta game da abin da ya faru a cikin maƙalar "Hanyar 'ya ta Siriya."
Kahf ya halarci jerin gwanon zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yakin da Amurka ke yi a Iraki.
Aikin adabi
Aikin Kahf ya binciko jigogi na rashin jituwar al'adu da cuɗanya tsakanin musulmi Ba'amurke da sauran al'ummomi, na addini da na zamani. Siriya, Musulunci, da'a, siyasa, mata, 'yancin ɗan adam, jiki, jinsi, da kuma batsa sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin aikinta. A cikin littafinta na waka, Emails From Schherazad, Kahf ta yi bincike kan al'adun Larabawa da musulmi daban-daban, ta yin amfani da ban dariya akai-akai. Ta sake fasalin mata da yawa na al'adar Musulunci, musamman a cikin Wakokin Hajara.
Waƙoƙin Hagar sun sami lambar yabo a cikin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2017 na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Larabawa. Kahf ta sami lambar yabo ta Pushcart don rubutunta na ƙirƙira, "The Caul of Inshallah," game da wahalar haihuwar ɗanta, wanda aka fara bugawa a Kogin Teeth a shekarar 2010. Littafin waƙa na farko na Kahf, Imel Daga Scheherazad, ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Paterson Poetry na shekarar 2004. Littafinta The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ya kasance "Littafi ɗaya" yana karantawa a Jami'ar Indiana Gabas (Richmond, Indiana) a cikin shekarar 2017. An zaɓi littafin a matsayin Rukunin Karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yuni a shekarar 2007 kuma a matsayin littafin shekara don Littafin Ɗaya, Tsarin Bloomington na Bloomington Arts Council, Laburaren Jama'a na Monroe County, Bloomington, Indiana, 2008. Kahf ta lashe lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar wasanni ta Arkansas a cikin shekarar 2002 don waƙa.
A cikin 2004, Kahf tana da shafi da ke binciko batutuwan jima'i akan shafin yanar gizon musulmi na MuslimWakeUp!.com. An kira wannan shafi mai suna "Sex and the Umma" kuma ta gabatar da gajerun labarai daga wurinta, wanda kuma ya karbi bakuncin baƙo marubuta a shafin, ciki har da Randa Jarrar, Michael Muhammad Knight, da Laila Al-Marayati. Asalin shafi na farko da aka buga, ɗan gajeren labari na Kahf, "Sahabbai masu sha'awa," daga baya an sake buga shi a gidan yanar gizon loveinshallah.com. Aikin da Kahf ta yi akan "Sex da Umma" ya jawo mata mummunar hari...marubuciyar, duk da cewa a lokaci guda ta kasance mai wasa da ɓarna a baki da jigo, amma da alama tana gabatar da wani salo na addinin Islama...na ƙara samun ci gaba. .daya" cewar Layla Maleh.
Waƙar Kahf ta fito a cikin ɓangarorin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Jenny Holzer. Waƙarta mai suna "Abokai Biyu Kamar Wuta" an saita shi zuwa kiɗan da Joseph Gregorio ya tsara, wanda Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙungiyar Darektan Choral ta Amurka ta ba da izini, kuma Soli Deo Gloria Women Chorale ta kaddamar. An fassara aikin Kahf zuwa Jafananci, Italiyanci, da Larabci. Wakokinta sun fito a cikin shirin shirin BBC, Wakoki daga Syria.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Waka
Wakokin Hagar, 2016, Jami'ar Arkansas Press
Saƙonnin imel daga Scheherazad 2003, Jami'ar Press na Florida
masoyina yana ciyar da ni 'ya'yan inabi. 2020. latsa 53.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1967 |
58495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20hanci%20da%20rashawa%20a%20Najeriya | Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya |
Tarihi da lokuta
Haɓaka ayyukan gwamnati da gano man fetur da iskar gas wasu manyan al'amura biyu ne da ake kyautata zaton sun haifar da ci gaba da yawaitar ayyukan rashawa a ƙasar.
Gwamnati ta yi kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar kafa dokoki da tabbatar da gaskiya amma ba a samu nasara ba.
An yi imanin cewa zari,salon raini,al'adu,da halayen mutane sun haifar da cin hanci da rashawa.Wani tushe kuma shine kabilanci. Abokai da ’yan uwa masu neman tagomashi daga jami’ai na iya sanya wa jami’an tarnaki tuwo a kwarya domin wadannan ’yan uwa suna ganin jami’an gwamnati suna rike da hanyoyin tsira da kuma ribarsu.
Kafin samun yancin kai da jamhuriya ta farko
Cin hanci da rashawa, ko da yake ya zama ruwan dare,an kiyaye shi a matakan da za a iya sarrafawa a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta farko. Sai dai a wasu lokuta ana tafka kura-kurai da cin hanci da rashawa a lokacin.
Azikiwe shine babban jigo na siyasa na farko da aka bincika don ayyukan da ba su da tabbas.A cikin 1944,wani kamfani na Azikiwe da iyali ya sayi banki a Legas.An sayo bankin ne don karfafa ikon cikin gida na masana'antar hada-hadar kudi.Ko da yake,wani rahoto kan hada-hadar da bankin ya gudanar ya nuna cewa Azikiwe ya ajiye mukaminsa na shugaban bankin,shugaban na yanzu wakilin sa ne.Rahoton ya rubuta cewa akasarin kudaden da aka biya na Babban Bankin Nahiyar Afrika sun fito ne daga Hukumar hada-hadar kudi ta yankin Gabas.
A yammacin Najeriya an binciki dan siyasa Adegoke Adelabu sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa da 'yan adawa suka yi masa.
A yankin Arewa,bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa wasu jami’an ‘yan asalin jihar Borno .Gwamnatin Arewa ta sanya dokar hana fita ta kwastam domin dakile duk wani saba doka. Daga baya,gwamnatin Burtaniya ce aka zarge ta da aikata almundahana a sakamakon zabe wanda ya dora shugabancin siyasar Fulani a Kano,daga baya an gano wasu rahotannin da ke alakanta hukumomin Burtaniya da kura-kurai a zaben.
Gwamnatin Gowon (Agusta 1966 - Yuli 1975)
Cin hanci da rashawa mafi akasarin gwamnatin Yakubu Gowon an nisantar da jama’a har zuwa 1975.Sai dai jami'an da aka sanar sun bayyana damuwarsu.Masu sukar sun ce Gwamnonin Gowon sun yi kamar iyayengiji ne da ke kula da rayuwar su.Ana kallonsa a matsayin mai kunya, kuma ya fuskanci gurbatattun abubuwa a gwamnatinsa.
A shekarar 1975,cin hanci da rashawa wata badakala ce da ta shafi shigo da siminti ta mamaye yawancin jami’an ma’aikatar tsaro da babban bankin Najeriya.Daga baya an tuhumi jami’an da yin karya a cikin bayanan jiragen ruwa da kuma kara yawan siminti da za a saya.
A lokacin gwamnatin Gowon,an zargi wasu mutane biyu daga tsakiyar kasar da cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ke rike da jaridun,don haka jaridun Daily Times da New Nigerian sun yi ta yada kalaman gwamnatin Gomwalk,da kwamishinan gwamnatin tarayya Joseph Tarka da masu suka biyu suka yi.Halin da zai iya nuna dalilin da ya sa aka yi watsi da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa.
Gwamnatin Murtala (1975 - Fabrairu 1976)
A shekarar 1975 gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed ta yi sauye-sauye na kawo sauyi.Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a kan karagar mulki, sabuwar gwamnatin ta kori dimbin jami’an gwamnati da ma’aikatan gwamnati da dama, wadanda akasarinsu aka sha suka kan yadda suka yi amfani da karfin ikon da suka yi amfani da su a karkashin sojojin Gowon wadanda ba su da ilimi.
Gwamnatin Obasanjo (Fabrairu 1976 - Satumba 1979)
Gwamnatin farko ta Olusegun Obasanjo ci gaba ce ta gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed kuma ta mayar da hankali wajen kammala shirin mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya, tare da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ci gaban kasa. Manyan ayyuka da suka hada da gina sabbin matatun mai,bututun mai, fadada jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen sama na kasa da kuma daukar nauyin FESTAC an yi su ne a lokacin wannan gwamnati.Yawancin waɗannan ayyuka na ƙasa sune hanyoyin rarraba abubuwan jin daɗi da wadatar 'yan siyasa masu alaƙa. Shahararren mawakin nan na Afrobeat,Fela Kuti, ya rera wakoki daban-daban kan manyan badakala da suka shafi kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ITT karkashin jagorancin Cif MKO Abiola a Najeriya,wanda aka alakanta shi da shugaban kasa na lokacin,Janar Olusegun Obasanjo. Baya ga wannan,shirin na Operation Feed the Nation Program,da kuma kwace filaye a karkashin dokar amfani da filaye da shugaban kasa a wancan lokaci ya aiwatar,an yi amfani da shi ne domin ba wa ‘yan baranda kyauta,kuma ana kyautata zaton shahararren Otta Farm Nigeria (OFN) ne.aikin da aka samu daga wannan badakala.
Gwamnatin Shagari (Oktoba 1979 - Disamba 1983)
Ana ganin cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a zamanin gwamnatin Shehu Shagari . Wasu ƴan gine-ginen gwamnatin tarayya sun kama wuta bayan da masu bincike suka fara binciken kuɗin jami'an da ke aiki a gine-ginen. A karshen shekarar 1985,binciken da aka yi kan rusasshiyar bankin Johnson Mathey na Landan ya yi karin haske kan wasu cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu.Bankin ya yi aiki ne a matsayin hanyar canja wurin kudi mai wuya ga wasu mambobin jam’iyyar a Najeriya.Wasu ‘yan manyan jami’ai da ‘yan siyasa sun tara makudan kudade.Sun nemi fitar da kudaden ne daga kasar tare da taimakon masu shigo da kayayyaki daga Asiya ta hanyar ba da lasisin shigo da kaya.
A shekarar 1981,karancin shinkafa ya haifar da zargin almundahana da gwamnatin NPN.Karanci da zarge-zargen da suka biyo baya sun haifar da karewa.Bayan zabenta,gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar kare manoman shinkafa na gida daga kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje.An kirkiro tsarin ba da lasisi don iyakance shigo da shinkafa.Sai dai kuma an yi zargin nuna son kai da kuma jita-jita da gwamnati ke marawa baya ga jami'ai da dama.
Gwamnatin Buhari (Disamba 1983 - Agusta 1985)
A shekarar 1985, an samu wasu gungun ‘yan siyasa da laifin cin hanci da rashawa a karkashin gwamnatin Janar Muhammadu Buhari,amma ita kanta gwamnatin ta shiga cikin wasu ‘yan lokuta na rashin adalci.Wasu sun bayar da misali da badakalar akwatunan wanda kuma a daidai lokacin da shugaban hukumar kwastam, Atiku Abubakar,ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1999,kuma aka tuhume shi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. “Batun akwatuna 53 sun taso ne a shekarar 1984 a lokacin da gwamnatin Buhari ta bayar da umarnin a binciki duk wata shari’a da ta isa kasar nan ba tare da la’akari da matsayin wanda ke da hannu a irin wannan ba. Sai dai an bi da akwatunan guda 53 ta filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed ba tare da tantance jami’an kwastam da sojoji suka yi ba bisa umarnin Manjo Mustapha Jokolo,mai taimaka wa Gen.Buhari. Atiku a lokacin shi ne Kwanturolan Hukumar Kwastam mai kula da filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed.”
Gwamnatin Babangida (Agusta 1985 - Agusta 1993)
Ana kallon gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ko IBB a matsayin hukumar da ta halasta cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatinsa ta ki bayar da wani bayyani game da guguwar yakin Gulf,wanda aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 12.4.Ya yi magudin zabe daya tilo da ya yi nasara a tarihin Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Yuni,1993.Yana zaune a wani katafaren gida mai kayatarwa a jiharsa ta Nijar.
Zaman Janar Ibrahim Babangida,cin hanci da rashawa ya zama siyasar jihar. Ya kan raba motoci da kyaututtukan kudi ga mutane don samun aminci,kuma tarbiyyar rundunar soji ta lalace.Kalmar"IBB Boys" ta fito, ma'ana gaba ga shugaban kasa a fagen kasuwanci, wanda zai yi mu'amala da kazanta daga mu'amalar miyagun kwayoyi da safarar kudade.
Duba kuma
Brown ambulan aikin jarida, Najeriya
Innoson Group vs GTBank shari'ar zamba
Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya da aka tsige
Gabaɗaya:
Laifuka a Najeriya
Cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa
Kwalejin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa da kasa
Kungiyar Kasashe Masu Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa
Ranar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya
ISO 37001 Tsarin Gudanar da Cin Hanci
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa
OECD Yarjejeniyar Yaƙin Cin Hanci da Rashawa
Transparency International
Nassoshi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48827 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20Angola%2C%20Namibiya%20da%20Zambiya%20ta%202009 | Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da Zambiya ta 2009 | Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da kuma Zambiya ta 2009 annoba ce da ta fara a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar aƙalla mutum 131 kuma ta shafi kusan mutane 445,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi yankuna bakwai na Namibiya, larduna uku na Zambia, yankuna biyu na Angola da kuma wani bangare na Botswana. Ruwan ya lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa tare da raba akalla mutane 300,000 da muhallansu. An kafa dokar ta baci a arewacin Namibiya a yayin da ake fargabar barkewar cututtuka. Hukumomin Red Cross da gwamnatocin kasashen biyu sun dauke matakai game da annobar, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta raba tallafi.
Dalilai
Yankunan kan iyaka na Angola, Namibiya da Zambia sun mamaye kananan koguna da ke ambaliya akai-akai a lokacin damina daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2008 ta kasance daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris kuma ta shafi mutane 250,000 a Namibiya inda mutane 42 suka rasa rayukansu. Ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta samo asali ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa; An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin tun daga watan Disamba fiye da yadda aka samu a duk lokacin damina na watanni biyar na bara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta yi muni fiye da yadda aka saba fuskanta. An bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwan na iya zama mafi muni a yankin tsawon shekaru arba'in. Cibiyar nazarin yanayi ta kasar Angola ta sanya dalilin ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya wanda ake sa ran zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kasar har zuwa watan Afrilu da zai fara tafiya kudu. Wani rahoto ya dora alhakin ci gaba da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya kan illolin yanayi na La Niña .
Illoli
Angola
Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa Angola a cikin larduna biyu: Cuando Cubango da Cunene . Lardin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne Cunene, wanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai . A cikin Cunene kadai mutane 125,000 ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa kuma 25,000 sun rasa muhallansu. A duk fadin kasar sama da mutane 30,000 ne ambaliyar ta raba da gidajensu. Akwai fargabar cewa ambaliyar za ta iya ta'azzara cututtukan da ake da su a yankin, musamman kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro . An kuma bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a Ondjiva, babban birnin yankin Cunene, kuma jami'an yankin na sa ran adadin zai karu. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta ce kawo yanzu an samu asarar rayuka 19 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Angola.
Botswana
Tsawon kogin Okavango ya shafi Botswana zuwa 8.62 m, zurfi mafi girma na biyu da aka rubuta kuma mafi girma tun 1969. Okavango ya ƙare a Botswana a cikin Okavango Delta kuma gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da sanarwar gargadi ga waɗanda ke zaune a gefen kogin su tashi zuwa tudu. Gwamnati ta kori iyalai 63 a cikin fargabar cewa ambaliyar ruwan za ta tsananta musamman a gundumar Chobe . Sama da mutane 400 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa kuma rundunar tsaron Botswana na kokarin taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa.
Namibiya
Yankuna bakwai na Namibiya ambaliyar ta shafa: Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana, Oshikoto, Zambezi, Kavango da Kunene . Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana da Oshikoto wadanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai. A yankin Zambezi ruwan ambaliya ya kai wurare 20 km daga inda kogin ya saba gudana. Mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Namibiya wanda ya raba kusan mutane 276,000 da muhallansu. Ambaliyar ruwan ta lalata amfanin gona, gidaje, makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kuma tituna a kasar wanda shugabanta, Hifikepunye Pohamba, ya ce zai iya fuskantar daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihin rayuwa. Hanyoyin tsakuwa sun shafi musamman inda kusan kashi 85% na wadanda ke yankunan da abin ya shafa suka lalace tare da yankewa mutane taimako. An dai tafi da mutane da dabbobi kuma an samu wasu kadawa da 'yan doki da ke ninkaya a cikin ruwan da ke kai hare-hare tare da kashe mutane. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a yankin Kunene da ambaliyar ruwan ta kara ta’azzara ta hanyar mamaye kayayyakin tsaftar muhalli da kuma rage samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro kuma ta karu, inda mutane 2,000 suka kamu da cutar inda 25 daga cikinsu suka mutu. Gwamnatin Namibiya ta bayyana cewa kawo yanzu mutane 112 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa.
Shugaba Pohamba ya bayyana cewa matsalar karancin abinci na iya biyo bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa noman amfanin gona a Namibia zai ragu da kashi 63 cikin 100 nan da shekara mai zuwa kuma mutane kusan 500,000 za su fuskanci matsalar karancin abinci. Farashin kayan abinci na gida ya riga ya tashi da kashi 37% saboda bala'in.
Zambiya
Zambiya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a Lardunan Yamma, Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu . Lalacewar ababen more rayuwa kadai ya kai sama da dala miliyan 5 kuma gundumomi guda daya, Shangombo, ya rage daga taimakon waje gaba daya. Ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 20,000 tare da lalata gidaje 5,000 a Lardin Kudu kadai.
Wani wuri
Ko da yake wannan lamari na musamman na ambaliya ya fi muni fiye da yadda aka fuskanta a baya a Namibiya da Angola, an sami raguwar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu wurare a yankin, kamar a kogin Zambezi, kuma ana sa ran damina za ta wuce makonni hudu kacal. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan Kariba da ke Zimbabwe da kuma madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a Mozambique za su kare kasashen da ke yankin Zambezi na kasa daga ambaliya da ruwan sama a kogin sama ya haifar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tana kuma sa ido kan guguwar ruwan zafi mai tsanani Izilda wacce ke kan hanyar zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Mozambique kuma za ta iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a can.
Martani
Shugaba Pohamba ya kafa dokar ta baci a yankuna shida na arewacin kasar, kuma ya bukaci taimakon kasashen duniya. Asusun bayar da agaji na jihar Namibiya ya dukufa a yankin inda yake kai ruwa da abinci da tantuna da sauran kayayyaki zuwa yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi kamari ta jirgin helikwafta da kwale-kwale. Sai dai kuma ana samun cikas sakamakon karancin jiragen sama da na kwale-kwale, kuma ana fama da karancin kudade. Hukumomin agaji na Red Cross a Angola da Namibiya sun mayar da martani kan bala'in. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Angola tana rarraba gidajen sauro, allunan tsaftace ruwa da kuma buhunan ruwa na Rehydration kuma kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Namibia tana rarraba allunan chlorine tare da inganta tsafta a wuraren da abin ya shafa. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta kuma mayar da martani tare da kai tan biyar na kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwan sha. Akwai fargabar cewa rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2007-2008 na iya takaita tasirin kungiyoyin agaji wadanda tuni suka yi kaurin suna a fadin Afirka. An kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Oshana, Oshikoto, Ohangwena da Omusati a Namibia kuma a halin yanzu suna dauke da mutane kusan 4,500 duk da cewa an ce sun cika makil da rashin ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama zuwa yankin domin horar da ma'aikatan gaggawa da kuma samar da kwararru kan rigakafin cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta zo dai-dai da ziyarar da Paparoma Benedict na 16 ya kai Angola, wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa tare da karfafa yunkurin sake gina kasar. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Namibia, NamPower, ya ba da gudummawar kayan abinci na Naira 50,000 ga wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruacana wanda ya kai kashi 70% na bukatun wutar lantarkin kasar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa ta kaddamar da neman dalar Amurka miliyan 1.3 don tallafawa ayyukan agaji don taimakawa mutane 20,000 a Namibiya.
Duba kuma
2008-2009 Cutar kwalara ta Zimbabwe
2008 Ambaliyar Namibiya
Manazarta |
52987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Mardini | Sarah Mardini | Sarah Mardini (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1995) tsohuwar 'yar wasan motsa jiki ce ta Siriya, mai tsaron rai kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Da suke tserewa daga kasarsu a shekarar 2015 a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya tare da 'yar'uwarta, mai iyo na Olympics Yusra Mardini, sun ja jirgin su tare da wasu 'yan gudun hijira zuwa gabar Bahar Rum ta Girka, suna ceton kansu da sauran fasinjoji. Ci gaba da tafiyarsu a fadin Balkans, sun isa Berlin, Jamus, a wannan shekarar. An kira ta daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya ta mujallar Time a 2023, tare da 'yar'uwarta.
Bayan an ba 'yan'uwa mata mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus, Sarah Mardini ta shiga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don taimakawa' yan gudun hijira a tsibirin Lesbos na Girka. Tare da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Seán Binder, an kama ta a shekarar 2018 kuma hukumomin Girka sun zarge ta da leken asiri, taimakawa shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma tana cikin kungiyar masu aikata laifuka. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Amnesty International sun karyata waɗannan zarge-zargen, suna sukar zarge-cargen da aka yi wa Mardini da sauran ma'aikatan jin kai da kuma kare ayyukansu a matsayin ayyukan shari'a.
Rayuwa ta farko da tashi
Sarah Mardini ta girma ne a Darayya, wani yanki na Damascus, tare da iyayenta da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Yusra da Shahed . Yayinda suke yara, duka Sarah da Yusra sun karfafa su kuma sun horar da su don gasa ta yin iyo daga mahaifinsu, ƙwararren kocin kuma tsohon mai yin iyo da kansa. Daga baya, sun shiga kungiyoyin yin iyo a Siriya da kuma kungiyar yin iyo ta Siriya.
Lokacin da aka lalata gidansu a yakin basasar Siriya, Sarah da Yusra sun yanke shawarar tserewa daga Siriya a watan Agusta 2015. Sun isa Lebanon, sannan Turkiyya. Sun shirya a shigo da su zuwa tsibirin Girka ta jirgin ruwa tare da wasu baƙi 18 a cikin jirgin da aka tsara don mutane 6 ko 7. Bayan motar ta daina aiki kuma jirgin ya fara ɗaukar ruwa a cikin Tekun Aegean, Yusra, Sarah, da wasu mutane biyu, waɗanda suka iya yin iyo, sun yi tsalle cikin ruwa. Sun ja jirgin cikin ruwa sama da sa'o'i uku, har sai kungiyar ta kai tsibirin Lesbos. Bayan wannan, sun yi tafiya da ƙafa, ta bas da jirgin kasa ta hanyar Girka, Balkans, Hungary da Austria zuwa Jamus, inda suka zauna a Berlin a watan Satumbar 2015. Iyayensu da ƙanwarsu daga baya sun tsere daga Siriya kuma an ba su mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus. A shekara ta 2017, Mardini ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Bard ta Berlin bayan an ba shi cikakken tallafin karatu daga Shirin Kwalejin Ilimi na Duniya da Canjin Jama'a.
Yunkurin 'yan gudun hijira da zarge-zargen shari'a
Da yake ba da shawara ga 'yan gudun hijira, ita da' yar'uwarta Yusra sun yi magana a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York da kuma masu sauraro a Jamus, Faransa, Belgium, Jamhuriyar Czech da Bulgaria. A cikin kaka na 2016, Sarah Mardini mai shekaru 21 ta koma Lesbos don aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa tare da Cibiyar Amsa ta Gaggawa ta Duniya (ERCI), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Girka don 'yan gudun hijira wacce ta yi aiki tare da Frontex da hukumomin iyakar Girka. ERCI tana aiki da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Moria, wanda Human Rights Watch da sauran kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin "kotu mai budewa". Bayan ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin mai fassara a wannan sansanin na watanni shida, Mardini ya ce: "Ina magana da su ta hanyarsa. Ina gaya musu, 'Na san yadda kuke ji, saboda na kasance cikinta. Na rayu, kuma na tsira, " kuma suna jin daɗi, saboda ni ɗan gudun hijira ne kamar su. "
An kama Mardini a filin jirgin saman Lesbos a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2018, lokacin da ta yi niyyar komawa Jamus don farkon shekara ta biyu a kwaleji a Berlin. A wannan rana, Seán Binder, mai horar da masu ceto kuma mai sa kai ga wannan NGO, ya tafi ofishin 'yan sanda don saduwa da Sarah Mardini kuma an kama shi da kansa. An kama memba na uku na kungiyar ba da agaji, Nassos Karakitsos jim kadan bayan haka.
A cewar wani rahoto a cikin The Guardian, an tsare su da wasu 'yan kungiyar ba da agaji guda biyu a tsare-tsaren da aka yi kafin a yi musu shari'a na kwanaki 106, "tare da Mardini da aka tsare a gidan yarin Korydallos na Athens". Bayan fiye da watanni uku a kurkuku, an saki Binder da Mardini a kan beli na Yuro 5,000 kuma suna iya barin Girka. Mardini, Binder da sauran masu fafutukar Girka ga 'yan gudun hijira an zarge su da kasancewa mambobi ne na kungiyar masu aikata laifuka, fataucin mutane, karkatar da kudi da zamba daga hukumomin Girka.
Ci gaba da zaman kotu
Lauyoyin wadanda ake tuhuma sun ce hukumomin Girka sun kasa samar da tabbacin shaida don tallafawa zarge-zargen. Idan a ƙarshe aka yanke masa hukunci, ana iya yanke wa wanda ake tuhuma hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku. Baya ga tsoffin mambobi 24 na ERCI, wasu ma'aikatan jin kai da yawa suna fuskantar tuhuma a Girka, kamar abin da ya faru a Italiya, inda aka kuma aikata laifuka don ba da taimako ga baƙi.
A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2021, wata kotun da ke Lesbos ta dakatar da shari'ar da aka yi wa mambobi 24 na ERCI, ciki har da Mardini da Binder, "saboda rashin ikon kotun" kuma ta tura karar zuwa babbar kotun. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2022, Binder, Mardini da abokin hamayyar Girka Nassos Karakitsos sun halarci taron kotun su a kotun farko, kuma sun bayyana cewa ba su da wani abu da za su kara da maganganun da suka gabata. An shirya fara shari'arsu a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023, tare da wadanda ake tuhuma da ke fuskantar tuhumar da aka rarraba a matsayin laifuka masu laifi, yayin da ba a kammala tuhumar laifin ba.
Bayan fiye da shekaru hudu na tsawo na shari'a da hukumomin Girka suka yi da kuma damuwa da rashin tabbas ga wadanda ake tuhuma bayan kamawa na farko, an fara shari'ar masu ceto 24 a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tuhumar leken asiri a kan Mardini da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma aƙalla ba za a yarda da su ba, don haka biyo bayan rashin amincewar lauyoyin su. Daga cikin sauran ƙin yarda, waɗannan su ne gazawar farko ta kotun don fassara takardu ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a kasashen waje zuwa yaren da za su iya fahimta da kuma takardun da ba daidai ba na wasu zarge-zargen. Koyaya, tuhumar fataucin mutane ta kasance kuma waɗanda ake tuhuma dole ne su jira shari'a ta biyu. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar Die Zeit ta Jamus, hukuncin ba cikakkiyar wankewa ba ne ga Mardini, Binder da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma, amma aƙalla nasara ce ta tsakiya, da kuma siginar siyasa a cikin hanyar da wani rahoto daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kira 'mafi girman shari'ar aikata laifuka a Turai'. Bayan hukuncin, Seán Binder ya yi sharhi ga 'yan jarida a waje da kotun:
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Bidiyo game da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Binder, Mardini da sauran mambobin ERCI ta Amnesty International
Bidiyo 'Ba mai safarar mutane ba ne' tare da Sarah Mardini a BBC News
Bidiyo "Yadda aka kama ni saboda ba da bargo ga 'yan gudun hijira" tare da Sarah Mardini a TEDxLondonWomen
Rahoton 2020 game da matakan ƙuntatawa, takunkumi da azabtarwa na Turai akan mutanen da ke kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da' yan gudun hijira. ta Amnesty International
Trailer don shirin Sara Mardini: Gegen den Strom (A kan halin yanzu), Jamus 2023, wanda Charly Wai Feldman ya jagoranta a YouTube (Turanci tare da subtitles na Jamusanci)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1995 |
15234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binta%20Masi%20Garba | Binta Masi Garba | Binta Masi Garba (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1967) ƴar siyasa ce kuma ƴar kasuwa sannan kuma mai gudanarwa, tana aiki a matsayin Sanatan Adamawa ta Arewa ta Sanatan Adamawa tun daga shekara ta 2015. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar kungiyar, jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress reshen jihar Adamawa kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Jiha ta wata babbar jam’iyya mai rijista a Najeriya.
Binta ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya har sau uku, daga shekara ta alif 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2011. Ita ce 'yar siyasa ta farko da ta wakilci Tarayya biyu 2 daban-daban a shekarar 2009, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugaban mata na farko na' Yan Majalisun Mata na Commonwealth (CWP) a karkashin Kungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya ta Commonwealth (CPA) a Kamaru . Ita kadai ce mace da aka zaba a matsayin Sanata a cikin dukkanin Jihohin 19 na Arewacin Najeriya a zaben shekara ta 2015 . Ita ma, ita kadai ce mace da ta wakilci jihar Adamawa zuwa Taron Kasa a Abuja.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Binta Masi Garba an haife ta ne a Barikin sojoji dake a jihar Kaduna iyayenta sun kasance musulmai. Iyayenta sune Higgi daga Bazza, ƙaramar hukumar Michika a jihar Adamawa. Mahaifinta Mr Garba Tumba ya kasance Jami'in Soja. Ita ce ta biyu, don haka aka sanya mata suna Masi bisa ga tsarin suna na gargajiya na Higgi . Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1981, ta halarci Makarantar yara ta sojoji, New Cantonment D, Hayin Banki, Kaduna. Daga nan ne ta ci gaba da karatun Sakandare kuma ta samu (GCE / WAEC 'O' Level) a Makarantar Ranar Gwamnati, Kurmin Mashi, Kudancin Kaduna, Kaduna, tsakanin 1981 da 1987. Ta halarci Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna kuma ta samu Kwalejin difloma ta kasa (OND Marketing, 1990) da kuma babbar difloma (HND Marketing, 1997). A cikin 2004, ta tafi Harvard Kennedy School of Government - Jami'ar Harvard (Gudanar da Kuɗi na Jama'a). Tana da difloma biyu a fannin ilimin tauhidi daga Makarantar Bible School of Church Growth and Practical Ministry, da kuma Matthew Owujaye’s Ministry, Kaduna. Ita ce mai karɓar digirin digirin digirgir na digirin digirgir a cikin tiyoloji daga Smith Christian University, Miami, Florida.
Harkar siyasa
Binta Masi Garba ta fara harkar siyasa a shekarar 1998 a Kaduna, Najeriya. Kafin haka, ta yi aiki tare da Jaridun New Nigeria a matsayin jami’ar talla, shekarar da ta kamata a yi mata karin girma ba a ba ta ba saboda bambancin jinsi. Binta Masi Garba a koyaushe tana rajin kare haƙƙin mata; don haka ne ya sa ta dauki nauyin wakiltar su a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya mai wakiltar Mazaɓar Tarayyar Kaduna ta Kudu. Ba da daɗewa ba daga wannan ƙwarewar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, ta yanke shawarar tsunduma cikin siyasa a shekarar 1998 a Kudancin Tarayyar, wurin da al'adun gargajiya suka hana mata zama a cikin jama'a. Yunkurin da ta yi na farko a shekarar 1998 bata yi nasara ba. ta sake tsayawa takara a zaben shekarar 1999 na ofishin dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya kuma ta lashe da ƙuri’u 5,000. Ta kasance yarinya mafi ƙarancin shekaru a majalisar tarayya a Najeriya a shekarar 1999. Bayan nasararta ta farko, ta sake tsayawa takara a 2003 kuma ta yi nasara a kan abokiyar karawarta da tazarar da ba ta kuri'a dubu hamsin ba.
A shekarar 2006, kusan ƙarshen wa’adin ta na biyu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa na wancan lokacin, Boni Haruna, da ya ji irin rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kudancin Kaduna, ya roke ta da ta dawo Jiha ta asali, Jihar Adamawa, da kuma yi takara. Bayan yin shawarwari, ta yarda kuma ta sauko don tsayawa takarar dan majalisar wakilai a Mazabar Madagali / Michika ta Tarayya karkashin People Democratic party (PDP). Daga karshe ta samu nasarar lashe kujerar tare da wakiltar mazabar daga 2007 zuwa 2011. Bayan zaben shekara ta 2011 wani fim mai suna, "" Mafarki ga Najeriya ", wanda Cibiyar Republican ta Duniya ta yi game da manyan 'yan siyasar Najeriya mata kuma Garba na daga cikin matan da aka zaba. Sauran matan sune Hon. Suleiman Oba Nimota, Jihar Adamawa; Hon. Saudatu Sani, Jihar Kaduna; Hon. Titi Akindahunsi, Jihar Ekiti, Hon. Maimuna Adaji, Jihar Kwara, Hon. Florence Akinwale, jihar Ekiti da Hon. Beni Lar, Jihar Filato.
Bayan ta riƙe aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tarayya karo na uku a jere, ta sake tsayawa takara kuma ta sha kashi a hannun Titsi Ganama .
Jam'iyyar PDP a karkashin Shugabancin Bamanga Tukur ta yi fama da rikicin shugabanci kuma wani sabon ɓangare ya bulla a shekarar 2013. Sabon bangaren na PDP ya kasance a karkashin Shugabancin Abubakar Kawu Baraje. Sabon bangaren an kira shi sabuwar PDP (nPDP). An nada Binta Masi Garba a matsayin Shugabar mata ta nPDP. Daga baya ta koma All Progressives Congress (APC) tare da Gwamna Murtala Nyako da sauran Gwamnoni. Ta tsaya takara kuma ta zama Shugabar Jam’iyyar APC reshen Jihar Adamawa. Nasarar da aka samu a zaben ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Jiha a babbar jam’iyyar siyasa a Najeriya. Rikice-rikicen da suka dabaibaye zaben fidda gwani na Jam’iyyar APC reshen Jihar Adamawa sun kusan lalata jam’iyyar. Binta Masi Garba ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai don hada kan jam’iyya a jihar Adamawa Ta lura da daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu a zaben fidda gwani a jihar Adamawa a matsayin Shugabar jam’iyyar APC reshen jihar Adamawa. An bata damar tsayawa takarar sanata a zabukan fitar da gwani na jam'iyyar kuma daga karshe ta samu nasara a kan takwararta ta maza. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2015, ta lashe kujerar majalisar dattijai ta yankin Sanatan Arewa ta Arewa ta hanyar lashe kananan hukumomi 3 na ƙananan hukumomi 5 da ke shiyyar.
Akwai sama da sanatoci 100 da aka zaɓa a majalisar kasa ta 8, amma shida daga cikin waɗannan mata ne. Sauran sun hada da Monsurat Sunmonu daga jihar Oyo, Stella Oduah da Uche Ekwunife wadanda dukkansu ke wakiltar Anambra, Fatimat Raji Rasaki, Oluremi Tinubu da Rose Okoji Oko.
Kyauta
Binta Masi Garba ta ci kyaututtuka da dama, sun hada da:
Iorananan Chamberungiyar Theasa ta Theananan Matasa (TOYP) a cikin Kyautar Nijeriya ta shekara ta 2002
PRS - Matan Kyautar Zinare;
Firayim Minista na Duniya - Matan Mata a Shugabancin Kyautar Shugabanci a watan Mayu na shekara 2002
Ofungiyar Matan Mata da Maza, Roungiyar Samun Misalin Abuja a watan Satumba na shekara 2002
Dame Publication - Kyautar Matan Najeria (Misalin Jarumi) -a shekara ta 2002
Kyautar Kwamitin Tattalin Arzikin Mata na --asa - Kayan kwalliyarmu (NAWOMCO)
Kyautar Bambancin Shugabanci (Mafi Girma Wakilai)
Gudummawa mai inganci ga Ci gaban Demokradiyya ta Majalisa a Nijeriya.
NCWS; Kyautar girmamawa - a shekara ta 2016
Bayar da Shawara ga Matasan Arewa don Zaman Lafiya & Cigaba
WAELE / ARCELFA Alfahari da Kyautar Matan Afirka -a shekara ta 2016
Harafin Lyricsasa da ersungiyoyin Unionungiyoyin Mawaƙa
Christianungiyar Kirista ta ofungiyar Matasan Najeriya - a shekara 2016
Lambar Jagora ta Jagoranci (LLA) Sanatan Jihar Adamawa - a shekara 2016
Modibbo Adama Jami'ar Fasaha - Yola Kyautar Kwarewa - a shekara ta 2016
Northeast Star Magazine Media Merit Award Kyakkyawar 'Yar Siyasar Mata a Shekarar - 2017
Kyautar Gidauniyar Sheroes Kyautar Jagoranci - 2017
Ofungiyar Scientungiyar Masana kimiyya ta Laboratory Likita ta Mata ta Nijeriya. Kyautar Ganowa don Bautar Kai ga Dan Adam -a shekara 2017
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1967
Yan siyasar Najeriya
Sanatocin Najeriya Mata
Sanatocin Najeriya
Mutane daga jihar Adamawa |
47694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzabin%20Rawaya | Zazzabin Rawaya | Zazzabin Typhoid, shine akafi sani da typhoid, cuta ce da kwayoyin cutar Salmonella serotype Typhi ke haifarwa. Alamun sun bambanta daga wanda ze fara mai sauki zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yawanci suna farawa kwanaki shida zuwa 30 bayan kamuwa da kwayar cutar. Sau da yawa a hankali a hankali zazzaɓi mai tsanani yakan tashi bayan wasu kwanaki da yawa. Amma a wanna lokacin, yakan zo ne tare da rauni, ciwon ciki, cushewar ciki, ciwon kai, da amai marar tsanani. A Wasu mutane yakanzo masu da kurajen fata tare da tabo a jiki . A lokuta masu yawa, mutane na iya samun rudani. Idan ba'a yi magani ba, cutar na iya wuce makonni ko watanni. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani, amma ba a cika samun hakan ba. Wasu mutane na iya zama ɗauke da kwayar cutar ba tare da ta saka su rashin lapiya ba , amma har kuma suna iya yada cutar ma wasu. Zazzabin Typhoid nau'in zazzabi ne na ciki, tare da zazzabin paratyphoid . An yi imanin S. enterica Typhi tana sa rashin lapiya ne a cikin mutane kawai.
.
Ana samun cutar Typhoid ta hanyar kwayar cutar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, wadda take girma a cikin hanji, peyers faci, mesenteric lymph nodes, saifa, hanta, gallbladder, kasusuwa da jini . tyhoid tana yaduwa ne ta hanyar ci ko shan abinci ko ruwan da ya gurɓace da najasar mai kwayar cutar. Abubuwan da zasu iya saka ka samu cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da rashin tsafta . Wadanda har yanzu ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma suka ci gurbacewar ruwan sha ko abinci sun fi fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da alamun cutar. Mutane ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cutar; babu sanannun dabbobi da zasu iya kamuwa. Anayin binciken ganeta ne ta hanyar shuka kwayoyin cutar daga samfurin marar lapiya ko kuma gano garkuwar jiki wadanda jiki ya samar ta dalilin cutar. . Bada jimaw ba, sabbin manhajojin daukar bayanai da kuma yin bincike suna ba masu bincike damar kirkiro wasu sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar. Wannan ya hada da sauyawar kwayoyin dake cikin jini wadan da zasu iya nuna kwayar cutar typhoid.
Na'urorin bincike a wuraren da typhoid ta zama ruwan dare sunada karanci sannan kuma ingancinsu a wurin bincike yayi karanci, yawan lokacinda ake bukata wurin bincike, karuwar yaduwar jurewar magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsadar awo, suna daga cikin wahalaolin da ake samu inda babu isassun kayan aiki da ma'aikata na kula da lafiya.
Alurar rigakafin typhoid na iya hana kusan kashi 40 zuwa 90% na lokuta a cikin shekaru biyu na farko. Maganin na iya yin ɗan tasiri har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko kuma mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi. Sauran kokarin da ake na rigakafin cutar sun hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli da kuma wanke hannu . Har sai an tabbatar da cewa mutum ya warke, mai cutar bai kamata ya shirya abinci ga wasu ba. Ana yin maganin taifot da maganin kamar azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, ko cephalosporins na ƙarni na uku . kwayar cutar typhoid tana bijirewa magunguna , wanda ya sa maganinta yaketa kara wahala. A cikin 2015, an sami sabbin cututtukan typhoid miliyan 12.5. Cutar ta fi kamari a Indiya. tafi shafar yara. Typhoid ya ragu a kasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1940s sakamakon ingantacciyar tsafta da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi. . A kowace shekara ana ba da rahoton cutar kusan 400 a Amurka kuma an kiyasta mutane 6,000 suna da taifot. A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 149,000 a duk duniya - ƙasa daga 181,000 a 1990. Idan ba tare da magani ba, haɗarin mutuwa zai iya kaiwa kashi 20%. Idan kuma anyi magani, yana iya kaiwa tsakanin 1% da 4%. . Typhus cuta ce daban. Saboda irin alamun bayyanar su, ba a gane su a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban har zuwa 1800s. "Typhoid" na nufin "kamar typhus"..
Alamomin cuta
A bayyanance, ci gaban zazzabin typhoid ba tare da magani ba yana da matakai daban-daban guda uku, kowanne yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda. A tsawon waɗannan matakan, marar lapiya ze rika fama da gajiya da kuma ya yi rama
A cikin satin farko zafin jiki ze rika karuwa a hankali, kuma za aya rika samun zazzabi mai zuwa yana dawowa. Bugun zuciya zaya rika raguwa, ciwon kai, da tari. marar lapiya ze iya samun habo a kashi daya bisa hudun na mararsa lafiya. tare da ciwon ciki. Ragu adadin kwayar halittar garkuwar jiki,tare da eosinopenia da lymphocytosis; Idan anyi Gwaji na shuka kwayoyin cuta za'a iya samun S. enterica subsp. Cutar sankarau. Gwajin Widal baya nunawa.
A cikin mako na biyu, mutum yakan ji gajiya sosai wurin tashi, tare da zazzabi mai zafi a Filato kusan 40 °C (104 °F) da ragewar bugun gaba. Rudani yakan iya faruwa, inda marar lafia yakan kwantar da hankalina , amma bayan dan wani lokacin se kuma yasamu rudani. Wannan halaccin ya sanyawa typhoid lakabin "zazzabin fargaba". jajayen kuraje zasu iya fitar ma marar lafiya kirji da ciki a kusan kashi uku na marasa lafiya. Ana jin (sautin numfashi) a wurin huhu. Ciki yana zazzalowa zuwa bangarn dama na kasa. kuma yana jin zafi a cikin ƙananan kwata na dama, kuma za a iya jin sautin ruri. Zawo na iya faruwa a wannan mataki, sannan da cushewar ciki. Hanta da sefa zasuyi girma sannan zasuyi taushi., sinadaran transaminases na hanta zasu karu. Gwajin Widal yana da inganci mai ƙarfi, wanda akayi da ƙwayoyin rigakafin antin O da antin H. Shuka kwayoyin cuta acikin jini har yanzu hanyar gwaji ce mai inganci.
A cikin mako na uku na zazzabin typhoid, matsaloli da yawa na iya faruwa:
Har yanzu zazzaɓin yana da yawa kuma yana hawa ya sauka a cikin awa ashirin da hudu(24). Rashin ruwan jiki yana faruwa tare da rashin koshi na abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai haƙuri yana jin dadi. Kashi uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa suna samun kuraje a gangar jikii.
a
Zubar da jini CIKI hanji saboda zubar jini a cikin Peyer's faci. ; wannan na iya zama mai tsanani, amma yawanci baya kawo mutuwa.
Ciwon hanji a cikin janji mai na kasa yana da matukar tsananta kuma sau da yawa yana iya kawo mutuwa. Yana iya faruwa ba tare da alamu masu ban tsoro ba har sai kwayoyin cuta sun shiga acikin jini. ko yaduwa peritonitis ya shiga.
Cututtukan numfashi kamar su ciwon huhu da mashako mai tsanani
Encephalitis
Alamun ciwon jijiyoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da "muttering delirium" ko "coma vigil"), tare da ɗaukar tufafin gado ko abubuwan da aka sani.
Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteitis .
Ana ganin ƙananan adadin platelet ( thrombocytopenia ) wani lokaci.
Manazarta |
30483 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20British%20Columbia | Sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia | Sake sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia ya faru da yawa a lokutan da suka gabata, amma tare da sabbin yunƙuri da shirye-shirye masu tabbatar adadin sare gandun daji yana raguwa a lardin. A British Columbia, dazuzzuka sun rufe sama da kadada miliyan 55, wanda shine kashi 57.9% na kadada miliyan 95 na British Columbia. Dazuzzukan sun ƙunshi galibi (fiye da 80%) na itatuwan coniferous, kamar Pies, spruces da firs.
Batutuwan Muhalli
Sare gandun daji yana da mummunan tasiri a kan muhallin British Columbia da bambancinsa duk da cewa ya zama dole don faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da fa'ida ga tattalin arzikin Kanada.
Fitar da iskar carbon da iskar gas
Fitowar Carbon daga sare dazuzzuka lamari ne mai muhimmanci da za a duba tare da karuwar matsalar dumamar yanayi. Kuma A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 4% na jimlar gas ɗin Green House (GHG) na shekara-shekara yana fitowa daga saren gandun daji, sannan Kuma wanda ke da ƙarancin kaso idan aka kwatanta da jimillar hayaƙin BC na GHG, kuma yana aiki kusan kadada 6,200 na ƙasar gandun dajin an canza zuwa maras kyau. - amfani da gandun daji a kowace shekara. Bangaren gandun daji na BC ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin GHG daga amfani da burbushin mai da ake amfani da shi wajen sare dazuzzuka, inda ya ragu daga ton miliyan 4 na hayaƙin carbon a 1990 zuwa tan miliyan 1.8 a shekarata 2006. Rage saran gandun daji na BC tsawon shekaru ya kasance mai kyau ga rage hayakin carbon, yayin da gandun daji ke tsaftace iska ta hanyar tattara carbon da gurɓataccen iska.
Bambance-bambancen iri
Akwai bambanta muhimmancin yanayi na gandun daji bc kuma aikin lalacewa na iya rage bambance-bambancen ta hanyar ɗaukar mahalli da jinsin dabbobi su zauna. A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan 116, wanda kusan kusan kashi 10% na nau'in halittu ne a cikin BC, waɗanda suke kan jerin abubuwan haɗin yanar gizon BC waɗanda suke da nau'in hadari da ke hade da gandun daji. Abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzukan kamar noma, bullo da nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki da samar da katako suna barazana ga nau'in. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzuka, sake dasa bishiyoyin ya kuma samu raguwar bambancin yawan nau'in bishiyar a kowane yanki saboda rinjayen bishiyoyi guda daya. A halin yanzu, an sami sauye-sauye a dabarun sake dasaw nau'i daban-daban).
Tsarin ƙasa
Tsarin ƙasa yana shafar matakai daban-daban na sare dazuzzuka na cire bishiyoyi yayin da yake canza yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar tattarawa ko cirewa. Sannna Kuma Ƙasar tana riƙe da fiye da abubuwan gina jiki da tsire-tsire a cikin dazuzzuka, ta ƙunshi abubuwa marasa ƙarfi, kwayoyin halitta, iska, ruwa, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da macro-organisms. Aikin sare dazuzzuka ya bukaci sashen dazuzzuka su gina tituna, wanda hakan zai rage kasa mai albarka, don haka samun damar isa ga itatuwan da suka ragu daga kashi 4.6% na amfanin gonaki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa kashi 3.5% a shekarar 2008. Sabbin tsauraran dokoki game da hargitsin ƙasa ya rage matuƙar rage yawan ɓarnar ƙasa zuwa yankin da aka girbe daga ayyukan tilastawa 43 a shekarata 1995 zuwa 3 kawai a cikin 2008. Kiyaye ƙasa wani muhimmin al'amari ne na muhalli da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin da yake kiyaye ingancin ruwa, haɓakar yanayin muhalli, da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na gaba.
Ruwa
Ruwa wani muhimmin bangare ne ga yanayin dazuzzukan da suka hada da tsiro da nau'in dabbobin rayuwa, rafi, koguna da wuraren zama na tabkuna da kuma ayyukan mutane. Kuma Ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa da kuma yanayin halittun ruwa dake cikin dazuzzuka. Lokacin da saran gandun daji ke faruwa ta fannin gandun daji, sannan Kuma za a iya shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyar lalata, gurɓatawa da canje-canjen matakan ruwa. Lokacin da aka sanya hanyoyi don ketare rafuka da koguna, kashi 94% na mashigar titunan suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi zuwa matsakaicin damar isar da laka zuwa rafi, Lokacin da sare itatuwan ya faru a kusa da rafi, ana amfani da dabarun rafi don kiyaye yawan bishiyar. a kusa da rafi don karewa da ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga ingancin ruwa, yawa da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin yanayin ruwa. Tare da kashi 87% na yankin magudanar ruwa a cikin yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka yana cikin yanayin aiki yadda ya kamata, sashin gandun daji yana da babban ƙoƙarin kiyayewa don kare ruwa a cikin dazuzzuka. Ratsa nau'in kifin zuwa sama da magudanan ruwa na iya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwa kuma ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar su, musamman gina hanyoyi ta bangaren gandun daji. Tare da kawai kashi 42 cikin 100 na magudanar ruwa da ke da ƙarancin tasiri a kan ratsawar nau'in kifin, ragowar magudanar ruwa suna da babban haɗari zuwa matsakaicin haɗari na iyakance hanyar kifi. Tare da karuwar magudanar ruwa ta hanyoyi daga 421,830 a cikin shekarata 2000 zuwa 488,674 a 2005, ana kan aiwatar da wani shiri mai mahimmanci don magance matsalar kifin.
Dokar sare gandun daji na Zero Net
A shekara ta 2010 lardin British Columbia ya gabatar da wata sabuwar majalisa mai suna Zero Net Deforestation Act, Duk wadda ke shirin rage fitar da iskar gas da kuma kare dazuzzukan BC. Shirin ya bayyana cewa yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka da kuma sharewa na dindindin, za a dasa adadin bishiyu daidai gwargwado don ajiyar carbon, don haka zai haifar da wani sakamako na " net zero " kan sare dazuzzuka. Tare da manufar lardin British Columbia na raguwar kashi 33% na hayakin kore a shekarar 2020, wannan aikin zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin burin yayin da yawan gandun daji a cikin BC ya ba da damar sha da adana carbon.
Gudanar da gandun daji a British Columbia
Lardin British Columbia da ke Kanada an san shi da yawan ɗimbin halittun da ke da kashin bayan namun daji sama da 185, nau'in tsuntsaye 171, da bishiyoyi iri-iri da ciyayi. A cikin kula da gandun daji, Kuma yana da mahimmanci a gane tarin tasirin muhalli da sauye-sauyen muhalli waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yin barazana ga dazuzzukan BC. Duban dorewa a cikin kula da gandun daji yana buƙatar kwatanta tasirin muhalli na girbi katako da hargitsi na yanayi, kamar wuta, kwari da cututtuka.
Barazana ga dazuzzuka na British Columbia
Wuta
A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, ana kallon gobarar dazuka ta hanyar dan adam a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsaron jama'a da kuma batan katako da za a iya girbewa don amfanin dan Adam. Yayin da gobarar gandun daji na iya yin mummunar tasiri a kan balagaggen ciyayi, wuta tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji na Kanada. Bugu da ƙari, kiyaye yawan gandun daji, wuta ta fara kuma ta ƙare gadon ciyayi, yana rinjayar tsarin shekaru da nau'i) yana inganta rarraba kwari da cututtuka, yana rinjayar hawan keke na gina jiki, yana kula da bambancin yanayi, yana hana yashwar ƙasa, da kuma daidaita yanayin halittu. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ci gaban wuta da tsayawa (itace) tana da rikitarwa kuma tana buƙatar kulawa da hankali.
Ayyukan Dan Adam
British Columbia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da fiber itace a duniya. A cikin shekarata 2015 an ba da rahoton cewa gandun daji na British Columbia yana tallafawa ayyukan yi 145,800 da kasuwanci 7000, tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 15.7. A kasa baki daya, ana iya danganta saren gandun daji na Kanada ga ci gaban birane na hanyoyin sufuri da na shakatawa (19%), samar da wutar lantarki (10%), Kuma bangaren gandun daji (10%), da sauran masana'antun hakar albarkatun kasa (8%). British Columbia tana aiwatar da iyaka kan yanke izinin shekara-shekara ta hanyar saita iyakar adadin katako da kowane kamfani ya yarda ya girbe. A cikin lardin, 8.1% na British Columbia ana kiyaye su daga girbi, ana kiran waɗannan wurare masu kariya .
Nau'in Cin Hanci
Nau'in cin zarafi sune waɗanda ba 'yan asalin yanki ba ne, kuma suna da ikon kawar da nau'in gida da tarwatsa tsarin yanayin muhalli. Dutsen Pine irin ƙwaro yana da mummunan tasiri a kan balagagge conifer tsaye. Zazzaɓi mai zafi daga lokacin sanyi mai laushi yana rinjayar faruwar barkewar ƙwaro ƙwaro wanda ke rage yawan mace-macen ƙwaro a lokacin hunturu. Daga shekarun 1995 - 2005, British Columbia ta sami raguwar lafiyar bishiyoyin conifer kuma an gano hakan yana da alaƙa da haɓakar adadin ƙwararrun ƙwaro. Baya ga dutsen Pine ƙwaro, sauran nau'ikan ɓarna masu ɓarna sun haɗa da beetles, douglas fir beetles, spruce beetles, spruce shugaban weevil, da yammacin spruce budworm . Canjin yanayi yana tasiri ga rarrabawa, yanayin rayuwa, wuraren zama, da adadin mace-mace na waɗannan kwari masu cin zarafi. Tare da yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, Kuma ana samun tarin tarin tsutsotsi na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke ƙara damuwa da ciyarwa da tsinkewa akan rundunonin bishiya. Tasiri daga nau'ikan masu cin zarafi a cikin British Columbia duka biyu ne na muhalli da tattalin arziki, saboda rushewar samar da katako da ake samu don girbi.
Gudanar da Barazana da Daji na British Columbia
Gudanar da Wuta
Wutar daji ta dabi'a tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga yanayin yanayin gandun daji kamar gadon daji, daɗewar jinsuna, safa, nau'in halittu, rigakafin kwari, da kuma takin ƙasa. Ayyukan ɗan adam yana katse tasirin dabi'ar gobarar daji yana sa su ƙara ƙarfi kuma suna cutar da dazuzzuka. Don rage tasirin wuta akan shimfidar wuri, dabarun gudanarwa yakamata su rage yuwuwar farawar wuta da ƙara ƙarfin kashe wuta. Hanyar gudanarwa ta gama gari ita ake kira wajabcin ƙonewa . Sannan Kuma Ana yin ƙayyadadden konewa ta hanyar kunna wuta da gangan a wasu wurare na musamman don haɓaka ɗimbin halittu da lafiyar gandun daji, tare da iyakance ikonsa na yin tasiri mai tsanani na ɗan gajeren lokaci na zamantakewa. Don rage haɗarin albarkatu, ababen more rayuwa, da lafiyar jama'a, yanke-yanke iyakoki kamar tituna ko ƙetare hanyoyin da ake amfani da su azaman shinge.
Gudanar da Ayyukan Dan Adam
Don magance tasirin ɗan adam akan dazuzzuka a British Columbia, sannan Kuma gudanarwa yana buƙatar yin shiri na dogon lokaci (shekaru 100-200 a nan gaba). Rikicin sauyin yanayi da tsarin muhalli yana nufin cewa hanyoyin gudanarwa yakamata su kai ga tsarin halittu gabaɗaya, maimakon tsayawa akan bishiyoyi kawai. Hakanan ya kamata hanyoyin gudanarwa su kasance masu maƙasudi da yawa a aikace don tantance halayen daji kamar bambancin halittu, samar da katako, ajiyar carbon da dalilai na nishaɗi.
Ana kiran cikakkiyar dabarar gudanarwa da tsarin tallafi na yanke shawara (DSS). DSS ta zayyana sarkakiyar ayyuka dangane da gandun daji tare da magance illolin dabarun gudanarwa daban-daban akan kewayon alamomin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar nuna yuwuwar rikice-rikice, ta yin amfani da tsarin tushen kimiyya, isar da ilimi game da dorewar yanayin yanayin gandun daji, da kuma ba da jagora ta hanyar nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin masu nuni. Samfuran kwaikwaiyo suna da amfani don sanin menene hanya mafi kyau don girbi bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan samfuran don kula da takamaiman ko nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari ta amfani da ilimin kimiyya.
Hanyar gudanar da lardi da British Columbia ke aiwatarwa ita ce Ka'idar Ayyukan daji. Sannan Kuma Dole ne duk kamfanonin gandun daji su bi wannan lambar kuma akwai sakamako idan aka karya ka'idojin lambar. Hukunce-hukuncen sun haɗa da tara, rage girman izinin yankewa ko cire 'yancin yanke' kamfani.
Hanyar sarrafa albarkatun gama gari da ake amfani da su a fagage da yawa ita ce ka'idar yin taka tsantsan . Kuma Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ta bayyana cewa lokacin da ba a san tasirin aikin ba, bai kamata a aiwatar da aikin ba. A cikin wannan ka'ida akwai manufar ci gaba mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ƙasa wanda ke buƙatar kiyaye haƙƙin da ake samu, ana girbi abin da ke sama da tushe.
Gudanar da yanayin ƙasa wata dabara ce don kamfanonin gandun daji na kasuwanci don aiwatarwa ta hanyar ba da damar jujjuyawar tsayi tsakanin yanke. Dangane da halaye na yanki (watau yawan amfanin ƙasa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa, kusancin niƙa), ana iya sarrafa wasu yankuna musamman don samar da itace mai ƙarfi, yayin barin sauran wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba don sabuntawa . Wannan dabarar tana buƙatar kula da gandun daji gabaɗaya, maimakon wani yanki na musamman don yin la'akari da bukatun zamantakewa, muhalli, da tattalin arziƙin yanki
Gudanar da Nau'o'in Cin Hanci
Management for invasive species requires monitoring, modelling, and assistance in promoting migration and genetic diversity. In addition to this, reducing the amount of timber harvested will conserve the present stand of trees. Monitoring insect and disease occurrences over long periods of time gives a better understanding of the effects of climate change and how forests respond to it. The information from monitoring can be used to model and forecast the range of potential future changes with indicators such as volume harvested, gross profit, ecosystem carbon storage, age-class distribution and patch-size distribution. The data from monitoring and modelling can be used to determine which tree species to breed or reintroduce in an area in order to increase tree stand resilience and reduce susceptibility to invasive species.
Duba kuma
Ci gaba Karatu a British Columbia
sare itatuwa
sare itatuwa a kasar Canada
Jerin Yankunan daji da Gundumomin British Columbia
Magana
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40728 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Gwamnatin%20Tarayya%20Ta%20Legas | Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Ta Legas | Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Legas (FGCL) makarantar sakandare ce mai haɗin gwiwa a Ijanikin, Legas, Najeriya . Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta kafa ta a shekara ta 1975. Tunanin wannan kwaleji da ke Legas ya samo asali ne a cikin zukatan hukumomin Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya a farkon shekara ta 1974 lokacin da suke ganin ya zama dole a samar da cibiyar ilimi guda ɗaya ga jihar Legas kamar yadda ake a cikin dukkan jihohi 12 na lokacin. Tarayya.
Ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayya ce ta kafa kwalejin bisa kudirin gwamnatin tarayya na samar da makarantar koyar da ilimin haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya da sakandaren mata guda a kowace jiha. A farkon, kwalejin ta buɗe tare da ɗalibai guda 116 na Form One da 45 ƙananan ɗalibai 45 tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 20. Ɗaliban na Form ɗaya sun haɗa da maza 64 da mata 52, yayin da ɗaliban na kasa shida suka kunshi maza 24 da mata 21. Dalibai da ma’aikatan da aka raba su gida hudu ne: Mikiya, Giwa, Dawisu da Tiger. Ya zuwa 2005 kwalejin tana da yawan ɗalibai 2,585 da ma’aikatan koyarwa da marasa koyarwa 492. Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1980 an yi masa alama da raɗaɗi masu tasowa daga rashin wurin aiki na dindindin da sauran al'amuran ababen more rayuwa. Da farko makarantar tana da azuzuwa a cibiyar kasuwanci ta gwamnati ta Yaba yayin da daliban ke zaune a gidajen haya masu zaman kansu a Igbobi, Legas (kusa da harabar kwalejin Igbobi). A farkon taron ilimi na 1976-77, an gudanar da azuzuwa a cikin gine-ginen azuzuwa na wucin gadi da aka gina a harabar kwalejin gwamnatin jihar Legas, Ojo, wanda yanzu cibiyar jami’ar jihar Legas (LASU) take. A wannan lokacin ’yan matan na zaune ne a cikin gida guda a Ojo, yayin da yaran suka zauna a dakin kwanan dalibai na Igbobi, suna tafiya da motar makaranta zuwa da dawowa. An katse wannan tsari tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Maris, 1977, saboda yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar Legas zuwa Badagry, sakamakon bukin fasaha da al'adu na duniya baƙi da na Afirka (FESTAC '77), taron kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa da Najeriya ta shirya. Sakamakon haka makarantar tare da dakin kwanan yarinyar aka mayar da ita cibiyar kasuwanci ta Yaba.
A wani bangare na wani shiri na wucin gadi na kwalejin, an gudanar da Ayyukan Kimiyya (Laboratory) ga dalibai na kasa shida da na sama shida a kwalejin koyar da fasaha ta kasa, Legas tsakanin Oktoba, 1975 zuwa Afrilu, 1977. Tun daga watan Afrilun 1977, an mayar da yaran zuwa sababbin gine-gine a Garin tauraron ɗan adam, rukunin gidan da aka gina kuma aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin bikin FESTAC na 77 da ya gabata, yayin da aka mayar da 'yan matan zuwa cibiyar jihar Legas da ke Ojo. Ana jigilar yaran kullun a cikin motar bas daga Garin tauraron dan adam zuwa kuma daga ajujuwa a Ojo. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 1980 lokacin da makarantar ta koma wurin ta na dindindin kuma a yanzu a Ijanikin.
Makarantar ta fara zaman karatun 1980-81 a Ijanikin tare da kawo sauyi a tsarin gudanarwa na makarantar da tsarin gidan kwana. Na farko, mukamin mataimakin shugaban makarantar ya kasu kashi biyu na aiki, wato Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar da Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar. Na biyu, an fadada rukunin gidajen kwana na makaranta (tare da launukan gida masu kama da juna) daga rukunin farko guda hudu (sunan dabbobi) zuwa rukuni shida (sunan masu tarihi) kamar haka:
Dan-Fodio (Green) - a baya Eagle Elkanemi (Brown) - a baya Giwa Jaja (Blue) - a baya Peacock Macaulay (Purple) Moremi (Yellow) Oduduwa (Red) - a baya Tiger
An sake raba dukkan daliban zuwa gidajen kwana shida. Yayin da duka ɗalibai da ma'aikata suka ƙaru, kuma don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa mai inganci da kyakkyawan aiki, an ƙirƙiri mukaman Gudanarwa na Jami'in Gudanarwa (O/C) da Ilimin Jami'in-in-Charge (O/C). Don ƙara haɓaka aiki, an nada ƙarin O/C a cikin 1995.
Makarantar ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba sosai. Yawan jama'ar makarantar ta fuskar ma'aikata da dalibai ya karu sosai. An sami karuwa a cikin kayan aikin infra-structural tare da ƙarin halartar Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Iyaye (PTA). A gaskiya ma, PTA ta samar da wurare da yawa don kwalejin, daga cikinsu akwai gine-ginen ajujuwa, gine-ginen masauki, rumfar wasanni, da rijiyoyin ruwa. A ilimi kwalejin ta sami nasara da yawa-kolejin ta fara fitowa gabaɗaya a cikin ƙarni na farko na kwalejojin haɗin kai na tarayya.
Shugabanni na baya
Mrs. AA Ibukun (Janairu 2011 zuwa Fabrairu 2017)
Mrs Okebukola (Satumba 2006 zuwa Agusta 2011)
Mista JA Owoseye (Yuni 2004 zuwa Agusta 2006)
Mrs. OO Fagbayi (Nuwamba 1996 zuwa Yuni 2004)
Mrs. FS Robinson (Fabrairu 1995 zuwa Nuwamba 1996)
Mrs. BA Mowoe (Satumba 1991 zuwa Fabrairu 1995)
Mrs. OO Abisogun-Alo (Agusta 1986 zuwa Satumba 1991)
Mr. MB Ligali (Satumba 1985 zuwa Agusta 1986)
Mista JO Abolade (Agusta 1980 zuwa Satumba 1985)
Mrs. AA Kafaru (Decemba 1977 zuwa Agusta 1980)
Mrs TE Chukuma - Shugabar Buda Makarantar (Oktoba 1975 zuwa Disamba 1977)
Dr. Mrs. OAU Essien
Manazarta
Abokan FGC: Abokin karatun FGC kuma tsohon ɗalibi Yanar Gizo na Tsofaffin Dalibai
FGCL [ <span title="Dead link tagged December 2019">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> ]
https://web.archive.org/web/20130820071531/http://fgclalumni.org/the_school.html
http://www.fgclagos.org.ng
Ilimi a Jihar Legas
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Makarantan Gwamnati na JF Kennedy
Gine-gine
Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayya dake Katsina
Jami'a |
57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960)
A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma
Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources
Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi - Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa
Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya . New York & Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta .
Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 . Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, & Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya . (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. ). Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s . Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 . New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 — Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa. |
61143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Mursi | Mutanen Mursi | IRMursi people
Mursi (ko Mun, kamar yadda suke kiran kansu) ƙabilar Surmic ne a Habasha. Suna zaune ne a shiyyar Debub Omo na shiyyar Kudu, Al'ummai, da Jama'ar Kudancin, kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Bisa ƙididdigar da akayi a shekarar 2007, akwai Mursi 11,500, 848 daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a birane; daga cikin adadin kashi 92.25% na zaune ne a shiyyar Kudu maso Kudu.
Da yake kewaye da tsaunuka tsakanin kogin Omo da magudanar Mago, gidan Mursi na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan ƙasar da ke zama saniyar ware. Maƙwabtan su sun haɗa da Aari, Banna, Mekan, Karo, Kwegu, Nyangatom da Suri. Gwamnatin Habasha ta haɗa su tare da Me'en da Suri da sunan Surma.
Harshe
Mursi suna magana da yaren Mursi a matsayin harshen uwa. Wani yanki ne na dangin harshen Surmic. Mursi yana da alaƙa (sama da 80% cognate) da Me'en da Suri, da kuma Kwegu. Bisa kididdigar da akayi a shekarar 1994, akwai mutane 3,163 da aka tabbatar da cewa Mursi ne a jihar SNN; 3,158 sunyi magana da Mursi a matsayin yarensu na farko, yayin da 31 ke magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu. Bisa ƙididdigar ƙidayar kasa ta shekarar 1994, inda aka hada Mursi a karkashin Me'en, kashi 89.7% na harshe daya ne, kuma harsuna na biyu da ake magana da su su ne Bench (4.2%), Amharic, wanda ke zama daya daga cikin harsuna shida na hukuma na Habasha. (3.5%), Kafa (1.1%).
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na harshen Mursi. rubutun kalmomi Ɗaya shine tushen Amharic, ko da ya ke harshen Mursi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Surmic tareda tsarin wasula marasa daidaituwa da kuma jaddadawa da rashin damuwa idan aka kwatanta da Amharic. Harshen Surmic na Amharic AmharicNa biyu shine mafi da cewa da haruffa na Latin. Tushen Latin David Turton da Moges Yigezu na Jami'ar Addis Ababa ne suka ƙirƙiro rubutun Latin. Jami'ar Addis Ababa
Addini da al'adu
Kamar yawancin manoma da makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka, Mursi sun yi imanin cewa suna samun wani ƙarfi fiye da nasu, wanda suke kira Tumwi. Wannan yawanci yana cikin sararin sama, kodayake wani lokacin Tumwi yana bayyana kansa a matsayin wani abu na sama ( ahi a tumwin ), kamar bakan gizo ko tsuntsu. Babban ofishin addini da na al'ada acikin al'umma shine na Komoru, Firist ko Shaman. Wannan ofishi ne da aka gada, sabanin rawar siyasar Jalaba na yau da kullun. Kômoru ya ƙunshi jin daɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'umma da Allah (Tumwi), musamman idan ta fuskanci barazanar fari, kwari da cututtuka. Irin rawar daya taka ta kasance ta hanyar gudanar da al'adun gargajiya don kawo ruwan sama, don kare maza, da shanu da amfanin gona daga cututtuka, da kuma kawar da barazanar hare-hare daga wasu kabilu. Bisa manufa, domin kiyaye wannan alakar dake tsakanin jama'a da Tumwi, bai kamata Kômoru ya bar Mursiland ba ko ma ƙungiyar sa (bhuran). Ɗaya daga cikin dangi musamman, Komortê, ana ɗaukarsa, mafi kyau, dangin firist, amma akwai iyalai na firistoci a wasu dangi biyu, wato Garikuli da Bumai.
Addinin mutan Mursi an raba shi da Animism ,Ko da sun karbi addinin Kiristanci. Akwai Hidima a tashar Mishan da ke arewa maso gabashin Mursiland, wanda ke ba da ilimi, kula da lafiya na asali da koyarwa a cikin addinin Kiristanci.
Zagayen rayuwa
Mursi na gudanar da bukukuwa iri-iri, na ilimi ko horo. Farantin lebe sanannen bangare ne naj Mursi da Surma, waɗanda watakila sune ƙungiyoyi na karshe a Afirka wadanda har yanzu al'ada ce ga mata su sanya manyan tukwane, fayafai na katako, ko 'faranti', acikin lebbansu na kasa. Ana huda lebban 'yan mata tun suna shekara 15 ko 16. Wani lokaci mata marasa aure suna sanya farantin leɓe don rawa, kuma ana ƙara sanya su don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido don samun ƙarin kuɗi. Ana kiran farantin leɓe da dhebi a tugoin.
Mutuwar biki ( thagine ), wani nau'i ne na tashin hankalin mazaje na al'ada, wani abu ne mai kima da farin jini na mazan Mursi, musamman mazan da ba suyi aure ba, kuma babbar alama ce ta asalin Mursi. Tsararrun shekaru wata muhimmiyar siffa ce ta siyasa, inda ake samar da maza zuwa sunayen “tsawon zamani” kuma suna wucewa ta wasu “makin shekaru” a tsawon rayuwarsu; matan aure suna da darajar shekarun mazajensu.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Omo National Park
Ana zargin gidauniyar African Parks da jami’an gandun dajin na gwamnati da tursasa Mursi ya ba da filayensu da ke kan iyakokin dajin Omo ba tare da biyan diyya ba. Ana amfani da takardun ne don halasta iyakokin dajin, wanda wuraren shakatawa na Afirka suka mamaye.
Wata kungiya mai suna "Native Solutions to Conservation Refugees" ta ce takardun za su mayar da Mursi 'yan ta'adda ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan nasu kasar kuma irin wannan kaddara ta fada wa Suri, Dizi, Me'en, da Nyangatom, wadanda kuma suke zaune a cikin wurin shakatawa. Bayan da gidauniyar African Parks Foundation ta kwace dajin Omo, Mursi na fargabar cewa a karshe za a kore su daga filayensu kamar Guji-Oromo a dajin Nechasar.Sakamakon matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, gidauniyar Parks Foundation ta bayyana shirinta na barin dajin Omo a shekarar 2007.Mursi sun ayyana yankinsu a matsayin yanki na kiyaye al'umma tun daga watan Yulin 2008 kuma sun fara aikin yawon shakatawa na al'umma.
Dam din Gibe III da Babban Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Kasuwanci
Dam din Gibe III mai amfani da wutar lantarki, a tsakiyar Basin Omo kuma wanda aka kammala a watan Oktoba 2015,zai yi matukar gyara tsarin ambaliyar ruwa wanda dubban mutane a karkashin ruwa ke dogaro da su.Ta hanyar daidaita magudanar ruwa, da kuma 'dagawa' karancin magudanar ruwa a lokacin noman rani, hakan kuma zai sa a samar da manyan hanyoyin noman rani na kasuwanci, dukda cewa sabon rahoton da aka fitar ya nuna cewa babu isasshen ruwa a kogin Omo. ban ruwa yankin da aka tsara na shuka.Tuni dai Hukumar Kula da Suga ta kasar Habasha ta fara aiwatar da mafi girman buri a kan filin da aka karbo daga dajin Omo ko kuma Bodi da Mursi da Nyangatom da kuma Kara suke mamaye da su a halin yanzu. Idan aka tabbatar da tsare-tsare a halin yanzu, ƙananan Omo zai zama mafi girma a ƙasar Habasha, wanda aƙalla zai ninka yawan wuraren ban ruwa a ƙasar.
Manazarta
Ƙara karantawa
(2000) Pancorbo, Luis: "Los labios del río Omo" en "Tiempo de África", shafi. 176-190. Laertes. Barcelona. ISBN 84-7584-438-3
(2007) Silvester, Hans: Les Habits de la Nature Editions de la Martinière
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mursi Online
Mutanen Afirka
Harshen Mursi
Gidan Hoto na Kasa
Mursi na cikin hatsarin hana shiga ko kaura
Bayanin masanin ilimin ɗan adam akan Mursi da yanayin Park na Omo (kuma ana samunsu azaman fayil ɗin Word )
Gidauniyar Parks Foundation
Shafin Mursi Online akan harshen Mursi 'Surmic' (tugo)
Takaddun cikakken rubutu da labaran mujallu game da Mursi (Tilastawa Hijira Kan Lantarki, Laburaren Dijital)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Tafiya Tare da Mursi wani shiri ne na kasada/tafiya wanda ya mamaye nahiyoyi hudu yayin da David Willing ya haura 500 kilomita a fadin kwarin Omo mai nisa na Habasha tare da kabilun Mursi. |
24195 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sararin%20Samaniya%20na%20Duniya | Sararin Samaniya na Duniya | Sararin samaniyar duniya, wanda aka fi sani da iska, shi ne iskar gas ɗin dake riƙe da ƙarfin duniya wanda ke kewaye da duniyar kuma ya samar da yanayin ta na duniya . Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a doron ƙasa ta hanyar haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke ba da damar ruwa mai ɗorewa ya kasance a farfajiyar duniya, yana ɗaukar hasken rana na ultraviolet, yana dumama farfajiyar, ta hanyar riƙe zafi ( tasirin greenhouse ), da rage matsanancin zafin rana, tsakanin dare da rana ( zafin rana. bambancin).
Ta ƙarar, busasshiyar iska ta ƙunshi 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, da ƙananan gas. Har ila yau, iska tana ƙunshe da adadin tururin ruwa, a matsakaita kusan kashi 1% a matakin teku, da 0.4% akan sararin samaniya. Haɗin iska, zafin jiki, da matsin yanayi suna bambanta da tsayi. A cikin yanayi, iska dace da amfani a photosynthesis da terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma numfashi na nazarin sasannin dabbobi ke samuwa ne kawai a Duniya ta troposphere .
Farkon yanayin duniya ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen. Yanayin ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, wanda abubuwa da yawa suka shafa kamar volcanism, rayuwa, da yanayin yanayi. Kwanan nan, ayyukan ɗan adam shima ya ba da gudummawa ga canje -canjen yanayi, kamar dumamar yanayi, raguwar ozone da zubar da acid.
Yanayin yana da taro kusan 5.15 × kg, kwata -kwata uku yana cikin kusan na farfajiya. Yanayin ya zama siriri tare da kara tsayi, ba tare da takamaiman iyaka tsakanin yanayin da sararin samaniya ba . Layin Kármán, a ko 1.57% na radius na Duniya, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman kan iyaka tsakanin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. Ana iya lura da tasirin yanayi yayin sake shigar sararin samaniya a sararin sama kusan . Ana iya rarrabe yadudduka da yawa a cikin yanayi, dangane da halaye kamar zafin jiki da abun da ke ciki.
Nazarin yanayin duniya da hanyoyinsa ana kiranta kimiyyar yanayi (aerology), kuma ya ƙunshi filayen subfields da yawa, kamar canjin yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya . Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann . Nazarin yanayi mai tarihi ana kiransa paleoclimatology .
Abun da ke ciki
Manyan abubuwa guda uku na sararin duniya sune nitrogen, oxygen, da argon . Tururin ruwa yana lissafin kusan 0.25% na sararin samaniya ta hanyar taro. Haɗin tururin ruwa (iskar gas) ya bambanta sosai daga kusan 10 ppm ta ƙarar a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin yanayi zuwa 5% da ƙima a cikin zafi mai zafi, da iska mai yawa, da kuma yawan sauran iskar gas. sharud busasshiyar iska (ba tare da tururin ruwa ba). Sauran iskar gas galibi ana kiran su iskar gas, daga cikinsu akwai iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, da ozone. Bayan argon, wanda aka riga aka ambata, wasu gas masu daraja, neon, helium, krypton, da xenon suma suna nan. Iskar da aka tace ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na sauran sinadarai . Abubuwa da yawa na asalin halitta na iya kasancewa a cikin gida da yanayi na canzawa kaɗan kaɗan kamar aerosols a cikin samfurin iska wanda ba a tace ba, gami da ƙura na ma'adinai da abun da ke cikin halitta, pollen da spores, fesa ruwa, da tokar dutsen . Hakanan ana iya samun gurɓatattun masana'antu daban -daban azaman gas ko aerosols, kamar chlorine (na asali ko a cikin mahadi), mahaɗan fluorine da ƙaƙƙarfan tururi na mercury. Ana iya samun mahaɗan sulfur kamar hydrogen sulfide da sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) daga asalin halitta ko daga gurɓataccen iska na masana'antu.
Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin busasshiyar iska, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ƙididdige ɗimbin yawa ko don juyawa tsakanin gutsuttsuran ƙwayar cuta da ɗimbin yawa, kusan 28.946 ko 28.96 g/mun. Wannan yana raguwa lokacin da iskar ta yi ɗumi.
Matsakaicin yawan iskar gas ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa kusan .
Tsayuwa
Gaba ɗaya, matsin lamba da yawa yana raguwa tare da tsayi a cikin yanayi. Koyaya, zazzabi yana da bayanin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa tare da tsayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa mai ɗorewa ko ma ƙaruwa tare da tsayi a wasu yankuna (duba sashin zafin jiki, a ƙasa). Saboda ƙirar gaba ɗaya na bayanin zafin jiki/tsayi, ko ƙima, ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma ana iya auna ta ta sautin balloon na kayan aiki, halayen zafin jiki yana ba da ma'auni mai amfani don rarrabe yadudduka yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya raba yanayin duniya (wanda ake kira stratification) zuwa manyan yadudduka biyar: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, da exosphere. Tsawon layuka biyar sune kamar haka:
Exosphere: 700 zuwa 10,000 kilomita (440 zuwa 6,200 mil)
Yanayin yanayi: 80 zuwa 700 km (mil 50 zuwa 440)
Mesosphere: 50 zuwa 80 km (31 zuwa 50 mil)
Stratosphere: 12 zuwa 50 km (kilomita 7 zuwa 31)
Troposphere: 0 zuwa 12 km (0 zuwa mil 7)
Sararin Exosphere
Exosphere shine saman saman sararin samaniyar duniya (watau iyakar sararin samaniyar). Ya shimfiɗa daga thermopause, a saman yanayin zafi a tsayin kusan 700 km sama da matakin teku, zuwa kusan 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft), inda ta shiga cikin iska mai haskakawa .
Wannan Layer galibi ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙarancin hydrogen, helium da wasu abubuwa masu nauyi da suka haɗa da nitrogen, oxygen da carbon dioxide kusa da exobase. Atoms da molecules sun yi nisa sosai ta yadda za su iya tafiya daruruwan kilomita ba tare da sun yi karo da juna ba. Don haka, exosphere ba ya yin kamar gas, kuma barbashi koyaushe yana tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Waɗannan barbashi masu motsi suna bin hanyoyin ballistic kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa ciki da waje daga magnetosphere ko iskar rana.
Sararin exosphere ne da nisan sama Duniya for meteorological mamaki ya zama zai yiwu. Koyaya, auroras na duniya - aurora borealis (fitilun arewa) da aurora australis (fitilun kudancin) - wani lokacin suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan exosphere, inda suke haɗewa cikin yanayin zafi. Exosphere ya ƙunshi yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya Duniya.
Sararin Thermosphere
The thermosphere shine na biyu mafi girma na sararin duniya. Ya zarce daga mesopause (wanda ke raba shi da mesosphere) a tsayin kusan har zuwa thermopause a tsayin tsayin . Tsayin thermopause ya bambanta da yawa saboda canje -canje a ayyukan hasken rana. Saboda thermopause ya ta'allaka ne a ƙananan iyakar exosphere, ana kuma kiranta exobase . Sashin ƙasa na yanayin zafi, daga sama da saman Duniya, ya ƙunshi ionosphere .
Yanabgi na yanayin zafi a hankali yana ƙaruwa da tsayi kuma yana iya hawa har zuwa , kodayake ƙwayoyin gas ɗin sun yi nisa sosai don yawan zafin jiki a yanayin da aka saba ba shi da ma'ana sosai. Iskar ba ta da ƙima sosai ta yadda kwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya (na iskar oxygen, alal misali) ke tafiya matsakaicin tsakanin cin karo da wasu kwayoyin. Kodayake yanayin yanayin yana da yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta tare da babban kuzari, ba zai ji zafi ga ɗan adam a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye ba, saboda yawansa ya yi ƙasa sosai don gudanar da babban adadin kuzari zuwa ko daga fata.
Wannan Layer gaba ɗaya ba ta da gajimare kuma ba ta da tururin ruwa. Koyaya, abubuwan da ba na hydrometeorological kamar su aurora borealis da aurora australis ana ganin su a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin zafi. Tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya tana kewaya wannan layin, tsakaniN. Shi wannan Layer inda yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke zagaya duniya suke.
Mesosphere
Mesosphere shine na uku mafi girman yanayin sararin duniya, yana mamaye yankin sama da stratosphere kuma a ƙasa da yanayin zafi. Yana haɓaka daga madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita 50 (31mi; 160,000 ft) zuwa mesopause a kilomita 80-85 (50-54 mi) sama da matakin teku.
Yanayi na wuri yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi zuwa mesopause wanda ke nuna saman wannan tsakiyar sararin samaniyar. Shi ne wuri mafi sanyi a Duniya kuma yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki a kusa da -85 C (-120 digris F; 190 K). .
A ƙasa da madopause, iska tana da sanyi matuqa har ma da ƙarancin ƙarancin tururin ruwa a wannan tsayin za a iya jujjuya shi zuwa gajimare mai kumburin polar-mesospheric noctilucent. Waɗannan su ne mafi girman gizagizai a sararin samaniya kuma ana iya gani da idanu idan hasken rana ya haskaka su kusan awa ɗaya ko biyu bayan faɗuwar rana ko makamancin haka kafin fitowar rana. Suna da sauƙin gani yayin da Rana tana kusa da digiri 4 zuwa 16 a ƙasa da sararin sama. Fuskokin da ke haifar da walƙiya da aka sani da abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan lokaci (TLEs) suna faruwa a wasu lokutan a cikin mesosphere sama da tsawa. Hakanan mesosphere shine Layer inda yawancin meteors ke ƙonewa akan ƙofar yanayi. Ya yi yawa sama da Duniya don isa ga jirage masu amfani da jiragen sama da balloons, kuma ya yi ƙasa sosai don ba da damar sararin samaniya. Ana samun damar shiga mesosphere ne ta hanyar harba rokoki da jiragen sama masu amfani da roka.
Sararin Stratosphere
Sararin Stratosphere shine na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na sararin duniya. Yana ta'allaka sama da troposphere kuma an rabu da shi da tropopause . Wannan Layer ya zarce daga saman troposphere a wajen sama da saman Duniyar zuwa madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita .
Matsalar yanayi a saman stratosphere shine kusan 1/1000 matsin lamba a matakin teku . Ya ƙunshi lemar sararin samaniya, wanda shine ɓangaren sararin duniya wanda ke ɗauke da iskar gas mai ɗan yawa. Stratosphere yana bayyana matakin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa tare da ƙara tsayi. Wannan hauhawar zafin jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan hasken ultraviolet radiation (UV) daga Rana ta hanyar lemar sararin samaniya, wanda ke takaita tashin hankali da cakudawa. Kodayake zazzabi na iya zama -76 dg F a tropopause, saman stratosphere yana da zafi sosai, kuma yana iya kasancewa kusa da 0 ° C.
Bayanin zafin jiki na stratospheric yana haifar da tsayayyen tsarin yanayi, don haka stratosphere ba shi da haɓakar iska da ke samar da yanayi wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin troposphere. Sakamakon haka, stratosphere kusan ba ta da girgije da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin girgijen pola stratospheric ko nacreous a wani sashi na wannan Layer na yanayi inda iska ta fi sanyi. Stratosphere shine mafi girman matakin da jirgin sama mai amfani da jirgin sama zai iya isa.
Sararin Troposphere
Sararin samaniya na Troposphere shine mafi ƙasƙancin yanayin sararin duniya. Yana miƙawa daga farfajiyar Duniya zuwa matsakaicin tsayin kusan 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), kodayake wannan tsayin ya bambanta daga kusan 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) a ginshiƙan ƙasa zuwa 17 km (da 11 mi; 56,000 ft) a Equator, tare da wasu bambancin saboda yanayi. Troposphere yana ɗaure a sama ta hanyar tropopause, iyaka wanda aka yiwa alama a yawancin wurare ta jujjuyawar zafin jiki (watau Layer na iska mai ɗumi sama da mai sanyi), a wasu kuma ta wani yanki wanda isothermal tare da tsayi.
Kodayake bambance -bambancensu na faruwa, yawan zafin jiki yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi a cikin troposphere saboda mafi yawan abin da ake amfani da shi shine taɓarɓarewar makamashi daga farfajiya. Don haka, mafi ƙasƙancin ɓangaren troposphere (watau Dandalin Duniya) yawanci shine mafi kyawun sashi na troposphere. Wannan yana haɓaka haɗuwa ta tsaye (saboda haka, asalin sunan sa a cikin kalmar Helenanci τρόπος, tropos, ma'ana "juyawa"). Troposphere ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% na yawan sararin duniya. Troposphere ya fi kowa ƙarfi fiye da duk yadudduka na sararin samaniyar da ke ciki saboda babban nauyin yanayi yana zaune a saman troposphere kuma yana sa a matse shi sosai. Kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na jimlar iskar tana cikin ƙananan 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) na sararin samaniyan troposphere.
Kusan duk tururin ruwa ko danshi ana samun sa a cikin sararin troposphere, don haka shine Layer inda yawancin yanayin duniya ke faruwa. Yana da asali duk nau'in nau'in halittar girgije mai alaƙa da yanayi wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar iska mai ƙarfi, kodayake tsayin girgije mai ƙarfi na cumulonimbus na iya shiga cikin tarkon daga ƙasa kuma ya hau cikin ƙananan sashin stratosphere. Yawancin ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun suna faruwa a cikin troposphere, kuma ita ce kawai madaidaicin da jirgin da ke tukawa zai iya isa.
Wasu jerin sararin sama
A cikin manyan sassan biyar da ke sama, waɗanda galibi ana azancinsu da, ana iya rarrabe wasu sararin da yawa ta wasu kaddar:
Shimfida na ozone yana kunshe a cikin stratosphere. A cikin wannan ɗanyen ɗanyen iskar ozone kusan kashi 2 zuwa 8 a kowace miliyan, wanda ya fi na ƙasa ƙima amma har yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Yafi kasancewa a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren stratosphere daga kusan , kodayake kauri ya bambanta da yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Kusan kashi 90% na ozone a cikin sararin duniya yana cikin stratosphere.
Yankin ionosphere yanki ne na sararin samaniya wanda ke haifar da ionized ta hanyar hasken rana. Yana da alhakin auroras . A lokacin awoyi na rana, yana miƙawa daga kuma ya haɗa da mesosphere, thermosphere, da sassan exosphere. Koyaya, ionization a cikin mesosphere galibi yana ƙarewa cikin dare, don haka ana ganin auroras kawai a cikin yanayin zafi da ƙananan exosphere. Ionosphere shine ke haifar da gefen ciki na magnetosphere . Yana da mahimmanci a aikace saboda yana tasiri, alal misali, yaduwar rediyo a Duniya.
An bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya da heterosphere ta ko iskar gas ɗin ta haɗu sosai. Haɗin sararin samaniyar ya haɗa da troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, da mafi ƙasƙanci na yanayin zafi, inda tsarin sunadarai na sararin samaniya bai dogara da nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba saboda gas ɗin yana haɗuwa da tashin hankali. Wannan Layer mai kama da juna ya ƙare a turbopause da aka samu kusan , ainihin sararin sararin samaniya kamar yadda FAI ta karɓa, wanda ya sanya shi kusan sama da mesopause.
A saman wannan tsayin hawan akwai heterosphere, wanda ya haɗa da exosphere da mafi yawan yanayin zafi. Anan, tsarin sunadarai ya bambanta da tsayi. Wannan saboda nisan da barbashi zai iya motsawa ba tare da yin karo da juna ba yana da girma idan aka kwatanta da girman motsi da ke haifar da haɗuwa. Wannan yana ba da damar iskar gas ta daidaita da nauyin kwayoyin, tare da masu nauyi, kamar oxygen da nitrogen, waɗanda ke kusa da kasan heterosphere kawai. Babban ɓangaren heterosphere ya ƙunshi kusan gaba ɗaya na hydrogen, mafi sauƙi.
Shimfidan iyaka na duniya shine ɓangaren troposphere wanda shine mafi kusa da farfajiyar Duniya kuma abin ya shafe shi kai tsaye, galibi ta hanyar yaɗuwar tashin hankali . A cikin rana, galibin iyakokin duniya yana cakuda da kyau, yayin da da dare ya zama yana da daidaituwa tare da rauni ko gauraya. Zurfin faɗin iyakar duniya ya kai kusan a sarari, kwanciyar hankali zuwa ko sama da haka da rana a yankuna busasshe.
Matsakaicin zafin da ake samu a sararin samaniyar ƙasa shine ko , gwargwadon abin tunani.
Abubuwan jiki
Matsin da kauri
Abmatsakaicin yanayi matsa lamba a teku matakin ne a tsare ta International Standard yanayi kamar yadda . A wasu lokuta ana kiran wannan a matsayin naúrar ma'aunin yanayi (atm) . Jimlar yawan sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 × 10 18 kg (1.135 × 10 19 lb), kusan 2.5% ƙasa da abin da za a iya samu daga matsakaicin matsin matakin teku da yankin Duniya na murabba'in 51007.2, wannan yanki yana ƙaura daga ƙasa mai tsaunuka na Duniya. Matsa lamba na yanayi shine jimlar nauyin iskar da ke sama da yanki a inda ake auna matsa lamba. Don haka matsin lamba ya bambanta da wuri da yanayi .
Idan duk daukakin sararin samaniya yana da daidaiton daidaituwa daidai da girman matakin teku (kusan 1.2 kg da m 3 ) daga matakin teku zuwa sama, zai ƙare kwatsam a tsayin . A zahiri yana raguwa sosai tare da tsayi, yana raguwa da rabi kowane ko ta hanyar 1/ e kowane , matsakaicin girman sikelin sararin samaniya a ƙasa . Koyaya, an daidaita yanayin yanayi daidai gwargwado tare da daidaitaccen lissafi don kowane Layer wanda ke ɗaukar gradients na zafin jiki, abun da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, hasken rana da nauyi a cikin lissafi.
A taƙaice, ana rarraba yawan iskar Duniya kamar haka:
Kashi 50% yana ƙasa da .
90% yana ƙasa da .
99.99997% yana ƙasa da , layin Kármán . Ta babban taron ƙasa da ƙasa, wannan yana nuna farkon sararin samaniya inda ake ɗaukar matafiya 'yan sama jannati .
Idan aka kwatanta, taron Mt. Everest yana kan ; Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci yawanci suna yin balaguro tsakanin inda siririn iska ke inganta tattalin arzikin mai; balloons yanayi sun kai da sama; kuma jirgin X-15 mafi girma a shekarar 1963 ya kai .
Ko sama da layin Kármán, manyan tasirin yanayi kamar auroras har yanzu suna faruwa. Meteors na fara haske a wannan yankin, kodayake manyan ba za su ƙone ba har sai sun zurfafa zurfafa. Daban -daban yadudduka na ionosphere na Duniya, masu mahimmanci ga yaduwar rediyon HF, sun fara ƙasa da 100 km kuma ya zarce 500 km da. By kwatanta, da International Space Station da kuma Space Jigila yawanci kewayewa a 350-400 km, a cikin F-Layer na ionosphere inda suke haɗuwa da isasshen jan yanayi don buƙatar sake juyawa kowane monthsan watanni, in ba haka ba, ɓarna na orbital zai faru wanda zai haifar da komawa duniya. Dangane da aikin hasken rana, tauraron dan adam na iya fuskantar jan hankalin da ake gani a sama har zuwa 700-800 km da.
Yanayin wuri
An tattauna rabuwar sararin samaniya zuwa yadudduka galibi ta hanyar magana da zafin jiki a sama. Zazzabi yana raguwa tare da tsayi daga matakin teku, amma bambancin wannan yanayin yana farawa sama da 11 km, inda zafin jiki ke daidaitawa ta hanyar babban madaidaiciyar tazara ta sauran ragowar sararin samaniyar. A cikin stratosphere, farawa sama da kusan 20 km, yanayin zafi ko sanyi yana ƙaruwa da tsayi, saboda dumama a cikin sashin ozone wanda ya haifar da kama babban hasken ultraviolet daga Rana ta iskar oxygen da iskar gas a wannan yankin. Har ila yau, wani yanki na ƙara yawan zafin jiki tare da tsayi yana faruwa a cikin manyan maɗaukaki, a cikin yanayin da ake kira thermosphere sama da kilomita 90.
Gudun sauti
Saboda a cikin isasshen iskar gas na abun da ke ciki akai -akai saurin sauti ya dogara ne kawai akan zafin jiki kuma ba akan matsin gas ko yawa ba, saurin sauti a cikin yanayi tare da tsayi yana ɗaukar yanayin yanayin yanayin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (duba hoto zuwa dama), kuma baya nuna canje -canjen altitudinal a cikin yawa ko matsin lamba.
Girma da yawa
Yawan iska a matakin teku yana kusan 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 ). Ba a auna ɗimbin yawa kai tsaye amma akanƙididdige shi daga ma'aunin zafin jiki, matsin lamba da zafi ta amfani da ƙimar jihar don iska (nau'in dokar gas mai kyau ). Nauyin yanayi yana raguwa yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya daidaita wannan bambancin ta amfani da dabarar barometric . Ana amfani da ƙarin samfuran ƙira don hango lalacewar orbital na tauraron dan adam.
Matsakaicin yawan sararin samaniya shine kusan quadrillion 5 (5 × ) tan ko 1/1,200,000 yawan Duniya. Bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Amurka, "Jimlar ma'anar sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 × kg tare da kewayon shekara -shekara saboda tururin ruwa na 1.2 ko 1.5 × kg, dangane da ko ana amfani da matsin lamba ko bayanan tururin ruwa; dan karami fiye da kimantawar da ta gabata. An kiyasta yawan tururin ruwa kamar 1.27 × kg da yawan busasshen iska kamar 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × kg ku. "
Kayayyakin gani
Solar radiation (ko hasken rana) ne da makamashi Duniya na'am daga Sun. Har ila yau, duniya tana sake fitar da radiation zuwa sararin samaniya, amma a cikin tsawon raƙuman ruwa da ba za mu iya gani ba. Wani sashi na radiation mai shigowa da fitar da shi yana shakar ko nunawa ta yanayin. A watan Mayun 2017, an gano kyallen haske, wanda ake ganin yana walƙiya daga tauraron dan adam mai tazarar mil mil daga nesa, an nuna haske daga kristal kankara a sararin samaniya.
Watsawa
Lokacin da haske ya ratsa sararin saman duniya, photons suna hulɗa da ita ta hanyar watsawa . Idan hasken baya yin mu'amala da yanayin, ana kiransa radiation kai tsaye kuma shine abin da kuke gani idan za ku kalli Rana kai tsaye. Hasken kai tsaye haske ne wanda ya warwatse a sararin samaniya. Alal misali, a kan wani gizagizai rana a lokacin da ba za ka iya ganin your inuwa, babu wani kai tsaye radiation kai ku, shi ya duka aka wãtsa. A matsayin wani misali, saboda wani sabon abu da ake kira watsawa Rayleigh, guntun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa (shuɗi) suna watsewa cikin sauƙi fiye da tsawon raƙuman ruwa (ja). Wannan shine dalilin da yasa sararin sama yayi kama da shuɗi; kuna ganin hasken shuɗi mai warwatse. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa faɗuwar rana take ja. Saboda Rana tana kusa da sararin sama, hasken Rana yana ratsa yanayi fiye da yadda aka saba don isa ga idon ku. Mafi yawa daga cikin shuɗin haske ya warwatse, ya bar jan haske a faɗuwar rana.
Shanyewa
Kwayoyin halittu daban -daban suna shafan raƙuman radiyo daban -daban. Misali, O 2 da O 3 suna sha kusan duk raƙuman raƙuman ruwa fiye da nanometers 300. Ruwa (H 2 O) yana ɗaukar raƙuman ruwa masu yawa sama da 700 nm. Lokacin da kwayar halitta ta sha foton, yana kara kuzari na kwayar. Wannan yana dumama yanayi, amma kuma yanayin yana sanyaya ta hanyar fitar da radiation, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa.
Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas ɗin da ake kira absorption spectra "windows" na ƙarancin haske, yana ba da damar watsa wasu madaidaitan haske. Window na gani yana gudana daga kusan 300 nm ( ultraviolet -C) zuwa cikin kewayon mutane na iya gani, bakan da ake iya gani (wanda ake kira haske), a kusan 400-700 nm kuma yana ci gaba da infrared zuwa kusan 1100 nm. Hakanan akwai tagogin infrared da rediyo waɗanda ke watsa wasu infrared da raƙuman rediyo a tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, taga rediyon yana gudana daga kusan santimita daya zuwa rakuman ruwa kimanin mita goma sha daya.
Yaduwa
Fitarwa ita ce kishiyar sha, shi ne lokacin da wani abu ya fitar da radiation. Abubuwa sukan yi ta fitar da adadi mai yawa da tsayin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar dogaro da karkatattun ƙyallen " baƙar fata ", saboda haka abubuwa masu zafi suna yawan fitar da ƙarin radiation, tare da gajerun raƙuman ruwa. Abubuwa masu sanyi suna fitar da ƙarancin radiation, tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, Rana kusan , mafi girman haskenta yana kusa da 500 nm, kuma ana iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. Duniya kusan , don haka haskensa ya kai kololuwa kusan 10,000 nm, kuma yayi tsayi da yawa don ganin mutane.
Saboda yanayin zafi, yanayin yana fitar da hasken infrared. Misali, a cikin dare mai haske sararin samaniyar ƙasa yana hucewa da sauri fiye da daren girgije. Wannan saboda gajimare (H 2 O) suna da ƙarfi masu shayarwa da fitowar hasken infrared. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa yake yin sanyi da daddare a wurare masu bisa.
Tasirin greenhouse effect yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan shaye -shaye da tasirin iska. Wasu iskar gas a cikin yanayi suna sha da fitar da hasken infrared, amma basa hulɗa da hasken rana a cikin bakan da ake gani. Misalan gama -gari na waɗannan sune
CO
</br> CO da H 2 O.
Manuniya mai raɗaɗi
Ƙididdigar iskar iska tana kusa, amma ya fi 1 girma. Bambance -bambancen da ke cikin tsari mai rikitarwa na iya haifar da lanƙwasa hasken haske a kan dogayen hanyoyin gani. Misali guda ɗaya shine, a wasu yanayi, masu sa ido a cikin jiragen ruwa na iya ganin wasu jiragen ruwa kawai a sararin sama saboda haske yayi yawo a cikin alkibla ɗaya kamar lanƙwasar saman Duniya.
Ƙididdigar iskar iska ta dogara da yanayin wuri na sanyi ko zafi. yana haifar da tasirin juyawa lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa. Misalin irin wannan tasirin shine ƙaura .
Da'irar Yaduwa
Dairar yaduwar iska a sararin samaniya shine babban motsi na iska ta hanyar troposphere, da hanyoyin (tare da kewayawar teku ) wanda ake rarraba zafi a kewayen Duniya. Babban tsarin sikelin sararin samaniya ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma ainihin tsarin yana da tsayayye saboda an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya da bambanci a cikin hasken rana tsakanin ma'aunin ma'aunai da sanduna.
Juyin Halittar Yanayin Duniya
Yanayin farko na sararin samaniya
Yanayin farko ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen . Wataƙila akwai ruwa mai sauƙi kamar waɗanda aka samu yanzu a cikin ƙungiyoyin gas ( Jupiter da Saturn ), musamman tururin ruwa, methane da ammoniya .
Sararin samaniya na biyu
Fitar iskar wutar volkeno, wanda ke cike da iskar gas da aka samar a lokacin matsanancin bama -bamai na duniya ta manyan taurari, ya samar da yanayi na gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa na nitrogen da carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Wani babban sashi na iskar carbon dioxide ya narke cikin ruwa kuma yayi aiki tare da karafa kamar alli da magnesium yayin yanayin duwatsu masu ƙyalƙyali don ƙirƙirar carbonates waɗanda aka ajiye azaman magudanar ruwa. An gano gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa tun daga farkon shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka gabata.
Kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.4 da suka wuce, sinadarin nitrogen ya zama babban sashi na kwanciyar hankali na '' yanayi na biyu ''. Dole ne a yi la’akari da tasirin rayuwa ba da daɗewa ba a cikin tarihin yanayi saboda alamun alamun farkon rayuwa sun bayyana tun shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka gabata. Yadda Duniya a wancan lokacin ta kasance da yanayin dumamar yanayi don isasshen ruwa mai ruwa da rayuwa, idan Rana ta farko ta fitar da ƙarancin hasken rana 30% fiye da na yau, abin wuyar warwarewa ne da aka sani da " suma matashin Sun ".
Duk da haka, ajiyayyen record na sararin sama yana nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa yayin cikakken rikodin farkon zafin zafin duniya - in ban da wani lokaci mai sanyi na kimanin shekara biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata. A ƙarshen Archean Eon wani yanayi mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen ya fara haɓaka, da alama an samar da shi ta hanyar photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (duba Babban Taron Oxygenation ), waɗanda aka samo su a matsayin burbushin stromatolite daga shekaru biliyan 2.7 da suka gabata. Farkon isotopy na iskar carbon ( rabon isotope rabo ) yana ba da shawarar yanayi mai kama da na yanzu, da kuma cewa an kafa ƙa'idodin keɓaɓɓen tsarin carbon tun farkon shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata.
Tsoffin narkakken ruwa a Gabon da ke tsakanin kimanin shekaru biliyan 2.15 zuwa 2.08 da suka gabata suna ba da rikodin na juyin halittar iskar Oxygen ta Duniya. Wataƙila waɗannan canje -canjen a cikin iskar oxygen ana iya motsa su ta balaguron isotope na Lomagundi.
Sararin samaniya na uku
Sake saken tsara nahiyoyi ta plate tectonics yana tasiri juyin halittar yanayi na dogon lokaci ta hanyar canza carbon dioxide zuwa da daga manyan kantunan carbonate na nahiyar. Free oxygen bai wanzu a cikin sararin samaniya ba sai kusan shekaru biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata yayin Babban Taron Oxygenation kuma ana nuna kamanninsa ta ƙarshen ƙarfe da aka ɗaure .
Kafin wannan lokacin, duk wani iskar oxygen da photosynthesis ke samarwa ana cinye shi ta hanyar oxyidation na kayan da aka rage, musamman ƙarfe. Molecules na oxygen kyauta bai fara tarawa a cikin sararin samaniya ba har sai yawan samar da iskar oxygen ya fara wuce samuwar rage kayan da suka cire iskar oxygen. Wannan batu yana nuna juyawa daga yanayi mai ragewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙonewa . O 2 ya nuna manyan bambance -bambancen har sai ya kai matsayi na sama da 15% a ƙarshen Precambrian. Lokaci mai zuwa daga shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata har zuwa yau shine Phanerozoic Eon, a farkon lokacinsa, Cambrian, isasshen iskar oxygen da ke buƙatar tsarin rayuwa na metazoan ya fara bayyana.
Adadin iskar oxygen a sararin samaniya ya canza a cikin shekaru miliyan 600 da suka gabata, ya kai kololuwar kusan kashi 30% kusan shekaru miliyan 280 da suka gabata, wanda ya fi na yau kashi 21%. Manyan matakai guda biyu suna sarrafa canje -canje a cikin yanayi: Shuke -shuke da ke amfani da iskar carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya da sakin iskar oxygen, sannan tsire -tsire ta amfani da wasu iskar oxygen da daddare ta hanyar aikin photorespiration tare da sauran iskar oxygen da ake amfani da su don lalata abubuwan da ke kusa da su. Rushewar pyrite da dusar ƙanƙara ta fito da sulfur a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke shaye -shaye don haka yana rage adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin. Koyaya, fashewar dutsen yana kuma sakin carbon dioxide, wanda tsire -tsire na iya juyawa zuwa oxygen. Ba a san ainihin musabbabin bambancin adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin ba. Lokaci tare da iskar oxygen da yawa a cikin yanayin yana da alaƙa da saurin haɓaka dabbobi. Yanayin yau yana dauke da iskar oxygen kashi 21%, wanda ya isa sosai ga wannan saurin ci gaban dabbobi.
Gurbatar iska
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Yanayi
Mukali
Muhalli
Numfashi
Sararin samaniya
Sararin samaniyar
Pages with unreviewed translations |
31635 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Eson%20Johnson%20Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (yayi rayuwa tsakanin 29 Nuwamba 1930 - 30 Agusta 1999) masanin shari'a ne na Najeriya kuma babban alkalin jihar Cross River da aka nada a watan Maris na alif 1990. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar Lauyoyin Turai a watan Yuni, 1961 da kuma Lauyan Najeriya a watan Agusta 1963.
Tarihin Rayuwa da ilimi
Mai shari'a, Hon. Justice Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (wanda akafi sanai da Hon. Justice SEJ Ecoma), haifaffen Itigidi, karamar hukumar Abi ta jihar Cross River, Nigeria, shine lauyan farko daga Itigidi. Ya yi baftisma kuma an tabbatar da shi a Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, kuma ya halarci makarantu da yawa saboda yawan canjin da mahaifinsa - Mista Eson Johnson Ecoma - wanda ya kasance jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya yi aiki a jihar Calabar da sauran tashoshi na Old Calabar da kuma sauran wurare a wajen Lardin Calabar wato: Makarantar Firamare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Eket ; Umuda Isingwu Methodist School, Umuahia ; Aggrey Memorial College, Arochukwu ; Makarantar Sakandare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; da Makarantar Maraice ta Excelsior, Calabar.
Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kuma halarci makarantar "North Western Polytechnic", Birnin Kentish, Landan inda yayi karatun General Certificate of Education a mataki na gaba kafin ya sami shiga Jami'ar College London a matsayin dalibi na ciki don karanta Law. A lokacin wannan lokacin da ya dace, ya kuma shiga cikin Honourable Society of Grey's Inn. An kira Mai shari'a Ecoma zuwa Baran Ingilishi a watan Yuni, 1961.
Ayyuka
Mai shari'a ya dawo Najeriya a watan Agusta, 1963 kuma ya kafa wata kotu mai zaman kanta a Enugu, wanda aikin ya mamaye duk yankin Gabashin Najeriya na lokacin. Daga baya ya koma Abakaliki har zuwa lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke, aka tilasta masa ya gudu daga Abakaliki zuwa Afikpo, zuwa Okigwe da Mbano inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu, 1970 lokacin yakin basasa ya kare.
Bayan yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1970, ya koma jiharsa ta asali, a lokacin da ake kiranta da Kudu maso Gabas aka nada shi kwamishinan farar hula (Kwamishanan kula da harkokin raya kasa) a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Kudu maso Gabas a lokacin a watan Maris, 1970. Birgediya UJ Esuene, Mai Girma Gwamna. A cikin Maris, 1972, an nada shi Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Shari'a kuma aka tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekara guda kadai daga watan Maris, 1973, aka nada shi Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kudu maso Gabas. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1990, aka nada shi Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya rike har ya yi ritaya a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1995.
A tsawon lokacin da ya rike mukamin Alkali, ya kuma yi aiki a kotuna da dama, wato: Memba ne a Hukumar Bincike Kan Ma’aikatar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NPA) Bala’in Catwalk- Nuwamba/Disamba 1972; 9 ga Yuni 1977 - sunan da aka sanya a cikin jerin masu sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rikicin Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke Washington, DC, Amurka; Kotun zabe mai lamba 3 na jihar Kaduna a lokacin zaben 1979; Kwamishina guda ɗaya na binciken Njua Bano/Odajie Mbube da Kachuan Irruan/Idum Mbube 1984; Shugaban Hukumar Bincike Kan Raya Aikin Noma ta Jihar Kuros Riba (ADC) 1985; Yuni 1987- Sake nada shi a matsayin Mai sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rigingimun Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke birnin Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da haɗa su da duk sauran nauyin da ke kan Alƙalin Babban Kotun, ta hanyar buɗe Ƙimar Laifuka da kuma magance al'amuran jama'a.
Alkalai
A lokacin da yake Alkali, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya yi aiki a Ogoja daga 1978 zuwa 1979, Uyo daga 1979 zuwa 1983, da Ikom daga 1983 zuwa 1985 inda aka mayar da shi Calabar. Daga 1985, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkali sau uku (Agusta 1987 zuwa Oktoba 1987, 14 Satumba zuwa 14 Nuwamba 1988, da kuma daga 10 Janairu zuwa 10 Maris 1990), kuma ya tsaya sau uku (Yuli 1984 zuwa Agusta 1984, Agusta 1985). zuwa Satumba 1985, da Agusta zuwa Satumba 1986).
Nasarorin da ya samu, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya halarci taruka masu zuwa a gida da waje, wato: Taron Alƙalan Nijeriya a Legas, 1974; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Legas, 1978; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Ilorin, 1982; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Abuja, 1988; Karatun Shari'a a 1989; Taron Commonwealth don Halayen Shari'a a Auckland, New Zealand, Afrilu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Calabar, Mayu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Fatakwal, 1991; Karatun Shari'a a Enugu, Oktoba / Nuwamba 1991; Taron Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya a Barcelona, Spain, Oktoba 1991; Bita na Shari'a a Uyo, Mayu/Yuni 1992; (A matsayin Wakili) Taron Kasa na ‘Yan Majalisun Jihohi a Abuja, 29 ga Yuni zuwa 1 ga Yuli 1992; Taron Commonwealth na 10 a Nicosia, Cyprus, 3 ga Mayu zuwa 7 ga Mayu 1993; da Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya 16th Biennial Conference a Manila, Philippines, 25 Oktoba zuwa 30 Oktoba 1993.
Mai shari'a Ecoma yana daya daga cikin Alkalai daga Jihar Cross River da aka nada don rangadin garuruwan Amurka tsakanin Yuni zuwa Yuli, na shekarar 1981. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya kuma yi ayyuka kamar haka: A matsayinsa na Bencher a Majalisar Ilimin Shari’a; a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Shari’a ta Najeriya; A matsayin Memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Ba da Shawara; a matsayin memba na kwamitin tantance ‘yan takara da za a kira zuwa ga Lauyoyin Najeriya; kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin bayar da shawarwarin manyan lauyoyi na Najeriya .
A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin babban alkali, an kara samar da wasu sassan shari’a da ya kai adadin bakwai. Haka kuma an kara gundumomin Majisterial sannan aka kirkiro kotunan gargajiya domin kawo adadin daga 56 zuwa 74. A lokacin nasa kuma an nada Alkalai hudu da wasu alkalai kadan.
Abubuwan nishadi
Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kasance mai himma da ƙwazo a wasan Tennis na Lawn, kuma ya kasance memba mai hazaka a wuraren nishaɗi kamar haka: Ogoja Recreation Club; Uyo Recreation Club; da Ikom Recreation Club. Ya kuma taka rawar Organ sosai kuma ya kasance mai son karanta litattafai.
Kyaututtukan bayan mutuwa
Lambar yabo ta Gwamnatin Jihar Cross River- Oktoba shekara ta 2005
lambar yabo na Ikom Recreation Club - 2008
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Grey's Inn. (1960). Graya: Mujallar Membobin Gidan Gida na Grey, Juzu'i na 11. London: Gidan Gida na Grey, shafi na 131.
Jihar Cross River (Nigeria). (1986). Karshen rahoton gwamnatin jihar Kuros Riba ta Najeriya kan rahoton kwamitin bincike kan hukumar bunkasa noma ta jihar Cross River (ADC). Calabar: Printer na Gwamnati, shafi na 2.
Afrika Wanene. (1981). London: Africa Journal Limited, shafi na 360.
Fawehinmi, G. (1988). Bench da Bar a Najeriya. Lagos: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 11, 93 (Lamba 338) da 700 (Lamba 3827).
Fawehinmi, G. (1992). Tsarin Kotuna a Najeriya - Jagora [1992]. Legas: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 311, 312 da 314.
Mutane daga jihar Cross River
Membobin Gray's Inn
Alkalan Najeriya
Tsaffin daliban kwalejin London
Mutuwar 1999
Haihuwan 1930
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26041 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aunin%20bada%20tazara%20na%20annobar%20COVID-19 | Ma'aunin bada tazara na annobar COVID-19 | A yayin barkewar COVID-19, an aiwatar da matakan nisantar da jama'a kusan a duk duniya don rage yaduwar cutar. Wannan labarin yana bayani dalla -dalla tarihin matakan nisantar da jama'a, jerin ƙasashen da ke aiwatar da su, lokacin da aka aiwatar da su, da sauran cikakkun bayanai game da matakan.
Bayan Fage
Nesantar zamantakewa, ko nesantawar jiki,wani tsari ne na ba da magunguna ko matakan da aka ɗauka don hana yaduwar cutar mai yaduwa ta hanyar kiyaye tazara ta zahiri tsakanin mutane da rage yawan lokutan da mutane ke zuwa cikin kusanci da juna. Ya ƙunshi kiyaye tazarar daga wasu da gujewa taruwa a manyan ƙungiyoyi.
A yayin barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 na yanzu, gwamnatoci da yawa sun jaddada nesantawar jama'a da matakan da suka danganci su a matsayin madadin tilasta tilasta keɓe wuraren da abin ya shafa. Dangane da saka idanu na UNESCO, sama da ƙasashe ɗari sun aiwatar da rufe makarantu a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya don mayar da martani ga COVID-19, wanda ya shafi sama da rabin ɗaliban na duniya. A Burtaniya, gwamnati ta shawarci jama'a da su guji wuraren taruwar jama'a, kuma an rufe gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima da son rai don ƙarfafa saƙon gwamnati.
Tare da mutane da yawa suna kafircewa cewa COVID-19 ya fi muni fiye da mura na lokaci, yana da wahala a shawo kan jama'a da son rai suyi amfani da ayyukan nisantar da jama'a. A Belgium, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton rave ya samu halartar akalla mutane 300 kafin hukumomin yankin su wargaza shi. A Faransa, an ci tarar matasa masu balaguron har zuwa US$. An rufe rairayin bakin teku a Florida da Alabama don tarwatsa masu shagalin biki yayin hutun bazara. An fasa bukukuwan aure a New Jersey da 8An sanya dokar hana fita na dare a Newark . New York, New Jersey, Connecticut da Pennsylvania sune jahohi na farko da suka fara aiwatar da manufofin nisantar da jama'a wanda ya rufe kasuwancin da ba su da mahimmanci tare da takaita manyan tarurruka. An ba da umarnin tsari a cikin California a duk jihar ranar 19 ga Maris. A wannan ranar, Texas ta ayyana bala'in jama'a kuma ta sanya takunkumi a cikin jihar baki daya.
Waɗannan matakan rigakafin kamar nisantar da jama'a da ware kai ya sa rufe makarantun firamare, da sakandare a ƙasashe sama da 120. Tun daga 23 ga Maris 2020, sama da 1.2 ɗaliban biliyan ba sa zuwa makaranta saboda rufe makarantu saboda COVID-19. Idan aka ba da ƙarancin alamun COVID-19 tsakanin yara, an yi tambaya game da tasirin rufe makarantu. Ko da lokacin rufe makarantu na ɗan lokaci ne, yana ɗaukar tsadar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi. Koyaya, mahimmancin yara a cikin yada COVID-19 ba a sani ba.Duk da yake ba a san cikakken tasirin rufe makarantu yayin barkewar cutar coronavirus ba, UNESCO ta ba da shawarar cewa rufe makarantun yana da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida da kuma sakamakon ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai.
A farkon Maris 2020, Florian Reifschneider, injiniyan Jamusanci ne ya ƙirƙira wannan tunanin "Ku zauna Gidan Fuck" kuma mashahuran mashahurai kamar Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande da Busy Philipps cikin bege na ragewa da jinkirta kololuwar barkewar cutar. Facebook, Twitter da Instagram suma sun shiga kamfen ɗin tare da irin waɗannan hashtags, lambobi da matattara ƙarƙashin #staythefhome, #stayhome, #staythefuckhome kuma sun fara canzawa a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarun. Gidan yanar gizon yayi ikirarin cewa ya kai kusan mutane miliyan biyu akan layi kuma ya ce an fassara rubutun zuwa harsuna 17.
An ba da shawarar cewa inganta samun iska da sarrafa tsawon lokacin fallasawa na iya rage watsawa.
Afghanistan
28 ga Maris: Kulle Kabul .
1 ga Afrilu: Kulle Ghazni .
20 Maris: Ƙuntatawa akan abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci.
An hana tarurrukan cikin gida marasa mahimmanci na mutane sama da 100.
An hana abubuwan da suka faru a waje tare da masu halarta sama da 500.
22 ga Maris: Taƙaitawa kan taron jama'a da kasuwancin 'marasa mahimmanci'.
An ƙuntata kayan aiki daga buɗewa: Pubs, rijista da kulab masu lasisi (ban da shagunan kwalba da ke haɗe da waɗannan wuraren), otal (ban da masauki); gyms da wuraren wasanni na cikin gida; gidajen sinima, wuraren nishaɗi, gidajen caca, da wuraren shakatawa na dare; gidajen cin abinci da gidajen cin abinci an iyakance su don ɗaukar kaya da/ko isar da gida; tarurrukan addini, wuraren ibada ko jana'iza (a cikin wuraren da aka rufe da wanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da kuma inda '1 mutum a kowace 4sqm' (40 sq. ft.) doka ta shafi).
29 ga Maris: Ƙuntatawa kan taron jama'a ga mutane biyu.
China
23 ga Janairu: An hana yin balaguro daga Wuhan.
29 ga Janairu: An ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida sai dai idan ya zama dole.
4 ga watan Fabrairu: duk ilmi mafi girma ya koma kan layi.
Denmark
13 ga Maris: An rufe dukkan ayyukan jama'a marasa mahimmanci, gami da makarantu da kula da rana.
17 ga Maris: An hana taron mutane sama da 10.
Jamus
16 Maris: An rufe ayyukan jama'a marasa mahimmanci.
22 ga Maris: An hana taron jama'a. Dokokin hana fita (tare da kebe wasu muhimman ayyuka) da aka aiwatar a cikin jihohi 5 na jihohi 16 na tarayya. Haramcin shigarwa ga waɗanda ba mazauna ba (gami da citizensan ƙasar Jamusawa waɗanda ke da zama a wata jiha ta tarayya) an aiwatar da su a cikin ƙarin 2 daga cikin jihohin tarayya 16.
Indonesia
15 ga Maris: Shugaba Joko Widodo ya yi kira ga duk 'yan Indonesia da su aiwatar da matakan nisantar da jama'a, tare da wasu shugabannin yankin da tuni suka rufe makarantu da wuraren taruwar jama'a. A cikin wata sanarwa a washegarin ranar, ya bayyana cewa ba zai je don rufewa ba kuma ya soki shugabannin yankin da suka aiwatar da kulle -kullen.
31 ga Maris: Shugaba Joko Widodo ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Gwamnati mai lamba 21/2020, wacce ta tsara manyan takunkumin zamantakewa (PSBB), wanda ya ba gwamnatocin yanki damar takaita zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki a ciki da wajen yankunansu muddin sun samu. izini daga ma'aikatar da ta dace (a wannan yanayin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ƙarƙashin Terawan Putranto ). Dokar ta kuma ayyana ƙuntatawa '' kaɗan 'kamar haɗe da hutun makaranta da aiki, iyakance kan ibada ta zahiri, da iyakance kan taron jama'a. A lokaci guda kuma, an sanya hannu kan hukuncin Shugaban kasa 11/2020, yana mai bayyana bala'in kasa. Dokokin biyu sun dogara ne a kan Dokar mai lamba 6 ta 2018 kan keɓewar Likitoci, wanda ke da tanadi don PSBB.
Netherlands
12 ga Maris: An hana taron mutane sama da 100.
13 ga Maris: Ziyartar gidan yari ya takaita kan harkokin shari'a.
15 ga Maris: Duk kantunan abinci da abin sha, mashaya, gidajen abinci, gidajen abinci, wuraren motsa jiki, saunas, kulaf din jima'i da shagunan kofi da ake buƙatar rufewa, ban da sabis na ɗaukar kaya da sabis. An rufe makarantu.
17 ga Maris: An rufe dukkan ayyukan ilimi.
23 ga Maris: An ƙuntata ziyartar matasa, naƙasassu da kula da masu tabin hankali.
23 ga Maris: Hana ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci a waje, tarurruka tare da hana mutane sama da 2, gabatar da mita 1.5.
New Zealand
21 ga Maris: Iyakance ziyartar wuraren kula da tsofaffi.
22 ga Maris: A cikin hadari an umarci mutane su zauna a gida.
23 ga Maris: An umarci dukkan mutane su zauna a gida sai dai idan suna da muhimman ayyuka.
23 Maris: An rufe duk ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci.
Pakistan
13 ga Maris: An rufe cibiyoyin ilimi kuma an hana taron jama'a.
20 ga Maris: Ma'aikatan gwamnati marasa mahimmanci sun ce su yi aiki daga gida.
Matakan taka tsantsan na maki 20 yarjejeniya a Pakistan
Rasha
16 ga Maris: manyan cibiyoyin ilimi suna canzawa zuwa koyon nesa.
18 ga Maris: makarantun da aka sanar sun sallame su na makwanni uku, an bukaci ma’aikatan da su ba da damar aiki daga gida.
19 Maris : tilas makonni 2 na ware kai don duk matafiya, shiga ƙasar.
22 Maris: kulle -kullen birni a cikin Moscow har tsawon mako guda.
27 ga Maris: an dakatar da dukkan jirage na kasa da kasa.
30 Maris: An tsawaita kulle -kullen har zuwa Afrilu 30.
30 ga Maris: St Petersburg da yankuna da yawa sun shiga cikin kulle -kullen.
Singapore
Da ke ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen matakan Hadarin da gwamnati ke sanyawa:
Turkiya
12 ga Maris: Makarantu da jami'o'i da aka rufe.
15 ga Maris: Dakunan karatu da aka rufe, rumfuna, disko, sanduna da kulab din dare.
16 ga Maris: Masallatai, cafes, wuraren motsa jiki, wuraren shakatawa na Intanet da gidajen sinima.
19 Maris: An dage wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa.
21 ga Maris: An sanya dokar hana fita baki daya ga wadanda suka haura shekaru 65 ko kuma masu fama da rashin lafiya. Rufe gidajen abinci, wuraren cin abinci da wuraren cin abinci ga jama'a don cin abinci, kawai ba da izinin isar da gida da ɗaukar kaya.
3 ga Afrilu: An tsawaita dokar hana fita zuwa mutanen da ba su haura shekara 20 ba.
Afrilu 10: An ayyana dokar hana fita don karshen mako mai zuwa a cikin larduna 30 tare da matsayin birni da Zonguldak, na tsawon awanni 48.
13 ga Afrilu: An sanar da cewa har sai an sanar da irin wannan dokar hana fita za ta fara aiki a karshen mako.
Ƙasar Ingila
18 Maris: Makarantun da aka rufe.
21 ga Maris: An rufe mashaya, gidajen abinci, gidajen abinci da sauran wuraren nishaɗi.
22 ga Maris: Ya shawarci masu rauni su kasance a gida.
23 Maris: Fara Lockdown Phase, An rufe yawancin kasuwancin.
Dole gidajen abinci, mashaya, gidajen abinci da makamantansu su rufe, amma suna iya gudanar da isar da abinci da sabis. Dole ne duk kantin sayar da kayayyaki su rufe ban da manyan kantuna, sabis na likita, kantin magani, gidajen mai, shagunan kekuna, shagunan kayan masarufi, shagunan lambu, shagunan kusurwa da kantin labarai, shagunan barasa, kayan wanki, ofisoshin gidan waya, da wasu masu siyar da kayayyaki. Otal -otal da sauran ayyukan masauki dole ne su rufe amma suna iya ba da masauki ga baƙi 'yan kasashen waje da suka makale, manyan ma'aikata da marasa gida da sauran mutane masu rauni. Dole ne a rufe ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, cibiyoyin al'umma, da wuraren bautar. Dole a rufe wuraren motsa jiki, wuraren shakatawa, wasanni da wuraren nishaɗi.
Ya umarci mutane da su kasance a gida ban da siyayya don abubuwan buƙatu, neman kulawar likita ko kula da marassa galihu, da tafiya zuwa da dawowa aiki wanda ba za a iya yi a gida ba.
Amurka
Alabama (4 Afrilu), Alaska (28 Maris), Arizona (31 Maris), California (19 Maris), Colorado (26 Maris), Connecticut (23 Maris), District of Columbia (1 Afrilu), Florida (3 Afrilu), Georgia (3 Afrilu), Hawaii (25 Maris), Idaho (25 Maris), Illinois (21 Maris), Indiana (24 Maris), Kansas (30 Maris), Louisiana (23 Maris), Maine (2 Afrilu), Maryland (Maryland) 30 Maris), Michigan (24 Maris), Minnesota (27 Maris), Missouri (6 Afrilu), Montana (28 Maris), Nevada (1 Afrilu), New Hampshire (27 Maris), New Jersey (21 Maris), New Mexico (24 Maris), New York (22 Maris), North Carolina (30 Maris), Ohio (23 Maris), Oregon (23 Maris), Pennsylvania (1 Afrilu), Puerto Rico (15 Maris), Rhode Island (28 Maris), South Carolina (7 Afrilu), Tennessee (31 Maris), Texas (2 Afrilu), Vermont (25 Maris), Virginia (30 Maris), Washington (23 Maris), West Virginia (24 Maris), Wisconsin (25 Maris) : Umarnin zama a gida .
Delaware (24 ga Maris), Mississippi (3 ga Afrilu): Umurnin wurin zama.
Kentucky, 26 ga Maris: Lafiya cikin umarnin gida.
Massachusetts, 24 Maris: Za a ba da shawara a gida.
Muhawara
Yayin da ake jin daɗin tallafi mai yawa tsakanin masana cutar, matakan nesantawar zamantakewa a wasu lokutan rigima ce ta siyasa. Taimakon hankali ga 'yan adawa yana zuwa daga marubutan wasu fannoni, kodayake akwai wasu' yan ilimin cututtukan heterodox.
Matakan wani bangare ne na fadada ikon gwamnati wanda ba a taba ganin irin sa ba. Masu ba da shawara ga ƙaramin gwamnati suna damuwa cewa jihar za ta yi jinkirin ba da wannan ikon da zarar rikicin ya ƙare, kamar yadda aka saba yi a tarihi.
Duba kuma
COVID-19 kulle-kullen cutar
Amsoshi na kasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
Fuskokin fuska yayin bala'in COVID-19
Manazarta
Covid-19 |
49040 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam%20%C9%97in%20Hartbeesport | Dam ɗin Hartbeesport | Dam ɗin Hartbeespoort, (kuma aka sani da Harties ) wani dam nau'in baka ne da ke lardin Arewa maso Yamma na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin wani kwari zuwa kudu na tsaunukan Magaliesberg da arewacin tsaunin Witwatersberg, kimanin kilomita 35 arewa maso yamma da Johannesburg da kilomita 20 yamma da Pretoria . Sunan dam din yana nufin "dam a cikin kwazazzabo hartebeest " ( nau'in tururuwa ) a cikin Afrikaans . Wannan "talakawa" a cikin Magaliesberg ya kasance sanannen wuri ga mafarauta, inda suka yi ta harbin hartebeest. Tun da farko an tsara madatsar ruwa ne don ban ruwa, wanda a halin yanzu shine farkon amfani da shi, da kuma na cikin gida da masana'antu. Dam din ya sha fama da yanayin hawan jini tun farkon shekarun 1970. Rashin sarrafa sharar ruwan sha daga shiyyoyin birane a cikin yankin dam dam na Hartbeespoort shine babban abin zargi, saboda gurbata gidan yanar gizon abinci tare da sama da tan 280 na phosphate da nitrate.
Garin Hartbeespoort yana kusa da bangon madatsar ruwa kuma ana iya samun ƙauyukan Kosmos, Melodie, Ifafi, Meerhof da The Coves, Pecanwood, Westlake da sauran yankuna da dama tare da bakin tekun. An ba wa garin Schoemansville sunan Janar Hendrik Schoeman, wanda ya mallaki ƙasar a ƙarni na 19.
Tarihi
A cikin 1906, gwamnati ta ba da umarnin binciken jama'a game da yuwuwar gina madatsar ruwa a Hartbeespoort na Magaliesberg. Injiniya na Sashen Ban ruwa wanda ya jagoranci binciken, ya gabatar da rahoto mai kyau ga gwamnati da Dokar Hartebeestpoort. Majalisar ta amince da 32 na 1914. Tun a shekarar 1909 ne aka tona ramukan gwaji a kasan kogin don tantance ko gina dutsen ya dace da gina irin wannan babbar madatsar ruwa. An ƙididdige girman wurin da ake kamawa, an auna magudanar ruwa da ƙiyasin ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa. An kafa da'awar da ke ƙasa ga rafin ruwa da ke akwai. An yi nazarin yanayin yanayin bakin kogi da dutsen don tantance yiwuwar tashar don aikin ginin.
An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa a hukumance a watan Agustan 1916. Da farko, an jinkirta aiki har sai an yanke hukuncin kotu tare da Janar Hendrik Schoeman da wani Mista Marshevin game da kwace kadarorinsu. Daga baya aka warware takaddamar amma rashin gamsuwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa bayan da aka yi gaggawar zartar da doka don sauƙaƙe kwacen. A cikin littafinsa mai suna “Agter die Magalies”, Bertus de Beer ya bayar da hujjar cewa gwamnati ta yi taka tsan-tsan wajen warware batutuwa da dama da suka shafi ginin dam. Halin uwa ya haifar da ƙarin jinkiri saboda ambaliya. A cikin 1914 da kuma a cikin 1918, ɗimbin katako na gine-gine ya wanke kogin kuma ba a sake dawowa ba. A shekara ta 1915, bangon Geldenhuysdam ya kara tasowa kogin ya karye kuma ambaliya ta wurin kuma ta haifar da jinkiri.
Rushewar da yakin duniya na farko ya haifar, da kuma matsalolin da Tawayen kungiyar Afrikaners suka haifar, sun kara kawo tsaiko ga ginin. Sannan kamfanin na farko ya lalace saboda asarar kudi da aka samu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da tsaikon da aka samu. A cikin 1921 kamfani na biyu ya ɗauki aikin kuma ya nada injiniya FW Scott, wanda ya magance aikin tare da sabunta makamashi. A watan Afrilun 1923, bayan duk koma baya da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, an kammala aikin. A cikin watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ne aka bude hanyar da ke kan bangon Dam din da ta ramin da aka bude wa ababen hawa. Dam din ya fara ambaliya a watan Maris 1925.
An gina madatsar ruwa a gonar Hartebeestpoort, mallakar Boer Janar Hendrik Schoeman (1840-1901). Gwamnati ta mallaki gonar da filayen da ke kusa, musamman ta hanyar sauƙaƙe da ɗansa, Johan Schoeman (1887-1967), a kusa da 1912. Kammala madatsar ruwan ya sa ƙasar noma ta arewa da Magaliesberg ta fi daraja sosai, musamman ƙasa kusa da magudanan ruwa da Kogin kada.
Gini
Katangar dam tana da tsayi da babba, wanda aka gina a kan wani kwazazzabo yanke ta cikin Magaliesberg. Ruwan Kogin Crocodile da Kogin Magalies ne ke ciyar da tafki kuma ya kai kusan , tare da ma'anar zurfin da zurfin zurfin . Tana da fili mai fadin , kuma kewayon sa na yau da kullun na canjin matakin ruwa na shekara shine . Nau'in hadawa na tafki shine monomictic .
Hanya guda ɗaya, titin kwalta ta siket ɗin ruwa a gefen arewa; A kan hanyarsa ta bi ta wani rami mai tsayin mita 56.6 sannan kuma ta ketare katangar dam.
Amfani
Dam din Hartbeespoort yana samar da ruwan ban ruwa ta hanyar doguwar hanyar sadarwa na canals zuwa na gonakin da ake samar da taba, alkama, lucerne, ' ya'yan itace da furanni . Tabarbarewar ingancin ruwa, musamman microcystin toxin.
Hartbeespoort ya zama sanannen biki da wurin shakatawa na karshen mako ga mazaunan Johannesburg da Pretoria ; shi ne babban yankin shakatawa na ruwa na arewacin Gauteng kuma ana jin daɗin nau'ikan wasannin ruwa da yawa akan madatsar ruwa. Kungiyar Transvaal Tacht Club tana aiki a madatsar ruwa tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin 1923.
Tashar NSRI mai lamba 25, dake dam din, tana daya daga cikin tashoshi uku kacal na Cibiyar Ceto Tekun Kasa a cikin kasa kuma tana ba da sabis na ceton ruwa a madatsar ruwa.
ingancin ruwa
Dam din Hartbeespoort ya shahara saboda rashin ingancin ruwa tun tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Dam din yana fama da matsananciyar eutrophication, a cikin 2003 sakamakon yawan sinadarin phosphate da nitrate a cikin kogin kada, babban magudanar ruwa. Tushen gurɓacewar muhalli na farko shine masana'antu da ƙazanta na cikin gida daga Gauteng. Yankin da aka kama ya hada da tafkin Bruma a cikin Kogin Jukskei da tafkin Centurion a cikin Kogin Hennops .
Matsanancin matakin eutrophication yana bayyana a cikin girma da yawa na ƙananan algae da cyanobacteria, da macrophytes irin su hyacinth na ruwa ( Eichhornia crassipes ). Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar rashin aiki a yawancin ayyukan najasa da ke zubar da birnin Johannesburg, wanda, wanda ba a saba gani ba ga babban birni, ya ratsa magudanar ruwa na nahiyar maimakon ya kasance a kan tafki, kogi ko bakin teku. Dam din Hartbeespoort ya zama babban misali na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba lokacin da yanayin halittun ruwa ya tashi daga kwanciyar hankali amma mai kyawawa, zuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali amma yanayin da ba a so, yana ƙin mafi kyawun shisshigin kimiyya shekaru da yawa. Wannan yana haifar da wani ɗan lokaci sakamakon raguwar tsarin tattara bayanai da sarrafa bayanai waɗanda ke taimakawa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu. Sashen kula da harkokin ruwa da gandun daji na Afirka ta Kudu ya kaddamar da shirin Harties metsi a me ( Harties, My Water ) don nemo hanyoyin magance matsalolin ingancin ruwa. Kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2015 domin tsaftace madatsar ruwa da gyara shi da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi al’umma ya kai Naira miliyan 900. Wasu hanyoyin biomanipulation da ake amfani da su ga madatsun ruwa irin su Hartbeesport sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyya.
Duba kuma
Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
Kogin kada (Limpopo)
Hartbeesport Aerial Cableway
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hartbeespoort Dam shafi a Sashen Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
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30032 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Muhalli%20ta%20%C6%98asa%20da%20%C6%98asa | Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa | Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa ko wani lokacin ƙa'idar muhalli, wani nau'in yarjejeniya ce da ke daure a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ba su damar cimma burin muhalli . A wasu kalmomi, "takardar gwamnati ce da aka yi niyya a matsayin doka ta doka tare da manufar da aka bayyana ta farko ta hana ko sarrafa tasirin ɗan adam akan albarkatun ƙasa."
Yarjejeniyar tsakanin al'ummomi biyu ana kiranta da yarjejeniyar muhalli ta biyu . Idan an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙasashe uku ko fiye, ana kiranta yarjejeniyar muhalli ta multilateral (MEA). Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, waɗanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke samarwa da farko, sun ƙunshi batutuwa kamar manufofin yanayi, manufofin ruwa, sharar gida da manufofin abubuwa, muhallin ruwa, manufofin kiyaye yanayi, gurɓataccen hayaniya da amincin nukiliya.
Tarihi da amfani
An fara amfani da yarjejeniyoyin mahalli da yawa a cikin shekara ta 1857, lokacin da yarjejeniyar ƙasar Jamus ta tsara kwararar ruwa daga tafkin Constance zuwa Austria da Switzerland . Ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da kasa sun bayyana a cikin mulkin muhalli bayan matsalolin muhalli masu iyaka da iyaka sun zama sananne a cikin shekara ta 1960s.
Tsakanin 1857 da 2012, an kulla jimillar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli guda 747 na muhalli. Bayan taron gwamnatocin Stockholm a shekara ta 1972, ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙaru. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da MEAs, yawancin MEAs an aiwatar da su tun daga 1972 a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na Dan Adam (wanda aka fi sani da taron Stockholm). Dukkanin ƙasashe guda 113 da suka halarci taron ne suka amince da sanarwar Stockholm, kuma ita ce takarda ta farko da ke da muhimmanci kan batun muhalli.
Ana buƙatar tsarin sadarwar hadaddun don tsarin MEA mai aiki. Matakan gwamnati a cikin al'umma na iya kawo cikas ga juna game da sauyin yanayi (misali) saboda ra'ayoyi ko jam'iyyu masu adawa da juna, yin aiwatar da mafi wahala da tasiri ga dangantakar waje.
Manufofin da ke kewaye da MEA ana ƙaddamar da su ta hanyar ƙasashe masu shiga. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya sune manyan kungiyoyi tsakanin gwamnatoci don ƙirƙira da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar.
An sami karuwar amfani da tanade-tanaden muhalli a cikin yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasashen biyu da kuma cikin yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasashen biyu.
Tasiri
Ka'idoji na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi masu sassauƙa don haɓaka tasiri. Misali daya shine amfani da takunkumi: karkashin yarjejeniyar Montreal, an hana masu sanya hannu don siyan chlorofluorocarbons daga wadanda ba su sanya hannu ba, don hana duk wani fa'idar iska. An kuma yi amfani da kudade don shawo kan rikicin Arewa-Kudanci: mambobin yarjejeniyar Montreal sun kirkiro wani asusu na dala miliyan 240 don sake rarraba kudaden mika mulki. Har ila yau, tana da shekaru goma daban-daban na alheri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Hakanan ana ganin wajibai daban-daban a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kuma suna iya ƙarfafa fa'ida sosai, inda kowace ƙasa ke da manufa daban-daban dangane da ci gabanta.
While protocols appear to be the ultimate top-down mode of governance, having "scant provisions for public participation," it is widely thought that the influence of transnational networks has been growing Public opinion is relevant, as concern must exist to prompt action and dedication of government resources. It kept growing more and more since the young activist Greta Thunberg started Fridays for Future. Non-governmental organizations also fulfill certain roles, from gathering information and devising policies to mobilizing support. Science plays an important part, although Susskind asserts that sometimes this role is diminished by uncertainty, disagreement, and the rise of "adversary science."
Yadda muke kallon tasirin ladabi ya dogara da abin da muke tsammani daga gare su. Tare da ƙaramin ƙarfi na gudanarwa ko ainihin iko, ƙa'idodi suna yin nasara wajen haɓaka damuwar gwamnati, haɓaka yanayin kwangila, da haɓaka ƙarfin ta hanyar musayar kadarori. Amma duk da haka muddin ikon mulki ya tabbata, ka'idojin muhalli ba za su shafi canje-canje a fuskar jaha ko jama'a ba, ba da garantin aiwatar da aikin ƙasa, ko kuma zama cikin dare ɗaya. Ci gaban dokar muhalli ta duniya na iya zama, kamar yadda Wiener ya nuna, kamar kunkuru, a hankali amma a tsaye.
Shingaye da suka
Tsarin siyasar duniya da ake da su, bambance-bambance da rikice-rikice suna haifar da shinge ga ƙirƙirar ka'idojin muhalli. Na farko, tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na nufin babu wata kasa da za a tilastawa shiga, sai dai a yi kira da a yi hakan. Saboda haka, kamar yadda Faransa ta fada, "Dokar kasa da ƙasa tana da ƙarfin halin kirki, amma 'yan hakora na gaske." Na biyu, rikicin Arewa da Kudu na iya toshe hadin gwiwa da haifar da rikici. Kasashen da ke Kudancin Duniya, suna kallon matalauta, gaba ɗaya suna ganin kasashen Arewa, masu arziki, suna bukatar daukar nauyin gurbatar muhalli da kuma kawo sauyi mai ma'ana a rayuwarsu, wanda Arewa ba ta ganin cewa ya dace. Kudanci dai na ganin cewa Arewa ta riga ta samu damar bunkasa kuma ta riga ta gurbata da yawa a yayin bunƙasa masana’antu.
A ƙarshe, ƙasashe na iya rasa kwarin gwiwa don canza manufofinsu na muhalli saboda rikici da wasu muradu, musamman wadatar tattalin arziki. Idan ka'idojin muhalli za su haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ko cutar da wata ƙasa, hakan na iya ɓata ka'idojin yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke manne da su, wanda ke haifar da matsala ta masu 'yanci . Bugu da ƙari, ana iya soki ƙa'idodin muhalli don rashin tabbas na kimiyya, ko aƙalla rashin haɗin bayanan kimiyya, waɗanda ƙila a yi amfani da su don "toshe abubuwan buƙatu da yin ɓarna." Game da matsaloli kamar gurɓata yanayi da sauyin yanayi, juriya yawanci ya samo asali ne na ƙirƙira injiniya .
Saboda waɗannan shingaye, ƙa'idodin muhalli sun zama manufa a bayyane ga zargi da yawa, kamar jinkirin haifar da tasirin da ake so (saboda tsarin aiwatar da yarjejeniya-yarjejeniya), kula da mafi ƙasƙanci gama gari, da rashin kulawa da aiwatarwa. . Hakanan ana iya sukar su don ɗaukar matakan haɓaka inda ka'idodin ci gaba mai dorewa ke ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kula da yanayin muhalli.
Shiga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tana shiga cikin MEAs a duk duniya akan batutuwa da yawa, gami da bambancin halittu, sinadarai da sharar gida, da yanayi da yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin misalin zai zama Yarjejeniyar Vienna don Kariya na Ozone Layer, wanda aka haɗa tare don magance mummunar tasirin Chlorofluorocarbons a kan yanayi. Tashar Watsa Labarai ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (InforMEA) ta tattara MEAs ta hanyar girbi yanke shawara da shawarwari na COP, labarai, abubuwan da suka faru, membobin MEA, wuraren da suka shafi ƙasa, rahotanni na ƙasa da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daga sakatarorin MEA kuma suna tsara wannan bayanin a kusa da saitin sharuɗɗan da aka yarda, don amfanin Jam’iyyu da al’ummar muhalli baki daya
Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya
Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta shiga cikin shawarwarin MEA saboda tasirin kasuwancin da yarjejeniyar ke da shi. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofin kasuwanci da muhalli waɗanda ke inganta kariya da kiyaye muhalli. Manufarta ita ce rage shingen kasuwanci da daidaita matakan da suka shafi kasuwanci tare da manufofin muhalli . Tun da MEAs suna karewa da kiyaye muhalli, zasu iya taimakawa sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa akan kasuwanci. ƙa'idojin WTO sun dogara ne kan rashin nuna bambanci, ciniki cikin 'yanci ta hanyar rage shingen ciniki da gasa ta gaskiya, an kuma yi watsi da MEA saboda rashin bin ka'idojin kungiyar. WTO tana aiki tare da aiwatar da ayyukan MEA sama da 350 a duk duniya. ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe biyar waɗanda suka himmatu wajen inganta muhalli da ciniki cikin 'yanci. Membobin WTO bisa doka sun daure su mutunta yarjejeniyar rage shingen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, rikici ya taso saboda takunkumin kasuwanci.
Manyan mahalarta MEA
Ostiraliya
Ana lura da Ostiraliya don nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi da yanayi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da rairayin bakin teku, hamada da tsaunuka, kuma canjin yanayi babban damuwa ne. Ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin rami mafi girma a duniya. tare da tasirin muhalli. Kusancin Ostiraliya da Antarctica yana haifar da damuwa game da hawan teku da kuma sauye-sauyen raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke tasiri ga yanayi.
Kanada
Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Kanada da yawa sun haɗa da iska, nau'ikan halittu da yanayin muhalli, sinadarai da sharar gida, canjin yanayi, haɗin gwiwar muhalli, ruwa da tekuna, da yanayi . Kanada ta ɗauki wani yunƙuri saboda albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri, yanayi da kuma wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, duk waɗannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin muhalli. Abubuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da hukuncin wata karamar kotu tare da tuhumar wani kamfanin Kanada, Teck Resources, da laifin gurɓata kogin Columbia a Amurka. Teck Resources smelter a Trail, British Columbia yana saman iyakar Amurka.
Amurka
{Asar Amirka ta dage kan Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, da tattaunawar duniya kan Mercury . Adadin MEAs da Amurka ke ciki ya yi ƙasa da na Kanada, duk da yawan yawan jama'arta da girman sawun carbon da tattalin arzikinta.
Duba kuma
Dokar muhalli
Dokokin kasa da kasa
Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Mitchell, RB, Andonova, LB, Axelrod, M., Balsiger, J., Bernauer, T., Green, JF, Hollway, J., Kim, RE, da Morin, JF 2020. Abin da Muka Sani (kuma Zamu Iya Sani) game da Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Duniya . Siyasar Muhalli ta Duniya, 20: 103-121.
978-982-04-0475-5
Alam, Shawkat et al. Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya da Kudancin Duniya. Jami'ar Cambridge Press: New York, 2015.
Borsky, Stefan, A. Raschky, Paul. "Haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci a cikin Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Duniya". A cikin Jaridar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru 2, Lamba 2. Yuni 2015.
M.McEvoya, David da McGintyb, Matthew "Tattaunawa kan harajin fitar da hayaki a cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya". A cikin Jaridar Muhalli na Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Volume 90, 217-231. 2018
Tulkens, Henry da Guesnerie, R. Zane na Manufofin Yanayi. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 2008.
Victor, David G. et al. Aiwatar da Tasirin Ayyukan Muhalli na Duniya : Ka'idar da Aiki. MIT Press: Laxenburg, Austria, 1998.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Littafin Jagoran Yarjejeniyar Muhalli na Muhalli da yawa
Muhalli
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
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42957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20Shugabancin%20Najeriya%202023 | Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023 | An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023 domin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya. Bola Tinubu — tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas kuma ɗan takarar jam’iyyar APC, ya lashe zaben da kashi 36.61% na kuri’u 8,794,726. Wanda yazo na biyu shine tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, Atiku Abubakar dan takarar jam'iyyar PDP, da kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Anambra, Peter Obi na Jam'iyyar LP. A ranar 1 ga watan Maris aka sanar da sakamakon karshe na kasa amma nan take Atiku da Obi suka kalubalanta sakamakon zaben. Sauran zabukan tarayya, sun hada da zabukan ƴan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa, da aka gudanar a rana daya. Yayin da za a gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa, wanda hukumar zabe ta sa ranar 11 ga watan Maris. An saita bikin ƙaddamar da ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. Sai dai daga baya hukumar zabe ta dage gabatar da zaben da mako daya saboda wasu dalilai, ta bayyana dalilan da cewa tanason tayi wasu gyare-gyaren N'urorin aikin zaben.
An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyaun siyasa, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2022. Shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar APC mai ci Muhammadu Buhari ya kare wa’adin mulkinsa a karo na biyu, kuma ba zai iya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku ba. Jam'iyyar NNPP ta tsayar da tsohon gwamnan Kano Kwankwaso, sai Jam'iyyar LP ta tsaida Peter Obi. Yan makonni bayan zaben fidda gwani, kowane dan takara ya sanar da abokin takararsa, wato mataimakin shugaban kasa inda Atiku ya zabi Gwamnan jihar Delta Ifeanyi Okowa.
Peter Obi ya zaba sanata Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed, yayin da Tinubu ya zaba tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno Kashim Shettima, Kwankwaso kuma ya zaba pasto Isaac Idahosa.
An lura da babban zaɓen da aka yi hasashe tun farko da yawan fitowar jama’a da kuma gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana amma ya fuskanci rahotannin sayen kuri’u, tsoratar da masu jefa kuri’a, da hare-haren da aka kai kan rumfunan zabe a wasu wurare musamman kudacin Najeriya, da jami’an zaben da ba su dace ba, tare da zargin magudi; don haɗa al'amura tare da amincewa da zaɓen, jami'an Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta sun kasa shigar da sakamakon rumfunan zabe zuwa tashar kallon sakamakon INEC kamar yadda aka tabbatar a baya za ta faru a ranar zaɓe. Yayin da aka fara bayyana sakamakon jahohi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu a cibiyar tattara sakamakon zabe ta kasa da ke Abuja, ƴan adawa sun fara fitowa suna korafe-korafe saboda har yanzu ba'a cika bayanan sakamakon zaben ba kafin bayyana su kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Waɗannan yanayi tare da maganganun sukar INEC daga masu sa ido da kungiyoyin farar hula sun sa manyan yan takara guda 3 Atiku, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi watsi da sakamakon zaben da aka sanar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu. Dukkan manyan yan takarar guda uku, baya ga wasu ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, sun yi kira ga hukumar da ta sake gudanar da zaben saboda zargin magudi da tashin hankali da aka gani a yayin da jama'a suke kada kuri'unsu. A yayin da su kuma bangaren masu goyon bayan Tinubu suka yabawa hukumar zabe tare da yin kira da a kamo masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar PDP saboda tada zaune tsaye. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Maris ne shugaban INEC Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu ya ayyana Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben bayan da aka gama tattara dukkan sakamakon zaben jihohi 36 da ke fadin Najeriya. A martanin da Atiku, Obi, da Kwankwaso suka yi, sun sha alwashin ƙalubalantar sakamakon zaben a gaban kotu don kwato musu hakkin su.
Tsarin Zaɓe
An zaɓi Shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara tare da zagaye uku. Don a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami yawan ƙuri'un ƙasa da sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla 24 na jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da wanda ya lashe jihohi mafi girma na biyu. Domin samun nasara a zagaye na biyu, dole ne dan takara ya samu mafi yawan kuri’u a faɗin kasar kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un da aka kada a akalla 24 daga cikin jihohi 36 da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya tsallake wannan matakin, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake bukatar a zabi mafi rinjayen kuri'un kasar.
Zaɓen fitar da gwani
Jam'iyyar APC
Jam'iyyar APC ce take riƙe da ragamar shugabancin ƙasar tun daga shekarar 2015 a babban zaɓen da gamayyar jam'iyyun ƙasar suka haɗe waje ɗaya suka samar da jam'iyyar APC. Shugaban Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC ya sake yin nasara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar wanda ya gabata a shekarar 2015.
Jam'iyyar APC ta ƙaddamar da shirin karɓa-karɓa wanda zai bada damar idan ɗan yankin Arewacin Najeriya yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru takwas ya sauka ya bawa na yankin Kudancin ƙasar. Tsarin da ya kawo cece kuce a tsakanin ƴaƴan jam'iyyar wanda daga ƙarshe dai ya samar da Bila Tinubu a matsayin wanda zai yi ma jam'iyyar takara a zaɓen fitar da gwani.
Yadda zaɓen fitar da gwani ya kasance
Jam'iyyar PDP
Jam'iyyar PDP ta zaɓi Alhaji Atiku Abubakar a matsayin wanda zai yi mata takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023.
Atiku shine wanda yayi ma jam'iyyar takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019. Atiku yayi nasarar zama ɗan takarar jami'yar PDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023 bayan samun nasara bisa abokan takarar fitar da gwani na neman jam'iyyar PDP ta tsayar da su.
Sauran Jam'iyyu
Akwai Sauran Jam'iyyun siyayya da suma suka fitar da ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasa. Ana kallon waɗannan jam'iyyu a matsayin ƙananan jam'iyyu.
Sakamako
Ahmad Bola Tinubu na jam'iyyar APC ne ya lashe zaɓen kamar yadda sakamakon zaɓen ya nuna a teburin dake kasa.
Manazarta |
13743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abike%20Dabiri | Abike Dabiri | DALILAN DAKE HANA MATASA YIN SIYASAR 'YANCI
Babu Wani Matashi Da Zai Haɗa Wannan Ɗabi'un Ko Ya Sufantu Da Ɗayansu Face Sai Ya Zama Marar 'Yanci (Ra'ayin Kai), Zai Zama Baida Hurumi Ko Ikon Zabar Wanda Yake So Face Sai Abinda Aka Yi Masa Umurni Ko Ya Cancanta Ko Bai Cancanta Ba Ko Yana So Ko Bai So.
Yana Da Kyau Matasa Su Kubutar Da Kansu Daga Wannan Ɗabi'un Domin Samarwa Kansu Cikakken 'yanci Da Damar Zabar Abinda Ke Ra'ayinsa Ta Fuskar Duba Cancanta.
1. Rashin Aikin Yi: Shine Dalili Mafi Girma Acikin Dalilain Dake Tunzura Matashi Yin Siyasa Marar Galihu Saboda Kasancewarsa Baida Wata Mafaka Da Yake Samun Abinda Zai Rufa Masa Asiri, Ana Amfani Da Wannan Tawayar Tasa A Dinga Bashi Wasu 'Yan Kuɗi Don Siyen Ra'ayinsa Da Bautar Da Tunaninsa A Ɗora Shi Akan Abinda Ake So.
2. Kwaɗayi: Wasu Yaran Siyasar Suna Da Aikin Yi Ko Kasuwanci Da Suke Yi, Amma Kwaɗayin Ɗan Abinda Za'a Basu Wanda Bai Kai Kaso ⅔ Na Abinda Suke Samu Ba Shine Kaɗai Ke Karkata Tunaninsu Ya Mantar Dasu Daga Yin Abinda Ya Kamata.
3. Kishin Aljihu: Idan Matashi Ya Zamo Baya Kishin Al'ummarsa Ta Fuskar Cigaban Harkokin Rayuwarsu Na Yau Da Kullum Kamar Ilimi, Lafiya, Tattalin Arziki Da Sauransu To Kishinsa Zai Sansani Ya Koma Ga Son Kansa Da Aljihunsa Kadai Idan Ya Wadata Kansa To Bai Tsoron kowa Ya Tsiyace.
4. Rashin ilimi Da Qaranci Wayewar Zamani: Da Yawa Ana Nasarar Sauya Musu Akalar Hankali Da Tunani Saboda Jahilcin Da Suka Tsinci Kansu Aciki Basu Iya Gane Daidai Ko Akasinta, Haka Kuma Ana Amfani Da Rashin Wayewarsu Wajen Birkice Tashar Tunaninsu Sai Su Dinga Jin Cewa Mu Duk Ma Wanda Aka Zaba Daidai Walau Mai Nagarta Ne Ko Akasin Haka.
Wannan Sune Kadan Daga Cikin Dalilan Da Suke Sa Matasa Yin Siyasar Rashin 'Yanci Da Duba Cancanta, Dan Haka Muna Kira Ga ilahirin Matasa Da Cewa "Mu Mutunta Kanmu Cikin Siyasa Mu Kubuta Daga Yin Duk Abinda Zai Zubar Mana Da Qima Kuma Ya Jawo Ci Bayan Al'ummarmu Tare Da Yin Ɗamarar Fuskantar Duk Abinda Zai Kawo Mana Cigaba Da Hadi Kai A Tsakaninmu".
Wannan Kira Ne Daga Qungiyar Matasan
Aiki
Dabiri-Erewa ta yi aiki ga Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar, tana tafe da shirin NTA Newsline na mako-mako kuma yana ɗaukar fifiko kan talauci da batun adalci na zamantakewa. Ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya don tsayawa takara a Majalisar Wakilai, inda ta yi nasara da yawan gaske. Yayin da take wannan rawar, ta yi tsayayya da wa'adin mulki na uku na tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo .
Ita ce shugabar, Kwamitin majalisar a kan kafofin watsa labarai a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya daga 2003 zuwa 2007, mamba a majalisar, Wakilan Tarayya daga 2003 zuwa 2007, Member Board, Legas Broadcasting Corporation Vision 2010, Member Federal Wakilin daga shekara 2007 zuwa 2011..
Karatu
Dabiri-Erewa ta halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Maryland, Maryland, Ikeja don karatun ta na firamare, da Kwalejin St Teresa, Ibadan don karatun sakandare. Ta samu digiri na farko a cikin Harshen Turanci daga Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, OAU) Ile - Ife. Ta samu difloma ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu (PGD) a fannin sadarwa da ma babbar difloma a fannin sadarwa a jami’ar Legas, Akoka. Ta kuma yi karatu a Amurka a jami'ar Harvard 's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Tallafin kuɗi
Dabiri-Erewa ta dauki nauyin wasu kudade da majalisar ta zartar, wadanda suka hada da:
Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai
Lissafi don aiki don tabbatar da cikakken haɗin kan Nigeriansan Najeriya da ke da nakasa ta jiki da kawar da duk nau'in wariyar launin fata a kansu.
Dokar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayyar Najeriya (ta tabbatar da kowane yara 'yan kasa da shekara biyar da ke samun kulawar lafiya kyauta)
Lissafin Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Najeriya
Kudin da zai soke Dokar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya tare da maye gurbinsa da Dokar Majalisar Tsaro da Jarida ta Najeriya (karfafa Hukumar NPC da inganta aikin jarida da kare lafiyar' yan jarida a Najeriya).
Cece-kuce dangane da dokar Jarida
A shekara ta 2009, Dabiri-Erewa ta kirkiri wani kudiri a gaban majalisar dokokin Najeriya wanda zai ba da 'yancin yin aikin jarida kawai bayan samun wasu cancanta. Kudirin ya karbi zargi a bainar jama'a, kuma an gan shi a matsayin wani yunƙuri na cin mutuncin kafofin watsa labarai. Akwai wata damuwa cewa canjin zai taimaka wajen haifar da mulkin kama karya da kuma nuna kishin-kishin kasa tunda shugaban kasa da / ko membobin zartarwa na gwamnati za su yi hakan. A cikin shirin TV na safe da aka watsa a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2009, Dabari-Erawa ya musanta batun taimakawa cin hanci da rashawa da kuma hana 'yancin kafafen yada labarai, yana mai cewa kudirin zai taimaka wajan kware aikin aikin jarida a Najeriya..
Rayuwar mutum
Dabiri-Erewa shine dangin Alhaji da Alhaja Ashafa Erogbogbo na Ikorodu. Mahaifinta, Alhaji Ashafa Erogbogbo yana daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan marigayi Alh. Sule Erogbogbo na Adegorunsen Compound, Ajina square, Ita - Agbodo, Ikorodu. Kakanninta na mahaifiya, Alhaja Alimotu Ero faili daga dangin Bello Solebo ne na Ita - Elewa Square, Ikorodu. Tana aure da Segun Erewa.
A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2015, sunanta ya bayyana a cikin wasu daga cikin fitattun mutane wadanda basa yin rance tare da asusun banki na Najeriya. Da take mayar da martani game da wannan ci gaba, ta aika da jerin sakonnin tarnaki don fatattakar da'awar da ke nuna ba daidai ba kuma ta ce babu kowa.
A ƙarshe Bankin da aka tambaya ya amsa ta hanyar aika da uzuri a cikin dailies don kuskuren kuskuren da suka yi.
Dubi kuma
Tsarki ya tabbata Emmanuel Edet
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Shafin majalisa
Yanar gizon hukuma - Kwamitin Majalisar akan Harkokin Diasporaasashen Waje |
32677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aunin%20gwal%20na%20Akan | Ma'aunin gwal na Akan | Ma'aunin gwal na Akan (wanda aka fi sani da mrammou) ma'aunin nauyi ne da aka yi da tagulla da al'ummar Akan na Afirka ta Yamma ke amfani da su azaman tsarin aunawa, musamman don tsarin wei da tsarin kasuwanci na gaskiya da juna. Matsayin mutum ya ƙaru sosai idan ya mallaki cikakkiyar ma'aunin nauyi. Cikakkun ƙananan ma'auni sun kasance kyauta ga sababbin maza da suka yi aure. Wannan ya ba da tabbacin cewa zai sami damar shiga kasuwancin ciniki cikin girmamawa da nasara.
Bayan aikace-aikacen su na yau da kullun, ma'aunin nauyi kaɗan ne na abubuwan al'adun Yammacin Afirka kamar alamomin adinkra, tsirrai, dabbobi da mutane.
Dating da nauyi
Nazari mai salo na ma'aunin zinare na iya ba da kwanan wata dangi cikin manyan lokuta biyu na farkon da kuma ƙarshen lokaci. Ana tsammanin zamanin farko ya kasance daga kimanin 1400-1720 AD, tare da wasu jeri tare da ƙarshen zamani, 1700-1900 AD. Akwai bambanci tsakanin lokutan Farko da Marigayi. Ma'aunin Geometric su ne mafi tsufa nau'i, tun daga 1400 AD zuwa gaba yayin da ma'aunin alama, waɗanda aka yi su cikin siffar mutane, dabbobi, gini da sauransu, sun fara bayyana a shekara ta 1600 AD.
Dating na Radiocarbon, daidaitacciyar hanya kuma madaidaiciyar hanya a fannoni da yawa, ba za a iya amfani da su don kwanan wata ma'aunin nauyi ba, saboda abu ne na inorganic. Tushen abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba, kamar karafa, sun samo asali tun kafin kera kayan tarihi. Tagulla da zinc da ake amfani da su don yin gawa sun girmi kayan aikin da kansa. Nazarin kan inganci ko asalin ƙarfen ƙarfe a cikin tagulla ba su da amfani sosai saboda faɗin rarrabawa da sake sarrafa kayan.
Yin nazarin asalin al'adun nauyi ko yanayin yanayin nauyi shine ingantacciyar hanyar saduwa da ma'aunin nauyi. Rubuce-rubucen tarihi da ke tare da nauyin da ke bayyana mutanen da yake nasu, da kuma nazarin ma'auni da na baka da na fasaha na al'ummomin makwabta ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na nazarin tushe da tabbatar da ma'aunin nauyi.
Ma'anar bayan nauyi
Malamai suna amfani da ma'auni, da al'adun baka da ke bayan ma'auni, don fahimtar al'amuran al'adun Akan waɗanda in ba haka ba za a iya rasa su. Ma'aunin nauyi yana wakiltar labarai, kacici-kacici, da ka'idojin ɗabi'a waɗanda suka taimaka ja-gorar mutanen Akan ta hanyoyin rayuwarsu. Babban al'adun Akan shine damuwa ga daidaito da adalci; yana da wadata a tarihin baka akan wannan batu. Yawancin ma'auni suna wakiltar manyan labarai da sanannun labarai. Ma'aunin nauyi wani bangare ne na ƙarfafa al'adun Akan, yana bayyana ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, imani, da ƙima a cikin matsakaici wanda mutane da yawa suka haɗa.
Anthony Appiah ya bayyana yadda Mahaifiyarsa da ke karbar gwala-gwalai ta ziyarci musulman Hausawa ‘yan kasuwa daga arewa. Nauyin zinariya da suka kawo, “waɗanda ba su da wani amfani a sayar da su, yanzu takarda da tsabar kuɗi sun maye gurbin kurar zinariya a matsayin kuɗi. Kuma da ta tattara su, ta ƙara jin labarin tarihin da ke tare da su; Karin magana da kowane ma'aunin gwal na alama ya fitar; tatsuniyoyi, Ananseasem, waɗanda karin magana suka yi. Appiah kuma ya ji waɗannan labaran Ananseasem, Anansi, daga mahaifinsa, kuma ya rubuta: “Tsakanin labaransa da saƙon al’adu da suka zo da ma’aunin zinariya, mun tattara irin ma’anar al’adar al’ada da ta fito daga girma a cikinta. A gare mu ba al'adar Asante ba ce amma aikin gidan yanar gizon rayuwarmu."
Akwai ma'auni da yawa tsakanin ma'aunin gwal na Akan da hatimin da aka yi amfani da su a Harappa. Dukansu kayayyakin tarihi sun daidaita tare da tabbatar da kasuwancin yanki da na gida a tsakanin mutane, yayin da suka sami ƙarin ma'ana fiye da amfaninsu.Garkuwa alamu ne na jarumtaka, juriya, ko aikin ɗaukaka, ko da yake ba lallai ba ne a cikin yaƙi. Takobi masu kaifi biyu suna wakiltar ƙa'idar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mace da namiji, maimakon nuna tashin hankali ko mulki tare da tsoro. Sunan ma'aunin nauyi yana da ban mamaki, saboda cikakken jerin ma'aunin Akan yana da ƙima sama da sittin, kuma kowane saiti yana da sunan gida wanda ya bambanta a yanki. Akwai, daga binciken da Garrard ya yi, jerin sunayen nauyi goma sha biyu daga Ghana da Ivory Coast.
Tarin nauyi
Wasu sun kiyasta cewa akwai ma'aunin zinare miliyan 3 da ke wanzuwa. Jami'ar Simon Fraser tana da ƙaramin tarin tarin yawa, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lissafi, tare da adadin ma'aunin ma'auni na ɗan adam. Dukansu nau'ikan suna hoto a nan kuma sun fito ne daga gidan kayan tarihi na SFU na Archaeology da Ethnography. Yawancin manyan gidajen tarihi na Amurka da Turai suna da tarin ma'aunin zinare masu yawa. Gidan tarihi na kasa na Ghana, da Musée des Civilizations de Cote d'Ivoire a Abidjan, Derby Museum da kuma kananan gidajen tarihi a Mali duk suna da tarin ma'aunin nauyi tare da jeri na dabino. Tarin masu zaman kansu sun tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni kuma.
Kera ma'aunin nauyi
A da, kowane nauyi ana sassaƙa shi da kyau, sannan a jefar da shi ta amfani da tsohuwar dabarar kakin zuma da aka rasa. Yayin da al'adun Akan suka rabu da yin amfani da zinare a matsayin tushen tattalin arzikinsu, ma'aunin nauyi ya rasa amfanin yau da kullum na al'adu da kuma wasu mahimmancin su. Shahararsu da masu yawon bude ido ya haifar da kasuwa da mazauna yankin ke cika da ma'aunin nauyi. Wadannan haifuwar zamani na ma'aunin nauyi sun zama masu yawon bude ido. Maimakon siffofi masu sauƙi amma na fasaha na ma'aunin anthropomorphic ko kuma tsabta, layi mai laushi na ma'aunin geomorphic, ma'auni na zamani ba su da kyau kuma suna kallon tarin yawa. Ƙarfin al'adar baka na Akan ba a haɗa shi a cikin ƙirƙirar ma'auni ba; duk da haka, wannan ba ze rage musu farin jini ba.
Ƙwarewar da ke tattare da yin ma'aunin nauyi ta yi yawa; saboda yawancin ma'aunin nauyi bai wuce 2½ oza ba kuma an auna daidai adadinsu da kyau. Sun kasance ma'aunin ma'auni da za a yi amfani da su a kasuwanci, kuma dole ne su kasance daidai. Maƙerin zinare, ko adwumfo, zai yi gyare-gyare idan simintin ya yi yawa ko kaɗan. Ko da mafi kyawun ma'aunin ma'auni na alama an cire gaɓoɓi da ƙahoni, ko gefuna da aka shigar da su har sai sun haɗu da mafi kusancin nauyi daidai. Nauyin da bai isa ya yi nauyi ba zai sami ƙananan zoben gubar ko beads ɗin gilashi a haɗe don kawo nauyin zuwa daidaitattun da ake so. Akwai ma'aunin nauyi da yawa ba tare da gyare-gyare ba, yana magana da gwanintar maƙeran zinariya. Yawancin ma'auni sun kasance a cikin 3% na ƙimar su; wannan bambance-bambancen yayi kama da na ma'aunin gida na Turai daga lokaci guda
Ma'aunin nauyi na farko yana nuna ƙarfin hali, amma mai sauƙi, ƙirar fasaha. Daga baya ma'aunin nauyi ya haɓaka zuwa kyawawan ayyukan fasaha tare da cikakkun bayanai. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1890 (Late Period) ingancin zane da kayan aiki ya kasance marasa kyau sosai, kuma watsi da ma'aunin nauyi ya biyo baya da sauri.
Tim Garrard (Afrilu 28, 1943 - Mayu 17, 2007) yayi nazarin al'adun gwal na Akan. Binciken nasa ya ta'allaka ne akan ma'aunin zinare da ma'anar al'adu da manufofinsu. Ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar cinikin zinari, ƙirƙirar ma'aunin nauyi, da yadda hanyoyin sadarwar Akan ke aiki tare da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ayyukansa da waɗanda ke amfani da aikinsa a matsayin tushe suna ba da labari sosai game da al'adun Akan da yawa.
Ma'aunin nauyi da aka kwatanta a nan wani ɓangare ne na tarin a gidan kayan gargajiya na SFU. An ba da gudummawa ga gidan kayan gargajiya a ƙarshen 1970s, suna cikin tarin tarin al'adun Afirka.
Manazarta
^ Danguah, J. B. 1952 "The Culture of Akan". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 22(4): 360-66.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972 "Studies in Akan Goldweights" (1), in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 13(1): 1-20.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972b "Studies in Akan Goldweights (2): The Weight Standards," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 13, n. 2, pp. 149–62.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972c "Studies in Akan Goldweights (3): The Weight Names," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 1–16.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972d "Studies in Akan Goldweights (4): The Dating of Akan Goldweights," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 14, n. 2 (December 1973), pp. 1979 "Akan Metal Arts". African Arts, 13(1): 36-43, 100.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1982a "Akan Weights and the Gold Trade". The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 15(3): 568-70. |
20558 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Isoko | Yankin Isoko | Isoko yanki ne na jihar Delta da jihar Bayelsa a kudancin Najeriya kuma yana da ƙabilu masu suna iri ɗaya, mutanen Isoko . Yankin ya kasu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi biyu, Isoko ta Arewa (mai hedkwata a Ozoro ) da Isoko ta Kudu (mai hedkwata a Oleh).
Tarihi
Wannan yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na rusasshen "Yankin Tsakiyar Yamma". Daga baya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na jihar Bendel, kafin a raba jihar Bendel ta samar da jihohin Edo da Delta.
Tarihi da yanayi
Wuri
Yankin Isoko yana cikin jihar Delta ta Najeriya ta zamani.
Yanayi na yankuna
Yankin Isoko yana cikin yankin gandun daji mai zafi na yankin Niger-Delta. Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa da danshi mai zafi a mafi yawancin shekara. Yanayin yana daidai da yanayin ƙasa kuma anyi masa alama da yanayi biyu daban. lokacin rani da damina. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga kusan Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu kuma yana da alamar alama ta sanyin ƙarancin '' bargon '' ƙura mai iska daga iska ta arewa maso gabas. Lokacin damina ya shafi Mayu zuwa Oktoba tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa a watan Agusta.
Garuruwa a Isoko
Wasu manyan garuruwa a yankin Isoko sune:
Tattalin arziki
Babban aikin tattalin arziki shine noman amfanin gona. Kuma kayan abincin farko sun hada da rogo da dawa. Hakanan akwai yaduwar dabino da dabino. Hakanan ana iyakance adadin farauta da kamun kifi. Mata suna samar da kaso mai yawa na yawan manoma. Sun kuma tsunduma cikin kasuwancin amfanin gona don samun kuɗi don biyan sauran buƙatun gida na yau da kullun. A ranakun kasuwa, ya zama ruwan dare ka ga matan Isoko suna tallan kayayyakinsu na kewayawa kusa da ƙauyuka.
Rogo shine tushen yawancin abincin da mutanen Isoko suke sha. Garri, abinci na sitaci ( Ozi ), Egu sunadaran rogo.
Noman amfanin gona yana ta raguwa cikin sauri kwanan nan. An danganta hakan ga lalacewar kasa sakamakon yawan zubewar danyen mai daga bututun wasu manyan kamfanoni masu hakar mai (ciki har da Shell Petroleum Debelopment Company (SPDC), wanda layin bututun sa yake tsallake yankin). Wannan ya haifar da babban rashin takaici tare da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Shell, kuma ya haifar da fadace-fadace da kuma, kwanan nan, satar mutane don neman kudin fansa a wasu al'ummomin makwabta.
Yawan jama'a
Babu wani cikakken ƙididdigar yawan jama'a a yankin Isoko kuma, hakika, mafi yawan Najeriya. Alkaluman alkaluman mutanen Najeriya daban-daban sun kasance masu sabani kuma ana ganin ba za a iya tallafa musu ba.
Addini
Mutanen Isoko galibi kiristoci ne. Bautar gargajiya tana ci gaba duk da tsananin yaƙin ƙa'idodin Kirista. "Ghghɛnè" kalma ce don Allah. Kodayake ana iya kiransa gabaɗaya a matsayin addinin gargajiya, amma akwai wasu ayyukan da suka dace da wasu al'ummar Isoko. Misali a garin Emevor, wasu mahimman bukukuwa kamar "Idhu da Owhoru" waɗanda akeyi kowace shekara da kuma bian kowace shekara.
Sufuri
Sanannen yanayin sufuri shine babur da keke. Tafiya tsakanin gari-gari ta bas ne ko mota.
Ilimi
Yankin Isoko gida ne ga Jami'ar Jihar Delta, - wanda aka fi sani da Oleh Campus - jami'a ce ta Gwamnatin Jiha a Nijeriya tare da babban harabar da ke Abraka. An kafa harabar Oleh tare da Dokar Sauya 1995. Jami'ar na da Faculty of law da Faculty of Engineering.
Yankin Isoko kuma gida ne ga The Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro, yana daya daga cikin kwalejojin fasaha guda uku a jihar Delta, Nigeria. Kwalejin kere-kere tana ba da diflomasiyyar kasa da babbar diflomasiyya ta kasa a kwasarorin Kimiyya, kimiyyar zamantakewa da fasaha.
Hakanan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama da na gaba da sakandare a yankin. Mutanen Isoko sun san darajar ilimi kuma suna ƙarfafa onesa youngansu zuwa makaranta. An san mutanen Isoko suna da matukar sha'awar wuri na samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin al'ummominsu, suna masu imani da cewa wannan alama ce ta ci gaba.
Farkon girmamawa ya kasance ga makarantun horar da malamai kuma wannan ya haifar da wadatar malamai a cikin al'umma. Wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da damar da wasu sana'o'i ke bayarwa ake ganewa.
Manyan cibiyoyin ilimin gaba da firamare a yankin sun hada da Kwalejin Notre Dame, Ozoro; James Welch Grammar School [Mafi kyawun makaranta a cikin ƙasar Isoko], Emevor; Kwalejin Malami na Saint Joseph, Ozoro; Kwalejin Saint Michael ta Oleh; Makarantar Grammar Anglican, Ozoro, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ofagbe, Ofagbe, da ƙari da yawa. Makarantun gaba da sakandare sun hada da harabar Jami'ar Jihar Delta da ke Oleh da kuma Delta State Polytechnic da ke Ozoro.
manazarta |
14847 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20na%20Ghana | Sinima na Ghana | Sinima a Ghana ta fara ne lokacin da aka fara gabatar da fim na farko zuwa masarautar Burtaniya ta Kogin Zinare (yanzu Ghana) a 1923. A lokacin mutane masu wadata ne kawai ke iya ganin fina-finai, musamman ma jagoran mulkin mallaka na Kogin Zinare. A cikin shekarun 1950, shirya fim a Ghana ya fara ƙaruwa. Gidajen sinima sune filin firamare don kallon fina-finai har bidiyo na gida ya zama sananne.
Sinima a lokacin mulkin mallaka
A farkon shekarar 1920s, mutane a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kawo fim a Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinare) ta hanyar buɗe siniman a cikin birane. Zuwa shekara ta 1923, sinima ta zama sabon salo na nishadi, kuma masu hannu da shuni ne kawai ke iya ganin finafinan da ake nunawa a gidajen sinima. Fina-finai sun kasance a cikin rukunin farko, wannan shine masarautan mulkin mallaka da manyan jami'ansu. Daga baya akan yi amfani da motocin daukar silima a yankunan karkara.
A cikin shekarar 1948, lokacin da masanan mulkin mallaka suka gano cewa fim, banda ƙimar nishaɗin sa, ana iya amfani dashi don wankin kwakwalwa da canza al'umma ta hanyar mai yin fim, ya yanke shawarar kafa Kungiyar Fim ta Kogin Zinare a Sashin Bayanai na Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Fim ya zama wani tsarin, wanda ake ganin ya dace da ilimin kimiyya, don yin tasiri ga al'umma. Sashin Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare ya yi amfani da motocin bas-bas-kore mai launin rawaya don nuna finafinai na gaskiya, labarai da fina-finan bayanin gwamnati ga jama'a. Ba a kyauta ba. (Sakyi 1996: 9). Fina-Finan sun hada da fina-finan farfaganda game da Yaƙin Duniya na II, waɗanda Kungiyar Fina-Finan Turawa (CFU) ta shirya a Landan. (gwama Diawara 1992: 3).
Bayan yakin, rukunin ya samar da fina-finai na ilimantarwa tare da nuna fina-finai ga kasashen Afirka da suka yi mulkin mallaka. An shirya fina-finan ne don su bambanta rayuwar mutanen yamma da "wayewa" da kuma tsarin rayuwar Afirka "ta baya". Sun ba da shawarar a daina al'adun "camfi". (Diawara 1992: 3; Ukadike 1994: 44ff).
Bangaren Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare, ya kuma samar da fina-finai tare da sha'awar cikin gida don ƙarfafa ci gaban kiwon lafiya, amfanin gona, rayuwa, kasuwanci da kuma haɗin kan ɗan adam. (Middleton–Mends 1995: 1; Diawara 1992: 5). A 1948, Sashin Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare ya fara horar da masu shirya finafinai na Afirka na gida. An yi musayar fina-finai tare da sauran ƙasashen da Ingila ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. (Middleton-Mends ibid.)
Gollywood: Fina-Finan Ghana na zamani
Sabuwar masana'antar sinima a Ghana, wacce aka fi sani da Gollywood, ta fara ne a farkon shekarun 1980. Kafin Gollywood, gwamnatin Ghana, wacce ta gaji harkar fim daga hannun turawan mulkin mallaka, ita kadai ce mai shirya fina-finai a kasar. Shugaban Ghana na farko, Dokta Kwame Nkrumah, a shekarar 1964 ya kafa Kamfanin Masana’antar Fina-Finan ta Ghana (GFIC) a Kanda, a Accra, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasar a shekarar 1977. GFIC yanzu tana da TV3, gidan TV na Malaysia mai zaman kansa. Dokta Kwame Nkrumah, Shugaban Jamhuriya ta farko na Ghana, ya aika da yawancin mutanen Gana zuwa kasashen waje don koyon shirya fim da gangan domin gudanar da GFIC. Kasar Ghana ta horar da masu sana'ar fim wadanda gwamnati ta dauke su aiki don shirya fina-finai don cigaban tattalin arzikin kasar. Jarumai irin su Rev. Chris Essie, Mr. Ernest Abbeyquaye, Mr. Kwaw Ansah da sauran su duk gwamnati ta basu horo, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nkrumah. GFIC an kafa ta ne don amfani da 'yan asalin ƙasar Ghana da aka yi fina-finai don kawar da mummunan tasirin fina-finan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi da kuma dawo da alfaharin zama ɗan Ghana da Afirka a cikin' yan ƙasa. Kamfanin Masana'antar Fina-finai ta Ghana na yin fina-finai don amfanin manufar gina dogaro da kai a cikin jama'ar Afirka. Sama da fasali da finafinai 150 ne GFIC ta shirya a ƙarshen 1960s. Bayan kifar da gwamnatin Nkrumah a 1966, masana'antar fim a Ghana ta yi hanci hanci.
A shekarar 1981, fim na farko mai zaman kansa, Love Brewed in the African Pot, wanda Kwaw Ansah, daya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya finafinai a Ghana ya shirya. An dauki fim din a kan fim ɗin celluloid. Bayan haka, Sarki Ampaw, wani ɗan fim ɗin Gana da aka horar da Jamusanci shi ma ya bi sahu tare da fitar da fim ɗinsa Kukurantumi - The Road to Accra a 1982. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980, sabbin tsara a Ghana, karkashin jagorancin William Akuffo, sun yanke shawarar daidaita sabuwar fasahar bidiyo da aka gabatar wa duniya a shekarar 1978, don samar da fina-finai. An yi amfani da kyamarorin Bidiyo na Gida (VHS) don daukar finafinai masu fasali daga 1986 a Ghana. Manufar ita ce a gaya wa ɗan Ghana da Afirka labarin ɗan Afirka. Ghana ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara amfani da kyamarar VHS don daukar finafinai masu dauke da fasali. A ƙarshen 1980s, Ghana na iya yin alfahari da yawancin fina-finai da aka shirya a Ghana akan kaset ɗin kaset na VHS.
Tun a ƙarshen 1980s, yin fina-finai kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ya ƙaru a Ghana. Kudaden da suka shafi fim din sun kasance da wahalar samu ga mallakar kamfanin Masana'antar Fina-Finai ta Ghana (GFIC) da kuma masu shirya finafinai masu zaman kansu. Saboda haka, mutane a Ghana sun fara yin nasu fim ta amfani da kyamarar bidiyo ta VHS. 'Yan fim masu zaman kansu sun kirkiro nasu labaran na Ghana da rubutun finafinai, sun haɗu da' yan wasa, da ƙwararru da kuma 'yan wasa kuma sun yi fina-finai masu nasara musamman a Accra. Kudin shiga daga wadannan finafinan bidiyo na VHS sun taimaka don tallafawa masana'antar fim. A cikin shekarar 1980s, lokacin da masu yin fina-finai suka fara yin fina-finai na bidiyo, GFIC ya tashi da haushi ƙwarai da shi. Hukumomin GFIC ba su ga makomar fasahar bidiyo ba ta zama wani ɓangare na tsarin fim na duniya don haka kusan sun tashi tsaye da shi kuma sun sanya shi wahala ga masu kera keɓaɓɓu a Ghana a lokacin. GFIC ta hana daraktocin fim ɗin su taimaka wa furodusa mai zaman kansa wajen yin fim ɗin bidiyo. Sakamakon wannan shawarar ta GFIC ya sa ƙasar ta rasa ƙwarewa a cikin fasahar fim a Ghana. An tilasta wa furodusoshin fara jagorantar finafinan bidiyo. Wannan al'adar samarwa da kuma tsari kai tsaye ba tare da wani kwararren horo kan shirya fim ba zai zama abin sarrafawa cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa.
Bayan wasu shekaru, GFIC ya fara ba da tallafi na fasaha ga masu yin fim na VHS a madadin haƙƙin fara nunawa a silima ta Accra. Fina-Finansu sun yi suna sosai tun lokacin da 'yan Gana suke ganin labaran gaske na waɗanda suke ta hanyar waɗannan fina-finai da igenan asalin filan fim na Ghana suka yi. A farkon 1990s, kimanin fina-finai bidiyo VHS hamsin ake yi a kowace shekara a cikin Ghana. Yawancin lokaci, ƙwararru kuma masu son fina-finai a Ghana sun samar da fina-finai masu ƙima iri ɗaya kuma sun sami girmamawa daidai.
A cikin 1996, gwamnatin Ghana ta sayar da kashi saba'in na hannun jari a cikin GFIC ga kamfanin samar da talabijin na Malaysia, Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad na Kuala Lumpur. An canza GFIC zuwa "Gama Media System Ltd". Wannan kuma ya shafi masana'antar fim da ke tashe a cikin ƙasar sosai. GFIC ya kasance kusan rabin gidan sinima a cikin ƙasar a lokacin. Tallace-tallace na kashi 70% na GFIC sun rushe masana'antar sinima. Kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar yin fim don haka masana'antar fim a Ghana ta ci gaba tare da masu shirya fim masu zaman kansu waɗanda kuɗaɗen su suka dogara da shahararrun fina-finan. Misali, a sinima ta Ghana, akwai shahararren taken duhu da rufin asiri wanda aka sanya a cikin tsarin addinin kirista wanda ya shafi Allah da Iblis (duba Meyer 1999a).
An fi sani da fina-finan yare na Twi da suna "Kumawood". Fina-Finan Gana masu amfani da Ingilishi a wasu lokuta ana kiransu shirye-shirye "Ghallywood". Kuma duk fim din da aka yi a Ghana ana kiransa fina-finan Gollywood. Fina-Finan da ke nuna sihiri na Afirka sun shahara a Ghana, duk da sukar da ake yi musu. Ghana na samar da finafinai masu tasiri na kasafin kuɗi. Wadannan sun hada da 2016 (2010), da Obonsam Besu (Iblis zaiyi kuka).
A kusan 1997, 'yan Ghana da' yan Nijeriya sun fara yin fina-finan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka gabatar da daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya kamar Ifeanyi Onyeabor (a.k.a. Big Slim), Rev. Tony Meribe-White sannan daga baya ya kusan zuwa 2006, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase wanda Ifeanyi Onyeabor ya kawo shi a matsayin mai taimaka masa na kan sa ko na samarwa. Ya kuma girma ya zama daraktan fim kuma ya hada kai da Venus Films, wani kamfanin samar da Ghana, don shirya fina-finai da dama wadanda suka fitar da fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana da za su iya samun aiki a Najeriya (Nollywood). Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan sun hada da Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro. Wasu furodusoshin Nijeriya sun yi fim a Ghana inda farashin farashi ya yi ƙasa.
A cikin shekarar 2017, bikin Fina Finan mata na Ndiva, wani bikin fim na Afirka don mata masu yin fim da masu sauraro, an kafa shi a Accra.
Manazarta |
29871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwa%20mai%20da%C9%97i | Ruwa mai daɗi | Ruwa mai dadi ; duba ƙasa), wanda kuma aka sani da ruwan Australiya, ko Johnstone ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da freshie, nau'in nau'i ne na 'crocodile endemic' zuwa yankunan Arewacin Australia. Ba kamar danginsu da ya fi girma a Ostiraliya ba, kada ruwa mai gishiri, crocodiles na ruwa ba a san su da masu cin abinci ba, kodayake sun ciji don kare kansu, kuma a taƙaice, hare-haren da ba na mutuwa ba sun faru, a fili sakamakon kuskuren ainihi.
Taxonomy da etymology
Lokacin da Gerard Krefft ya ba wa nau'in suna a cikin shekarata 1873, ya yi niyya don tunawa da mutumin da ya fara ba shi rahoton shi, ɗan sanda ɗan ƙasar Australiya kuma masanin halitta Robert Arthur Johnstone a shekarun (1843-1905). Duk da haka, Krefft ya yi kuskure wajen rubuta sunan, kuma shekaru da yawa, an san nau'in C. johnsoni . Nazarin kwanan nan na takaddun Krefft sun ƙayyade madaidaicin rubutun sunan, kuma yawancin wallafe-wallafen an sabunta su zuwa ga daidaitaccen amfani, amma duka nau'ikan suna wanzu. Bisa ga ka'idodin Ƙididdigar Ƙira ta Duniya, epithet johnstoni (maimakon ainihin johnsoni) daidai ne.
Juyin Halitta
Halin Crocodylus mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga Afirka kuma ya haskaka waje zuwa Kudu Maso Gabashin Asiya da Amurka, kodayake an yi la'akari da asalin Ostiraliya / Asiya. Shaidar phylogenetic tana goyan bayan Crocodylus da ke karkata daga danginsa na baya-bayan nan, bacewar Voay na Madagascar, kusan shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata, kusa da iyakar Oligocene / Miocene .
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.
Bayani
Kadan ruwan ruwa ɗan ƙaramin kada ne. Maza na iya girma zuwa kimanin tsayi, yayinda mata suka kai matsakaicin girman . Maza yawanci suna auna kusan , tare da manyan samfurori har zuwa ko fiye, a kan nauyin mace . A cikin yankuna kamar Lake Argyle da Katherine Gorge, kaɗan na tabbatar da akwai mutane. Wannan nau'in jin kunya ne kuma yana da siririn hanci da ƙananan hakora fiye da ɗan kada na ruwan gishiri mai haɗari. Launin jikin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da maɗaura masu duhu a jiki da wutsiya-waɗannan sukan karye a kusa da wuya. Wasu mutane suna da sarƙaƙƙiya daban-daban ko ƙwai a kan hanci. Sikelin jiki yana da girman gaske, tare da fadi, saƙa, faranti masu sulke a baya. Zagaye, ma'aunin tsakuwa ya rufe gefen ƙafafu da wajen ƙafafu.
Rarraba da wurin zama
Ana samun kadoji na ruwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya, Queensland, da Arewacin ƙasar. Manyan wuraren zama sun haɗa da wuraren dausayin ruwa, billabongs, koguna, da rafuka. Wannan nau'in na iya zama a wuraren da crocodiles na ruwan gishiri ba za su iya ba, kuma an san su da zama a wuraren da ke sama da gandun daji na Kakadu National Park da kuma cikin yanayi mai banƙyama da dutse (kamar Katherine Gorge, inda suke da yawa kuma ba su da lafiya daga crocodiles na gishiri a lokacin rani). lokacin rani). Hakan tasa Duk da haka, ana samun su akai-akai a cikin ƙananan matakan billabong, suna zaune tare da crocodiles na ruwan gishiri a kusa da magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin shi
A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2013, an ga wani kada mai ruwa mai daɗi a cikin wani kogi kusa da hamadar garin Birdsville, ɗaruruwan kilomita kudu da kewayon su. Wani ma'aikacin gandun daji ya ba da shawarar cewa ambaliyar ruwa na iya wanke dabbar kudu, ko kuma an jefar da ita a matsayin yarinya.
Biology da hali
Suna yin gasa mara kyau da kadawar ruwan gishiri, amma suna jure wa ruwan gishiri. Manyan kadoji suna cin kifi, tsuntsaye, jemagu, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da masu rarrafe, to amman kodayake manyan mutane na iya ɗaukar ganima babba kamar bangon waya .
An yi fim ɗin wani mutumin da zaren zaitun Lias olivaceus ke ci; An ruwaito cewa ya mutu bayan fafatawar ta kusan sa'o'i biyar (5).
Haihuwa
Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin ramuka a lokacin rani na Australiya (yawanci a watan Agusta) kuma suna kyankyashe a farkon lokacin damina a watan (Nuwamba/Disamba). Kadan ba sa kare gidajensu a lokacin shiryawa. Daga kwana ɗaya zuwa biyar kafin kyankyasa, matasa suna fara kira daga cikin ƙwai. Wannan yana haifar da aiki tare da ƙyanƙyashe a cikin 'yan'uwa kuma yana motsa manya don buɗe gida. Idan balagaggen da ya buɗe gida da aka ba shi shine macen da ta sanya ƙwai ba a sani ba. Yayin da samari ke fitowa daga cikin gida, babban balagagge ya dauko su daya bayan daya a bakin bakinsa ya kai su ruwa. Manya kuma na iya taimakawa matasa wajen fasa kwai ta hanyar taunawa ko sarrafa qwai a bakinsa.
Abinci
Ciyarwa a cikin daji, crocodiles na ruwa suna cin ganima iri-iri daban-daban na invertebrate da kashin baya. Waɗannan ganima na iya haɗawa da crustaceans, kwari, gizo-gizo, kifi, kwaɗi, kunkuru, maciji, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa iri-iri. Kwari ya zama abincin da aka fi sani, sai kifi. Ana samun ƙananan ganima ta hanyar 'zauna-da-jira', ta yadda kada ya kwanta ba motsi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kuma yana jira kifi da kwari su zo kusa da nesa, kafin a kama su a wani gefe. Koyaya, babban ganima kamar wallabies da tsuntsayen ruwa ana iya sawa a yi musu kwanton bauna kamar na kada na ruwan gishiri.
Tsarin narkewar abinci
Kadan na da hakora wadanda suka dace da kamawa da kuma rike ganima, kuma ana hadiye abinci ba tare da tauna ba. Tsarin narkewar abinci gajere ne, saboda abincinsu yana da sauƙin haɗiye da narkewa. Ciki yana da sassa biyu wato - gizzard na tsoka da ke niƙa abinci, sannan kuma da ɗakin narkewa wanda enzymes ke aiki akan abinci. Cikin kada kwatankwacin ya fi na sauran kashin baya acidic kuma yana dauke da jiga-jigan da ke haifar da rushewar abinci. Narkewa yana faruwa a cikin sauri sauri a yanayin zafi.
Tsarin kewayawa
An tsara zukatan sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe don ƙunshi sassa guda uku, gami da atria biyu da ventricle ɗaya. Atrium na dama, wanda ke tattara jinin da aka dawo da shi da kuma atrium na hagu, wanda ke tattara jinin oxygen da aka tattara daga arteries na huhu na huhu, yana ɗaukar jinin zuwa ventricle na kowa. Lokacin da ventricle ɗaya kawai ya samu don karɓa kuma a haxa jinin oxygenated da deoxygenated jini a zuga shi zuwa jiki, cakuda jinin da jiki ke karɓa yana da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. Crocodiles suna da tsarin sigina na kashin baya mai rikitarwa, tare da zuciya mai ɗaki huɗu, gami da ventricles biyu. Kamar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, crocodiles suna da bututun zuciya waɗanda ke tafiyar da jini ta hanya guda ta cikin ɗakunan zuciya. Lokacin karkashin ruwa, bugun zuciyar kada yana raguwa zuwa bugun daya zuwa biyu a minti daya, kuma tsokoki suna samun raguwar kwararar jini. Lokacin da ya fito daga cikin ruwa ya yi numfashi, bugun zuciyarsa yana sauri a cikin dakika, kuma tsokoki suna samun jini mai arzikin oxygen. Sannan Ba kamar yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa ba, crocodiles suna da ƙaramin adadin myoglobin don adana iskar oxygen a cikin tsokoki.
Matsayin kiyayewa
Har zuwa kwanan nan, kadawar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a arewacin Ostiraliya, musamman ma inda babur ruwa mai gishiri (kamar yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa da bushewa da tudu mafi girma). Kuma A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan jama'a ya ragu da yawa saboda shan barasa mai lalata . Toad yana da guba ga kadawan ruwan gishiri, ko da yake ba ga crocodiles na ruwa mai gishiri ba, kuma kullun yana da yawa a cikin jejin ƙasar Ostiraliya. to Amman kumaHakanan ana kamuwa da crocodiles ta hanyar Griphobilharzia amoena, wani nau'in cutar huhu, a yankuna irin su Darwin .
Dangantaka da mutane
Ko da yake kada ruwa mai dadi ba ya kai hari ga mutane a matsayin abin da zai iya zama ganima, yana iya sadar da mugun cizo. Takaitattun hare-hare da aka yi watsi da su sun faru, kuma wataƙila sakamakon kuskure ne (ɓata wani ɓangaren ɗan adam a matsayin abin ganima). Wasu hare-haren sun faru ne don kare kai lokacin da aka taɓa kada ko kuma kusa da shi sosai. Ba a san mutuwar mutane da wannan nau'in ya haifar ba. to Amman Kuma An ba da rahoton wasu abubuwa da yawa inda aka cije mutane a lokacin da suke ninkaya da kadarorin ruwa, da kuma wasu da suka faru a lokacin binciken kimiyya DA Kuma fasaha. An rubuta wani hari da wani dan kada mai ruwa mai dadi ya kai wa dan Adam a Gorge Barramundi (wanda aka fi sani da Maguk) a dajin Kakadu kuma ya yi sanadin munanan raunuka; wanda aka kashe ya samu yin iyo ya tafi daga harin. Da alama ya wuce kai tsaye kan kada a cikin ruwa. Gabaɗaya, kodayake, Kuma ana ɗaukar yin iyo tare da wannan nau'in har yanzu yana da aminci, muddin ba a tsananta musu ba. Akwai, duk da haka, an kai harin kada ruwa a tafkin Argyle.
Gallery
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Boulenger GA (1889). Catalog na Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, da Crocodiles a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya (Tarihin Halitta). Sabon Buga. London: Amintattun Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya (Tarihin Halitta). (Taylor da Francis, masu bugawa). x + 311 shafi. + Faranti I-III. ( Crocodilus johnstonii, shafi. 279-280).
Cogger H (2014). Dabbobi da Amphibians na Ostiraliya, Bugu na Bakwai . Clayton, Victoria, Ostiraliya: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350 .
Grey JE (1874). "A kan Crocodilus johnstoni, Krefft". Proc. Zool. Soc London 1874 : 177-178 + Farantin karfe XXVII.
Krefft G (1873). "Magana kan Kadarorin Australiya, da Bayanin Sabbin nau'ikan". Proc. Zool. Soc London. 1873 : 334-335. ( Crocodilus johnsoni, sabon nau'in, p. 335).
Ruwa
Dadi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
8473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi | Ebonyi | Jihar Ebonyi ( harshen Igbo: Ȯra Ebony),Jiha ce dake a Kudu maso Gabashin, Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga Arewa da Jihar Benue, Cross River daga gabas da kuma kudu maso gabas, sai kuma Jihar Abiya daga kudu maso yamma. An saka mata suna bayan Kogin Abonyi (Aboine) wanda mafi akasarin Kogin na yankin kudancin Jihar - an kuma ƙirƙiri Jihar Ebonyi daga sassan jihohin Abiya da Enugu a shekarar 1996 sannan babban birninta yana Abakaliki.
Jihar Ebonyi na daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a girma daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da fili mai faɗin kilomita murabba’i 5,533. Ebonyi ita ce jiha ta 33 a girman ƙasa kuma ta 29 a yawan mutane a cikin jihohin Najeriya, tare da ƙiyasin a ƙalla mutum miliyan 2.9 a shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa gida biyu, dazukan Cross–Niger transition forests daga can ƙuryar kudancin jihar, sai kuma busasshen daji nau'in Guinean forest–savanna mosaic a sauran sassan jihar. Sauran muhimman Wurare sun haɗa da Kogin Cross River da rassan ta.
Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, yankin jihar Ebonyi ta yau, na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin zuwa shekara ta 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasa da wata ni biyu bayan hakan, Yankin ta Gabas tayi yinkurin balle wa wanda haƙan ya jawo Yakin basasa a Najeriya har na tsawon shekaru uku, tare da Ebonyi a matsayi jiha na Tarayyar Biyafara. Bayan yakin ya kare, an mayar da Ebonyi karkashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka raba Jihar ta Tsakiya, arewacinta ta zamo Jihar Anambra a yayinda Kudancin ta ta zamo Jihar Imo. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yin haƙan, an sake raba yankunan Jihohin Anambra da Imo, inda yankin gabashin jihohin biyu suka zamo Jihar Enugu da Jihar Abiya. Sai a shekarar 1996 ne aka sake yanke sashin gabashin Enugu da na arewa maso gashin Imo sannan aka hade su suka samar da Jihar Ebonyi.
Jihar Ebonyi ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta ta'allaƙa ne a kan noma, musamman na doya, shinkafa, manja, da shukan rogo. Akwai aikin haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan a dalilin samu war ma'adanai kamar Lead, Zinc, Limestone a yankin Abakalilki da kuma kwando da ake haɗa wa na Ntezi. Ebonyi itace ta shirin acikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Ci gaban Jama'a hadu da makarantu na gaba da sakandare da dama.
Yanayin Ƙasa
Jihar Ebonyi na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi shida da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na shugaban ƙasa Gen. Sani Abacha. An ƙirƙiri jihar ne daga yankunan Enugu da Abiya, inda aka raba daidai Abakaliki daga Enugu da kuma Afikpo daga jihar Abiya. Jihar na da mazaɓun sanatoci guda uku, Yankin Abakaliki ta ƙunshi mazaɓun Ebonyi ta Arewa da kuma Enugu ta Tsakiya, yayinda yankunan Afikpo, Ohaozara, Onicha da Ivo suka hada masabar Ebonyi ta Kudu. Jihar Ebonyi na da kananan hukumomi goma sha uku da kuma cibiyoyin haɓaka ƙananan hukumomi da gwamnatin ta samar.
Jama'a
Akwai yaruka da dama da ake amfani da su a Jihar Ebonyi waɗanda suka haɗa da: gungun yaruka na Edda, Ehugbo (Afikpo), Ezaa, Izzi, Mgbo, da kuma Ikwo, da kuma Oshiri, Unwara, Akpoha, Okposi, Onicha; da haɗaɗɗun yarukan Igbo da harsunan Korring da ake amfani da su a yankunan Amuda-Okpolo, Ntezi-Okpoto da kuma Effium, waɗanda ke kama da harshen Kukele na Cross River; da kuma harshen Utokon na Jihar Benue.
Tattalin arziki
Jihar Ebonyi ta kasance yanki na noma. Ita ce ja gaba a wajen noman shinkafa, doya, dankali, masara, wake da kuma rogo kuma tana da shahararriyar kasuwar kwando a Najeriya. Anfi noma shinkafa ne a Ikwo, doya a Izzi da wasu yankuna kamar su Amasiri, Edda da Ezillo, yankunan Effium da Ezzamgo sun yi fice a noman rogo, da kuma haɗa kwanduna a garin Ntezi.
Jihar Ebonyi tana da arzikin ma'adanai kamar Lead, man fetur da gas, amma kuma manyan ma'aikatun haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan ne a jihar. Duk da haka Gwamnatin jihar ta bada tallafi ga manoma don samar da albarkaci noma mai yawa amma har yanzu ingancin kadan ne. Ana yi wa Ebonyi kirari da "gishirin kasa" (the salt of the nation) saboda albarka dimbin gishiri dake tafkunan gishiri na Okposi da Uburu Salt Lakes. Akwai kuma wuraren ziyara kamar su Abakaliki Green Lake, Uburu Salt Lake, Unwana ada kuma gabar Ikwo Beaches.
Gwamnati
A shekarar 1999 ne aka zaɓi Sam Ominyi Egwu a matsayin gwamna na farar hula na farko a Jihar Ebonyi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Martin Elechi Ne ya gaje shi bayan ya lashe zaɓen shekara ta 2007 kuma ya sake komawa matsayin sa a shekara ta 2011 duka a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Dave Umahi na ya gaji kujerar gwamna Martin Elechi, bayan ya lashe zaɓen a watan Maris na shekarar 2015 kuma ya sake komawa kujerarsa shima bayan ya sake lashe zabe a watan Maris, 2019.
Ƙananan Hukumomi
Jihar Ebonyi nada adadin Ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha uku (13). Waɗanda Su ne:
Abakaliki
Afikpo ta Arewa
Afikpo ta Kudu (Edda)
Ebonyi
Ezza ta Arewa
Ezza ta Kudu
Ikwo
Ishielu
Ivo
Izzi
Ohaozara
Ohaukwu
Onicha
Harsuna
Akwai muhimman yaruka goma na daga harsunan Igbo a Jihar Ebonyi.
Ilimi
Jerin sunayen makarantun gaba da sakandsun had da:
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic
Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu
Ebonyi state University
Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo
Ebonyi State College of Health and Midwifery, Uburu
Federal College of Education (Technical), Isu
King David College of Medicine, Uburu, Ebonyi State
Shahararrun mutane
Anyim Pius Anyim
Uche Azikiwe
Andy Chukwu
Onyebuchi Chukwu
Martin Elechi
Akanu Ibiam
Chigozie Ogbu
Frank Ogbuewu
Ogbonnaya Onu
Emmanuel Onwe
Nnenna Oti
Patoranking
Sinach
Tekno
Dave Umahi
Manazarta
Jihohin Nijeriya |
16311 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Gomes | Flora Gomes | Flora Gomes daraktar fim ce ta Bissau-Guinea . An haife ta a Cadique, Guinea-Bissau a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1949 kuma bayan makarantar sakandare a Cuba, ta yanke shawarar karatun fim a Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográficos a Havana .
Shot shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan samun 'yanci, Gomes's Mortu Nega ( Aka ƙi Mutuwa ) (1988) shi ne fim ɗin almara na farko kuma fim ɗin fasali na biyu da aka taɓa yi a Guinea-Bissau. (Fim ɗin farko mai fasali shi ne N'tturudu, wanda darekta Umban u'Kest ya yi a 1987. ) A FESPACO 1989, fim din ya sami babbar kyauta ta Oumarou Ganda. Mortu Nega yana cikin Creole tare da fassarar Turanci.
A shekarar 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, wadda aka yi kariya a cikin Un Wasu game sashe a 1992 Cannes Film Festival .
Tarihin rayuwa
Dan jahilci iyaye, kamar yadda wani yaro Gomes kokawa kan gazawar da zamantakewa da matsayi da kuma zalunci na Portuguese mulkin mallaka tsarin karkashin Antonio Salazar 's mulki. Ta goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Bissau-Guinea don adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma ta yaba da Amílcar Cabral . Ta bar Guinea-Bissau don yin karatun silima a Cuba (1972) a Cuban Institute of Art and Cinematography, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Santiago Álvarez . Ta ci gaba da karatunta ne a Senegal, a cikin Senegalese Journal for Motion Picture News, karkashin jagorancin Paulin Soumanou Vieyra . Ta kuma shirya fina-finai biyu tare da Sergio Pina kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki tare da Chris Marker da Anita Fernandez.
Bayan dawowarsa zuwa Guinea-Bissau da aka 'yanta, Gomes ta dauki fim din bikin samun' yancin kasarsa (24 ga Satumba 1974), don biyan bukatar Amílcar Cabral cewa ya kamata Bissau-Guinea su da kansu suna daukar wannan lokacin na tarihi a fim. Bayan ta ’yantar da kanta daga turawan mulkin mallaka, Guinea-Bissau ta samu halartar dimbin masu rahoto da masu shirya finafinai masu ci gaba da kuma Gomes, ganin irin ilimin da yake da shi a sinima, tana matukar bukatar taimaka musu, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar fadada kwarewarsa. A ƙarshen 1970s, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da ɗaukar hoto na Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai.
Bayan da ta fara jagorantar shirin tarihi, Gomes ta dauki fim din ta na farko, Mortu Nega, a 1987. Mortu Nega ta nuna gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci da kalubalen shekarun farko bayan samun' yanci a Guinea-Bissau. An nuna fim din a wasu bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya da yawa kuma Gomes ta ja hankalin masu sharhi da masu sukar. Musamman ya samu karbuwa sosai a Faransa, wanda a cikin shekarun baya ya ba shi ikon jawo kuɗi don samar da sabbin fina-finai. A cikin 2000, an bambanta shi a Faransa tare da taken Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres .
Fina-finai
1976 - Ya Regresso de Cabral (gajeren shirin fim)
1977 - Wani Reconstrução, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (matsakaiciyar tsayin tarihi)
1978 - Anos no Oça Luta, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (gajeren shiri)
1987 - Mortu Nega
1992 - Udju Azul di Yonta
1994 - A máscara (gajeren shirin fim)
1996 - Po di Sangui
2002 - Nha Fala
2007 - Kamar yadda duas ke fuskantar da guerra, tare da Diana Andringa suka shirya kai tsaye (shirin fim mai tsawo)
Kyaututtuka da nasarori
1988
Mortu Nega ya lashe:
Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina- Finan Carthage
Kyauta ga fitacciyar 'yar wasa a Carthage Film Festival
Kyauta ga mafi kyawun fim kuma 'yar wasa a FESPACO
1992
Udju Azul di Yonta ya ci nasara:
Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
Kyautar OAU ( ofungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka ) a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
Kyauta ga fitacciyar jaruma a FESPACO
Kyautar Juri na Musamman a bikin Fina- Finan Salonika ( Girka )
1994
Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta bambanta da lambar yabo ta al'adu.
An kira shi memba na babban juri a bikin Fim na Carthage.
1996
An ba da kyautar Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa.
Po di Sangui ya lashe lambar azurfa Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
2002
Nha fala ya sami lambar yabo ta duniya da Faransa Bourse ta bayar don fim mafi kyau daga Kudu.
Nha fala ya kuma sami kyautar fim mafi kyau ta Latin a bikin bajekolin Finafinai na Venice .
Nha fala ya ci kyautar birni a Amiens International Film Festival (Faransa).
Al'umar Bissau-Guinea ta amince da Flora Gomes a kasar Portugal saboda ayyukansa na sanar da al'adun Bissau-Guinea a duniya.
2003
Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta a bikin Vie d'Afrique a Montreal .
Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta don fim mai fasali a FESPACO daga ƙungiyar alkalai ta ECOWAS .
2004
Flora Gomes ta kasance memba na alkalai a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Amiens.
2005
An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na ECOWAS a FESPACO.
Jami'ar Lisbon ta amince da shi, ta karɓi lambar yabo don bikin aikinsa.
Ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a Bikin Fina-finai na Jami'ar Afirka karo na biyu.
2006
Ya kasance mai zane-zane / farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Brown.
Manazarta |
16061 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Nanven%20Garba | Joseph Nanven Garba | Manjo Janar Joseph Nanven Garba (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1943 ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2002) Dan Nijeriya ne kuma general ne, yayi difloma kuma dan siyyar, ne wanda yayi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na Majalisa a United Nations General Assembly daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1990.
Rayuwar farko da aikin soja
An haife shi a Langtang, Nijeriya, Garba ya yi karatu a Sacred Heart School, Shendam daga shekarar 1952 zuwa shekarar 1957. Farkon aikinsa na soja ya fara ne a makarantar Nigerian Military School da ke Zariya a shekarar 1957, inda ya yi karatu har zuwa shekarar 1961. A shekarar 1961 ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya sannan kuma aka tura shi makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School da ke Aldershot, a Ingila, kafin a ba shi mukamin hafsan sojoji a shekarar 1962. Garba ya tashi cikin sauri da sauri: daga cikin kwamandojin sa na soja da yawa sun hada da kwamandan bataliya ta 44 a shekarar 1963, kwamandan kamfanin daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1964, da kwamandan turmi a shekarar 1964. Ya halarci Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Indiya / Pakistan wato United Nations Military Observer Mission in India/Pakistan(UNIPOM) daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1966 kafin a ba shi kwamandan Brigade of Guards a shekarar 1968. Ya yi karatu a Staff College, Camberley dake, England, a shekarar 1973.
Kasancewa cikin Juyin mulkin Najeriya na watan Yulin shekarar 1966
Garba, lokacin yana Kaftin tare da Jami'an Tsaron Tarayya a jihar Legas, yana daya daga cikin manyan jami'an asalin na arewacin Najeriya (da suka hada da Laftanar Kanar Murtala Muhammed, Manjo Theophilus Danjuma, Laftanar Muhammadu Buhari, Laftanar Ibrahim Babangida, Laftanar Ibrahim Bako, Laftanar ta biyu Sani Abacha daga cikinsu. wasu), wadanda suka shirya abin da ya zama sananne da Juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 saboda korafi suka ji kan gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi Ironsi wanda ya dakatar da juyin mulkin 15 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1966.
Kasancewa cikin juyin mulkin soja na 1975
Garba ya fara jan hankalin kasa ne a Najeriya lokacin da, a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 1975, ya ba da sanarwar juyin mulkin da aka yi wa shugaban kasa, Janar Yakubu Gowon . Jawabin Garba, wanda aka watsa a Rediyon Najeriya, ya fara da bayani kamar haka:
Garba babban aminin Gowon ne. Juyin mulkin kananan sojoji ne suka jagoranta wadanda ba suji dadin. ci gaban Janar Gowon ba, wajen ciyar da kasar nan zuwa mulkin dimokradiyya ba, kuma ana jinjinawa rawar da Garba yake takawa a matsayin mai kutsawa tare da tabbatar da cewa juyin mulkin ba da jini a jika. Daga baya Garba da Gowon sun sasanta har Gowon ya halarci jana’izar Garba a Langtang a shekarar 2002.
Aikin diflomasiyya
Bayan juyin mulkin, Garba ya sauya sheka daga soja zuwa siyasa da diflomasiyya. A shekarar 1975 aka nada shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya (Kwamishinan Harkokin Wajen Tarayya) na Murtala Mohammed, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan aikin a karkashin Olusègun Obasanjọ bayan an kashe na farko a shekarar 1976. Garba shi ne shugaban tawagar Nijeriya zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar 1975, har ya zuwa nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Janairun shekarar 1978.
A shekarar 1978, yayin da Obasanjọ ke shirin mika mulkin Najeriya ga farar hula, an mayar da Garba matsayin Kwamandan Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekarar 1980, lokacin da ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa da ke New Delhi, Indiya. Bayan wannan, Garba ya yi karatu a matsayin abokin aiki a Makarantar Kennedy ta Gwamnatin Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a .
Komawa ga rayuwar diflomasiyya, an nada Garba a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1984, matsayin da ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1989. A cikin shekarar 1989, an zabe shi Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don taronta na arba'in da hudu . A lokacinsa, an amince da Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro cikin dokar duniya. A mukamin shugaban kasa, Garba shi ma ya kasance mai adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Garba ya kasance shugaban kasa na sha shida, sha bakwai, da sha takwas na musamman na taron, kan wariyar launin fata, shan miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa.
Daga baya rayuwa
A cikin shekarar 1979, an ba Garba lambar yabo na Kwamandan Umurnin Tarayyar, kuma ya zama Babban Jami'in Ordre National Du Bénin ("National Order of Benin "). Ya rubuta litattafai da dama, ciki har da juyin juya hali a Najeriya: Wani Duba (1982), Sojan diflomasiyya (1987), da Fractured History: Elite Shifts da Manufofin Canje-canje a Nijeriya (1995), kuma an ba shi digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Jiha. na New York a shekarar 1991.
Garba ya kwashe shekaru hudu (1992-1995) a cikin New York yana jagorantar The Southern Africa Peacekeeping and Peace and Peace, wanda ya maida hankali kan kalubalen tsaro da ke fuskantar yankin kudancin Afirka da ke sauyawa. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kan aikin shi ne sake fasalin jami'an tsaro don sabon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma bayan wariyar launin fata. Sakamakon ayyukan da sakamakon aikin an buga su cikin kundin biyu a cikin shekarar 1993 da shekarar 1994. A ranakun 26 zuwa 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1994, a Harare, Zimbabwe, ya haɗu a karon farko kwamandojin soja daga Afirka ta Kudu da takwarorinsu na ANC da yankin Afirka ta kudu, da ƙwararrun masanan tsaro na duniya don taron kan sake fasalin tsaron Afirka ta Kudu. sojojin. Sai shigar, rawar da alkawari da wasu manyan jami'an kasar Afrika ta Kudu soja da 'yan sanda kwamandojin a Afirka ta Kudu, ciki har da Laftanar Janar Pierre Steyn, Janar JJ Geldenhuys, Manjo-Janar Bantu Holomisa da kuma Laftanar Janar Sebastian J. Smit, Major- Janar George Fivas, da kwamandoji daga ƙasashe maƙwabta za su ba da gudummawa ga canjin canjin na sojan Afirka ta Kudu cikin kwanciyar hankali bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata. [duba, Sake fasalin rundunonin tsaro don sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu.
A shekarun baya, an ruwaito Garba yana da sha'awar shugabantar Najeriya, kuma ya fadi haka ne a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1995. A lokacin shirin mika mulki na Abacha ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP), A jamhuriya ta hudu ya koma jam'iyyar All Nigeria People Party, duk da cewa ba a taba zabar shi a mukamin gwamnati ba. Daga shekarar 1999, ya kasance Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kasa da Nazari a Nijeriya, yayin da yake gudanar da ayyukan wannan ofishin a Abuja ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2002. Garba ya bar mata da yara shida.
Bayan rasuwarsa shugaban majalisar dattijan Najeriya, Anyim Pius, ya bayyana Garba a matsayin "daya daga cikin nagartattun jami'an diflomasiyya, masu kishin kasa da kuma ba da fata ga wani bangare na Afirka da ba za a iya raba shi ba", yana magana ne kan karfin imani da Garba yake da shi Pan-Africanism. .
Littattafai
Garba, Joseph Nanven (1993). The Honour To Serve: reflections On Nigeria’s Presidency of the 44th U.N. General Assembly. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria). ISBN 978-129-285-7
Garba, Joseph Nanven (1993). Towards Sustainable Peace and Security in Southern Africa. New York, N.Y.: Institute of International Education.
Garba, Joseph Nanven (1994). Restructuring the security forces for a new South Africa, New York, N.Y.: Institute of International Education
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Appearances on C-SPAN
Rayayyun mutane
Sojojin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22318 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olisa%20Agbakoba | Olisa Agbakoba | Olisa Agbakoba ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na Najeriya, lauyan ruwa kuma tsohon Shugaban ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya .
Rayuwar farko
Olisa Agbakoba an haife shi ne a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarar 1953 ga Babban Mai Shari’a Godfrey Ubaka da Misis Phina Agbakoba a Jos . Daga baya ya koma Onitsha a 1965, shekaru biyu kafin yakin basasar Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Jos daga 1959 zuwa 1960, Hillcrest School, Jos; 1961, Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati Jos, 1962 1963; Zixton Makarantar Jama'a Ozubulu a 1964 da Christ the King College, Onitsha tsakanin 1966 da 1967.
Agbakoba ya kuma halarci Kwalejin ilmin sanin yakamata a Enugu daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1972, Kwalejin Gwamnati a Ughelli a shekara ta 1973, Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka daga shekara ta 1973 zuwa shekara ta 1977, Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya a Legas a shekara ta 1978 da Makarantar London na Tattalin Arziki & Kimiyyar Siyasa daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa 1980
Yana da LLB (Hons) na Jami'ar Nijeriya, BL na Makarantar Koyon Doka ta Najeriya da LLM (1980) na Jami'ar London .
Farkon aikin sana'a
Bai sake zuwa makarantar koyon aikin lauya ba, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin bincike a Sashin Kula da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa na 'Nigeria Institute of International Affairs' (NIIA) da kuma Leken Asiri. Agbakoba ya bar NIIA bayan shekara guda kuma ya kafa kamfanin sa na lauya, Olisa Agbakoba da Associates, wadanda suka kware a harkar kasuwanci da kuma dokar teku. Ya kuma kasance babban jigo a gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya a kasar, kuma shi ne Shugaban AfroNet, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da ta himmatu wajen ciyar da hakkin dan Adam gaba. Har ila yau, Babban Aboki ne kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam (HURILAWS) wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da bin doka.
Baya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, aikinsa a cikin dokar teku a Najeriya ya kasance mai zurfin gaske. Shi ne ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Jirgin Ruwa (NCS).
Nasarori
Olisa Agbakoba, shi ne tsohon shugaban kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2008 kuma abokin kawancen kafa Olisa Agbakoba da Associates, wani fitaccen masanin harkar shari’a a kan teku a Legas. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa babbar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam a Najeriya, Kungiyar 'Yancin Yanci (CLO). Ya zama sananne ne ta hanyar aikinsa a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam da gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya a Nijeriya . Shi ne kuma ya kafa United Action for Democracy da kuma Zambia kwanon rufi-Afrika kungiyar kare hakki AfroNet. Ya kasance mai kare dan rajin kare hakkin Dan Adam, Ken Saro-Wiwa wanda aka kashe kuma aka kame shi sau da yawa saboda ayyukansa na dimokiradiyya.
Daraja
A cikin shekara ta 1990, an girmama shi da lambar yabo ta Roger Baldwin don forancin Yanci. Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 1993, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kungiyar Alkalai ta Jamus sannan a shekara ta 1996 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Aachen Peace.
Sauran lambobin yabo da karrama sun hada da rasit na 15 Great Legal Practitioners rarrabẽwa a Najeriya (1993), Vanguard 40 fice Sun yan Najeriya lambar yabo ta (1993), Fellow, kuma lambar yabo mai karɓa, Institute of Gudanarwa Management of Nigeria, Co-darekta, Taron Majalisar Birtaniyya game da Gudanar da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Abuja, Najeriya, lambar yabo ta Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka, saboda karramawa ta musamman ga dalilan' Yancin Dan Adam, Dokar Doka da Ingantawa Samun Samun Adalci (1996), Dokta Kwame Nkrumah Shugabancin Afirka a shekara ta 2006 da FRA Williams Legal Practitioner na shekara ta 2006 da sauransu.
Littattafai
Daga cikin manyan wallafe-wallafensa akwai Manhaja na Manyan Kotun Tarayya (wanda LexisNexis, Afirka ta Kudu ya buga) Mujallar Maritime Mujalladi na daya da na biyu; Manhaja kan Takardar Zabe a Nijeriya Cabakin Bahar Ruwa a Najeriya; Matsalar Fatarar Kuɗi a Nijeriya; Littattafan Dokokin Ci Gaban (a juzu'i uku; Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Jama'a a Nijeriya; Haye Katanga: Manhaja don Gyara Fursunoni. Sauran su ne: Tsarin doka na kungiyar hadin kan Afirka a Chadi; Jaridar Dokar Kasa da Kasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Nijeriya 1981; Jaridar Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Aiki: Dokar Tsaro ta Nijeriya (tsare mutane) Dokar No 2 ta shekara ta 1984; Bayyana Tatsuniyoyin Rashin Shari'a tare da Tunde Fagbohunlu (1991), Kutsawa cikin Kwararrun Masana Shari'a, hanyar mafita ta jawabin da aka gabatar a taron kan sake fasalin hukuncin farar hula, Lagos, Disamban shekara ta 1995; Dokar iyakance a cikin ayyukan Admiralty: Shari'a don Sabbin Manufofin cikin Dokokin Maritime da Sauye-sauye a Dokar Inshorar Ruwa, tare da wasu da yawa.
Rayuwar mutum
Olisa Agbakoba ya auri Lilian Agbakoba, wacce ita ma lauya ce ta sana’a, tana da ’ya’ya mata uku da jikoki shida kuma tana zaune a jihar Legas .
Manazarta
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
Lauyoyi
Lauya
Kungiyoyin Lauyoyi ta Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25825 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yota | Yota | Yota ( ) wani kamfani ne mai watsa shirye -shiryen wayar hannu ta Rasha kuma mai kera wayoyin hannu. Yota alamar kasuwanci ce ta Skartel LLC.
A ranar 9 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012, WiMAX na Yota ya maye gurbin ta hanyar sadarwar LTE. A watan Satumba na cikin shekara ta 2012, an ƙaddamar da cibiyoyin sadarwar 4G a biranen Rasha na Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, Moscow, Sochi, Samara, Vladivostok, Ufa, Kazan, da St. Petersburg .
Garsdale Services Investment Ltd tana da kashi dari 100% na hannun jarin Yota da kashi hamsin 50% na hannun jarin MegaFon. Garsdale kanta 82% ke sarrafawa ta AF Telecom, 13.5% ta Telconet Capital, da 4.5% ta Kamfanin Fasahar Fasaha na Rasha . An yi jita -jitar na'urorin Yota suna shirin canza hedikwata daga Rasha zuwa Toronto ko Waterloo, Ontario, Kanada, amma jita -jitar ta tabbata karya ce, tunda kamfanin bai koma Kanada ba, kuma ba ya shirin yin haka.
Tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 2006 abokin haɗin gwiwar kamfanin St. Petersburg Korus, Denis Sverdlov, da ɗan kasuwan Bulgaria Sergey Adonev sun kafa mai samar da WiMAX na farko, sabuwar fasahar canja wurin bayanai. A cikin shekara ta 2006 an yi amfani da WiMAX a China, Indiya, Indonesia, Taiwan da Amurka. A cikin kaka a shekara ta 2008 Skartel shine kamfani na farko a Rasha da ya tura daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwar WiMAX a Moscow da St. Petersburg a cikin kewayon 2.5-2.7 GHz. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Yota ya sanar da shirye -shiryen ƙaddamar da LTE akan hanyar sadarwar sa. Fara gwajin farko na sabon daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa ya faru a Kazan a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta acikin shekara ta 2010. Masu biyan kuɗi sun sami damar shiga Intanet a cikin adadin 20zuwa 30 Mbit/s. An kafa kimanin tashoshin tushe guda dari da hamsin 150 a Kazan. Zuba jarin da aka yi a cikin tura cibiyar sadarwar LTE ya kai dala miliyan ashirin 20. LTE network na ƙarni na huɗu, wanda mai ba da sabis na Yota ya gwada a Kazan, kashe kashe gobe. A wancan lokacin, Yota ba shi da sha'awar amfani da madaidaicin hanyar sadarwar 4G a cikin kasuwanci ko yanayin gwaji.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Yota ya shigar da karar fatarar kudi. Wannan fatarar ta samo asali ne daga karar da kamfanin da ya yi kwangilar Hi-P Singapore ya shigar kan kamfanin.
Juyin Halitta Tsawon Lokaci (LTE)
A hukumance, Novosibirsk shine birni na farko na Rasha inda aka tura cibiyar sadarwar LTE, wanda aka ƙaddamar da kasuwanci na ranar ashirin da biyu 22 ga watan Disamba acikin shekara ta 2011. Sannan an karɓi wannan sabon tsarin sadarwa a Krasnodar (29 ga watan Afrilu acikin shekara ta 2012), Moscow (10 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012), da Sochi (11 ga watan Mayu acikin shekara ta 2012). An haɗa Samara da LTE a ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2013. Kuma daga baya akan Ufa da Saint Petersburg suma sun shiga wannan sabis ɗin. Cibiyar sadarwar LTE tana aiki tsakanin kewayon 2.5-2.7 GHz, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin jeri, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta karɓa. A Rasha kuma Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sadarwar Mass na Tarayyar Rasha ta zaɓi waɗannan mitar don hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarni na 4.
Matsayin LTE na iya ba da saurin har zuwa 100 Mbit/s, duk da haka Yota yana ba da saurin, iyakance zuwa 20 Mbit/s don hana cibiyar sadarwar wucewa da kuma samar da madaidaicin damar LTE ga duk masu amfani.
AF-Telecom ( Megafon ) da Skartel (Yota) sun ƙulla kwangilar haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na cibiyoyin sadarwa na LTE (Juyin Juya Halin Juyin Halitta) sadarwar wayar hannu a Rasha dangane da tsarin kasuwanci na Kamfanin Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa (MVNO). Babban ra'ayin kwangilar shine Megafon yana da damar bayar da sabis na sadarwa na LTE na ƙarni na huɗu, ta amfani da kayan aikin Yota, yayin da Yota zai iya amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar Megafon. Babbar manufar kawancen ita ce baiwa masu biyan kuɗi damar yin amfani da sabbin fasahohi da aiyuka, don sanya su zama masu sauƙin kai da jan hankali ta hanyar haɓaka ingantaccen aiki a cikin kashe kuɗin babban birnin don gina hanyoyin sadarwar LTE da rage farashin aiki. Ta wannan ƙa'idar Yota tana aiki tare da Rostelecom a ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, acikin shekara ta 2012, masu hannun jarin Megafon da Skartel sun ba da sanarwar ƙarshen ma'amala, a ƙarƙashin sakamakon wanda za a canza tsarin kadarorin masu aiki biyu. Sabis na Garsdale (wanda aka kafa a Tsibirin Budurwa ta Biritaniya ) zai kasance mai mallakar 50% da rabon kashi ɗaya na Megafon da 100% na hannun jarin Skartel. Kafa kamfani mai riƙewa ya taimaka hanzarta aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi a Rasha, rage kashe kuɗi don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta LTE tare da farashin aiki, rage farashin sabis na ƙarshe kuma a ƙarshe ya sa su zama masu sauƙi. An yi wa sharuɗɗa ɗaya sharaɗi: don ba da damar yin amfani da hanyar sadarwar LTE don sauran kamfanoni akan ƙirar MVNO-watau, daidai gwargwado.
A watan Yulin acikin shekara ta 2011 Yota ya gabatar da sabon dangin na'urorin da suka dace da Yota na 4G WiMAX network. Na'urorin suna da sunaye masu sauki kamar "Yota One" da "Yota Mutane da yawa". Ba kamar samfuran da suka gabata ba, kamfanin da kansa ya tsara su. An tsara shi kamar "akwatin sarari", Yota Mutane da yawa sune na'urar tafi -da -gidanka ta WiFi wacce ke da ƙanƙanta da wanda ta gabace ta.
Na'urar farko ta Yota, Modem Yota, tana aiki akan hanyar sadarwar Yota ta 4G LTE kuma tana kama da ƙaramin girma da kauri na Yota One.
Aranar shabiyu 12ga watan Disamba acikin shekara ta 2012, Yota na'urorin sanar da farko "YotaPhone" samfur, wani farɗan biyu-nuni smartphone . Yana da inci 4.3-inch, HD LCD nuni a gaba da nuni na e-ink a baya. A samfur gudanar version 4.2 na Android tsarin aiki . Na'urorin Yota sun fitar da ƙarin bayani a Taron Duniya na Wayar hannu a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu acikin shekara ta 2013.
Bikin Sararin Yota
Tun daga shekara ta 2010 Yota ya shirya bikin duniya na fasahar dijital Yota Space a Rasha. A wani taron manema labarai, masu shirya bikin da masu fasahar da aka gayyata daga kasashen waje sun jaddada cewa adadin da ingancin fasahar watsa labarai ba a taba ganin irin sa ba a Rasha. Ba wai kawai bikin ya gudanar da baje kolin kayan fasaha masu mahimmanci ba, har ma ya yi nasarar kawo masu fasaha. Har ila yau, Yota Space Festival yana da shirin ilimantarwa wanda ke nuna gabatarwa, taron karawa juna sani, da laccoci ga matasa masu fasahar bidiyo da masu zanen kaya.
Duba kuma
HTC MAX 4G - waya tare da Wayar WiMAX da GSM
Egg Yota
Yota Space - Bikin Fasahar Dijital ta Duniya
Jerin cibiyoyin sadarwar WiMAX da aka tura a Rasha
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
YotaPhone 2 gidan yanar gizon hukuma
YOTA 3 gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Pages with unreviewed translations |
31779 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%20Gasar%20Olympics%20ta%20lokacin%20zafi%20ta%202008 | Niger Gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi ta 2008 | Nijar ta tura 'yan wasa biyar, wadda ta kasance ta biyu mafi girma a tarihi (6 a 1988), daidai da mafi yawan wasannin da ta shiga (3 a 2004). don fafatawa a gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi ta 2008 a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin. Gasar Olympics ce ta 10 a Nijar; Wanda ya ci lambar yabo daya tilo shine Issaka Dabore, a dambe, a wasannin 1972.
Wakilai
A shekara ta 2008, tawagar Nijar ta haɗa da Lailatou Amadou Lele da ke fafatawa a Taekwondo, Mohamed Lamine Alhousseini Alhassan a tseren mita 50 na maza, da Mariama Souley Bana a tseren mita 50 na mata, tare da sauran 'yan wasan Nijar. fafatawa a wasannin guje -guje da tsalle-tsalle a gasar tseren mita 400 da mita 1500. Tawagar ta kuma haɗa da Abdramane Seydou, ministan wasanni, da sauran jami'an ministoci, dana ɗan jarida da mambobin kwamitin Olympics na Niger (COSNI), ciki har da Guéro Amadou, shugabanta.
Wasan motsa jiki
Maza
Harouna Garba ya fafata ne a madadin Nijar a gasar Olympics ta Beijing a gasar maza 400 murabba'ai mita. An haife shi a shekara ta 1986, kuma yana da shekaru 22 a duniya a lokacin da yake halartar taron na Beijing. A baya Garba bai shiga gasar Olympics ba. A yayin wasan share fage na Garba, wanda ya gudana a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, ɗan wasan na Nijar ya yi zafi na farko da wasu fafatawa 6. Garba ya kammala taron a 55.14 sakanni, wanda ya kasance na ƙarshe cikin bakwai, kuma kai tsaye yana bayan Edivaldo Monteiro na Portugal (49.89 daƙiƙa) da Kenji Narisako na Japan (49.63 seconds) a cikin wani zafi da Bershawn Jackson na Amurka ya jagoranta (49.20 seconds) da Pieter de Villiers na Afirka ta Kudu (49.24 seconds). Daga cikin 'yan wasa 25 da suka kammala gasar, Garba ne ya zo na karshe. Bai wuce zuwa zagaye na gaba ba.
Mata
Rachidatou Seini Maikido 's 1:03.19 ta zama mafi kyawu a lokacin da Salamtou Hassane ta samu a tarihin ƙasar da 1:03.28 a gasar Olympics ta mata na mita 400 na 2004.
Rachidatou Seini Maikido ta fafata a matsayin 'yar wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta kasar Nijar a gasar Olympics ta Beijing. An haifi Maikido a shekarar 1988, tana da shekaru 19 a duniya a lokacin da ta shiga gasar mata 400. tseren mita. A baya Maikido ba ta taba shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta ne 6 wasan ƴar Nijar ta samu matsayi na uku a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar da wasu 'yan wasa shida. Ta kammala taron da karfe 1:03.19, ta ƙare a bayan. ƴar tseren Haiti Ginou Etienne (53.94). seconds) da ƴar wasan Puerto Rican Carol Rodriguez (53.94 seconds) a cikin wani zafi da Rasha Anastasiya Kapachinskaya ya jagoranta (51.32 dakika) da kuma Mary Wineberg ta Amurka (51.46 seconds). A cikin ’yan wasa 50 da suka fafata a zagayen, Maikido ta zo a matsayi na 49. Ita da Ghada Ali ta Libya da ta zo karshe, su ne 'yan wasa tilo a zagayen da ba su karya minti ɗaya ba. Maikido ba ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba ba.
Yin iyo
Mohamed Alhousseini Alhassan ya fafata ne a gasar Olympics ta Beijing a cikin maza na 50 mita freestyle a matsayin namiji ɗaya tilo dan wasan ninkaya ɗan Nijar a gasar a waccan shekarar. An haife shi a shekara ta 1978, Alhousseini yana da shekaru 30 a duniya a lokacin da ya halarci gasar Olympics. A baya dai 'yan Nijar ba su shiga gasar Olympics ba. Bikin da Alhousseini ya fafata ya dauki nauyin matakin share fagen ne a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta. Alhousseini wanda ya zo a matsayi na biyu a matsayi na biyu da wasu 'yan wasa biyar, bayan ya kammala gasar da misalin karfe 30.90. seconds. ’Yan Nijar sun zo gaban Antigua da Barbuda ta Kareem Valentine (31.23 daƙiƙa) da bayan Abdulsalam Al Gadabi na Yemen ( 30.63 dakika) a cikin wani zafi da dan wasan ninkaya na kasar Laotiya Thepphithak Chindavong ya jagoranta (29.31 dakika) da dan wasan Burkinabe Rene Jacob Yougbara (30.08 seconds). Daga cikin 'yan wasa 97 da suka fafata a zagayen farko na gasar, Alhousseini ya zo na 95. Bai wuce zuwa zagaye na gaba ba.
Mariama Souley Bana ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta Beijing a matsayin mace daya tilo da ta taba yin ninkaya a kasar Nijar a gasar. Ta fafata a cikin mata 50 mita freestyle taron. An haife ta a Nijar a shekarar 1987, Bana tana da shekaru 21 a duniya a lokacin da ta shiga gasar Olympics a birnin Beijing. A baya ba ta shiga wani wasa ko taron na Olympics ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta ne aka gudanar da zagaye na farko na gasar, kuma ta fafata ne da wasu 'yan wasa bakwai a gasar ta biyu. Bana ya kasance na ƙarshe a cikin zafi tare da lokacin 40.83 dakika kadan, yana bayan Elsie Uwamahoro dan kasar Burundi (36.86 seconds) a matsayi na bakwai sai Elisabeth Nikiema ta Burkina Faso (34.98 seconds) a cikin na shida. Zakia Nassar na Falasdinu ne ya jagoranci zafi (31.97 seconds) da Karishma Karki ta Nepal (32.35 seconds). A cikin 'yan wasa 90 da suka kammala wasan share fage na gasar, Bana ne ya zo na karshe. Ba ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba ba.
Maza
Mata
Taekwondo
Manazarta
Le president Tandja recoit la délégation du Niger aux Jeux olympiques de Beijing . Xinhuanet - Li Benzhong. 2008-07-31
JO-2008 : la Niger envoie une délégation d'une trentaine de personnes . Xinhuanet - Li Benzhong. 2008-07-29
Jerin tawagar Nijar, Labarin Wasanni, shiga 2008-08-11.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Barka da zuwa shafin gida na mai tsere Rachidatou Seini Maikido, niger1.com Shafin labaran Nijar. |
19965 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Adamawa | Masarautar Adamawa | Masarautar Adamawa (German; ) jihar gargajiya ce da ke Fombina, yankin da yanzu ya dace da yan kunan jihar Adamawa da jihar Taraba a Kasar Najeriya, kuma a baya ma a lardunan Arewa uku na Kamaru (Far North, North, da Adamawa), gami da minorananan sassa na Chadi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Modibo Adama, kwamandan Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, mutumin da ya fara jihadin Fulani a shekara ta 1809 ne ya kafa ta. An motsa babban birnin sau da yawa har sai da ta zauna a Yola, Nijeriya a gefen Kogin Benuwai a Nijeriya a kusa da shekara ta 1841. A lokacin mutuwar Adama masarautar sa ta game wasu sassan Najeriya ta zamani da kuma Arewacin Kamaru. Yana daga cikin fasaha a zamanin Khalifanci na Sakkwato, kuma dole ne ta jinjina wa shugabannin da ke Sakkwato.
Tarihin farko
Fula ta fara zama a yankin a cikin karni na 14. Masarautar Adamawa karni na goma sha tara ta kasance a kudu da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma gabashin kasar Hausa, a tsakanin lattoci 6 da 11 na Arewacin, da kuma masu tsawon 10 da 14 na Gabas. Iyakokin waje suna da wuyar daidaitawa dai-dai, saboda yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin mutanen da Fulanin suka yiwa mulkinsu, da kuma wadanda kawai suka afkawa don bayi, ba tare da kafa wata hanyar alaƙa ta gudanarwa ba. Dangane da wasu ƙididdiga, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, bayi sun kasance kusan kashi 50% na yawan Masarautar Adamawa da ke Fulɓe, inda ake kiransu jeyaɓe (jeyado ɗaya). Dangane da yankin da ke karkashin mulkin Fulani, masarautar ta shimfida daga yankunan kudu da jihar Adamawa kusa da Tibati, a Kudu, zuwa Diamare, a arewa, daga gangaren Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara Highlands a yamma, zuwa masarautar Baya, Laka, Mundang da kasar Musgum ta gabas. Masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya na farko da suka kawo rahoto daga Yola, sun sanya yankin na Adamawa tsakanin murabba'in kilomita 35,000 zuwa 40,000 ko tsakanin kilomita 90,650 da 103,600. Sakamakon yarjejeniyoyin Turai a cikin shekara ta 1893 da shekara ta 1894, ana iya samun wasu sassan Masarauta a yau a Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Najeriya da Kamaru, waɗanda suka riƙe kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar yankin Masarautar.
Tsawon yawancin ƙasar yana kusan sama da matakin teku. Yankin Adamawa da kansa duk da haka, ana kiran shi Lesdi Hossere ta Fulbe, ya tashi zuwa sama da , kuma ya samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, daga inda rafukan ruwa ke kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Benuwai, da kuma cikin tafkin Tafkin Chadi. Babban tsaunuka tsakanin 5,000 da 7,000 ft ko tsakanin mita 1,525 zuwa 2,150 sama da matakin teku, ana samunsu zuwa yankin iyakar yamma na masarautar tare da wasu yankuna na Kasar Najeriya da Kamaru, wadannan sune sassan yankin Kamaru-Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara masu tsaunuka wadanda suke da tsayi kusan sama da matakin teku kusa da bakin teku kuma a hankali yana raguwa arewa, zuwa kusan kusa da Yola, babban birin masarautar. Arewacin Yola, waɗannan tsaunuka na tsaunuka suna ci gaba da tsaunukan Mandara sama da , kafin daga baya a zagaye Balma, zuwa cikin tafkin chad. A kudancin yankunan da masarautu ne halin bakin ciki da gandun daji na m Leaved Savannah Woodland ko gona da ciyayi da irin. Kasar ta zama ƙara yawan filayen buɗe ciyawa zuwa arewa. Ciyawar wani abu ne mai matukar tasiri ga mazaunin Fulani a Adamawa, kuma a lokacin jihadi, hakan bai ba da wata babbar matsala ba ga fadada ikon soja bisa doki da doki.
Farkon zuwan Fulbe zuwa Adamawa ya fito ne daga kasar Bornu, amma kokarin da Kurt Strümpell, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Garoua (a shekara ta 1906-1910), don sake gina hanyoyin yin hijira daga al'adun gargajiya, ya nuna cewa Fulani da yawa sun shigo Adamawa, ta hanyar kasar Hausa, da kuma kamar kwarin Benue. Waɗannan ƙaura sun koma rukuni ɗaya na dangi ɗaya ko ƙananan kabilu, kuma lambobin sun bambanta sosai, dangane da dalilan ƙaura. Wasu sun yi tafiyar tazara kaɗan, yayin da wasu suka yi haka, a kan tazara mai nisa a cikin ƙarnoni. Manyan dangin Fulani, da suka shigo Adamawa, su ne Mbewe ko Beweji, Ngara'en ko FeroBe, WollarBe, Yillaga, Ba'en, da Kiri'en. Kowane rukuni na da'awar suna da halaye na musamman, amma na kowa ga Fulanin, su ne siffofinsu na zahiri: launin fata mai kyau, hancin ruwa, leɓɓaɓɓen lebe, madaidaicin gashi, da yarensu na Fulfulde, wanda ke nuna su daga yawan mutanen Sudan. mutanen da ke kusa da su.
Sarakuna
Sarakunan masarautar Adamawa, wadanda suka dauki taken "Baban-Lamido" sune kamar haka:
Manazarta
Passarge, Adamaua, (Berlin, 1895)
Adamawa . Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. 28 ga Agusta, 2005.
Masarautu a Nijeriya
Sarakuna
Sarakunan Najeriya |
23496 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20kimiyyar%20noma | Ilimin kimiyyar noma | Ilimin kimiyyar noma shine kimiyya da fasaha Wanda yake samar da amfani da tsirrai a cikin aikin gona don abinci, mai, fiber, nishaɗi, da maido da ƙasa. Agronomy ya zo ya ƙunshi aiki a fannonin ƙwayoyin halittar tsirrai, ilimin kimiyyar shuka, meteorology, da kimiyyar ƙasa.Aikace -aikace ne na haɗin kimiyyar kamar ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, tattalin arziƙi, kimiyyar ƙasa, kimiyyar ƙasa, da kwayoyin halitta . Kwararru a fannin aikin gona ana kiranta agronomists.
Kiwon shuke-shuke
Wannan yanki na aikin gona ya ƙunshi zaɓin tsirrai don samar da mafi kyawun amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban -daban. Kiwo na shuka ya haɓaka yawan amfanin gona kuma ya inganta ƙimar abinci mai yawa na amfanin gona, gami da masara, waken soya, da alkama . Ya kuma haifar da haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsirrai. Misali, an samar da hatsin hatsi da ake kira triticale ta hanyar hatsin hatsin hatsi da alkama. Triticale ya ƙunshi furotin mai amfani fiye da hatsin rai ko alkama. Har ila yau, aikin gona ya taimaka wajen binciken samar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin kimiyyar turfgrass, amfani da kiwo na shuka ya haifar da raguwar buƙatar taki da abubuwan shigar ruwa (buƙatu) gami da nau'ikan turf waɗanda ke nuna ƙara juriya ga cututtuka.
Bio-technology
Masana kimiyyar aikin gona suna amfani da fasahar kere -kere don faɗaɗa da hanzarta haɓaka halayyar da ake so. Kimiyyar kere -kere sau da yawa aikin dakin gwaji ne da ke buƙatar gwajin filayen sabbin nau'in amfanin gona da aka haɓaka.
Bugu da ƙari don haɓaka amfanin gona na amfanin gona na aikin gona ana ƙara amfani da shi don amfani da sabon abu ban da abinci. Alal misali, oilseed ne a halin yanzu amfani da yafi ga margarine da kuma sauran abinci mai, amma shi za a iya modified don amfanin m acid don ƙuna, canza habaka kuma petrochemicals .
Ilmin ƙasa
Masana kimiyyar aikin noma suna nazarin hanyoyi masu ɗorewa don sa ƙasa ta kasance mai wadata da riba a duk duniya. Suna rarrabe ƙasa kuma suna nazarin su don sanin ko suna ɗauke da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci don haɓaka shuka. Abubuwan macronutrients na yau da kullun da aka bincika sun haɗa da mahaɗan nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, da sulfur . Hakanan ana kimanta ƙasa don yawancin abubuwan gina jiki, kamar zinc da boron . Ana gwada yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta, Ƙasa pH, da ƙarfin riƙon abubuwan gina jiki ( ƙarfin musayar cation ) a cikin dakin bincike na yanki. Masu aikin gona za su fassara waɗannan rahotannin lab kuma su ba da shawarwari don daidaita abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa don ingantaccen shuka.
Kula da ƙasa
Bugu da kari, masana kimiyyar aikin gona suna haɓaka hanyoyin adana ƙasa da rage tasirin [yashewar] iska da ruwa. Misali, ana iya amfani da wata dabarar da ake kira noma kwane -kwane don hana yashewar ƙasa da kiyaye ruwan sama. Masu binciken aikin gona kuma suna neman hanyoyin amfani da ƙasa yadda yakamata wajen warware wasu matsalolin. Irin waɗannan matsalolin sun haɗa da zubar da takin ɗan adam da na dabbobi, gurɓataccen ruwa, da kuma maganin kashe ƙwari a cikin ƙasa. Kazalika da kula da ƙasa don tsararraki masu zuwa, kamar ƙona katako bayan amfanin gona. Hanyoyin sarrafa kiwo sun haɗa da noman har abada, dasa ciyawar da ke ɗaure ƙasa tare da kwane-kwane a kan gangaren tudu, da kuma amfani da magudanar ruwa mai zurfi har zuwa mita 1.
Agroecology
Agroecology shine sarrafa tsarin aikin noma tare da mai da hankali kan mahangar muhalli da muhalli. Wannan yanki yana da alaƙa da aiki a fannonin aikin noma mai ɗorewa, noman ɗanyen nama, da madadin tsarin abinci da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin noman.
Theoretical Modelling
Theoretical modelling yana ƙoƙarin yin nazarin ci-gaban amfanin gona da yawa. Ana kula da shuka a matsayin wani nau'in masana'antar nazarin halittu, wanda ke sarrafa haske, carbon dioxide, ruwa, da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa samfuran girbi. Babban sigogin da aka yi la’akari da su sune zazzabi, hasken rana, tsirrai masu rai, rarraba kayan shuka, da abinci mai gina jiki da samar da ruwa..
Duba kuma
Injiniyan aikin gona
Manufofin aikin gona
Agroecology
Agrology
Agrophysics
Noman amfanin gona
Tsarin abinci
Kayan lambu
Juyin Juya Hali
Noman kayan lambu
Littafin tarihin
Wendy B. Murphy, Duniyar Noma ta Gaba, Watts, 1984.
Antonio Saltini, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89.
Hanyoyin waje
Ƙungiyar Agronomy ta Amirka (ASA)
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Fasaha ta Amurka (CSSA)
Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (SSSA)
Ƙungiyar Turai ta Agronomy
Laburaren Aikin Noma na Kasa (NAL) - Babban ɗakin karatun aikin gona.
Tsarin Bayani don Noma da Binciken Abinci
Manazarta
Ilimin kimiyyar noma |
53347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20shugaban%20kasa%20na%20Pakistan%202013 | Zaben shugaban kasa na Pakistan 2013 | An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013 a Pakistan don zaben shugaban Pakistan na 12 . An shirya wa'adin shugaban kasa mai ci Asif Ali Zardari zai kare a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2013; don haka, Mataki na 41 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaɓe ba da daɗewa ba bayan 8 ga Agusta 2013. Kwalejin zabe ta Pakistan - taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dattawa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisun Larduna - an dora wa alhakin zaben sabon shugaban da zai gaji Shugaba Zardari, wanda ya ki neman wa'adi na biyu a kan karagar mulki. Bayan da jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party da kawayenta suka kauracewa zaben shugaban kasa, 'yan takarar biyu sun hada da Mamnoon Hussain wanda kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N) ke marawa baya, da Wajihuddin Ahmed da Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ke marawa baya. An zabi Hussaini dan Agra ne a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuri'u 432. Zaben dai shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Pakistan inda aka zabi shugaban farar hula yayin da shugaban farar hula mai ci ke ci gaba da rike madafun iko, wanda ya kammala mika mulki mai dimbin tarihi da dimokiradiyya wanda ya fara da babban zaben shekarar 2013.
Fage
Bayan zaben gama gari na shekarar 2013, ana sa ran cewa jam'iyyar da ta yi nasara a jam'iyyar da ta samu jam'iyyar jam'iyyar za ta zabi sabon shugaban kasa kuma ta haka ne firaminista Nawaz Sharif ke jagoranta, kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N). Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko a kasar da aka zabi zababben shugaban kasa a gaban shugaba mai ci .
Jadawalin
Hukumar zaben Pakistan ta sanar da jadawalin zaben farko a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2013. Dole ne a gabatar da duk takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga Yuli, tare da binciken ya faru a ranar 26 ga Yuli. Daga nan ne ‘yan takarar suka kara wa’adin kwanaki 3 don janye sunayensu, daga nan ne aka fitar da jerin sunayen ‘yan takara a hukumance. Tun da farko dai za a gudanar da zaben ne ta hanyar jefa kuri’a a asirce a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma sakamakon hukuma ya tabbatar washegari. Manyan alkalan kotun Islamabad da na manyan kotunan larduna 4 ne za su jagoranci zaben.
Kotun kolin Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ta sake sabunta ranar zaben shugaban kasa kan karar da jam’iyya mai mulki, PML (N) ta shigar, inda ta bukaci hukumar zaben da ta gudanar da shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli maimakon 6 ga watan Agusta. Kotun ta bayar da umarnin ne saboda da yawa daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da za su zabi wanda zai maye gurbin shugaban kasar Asif Ali Zardari za su gudanar da aikin hajji ko kuma gudanar da addu’o’i na musamman a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta mai alfarma, wanda ya kare bayan ‘yan kwanaki, wanda hakan zai iya zama mai wahala. domin wasu ‘yan majalisa su wajabta ayyukansu na addini tare da zaben. Shugaban majalisar a majalisar dattawa Raja Zafarul Haq ne ya shigar da karar a wannan rana.
Kotun ta umarci hukumar zaben Pakistan da ta sauya jadawalin zabe kan karar da gwamnatin tarayya ta shigar: an gabatar da takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, an gudanar da bincikensu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, da janye takarar har zuwa karfe 12 na rana ranar 27 ga watan Yuli da kuma An buga jerin sunayen 'yan takara na ƙarshe da ƙarfe 5 na yamma ranar 27 ga Yuli. An gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli.
PML (N) ta zabi tsohon gwamnan Sindh Mamnoon Hussain a matsayin dan takararta; yayin da jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party ta tsayar da Sanata Raza Rabbani (daga baya ta kauracewa zaben); da Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf mai suna Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed .
Maman Hussaini
Hussaini dan kasuwa ne haifaffen Agra. Shi dan kasar Sindh ne kuma yana da sana'ar saka a Karachi. An haife shi a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya, a cikin 1940. Ya fara harkar siyasa a shekarun 60s a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar Musulunci. Ana yi masa kallon mai biyayya ga tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif .
A shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu ta Karachi (KCCI) kuma nan da nan Nawaz Sharif ya zabe shi ya zama gwamnan Sindh a watan Yunin 1999, amma ya rasa mukamin bayan babban hafsan soji na lokacin Janar Pervez Musharraf ya hambarar da gwamnatin kasar. Gwamnatin PML-N a juyin mulkin soja a watan Oktobar 1999.
Wajiuddin Ahmed
An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin 'yar takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) daga mazabar NA-129 (Lahore-XII) a zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a watan Agusta 2013. Ta samu kuri'u 44,894 sannan ta doke Muhammad Mansha Sindhu dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Kujerar ta zama babu kowa ne bayan da Shahbaz Sharif da ya lashe zaben Pakistan a shekara ta 2013 ya bar ta domin ya ci gaba da rike kujerar da ya samu a mazabarsa ta majalisar lardin.
Kafin a daukaka shi a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli, a takaice ya rike mukamin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sindh daga 1998 har sai da ya ki yin rantsuwa da adawa da dokar soja a 1999. Ya ci gaba da sukar shugaba Pervez Musharraf, inda daga karshe ya zama jagora a yunkurin Lauyan a 2007 don adawa da Shugaba Musharraf. A karshe dai bai yi nasara ba a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasar kasa ta Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) kuma ya zama dan gaba a dandalin PTI na zaben shugaban kasa.
Kauracewa
A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, jam'iyyar PPP ta sanar da matakin kauracewa zaben. Jam'iyyar Awami National Party (ANP) da Balochistan National Party (BNP) su ma sun sanar da kauracewa zaben. Sun bayyana dalilinsu ne hukuncin da kotun kolin Pakistan ta yanke na sauya ranar zaben daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta ba tare da tuntubar dukkan bangarorin ba.
Ƙarfin Kwalejin Zaɓe
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20suffrage | Women's suffrage | suffrage shine hakkin mata na kada kuri'a a zabe. Tun daga farkon karni na 18, wasu mutane sun nemi sauya dokokin kada kuri'a don baiwa mata damar kada kuri'a. Jam'iyyun siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi za su ci gaba da baiwa mata 'yancin kada kuri'a, tare da kara yawan wadanda za su iya kada kuri'a. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun kafa don daidaita ƙoƙarin mata don kada kuri'a, musamman Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Duniya (wacce aka kafa a 1904 a Berlin, Jamus).
Abubuwa da yawa sun faru a cikin ƙarnukan baya-bayan nan inda aka ba wa mata damar yin zaɓe, sannan aka kwace musu yancin kada kuri'a. Wuri na farko a duniya don ba da kyauta da kuma kula da zaɓen mata shine New Jersey a shekara ta 1776 (ko da yake a cikin shekarar 1807 an sake dawo da wannan don kawai fararen fata za su iya yin zabe).
Lardi na farko da ya ci gaba da ba wa mata damar jefa ƙuri'a shi ne tsibirin Pitcairn a cikin shekarar 1838, kuma ƙasa ta farko mai iko ita ce Norway a 1913, a matsayin Masarautar Hawai'i, wacce a asali tana da zaɓe na duniya a 1840, ta soke wannan a cikin shekarar 1852 kuma daga baya ta hade da shi. Amurka a 1898. A cikin shekaru bayan 1869, larduna da dama da daulolin Biritaniya da Rasha suka yi sun ba wa mata damar zaɓe, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun zama ƙasashe masu iko a wani lokaci, kamar New Zealand, Australia, da Finland. Jihohi da yankuna da dama na Amurka, irin su Wyoming, sun kuma bai wa mata 'yancin yin zabe. Matan da suka mallaki kadarori sun sami 'yancin yin zabe a cikin Isle of Man a cikin shekarar 1881, kuma a cikin shekarar 1893, matan da ke mulkin kai na lokacin New Zealand sun sami damar yin zabe. A Ostiraliya, mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Ostiraliya ya ba wa dukan mata 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a daga 1894, da 'yancin tsayawa takarar majalisa daga 1895, yayin da Majalisar Tarayya ta Australiya ta ba da 'yancin yin zabe da tsayawa takara a 1902 (ko da yake ya ba da izinin cirewa. na "'yan asali"). Kafin samun 'yancin kai, a cikin Grand Duchy na kasar Finland, mata sun sami daidaito tsakanin launin fata, tare da 'yancin kada kuri'a da tsayawa takara a 1906. Yawancin manyan ƙasashen yamma sun ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga mata a cikin lokacin tsaka-tsakin, ciki har da Kanada (1917), Burtaniya da Jamus (1918), Austria, Netherlands (1919) da Amurka (1920). Fitattun abubuwan da aka sani a Turai sune Faransa, inda mata ba za su iya jefa kuri'a ba har zuwa 1944, Girka (bata a wanzu a can ba har zuwa 1952, ko da yake, tun 1930, mata masu ilimi sun iya jefa kuri'a a zabukan kananan hukumomi), da Switzerland (inda. tun 1971, mata za su iya jefa kuri'a a matakin tarayya, kuma tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1990, mata sun sami 'yancin kada kuri'a a matakin kananan hukumomi). Hukunce-hukuncen Turai na ƙarshe da suka ba wa mata ‘yancin zaɓe su ne Liechtenstein a 1984 da kuma yankin Appenzell Innerrhoden na Switzerland a matakin gida a 1990.
Leslie Hume ta bayar da hujjar cewa yakin duniya na farko ya canza yanayin da ya shahara:
Gudunmawar da matan suka bayar a yaki ya kalubalanci ra'ayin mata na rashin karfin jiki da tunani kuma ya sa ya zama da wahala a iya tabbatar da cewa mata a tsarin mulki da kuma halin da ake ciki ba su cancanci kada kuri'a ba. Idan mata za su iya yin aiki a masana'antar harsashi, ya zama kamar rashin godiya da rashin hankali a hana su gurbi a rumfar zaɓe. Amma kuri'ar ta wuce tukuicin aikin yaki; abin lura shi ne yadda mata suka shiga yakin ya taimaka wajen kawar da fargabar da ke tattare da shigar mata cikin fage.
Masu adawa da zaɓen mata na pre-WWI kamar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Anti-Suffrage League sun ba da misali da rashin ƙwarewar mata a cikin harkokin soja. Sun yi ikirarin cewa tun da mata ne suka fi yawa, ya kamata mata su kada kuri’a a zaben kananan hukumomi, amma saboda rashin kwarewa a harkokin soja, sun ce zai yi hadari a bar su su kada kuri’a a zaben kasa.
Tsawaita kamfen na siyasa na mata da magoya bayansu ya zama dole don samun doka ko gyara tsarin mulki don zaɓen mata. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, an ba da ƙayyadadden zaɓe ga mata kafin zaɓe na duniya ga maza; misali, mata masu karatu ko masu dukiya an ba su damar zaɓe kafin duk maza su karɓe ta. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karfafa zaben mata a cikin shekaru bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kuma Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (1979) ta bayyana shi a matsayin wani hakki na asali tare da kasashe 189 a halin yanzu suna cikin wannan yarjejeniya.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20City%20%28Birnin%20Benin%29 | Benin City (Birnin Benin) | Benin City birni ne, da ke a jihar Edo, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Birnin itace babban birnin jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace birni na hudu a girma bayan Birnin Lagos Kano da Ibadan da kimanin jimillar jama'a akalla mutum 1,782,000 a shekara ta 2021. Birnin tana nan daga kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) daga rafin Benin River, da kuma nisan tsakanin kilomita 320 kilometres (200 mi) daga gabacin Lagos. An gina birnin Ibadan kafin karni na sha huɗu. Benin itace cibiyar sarrafa roba da kuma samar da a Najeriya.
Itace birni mafi muhimmanci a duk masarautar Benin wacce ta wanzu a tsakanin karni na 13th zuwa karni na 19th. Suna da kyakyawar fahimta ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasar Portugal a 'yan shekaru wanda daga bisani turawan Ingila suka amsa mulkin kasar a 1897. Turawa sun kwashe ababan tarihi da dama da suka hada da gumaka na tagulla da makamantansu a yankin bayan cin galabarsu da yaki.
Asalin mutanen gari sune mutanen Edo, kuma suna magane ne da harsunan Edo da makamantansu. Muatnen gari suna da shiga na kaya irin na alfarma kuma ansansu da amfani da duwatsun bids, zane a jiki,sarkoki da awarwaro da kuma noma na doya, plantain da rogo.
Tarihi
Mutanen Edo
A tarihance, asalin mutanen Edo kuma wanda suka samar da Daular Edo na karkashin mulkin Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) wanda ke kiran kasarsu da suna Igodomigodo. Igodo, watau Ogiso na farko yayi tsananin karfin mulkin kuma yayi fice a matsayin sarki adali na lokacin. Ya mace bayan mulki mai tsawon sannan Ere baban danshi ya gajeshi. Rikici ya kaure tsakanin matar tsohon sarkin (Ogiso) da kuma babban dansa wato "Ekaladerhan". Matar baban nasa ta kulla masa sharri da ya jawo aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wadanda aka aika su kashe shi kuma daga bisani suka sake shi a Ughoton. Yarima mai gudun hijira ya kama hanya zuwa Ife inda ya canza sunansa zuwa Izoduwa, ma'ana "na samu natsuwa". A wannan yanayi na rudani ne mutanen Benin karkashin jagorancin Chief Oliha suka bazama neman yarima Ekaladerhan - wanda a yanzu mutane Ife ke kiransa Oduduwa.
Yarima Ekaladerhan yaki yadda ya dawo Benin saboda da yadda aka wulakanta shi, bayan su gano cewa ba'a kashe shi ba. Daga bisani ya yi dabarar tura dansa Oramiyan don ya zama sarki a matsayinsa. Oramiyan ya zauna a cikin fada wacce dattijan Uzama suka gina masa, yanzu ya zama wurin bauta na shekara-shekara. Nan da nan ya auri kyakyawar budurwa diyar Osa-nego; Enogie of Egor na tara. Shi da ita sun sama rabon da namiji. Bayan 'yan shekaru daga bisani, ya kira taro inda ya sanar da murabus da kujerarsa, a cewarsa garin na'yan jin zafi ne "Ile-Ibinu" sannan kuma dan asalin haihuwar kasan wanda yayi ilimi kuma ya kware da hatsabibancin mutanen garin ne kadai zai iya mulkan su. Garin ta samo asalin sunanta daga sunan. Ya saka an nada dandansa a matsayin sarki a maimakonsa, sannan kuma ya koma cikin birnin Benin da zama. Ya tafi ya bar dansa "Ajaka" a garin wanda ya zamo sarkin Benin na farko na wannan zamanin (Oba of Benin, shi kuma Oramiyan na sarauta matsayin "Ọọni of Ifẹ". Haka zalika Ọranmiyan na Ife, mahaifin Ẹwẹka I, shi kumasarkin Benin (Ọba of Benin) shine mahaifin Ajaka; sarkin Oyo (wato "Alaafin of Ọyọ"). Sarkin Ife Ọọni of Ife watau Ọba Ẹwẹka ya canzawa Ile-Binu (babban birnin daular Benin) suna zuwa "Ubinu". A wajen mutanen Portugal wannan kalman na iya zama "Benin" da yarensu. A tsakanin 1470, Ẹwuare ya canza sunan garin zuwa Edo. Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da mutanen Ọkpẹkpẹ sukai kaura zuwa birnin Benin. A wata fuskar kuma Yabawa suna da nasu labarin akan Oduduwa.A cewan Yarbawa wai saboda tsananin karfin ikonnsa da mulkinsa ne yasa ya yaki mutanen da ke kai wa Benin hare-hare hakan yasa mutanen Benin suka zabe shi matsayin sarki wato 'Ọba of Benin". Duk da haka duka yarukan biyu watao Yarbawa da mutanen Edo sun amince da cewa Oduduwa ya tura dansa Oranmiyan na Ife ya zama sarkin Benin kuma ya samar da daular Oba a birnin Benin.
Tsarin mulkin Benin ya fara ne a karni na 13 lokacin mulkin Oba Ewedo.
Zuwan Turawa da kwace garin
Turawan Portugal sun zuiyarci Birnin Benin a 1485. Tattalin arzikin Benin ya habaka a tsakanin karni na 6th da na 17th a dalilin kasuwanci a Kudancin Najeriya, da kuma kasuwanci da turawa musamman kasuwancin yaji da kasusuwan dabbobi. A farkon karni na 16, Sarkin garin ya tura wakili zuwa kasar Portugal, shi kuma sarkin Portugal ya turo malaman kiristoci zuwa Benin. Har izuwa karni na 19, wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin garin Benin na iya magana da harshen Portugal. Har wayau, akan iya samun kalmomin aro na yaren Portugal a harsunan yankin. Wani kaptin na Portugal yayi bayanin garin da; "Benin mai girma, inda sarakuna ke zaune, tafi girman Lisbon, duka tituna sun tafi santal kuma iya ganin idanu. Gidajensu na da girma, musamman gidan sarkin garin, wanda aka kawata ta matuka kuma tana da dauyi masu kyawu. Birnin tana da arziki da kuma ikon kere-kere. Ana mulkanta da adalci wanda a sanadiyyar hakan ba'a sata a garin ba kuma mutanen garin na zaune cikin aminci da kariya wanda ko kofofi babu a gidajen garin". Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da kisan kai da sata sukai tsanani a birnin Lisbon, Portugal.
A ranar 17 ga watan Febrerun 1897 ne birnin Benin ya fada hannun Turawan Ingila. A wani gangami da ake kira "Punitive Expedition", ayarin rundunar sojojin turawa masu yawan mutum 1,200 a karkashin jagorancin Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, bayan sun keta garin baki daya amma sojojin turawa biyu kadai aka kashe wanda Consul na wucin gadi General Philips ya jagoranta.Alan Boisragon, ya rubutu akan sadaukarwa da kisan gilla da akaiwa mutanen garin a 1898 (shekara daya bayan faruwar al'amarin). James D. Graham ya rubuta cewa, duk da cewa "sadaukarwa na daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin al'amarin al'umman Benin a farkon lokaci," shedu na zahiri sun bambamta matuka, wanda wasu sunyi bayanai akansu, wasu kuma basu ce komai ba.
Turawa sun kwashe gumakan da akai da tagulla, zane masu asali da makamantasu na tarihin garin, wanda a yanzu ake nuna su a wuraren tarihi dabn-daban na duniya.
Anyi gwanjon wasu daga cikin tagullolin don maimaye barnan da akai a lokutan baya. An tura sakonnin barar maido irin wadannan kaya na tarihi acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan kayan tarihi masu daraja sun hada da kokon fuskan Sarauniya Idia "Queen Idia mask" wanda akayi amfani dashi matsayin kokon rufe fuska a wajen taron Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1977, wanda akafi sani a yanzu da "Festac Mask".
Kame Birnin Benin ya zamo sharan fage ga ayyukan sojojin turai da kuma hade yankunan mulkin mallakan turawa na Afurka zuwa yankunan kulawa na turaw watau Niger Coast Protectorate, sai kuma Protectorate of Southern Nigeria sannan daga karshe yankin kulwa da gudanarwan turawa na Najeriya. Turawan sun bada umurnin mayar da sarautar Benin a 1914, amma duk da haka ainihin iko yana wajen turawan mulkin mallakan Najeriya.
Samun 'yancin Najeriya
Gabanin samun 'yanci Najeriya a 1960, Benin ta zamo cibiyar tsakiyar yammacin yankunan Najeriya wato Mid-Western Region bayan an raba yankin daga yankin yammacin kasar a June 1963. A lokacin da aka mayar da sunan yankin Jihar Bendel watau Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya a 1976, Benin ta cigaba da kasancewa babban birnin yankin sannan daga bisani ta kasance babban birnin Edo bayan rarraba jihar Bendel zuwa jihohin Delta da Edo.
Labarin Kasa
Yanayin climate na nufin yanayin sararin samaniya ta kasa dangane da wani wuri kayajajje, yanayi weather kuma na nufin canjin yanayi na yau da kullum, na dan kankanin lokaci a wannan kayajjajen wurin. Abubuwan da ake la'akari dasu wajen lissafa yanayin wuri sun hada da yanayin zafi/sanyi, abubuwan da ke zubowa daga gajimare (kamar ruwan sama, raba, kankara da sauransu) damshi da matsi, iska/guguwa, hasken rana da giza-gizai.
Benin tana da yanayi na "tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw)" kuma tana iyaka da yanayi na tropical monsoon climate (Am). Yanayin garin bai da dadi akwai zafi da kuma dumi kusan har karshen shekara musamman tsakanin watannin Juli da Satumba.
Ilimi
Benin gida ce ga manyan jami'oin Najeriya kamar Jami'ar Benin, wacce ke Ugbowo da Ekenwan, Jami'ar Ambrose Alli University wacce ke Ekpoma, da Kwalejin Ilimi na Ekiadolor, Jami'ar Igbinedion, Jami'ar Benson Idahosa da kuma Jami'ar Wellspring.
Akwai Makarantun sekandare da suka hada da; Edo College, Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Immaculate Conception College, Uselu secondary school, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School, University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College, Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City, Paragon Comprehensive College, da kuma Itohan Girls Grammar School. Wasu daga cikin makarantun Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology da kuma Training Center, kungiyoyin makarantun Okunbor (Okunbor Group of Schools).
Matsalolin Muhalli
Sauyin Yanayi
Birnin tana fuskantar sauyin yanayi musamman ta hanyar karuwar zafi, karancin damshi damshi da ruwan sama na tsakanin 1981 da kuma 2015.
Kula da ambaliya
Birnin Benin na fuskantar ambaliya akai-akai. Bincike iri-iri sun nuna bayanai akan haka tun akalla shekara ta 1993. Masana sunyi yunkurin kawo hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar ambaliya a yankin ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar; kula da tsarukan amfani da filaye da kuma gine-gine da ci-gaba, kirkiro shiye-shirye akan wayar wa mutane da hankali kan kula da muhalli da illolin rashin hakan da makamantansu.
Mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallinsu a dalilin ambaliya da akayi a watan June 2020. A lokacinda talakawa sukayi kukan cewa rashin samar da hanyoyin ruwa masu kyau da kuma kin cigaba da tsare-tsaren kawo karshen ambaliya suka jawo hakan.
Dumaman Birane
Birnin tana da zafin digiri .5 fiye da kauyukan garin, kuma zafin yafi karuwa acikin mako lokutan da ma'aikata suke gudanar da harkokinsu na ayyukan yau da kullum da samar da kazanta iri-iri.
Kula da Shara
Bincike da mujallar Nature tayi, ya nuna cewa birnin bata da isassun kayan kula da muhalli wanda gwamnatin Jihar Edo ta samar. Bayan bincike da aka gudanar ga mazauna birnin mutum 2720, ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa basu san aihin yadda kula da muhallansu ba. Bugu da kari, mutanen basu san yadda gurbacewa ke da alaka da sakin Greenhouse Gasses ba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa wasu da yawa basu san illolin rashin kula da muhalli akan lafiyarsu ba.
Al'adu
Wurare masu kayatarwa sun hada da gidan sarki, unguwar Igun Street (inda ake sarrafa karafuna da tagulla). Wasu wureren sun hada da ababen gargajiya da koramu da ke zagaye da gidaje, King's square (wanda akafi sani da Ring Road) da kuma kasuwannin gargajiya.
An san mutanen Benin da sarrafa tagulla da yi mata sifofi iri-iri na kwarewa. Benin birni ce ta tsaffin sarakunan duniya. Akwai bukukuwar gargajiya da dama da ake gudanarwa a Benin don murna da tunawa da wasu lokuta na tarihi a Birnin. Bikin Igue festival shi yafi fice inda sarki ke fitowa ayi murnan al'adun mutanensa sannan ya albarkaci mutanensa da kasarsa.
Bukukuwan Gargajiya
Benin tana da bukukuwa iri-iri dan murnan al'adun gargajiya kamar Igue Festival da ake gudanarwa duk shekara. Bikin na da muhimmanci sosai ga birnin musamman na tunawa da daular ta na zamunan da da kuma al'adunsu.
Banda wadancan bukuwar, Benin tana daukan nauyin bikin "Benin City Film Festival". Bikin na bada dama don bunkasa ayyukan da gidajen shirye-shirye na gida sukayi. Har wayau tana bunkasa shirye-shiryen Najeriya da kasashen wajen.
Ranakun Kasuwannin Benin
Mutanen Benin na da ranakun cin kasuwanni uku; Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, da kuma Eken.
Sufuri
Benin na da filayen jiragen sama guda uku da ke sufurin mutane zuwa yankuna daban daban wanda suka hada Arik Air, Air Peace da kuma Azman
Sanannun Mutane
Godwin Abbe, tsohon ministan tsaro na Najeriya.
Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, tsohon gwamnan tsohuwar jihar Bendel. shi ya samar da jami'ar Bendel kuma ya sanya mata sunan shi "Ambrose Alli University"
Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, dan siyasa
Anthony Anenih, chairman, the board of trustees (PDP) kuma tsohon ministan ayyuka na Najeriya
Suleiman Braimoh (born 1989), Nigerian-American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Archbishop John Edokpolo, Minister of Trade and Founder of Edokpolor Grammar School
Francis Edo-Osagie, dan kasuwa
Jacob U. Egharevba, Mai ilimin tarihin Bini kuma shugaban gargajiya
Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
Festus Ezeli, basketball player
Abel Guobadia, former Chairman of Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission
Benson Idahosa,wanda ya kirkiri cocin Church of God Mission International Incorporated da kuma Idahosa World Outreach (IWO)
Felix Idubor, mawaki
Felix Liberty, mawaki
Gabriel Igbinedion, dan kasuwa kuma Esama na Masarautar Benin
Divine Ikubor, Mawakin da akafi sanida Rema.
Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
Suleman Johnson, senior pastor and general overseer of Omega Fire Ministries International
Godwin Obaseki, the current governor of Edo State
Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
Sonny Okosun, mawaki
Suyi Davies Okungbowa, African fantasy and speculative fiction author
Osasere Orumwense, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Demi Isaac Oviawe, Ireland-based actress
Chris Oyakhilome, founder and president of Believers LoveWorld Incorporated, also known as Christ Embassy
Modupe Ozolua, cosmetic surgeon
Lilian Salami, Vice-Chancellor of university of Benin
Victor Uwaifo, musician
Hotuna
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya |
13442 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloma | Saloma | Biduanita Negara Puan Sri Datin Amar Dr. Salmah binti Isma'il ( Jawi : سلمه بن Janairu اسماعيل), KMN (22 Janairun shekarar 1935 - 25 Afrilu 1983), sananniyar sunanta Saloma, wata 'yar wasan Singafo -Malaysia ce, yar wasan fina-finai, mawakiya yar jagora wanda ta shahara sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1950.
Saloma Anfi saninta ne saboda iyawar sautin waƙoƙinta, wanda aka nuna a matsayin "lemak merdu", (cikakke, maras nauyi amma mai daɗin murya). An kuma sanya hannu tare da kuma rikodin waƙoƙin EMI kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ta saki yawancin EP kamar Dendang Saloma (1957), Bunga Negara (1963) da Aslirama (1972). Wasu daga cikin fitattun wakokinta duk tsawon rayuwarta sun hada da '' Selamat Pengantin Baru 'da' Bila Larut Malam '
Saloma kuma tana cikin yin hidimomi yayin da ta aiwatar da fina-finai da yawa kamar su Azimat (1958) da Kaki Kuda (1958). Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta wadanda za a iya tunawa a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance a cikin Seniman Bujang Lapok (1961) kamar Cik Salmah, Ragam P.Ramlee (1964) da Ahmad Albab (1968) a matsayin Mastura.
An baiwa Saloma lakabin Biduanita Pertama Negara ( Son farko na Sungbird na farko) a shekarar 1978 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar kade-kade a Malesiya da taken Puan Sri a 1990, a matsayin matar Tan Sri Datuk Amar Dr. P. Ramlee .
Iyali da farkon rayuwa
An haife Saloma a ranar 22 ga Janairun shekarar 1934 a Pasir Panjang, Singapore a matsayin Salmah binti Ismail ga Isma'il Osman da Umi Kalsom Mahbon. Tana da 'yan uwa bakwai kuma ita ce ta uku a cikin danginsu. Tana da wata 'yar uwa, Siti Mariam binti Ismail, wacce yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, ƙaramin mahaifiyarta, Aminah Ismail (sunan Mimi Loma) da Jasmaniah Ismail, wanda kuma mawaƙi ne.
Saloma ta zama mata ta uku na dan wasan fina-finai, darekta, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma mai gabatarwa Tan Sri Datuk Amar P. Ramlee bayan aurensu a shekarar 1961.
A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Saloma ta ji daɗin kiɗa. Kusan yawanci za ta faɗi tunaninta na zama mawaƙa tare da ƙanwarta, Mariani. Tun yana dan shekara biyar, Saloma tuni ya rera waka tare da makadarorin titi. Daga can, sha'awarta ta zama mawaƙa ta ƙara ƙaruwa.
Daga baya iyayen Saloma suka sake shi. Daga baya, Mariani da ita sun bi mahaifinsu zuwa Tanjung Karang, Selangor a Tanah Melayu (yanzu Malaysia). Dukansu biyun suna rayuwa tare da mahaifin su da matar mahaifiyarsu. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, sun kasance taimaka wa mahaifinsu a cikin filayen paddy. Rashin jure yanayin da aka sauya, dukkan su sun gudu zuwa Singapore ba tare da mahaifinsu ba. Bayan wannan, Saloma da 'yar uwarta Mariani sun zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu da kuma uwar kakansu, wani mutum mai suna Maman Yusoff. Mama Yusoff mawaƙi ce tare da wata karamar keroncong da ake kira The Singapore Boys da aka ƙulla da ita don yin wasa a wani kulob mai suna The New World Cabaret. Kamar yadda Saloma ta yi magana koyaushe game da kasancewa mawaƙa, ƙanin mahaifinta ya kawo ta zuwa cabaret wata rana kuma ta gabatar da ita ga masu sauraro. Daga nan sai aka neme ta da ta yi wakar " kwana bakwai kacal " ta Georgia Gibbs . Salon salonta da muryarta sun burge masu sauraron wurin. Ta ci gaba da wasu waƙoƙi daban-daban kuma wannan shine farkon aikinta na mawaƙa. Ta kasance 13 years old.
Aiki
Saloma muryar ta fara wasa a cikin rediyo na gida lokacin da babanta ya kawo ta domin ganin kade-kade da ake yi a gidan rediyon Malaya. Mawaki Rokiah Hanafi, wanda kuma aka sani da Rokiah Wandah, an shirya shi ya rera wakoki da dama tare da kungiyar mawaka, amma bai bayyana a wannan ranar ba. Mama Yusoff ta yanke shawarar lallashin Saloma don gwada rera wakokin da Rokiah ya kamata su rera. An kuma yi sa'a, abin da ta yi ya kasance nasara. Bayan haka, ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga ƙungiyar kade-kade ta ko'ina cikin Singapore don zama babban mawaƙa. Daya daga cikin wakokinta da ta rera a Radio Malaya ita ake kira "Sang Rang Bulan". An yi wakar ne a cikin fim din "Rachun Dunia" (Poison of this World) kuma wani mawaki na yankin mai suna Rubiah ya rubuta shi.
A cikin 1950, Saloma ya ƙaunaci gwarzon fim ɗin da ake kira 'Aloha' bayan ya kalli fim ɗin a karon farko. P. Ramlee ya buga wasan. A lokacin, Saloma yana ɗan shekara 15 ne da watanni 11. Loveaunar da ke gare shi ke ƙaruwa kowace rana kuma Saloma ta yi rantsuwa cewa za ta auri ɗan wasan a wata rana. A lokacin hana fim, P.Ramlee ya kasance yana yawo daga gidansa zuwa ɗakin studio. A tsakiyar hanyar, dole ne ya bi ta gidan Saloma a Dutsen Emily . Duk lokacin da ya ratsa gida, wani dan kasar China yana siyar da ciyayi zai ruga zuwa gidan Saloma don ya ba ta labarin kasancewar gwarzon da yake kauna. Saloma zai yi wa P. Ramlee dariya ta hanyar kiran "Banjo" (halin da ya taka a fim) sannan ya ɓoye lokacin da ya juya don ganin wanda ya kira shi.
A farkon shekarun 1950s, burin ta na zama mawaƙa bai tafi yadda ta ga dama ba. Madadin haka, ta fara ayyukanta a matsayin 'yar fim, wanda Nusantara Film ya bayar. Fim dinta na farko mai taken Pelangi (Rainbow), wanda ya sami kyakkyawan ra'ayoyi tsakanin masu sauraro. Bayan haka, ta sami wasu 'yan kyauta daga fim din Nusantara don yin fim a wasu fina-finai. A wannan lokacin, ta yi wasu fina-finai biyu, sunanta 'Perkahwinan Rahsia' (Sirrin Biki) da 'Norma'. A watan Janairun 1952, an ba ta ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin mawaƙa a cikin wani fim mai suna 'Chinta Murni' (Soyayyar Gaskiya) wanda Nusantara Film, wanda Aman Ramlie ya jagoranta ko kuma aka fi sani da AR Tompel. A lokacin, fim ne na huɗu.
A watan Afrilun 1952, 'yan watanni bayan sakin Chinta Murni, masu sha'awar fina-finai na Malaysia sun firgita da labarin da suka ba da sanarwar aurenta da Aman Ramlie. A waccan lokacin, Aman Ramlie sanannen darekta ce kuma mawaki kuma yayin da ta fara samun karbuwa a fim din 'Norma'. Auren nasu ya kai wata biyar kuma sun sake a watan Satumbar 1952 lokacin da Saloma take da juna biyu.
A cewar 'yar uwarta, Mariam, an dawo da ita gidansu a Dutsen Emily don ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu. Bayan fim ɗinta na ƙarshe tare da Kamfanin Nusantara Film Company, mai taken Sesal Tak Sudah (Lasting Regret), nan da nan Saloma ta ƙare kwangilar da ta yi da kamfanin. Dalilin da aka bayar shine saboda tana buƙatar hutu saboda ciki da kuma ƙin yin aiki da tsohon mijinta. A ƙarshen 1952 har zuwa 1953, Saloma ta ƙare aikinta na mai gabatarwa. A 1953, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya, Armali Bin Aman Ramlie.
Sake kunnowa: 1954-1960
Bayan dawowa daga tafiyarta zuwa Sarawak da Brunei a ranar 23 Yuli 1954, Kamfanin Pathe ya ba Saloma don yin rikodin muryarta. Syed Hamid ya sami goyan baya sosai, wanda aka fi sani da S.Hamid, wanda ya yi suna a lokacin. Sun san juna bayan sun yi fim a cikin Sesal Tak Sudah . Waƙar da ake wa lakabi da "Pandang Kasih" (Duba Kauna), wacce Rahmat Ali ta tsara da kuma kalaman Ismadi, salon rawa ne yayin da waƙar "Jika Tak Berjumpa" (Idan Ba Mu Haɗu) ta fito daga waƙoƙin larabci wanda a lokacin retoshi daga S.Hussein Bagushir da waƙoƙin Wan Chu. Dukkanin waƙoƙin suna tare da Orkes Al Aishu Wal Meleh, wanda S.Omar Bagushir ke jagoranta. Saloma ta farko solo da kuma wakarta na farko da akayi rikodi akan vinyl wanda Kamfanin Pathe (aka kirga PTH 143) shine "Pandang Kasih" yayin da wakar "Jika Tak Berjumpa" ita ce na farkonta tare da S.Hamid.
A shekarar 1955, Sloma Jalan Ampas ta gabatar da Saloma don yin rawar gani. Fim dinta na farko tare da Studio Jalan Ampas an yi mata taken EMat Isteri (Mata hudu). Wannan fim ɗin na ƙarshe da BS Rajhans ya jagoranta. Fim din kuma ya hadar da Daeng Haris, Normadiah, Latifah Omar da 'yar'uwar Salmah, Mariam (kamar Mariani). A wannan shekarar, Salomah ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da "Burong Punggok" (The Owl). A watan Fabrairu na 1956, an ba ta damar maye gurbin actress Siput Sarawak a cikin fim din Adekku (My Younger Sibling). Akwai jita-jita da ke cewa Siput Sarawak ta daina aiki bayan yawancin rikodin wuraren fim.
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a matsayinta na mawaƙa kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakunan 'yan uwan Shaw Brothers sun yanke shawarar ba ta ƙarin suna na kasuwanci. Ta samu sunan fim din nata ne sakamakon fim din 'Salome' wanda take yiwa fim din Rita Hayworth . A wannan shekarar, Saloma ya shiga cikin Panca Sitara, ƙungiyar P. Ramlee ke jagoranta.
Nasarar a duniya: 1961-191968
Saloma ta fara waka ne tun tana yar shekara bakwai kuma kwararriyar mawakiya ce a lokacin da take matashi. Waƙoƙin ta sun fi dacewa a cikin salon Ella Fitzgerald da Doris Day . Duk da yake ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo daga baya, ta ce koyaushe ta fi son waka da aiki. A matsayinta na mawaƙa, ta yi karin haske game da baiwarta tare da Orkes Fajar Murni, wacce Yusof Osman ke jagoranta, a farkon shekaran aikinta. Ta kuma kasance tare da wata kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, Panca Sitara, a cikin shekarun 1960s.
Wakoki
Albums
"EP" Albums na Saloma
Dendang Saloma (1957)
Dendang Saloma Album II (1957)
Dendang Saloma Album III (1959)
Bunga Negara (1963)
Saloma (Damak) (1964)
Lagu-2 Sukaramai Kasar Sin Di Nyanyikan Oleh Saloma (1964)
Saloma Dan Ahmad Daud (1964)
Sekalung Sakura Dari Saloma (1965)
Saloma (Pulau Menghijau) (1965)
Gadis Langkawi (1966)
Sudah Kawin Kah Belom / Kenangan Di Padang Kota (Saloma dan Ahmad Daud) (1966)
Guita Berbunyi / Bintang Hati (Daripada Filem "Do-Re-Mi") (1966)
Saloma (Menanti Kanda) (1967)
Saloma (Aku Dia dan Lagu) (1968)
Saloma (Entah Di Mana) (1969)
Saloma (Chinchin Ku Ini) (1970)
Saloma (Jangan Chemburu) (1971)
Saloma (Aslirama) (1972)
Fina-finai
Fim
Wasu fina-finai da ba za a manta ba da Saloma suka yi:
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa
Bayan mutuwar mijinta, P. Ramlee, a 1973, Saloma ta cika da tsananin bakin ciki da bacin rai wanda ya addabi lafiyar ta. Hakan ya sa ta kamu da cututtuka da yawa wanda hakan ya sa ta rame da rashin lafiya. An shigar da ita zuwa Asibitin Assunta, Petaling Jaya, Selangor kafin rasuwarta a ranar 25 Afrilu 1983 tana da shekaru 48 sakamakon lalacewar hanta da ke da nasaba da cutuka . An binne ta a makabartar Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur tsakanin kabarin tsohon mijinta Aman Ramlie da mijinta P. Ramlee. .
Legacy
A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Malaysia ta bata kyauta a Kecapi Awards a matsayin Biduanita Negara (National Songbird). Har wa yau, mawaƙiya marigayiya, Sharifah Aini, ita kaɗai ce kaɗai mawaƙa wacce ta sami wannan lambar girmamawa.
Saloma Bistro da Gidan Abinci a Jalan Ampang, an buɗe Kuala Lumpur a 2003 kuma an ba shi suna bayan Saloma saboda girmamawa ga gudummawar da take bayarwa ga masana'antar nishaɗi ta Malaysia. Bugu da ƙari, Saloma Link, mai ƙafa a ƙafa kusa da kabarinta, an kuma sanya mata suna. Yayin bikinta, Saloma kuma ana kiranta da 'Marilyn Monroe na Asiya', saboda iyawar ta na jawo hankalin maza kamar na Hollywood Marilyn Monroe . A cikin 2014, wani fim na kasha na biyu mai taken Saloma Sashe na 1: Mencuri Guruh da Saloma Kashi na 2: Pandang Kaseh ya yi da Nabila Huda wanda ya taka rawar Saloma. Fim ɗin ya kasance akan Astro Farko na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Daga baya, an watsa fim din a Astro Mustika HD, Astro Citra da sauran tashoshin da suka shafi fim din a Gidan Talabijin na Astro.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Saloma sings Pesta Muda Mudi, from Nasib Do Re Mi
Saloma sings Di Mana Kan Ku Cari Ganti (1981)
Saloma Bistro & gidan cin abinci gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Bayanin Saloma, sinemamalaysia.com.my (Bahasa Malaysia)
Mutuwan 1983 |
30125 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20gayayyaki%20domin%20muhalli | Cin gayayyaki domin muhalli | Cin ganyayyaki domin muhalli shi ne aikin cin ganyayyaki lokacin da sha'awar ƙirƙirar abinci mai ɗorewa wanda ke guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli na samar da nama . Dabbobi gaba ɗaya an ƙiyasta su ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na hayaƙin da ake fitarwa a duniya. Sakamakon haka, an ba da shawarar rage yawan amfani da nama, a tsakanin sauran, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin rahotonsu na musamman na shekarata 2019 kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya na shekarata 2017.
Ban da sauyin yanayi, damuwar muhalli game da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi na iya danganta da asarar rabe-raben halittu, gurbatar yanayi, sare itatuwa, rashin dorewa da amfani da ruwa da ƙasa.
Tasirin muhalli na samfuran dabbobi
Kashi hudu cikin biyar na hayakin noma yana fitowa ne daga bangaren kiwo.
A cewar rahoton shekarar 2006 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) rahoton Dabbobin Dogon Inuwa, noma na dabba yana ba da gudummawar "madaidaicin ma'auni" ga dumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen iska, lalata ƙasa, amfani da makamashi, sare gandun daji, da raguwar rayayyun halittu . Rahoton na FAO ya yi kiyasin cewa sashen kiwon dabbobi (ciki har da kiwon kaji) (wanda ke ba da daftarin ikon dabbobi, fata, ulu, madara, kwai, taki, magunguna, da sauransu, baya ga nama) ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na hayakin GHG a duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin 100. -shekara CO <sub id="mwSw">2</sub> daidai. Wannan ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwa, ciki har da samar da abinci, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa, da dai sauransu, kuma sun yi amfani da GWP ( yuwuwar dumamar yanayi ) na 23 don methane da 296 don nitrous oxide, don canza fitar da waɗannan abubuwa. iskar gas zuwa shekaru 100 CO 2 daidai. Rahoton na FAO ya kammala da cewa "bangaren kiwo ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe biyu ko uku da suka fi bayar da gudunmawa ga matsalolin muhalli mafi tsanani, a kowane ma'auni daga gida zuwa duniya". Rahoton ya nuna cewa gudunmawar da dabbobi ke bayarwa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya fi na bangaren sufurin duniya; An soki wannan ƙaddamarwa a cikishekarata n 2010 ta Frank Mitloehner na Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya lura cewa marubutan ba su yi irin wannan binciken na rayuwa ba don sufuri, yana haifar da gudunmawar dangi na noma na dabba.
Wani bincike da Cibiyar Worldwatch ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayar da hujjar cewa rahoton na FAO ya yi watsi da tasirin methane, amfani da kasa da numfashi, inda ya sanya dabbobi zuwa kashi 51% na jimillar hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya.
A cewar wata takarda ta shekarar 2002:Tsarin aikin noma na masana'antu yana cinye mai, ruwa, da ƙasa a cikin ƙimar da ba za ta dore ba. Yana ba da gudummawa ga nau'o'i masu yawa na lalata muhalli, ciki har da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, raguwar ƙasa, rage bambance-bambancen halittu, da kashe kifi. Noman nama yana ba da gudummawar da bai dace ba ga waɗannan matsalolin, a wani ɓangare saboda ciyar da hatsi ga dabbobi don samar da nama - maimakon ciyar da shi kai tsaye ga ɗan adam - yana haifar da asarar makamashi mai yawa, yana sa aikin noman dabbobi ya fi ƙarfin albarkatun fiye da sauran nau'ikan samar da abinci. . . . Wani aiki na sirri wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai zurfi akan waɗannan batutuwa shine rage cin nama . Don samar da fam 1 na naman sa abinci yana buƙatar kusan galan a ƙalla 2,400 na ruwa da fam 7 na hatsi (42). Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na cinye kilo 97 na naman sa (da kuma fam 273 na nama a duk shekara) a kowace shekara, ko da rage girman nama a cikin irin wannan al'ada zai rage nauyi a kan albarkatunmu. Tasirin muhalli na samar da dabbobi ya bambanta da hanyar samarwa, kodayake "tasirin [gaba ɗaya] na samfuran dabbobi mafi ƙanƙanta ya wuce na kayan maye".
Matsakaicin fitar da iskar gas a kowane abinci
Methane
Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da aka buga a cikin mujallar Carbon Balance and Management ya gano hayakin methane na noma na dabbobi a duniya ya kai kashi 11% sama da kiyasin da aka yi a baya, bisa bayanai daga Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Sauyin Yanayi .
Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari
A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2022 daga Kariyar Dabbobi ta Duniya da Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu kusan fam miliyan 235 na magungunan kashe qwari ana amfani da su a kowace shekara don ciyar da dabbobi a cikin Amurka kaɗai, wanda ke barazana ga dubban nau'ikan ciyayi da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata masu amfani da su su rage cin kayayyakin da suke amfani da su na dabbobi, su kuma canza zuwa tsarin abinci mai gina jiki domin dakile ci gaban noman masana'antu da kare nau'in namun daji da ke cikin hadari.
Amfanin ƙasa
Wani takarda na shekarar 2003 da aka buga a cikin <i id="mwfw">Jarida na Amurka na Clinical Nutrition</i>, bayan da aka ƙididdige tasirin makamashi, ƙasa, da amfani da ruwa, ya kammala cewa abincin da ake amfani da nama yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma ba su da dorewa fiye da abincin cin ganyayyaki na lacto-ovo . "Ruwan da ake buƙata don cin nama ya ninka sau biyu don cin ganyayyaki na lita 2,000 a rana".
A cewar masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Cornell : "Dogara mai nauyi akan makamashin burbushin halittu yana nuna cewa tsarin abinci na Amurka, ko nama ne ko tushen shuka, ba ya dorewa". Koyaya, sun kuma rubuta: “Tsarin abinci na tushen nama yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari, ƙasa, da albarkatun ruwa fiye da abincin lactoovogetarian. A cikin wannan ƙayyadadden ma'anar, abincin lactoovogetarian ya fi ɗorewa fiye da matsakaicin abincin naman Amurka." Daya daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya na Cornell "ya kwatanta noman dabbobin da ake ciyar da hatsi a matsayin hanya mai tsada kuma mara dorewa don samar da furotin na dabba", amma Kuma "bambance-bambancen samar da nama daga kiwo da kiwo, ya kira kiwo da kiwo a matsayin mafi ma'ana ta amfani da fili." .
Yin amfani da filaye mai yawa don noman nama da kiwo maimakon tsire-tsire da hatsi don abincin ɗan adam, a cewar masanin zamantakewa David Nibert, "babban sanadin rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da yunwa a duniya."
Lalacewar ƙasa
Wani tasirin noma kuma shi ne kan gurɓacewar ƙasa. Shanu sun kasance sanannen sanadin zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar tattake ƙasa da kiwo . Yawancin amfanin gonakin duniya ana amfani da su wajen ciyar da dabbobi. Tare da kusan kashi 30 na ƙasar duniya da aka keɓe don kiwon dabbobi, ana buƙatar babban raguwa don ci gaba da haɓakar yawan jama'a. Kuma Ana sa ran neman nama zai ninka nan da shekarar 2050; a kasar Sin, alal misali, inda abinci na kayan lambu ya kasance da al'ada, buƙatar nama zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, ko da yake ci gaban buƙatar zai ragu. Yayin da kasashe ke tasowa, samun kudin shiga na karuwa, kuma cin kayayyakin dabbobi yana da alaƙa da wadata. Wannan buƙatu mai girma ba ta dawwama.
Ƙarfin ƙasa don sha ruwa ta hanyar kutsawa yana da mahimmanci don rage zubar da ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa. Kuma Masu bincike a Iowa sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ciyawar kiwo na shekara-shekara da dabbobi ke kiwo ta iya shan ruwa fiye da irin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona guda biyu na shekara: masara da waken soya.
Asarar rayayyun halittu
Rahoton kimantawa na duniya na shekara ta 2019 IBES akan Ayyukan Halittar Halittu da Muhalli ya gano cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hasarar rayayyun halittu shine amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam, wanda ke hana sauran nau'ikan filayen da ake buƙata don rayuwa, tare da masana'antar nama suna taka rawa sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Ana amfani da kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar da ba ta da ƙanƙara don kiwon shanu. Sauran nazarin sun kuma yi gargadin cewa cin nama na kara bazuwar jama'a a duniya. Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya danganta kashi 60% na asarar rayayyun halittu ga ƙasar da ake buƙata don kiwon dubun dubatar dabbobin noma.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayun shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa, yayin da namun daji ke raguwa tun farkon wayewar dan Adam, inda dabbobi masu shayarwa ke raguwa da kashi 83 cikin 100, yawan dabbobin da mutane ke kiwon su don ci sun karu. Dabbobi sune kashi 60% na halittu masu shayarwa a duniya, sannan mutane (36%) sai namomin daji (4%). Dangane da tsuntsaye kuwa, kashi 70 cikin 100 na gida ne, kamar kaji, yayin da kashi 30 ne kawai na daji.
Ruwa
Samar da dabba yana da babban tasiri akan gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani. A cewar Gidauniyar Ilimin Ruwa, tana daukar lita 2,464 na ruwa don samar da fam guda na naman sa a California, yayin da ake daukar galan na ruwa 25 kawai don samar da fam guda na alkama. Kiwon dabbobi masu yawa yana haifar da taki da fitsari mai yawa, wanda zai iya gurɓata albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar canza pH na ruwa, yana gurɓata iska, da fitar da iskar gas mai yawa wanda ke shafar dumamar yanayi kai tsaye. Yayin da ake kiwon yawancin dabbobi a cikin ƙananan wurare don rage farashi, wannan yana ƙara matsalar yawan sharar gida. Dabbobi a Amurka suna samar da fam tiriliyan 2.7 na taki a kowace shekara,Kuma duk wanda ya ninka fiye da abin da al'ummar Amurka ke samarwa har sau goma. Akwai batutuwan da suka shafi yadda ake zubar da sharar dabbobi, yayin da wasu ake amfani da su a matsayin taki yayin da wasu manoma ke yin takin ruwa da ke ajiye miliyoyin galan na sharar dabbobi wanda ke da matukar hadari da kuma illa ga muhalli.
Dangantaka da wasu gardama
Ko da yake motsa jiki akai-akai kan zoba, masu cin ganyayyaki na muhalli da masu cin ganyayyaki za a iya bambanta su da waɗanda suka fi dacewa da damuwa game da jindadin dabbobi (nau'in cin ganyayyaki iri ɗaya), lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke guje wa nama don ceton kuɗi ko don larura ( cin abinci na tattalin arziki ). Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cin ganyayyaki zai inganta samar da abinci a duniya, ko kuma magance yunwa .
Lafiya
Wani bincike a kan Canjin yanayi ya kammala "idan ... matsakaicin abinci tsakanin manya na Burtaniya ya bi shawarwarin WHO, za a rage fitar da hayakin GHG da kashi 17%. Ana iya samun ƙarin raguwar hayaƙin GHG na kusan kashi 40% ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na gaskiya ga abubuwan abinci don su ƙunshi ƴan samfuran dabbobi da kayan abinci da aka sarrafa da ƙarin 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da hatsi." Wani bincike a cikin The Lancet ya kiyasta cewa "raguwar kashi 30 cikin 100 na noman dabbobi" nan da shekara 2030 da ake bukata don saduwa da kwamitin kula da harkokin noma na Burtaniya zai haifar da raguwar kusan kashi 15% na cututtukan zuciya na ischemic .
Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 da aka buga a PNAS ya tabbatar da cewa manoma a Amurka za su iya ciyar da mutane fiye da ninki biyu fiye da yadda suke yi a halin yanzu idan suka yi watsi da kiwon dabbobin noma don amfanin ɗan adam, maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan shuka tsire-tsire.
Ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, rahoton CAST ya ƙiyasta matsakaicin kilo 2.6 na abincin hatsi a kowace fam na naman naman sa da ake samarwa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙididdigewa shine 0.3 fam kowace fam. (Ana ganin wasu alkaluman da ba su da kamanceceniya a wasu lokuta; Rahoton CAST ya tattauna hanyoyin gama gari na kurakurai da kuma sabani a tsakanin irin wadannan alkaluma. A cikin shekarata 2007, cin naman sa kowane mutum US shine fam 62.2 a kowace shekara, kuma Amurka kowane nama (jajayen nama da kifi da kaji) yawan amfani da shi ya kai fam 200.7 (tushen nauyi mara ƙashi).
Taimako
Zamantakewar duniya da zamani ya haifar da al'adun mabukaci na Yamma suna yaduwa zuwa ƙasashe kamar China da Indiya, gami da abinci mai yawan nama waɗanda ke maye gurbin abincin gargajiya na tushen tsire-tsire . Kusan 166 zuwa fiye da biliyan 200 na filaye da dabbobin ruwa ne al'ummar duniya sama da biliyan 7 ke cinyewa a duk shekara, Duk wanda masanin falsafa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi Steven Best ya ce "ba shi da tabbas". Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 da aka buga a Kimiyya ya bayyana cewa, cin naman nama zai karu da kusan kashi 76 cikin 100 nan da shekara ta 2050 sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar wadata, wanda hakan zai kara fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma kara rage yawan halittu .
Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 a cikin yanayi ya gano cewa raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin cin nama yana da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi, musamman yayin da yawan jama'a ya haura zuwa biliyan 10 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2019 a cikin The Lancet, ana buƙatar rage cin naman duniya da kashi 50 cikin ɗari don magance sauyin yanayi.
A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2017, 15,364 masana kimiyya na duniya sun sanya hannu kan Gargaɗi ga Bil'adama suna kira, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da rage yawan cin naman kowane mutum.
Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta kasa da kasa na kwamitin kula da albarkatun mai dorewa ya bayyana cewa:Ana sa ran tasirin aikin gona zai karu sosai saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi. Ba kamar burbushin mai ba, yana da wahala a nemi mafita: dole ne mutane su ci abinci. Matsakaicin raguwar tasirin zai yiwu ne kawai tare da gagarumin canjin abinci na duniya, nesa da samfuran dabbobi. Rahoton kimantawa na duniya da aka ambata a baya kan bambancin halittu da ayyukan muhalli ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa za a buƙaci rage yawan cin nama don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu.
Dangane da rahoton Yuli na shekarar 2019 na Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, yawan al'ummar duniya zai karu zuwa kusan biliyan 10 a tsakiyar karni, tare da bukatar naman nama ya karu da kashi 88%. Rahoton ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da Turawa za su bukaci rage cin naman sa da kashi 40% da 22% bi da bi domin ciyar da mutane da yawa a lokaci guda kuma don gujewa bala'in muhalli.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarata 2019, gargadi kan "gaggawa yanayi" daga masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 daga kasashe sama da 100 sun ce "cin abinci galibi na tushen shuka tare da rage yawan amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi a duniya, musamman ma naman dabbobi, na iya inganta lafiyar dan Adam da rage GHG sosai. fitar da hayaki (ciki har da methane a cikin "Mataki na Gudun Gudawa")." Gargadin ya kuma ce hakan zai 'yantar da filayen noma don noman shukar da mutane ke bukata maimakon abincin dabbobi, kuma tare da sakin wasu filayen kiwo don tallafawa hanyoyin magance yanayi.
Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Michigan da Tulane suka gudanar, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta ba da izini, ya tabbatar da cewa idan Amurka ta rage yawan naman da take ci da rabi, zai iya haifar da raguwar hayakin GHG mai alaƙa da abinci da kashi 35%, raguwar tan biliyan 1.6.
Suka
Bill Mollison ya yi gardama a cikin Course ɗinsa na Ƙira cewa cin ganyayyaki yana ƙara ƙarar ƙasa. To Domin cire tsiron daga gona yana kawar da duk wani sinadari da yake samu a cikin kasa, yayin da cire dabba ya bar gonar. A ƙasar noma ta Amurka, ƙarancin zaizayar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da filin kiwo da ake amfani da shi don kiwo fiye da ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noman amfanin gona. Har ila yau Robert Hart ya haɓaka aikin lambun daji, wanda tun daga lokacin an karɓi shi azaman nau'in ƙirar permaculture gama gari, azaman tsarin samar da abinci mai ɗorewa.
A cewar wani binciken da aka buga a PNAS, hayakin GHG na Amurka zai ragu da kashi 2.6% (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma) idan an cire dabbobi gaba daya daga noma da abinci na Amurka. Zato na wannan binciken duk da haka an yi suka sosai. A cikin wasiƙar da ta biyo baya marubutan sun mayar da martani ga sukar da kuma kare aikinsu.
Hakanan ana ba da shawarar mafi daidaiton abinci ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa a matsayin madadin da ba shi da lahani ga muhalli ba tare da barin nama gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan yana nuna haɗin kai tsakanin ma'auni na abincin jagorar abinci na dala da dorewar muhalli sosai.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Bayanin bayani
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Eco-Cin: Cin abinci kamar Duniya yana da mahimmanci (yana yi! ) Cikakken tushe tare da nau'o'i da hanyoyin haɗi da yawa.
Cin Nama da Dumamar Duniya jerin labaran da ke yin alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nama da sauyin yanayi
Kalkuletattarar sawun muhalli Fage biyu abubuwan abinci ne.
Dokta Ruth Fairchild na rahoton UWIC game da cin ganyayyaki da CO 2 -wai
The Vegetarian Society UK - bayanai portal
DuniyaAjiye
Vegan Society - Muhalli
Tashi na eco-veganism . Labaran NBC . Yuli 4, 2019.
Masu fafutuka na yanayi waɗanda ke watsi da cin nama ba daidai ba ne . Sabuwar Jamhuriyya, Agusta 31, 2020
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19642 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar%20Ansari | Mukhtar Ansari | Mukhtar Ansarian haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da uku 1963) Miladiyya.(A.c)dan damfara ne da ya juye da siyasa daga Uttar Pradesh.An zabe shi a matsayin dan Majalisar Dokoki daga mazabar Mau har sau biyar tare da tikitin Jam’iyyar Bahujan Samaj.
Rayuwar farko
Mukhtar Ansari jika ne ga Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, shugaban ƙasar Indiya na farko.
A farkon shekara ta 1970s, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da ayyukan ci gaba da yawa a yankin Poorvanchal da ke baya. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke gasa da juna don karɓar kwangilar waɗannan ayyukan. Mukhtar Ansari asalinsa dan kungiyar Makhanu Singh ne. A cikin shekarun 1980, wannan gungun sun yi arangama da wani gungun da Sahib Singh ke jagoranta, kan wani fili a Saidpur, wanda kuma ya haifar da jerin tashin hankali. Brijesh Singh, memba na ƙungiyar Sahib Singh, daga baya ya kafa ƙungiyarsa kuma ya karɓi mafia na aikin Ghazipur a cikin shekara ta 1990s. Ansari ta ƙungiya gasa da shi ga iko da ₹ 100 crore kwangila kasuwanci, wanda spanned bangarori kamar ci karafa, Railway yi, ya da dashi, jama'a aiki, da kuma sayar da giya kasuwanci. Har ila yau, ƙungiyoyin sun kasance cikin gudanar da kariya (" goonda tax") da raket ɗin ɓarna, ban da sauran ayyukan laifi irin su sace mutane.
Farkon aikin siyasa
Zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, Mukhtar Ansari ya shahara sosai da ayyukan ta'addanci, musamman a gundumomin Mau, Ghazipur, Varanasi da Jaunpur. Ya shiga siyasa a kusan 1995 ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai a jami'ar Banaras Hindu University, ya zama MLA a 1996, kuma ya fara ƙalubalantar mamayar Brijesh Singh. Su biyun sun zama manyan abokan hamayyar ƙungiya a cikin yankin Poorvanchal. A cikin 2002, Singh ya yi wa ayarin motocin Ansari kwanton ɓauna. Uku daga cikin mutanen Ansari aka kashe a sakamakon harbe-harben. Brijesh Singh ya ji mummunan rauni kuma ana zaton ya mutu. Ansari ya zama shugabar ƙungiya ta baƙinciki a Poorvanchal. Koyaya, daga baya an gano Brijesh Singh yana raye, kuma rikicin ya sake komawa. Don magance tasirin siyasa na Ansari, Singh ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban BJP Krishnanand Rai . Rai ya doke dan uwan Mukhtar Ansari da kuma MLA Afzal Ansari sau biyar daga Mohammadabad a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh na 2002. Daga baya Mukhtar Ansari ya yi ikirarin cewa Rai yayi amfani da ofishinsa na siyasa don bayar da duk kwangilolin ga ƙungiyar Brijesh singh, kuma su biyun sun shirya kawar da shi.
Ansari yayi amfani da bankin musulmi don tabbatar da nasarar shi yayin zaɓen a yanƙin Ghazipur - Mau . Abokan adawar kokarin ƙarfafa da Hindu kuri'u, wanda aka raba a kan caste Lines. Cakuda laifuka, siyasa, da addini sun haifar da wasu rikice-rikicen kabilanci a yankin. Bayan irin wannan rikici, an kama Mukhtar Ansari kan laifin tunzura mutane zuwa tashin hankali.
Yayin da Ansari yake gidan yari, an harbe Krishnanand Rai a bainar jama'a tare da mataimakansa shida. Maharan sun harba sama da harsasai 400 daga bindigogin AK-47 guda shida; An gano harsasai 67 daga gawarwakin bakwai tare da taimakon Ramashrey Giri. Shashikant Rai, mashahuri a cikin shari'ar, an same shi mutu a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin shekara ta 2006. Ya gano Ansari da Bajrangi masu harbi Angad Rai da Gora Rai a matsayin 'yan bindiga biyu da suka kai wa ayarin Rai hari. 'Yan sanda sun yi watsi da mutuwarsa a matsayin kashe kansa. Kishiyar Ansari Brijesh Singh ta tsere daga yankin Ghazipur-Mau bayan kisan Rai. Daga baya an kama shi a cikin 2008, a Orissa, sannan daga baya ya shiga siyasa a matsayin memba na Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party .
A cikin shekara ta 2008, an yi wa Ansari rajista saboda ba da umarnin a kai hari kan Dharmendra Singh, mai ba da shaida a shari’ar kisan kai. Koyaya, daga baya, wanda aka azabtar ya gabatar da takardar rantsuwa yana neman a dakatar da shari'ar akan Ansari. A ranar 27 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2017, an wanke Ansari daga kisan kai.
A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Ansari da matarsa sun kamu da ciwon zuciya yayin da suke kurkuku.
Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj
Mukhtar Ansari tare da dan uwansa Afzal sun shiga jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) a 2007. Theungiyar ta ba su izinin shiga, bayan da suka yi ikirarin cewa an ƙirƙira su da ƙarya a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka don yaƙi da "tsarin mulkin ƙasa", kuma ta yi alƙawarin kauracewa shiga kowane irin laifi. Shugaban BSP ɗin Mayawati ya bayyana Mukhtar Ansari a matsayin Robin Hood kuma ya kira shi "malakin talakawa". Ansari ya yi yaƙi da zaɓen Lok Sabha na 2009 daga Varanasi akan tikitin BSP, yayin da yake har yanzu yana gidan yari. Ya sha kaye a hannun Murli Manohar Joshi na BJP da tazarar kuri’u 17,211; ya sami kashi 27.94% na ƙuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da Joshi mai kashi 30.52%.
An gurfanar da Mukhtar Ansari da wasu mutane biyu a gaban ƙuliya bisa kisan Kapil Dev Singh a watan Afrilun 2009. ‘Yan sanda sun kuma gano cewa ya ba da umarnin kisan wani dan kwangila Ajay Prakash Singh a watan Agustan 2009. A cikin 2010, Ansari aka yi masa rajista don kisan Ram Singh Maurya. Maurya ta kasance shaida a kisan Mannat Singh, wani dan kwangila na cikin gida da ake zargin ƙungiyar Ansari ta kashe a shekarar 2009.
BSP sun kori 'yan uwan biyu a cikin 2010 bayan jam'iyyar ta fahimci cewa har yanzu suna cikin aikata laifuka. Wani samame da aka kai a gidan yarin Ghazipur, inda ya sauka, ya nuna cewa Mukhtar yana rayuwa cikin jin daɗi: an gano abubuwa kamar na'urar sanyaya iska da kayan girki daga ɗakin da yake ciki. An canza shi zuwa kurkukun Mathura jim kaɗan bayan harin.
Quami Ekta Dal
Bayan an kore su daga BSP kuma wasu jam'iyyun siyasa suka ki su, 'yan uwan Ansari ukun (Mukhtar, Afzal, da Sibkatillah ) suka kafa ƙungiyar siyasarsu mai suna Quami Ekta Dal (QED), a cikin 2010. Tun da farko, Mukhtar ya ƙaddamar da wata kaya mai suna Hindu Muslim Ekta Party, wacce aka haɗata da QED. A cikin 2012, an zarge shi a ƙarƙashin Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act don kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar aikata laifuka.
A watan Maris na 2014, Ansari ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a zaben Lok Sabha na shekarar 2014 da Narendra Modi daga Varanasi kuma ya sha kaye a can da babban banbanci, ban da yin takara daga Ghosi . Koyaya, a watan Afrilu, ya janye takararsa yana mai cewa yana son hana raba "kuri'un mutane".
Koma cikin BSP
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2017, Ansari ya sake komawa cikin Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), kafin zaben majalisar dokokin Uttar Pradesh na shekarar 2017. Akwai jita-jita game da 'yan uwan Ansari da suka shiga jam'iyyar Samajwadi' yan watannin da suka gabata. Shugaban BSP, Mayawati ya kare shigarsa jam’iyyar, inda ya bayyana cewa ba a tabbatar da tuhumar da ake yi wa Ansari ba, kuma jam’iyyar ta ba mutane dama su gyara kansu.
A karshe,Ansari ya haɗu da Quami Ekta Dal tare da BSP a cikin 2017, kuma ya ci zaɓen jihar a matsayin ɗan takarar BSP daga kujerar majalisar Mau. Ya kayar da abokin karawarsa Mahendra Rajbhar na Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party (abokin kawancen BJP) da kuri’u 6464.
Ayyukan zaɓe
Manazarta
Mutanen Indiya
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57555 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20Grand%20Cherokee | Jeep Grand Cherokee | Jeep Grand Cherokee kewayon matsakaicin girman SUVs ne wanda kamfanin kera na Amurka Jeep ya kera. A gabatarwar sa, yayin da yawancin SUVs har yanzu ana kera su tare da ginin-kan-frame, Grand Cherokee ya yi amfani da chassis na unibody tun daga farko.
Ci gaba
Asalin Grand Cherokee ya koma 1983 lokacin da Kamfanin Motoci na Amurka (AMC) ke zayyana magajin ga karamar Jeep Cherokee (XJ) . Masu zane-zane uku na waje (ba AMC ba) - Larry Shinoda, Alain Clenet, da Giorgetto Giugiaro - kuma suna ƙarƙashin kwangila tare da AMC don ƙirƙirar da gina samfurin yumbu na maye gurbin Cherokee XJ, wanda aka sani da aikin "XJC". Koyaya, ƙirar asali don maye gurbin Cherokee yana da kyau ta hanyar masu zanen gida na AMC da motar motar Jeep Concept 1 ta 1989 ta annabta ƙirar asali.
Kamar yadda AMC ya fara haɓaka Jeep na gaba a cikin 1985, gudanarwa ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kasuwanci wanda yanzu aka sani da sarrafa rayuwar samfuran (PLM). A cewar François Castaing, Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Injiniya da Ci Gaban Samfura, mafi ƙanƙanta mai kera motoci na Amurka yana neman hanyar da za ta hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan haɓaka samfuran don yin fafatawa da manyan masu fafatawa. An taimaka ci gaban XJC ta tsarin software mai taimakon kwamfuta (CAD) yana sa injiniyoyi su kasance masu amfani. A halin yanzu, sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa sun ba da damar magance rikice-rikice masu yuwuwa cikin sauri, don haka rage sauye-sauyen injiniyoyi masu tsada, saboda duk zane-zane da takardu suna cikin babban bayanan bayanai. Tsarin ya yi tasiri sosai wanda bayan da Chrysler ya sayi AMC a 1987, ya fadada tsarin a cikin kasuwancinsa, ta haka ya haɗa duk wanda ke da hannu wajen ƙira da gina kayayyaki.
Don haka Grand Cherokee ya zama samfurin Jeep na farko mai lamba Chrysler. Ayyukan ci gaba don sabon samfurin Jeep ya ci gaba kuma ma'aikatan Chrysler (bayan sayen 1987 na AMC) sun yi marmarin ranar saki na 1980; duk da haka, Shugaba Lee Iacocca yana matsawa don sake fasalin ƙananan motocin Chrysler, don haka jinkirta sakin Grand Cherokee har zuwa ƙarshen 1992 a matsayin mai fafatawa a Explorer . Ba kamar Explorer ba, Grand Cherokee ya yi amfani da ginin monocoque (unibody), yayin da Explorer ta samo asali ne daga ɗaukar Ranger tare da keɓantaccen tsarin-kan-firam . An ƙirƙira sigar mai alamar Dodge a matsayin taka tsantsan idan dillalan Jeep ke kokawa don ɗaukar rukunin Grand Cherokee da yawa.
Grand Cherokee ya yi muhawara cikin babban salo a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka na 1992 a Detroit, Michigan . Motar da aka tuka ita ce Poppy Red Clear Coat 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo tare da rigar quartz ciki da kujerun guga na baya. Sa'an nan kuma shugaban Chrysler Robert Lutz ya kori magajin garin Detroit, Coleman Young, daga Gidan Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewa na Jefferson a Arewacin Jefferson Avenue ta hanyar 'yan sanda zuwa Cobo Hall, sama da matakan Cobo Hall kuma ta hanyar gilashin gilashi don nuna sabon motar. An fara sayar da shekarar ƙirar 1993 Grand Cherokee a cikin Afrilu 1992.
An fara samar da Grand Cherokee jim kadan bayan haka a cikin majalissar Jefferson North da aka gina a Detroit, Michigan. An kera Grand Cherokee na Turai a Ostiriya ta Magna Steyr . Grand Cherokee "ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen farfado da arzikin Chrysler ta hanyar motsa shi zuwa kasuwa mai tasowa don manyan motoci masu amfani da wasanni."
Bayan gabatar da ita, ita ce farkon kera mota mai cikakken ƙarfi a cikin Amurka ta amfani da HFC-134a refrigerant a madadin HCFC-12 don tsarin HVAC.
ƙarni na farko (ZJ; 1993)
An ƙaddamar da ainihin Grand Cherokee a cikin 1992 a matsayin abin hawa na shekara ta 1993 a cikin ɓangaren SUV na alatu. Samfurin "ZJ", wanda aka kera daga 1992 har zuwa 1998, asali sun zo ne cikin matakan datsa guda uku: tushe (wanda kuma aka sani da SE), Laredo, da Limited, an ƙara abubuwan da suka biyo baya, gami da Orvis (MY 95-98) da TSI (MY97-). 98). Samfurin tushe ya haɗa da fasalulluka kamar cikakken kayan aiki, kayan ciki, da daidaitaccen watsa mai saurin sauri biyar, yayin samun sunan moniker "SE" don shekarar ƙirar 1994. Gilashin wutar lantarki da makullai ba daidaitattun kayan aiki bane akan datsa tushe. Bambancin alamar farashi mafi ƙanƙanta ya haifar da ƙarancin buƙatun mabukaci, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙirar ƙananan layi ta ƙarshe ta ƙare. Ƙarin daidaitattun fasalulluka sun haɗa da jakar iska ta gefen direba da tsarin hana kulle ƙafafu (ABS). Laredo shine ƙirar tsakiyar sikelin tare da daidaitattun fasalulluka waɗanda suka haɗa da tagogin wuta, makullin ƙofa na wuta, sarrafa jirgin ruwa, da tuƙi mai nannade fata. Siffofin waje sun haɗa da farantin filastik matsakaici- launin toka a kan ƙananan jiki da ƙafafun gami mai magana guda biyar. Limited shine ƙirar ƙira mai ƙima, mai nuna ƙananan launi na jikin jiki, da lafazin waje na zinariya. Har ila yau, Limited tana alfahari da daidaitattun fasalulluka irin su wurin zama na fata, madubai masu zafi, kujerun wutar lantarki na gaba, tsarin shigarwa mara nauyi, itacen ciki appliqué, ƙirar gami da yadin da aka saka, cibiyar bayanan direba tare da kamfas, sarrafa yanayi na dijital, madubi na baya na electrochromic, da Jensen sitiriyo sitiriyo tare da madaidaicin band-band. A shekarar 1996 jerin zaɓuka sun girma har sun haɗa da kujeru masu zafi. Standard shine 4.0 L engine, 5.2 L V8 (da 5.9 L a 1998) kasancewa na zaɓi, kamar yadda yake tare da sauran samfuran. Rukunin fakitin tare da matakan datsa iri-iri sun haɗa da: fitulun hazo, da faranti, da kuma dacewa, walƙiya, alatu, ƙarfi, tsaro, da fakitin tirela.
Lokacin da aka fara gabatar da ita a cikin Afrilu 1992 a matsayin farkon abin hawa na shekara ta 1993, Grand Cherokee yana da zaɓin tashar wutar lantarki guda ɗaya kawai: 4.0 L AMC - injin madaidaiciya-shida ya samo asali wanda ya yi . Wannan ya zama injin "girma" na Grand Cherokee. Zaɓuɓɓukan watsawa sun haɗa da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri huɗu (farkon samar da ZJs da aka yi amfani da AW4-A500SE (daga baya 42RE) ya maye gurbin AW4 a ƙarshen rabin shekarar ƙirar 1993) ko Aisin AX15 watsawa . Ƙananan buƙatun watsawa na hannu ya haifar da dakatar da shi bayan 1994, amma ZJs na kasuwa na Turai sun riƙe shi lokacin da aka haɗa shi da injin diesel (wanda babu shi a Arewacin Amirka). Zaɓuɓɓukan jirgin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuƙi ta baya ko tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu . A cikin 1995, an rage ƙimar injin ɗin da zuwa saboda sabbin dokokin EPA da suka fara daga shekarar ƙirar 1996.
A cikin 1997, don shekarar ƙirar 1998, an gabatar da bambance-bambancen babban matakin Grand Cherokee Limited, "5.9 Limited" an gabatar da shi. Tallace-tallacen Jeep sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce "motar mai amfani da wasanni mafi sauri a duniya", wanda gwaji na ɓangare na uku ya tabbatar. Babban haɓakawa a cikin nau'in 5.9 Limited ya haɗa da 5.9 Injin L OHV V8, watsawa ta atomatik 46RE mai nauyi mai nauyi, aikin murhu mai cire zafi mai aiki, grille mai launi na musamman mai faɗin ramin jiki tare da abubuwan da aka saka raga, gyare-gyaren rocker na musamman, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙuntatawa tare da tukwici na chrome inci uku, ƙaramin bayanin martaba. rufin rufin, da ƙafafun 16" Ultra-Star na musamman. Kamfanin 5.9 Limited ya kuma sami madaidaicin amp 150 da fan mai sanyaya wutar lantarki mai sauri 2. Sauran fasalulluka sun haɗa da daidaitaccen tsarin sauti na 180-watt, mai magana 10 Infinity Gold tsarin sauti mai sauti mai rufin baya, daidaitaccen rufin rana, da kuma wani ciki wanda aka swaddled tare da musamman "ƙwanƙarar maraƙi" fata mai laushi da datsa itacen faux. An ba da 5.9 Limited "4 × 4 na Shekara" don 1998 ta mujallar Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road . Samfuran wannan samfurin ya kasance raka'a 14,286. |
19535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duba%20Rana | Duba Rana | Duba Rana (sunan kimiyya; Helianthus annuus) tsiro ne mai fitowa shekara-shekara shuka daga cikin iyalin tsirrai na Asteraceae, tare da babban fulawa (capitulum). Jigon furen na iya yin tsayi zuwa mita 3 da tsayi, tare da kan fure wanda ka iya zama faɗin santimita 30 . Sauran nau'ikan Duba Rana sun haɗa da California Royal Sunflower, wanda ke da furen burgundy (ja + purple ).
Shugaban furen a zahiri inflorescence ne wanda aka yi shi da ɗari ɗari ko dubunnan ƙananan fure da ake kira fure. Floananan florets suna kama da tsakiyar fure na yau da kullun, pseudanthium . Amfanin shuka shi ne cewa kwari da tsuntsaye suna ganinta cikin sauqi wadanda suke bata shi, kuma tana samar da dubban iri.
Sunflower fure ne na jihar Kansas . Wannan shine dalilin da yasa wasu lokuta ake kiran Kansas da Sunflower State. Don girma sosai, sunflowers suna buƙatar cikakken rana. Sun fi kyau a cikin ƙasa mai dausayi, rigar, ƙasa mai kyau da ciyawa da yawa. A cikin dasa kasuwanci, ana shuka iri 45 cm (1.5 ft) baya da 2.5 cm (1 a cikin) zurfi
Bayani
Fure-fure masu ɗauke da furanni su ne furannin bakararre kuma suna iya zama rawaya, ja, lemu, ko wasu launuka. Furen da ke cikin madauwari kai ake kira diski florets, wanda ya girma cikin tsaba.
Furen furanni a cikin tarin sunflower na koyaushe yana cikin yanayin karkace . Gabaɗaya, kowane fulawa yana fuskantar zuwa na gaba da kusan kusurwar zinare, 137.5 °, yana samar da silar haɗuwa da karkace, inda adadin masu karkacewar hagu da kuma adadin madaidaitan dama sune lambobin Fibonacci a jere. Yawanci, akwai karkace 34 a hanya ɗaya kuma 55 a ɗayan; akan babbar sunflower mai yawa ana iya samun 89 ta daya bangaren kuma 144 a daya bangaren.
Duba Rana suna yawan girma zuwa tsakanin 1.5 da 3.5 m (5-12 ft ). Duba Rana mafi tsayi wanda kundin adana kayan tarihi na Guinness World Records ya tabbatar shine mita 9.17 (2014, Jamus). A cikin karni na 16 na Turai rikodin ya riga ya kasance 7.3 m (24 ft., Spain). Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan H. annuus ne, amma wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan guda huɗu (duk masu shekaru) ana kuma samunsu gida. Wannan ya hada da H. tuberosus, Urushalima Artichoke, wanda ke samar da tubers masu ci.
Kamar abinci
Ana siyar da sunflower "dukkan iri" ('ya'yan itace) a matsayin abincin ciye ciye, bayan an gasa su a murhu, tare da ko ba a kara gishiri ba. Ana iya sarrafa Duba Rana a cikin madadin man shanu na gyada, Sunbutter. A cikin Jamusanci, an gauraya shi tare da hatsin garin hatsin don yin Sonnenblumenkernbrot (a zahiri: sunflower whole seed seed), wanda ya shahara sosai a cikin Turai mai jin Jamusanci. Ana kuma siyar dashi azaman abincin tsuntsaye kuma ana iya amfani dashi kai tsaye a girki da salati. Sunflower man, cirewa daga tsaba, da ake amfani da dafa, a matsayin wani m man fetur da kuma samar da margarine da kuma biodiesel, kamar yadda yana da rahusa fiye da man zaitun . Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sunflower iri daban-daban tare da nau'ikan kayan mai mai ƙanshi; wasu nau'ikan 'high oleic' suna dauke da mafi girman lafiyayyun ƙwayar mai a cikin mai fiye da Olive .
Ana amfani da kek ɗin da ya rage bayan an sarrafa irin don man fetur a matsayin abincin dabbobi. Wasu irinsu da suka bunkasa kwanan nan suna da kawunansu. Wadannan nau'ikan kayan lambu ba su da kyau ga masu lambu da ke shuka furannin a matsayin shuke-shuke na ado, amma suna kira ga manoma, saboda suna rage lalacewar tsuntsaye da asarar da suke yi daga wasu cututtukan tsire-tsire. Sunflowers suma suna samarda latex kuma sune batun gwaje-gwajen don inganta dacewar su azaman madadin amfanin gona don samar da robar hypoallergenic. A al'adance, kungiyoyin Amurkawa da yawa sun dasa furannin sunflow a gefen arewa na lambunan su a matsayin "'yar uwa ta hudu" ga sanannun' yan uwa mata uku wadanda suka hada masara, wake, da squash. Ana shuka nau'o'in shekara-shekara don kaddarorin allelopathic. ] Koyaya, don manoman kasuwanci masu noman kayan masarufi, sunflower, kamar kowane tsire-tsire da ba'a so, galibi ana ɗaukarsa sako ne. Musamman a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka, ana samun jinsin daji (na shekara-shekara) a cikin masara da waken soya kuma suna iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yawan amfanin ƙasa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da sunflowers don cire sinadarai masu guba daga ƙasa, kamar gubar, arsenic da uranium. Anyi amfani dasu don cire uranium, cesium-137, da strontium-90 daga ƙasa bayan bala'in Chernobyl (duba phytoremediation).
Manazarta
Shuka |
20403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Shakatawa%20na%20Korup | Filin Shakatawa na Korup | Filin shaƙatawa na Korup yana cikin lardin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru kuma ya faɗaɗa fiye da 1,260 km 2 na galibi gandun daji na farko da ba a daidaita shi ba. Shi ne mashahuri ɗaya daga mafi tsufa a Afirka da kuma arziki na wurare masu zafi gandun daji cikin sharuddan na fure da faunal bambancin. Ita ce mafi kyawun filin shakatawa na ƙasar da ke cikin ƙasar Kamaru tare da kayan aiki na yau da kullun da kuma manyan hanyoyin da aka buɗe wa baƙi. Wurin shakatawa shahararren wurin kallon tsuntsaye ne kuma sananne ne ga kuma kallon birrai (gami da nau'ikan halittu irin su rawar soja, da jan launi na Preuss, guenon mai jan kunne da Najeriya chimpanzee ). Masu bincike daga fannoni daban-daban suna gudanar da nazarin ilmin halitta a cikin Korup sama da shekaru talatin, suna samar da bayanai masu yawa game da yanayin halittar dazuzzuka.
Wuri
Filin shakatawa na Korup yana cikin lardin kudu maso yamma na Kamaru tsakanin ahaus N da 8 ° 42 'zuwa 9 ° 16' E. Yana da 50 kilomita daga cikin Bight of Biafra, 20 kilomita daga gefen dausayin mangrove na mashigar Rio Del Rey kuma wani yanki yayi iyaka da Najeriya. Ya ƙaru a kan 1,260 km 2 na galibin gandun dajin da ke kusa da kasa kuma yana dab da dajin Ejagham a arewa da kuma ɓangaren Oban Hills na Kwarin Ketare na Kasa na Najeriya zuwa yamma. Kusa amma ba masu haɗuwa da wurin shaƙatawa ba sune Rumpi Hills da Nta Ali Forest Reserve.
Tarihi
Asalin an ware yankin a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji a shekarar 1937. A cikin 1986, an bayyana Korup a matsayin wurin shaƙatawa na ƙasa ta Dokar Shugaban Kasa No.86-1283 bayan kamfen na shekaru goma wanda Dokta J Stephen Gartlan, Phil Agland da Gidauniyar Duniya suka jagoranta. Fim din Phil Agland wanda ya sami lambar yabo Korup: An Rainforest na Afirka, wanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a watan Nuwamba 1982 kuma daga baya a duk duniya, ya kawo ilimin halittu na Korup ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma ya jagoranci kamfen din wanda shine tabbatar da gudummawar Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta farko of 440,000 ta hanyar ODA zuwa kiyaye dazuzzuka a 1986. A cikin 1987, aikin na Korup, wanda aka ba da tallafi na duniya don aikin kiyayewa da haɓakawa, ya ba da tallafi ga sabon wurin shakatawa da aka kafa. Yankin aikin na Korup ya hada da yankin tallafi da kuma gandun daji na Ejagham, Nta Ali da Rumpi Hills. A cikin 2003, aikin Korup ya ƙare, ya bar Gudanar da Parkasa ta Kasa ba tare da taimakon kuɗi da kayan aiki ba. Wannan ya shafi ikon gudanarwar shakatawa don kare lafiyar namun daji daga farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2006 duk da haka, Filin shakatawa na Ƙasa na Korup yana daya daga cikin ɓangarori uku da aka fi mayar da hankali kan "Shirin Gudanar da Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa - Lardin Kudu Maso Yamma" (PSMNR-SWP), hadin gwiwar bangarorin biyu tsakanin Gwamnatin Kamaru da Jamus. Tare da sabunta hankali da tallafi da aka baiwa Korup National Park, masu sintirin hana farauta sun zama na yau da kullun. A matsayinta na abokiyar kawance a PSMNR-SWP, WWF-Kamaru na da rawar ba da shawara kan kiyayewa da ilmin kula da muhalli a yankin Korup, yayin da Hukumar Bunkasa Ci gaban Jamus (DED) ke lura da ayyukan ci gaban karkara.
Gudanarwa
A tsarin mulki, galibin gandun dajin na Korup suna karkashin ikon Yankin Ndian na Lardin Kudu maso Yamma, Kamaru. Ma'aikatar kula da gandun daji da namun daji ta Kamaru ce ke kula da dajin. Gudanar da wurin shakatawa a halin yanzu yana dauke da Conservator da kimanin masu tsaron wasa 27. Hedikwatar tana cikin garin Mundemba, wanda yake 8 kilomita gabas daga ƙofar kawai ta tashar shakatawa a gadar Mana. Filin gadin wasa yana nan a gada. Cibiyar yaɗa labaran yawon shakatawa tana tsakiyar garin Mundemba.
An kirkiro da wani tsarin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru biyar ga Korup a 2002, yana mai bayyana cewa babban burin wurin shakatawa shine kiyaye halittu masu yawa da mutuncin duk wani tsari na zahiri da na muhalli na gandun dajin Korup. Wannan za a cimma shi ne ta hanyar tilasta bin doka, inganta ayyukan amfani da kasa mai dorewa da ci gaban karkara a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da kuma tallafawa karamin yawon shakatawa mai tasirin muhalli wanda zai haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar jama'a ga mazauna yankin.
Yanayi
Korup yana da yanayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi tare da yanayi biyu maimakon huɗu: lokacin rani mai bayyana daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu tare da yawan ruwan sama na wata ƙasa da 100 mm da kuma wani tsawan lokaci mai tsananin zafi kamar daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 1973 da 1994 ana aunawa kusa da yankin kudu maso gabashin wurin shakatawa ya kai kimanin 5,272 mm (zangon 4,027-6,368 mm). Ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske yawanci a watan Agusta (wasu shekaru sun wuce 10,000 mm). Zazzaɓi ya ɗan bambanta kaɗan a cikin shekara tare da ma'anar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata a lokacin rani kasancewar 31.8 ° C kuma a lokacin damina 30.2 ° C. Sassan arewacin wurin shakatawa suna karɓar raƙuman ruwa ƙwarai da gaske (~ 2500-3000 mm).
Tsarin ƙasa
Asa Korup gabaɗaya ba su da hatsi, yashi, sanannu kuma sun sami ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Yanayin yanayinsu na acid da karancin kwayoyin halitta ya sanya basu dace da wuraren noman rani da gonakin noman kuɗi ba, suna bayanin karancin damuwar noma a wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kasance mafi yawanci gandun daji na farko. Hawan gandun dajin ya yi ƙasa (m 50) a ɓangaren kudanci, yana hawa a hankali zuwa arewa tare da ƙara ƙasa mai tsaunuka, har ya kai matsayinsa mafi girma a dutsen. Yuhan (1,079 m) kusa da tsohuwar wurin da ƙauyen Ikondokondo ya kaura yanzu. A arewa, ana nuna yanayin ƙasa da tsaunuka masu juyawa tare da gangare masu laushi. Yawancin (82%) na wurin shakatawa suna cikin tsawa daga 120 zuwa 850 m.
Tsananin hanyoyin rafuka sun kwashe yankin Korup zuwa manyan tsarukan ruwa guda uku: a) Kogin Korup da Akpassang, b) Kogin Ndian, da c) Kogin Bake-Munaya. Yawancin ƙananan ƙananan rafuka a cikin KNP suna bushe lokaci-lokaci a lokacin ganiyar lokacin rani.
Kasancewar mutum
A yanzu haka akwai ƙauyuka biyar da ke cikin KNP tare da yawan jama'a a cikin 1999 na kusan mutane 900 (Erat: 447, Esukutan: 202, Ikenge: 179, Bareka-Batanga: 52, da Bera: 26). A shekarar 2000, an sake tsugunar da ƙauyen Ikup na Ikondokondo (Ekundukundu?) A wajen wurin shakatawa a wani ɓangare na shirin dakatarwa a halin yanzu na sake tsugunar da dukkan ƙauyukan. Akwai ƙarin ƙauyuka 23 cikin 3 km daga iyakar KNP, yankin da galibi ake kira da ƙungiyar Yankin KNP (PZ). Haɗin ƙauyukan KNP da ƙauyukan PZ sun kai kusan 2,700 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 2 / km 2 . Babban ayyukan rayuwa a yankunan karkara shine abinci da noman tsabar kuɗi (dabinon mai, koko), kamun kifi, farauta kuma, zuwa wani lokaci, kasuwanci.
Bambancin halittu
Dazuzzuka na Korup sun kasance tsoffin da wadatattun kayan tarihi, bayan sun tsira daga lokacin bushewar yankin Pleistocene a matsayin ɓangare na Kuros Riba-Mayombe Refugium. Letouzey ya tsara kayan lambu a matsayin gandun dajin Biafran na bakin teku wanda ya mamaye bishiyoyin Caesalpinioideae, dangin Leguminosae . Babu wata hujja ta wata fitina ta tarihin ɗan adam kuma aƙalla ɓangaren kudancin wurin shakatawar na iya zama dajin farko. A fure, Korup yana da wadataccen arziki tare da bishiyoyi sama da 1,100, bishiyar shrub, herb da liana wanda aka bayyana zuwa yau da kuma matakan endemism (30%). Manyan bishiyoyi masu tasowa, wadanda suka kai tsayinsu zuwa 50 m, suna huda mafi yawan ci gaba amma rashin daidaiton labulen da galibi Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Olacaceae, Scytopetalaceae da Verbenaceae bishiyoyi kusan 15 zuwa 25 m. Launin da ke ƙasa yana da kyau sosai tare da lianas da ƙananan bishiyoyi (waɗanda Rubiaceae ke mamaye da su), yayin da keɓaɓɓen layin (musamman Acanthaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Graminae, Marantaceae, Rubiaceae, da Zingiberaceae) galibi ba su da yawa. Tsarin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire a cikin Korup suna da yanayi mai ƙarfi tare da furanni galibi waɗanda ke faruwa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli (tsaka-tsakin Maris zuwa Mayu), sannan lokutan 'ya'yan itace masu girma. Matsayin furanni da 'ya'yan itace ya banbanta sosai tsakanin shekaru don yawancin jinsuna. 'Ya'yan' ya'yan itace suna faruwa a tsakanin lokaci fiye da shekara guda.
Fauna
Daular Korup ta kasance ɗayan dazuzzuka na Afirka da suka fi dacewa ta fuskar wadatar arziƙi da bambancin rayuwa, musamman ma ga tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da amphibians da butterflies . A jinsin jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa kunshi 161 nau'in a 33 iyalansu, wadda Primate al'umma lissafinsu 14 jinsunan (8 diurnal da kuma 6 nocturnal ).
Kayan yawon buɗe ido
Filin shaƙatawa na Korup yana daya daga cikin yankuna masu kariya da ke dazuzzuka a Kamaru. Tafiya na rana ko tafiye-tafiye na rana da yawa za a iya shirya daga garin Mundemba, ta hanyar ziyartar ofishin ba da sanarwar yawon buɗe ido da ke tsakiyar garin. Ana ba da izinin shiga cikin wurin shakatawa ne kawai tare da jagorar gida. Akwai tsayayyun yini, na dare, zango da kuma jagorar / dako. Akwai shafuka uku na sansanin da aka bude wa masu yawon buɗe ido, inda baƙi za su iya shirya zama ko dai a tanti (kawo naka) ko a ɗaya daga cikin masaukin (tare da gadaje na katako na asali - windows na da sauƙin dubawa). Kowane rukunin sansanin yana kusa da rafi wanda yake matsayin tushen ruwan dafa abinci (tafasa ko matatar sha) da kuma wanka mai wartsakewa. Akwai gidan wanka na rami na asali.
Matsayin Ƙungiyar Jama'a (ƙungiya mai zaman kanta)
Ƙungiyar kula da yanayin ruwan sama ta Al'ummar Korup (KRCS) tana ba da shawarwarin kiyayewa da kuma ba da gudummawar ƙungiyoyin kula da gandun daji a yankin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yawancin mutane masu son kiyaye-kiyaye gida da kuma wasu membobin girmamawa (daga sassa daban-daban na duniya) waɗanda ke da ƙwarin gwiwa don ba da gudummawar ƙwarewar su don tabbatar da amincin gandun dajin damina ta hanyar binciken matsaloli masu buƙata da kuma kara shigar da mazauna yankin cikin ayyukan kiyayewa a wani yunƙurin na rage rikice-rikice da inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Tunda 2009 KRCS ta kasance mai taimakawa sosai wajen taimaka wa masu bincike masu zuwa tare da jagoranci, neman izinin aikace-aikace, nemo ƙwararrun mataimaka na cikin gida gami da fadada ci gaban ƙauye da shirin amfani da ƙasa, da tabbatar da ɗaukar yawancin mazauna yankin a fannoni daban-daban a ayyukan shaƙatawa da wasa Rawar taka rawa a cikin ilimin muhalli da kuma ba da shawarwari kan kiyayewa da kuma musamman game da juyar da gandun daji masu arzikin makwabta zuwa gonar dabino tare da kungiyar kasa da kasa kamar Pro-wildlife da WWF-CPO . Kwanan nan ayyukan KRCS sun sami ci gaba ta hanyar kyaututtukan Jagora na Kariya na 2012 (CLP); haɗin gwiwa tsakanin CI, FFI, WSC da BirdLife International.
Tashin hankali
Fim din Greystoke - Labarin Tarzan, Ubangijin Birrai da Christopher Lambert da Andie MacDowell suka fito a cikin gidan shakatawa a shekarar 1984 kafin a kafa ta.
Charles, Yariman Wales ya ƙaddamar da wurin shaƙatawa a 1986, kuma akwai wata alama da ba ta da nisa daga ƙofar kan gadar Mana wanda ke nuna ma'anar inda ya kai yayin gajeriyar ziyarar tasa.
Manaji, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mashigar Korup National Park, wasu gungun masu ba da agaji ne suka gina shi a cikin wani aikin Operation Raleigh a cikin 1989. Ofungiyar masu ba da agaji sama da 100 sun kwashe watanni 3 a Kamaru suna gina gada gami da gudanar da bincike kan namun daji a cikin gandun daji da kuma abubuwan da kwale-kwale ke yi a tsaunukan Rumpi.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya
Wuraren shaƙatawa
Wuraren bude ido
Tarihin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57539 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Balkin | Jack Balkin | Jack M. Balkin (an haife shi a watan Agusta 13, 1956) masanin shari'a ne na Amurka. Shi ne Farfesa na Knight na Dokar Tsarin Mulki da Farko na Farko a Makarantar Yale Law . Balkin shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Yale Information Society Project (ISP), cibiyar bincike wanda manufarsa ita ce "nazartar abubuwan da ke tattare da Intanet, sadarwa, da sababbin fasahar bayanai ga doka da zamantakewa." Hakanan yana jagorantar Dokar Knight da Shirin Watsa Labarai da Cibiyar Abrams don Maganar Kyauta a Makarantar Yale.
Balkin yana buga bulogi na doka, Balkinization, kuma ma'aikaci ne na The Atlantic . Shi masani ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Dokar Gyaran Farko . Baya ga aikinsa na masanin shari'a, ya kuma rubuta littafi kan memes da juyin halittar al'adu da fassara da rubuta sharhi kan tsohon littafin sauye-sauye na kasar Sin, ko I Ching .
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Kansas City, Missouri, Balkin ya sami digirinsa na AB da JD daga Jami'ar Harvard da Ph.D. a cikin falsafar daga Jami'ar Cambridge . Ya nemi alkali Carolyn Dineen Sarkin Kotun daukaka kara ta biyar. Daga 1982 zuwa 1984 ya kasance abokin shari'a a kamfanin lauyoyi na New York na Cravath, Swaine & Moore . Ya koyar a Jami'ar Missouri a Kansas City daga 1984 zuwa 1988 da kuma a Jami'ar Texas daga 1988 zuwa 1994. Ya shiga makarantar Yale a cikin 1994. Ya kuma koyar a Jami’ar Harvard da Jami’ar New York da Jami’ar Tel Aviv da Kwalejin Sarauniya Mary a Jami’ar Landan . An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences a 2005, kuma memba na Cibiyar Dokokin Amurka a 2020.
Memetics, akida, da wuce gona da iri
Littafin Balkin na 1998, Software na Al'adu: A Theory of Ideology, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ana iya bayyana akida ta hanyar memes da hanyoyin juyin halittar al'adu. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa akida wani tasiri ne na "software na al'adu" ko kayan aikin fahimtar da suka zama wani bangare na 'yan adam kuma ana samarwa ta hanyar juyin halitta da watsa labaran memes. A lokaci guda kuma, Balkin ya yi jayayya cewa duk nazarin akida da ɗabi'a suna ɗaukan kyakkyawar manufa ta gaskiya da "darajar adalci mai wuce gona da iri." Kamar TK Seung, ya ba da shawarar cewa ra'ayi mai zurfi na adalci-ko da yake ba zai iya samun cikakkiyar fahimta ba kuma babu makawa "marasa iyaka" - yana ƙarƙashin maganganun siyasa da ra'ayin siyasa.
Rarraba akida, ƴan adawar gida, da ƙa'idodi na shari'a
Balkin ya ƙirƙiro kalmar ɓata akida don bayyana wani al'amari ta yadda ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi ke canza matsayinsu na siyasa yayin da aka shigar da su cikin sabbin mahallin zamantakewa da siyasa cikin lokaci. Tare da Duncan Kennedy, Balkin ya haɓaka fannin ilimin kimiyyar doka. Semiotics na shari'a yana nuna yadda gardama na shari'a ke nuna tropes mai maimaitawa ko topoi waɗanda ke amsawa junansu kuma ana sake haifar da adawarsu a manyan matakan dalla-dalla na koyarwa kamar yadda koyaswar doka ta samo asali. Don haka Balkin ya yi iƙirarin cewa hujjar shari'a tana da irin wannan "crystalline" ko tsarin ɓarna .
Balkin ya yi amfani da rushewa da ka'idodin adabi masu alaƙa don jayayya cewa an tsara tunanin shari'a bisa ga "masu adawa" - ra'ayoyi ko ra'ayoyin masu adawa da suka koma juna a kan lokaci ko akasin haka sun dogara ga juna ta hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Ko da yake ya zana ka'idar adabi a cikin aikinsa kan lafazin shari'a, Balkin da mawallafinsa akai-akai Sanford Levinson sun yi jayayya cewa dokar ta fi dacewa ba a kwatanta da wallafe-wallafe ba amma ga wasan kwaikwayo kamar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo.
Shiga bangaranci
Balkin da Levinson suna jayayya cewa juyin mulkin tsarin mulki a cikin koyarwar shari'a yana faruwa ta hanyar tsari da ake kira ƙin yarda . Jam'iyyar da ke iko da fadar White House za ta iya tara wa kotunan tarayya sabbin alkalai da alkalai wadanda ke da ra'ayi kan muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin mulki kwatankwacin na shugaban kasa. Wannan yana canza tsaka-tsakin Adalci akan Kotun Koli kuma ya canza launin ƙananan kotunan tarayya, wanda, bi da bi, yana shafar koyaswar tsarin mulki. Idan an nada isassun sabbin alkalai cikin kankanin lokaci, sauye-sauye za su faru cikin sauri, wanda zai haifar da juyin juya halin tsarin mulki. Misali, juyin mulkin tsarin mulki ya biyo bayan sabuwar yarjejeniyar saboda Franklin Roosevelt ya iya nada sabbin Alkalan Kotun Koli guda takwas tsakanin 1937 zuwa 1941. Ka'idar Balkin da Levinson ta bambanta da ka'idar Bruce Ackerman na lokutan tsarin mulki, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa juyin mulkin tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne saboda ayyukan kai-da-kai na tattara dimokuradiyya wanda ya kafa sabbin ma'auni na halaccin siyasa. Balkin da Levinson suna kallon ɓangarorin ɓa a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin demokradiyya amma mara kyau; ba ta ba da tabbacin ingantaccen fassarar tsarin mulki ko daidai ba.
Fassarar tsarin mulki
Ka'idar tsarin mulki ta Balkin, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin littafinsa na 2011, Living Originalism, duka biyu ne na asali da masu tsarin mulki . Yana jayayya cewa babu wani sabani tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin, fahimta da kyau. Dole ne masu fassara su bi ainihin ma'anar rubutun tsarin mulki amma ba ainihin aikace-aikacen sa ba; Don haka yawancin fassarar kundin tsarin mulkin ya ƙunshi gina tsarin mulki da gina ƙasa ta dukkan sassan gwamnati guda uku. “Tsarin asali na asali” na Balkin yana kallon Kundin Tsarin Mulki a matsayin tsarin farko na shugabanci wanda ke saita siyasa cikin motsi kuma ya sa siyasa ta yiwu; dole ne a cike shi cikin lokaci ta hanyar gina tsarin mulki da gina jihohi. Wannan tsari na gina Kundin Tsarin Mulki shine rayayyun tsarin mulki.
Rushewar tsarin mulki
Balkin ya yi amfani da kalmar “rube na tsarin mulki” don bayyana tsarin da dimokraɗiyya ke zama rashin jin daɗin ra’ayin jama’a da rashin sadaukar da kai ga amfanin jama’a cikin lokaci. Ruɓaɓɓen tsarin mulki yana girma saboda (1) ƙara rashin daidaito na samun kuɗi da dukiya; (2) karuwar siyasar siyasa da kabilanci; (3) Rashin amincewa tsakanin membobin jam'iyyu daban-daban da tsakanin jama'a da cibiyoyi da aka kafa; da (4) bala'o'in manufofin da ke nuna cewa jami'an gwamnati ba su da kwarewa da / ko ba za a iya amincewa da su ba. Balkin ya yi nuni da cewa masu tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa dukkan jumhuriyar za su rugujewa a kan lokaci, kuma sun tsara kundin tsarin mulki ta yadda zai iya kawar da lokacin rubewar tsarin mulki a cikin fatan sake sabunta cibiyoyin jamhuriyar. Yawancin fasalulluka na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, da suka haɗa da ɗimbin sharuddan Shugaban ƙasa, Majalisa, da Majalisar Dattijai, rabuwa da iko, tarayya, da shari'a mai zaman kanta, nau'ikan "inshorar jumhuriya" ne da aka tsara don cimma wannan burin.
Balkin ya bambanta ruɓar tsarin mulki da rikicin tsarin mulki. Rikicin tsarin mulki lokaci ne da mutane suka yi imanin cewa hukumomin tsarin mulki na gab da faduwa ko kuma sun gaza. Domin babbar manufar kundin tsarin mulki ita ce samar da siyasa mai yiwuwa, tsarin mulki na kasawa a lokacin da mutane suka daina kokarin neman madafun iko bisa ka’idojin tsarin mulki. Wannan na iya haifar da gurguncewar siyasa, ko yakin basasa, ko tada zaune tsaye, ko ballewa, ko yunkurin juyin mulki. Ko da yake ra'ayoyin biyu na rikici da ruɓe sun bambanta, Balkin ya yi nuni da cewa ci gaban shari'ar ruɓewar tsarin mulki na iya haifar da rikicin tsarin mulki.
Rikicin tsarin mulki
Balkin da Levinson suna ba da nau'in rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki . A cikin rikice-rikice na Nau'i na daya, 'yan siyasa sun ba da sanarwar a bainar jama'a cewa ba za su ƙara bin tsarin mulki ba kuma ba za su bi umarnin shari'a kai tsaye ba. A cikin rikice-rikicen nau'i na biyu, aminci ga tsarin mulki yana haifar da bala'i, saboda mutane suna tunanin cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya hana su yin aiki ko kuma don sun gaskata cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai tanadar da wani abin da ya faru ba don gurgunta ya faru kuma bala'i ya faru. A cikin rikicin Nau'in Uku, mutane sun yi rashin jituwa sosai game da abin da tsarin mulki ke nufi da cewa sun koma yakin basasa, ballewa, ko tayar da zaune tsaye. Balkin da Levinson sun yi imanin cewa rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki na gaske ba su da yawa a tarihin Amurka, kodayake rikice-rikicen siyasa na yawan faruwa. Gwajin tsarin mulki mai nasara shine ko zai iya samun nasarar gudanarwa da warware rikicin siyasa a cikin iyakokinsa.
Zagayen tsarin mulki
Balkin yayi jayayya cewa tsarin tsarin mulkin Amurka ya samo asali ne ta hanyar mu'amala tsakanin zagaye uku: tasowa da faduwar jam'iyyun siyasa masu rinjaye, da girma da raguwar ra'ayin siyasa, da sauya yanayin rubewar tsarin mulki da sabunta tsarin mulki. Balkin ya yi bayanin cewa, siyasar Amurka ta yi kamari musamman saboda Amurka ta kusa kawo karshen mulkin da jam’iyyar Republican ke da shi na tsawon lokaci a siyasance, kuma tana cikin wani dogon zango na siyasa, kuma tana fama da matsalar ruftawar tsarin mulki. Balkin yayi jayayya cewa Amurka tana cikin Zamani na Biyu, kuma yayi hasashen cewa sannu a hankali tana tafiya zuwa Zaman Ci gaba na biyu.
'Yancin magana da al'adun dimokuradiyya
Ayyukan Balkin a kan Kwaskwarimar Farko ya ba da hujjar cewa manufar ƙa'idar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ita ce haɓaka abin da ya kira al'adar dimokuradiyya. Tunanin al'adun dimokuradiyya ya fi girma fiye da damuwa tare da shawarwarin demokradiyya ko mulkin demokraɗiyya, kuma yana jaddada 'yanci na mutum ɗaya, sa hannu na al'adu da tasirin juna. Al'adar dimokuradiyya ita ce wacce talakawa za su iya shiga cikin nau'ikan al'adun da ke taimakawa wajen tsara su a matsayin mutane. Balkin ya bayar da hujjar cewa ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Intanet yana da siffofi guda biyu: “tafiya a kusa da” masu tsaron ƙofofin watsa labarai, da kuma “gwargwadon” — ba tare da keɓanta ba na abubuwan al’adu waɗanda aka cuɗe su da wasu tushe don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin al’adu. Wadannan fitattun siffofi na magana ta Intanet, in ji shi, haƙiƙan halayen magana ne gaba ɗaya, don haka ke haifar da mai da hankali kan shiga cikin al'adun demokradiyya.
Balkin yayi jayayya cewa kariyar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin zamani na dijital zai ƙara dogaro kaɗan akan koyaswar alkali na Gyaran Farko da ƙari akan dokoki, ƙa'idodin gudanarwa, da ƙirar fasaha. Yana mai cewa mun wuce tsarin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki na al’ada wanda a cikinsa ne jihohin al’umma ke tsara maganganun ‘yan kasarsu. Maimakon haka, magana ta dijital ta ƙunshi ƙirar jam'i . A cikin tsarin jam'i, gwamnatocin yankuna suna ci gaba da daidaita magana kai tsaye. Amma kuma suna ƙoƙarin tilastawa ko haɗin gwiwar masu mallakar kayan aikin dijital don daidaita maganganun wasu. Wannan shine tsarin magana "sabuwar makaranta". Masu mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na dijital, musamman kamfanonin sadarwar zamani, yanzu suna aiki a matsayin gwamnoni masu zaman kansu na al'ummomin magana, ƙirƙirar da aiwatar da dokoki da ƙa'idodi daban-daban na al'ummomin da suke mulka. A ƙarshe, masu amfani da ƙarshen, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, masu satar bayanai, da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu sukan matsa lamba kan kamfanonin samar da ababen more rayuwa na dijital don daidaita magana ta wasu hanyoyi kuma kada su daidaita shi a wasu. Wannan yaƙe-yaƙe na uku-maimakon tsarin dyada na gargajiya na jihohi da ke tsara maganganun ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu - yana nuna ikon yin magana a cikin al'umman algorithmic.
Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kasa
A cikin wata makala ta 2006 tare da Levinson, da labarin 2008, Balkin yayi magana game da fitowar “Jihar Sa ido ta ƙasa” wacce ke amfani da tattarawa, tattarawa da nazarin bayanai don gudanar da mulki. Jihar sa ido ta ƙasa wata halitta ce ta haɓakar fasaha da buƙatun ayyukan gwamnati. Balkin yayi jayayya cewa "[t] tambayar ba shine ko za mu sami yanayin sa ido a shekaru masu zuwa ba, amma wane irin yanayin sa ido za mu samu."
Balkin ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu: jihar bayanan mai mulki da jihar bayanan dimokuradiyya. Jihohin bayanan masu mulki su ne masu ɓarna bayanai da masu cin amanar bayanai: suna tattara bayanai da yawa gwargwadon iko kuma suna ƙin raba shi ko bayyana ayyukansu na jama'a. Jihohin bayanan dimokraɗiyya ƴan gourmets ne na bayanai da masu ba da tallafi na bayanai: suna tattara abin da suke buƙata kawai, suna samar da bayanai don su raba bayanai tare da ƴan ƙasa kuma suna yin ayyukan nasu bisa dimokiradiyya. Jihohin bayanan dimokuradiyya kuma suna lalata bayanan da gwamnati ta tattara lokacin da ba lallai ba ne. A aikace, kariya ta sirri da yawa ta zo daga gaskiyar cewa mutane sun manta abin da ya faru. Amma a zamanin dijital, ba a taɓa mantawa da komai ba, don haka watsi da sakamakon sa ido na gwamnati dole ne a ba da izini.
Yayin da jihar sa ido ke girma, Balkin ya yi jayayya, sabbin kariyar 'yancin walwala sun zama dole, kamar yadda suka zama dole tare da ci gaban jihar gudanarwa bayan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya da Tsaron Kasa bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Dole ne a sake fasalin sashin zartarwa tare da bin diddigin cikin gida da ma'auni ga 'yan sanda da kanta, don bayar da rahoto kan ayyukanta, da hana cin zarafi. A ƙarshe, dole ne a yi amfani da fasaha don yin rikodin abin da jami'ai ke yi da kuma neman alamun rashin da'a na gwamnati: "Hanya mafi kyau don sarrafa masu kallo ita ma kallon su."
Masu ba da bayanai, robotics, da hankali na wucin gadi
Balkin ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "fiduciary bayanai" don bayyana wajibcin doka da ɗa'a na kasuwancin dijital da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun. Yana jayayya cewa dole ne mutane su amince da dogaro da wasu kasuwancin dijital da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun, kuma suna da rauni musamman a gare su. Don haka, zamanin dijital ya samar da wani sabon nau'in wajibcin amana da ya yi daidai da waɗanda doka ta ɗora akan manajojin kuɗi da ƙwararru kamar likitoci, lauyoyi, da masu lissafi.
Balkin yayi jayayya cewa masu amintaccen bayanan dijital dole ne su yi aiki cikin aminci ga masu amfani da su. Dole ne su mutunta sirrin mai amfani na ƙarshe kuma maiyuwa ba za su yi amfani da ƙarshen masu amfani ba. Waɗanda suka haɓaka da amfani da mutummutumi, jami'an leƙen asiri, da algorithms na iya zama amintattun bayanai ga abokan cinikinsu da masu amfani da ƙarshensu. Bugu da kari, kamfanoni na iya kada su shiga cikin "rashin hankali": yin amfani da bayanan dijital na mutane don nuna wariya da sarrafa su da canza farashin yanke shawarar algorithmic kan jama'a.
Balkin yayi jayayya cewa wajibcin amintattun bayanai da aikin da ba zai zama ɓarna ba wani ɓangare ne na sabbin dokokin robotics . Ba kamar sanannun dokokin mutum-mutumi uku na Asimov ba, waɗannan dokokin ba ana ba da su ga mutum-mutumi ba amma ga mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka tsara, mallaka, da sarrafa su. Balkin ya bayar da hujjar cewa fasahar mutum-mutumi da fasaha ta wucin gadi suna daidaita alakar iko tsakanin kungiyoyin mutane daban-daban; don haka dole ne doka ta mai da hankali kan daidaita mutane, kamfanoni, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke amfani da mutum-mutumi da fasaha na wucin gadi gwargwadon fasahar kansu.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
A matsayin marubuci
Tsarin Lokacin Tsarin Mulki (2020)
Dimokuradiyya da Rashin aiki (2019) (tare da Sanford Levinson)
Asalin Rayuwa (2011)
Fansar Kundin Tsarin Mulki: Bangaskiya ta Siyasa a Duniyar Mara Adalci (2011)
Dokokin Canji: I Ching da Falsafa na Rayuwa (2002)
Software na Al'adu: Ka'idar Akida (1998)
A matsayin edita
Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki (Aspen Publications, 7th edition 2018) ) (tare da Paul Brest, Sanford Levinson, Akhil Amar, da Reva Siegel).
Tsarin Mulki a cikin 2020 (Oxford Univ. Latsa 2009 ) (tare da Reva B. Siegel)
Laifukan Intanet: Cops Dijital a cikin Mahalli mai Sadarwa (NYU Press 2007 ) (tare da James Grimmelmann et al. )
Yanayin Wasa: Doka, Wasanni, da Duniyar Rubutu (NYU Press 2006 ) (tare da Beth Simone Noveck)
Abin da Roe v. Wade yakamata ya ce (NYU Press 2005 )
Abin da Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi yakamata ta faɗi (NYU Press 2001 )
Canons na doka (NYU Press 2000 ) (tare da Sanford Levinson)
Labaran jarida
Verdi 's High C, 91 Tex. L. Rev. 1687 (2013)
Pdf.
Duba kuma
Jerin masu tunani ya rinjayi lalacewa
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin Gida na Jack Balkin
Littafin Jack Balkin
Shafin yanar gizon Jack Balkin, Balkinization
Shirin Yale Information Society
Bayanan Kwalejin Yale
Bidiyo na muhawara da tattaunawa da suka shafi Balkin akan BloggingHeads.tv
Appearances on C-SPAN
Rayayyun mutane
Unite State
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daukakin-Hotuna%20dake%20karkashin%20Gudanarwar%20Siniman%20Ukrain | Daukakin-Hotuna dake karkashin Gudanarwar Siniman Ukrain | Daukakin-Hotuna dake karkashin Gudanarwar Siniman Ukrain ( Ukrainian , ko ВУФКУ ) wani yanki ne na cinematographic na kasar wanda ya haɗa dukkan masana'antar fim a Ukraine (1922-1930). VUFKU an haɗa shi a tsaye: yana sarrafa samarwa, rarrabawa, da nunin fina-finai.
Tarihi
An kafa VUFKU a ranar 13 ga Maris 1922 a ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Ilimi na Ƙasa na SSR na Ukrainian. Umarnin da Commissar kuma NKVD (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del) suka bayar a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1922 ya kawo duk gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai da duk cibiyoyi da kamfanoni na masana'antar hoto da fina-finai da ke cikin Ukraine a ƙarƙashin ikon VUFKU.
VUFKU ta zama mai mallakar babban ɗakin studiyo a Odessar, da ƙananan ɗakunan studio guda biyu (wanda ake kira ateliers) a Kiev da Kharkiv . Hakanan ta yi hayar ɗakin studio daga Kwamishinan Ilimi na Crimean a Yalta . A cikin 1929, an buɗe ɗakin studio mafi girma na VUFKU a Kiev . An shirya fina-finai hudu a 1923, 16 a 1924, 20 a 1927, 36 a 1928, 31 a 1929. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ma'aikatan masana'antu na fasaha sun karu daga 47 a 1923 zuwa 1,000 a 1929.
Adadin gidajen kallon fina-finai sun sami irin wannan faɗaɗawar, daga 265 a 1914 zuwa 5,394 a 1928.
A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1930, an soke VUFKU a matsayin cibiyar kasa ta Ukrainian ta hanyar yanke shawara na Presidium na VRNG. Ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1930, an ƙirƙiri wani kamfani na gwamnati na Ukrainian Trust of Cinema Industry "Ukrainafim" bisa tushen VUFKU.
Ayyuka
Fina-finai
A wani lokaci daga 1921 zuwa 1929 a Ukraine, an kirkiro fim din kasa na gaskiya ta hanyar daraktocin Les Kurbas, Vladimir Gardin, Pyotr Chardynin, Georgi Stabovoi, Dziga Vertov, Alexander Dovzhenko, Ivan Kawaleridze da sauransu.
Tun daga shekarar 1925, VUFKU ta gayyaci masu daukar hoto na Jamus don ba da haɗin kai. Wani darektan Turkiyya na Muhsin Ertuğrul kuma ya yi aiki a Studio Film Studio na ɗan lokaci (fim ɗin " Spartak ", 1926) da Oleksandr Granovsky, wanda ya kafa gidan kallon fina-finai na Yahudawa a Rasha, wanda ya yi a " Farin cikin Yahudawa " a can.
Bayan 1926, yawancin marubutan Ukrain, 'yan jarida, masu wasan kwaikwayo, masu daukar hoto, masu zane-zane na kayan ado an sanya su cikin aikin.
A cikin 1927 da 1928, fina-finai da yawa sun sami karɓuwa a duniya: "Two days" (1927) ta Georgi Stabovoi, wanda aka yi fim a Yalta Film Factory da " Zvenigora " na Alexander Dovzhenko, wanda aka yi a Odessa Film Factory.
Vladimir Mayakovsky ya zo Ukraine sau biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1922, sannan tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don tantance al'amuransa.
An yi wasu shahararrun fina-finai a tsakanin shekara ta 1928-1929 kamar Mutum mai Hoton Fim na Dziga Vertov, Arsenal na Alexander Dovzhenko da dai sauransu.
Fina-finan al'adu
Yawancin fina-finai na fim a farkon VUFKU (aƙalla 165 fina-finai na farkon shekaru uku) sun ƙunshi almarar kimiyya, aikin gona, kin-addinai, fina-finai na ilimi.
A cikin 1926, a cikin mujallar "Kino", Hlib Zatvornytskyy ya ambaci manyan nau'ikan fina-finai na al'adu guda uku: fim din makaranta, almarar kimiyya da labarai .
Shirye-shiryen zane mai motsi
A shekara ta 1926, Vyacheslav Levadovsky da Volodymyr Devyatnin suka kaddamar da wani studio na zane mai motsi tare da masu zane-zane Simka Huyetsky, Ipolit Lazarchuk da sauransu.
Jerin fina-finai
1926 : The Trypillia Tragedy ( Alexander Anoschenko-Anoda (silent film ) ya ba da umarni.
1926 : Love's Berries ( Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko ( silent film ) ya ba da umarni.
1926 : Taras Shevchenko ( Ukrainian ), wanda Pyotr Chardynin ya ba da umarni ( fim ɗin shiru )
1927 : Jakar diflomasiyya ( Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko ( silent film ) ya ba da umarni.
1928 : Arsenal ( Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko ( silent film ) ya ba da umarni.
1928 : Zvenyhora ( Ukrainian ) Alexander Dovzhenko ( silent film ) ya ba da umarni.
1928 : Fata-Man ( Ukrainian Mykola Shpykovsky (silent film ) ne ya ba da umarni.
1929 : Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim ( Ukrainian Dziga Vertov ne ya ba da umarni ( fim ɗin gaskiya )
1929 : A lokacin bazara ( Ukrainian Mikhail Kaufman ( Documentary film ) ne ya bada umarni
1930 : Duniya ( Ukrainian ), darektan Alexander Dovzhenko (silent film)
Daraktoci
Duba kuma
Cinema na Ukraine
Odessa Film Studio
Dovzhenko Film Studios
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Histoire du cinéma ukrainien (1896–1995), Lubomir Hosejko, Éditions à Dié, Dié, 2001, , traduit en ukrainien en 2005 : Istoria Oukraïnskovo Kinemotografa, Kino-Kolo, Kiev, 2005,
Kamus na Tarihi na Ukraine, Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, Scarecrow Press, 2013,
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Studiyon fina-finai na Dovzhenko
Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa
Studiyon fina-finai Ukrain
Sinimar kasar Ukrain
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Political%20Bureau%20of%201986 | Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986 | Ofishin Siyasar Najeriya na shekarar 1986, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ne ya kafa shi jim kadan bayan hawansa mulki a juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1985. An ƙaddamar da ofishin don gudanar da muhawara ta kasa kan makomar siyasar Najeriya, kuma an tuhune shi a tsakanin sauran abubuwa don "Duba tarihin siyasar Najeriya da gano manyan matsalolin da suka haifar da gazawar mu a baya tare da bada shawarar hanyoyin warwarewa da magance wannan matsalolin. Wannan atisayen shi ne mafi yawan shawarwarin siyasa da aka gudanar a tarihin Najeriya.
Tarihi
Kafin kafuwar ofishin, Najeriya tayi manyan kundin tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya guda biyu: Jumhuriyar Nijeriya ta Farko da Jamhuriya ta Biyu, duk sun cika da gazawar hukumomi kuma sojoji sun kifar da su. A lokacin shugabancin ofishin, ya samu bayanai sama da 27,000 daga ‘yan Najeriya a duk fadin kasar, kan batutuwan da suka shafi addini, kabila da akida. A watan Maris na shekarar 1987, ofishin ya mika rahotonsa na karshe ga gwamnatin soja ta Janar Babangida tare da shawarwari.
Sai dai wasu suka na ganin ofishin siyasa a matsayin wani yunkuri na halatta kutsawar sojoji cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa wasu daga cikin samuwarsa don komawa mulkin dimokuradiyya kamar muhawara a bude da kuma kammala dawowar dimokradiyya. A cikin 1987, <i id="mwEg">mujallar Newswatch</i> ta fitar da rahoton da ba na hukuma ba na ofishin, don ladansa, an hana shi na 'yan watanni yana ba da tabbaci ga wasu sukar gwamnatin, kamar ɗaukar ɗan Najeriya kan gwajin dimokiraɗiyya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Membobi
Janar Babangida ya sanar da sunayen membobin Ofishin Siyasa su goma sha bakwai (17) a bikin kaddamar da ofishin a Abuja ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1986.
Dr Samuel Joseph Cookey - Shugaba
Abdullahi Augie - Babban Sakatare
Bala Takaya
Edwin Madunagu (Dr. Marxist, "kwaminisanci mai son kai", mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridun The Guardian. Da farko an dakatar da Madunagu a matsayin malamin jami'a a lokacin mulkin Obasanjo na 1979 [?], Kuma daga baya zai bar ofishin a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Ya kasance - kamar yadda yake a 2011 - mai ba da gudummawa ga lamuran ƙasa)
Oye Oyediran
Mrs. Hilda Adefarasin
EO Awa
Tunde Adeniran
Mrs. R. Abdullahi
AD Yahaya
Sam E. Oyovbaire (Farfesa na Kimiyyar Siyasa & 1984-86 shugaban kungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Najeriya - NPSA. Oyovbaire ya ci gaba da zama mai bai wa Babangida shawara kan harkokin siyasa, daga baya kuma ya zama Ministan Labarai da Al’adu a karkashin mulkin IBB. Oyovbaire)
Ola Balogun (Dakta; Balogun ya bar ofishin a cikin rigingimu.
Haroun Adamu
Ibrahim Halilu
OY Yaya
Pascal Bafyau - Sannan shugaban ƙungiyar Railways. Daga baya ya zama shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya, ya kwace shugabanci daga Ciroma wanda shine shugaba lokacin Babangida ya zama shugaban kasa. An ba da rahoton cewa yana da cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun a zamanin mulkin soja na Babangida. Bafyau daga baya zai yi burin zama abokin takarar Abiola a zaben 1993 kuma zai jagoranci ragowar kungiyar yayin gwagwarmayar soke zaben 12 ga watan Yuni.
Sani Zahradeen
Shawarwarin Ofishin
Majalisar dokoki ta unicameral
Tallafin jihar jam’iyyu bisa wasu sharuɗɗa
Amincewa da wa'adin shugabanci na shekara biyar guda daya
Kin amincewa da tsarin karba -karba
Barin sarakunan gargajiya daga lissafin siyasa: an kuma ƙi su ne rashin son kai da mulkin kama-karya (bi da bi: haɗin gwiwar farar hula da sojoji, da tsarin mulkin farar hula-soja-na gargajiya). Rahoton ya ce: "... dangane da sarakunan gargajiya, ba za mu iya ganin ta wace hanya shigar su za ta iya ba da haɗin kai ... suna fafatawa da al'umma don yin mubaya'a, suna wakiltar wani ƙarfi da ya saba wa ƙa'idar mulkin dimokraɗiyya kuma abin tunasarwa ne. na bambance -bambancen kasa. "
Demokradiyya na ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar shiga siyasa da tattalin arziƙi a cikin dukkan sifofi da ƙungiyoyin iko, wanda ke haifar da tsarin gurguzu
Yakamata farfadowa da tattalin arziƙi ya dogara da dogaro da kai, adalci na zamantakewa
Keɓe kashi 10% na zaɓaɓɓun kujerun mata da shugabannin ƙwadago
Mass janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a a matsayin ginshiƙin a newfound siyasa fuskantarwa
Ƙirƙirar wasu jihohi shida.
Wasu shawarwarin da aka amince da su
Yarda da Haɗuwa da Jama'a don Dogaro da Kai, Adalcin Jama'a, da Mayar da Tattalin Arziki
Amincewa da jam’iyya mai jam’iyyu biyu tare da Social Democratic Party na hagu da Babban Taron Jamhuriyyar Republican na dama
Ofishin siyasa ya ba da shawarar kirkiro jihohi biyu kawai - Katsina (Arewa) da Akwa Ibom (Niger Delta). Janar Babangida ya kirkiro jihohin Katsina da Akwa-Ibom a shekarar 1987.
Wasu sun ƙi shawarwarin
Majalisar dokoki ta unicameral
Kin amincewa da tsarin karba -karba
Wa'adin shekara biyar na takarar shugaban kasa
Demokradiyya na ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar shiga siyasa da tattalin arziƙi a cikin dukkan sifofi da ƙungiyoyin iko, wanda ke haifar da tsarin gurguzu
Babangida da masana Najeriya
Kafa ofishin siyasa wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa. Abun da ke cikin ofishin da kyar aje iya yin kuskure domin ya hada da maza da mata masu hali da ilmantarwa; Hakanan ya kasance farkon farawa don Babangida ya bada haɗin kai, noma da shigar da masu ilimi a cikin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shiri, Babangida ya saki fursunonin siyasa, ya soke Dokar 4 ta shekarar 1984 kuma yayi alkawarin girmama muhimman hakkokin dan adam. A cikin shekaru biyu na kwace mulki, Babangida ya samu goyon bayan wani babban yankin kasae; akwai rashin jituwa kaɗan. A ƙarshe, lokacin da Janar Babangida ta nufi fara zama a bayyane zuwa shiryayye mambobi na hukumar, kawai 'yan daga cikin mambobin dauki hukunci mataki bayan abin da aka sani a matsayin mai da komowa zuwa soja amincewa nufi samu a karkashin Janar Muhammadu Buhari. Edwin Madunagu, fitaccen ɗan jaridar jaridar mai sassaucin ra'ayi The Guardian, an sauke shi daga ofishin saboda ra'ayoyi da halaye na "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi". Daga baya zai saki rahoton ofishin da ba na hukuma ba ta hanyar Newswatch, sannan 'yan sandan sirri sun yi wa Madunagu barazana da tsoratarwa.
Farfesa Sam E. Oyovbaire yayi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara na musamman ga Admiral Augustus Aikhomu (Aikhomu ya zama mataimakin Babangida a watan Oktobar 1986, bayan da yayi rashin jituwa da Commodore Ebitu Ukiwe ) ya tsunduma cikin daidaita tsarin siyasar gwamnatin. Oyovbaire ya daukaka kimar Tsarin Mulki, Hukumar Zabe ta Ƙasa (NEC), MAMSER (Mass Mobilization for Self-Reliance Social Justice, and Recovery Economic), SAP (Tsarin Gyara Tsarin-sigar "gida-girma" da Babangida ya aiwatar. Tsarin mulki ba tare da cibiyar jiran aiki ta Asusun bada lamuni na Duniya ba). A watan Fabrairun 2002, Oyovbaire, tare da Chidi Amuta, sun yi rubutu don kare shirye -shiryen Babangida. Zuwa 2002, ana iya karanta Oyovbaire kare gwamnatin Babangida: “Sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin mulkin IBB ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga ƙarni na ƙwararrun Najeriya waɗanda suka dogara da kansu, suna da ƙarfin gwiwa kuma suna ƙalubalantar karya sabbin filaye a Najeriya. tattalin arzikin siyasa. " kuma ya gabatar da mulkin Babangida a matsayin "... gine -gine kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin zamanantar da tattalin arzikin siyasar Najeriya. . . " Dangane da "ɓacewar" dala biliyan 12.2 na iskar gas ɗin Gulf War, Oyovbaaire ya rubuta: "Gwamnatin IBB ta yi abin da ya shafi kuɗin da aka sadaukar. Don haka, banbancin ra’ayoyi tsakanin kwamitin Okigbo da gwamnatin IBB kan wannan al’amari yana da asali kuma ba hujja ba ce. ”
Waɗannan a sama suna da alama sun tabbatar da karatun masu sharhin jama'a, gami da masu hankali da masana, na nasarar siyasar babangida. Ƙirƙiro shirye -shirye da yawa ya ci gaba da samun kuɗin shiga ga ɗaliban ilimi da yawa, duk da cewa shirye -shiryen sun cika da almundahana da ke nuna mulkin Babangida na musamman. An yi wa membobin ofishin siyasa alƙawarin rawar gani wajen aiwatar da shawarwarinsu; amincin mutum ya ɓullo a matsayin lamari. Dangane da shirin mika mulki na Janar Babangida, Prof. Adebayo Willians a cikin "Masu Hankali da Rikicin Demokradiyya a Najeriya: Zuwa ga Ka'idar Anomie postcolonial" ya rubuta: "Wani babban rukuni na masu ilimi yana cikin wannan ɓarna ta dimokiraɗiyya, kuma halayensa suna ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tasirin alaƙar ilimi a cikin jihar soja neopatrimonial. "
A shekarar 2010, Oyovbaire ta zama mai kula da ayyukan dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP, Abubakar Atiku. Oyovbaire ya kuma wallafa littafin "Hoton Sabon Jagoran Najeriya: Zaɓaɓɓun Jawabin IBB" (Tunji Olagunju da Sam Oyovabaire). A cikin gabatarwar, Adele Jinadu ya rubuta: “Furucin da Shugaba Babangida ya yi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin babban jigon mulkinsa ba kawai ba ne kawai a cikin hatsari ko kuma damar da za a iya amfani da ita don cin gajiyar dambarwar da aka gudanar da mulkin Buhari a ciki don haka ya sami yabo daga jama'a. Maimakon haka yana yin zurfin zurfin imani da ra'ayin jama'a kuma ya dogara ne da ingantaccen tunani mai zurfi game da rawar soja a siyasar Afirka ". Jinadu, wani masani ne na Najeriya, da alama ya makance - kamar yadda Williams zai rubuta - "cin zarafin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba kuma da aka yi rubuce -rubuce a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da gwamnatin Babangida ta yi".
A shekarar 2010, lokacin da Babangida ya sake shayar da burin tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa, an nada Farfesa Oyovbaire a matsayin "Daraktan Manufofi da Dabara". A watan Disambar 2010, lokacin da aka cire Badangida daga zaben 2011, an ruwaito Oyovbaire a matsayin shugaban yakin neman zaben Atiku Abubakar na shugaban kasa a Kudu maso Kudu; Wannan ya biyo bayan "daidaita tsarin ƙungiyoyin kamfen ɗin Babangida, Gusau, Atiku da Saraki a Kudu maso Kudu bayan ɗaukar Atiku Abubakar a matsayin ɗan takarar da Ciroma ya jagoranci masu hikima daga Arewa. . . " . Babban ra'ayin Oyovbaire game da Babangida na iya bambanta da kimantawa da wasu masana biyu. A cikin tantance Rotimi da Julius Ihonvbere: "Halin Babangida ...ya bar abin da ake so. Ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa, mai son kai, ba a iya hasashe, mai son zuciya, mai rikon amana, ba abin dogaro da rashin son barin ofis. ”
Manazarta |
22335 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Shirye-Shirye%20Cigaba%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Shirye-Shirye Cigaba Ta Duniya | Kungiyar Shirye-shirye Cigaba Ta Duniya (IPO) ne a Vienna na tushen tunani tank tafiyad da duniyar al'amura. A matsayinta na ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa (NGO) tana jin daɗin kasancewa tare da shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma tana da alaƙa da Sashin Ba da Bayani na Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Aikin kungiyar tana da niyyar inganta zaman lafiya cikin dukkan ƙasashe, musamman tattaunawa tsakanin wayewa; tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya na adalci; girmama duniya ga 'yancin ɗan adam ; da kuma na kasa da kasa bin doka da oda . IPO tana da membobi a cikin sama da kasashe 70 a duk nahiyoyi kuma tana shirya taro da tarurruka na kwararru kan batutuwan sasanta rikice-rikice, tattaunawar wayewa, dokar kasa da kasa, da sake fasalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar tana buga jerin Nazari a cikin alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa (tun daga 1978) da kuma takaddara ɗaya a fagen ka'idar dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa .
Shugaban IPO shine Dr. Hans Köchler, Shugaban Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Innsbruck, Austria . An kafa kungiyar a Innsbruck (Ostiraliya) a cikin shekarata 1972 ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai daga Austria, Misira da Indiya waɗanda suka ji buƙatar sabuwar hanya don alaƙar Arewa da Kudu da haɗin gwiwar ci gaba. Daga cikin masu goyon bayan kungiyar na asali akwai shugaban kasar Austriya na wancan lokacin Rudolf Kirchschläger, da shugaban kasar Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor, da shugaban Indiya Gyani Zail Singh .
Ayyuka
Tun daga shekarata 1974 IPO suka shirya jerin laccoci da taro kan al'adun al'adu na kasa da kasa (Amman 1974; Innsbruck 1974; Vienna 1979; Rome 1981; Nicosia 1984); wadannan ayyukan sun gabaci zancen duniya na yanzu game da tattaunawar wayewar kai wanda IPO ta shiga ta hanyar shirya taron kwararru a Turai da kasashen musulmai. A cikin shekarar 1987 IPO ya fara (tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Nobel Laureate Seán MacBride ) Rokon Lauyoyi game da Yakin Nukiliya wanda ya haifar da yakin neman gama gari na duniya don zartar da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke neman Ra'ayin Shawara daga Kotun Duniya ta Adalci (ICJ) kan batun halaccin mallakar makaman nukiliya . A watan Satumbar shekarata 1991 IPO ta kira Taron Kasa da Kasa na Biyu Akan A More Democratic United Nations ( CAMDUN-2 ) a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Vienna. A cikin shekarata 2000 Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zabi wasu jami'ai biyu na kungiyar a matsayin masu sanya ido na kasa da kasa a shari'ar Lockerbie a Netherlands (duba kuma: Pan Am Flight 103 da Hans Köchler's Loverbie observer mission ) Tun daga shekarar 1985, kungiyar IPO ke ta kiraye-kirayen ganin an kafa demokradiyya a kungiyar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar . Tun daga shekarar 1987, kungiyar ke tunkarar matsalar ta'addanci a duniya, inda take bayar da shawarar a maimaita fassarar ta'addanci game da Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . An tsara dukkanin shawarwari da shawarwari a cikin taron taron IPO. Baya ga shirya laccoci da taron duniya, IPO ta aiwatar da (tun 1980) ayyukan sa ido a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam da bin doka .
Zaɓaɓɓun taron ƙwararru
Fahimtar kai tsaye na Al'adu na Al'umma : A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Educungiyar Ilimi, Ilimin Kimiya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO), Innsbruck, Austria, 27-29 Yuli 1974
Sabon Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasa da Kasa - Tasirin Falsafa da Halayyar Al'adu : Vienna, Austria, 2-3 ga Afrilu 1979
Bangarorin shari'a na Matsalar Falasdinu tare da Musamman Game da Tambayar Kudus : Vienna, Austria, 5-7 Nuwamba 1980
Ka'idar tauhidi a cikin Islama da Kiristanci : Rome, Italiya, 17-19 Nuwamba 1981
Ka'idojin rashin daidaito - Kasashen da ba sa jituwa a cikin Takwas din: Sakamako da Hankali : Baghdad, Iraq, 4-6 May 1982
Manufofin Amurka na Kasashen Waje - Gaskiya da Hukunci : Brussels, Belgium, 28-30 Satumba 1984
Sabon Umurnin Ba da Bayani da Sadarwa na Duniya - Asali don Tattaunawar Al'adu da wanzuwar zaman lafiya tsakanin Nationsasashe : A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Educungiyar Ilimi da Ilimin Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO), Nicosia, Cyprus, 26-27 Oktoba 1984
Dimokiradiyya a alakar kasashen duniya : A yayin bikin cika shekaru 40 da kafuwar kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, New York City, Amurka, 31 ga Oktoba 1985
Rikicin Wakilcin Demokraɗiyya : Geneva, Switzerland, 15-17 Nuwamba 1985
Tambayar Ta'addanci : Geneva, Switzerland, 19-21 Maris 1987
Musayar fursunonin Yaki tsakanin Iran da Iraki a matsayin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam : Geneva, Switzerland, 29-30 May 1989
Taron Kasa da Kasa Na Biyu Game Da Morearin Democratican Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CAMDUN-2) : An yi taro a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Vienna, 17-19 Satumba 1991
Manufofin Takunkumi na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya : Geneva, Switzerland, 23 Mayu 1992
Musulunci da Yamma - Rikici a Bosniya-Herzegovina da Tasirin sa ga Sabon Tsarin Duniya : Vienna, Austria, 25 Nuwamba 1993
Dimokiradiyya bayan ofarshen Rikicin Gabas da Yamma : A cikin haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Innsbruck da Cibiyar Jami'ar Luxemburg; Innsbruck, Austria, 27 ga Mayu 1994
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Dimokiradiyya ta Duniya : Geneva, Switzerland, 1-2 ga Yuli 1994
Takunkumi na Tattalin Arziki da Tasirinsu akan Ci Gaban : A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da NGOungiyar NGOungiyoyi masu zaman kan ci gaba; Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Vienna; Vienna, Austria, 28 Nuwamba 1996
Wayewa: Rikici ko Tattaunawa? : A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Sashen Falsafa da Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria, 8 ga Yuni 1998
Kalubalen Dunkulewar Duniya : A cikin hadin gwiwa da Sashen Falsafa a Jami’ar Munich; Munich, Jamus, 18-19 Maris 1999
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Siyasar Iko ta Duniya: Makomar Tsarin Duniya : A cikin hadin gwiwa da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta 'Yan tsiraru Amurka da Jami'ar Gabas-Yamma, Chicago, Ill., Amurka, 5 ga Yuni 2004
Amfani da ƙarfi a cikin alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa - Kalubale ga Tsaro na Tattalin Arziki : A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria, 22 ga Yuni 2005
'Yakin Duniya kan Ta'addanci' da Illolinsa ga Alakar Musulmi da Yammaci : A cikin hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa na Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Malaysia; Penang, Malaysia, 13-14 Disamba 2007
Addini, Jiha da Jama'a a Turkiyya : Jerin taron karawa juna sani a Istanbul, Mardin da Ankara, Turkiyya (6-13 Mayu 2011)
Manazarta
Tashar yanar gizo
Ayyuka a fagen tattaunawar wayewa
Lambar girmamawa ta Zinare ta IPO
Shirye-shirye da shawarwari kan sake fasalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Kwamitin NGO akan Ci Gaban
Manufa mai lura da IPO a shari'ar Lockerbie
Littattafai
Ayyuka
Zabubbuka |
18280 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id%20bin%20Zayd | Sa'id bin Zayd | Sa'id bn Zayd, ( ; c.593-c.671), a na yi masa al-kunya da suna Abu'l-Aawar, ya kasance sahabi ne na manzon Allah ( ).
Iyali
Ya kasan ce Shi dan Zayd bin Amr ne, daga dangin Adi na Kuraishawa da ke Makka, da kuma Fatima bint Baaja ta kabilar Khuza'a. An kashe mahaifinsa a 605.
Sa'id ya haifi yara sama da talatin aƙalla mata daban daban.
Fatimah bint al-Khattab, wacce aka fi sani da Ramla ko kuma Ummu Jamil, wacce kani ce kuma ‘yar uwar Umar , Halifa na biyu.
Abdulrahaman Dattijo, wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
Julaysa bint Suwayd.
Zayd, wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
Babban Dattijo, wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
Atiqa.
Umama bint al-Dujayj na kabilar Ghassan.
Abdulrahman Youngarami, wanda bai bar zuriyar maza ba.
Umar Karami, wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
Ummu Musa.
Umm al-Hasan.
Hamza bint Qays na dangin Muharib ibn Fihr na Kuraishawa.
Muhammad.
Ibrahim Karami .
Abdullah Karami. .
Ummu Habib Dattijo .
Umm al-Hasan ƙaramin .
Ummu Zayd Babba .
Ummu Salama.
Ummu Habib karama .
Ummu Sa'id Babba, wacce ta mutu a rayuwar mahaifinta.
Ummu Zaayd.
Umm al-Aswad daga kabilar Taghlib.
Amr Karami .
al-Aswad.
Dumkh bint al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb.
Amr Dattijo .
Talha, wanda ya mutu a rayuwar mahaifinsa kuma bai bar zuriya daga cikin zuriya ba.
Zujla.
Bint Qurba, ita ma daga kabilar Taghlib.
Ibrahim.
Hafsa
Ummu Khalid, kuyanga.
Khalid.
Ummu Khalid, wacce ta mutu a rayuwar mahaifinta.
Umm al-Numan.
Ummu Bashir bint Abi Mas'ud al-Ansari .
Ummu Zayd Babba .
Mace daga ƙabilar Tayy.
Ummu Zaayd ƙarama, matar al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd.
Wata Kuyanga.
Aisha.
Zainab.
Umm Abdul-Hawla.
Ummu Salih.
An bayyana Sa'id a matsayin mutum mai tsayi, mai gashi, mai duhun fata.
Musulunta
Sa'id ya zama Musulmi bai wuce 614 ba
Matarsa Fatima ita ma ta musulunta da wuri. Da farko sun boye imaninsu saboda dan uwan Fatima Umar fitaccen mai tsananta wa Musulmi ne. Khabbab bn al-Aratt ya kasance yana yawan ziyartar gidansu yana karantawa Fatima karatun Alkur'ani.
Wata rana Umar ya shiga gidansu yayin da Khabbab yake karatu kuma ya nemi sanin menene "balderdash" din. Lokacin da suka musanta cewa an karanta komai, Umar ya kama Sa'id ya kwankwasa shi a kasa. Fatima ta tashi don kare mijinta, sai Umar ya buge ta da karfi har sai da ta yi jini. Ma'auratan sun yarda cewa su musulmai ne. Da ganin jinin, Umar yayi nadamar abin da ya aikata, kuma ya nemi ganin me suka karanta. Ta-Ha ce, daga baya ta zama Sura ta Ashirin na Alkur'ani. Kyakyawar kalmomin ta burge shi, Umar ya yanke shawarar zama Musulmi.
Hijira zuwa Madina
Sa'id ya shiga cikin ƙaura zuwa Madina a cikin 622 kuma da farko ya sauka a gidan Rifa'a ibn Abdul-Mundhir. An sanya shi ɗan’uwa a cikin addinin musulunci na Rafi ibn Malik na dangin Zurayq; amma wani hadisin ya sanya sunan dan uwansa a musulinci da Talha bn Ubaydallah .
Sa'id da Talha ba su halarci yakin Badar ba saboda Muhammad ya aike su gaba a matsayin 'yan leken asiri don ba da rahoto game da zirga-zirgar ayarin Abu Sufyan. Lokacin da suka ji cewa sun rasa missedyari, sai suka koma Madina, kawai sai suka tarar cewa Muhammadu da rundunarsa sun riga sun isa Badar. Sun tashi zuwa Badar kuma suka haɗu da sojojin da suka dawo nasara a Turban. Koyaya, Muhammadu ya basu rabo daga Mal e Ganimat (ganimar yaƙi) kamar suna nan.
Sa'id ya halarci sauran yaƙe-yaƙen da Muhammad da kansa ya yi yaƙi.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Muhammad kuma ya rubuta ayoyin Alqurani. .
A lokacin Khalifofi
A lokacin Muawiyah na kasance yana gwamnan Kufa .
Mutuwa
Ya mutu a shekara ta 671 Miladiyya (51 bayan Hijira) a zamanin Muawiyah I a al-Aqiq. An dawo da gawarsa zuwa Madina inda aka binne shi a hannun Sa'd bn Abi Waqqas da Abdullahi bn Umar .
Sa'id ya ce Muhammadu ya taba ba da tabbacin Aljanna ga maza goma da suke wurin sannan ya ba da tara daga cikinsu. Sannan ya nuna cewa mutum na goma ya kasance kansa. Wannan labarin Aljanna Mai Alkawari goma ya inganta daga wani daga cikin Goma, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn' Awf .
Duba kuma
Sahaba
Umar
Sunni game da Sahabbai
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Biodata a MuslimScholars.info
https://web.archive.org/web/20061201214811/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/companions_of_the_prophet/SaidZayd.html
http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/02_abu_bakr.htm
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
59962 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Joeri%20Rogelj | Tarihin Joeri Rogelj | Joeri Rogelj (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan ƙasar Belgium masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne da ke aiki kan hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi. Ya binciki yadda al'ummomi zasu iya canzawa zuwa ga cigaba mai ɗorewar. Shi Mai Karatu ne a Kimiyyar Yanayi da Manufofin (Mataimakin Farfesa) a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli (CEP) da Daraktan Bincike a Cibiyar Grantham - Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli, duka a Kwalejin Imperial London. Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Ayyuka ta Duniya. Shi marubuci ne na rahotannin yanayi da yawa daga Ƙungiyar gwamnatocin Ƙasa kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), kuma memba na Hukumar Bada Shawarar Kimiyya ta Turai don Canjin Yanayi.
Articles with hCards
Ilimi
Rogelj ya kammala karatun digiri na injiniya a KU Leuven (Belgium) a 2003, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a Al'adu da Nazarin Ci gaba a wannan cibiyar a 2005. Ya kammala digirinsa na uku a fannin kimiyyar yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Swiss (ETH Zurich) a 2013 a karkashin kulawar Farfesa. Reto Knutti kan batun rashin tabbas a cikin yanayin ƙarancin iskar gas.
Sana'a
Rogelj ya fara aikinsa na kimiyyar yanayi a cikin PRIMAP Research Group a Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) a 2009. Bayan ya sami digirin digirgir, ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Ayyuka ta Duniya. Acikin 2018, ya shiga Cibiyar Grantham - Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli a Kwalejin Imperial ta London
Daga 2006 zuwa 2008, Rogelj ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan ayyuka kan ayyukan raya karkara a Ruwanda.
Bincike da tasiri
Rogelj ya wallafa kan yarjejeniyoyin yanayi na duniya kamar yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ko yarjejeniyar Paris, kasafin kuɗin carbon, hanyoyin fitar da hayaƙi waɗanda ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C da 2°C, maƙasudin fitar da sifili, da alaƙa tsakanin yanayi, cigaba mai ɗorewa, da adalci.
A cewar Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya, ya fara aikin "aiki kan yanayin sauyin yanayi [wanda] ya canza tattaunawar duniya game da yiwuwar kiyaye dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C a gaba da yarjejeniyar Paris ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya" a 2015.
Yana aiki a matsayin jagorar marubuci kan Rahoton Tazarar Hatsari na shekara-shekara daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) wanda ke ba da sabuntawa na shekara-shekara kan gibin da ke tsakanin alkawuran kasa da rage fitar da hayaki da ya wajaba don cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar Paris.
Ya kasance marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga 2013-2014 Rahoton Ƙididdiga na Biyar na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Duniya na 1.5°C,.da kuma marubucin jagora akan 2021 IPCC Rahoton Ƙimar Na shida.
A cikin 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na rukunin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyyar Yanayi zuwa Babban Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Tun daga 2022, yana aiki a kan "Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Turai kan Sauyin Yanayi" wanda ke bada shawarar kimiyya mai zaman kanta kan matakan EU, maƙasudin yanayi da alamun kasafin iskar gas.
Har ila yau Rogelj ya ba da shaidar kimiyya game da shari'ar sauyin yanayi, alal misali, don tallafawa "Rikicin Yaran da Yanayin Yanayi" inda yara 16 daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka shigar da kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara da ya dauki nauyin biyar daga cikin manyan masu karfin tattalin arziki na duniya. don rashin daukar mataki kan rikicin yanayi.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Rogelj ya sami lambar yabo ta 2021 na Farkon Masanin Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Turai daga Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC) don "tasiri na musamman" bincikensa ya yi kan manufofin yanayi na duniya. A cikin 2016, ya sami lambar yabo ta Piers Sellers Award don "binciken yanayin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan mafita a duniya" ta Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Priestley. A cikin 2014, ya sami lambar yabo ta ETH don fitattun karatun digirin sa na PhD da kuma a cikin 2010 lambar yabo ta Peccei don ƙwararren ƙwararren masanin kimiyya.
Rogelj wani Clarivate Yanar Gizo ne na Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sosai a cikin 2019 da 2020, yana gane manyan masu bincike a duniya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma an sanya shi matsayi na 31st a cikin The Reuters Hot List of the World's Climate Sciences.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Rogelj, J., Geden, O., Cowie, A., Reisinger, A., 2021. Hanyoyi guda uku don inganta abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da sifili. Yanayin 591, 365-368. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3
Rogelj, J., da al, 2018. Halin yanayin ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayin duniya yana ƙaruwa ƙasa da 1.5 ° C. Nature Clim. Canji 8, 325-332. doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3
Rogelj, J., da al, 2016. Shawarwari na yanayi na yarjejeniyar Paris suna buƙatar haɓaka don ci gaba da ɗumamar ƙasa da 2 ° C. Yanayin 534, 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307
Rogelj, J., da al, 2015. Tushen fitar da sifili yana nufin burin duniya na dogon lokaci don kariyar yanayi. Haruffa Binciken Muhalli 10, 105007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105007
Rogelj, J., da al, 2015. Canje-canjen tsarin makamashi don iyakance ɗumamar ƙarshen ƙarni zuwa ƙasa da 1.5 ° C. Nature Clim. Canji 5, 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2572
Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., Knutti, R., 2012. Dumamar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsoho da sabbin al'amura ta amfani da ƙididdigar kewayon yanayi na IPCC. Nature Clim. Canji 2, 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1385
Rogelj, J., da al, 2010. Alkawuran yarjejeniyar Copenhagen suna da yawa. Yanayin 464, 1126-1128. doi.org/10.1038/4641126a
Rogelj, J., Shindell, D., Jiang, K., Fifita, S., Forster, P., Ginzburg, V., Handa, C., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Mundaca, L., Séférian, R., Vilariño, MV, 2018. Hanyoyin ragewa masu dacewa da 1.5°C a cikin mahallin ci gaba mai dorewa, a cikin: Flato, G., Fuglestvedt, J., Mrabet, R., Schaeffer, R. (Eds. ), Dumamar Duniya na 1.5 ° C: Rahoton Musamman na IPCC game da Tasirin ɗumamar Duniya na 1.5 ° C sama da Matakan Masana'antu na Gaba da Masana'antu da Hanyoyin Gudun Gas Gas na Duniya masu dangantaka, a cikin Ma'anar Ƙarfafa martanin Duniya ga Barazana na Sauyin yanayi., Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da Ƙoƙarin Kawar da Talauci. IPCC/WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, shafi na 93-174. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980 |
23594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20-Daji | Gandun -Daji | Gandun-daji shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara gandun daji, dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.
Gandun daji na zamani gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da:
Samar da katako
Itacen
Mazaunin namun daji
Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa
Nishaɗi
Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma
Aiki
Yanayin shimfidar wurare masu kayatarwa
Gudanar da rayayyun halittu
Gudanar da ruwa
Ikon lalatawa
Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide
Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji.
Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da fasaha .
Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban -daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86 na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181 na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.
An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880 suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga kasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 a kowace rana.
Tarihi
Asaili
Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa lakabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari -hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan gandun daji sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faduwar Rum. Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin wakarsa ta 1308 Divine Comedy .
Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a c ikin ƙarni na 7 lokacin da, yayin fuskantar karancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a kasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a karkashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na kasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633).
A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox .
Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani
Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a Fotigal a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan.
Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a karni na 14, misali a Nuremberg, da kuma a Japan na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200 zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun kunshi maza 400 zuwa 500, da suka hada da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin kasar Finland.
Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da hakar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa.
John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen karni na 18 a Hesse, Rasha, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Faransa da sauran wurare a Turai.
Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya
An fara daga shekara ta 1750s zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji.
A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da plantation da gandunan daji da aka daya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman kalubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da dauri da dokokinta faru a mafi kasashen yammacin turai a cikin karni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma kara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany .
Ingantawa
Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin karfe sun fito a karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje -canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da '' 1950s syndrome ''. An ƙirƙira sarkar shuni na farko a cikin 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji.
Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan
An buga Sylwan a farkon 1820
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya fara bugawa a 1850.
Erdészeti Lapok ya fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu)
The Indian Forester ya fara bugawa a 1875.
An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Croatia.
Montes (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877.
Revista pădurilor (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886
Quarterly Forestry, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902 ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York .
(Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921)
Gandun-daji a karni na 21
A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun-daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace -aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki.
Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da m tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] orewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba .
A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman zaizayar ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar kasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita kasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai.
Masu Aikin Gandun-daji
Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfado da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfadowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙira girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da wadannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko hadarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙari, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Kasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta.
Shirye -shiryen gandun daji
Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare -tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace -aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban -daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani.
Tsare -tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare -tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu.
Kyakkyawan tsare -tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare -tsaren farfadowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe.
Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A kasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye -shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai dorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji.
Noma, da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi.
Daji a matsayin kimiyya
A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da aikin gona . A karkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuda ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sa uran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai dorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'in.
Bambancin halitta a gandun daji
Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfadowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin.
Kalmar kwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance -bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban -daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo.
Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun-daji da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka . Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin kwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun kwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji.
Bambance -bambancen halittu a gandun-daji yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji.
Kimanin kadada miliyan 98 na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa.
Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi.
Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki.
Ilimi
Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji
Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt .
A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1844.
Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon karni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka.
A Kudancin Amurka an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a kasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.
Ilimin gandun-daji a yau
A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan ilimin zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo.
A kasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in.
A kasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters .
A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha.
A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai .
Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya.
Ci gaba da ilimi
Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar ƙima da microhabitats na itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa.
Karin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi
Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji
Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji
Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji
Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji
Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta)
Duba kuma
Noma
Agroforestry
Arboriculture
Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi
Gandun daji na al'umma
Dazuzzuka
Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi
Dendrology
Dandalin daji
Noman daji
Masu ilimin gandun daji
Adabin gandun daji
Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai
Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya
Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji
Jerin mujallu na gandun daji
Lumberjack
Hanyar Miyawaki
Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona
Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa
Gine -gine
Silvology
Majiyoyi
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta
Gandun-daji
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22121 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20ma%27aikata | Hakkokin ma'aikata | Hakkokin ma'aikata ko haƙƙin ma'aikata duka haƙƙoƙin doka ne da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi alaƙar aiki tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikata . Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su a cikin dokar kwadago da aikin yi na ƙasa da ƙasa . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tasiri yanayin aiki a cikin alaƙar aiki domin kashe zaman banza. Ofayan shahararru shine haƙƙin ofancin tarayya, in ba haka ba ana kiransa da rightancin tsari . Ma'aikata da aka tsara a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago suna amfani da haƙƙin yarjejeniyar gama gari don inganta yanayin aiki.
Bayanin aiki
A cikin tarihi, ma'aikata masu da'awar wasu masu radin hakkokin mutane sun bada gudunmuwar su domin tabbatar da dokar aiki. A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, Tawayen Manoma a Ingila sun nuna bukatar mafi kyawun albashi da yanayin aiki. Daya daga cikin shugabannin masu tawayen, John Ball ya shahara da jayayya cewa an haife mutane daidai yana cewa, "Lokacin da Adam ya yi tunani kuma Hauwa ta faɗi, wane ne mutumin kirki?" Ma'aikata sukan yi kira ga haƙƙin gargajiya. Alal misali, English manoma yi yaƙi da yadi motsi, wanda ya dauki al'ada da zamantakewa da ƙasashe sanya su masu zaman kansu.
Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Masana’antu ta 1833 wacce ta nuna cewa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 9 ba za su iya yin aiki ba, yara‘ yan shekara 9 zuwa 13 za su iya yin aikin awanni 8 ne kawai a rana, sannan yara ‘yan shekaru 14-18 za su iya yin aiki na awanni 12 kawai a rana ba tare da sun jikata ba.
'Yancin ma'aikata kwatankwacin sabon tsari ne ga tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Tunanin wannan lokacin game da haƙƙin ma'aikata ya kasance ne tun ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu bin tsarin masana'antu . Karl Marx ya fito a matsayin ɗayan farko kuma sanannen mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Falsafar sa da ka'idar tattalin arziki ya mai da hankali kan lamuran kwadago kuma yana ba da shawarar tsarin tattalin arzikin sa na gurguzu, al'ummar da ma'aikata za su mulke ta. Yawancin motsi na zamantakewar al'umma don haƙƙin ma'aikata sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da Marx ya rinjayi kamar masu ra'ayin gurguzu da kwaminisanci . Moderatearin gurguzu masu ra'ayin gurguzu da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun goyi bayan bukatun ma'aikacin kuma. Advocaddamar da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata na kwanan nan ya mai da hankali ne ga irin rawar da ake ciki, amfani da ita, da bukatun mata mata, da kuma yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jama'a ta duniya na baƙi, sabis, ko baƙi ma'aikata.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO)
An kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) a shekarar 1919 a matsayin wani bangare na Kungiyar Kasashe don kare hakkin ma'aikaci. ILO daga baya ya zama cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kanta ta goyi bayan hakkokin ma'aikata ta hanyar sanya abubuwa da yawa a cikin bayanai biyu na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, wanda shine tushen Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (Labari na 6-8). Wadannan karanta:
Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami aiki, da yancin ya zabi aikin da yake so, kuma ya sami halin yin aiki daidai wa daida kuma ya sami kariya daga rashin aiki.
Kowane mutum, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, yana da hakkin ya sami aikin yi daidai da na aiki daidai wa daida .
Duk wanda ke aiki na da hakkin a ba shi albashi mai kyau wanda zai tabbatar wa kansa da iyalinsa wanzuwa wanda ya cancanci mutuncin ɗan adam, kuma idan ya cancanta, a ba shi damar yin hakan, ta wata hanyar ba da kariya ta zaman jama'a .
Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya kafa kungiya, ya shiga kungiyar kwadago don kiyaye bukatunsa.
Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya huta da dama, ciki har da m ya rage mata aiki sa'o'i da kuma lokaci-lokaci holidays albashinsa .
ILO da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nemi matsayin kwadago na kasa da kasa don samar da 'yancin doka ga ma'aikata a fadin duniya. Hakanan an yi yunkuri na baya-bayan nan don karfafawa ƙasashe gwiwa don inganta haƙƙin ƙwadago a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ciniki mai adalci .
Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Laborasashen Duniya (ILRF)
Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a kan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Manufar su ita ce cimma mutunci da adalci ga ma'aikata a duk duniya. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyi a duk duniya, gami da ƙungiyar ƙwadago da ƙungiyoyin addinai, suna iya yin tasiri ga gwamnatoci da kamfanoni don canji.
Matsayin ƙa'idodin aiki
Kungiyar ta ILO ce ta gano shi a cikin sanarwar akan Ka'idoji da Hakkoki na Aiki, babban matsayin kwadago "an yarda da cewa yana da matukar mahimmanci". Suna aiki a duk duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko an amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace ba, matakin ci gaban ƙasa ko ƙimar al'adu. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun haɗu da ƙimar cancanta, ba ƙididdiga masu yawa ba kuma ba su kafa takamaiman matakin aiki, albashi ko ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. abinda ba'a so shine lalata dsmar yancin aiki na dan'adam a duniya domin hakam aka sako wata cibiya a ƙasashe masu haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin ɗan (CROC), yarjejeniya mafi ƙarancin haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da ɓangarorin 193, da kuma ICCPR tare da jam'iyyun 160. An saka su cikin tanade-tanade daban-daban waɗanda suke da alaƙa da aiki a cikin kayan aiki masu laushi kamar UN Compact Global, da OECD Guidelines, da kuma ILO MNE Declaration.
Manufofin kwadago sune:
Ancin ƙungiya: ma'aikata suna iya shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago waɗanda ba su da 'yanci daga tasirin gwamnati da tasirin ma'aikata;
'Yancin cinikin gama gari: ma'aikata na iya yin shawarwari tare da ma'aikata a dunkule, sabanin daidaiku;
Haramcin dukkan nau'ikan aikin karfi: ya hada da tsaro daga aikin gidan yari da bautar, da kuma hana ma'aikata tilasta musu yin aiki cikin tilas;
Kawar da munanan ayyukan kwadago: aiwatar da mafi karancin shekarun aiki da wasu sharuɗɗan yanayin aiki ga yara;
Rashin nuna wariya a aikin yi: daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai .
A kasashe kaɗan ne daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ILO suka amince da duk waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin saboda matsalolin cikin gida duk da haka tunda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an yarda da su a cikin UDHR, kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada suna da niyyar mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Don tattaunawa kan sanya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago a cikin tsarin Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, duba ƙa'idodin ƙwadago a cikin Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya . Akwai wasu batutuwa da yawa a waje da wannan asalin, a cikin haƙƙin ma'aikacin Burtaniya ya haɗa da haƙƙin bayanan aiki, bayanin biyan kuɗi da aka tsara, tsarin horo wanda suke da 'yancin kasancewa tare da su, hutun yau da kullun, hutun hutu, hutu da aka biya da sauransu .
Batutuwan haƙƙin ma'aikata
Baya ga haƙƙin tsarawa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun yi kamfen a kan wasu batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya cewa suna da nasaba da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Kungiyoyin kwadago ta fara inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikata. Tun daga shekarar 1768 yajin aikin farko na masu telan New York masu zanga-zangar nuna adawa da rage albashi. Wanda hakan ke tasiri sosai wajen kwato hakkin ma'aikata musamman a bangaren albashi Wannan shine farkon motsi. Kusa da karni na 18, an kafa kungiyoyin kwadago don inganta yanayin aiki ga dukkan ma'aikata. ya yi yaƙi don samun mafi kyawun albashi, awanni masu dacewa da yanayin tsaro mai aminci. Theungiyar kwadago ta jagoranci ƙoƙari don dakatar da bautar da yara, ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ba da taimako ga ma'aikatan da suka ji rauni ko suka yi ritaya. Anyi bayanin masu zuwa a cikin sassan masu zuwa.
Iyakar sa'a
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ma'aikata da yawa yana da alaƙa da iyakance sa'o'i a cikin wurin aiki. Laborungiyoyin kwadago na ƙarni na 19 sun yi kamfen na kwana takwas . Kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na ma'aikata sun kuma nemi iyakance lokutan aiki, suna yin makon aiki na awanni 40 ko kuma mafi ƙarancin daidaito a ƙasashe da yawa. An kafa aiki na tsawon awanni 35 a Faransa a 2000, kodayake wannan ƙa'idar ta yi rauni sosai tun daga lokacin. Ma'aikata na iya yarda da masu daukansu aiki don aikin na tsawon, amma karin sa'o'i ne a biya ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci . A cikin Tarayyar Turai aikin mako yana da iyaka zuwa awanni 48 gami da karin lokaci (duba kuma Dokar Lokacin Aiki 2003 ).
Bautar da yara
Masu rajin kare hakkin kwadago sun kuma yi aiki don yaki da bautar da yara . Suna ganin bautar da yara a matsayin cin amana, kuma galibi tana lalata tattalin arziki. Abokan adawar bautar da yara galibi suna jayayya cewa yara masu aiki ba su da ilimi. A cikin 1948 sannan kuma a cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa yara suna da haƙƙin kiyaye zamantakewar jama'a.
Yana da wahala yara suyi gwagwarmayar neman hakkinsu na asali, musamman a wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa ana basu kulawa. Masu ba da aiki suna amfani da aikin ƙuruciya saboda ba su da ikon yin ciniki tare kuma da yin aiki a wurin aiki mara kyau. Kusan kashi 95% na bautar yara na faruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa . Misali na masana'antar da misalan ayyukan yara da ke haifar da mummunan rauni ko mutuwa da aka lura da su shi ne hakar ma'adanin cobal a DRC da kuma haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla a Zambiya, inda aka ba da rahoton yara suna shiga cikin kowane nau'i na hakar ma'adinai a kan kudin karatunsu. Akwai damuwa mai girma cewa karuwar buƙatu na albarkatu waɗanda suka haɗa da bautar da yara ga masana'antu kamar samar da batirin motar lantarki, zai ƙara kawai take haƙƙin ma'aikata. A Indiya da Pakistan, yara suna aiki na dogon lokaci a masana'antu daban-daban saboda bashin da iyayensu suka ci. Iyalai marasa galihu a wasu lokutan suna dogaro da kudin shigar 'yayan su dan biyan kudi. A Misira, kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 14 suna aiki duk da cewa akwai dokokin aiki na kare yara.
Bautar da yara a Amurka
A Amurka, Dokar Ka'idar Ka'idodin Aiki ta 1938 (FLSA) ta hana aikin yara kanana domin tabbatar da yancin su. FLSA ta ayyana mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aiki zuwa shekaru 14 don ayyukan da ba na aikin gona ba tare da takaita awoyi, takura awoyi ga matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya hana aiki da yara' yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 a cikin sana'o'in da Sakatare ke ganin haɗari na Kwadago.
A shekarar 2007, Massachusetts ta sabunta dokokin kwadagon yaransu da suka bukaci duk kananan yara su sami izinin aiki.
Yanayin wurin aiki
Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun yi aiki don haɓaka yanayin wurin aiki wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa. A lokacin Ci gaban Zamani, Amurka ta fara sake fasalin wuraren aiki, wanda ya sami tallata talla daga Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire . Masu ba da shawara game da ƙwadago da sauran ƙungiyoyi galibi suna sukar kayan aikin samarwa tare da yanayin aiki mara kyau kamar gumi da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na aiki, da kamfen don ingantaccen ayyukan kwadago da amincewa da haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk duniya domin zai taimaka wajen inganta dokar
Tsaro da dorewar zamantakewa
Abubuwan da aka gabatar na baya-bayan nan a fagen dorewa sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan ɗorewar zamantakewar, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, rigakafin fataucin mutane, da kawar da bautar da yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga samfuran da aiyukan da ake samu. Kungiyoyi kamar su Ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka da kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun fitar da karatu kan kayayyakin da aka gano cewa suna amfani da ayyukan yara da masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da su ko kuma samar da su ta hanyar safarar mutane. An bayyana haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar tushe kamar su Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta da ƙa'idodin aikin performanceasa na Financeasa na Duniya .
Albashin rayuwa
Kungiyar kwadago ta matsa lamba don tabbatar da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi,Wanda hakan Kai taimaka wajen inganta albashi kuma ana ci gaba da tattaunawa game da ƙarin zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashin. Koyaya, yan adawa suna ganin mafi karancin dokokin albashi suna iyakance damar aiki ga marassa kwarewa da masu matakin shiga.
Galibi ana jayayya akan fa'idodi da farashin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje akan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Nazarin na Payton da Woo ya nuna cewa duk da cewa "ma'aikata ba za su iya ganin an sami kari mai yawa a mafi karancin albashi ba amma za su iya samun Samar cun gajyar albashi ko kuma wasu kariyar da aka bayar a doka, a hankali a hankali za a inganta yanayin aiki gaba daya, yayin da karin FDI ke shigowa. "
Ma'aikatan ƙaura
Wasu lokuta ana cin zarafin ma'aikatan ƙaura na doka. Misali, bakin haure sun gamu da wasu zarge-zargen cin zarafi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ( gami da Dubai ). Kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch ta lissafa matsaloli da dama da suka hada da "rashin biyan albashi, tsawan lokutan aiki ba tare da biyan wani karin lokaci ba, yanayin aikin da ba shi da hadari da ke haifar da mutuwa da rauni, yanayin rayuwa mara kyau a sansanonin kwadago, da kuma hana fasfo da takaddun tafiye-tafiye da masu daukar ma'aikata suka yi. Duk da dokokin da suka hana hakan, masu daukar ma'aikata suna kwace fasfotin ma'aikata bakin haure. Ba tare da fasfo dinsu ba, ma'aikata ba za su iya sauya aiki ko komawa gida ba. Wadannan ma'aikata ba su da wata ma'ana don cin zarafin ma'aikata, amma yanayin ya inganta. Ministan kwadago da jin dadin jama'a Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama domin taimakawa inganta ayyukan kwadago a kasarsa.
An yi Allah wadai da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin wani rahoto da Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta nuna gaskiya ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2021 yana kiran al’ummar kasar da cin zarafinsu da wariyar da suke yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje da‘ yan cirani a kan ’yan Masarautar. A cewar DCT, baƙi da baƙi a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa galibi ana fuskantar wariyar jinsi da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, fataucin mutane, da tilasta musu aiki. Kamar yadda binciken da DCT ta gudanar, wadannan batutuwan ba a bayar da rahoto ba saboda barazana da tursasawa daga masu ba su aiki ta hanyar rasa aiki ko tuhumar aikata laifi. Rahoton ya nuna wariyar da cin zarafin sun ci gaba duk da an sassauta tsarin Kafala a masarautar. DCT ta kammala rahotonta inda ta bukaci UAE da ta magance matsalolin sannan ta kawo karshen matsayin launin fata da wariyar da ake nuna wa wadanda ba ‘yan kasa ba.
Koelnmesse, kamfanin da ke da alhakin kula da rumfar da ke wakiltar Jamus a Expo 2020 ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Emirati Transguard Group don wanki, tsaftacewa, da ayyukan tsaro. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi ikirarin cewa yayin sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin biyu, ba a manta da shaidun da ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam ba. An ce kamfanin ya hana fasfot da albashin ma’aikatan da ke karbar mafi karancin albashi sannan ya dakatar da su daga aikin ba tare da sanarwa ba.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da rajista
Hakki na daidaita daidaito, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, asali da bayyana, addini, yanayin jima'i, kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin haƙƙin ma'aikaci ne. Nuna wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki haramtacce ne a kasashe da yawa, amma wasu na ganin bambancin albashi tsakanin jinsi da sauran kungiyoyi a matsayin wata matsala ce ta ci gaba.
Yawancin ma'aikata masu ƙaura basa samun haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata musamman saboda ba sa jin yaren gida, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin doka ba. Wadansu sun lura cewa ba sa samun daidai adadin kudin a kan albashinsu yayin da wasu kuma ba a biyansu.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da izini a Amurka
Dokar Hulɗa da Ma’aikata ta recogniasa ta amince da leburori marasa aiki a matsayin ma’aikata. Koyaya, shari'ar babban kotun Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya bayar da bashin ba ga ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun doka ba bisa doka ba game da Dokar Shige da Fice da Kula da Shige da Fice ta 1986. A cikin wannan shawarar da kotu ta yanke, an kuma bayyana cewa Amurka za ta tallafawa FLSA da MSPA, ba tare da la'akari da ko an rubuta wani ba ko a'a. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini, suna da kariya ta doka game da nuna bambanci dangane da asalinsu. Hukuncin shari'ar babbar kotun Hoffman da farko ya shafi leburori da ba su da takardu ta hanyar hana su samun kudaden da / ko mayar da su.
Duk da yake babu wani mutum da ba shi da takardu da zai iya aiki a Amurka ta hanyar doka, amma masu rubutun ba su da kaso 5% na ma'aikata. A Amurka, mutanen da aka haifa a wajen ƙasar sukan yi aiki a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari kuma suna da damar fuskantar mutuwa a bakin aiki. Ctorsananan ɓangarorin albashi, waɗanda yawancin mutane marasa aiki ke aiki a ciki, suna da mafi girman ƙimar albashi da cin zarafin sa'a. Estididdiga sunyi iƙirarin cewa 31% na mutanen da ba su da takardu suna aiki a ayyukan sabis. Aikin abinci musamman yana da kashi 12% na ma'aikata marasa rajista.
Mutanen da ba su da rajista za su iya kuma sun shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, har ma takaddar yabo ta 2008 ta ba su "don ƙarfafa" ƙungiyar kwadago. Saboda NLRA tana kare ma’aikatan da ba su da takardu, yana kare haƙƙinsu na tsara. Koyaya NLRA tana cire ma'aikata waɗanda ke aikin gona, na gida, na kwangila masu zaman kansu, na gwamnati, ko kuma masu alaƙa da masu ɗaukar su aiki. An sake kare haƙƙin yin magana akan cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar dokar sake fasalin shige da fice a cikin 2013 tare da dokar POWER, wanda ke nufin kare ma'aikatan da suka yi magana game da ayyukan kwadago daga fuskantar tsarewa ko kora.
Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ba lallai bane su maraba da ma'aikatan baƙi. A cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, akwai gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar lokacin da masu kula da baƙi na Los Angeles suka sake tsara ma'aikatan sabis. Kasancewa cikin kungiyar kwadagon ba lallai bane ya magance dukkan bukatun ma’aikatan bakin haure, don haka samun karfi a cikin kungiyar shine matakin farko ga ma’aikatan bakin haure don magance bukatunsu.
Ma'aikatan baƙi suna yawan haɗuwa fiye da ƙungiyoyi, ta hanyar yin kamfen a cikin al'ummominsu kan al'amuran da suka shafi ƙaura, wariya, da kuma rashin da'a na 'yan sanda.
Dunkulewar duniya
A watan Maris na 2004, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Zamani ta Duniya ta ba da rahoto mai suna "Kyakkyawan Dunkulewar Duniya: Kirkirar Dama ga Kowa". Rahoton ya yarda da yadda tasirin dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar 'yancin ma'aikata. Sake fasalin dunkulewar duniya zai bukaci hadin kai ba kawai a cikin kasar ba har ma a matakin duniya. Ya nuna cewa hukumomin siyasa su "sabunta hankalinsu ga dunkulewar duniya".
Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun damu da yadda dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu hukumomin duniya da hukumomin duniya suna ganin tilasta aiwatar da aiki zai takaita ci gaban tattalin arzikin wata kasa. Kamar yadda kamfanoni ke ba da aikinsu ga ma'aikata daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albashi, gwamnatoci za su sassauta dokokinsu don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa. A sakamakon haka, kasashe matalauta suna aiwatar da ƙananan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin gogayya da sauran ƙasashe. Binciken Layna Mosley ya nuna cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata ya ƙi tun lokacin da aka faɗaɗa faɗaɗa duniya a kwanan nan. Ta hanyar samun ƙasashe da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi, ana iya kiyaye haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk faɗin duniya. Koyaya, wasu ƙasashe suna sanya hannu akan shi duk da cewa basa shirin bin ƙa'idodin. Sabili da haka, akwai damar samun damar ayyukan haƙƙin ma'aikata don wahala.
Koyaya, wasu sun yi ikirarin cewa dunkulewar duniya na iya inganta aiwatar da haƙƙin ma'aikata ta hanyar amsa buƙatun wata ƙasa. Gwamnatoci za su yi aiki don bukatun kasa, don haka a lokacin da wata muhimmiyar kasa ta kasuwanci ta bukaci a karfafa karfi da hakkin 'yan kwadago, za su yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
Nuna wariyar ma'aikata
Kungiyoyin kwadago da aka kafa a duk masana'antar. Kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin kere-kere sun gano wahalar kafa kungiyoyin kwadago a matakan kwarewa daban-daban. Wadannan rukunin kungiyoyin kwararrun sukan sami rarrabuwa ta hanyoyin wariyar launin fata da na jima'i. A cikin 1895 farar fata kawai Internationalungiyar Masana'antu ta Duniya. Shiga cikin Baƙin Amurkawa ƙarni na 20 ya ƙaura daga kudu zuwa arewa kawai don gano cewa akwai wariya a cikin damar tattalin arziki. Anyi amfani da kwatancen launin fata don rarraba ajin aiki da ƙirƙirar rarrabuwa. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar baƙin lambobi da dokokin Jim Crow don iyakance ikon Baƙin Amurkawa don ƙirƙirar wa kansu rayuwa. Dokokin Jim Crow da aka zartar a cikin shekarun 1800 sune Dokokin da suka hana Baƙin Amurkawa zama cikin fararen anguwanni, tare da keɓancewa a wuraren taron jama'a. wadannan an tilasta su don wuraren waha na jama'a, rumfunan waya, asibitoci, mafaka, gidajen yari da gidajen zama na tsofaffi da naƙasassu da ƙari.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gangamin Tsabtace Tufafi
Cibiyar Kula da Asiya ta Asiya
Rightsungiyar Rightsancin Kasashen Duniya
Weungiyoyin SweatFree
Human Rights Watch
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
Shafin haƙƙin ma'aikata a Ofishin Harkokin Kodago na Duniya, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu
Bayanin 'Yancin Duniya na ITUC 2020
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia%20Koranteng-Addow | Cecilia Koranteng-Addow | Cecilia Koranteng-Addow (née Gaisie,An haife ta 24 ga waran Mayu,Shekara ta 1936-Ta mu 30 ga watan Yuni,shekarar 1982) ta kasance babbar alkaliya a Ghana daga shekarar 1975 har zuwa lokacin da aka sace ta da kashe ta ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1982, a lokacin mulkin soja na biyu na Jerry Rawlings.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Cecilia Afran Gaisie a Assin Nsuta, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) a 1936 ga Philip Afran Gaisie, ɗan kasuwa, da Mary Adwoa Kwansaa Boafo, uwar gida kuma ɗaya daga cikin matan mahaifin Cecilia shida. Ta kasance daga dangin Royal Asenie na Adansi Medoma.
Cecilia ta halarci makarantar firamare a Makarantar Roman Katolika a Assin Anyinabrim, kuma a Makarantar Methodist ta Assin Edubiase, kusa da Assin Nsuta. Daga nan ta tafi makarantar sakandare a kusa da Cape Coast, da farko ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Uwargidan Manzanni (OLA) sannan ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Holy Child. A cikin 1959, Cecilia ta koma Burtaniya inda ta karanci dokar LLB a Jami'ar Hull. An kira ta zuwa mashaya a Lincoln's Inn a London a 1963.
Aiki
Bayan kammala karatunta na manyan makarantu a Burtaniya, Cecilia ta koma Ghana a 1964 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin shari’a mai zaman kansa na Opoku Acheampong and Company. Daga karshe ma'aikatar shari'a ta kasar Ghana ta dauke ta aiki a matsayin alkali. Bayan ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin alkali a kotun gundumar Ghana da kotun kewaye, an nada Cecilia a matsayin alkalin Babbar Kotun a 1975, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa rasuwarta a 1982.
A cikin 1980, Cecilia ta yi mulkin dan kasuwa mai suna Mista Shackleford, wanda aka tsare a lokacin juyin juya halin 1979 wanda Jerry Rawlings ya jagoranta. Cecilia ta ce babu wata hujja ga tsarewar kuma ta ba da umarnin a sake shi. Cecilia ita ce alkali na farko da ta tuhumi tanadi na rikon kwarya na Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin Sojoji (AFRC) da aka sanya a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 kuma ta saki wani mai laifi AFRC. Ta kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'ar da ta shafi ma'aikatan tayar da zaune tsaye na Kamfanin Masana'antu na Ghana (GIHOC) wadanda suka kai hari kan majalisar a Jamhuriya ta uku ta Ghana. Joachim Amartey Quaye, ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ma'aikatan masu tayar da tarzoma, daga baya ya zama memba na Rawlings 'Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), wacce ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a lokacin kisan Cecilia a 1982. Daga baya an yi wa Amartey Quaye shari'a kuma aka same shi da laifin rawar da ya taka a kisan Cecilia.
Rayuwar mutum
Mijin Cecilia na farko shi ne Nicholas Liverpool, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugaban Dominica na shida daga 2003 zuwa 2012. Cecilia da Nicholas sun hadu a lokacin karatunsu a Jami'ar Hull kuma sun yi aure a 1963. Suna da yara hudu tare. A cikin 1969, sun sake aure, kuma a cikin 1974, Cecilia ta auri Gustav Koranteng-Addow, alƙali wanda ya zama Babban Lauyan Ghana daga 1975 zuwa 1979. Cecilia da Gustav sun sadu ta wurin aiki kuma sun ci gaba da yin aure har mutuwar Cecilia a 1982. Ba su da yara tare.
Mutuwa da gado
An sace Cecilia kuma an kashe ta a asirce ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1982, tare da wasu alkalan Kotun Koli guda biyu, Frederick Poku Sarkodee da Kwadjo Adgyei Agyepong, da wani sojan ritaya, Sam Acquah, a lokacin mulkin soja na biyu na Rawlings. Rawlings ya hambarar da Shugaba Hilla Limann a wani juyin mulki a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981. Kisan ya faru ne a wurin harbin sojoji na Bundase da ke cikin Accra Plains a cikin sa’o’in dokar hana fita ta dare. An gano gawarwakin su da suka kone a wuri guda washegari. Bayan matsanancin matsin lamba kan Rawlings da PNDC, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Bincike ta Musamman don gudanar da bincike kisan kan. A shekarar 1992, jaridar Independent ta ba da rahoton sakamakon binciken kwamitin bincike na musamman a Ghana, wanda ta ce ya ba da shawarar gurfanar da mutane 10 kan kisan kai, ciki har da shugaban tsaron ƙasar Ghana a lokacin Kojo Tsikata. Tsikata, wanda na hannun daman Rawlings ne, ya shigar da kara a gaban jaridar Independent a ranar 26 ga Maris 1993, wanda ya amince ya yi watsi da shi bayan da The Independent ta buga sanarwar gyara a watan Satumba na 1998, inda suka fayyace cewa ba su da niyyar bayar da shawarar hakan. Tsikata ya aikata laifin. An gurfanar da Lance Corporal Amedeka, Michael Senyah, Tekpor Hekli, Johnny Dzandu da Joachim Amartey Quaye da laifin kisan kai a 1993. A watan Yunin 1993, kafin a kammala shari'ar, Amedeka ya tsere daga gidajen yarin Nsawam da Ussher Fort inda ake tsare da su kuma ya bar Ghana. An samu Senya, Hekli, Dzandu da Amartey Quaye da laifin kisan kai, an yanke musu hukuncin kisa sannan aka kashe su ta hanyar harbi.
Ana tunawa da Cecilia da sauran alkalai biyu da aka kashe a cikin aikin shari’a na shekara -shekara a ranar tunawa da mutuwarsu, da ake kira Ranar Shahada, a Ghana. Bikin Tunawa da Shahidai na Dokar Shari'a, wanda ya haɗa da mutum -mutumi na dukkan alkalai uku da aka kashe, yana tsaye a gaban ginin Kotun Ƙoli na Ghana a yau.
An kafa Gidauniyar Esi Afran a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Cecilia a 2011, ta abokiyar ƙuruciyarta Josephine van Lare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Philip Liverpool da Nana Ama Brantuo (née Liverpool), da burin inganta rayuwar' yan mata ta hanyar ilimi da horo. Gidauniyar a halin yanzu tana aiki don haɓaka matsayin ilimi a Ghana ta hanyar ba da tallafin kuɗi da shawara ga sauran ƙungiyoyin da suka mai da hankali kan ilimi.
Manazarta |
60640 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umarnin%20Harajin%20Makamashi | Umarnin Harajin Makamashi | Umarnin Harajin Makamashi ko ETD (2003/96/EC) umarni ne na Turai, wanda ke kafa tsarin tsarin Tarayyar Turai don biyan harajin wutar lantarki, injina da man jiragen sama da mafi yawan dumama mai. Umarnin wani bangare ne na dokar makamashi ta Tarayyar Turai; Babban sashinsa shine saita mafi ƙarancin kuɗin haraji ga duk Membobin ƙasashe.
Manufar da iyaka
Umurnin anyi niyya ne don tabbatar da aiki na kasuwar makamashi ta cikin gida ta EU da kuma guje wa gurɓacewar gasa ta tsarin haraji daban-daban. Bugu da kari, ya kamata ta bada gudummawa ga karancin carbon, tattalin arziki mai amfani da makamashi, wato, yin tasirin tuki da nufin kare muhalli da yanayi.
Don wannan dalili, ya tsara mafi ƙarancin haraji ga EU don wutar lantarki da kuma mai lokacin da ake amfani da su azaman mai, man jirgin sama ko man dumama. Matsakaicin adadin haraji ya bambanta dangane da nau'in mai (man fetur, kananzir, man gas, ruwa da iskar gas) da amfaninsu. Lokacin amfani dashi azaman mai dumama ko lokacin amfani dashi, alal misali, injuna na tsaye, aikin noma ko injinan gini don ayyukan jama'a, ana amfani da ƙananan kuɗi fiye da lokacin da aka yi amfani da su azaman mai. Ƙasashen Membobin suna da ɗimbin 'yanci wajen ƙirƙira haraji, umarnin yana buƙatar kawai harajin kai tsaye ya kai mafi ƙarancin ƙima ba tare da ƙarin harajin ƙima ba (VAT).
Akwai keɓance da dama ga umarnin:
An halatta ƙananan haraji don dizal na kasuwanci.
Ana iya ba da keɓewar haraji da ragi don dalilai na muhalli da lafiya.
Keɓancewar haraji yana yiwuwa ga tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa da wutar lantarki don jigilar jama'a.
Rage haraji yana yiwuwa ga kasuwancin da ke da kuzari.
Wasu sassa masu amfani da makamashi, kamar masana'antar karafa, da kuma abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban, misali don dumama da samar da sinadarai, an cire su daga umarnin.
Hakanan akwai wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman da na rikon kwarya ga yawancin ƙasashe Membobi.
An ba wa ƙasashe membobin izinin keɓanta jirgin sama na kasuwanci da jigilar kayayyaki a cikin ruwan tekun Al'ummar Turai (wanda ake magana da shi" kewayawa ta iska da kewayar teku''), amma ana barin Membobin ƙasashe su iyakance waɗannan keɓe (Preamble §23). Misali, an hana Membobin kasashe tara harajin mai na jet, sai dai a kan jiragen cikin gida ko kuma tare da yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashe membobi (Sashe na 14(1)(b) da(2)). Babu irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi.
Ci gaba
Umurnin ya maye gurbin umarnin 92/81/EEC da kuma 92/82/EEC -wanda kawai ya dai-daita harajin mai - bayan shekaru goma na tattaunawa. Dokar farko ta Turai, wacce ita ce tushen doka don umarnin, na buƙatar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya na Majalisar Turai don buƙatun dokar haraji. Hakanan ana buƙatar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya don canje-canje ga umarnin. Lokacin da aka gabatar da su a cikin 2004, yawan kuɗin haraji a yawancin ƙasashe sun fi mafi ƙarancin adadin haraji. A shekara ta 2008, Majalisar ta bukaci Hukumar da ta samar da shawarwari kan yadda za'a daidaita Umarnin tareda makasudin makamashi da yanayi na Tarayyar Turai. Hukumar ta kammala a shekarar 2011 cewa umarnin ba zai dore ba kuma ya bada kwarin gwiwa mara kyau. Ya ba da shawarar gyara wanda zai saita mafi ƙarancin ƙima dangane da abun cikin makamashi da hayaƙin CO2. Sai dai shawarar ta gamu da adawa daga Luxembourg na Poland da kuma a cewar wasu muryoyin cikin gida Jamus ma. A shekarar 2015 hukumar ta cire kudirin daga shirinta na aiki.
Dangane da rahoton martani na Maris 2020 na Sufuri da Muhalli, 'Ba a sake nazarin Umarnin Haraji Makamashi (ETD) ba tun 2003, kuma yana buƙatar sabuntawa idan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana da gaske game da tura yarjejeniyar Green Green ta Turai.' An ce za'a sake gyara shi acikin 2021.
See also
Harajin jiragen sama da tallafi § Tarayyar Turai
Amfanin makamashi a Turai (nazari) - nazari a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Odyssee Mure
Energy efficiency in Europe § Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan Inganta Makamashi na Ƙasa
Manufar makamashi na Tarayyar Turai
EU Umarnin Sabunta Makamashi 2009/28/EC
Jagoran Inganta Makamashi na EU 2012
Umurnin Tarayyar Turai
Shirin Ayyuka na Ƙasar Jamus akan Inganta Makamashi (wanda aka taƙaita NAPE)
Harajin mai na Jet a Tarayyar Turai
Jerin umarnin Tarayyar Turai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dokar Majalisar 2003/96/EC ta 27 Oktoba 2003, sake fasalin al'umma don harajin kayayyakin makamashi da wutar lantarki |
30688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20Muhalli%20a%20New%20Jersey | Dokar kare Muhalli a New Jersey | Dokar muhalli a New Jersey ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na doka da na tsari don kare yanayi a cikin Jihar New Jersey . Irin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da dokoki da ƙa'idodi don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, daidaita tsaftar ruwan sha, gyara gurɓatattun wurare, da kiyaye filaye daga cigaba, musamman a yankunan Pineland na kudancin New Jersey da tsaunuka a arewacin jihar. Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) ce ke aiwatar da dokokin muhalli a New Jersey.
Tarihi
Kamar yadda yake da sauran jihohi a Amurka, New Jersey ba ta da tsarin dokokin muhalli na jaha gabaɗaya kafin tsakiyar karni na 20. Har ya zuwa lokacin, an fara aiwatar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi, Sannna Kuma ta hanyar dokokin da suka tsara yadda ake zubar da shara da najasa da kuma samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna birnin. Misali, yarjejeniyar 1874 na birnin Trenton ya ce:“Bai halatta ga wani mutum ko wani kamfani ya saka a cikin kowane magudanar ruwa, ko magudanar ruwa, ko rafi a cikin wannan birni, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rumbun ruwa, na sirri, ko kowace irin kazanta da za ta iya cutar da lafiyar al’umma. birni." Gwamnatin birni ce za ta aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma tana da fa'ida sosai da za a iya amfani da ita don aiwatar da illar lafiyar jama'a daga gurɓacewar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'anta. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga kalmomin doka, sannan kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don daidaita najasa. Misalin da ya yi kama da ka'idojin muhalli na zamani shine dokar shekarata 1927 da Union City ta amince da ita "hana fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga amfani da gawayi mai bituminous a cikin wasu kayan aikin kona mai da kuma sanya hukunci kan keta shi," wanda ke wakiltar yunƙurin farko. don magance gurbacewar iska a cikin birnin.
New Jersey na daya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka zartar da dokar da ta shafi gurbatar iska a sikeli. Dokar hana gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954),” kamar yadda aka kafa ta tun farko, ta kafa hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi a ma’aikatar lafiya ta kuma umurci hukumar da ta kirkiro ka’idojin gurbacewar iska sannan ta baiwa sashen cikakken ikon aiwatar da dokar. "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" har yanzu ita ce babbar dokar gurɓacewar iska ta jihar, kodayake an yi mata kwaskwarima da faɗaɗawa sosai tun shekarar 1954 (duba ƙasa). Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1950s, jihar ta fara sha'awar ingancin ruwa da al'amurran samar da ruwa a fadin jihar, ta wuce "Dokar samar da ruwa ta New Jersey, 1958.
A shekarun 1960s sun ga manyan gyare-gyare ga "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" da kuma farkon shirin kiyaye ƙasa a duk faɗin Jiha tare da aiwatar da "Dokar Samar da ƙasa ta New Jersey Green Acres na shekarata 1961." Wannan dokar ta ba da dala miliyan 60 don adana ƙasa tare da kafa shirin Green Acres a cikin jihar. 1960s kuma sun ga aiwatar da ka'idoji na farko a duk fadin jihar game da gine-gine a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa: "Dokar Kula da Hadarin Ruwan Ruwa." Wannan doka daga baya za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokokin jihar na amfani da filaye. Sai dai, a tsarinta na farko, wannan doka ta ba wa gwamnati izini kawai ta ware wani yanki da kasancewa cikin haɗarin ambaliya tare da sanar da ƙananan hukumomi da jama'a wannan gaskiyar.
A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarata 1970, an kafa NJDEP don ƙarfafa aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihohi, waɗanda aka ba wa hukumomin jihohi da yawa. Wannan, haɗe da haɓakar motsin muhalli a cikin 1970s a duk faɗin ƙasar Amurka, ya haifar da aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na muhalli a faɗin jihar kamar yadda suke a yau.
Manyan Dokoki ta Taken
Kula da gurbataccen iska
NJDEP tana aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta 1963 ta hanyar Shirin Aiwatar da Jiha (SIP), hade da dokoki, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin da ke amfani da wurare guda ɗaya a cikin jihar, da tanadin ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida kamar tsare-tsaren da NJDEP ta ƙera don magance takamaiman batu. Ana iya samun SIP na New Jersey a cikin Code of Dokokin Tarayya (CFR) a 40 CFR §52.1570. Wasu daga cikin manyan dokokin da ke cikin shirin sun haɗa da dokokin da ke tsara konewa a buɗe da kuma nau'in man fetur na abin hawa, dokokin da ke buƙatar gwajin hayakin mota, da dokokin da ke buƙatar wuraren da ke samar da adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu don neman izini daga NJDEP da bi. bukatun da aka kafa don izini. Kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsaftar iska ta tsara Ma'aunin Ingantacciyar iska ta ƙasa don ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar, kuma tana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ɗauki ƙa'idodi don cika ƙa'idodi. A cikin shekarata 2010s, New Jersey ta sami damar cika ka'idojin kowane gurɓataccen abu sai ozone.
Babbar dokar kula da gurɓacewar iska ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954)." Wannan doka ta riga ta fara aiwatar da dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta tarayya amma an yi mata gyara sosai a shekarar 1967 don mayar da martani ga dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya da gyare-gyare a 1965 da 1967. An shigar da tanade-tanaden "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" a cikin SIP don aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya. “Dokar hana gurbatar iska” ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a kanta, duk da haka, saboda tana ba hukumar NJDEP ikon bincikar wurare da kuma hukunta mutanen da ba su bi ka’idojin hana gurbatar iska ba.
Kula da gurbataccen ruwa
An baiwa NJDEP ikon aiwatar da dokar tsaftar ruwa ta tarayya. Dokokin farko na jihar game da gurbatar ruwa shine "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa." Dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta hana fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan jihar ba tare da ingantaccen izini ba. NJDEP tana aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa" ta hanyar Tsarin Kawar da Gurɓacewar Ruwa na New Jersey, tsarin ba da izini ga wuraren da ke fitar da sharar ruwa a cikin ruwan halitta a cikin jihar. Sannan Kuma A cewar gidan yanar gizon NJDEP, "[t] nau'ikan wuraren da aka tsara na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan masu amfani kamar sansani, makarantu, da wuraren sayayya zuwa manyan masana'antu da masu zubar da ruwa na birni."
Amintaccen ruwan sha
Babbar dokar ruwan sha ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Aminci." Ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don ɗaukar matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa don gurɓata daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha (misali gubar da tagulla). Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi bin ƙa'idodin da Dokar Ruwa Mai Aminci ta tarayya ta kafa. Koyaya, ka'idodin jihar NJDEP sun fi tsauri ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta karɓi matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa ga wasu abubuwa (misali perfluorooctanoic acid da perfluorooctanesulfonic acid ) waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ba ta karɓa ba. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta amince da ka'idojin ruwan sha na "na biyu" don abubuwan da ke tasiri dandano, kamshi, da bayyanar ruwan sha. Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba amma suna aiki ne kawai azaman shawarwari ga masu aikin tsabtace ruwan sha.
Gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata
Babbar doka game da sarrafawa da tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari ita ce "Dokar Kula da Zuba Jari." An kira "Dokar Kashe Kuɗi da Kulawa" a matsayin takwararta ta jiha ga dokar Superfund ta tarayya, kodayake ta riga ta fara dokar Superfund. "Dokar biyan diyya da sarrafawa" ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don tsaftace wuraren da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta ba da izinin NJDEP don karɓar diyya na farashin gyara daga "duk mutumin da ya sallame shi. wani abu mai haɗari, ko kuma ta kowace hanya ne ke da alhakin" fitarwa. Har ila yau, tana riƙe mutanen da abin ya shafa "tabbataccen abin dogaro, tare da kuma daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da laifi ba, kuma don duk farashin tsaftacewa da cirewa," wanda shine babban nau'i na abin alhaki. Misali, a cikin Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha v. Ventron Corp, Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyayen kamfanin na kamfanin gurbataccen yanayi, da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da suka sayi wani yanki na gurbataccen kadarorin, suna da alhakin tsaftacewa.
Inda aka yi niyyar aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Matsalolin Zuba Jari" a cikin lamuran da aka yi kuskure ko kuma da gangan aka saki abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman ruwan karkashin kasa, "Dokar Farfado da Yanar Gizon Masana'antu" (ISRA) ta shafi wuraren masana'antu waɗanda aka riga aka yi su. gurbata ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullun na wurin. An kafa ISRA a cikin shekarata 1993, tare da maye gurbin "Dokar Nauyin Tsabtace Muhalli" (ECRA) wanda ba a so da kuma cece-kuce. ISRA tana da manufa iri ɗaya da ECRA, duk da haka, ita ce ta ɗora wa mai gidan masana'antu alhakin tsaftace wurin. Don haka ISRA tana buƙatar wuraren masana'antu waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ko samar da samfuran haɗari don tsabtace wuraren su don gamsar da NJDEP, kuma a matsayin sharadi na siyar da kadarorin ko dakatar da samarwa a wurin. Kuma Domin ISRA ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta daidaita ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a ƙarƙashin ECRA, sanarwar sanya hannu kan dokar ta haɗa da jawabin Gwamna Jim Florio cewa "wannan sabuwar doka ana iya kiranta Dokar Farfado da Rukunan Masana'antu, amma ina so in yi la'akari da ita a matsayin Dokar Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Ayyuka. "
Kiyaye daga ci gaba
Shirin Green Acres, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1961, yana bawa jiha, gundumomi, da filayen sa-kai damar siyan filaye don adana dindindin a matsayin sarari. An gyara tsarin mulkin jihar a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2014 don ba da wani kaso na kudaden harajin kasuwancin jihar ga shirin Green Acres. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, NJDEP ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya adana fili mai girman eka 650,000. Bugu da kari, New Jersey ta kafa wasu manyan dokoki guda biyu don sarrafa ci gaba a manyan yankuna biyu na jihar. Kuma Domin kudancin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariya ta Pinelands" tana tsara ci gaba a cikin National Reserve na Pinelands, kuma, a arewacin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariyar Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands" tana tsara ci gaba a yankin Highlands, wani yanki mai fadi a arewacin rabin arewa. na jihar da ke dauke da tsaunukan Appalachian da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan sha ga jihar.
Majalisa ta ƙirƙira National Reserve na Pinelands a cikin shakarar 1978 ta hanyar aiwatar da "Dokar Parks da Recreation ta 1978" ta tarayya. A cikin wannan dokar, Majalisa ta amince da "masu muhalli, dabi'a, al'adu, nishaɗi, ilimi, noma, da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a" na yankin Pinelands tare da ayyana shi a matsayin amfanin ƙasa don karewa da adana "waɗannan fa'idodin ga mazaunan baƙi zuwa yankin." Daga nan ne majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa dokar “Pinelands Protection Act” domin aiwatar da manufofin dokar tarayya. Dokar "Pinelands Protection Act" ta kafa hukumar da aka fi sani da Pinelands Commission wanda ke da alhakin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yankin Pineland da kuma amincewa da tsare-tsaren ci gaba na kowace karamar hukuma a yankin. Babban manufar Hukumar Pinelands ita ce ta ba da sabon ci gaba zuwa wasu wuraren da ba su da kula da muhalli, da kuma guje wa ƙarancin ci gaba a kan babban yanki.
An kafa dokar "Kare Ruwa da Tsare-tsare" a cikin shekarata 2004. Ba kamar Dokar Pinelands ba, doka ce kawai ta matakin jiha kuma baya aiwatar da dokar tarayya. Dokar "Highlands Act" ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands, wacce ke da alhakin tsara shirin ci gaba a yankin. Har ila yau, dokar ta raba yankin Highland zuwa "tsarin kiyayewa," wanda ake bukata don dacewa da tsarin ci gaban majalisar, da kuma "yankin tsarawa," wanda bin tsarin ci gaban majalisar na son rai ne. Kuma A cikin wurin adanawa, yawancin manyan ci gaba suna buƙatar izini na musamman daga NJDEP kafin su ci gaba. Waɗannan izini gabaɗaya sun fi tsauri fiye da yadda za su kasance don ci gaba a wajen yankin Highlands.
Binciken muhalli na Jiha
Dokar Zartarwa ta New Jersey 215 (1989)
A cikin shekarar 1989, Gwamna Thomas Kean (R) na wancan lokacin ya rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa mai lamba 215 (EO 215), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin New Jersey daidai da ayyukan manufofin muhalli na doka a wasu jihohi da kuma dokar NEPA ta tarayya . Manufar EO 215 ita ce "rage ko kawar da duk wani mummunan tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da gwamnati ta fara ko kuma ta ba da kuɗaɗen." Don haka, ana buƙatar duk hukumomin jihohi, sassan, da sauran hukumomin da suka ba da shawara ko ba da kuɗi (> 20%) 'manyan ayyuka' don shirya ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rahoton muhalli masu zuwa:
Ƙimar muhalli (EA) ita ce mafi ƙarancin fa'ida kuma mafi ƙarancin sifofin rahoton guda biyu. Ba kamar EIS ba, EA baya buƙatar ƙunsar nazarin hanyoyin da aka tsara zuwa babban aikin. Koyaya, bayanin aikin da kayan rakiyar (zane-zane, shuke-shuken rukunin yanar gizo, taswirori, da sauransu) za su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin abu. Ana buƙatar EA don abin da EO 215 ya kira aikin Level 1, inda ake sa ran ginin gine-gine ya wuce $ 1 miliyan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya maye gurbin Gano Babu Muhimman Tasiri ( FONSI ) bisa ga dokar NEPA ta tarayya da New Jersey EA.
Bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS) ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi girma. Dole ne EIS ya haɗa da jeri kuma ya bayyana madadin aikin da aka tsara. Ana buƙatar EIS don aikin mataki na 2, inda ake sa ran farashin gini ya zarce dala miliyan 5 kuma sawun filaye ya zarce kadada biyar.
An ƙaddamar da rahotannin EA da EIS (ko FONSIs) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) . Sashen na bitar waɗannan rahotanni, yana fitar da bincike game da cikar su, kuma (idan ya cika) yana ba da shawarar matakin aiki. Hukumar da ke ba da shawara na iya ba da amsa ta hanyar karɓa ko jayayya da shawarwarin NJDEP. A ƙarshe, EO 215 zai buƙaci kwamishinonin NJDEP da hukumar da ke ba da shawara don cimma matsaya ta "aminci mai kyau" na duk wani ci gaba da rashin jituwa.
Bukatun bitar muhalli na jihar New Jersey ba su da yawa a kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin New York da wasu jihohi, inda ƙayyadaddun nau'in aikin (da madaidaicin zurfin tsarin bitar) ya dogara ne akan ƙarin rarrabuwa na yuwuwar tasirin aikin, maimakon haka. fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na ƙasa wanda New Jersey ke aiki a ƙarƙashin EO 215. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatun bitar muhalli na New Jersey sun shafi ayyukan da hukumomin jiha suka qaddamar ko kuma ba da kuɗaɗe masu yawa, kuma ba ga ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar matakin sanin yakamata na jiha ba, kamar bayar da izini na jiha ko na gida. Musamman ma, ya kamata masu haɓakawa su sani cewa wasu gundumomin New Jersey sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin, ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun bitar muhalli don ayyukan gida waɗanda suka wuce buƙatun jihar ƙarƙashin EO 215.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Dokar New Jersey
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19847 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garga%20Haman%20Adji | Garga Haman Adji | Garga Haman Adji (an haife shi 27 Janairu 1944 ) ɗan siyasan Kamaru ne. Yayi aiki a gwamnatin Kamaru a matsayin Ministan Ma'aikatan farar hula daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kuma a yanzu shi ne Shugaban Alliance for Democracy and Development (ADD), karamar jam'iyyar siyasa. Hakanan shi kansila ne na birni a cikin Arrondissement na Farko na Maroua .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Musulmi ne kuma memba ne na ƙabilar Fula, Garga an haife shi ne a Maroua. Ya fara aiki a cikin gwamnatin jihar tun yana saurayi, ya zama mai taimaka mataimakan mulki a Yagoua Prefecture a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta1961 sannan kuma shugaban sakatariyar karamar hukumar Kar-Haye a watan Yulin shekara ta 1962; mukamin na karshen ya bashi damar samun kwarewa a shirya kasafin kudi. Ya kuma shiga jam’iyya mai mulki a 1962, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kasa ta Kamaru da Magistracy, a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Duniya da ke Paris, da kuma Jami’ar Tarayya ta Yaounde a lokacin 1960s.
Kwarewar aiki da aikin gwamnati
A farkon aikinsa, Garga ya rike manyan mukamai a Kamaru, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktan Tsaron Kasa, Mataimakin Darakta a Ma’aikatar Kudi, Babban Sakatare na Ma’aikatan Farar Hula, da Daraktan Kudi na Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kamaru. Sannan yayi aiki a matsayin Sufeto na Jiha kuma Mataimakin Darakta na Kula da Gyara Tsarin Mulki.
Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984, wanda yan Arewa ke da hannu a ciki, aka kama Garga aka tsare shi a babban kurkukun Kondengui . Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake shi, amma, aka naɗa shi Babban Darakta-Janar na Bankin Boston na Kamaru a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Shugaba Paul Biya ya nada Garga ga gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Ma’aikatan Gwamnati da kuma Oditon Jiha na Koli a shekarar 1990. Da yake waiwaye bayan nadin nasa, Garga ya ce ya yi farin ciki da hakan saboda yana ganin Biya ya amince da kudurinsa na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma zai ba shi damar yin hakan cikin 'yanci. Bayan halatta siyasa da yawa a watan Disambar shekarar 1990, Garga ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar siyasa, Alliance for Democracy and Progress; an yarda da shi bisa doka a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1991.
A cikin gwamnati, Garga yayi aiki don yaki da rashawa. A matsayinsa na shugaban Audit na Jiha, ya ba da rahoton cewa manyan jami’ai daban-daban suna bin jimlar kudi CFA miliyan 357 na kudaden da suka bace, inda aka gano 42 daga cikinsu da ake zargi da satar CFA miliyan daya ko fiye da haka. Garga ya ce ya kamata a gurfanar da manyan jami'an a gaban kotu don nuna cewa ba za a amince da rashawa ba, amma ba a dauki wani mataki a kansu ba. Daga nan sai aka gyara ma'aikatar Garga a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1992, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Ministan Ma'aikatan Gwamnati da Gyara Tsarin Mulki; don haka ya rasa ikonsa akan Kudin Gwamnatin Jiha. A cewar Garga, Biya bai bayyana wa Garga dalilin da ya sa ya sauya ayyukan Garga ba, amma Garga ya yi imanin cewa an yi hakan ne saboda Biya da wadanda ke kusa da shi ba su amince da tsayin daka na Garga game da rashawa ba. Takaici da halin da ake ciki da kuma jin cewa Biya ba shi da tabbaci a kansa, Garga ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1992. Ya musanta cewa jagoran adawa John Fru Ndi ya shawo kansa ya yi murabus, duk da cewa ya yi yakin neman goyon bayan takarar Fru Ndi a zaben shugaban kasa Octoba shekarar 1992 . A lokacin zaben, Biya ya ce Garga ya yi murabus ne saboda Biya ba ya son yin abin da Garga yake so. Biya ya lashe zaben shekarar 1992 bisa ga sakamakon hukuma; duk da haka, Garga ya yi ikirarin cewa an yi magudi a zaben kuma Fru Ndi ne ainihin wanda ya yi nasara.
Harkar siyasa bayan shekarar 1992
Jam’iyyar Garga, wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Alliance for Democracy and Development (ADD), ta yi rawar gani a zabuka, amma Garga ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda magudin zabe. A watan Mayu na 1996, an shirya shi ya bayyana a matsayin bako a fagen Les Heures, shirin muhawara a rediyon jama'a, don tattaunawa game da mutuwar Ahmadou Ahidjo, amma an dakatar da shirin kai tsaye kafin watsa shi. A cewar manajan gidan rediyon, ba a watsa shirin ba ne saboda rashin cika takardu.
A matsayinsa na wakilin wata kungiyar siyasa, Garga ya kasance cikin kwamitin kidaya kuri’u na kasa na mutum 22 a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba na shekarar 1997, kuma ya zargi Hukumar da yin zamba wajen gudanar da sakamakon.
Bayan zaben ' yan majalisar dokoki na watan Yunin shekarar 2002, Garga da wasu fitattun' yan siyasar arewa hudu sun fitar da sanarwa a watan Yuli, inda suka yi zargin magudin zabe tare da sanar da kafa "fagen adawa". Sun yi gargadin cewa gwamnatin Kamaru mai mulkin dimokiradiyya (RDPC) tana mayar da kasar zuwa mulkin jam'iyya daya kuma sun yi kira ga 'yan siyasa "da su tsallake duk wani banbanci, son kai da son zuciya don samar da wani yunkuri da zai iya ceto Kamaru daga rugujewa". Garga ya kuma bi sahun sauran 'yan siyasar arewa wajen sanya hannu a wata takarda a watan Satumbar shekarar 2002 inda ya yi tir da yadda ake zargin gwamnatin ta mayar da arewa saniyar ware da rashin kulawa tare da yin kira da a mai da hankali sosai kan magance matsalolin arewa.
Garga ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar ADD a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2004 . Da yake kin shiga kawancen adawar a wancan lokacin, ya ce baya ga Fru Ndi da Adamou Ndam Njoya hadakar ta kunshi ‘yan cin amana ne marasa gaskiya, yayin da masu sukar sa suka yi ikirarin cewa yana son yin takarar Shugaban kasa ne kawai don biyan bukatar kansa. Tare da sauran shugabannin adawa, Garga ya yi kira da a yi amfani da na’ura mai kwakwalwa wajen gudanar da zaben, yana mai cewa ya zama dole “a kiyaye zaman lafiyar al’umma da kuma tabbatar da zaben gaskiya” A zaben, ya sanya na hudu da kashi 3.73% na kuri'un. Biya ya lashe zaben da gagarumin rinjaye, duk da cewa Garga ya gudanar da aikin "mutunci" a yankin Diamaré, wanda ke cikin lardin Arewa mai Nisa .
A wata sanarwa da aka fitar a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004, 'yan kwanaki bayan zaben, Garga ya yi Allah wadai da zaben a matsayin magudi, yana mai nuni da kura-kurai da dama tare da tabbatar da bukatar hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta da za ta kula da zabuka masu zuwa. Ya kuma soki sauran shugabannin adawa saboda nuna halin da ya bayyana a matsayin ha'inci, son kai, da kuma sabawa tun a farkon shekarun 1990. A wasu bayanan bayan zaben, ya nuna rashin amincewa ya lura cewa mutane sun zabi yin zaben ga ‘yan takarar da suka fito daga yankinsu tare da jaddada mahimmancin hadin kai, yana mai cewa ya kamata mutane su matsa gaba fiye da siyasar kabilanci kuma su zabi kan ra’ayi. Dangane da rashin gamsuwa da son ballewa a cikin yaren mutanen Ingilishi, ya ce korafin nasu ya cancanta kuma ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki wadannan korafe-korafen da muhimmanci.
Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zaben shekarar 2007
Lokacin da Biya ta fara kamfen na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a farkon shekarar 2006, Garga ya nuna amincewarsa a hankali, yana mai cewa Biya daga karshe yana yin abin da ya ba da shawara a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma "ya fi kyau fiye da yadda aka saba da shi", amma kuma ya ce masu adawa da yaƙin neman cin hanci da rashawa ya buƙaci faɗaɗa sosai. A cewar Garga, ministocin da shugabannin kamfanonin gwamnati da yawa sun yi almundahana.
Baya ga matsayinsa na Shugaban ADD, Garga ya kuma jagoranci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta "Kyakkyawan Lamiri" har zuwa na shekarar 2006. Biyo bayan kirkiro da lambar yabo ta Mo Ibrahim, wacce aka shirya don inganta shugabanci na gari ta hanyar ba shugabannin Afirka da suka yi ritaya ladan kudade masu yawa, Garga ya nuna shakku a wata hira da ya yi da BBC Afirka ta Oktoba a shekarar 2006. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa rashin son shiga cin hanci da rashawa ya ta'allaka ne da "imanin mutum, wanda ba shi da wata alaka da dukiya". Ya kuma nuna shakku kan cewa kyautar za ta karfafawa shugabannin Afirka gwiwa su yi ritaya, yana mai cewa babu wani kudi da zai isa idan ba sa son barin mulki.
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris shekarar 2007, Shugaba Biya ya nada Garga zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku a Kwamitin Kula da Hukumar yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Kasa. A bikin rantsar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007, Garga ya fadi, amma ya sami kulawar gaggawa cikin gaggawa kuma ya murmure cikin 'yan mintoci. A cikin 'yan jaridu, an zargi rushewar tasa da yanayin cunkoson mutane a cikin zauren, da kuma gaskiyar cewa ya yi kusan awa daya tsaye.
Garga yana ɗaya daga cikin yan takarar ADD guda uku da aka zaɓa cikin mambobina kungiyar Municipal mai mambobi 35 na Babban Arrondissement na farko na Maroua a zaɓen birni na watan Yulin shekarar 2007 . Kodayake jam’iyyarsa ta samu ‘yan kujerun karamar hukuma kawai kuma ba ta da kujerun majalisa, amma Garga ya lura cewa ADD ba ta taba cin wani kujerun karamar hukuma ba sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa ADD din ta samu ci gaba saboda tana“ a yanayin barayi ”amma har yanzu ta yi nasarar wasu daga [kayanta] ". A zaman farko na Majalisar Birni ta farko ta Karamar Hukumar, an zabi Garga a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kudi. Kodayake matsayin na biyu a karamar hukuma karami ne idan aka kwatanta shi da mukaman da ya rike a baya a rayuwarsa, Garga ya ce yana son ya zama mai amfani kuma yana farin cikin sanar da kwarewarsa ga sauran mambobin majalisar. Dangane da rahoton da Hukumar Kula da Zabe ta Kasa ta bayar game da zaben majalisar dokoki da na kananan hukumomi na shekarar 2007, wanda aka buga a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008, Garga ya ce an yi magudi a zaben kuma rahoton masu kula bai nuna gaskiya ba. A cewar Garga, rajistar masu jefa kuri'a zababbu ce kuma tana wakiltar wannan karamin yanki na yawan jama'a (miliyan 4.6 da suka yi rijista a cikin mutane miliyan 18.5) don haka zaben ba shi da wani kwari. Ya kuma yi nuni da zargin da aka yi na yawaitar kada kuri’a da kuma sayen kuri’u a da’awar cewa zaben ba shi da gaskiya da adalci.
Rayuwar mutum
Garga, a matsayinsa na Musulmi, yana da mata da yawa .
Manazarta
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kini Nsom, "Garga Haman Adji: Hunting Embezzlers" , The Post (Cameroon), 8 October 2004.
3. ^ a b c d Mathurin Petsoko, "Garga Haman Adji: Un exemple de rectitude morale pour la jeunesse camerounaise" Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine , journalducameroun.com, 20 March 2009 (in French).
4. ruqyah cirebon
5. ^ a b c d e f Kini Nsom, "'The Corrupt Still Run Gov't'" , The Post (Cameroon), 27 February 2006.
6. ^ a b Report by the Ministry of Justice on the State of Human Rights in Cameroon 2005 [permanent dead link], October 2006, page 98 (in French).
7. ^ New African , January 1992, page 18, cited in George B. N. Ayittey, Africa Betrayed (1992), page 239.
8. ^ a b c d e Tangie Nsoh Fonchingong, "Corruption, Governance and Development in Cameroon", in Cameroon: The Stakes and Challenges of Governance and Development (2009), ed. Tangie Nsoh Fonchingong and John Bobuin Gemandze, page 50.
9. ^ "CAMEROON: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical" , IRIN, 27 January 2006.
10. ^ Edmond Kamguia Koumchou, Le journalisme du carton rouge: réflexions et chronologie des années orageuses (2003), page 245 (in French).
11. ^ "Cameroon: A Transition in Crisis" , Article 19, October 1997, pages 15–16.
12. ^ Jean-Germain Gros, Cameroon: Politics and Society in Critical Perspective (2003), page 147.
13. ^ "Five former Cameroonian ministers allege vote rigging" , Panapress, 15 July 2002.
14. ^ "Northerners in Cameroon deny seeking secession" , Panapress, 15 September 2003.
15. ^ Sylvestre Tetchiada, "Politics-Cameroon: A Vote for Computerization" Archived 2004-12-22 at the Wayback Machine , IPS, 27 September 2004.
16. ^ "List of candidates and results for the 2004 presidential election" . Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved 2017-10-11. (in French).
17. ^ "Cameroon - Biya Wins" , Africa Research Bulletin, October 2004.
18. ^ "Présidentielle: Communiqué de Presse de Garga Haman Adji, Président de l'ADD"
Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine , Cameroon-Info.net, 23 October 2004 (in French).
19. ^ Kini Nsom and Nformi Sonde Kinsai, "SDF, Others, Ready For Dialogue With Biya"
Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine , The Post (Cameroon), 1 November 2004.
20. ^ "Un prix pour promouvoir la bonne gouvernance en Afrique" , BBC Afrique, 28 October 2006.
21. ^ "Décret n° 2007/078 du 15 mars 2007 portant nomination des membres du Comité de coordination de la Commission nationale anti-corruption" Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine , Cameroon government website (in French).
22. ^ Kini Nsom and Christopher Jator Njechu,
"National Anti-Corruption Commission: Garga Haman Collapses At Swearing-In Ceremony" , The Post (Cameroon), 31 May 2007.
23. ^ "Garga Haman Adji : Un délégué du gouvernement n'est pas nécessaire à Maroua" Archived 2008-04-30 at the
Wayback Machine, Mutations, 18 January 2008 (in French).
24. ^ Kini Nsom, "Opposition Says NEO Report is Fallacious" , The Post (Cameroon), 4 August 2008.
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50806 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Sauyin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu | Canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, yana haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi da canjin ruwan sama. Shaida ta nuna cewa abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi suna zama sanannu saboda canjin yanayi. Wannan damuwa ce mai mahimmanci ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda canjin yanayi zai shafi matsayi da jin daɗin ƙasar gaba ɗaya, misali game da albarkatun ruwa. Kamar sauran sassan duniya, binciken yanayi ya nuna cewa ainihin ƙalubalen a Afirka ta Kudu ya fi alaƙa da batutuwan muhalli maimakon na ci gaba. Sakamakon da ya fi tsanani zai kasance yana da niyya ga samar da ruwa, wanda ke da babban tasiri ga bangaren noma. Canje-canje na muhalli da sauri suna haifar da sakamako mai kyau a kan al'umma da matakin mujallar ta hanyoyi da fannoni daban-daban, farawa da ingancin iska, zuwa yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin yanayi, kaiwa ga tsaro na abinci da nauyin cututtuka.
Ana sa ran tasirin sauyin yanayi daban-daban a kan al'ummomin karkara sun hada da: fari, raguwar albarkatun ruwa da bambancin halittu, rushewar ƙasa, rage tattalin arzikin rayuwa da dakatar da ayyukan al-adu.
Afirka ta Kudu tana ba da gudummawa mai yawa na CO2, kasancewar ita ce ta 14 mafi girma da ke fitar da CO2. Sama da matsakaicin duniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da tan 9.5 na hayakin CO2 ga kowane mutum a cikin shekarar 2015. Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda tsarin makamashi da ke dogaro da kwal da mai. A matsayin wani ɓangare na alkawurranta na kasa da kasa, Afirka ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin samun hayaki tsakanin shekara ta 2020 da kuma 2025.
Rashin iskar gas
Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ta 14 mafi girma a duniya mai fitar da iskar gas.
Sufuri
Sashin sufuri a Afirka ta Kudu yana ba da gudummawa 10.8% na jimlar Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions a cikin ƙasar. Baya ga hayaki kai tsaye, hayakin kai na kai a kai ta hanyar samarwa da jigilar man fetur suma suna samar da hayaniyar hayaka. Sufuri na hanya, musamman, yana ba da gudummawa kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu ga jimlar hayaki na sufuri.
Tasirin yanayin muhalli
Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi
Akwai tabbaci daban-daban game da tasirin canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu tare da raguwar ruwan sama da sauri kuma an lura da matakan zafin jiki. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kara yawan zafin jiki a Afirka ta Kudu da digiri 2-3 na Celsius a tsakiyar karni, da kuma digiri 3-4 na ° Celsius ta ƙarshen karni a cikin wani yanayi na tsakiya.
Tasirin zai hada da canza yanayin ruwan sama da karuwar evaporation, kara yiwuwar matsanancin fari.
Afirka a halin yanzu tana fama da manyan raƙuman zafi bisa ga yanayin nahiyar a cikin rikicin muhalli na yanzu.
Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane
Aikin noma
Babban ƙalubalen da kowace ƙasa ke fuskanta saboda canjin yanayi shine tasirinsa kai tsaye akan tsaro na abinci. A wannan ma'anar, an lissafa Afirka a matsayin nahiyar da ta fi fuskantar sauye-sauyen yanayi. A Habasha misali, samar da abinci yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa saboda canjin yanayi. An lura cewa akwai karuwa a cikin asarar samarwa na shekara-shekara ga sauye-sauyen yanayi daga shekara zuwa shekara.
Ana sa ran aikin gona zai sami mummunar tasiri ta hanyar fari, rage ruwan sama, kwari, da sauran canje-canje a cikin muhalli saboda canjin yanayi. Yanayin zafi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu da karancin ruwan sama zai haifar da iyakancewar albarkatun ruwa da canza danshi na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar le raguwar amfanin gona.
Wasu tsinkaya sun nuna cewa samar da ruwa na ƙasa na iya raguwa da kashi 60% a shekara ta 2070 a wasu sassan Yammacin Cape. Don juyar da lalacewar da rashin kula da ƙasa ya haifar, gwamnati ta goyi bayan wani makirci wanda ke inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa.
Samar da masara, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kashi 36% na yawan amfanin gona na Afirka ta Kudu, ya kuma sami mummunar sakamako saboda canjin yanayi. Kimanin darajar asarar, wanda ke la'akari da abubuwan da ke faruwa tare da kuma ba tare tare le tasirin takin carbon dioxide ba, yana tsakanin dubban da daruruwan miliyoyin rands.
Yawon shakatawa
Afirka ta Kudu tana da muhimmiyar al'amari na yawon bude ido don kallo da kuma mai da hankali sosai yayin la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi. Wannan bangare ne mai hankali da za a ambata amma muhimmancinsa ya ta'allaka ne ga sauyin yanayi wanda ke girma kwanan nan. Kalubale sun wuce gaskiyar cewa akwai buƙatar shirya hanya don ƙarin masu yawon bude ido su zo. Babban damuwar Afirka ta Kudu ya kai ga bunkasa shirye-shiryen rage talauci sakamakon canjin yanayi a Afirka de Kudu. Yawon shakatawa ya bukaci masu tsara manufofi a Afirka da su inganta damar aiki, ci gaban tattalin arziki da tallafawa masana'antu daban-daban. Akwai kalubale daban-daban da ke fuskantar bangaren yawon bude ido a Afirka ta Kudu kuma wannan yafi sakamakon tasirin Canjin Yanayi. A wannan bangaren, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gwamnatin ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu ta fara aiwatar da sabbin manufofi na yawon bude ido da na yanayi don shawo kan kalubalen. Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa yanayin gaba ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu yana fama da yanayi da canje-canje daban-daban / Wadannan bambance-bambance sun yi niyya ga yankunan ruwan sama na rani da na hunturu, yankuna masu zafi, da yankunansu masu laushi da busasshiyar.
Tasirin kiwon lafiya
Akwai shaidar cewa canjin yanayi zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman saboda yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni. An riga an sami babban nauyin cututtuka a Afirka ta Kudu da ke da alaƙa da matsalolin muhalli kuma canjin yanayi zai kara tsananta yawancin waɗannan batutuwan zamantakewa da muhalli. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai yi barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar karuwar damuwa ta zafi, karuwa a cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yashiwa, kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, raguwar tsaro na abinci, da karamin damuwa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Binciken wallafe-wallafen shekarar 2019 game da daidaitawa da lafiyar jama'a, ya gano cewa "ƙararru da ingancin bincike abin takaici ne, kuma ba daidai ba ne da barazanar da canjin yanayi ya haifar a Afirka ta Kudu".
Ragewa
Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta himmatu ga hauhawar hayaki na CO2 tsakanin shekara ta 2020 da kuma 2025. Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da yin aiki tare da sauran masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris don ci gaba da karuwar zafin jiki a ƙasa da 2 ° C. Koyaya, masu sa ido masu zaman kansu sun kira ayyukan da gwamnati ke yi yanzu bai isa ba. A wani bangare, wannan gazawar yin aiki yana da alaƙa da mallakar gwamnati ta Eskom, wanda ke da alhakin yawancin aikin kwal a kasar. Hakazalika, tattalin arziki yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan makamashi a duniya kodayake ba ya saita manufofi na ragewa ga masana'antu. Kaddamar da kudi da saka hannun jari zuwa ga sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon da al'umma babbar ƙalubale ce ga Afirka ta Kudu.
Kamar duk ƙasashen da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris Afirka ta Kudu za ta ba da rahoton kayan iskar gas ga UNFCCC aƙalla sau biyu daga shekara ta 2024 a ƙarshe.
Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Duniya da Banken Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka sun amince da rancen Yuro miliyan 200 don tallafawa sabon shirin samar da kudade da aka yi niyya don buɗe Yura miliyan 400 don saka hannun jari na makamashi mai sabuntawa a Afirka ta Kudu.
Daidaitawa
Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara dabarun sauyin yanayi na kasa (NCCAS) a cikin shekara ta 2019. Wannan dabarar tana gabatar da hangen nesa don daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da haɓaka juriya a cikin ƙasar. Wannan dabarar kuma tana tsara wuraren fifiko don cimma wannan hangen nesa, wanda ya haɗa da albarkatun ruwa, noma da gandun daji na kasuwanci, kiwon lafiya, bambancin halittu da yanayin halitte, mazaunan mutane, da rage haɗarin bala'i. An kuma samar da wannan dabarar don yin aiki a kan sadaukarwar kasar ga wajibai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris a karkashin Yaruniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC).
Afirka ta Kudu tana cikin ci gaba na kammala dabarun sauyin yanayi na kasa. "Tsarin daidaitawa na kasa yana aiki ne a matsayin ma'anar maɓallin daidaita canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana ba da dandamali wanda za'a iya bayyana manufofin daidaita sauyin yanayi na ƙasa don samar da jagora ga dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki".
Jama'a da al'adu
Yunkurin fafutuka
A cikin taron canjin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2011 (COP17) da aka gudanar a Durban, an shirya zanga-zangar da zanga'angar don nuna damuwa game da batutuwan canji na yanayi. Wani yunkuri da ya tara mutane 12,000 ya bukaci wakilai a COP17 da su dauki matakin yanayi na gaggawa. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma shiga cikin wurin taron a lokacin da tattaunawar ta kasance a cikin rikici.
Sanarwar jama'a
Sanarwar jama'a game da waɗannan tasirin da za su iya samu ya karu tare da fari na Kudancin Afirka na 201820 da kuma rikicin ruwa na Cape Town.
Duba kuma
Canjin yanayi a Afirka
Motocin lantarki a Afirka ta Kudu
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21626 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeste%20M%27bami | Modeste M'bami | Modeste M'bami (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1982 - Le Havre Fassara, 7 ga Janairu, 2023) shi ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru tsohon ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .
Klub din
Haihuwar Yaoundé, M'Bami ya fara wasan sa ne a kasar sa ta asali inda yake wasa a kungiyar Dynamo Douala amma sai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasashen waje suka hange shi da sauri.
Ya shiga CS Sedan Ardennes a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2000. Duk da karancin shekarunsa, M'bami ya buga wasanni goma a kakarsa ta farko a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ya taimakawa kulob dinsa ya zo na biyar. Cikin hanzari ya zama ƙungiyar yau da kullun kuma ya buga wasanni 60 a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa. A shekarar 2003, kungiyar ta koma matakin rukuni na biyu na Faransa kuma M'Bami ya yanke shawarar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Paris Saint-Germain kan fam miliyan 5 bayan da wakilinsa Willie McKay ya dakatar da tattaunawar gaba da Wolverhampton Wanderers.
A lokacin kakarsa ta farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain, M'bami ya kasance tare da wani matashin dan wasan baya mai tsaron baya, Lorik Cana . Duk da rashin kwarewa, sun taka rawar gani a kakar wasa mai kyau ta kungiyar, inda Paris Saint-Germain ta zama ta biyu a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ta lashe Kofin Faransa . Kungiyar ta 2004-05 ta kungiyar ba ta yi nasara sosai ba, inda M'bami ke fama da rauni. Lokacin shekarar 2005 - 06 ya ga M'Bami ya taimakawa Paris Saint-Germain wajen sake daukar Kofin Faransa, yayin da kulob din ya kare na 9 a gasar.
A watan Agusta shekarar 2006, bayan shekaru uku a Paris Saint-Germain, M'Bami ya koma hannun babbar abokiyar hamayyar ta Marseille, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, don haka ya sabunta hadin gwiwarsa ta tsakiya tare da Lorik Cana, wanda ya sanya hannu a Marseille a kakar da ta gabata.
Ya bar Marseille bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare a bazarar na shekarar 2009 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara fuskantar gwaji a kungiyoyin Premier na Ingila Portsmouth, Bolton Wanderers, Wolverhampton Wanderers da Wigan Athletic . Bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare da kulob din Marseille na Faransa sai ya koma 30 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2009 don gwaji tare da kulob din Spain na UD Almería, daga baya Almería ya kammala sayan dan wasan na tsakiya, dan wasan Kamaru ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kungiyar ta Sipaniya.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2011, aka saki M'bami da Juanito daga Almería . Daga nan ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta China League One kuma aka ba shi lamuni ga kungiyar Changchun Yatai ta kasar China . M'bami ya koma Dalian Aerbin a cikin 2012. Koyaya, bai iya bugawa Dalian Aerbin wasa ba a kakar wasanni ta 2012 saboda 'yan wasan kasashen waje sun takaita doka. M'bami ya koma kungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Premier a watan Yulin 2012.
A cikin shekarar 2014 ya koma Colombia tare da Millonarios FC, daga babban birni Bogotá . An dauki M'bami don taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ta 2014-15.
Ayyukan duniya
M'bami showed his talent on the international scene at a very young age. He won the Olympic football games with his country in 2000 in Sydney, also scoring the Golden goal against Brazil during the quarter-finals. He was also in the team when Cameroon reached the finals of the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2003 and was part of the 2004 African Cup of Nations team, who finished top of their group in the first round of competition, before failing to secure qualification for the semi-finals. M'bami was also in the Cameroonian national football team that disappointingly failed to qualify for the 2006 German World Cup as they finished second in their qualification group behind the Côte d'Ivoire.
Kocin aiki
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 ya yi watsi da aikin horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru.
Kididdigar aiki
Manufofin duniya
Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen da Kamaru ta zira a farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin M'bami .
Daraja
Kulab
Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de France : 2004, 2006
Ittihad FC
Kofin Sarakuna (Saudi Arabia) : 2013
Na duniya
Kamaru
Wasannin Olympics : 2000
Kofin Confederations : 2003 Runner Up
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estella%20Hijmans-Hertzveld | Estella Hijmans-Hertzveld | Estella Dorothea Salomea Hijmans-Hertzveld (14 Yuli 1837 - 4 Nuwamba 1881) mawaƙiya ce, mai fassara, kuma mai fafutuka.Tun tana ƙarama, waƙoƙinta, galibi akan jigogin Littafi Mai Tsarki da na tarihi, suna fitowa akai-akai a cikin mujallun adabi masu daraja. akai-akai,aikinta ya kuma yi magana game da al'amuran zamantakewa na zamani, ciki har da kawar da bauta,'yantar da Yahudawa, da adawa da yaki. An buga tarin fitattun waqoqinta mai suna Gedichten ('Wa}o}i), makonni da yawa kafin rasuwarta a shekara ta 1881.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Estella Hertzveld a Hague a cikin shekarar 1837 ga Devora Elka far( farknée Halberstamm ) da Salomon Hartog Hertzveld, ɗan fari na yara shida. Mahaifinta babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma kwararre a fannin haraji a ma'aikatar kudi daga dangin mashahuran malamai; kakanta, Hartog Joshua Hertzveld,ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Rabbi na Overijssel da Drenthe daga shekarun 1808 zuwa 1864.
Hertzveld ta bambanta kanta tun tana ƙuruciyarta a matsayin marubuci mai hazaka kuma mawaƙi kuma mawaƙin Dutch Carel Godfried Withuys ya ba shi jagoranci. Sa’ad da take da shekara 14,ta shirya “Sauls Dood” ('Mutuwar Saul'), wadda ta fito a cikin .,sannan Withuys ya gyara shi, a cikin shekarar 1852. Mawaki Jacob van Gigh ne ya karanta rubutun ga babban yarda a taron Maatschappij tot Nut der Israëlieten ('Ƙungiyar don Amfanin Isra'ilawa'). Mai tuba Bayahude zuwa Kiristanci Abraham Capadose sadaukarwa ga Hertzveld fassarar 1853 na Leila Ada,Mai tuba Bayahude; a cikin wasiƙun jama'a ta nisanta kanta daga imanin Capadose.
Sana'a
Ba da daɗewa ba wakokinta sun bayyana a kai a kai a cikin Israëlietische Jaarboekje ('Littafin Shekarar Isra'ila')da Almanak voor het scooone en goede ('Almanac for the Beautiful and Good'),musamman "Elias in de Woestijn"('Elias in the Desert').1853) da "Tocht der Israëlieten kofa de Roode zee" (' Tafiya na Jama'ar Yahudawa ta Bahar Maliya',1854).Daga baya za ta buga wakoki a cikin littattafan lokaci-lokaci Amora,Castalia,Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen, Jaarboekje voor Tesselschade,da Jaarboekje voor Rederijkers.
A lokaci guda,Hertzveld ya ƙware Jamusanci,Turanci, Faransanci,Danish,Norwegian,Italiyanci,da Ibrananci,kuma ya fara rubuta fassarar litattafai a cikin waɗannan harsuna.
Shahararru a cikin da'irar wallafe-wallafen Dutch,Hertzveld ya ci gaba da yin kusanci da sauran marubutan Dutch,ciki har da Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint da Johannes Jan Cremer. An nemi ta sau da yawa don ba da gabatarwa a lokutan bukukuwa kuma ta rubuta waƙoƙin yabo don keɓe sabon gidan makaranta da sababbin majami'u a Hardenberg (1855) da Delft (1862).
Daga baya rayuwa
Hertzveld ya auri Jacobus Hijmans,ɗan kasuwa mai nasara daga Veenendaal shekara ashirin da ɗaya babbanta,a Delft a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 1863. Bayan daurin auren,wanda Cif Rabbi Issachar Baer Berenstein ya jagoranta,su biyun suka zauna a Arnhem. Tare suna da 'ya'ya shida: (1864-1937),Dorothea Dina Estella (1865-1899),Hugo Siegfried Johan (1867-1944),Willem Dagobert George Marie (1868-1872), Leopold Maurits Bernard (1870-1904),da Mariath Sophia Elisabe (1871-1961).
Ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci kungiyar Arnhem na kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Arbeid Adelt a shekara ta 1872,amma ta sauka bayan mutuwar danta Willem a wannan shekarar.
Bayan 'yan shekaru an gano ta tana da tarin fuka.Duk da haka,ta rubuta waƙa don kundin da aka gabatar wa Prince Hendrik a lokacin aurensa a lokacin rani na 1878,da kuma aya a cikin kundin waƙa don Sarauniya Emma a cikin wannan shekarar. Daga 1880 ta zauna a wani sanatorium a Reichenthal, Upper Austria.Da fatan mutuwa za ta zo, ta shirya tarin wakokinta da aka sadaukar domin ‘ya’yanta.An buga shi a ƙarƙashin taken Gedichten van Estella Hijmans-Hertzveld ('Waƙa ta Estella Hijmans-Hertzveld') ta surukinta George Belinfante a cikin watan Oktoba 1881. Ta rasu bayan 'yan makonni tana da shekaru 44.kuma an interred a in Wageningen.
Aiki
Hertzveld ya haɗa “Esther” don tarin waƙoƙin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Samuel Israel Mulder na 1854, da aikinta na 1856 “Het Gebed” ('Addu'ar') Abraham D.Delaville ne ya fassara shi zuwa Ibrananci. Don tallafawa mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a cikin 1855 da 1861 a duk faɗin Netherlands,ta buga "Allah redt" ('Allah Yana Ceci') da "Januari 1861" (Janairu 1861),bi da bi. A cikin 1863 Hertzveld ya rubuta waƙar waƙa ga Empress Maria Theresa ta Austria don tarin Historische vrouwen ('Matan Tarihi'). Waƙarta "De Priesterzegen" ('The Priestly Blessing',1853), wanda ke zana hanyar haɗi tsakanin firistoci na hidimar Haikali da hidima a cikin majami'ar ghetto,zane-zanen zanen Yahudawa na Yahudanci Maurits Léon da Eduard Frankfort.
Daga cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen,ta fassara daga Jamusanci Ludwig Philippson 's oratio Mose auf Nebo (1858),daga Turanci Grace Aguilar 's Sabbath Thoughts and Sacred Communings (1859),da jerin labaran Norwegian na Henrik Wergeland,wanda ya ba da shawarar budewa. na iyakar Norway da shige da fice na Yahudawa.
Waƙar da ta yi a baya ta kasance tana da alaƙa da fifikon ayyukan zamantakewa. Hertzveld ya hada da "Lied der negerin, een dag vóór de vrijheid" ('Waƙar Negro,Ranar Kafin 'Yanci') don bikin kawar da bauta a cikin yankunan Holland a 1863;"Stemmen en zangen" ('Voices and Chants'),yana nuna rashin amincewa da mamayewar Prussian na Schleswig-Holstein a 1864,kwafin da mahaifinta ya ba wa Hans Christian Andersen a ziyararsa ta biyu a Netherlands a 1866; da "Het triomflied der beschaving" ('The Triumphant Song of Civilisation'),yana yin Allah wadai da mugunyar yaƙi,a cikin shekara ta 1866.
Wakokin Hertzveld "Poezie" ('Shaya'a'),"De laatste der Barden" ('The Last of the Bards'),"Abd-el-Kader" (' Abdelkader '),da "Het triomflied der beschaving" an nuna su a ciki.Jan Pieter de Keyser's Adabin Dutch a cikin karni na sha tara da waƙar "Abram" a cikin 's Bloemlezing der poëzie van Nederlandse dichteressen.
Manazarta |
26671 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Kenya | Sinima a Kenya | Sinima a Kenya na nufin masana'antar fim ta Kenya. Ko da yake ƙaramar masana'anta ce ta kwatankwacin yammacin duniya, Kenya ta ƙirƙira ko zama wurin yin fim tun farkon shekarun 1950 lokacin da aka yi fim ɗin Men Against the Sun a 1952. Ko da yake, a Amurka, an haska fim ɗin almara na daji da aka saita a cikin ƙasar a Hollywood tun farkon shekarun 1940.
Sinima
Maimakon fitattun fina-finan da ke da abubuwan tatsuniyoyi, Kenya ta fi samar da fina-finai na abubuwan dake faruwa sau da yawa da ke da alaƙa da yanayin mutane da talauci a manyan biranen Kenya. Tun a shekarar 2000 fina-finan da aka nuna akan samar da fasahar DV sun karu a kasar. Sun hada da Dangerous Affair, Project Daddy, and Money & the Cross by Njeri Karago, Babu's Babies by Christine Bala, Naliaka is Going by Albert Wandago, Farashin 'ya mace da Bayan Rufaffiyar Doors by Jane Murago-Munene, The Green Card by Brutus Sirucha, Malooned by Bob Nyanja, The Great Betrayal by Ingolo wa Keya, All Girls Together by Cajetan Boy, Help by Robert Bresson and From a Whisper by Wanuri Kahiu, and Jitu Films movies: Mob Doc, R2 Security, Zeinabu Rudi Nyumbani, Chasing Musa, Mai Son Kai, Ni, Matata Da Guru, Kabari Da Ta Wuta ; da Hammer na Cezmiq Cast, da kuma haramtaccen fim ɗin ban tsoro Otto the Bloodbath .
Fina-finan da suka fito kafin 2000 sun haɗa da The Battle of the Sacred Tree (1995) na Wanjiru Kinyanjui wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da dama ( OCIC da Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame award in the US), ' Saikati ' (1992) da 'Saikati Enkabaani' (1998) by Anne Mungai, The Married Bachelor (1997) na Ingolo wa Keya da Kolor Mask na Sao Gamba. Gajerun tatsuniyoyi da yawa kuma suna kan karuwa kamar su The Baisikol (1997) na Ingolo wa Keya, Ras Star na Wanuri Kahiu, <i id="mwOg">Subira</i> na darektan fina-finan Indiya Ravneet Sippy Chadha na Kenya, Life in D Major na Angelo Kinyua, da Extracts of Me. by William Owusu.
Sauran masu yin fina-finai masu zaman kansu masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da ke amfani da fasahar dijital don daukar fina-finansu da sayar da su a cikin gida ta hanyar DVD da VCD sun haifar da masana'antar Riverwood. Ko da yake asalin sunansa ya samo asali ne daga hanyar River-road, titin da ke da cunkoson jama'a inda ake sayar da kaset na kiɗa da na'urorin lantarki, Riverwood yana ɗaukar hankalin manyan gidajen talabijin na yau da kullun da masu watsa shirye-shirye na Afirka. Race ta Mburu Kimani ta samu lambar yabo a bikin kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Kalasha (Kyawun TV da Fina-Finai na Kenya) na "Best Riverwood Film". Sauran fina-finai a cikin wannan nau'in sun haɗa da Simiyu Barasa's Toto Millionaire (2007), da sauran fina-finai masu yawa na harshe kamar Kihenjo da Machangi .
Fina-finai irin su na 2006 Ina so in zama matukin jirgi sun ba da labarin wani ɗan ƙaramin yaro da ke fama da talauci a Nairobi wanda ke da burin zama matuƙin jirgin sama da samun ’yanci daga rayuwarsa ta kunci.
A cikin 2007 Fitattun siffofi, babban gidan Mediya na Kenya, sun yanke shawarar bambanta daga ayyukansu na al'ada da kuma shiga cikin samar da fina-finai na gida. A wannan lokacin Vivid ya sami nasarar shirya fina-finai 24 na Kenya a ƙarƙashin sunan Jitu Films tare da daraktoci daban-daban kamar Alexandros Konstantaras, Evelyn Kahungu da Hawa Essuman. Jitu ya yi ƙoƙari ya taimaka wajen samar da wata kasuwa mai dogaro ga fina-finan Kenya ta hanyar taimakawa haɓaka silima da al'adun siyan DVD don fina-finan Kenya na gida da kuma isa ga sauran masu sauraro a wajen Afirka. Don doke satar fasaha Jitu suna da faifan DVD ɗin su na asali akan siyarwa a ƙarƙashin dala ɗaya kawai a cikin manyan kantuna da kantuna. DVD ɗin ainihin inganci ne na asali tare da ƙarin menus tare da wasu tirelolin fim, da sauransu. A cikin 2010 Jitu Film's Otto: Blood Bath ya sami suna ba kawai ta hanyar kasancewa fim ɗin Horror na farko na Kenya wanda Hukumar Tace Fina-Finan ta Kenya ta dakatar da shi a shekarun baya a matsayin "Mai ban tsoro har ga babba" amma ta hanyar lashe lambar yabo ta farko a matsayin Mafi kyawun Gabas. Fim ɗin Afirka a bugu na ƙarshe na bikin fina-finan Rwanda.
Fim kamar na shekarun 2010 Togetherness Supreme, wani fim na almara na Nathan Collett ya sami kulawar ƙasa da ƙasa don bayyana wasu batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummar Kenya. Togetherness Supreme ya ba da labarin Kamau, mai fasaha, wanda ke amfani da basirarsa don inganta canji a Kibera, kuma labari ne na soyayya, rikici, da kuma ƙarshe, na sulhu.
Kibera Kid wanda darektan Kenya Nathan Collett ya jagoranta wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na mintuna goma sha biyu wanda ya ƙunshi jigogi na laifuka da talauci a cikin unguwannin Kibera, Nairobi da kuma ɗabi'a kamar yadda matashin jarumin dole ne ya zaɓi tsakanin zama tare da ƙungiyar ɓarayi ko kuma. rayuwa babu laifi. Labarin almara ne amma yanayi da gaskiyar da aka kwatanta ba haka bane. Fim din ya sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa guda bakwai kuma ya sami kulawa a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na duniya ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Berlin kuma an ba shi lambar yabo da Student Emmy a Hollywood. BBC, Reuters, Al Jazeera English da sauran su ne suka bayyana shi. Baya ga wannan daraktoci irin su Collett sun harbe wasu gajerun fina-finai irin su The Oath, gajeriyar tarihin 2005 a cikin shekarun 1950 a lokacin tawayen Mau Mau a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Kenya. Yana nuna gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin ’yan’uwa biyu a bangarorin da ke rikici. Yawancin 'yan wasan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin fim din zuriyar mayakan Mau Mau ne.
Yayin da adadin fina-finan da aka yi a ƙasar ya ƙaru a shekarun baya-bayan nan, kasar ba ta da karfin kudi da jarin da ake bukata don shirya fina-finai masu girma da kuma daukar ƙwararrun ƴan wasa. Ya kasance baya bayan sauran masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka irin su Afirka ta Kudu da Masar waɗanda suke shirya fina-finai masu mahimmanci tun farkon karni na ashirin.
Tallace-tallacen gwamnati na yin fim
Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen bunƙasa fina-finan Kenya a matsayin masana'antu, kuma a shekarar 2005 gwamnati ta taimaka wajen kafa hukumar kula da fina-finai ta Kenya (KFC) wadda ta fara aiki a tsakiyar shekarar 2006. Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kenya tana da niyyar haɓaka masana'antar ba kawai a cikin ƙasar ba amma don haɓaka wayar da kan duniya da sha'awar masu saka hannun jari. Hukumar tana karkashin ma'aikatar yaɗa labarai da sadarwa ne karkashin jagorancin Samuel Poghisio . Yana tallafawa masana'antar fina-finai ta Kenya ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki don nunawa da yin fim da shirya tarurruka daban-daban don ilmantar da masu shirya fina-finai na gida da ke neman shiga harkar fim. Har ila yau, tana da alhakin ba da shawara kan lasisi da shige da fice; da kuma saukaka aikin daukar fim ga masu yin fim. Hukumar ta kuma kafa wata ma’adanar bayanai da za ta jera daraktocin fina-finai, furodusoshi, wakilai, hazikan gida, masu ruwa da tsaki da masu samar da hidima don daukaka martabar masana’antar fina-finai ta Kenya.
A cikin 2012 Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta gabatar da shirya fina-finai a makarantu, kwalejoji da bikin wasan kwaikwayo na jami'o'i. Wannan aikin da Dr. Simon Peter Otieno na sashen adabi, Jami'ar Nairobi ya shirya ya ga makarantu, kwalejoji da jami'o'i suna ƙoƙarin yin fim a cikin bikin. A shekarar 2012 cikin fina-finan Conflicted Successions ta Kenya Cibiyar Mass Communication, Time ta Elimu Academy, A Lokaci zuwa Cry da Chogoria Girls 'High School, Benji ta Lions Primary School, Flashback da Karima Girls' high school, The First Drop da Kayole Ɗaya Makarantar Firamare, Babban Makarantar Nyagatugu Ya Ba da Labari , Angel ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Kakamega, Gasar da Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya, Anne-Brittah ta Makarantar ’Yan Mata ta Bulimbo, Mafarkin Gobe ta Makarantar ’Yan Mata ta OLM Mugoiri, Juma’ar da ta gabata. a Ten ta Gitwe Girls' High School da Matsalolin Matsalolin da Makarantar Menengai ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Menengai sune manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa. Kasancewar shekarar farko ta bikin ingancin abubuwan samarwa ya kasance abin mamaki sosai. Kadan daga cikin gabatarwar sun kasance gwaji kuma basu da ingancin fasaha.
2013 ya ga abin da zai zama abin jayayya na biyu Labarin Almarar Kimiyya a Kenya bayan Pumzi (2010). Wannan wani fim ne mai suna Messenger na makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Rwathia wanda ya gabatar da labarin wani baƙo da ya saci shaidar wata daliba ta form one. Sauran abubuwan da suka fi ɗaukar hankali a bangaren sakandaren sun hada da A Rose for Salome ta Chogoria Girls' High School, Red Rose ta Nyagatugu Boys High School, Wasikar da Auntie ta Makarantar Mata ta TumuTumu, Zunubai da Al'amuran da Uwargidanmu Rahama Mugoiri ta yi. ' High School, Black Rose ta St. Annes Secondary School Lioki, Hoton na Makarantar Kangubiri Girls' High School, Tumors of Bitterness ta Othaya Boys' High School da Kosa La Mwisho ta Makarantar Sakandaren Kajembe.
Rukunin makarantun firamare sun ga tantance Words ta Elimu Academy. A cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i nau'in fim ɗin da za a ambata shine Tuna Sunan da Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Jama'a ta Kenya, Ƙaunar da Jami'ar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka ta ɗauka zuwa wani wuri mai ban mamaki , The Twist by Mount Kenya University,
Mu Yi Wasa Pretend ta Jami'ar Moi. A ƙoƙarin inganta shiga cikin wannan sabon salo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da na fina-finai, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta bullo da nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i kamar Documentary, Cinematic Poetry, Screen-narative, Screen-Dance da Talla. A cikin 2013 da yawa cibiyoyin Yara na Farko sun shiga cikin rukunin waƙar allo. Makarantar sakandaren ƴan mata ta Kangubiri da makarantar firamare ta Kayole daya da makarantar firamare ta Nkamathi ne suka gabatar da wannan wasan allo.
Sha'awar da aka haɓaka a cibiyoyin koyo ya yi yawa sosai tare da adadin shirye-shiryen fim/bidiyo da ke ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Abubuwan da aka yi ko da yake na gwaji ta fuskoki da yawa sun sami ingancin ƙwararru. A shekarar 2014 an samu shiga 16 a cikin kyautar fim da Talabijin na Kalasha na shekara wanda alkalai suka yi kima sosai amma makarantu da dalibai ba a taɓa ba su kyautar da ta dace ba saboda karancin isassun kudade na bikin. Wasu jigogin sun kasance masu ƙarfin hali da ƙwazo sosai, gami da cin nasara cikin sci-fi. Jerin fina-finai masu inganci da aka nuna tsakanin 2013 da 2014 yana cikin tebur wiki na 1 a gefen dama na wannan shafin:
A shekarar 2014 a ɓangaren sakandaren ‘yan matan Kangubiri ta lashe fim ɗin mai suna Bury Kasusuwana Amma Ka kiyaye Maganata (Labarin wata yarinya da mahaifiyarta ta gargade ta da kada ta rika daukar kyauta a lokacin da ta ke zuwa makarantar sakandare amma ta samu nasara. wanda ya ci karo da wata baiwar da ba za ta iya jurewa ba; na samun ikon allahntaka). Fim ɗin Jami'o'in sun sami Jami'ar Internationalasashen Duniya ta Amurka da Jami'ar Nairobi sun sami manyan kyaututtuka. Jami'ar Nairobi ta shirya wani fim mai suna The Epitaph (Labari ne game da wata yarinya da ta samu rauni da ke cikin jami'ar amma ba ta iya mantawa da cewa ta rasa dan uwanta a yajin tashin hankali da dalibai suka yi a makarantar sakandare inda ta shiga ba tare da son rai ba).
Makarantun firamare sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Elimu Academy waɗanda suka sami lambar yabo ta fim dinsu mai suna Maya wanda ya kasance labari na gaskiya da ke nuna yadda daliban wata makaranta da dama suka mutu a kan hanya sakamakon rashin kulawa da hukumar makarantar. Makarantar Firamare ta Nairobi tana da kyakkyawan shirin rubuce-rubuce kan makarantar. Makarantar firamare ta St. Eugene daga yammacin Kenya ta kuma gabatar da wani shirin cin nasara mai taken Future Between Rocks da ke nuna yadda daliban makarantar ke fuskantar kalubale na talauci ta hanyar yin zabe mai wahala na zuwa makaranta ko kuma su fasa dutse a wani dutsen da ke kusa don samun. Kuɗi ga iyalansu talakawa. Makarantar Firamare ta Kayole Daya ta gabatar da wani raye-raye mai ban sha'awa a allo mai taken Mutuku game da wani yaro da aka lallaba da shan kwaya amma ya dawo hayyacinsa ya dawo ya yi fice a makaranta.
A cikin 2015 cibiyoyin da suka nuna ingancin fina-finai/bidiyoyin watsa shirye-shirye sun kasance kamar a cikin tebur wiki tebur 2 a gefen dama na wannan shafin:
Cibiyoyi da yawa sun halarci bikin da aka gudanar a garin Nakuru a shekarar 2015 a makarantar Menengai. Adadin fina-finan ya kasance 152 amma yawancin gwaje-gwajen da ke buƙatar ƙwarewa da yawa. Kadan da aka ambata a sama sun fi ko žasa waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan inganci a cikin harbi, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gyarawa. Wannan ya yi nuni da bukatar a ba malamai ƙarin bita don samar musu da karin kayan aikin fim/bidiyo.
Abin ban mamaki sosai a cikin wannan aikin shine samar da fim daga cibiyoyin Koyon Yara na Farko wanda kuma aka sani da ECDs. Waɗannan cibiyoyi ne waɗanda ke karɓar yaran da suke zuwa makarantar gaba da sakandare tsakanin shekaru 4 zuwa 6. Gundumar Nairobi ta kasance tana samun ƙarin shiga ta cibiyoyin ECD tun lokacin da aka fara yin fim a cikin shirin makarantun. Yaran da malamansu za su shirya wakar bidiyo da yaran suka karanta kuma yunkurin ya kayatar sosai. Our Lady of Mercy ECD Centre ta shirya wani fim mai suna Teacher Makasi na wani yaro da bai fahimci dalilin da yasa malaminta ya yi mata kuskure ba idan ta kara 1+1 ta samu 11.
Makarantar sakandaren ’yan mata ta Kamarundura ta sace zukatan masu kallo tare da rubutaccen rubutu mai suna Anti-Dre wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da dama ciki har da fim din da ya yi nasara baki daya. Labari ne na wani dillalin kwaya da ake yi masa aiki a matsayin malami a makaranta. Yana samun fili mai albarka don yin kasuwancinsa a tsakanin ɗalibai har sai abin ya same shi. Makarantar sakandaren ’yan mata ta Moi Nairobi ta shirya wani fim mai suna No Behavior game da wata yarinya da wani saurayi ya yi abota da shi, ya yi ciki ya jefar. Makarantar Sakandaren ’Yan mata ta Rwathia ta fito da wani fim ɗin almara na kimiyya mai suna Guardian Angel na mala’ika wanda ya ɗauki matsayin ɗan adam ya zo ya ceci yarinya daga munanan halayenta. Makarantar Kiaguthu Boys' High School, kasancewa daya daga cikin 'yan makarantar yara da suka shiga harkar fim sun bincika 'yancin ɗan yaro a cikin Intricacies of a Boy Child. A cikin gajeren fim na nau'in ba da labari na makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata Loreto Msongari ya baiwa ƴan kallo dariya tare da Dabo Tap, labarin wata yarinya da ta hadu da wani mutum a dandalin sada zumunta sai kawai ta gane cewa malaminta ne. Sashin rawan allo wanda ya yi kama da bidiyon kiɗa har yanzu wani aiki ne mai tsayi kuma fina-finan da aka gabatar ba su da rauni a ƙwarewar samarwa. Har ila yau, shirin ya kasance mai rauni sosai tare da ƴan ƙwararrun abubuwan samarwa.
A 2015 ingancin samar da makarantun firamare ya ragu sosai. Saboda manufofin gwamnati na ilimin firamare kyauta da yawa makarantun gwamnati ba su da kuɗi daga iyaye don haka ba su da kuɗi don shirya bidiyo/fina-finai ko ma shiga yadda ya kamata a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara. Fim ɗin da ya ci nasara ta Gilgil Hills Academy, Flips of Darkness ya kasance game da haƙƙin yara nakasassu. Wannan za a iya cewa shi ne kawai fim ɗin fasalin da bai tayar da tambayoyi da yawa ta fuskar fasaha da samarwa ba. Sabbin shiga makarantar firamare ta Nyaka Njeru, makarantar jama'a daga yankin tsaunuka na Meru ta samar da wani shiri mai ban sha'awa mai suna Cactus game da wahalar makarantar.
A cikin rukunin kwalejoji Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Kenya ta mamaye da ingantaccen samarwa. Kwalejin tana koyar da shirya fina-finai da aikin jarida. Fim din da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan shekarar shi ne shirin nasu mai suna Omurogi wanda ya binciko yadda ake yin bokanci a gundumar Kisii (yankin da ke kusa da tafkin Victoria). Ko da yake kolejoji kaɗan ne suka shiga harkar fim/bidiyo tare da Asumbi Teachers College kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin malamai.
Jami'o'i kalilan ne suka halarci tare da Jami'ar St. Pauls ta fitar da wani fim mai cike da ban sha'awa mai taken Shaida ta game da laifuka da ƙwayoyi. Jami'ar Moi, wacce ta ci gaba da shiga tun 2013 ta samar da Cycle 28 labari game da wahalhalu da sha'awar dangantaka a rayuwar harabar.
A cikin 2016 bikin ya kasance a makarantar Meru da ke gundumar Meru inda hallara ya karu tare da shigar da fina-finai 218. Hakan ya sa a ƙara ɗakunan fina-finai daga daya zuwa biyu domin gudanar da lodi a cikin kwanaki goma da aka bayar. Domin manyan makarantun ne suka fi kowa shiga sai aka ba su zaure daya yayin da zaure na gaba ya kasance na makarantun firamare da kwalejoji da jami’o’i. Wannan ya kawo wani ƙalubale na abun ciki. Fina-finan na kwalejojin sun kasance suna da abubuwan da ba su dace da yara ba wanda kwamitin gudanarwar ya yi alkawarin magancewa a shekara mai zuwa.
Abin mamaki ko da yake, matsayin fina-finai a cikin 2016 ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Wannan dai wata shaida ce da ke nuna cewa taron karawa juna ilimi na horar da malamai kan harkar fina-finai da aka gudanar a makarantar sakandiren ‘yan mata ta gidan gwamnati da ke birnin Nairobi ya samu sakamako mai kyau. Rukunin sakandare ya kasance mai gasa sosai tare da makarantu yadda ya kamata don samun manyan kyaututtuka. Makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta Kangubiri ta sami nasara a labarin almara na kimiyya mai taken Komawa Duniya Duniya. Labarin na game da tsarar yaran Afirka ne da aka kwashe zuwa wata duniyar da ke cikin taurarin Andromeda kafin yakin duniya na uku ya barke. Shekaru ɗari huɗu nan gaba manyan jikokinsu, waɗanda a lokacin suka ci gaba sosai a fannin fasaha sun dawo don koyo daga duniyar da ba ta da kyau. Makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta gidan gwamnati ta fito da ‘yar shugaban makarantar labarin wata yarinya da malamai da dalibai har ma da ma’aikata suka yi mata kaca-kaca saboda diyar shugaban makarantar ce wanda hakan ya kai ta shiga wani yunƙuri na boye. Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagumo ita ce makarantar samari mafi kyau ta zo na uku da wani fim mai suna Wutar sha’awa wanda ya binciko yadda rashin da’a na iyaye ke haifar da dauke hankalin yara a makaranta.
Hotunan sun inganta sosai tare da makarantar sakandaren ƴan mata ta Maryhill ta dauki lambar yabo ta manyan alkalai tare da fim din The Unspoken game da yadda cin zarafi ke shafar yarinyar. Cibiyoyi da yawa sun saka hannun jari sosai a cikin shirin. Rawar allo da ayar choral na allo duk da haka suna da rauni suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa.
Makarantun firamare sun inganta a shekarar 2016. Elimu Academy ta samu lambar yabo ta fim ɗinsu ta Tamasha game da radadin wata yarinya da mahaifinta soja ya je kasar Somaliya domin wanzar da zaman lafiya. Rockside Academy ya binciko tasirin iyayen da ba su nan akan yara a Basu Sake . Makarantar Firamare ta Kayole Daya ta samar da Unknown Mala'iku game da wani yaro da ba shi da ilimin lissafi amma wanda wasu yara maza biyu da ba a san su ba, waɗanda mala'iku ne ke koya musu sirrin lissafi.
Kolejoji da jami'o'i sun sami ƙarancin fitowar jama'a a cikin 2016. Kwalejin koyarwa ta Asumbi, Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Tambach, Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Machakos da Kwalejin Malamai ta Shanzu ne suka mamaye kwalejojin malamai da fina-finai masu inganci.
Daga cikin manyan kwalejoji na Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Kenya da kwalejin sufurin jiragen sama na Mombasa sun mamaye.
Jami'o'in sun sanya matakan yarda tare da jami'ar Moi, jami'ar Maseno, jami'ar Mount Kenya da Jami'ar Nairobi suna gabatar da fina-finai. Cikakken jerin duk cibiyoyin da suka shiga suna cikin wiki tebur 3 da 4 a gefen dama na wannan shafin : (Fim din Makarantar Sakandare)
(Cibiyoyin ECD, Makarantun Firamare, Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i)
(ECDs - Cibiyoyin Yara na Farko)
Ma'aikatar Ilimi a halin yanzu tana binciken yuwuwar rarraba fina-finan ta kwararrun kamfanoni a kasuwar Kenya. Kwamitin gudanarwar ya kuma ƙaddamar da wata mujallar fina-finai mai suna The Edufilmer, wadda ke yaɗuwa a makarantu ta jami’ar Nairobi.
Ko da yake fim shi ne sabon salo a bikin wasan kwaikwayo, an tsara shi zai yi tasiri sosai a fagen wasan kwaikwayo a fagen ƙwararru a cikin sinimar Kenya. Filin fina-finan na Kenya yana da ƙwararru da yawa waɗanda suka koya a kan aikin ta hanyar ziyartar gidajen samarwa daga wajen ƙasar. Wannan bikin fina-finai na makarantu yana ba da damar fara horar da masu shirya fina-finai na ilimi ta hanyar dubban ɗaliban da suka fara gabatar da fina-finai a matakin makaranta. Wannan tabbas zai zama mai canza wasa har ma da abin da waɗannan ɗalibai da ɗalibai suka yi tuntuɓe a cikin 2016. Ana iya samun wasu tirelolin fina-finai na makarantun a Makarantun Kenya, Kwalejoji da Fina-finan Jami'o'i akan YouTube.
A birnin Nairobi an kafa gidauniyar Hot Sun Foundation don taimakawa wajen horarwa da fallasa hazaƙar matasan da ke rayuwa a fagagen talauci da ilimantar da su a harkar fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun rubutu, aikin kamara. Gidauniyar ce ta dauki nauyin shirya fina-finai irin su Kibera Kid.
Fina-finai
Fina-finan da aka zaɓa
1981 - Rise and Fall of Idi Amin
1999 - To Walk with Lions
2005 - The Constant Gardener
2006 - I Want to Be a Pilot
2006 - Kibera Kid
2008 - From a Whisper
2009 - Shuga (TV series)
2010 - The First Grader
2010 - Pumzi
2011 - The Rugged Priest
2012 - Nairobi Half Life
2013 - Something Necessary
2014 - House of Lungula
2014 - Fundi-Mentals
2014 - Veve
2015 - Intellectual Scum
2015 - Mizizi
2018 - Supa Modo
2018 - Rafiki
Bikin fina-finai
Kyautar Kwalejin Riverwood ta fara ne da Gasar Premier a ranar 15 ga Maris 2014 a Alliance Francais Nairobi Kenya. Riverwood Ensemble ne ya shirya taron, taron masu shirya fina-finai sama da 200 daga ko'ina cikin Kenya. Furodusan mutane ne masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda ke yin fim ɗin Kenya na gida 100%.
Allon na Lola Kenya na shekara-shekara (wanda kuma aka sani da Lola Kenya Child's Screen) bikin watsa labarai na audiovisual, shirin haɓaka fasaha da kasuwa ga yara da matasa a gabashin Afirka an kafa shi ta hanyar ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa da al'adu, ɗan jarida mai fasaha da al'adu kuma marubuci mai ƙirƙira Ogova Ondego a watan Oktoba. 2005.
An samo sunanta daga kalmar Bantu da ke nufin kallo ko kallon fina-finai a Kenya, an gudanar da bugu na farko na bikin a Nairobi tsakanin 7 zuwa 12 ga Agusta 2006. Buga na gaba sun gudana daga 6-11 ga Agusta 2007; 11–16 ga Agusta 2008; 10-15 Agusta 2009; 9-14 ga Agusta 2010; da kuma 8-13 Agusta 2011; a cikin wannan tsari. Allon Lola Kenya yana mai da hankali kan fina-finai ta, da kuma tare da yara da matasa inda aka baiwa yara damar shiga cikin zaɓin fim, gabatar da shirye-shirye, juri na fina-finai, da kuma yin gajerun fina-finai.
Bayan taron farko a shekara ta 2006, Fina-Finan Yara na Yara, na farko na gajeriyar raye-rayen da aka yi ya sami babbar lambar yabo a taron koli na 5 na duniya kan kafofin watsa labarai na yara /bikin 1st Kids for Kids Africa, kuma ya ci gaba da nunawa a cikin kasashe irin wannan. kamar yadda Jamus, Poland, Finland, Kenya, Australia, China, Denmark, Brazil da sauran ƙasashen Afirka kamar su Afirka ta Kudu, Ruwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango da Senegal .
Fim na biyu, na fina-finai uku da wakoki uku mai suna African Folk Tales Animated, an nuna shi a duk nahiyoyin da suka haɗa da Osheniya kuma ya karbi lambobin yabo guda uku-Mafi Kyawawan Ayyuka, Kyautar Jury na Musamman, Babban Kyautar Afirka - a Afirka da Turai. . An yi fim na uku, Africa-i-Motion, a cikin 2008 kuma a halin yanzu yana kan da'irar fina-finai na yara da matasa.
Bikin yana ba wa yara masu sha'awar damar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa na duniya da kuma ilmantar da su a cikin fina-finai, rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo, harkar Sinima, da kuma a sashen fasaha da kuma samar da sauti. Babban dandalin watsa labarai na audiovisual na gabacin Afirka na yara da matasa, Lola Kenya Screen ya baje kolin fina-finai sama da 1950 daga kasashe 102 na kasashe 102 da ke wakiltar dukkanin nahiyoyi shida a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, tsari da tsawo. Bugu da ƙari, Lola Kenya Screen ya jagoranci yara 154 da matasa a harkar fim, aikin jarida na al'adu, shari'ar fina-finai, MCeeing, shirya wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da shirya fina-finai na yara da matasa.
Allon Lola Kenya na 3 (11 – 16 ga Agusta 2008), ya ja hankalin mahalarta daga Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya, da Zimbabwe, tare da duk mahalartan da suka shigo don kallon fina-finai iri-iri daga kasashe 56 da kuma samar da dabarun shirya fina-finai. godiya da yin hukunci akan samar da kafofin watsa labarai na audiovisual, gabatar da shirye-shirye da kuma tattara rahotannin yau da kullun kan bikin. An yi la'akari da allo na Lola Kenya a matsayin motsi wanda ke amfani da fasaha masu dacewa da samuwa don sadar da abun ciki na kafofin watsa labaru na audiovisual wanda ya dace, haɓakawa, nishadantarwa da inganta ilmantarwa tsakanin yara da matasa don inganta ilimin karatu, daidaiton jinsi, tunani mai zaman kansa, ƴancin ɗan adam, alhakin muhalli da kuma lafiyar duniya.
Ta hanyar shirye-shiryenta, Lola Kenya Screen tana bincika, ganowa da haɓaka hazaka a tsakanin yara da matasa a fannoni kamar aikin jarida, yin fim, ƙima da godiya, da tsari da gabatar da al'adu da ƙirƙira. Wannan yana da nufin ba yara da matasa ƙwarewa don fahimta, godiya, da ƙirƙira ingantattun shirye-shiryen bidiyo na gani musamman da fasaha gabaɗaya. Yayin da gidan Jarida na Bikin na da nufin daukaka matsayin aikin jarida na kirkire-kirkire da al'adu a gabashin Afirka, taron karawa juna sani na karfafawa yara da matasa damar yin hotuna masu inganci, masu ƙarancin kasafin Kuɗi, akalla guda biyar a kowace shekara.
Gabatarwar Shirin, kamar yadda taken ya nuna, yana ƙarfafa yara da matasa don tsarawa da gabatar da abubuwa da shirye-shirye. Irin waɗannan yara galibi su ne ke jagorantar shirin a cikin kwanaki shida na bikin. Hukumar alkalan Fina-Finai, a daya ɓangaren, tana neman cusa wa mahalarta dabarun da za su yaba da kuma tantance kere-kere gaba daya da kuma fim musamman. Membobin juri suna kallo kuma suna ba da fina-finai a cikin gasa. Jury na allo na Lola Kenya na hukuma ya ƙunshi yara da matasa kawai. Dangane da sanin cewa sai dai idan ba a wayar da kan manya ba don ƙirƙirar ga yara da yara, manufar sanya yara da matasa a cikin ajandar jama'a na iya zama mai son girbi, Lola Kenya Screen 2008 kuma ya yi aiki tare da masu yin fina-finai a cikin samar da shirye-shiryen bidiyo ga yara da matasa. . An shirya allo na Lola Kenya na 7 don 6-11 ga Agusta 2012.
Hotunan da aka yi a Kenya
Fim ɗin Maasai: The Rain Warriors an haɗaukehi gabaɗaya a cikin Kenya amma ya jefa wasu mayaka na Maasai na cikin gida waɗanda suka yi magana da tattaunawar Maa a cikin fim ɗin zane-zane. Fina-finan sun ba da labarin wani gungun matasa mayaƙan Maasai, Lomotoon da Merono da aka aika zuwa ƙasar Kenya da ƙafa, suna farautar wani zaki na tatsuniya da ke da alhakin kawo babban fari, kuma ta yin hakan ya dawo da ruwan sama. . KaƘin bayani anan.
Fim ɗin ya kawo yanayin karkarar Kenya zuwa allon azurfa kuma ya haɗa waƙar Maasai ta gargajiya tare da kade-kade na kade-kade. An haɓaka shi tare da haɗin gwiwar al'ummar Maasai, kuma an yi amfani da ainihin al'ada da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin tushen labarin kuma an yi amfani da ƙabilu daga yankin Loita Hills ba tare da wani tsohon aikin wasan kwaikwayo ba.
An yi fim ɗin Togetherness Supreme a 2009 – 2010 gaba ɗaya tare da haɗin gwiwar matasan Kibera. Labari ne da ya danganci abubuwan da suka faru a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka yi a Kenya a shekara ta 2007. Labari ne na Kamau, mai fasaha, mai kishirwar canji. Yana amfani da fasaharsa wajen kawo sauyi, amma ba da jimawa ba ya shiga cikin al'amuran da suka haifar da tashin hankalin bayan zaɓen 2007/8.
Fim ɗin na 1985, Out of Africa tare da Meryl Streep da Robert Redford an yi shi ne a Kenya kuma ya bayyana tarihin mulkin mallaka na Kenya a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya. Ya sake ba da labarin soyayyar marubucin Danish Karen Blixen da Kenya da Hunter Denys Finch Hatton musamman. A cikin 1999, an ɗauki fim ɗin Kanada a Kenya, Don Tafiya tare da Zakuna .
An zaɓi fim ɗin 2012 na Nairobi Half Life a matsayin shigarwar Kenya don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje a 85th Academy Awards, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. Wannan ne karon farko da Kenya ta gabatar da wani fim ga rukunin. An karɓi fim ɗin tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, kuma ya sami lambobin yabo guda biyar zuwa yau: Mafi kyawun Hoto a Kyawun 2012 Kalasha Film Awards, Best Actor at Durban International Film Festival, nasara mai sauraro a AFI Fest da kuma lambar yabo ta masu sauraro a biyu. lambobin yabo na fim daban-daban; bikin Fina-finan Afirka na London da bikin di Cinema Africano.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kibera Kid official site
Hukumar Fina-finai ta Kenya
Ba da lasisin fim a Kenya
Ƙungiyar Riverwood
Robby Bresson
Kenya
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22575 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Ogunlesi | Adebayo Ogunlesi | Adebayo "Bayo" O. Ogunlesi (An haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1953), Ya kasan ce wani lauya ne dan Najeriya kuma ma'aikacin banki ne na saka jari. A yanzu haka shi ne Shugaba da Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a kamfani mai zaman kansa na Kamfanin Infrastructure Partners (GIP). Ogunlesi shi ne tsohon shugaban Bankin Zuba Jari na Bankin Duniya a Credit Suisse First Boston kafin a kara masa girma zuwa Client Officer da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa..
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ogunlesi ya fito ne daga Makun, Sagamu, jihar Ogun a Najeriya . Shi ɗa ne ga Theophilus O. Ogunlesi, farfesa ne kuma a fannin ilimin likita na farko a Nijeriya a Jami'ar Ibadan. Iyalinsa asalinsu Yarabawa ne.
Ogunlesi ya tafi King's College, Lagos, makarantar sakandare a Legas, Najeriya . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Oxford da dake Ingila . A cikin shekara ta 1979, Ogunlesi ya karɓi JD magna cum laude daga Harvard Law School da MBA daga Harvard Business School, wanda ya bi a lokaci guda. A lokacin da yake Harvard, ya kasance kan Harvard Law Review.
Ayyuka
Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1981, Ogunlesi ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na lauya na Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall na Kotun Koli ta Amurka . Ogunlesi ya kasance kuma lauya ne a rukunin kamfanoni na lauyoyi na New York City na Cravath, Swaine & Moore, inda ya kasance abokin hulɗa a lokacin rani yayin karatun MBA.
A shekarar 1983, Ogunlesi ya shiga bankin zuba jari na First Boston a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan aikin iskar gas na Najeriya. A Farkon Boston, yayi aiki a cikin Financeungiyar Gudanar da Kuɗi, yana ba abokan ciniki shawara game da ma'amaloli da kuɗi kuma ya yi aiki a kan ma'amaloli a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, Caribbean, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Asiya . Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2002, shi ne Shugaban Global Energy Group na wancan lokacin wanda aka sake masa suna Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) . A shekara ta 2002, Ogunlesi aka nada Global Head of CSFB's Investment Banking Division.Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2002, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Suitse na Kwamitin Zartarwa da Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Gudanarwa kuma Babban Jami'in Abokin Ciniki na CSFB.
A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa, Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), wani hadin gwiwa wanda masu saka jari na farko suka hada da Credit Suisse da General Electric . Yanzu haka yana matsayin Shugaba da kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa.
A cikin shekara ta 2006, GIP ta sayi Filin jirgin saman London . A cikin shekara ta 2009, GIP ta sami rinjaye a Filin jirgin saman Gatwick na London a yarjejeniyar da ta kai £ 1.455 biliyan. Jaridun Najeriya sun ba shi laƙabin, "Mutumin da Ya sayi Filin Jirgin Sama na Gatwick. GIP kuma ta mallaki Filin jirgin saman Edinburgh, wanda suka siya a shekara ta2012, da Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, wanda suka siya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018..
karin aiki
Ogunlesi memba ne na Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Gundumar Columbia. Yayin da yake aiki a Credit Suisse First Boston, ya kasance malami a Harvard Law School da Yale School of Management, inda ya koyar da darasi kan ayyukan saka hannun jari na kasashen duniya a kasashe masu tasowa.
A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Daraktoci a Goldman Sachs. A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi Daraktan Darakta..
A watan Disambar shekara ta 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Ogunlesi, tare da sauran shugabannin kasuwanci, za su kasance wani bangare na Dabarun Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Donald Trump wanda aka watse a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2017.
Rayuwar mutum
Ogunlesi an yi aure to Birtaniya-haife likitan ido, Dr. Amelia Quist-Ogunlesi tun shekara ta 1985. Suna da yara biyu. A cikin waƙar Ban mamaki, Burna Boy ya yaba wa Adebayo yana mai faɗin kwazonsa.
Kyauta da girmamawa
Mai karɓar Cibiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya a Kyautar Kyauta ta New York. Ogunlesi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Afirka 100 da mujallar New African ta wallafa a shekara ta 2019.
Membobinsu
Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard : Memba, Kwamitin Mashawarcin Dean
Harvard Law School : Memba, Majalisar Shugabanci na New York
Jami'ar Harvard : Memba, Majalisar Shawara ta Duniya
NAACP Tsaron Doka da Asusun Ilimi : Memba, Hukumar Daraktocin Kasa
NewYork – Presbyterian Hospital : Memba, Kwamitin Amintattu
Kawance don Asusun Birnin New York : Memba, Kwamitin Daraktoci
King's College Old Boys Association : Memba
Manazarta
Submitted to: Professor C. Clyde Ferguson, Jr. [for the] Seminar: Legal Problems of the New International Economics Order (Harvard third year paper)
Duba kuma
Kawancen Kayayyakin Duniya.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Bloomberg LP
Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Goldman Sachs.
Manazarta
Yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
61992 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofia%20Tonjo%20Akobo | Mofia Tonjo Akobo | Cif Mofia Tonjo Akobo (Yuli 1934 - Maris 2020) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma manyan kamfen ɗinsa sun kasance kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da sarrafa albarkatu. Ya kasance Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur na farko a tarayyar Najeriya. An horar da shi a matsayin likita da kuma soja kuma an tura shi yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970). A matsayinsa na Ministan Man Fetur na farko, ya sanya shi zama babban jigo wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki bayan yakin, abin takaici har yanzu yana dogaro da man fetur sosai.
Akobo ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta kudu kuma ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar Niger Delta.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a watan Yuli 1934 a Abonnema cikin dangin Mary John Fyneface na Abonnema da Nathaniel Tonjo Akobo na Tombia. Karatun sa na firamare ya haɗa da karatu a makarantar Bishop Crowther Memorial Abonnema, Central School Eha-Amufu, da Makarantar Tombia, Tombia. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia, daga shekarun 1949 zuwa 1955 inda ya zama Kyaftin a Makarantar (1954/1955). Ya samu gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan, daga shekarun 1956 zuwa 1960. Ya kuma halarci Asibitin Kwalejin Jami’ar, daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1963, kuma ya gudanar da aikin horar da lafiyarsa a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas, daga shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964.
A cikin shekarar 1955, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Elder Demster Lines na Unilever Brothers Group Scholarship zuwa Burtaniya don balaguron ilimi na mako uku zuwa London, Liverpool, Brighton, da Arewacin Wales; wannan ya ba shi kwarewa ta farko game da wayewar yamma.
Iyali
Ya auri Data Ine Akobo, née Amachree, mataimakiyar laburare mai ritaya na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas, kuma yana da 'ya'ya da jikoki.
Sana'a
Ya yi aiki a Royal Orthopedic Hospital Igbobi Yaba, General Hospital Marina, Lagos, Federal Airport Medical Unit Kano, Bataliya Biyar MRS Kano daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1966, General Hospital Yenegoa, Gabashin Nigeria daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1968, General Hospital Aba, daga watan Afrilu 1968-Agusta 1968 da kuma 3rd Nigerian Army Medical Corps, daga watan Satumba 1968-Janairu 1970.
Siyasa
A watan Agusta 1969, ya zama shugaban kwamitin wasanni na jihar Rivers kuma memba na hukumar wasanni ta Najeriya, daga watan Afrilu 1972-Agusta 1973. Ya taba zama kwamishinan ayyuka sannan kuma kwamishinan kuɗi a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Ribas tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1974. A cikin shekarun 1967-1969, yana cikin rundunar soji ta uku karkashin jagorancin Benjamin Adekunle.
A cikin shekarar 1975, an naɗa shi a cikin majalisar ministocin tarayya a matsayin minista na farko mai kula da sabuwar ma'aikatar man fetur da makamashi. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1975, a matsayin ministan OPEC a Vienna, Akobo na cikin ministocin da aka gudanar a lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da Carlos. Ya yi aiki a majalisar zartarwa ta Janar Murtala Mohammed kuma sabon shugaban kasa Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya ci gaba da rike shi, amma ya koma cikin kundin tsare-tsare da ci gaban tattalin arziki har zuwa shekara ta 1977.
Ya kammala rattaba hannu kan kwangilar aikin matatar mai na Warri tare da ci gaba da bunƙasa matatar mai ta Kaduna sosai. Ya taka rawa wajen kafa kungiyar ECOWAS a matakin ministoci da kuma kafa hukumar raya yankin Neja Delta.
A cikin shekarar 1978, ya koma Fatakwal don ya jagoranci ƙungiyar likitocin TEME Clinic Association a Port-Harcourt wanda ya kafa tare da manyan daraktoci, George Organ da Peterside.
Akobo yana da sha’awar ci gaban yankin Neja Delta ya sa aka kafa jam’iyyar IZON ta ƙasa inda ya kasance memba na kafa (1991/92). Ya kuma kasance memba na kungiyar Movement for National Reformation a karkashin shugabancin Cif Anthony Enahoro CFR, da kungiyar tsiraru ta Kudu karkashin jagorancin Janar David Ejoor. Daga karshe Akobo ya zama shugaban kungiyar ‘yan tsiraru ta kudu, kuma ya haɗa kafa da kungiyar haɗin kan yankin Neja-Delta, wadda ta kasance hadakar kungiyoyin yankin Neja-Delta, kamar su Southern Minorities Movement, Commonwealth of Niger Delta Coalition, MOSOP da dai sauransu. ƙungiyoyin tsirarun ƙabilu a yankin.
Sauran ayyukansa na mai fafutuka sun hada da:
Wanda ya kafa kuma dattijon majalisar Ijaw ta ƙasa.
Wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta Kudu.
Babban memba na kungiyar Movement for National Reformation karkashin jagorancin Cif Anthony Enahoro da goyon bayan Alfred Rewane.
Wanda ya kafa kungiyar nazarin jihar Ribas.
Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ijaw Youth Council (IYC).
Mamban zartarwa na Cibiyar Mulkin Tsarin Mulki (CCG) karkashin jagorancin Beko Ransome-Kuti.
Wanda ya kafa NADECO (National Democratic Coalition).
Wakilin zartaswa na G34, ɓangarorin da suka canza kansu zuwa PDP ( PDP ).
Mutuwa
Akobo ya rasu ne a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2020 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya kuma an yi jana’izarsa a ranar Asabar, a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, a mahaifarsa da ke Tombia, karamar hukumar Degema ta Jihar Ribas.
Nassoshi
Mutattun 2020
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Faizal%20Azumu | Ahmad Faizal Azumu | Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu (Jawi: أحمد فيصل بن از__wolwolwol__; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1970), wanda ake kira Peja, ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni a cikin gwamnatin Barisan Nasional (BN) a karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Ismail Sabri Yaakob daga watan Agusta 2021 zuwa faduwar gwamnatin BN a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Mai ba da kuma faduwar Gwamnatin Jihar Muhyid Yassin a cikin gwamnatin Perikatan Nasional (PN) na kwanaki 11 kawai a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 da kuma fuguwar gwamnatin Pse da kuma fashi na shekarar 2020 (PH) Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Tambun da memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Perak (MLA) na Chenderiang daga Mayu 2018 zuwa Nuwamba 2022. Shi memba ne, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma Shugaban Jiha na Perak da kuma Pahang na Jam'iyyar Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar PN mai mulki a matakin tarayya kuma tsohuwar jam'iyyar adawa ta PH a duka matakan tarayya da jihohi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jiha na 2 na PN na Negeri Sembilan tun daga Mayu 2023. Ya kasance Shugaban Jihar PH na Perak . Ya kasance daya daga cikin Menteris Besar guda biyu na Malaysia wanda ya yi mulki a cikin gwamnatoci biyu na jihohi daban-daban da adawa da hadin gwiwar siyasa, wadanda suka kasance gwamnatin jihar PH daga Mayu 2018 zuwa murabus dinsa da rushewarsa a watan Maris 2020 da kuma gwamnatin jihar PN daga Maris 2020 zuwa murabusarsa da rushuwarta a watan Disamba 2020.
An cire shi daga ofishin Menteri Besar na Perak bayan ya rasa motsi a cikin kuri'un 2020 na rashin amincewa da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Perak a ranar 4 ga Disamba, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da wata rana duk da niyyarsa ta yi murabus ne kawai da zarar an nada sabon mai rike da kuma kafa sabuwar gwamnatin jihar.
Tarihi da ilimi
An haifi Ahmad Faizal a Ipoh, Perak . Ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Cator Avenue, Ipoh kuma ya sami karatun sakandare a Makarantar Anderson, Ipoh . Yana da digiri na Master a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Universiti Teknologi Malaysia a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .
Ayyukan siyasa
Ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin Jami'in Musamman ga Ministan Lafiya Liow Tiong Lai tsakanin 2011 da 2013 kafin ya zama Babban Jami'in Mosamman ga Kedah Mentri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Ya kuma yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Musamman (JASA).
Ya kasance tsohon shugaban matasa na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Ipoh Barat (2016-2017) kafin ya zama shugaban Perak BERSATU. Daga baya aka nada shi shugaban Perak Pakatan Harapan a watan Agustan 2017. An nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Muhyiddin Yassin a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2021, wanda ke da alhakin ba da shawara ga Muhyiddin kan al'amuran da suka shafi sadarwar al'umma, sadarwa ta al'umma da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Rashin jituwa
An ruwaito Ahmad Faizal ya bi digiri na Nazarin Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Edith Cowan da ke Perth, Ostiraliya. Duk da haka ya musanta rahotannin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da ya ci gaba da karatun dole ne ya dakatar da karatunsa saboda dalilai na kansa. Ahmad Faizal yana da digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Universiti Teknologi Malaysia .
Ahmad Faizal ya kasance mai sukar kabilun 'yan asalin Orang Asli tun lokacin da ya hau mulki a matsayin Menteri Besar. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2018, Ahmad Faizal ya yi sanarwa cewa Orang Asli ya kamata su inganta kansu kafin su nemi taimako. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2019 Ahmad Faizal ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu ma'anar ko amincewa da ƙasar kakanninmu ko al'ada (tanah adat) ga Orang Asli a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar. 'Yan majalisa na PH, Ramkarpal Singh da Malaysian Bar sun karyata shi. A lokacin mulkinsa, an kama mazauna Orang Asli da yawa saboda nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar da gwamnatin jihar ta yanke na samun ƙasarsu don ayyukan katako.
A ranar 13 ga Yuni 2022, ya yi wata sanarwa a kan Twitter game da magoya bayan kwallon kafa na Malaysia saboda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malaysia da ta ci Bahrain a filin wasa na Bukit Jalil, wanda ya haifar da martani daga magoya baya. Daga baya ya nemi gafara.
Hotunan fina-finai
Wasan kwaikwayo
Bayanan da aka yi
Moh Perak Ke Kita (Moh Beraya) ft Shiha Zikir da Dato Jamal Abdillah
Rayuwa ta mutum
Ya auri Dokta Nomee Ashikin Mohammed Radzi kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Surukinsa wacce ita ce ƙanwar Dr Nomee; Nolee Ashilin Mohamed Radzi ita ce UMNO mai zaman kanta kuma daga baya ta tsallake zuwa mazabar BERSATU Tulang Sekah MLA tun 2008.
Sakamakon zaben
Daraja
Darajar Malaysia
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) – Dato' Seri (2018)
Duba kuma
Tambun (mazabar tarayya)
Chenderiang (mazabar jihar)
2020 kuri'ar rashin amincewa da ma'aikatar Faizal Azumu
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Ahmad Faizal Azumu on Facebook
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970 |
29599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Jigilar%20Kaya%20Na%20Martinair | Kamfanin Jigilar Kaya Na Martinair | Martinair (na shari'a Martinair Holland NV ) jirgin saman jigilar kaya ne na Holland wanda ke da hedikwata kuma yana zaune a Filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol kuma reshen Air France-KLM . An kafa kamfanin jirgin saman a shekara ta 1958 ta Martin Schröder. Tun daga 2011, Martinair yana aiki gaba ɗaya azaman jirgin sama mai ɗaukar kaya tare da shirye-shiryen sabis zuwa wurare 20 a duk duniya da ƙarin jiragen haya. Kafin wannan lokacin, sannan yana jigilar fasinjoji.
Tarihi
Shekarun farko
An kafa kamfanin jirgin sama a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1958 a matsayin Martin's Air Charter (MAC), ta Martin Schröder da John Block, tare da jirgin sama daya, de Havilland Dove, da ma'aikata biyar. A cikin shekarata 1963 Mista Schröder ya sayar da kashi 49% na kamfanin zuwa masu hannun jarin kamfanin jigilar kaya guda huɗu (12.25% kowanne, waɗannan ƙarshe sun haɗa kamar Nedlloyd ). Daga baya KLM zai sayi 50+% wanda Mista Schröder ya mallaka, yana siyan shi.
An canza sunan Kamfanin zuwa Martinair Holland a cikin shekarata 1966. Kyakkyawan haɓaka ya zo a cikin 1967 tare da buɗe kasuwancin zuwa Amurka . Martinair ya zama duk mai amfani da jet a cikin shekarata 1971.
A cikin shekarata 1991, an gabatar da jirgin farko mai suna Martinair Cargo, kuma an jefar da Holland daga dukkan jiragen. A cikin 1996, Martinair ya sayi hannun jari na 40% na mai ɗaukar kaya ta Colombian TAMPA Cargo, wanda ke cikin Medellín, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa 58% a cikin shekarata 2003. An sayar da rabon TAMPA a watan Fabrairun 2008 zuwa Avianca, wani kamfani na Colombia.
Shugaban Martinair kuma Shugaba Martin Schröder, wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Tony Jannus a 1995 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci, ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1998 daga ayyukan yau da kullun. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels ta ki amincewa da tayin KLM na siyan hannun jarin Nedlloyd, wanda zai sa KLM ya zama mai shi kadai.
An kawo McDonnell Douglas MD-11 na farko a cikin Disamba 1994. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, an kai wasu sabbin MD-11 guda shida zuwa Martinair. A cikin jimlar McDonnell Douglas MD-11CFs guda huɗu (ɗaukakin jigilar kaya) da cikakkun manyan motoci biyu an isar da su. Martinair shine ya ƙaddamar da abokin ciniki na jigilar kaya mai canzawa. A cikin 2004 an ƙara wani MD-11F a cikin jiragen ruwa, wannan a baya mallakar Swissair ne, sannan ya koma cikakken jigilar kaya. Daga 1995 zuwa 2006 an sake tsara wasu daga cikin MD-11 masu iya canzawa don jigilar fasinjoji a cikin kololuwar fasinja a lokacin bazara. An daidaita tsarin fasinja tare da kujeru 390. Bayan 2006 buƙatar ta ragu kuma Martinair baya buƙatar ƙarin kujeru kuma.
Ci gaba tun daga 2000s
A cikin 2006 Martinair ya sayi Boeing 747-400s guda huɗu daga Jirgin saman Singapore . An mayar da waɗannan jiragen fasinja zuwa masu ɗaukar kaya don maye gurbin tsohon Boeing 747-200Fs .
A cikin Yuni 2007, Martinair ya sanar da cewa yana son mai hannun jari guda ɗaya, zai fi dacewa KLM, kuma a cikin 2008 an sami izini daga Hukumar Turai. Canja wurin sauran hannun jari ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2008. A cikin Nuwamba 2007, Martinair ya daina ayyukansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci don mai da hankali kan ayyukansa na jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi.
A cikin 2009 uku daga cikin 747s an adana su saboda matsalar tattalin arziki. A cikin Satumba 2010, an ba da sanarwar sake fasalin wanda zai haɗa da barin duk ayyukan fasinja daga Nuwamba 2011, wanda KLM za ta karbe shi a wani ɓangare, da barin sabis na kaya kawai. A watan Nuwambar 2010, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ci tarar Martinair Yuro miliyan 29.5, bayan wani bincike kan kayyade farashin.
A ƙarshen 2010, an yi hayar biyu daga cikin 747-400s zuwa Air Cargo Jamus . Sauran 747 (PH-MPS) sun dawo aiki a watan Mayu shekarata 2011 tare da tsarin launi mara taken, saboda Martinair bai tabbatar ba tukuna ko jirgin zai ci gaba da aiki a gare su.
A cikin Oktoba 2011, Martinair ya daina sabis na fasinja, wanda yake aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1958. Martinair yana da sabis na fasinja a ko'ina cikin Turai, Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka daga Amsterdam . Jirgin fasinja na karshe ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2011, ya bar shi a matsayin jigilar kaya har zuwa yau.
A cikin Maris 2015, Air France-KLM sun ba da sanarwar aniyar rage ayyukansu na jigilar kayayyaki. Saboda haka, duk Martinair's McDonnell Douglas MD-11Fs an cire su ta 2016 ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yanke ayyuka 330 saboda raguwar.
Harkokin kamfanoni
Martinair yana da babban ofishinsa a Ginin TransPort, Schiphol East, a filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands . Martinair ya koma babban ofishinsa na yanzu a ranar Juma'a 4 ga Yuni 2010. Ginin TransPort, wanda Schiphol Real Estate ya haɓaka, gidaje biyu Martinair da Transavia, waɗanda suka koma cikin TransPort a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2010.
Gina ginin, wanda ke da na sararin samaniya, ya fara a ranar 17 ga Maris Na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar Schiphol da kamfanin gine-ginen Paul de Ruiter ne suka tsara ginin, yayin da De Vries da Verburg, wani kamfani na Stolwijk, suka gina ginin. Majalisar Gine-gine ta Yaren mutanen Holland ta ba da takardar shedar farko ta Tsarin Binciken Ƙaddamar da Muhalli (BREEAM-NL) ga Schiphol Real Estate don gina Ginin TransPort. A cikin 2011 Majalisar Gina Green ta Amurka ta ba TransPort takardar shedar Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED). Wurin ajiye motoci yana ƙarƙashin ginin TransPort, tare da filin ajiye motoci ta hanyar biyan kuɗi.
Kamfanin jirgin sama a baya ya mamaye Cibiyar Schiphol ( Dutch ) a filin jirgin sama na Schiphol. Bayan Martinair ya koma cikin sabon ginin, Martinair ya sayar da tsohon ofishinsa zuwa filin jirgin sama.
In addition to its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Martinair operates offices around the globe. The first international office has been opened in Hong Kong in 1975. Martinair USA, later Martinair Americas Originally operated in New York City, but the USA operations office moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in the Miami Metropolitan Area in 1993. This office moved again and is currently located in Doral, Florida, in the Miami area. This office is located in the Doral Corporate Center One.
Kamfanoni
Kwalejin Jirgin Martinair makarantar horar da jirgin sama ce wacce ke da tushe a filin jirgin sama na Lelystad don horar da matukan jirgi masu zaman kansu da horar da matukan jirgin sama. An tura shi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Groningen a cikin bazara na shekarata 2020 yayin cutar ta Corona don haɗa shi da KLM Flight Academy . A lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Groningen, MFA tana sarrafa rundunar Socata TB-10 guda huɗu (PH-MLO, PH-MLQ, PH-MLR da PH-MLS masu rijista), Socata TB-20s biyu (PH-MLK da PH masu rijista). -MLL) da Diamond guda ɗaya DA-42NG Twin Star Platinum (PH-MFA mai rijista), wanda aka ƙara a cikin 2011. An bayar da ƙarin horo ta hanyar na'urar kwaikwayo ta Alsim 200 FNPT-II MCC.
Bugu da ƙari, Martinair yana aiki da Cibiyar Jet na Yanki, cibiyar sabis na fasaha don kula da jirgin sama.
Wuraren
Tun daga watan Mayun 2020, Martinair yana gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki zuwa wurare 16 da ƙarin haya. Kamfanin ya ƙare ƙarin ayyukan fasinja a cikin Oktoba 2011 bayan shekaru 53 na sabis.
Jirgin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na yanzu
Tun daga Oktoban shekarar 2021, jirgin ruwan Martinair ya ƙunshi jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Ana yin aiki tare tare da ƙarin jiragen jigilar kaya a ƙarƙashin alamar Air France-KLM Cargo, wanda Martinair ke shiga.
Tsaffin jiragen ruwa
A baya Martinair ya yi amfani da jiragen sama masu hada-hada:
Hatsari da hadura
A ranar 4 ga Disamba shekarata 1974, Jirgin Martinair 138, Douglas DC-8, yana aiki a madadin Garuda Indonesia, ya tashi zuwa gefen wani dutse yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta sauka a Colombo, Sri Lanka . Dukkan fasinjoji 191 da ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
A ranar 21 ga Disamba, shekarar 1992, jirgin Martinair mai lamba 495, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, ya yi hatsari a lokacin da ya sauka a filin jirgin Faro, Portugal, inda ya kashe mutane 56 (ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgin biyu) daga cikin 340 da ke cikinsa. Dalilin hadarin shine microburst -induced iskar iska a hade tare da kurakuran ma'aikatan da suka hada da ci gaba da tsarin da ba a daidaita ba da kuma zumunta na kyaftin.
A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013 wani jirgin Martinair Cargo MD-11 a wani jirgin kasa da kasa daga filin jirgin saman Rafael Hernandez a Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, zuwa Filin jirgin saman Stansted na London a London, Ingila, ya gamu da barna sosai bayan da wata gobara ta tashi a kan injin lamba daya a yayin da yake tashi. Yayin da babu wani rauni a cikin ma'aikatan jirgin, jirgin ya samu lalacewa a kan injin guda daya, naceles da tsarin. An soke tashin jirgin.
A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2019, Martinair PH-CKA, Boeing 747-400, jirgin Boeing 747-400 da ke aiki a matsayin Jirgin sama mai lamba 8372 daga OR Tambo International Airport zuwa Filin jirgin saman Robert Gabriel Mugabe da ke Harare, Zimbabwe ya rasa wani bangare na wani bangare a lokacin da yake kan hanyarsa ta karshe ta sauka a filin jirgin. Jirgin ya sauka lafiya, kuma daga karshe aka gyara shi a kasa.
A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2020, jami'an kwastam sun kai farmaki jirgin Martinair mai lamba 6912 Boeing 747-400 a filin jirgin sama na Ministro Pistarini da ke Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina, wanda ya gano 84. kilogiram na hodar iblis da aka boye tsakanin pallets na kaya.
Manazarta
ambato
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
38956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Adly | Ahmed Adly | Ahmed Adly, ( , an haife shi 18 ga watan Fabrairu,a shiekara ta 1987) Babban Malamin Chess, ne na Masar. A matsayin ɗan wasan chess, Adly ya sami takensa na Jagora na Duniya a cikin 2001 yana ɗan shekara 14 a Gasar U20 na shekarar 2004. Daga nan Adly ya ci gaba da samun kambunsa na Grandmaster a shekara ta 2005, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan kasar Masar na farko kuma dan Afrika mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu wannan nasarar, Tun daga watan Mayu 2022, Adly yana riƙe, da matsayi na biyu mafi girma a Masar da Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Adly a Alkahira, Masar, a ranar 18 ga, watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1987. A lokacin yana da shekaru 6, mahaifin Adly, Adly Ibrahim, ya koyar da Adly Chess inda ya gano basirarsa. Adly ya kasance yana aikin shinge kuma ya riga ya sami matsayi na uku a rukunin shekarunsa. Duk da haka, yayin da Adly ya girma, Ibrahim ya lura da hazakarsa kuma ya jagorance shi zuwa aikin dara.
Adly ya sauke karatu daga Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport tare da digiri a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a 2010. Daga baya, Adly ya ci gaba da fara nasa Ches Academy a Alkahira . Adly ya yi imanin cewa da an ba shi taimakon, da ya yi girma zuwa mafi girma kuma don haka ya yi niyyar ba da wannan taimakon ga matasa 'yan wasa.
Aikin Chess
Chess Prodigy
Adly ya fara ƙwararren ƙwararren dara ne a cikin 1997 yana ɗan shekara 10, inda ya sami matsayi na bakwai a Gasar Chess ta Matasa ta Duniya don rukunin U-14 a Cannes, Faransa . Adly ya yi nasarar samun matsayi na uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta U18 a 2004 a Girka, inda ya yi imanin cewa an ayyana aikinsa na dara. Adly ya ci gaba da lashe Gasar Matasan Larabawa sau hudu kuma ya sami kambun babban malaminsa a shekarar 2005. A cikin 2005 kuma Adly ya lashe gasar zakarun Chess na Afirka, inda ya samu ka'idojinsa . Adly ya ci gaba da shiga cikin gasa da yawa, yana mai da hankali kan kokarinsa ga aikin dara.
Sanannen Nasarorin
Adly daura don 1st-5th tare da Gabriel Sargissian, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Igor-Alexandre Nataf da Pentala Harikrishna a cikin Reykjavík Open 2006. A cikin 2007, Adly ya lashe Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwarar Ƙarƙwa ), ya zama dan wasa na farko daga wata ƙasa ta Afirka da ya lashe babban kambu. A cikin 2008 ya ɗaure don 1st-3rd tare da Zigurds Lanka da Dorian Rogozenko a Hamburg . Ya samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Chess a shekara ta 2009 kuma Viktor Bologan ya fitar da shi a zagayen farko. A cikin Afrilu 2020, ya ci Sunway Sitges International Online Chess Open, inda ya doke IM Liam Vrolijk na Netherlands. A watan Fabrairun 2021, ya lashe gasar Afirka ta kan layi da maki 7.5/9.
A matakin kasa, Adly ya lashe gasar Masar a 2007 da 2009. A matakin kasa da kasa, A cikin 2004, Adly ya cancanci shiga gasar FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament (2004), amma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan zagayen farko, bayan saurin fafatawa, zuwa Sergei Rublevsky . A cikin 2005, Adly ya lashe gasar chess na Arab Junior kuma ya sake cancanta, amma an sake kawar da shi a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIDE (2005), a wannan lokacin Ruslan Ponomariov . Adly ya cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya (2011), amma an tilasta masa janyewa bayan wasan farko saboda rashin lafiya. Rashin sa'a ya ci gaba a gasar cin kofin duniya (2013), wanda ya cancanta, amma ya kasa halarta saboda matsalolin tafiya. Adly shi ne ya zo na biyu a gasar Chess ta Afirka na 2015, kuma ta haka ya samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na Chess na 2015. A gasar cin kofin duniya (2015), ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Super-GM Ukrainian Vassily Ivanchuk a zagaye na farko.
Adly ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare biyu a gasar Chess ta Afirka da kuma lambar azurfa daya a shekarar 2005 ta nau'i daban-daban. A cikin 2007, Adly ya sami dukkan lambobin zinare guda uku, inda ya zama dan Masar na farko da ya yi haka. A cikin 2009, Adly ya shiga gasar cin kofin Chess na Rum kuma ya sami matsayi na farko. Adly kuma ya lashe gasar Chess ta Afirka sau hudu, a cikin 2005, 2011, 2019 da 2021
Salon wasa
Adly ya nuna sha'awa ga Mikhail Tal da salon harinsa, wanda ya samu wahayi daga gare shi. A cikin matashi, Adly ya kasance ɗan wasa mai kai hari amma tun daga lokacin ya samo asali zuwa salon wasan duniya. Adly ya nuna sha'awar wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasa, ciki har da Champion Chess na Duniya Magnus Carlsen, wanda kuma ya nuna amincewar nasarar Adly da shi a 2006 Reykjavik Open .
Fitattun wasanni
A Adly vs V Laznicka, 2007 1-0
A Adly vs I Vovk, 2007 1-0
Carlsen vs A Adly, 2006 0-1
Rapport vs A Adly, 2015 0-1
A Adly vs Kosten, 2003 1-0
A Adly vs G Meier, 2007 1-0
A Adly vs A Hesham, 2021 1-0
Kamsky vs A Adly, 2007 1/2-1/2
H Hayrapetyan vs A Adly, 2007 0-1
Movseian vs A Adly, 2015 0-1
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ahmed Adly rating card at FIDE
Ahmed Adly player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Ahmed Adly member profile at the Internet Chess Club
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Ahmsd adly |
29913 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%20Ata%20Aidoo | Ama Ata Aidoo | Ama Ata Aidoo, née Christina Ama Aidoo (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 1942) ita marubuciya ce, 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma mai ilimi. Ta kasance Ministan Ilimi a karkashin gwamnatin Jerry Rawlings. A shekarar 2000, ta kafa gidauniyar Mbaasem don ingantawa da tallafawa aikin marubutan mata na Afirka.
Rayuwar farko
An haife Aidoo a ranar 23 ga watan Maris din shekarar 1942 a Saltpond a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Wasu kafofin da suka hada da Megan Behrent, Jami'ar Brown, da Africa Who's Who sun bayyana cewa an haife ta a ranar 31 Maris 1940. Tana da ɗan'uwan tagwaye, Kwame Ata.
Ta girma a gidan sarauta na Fante, 'yar Nana Yaw Fama, shugaban Abeadzi Kyiakor, da Maame Abasema. Ta girma ne a lokacin sake tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya wanda ke faruwa a mahaifarta. Neocolonialists suka kashe kakanta, wanda ya jawo hankalin mahaifinta kan mahimmancin ilmantar da yara da dangin kauyen kan tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin. Wannan ya sa ya buɗe makarantar farko a ƙauyensu kuma ya rinjayi Aidoo don zuwa makarantar sakandaren Wesley, inda ta yanke shawarar farko cewa tana son zama marubuci.
Ilimi
Aidoo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wesley a Cape Coast, daga 1961 zuwa 1964. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Gana, Legon inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Turanci sannan kuma ta rubuta wasanninta na farko, The Dilemma of a Ghost, a shekarar 1964. Longman ne ya buga wannan wasan a shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya sanya Aidoo ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara buga wasan Afirka.
Aiki
An nada Ama a matsayin Ministan Ilimi a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a shekarar 1982. Ta yi murabus bayan watanni 18, tare da sanin cewa ba za ta iya cimma burin ta na samar da ilimi a kasar ta Ghana ba tare da yardar kowa ba. Ta nuna matsayin matan Afirka a cikin rayuwar zamani. Ta yi niyyar cewa shugabannin 'yan kwanan nan sun tura manufar kishin kasa a matsayin wata hanya ta sanya mutane cikin zalunci. Ta yi Allah wadai da wadancan 'yan Afirka masu ilimi wadanda ke da'awar son kasarsu amma fa'idodin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun yaudare su. Ta yi imani da wata takamaiman asalin Afirka, wanda take kallo daga yanayin mace.
Ta yi aiki a Amurka, inda ta yi abokantaka a cikin rubuce-rubuce na kirki a Jami'ar Stanford, California. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na malami a Turanci a Jami'ar Cape Coast, daga ƙarshe ta tashi zuwa matsayin farfesa.
Ta kuma kwashe lokaci mai tsawo tana koyarwa da zama a ƙasashen waje na tsawon watanni. Ta rayu a Amurka, Burtaniya, Jamus da Zimbabwe.
A Landan a 1986, ta gabatar da karatun Walter Rodney Visions na Afirka wanda ƙungiyar masu tallafawa gidan wallafa Bogle-L'Ouverture ta shirya. Aidoo ta koyar da darussan Turanci daban-daban a Kwalejin Hamilton a Clinton New York, a farkon tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A yanzu haka farfesa ce mai ziyara a Sashen Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Brown.
Aidoo ta kasance mai ba da lambar yabo ta Etisalat don Littattafai (tare da Dele Olojede, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey, Margaret Busby, Sarah Ladipo Manyika da Zakes Mda), waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin 2013 a matsayin dandamali ga marubutan Afirka na littattafan almara. Ta samu kyautar malanta ta Fulbright a shekarar 1988 da kuma lambar yabo ta 'yan jaridu ta Mbari.
Fim
Ita ce batun wani fim na 2014, The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo, wanda Yaba Badoe ya yi.
Rubuce-rubuce
Wasan kwaikwayon na Aidoo sun hada da The Dilemma of a Ghost, wanda aka samar a Legon a 1964 (wanda aka fara bugawa a 1965) da Pittsburgh a 1988, da Anowa, wanda aka buga a 1971 kuma aka buga a London a 1991.
Ayyukanta na almara musamman suna magance tashin hankali tsakanin ra'ayoyin Yammaci da na Afirka. Littafin tarihinta na farko, Our Sister Killjoy, an buga ta a 1977 kuma ta kasance ɗayan shahararrun ayyukanta. Yawancin masu ba da tallafin Aidoo mata ne wadanda ke yin watsi da matsayin mata na zamani, kamar yadda a cikin wasanta Anowa. Littafin tarihinta ya sami lambar yabo ta 1992 Commonwealth Writer's Prize for Best Book (Afirka). Ita kuma cikakkiyar mawaƙi ce - tarin nata Someone Talking to Sometime ya lashe kyautar Nelson Mandela don Poetry a 1987 - kuma ta rubuta littattafan yara da yawa.
Ta ba da gudummawar yanki "Don zama mace" zuwa littafin tarihin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edita by Robin Morgan. Labarinta "Two Sisters" ya bayyana a cikin 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, editan Margaret Busby.
A shekara ta 2000 ta kafa gidauniyar Mbaasem, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta dake Ghana tare da manufar "taimakawa ci gaba da dorewar marubutan matan Afirka da fasaharsu", wadda take tafiyar da ita tare da 'yarta Kinna Likimani da kwamitin gudanarwa.
Aidoo ita ce edita na Tarihin African Love Stories na 2006. A shekarar 2012, ta bullo da Diplomatic Pounds & Other Stories tattara bayanai na gajerun labarai da kuma wani wanda tarin litattafai ne daga shahararrun marubutan a kasar Ghana, Afirka da kuma kasashen waje na Afirka.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Kyautar Aidoo ta samu sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta 1992 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best Book (Africa) don sabon littafinta Changes.
Kyautar littafin Aidoo-Snyder, wanda ƙungiyar mata ta ƙungiyar nazarin Afirka ta bayar don wani fitaccen littafi da wata mata ta buga wanda ke ba da fifiko ga abubuwan da matan Afirka suka yi, an ba su suna don girmama Ama Ata Aidoo da Margaret C. Snyder, wacce ita ce ta kafa. darektan UNIFEM.
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Maris 2017, Cibiyar Ama Ata Aidoo don Ƙirƙirar Rubuce-rubuce (Aidoo Centre), karkashin kulawar Kojo Yankah School of Communications Studies a African University College of Communications (AUCC) a Adabraka, Accra, an ba ta suna a matsayin girmamawa — cibiyar irinta ta farko a yammacin Afirka, tare da Nii Ayikwei Parkes a matsayin darekta.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
The Dilemma of a Ghost (play), Accra: Longman, 1965. New York: Macmillan, 1971.
Anowa (wasa dangane da almara na kasar Ghana), London: Longman, 1970. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.
No Sweetness Here: A Collection of Short Stories, Longman, 1970.
Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint (labari), Longman, 1977.
Someone Talking to Sometime (a poetry collection), Harare: College Press, 1986.
The Eagle and the Chickens and Other Stories (ga yara), Tana Press, 1986.
Birds and Other Poems, Harare: College Press, 1987.
An Angry Letter in January (wakoki), Dangaroo Press, 1992.
Changes: a Love Story (labari), The Women's Press, 1991.
The Girl Who Can and Other Stories, Heinemann African Writers Series, 1997.
Diplomatic Pounds & Other Stories, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2012.
A matsayin edita
African Love Stories: An Anthology, African Love Stories: An Anthology, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2006.
Ci gaba da karatu
Aditya Misra, "Death in Surprise: Gender and Power Dynamics in Ama Ata Aidoo's Anowa". Journal of Drama Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 81–91.
Anne V. Adams (ed.), Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70: A Reader in African Cultural Studies. Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2012.
Ada Uzoamaka Azodo and G. Wilentz, Emerging Perspectives on Ama Ata Aidoo, Africa Research & Publications, 1999.
Vincent O. Odamtten, The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo: Polylectics and Reading Against Neocolonialism. University Press of Florida, 1994.
Esther Pujolràs-Noguer, An African (Auto)biography. Ama Ata Aidoo's Literary Quest: Strangeness, nation and tradition, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012.
Nafeesah Allen, "Negotiating with the Diaspora: an Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo", Scholar & Feminist Online, 2009.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane |
51380 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma%20James | Selma James | Articles with hCards
Selma James (an haife shi Selma Deitch;tsohon Weinstein;Agusta 15,1930) marubuciya Ba'amurke ce,kuma mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutukar zaman jama'a wacce ta kasance marubucin littafin motsin mata The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (tare da Mariarosa Dalla Costa).),co-wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata na Duniya.
Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
Deitch an haife shi a unguwar Brownsville na Brooklyn,New York,a cikin 1930. Mahaifinta direban babbar mota ne,kuma mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar masana'anta ce kafin ta haifi 'ya'ya. Lokacin da take matashiya,Selma ta yi aiki a masana'antu,sannan a matsayinta na cikakken macen gida da uwa ga ɗanta. Samwanda mahaifinsa,abokin aikin masana'anta,ta kasance cikin ɗan gajeren aure. A lokacin da take da shekaru 15,ta shiga cikin Johnson-Forest Tendency,daya daga cikin shugabanninsa uku shine CLR James,kuma ta fara halartar karatunsa akan bautar da yakin basasa na Amurka.
1950s da 60s
A cikin 1952,ta rubuta littafin Wurin Mace, an fara buga shi azaman shafi a cikin Sadarwa, jaridar mako-mako da masu karatu suka rubuta kuma suka shirya tare da masu sauraron galibin masu aiki. Ba a saba ba a lokacin,jaridar tana da shafukan da aka sadaukar don baiwa mata, matasa da kuma baƙar fata murya mai cin gashin kanta. Ta kasance mawallafi na yau da kullum kuma ta gyara Shafin Mata.A cikin 1955,ta zo Ingila don auren CLR James,wanda aka kora daga Amurka a lokacin McCarthy.Sun kasance tare tsawon shekaru 25,kuma sun kasance abokan aikin siyasa na kud da kud.
Daga 1958 zuwa 1962,ta zauna a Trinidad da Tobago,inda,tare da mijinta,ta kasance mai himma a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da tarayya ta yammacin Indiya. Dawowa Biritaniya bayan samun 'yancin kai,ta zama sakatariyar shirya gangamin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na farko a 1965,kuma mamba ce ta kafa ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Yanki kuma editan mujallarta a 1969.
Ladan aikin gida
A cikin Janairu 1971,James ya watsa shirye-shiryen gidan rediyon BBC a cikin jerin mutane don gobe-ta yin amfani da kwarewarta na yin aiki a cikin ƙananan ayyuka da kasancewa uwa da uwar gida,da kuma hira da matan gida na cikakken lokaci,da sauran mata masu aiki a waje.gida yayin da yake ci gaba da yin mafi yawan ayyukan gida-don gano yadda ake cin zarafin mata a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. A cikin 1972,littafin The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (wanda aka rubuta tare da Mariarosa Dalla Costa) ya ƙaddamar da "muhawarar aikin cikin gida" ta hanyar zayyana yadda aikin gida da sauran ayyukan kulawa da mata suke yi a waje da kasuwa yana samar da dukan ma'aikata.don haka tattalin arzikin kasuwa,bisa wadancan ma’aikata, ya ginu ne a kan aikin mata marasa aikin yi.
A wannan shekarar,James ya kafa kamfen na International Wages for Housework (WFH),wanda ke neman kuɗi daga Jiha don ayyukan da ba a yi ba a cikin gida da kuma cikin al'umma. Muhawara ta biyo baya game da ko kula da cikakken lokaci shine "aiki" ko "rawar" -kuma ko ya kamata a biya shi tare da albashi.An gabatar da takardar James ta 1972 Mata,Ƙungiyoyi da Aiki a Taron Mata na Ƙasa a kan Maris 25–26,1972. A cikin wata hira da ta yi da BBC News 24 a shekara ta 2002 ta bayyana cewa aikin gida yana kirga don "aiki na asali a cikin al'umma",cewa mata suna da hakkin samun albashi, kuma ta ce: "Muna kuma son amincewa daga al'umma cewa aikin da muke yi yana da mahimmanci kuma mai mahimmanci.." Ta kara da cewa aikin gida ana kirga don "aiki na asali a cikin al'umma".
James shine mai magana da yawun kungiyar Karuwai na Ingilishi na farko, wanda ke fafutukar yanke hukunci da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya bi na tattalin arziki ga karuwanci. Buga na 1983 na James's Marx da Feminism ya karya tare da kafaffen ka'idar Marxist ta hanyar samar da karatun Marx 's Capital daga mahangar mata da aikin rashin aiki.
Tun daga shekara ta 1985,ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Mata ta Duniya,wadda ta yi nasara a kan shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya inda gwamnatoci suka amince su auna da darajar aikin da ba a biya ba a cikin kididdiga na kasa. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da doka a kan wannan a Trinidad da Tobago da Spain,kuma ana ci gaba da yin amfani da lokaci da sauran bincike a ƙasashe da yawa.A Venezuela,Mataki na ashirin da 88 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya amince da aiki a cikin gida a matsayin aikin tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da ƙarin ƙima da kuma samar da dukiya da jin dadin jama'a,kuma ya ba wa matan aure damar samun zaman lafiya.
Ayyukan kwanan nan
James ya gabatar da laccoci a cikin Burtani,Amurka, da sauran ƙasashe kan batutuwa da dama,waɗanda suka haɗa da "Jima'i,Race,& Class", "Abin da masu Marxists ba su taɓa gaya mana game da Marx","Al'adar Yahudawa ta Duniya","Sake gano Nyerere ta Tanzania","CLR James a matsayin mai shirya siyasa",da "Jean Rhys:Tsalle zuwa Tia".
Ƙaunar mata
Tun daga shekara ta2000,James ya kasance mai gudanarwa na kasa da kasa na Yajin Mata na Duniya,cibiyar sadarwa na mata masu tushe,tare da hada ayyuka da tsare-tsare a kasashe da dama.Yajin aikin dai ya bukaci al’umma su sanya hannun jari wajen kula da ba kisa ba,sannan a mayar wa al’umma kasafin kudin sojoji da aka fara da mata. Ta kasance tana aiki tare da juyin juya halin Venezuelan tun 2002. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Mata ta Crossroads,wacce aka fara a ƙarƙashin WFH a cikin 1975 a cikin gundumar haske mai haske kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Euston na London kuma yanzu tana cikin Garin Kentish, kuma ita ce gama gari.editan Littattafan Crossroads.
Ƙaunar gurguzu
A cikin Afrilu 20,James ya ziyarci Edinburgh (tare da ma'aurata na Edinburgh Ralph da Noreen Ibbott, dukansu membobi na Burtaniya Tanzaniya Society a cikin 1960s) a ranar tunawa da Tanzaniya Muungano Day,wanda ya zo a ranar 26 ga Afrilu.James ya ba da jawabi a wani zama da kungiyar Edinburgh Community Association (TzECA) ta shirya kan Julius Nyerere 's Ujamaa (zamantakewar Afirka) a cikin 1960s a Tanzaniya dangane da batun Ruvuma Development Association (RDA), da Sanarwar Arusha Tanzaniya.RDA ta samo asali ne daga asali na Ruvuma Development Association (RDA),wanda aka yi rajista a farkon 1960s,lokacin da Julius Nyerere shugaban Tanzaniya na farko ya ƙarfafa shi,bayan samun 'yancin kai,ƙauyuka da dama sun haɗu tare da tsara kansu cikin abin da aka sani da suna.kauyukan Ujamaa.Wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar shine Ntimbanjayo Millinga,wanda shi ne sakataren reshen karamar hukumar ta kungiyar matasan Afirka ta Tanzaniya,kuma Ralph Ibbott,wani mai bincike na Ingilishi ya tallafa masa,wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma ya amince ya zauna da aiki.tare da iyalansa a kauyen Litowa.An gudanar da zaman a "Waverley Care Solas"Abbey Mount.
A cikin Yuli 2015,James ya amince da yakin neman zaben Jeremy Corbyn a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour.
Ƙaunar Anti-Zionist
James memba ne na Ƙungiyar Yahudawa Anti-Zionist Network kuma,a cikin Mayu 2008,ya sanya hannu kan WasiƙaYahudawan Birtaniya a ranar cika shekaru 60 na Isra'ila da aka buga a cikin The Guardian,yana bayyana dalilin da yasa ba za ta yi bikin cika shekaru 60 na Isra'ila ba A watan Agustan 2015,ta kasance mai sa hannu kan wasiƙar da ke sukar rahoton The Jewish Chronicle's da ƙungiyar Jeremy Corbyn tare da zargin antisemites.
Sanannen ayyuka
In popular culture
Duba kuma
Rayayyun mutane |
50799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Liebes | Dorothy Liebes | Dorothy Wright Liebes (14 Oktoba 1897 - 20 Satumba 1972) 'yar Amurka ce mai zanen masaka kuma mai sana'anta don sabbin masana'anta na zamani da aka ƙera don masu gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. An san ta da "mahaifiyar saƙar zamani".
Articles with hCards
Kuruciya
An haifi Dorothy Wright a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1897,a Santa Rosa, California,ita 'yar Frederick L.Wright ce, farfesan ilmin sunadarai,da Bessie Calderwood Wright, malama. Yayin da take nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam,fasaha, da koyarwa a Kwalejin Malamai na Jiha a San Jose da Jami'ar California, Berkeley,an shawarce ta don yin gwaji tare da zane-zane. Ta siyo yar karamar masara ta koya wa kanta sana’ar saka.
A shekarar 1928,ta auri Leon Liebes, wani ɗan kasuwa.Sun sake aure a cikin 1940, kodayake Dorothy Liebes ta riƙe sunanta da fasaha.A 1948 ta auri Pulitzer Prize -lashe ɗan jarida Relman Morin.
Aiki
Bayan shekaru da yawa a matsayin malamar makaranta, Liebes ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane-zane, kuma ta yi karatun saƙa a Hull House, Chicago, kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa Faransanci, Italiya, Guatemala,da Mexico don koyo game da nau'ikan saƙar gargajiya. Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙasashen waje,Liebes ta koma Amurka kuma ta buɗe babban ɗakinta mai suna a San Francisco. Studio dinta na farko, wanda aka buɗe a 526 Powell Street a San Francisco a cikin 1930, wanda ta ƙware a kayan saƙar hannu na al'ada don gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. A 1935,Liebes ta sadu da Frank Lloyd Wright a Taliesin a Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright tana da tasiri a cikin falsafar ƙira. An buɗe Dorothy Liebes Design, Inc.a cikin 1937, kodayake mijinta ya ƙi,a San Francisco. A 1938 tana da maza da mata goma sha bakwai suna aiki a ɗakinta. A cikin 1942,Liebes ta motsa ɗakinta a San Francisco zuwa 545 Sutter Street. Bayan bukatar,ta bude studio na biyu a New York. Ta yi ƙaura na cikakken lokaci zuwa Birnin New York a cikin 1948.
An san masana'anta don haɗakar launuka masu ƙarfin hali da laushi masu ban sha'awa, kuma galibi suna amfani da kayan da ba a zata ba kamar gashin fuka-fuki, robobi,ƙarfIna, jute,tef ɗin ticker,ratsan fata,da bamboo. An ba su izini ta hanyar gine-gine,ciki har da Frank Lloyd Wright, Edward Durell Stone,Miller da Pflueger da Samuel Marx. Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da Sarki Ibn Saud na Saudi Arabia,da Ahwahnee Hotel a Yosemite,da Paramount Theater a Oakland, California. An kuma yi amfani da kayan saƙar ta a cikin jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da otal.
Ƙarshen WWII ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci ga Liebes da kamfaninta. Kayayyakin roba da aka ƙirƙira da kuma amfani da su a yaƙin an samar da su don amfanin gida. Aluminum, musamman,ta kasance mai matukar sha'awa ga masana'antun yadi.Liebes ta yi farin ciki da kwarin guiwar waɗannan damar, musamman sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya yin aiki da su.Ta taɓa yin magana a cikin lacca don tsara ɗalibai a Chicago, "Ku yi la'akari da cellophanes masu haskakawa, dull acetates, robobi masu laushi,fata da aka yi da fata, gashin doki na wucin gadi, kayan da ba a lalata da kuma zaren gilashi!" Dorothy Liebes sau da yawa ana lasafta ta a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na motsi na zamani na California, kuma a cikin 1940s da 50s ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masu zanen yadi a Amurka.ta bambanta da palette na tsaka-tsaki na yawancin mutanen zamaninta na zamani, Liebes sananniya ce don amfani da kayan da ba zato ba tsammani, launi mai haske da tsari.Tana da sha'awar haɗa launukan da ba su dace ba cikin haɗin kai,yanayin gani.Liebes da aka fi sani da launi "elixir sihiri" kuma kayan aikinta sun kasance suna da kyawawan launuka masu kyau.Ta kirkiro wannan "California Look",wanda da sauri aka kira "Liebes Look".
Dorothy Liebes ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaƙiya, amma ita ma ƴar kasuwa ce mai kaifi wacce ta yi imanin cewa masaku da yawa za su iya kaiwa ga jama'a,ba tare da la'akari da kasafin kuɗin abokin ciniki ba.Duk da yake har yanzu tana riƙe da kamannin saƙar hannu, Liebes ta yi aiki don tsara masana'anta mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗimbin salo da kayayyaki daban-daban. Ba wai kawai an sami damar saka kayanta ba, amma ta yi abokin tarayya mai ƙarfi don masana'antu.
Liebes ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙira ga kamfanoni kamar DuPont,Dow, Bigelow-Sanford,da Goodall Fabrics na Sanford, Maine. Mai tallata kayan masaku mai yawa,ta ba da shawara game da haɓaka zaruruwan roba,da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka injinan da za su iya kwaikwayi rashin daidaituwa na ado da rashin daidaituwa na yadudduka na hannu. Daga 1955 zuwa 1971 Liebes ta zama mai ba da shawara ga kayan gida na DuPont.A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun kamfanin,ta taimaka wa jama'a su shawo kan masifu ga masana'anta.
An san Liebes don gabatar da shirye-shiryen fasaha na warkewa ga tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na II a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin 1942, an nada ta a matsayin Darakta na ƙasa,Sashen Arts & Skills, Red Cross ta Amurka.
Daga 1961 zuwa 1972, fitacciyar mai fasaha Emma Amos ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane / masaƙa don Dorothy Liebes.
Kyaututuka
Liebes tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara samun lambar yabo ta Neiman Marcus a lokacin ƙaddamar da su a cikin shekarar 1938. A cikin shekarar 1946, Cibiyar Masu Ado na Amurka ta zaɓi ɗayan ƙirarta mafi kyawun yadi A shekara ta gaba,1947, ta sami Medal na Sana'a daga Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Amurka. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka daga Lord & Taylor,the Paris Exposition,da Architectural League. A cikin 1948,ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Mills da lambar yabo ta Elsie de Wolfe.
Mutuwa
Saboda yanayin zuciya, Dorothy Liebes ta yi murabus a cikin 1971. Ta mutu a birnin New York a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1972.
Legacy
Ana gudanar da aikinta a cikin tarin Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art, da Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
Manazarta |
27106 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde%20Kelani | Tunde Kelani | Articles with hCards
Tunde Kelani (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948), wanda aka fi sani da TK, mai shirya fim ne dan Najeriya, mai ba da labari, darakta, mai daukar hoto da bidiyo kuma furodusa. A cikin sana'ar da ta shafe fiye da shekaru arba'in, TK ya kware wajen shirya fina-finai masu inganta al'adun gargajiyar ta Najeriya da ke da tushe a cikin rubuce-rubuce da aka tattara aka kuma adana bayanai, ilimi, nishaɗi da inganta al'adu.
Ya kuma shahara da son Tanya kayan adabi actin fina-finansa domin galibin ayyukansa sun bi irin wannan salon shirya fina-finai da suka hada da Ko se Gbe, Oleku, Thunder Bolt, The Narrow Path, White Handkerchief, Maami da Dazzling Mirage.
Tun yana karami, aka tura shi Abeokuta, domin ya zauna da kakanninsa. Al’adu da al’adun Yarabawa da ya samu a shekarunsa na farko, tare da gogewar da ya samu a Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan inda ya karanta fasahar shirya fina-finai, sun shirya shi akan abin da yake yi a yau.
Kuruciya
Tunde Kelani, watau TK an haife shi ne a Bihar Legas amma lokacin da ya kai shekaru biyar, an aika shi ya zauna tare da kakansa a Abeokuta a jihar Ogun. Ya yi makarantar firamare ta Oke-Ona da ke Ikija, Abeokuta, sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare a Abeokuta grammar school. A wannan lokaci, kakansa ya kasance Chif ne (sarautar Balogun na Ijaiye Kukudi), kuma ya alfahari cewa ya halarci asalin shirin al'adun Yoruba da yanayın rayuwarsu ta gargajiya, da addini Yarbawa, adabin Yarbawa, falsafan Yarbawa, muhallin yarbawa da kuma yadda Yarbawa ke kallan duniya a fuskar zane.
An fara gabatar masa da adabin Yarbanci tun farkon rayuwarsa, haka nan kuma yayı tesiri akan harkan wasan kwaikwayo sossar saboda Yarabawa suna da al'adar wasan tafiye-tafiye mai karfi a lokacin. Lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya sami damar ganin yawancin manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na Yarbawa da suka hada da Palmwine Drinkard, Oba Koso, Kurunmi, Ogunde da sauransu.
Yana da sha'awar daukar hoto tun daga firamare. A tsawon karatunsa na sakandare, yana ba da kuɗi sosai kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci don koyon hoto. Don haka babu makawa sai ya zama mai daukar hoto bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya, ya samu horo a gidan Talabijin na Western Nigeria (WNTV) na lokacin sannan ya kara zuwa makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan.
Farkon aiki
A cikin shekarun 1970, Kelani ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin BBC TV da Reuters, kuma a gidan talabijin na Najeriya. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya yi tattaki zuwa kasar Habasha domin yakar matsalar fari da kuma zuwa kasar Zimbabwe har sau uku domin samun ‘yancin kai a can. Bayan ya kammala makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan, ya dawo Najeriya ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko tare da Adebayo Faleti mai suna The Dilema of Rev. Baba Michael. (Idaamu Paadi Minkailu). Sauran furodusoshi sun haɗa da Alhaji Lasisi Oriekun, Wale Fanubi – abokin aikin sa daga Cinekraft, Yemi Farounbi da kuma wasan allo na Lola Fani-Kayode. Tunde Kelani ya kuma yi aiki a kan mafi yawan fina-finan da ake shiryawa a Najeriya a matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto . Wasu daga cikin fina-finan 16mm da ya yi aiki a kansu sun hada da: Anikura; Ogun Ajaye ; Iya Ni Wura ; Direban Tasi ; Iwa and Fopomoyo. A cikin shekarar, 1990, Kelani ya kasance mataimakin darekta kuma ɗan wasa a cikin fim ɗin shekarar, 1990 Mister Johnson, fim ɗin Amurka na farko da aka yi a Najeriya. Tauraruwar Pierce Brosnan da Maynard Eziashi, fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan wani littafi na shekarar, A1939 na Joyce Cary.
Daidaitawar adabi
TK ya aware wajen karatu tun yana ƙarami kuma sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa rayuwar da yagi so. Farawa da ayyuka biyar na DO Fagunwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Igbo Olodumare, Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale, Aditu Olodumare, Irinkerindo Ninu Igbo Elegbeje da Ireke Onibudo, ya nutsar da kansa a duk wani aiki na zahiri da zai iya samun hannunsa a cikin harsunan Yoruba da Ingilishi. Da zarar ya gano alakar adabi da wasan kwaikwayo, sai ya dauki tsarin adabi a matsayin abin koyi ga yin fim dinsa. Ba wai kawai yana son littattafan ba, yana son marubutan kamar yadda koyaushe yake samun rataye a cikin su. Marubutan da ya fi so sun hada da Kola Akinlade, Pa Amos Tutuola, Cyprian Ekwensi, Akinwunmi Ishola, Adebayo Faleti, Wale Ogunyemi da Wole Soyinka .
Wasu daga cikin fina-finansa da suka yi nasara sun hada da: Koseegbe, Oleku, Thunderbolt (Magun), The White Handkerchief, The Narrow Path, Maami da kuma kwanan nan Dazzling Mirage . Ya yanke shawarar kula da wannan samfurin don fina-finai na gaba.
Kamfanin samarwa
A cikin shekara ta, 1991, Tunde Kelani ya kafa kamfaninsa na samar da fina-finai, Mainframe Films and Television Productions - Opomulero, don haka zai iya shirya fina-finai ba kawai ba da tallafin fasaha ba. Bayan ya fito daga duniyar wasan kwaikwayo da adabi, gyare-gyaren littattafai da wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai su ne ginshiƙan aikin shirya fina-finai na Kelani kuma ta hanyar su ne yake ɗaukaka marubuta da ayyukansu zuwa ga abin da yake gani a matsayin jama'a da ke ƙasa da ƙasa.
A Mainframe, ya shirya fina-finai irin su Ti Oluwa Nile, Ayo Ni Mo Fe, Koseegbe, Oleku, Thunderbolt (Magun), Saworoide, Agogo Eewo, The Campus Queen, Abeni, Narrow Path, Arugba da Maami.
Sabon aikinsa, Dazzling Mirage, an tsara shi daga wani littafi na Olayinka Egbokhare, labari ne na soyayya na yadda mai ciwon sikila ke shawo kan kyamar jama'a, son zuciya da rashin kima, don samun nasara, aure da zama uwa. Ta hanyar fim ɗin, yana fatan kawo wayar da kan jama'a da kulawa da ake buƙata ga yanayin sikila da kuma taimaka wa mutane su yanke shawara mai kyau.
Filmography
Duba kuma
Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya
Manazarta
Mutanen da sukayi karatu a makarantan Abeokuta Grammar School
Kyautar Lifetime achievement Award na fine final Afurka
Wanda such Samar da Gidan Telebijin a Najeriya
Yan Kasuwa na Najeriya a Karni na 21
Yan Kasuwa na Najeriya a karni na 20
Yarbawa 'yan kasuwa
Masu bada umurnin finan finai a harshen yarbanci
Tsaffin dalibai daga makaranta fina-finai ta Landan
'yan kasha daga Lagos
Yarbawa masu hada shiri
Masu daukan nauyin fina-finan yarbanci
Yarbawa masi bada umurnin shiri
Rayuwan mutane
Haihuwan 1948
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
2887 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto | Esperanto | Esperanto - "lingvo internacia"
Jubilea simbolo
Sunayen karatuttukan Fasfutan Esperanto
Akasin hankali masu daban a cikin amfani. Daya daga cikin su ya sanya haruffan sirkumfleksa da digraphs na h. Akwai damuwa na grafiki kamar hanyoyi masu fito-kashi mai sirkumfleksa tare da carets.
H-takardar
Idan an gano a kan teburajin babu mai iya koma rubutu da lambobbin karatun (^) da (˘), za a iya sa lambobbin rubutu (^) da lambobbin na "h" da lambobbin (˘) duk da haka ba ya yi amfani. Amma a mafita na wannan karatun, to zai iya yi alama: "ch=ĉ; gh=ĝ; hh=ĥ; jh=ĵ; sh=ŝ". Idan mutane suke buɗe rubutun masu bayarwa (,), za su iya yi amfani, domin al'amura ba su sa su suƙe da waje (,). An yi amfani da lambobbin (,) zai iya sa suƙe (') ko (-). Misali: sign,et,o = sign'et'o = sig-net-o.}}</ref>
Sunayen karaɗin asalin kuma dukan abubuwa da digraphs ta ɓangare da mutum da aka ɓangaraka, wato L. L. Zamenhof. Ya ba muɗewa ya ce ya yi amfani da a cikin tsohon , da kuma digraphs da ga lambobbin saukin sirkumfleksa. Misali, ya sauya da , kamar yadda a don (chance). Inda suke tsohon abubuwan an bayar da , suna buƙatar taƙaitaccen kwarewa ko da ɗakin hyphen, kamar su (shida-kuɗi) ko (bandar fashewa).
Ƙin kuma, tsarin ASCII na asalinsu da ake rubuta rubutu baya ya shigo da kyamar kyamar lokaci yana da amfani a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, saboda abubuwan da suka hada da rubutu za su yi ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta da kuma ƙofa ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta . Rubutun za su yi ta bayar da , amma za a iya saurara a cikin h-takardar, za su zaɓa a baya da .
X-takardar
Tsarin mai nauyi na bude ta kuma rubutu a Fasfutan Esperanto tare da sunan "x-takardar", wato ya sa amfani da daga sunan a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, kuma don . Misali, ta bamu da , kamar yadda aka ba su don da kuma don .
X-digraphs suna buƙatar taimakawa a cikin h-takardar:
x bai ƙunshi haruffa a haruffa na asalin Fasfutan Esperanto, domin amfani da shi ba zai yi damuwa ba.
Rubutun digraphs yana buɗe ɗaya ɗaya yayin rubutun abuɗayi masu bayarwa; misali, (don ) za su zaɓa a baya da , haruffa ta h-takardar za ta zaɓa a baya da ita. Bayani ya yawaita a cikin abuɗayi masu haɗa ko abuɗayi masu zauna da 'z' a cikin harsunan ko rubutun da ba a yi nasara da suna sakamako ba
misali, harsunan da ba suka haɗa da rubutu ("sake haɗa") za su zaɓa a baya da (don "rheumatism").
X-takardar ya samu lokacin kuma h-takardar, amma yana da turo da ba zai fahimta yanzu a kan Fundamento de Esperanto. Haka kuma, a cikin gasarwa 2007, Akademio de Esperanto ta bayyana karshe don amfani da tsarin yau da kullum ta rubutu lambobbin Fasfutan Esperanto, a cikin wurin cewa wannan zai yi amfani ba "gare kuɗin da mutane ba su iya amfani da lambobbin kasashen a yi, kuma a wurin da lambar suna taimakawa na h-takardar da ya bayyana a Fundamento bai ɗauko da shi ko kuma ba da damuwa ba." Wannan babu sabon aini ko da irin alama ko da asali masu saukar tsarin Unicode ga mutumin da ya bayyana.
Wani matsalar abuɗayi mai haɗa na substituti na x-takardar yana da ƙarfi a rubutu da rubutu biyar, da ya kuma tsere da rubutun kamar don ya bamu da damuwa ne idan aka amfani da rubutun Faransa, saboda wani abuɗayi masu haɗa na Faransa, domin an kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje ko . 'Aux,' misali, wata abuɗayi a dukan harsunan ( a Fasfutan Esperanto). Kowace kula da za a sake amfani da sakamako na rubutu zai kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje da Fasfutan Esperanto. Watau abuɗayin Turanci kamar "auxiliary" da "Euxine" za suka kula duka game da hanyoyin yanzu. Wani tsarin da mutane kusan suka koyi, kamar yadda aka yi a bayyane na Wikipedia na rubutu MediaWiki daga gasar 2002, wani don Brion Vibber, shi ne ya amfani da don haifar da sakamako na zuwa sakamako, misali "" zai yi "aux". Wani mutum kusan ya yi bayanin amfani da "" a matsayin amfani da "" don don kawo la'akari wannan matsalar, amma wannan tsauni na tsarin ba da damuwa ne.
Y-takardar
sunayi = Y-takardar
noma = Alphabat
wani_kanawa = Y-takardar, ipsilono-kodo
ipa-note = babu
Ĉ = Cy
Ĝ = Gy
Ĥ = X
Ĵ = Jy
Ŝ = Sy
Ŭ = W
Misali: eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde ("echo-change every Thursday") zai iya yi "exosyangyo cyiujyawde".
Sarari na asali:
Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Ĉiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu ĉi Deklaracio validas same por ĉiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, ĉu laŭ raso, haŭtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aŭ alia opinio, nacia aŭ socia deveno, posedaĵoj, naskiĝo aŭ alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aŭ internacia pozicio de la lando aŭ teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere ĉu ĝi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aŭ sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Y-sistemo:
Cyiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj law digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Cyiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu cyi Deklaracio validas same por cyiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, cyu law raso, hawtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aw alia opinio, nacia aw socia deveno, posedajyoj, naskigyo aw alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aw internacia pozicio de la lando aw teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere cyu gyi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aw sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Anazarci
- Esperanto, a, b, c
- Kurso Saluton! Audiovisual koyo yanayin
- Alfabeto de Esperanto
Wikipedia
Bildvortaro
esperanto-afriko.org
esperanto.net Esperanto 62 lingvoj
Esperanto.net , (angle)
- ĉinia radio internacia - esperanta retpaĝo
"uea-radikoj-685"
(- reta-vortaro.de)
"Esperanto"; FUNDAMENTO DE ESPERANTO Antaŭparolo; Gramatiko: GRAMMAIRE (Gramatiko Franca); GRAMMAR ( — Angla); GRAMMATIK ( — Germana); ГРАММАТИКА ( — Rusa); GRAMATYKA ( — Pola);Ekzercaro, Universala Vortaro
( Esperanto), PIV Plena Ilustrita Vortaro Eldono 2005
(Afrika fulfulde)
- Benson-Esperanto-Edmonton
Harsuna |
51757 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Boie%20Kamara | Usman Boie Kamara | Alhaji Usman Boie Kamara ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Saliyo, ɗan kasuwa kuma injiniyan ma'adinai wanda ya kasance ministan kasuwanci da masana'antu na Saliyo tun a shekarar 2013. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Kamfanin Ma'adinan Lu'u-lu'u na Saliyo (NDMC).
An haife shi kuma ya girma a Freetown iyayensa Mandingo ne, Usman Boie yana da digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan ma'adinai da sarrafa ma'adinai daga Kwalejin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Magunguna ta Imperial da ke Landan.
Mahaifinsa Mohamed Boie Kamara ya kasance fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Saliyo People's Party (SLPP) kuma ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar a karshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. Mohamed Boie Kamara kuma na hannun damar Firayim Minista Albert Margai ne.
Usman Boie Kamara ya nemi jam’iyyar SLPP ta tsayar da shi takarar shugaban kasa a zaben 2012, inda ya zo na biyu a bayan tsohon shugaban mulkin soja Julius Maada Bio, wanda ya lashe zaben SLPP a babban taron jam’iyyar da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 2011 a dakin taro na Miatta da ke Freetown.
Bayan da ya sha kaye a hannun Julius Maada na SLPP, Usman Boie Kamara ya fice daga SLPP a watan Yunin 2012 ya koma APC mai mulki. Shugaban kasar Ernest Bai Koroma da kansa ya yi masa tarba a hukumance tare da ba shi katin zama dan jam’iyyar APC.
Usman Boie musulmi ne mai kishin addini kuma ya iya yaren sa na asali. Yana da aure yana da ’ya’ya uku.
Rayuwar farko da asalin iyali
An haifi Alhaji Usman Boie Kamara kuma ya girma a Freetown, babban birnin kasar Saliyo ga fitattun iyayen Mandingo . Usman Boie ya taso ne a unguwar Yanke Mujallu a Gabashin Karshen Freetown. Usman Boie ya taso ne a gidan Mandingo kuma ƙwararren mai magana da yaren Mandinka ne .
Mahaifin Usman Boie Mohamed Boie Kamara hamshakin attajiri ne kuma fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Saliyo People's Party (SLPP), wanda ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Mohamed Boie Kamara ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da wasu manyan 'yan jam'iyyar SLPP da suka hada da Albert Margai, Kande Bureh, Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, da Alhaji AB Tejan Jalloh domin tabbatar da nasarar SLPP a zabukan kasa da na kananan hukumomi a fadin kasar nan. Sa’ad da yake ƙarami, Usman Boie ya yi tafiya tare da mahaifinsa don halartar tarurrukan SLPP, taron gunduma da ayyuka a faɗin Saliyo. A lokacin da firaminista Albert Margai ya ziyarci masallacin Madingo da ke Freetown a shekarar 1965 domin yin sallar Juma'a, Mohamed Boie Kamara ne ya gabatar da shi ga taron musulmi.
Ilimi da aiki
Usman Boie Kamara ya kammala karatun sakandire na Prince of Wales da ke Freetown. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha da Magunguna ta Imperial da ke birnin Landan na kasar Ingila. Bayan ya samu nasarar kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin Injiniya da Ma'adinai da Gudanar da Ma'adinai a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha da Magunguna ta Imperial, Usman Boie ya samu aiki da gwamnatin Saliyo a matsayin injiniyan ma'adinai a Kenema a shekarar 1972 a karkashin ma'aikatar ma'adinai da albarkatu. . Boie Kamara ya tashi da sauri zuwa Mataimakin Daraktan Ma'adinai, Mataimakin Daraktan Ma'adinai kuma a karshe, Daraktan Ma'adinai a shekarar 2008.
Daga baya aka nada Usman Boie a matsayin babban manajan kamfanin hakar ma’adinai na kasar Saliyo (NDMC), inda ya kwashe shekaru uku yana wannan mukamin. Babbar nasarar da Usman Boie ya samu a wannan mukami ita ce samar da shirin Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), wani tsari da aka tsara don bambancewa da tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na Saliyo daga lu'u-lu'u na jini. Usman ya kuma zama mai ba da shawara kan hakar ma'adinai a Burtaniya, Botswana, Zambia da Lesotho.
Sana'ar/Aiki siyasa
Usman Boie Kamara ya nemi jam’iyyar SLPP ta tsayar da shi takarar shugaban kasa a zaben shekarar 2012, inda ya zo na biyu a bayan tsohon shugaban mulkin soja Julius Maada Bio, wanda ya lashe zaben SLPP a babban taron jam’iyyar da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 2011 a dakin taro na Miatta da ke Freetown.
Bayan da Julius Maada Bio ya sha kaye a zaben a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 2011, an samu rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin magoya bayan SLPP da kuma cikin jam'iyyar SLPP kanta. Wasu jami’an SLPP da suka hada da shugaban SLPP reshen yankin Yamma Lansana Fadika da shugaban matasa na jam’iyyar Blamoh Robert da sakataren yankin Alpha Mohamed Alghali sun yi murabus daga jam’iyyar domin nuna adawa da nadin Bio. Wasu daga cikin magoya bayan Usman Boie sun yi kira gare shi da ya fice daga SLPP ya kafa jam'iyyarsa domin kalubalantar shugaba Ernest Bai Koroma.
Sai dai kuma a ranar 4 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2011 Usman Boie ya gabatar da jawabi a gaban magoya bayansa 15,000 da manyan 'yan jam'iyyar SLPP a filin wasa na Attouga da ke Freetown. A cikin jawabinsa, ya yi kira da a hada kai a cikin jam’iyyar SLPP tare da bayar da cikakken goyon bayansa ga Maada Bio gabanin zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2012. Usman Boie ya bayyana cewa babu abin da zai hana jam’iyyar SLPP samun nasara a zaben shekarar 2012 don haka ‘yan jam’iyyar su mayar da hankali kan yadda za su ci zaben shekarar 2012. Osman Boie ya mayar da hankali kan jawabinsa kan sukar gwamnatin shugaba Koroma.
A watan Yunin 2012, Usman Boie Kamara cikin mamaki ya fice daga SLPP ya koma APC mai mulki. Shugaban kasar Koroma ya tarbe sa a hukumance tare da ba shi katin zama dan jam’iyyar APC.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2013 ne shugaba Koroma ya zabi Usman Boie Kamara a matsayin ministan kasuwanci da masana'antu a sabuwar majalisar ministocinsa ta biyu. Majalisar Dokokin Saliyo ta amince da shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu 2013 kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu 2013 a gidan gwamnati a Freetown.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27283 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadar%20Otal%20%C6%8Ain%20Taj%20Mahal | Fadar Otal Ɗin Taj Mahal | Fadar Taj Mahal gado ce, tauraro biyar, otal mai alfarma a yankin Colaba na Mumbai, Maharashtra, Indiya, kusa da Ƙofar Indiya . An gina shi a cikin salon Tarurrukan Saracenic, an buɗe shi a cikin shekara ta 1903 azaman otal ɗin Taj Mahal kuma a tarihi sau da yawa ana san shi da sunan "Taj". Ana kiran otal ɗin sunan Taj Mahal, wanda ke cikin birnin Agra kusan kilomita daga Mumbai. An ɗauke shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun otal a Gabas tun lokacin British Raj . Otal din na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka kai hari a Mumbai a shekarar 2008 .
Wani ɓangare na Taj Hotels Resorts da Palaces, otel din yana da dakuna guda 560 da 44 suites kuma ana la'akari da alamar ƙungiyar; yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 1,600. Otal din dai ya ƙunshi gine-gine daban-daban guda biyu: Fadar Taj Mahal da Hasumiyar, waɗanda tarihi da tsarin gine-gine suka bambanta da juna (An gina fadar Taj Mahal a shekara ta 1903; An buɗe Hasumiyar a shekara ta 1972).
Otal din yana da dogon tarihi, wanda ya karɓi manyan baƙi da dama, tun daga shugabanni zuwa shugabannin masana'antu da kuma nuna taurarin kasuwanci.
Tarihi
Shekarun farko
Otal din Taj Mahal Jamsetji Tata ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya buɗe kofofinsa ga baƙi a ranar 16 ga Disambar shekara ta 1903.
Wani labari da aka yi ta maimaitawa game da dalilin gina otal ɗin shine an hana Tata shiga otal ɗin Watson, kamar yadda aka keɓe shi ga Turawa. Duk da haka, marubuci Charles Allen ya ƙalubalanci ingancin wannan, wanda ya rubuta cewa Tata ba zai damu da irin wannan ba har ya kai ga gina sabon otel. Madadin haka, Allen ya rubuta, an gina Taj ne bisa ga buƙatar editan The Times of India wanda ya ji ana buƙatar otal "cancantar Bombay" kuma a matsayin "kyauta ga birnin da yake ƙauna" ta Tata.
Asalin gine-ginen Indiya sune Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya da DN Mirza, kuma injiniyan Ingilishi WA Chambers ya kammala aikin. Maginin shi ne Khansaheb Sorabji Ruttonji Contractor, wanda kuma ya kera shi kuma ya gina sanannen matakalansa na iyo. Kudin ginin £250,000 (£127 miliyan a farashin 2008).
Asali, babbar hanyar shiga ita ce gefen da ke fuskantar ƙasa, inda a yanzu tafkin ke zaune.
A lokacin yakin duniya na daya, otal din Taj Mahal ya koma asibitin sojoji mai gadaje 600.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1915 zuwa shekara ta 1919, an ci gaba da aiki a Apollo Bundar, don kwato ƙasar bayan otal ɗin da aka gina Ƙofar Indiya a shekara ta 1924. Ƙofar Indiya ba da jimawa ba ta zama babban abin da ke da muhimmanci a Bombay.
Abokan ciniki na asali sun kasance Turawa, Maharajas da jiga-jigan zamantakewa. Shahararrun mutane da yawa a duniya daga kowane fanni sun zauna a can, daga Somerset Maugham da Duke Ellington zuwa Lord Mountbatten da Bill Clinton .
Lokacin da aka bude shi a shekara ta 1903, otal din Taj Mahal shi ne na farko a Indiya da ya samu: wutar lantarki, magoya bayan Amurka, lif na Jamus, da baho na Turkiyya da masu sayar da abinci na Ingilishi. Daga baya, kuma tana da mashaya lasisin farko na birni, gidan cin abinci na Indiya na farko duk rana, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Indiya, Blow Up. Da farko a cikin 1903, yana cajin Rs 13 don ɗakuna tare da magoya baya da ɗakunan wanka, da Rs 20 tare da cikakken allo. A lokacin yakin duniya na daya otal din ya koma asibitin sojoji mai gadaje 600.
Ratanbai Petit, matar ta biyu ga wanda ya kafa Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ta zauna a otel a lokacin kwanakin karshe a 1929; 'Yar uwarta, Sylla Tata, ta haifa a cikin dangin Tata, magina da masu otal.
A shekara ta 1966 otal ɗin Taj Mahal ya zama wanda aka yi watsi da shi kuma ya rushe, watakila sakamakon rasa abokan cinikin Burtaniya bayan 'yancin kai na Indiya . Otal din Taj Mahal gida ne ga fitaccen mawakin Jazz Micky Correa, "Sultan of Swing" daga 1936-1960.
Faɗaɗawa
An ba da ikon gudanar da otal ɗin Taj Mahal zuwa sashin otal na Inter-Continental na Pan Am a cikin 1972 kuma an sake masa suna Taj Mahal Inter-Continental, tare da sabon reshen hasumiya ya buɗe a wannan shekarar. Wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau da Hasumiyar Taj Mahal, Daraius Batliwala da Rustom Patell ne suka tsara shi tare, tare da babban mai da hankali daga baya. Hakanan a cikin 1970s, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces an shirya su. Kamfanin ya gina sabbin kadarori kuma ya mai da manyan fadoji zuwa otal-otal na gado. A cikin 1980, sarkar ta fadada zuwa ketare. Yarjejeniyar ikon mallakar kamfani tare da Inter-Continental ta ƙare a cikin shekara ta 1995 kuma otal ɗin ya sake zama otal ɗin Taj Mahal.
A cikin shekara ta 2003, don girmama otal ɗin ƙarni, an sake masa suna The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower .
Otal din ya samu karbuwa sosai a duniya a shekarar 2008 yayin harin ta'addanci kuma an sake bude shi bayan an gyara shi sosai.
2008 harin Mumbai
Lashkar-e-Taiba, wani gungun 'yan ta'adda da suka kai hari a wurare da yawa, ne suka zaba musamman Otal din Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, domin ya zama "ya kai hari ga alamar dukiya da ci gaban Indiya". An kai harin ne a otal din a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban 2008, inda aka yi barna, ciki har da rugujewar rufin otal din a cikin sa'o'i masu zuwa. An yi garkuwa da mutane a lokacin hare-haren, kuma an kashe akalla mutane 167, ciki har da baki da dama. Wadanda suka jikkata akasari ‘yan kasar Indiya ne, ko da yake an kebe baki ‘yan kasashen yamma da ke dauke da fasfo na kasashen waje. Komandojin Indiya sun kashe 'yan ta'addan da suka yi wa shingen shinge a otal din, domin kawo karshen fadan na kwanaki uku a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba. Akalla 31 sun mutu a Taj . Kimanin mutane 450 ne ke zama a Fadar Taj Mahal da Otal a lokacin da aka kama. An shirya harin ne ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da David Headley, Ba’amurke ɗan Pakistan, wanda ya zauna a otal ɗin sau da yawa.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan (30 ga Nuwamba), shugaban Tata Ratan Tata ya ce a cikin wata hira da Fareed Zakaria na CNN cewa sun sami riga-kafi game da hare-haren kuma an dauki wasu matakai. Wataƙila an sassauta waɗannan kafin harin, amma a kowane hali jami'an sun yi watsi da su cikin sauƙi.
An sake buɗe sassan Taj Mahal Palace da otal ɗin Hasum a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2008. An ɗauki watanni da yawa kafin a sake gina mashahurin sashin gado na Otal ɗin Taj Mahal Palace.
Hillary Clinton ta ziyarci Mumbai a watan Yulin 2009, da nufin zurfafa dangantakar Indiya - Amurka kuma ta zauna a otal din Taj; ta kuma halarci taron tunawa. "Ina so in aika da sakon cewa ni da kaina da kasarmu muna cikin tausayawa da kuma goyon bayan ma'aikata da kuma baki na Taj da suka rasa rayukansu ... tare da mutanen Mumbai." A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2010, Ranar 'Yancin Indiya, an sake buɗe fadar Taj Mahal bayan an gyara. Kudin gyaran otal ya zuwa yanzu ya kai Rupee biliyan 1.75. An dawo da reshen fadar kuma yana ba da sabbin sabis na otal.
A cikin Maris 2010, yayin da aikin sabuntawa ya kusa ƙarewa, otal ɗin ya watsar da kalmar "Tower" daga sunansa kuma ya zama fadar Taj Mahal .
A ranar 6 ga Nuwamban 2010, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya zama shugaban kasa na farko da ya zauna a fadar Taj Mahal bayan hare-haren. A cikin wani jawabi daga filin otal din, Obama ya ce "Taj ya kasance alamar karfi da juriyar al'ummar Indiya." An nuna harin da aka kai otal din a cikin fim din 2018 Hotel Mumbai .
Tarihi na baya-bayan nan
A shekara ta 2017, da Taj Mahal Palace Hotel samu wani image alamar kasuwanci, na farko gini a kasar don m ilimi-dukiya-dama kariya ga ta gine-gine da zane .
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai
978-0-7946-0174-4
Otal din shine saitin farko na littafin dare a Bombay (1940) na marubucin Ba'amurke Louis Bromfield .
Har ila yau, an ambace shi a cikin gajeren labari na "Sahab Bahadur" na marubuci dan Indiya Sultan Rashed Mirza, Farhat Ullah Baaaig, da kuma a cikin novel Delinquent Chacha na Ved Mehta .
An nuna shi a matsayin wurin mafarki ga ɗan makaranta don ziyarta a cikin fim ɗin Marathi Taryanche Bait .
Michael Palin ya kwana a cikin kashi na 4 na Michael Palin: Around the World a cikin kwanaki 80 .
Otal din shine saitin fim din 2015 Taj Mahal .
Otal din shine saitin fim din 2018 Hotel Mumbai game da hare-haren, tare da Dev Patel da Armie Hammer .
Hotel Grand Palace wani suna ne na Hotel Taj Mahal . Mutane sun yi amfani da wannan sunan a matsayin fassarar fassarar Taj Mahal ta Hindi, musamman ta marubuta. Marubuta irin su Jeffrey Archer sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin littattafansu.
Otal ɗin ya kasance batun tashi da saukar jiragen sama na BBC guda huɗu akan jerin shirye-shiryen shirin bango wanda ya fara a watan Agusta 2014, mai suna Hotel India .
A hotel wani harbi wuri domin Christopher Nolan ' film Tenet, saki a watan Agusta 2020.
Hotuna
Duba kuma
Leopold Kafe
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Oberoi Trident
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
"Otal mafi tsada a Indiya"
Manazarta
Otel
Masauki
Indiya
Tarihin Indiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21581 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Fabra | Frank Fabra | Frank Yusty Fabra Palacios (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1991) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, ɗan ƙwallan ƙwallon Colombia wanda ke taka leda a hagu don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Primera División ta Boca Juniors .
Ya fara aikinsa tare da Envigado, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin shekarar 2010. Ya kuma shiga Deportivo Cali a shekara ta dubu 2014, inda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta ci Apertura ta shekarar 2015. Bayan ɗan gajeren rubutu a Independiente Medellín, Fabra ya sanya hannu kan Boca Juniors kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.
Fabra ya fara buga wa kasarsa ta Colombia wasa ne a shekarar 2015, kuma yana daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka zo na uku a gasar Copa América Centenario .
Klub din
Envigado
Fabra samfurin samfurin Envigado ne na samari. Yayinda yake da shekaru 18, an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko kuma ya fara tattaunawa a kan 22 watan Yunin shekarar 2010 akan Cúcuta Deportivo . Duk da karancin shekarun shi, Fabra da sauri ya zama kansa dan wasan kungiyar farko, inda ya samu damar buga wasanni 106 da kwallaye 3 ga El Equipo Naranja bayan shekaru 4 a kungiyar.
Deportivo Cali
A watan Yunin shekarar 2014, an ba da Fabra ga kulob din Colombia na Deportivo Cali na watanni 6 tare da zabin sayan. A lokacin bada rancen sa a Cali, ya kasance da sauri don shigar da kansa cikin goma sha ɗaya, yana zira ƙwallaye ɗaya kuma ya samu damar buga wasanni 26. Apertura na 2015 shine farkon hutu na farko na Fabra, saboda ya taimaka wajan jagorantar Cali don tabbatar da wasanninta na tara. Bayan taken sa na farko, Fabra ya kasance cikin kungiyar Apertura na kakar.
Indellendiente Medellín
Don 2015 Clausura, Fabra ya sanya hannu kan Independiente Medellín bayan da Leonel Álvarez, mai kula da Independiente ya nemi shi a lokacin. Fabra bai ɓata lokaci ba yayin daidaitawarsa kuma ya kasance mai sauri don zama ɓangare na startingan wasa goma sha ɗaya. a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din Paisa a wasan da suka doke Deportes Tolima da ci 1-0.
Boca Junior
On 24 January 2016, Fabra signed a three and a half year contract with Argentine super club Boca Juniors despite heavy interest from several clubs in South America and Europe. He made his debut on 14 February in a home loss against Atlético Tucumán, having to leave the pitch after 44 minutes due to a later confirmed injury. His first goal came at the 2016 Copa Libertadores and was against his former club Deportivo Cali. The match ended in a 6-2 victory for Boca. On 12 May, Fabra scored an important away goal during the first leg of quarter-finals against Uruguayans Club Nacional. The match finished in a one-goal draw. The second leg finished with the same score, forcing a penalty shoot out between the teams. Fabra converted his penalty in a cheeky manner with some people comparing it to the way Diego Maradona often converted his own. Boca advanced to the semi-finals winning 4-3 on penalties and the series ended 2-2 on aggregate.
A ranar 11 ga Satan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Fabra ya ci kwallonsa ta uku don Xeneizes da Belgrano a cikin nasarar 3-0 ta gida don wasan ranar uku na kakar. Fabra ya lashe gasar 2016-17 ta Ajantina Primera División tare da Boca Juniors, wanda ya sa nasarar ta zama taken sa na farko tare da kungiyar.
Sequentially after the end of Jonathan Silva's loan the following year, Fabra saw himself as the club's first choice left-back. For match day four of the 2017–18 season, Fabra found the net in Boca's 4-0 stomping of Vélez Sarsfield. His second goal of the season arrived against Atlético Temperley, the sole celebration of the match.
A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2019, Fabra ya ci kwallon farko ta Boca Juniors a wasan 5-1 na Arsenal de Sarandí .
Ayyukan duniya
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2015, Fabra ya karbi kiransa na farko daga José Pékerman zuwa ga manyan 'yan wasan Colombia don buga wasan sada zumunci da Peru . Fabra ya fara taka leda a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, yana wasa minti 90 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da Peru. Wasansa na farko na hukuma shi ma akan Peru, wannan lokacin don wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018 FIFA . Colombia ta sami maki 3, tana neman nasarar 2-0 a Estadio Metropolitano na Barranquilla .
Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan 23 na Colombia don gasar Copa América Centenario, inda Fabra ya ci kwallon farko ta kasa da kasa a kan Costa Rica . Ya bayyana sau hudu a gasar yayin da Colombia ta samu matsayi na uku.
A lokacin wasan karshe na wasannin neman cancantar zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018, Fabra ya shiga cikin goman sha daya don sauran wasannin tare da Colombia daga karshe suka kare na hudu don haka sun sami cancantar kai tsaye zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha.
A watan Mayu shekarar 2018 an sanya shi cikin tawagar Kolombiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 a Rasha. Koyaya, an cire shi daga gasar bayan da ya sami rauni a gaban gwiwa a hagu a lokacin atisaye a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2018.
Manufofin duniya
Kamar yadda aka buga wasa 11 Yuni 2016. Cin kwallayen Colombia da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin Fabra.
Daraja
Primera A : 2015 Apertura
Boca Junior
Firayim Minista na Argentina : 2016-17, 2017-18, 2019-20
Supercopa Ajantina : 2018
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Frank Fabra at WorldFootball.net
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25213 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Howorth | Dick Howorth | Richard Howorth (26 ga watan Afrilu , shekara ta1909-2 Afrilu , shekara ta 1980) Ingilishi ne mai zagaye na Worcestershire tsakanin shekara ta 1933 da shekara ta 1951. An tuna sosai a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na hannun hagu, Howorth kuma a wasu lokuta yana yin tazarar matsakaici kuma ya kasance mai iya bugun hannun hagu. Da kyau zai yi jifa a tsakiyar tsari, amma yana da rauni sosai saboda bugun Worcestershire saboda yawancin aikinsa wanda Howorth zai yi wasa a matsayin mai buɗe ido, kuma a cikin wannan rawar ne ya buga manyan maki biyu na matakin farko -abin mamaki duka biyun sune 114. Howorth ya kasance mai dogaro da kusa-da-wicket fielder amma zai fito da fasaha gaba idan an buƙata.
Kazalika ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin 'yan wasan Ingilishi da suka fara buga wasansa na farko a Ingila a shekaru 38 kwanaki 112, Howorth ya ɗauki wicket tare da ƙwallonsa na farko a cikin wasan cricket na gwaji, ɗan Ingila na biyar ne kawai ya yi hakan.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Bacup, Lancashire.
Ba a ganin yana da isasshen alƙawari bayan ya yi wasa kaɗan don Lancashire XI na biyu, kuma ya buga wa Bacup a cikin Lancashire League, Howorth ya cancanci Worcestershire a 1933, kuma ya bayyana a kan Indiyawan Yammacin. kakar. An gan shi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, ya buga cikakken kakar wasa a shekara ta 1934 amma ya kasance abin takaici. A cikin shekara ta 1935, duk da haka, Howorth ba zato ba tsammani ya yi tsalle zuwa saman jirgi mai santsi na hannun hagu a cikin wasan kurket na gundumar, tare da jimillar wickets 121 na Worcestershire a matsakaicin farashin ƙasa da goma sha tara ke gudana kowacce, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya ci gaba da ƙwarewar sa dan wasan kwano kuma, an kira shi don buɗewa tare da bugun Worcestershire ya raunana saboda rashin Cyril Walters da Nawab na Pataudi, ya buga 114 daga cikin 173 akan Kent . Shekarar da ta biyo baya abin takaici ne, amma a cikin shekara ta 1938 Howorth ya rasa ninki biyu na tsere 1,000 da wickets 100 ta hanyar gudu uku kawai-ya zira kwallaye a ƙarni a kan Surrey a The Oval kuma ya ɗauki mafi kyawun aiki na 13 don 133 akan Gloucestershire a Stourbridge . A cikin 1939, ya kammala sau biyu a wasan karshe da Nottinghamshire, kafin yakin duniya na biyu ya kawo ƙarshen wasan cricket na farko. Kodayake a lokacin yana da shekaru 37, 1946 ya kasance mafi inganci. Howorth ya buga ƙarni biyu a kan ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa ta Indiya, kuma a cikin buga wa HDG Leveson-Gower XI a watan Satumba, ya kuma ci wickets tara don tsere 72.
Koyaya, ba sai 1947 aka ga Howorth a matsayin wani abu ba fiye da ɗan wasan gundumar. A wancan lokacin, ban da zira kwallaye mafi kyau na 1510 wanda ke gudana sama da matsakaita sama da 26, Howorth ya ɗauki wickets na Championship na 118 kuma ya kasance na biyu ga Tom Goddard a cikin matsakaita a lokacin bazara wanda bai dace da masu wasan ba. Nashi na 7 don 52 akan filin Trent Bridge mai tsananin ƙarfi shine mafi kyawun aikin aikinsa, kuma ya sanya Howorth cikin la'akari da wakili, wanda ya isa a wasan Gwajin ƙarshe tare da babban nasara: ya ɗauki wicket tare da ƙwallon sa na farko a wasan cricket na gwaji. A lokacin bazara, Howorth ya ɗauki wickets 164 kuma abin lura ne cewa bai taɓa ɗaukar wickets goma a wasa ba. Abin mamaki, an manta da shi lokacin da Wisden ya zaɓi ' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Wisden na Shekara, kuma ba zai sake samun wata dama ba. Kodayake ya kasance mafi kyawun kwano a cikin Gwaje -gwaje don rauni mai rauni a cikin West Indies a cikin hunturu mai zuwa, a cikin shekara ta 1948, duk da yanayin danshi, Howorth ya kasance abin takaici tare da duka jemage da ƙwal. A shekararsa ta fa'ida ta 1949, ya sake zama na biyu ga Goddard a cikin matsakaita, kuma ya gudanar da mafi kyawun aiki na 7 don 18 a filin juyawa a Northampton ( Ken Higgs da Bishen Bedi ne kawai suka ɗauki ƙarin wickets na farko ba tare da sun ɗauki takwas ba. a cikin innings).
Ba tare da cimma wani abin da ke kusantar fitowar sa ta 1947 ba, Howorth har yanzu yana jagorantar matsakaicin ƙwallon ƙwallon Worcestershire a cikin shekara ta 1950 da shekara ta 1951, amma a ƙarshen shekara batirinsa ya ragu sosai sau ɗaya kawai ya kai hamsin a cikin innings. Koyaya, har yanzu abin mamaki ne lokacin da farkon bazara ya sanar da lokacin 1951 zai zama na ƙarshe a wasan kurket na gundumar, yana cewa "Ba na jin daɗin sa kamar yadda na saba" a matsayin dalilin wannan shawarar.
Howorth ya sayi kuma ya gudanar da shagon mai ba da labarai da ke wajen Sabuwar Hanyar, Worcester cricket ground, kuma ya mutu a Worcester a watan Afrilu 1980, yana ɗan shekara 70.
Hanyoyin waje
Batun ajin farko
Bowling na ajin farko
Manazarta |
21202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadj%C3%A9%20Halim%C3%A9 | Hadjé Halimé | Hadjé Halimé Oumar (a shekarar 1930-2001) ta kasan ce 'yar ƙasar Chadi ce, mace mai himma, ilimi, kuma kasan cewar ta a siyasa.
Tarihi
An haifi Halimé a garin Salamat a cikin shekarar 1930 ga uwa daga Salamat da uba daga Abeche. Ta shiga cikin kungiyar Parti Progressiste Tchadien (PPT) a shekarar 1950 yayin da take aiki a matsayin malamin kur’ani. Ta sami damar shigo da karin mata wadanda ba su iya Faransanci ba saboda saninta da Larabcin Chadi. A lokacin tana da iyakantaccen fahimtar Faransanci.
Siyasa
Ta kasance kusa da Gabriel Lisette, wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar, da matarsa, Lisette Yéyon. Ta zama mai daukar nauyin matan Arewa bayan Babban Taron 2 ga watan Afrilu 1950. Halimé ya yi kakkausar suka ga harajin gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kuma ya bayyana cewa idan PPT ta sami nasara, za a soke harajin zabe ga kowa duk da dandalin da ke kira da a kawo karshen harajin kan mata kawai. Ta bayyana cewa "an kame mata ne lokacin da suka isa kasuwa ko kuma ko'ina. An bar su a rana har sai sun biya harajin wanda ya kasance riyal 370 ga kowane mutum.” Ta bayyana cewa Lisette ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar da ba ta da ce-ce-ku-ce, duk da hawan dan siyasan Kudancin Chadi François Tombalbaye, kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Faransa a kan bukatar Lisette ta hadu da dan siyasar Faransa Rene Coty.
Koyaya, a cikin 1959 da 1960 Tombalbaye ya sami iko kuma an cire Lisette daga mulki. Halimé ta zama makasudin danniya jim kadan bayan samun 'yanci, ba kamar abokiyar aikinta ta PPT ba Kalthouma Nguembang. A wani ɓangare na kawar da waɗanda ke kusa da Lisette, an kashe ɗa ɗaya tilo na Halimé, kuma an kama ta a watan Satumba na shekarar 1963. Da farko, an dauke ta zuwa Massenya da ke Yankin Chari-Baguirmi, sannan aka kai ta wani babban gidan yari a babban birnin N'Djamena na Chadi, daga karshe kuma aka kai ta wani kurkukun da ke fargaba a Kela. A gidan yarin Kela, a kai a kai azabtar da ita daga masu gadi ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki yayin da jami'an sojan Faransa da na Isra'ila ke sa ido. Azabtar da ita ya haifar mata da rasa farcen hannunta da gashi. Duk da cewa Tombalbaye yana so a kashe Halimé, amma wani jami'in Faransa ya kare rayuwarta. A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa imanin ta ne kaɗai ke iya jure ta cikin mawuyacin hali na azabtarwa. A shekarar ƙarshe an sake ta a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1975, kwanaki bayan hamɓarar da Tombalbaye da mulkinsa. A cikin mutane 600 da aka ɗaure a lokacin wannan tsarkakewar, tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 45 da suka rayu.
Lisette, wacce aka yi mata ƙaura a Faransa, ta taimaka aka kawo ta Paris don karɓar magani. Halimé ta kwashe lokaci a wani asibiti a Cote d'Ivoire, inda shugaban ƙasar Felix Houphouet-Boigny ya ba da umarnin cewa a ba ta kulawar likita kyauta. Daga baya ta shiga National Liberation Front of Chadi ko kuma FROLINAT, wacce ke da cibiya a Libya. A shekarar 1978, ta koma Tripoli ta dawo siyasa. 'Yan kungiyar FROLINAT sun yi mata lakabi da "uwar juyin juya hali", kuma jam'iyyar ta kwace mulki a shekarar 1979. Ta kuma fara koyar da yara mata a Libya tare da kafa makarantar Islamiyya, mai suna Rising New Generation, inda ta koyar da addini, da tattalin gida, da kula da yara. Ta koyar da yara mata sama da 3600 a makarantar a lokacin shekarunta a can.
Ta koma N'Djamena a shekarar 1980 tare da Mashahurin Shugaban Sojojin Sama (FAP) Goukouni Oueddei. Ita ce lokacin shugabar kungiyar mata ta FROLINAT. Bayan zaben Hissène Habré a 1982, ta tafi tare da dakaru masu biyayya ga Oueddeï a Libya. Yayin da yake Libiya, Halimé ya koyar da matan Chadi da ke gudun hijira dabarun soja. Ta koma Chadi ne a 1991, shekara guda bayan kifar da mulkin Habré da Idriss Déby yayi. Mutane da yawa sun gaya wa Deby cewa za su goyi bayan sa kawai idan ya sami goyon bayan Halimé, wanda daga ƙarshe ta yi hakan. Jim kadan da dawowar ta, ta sami nasarar shiga majalisar dokokin Chadi kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa 1996.
A shekarar 1993, ta halarci Taron Sarauta na Kasa (CNS), kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin majiƙancin kare harshen Larabci. A shekarar 1994, ta kirkiri wata kungiya mai suna Women Az-Zara. A madadin kungiyar, an zabe ta a tsakanin mata ‘yan takara goma don zama memba na Babban Majalisar Canjin, ta zauna tsawon shekaru hudu. A watan Yunin 1996, ta yi takarar dan majalisar dokoki a matsayin mamba na jam'iyyar adawa ta National Front of Chadi, saboda ba shi yiwuwa a yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta. An kayar da ita amma ta ci gaba da magudin zaben. Bayan haka Halimé ta kula da marayu waɗanda aka kashe iyayensu a cikin mulkin Habré. Ta kuma buɗe makarantar Larabci a N'Djamena.
Addini
Ta tafi aikin hajji shida a Makka a rayuwarta, ciki har da tafiya ta karshe a 2000. Ta mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2001, kuma ana ta tunawa da ita a matsayin mace mai juriya a Chadi a yau. A cikin taƙaita abubuwan da ta gada, ta bayyana cewa, "Na yi yaƙi domin mutane kamar yadda na yi gwagwarmaya da mai mulkin mallaka."
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2001
Haifaffun 1930 |
51110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaye%20Donkor | Menaye Donkor | Menaye Donkor (an Haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kanada, Entrepreneur ce, kuma mai ba da agaji, kuma tsohuwar sarauniya kyau wacce aka yiwa lakabi da Miss Universe Ghana 2004, kuma ta wakilci Ghana a Miss Universe 2004. Donkor matar ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana Sulley Muntari.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Menaye Donkor iyayenta ne suka rene ta a Accra, Ghana, kuma ita ce auta a cikin 'yan'uwan ta bakwai tare da kanne hudu da mata biyu. Tana da shekaru bakwai, ta gaji mukamin aiki na "Royal Stool Bearer" daga kakar mahaifinta, wacce ita ce uwar Sarauniyar Agona Asafo. Donkor ta yi karatun kuruciyarta a Ghana, ta zauna kuma ta yi karatu a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka, a lokacin da take karatun sakandare, sannan ta koma wurin haifuwarta a Toronto don yin karatun kasuwanci da kasuwanci a Jami'ar York, inda ta kammala karatun digiri. A lokacin rani na 2011, ta yi karatun fim a The Studio (tsohon The Sally Johnson Studio) a birnin New York sannan ta kammala karatun fim tare da Brian Deacon a Kwalejin Fim, Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na London.
Sana'a
A cikin farkon shekarunta ashirin, Donkor ta lashe taken Miss Universe Ghana, kuma ta kwashe ƴan shekaru tana aiki a matsayin abar koyi. Ta bayyana a bangon mujallu da yawa a Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu, da Italiya irin su Sabuwar Matar Afirka, Pompey Life, WasanninWeek (La Gazetta dello sport), Mujallar Canoe, da Maxim Italiya. Ta wakilci Chopard a Cannes Films Festival a shekarun 2012 da 2013 bi da bi. Ta gudanar da kasuwanci tare da tallata alamar saurayinta a lokacin Sulley Muntari daga shekarun 2006 har zuwa 2009. A cikin 2012, ta zama face of Printex, masana'anta da masana'antar textile a Ghana. Melaye ta kasance jakadiyar Afirka Fashion Week London a cikin 2012 da 2013. Har ila yau, ta mallaki tare da kula da wani kamfani a Ghana.
SHE-Y by Menaye
Menaye ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta ƙaddamar da alamar alatu na Italiyanci SHE-Y. A farkon shekarar 2016, kamfanin ya fitar da kayan sa na farko na halitta, wadanda aka yi su ta hanyar amfani da man Shea da aka samo daga Ghana. Alamar ta na ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar haɓaka damar aiki a samar da Shea Butter. Ana ba da gudummawar wani kaso na kudaden tallace-tallace na SHE-Y ga kungiyar agaji ta Menaye don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da yara marasa galihu.
Tallafawa
Menaye ta kafa kungiyar agaji ta Menaye a shekara ta 2004 don taimakawa yara matalauta a Ghana ta hanyar ba da ingantaccen ilimi kyauta. Donkor ta kwashe sama da shekaru goma tana aiki tukuru don inganta rayuwar mata da yara a kasarta ta Ghana ta kungiyar agaji ta Menaye. Kungiyar tana ba da ilimin asali kyauta da tallafin karatu ga yara marasa galihu a Ghana, da kuma kula da lafiya da ci gaban yara mata. Ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tara gudunmawar agaji.
A shekarar 2021, kamfaninta na sincerëly Ghana Limited, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da aikin BRAVE don samar da kayan tsafta ga mata matasa a Keta a yankin Volta. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da shirin Sister-2-Sister don samar da kayan tsabta ga mata a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu a Ghana.
Makarantar Menaye Hope
An kafa makarantar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 2000 a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Menaye Donkor ta karbi makarantar ne a shekara ta 2004 bayan ta lashe Miss Universe Ghana don taimakawa wajen gina ingantacciyar muhalli ga yaran saboda asalin makarantar ba ta da kayan masarufi.
Makarantar tana Agona Asafo, wanda ake ganin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi fama da talauci a kasar, inda ake fama da talauci da jahilci. Bayan da aka fara da dalibai 78 suna raba shingen makaranta daya, yanzu makarantar tana da yara sama da 400 da bulogi uku, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa dalibai su samu sakamako mai kyau a jarabawar BECE (gaba da sakandare). Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta dauki nauyin komai na makarantar, tun daga gine-gine da kayan aiki har zuwa albashin malamai, da riguna, littattafai da kayan rubutu.
Daraja da karramawa
A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, Hakimai da dattawan Agona Asafo a yankin tsakiyar Ghana sun karrama Menaye kuma suka zaɓi ta zama 'Nkosuohemaa' ko 'Queen Development Queen' na Agona Asafo. Sunanta na hukuma shine Nanahemaa Menaye Afumade Afrakoma I. Yana nuna alhakinta na duniya ga jama'arta da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa ga al'umma.
A shekarar 2013 ta cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka 15 Mafi Tasiri a Kanada, wanda ke bikin mutanen da suka ci gaba da zaburar da wasu ta hanyar manyan nasarori. A shekarar 2015, Menaye ta sami lambar yabo ta "Woman of the Year" lambar yabo ta Infant Charity Award a Milan. Kyautar Jarirai Ƙungiya ce da ta amince da ayyukan mutane da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke tallafawa inganta rayuwar yara marasa lafiya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
" Game da Menaye Donkor abin koyi/yar wasa ce, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a ." www.menaye.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta gabatar da Makarantar Hope GALA. . . 'Tare don Bege " www.modernghanna.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
" Menye Donkor " An dawo dashi 1 ga Afrilu 2014
Menaye Donkor a Vogue
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981 |
53832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Agosto | Benjamin Agosto | Benjamin Alexandro “Ben” Agosto (an haife shi a watan Janairu 15, 1982) ɗan wasan kankara ɗan Amurka ne. Tare da abokin tarayya Tanith Belbin, Agosto shine wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympics na 2006, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya sau hudu, zakaran Nahiyoyi hudu na 2004–2006, da zakaran Amurka 2004–2008 .
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Benjamin Agosto Janairu 15, 1982, a Chicago, Illinois, kuma ya girma a Northbrook, Illinois . Shi ɗa ne ga mahaifin Puerto Rican kuma mahaifiyar Bayahudiya wacce danginta ke da tushe a Romania da Rasha . Agosto ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Waldorf ta Chicago, sannan ya yi shekaru biyu a makarantar sakandare ta Glenbrook North, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri tare da girmamawa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Michigan a watan Yuni 2000. Ya taka leda a makarantar jazz band.
Agosto ya zauna a Detroit, Michigan, daga Yuni 1998 sannan Canton, Michigan, kafin ya koma Aston, Pennsylvania, a lokacin rani na 2008. Ya ƙaura zuwa Lacey, Washington, a cikin Satumba 2010 sannan zuwa Scottsdale, Arizona, a cikin 2014.
Sana'a
Shekarun farko
Agosto ya fara wasan kankara tun yana da shekaru shida, bayan ya karbi nau'ikan kankara guda biyu don ranar haihuwarsa, kuma ya fara rawan kankara tun yana dan shekara 12. A farkon aikinsa, Susie Wynne ne ya horar da shi. Ya yi wasa tare da Katie Hill daga 1995 zuwa 1998, yana fafatawa da ita akan matakan novice da ƙarami, gami da na duniya. Sun fice daga Sashen Midwestern. Lokacin da wannan haɗin gwiwa ya ƙare, Agosto ya tashi daga Chicago zuwa Michigan a 1998 don horar da Igor Shpilband .
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Belbin
A cikin 1998, kocin Agosto ya haɗa shi da Tanith Belbin na Kanada. A cikin lokacin 1999–2000, sun sami lambobin yabo biyu akan jerin ISU Junior Grand Prix kuma sun gama na 4 a Gasar JGP. Sun ci gaba da lashe kambun kananan yara na Amurka sannan suka dauki lambar tagulla a Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya ta 2000 . A cikin 2000–2001, Belbin/Agosto sun sake yin gasa a jerin JGP, suna ɗaukar zinare a duk abubuwan da suka faru guda uku ciki har da na ƙarshe. Sun fito a matakin manya a gasar Amurka ta 2001 kuma sun sami lambar azurfa, wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na farko, inda suka zo na 17.
Belbin/Agosto ya lashe kambun kasa na Amurka na 2004 kuma zai ci gaba da maimaita sau hudu. A Nationals a cikin 2005, shekara ta ƙarshe na tsarin 6.0, sun sami madaidaiciya madaidaiciya shida don gabatarwa a cikin rawa na kyauta. Daga cikin 30 6.0s da aka bayar a cikin rawan kankara a Amurkawa, Belbin/Agosto suna da 14 daga cikinsu. Adadin su na 6.0 a Gasar Amurka shine na biyu kawai ga Michelle Kwan (38).
A cikin Fabrairu 2005, Belbin/Agosto sun shirya kuma suka yi a cikin nasu nunin fa'idar fa'idar wasan skating, Skate Aid for Tsunami Relief, wanda ya tara sama da $37,000 don ayyukan agaji na Red Cross.
Belbin/Agosto ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2005 . Lambun azurfa da suka samu tare da sanya sauran tawagar Amurkawa sun ba Amurka maki uku a gasar Olympics a raye-rayen kankara, karo na farko da hakan ya faru tun 1984. Ta wata doka ta musamman ta Majalisar da ta wuce ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2005, wadda Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu a kan Sabuwar Shekara ta 2005, Belbin ta zama ' yar asalin Amurka, wanda ya sa ta sami damar shiga Amurka a wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi na 2006 . Belbin/Agosto ya ci gaba da lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympics a cikin rawan kankara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2006. Su ne tawagar Amurka ta farko ta raye-rayen kankara tun shekara ta 1976, shekarar farko da aka fafata a gasar wasannin Olympics, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics.
Belbin/Agosto ya fara kakar 2006–2007 tare da raye-raye na kyauta da ake kira Wannan Nishaɗi ne amma ya isa Nationals tare da sabon shiri ga kiɗan Amelie. Sun ci zinare a Nationals, lambar azurfa a Nahiyoyi huɗu, da tagulla a Duniya.
A cikin 2007-2008, sun lashe lambobin zinare a Skate America da Cup of China wanda ya ba su damar zuwa gasar Grand Prix na karshe, inda suka dauki lambar azurfa. Sun ci takensu na ƙasa na 5 sannan suka sanya na 4 a Gasar Duniya ta 2008 bayan faɗuwar da Belbin ta yi a raye-rayen dole. Belbin/Agosto sun kasance memba na zakarun na yau da kullun a balaguron kankara daga 2004 har COI ta fita kasuwanci bayan kakar 2007. baƙi a wani ɓangare na 2008 Taurari akan balaguron kankara.
A cikin Afrilu 2008, Belbin / Agosto ya bar Igor Shpilband kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu horar da aure na Natalia Linichuk da Gennadi Karponosov a Ice Works Skating Complex a Aston, Pennsylvania . Baya ga koyar da fasaha daban-daban, Linichuk ya shawarci Belbin ya sami nauyin kilo 10 kuma ya haɓaka wasu tsokoki don yin wasan tsere da sauri da ruwa. Wannan kuma ya ba wa Belbin ƙarin ƙarfi don riƙe muƙamanta da kyau, don haka ya sauƙaƙa ɗagawa ga Agosto.
Belbin/Agosto ya fara kakar 2008-2009 a 2008 Skate America da 2008 Cup of China, ya lashe azurfa a duka gasa. Sun janye daga 2008 – 2009 ISU Grand Prix Final bayan raye-rayen asali saboda raunin baya ga Agosto. Sun fice daga gasar Amurka ta 2009 kafin a fara taron saboda raunin da Agosto ya samu. An nada su a cikin tawagar zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2009 . A Worlds, sun ci raye-raye na asali kuma sun sanya na biyu a cikin tilas da raye-raye na kyauta don lashe lambar azurfa gabaɗaya.
Belbin/Agosto sun lashe gasar Grand Prix a cikin kakar 2009-10: Kofin 2009 na China da 2009 Skate America . Sun fice daga gasar Grand Prix Final saboda dalilai na likita. A Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2010, ba su iya kwato taken ƙasarsu ba, inda suka ƙare na biyu a bayan Meryl Davis da Charlie White . An zabi Belbin/Agosto don wakiltar Amurka a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 2010 . Sun kare a matsayi na 4 a gasar raye-rayen kankara . Ba su yi gasa ba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 .
A kan Disamba 15, 2015, US Figure Skating sanar Belbin da Agosto za su kasance mambobi na US Figure Skating Hall of Fame Class na 2016. An gudanar da bikin ƙaddamarwa a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2016, a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Amurka na 2016 .
Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsugunni | Matsugunni | A labarin kasa, kididdiga da ilmin kayan tarihi, wurin zama, yanki ko wurin da jama'a ke zama al'umma ce da mutane ke rayuwa a cikinta. Rukuni na matsuguni na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan gidaje da aka haɗa su zuwa manyan biranen da ke kewaye da biranen . Kuma Matsugunan na iya haɗawa da ƙauyuka, ƙauyuka, garuruwa da birane . Matsala na iya samun sanannun kaddarorin tarihi kamar kwanan wata ko zamanin da aka fara zaunar da shi, ko kuma wasu mutane ne suka fara zama.
A cikin fagen ƙirar ƙira na geospatial, ƙauyuka sune "birni, gari, ƙauye ko kuma sauran haɓakar gine-gine inda mutane ke rayuwa da aiki".
Matsugunan sun haɗa da gine-ginen gine-gine kamar tituna, shinge, tsarin filin, bankunan iyaka da ramuka, tafkuna, wuraren shakatawa da dazuzzuka, injinan iska da na ruwa, gidajen manor, moats da majami'u .
Tarihi
Tsofaffin ragowar da aka samu na gine-gine sun hada da ragowar bukkoki da aka yi da laka da kuma rassa kusan 17,000. BC a wurin Ohalo (yanzu ƙarƙashin ruwa) kusa da bakin Tekun Galili . Natufian sun gina gidaje, kuma a cikin Levant, kusan 10,000 BC Ragowar ƙauyuka kamar ƙauyuka sun zama ruwan dare gama gari bayan ƙirƙirar aikin noma.
A tarihin shimfidar wuri
Tarihin shimfidar wuri yana nazarin nau'in (kwayoyin halittar jiki) na ƙauyuka - misali ko an tarwatsa su ko kuma an raba su. Ta haka ne za a iya ɗaukar ilimin halittar birni a matsayin nau'i na musamman na nazarin al'adu da tarihi. Kuma Za'a iya ba da odar matsuguni ta girman, tsakiya ko wasu dalilai don ayyana tsarin sasantawa . Ana iya amfani da tsarin ƙauyen don rarraba ƙauyuka a duk faɗin duniya, kodayake mazaunin da ake kira 'garin' a cikin ƙasa ɗaya yana iya zama 'kauye' a wasu ƙasashe; ko kuma 'babban gari' a wasu ƙasashe na iya zama 'birni' a wasu.
Kididdiga
Ostiraliya
Geoscience Ostiraliya ta bayyana wuri mai yawan jama'a a matsayin "mazauni mai suna mai yawan mutane kimanin 200 ko fiye".
Kwamitin Sunayen Geographical a Australasia ya yi amfani da kalmar ƙauyuka don yankunan karkara, Kuma yayin da Ofishin Kididdiga na Australiya ke amfani da kalmar "cibiyoyin birni / yankuna" don yankunan birane.
Bosnia da Herzegovina
Hukumar Kididdiga ta Bosnia da Herzegovina tana amfani da kalmar "wuri mai yawan jama'a" / "wuri" na karkara (ko birni a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na wasu Municipality / Birni), da "Municipality" da "Birni" don yankunan birane.
Bulgaria
Gwamnatin Bulgaria ta buga rajistar wuraren da jama'a ke zaune (NRPP).
Kanada
Gwamnatin Kanada tana amfani da kalmar "wuri mai yawan jama'a" a cikin Atlas na Kanada, toamma ba ta ayyana shi ba. Kididdigar Kanada tana amfani da kalmar yankuna don wurare masu suna na tarihi.
Croatia
Ofishin Kididdiga na Croatian yana yin rikodin yawan jama'a a cikin rukunin da ake kira ƙauyuka ( <i id="mweQ">naselja</i> ) .
Indiya
Hukumar kidayar jama'a ta Indiya tana da ma'ana ta musamman na garuruwan ƙidayar .
Ireland
Ofishin Kididdiga ta Tsakiya na Jamhuriyar Ireland yana da ma'anar musamman na garuruwan ƙidayar .
Pakistan
Ofishin Kididdiga na Pakistan yana yin rikodin yawan jama'a a cikin rukunin ƙauyuka da ake kira Tehsil - sashin gudanarwa wanda aka samo daga zamanin Mughal .
Rasha
Akwai nau'ikan wuraren zama daban-daban a cikin Rasha .
Sweden
Kididdigar Sweden tana amfani da kalmar localities ( <i id="mwlg">tätort</i> ) don wurare daban-daban masu yawan jama'a. Kuma Fassarar harshen Ingilishi gama gari shine yankunan birni .
Ƙasar Ingila
Sashen Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Ƙananan Hukumomi na Burtaniya yana amfani da kalmar "matsalar birni" don nuna yankin birni lokacin nazarin bayanan ƙidayar jama'a. Babban magatakarda na Scotland yana bayyana ƙauyuka a matsayin ƙungiyoyi na yanki ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda aka ƙaddara bisa ga yawan yawan jama'a da wuraren lambar gidan waya . Kuma Ana amfani da matsugunan Scotland a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da ke ayyana yankunan birane.
Amurka
Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) tana da Tsarin Bayanan Sunaye na Geographic wanda ke bayyana nau'o'i uku na matsugunin ɗan adam:
Wuri mai yawan jama'a - wuri ko yanki mai tarin gine-gine ko warwatse da yawan jama'a na dindindin (birni, ƙauye, gari, ƙauye). Wuri mai yawan jama'a yawanci ba a haɗa shi kuma bisa ma'anarsa bashi da iyakoki na doka. Kuma Koyaya, wurin da jama'a ke da yawa na iya samun madaidaicin rikodin "farar hula", iyakokin shari'a wanda ƙila ko ba zai yi daidai da wurin da ake ganin jama'a ba.
Ƙididdiga - yanki na ƙididdiga wanda aka keɓe musamman a cikin gida musamman don tattara bayanan Ofishin Ƙididdiga (wuri da aka keɓe, sashin ƙidayar jama'a, kuma yanki mara tsari, nau'ikan wuraren kididdiga na Indiyawan Amurkawa/Alaska).
Civil - ƙungiyar siyasa da aka kafa don dalilai na gudanarwa ( gunduma, gunduma, wurin da aka haɗa, gunduma, Ikklesiya, gari, gari )."
Ana iya bayyana wuraren da yawan jama'a ke da shi musamman a mahallin ƙidayar jama'a kuma ya bambanta da ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa na gabaɗaya, kamar "wuri" kamar yadda Ofishin Ƙididdiga na Amurka ya ayyana ko wuraren da aka keɓe .
Samfuran Geospatial
A fagen ƙirar ƙira ta geospatial, ƙauyuka sune "birni, gari, ƙauye, ko sauran haɓakar gine-ginen da mutane ke rayuwa da aiki".
Tsarin Tsarin Matsakaicin Dan Adam na Duniya ( GHSL ) yana samar da bayanan sararin samaniya na duniya game da kasancewar ɗan adam a doron ƙasa na tsawon lokaci. Wannan ta hanyar taswirori da aka gina, taswirorin yawan jama'a da taswirorin sasantawa. Kuma An samar da wannan bayanin tare da ƙididdigar tushen shaida da ilimi ta amfani da sabbin fasahohin haƙar ma'adinai na sararin samaniya. Tsarin yana amfani da bayanai iri-iri ciki har da ma'ajin tarihin duniya na hotuna masu kyau na tauraron dan adam, bayanan ƙidayar jama'a, da bayanan sa kai na yanki. sannan Ana sarrafa bayanan gabaɗaya ta atomatik kuma suna haifar da nazari da bayar da rahoton ilimi bisa ga gaskiya da tsare-tsare game da kasancewar yawan jama'a da gine-ginen gine-gine. GHSL tana aiki a cikin buɗaɗɗen bayanai da kyauta da manufofin samun damar hanyoyin (buɗaɗɗen shigarwa, hanyar buɗewa, buɗe fitarwa).
Yin watsi da shi
Kalmar "guraren da aka yi watsi da su" shine Sunan Zayyana Fasalo a cikin bayanan da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Ƙasa da GeoNames suka samo.
Wani lokaci ana iya samun tsarin cikin sauƙi, kamar a cikin garin fatalwa, kuma waɗannan na iya zama wuraren shakatawa. Wasu wuraren da ke da kamannin garin fatalwa, sannan duk da haka, ana iya siffanta su a matsayin wuraren da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati ke da yawan jama'a.
Garin na iya zama garin fatalwa saboda ayyukan tattalin arzikin da suka tallafa masa ya gaza, saboda matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, kamar gina dam da ya mamaye garin, ko kuma saboda bala’o’in da suka haifar da yanayi ko na mutane kamar ambaliyar ruwa, rashin bin doka da oda., ko yaki. Kuma A wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar don nufin birane, garuruwa, da unguwannin da har yanzu jama'a ke da yawa, amma ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na shekarun da suka gabata.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Sashen gudanarwa
Zaman sulhu na yau da kullun
Garin batattu
Abubuwan buƙatu don matsugunan dindindin
Jerin ƙauyukan Neolithic
Yanayin ƙasa
Mulkin mallaka
Gidan mutum
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tsarin Tsarin Matsakaicin Dan Adam na Duniya (GHSL).
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25905 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Moroko | Sinima a Moroko | Tarihin Sinima a Maroko ya samo asali ne zuwa ga lokacin "The Goatherd Moroccan" na Louis Lumière a shekarar ta alif 1897. A lokacin kariya ta Faransa, masu shirya fina -finai na Faransa sun shirya kuma suka ba da umarni, kuma a cikin shekarar alif 1952, Orson Welles ya jagoranci Othello a cikin garin Essaouira mai tarihi. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1956, daraktocin fina -finan Moroko da furodusoshi suka samar da fina -finai masu yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun samu ci gaba mai girma a duniya.
Tarihi
Sinima a Maroko tana da tarihi mai tsawo, tun daga karni har zuwa yin fim na Le chèvrier Marocain ("The Goatherd Moroccan") na Louis Lumière a shekara ta 1897. Tsakanin wannan lokacin da 1944, an harbe fina-finan ƙasashen waje da yawa a cikin ƙasar, musamman a yankin Ouarzazate .
A farkon rabin ƙarni na 20, Kasablanka tana da gidajen sinima da yawa, kamar Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx da Cinema Vox - mafi girma a Afirka a lokacin da aka gina ta.
Barka da Sallah! (1952) fim ne na farfaganda wanda ke nuna alamar nasarar Faransa ta mulkin mallaka a cikin aikin wayewa a cikin birni.
A cikin shekarar 1944, an kuma kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Sinima ta Moroccan (CCM), hukumar tsara fina -finai ta ƙasar . An kuma buɗe Gidan ɗaukar waƙa da bidiyo a Rabat .
A cikin shekara ta 1952, Otheon Welles ' Othello ya lashe Palme d'Or a bikin Fim na Cannes a ƙarƙashin tutar Moroko. Sai dai mawaƙan bikin ba su buga taken kasar Moroko ba, saboda babu wanda ya halarci taron, ya san abin da yake. Bayan shekaru shida, Mohammed Ousfour zai ƙirƙiri fim ɗin Moroko na farko, Le fils maudit ("The Damned Son").
A shekara ta 1968, an kuma gudanar da bikin Fim ɗin Bahar Rum na farko na Maroko a Tangier . A cikin bugu na yanzu, ana gudanar da taron a Tetouan. An bi wannan biki a shekarar 1982 tare da bikin fina -finai na ƙasa na farko, wanda aka gudanar a Rabat. A cikin 2001, bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Marrakech (FIFM) ya fara bikinsa na shekara -shekara a Marrakech .
Mostafa Derkaoui ta shekarar 1973 film About Wasu Banza Events ( ) an duba shi sau biyu a Maroko kafin a dakatar da shi a karkashin Hassan II.
Soyayya a Casablanca (1991), tare da jaruma Abdelkarim Derqaoui da Muna Fettou, na ɗaya daga cikin fina -finan Moroko na farko da suka yi ma'amala da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na Maroko da kuma kwatanta rayuwa a Casablanca da ƙima. 2007 fim ɗin da aka yi don TV sami babban tallafi tsakanin masu kallon Moroko. Nour-Eddine Lakhmari 's (2008) ya siffanta da matsananci hakikar da na Casablanca ta aiki azuzuwan. Cikin fina-finan Ali Zaoua (2000), Allah (2012), Mafi yawan Ƙaunatattunka (2015), da kuma (2017) na Nabil Ayouch -A Faransa darektan na kasar Morocco al'adunmu-da yawa tare da titi laifi, da ta'addanci, da kuma zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi a Casablanca, bi da bi. Abubuwan da suka faru a Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi 's 2018 film Sofia akwai doguwar a kusa da wani shege ciki a Casablanca. Hicham Lasri da Said Naciri suma daga Casablanca.
Atlas Studios a Warzazat babban ɗakin fim ne.
An fara gudanar da bikin Fim na Duniya na Marrakech a shekara ta 2001.
A cikin littafinsa La septième porte (Kofa ta Bakwai), mawaƙi, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai Ahmed Bouanani (1938-2011) ya sake waiwayar shekaru 24 na tarihin fim na Moroko. Kamar yadda mai sukar adabi da mawallafi Kenza Sefrioui ya bayyana, wanda ya gyara tarihin Bouanani na fim a Maroko, marubucin "ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru, ya ba da cikakken bayanin yanayin al'amuran, yana ba da shaida ga liyafa, kuma yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai yawan ban dariya, wani lokacin mai ban dariya. mai sharhi, cikin tattaunawa da mai karatu. "
Masana'antar Fim a Maroko
Daraktoci
Morocco ta san ƙarni na farko na daraktoci a cikin shekarun 70-90. Sun halarci ci gaban masana'antar fim a Maroko. Fitattun masu shirya fina -finai sune Hamid Bénani (Wechma, Traces, 1970), Souheil Ben Barka (Les Mille et une Mains, 1974), Moumen Smihi (El Chergui ou le Silence tashin hankali, 1975), Ahmed El Maânouni (Alyam, Alyam, 1978 ; Transes (Al Hal), 1981; Les Cœurs brûlés, 2007), Jilali Ferhati (Poupées de roseau, 1981; La Plage des enfants perdus, 1991), Mustapha Derkaoui (Les Beaux Jours de Shéhérazade, 1982) ; Farida Benlyazd (Une porte sur le ciel, 1988), Saâd Chraïbi (Chronique d'une vie normale, 1990), Mohamed Abderrahmane Tazi (Badis, 1989 ; À la recherche du mari de ma femme, 1993), Abdelkader Lagtaâ (Un amour à Casablanca, 1992 ; La Porte kusa, 1998), Hakim Noury (Le Marteau et l'Enclume, 1990), Hassan Benjaminelloun (La Fête des autres, 1990)
Tun kusan shekara ta 2000, ƙaramin ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai na Moroko ke ɗaukar nauyi. Wasu daga cikin fitattun sunanta sune:
Nabil Ayyu
Hisham Lasri
Narjiss Nejjar
Faouzi Bensaïdi
Nour-Eddine Lakhmari
Laïla Marrakchi (fim ɗinta na farko mai cikakken tsari, Marock, wanda aka samar a 2004 an zaɓi ta a bikin de Cannes 2005 a cikin rukunin "Ba wani takamaiman ra'ayi").
Bukukuwa
Bikin Fim na Duniya na Marrakech
Bikin Fim ɗin Bahar Rum
Ƴan wasan barkwanci
Masu zama a Morocco
Masu zama a ƙasashen waje (mafi yawanci a Faransa)
Tsarin ƙasa
Ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru
Cibiyar Sinimar Moroccan (Cibiyar cinématographique marocain) wata hukuma ce a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Al'adu don haɓakawa, rarrabawa da tsinkayar fina -finai a Maroko. Yawancin sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da fina -finai da gidajen sinima an haɗa su cikin ɗakunan kasuwanci ko ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, misali Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Fim ta Ƙasa ko Ƙungiyar Masu Shirya Fim ta Ƙasa.
Dakunan fina -finai
Studios ATLAS (Ouarzazate)
studios KAN ZAMANE
Studios CINEDINA (Soualem)
studios ESTER ANDROMEDA
Studios na CLA (Ouarzazate)
Studios CINECITTA (Ouarzazate)
Cibiyoyi don nazarin fina -finai da karatun bidiyo
École supérieure des arts visuels de Marrakech (ESAVM)
Institut spécialisé dans le métiers du cinéma (ISMC) Ouarzazate
Institut spécialisé du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel (ISCA) de Rabat
Cibiyoyin ci gaba na ɗab'i na ɗabi'a da duma (ISMAC)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Tashar Cinema ta Moroccan a Maroko
cinema cinema
JAWHARA, yarinyar kurkuku, ta Saad Chraïbi, a Babelmed.net
Sinima a Afrika |
13245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A | نزيهة الدليمي | Naziha Jawdet Ashgah al-Dulaimi (ta rayu daga 1923, Baghda - zuwa 9 Oktoban 2007, Herdecke ) ta kasance itace farkon a gwagwarmayar mata na kasar Iraqi. Ta kafa kuma shugabar farko ta Kungiyar Mata ta Iraqi a 10-3-1952, itace mace ta farko minista a tarihin Iraki, kuma mace ta farko a majalisar Larabawa., kuma itace minista mace ta farko a zamanin yanzu na tarihin Iraqi, kuma minista mace ta farko a yankin kasashen Larabawa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Al-Dulaimi an haife ta s shekarar 1923, wanda kakanta yabar al-Mahmudia (tsakanin Baghdad da Babylon) kuma ya zauna a Baghdad karshen karni na 19th. Ta karanta ilimin magani a Royal College of Medicine (wanda ayanzu bangare ne na Jami'ar Baghdad). Ta kasance daya daga cikin mata dalibai kaɗan dake a Medical College ɗin a wancan lokaci. A wannan lokaci ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar "Women's Society for Combating Fascism da Nazism" kuma ta shiga cikin gudanar da ayyukan ƙungiyar tukuru. Bayan nan, sanda ƙungiyar ta canja suna zuwa "Gamayyar matan Iraqi," ta zama mamba na komitin zartaswan ƙungiyar.
A 1941 ta kammala karatu amatsayin likitan magani. Daga nan, Aka dauke a asibitin Royal Hospital a Baghdad, daga nan aka mata canji zuwa Karkh Hospital. Suk a tsawon wancan lokaci, ta Fuskanci cin zarafi da dama daga jami'an sarakunan dake mulki a kasar, duk a saboda tausayin da take nuna was talakawa ne da bayar da gudunmuwar kiwon lafiya ga marasa karfi wanda take bada wa dakin maganin ta dake a yankin Shawakah. Ta koma Sulaimaniyah (dake Kurdistan) bayan mata canjin aiki, dakin maganin ta ya koma kamar wani gidan masu rauni wadanda take basu taimako da kula a kyauta. Daga Sulaiminiyah ta kara samun canje canje zuwa wasu birane da yankuna na (Kerbala, Umarah).
A shekarar 1948, ta zamanto cikakkiyar mamba na Jam'iyyar Komusancin Iraqi wato Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), wanda a lokacin me hamayya da mulkin sarakunan wancan lokaci. A Janairun 1948, Dr Naziha ta kasance cikin juyayin data shahara na "al-Wathbah" akan tunkarar yarjejeniyar colonialist Portsmouth Treaty, da kuma shiga cikin wasu gwagwaayar so da kishin ƙasa.
A shekarar 1952 ta rubuta littafi mai suna The Iraqi Woman. Inda tayi rubutu akan rukunin mata da ake kira (al-fallahin), wadanda aka hana masu yancin su da suka hada da danniya da cutarwa akansu. Ta kuma yi rubutu akan mata dake rukunnai mafifita waɗanda suka mallaki abun duniya, amma kuma maza ke tafiyar dasu kamar wasu ababen mallaka bawai amatsayin su na cikakkun halittar ƴan'adam ba.
Tayi kokarin farfardo da ƙungiyar Gamayyar matan Iraqi da kuma, samun taimako daga mata yan gwagwarmaya da dama, haka yasa hukuma kafa tasu ƙungiyar "Women's Liberation Society". Said bai samu karbuwa ba. A maida martani, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka sa hannu daya hada da Dr Naziha, sai suka dauki niyyar cigaba da gudanar da ƙungiyar ko tayaya, haka, bayan canjin sunan ƙungiyar zuwa League for Defending Iraqi Woman's Rights. Sai dai ƙungiyar ta fara aiki ne a 10 March 1952. Daga cikin ƙudurorin ƙungiyar sune:
Gwagwarmaya akan Ƴancin ƙasa da zaman lafiyar duniya;
Kare hakkin matan Iraqi;
Kariya ga yaran ƙasar Iraqi.
A ƙarƙashin jagoranci da shiga gudanarwar ƙungiyar da Dr Naziha tayi (sunan ƙungiyar ya canja zuwa Iraqi Women's League) wanda aka samar a shekaru masu zuwa kuma ya juya ya zama babban ƙungiya bayan 14 July 1958 Revolution. Tare da samun mambobi 42,000 (a cikin adadin mutane 8 million) na yawan yankasar a wancan lokaci, sun samu nasarori da dama ga matan Iraqi, musamman samun cigaban doka mai lamba Law No. 188 (1959).
A nuna jinjina ga matakai da nasarori, ƙungiyar Iraqi Women's League ta zamanto mamba na dindin-din Secretariat na International Women's Federation. An kuma zaɓe Dr Naziha zuwa Federation's assembly and executive, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaba ƙungiyar ta duniya. Ta kuma zama shahararriyar mace ga mata a matakin duniya, da yankin Larabawa.
A shekarun 1950s, Dr Naziha ta shiga gudanarwar ayyukan Iraqi Peace Movement, Kuma mamba ce na komitin Peace Partisans conference wanda ya gudana a Baghdad a ranar 25 Yuli 1954. Itace mamba ce a World Peace Council.
Ta karar da lokacin a shekarun 1950s akan aiwatar da bincike da Neman kaudar da cutar Bejel bacteria wacce ta bulla a kudancin Iraq.
Bayan tunbuke mulkin sarakuna, an zabe ta daga shugaba Abd al-Karim Qasim amatsayin Minista na Municipalities a 1959 cabinet Kuma itace wacce ta wakilci jam'iyyar kumusanci wadda aka fi sani da ICP a gwamnatin republican din lokacin. Ta Kuma kasance mace minister ta farko a tarihin kasar Iraq a yanzu, Kuma mace ta farko minista a yankin kasashen Larabawa. Daga nan ta zama karamar minista a bayan samun canje-canje a gwamnatin.
A lokacin aikin ta da gwamnatin, al-Dulaimi ta taka muhimmin rawa wurin canja fasalin garuruwan dake kudancin Baghdad zuwa manyan ayyukan gidaje da ayyukan cigaba wanda akai wa lakabi da suna Thawra (Revolution) Birni—yanzu Birnin Sadr. Kuma ta taimaka don samar da dokar zamani na 1959 Civil Affairs Law, wanda ya wuce lokacin wurin canja fasalin aure da samun gado ga mata, don ya bada fifiko sosai ga matan Iraqi.
A sakamakon ayyukanta mabanbanta a cikin jam'iyyar kumusancin kasar da ayyukan kishin kasa da cigaba, Dr Naziha ta fuskanci cin zarafi sosai a lokuta da dama. An tursasa mata barin kasar ta zuwa kasar waje Neman mafaka a lokuta da dama. Amma hakan bai sa ta daina shiga ayyukan neman hakkinda kishin kasa ba, da ayyukan yan'uwanta mata, a cikin fafutukan mata da yancin dimokaradiyya.
Dr. Naziha ta kasance cikakkiyar yar gwagwarmaya ce a jam'iyyar komusanci, Kuma ta bada lokacin ta ga ayyukan jam'iyyar sosai. Ind ta rike manyan matsayi a jam'iyyar da Kuma zama mamba na babban komiti din. A karshen shekara ta 1970s, sanda ake mulkin kama karya take neman aiwatar da kisa akan jam'iyyar Iraqi Communist Party, ta kasance mamba ce a Secretariat na Central Committee.
A dukkanin lokacin da take a kasar waje dan neman mafaka, takan kasance mai yawan tunani akan mutanen kasarta da kasar da irin halin da suke ciki. Akan haka ne yasa ta taka rawa sosai a jagorantar Committee for the Defense of the Iraqi People, wanda aka kafa bayan kuu na 8 February 1963. Komitin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin mawaki Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri. Har a zuwa 1990s, sanda ta tsufa da rauni, bata daina ayyuka dan cigaban mata ba, musamman a kungiyar Iraqi Women's League. Muhimmin taro data samu halarta a rayuwarta shine wani seminar akan yanayin da matan Iraqi ke ciki, wanda ya gudana a 1999 a Cologne, Germany.
Kuma ta shiga gudanar da taro na 5th Congress na Iraqi Women's League, amma kafin a gudanar (a Maris 2002) ta kamu da stroke wanda yasa ta paralyzed (shanyewar wasu sassan jiki).
Ta Kuma rasu a ranr 9 Oktoba 2007 a Herdecke tana da shekaru 84, bayan kare yaki da cutar na tsawon lokci. Ta bar kaninta Hisham al-Delaimi a raye wanda ayanzu ke zama a Tarayyar Amurka, ta Kuma bar yan'uwa da dama wadanda ke waste a kasar Iraq, Lebanon, Germany, England da kuma USA, babban su shine Dr. Layth al-Delaimy.
Mahadar waje
بيان رابطة المرأة العراقية بمناسبة الثامن من آذار عيد المرأة العالمي
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1923
matattun 2007
Ministocin gwamnatin Iraq
Yan'siyasan komusancin Iraqi
Mata ministocin gwamnatin Iraq
Yan'siyasa mata na karni na 20th |
15665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwando%20Achebe | Nwando Achebe | Nwando Achebe malama ce 'yar asalin Nijeriya da America, mai goyon bayan 'yancin mata (feminism) kuma mai koyarwa, kuma wacce taci kyautuka da dama kan tarihi. Ita ake yiwa lakabi da Jack and Margaret Sweet Endowed Professor of History, kuma Mataimakiyar Dean na Bambanci, Daidaituwa, da Hadawa a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamani a Jami'ar Michigan State University. Haka kuma ita ce ta kafa Babban Edita na Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Yamma.
Asali
An haifi Nwando Achebe ne a Jihar Enugu, da ke gabashin Najeriya ga marubucin Nijeriya, marubucin insha'i, kuma mawaki, Chinua Achebe, da Christie Chinwe Achebe, farfesa a Fannin Ilimantarwa. Ita matar Folu Ogundimu, farfesan aikin jarida ne a Jami'ar "Michigan State University", kuma uwa ga 'yar ta, Chino. Babban wanta, Chidi Chike Achebe babban likita ne.
Ilimi da Aiki
Achebe ta karɓi digirin ta na digirgir a fannin ilimin Tarihin Afirka daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a shekara ta 2000. Masaniyar tarihin baka ta hanyar horo, bangarorin da ta kwarewa sune Tarihin Yaammacin Afirka, mata, jinsi da tarihin jima'i. A shekarar 1996 da shekarar 1998, ta yi aiki a matsayin Gidauniyar Ford da kuma Fulbright-Hays scholar-in-Residence a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka. Matsayinta na farko a harkkar ilimantarwa ya kasance a matsayin ta na Mataimakiyar Farfesa na Tarihi a Kwalejin William da Mary. Daga nan ta koma Jami'ar Michigan State University a shekarar 2005 a matsayin Mataimakiyar Furofesa, daga bisani Farfesa a shekara ta 2010, kuma a yanzu ita ce "Jack da Margaret Sweet Professor".
Malanta
Ta wallafa littattafai guda shida, na farkon su shi ne, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, s tsakanin 1900–1960, wanda Heinemann ya wallafa acikin shekara ta 2005. Wannan littafi na Achebe ya taka rawa matuka a wajen nuna bayani akan jinsi da tarihin mata a nahiyar Afurka, da kuma canjin tsarin mulki da addinai a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka. Littafin ya bada kafar muhawara akan 'yancin mata watau "feminism', wanda Achebe ta yi wa lakabi da “ka'idojin halayyar mata” wanda a yanzu matan inyamurai basu rayuwa akan wannan tsarin. Gabaki daya littafin ya kunshi bayanai da suka shafe ra'ayin cewa mata suna dogara ne da maza ta hanyar tambayoyi da kafa hujjoji daga fuskar tarihi akan kwarjini da kuma kima da mata suke dashi a tarihin kasashen inyamurai.
Littafin ta na biyu shine, The Female King of Colonial Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe, wanda Indiana University Press suka wallafa a cikin shekara ta 2011. Cikakken tarihi ne game da mace daya tak da ta rike matsayi da sarauta a lokacin mulkin turawa a Afurka, littafin da ya lashe lambobin yabo guda uku, kyautar Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize, da kyautar The Barbara "Penny" Kanner Book Prize da kuma kyautar Gita Chaudhuri Book Prize.Wani kafar binciken littattafai yayi nuni da cewa wannan ittafin a matsayin jayayya mai karfi akan nazarin karatun academiya na tarihin matan kasashen Inyamurai da Najeriya da kuma Afurka gaba daya. Littafin ya kunshi labarin Ahebi Ugbabe (c. 1885–1948), wacce a lokacinta ta nada kanta matsayin sarki kuma ya bada bayanai akan yadda tsarin mulki ya canza bayan mulkin turawan mulkin mallaka a fakaice. Har wayau binciken da littafin yayi ya nuna bambamci akan tsarin mulki na maza da kuma shuwagabancin maza kawai, zuwa mace mai matsayi, mace mai doka, mace mai sarauta, kuma mace miji. Har ila yau, wannan labari ya iyakance iyakokin matsayin jinsi. A takaice dai, wannan littafi na The Female King of Colonial Nigeria yana wayar da kan al'umma akan fahimtar su na gargajiya da kuma lokacin turawa akan tsarin mulki da siyasa a yankin ta.
Littafin da Achebe ta taimaka wajen rubutawa a cikin shekara ta 2018 mai suna History of West Africa E-Course Book (British Arts and Humanities Research Council, 2018), litttafin karatun aji wanda aka rubuta don dalibai masu fuskantar jarabawar karshe a matakin makarantun sakandare na Yammacin Afurka wato (WASSCE). Har ila yau ta tallafa wajen rubuta littafin A Companion to African History (Wiley Blackwell, 2019) ita da William Worger da kuma Charles Ambler sannan kuma sun rubuta littafin Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective (University of Wisconsin Press, 2019), ita da Claire Robertson. Ohio University Press suka wallafa littafin Achebe na shekara ta 2020 mai suna Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa.Laura Seay daga gidan jarifdar The Washington Post, ta rubuta game da littafin Female Monarchs and Merchant Queens in Africa a matsayin "cikakken littafin wanda ya kunshi komai kuma mai saukin fahimta".
Tallafi da Kyaututtuka
Nwando Achebe ta samu tallafi daga Gidauniyar Wenner Gren, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Woodrow Wilson, Fulbright-Hays, Gidauniyar Ford, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da kuma Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Dan Adam. Ita ce kuma wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta littafi har sau uku.
Littattafai
Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900-1960. ISBN 0325070784
The Female King of Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe. ISBN 0253222486
History of West Africa E-Course Book. ISBN 978-9983960204
A Companion to African History. ISBN 047065631X
Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective. ISBN 9780299321109
Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa. ISBN 0821424076
Manazarta
Marubutan Najeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
Mata |
16075 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%20Askia-Williams | Regina Askia-Williams | Regina Askia-Williams (an haife ta ne Imaobong Regina Askia Usoro, Lagos, 1967) haifaffiyar Nijeriya ce, mai ba da aikin jinya ta gida (FNP) ta Amurka, mai kula da lafiya da neman ilimi, mai shirya talabijin, marubuci, kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a, wanda ya sami suna a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin.
Ayyuka
A shekarar 1988, Askia-Williams - tsohuwar dalibar karatun Likita ce wacce ta sauya sheka daga Jami’ar Calabar zuwa Jami’ar Legas - ta samu sarautar Miss Unilag . A waccan shekarar, ta shiga gasar MBGN 1988. Duk da cewa ita ce yar takarar da jama'a suka fi so da kuma Miss Intercontinental mai fita, Joan Maynard, ita ce ta biyu. Koyaya, ta zama mai mallaka a shekara mai zuwa lokacin da mai nasara Bianca Onoh ta yi murabus. A shekarar 1990, Askia-Williams ta wakilci Najeriya a taron Miss Charm International da aka gudanar a Leningrad, Rasha, sannan kuma ta zo ta biyu. Ta kuma kafa tarihi ta zama 'yar Najeriya ta farko a Miss International a Japan, inda ta yi tasiri tare da fitattun kayan gargajiya.
Bayan samun karbuwa da jama'a suka yi a Najeriya a matsayin wacce ta lashe gasar sarauniyar kyau, Askia-Williams ta fara aikin kera kayan kwalliya. A matsayin abin koyi, Askia-Williams ya bayyana a cikin da dama Nijeriya buga da kuma talabijin tallace ciki har da Kessingsheen Hair Care, boutique sarkar tsarabobi, kuma mafi famously, Visine . Ta kuma yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen jirgin sama da yawa. A cikin 2007, ta yi samfurin 2000-N-shida fuska tsaftacewa tare da ɗiyarta, samfurin Stephanie Hornecker. A shekarar 2005 ta dauki bakuncin bikin nuna kayan ado a ofishin jakadancin Najeriya da ke birnin New York don wayar da kan mutane game da mawuyacin halin zamantakewar yara a Najeriya, sannan a shekarar 2006, ta dauki nauyin bikin nuna kayan tallafi a Kwalejin Lehman da ke Bronx, New York, wanda aka nuna. abubuwan kirkirar manyan masu zane-zane na Afirka da nata lakabin Regine Fashions .
Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Askia-Williams ya zo ne a shekarar 1993, lokacin da ta buga wasan digin zinari mai suna Tokunbo Johnson a cikin sabulun Najeriya Fortunes (daga baya Mega Fortunes ) a gidan talabijin na NTA, rawar da ta samu yabo da rawa a fina -finan Nollywood . Ta karɓi kyaututtuka da yawa saboda wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi - ciki har da wacce ta kasance "Actwararriyar Actwarya a Nijeriya" ta Afro Hollywood London a 2000 - kuma ta shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai da yawa.
Askia-Williams ta yi fice a fina -finai da yawa " Nollywood " a lokacin shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000s, yawancinsu an dauki fim din ne don a sake su kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo, ya isa ga dimbin masu sauraro a Najeriya da wasu kasashen Afirka kamar Tanzania da Ghana. Ta zama ɗayan manyan mashahurai a Nijeriya. Fim din Askia-Williams, da sauran fina-finan Nollywood ana watsa su ne akai-akai ta gidajen talabijin na Najeriya, gami da ITV, StarTV, da kuma gidan talabijin na jihar mai suna TVT. An kwatanta Askia-Williams da Elizabeth Taylor saboda shahararta, kuma an biya ta kusan N300,000 saboda rawar da ta taka, daidai da sauran manyan 'yan matan Najeriya.
Askia-Williams also maintained an active interest in supporting medical outreach in Nigeria. In one interview, she described a project she participated in: Ta kammala karatun digirin farko a Jami’ar Legas tare da digiri a fannin ilmin halittu, kwanan nan ta zama likita mai rajista, bayan da ta samu shaidar zama likita a Kwalejin Wagner da ke Amurka. Askia-Williams har yanzu tana aiki kan inganta babban haɗin kai tsakanin Afirka da ƙasashe mazauna ƙasarta tare da nunin kayan sawa da kuma aikin likita zuwa Afirka. Tana daukar nauyin shirin tattaunawa kan yada labarai ta Intanet, Tattaunawar Kiwon Lafiyar Afirka . Shirin ya kunshi irin wadannan batutuwa kamar tasirin dakunan shan magani na tafi da gidanka a Afirka. Rubutattun rubututtukan nata sun kuma bayyana a yanar gizo, kuma a cikin jerin '' Asibitin Asabar '' a jaridar Najeriya ta Yau .
Askia-Williams ta auri Rudolph 'Rudy' Williams Ba'amurkiya, dan gidan Ron Everette kuma jika ga Fess Williams ; tare ma'auratan suna da yara biyu - 'ya mace Teesa Olympia da ɗa Rudolph Junior. Sauran 'yar wata' yar, mai suna Stephanie Hornecker, ta kasance daga tsohuwar dangantakar. A yanzu haka tana zaune a Amurka tare da iyalinta, kuma a yanzu ita ma ma'aikaciyar jinya ce da ke aiki a Birnin New York.
Askia-Williams ta tsira daga harin da aka kai a Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2001. Ta tsere daga ginin, inda take aiki a lokacin, watanni uku kacal bayan sake komawa Birnin New York tare da iyalinta.
A 2007, Askia-Williams na daga cikin matan Afirka da dama da Celebrating African Motherhood Organisation (CAM) ta ba da lambar yabo a wani taron biki a Washington, DC
Filmography
A matsayina na 'yar fim, Askia-Williams ta fito a fina-finai masu zuwa:
Warrior Warrior: Farkon (bidiyo) (2007)
Veno (bidiyo) (2004)
Babe mai hadari (2003)
Man Snatcher (bidiyo) (2003)
Taron Wuta (2002)
Vuga (bidiyo) (2000)
Vuga 2 (bidiyo) (2000)
'Yar Shugaban Kasa (2000)
Wasan Dirty (bidiyo) (1998)
Cikakken Wata (1998)
Ofishin Jakadancin Kashe kansa (1998)
Babbar Hanya zuwa Kabari (1997)
Dole Juliet Ta Mutu
Hadarin Mafi Girma
Mena
Sarauniyar Dare
Red Machete
Mafi Son
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Regina Askia-Williams on IMDb
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane |
50673 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximena%20Cuevas | Ximena Cuevas | Ximena Cuevas(an haife shi a shekara ta 1963)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na bidiyo na Mexico.Ayyukanta sukan bincika batutuwan zamantakewa da jinsi da ke fuskantar 'yan madigo a Mexico.Bidiyo da fina-finai na Cuevas sun nuna a Sundance, New York's Museum of Modern Art, Guggenheim Museum,
Articles with hCards
Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin masu yin bidiyo na farko a Mexico waɗanda cibiyoyin al'adu suka halatta.An nuna fina-finanta a cikin bukukuwa irin su Sundance,New York Film Festival,da jerin fina-finai na yawon shakatawa,Cinema Meexperimental.Daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta akwai shirin bidiyo na 1993 mai suna Corazon Sangrante.Har ila yau,ana nuna ayyukanta a cibiyoyin fasaha irin su Berkeley Art Museum,Museum of Art Museum of San Diego,Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo de la Ciudad de México, New York's Guggenheim Museum da Museum of Modern Art,wanda a cikin 2001 ya kara tara daga cikinta.yana aiki zuwa tarin bidiyon su.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ximena Cuevas a shekara ta 1963 a birnin Mexico.Ita ce 'yar ta biyu na auren Bertha Riestra.,masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma mai gabatar da al'adu da José Luis Cuevas,mai zane-zane,wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ilimin farko na Ximena:"a matsayin ƙarami. yaro Ina kusa da teburin zanensa,na sha'awar ganin duk waɗannan layi tare da rayuwarsu ko ta yaya(. . . )"
Bayan ta zauna tare da danginta wurare daban-daban kamar Mexico City, Cuernavaca,Paris,da New York,Cuevas ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a sinima,da farko a matsayin mataimaki sannan daga baya, ta ci gaba da aiki tare da daraktoci kamar Konstantinos Costa-Gavras,John Schlesinger,John Houston,da Arturo Ripstein.
A cikin shekarar 1979 ta fara aiki a Gidan Taskar Fina-Finai ta Cineteca Nacional a Mexico City tana gyara fina-finai ta hanyar yanke wuraren da gwamnati ta tantance. Wannan kwarewa ta sa ta sha'awar fim da hoton mai motsi.
A farkon 80s,wanda ya motsa hanyar da Pola Weiss ya buɗe,Andrea di Castro y Sarah Minter,Cuevas ya fara la'akari da cinema na gwaji yiwuwar bincikenta na fasaha,wanda ya kafa Cosa Nostra a cikin 90s tare da Rafael Curquidi, Doménico.Campelo,Eduardo Vélez, da sauransu,wannan wani nau'in"mafia ne" wanda ya yi kama da shigar da yanayin fim ba tare da mahallin ba.
Bayan hasashe a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Anthropology a cikin Satumban shekarar 1992, marubucin Jorge Ayala Blanco ya yaba wa wannan rukunin sosai kan labarinsa"Viva el Post Cine".
Wannan abubuwan da sha'awar wasan ke jagoranta sun sami sakamako mai ma'ana na yaren bidiyo na musamman.An gane aikin Cuevas a matsayin gudunmawar da ta dace ga mahallin shekaru ashirin na ƙarshe na karni na 20 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21st,musamman a Mexico.Sau da yawa aikinta yana yin sharhi ne kan al'adu,siyasa da al'amuran zamantakewa ta hanyar yin amfani da ban tsoro, ta binciko wannan ta fuskar mata rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummar wannan zamani.
Madigo da sanin jinsi suma jigogi ne masu maimaitawa a cikin aikinta.Bayan aikinta na zane-zane,ta kuma yi aiki a samarwa,daidaitawa,da gyarawa tare da Marcela Fernández Violante (wanda Ximena ta shirya gajeriyar De cuerpo presente,1997),Jesusa Rodriguez (Víctimas del Pecado Neoliberal,1995)da Astrid Hadaad (Las Reinas).Chulas],kuma a cikin 2015,ta hanyar gayyatar Isela Vega,don yin aiki a kan girmama aikin shekaru 40 na mawaƙa Juan Gabriel,mai ba da shawara kan al'adun gargajiyar Mexica.Tun 2011 Cuevas yana zaune a ciki da waje a cikin jihar Guerrero kuma yana da hannu sosai a ƙoƙarin kiyaye muhalli tare da kunkuru na teku.
Aiki
An gane Cuevas a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga daukar hoto ta gwamnatin Mexico.Yawancin fina-finanta suna ba da sharhin zamantakewa kan cin hanci da rashawa da tasirinsa ga al'adu,al'umma da siyasa tare da bincika ta fuskar mata a matsayin matsayin mata a cikin al'umma.Madigo da sifofinta na al'umma suma jigo ne mai maimaitawa.
Tun daga shekara ta 1990,bayan da ta ji takaicin yadda ake yin fina-finan gargajiya a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa,Cuevas ta sayi kyamara kuma ta fara shirya nata fina-finan.Ta sami guraben karatu daga Asusun Al'adu da Fasaha na Mexica (FONCA),Fideicomiso para la Cultura México(Trust for Mexico Culture),wani Eastman Kodak na Duniya mai zaman kansa mai samar da fina-finai da sauransu kuma ya gabatar da gabatarwa a gidan kayan gargajiya na Berkeley.da Taskar Fina-Finan Pasifik,Gidan Tarihi na Art Art San Diego da Guggenheim na New York da Bilbao,Spain.
Aikin Cuevas an fi saninsa da wayonsa na kimanta al'umma ta zamani da kuma fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin al'adun zamantakewa da imani tare da gaskiyar rayuwa ta amfani da haɗin gaskiya da almara. Ta rushe tatsuniyoyi na "yankin tsakiyar aji na Mexico", alaƙar heteronormative, ra'ayoyin kyau, ta hanyar ba'a na ba'a na hoton gargajiya nasu a cikin shahararrun al'adu. A cikin kalmominta, faifan bidiyonta sun fallasa "rabin karya" na tunanin Mexico na gama gari.
The Sundance Film Festival,New York's Museum of Modern Art,da Guggenheim Museum,da kuma yawon shakatawa jerin fina-finai,Meexperimental Cinema,duk sun kasance wuraren da ake nunawa na fina-finai na Cuevas.Daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta akwai shirin bidiyo na 1993 mai suna"Corazon Sangrante" wanda ya sami karbuwa a matsayin Tatu de Oro(Golden Tattoo)mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa.
A cikin 2011,Cuevas ta sanar da cewa ba za ta ƙara yin fina-finai na sharhin zamantakewa ba,amma a maimakon haka tana aiki akan wani aiki a Guerrero wanda aka sadaukar don kiyaye kunkuru na teku.
Kyauta
Ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Takaddun Shaida daga Bikin Fim na Duniya na Chicago na 1993,Kyautar Barbara Aronofsky Latham Memorial a 2001 da lambar yabo a matsayin Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Gwaji daga bikin Fim na 18th San Antonio a cikin 2012.
A cikin 2001,Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a New York ya sami tara na bidiyon Cuevas don tarin dindindin,wanda shine karo na farko da aka haɗa aikin mai fasahar bidiyo na Mexico a cikin tarin MoMA.Bidiyoyinta ashirin da hudu suna cikin tarin MoMA.
Hotunan bidiyo da aka zaɓa
Las 3 muertes de Lupe (1983-84)
Noche de Paz (1989)
Corazón Sangrante (1993)
Un Dios para Cordelia (1995)
Kama (1998)
Hawai (1999)
Rajistar Marca (2001)
Turistas (2001-2002)
Planetario (2002)
Nunin da aka zaɓa
1999 - "Cinema gwaji,"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain.
2004 - "Ximena Cuevas da Laboratory of Life,"Jami'ar California, Berkeley Art Museum da Pacific Film Archive .
2014 - "FOCO: Ximena Cuevas," Centro de Cultura Digital,Mexico City.
2014-"Pulso alterado:Intensidades en la colección del MUAC y sus colecciones asociadas,"Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo,Mexico City.
2016-"Bidiyo:Zubar da Lokacin Utopian,"Jami'ar Mary Washington Galleries,Fredericksburg,VA.
2017-2018-"Matan Radical:Art American Art,1960-1985,"Hammer Museum,Los Angeles da Brooklyn Museum,New York.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tarin kayan tarihi na fasaha na zamani (MoMA).
Rayayyun mutane |
29845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Dijital | Haƙƙoƙin Dijital | Haƙƙoƙin dijital su ne haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙoƙin doka waɗanda ke ba wa mutane damar shiga, amfani, ƙirƙira, da buga kafofin watsa labarai na dijital ko samun dama da amfani da kwamfutoci, wasu na'urorin lantarki, da hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa . Manufar tana da alaƙa musamman da karewa da fahimtar haƙƙin da ke akwai, kamar haƙƙin sirri da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, a cikin yanayin fasahar dijital, musamman Intanet . Dokokin ƙasashe da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin shiga Intanet.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam da Intanet
An gano adadin haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka dace dangane da Intanet . Waɗannan sun haɗa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, keɓewa, da 'yancin yin tarayya . Bugu da ƙari kuma, an kuma gano haƙƙin ilimi da harsuna da yawa, yancin masu amfani, da haɓaka iya aiki a cikin yanayin haƙƙin ci gaba . A cewar wani edita a cikin mujallar La Civilta Cattolica yanar gizo amfanin jama'a ne na duniya wanda ya kamata ya zama mai isa ga kowa da kuma mutunta haƙƙin wasu. Tare da gwamnatocin danniya da ke hana damar samun bayanai da sadarwa, yakamata gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya su yi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar Intanet tare da ɗaukar ƙa'idodin gama gari don tabbatar da amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.
"Abin da doka ta ba da izini ko ta haramta layi dole ne ya kasance lamarin akan layi . . . "Ijma'in kasa da kasa kawai ya yadu" kan abubuwan kan layi da za a tantance game da batsa na yara da ta'addanci ta intanet. Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa, yayin da daidaikun mutane ke cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, tare da yin amfani da kamfanoni masu amfani da kwamfuta don samun kudi da kuma tsarin mulkin danniya na toshe bayanai daga 'yan kasarsu, duniya na bukatar "Charter of Human Rights for Internet".Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki ta Lantarki ta soki gwamnatin Amurka don yin la’akari da lokacin tsarin kamawa na Megaupload cewa mutane suna rasa haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar adana bayanai akan sabis ɗin sarrafa girgije.
Tabbatar da samun dama ga kowa da/ko hana hane-hane marasa ma'ana
Kasashe da yawa sun yi amfani da dokokin da ke buƙatar jihar ta yi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar Intanet da kuma/ko hana jihar hana mutum damar samun bayanai da Intanet ba tare da dalili ba:
Costa Rica : Hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Costa Rica ta yanke a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010 ya ce: “Ba tare da tsoron zaɓe ba, za a iya cewa waɗannan fasahohin [fasahancin bayanai da sadarwa] sun yi tasiri ga hanyar sadarwar ɗan adam, ta hanyar sauƙaƙe alaƙa tsakanin mutane da cibiyoyi. duniya da kuma kawar da shingen sararin samaniya da lokaci.
A wannan lokacin, samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin ya zama kayan aiki na asali don sauƙaƙe aikin haƙƙin dimokiradiyya (e-dimokiradiyya) da kula da 'yan ƙasa, ilimi, 'yancin yin tunani da faɗar albarkacin baki, samun damar yin amfani da bayanai da sabis na jama'a akan layi, 'yancin yin sadarwa tare da gwamnati ta hanyar lantarki da nuna gaskiya na gudanarwa, da sauransu. Wannan ya haɗa da ainihin haƙƙin samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin, musamman, haƙƙin shiga Intanet ko Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya."
Estonia : A shekara ta 2000, majalisar ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin shiri na fadada hanyoyin shiga karkara. Intanet, inji gwamnati, yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a cikin karni na 21st.
Finland : A watan Yuli na 2010, kowane mutum a Finland zai sami damar yin amfani da hanyar sadarwa mai karfin megabit daya a cikin dakika daya, a cewar Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa . Kuma zuwa 2015, samun damar yin amfani da haɗin kai 100Mbit/s.
Faransa : A watan Yunin 2009, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki, Kotun Koli ta Faransa, ta ayyana yin amfani da Intanet a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam na asali a cikin wani hukunci mai ƙarfi wanda ya rushe wasu sassan dokar HADOPI, dokar da za ta bin diddigin masu cin zarafi kuma ba tare da shari'a ba. bita da yanke hanyar sadarwa ta atomatik ga waɗanda suka ci gaba da zazzage abubuwan haram bayan gargaɗi guda biyu
Girka : Mataki na ashirin da 5A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Girka ya bayyana cewa duk mutane suna da hakkin shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai kuma cewa jiha tana da alhakin sauƙaƙe samarwa, musayar, watsawa, da samun damar yin amfani da bayanai ta hanyar lantarki.
Spain : Tun daga 2011, Telefónica, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na jihar da ke riƙe da kwangilar " sabis na duniya " na ƙasar, dole ne ya ba da garantin bayar da "madaidaicin" farashi mai girma na akalla megabyte daya a sakan daya a ko'ina cikin Spain.
Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Intanet na APC
Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Progressive Communications (APC) ce ta kafa Yarjejeniya Ta Intanet na APC a taron ‘yancin Intanet na APC Turai, wanda aka gudanar a Prague, Fabrairu 2001. Yarjejeniya ta zana kan Yarjejeniya ta Sadarwa ta Jama'a kuma ta samar da jigogi bakwai: hanyar intanet ga kowa; 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya ; samun damar ilimi, ilmantarwa da ƙirƙira - software da ci gaban fasaha kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen tushe ; keɓantawa, sa ido da ɓoyewa ; mulkin intanet; wayar da kan jama'a, kariya da tabbatar da haqqoqi. APC ta bayyana cewa "Ikon musayar bayanai da sadarwa cikin 'yanci ta hanyar amfani da intanet yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin sanarwar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin dan adam, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan farar hula. da ‘Yancin Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau’in nuna wariya ga mata ”.
Taron Duniya akan Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai (WSIS)
A cikin Disamba 2003 an kira taron koli na Duniya kan Watsa Labarai (WSIS) a ƙarƙashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN). Bayan doguwar tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci, 'yan kasuwa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a an amince da sanarwar ka'idodin WSIS tana mai tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam : Muna sake tabbatar da kasancewar duniya, rashin rarrabawa, dogaro da juna da alaƙar duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam, gami da haƙƙin ci gaba, kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin sanarwar Vienna . Muna kuma tabbatar da cewa dimokuradiyya, dawwamammen ci gaba, da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam gami da kyakkyawan shugabanci a kowane mataki na dogara ne da juna kuma suna ƙarfafa juna. Mun ƙara ƙudiri aniyar ƙarfafa bin doka a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar yadda yake a cikin lamuran ƙasa.Sanarwar ta WSIS ta kuma yi ƙayyadaddun nuni ga mahimmancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin " Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai " a cikin cewa: Mun sake tabbatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin tushe na Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai, kuma kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 19 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, cewa kowa yana da 'yancin yin ra'ayi da ra'ayi; cewa wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da 'yancin yin ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowace kafofin watsa labaru ba tare da la'akari da iyaka ba. Sadarwa muhimmin tsari ne na zamantakewa, buƙatun ɗan adam na asali da kuma tushen duk ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Yana da tsakiya ga Information Society. Kowane mutum, a ko'ina ya kamata ya sami damar shiga kuma kada a ware kowa daga fa'idodin da Ƙungiyoyin Watsa Labarai ke bayarwa.Sanarwar ka'idojin WSIS ta 2004 ta kuma yarda cewa "ya zama dole a hana amfani da albarkatun bayanai da fasahohi don dalilai na laifi da ta'addanci, tare da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". Wolfgang Benedek yayi tsokaci cewa sanarwar ta WSIS ta ƙunshi nassoshi da dama ne kawai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma baya fayyace wata hanya ko hanya don tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a aikace.
Tsarin haƙƙin dijital
A cikin 2005, Ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Haƙƙin Biritaniya ta buga shimfidar haƙƙoƙin dijital, tana tattara kewayon ƙungiyoyi da mutane masu fafutuka a fagen kiyaye haƙƙin dijital. Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa, daidaikun mutane, da gidajen yanar gizo zuwa wuraren sha'awa.
Dokar Haƙƙin Intanet da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Intanet da Ka'idodin Intanet
Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai don Ƙididdigar Haƙƙin Intanet ta gudanar da babban taron tattaunawa na shirye-shirye kan Haƙƙin Intanet a Roma, Satumba 2007 kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa a Dandalin Gudanar da Gudanar da Intanet (IGF) a Rio a cikin Nuwamba 2007 wanda ya haifar da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa kan haƙƙin intanet. A IGF a Hyderabad a cikin 2008 haɗin kai tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam don Intanet da Ƙa'idodin Intanet sun bar Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Haƙƙin Intanet da Ka'idodin Intanet, wanda ya dogara da Yarjejeniya ta Intanet na APC da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na Dan Adam. Hakkoki sun bayyana Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam da Ka'idoji don Intanet da aka gabatar a IGF a Vilnius a cikin 2010, wanda tun daga lokacin aka fassara shi zuwa yaruka da yawa.
Ƙaddamarwar hanyar sadarwa ta Duniya
A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta, 2008, an kafa Global Network Initiative (GNI) akan "Ka'idojin 'Yancin Magana da Keɓantawa". An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da shirin ne a cikin shekaru 60 na Cikar Ƙirar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) kuma ta dogara ne akan dokoki da ƙa'idodi na duniya da aka amince da su akan ' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da keɓantawa da aka tsara a cikin UDHR, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Jama'a da Siyasa Hakkoki (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR). Mahalarta cikin Ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki, Human Rights Watch, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, wasu manyan kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin bil'adama, masu zuba jari, da malaman ilimi.
A cewar rahotanni an gayyaci Cisco Systems zuwa tattaunawar farko amma ba ta shiga cikin shirin ba. Harrington Investments, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Cisco ta kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta yi watsi da GNI a matsayin ka'idar ɗabi'a ta son rai da ke da tasiri. Babban jami'in gudanarwa John Harrington ya kira GNI "hayaniyar da ba ta da ma'ana" a maimakon haka ya yi kira da a bullo da dokokin da ke tilasta wa shuwagabannin zartarwa su amince da hakkin dan Adam.
Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Sashen Duniya na BBC
Wani zaɓe na manya 27,973 a cikin kasashe 26, ciki har da masu amfani da Intanet guda 14,306, an gudanar da shi ga Sashen Duniya na BBC ta kamfanin zabe na kasa da kasa GlobeScan ta hanyar yin amfani da wayar tarho da ta kai tsaye tsakanin 30 ga Nuwamba 2009 da 7 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2010. Shugaban GlobeScan Doug Miller ya ji, gabaɗaya, cewa ƙuri'ar ta nuna cewa:
Duk da damuwa game da keɓantawa da zamba, mutane a duniya suna ganin damar shiga intanet a matsayin babban haƙƙinsu. Suna tsammanin yanar gizo mai karfi ce mai kyau, kuma yawancin ba sa son gwamnatoci su daidaita shi.
Sakamakon zaben ya hada da:
Kusan huɗu cikin biyar (78%) masu amfani da Intanet suna jin cewa Intanet ya kawo musu yanci mafi girma.
Yawancin masu amfani da Intanet (53%) sun ji cewa "bai kamata a taba sarrafa intanet ta kowane mataki na gwamnati a ko'ina ba".
An raba ra'ayi daidai gwargwado tsakanin masu amfani da Intanet waɗanda suka ji cewa "internet wuri ne mai aminci don bayyana ra'ayi na" (48%) da waɗanda suka ƙi (49%).
Abubuwan Intanet waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa sun haɗa da: zamba (32%), abubuwan tashin hankali da bayyane (27%), barazanar sirri (20%), tantance abun ciki na jihohi (6%), da girman kasancewar kamfanoni. (3%).
Kusan hudu a cikin biyar masu amfani da Intanet da wadanda ba masu amfani ba a duk duniya suna jin cewa samun damar Intanet wani hakki ne na asali (50% sun yarda sosai, 29% sun amince da ɗan kaɗan, 9% sun ɗan ƙi yarda, 6% sun ƙi yarda sosai, kuma 6% ba su da ra'ayi. ).
Shawarwari na Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman
Shawarwari 88 da mai bayar da rahoto na musamman ya bayar game da ingantawa da kuma kare yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin rahoton watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 ga hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun hada da da dama da suka shafi batun shiga Intanet
67. Ba kamar kowace hanya ba, Intanet yana baiwa mutane damar nema, karɓa da kuma ba da bayanai da kuma ra'ayoyin kowane iri nan take kuma cikin rahusa a kan iyakokin ƙasa. Ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cin moriyar yancinsu na 'yancin yin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, wanda shine "mai ba da damar" sauran 'yancin ɗan adam, Intanet yana haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. Dangane da haka, Mai ba da rahoto na musamman yana ƙarfafa wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman waɗanda ke ba wa masu riƙe da doka damar shiga kan batun Intanet dangane da takamaiman umarninsu.
78. Yayin da matakan toshewa da tacewa ke hana masu amfani damar samun takamaiman abun ciki a Intanet, Jihohin ma sun dauki matakin katse hanyoyin shiga Intanet gaba daya. Rapportereur na Musamman yana ɗaukar yankan masu amfani daga hanyar Intanet, ba tare da da cikakkiyar gaskatawa ba, da kuma sakin layi na duniya a kan jama'a da siyasa Hakkoki.
79. Wakilin na musamman ya yi kira ga dukkan Jihohi da su tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye hanyoyin shiga Intanet a kowane lokaci, gami da lokacin rikicin siyasa.
85. Ganin cewa Intanet ya zama wani makami mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama, da yaƙi da rashin daidaito, da haɓaka ci gaba da ci gaban ɗan adam, tabbatar da samun damar Intanet a duniya ya kamata ya zama fifiko ga dukkan Jihohi. Don haka ya kamata kowace Jiha ta bullo da ingantaccen tsari mai inganci, tare da tuntubar mutane daga kowane bangare na al’umma, ciki har da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma’aikatun gwamnati, don samar da Intanet a yalwace, mai sauki da sauki ga kowane bangare na al’umma.
Waɗannan shawarwarin sun haifar da shawarar cewa yin amfani da Intanet kansa shine ko yakamata ya zama ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Binciken Jama'ar Intanet na Duniya na Masu Amfani da Intanet
A cikin watan Yulin shekara ta da watan Agustan shekara ta 2012 Ƙungiyar Intanet ta gudanar da hirarrakin kan layi na masu amfani da Intanet fiye da mutane 10,000 a cikin ƙasashe guda 20. An taƙaita wasu sakamakon da suka shafi haƙƙin dijital da samun damar Intanet a ƙasa.
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dijital
Shiga Yanzu
Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Fasaha
Hakkokin Dan Adam na Dijital na Duniya (Masu Shafukan Duniya na Moscow)
Digital Rights Ireland
Digital Rights Watch
Gidauniyar Frontier Electronic
Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Nishaɗi
Hakkokin Dijital na Turai
Free Software Foundation
FreedomBox
IT-Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Denmark
Bude Rukunin Hakkoki
Ilimin Jama'a
TestPAC, Kwamitin Ayyukan Siyasa na Amurka
Gidauniyar Yanar Gizo ta Duniya
Xnet
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa ta La Quadrature du Net tana kare haƙƙin dijital a Turai
Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Intanet na APC
Haƙƙin Dijital, Cibiyar Bayanin Sirri na Lantarki (EPIC )
Haɗin kai Haƙƙin Intanet & Ka'idodin Intanet
Labarin labarai game da ƙungiyar haƙƙin dijital a Burtaniya
TestPAC - Kwamitin Ayyukan Siyasa na Amurka wanda ke kare Haƙƙin Dijital na Amurka
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙoƙi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
54063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md%20Hashim%20Hussein | Md Hashim Hussein | Janar (Rtd) Tan Sri Md Hashim bin Hussein jami'in Sojojin Malaysia ne mai ritaya, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojojin Malaysia daga 1 ga Janairun 1999 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2002.
Tarihi
An haifi Md Hashim bin Hussein a Johor Bahru a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1947. Shi ne yaro na biyu daga 'yan uwa tara kuma ya fara karatu a Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar da Kwalejin Soja ta Royal.
Ilimi da Ayyuka na Soja
Md Hashim ta horar da ita a matsayin cadet a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a 1963. Ilimin yaki yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, yana kuma koyon dabarun soja a Malaysia da ƙasashen waje don kawo Sojojin Malaysia zuwa matsayi mafi girma na lokacin. Wadannan sune jerin sunayen Alma mater:
Cibiyar leken asiri ta Sojoji Woodside, Ostiraliya - 1971.
Makarantar Sojojin Amurka, Fort Benning - 1975.
Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur - 1979.
Makarantar Sojojin Burtaniya, Warminster - 1980.
Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar, Fort Leavenworth - 1985.
Kwalejin Tsaro ta Sojojin Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur - 1989
A shekara ta 1991, Md Hashim Hussein ya yi nasarar samun digiri na biyu a karatun yaki a Kwalejin King ta London tare da girmamawa.
A lokacin aikin soja, ana amincewa da shi don yin umurni da waɗannan mukamai:
Malami a Kwalejin Soja ta Royal (Malaysia), Sungai Besi, Selangor .
Brigade Major, 9th Infantry Brigade.
Kwamandan Jami'in, 11th Royal Malay Regiment.
Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa, Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Sojojin Malaysia.
Ma'aikatan Gudanar da Musayar Malaysia na farko a Kwalejin Sojojin Australiya da Ma'aikata.
Kwamandan, Cibiyar Horar da Sojoji, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.
A cikin 1993-1994, an nada shi a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kwamandan Malaysia (UNPROFOR) wanda ke zaune a Bosnia Herzegovina.
Shi ne kuma Kwamandan Jami'in farko ga sabuwar Brigade 10 Paratrooper (Malaysia).
A watan Janairun 1999, an zaba shi a matsayin Shugaban 18 na sojojin Malaysia.
A shekara ta 2001, an haɗa shi a cikin Induction of International Officer "Hall of Fame", Kwamandan Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Fort Leavenworth, Amurka.
Bayan shekaru 36 na hidima a cikin soja, ya yi ritaya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002 tare da matsayin Janar.
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, an nada Janar Md Hashim a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Malaysia a Pakistan har zuwa shekara ta 2005.
Bayan haka, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Makamai ta Kasa da ke zaune a Wisma Putra, Putrajaya har zuwa 2008.
Siyasa
A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, ya sanar da shiga jam'iyyar Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) na hadin gwiwar adawa ta Pakatan Rakyat (PR). A cikin babban zaben Malaysia na 2013, ya yi takara a mazabar majalisa ta Johor Bahru amma ya sha kashi a hannun mai karfi na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) na Barisan Nasional (BN); Shahrir Abdul Samad .
Sakamakon zaben
Daraja
:
Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (K.M.N.) (1985)
Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) - Tan Sri (2001)
:
State of Kedah Distinguished Service Star (B.C.K.)
:
Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (D.S.A.P.) - Dato' (1995)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (S.P.T.S.) - Dato' Seri Panglima (1999)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (S.P.K.K.) - Dato’ (1999)
Malaysian Armed Forces :
Warrior of the Most Gallant Order of Military Service (P.A.T.)
Kwamandan Mai Amincewa na Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Soja (P.S.A.T.)
Kwamandan jaruntaka na Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Soja (P.G.A.T.) (1999)
:
Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (D.P.M.J.) - Dato’ (1998)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (S.P.M.J.) - Dato" (2000)
:
Knight Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (D.G.M.K.) - Dato’ Wira (2002)
Darajar Kasashen Waje
:
Recipient of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz
South Korea :
Recipient of the Order of National Security Merit (Tong-il)
:
1st Bosnian Golden Medal (Ljiljan)
:
Commander of the Legion of Merit (LOM) (2001)
:
Bintang Kartika Paksi Utama
France :
Officer de I’ Ordre national du Mérite
Thailand :
Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Order of the Crown of Thailand
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda%20Renner | Magda Renner | Magda Elisabeth Nygaard Renner (da aka sani da Magda Renner ) ( Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; an haife ta a shekara ta 1926 - ta mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Octoban shekara ta 2016) yar asalin Brazil ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, da kuma ilmin yanayin kasa.
Magda Renner ta fara aikinta na kiyaye muhalli tare da haɗin gwiwar "Ação Democrática Feminina Gaúcha" (ADFG) a shekarar 1964, tare da takwararta mai kula da muhalli Giselda Castro. Bayan halartar wani taro mai taken "The hudu ka'idodi na da lafiyar qasa" ta muhalli José Lutzenberger a Association of Agronomists a shekara ta 1972, Renner aka kara yi wahayi zuwa ga tafiyar da muhalli haddasawa. Asali an kirkireshi azaman motsi "na mata don mata", ADFG daga baya ya zama "Núcleo Amigos da Terra Brasil" (NAT / Brasil), kungiyar farar hula wacce take da sha'awar jama'a da kuma aka sadaukar domin kare muhalli, ci gaba mai dorewa da adalci na zamantakewar . NAT / Brasil ya shiga cikin Abokan Duniya na Duniya a shekara ta 1983.
Wasu daga cikin mahimman wuraren aikinta sun haɗa da gwagwarmaya don al'ummu masu ɗorewa, tare da kariya ga yankunan bakin teku , ruwaye, yanayi da gandun daji . Kamfen din Renner ya mai da hankali kan amfani da sakamakon haka kuma samar da datti da sake sarrafa shi a matakin gida. Ayyukanta sun hada da yakar jan ruwan da ya fada tekun Rio Grande do Sul a cikin shekara ta 1970 sakamakon nutsewar wani jirgin ruwa dauke da sinadarai masu guba a gabar Uruguay; bayan takaddama game da wannan taron, sunan ADFG koyaushe yana da alaƙa da yaƙi da magungunan ƙwari. Renner yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa cibiyar sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa game da cin zarafin magungunan ƙwari, Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna (PAN), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilinta a gaban Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a shekarar 1985.
Renner ya kuma yi kamfen kan adawa da binne sharar daga Porto Alegre a tsibirin Kogin Guaíba . Aikinta a can da kuma karin martabar sunanta, tare da yakin neman zabe da wasu kungiyoyin kare muhalli suka yi, ya haifar da kirkirar Banhados do Delta Biological Reserve . Renner ta koyi inganta sakonninta ta hanyar wayar salula, kananan takardu akan tituna, da jaridu a wajan ginshikan zamantakewar, tare da tallafin dangin ta.
A cikin 1974, aikin Renner ya ba ta lambar yabo ta coabi'a a cikin byabi'ar Jarida ta Brazil Zero Hora . A cikin 1980s, ta gudanar da Zanga-zanga a kan matsalolin da suka samo asali daga shigar da unungiyar Triunfo Petrochemical Complex, wanda ya ƙare har ya taimaka wa rukunin kamfanoni su zama abin misali na alhakin muhalli . Shiga cikin Renner tare da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na duniya ya fara ne tare da gayyatar zuwa Amurka ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Rio Grande do Sul, inda ta fara haɗuwa da Abokan Duniya, kuma bayan haka ne aka gayyaci ADFG don zama ɓangare na Abokai na Duniya na Duniya. Bayan hadewar ne ADFG ya baiwa maza damar shiga.
Rikicin Renner game da muhalli ya yanke hukunci yayin tsara Tsarin Mulki na 1988. An gayyace ta da shiga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa da zarar an kafa ta, amma ta ki; An sake gayyatar Renner lokacin da José Lutzenberger yake Ministan Muhalli, kuma ta karɓa. A wannan lokacin, Magda Renner ta halarci wakiliyar Brazil a cikin kwamitin masu zaman kansu na Bankin Duniya don Sake Gyara da Ci Gaban .
A shekara ta 2012 majalisar dokoki ta Rio Grande do Sul, bisa kudirin 'yar majalisa Marisa Formolo, sun kirkiro "Kyautar Hilda Zimmermann, Giselda Castro da Magda Renner Ecology Pioneers Award" wanda ke nuna matakan kare muhalli. A cewar Formolo, 'sunan kyautar wata hanya ce ta girmamawa ga mata wadanda koyaushe ke da matsalar kula da muhalli. Har ila yau, muna son girmamawa ga waɗannan manyan jarumawan uku na ɗabi'ar muhalli, waɗanda a cikin mawuyacin lokaci suka ɗauki matakan kare muhalli '.
Idan aka dauki wani mutum mai kwarjini da iya magana, Renner ya zama daya daga cikin masu kyan gani game da muhalli a cikin jihar. Tatsuniyarta da ta Giselda Castro, an ruwaito ta cikin shirin " Substantivo Feminino ", ta ɗan jarida Daniela Sallet, tare da shaidu daga masu fafutuka na Brazil da baƙi.
Ta auri ɗan kasuwa Otto Renner, ɗan AJ Renner, ɗayan manyan entreprenean kasuwa a Rio Grande do Sul. Tare da mijinta tana da yara Telma, Felicitas, Cristiano da Mathias. Ta mutu a shekara ta 2016 saboda cutar Alzheimer, wacce aka gano shekaru 13 da suka gabata.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Nucleo Amigos da Terra Brazil
Muhalli
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Pages with unreviewed translations |
61678 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaus%20Bakhsh%20Bizenjo | Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo | Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ( Urdu / Baloch : میرغوث بخش بزنجو ) ɗan siyasan a kasar Pakistan ne daga Balochistan . Ya yi Gwamna na 3 a Balochistan .
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Nall Khuzdar Balochistan a cikin Watan Disamba Na shekara ta alif dari tara da Sha bakwai 1917 ko 1919.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">mahaifinsa</span> ] Safar Khan,yana Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Awami ta kasa, ya rike mukamin Gwamnan Balochistan daga Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972 zuwa Alif dari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 kuma ya kasance babban mai sa hannu kan kundin tsarin mulkin Kasar Pakistan na uku - Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan na Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 .
Ilimi
Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya sami karatunsa na sakandare har zuwa aji na 8 daga makarantar sakandare ta Sandeman Quetta . Bayan girgizar kasa na Shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935, ya sami shiga a Sindh Madrasa tul Islam, da keKarachi .[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Daga nan, don neman ilimi, Ghaus Bakhsh ya shiga Jami'ar Aligarh inda ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru hudu, ta haka ya kammala karatunsa na boko.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Shiga cikin siyasa
A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da takwas 1938, bayan ya dawo daga Aligarh, Ghaus Bakhsh ya shiga Baloch League, jam'iyyar da ke Karachi wacce wasu hazikan Baloch suka kafa.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da tara 1939 Jam'iyyar Kalat State National Party (KSNP) ta shirya babban taronta na shekara-shekara a Mastung . Ƙungiyar Baloch ta aika Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo a matsayin wakili don halartar taron. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin na shekara ta alif dari tara talatin da tara 1939 Sardaunan Balochistan ya aika da wata rundunar kabilanci da ke dauke da makamai don dakile taron shekara-shekara na KSNP. Wannan runduna ta kabilanci ta bude wuta kan mahalarta taron amma ‘yan sanda da na Lawiyawa sun yi katsalandan cikin lokaci inda aka dakile wata mummunar zubar da jini. Bayan wannan lamarin da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan KSNP da shugabannin an kama su ko kuma an kore su daga Kalat . Abdul Rahim Khwaja Khel, Babu Abdul Karim Shorish da sauran wadanda suke a Ofishin Gwamnati sun yi murabus. Mir Gul Khan Nasir wanda shi ne sakataren harkokin shari'a, Mir Hammal Khan wanda shi ne jami'in kwastam, Mir Mohammad Faazal Khan Mohammad Shahi wanda ya kasance ministan ilimi da Faiz Mohammad Yousafzai wanda ya kasance mataimakin tara suma sun gabatar da takardar murabus din nasu duk da cewa an yi imanin cewa murabus din. An yarda da Mir Gul Khan da Mir Hammal Khan a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941. Bayan wannan lamarin Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya koma cikin jamiyyar KSNP. Hasali ma dai ana kyautata zaton cewa Mir Gul Khan Nasir da Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd da kuma Mir Hammal Khan sun yi murabus ne sakamakon kokarin Mir Ghaus Bakhsh. Da farko yana adawa da 'yancin kai .
Kungiyar Musulmi
Bayan Balochistan ya shiga Pakistan, Khan na Kalat Ahmed Yar Khan ya yanke shawarar shiga kungiyar Musulmi . Ya aika Ajmal Khan ya je ya lallashi Mir Ghaus Bakhsh da Gul Khan Nasir su shiga jam'iyyar da shi. Duka Ghaus Bakhsh da Gul Khan suna ganin wannan zai zama wata dama mai kyau don ci gaba da harkokinsu na siyasa don haka suka shiga jam'iyyar. Ghaus Bakhsh ya kuma shawo kan Abdullah Jan Jamaldini, Ghulam Mohammed Baloch da Bahadur Khan su shiga kungiyar musulmi. A shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, an haɗa dukkan yankunan Pakistan da na sarakunan yamma zuwa yanki ɗaya. Wannan bai samu karbuwa ba ga masu kishin kasar Baloch. Don haka, a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955 Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Abdul Karim, Gul Khan Nasir, Mohammad Hussain Anqa da Qadir Bakhsh Nizamani suka kafa Usthman Gal wanda ke nufin "Jam'iyyar Jama'a".
Usman Gal
A shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, an haɗa dukkan yankunan Pakistan da na sarakunan yamma zuwa yanki ɗaya. Wannan bai samu karbuwa ga masu kishin kasar Baloch ba. Don haka, a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955 Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Prince Abdul Karim, Mir Gul Khan Nasir, Mohammad Hussain Anqa da Qadir Bakhsh Nizamani suka kafa Usthman Gal wanda ke nufin "Jam'iyyar Jama'a".
Pakistan National Party
A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da shida 1956, Usthman Gal da Warur Pashtun daga Balochistan, Khudai Khidmatgar daga yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Jam'iyyar Azad Pakistan daga Punjab, Sindh Mahaaz da Kwamitin Sindh Hari daga Sindh sun hade don kafa jam'iyyar Pakistan National Party . PNP ta kasance laima ga mutane masu ci gaba daga kowane fanni na rayuwa. Ya ƙunshi ƴan kishin ƙasa kawai, yan gurguzu da yan gurguzu .
National Awami Party
A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, Maulana Bhashani ya balle daga Awami League ya koma Pakistan National Party (PNP), don haka, Jam'iyyar Awami ta Kasa ta kasance. Wannan ya zama babbar jam'iyyar Pakistan da ke kunshe a cikin rukuninta, wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa masu ci gaba a wancan lokacin.
Ayub's Martial Law
A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan ya kafa dokar soja a kasar Pakistan. Wata rana Mir Ghaus Bakhsh ya sayi harsashin bindiga daga wani kantin sayar da harsasai. Daya daga cikin bayanan da ya saba biyan kuɗaɗen harsashi yana da rubutu mai suna "Down With One Unit". Lokacin da Gwamnati ta gano hakan, an kama Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo aka aika zuwa "Quli Camp" wanda ya kasance sanannen sansani kuma sanannen sansanin azabtarwa da ke Quetta Cantt . Sauran shugabannin Baloch kamar su Mir Gul Khan Nasir da Faiz Mohammad Yousafzai su ma an daure su a cikin "Quli Camp".
Anan aka gallaza musu gallazawa da cin zarafi na rashin mutuntaka. Ataullah Mengal ya nakalto Mir Gul Khan Nasir yana cewa:
"Sun ware Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo da mu tare da azabtar da shi har lokacin da aka dawo da shi ban gane shi ba, ya rika askewa amma yanzu masu gadi sun kawo wani tsoho mai gemu."
National Awami Party Government
A babban zabe na 1970 a Pakistan, NAP ta fito a matsayin mafi rinjaye a lardin Arewa maso Yamma da Balochistan . An zabi Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo daga yankin Lyari Town na Karachi tare da taimakon wani fitaccen dan siyasar Pakistan - Mahmoud Haroon . A cikin 1972, NAP ta kafa gwamnatocinta a cikin lardunan biyu. A Balochistan Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo ya zama Gwamnan Balochistan sannan Sardar Ataullah Khan Mengal ya zama Babban Ministan Balochistan na farko. Mir Gul Khan Nasir babban minista ne a wannan Gwamnati kuma ya rike mukaman ilimi da lafiya. Nawab Khair Bakhsh Marri, Sardar Ahmed Nawaz Bugti da Sardar Abdul Rehman Baloch na KECH wasu 'yan majalisar lardin ne daga NAP. Dr. Abdul Hai Baloch dan majalisar dokokin Pakistan ne.
Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki
Pakistan ta yi gudu a ƙarƙashin ragowar Martial Law LFO (Dokar Tsarin Shari'a) ba tare da wani ingantaccen tsarin mulki ba. Ya zama wajibi Majalisar Dokoki ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga wata kasa, don haka ta nada kwamitin tsarin mulki mai mambobi 25 wanda ya kunshi dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa da ke da wakilci a majalisar bisa karfinsu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1972, don shirya daftarin kundin tsarin mulki na dindindin. Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan.
Khan Amirzadah Khan da Mir Ghous Bux Bizenjo suna wakiltar National Awami Party . Wannan kwamitin tsarin mulki ya jagoranci Abdul Hafiz Pirzada na Pakistan Peoples Party yana aiki dare da rana na tsawon watanni kuma ya tsara daftarin tsarin mulki wanda aka gabatar a majalisar dokoki kuma aka amince da shi a matsayin sanannen tsarin mulkin 1973.
Matsayin Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bezanjo a Siyasar Balochistan Wani Bincike Articles with permanently dead external links Afrilu 1999
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 1
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 2
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 3
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 4
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 5
Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Part 6
GoogleBooks
Baloch Nationalism: Asalin Da Ci Gaba
Balochistan bayan mulkin mallaka
Pashtun Movement
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
manazarta
and I |
24106 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20Man%20Go | Go Man Go | Go Man Go a shekara ta (1953 zuwa ta 1983) ya kasance dokin dokin Amurka Quarter da dokin tsere. An ba shi suna Champion Quarter Running Horse sau uku a jere, daya daga cikin dawakai biyu kawai don cimma wannan rarrabewa. An dauki Go Man Go a matsayin yanayi mai wahala. Yayin da yake jira a ƙofar farawa don tserensa na farko, ya jefa wasansa na jockey, ya fasa ƙofar, ya gudu shi kaɗai a kusa da waƙar; a ƙarshe an kama shi kuma ya ci gaba da lashe tseren. A cikin shekaru biyar na gasar har ya yi ritaya daga tsere a shekara ta 1960 yana da guda ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ci nasara, yana samun sama da $ 86,000 (kusan $ 794,000 har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ).
Babu iyayen Go Man Go da suka yi tsere. Mahaifinsa (ubansa), Thoroughbred stallion Top Deck , Sarki Ranch ne ya haife shi. Dam (mahaifiyarsa) ta fito daga Louisiana; Ana tsammanin Go Man Go ya sami saurin sa akan hanya daga gare ta. A cikin shekarun farko na wasan tseren go Man Go, mai shi ya fuskanci wahala wajen yi masa rijista tare da American Horse Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), al'amarin da bai warware ba har zuwa shekarar alif ta 1958.
Go Man Go ya ci gaba da baje kolin Duk masu cin nasarar Futurity na Amurka guda biyu da dawakai Zakarun Gudun Kwata na Bakwai. An shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shaharar Doki na Amurka, kamar yadda aka samu biyu daga cikin zuriyarsa. 'Ya'yansa mata kuma sun samar, ko kuma sun kasance uwayen, masu cin tsere da dama, gami da membobin Zauren Fame Kaweah Bar da Rocket Wrangler . Daraktan tsere na AQHA sau ɗaya ya kwatanta tasirinsa akan tseren dawakai da kiwo zuwa na Man o 'War a Thoroughbred racing, ko na' yan wasan ɗan adam kamar Ben Hogan da Babe Ruth.
Tarihi da farkon rayuwa
An fatattaki Go Man Go a Wharton, Texas a shikara ta 1953, sakamakon kiwo na biyu tsakanin Thoroughbred stallion Top Deck da Appendix Quarter Horse mare Lightfoot Sis. Top Deck ya kasance Sarki Ranch, kuma ba shi da tsari. JB Ferguson ta sayi Lightfoot Sis lokacin da mai ita, Octave Fontenot na Prairie Ronde, Louisiana, ta yanke shawarar fita daga kasuwancin kiwo. Ferguson ya biya mata $ 350 (kusan $ 3,400 tun daga shekata ta 2021 ) kuma ya haife ta a shekarar alif ta 1952 zuwa Top Deck (TB), wanda ya haifar da haihuwar Go Man Go a shekara mai zuwa. Ferguson kuma ya sayi Top Deck, bayan maharbin ya ji wa kansa rauni a matsayin shekara.
Lightfoot Sis ta nuna ɗan gajeren hanzari a cikin tsatson ta, duk da cewa ba ta da rauni saboda rauni a matsayin ƙazanta wanda ya sa ta makance cikin ido ɗaya. Mahaifinta shine Thoroughbred stallion Mai Hikima sosai, kuma madatsar ruwanta wani kwatankwacin Doki ne mai suna Clear Track.
Scott Wells, wakilin tseren tsere, ya rubuta a cikin Mujallar Speedhorse cewa Go Man Go "ya girma ya yi tauri da ƙarfi, mai jiki da doguwa, amma ba mafi kyawun doki a duniya ba. Ba mafi kyawu ba, kawai mafi kyau. " Go Man Go yana da suna don yana da wahalar sarrafawa. Mai horar da shi ya taɓa gaya wa Walt Wiggins, Sr. cewa Go Man Go ya kasance "a zahiri yana nufin azaman beyar mafi yawan lokaci". A duk tseren tsere, Go Man Go ya kasance mai ma'ana. Ofaya daga cikin 'yan wasansa, Robert Strauss, ya tuna daga baya cewa Go Man Go "ya kasance abin tashin hankali daga ranar da na sadu da shi, amma shi ne babban dokin da na taɓa hawa".
Aikin tsere
A cikin wasan tsere na shekaru biyar, Go Man Go ya fafata a 47 jinsi. Ya bayyana ya ɗauki dabi'a don yin tsere; a lokacin horonsa ya gudu tare da mahayinsa-dan wasan jockey na sa Robert Strauss-kafin a ce ya yi gudu. Kamar yadda Strauss ya ce, "Lokacin da muke karya shi, ya gudu tare da ni kafin mu taba son ya gudu. Ina nufin, kawai lebur ya gudu tare da ni. ” Brotheran'uwan Robert Eldridge, wanda shi ne mai ba da horo, ya taɓa yin aiki da jakin da aka rage rabin takalmi kuma Go Man Go har yanzu yana gudanar da lokacin 18.9 seconds don mai nisa.
A cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan kafin fara tseren sa na farko, Go Man Go ya tsallake a ƙofar farawa, ya buɗe mahayinsa, ya fado ta gaba, ya ruga a guje. A ƙarshe ya ba da izinin kama shi kuma a sake lodaghi a ƙofar farawa sannan ya ci gaba da lashe wannan tseren. Ya ci tserensa biyar na gaba tare da jimlar tara tsayin doki . Ya fuskanci Vandy's Flash, da kansa Dokin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, sau goma sha biyu. Ganawarsu ta ƙarshe, a ranar 6 ga Satan Satumba, shekara alif ta 1959 a Ruidoso Downs, ita ma ta kasance ta ƙarshe ta Go Man Go, kuma ita ce kawai tseren da Vandy's Flash ya ci.
Go Man Go ya ci nasara guda ashirin da bakwai 27 sau, sanya na biyu guda 9 sau kuma ya kasance na uku 3 sau. Saboda yana yin haka akai -akai, a ƙarshen wasan tseren waƙoƙin sa yana da wahalar cika tsere idan sauran masu tseren tseren sun san an shigar da shi. Abubuwan da ya samu na tseren shine $ 86,151 (kusan $ 793,800 har zuwa 2021 ) tare da 88 Maki na tsere na AQHA, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Super Horse Race da kuma Race Register of Merit daga AQHA. Mafi kyawun ƙimar sauri, ko matakin tsere, da ya samu shine AAAT, mafi girman darajar da aka bayar a lokacin. An sanya wa Go Man Go suna Dokin Gudun Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na tsawon shekaru uku yana gudana, daga shekarar alif ta 1955 zuwa shekara alif ta 1957. Shi ne ɗan shekara biyu na farko da ya lashe kambun. Ya kasance mai mahara hadarurruka lashe, kuma ya wins hada da Pacific Coast Quarter Racing Association Futurity,LA Autumn Championship,kuma Clabbertown G hadarurruka,wanda ya lashe sau uku a jere.A lokacin ritayarsa, ya riƙe rikodin duniya a da ,kazalika da bayanan shekaru da jima'i a . Go Man Go har yanzu shine maƙiyi kawai wanda ya kasance Gwarzon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Duniya sau uku, kuma,tare da mare Woven Web (TB), yana ɗaya daga cikin dawakai biyu kacal da za su ci nasara sau uku.
Matsalolin mallaka da rajista
A cikin a shekara alif ta 1955, lokacin Go Man Go yana ɗan shekara biyu,AB Green yayi alfahari cewa yana da niyyar siyan doki daga Ferguson.Duk da cewa Ferguson baya son siyarwa, yana jin dole ne aƙalla saita farashi.Bayan jin jita-jita cewa an shirya Green tare da cak ɗin mai kuɗi na $40,000 (kusan $ 386,400 har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ),Ferguson ya saita farashin akan tsabar kuɗi $ 42,000 (kusan $ 405,800 har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ) da ashirin da ɗaya kiwo ga mahaya.Ga mamakin Ferguson, Green yana da tsabar kuɗi da yawa;Ferguson ya ji tilas ya sayar da Go Man Go. Shekaru biyu bayan haka,a wani tseren tseren Los Alamitos,Green ya yi iƙirarin cewa sabon dokinsa, Biyu Bid, na iya ƙin Go Man Go. Wannan fushin Ferguson,wanda ya shiga cikin cikakken ɗan'uwan Go Man Go Mr Mackay a tsere tare da Bid Biyu. Ferguson ya ci amanar Green $42,000 (kusan $ 387,000 har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ) akan Go Man Go cewa Mr Mackay zai doke Double Bid a tseren mai zuwa. Mista Mackay ya lashe tseren,kuma Ferguson ya sake mallakar mallakar Go Man Go. Daga baya a cikin 1960, saboda shi ma ya mallaki cikakken ɗan'uwan Go Man Go, uba,da mahaifiyarsa, ya sayar da Go Man Go ga Frank Vessels Sr da Bill da Harriet Peckham akan $ 125,000 (kusan $ 1,093,500 har zuwa shekara ta 2021 ). Daga baya, duk da haka, duk dawakai uku da Ferguson ya riƙe sun mutu da wuri.
Green ya shiga matsaloli tare da rajistar Go Man Go. A wancan lokacin, AQHA tana da rajista iri biyu, Rataye da Tentative. Dawakan da aka yi wa rijista sun kasance zuriyar Thoroughbreds kuma ko dawakan dawakai masu rijista na Quarter ko Horses Quarter masu rijista. Asalin Go Man Go an yi masa rijista a Rataye, saboda dam ɗinsa mare ne mai rijista. Hanya don ci gaba daga Rataye zuwa cikin rajista na Tentative shine don cancanta akan dalilan aiwatarwa da wuce jarrabawar daidaitawa da AQHA ta gudanar. Babu shakka Go Man Go ya cancanta a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon, amma daidaituwarsa ta kasance mai kama da Thoroughbred fiye da yadda yayi kama da Dokin Kwata. Green san cewa domin ya kara masa nasa ingarma kudade, wato farashin ya biya bashin da hakkin ya yi kiwo a Mare zuwa ingarma-Go Man Go da ake bukata a saya da wani yau da kullum da rajista lambar maimakon ya Rataye lambar. Don haka Green ya yi kira ga Kwamitin Zartarwa na AQHA, wanda ke da ikon ba da lambobin Tentative ga dawakai ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon jarabawar conformation ba. A cikin duka shekarar alif ta 1956 shekara alif ta 1957, kwamitin ya ƙi ɗaukar mataki, yana jira don kimanta ingancin fararen Go Man Go na farko kafin yanke shawara. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar ta 1958, sun ba lambar Go Man Go lamba 82,000 a cikin rajista na Tentative.
Aikin kiwo da gado
Ya yi ritaya zuwa wurin kiwo, Go Man Go da wuri ya tabbatar da ƙimarsa a matsayin maƙiyi. Na farko da foal amfanin gona, an haife shi a shekarar 1958, uku ta kai kusa da na karshe na All American Futurity:Mr Meyers, Dynago Miss kuma Angie Miss. Ya ingarma fee a shekarar 1960 ya $ 500 (kimanin $ 4,374 a matsayin na 2021 ),amma ya zuwa 1963 ya haura zuwa $ 2,500 (kusan $ 21,133 tun daga 2021). Ya ba da lambar 942 foal,wanda 552 daga cikinsu suka sami Rajistar Race ta yabo. 'Ya'yansa saba'in da biyu an ba su lambar yabo ta Superior Race Horse. Daga cikin abin da ya samu, ko zuriyarsa, akwai Go Josie Go, Dynago Miss, Kwafin Kwafi, Labarin Mutum, da Mutumin Hustling. Yarinyarsa Goetta ta lashe Duk Futurity na Amurka kuma an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Farin Bakin Amurka. Wata 'yar kuma, Ya Kamata Ta Shiga ita ma an shigar da ita cikin zauren AQHA. Haka kuma an shigar da kakanni biyu a cikin zauren AQHA: Kaweah Bar da Rocket Wrangler. Takwas daga cikin zuriyarsa sun lashe lambobin yabo na Gasar Quarter Running Horse. Shigowar sa yana lissafin zuriyarsa wanda ya ci rijistar Race Register of Merits a cikin Quarter Racing Digest ya ƙunshi cikakken shafuka guda biyar da ɓangaren wani. A matsayina na babban mawaki, ko babba na uwa, 'ya'yansa mata sun samar da Rocket Wrangler, Mr Kid Charge, Kaweah Bar, da Ku tafi Tare. Tun daga watan Afrilu 2008, zuriyarsa sun sami sama da $ 7,000,000 akan tseren tseren.
A matsayin mahayan kiwo, Go Man Go ya ci gaba da samun suna a matsayin ɗan iska, kodayake Kathlyn Green, matar AB Green, ta yi jayayya da hoton. Ta ce yana son a toshe masa lebe, kuma zai jingina a ƙofar rumfa yana jiran mutane su zo su ja masa. Koyaya, ta ce game da shi "ya ƙi ƙin ƙafar ƙafafunsa". Go Man Go ya ratsa hannaye da yawa bayan Green ya mallake shi, gami da Les Gosselin, Frank Vessels, da Harriett Peckham, wanda ya mallaki shi a 1972. A cikin 1967, lokacin da Vessels ya sayar da rabin ribar sa a Go Man Go zuwa Briarwood Farms, an ce yarjejeniyar ta zama farashin rikodin na Dokin Kwata. Go Man Go ya mutu a 1983 kuma an binne shi kusa da hedikwatar Buena Suerte Ranch a Roswell, New Mexico . An zana tambarin dutse mai siffar kambinsa: "Go Man Go, The King."
An shigar da Go Man Go cikin Zauren Shaharar Dokin Ƙasar Amurka a 1990. Wani abin karramawa shine sanya sunan tseren hannun jari a bayan sa, Grade I Go Man Go Handicap yana gudana a watan Satumba a Los Alamitos. Walt Wiggins, mai sharhi kan tsere kuma marubuci, ya ce game da Go Man Go: "Ya kasance ƙwararren mai saurin gudu, wasu sun ce ya fi sauri. Ya kasance daji da rashin kulawa, dan damfara da farko, kuma sau da yawa ɗan iska ne wanda ba kasafai yake ganin keɓantuwar talanti ko girman aikinsa ba. Yana da girman gaske kuma ba zai iya kulawa da komai ba. ” Dan Essary, wanda ya kasance Darakta na tsere na AQHA na shekaru da yawa, ya bayyana tasirin Go Man Go akan nau'in Quarter Horse a matsayin "Ya kasance zuwa Quarter Horse yana tsere abin da Babe Ruth ya kasance don ƙwallon baseball, abin da Ben Hogan yake zuwa Golf da abin da Man o 'Yaƙi ya kasance ga tseren Thoroughbred. Dawakai na iya gudu da sauri kuma dawakai sun sami ƙarin kuɗi, amma shaharar Go Man Go ta daɗe. ” .
Asali
Bayanan kula
Ambato
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Go Man Go a Rubutun Doki na Kwata
Duk reedan asalin asalin Database asalin Go Man Go
Tarihin Go Man Go a zauren shahara na AQHA
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
52687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer | Schaefer | Schaefer madadin rubutun kalmomi ne da kuma ƙididdigewa ga kalmar Jamusanci schäfer, ma'ana 'makiyayi', wanda da kansa ya fito daga Tsohon Babban Jamusanci scāphare . Bambance-bambancen "Shaefer", "Schäfer" (daidaitaccen rubutun kalmomi a yawancin ƙasashen Jamusanci bayan 1880), ƙarin madadin rubutun "Schäffer", da siffofin anglicised "Schaeffer", "Schaffer", "Shaffer", "Shafer", da "Schafer" duk sunayen suna gama gari ne.
Schaefer
An haife shi a shekara ta 1800-1899
Arnold Schaefer (1819-1883), masanin tarihin Jamus
Jamus Schaefer (1877–1919), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Jacob Schaefer Sr (1850–1910), ƙwararren ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka
Jacob Schaefer Jr (1894–1975) ƙwararren ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka
Jacob Schaefer (mawaƙi) (1888-1936), mawakin Bayahude na Amurka kuma mai gudanarwa.
Marie Charlotte Schaefer (1874-1927), likitan Amurka
Rudolph Jay Schaefer I (1863-1923), ɗan kasuwan Amurka
An haife shi a shekara ta 1900-1949
Fred K. Schaefer (1904-1953), Bajamushe da kuma Ba'amurke masanin labarin kasa
Walter V. Schaefer (1904-1986), masanin shari'a na Amurka kuma malami
Vincent Schaefer (1906-1993), masanin ilmin sunadarai na Amurka da masanin yanayi wanda ya haɓaka shukar girgije.
Jack Warner Schaefer (1907-1991), marubucin almara na Amurka
Milner Baily Schaefer (1912 – 1970), masanin kifin kifin Amurka
William Donald Schaefer (1921-2011), ɗan siyasan Amurka
Udo Schaefer (1926–2019), marubucin Baha'i na Jamus
Will Schaefer (1928–2007), mawakin Amurka
Bill Schaefer ( 1925-2003), ɗan wasan hockey na New Zealand
Kermit Schaefer (1923 – 1979), marubucin Ba’amurke, watsa shirye-shirye da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rikodin My Blooper
Daniel Schaefer (1936-2006), ɗan siyasan Amurka
James Schaefer (1938-2018), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma mai kiwo
Bob Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Henry F. Schaefer, III (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka da ilimin kimiya, malami da malamin Furotesta.
Gerard John Schaefer (1946-1995), kisan Ba'amurke, mai fyade, kuma wanda ake zargi da kisan kai.
Ronald P. Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945), masanin ilimin harshe na Amurka kuma malamin jami'a.
An haife shi bayan 1950
Vic Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), kocin kwando na Amurka
Peter Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ƙwararren ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada
Jarrett Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), darektan fina-finan Amurka kuma marubucin allo
Nolan Schaefer (an haife shi 1980), ƙwararren ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada
Bradley E. Schaefer (mai rai), masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka
Kurt Schaefer (mai rai), masanin Amurka
Peter Schaefer (marubuci) (mai rai), marubucin ilimin kimiyya da tarihin addini na Amurka
Laura Schaefer (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Schaeffer
Schäfer
Haihuwa bayan 1800
Wilhelm Schäfer (1868-1952), marubucin Halitta na Jamusanci kuma mawallafin mujallu
Dirk Schäfer,(1873-1931), dan wasan piano na Dutch kuma mawaƙi
Karl Emil Schäfer (1891-1917), matukin jirgi na Yaƙin Duniya na Jamus, wanda ya karɓi Pour le Mérite.
An haife shi bayan 1900
Emanuel Schäfer (1900-1974), jami'i a Jamus SS, shugaban 'yan sandan tsaro na Serbia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Gustav Schäfer (1906 – 1991), mai tukin jirgin ruwa na Jamus
Karl Schäfer (1909-1976), ɗan wasan skater na Ostiriya
Ernst Schäfer (1910-1992), mafarauci na Jamus, masanin dabbobi da likitan ido.
Willy Schäfer (dan wasan ƙwallon hannu) (1913–1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na filin Olympics na Switzerland
Paul Schäfer (1921 – 2010), jagoran al’adun Jamus-Chile
Hans Schäfer (1927–2017), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus mai ritaya
Karl Heinz Schäfer (1932 – 1996), mawaƙi ɗan ƙasar Jamus kuma mai tsara aiki a Faransa.
Willy Schäfer (1933-2011), ɗan wasan Jamus
Hans-Bernd Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943), masanin tattalin arzikin Jamus kuma masani
Manfred Schäfer (1943–2023), Bajamushe-Australian ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ritaya.
Wolfgang Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945) shi ne jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Jamus da kuma ilimi
An haife shi bayan 1950
Winfried Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus
Anita Schäfer (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce
Axel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), ɗan siyasan Jamus
Dagmar Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Jamus kuma masanin tarihi na kimiyya
Klaus Schäfer SAC (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), Masanin tauhidin Katolika na Jamus, Firist da Mawallafi.
Michael Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959) shi ne manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Denmark
Markus Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), ɗan ƙasar Jamus
Thomas Schäfer (1966-2020) Lauyan Jamus kuma ɗan siyasa, Ministan Kuɗi a Hesse
Bärbel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), mai gabatar da talabijin na Jamus
Christine Schäfer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1965), Soprano na Jamus
Jan Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974).
Raphael Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Marcel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
András Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary
Schäffer
Haihuwa bayan 1800
Saint Anna Schäffer (1882-1925), sufi Jamusanci, wanda Paparoma Benedict ya kafa a 2012
Charles Schäffer (1838-1903), likitan Amurka kuma masanin ilimin halittu
Fritz Schäffer (1888-1967), ɗan siyasan Jamus
Julius Schäffer (1882-1944), Masanin ilimin kimiyya na Jamus
Mary TS Schäffer (1861-1939), Ba'amurke ɗan halitta, mai zane, kuma mai bincike a Kanada
An haife shi bayan 1950
Andreas Schäffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Schafer
Ha ihuwa bayan 1800
Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (1850-1935), tsohon Edward Albert Schäfer, masanin ilimin lissafi na Ingilishi.
An haife shi bayan 1900
Natalie Schafer (1900-1991), 'yar wasan Amurka
Harold Schafer (1912-2001), ɗan kasuwan Amurka
Alice Turner Schafer (1915-2009), ƙwararriyar lissafin Amurka
Richard D. Schafer (1918–2014), masanin lissafin Amurka
Roy Schafer (1922-2018), Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam-Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam
R. Murray Schafer (1933–2021), mawakin Kanada, marubuci, mai koyar da kiɗa da muhalli.
Ronald W. Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), injiniyan lantarki na Amurka da ilimi
Ed Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka kuma Sakataren Noma na Amurka
William J. Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fim da kuma a kan Stage
An haife shi bayan 1950
Avi Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Japan ne
Tim Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mai tsara wasan kwamfuta na Amurka
Arthur Schafer (mai rai), masanin ilimin Kanada da ilimi
Eric Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ɗan wasan yaƙin yaƙi na Amurka
Jordan Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Hunter Schafer (an Haife shi 1999), ƙirar Amurka, ɗan gwagwarmaya, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo
Sakura Schafer-Nameki, Jamus masanin kimiyyar lissafi
Schaffer
Haihuwa bayan 1800
Károly Schaffer (1864-1939), Masanin anatomist na Hungarian da likitan jijiyoyi
Alfréd Schaffer (1893-1945), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary
An haife shi bayan 1900
Jimmie Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Janne Schaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1945), marubucin mawaƙin Sweden kuma ɗan wasan guitar
An haife shi bayan 1950
Simon Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955), masanin ilimin Ingilishi
Frank Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan Olympics na Gabashin Jamus mai ritaya
Bob Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
Jon Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan wasan guitar Amurka kuma marubuci
Daniel Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), marubucin marubuci ɗan Burtaniya ne
Akiva Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), marubuciyar wasan barkwanci ta Amurka kuma marubuci
Denny Schaffer (mai rai), halayen rediyo na Amurka
Gail Schaffer (mai rai), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
Ken Schaffer (mai rai), ɗan asalin Amurka
Lewis Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan barkwanci na Amurka
Jonathan Schaffer (mai rai), Ba'amurke-Australian falsafa
Shafar
An haife shi bayan 1800
Jacob K. Shafer (1823–1876), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka
Orator Shafer (1851–1922), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
John Adolph Shafer (1863-1918), masanin ilmin tsirrai na Amurka
Taylor Shafer (1866-1945), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
George F. Shafer (1888-1948), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
Tillie Shafer (1889–1962), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Phil Shafer (1891-1971), direban motar tseren Amurka
Paul W. Shafer (1893–1954), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka
An haife shi bayan 1900
Raymond P. Shafer (1917–2006), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
Whitey Shafer (1934–2019), marubucin mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka kuma mawaki
Ruth Shafer (1912 - 1972), injiniyan Amurka
An haife shi bayan 1950
Ross Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan wasan barkwanci na Amurka kuma mai magana mai kuzari
Robert R. Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka
Dirk Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), samfurin Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin allo kuma darekta
Scott Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
David Shafer (dan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
Glenn Shafer (mai rai), masanin lissafin Amurka, mai haɓaka ka'idar Dempster-Shafer
Jack Shafer (mai rai), ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubuci
Jeremy Shafer (mai rai), Ba'amurke ɗan wasan nishadantarwa kuma mai magana
Justin Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Shafar
Haihuwa bayan 1800
Shaffer (baseball), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
John Shaffer (dan siyasa) (1827-1870), gwamnan yanki na Amurka
Joseph Crockett Shaffer (1880-1958), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka
Harry G. Shaffer (dan siyasa) (1885–1971), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka
An haife shi bayan 1900
Anthony Shaffer (marubuci) (1926-2001), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi, marubuci, kuma marubucin allo.
David Shaffer (an haife shi 1936), likitan Amurka
Earl Shaffer (1918–2002), Ba’amurke a waje kuma marubuci
Elaine Shaffer (1925-1973), 'yar Amurka
Harry G. Shaffer (1919-2009), masanin tattalin arziki na Australiya-Amurka
Jack Shaffer (1909 – 1963), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Amurka
James Shaffer (1910–2014), shugaban addinin Amurka
Jay C. Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936-) masanin ilimin halitta, mai kula da lepidoptera a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Halitta, London
Jim G. Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Amurka da ilimin ɗan adam
John H. Shaffer (1919–1997), mai gudanarwa na gwamnatin Amurka
Juliet Popper Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1932), ƙwararren ɗan adam ɗan Amurka kuma ƙwararren kididdiga
Lee Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne
Leland Shaffer (1912–1993), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Louise Shaffer (an Haife shi 1942), 'yar wasan Amurka, marubucin rubutun, kuma marubuci
Tim Shaffer (1945-2011), ɗan siyasan Amurka
Mary Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1947), ɗan wasan Amurka
Paul Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), mawaƙin Ba-Amurke ɗan ƙasar Kanada, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, ɗan wasan barkwanci da mawaki.
Sir Peter Shaffer (1926–2016), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo
Robert H. Shaffer (1915–2017), malamin Amurka
An haife shi bayan 1950
Anthony Shaffer (jami'in leken asiri) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), Laftanar Kanar na Sojojin Amurka kuma jami'in leken asirin CIA.
Erica Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1970), 'yar wasan Amurka
James Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan wasan guitar Ba'amurke
Matthew Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Amurka, talabijin, kuma ɗan wasan fim
Brian Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), dalibin likitancin Amurka ya ɓace
Kevin Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Amurka
Atticus Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998), ɗan wasan Amurka ne
Justin Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka
Brenda Shaffer (mai rai), marubuciyar kimiyyar siyasar Amurka
Chris Shaffer (mai rai), mawaƙin Amurka-mawaƙi
Deborah Shaffer (mai rai), mai shirya fina-finan Amurka
Duba kuma
Kamfanin Shafer Valve
Schafferer
Schieffer
Sheaffer
Shepherd (sunan mahaifi)
Nassoshi
Gari |
33112 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyin%20Okupe | Doyin Okupe | Adedoyin Ajibike Okupe (an haife shi 22 Maris 1952), wanda aka fi sani da Dr. Doyin Okupe, likita ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Cross kuma shi ne Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na National Republican Convention (NRC). An taɓa tsare shi a ƙarƙashin Janar Sani Abacha, kuma daga baya an hana shi shiga takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP); daga baya, ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Ogun.
organizationDoyin Okupe
Okupe ya kasance mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo da kuma babban mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin jama’a ga shugaba Goodluck Jonathan.
Fage
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Maris 1952 a Iperu a Jihar Ogun ta Najeriya, Okupe ɗane ga Cif Matthew Adekoya Okupe, wanda ma’aikacin banki ne a bankin Agbonmagbe . ‘Yan uwansa su ne Kunle Okupe, Owo Okupe, Wemi Okupe da Larry Okupe, sai ‘yan uwansa mata Aina Okanlawon da Bisola Ayeni. Ya halarci Makarantar St. Jude da ke Ebute Metta a Legas, Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Yaba Legas da Jami'ar Ibadan da ke Ibadan a Jihar Oyo .
Sana'a
Duk da cewa Okupe likita ne, amma kuma yana taka rawa a siyasar jam’iyya . Ya taɓa zama mawallafin jaridar lafiya mai suna Life Mirror.
Aikin likita
Okupe ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a asibitocin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, ciki har da asibitin St. Nicholas, Legas, kafin ya kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Cross (wanda aka fi sani da Royal Cross Hospital) a Obalende, Legas, tare da abokan aikinsa, Dokta Seyi Roberts da Dr. Ladi Okuboyejo. Ya kasance Manajan Darakta (MD) na Royal Cross Medical Center.
A cewar Olusegun Osoba a wata hira da ya yi da jaridar The Nation a watan Yulin 2019 da jaridar The Nation (Nigeria), a daren ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 1994, Okupe da Dokta Seyi Roberts sun ceci ran mai tsaron ƙofarsa daga harbin bindiga da suka yi a kai.
Sana'ar siyasa
A lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Biyu, Okupe ya kasance ɗan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar NPN a zaɓen 1983 na ‘yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya .
A Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Uku, Okupe ya zama Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na National Republican Convention (NRC). Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilan NRC da suka lura da tattara sakamakon zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 1993 a hedkwatar hukumar zaɓe ta ƙasa .
Gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta tsare Okupe a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1996. Daga baya, a watan Maris 1998, a lokacin shirin miƙa mulki na Abacha, yana cikin ’ yan siyasar da aka hana shiga zaɓen fidda gwani na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP). Olusegun Adeniyi (2005). "Chapter 3: The Ides of March — March 1, 1998"
A zuwan jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Najeriya a halin yanzu, an naɗa Okupe mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Daga baya, a shekarar 2002, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu neman tsayawa takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Ogun, kuma ya kasance babban ɗan takara tare da Gbenga Daniel . A shekarar 2012, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa Okupe a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan harkokin jama’a.
Okupe ya kasance mai yaɗa labarai a lokuta daban-daban ga masu neman takarar shugabancin Najeriya a PDP, ciki har da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, Bukola Saraki da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa Atiku Abubakar . A watan Yulin 2017, ya bayyana matakinsa na barin PDP ya koma jam’iyyar Accord Party, amma saboda ya amince ya zama shugaban kwamitin yaƙin neman zaben Bukola Saraki a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar PDP na 2019, jam’iyyar Accord ta kore shi. a watan Satumba 2018. Daga nan ya koma PDP, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Atiku Abubakar, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PDP a zaɓen shugaban Ƙasar Najeriya na 2019.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Okupe ya auri Aduralere Okupe. Ɗaya daga cikin ‘ya’yansu Ditan Okupe.
Yayin da Okupe ya goyi bayan ɗan takarar PDP, Atiku Abubakar a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019, dan shi Ditan ya goyi bayan Muhammadu Buhari .
A cikin Mayu 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa Okupe da matarsa, Aduralere sun gwada ingancin COVID-19 a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020 kuma sun murmure.
A cikin Janairu 2021, dansa, Bolu Okupe, mazaunin Paris, ya fito a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a shafinsa na Instagram.
Rigingimu da ƙararraki
A watan Agustan 2012 ne aka ruwaito cewa Okupe da kamfanoninsa sun fuskanci Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin ƙasa Ta’annati (EFCC) da laifin ƙin aiwatar da kwangilolin gina tituna da aka bai wa kamfanoninsa a shekarar 2004 da Jihar Binuwai da kuma a 2005 ta Jihar Imo . Daga ƙarshe dai an cimma matsaya da jihar Imo, yayin da aka warware matsalar jihar Binuwai ta hanyar yin sulhu .
A watan Yulin 2016, an yi zargin cewa, Naira miliyan 702 daga cikin dala biliyan 2 da aka wa wure a cikin dala biliyan 2 na sayen makamai ko kuma Dasukigate a ofishin mai ba shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Sambo Dasuki, EFCC ta gano Okupe. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2019, EFCC ta gurfanar da Okupe a gaban wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja a kan tuhume-tuhume 59 da suka haɗa da karkatar da kuɗaɗe zuwa naira miliyan 702.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1952
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22376 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%20A%20Hadarin%20%28SAR%29 | Masana A Hadarin (SAR) | Masana a Hadarin (SAR) ne a Amurka na tushen kasa da kasa na cibiyar sadarwa na ilimi cibiyoyin shirya ga goyon baya da kuma kare ka'idojin 'yancin samun ilmi , kuma don kare hakkin dan Adam na malamai a duniya. Membobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da cibiyoyin ilimi sama da 530 a cikin ƙasashe 42.
Tarihi
An kafa Malamai masu Hadari a lokacin shirin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a Jami'ar Chicago a shekarata 1999 inda aka fara tare da babban taro a watan Yunin 2000. Yana da hedkwatarsa a cikin harabar Greenwich Village na Jami'ar New York . Rob Quinn shine darektan Masana a Hadarin.
In 2001, Scholars at Risk joined with other international education and human rights organizations to launch the Network for Education and Academic Rights (NEAR). When NEAR disbanded SAR continued this work through its Academic Freedom Media Review, Scholars-in-Prison Project and Academic Freedom Monitoring Project.
A cikin shekarata 2002, SAR tayi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya wacce aka kafa Asusun Ceto Masanin Ilimi na IIE. Asusun na bayar da tallafin kudi ga malaman da ke fuskantar mummunar barazana ta yadda za su iya tserewa daga mummunan yanayi kuma su ci gaba da aikin karatunsu cikin aminci.
A cikin shekarata 2003, hedokwatar cibiyar sadarwar ta ƙaura daga Jami'ar Chicago zuwa harabar Birnin New York na Jami'ar New York. A cikin 2005, SAR da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun fara shirya 'sassan' SAR da 'cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan hulɗa' a duk duniya, gina al'umma a duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa masana da haɓaka freedomancin ilimi a ko'ina.
Daga shekarata 2007 zuwa shekarar 2010, SAR ta jagoranci jerin bitoci don samar da aminci, buɗaɗɗen taro don masana da masu ba da shawara daga ko'ina cikin duniya don tattaunawa kan girman yanki na 'yanci na ilimi da ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta, da haɓaka haɓaka martani. Waɗannan sun haifar da ci gaban tsarin karatun 'yanci na ilimi kuma a cikin 2011 zuwa kungiyoyin wucin gadin yancin Ilimi, waɗanda suka yi bincike game da kariya ga freedomancin ilimi a ƙarƙashin dokar' yancin ɗan adam ta duniya .
A shekarata 2012, SAR launched the Academic Freedom Monitoring Project, through which volunteer researchers document attacks on higher education in specific countries or regions which are then published in a report. The first Free to Think report was published in 2015 and since then it has been published annually.
A cikin shekarata 2014, SAR ta sake ƙaddamar da Seminar Ba da Shawarar Studentalibai, wani yunƙuri wanda ta hanyar masu binciken malamai ke taimaka wa ɗalibai haɓaka ci gaba da dabarun bayar da shawarwari yayin binciken hare-hare kan al'ummomin ilimi.
Ayyuka
An shirya ayyukan SAR a ƙarƙashin manyan ginshiƙai guda uku: Kariya, Ba da Shawara da Ilmantarwa.
Kariya
SAR ta shirya wuraren zama na mafaka a jami'o'i da kwalejoji a cikin hanyar sadarwa don masu hankali waɗanda ke guje wa zalunci da tashin hankali. Ana tura malamai zuwa cibiyar sadarwar don kimantawa, din taimakon juna.
Shawara
Masu ilmi a Hadarin suna ba da shawara a madadin masana ilimi, marubuta, masu zane-zane, da sauran masu hankali waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar a cikin ƙasashensu. SAR ta shirya kamfen na duniya don tallafawa malamai da ɗaliban da ke kurkuku. Yana shigar da ɗalibai a cikin Seminar Ba da Shawarar Studentalibai da kuma Cibiyoyin Shari'a don koyon ainihin binciken duniya da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Adam Braver a Jami'ar Roger Williams shine Mai Gudanar da Seminar da'awar. A cikin ranakun Bayar da Shawarar Studentalibai na Amurka suma an shirya su. SAR kuma tana gudanar da bincike tare da cibiyar yanar gizo na masu bincike na sa kai don Tsarin Kula da 'Yanci na Ilimi.
Tsarin Kula da 'Yanci na Ilimi
Aikin sa ido ya tattara da bayanai game da ayyana hare-hare kan ilimi mafi girma. Waɗannan an tattara su ta hanyar masu bayar da gudummawa waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da nazarin abubuwan da suka faru, bin diddigin tushe da shaidu da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da martanin bayar da shawarwari. Kowace shekara ana buga rahoton 'Yanci don tunani da ke nuna waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Koyo
SAR tana shirya abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke tallafawa koyo game da yancin ilimi, kamar taron shekara-shekara na Duniya, taron karawa juna ilimi / masu bincike, jerin masu magana da kakakin SAR, ƙungiyoyin bincike, bita kan inganta ƙimar ilimi mai girma. SAR kwanan nan ta kirkiro MOOC mai suna Tambayoyi masu Hadari tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oslo .
Wasu malamai waɗanda SAR suka bayar da shawarwari ko suke bayarwa
Abdulqadir Jalaleddin, China
Ahmadreza Djalali, Iran
Gokarakonda Naga Saibaba, India
Hatoon Al-Fassi, Saudi Arabia
Ilham Tohti, Iran
Khalil Al-Halwachi, Bahrain
Sivasubramaniam Raveendranath, Sri Lanka
Niloufar Bayani, Iran
Nasser bin Ghaith, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
Omid Kokabee, Iran
Patrick George Zaki, Misira
Rahile Dawut, China
Tashpolat Tiyip, China
Xiyue Wang, Iran
Tsarin
In 2003, the network headquarters relocated from the University of Chicago to the New York City campus of New York University. In 2018 a European office was opened in Ireland at Maynooth University. SAR has sections in different countries which coordinate activities of SAR members in that country.
SAR Sashe
A cikin shekarata 2005, SAR da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun fara shirya 'sassan' SAR da 'cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan hulɗa' a duk duniya, gina al'umma a duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa masana da haɓaka yancin ilimi a ko'ina. An kafa sassan SAR a cikin Isra'ila (2005, yanzu yana barci), United Kingdom (2006, tare da CARA), Netherlands (2009, tare da UAF), Ireland (2009, tare da Jami'o'in Ireland), Norway (2011), Kanada (2012), Switzerland (2015), Sweden (2016), Jamus (2016), Finland (2017), Amurka (2018), Denmark (2019), Italia (2019), da Slovakia (2019), yayin da aka kafa cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da pre -wadatar cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka.
Haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa
Masana cikin Hadari suna kula da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi tare da manufofi masu alaƙa.
Zuwa yau, SAR ta ƙirƙiri Hanyoyin Sadarwar Abokin Hulɗa masu zuwa:
Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta EUA-SAR: Tare da mambobi 850 a duk faɗin ƙasashe 47, Universityungiyar Jami’ar Turai ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi girman ƙungiyar wakiltar jami’o’i a Turai. Millionalibai miliyan 17 sun shiga cikin jami'o'in membobin EUA. A matsayin muryar jami'o'in Turai, EUA tana tallafawa da ciyar da muradin ɗaiɗaikun makarantu da kuma fannin ilimi gabaɗaya.
Magna Charta Observatory: A watan Satumbar ma shekarata 2015, Masana a Risk da Magna Charta sun yarda da ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in 802 a cikin ƙasashe 85.
Kamfanin Sadarwar Abokin Hulɗa na UNICA-SAR: UNICA cibiyar sadarwa ce ta jami’o’i 46 daga manyan biranen 35 na Turai. Matsayinta shine haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi, haɗakawa da haɗin kai tsakanin jami'o'in membobi a ko'ina cikin Turai. Hakanan yana neman kasancewa jagora mai haɓaka ci gaban aikin Bologna da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗakar jami'o'i daga Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai zuwa Yankin Ilimi mafi girma na Turai.
Poungiyar Compostela ta Jami'o'in : An kafa ta a cikin 1993, poungiyar Jami'o'in Compostela ƙungiya ce ta ba da agaji ta duniya wacce yanzu ta ƙunshi fiye da jami'o'i 60 a cikin ƙasashe 27. CGU na neman ƙarfafa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin membobin jami'o'inta; tsara abubuwan da za a yi nazari da tattaunawa kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi ilimi mafi girma na duniya; da inganta motsi da haɗin kai tsakanin membobi a matsayin tushen inganta ilimin al'adu da yare.
Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes: Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes (COMUE) ya haɗu da SAR a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin Janairu 2017. An kafa COMUE a Faransa a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma ya ƙunshi mambobi shida da haɗin gwiwar manyan makarantu huɗu. Manufarsa ita ce ƙirƙirar jami'ar bincike ta fannoni daban-daban tare da babban martabar ƙasashen duniya da haɗin gida mai ƙarfi wanda ke kirkirar jama'a.
swissuniversities: A cikin 2012, jami'o'i, jami'o'in ilimin kimiyya da jami'o'in ilimin malanta a duk faɗin Switzerland sun kafa swissuniversities, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don ƙarfafawa da haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi na Switzerland da haɓaka murya ɗaya a kan al'amuran ilimi. swissuniversities kuma suna daidaita ayyuka da aiki a matakin ƙasa kamar yadda taron ƙasashen Switzerland na rectors na membobinsa 30 da ƙari . .
Makarantun Koyon Ilimin Fasaha da Kimiyya na Switzerland : Makarantun koyon aikin sun hada kansu musamman don daidaita tattaunawa tsakanin kimiyya da al'umma, kuma suna ba da shawara ga siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma dangane da al'amuran da suka shafi kimiyya wadanda suka dace da al'umma. Suna wakiltar ilimin kimiyya a duk faɗin cibiyoyi da horo. An kafa shi a cikin ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, suna da damar samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa don haka suna iya ba da takamaiman ilimi ga mahimman tambayoyin siyasa
Orungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ilimi ta Arewacin Amurka : Consungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ilimin Arewacin Amurka (CONAHEC) tana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi da hukumomin manyan makarantu a Kanada, Mexico, Amurka, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. CONAHEC na haɓaka shirye-shirye da damar ilimi don shirya ƙwararrun masanan duniya waɗanda ke iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yankin da ingantacciyar duniya.
Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ilimi Mai Kyau (ARES): Kamar yadda tarayyar jami’o’in Faransanci a yankin Wallonie da ke kudancin Belgium, ARES ke tsara ayyukan manyan cibiyoyin ilimi 127. ARES tana tallafawa sa hannu da haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyin membobinta a cikin haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida da na duniya ta hanyar inganta hangen nesa na duniya game da ilimin firamare.
Hijira ta Duniya, Haɗuwa da Hadin Kan Jama'a (IMISCOE): IMISCOE cibiyar sadarwa ce ta Turai ta masana a fannin ƙaura da haɗin kai kuma tana aiki da bincike da bugawa na kwatancen waɗanda aka buga a cikin jerin littattafan IMISCOE da mujallar CMS. IMISCOE yana da asusun haɗin kai kuma yana amfani da shi don tallafawa cibiyoyin membobinsu don karɓar bakuncin masu bincike a ƙarƙashin barazanar. Don wannan ya zama memba na SAR. IMISCOE na ba da gudummawa ga horar da matasa masu bincike da musayar su a duk Turai. Hakanan, IMISCOE yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar tsakanin masu bincike da al'umma (siyasa, siyasa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a).
Studentsungiyar Studentsasashen Turai (ESU): Studentsungiyar Studentsalibai ta Turai (ESU) ita ce ƙawancen ƙungiyar 46 Unungiyoyin Studentsungiyoyin Studentsalibai (NUS) 46 daga ƙasashe 39. Manufar ESU ita ce wakilta da haɓaka bukatun ilimi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da al'adu na ɗalibai a matakin Turai zuwa ga dukkanin ƙungiyoyin da suka dace kuma musamman Unionungiyar Tarayyar Turai, Bologna Follow Up Group, Majalisar Turai da UNESCO. Ta hanyar membobinta, ESU tana wakiltar kusan ɗalibai miliyan 15 a Turai.
Mexungiyar Meziko ta Ilimi ta Duniya (AMPEI): Mexungiyar Mexico ta Ilimi ta Duniya (Asociación Mexicana para la Educación Internacional) ƙungiya ce mai ba da riba wacce ke da niyyar ƙarfafa ƙimar ilimin ilimi na manyan makarantun Mexico na manyan makarantu ta hanyar ƙasashen duniya da haɗin gwiwar duniya.
Associationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Jami'o'in La Salle (IALU): IALU ingantaccen kayan aiki ne don ƙarfafa Ilimi mafi girma na Lasallian, haɓaka ci gaban jami'o'in a cikin hanyar sadarwar sa da ƙarfafa mutum da haɗin kai game da tsammanin da buƙatun da aka gabatar wa jami'o'i.
Duba kuma
'Yancin Ilimi
Majalisar don Nazarin Ilimin Haɗari
Asusun Ceto Masanin
Kwamitin Masana Masana kimiyya
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Scholars at Risk Network schedules conference, visit by Egyptian scholar
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Cisse | Aliyu Cisse | Aliou Cissé (an haife shi A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 1976) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal . Cissé sananne ne da kyaftin din tawagar Senegal da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2002 da kuma kasancewa kocin Senegal na farko da ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2022 bayan ya kai wasan karshe a shekarar 2019 .
Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Ingila Birmingham City da Portsmouth . Cissé ya kasance dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro wanda kuma, a wani lokaci, ya taka leda a tsakiya.
Cissé ya kasance babban kocin Senegal tun a shekarar 2015, bayan da ya karbi ragamar horas da su na dan lokaci bayan korar Amara Traoré, a matsayin riko a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 daga 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ya zama babban koci daga 2013 zuwa 2015.
Aikin kulob
An haife shi a Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé ya koma Paris yana da shekaru tara inda ya girma tare da mafarkin wasa don Paris Saint-Germain . Ya fara aikinsa da Lille OSC kafin ya koma CS Sedan Ardennes sannan kuma Paris Saint Germain. Ya kuma ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin 2001–02 akan lamuni a Montpellier Herault SC .
Bayan ya zama kyaftin din tawagar kasar Senegal zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, Cissé ya koma kulob din Birmingham City na Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2002-03, kakarsu ta farko a gasar Premier . Cissé ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a Arsenal a ranar farko ta kakar wasan bana, amma an kore shi. Kodayake an soke sallamar, ya ci gaba da karɓar katunan rawaya biyar a cikin wasanni shida, a ƙarshe yana tara katunan rawaya goma kafin Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta katse bayan da ya samu rauni a watan Fabrairu wanda ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba.
Cissé ya dawo a ƙarshen horo na farko a Yuli shekarar 2003, wanda ya jagoranci manajan Steve Bruce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin canja wuri. Cissé ya dawo da kansa cikin hoton tawagar farko, amma dangantakarsa da Bruce ta ci gaba da yin tsami. Bayan Kirsimeti, Cissé ya buga wasanni uku kawai a waccan kakar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya sanya hannu kan Portsmouth kan £300,000 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, duk da karfin canja wuri zuwa abokan hamayyar Premier Bolton Wanderers . Canja wurin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin rahoton Stevens da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Game da Cissé, rahoton ya ce, "Agent Willie McKay ya yi aiki ga Portsmouth a cikin canja wurin Cissé da [...] binciken ba a shirya don share waɗannan canje-canje a wannan mataki ba".
Bayan shekaru biyu a Portsmouth, Cissé ya koma CS Sedan a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi gwajin makonni biyu. Daga nan ya sanya hannu a Nîmes Olympique ta Faransa daga CS Sedan a cikin Satumba shekarar 2008. Cissé ya buga wasanni bakwai a lokacin kakar a shekarar 2008 – 09 kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 33.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Cissé ya zama din tawagar kasar Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2002 . Bayan da Faransa ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar daya ga watan, tawagar ta kai ga wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Turkiyya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 . Cissé kuma yana cikin tawagar Senegal da ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2002, amma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti a wasan karshe a wasan da suka doke Kamaru .
Aikin gudanarwa
A farkon Watan Maris shekarar 2015, an nada Cissé bisa hukuma a matsayin babban kocin tawagar ' yan wasan Senegal . Tawagar ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2017, tare da ci 2-0 a waje da Afrika ta Kudu . A karshe dai Senegal ta yi waje da ita a matakin rukuni na gasar bayan ta zama tawaga ta farko a tarihin gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya da aka fitar saboda dokar tazarce . “Wannan daya ne daga cikin ka’idojin. Dole ne mu mutunta shi, "in ji Cissé. “Hakika, mun gwammace a kawar da mu wata hanya. Wannan rana ce ta bakin ciki a gare mu, amma mun san wadannan su ne ka’idoji.”
Cissé ya horar da Senegal a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ya taimakawa Senegal zuwa wasan karshe na farko tun shekarar 2002, gasar da Cissé da kansa ya halarta lokacin yana kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai Senegal ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe da Algeria, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara da ci daya a matakin rukuni, kuma ta rasa kofinta na farko a Afirka.
A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Senegal (FSF) ta tsawaita kwantiragin Cissé da ma’aikatansa har zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2021.
A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, Cissé ya jagoranci Senegal zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021 . A wasan karshe sun doke Masar da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti inda suka samu nasarar lashe kofinsu na farko, ta haka ne ya fanshi kansa bayan rashin nasara biyu da suka yi a baya.
A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, ya jagoranci tawagar wasan kasar Senegal zuwa matakin knockout a karon farko tun yana dan wasa a shekarar 2002.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Cissé ya rasa wasu daga cikin danginsa a cikin MV gwagwalad Bala'in jirgin MV wanda ya afku a gabar tekun Gambiya a ranar 26 ga Satumba shekarar 2002. Domin girmama rayukan da aka rasa, Cissé ya halarci wasan sadaka tsakanin Senegal da Najeriya wanda ya tara kudi ga iyalan sama da 1,000 da aka ruwaito. Birmingham City, daya daga cikin tsoffin kulab dinsa, ya gwagwalad tattara kudi ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya karrama Cissé ta hanyar nuna katafaren tutar gwagwalad Senegal a wasan da suka buga da Manchester City .
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Gudanarwa
Girmamawa
Mai kunnawa
Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de la Ligue ya zo na biyu: 1999-2000
UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2001
Senegal
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002
Individual
Kocin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021
CAF Kyaututtuka na Shekara: 2022
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Aliou Cissé – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French
Aliou Cissé at Soccerbase
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima | Jima | Jima Hanya ce da ake sarrafa fata a gyara ta don a yi wani amfani na daban da ita, ko kuma jima sana'a ce ta gyara fatar dabba ta hanyar ciccire gashin jikin fatar da sauran abubuwan da ba'a so. Jima a kasar Hausa ta kasu kashi biyu, akwai na gargajiya sannan kuma akwai ta zamani.
Aiki
Masu jiman zamani kuma sukan yi aikin fatu ta hanyoyin zamani don yin jakunkuna da takalma da rigar kujerun zama da kuma ita kanta fatar a kan gyarata don sayarwa ga sauran ƙasashe.
Ana iya amfani da fatar kowacce dabba wajen jima a nan kasar Hausa, a nan kasar Hausa an fi amfani da fatun kada da jimina da macizai da fatun awaki da tumakai da sauransu.
Jimar gargajiya ta kumshi mutanen da suke sarrafa fata su juya ta zuwa nau’i daban–daban wanda suke dunka layu da bante da rigar wuka (kube) da jakunkunan fata da linzami da takalmi da sirdin doki da sulke na fata.
Yadda ake Jima
Jima sana’a ce ta gyaran fata, wadda ake ciccire gashi da sauran abubuwan da ba a bukata daga jikin fata, a mayar da ita fes, domin yin wani abin amfani da ita. Masu yin wannan sana’a su ake kira Majema. Haka nan, gurin da ake yin wannan sana’ar ma a kan kira shi da sunan Majema.
Asalin sana'ar Jima
Sana’ar jima sana’a ce da aka same ta a wurin Larabawa, an samu wannan sana’a a kasar Hausa can lokutan baya da Larabawa ke zuwa fatauci. Daga cikin irin wadannan masu zuwa fataucin akwai malamai masu karatun Alqur’ani, cikinsu kuwa akwai wadanda ke sarrafa fata domin yin shimfida wadda ake kira buzu, da kuma yin jaka wadda ake kira gafaka domin adana Alqur’ani da sauran takardun karatu. Zuwan su kasar Hausa sai ya zama suna koyawa almajiransu irin wadannan sana’o’i bayan karatu da suke koya musu. Wannan shi ne asalin samuwar wannan sana’a ta jima a kasar Hausa.
Kayan Aiki
Kayan aikin Jima sun hada da:
Majema: Shi ne asalin gurin da ake gudanar da sana’ar jima. A nan ake yi mata komai.
Kwatarniya: Mazubi ce da masu sana’ar ginin tukunya suke yi. A cikinta ake wanke fata da kuma jikata domin cire gashi da sauran abubuwa.
Bagaruwa: Sinadari ce da ake cire gashin fata da ita.
Toka da Kanwa: Su ne sidaran farko da ke rukar da gashin fata domin a cire shi daga jikin fata cikin sauki.
Kashin Kaji/Tattabaru: Shi ne sinadari na biyu da yake rudar da sauran ƙananan gashi a jikin fata domin a cire shi cikin sauƙi.
Kartaji: Shi ne abin da ake tuje gashi da kuma nama daga jikin fata.
Gwafa: Ana kafa ta domin daura igiyar shanya a jikinta.
Igiya: Ita ake daura wa a jikin gwafa a shanya fata a kanta.
Turmi: Kala biyu ne, akwai rabi wanda ake dora fata a jikinsa a tuje gashinta da kartaji. Sai kuma ainihin turmi wanda ake zuba fata a kirɓa ta a ciki idan za a tura (idan za a yi mata launi) ta.
Taɓarya: Da ita ake kirɓa fata a cikin turmi.
Kartaji
Turmin da ake yin Gurza, Katsi da kuma Karni
Turmi da Taɓaryar Kirɓi
Kayayyakin da Ake yi da Fata
Abu ne mai wahala a ƙididdige abubuwan da ake yi da fata bayan an jeme ta. Kaɗan daga ciki akwai:
1. Sutura: Tun da can asali kuma har zuwa yau ɗin nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin sutura. Suturar da ake yi da fata akwai riga, takalmi, hula, da majanyi (Belt), da sauransu. Kayan Kwalliya: Akan yi abubuwa da suka shafi kwalliya kamar irin su abin maƙalla makulli (key holder).
2. Jakakkuna: Ana yin jakakkuna manya da ƙanana, irin na da da kuma na zamanin yanzu da muke ciki. Jakakkuna irin na da akwai gafaka (jaka ce da ake saka Alƙur’ani a ciki da sauran takardun karatu. Wannan na daga cikin tushen kawo wannan sana’a cikin Ƙasar Hausa), akwai burgami (jakar mafarauta), akwai zabira (jakar wanzamai), taiki (jaka ce mai kamar buhu da mutanen da ke amfani da ita wajen zuba kayayyaki kamar irin su hatsi da sauransu), sannan kuma akwai salka (ita ma jaka ce ta fata da ake zuba ruwa a ciki), da sauransu.
3. Kayan Yaƙi da Farauta: Haka nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin kayayyakin yaƙi da kuma farauta. Daga cikin irin waɗannan kayayyaki akwai: Warki (fata ce ake jeme ta iya tsawon dabbar, wacce mafarauta ke ratayawa a jiki domin samun kariya daga sara ko harbi. A wasu lokutan kuma akan bar ta da gashin nata sai dai a ɗame ta kawai. Sannan wasu sukan kira ta da buzu), sannan kuma akwai garkuwa (fata ce ta giwa da ake busar da ita sannan a ƙamar da ita ta yi tauri, mayaƙa sukan kare harbin kibiya ko mashi da ita), akwai kube (kusan wata irin nau’in jaka ce da ake saka takobi, adda, ko wuƙa a ciki. Wato gidan takobi, adda ko wuƙa), akwai kuma safi, da ake sakawa a ƙotar wuƙa, takobi ko adda domin basu kariya daga tsagewa. Kayan ƙira: Ana yin kayan ƙira kamar zuga-zugi da fata. Kayan Kiɗa: Da fata ake yin marufin mafiya yawan kayan kiɗan gargajiyar Hausa, kamar irin su ganga, dundufa, kotso, kalangu, da sauransu.
4. Guga: Wata aba ce da ake ɗebo ruwa da ita daga cikin rijiya. Kayan fatake: Kilago, fata ce gyararriya da fatake ko mayaƙa ke amfani da ita wajen yin tanti a sahara ko daji.
5. Kayan Shimfiɗa: Akwai buzu (fata ce akasari ta rago da malamai ke amfani da ita wajen yin shimfiɗa idan za su yi karatu ko salla), akwai kuma tabarma ta zamani (Carpet), akwai kuma rigar fulo, da sauransu. Ƙafar Guragu.
Shanyar Fata
Kamalalliyar Fata
Amfanin Jima
Amfanin jima yana da yawa. Daga ciki akwai:
Samar da ayyukan yi. Haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙi. Samar da sutura. Yadda Ake Jima
Ana yin sana’ar jima a mataki-mataki kamar haka:
Jiƙon Gashi: Matakin jiƙo shi ne matakin farko da idan an kawo fata ake karkaɗe ta a wanke ta da ruwa domin cire abubuwan da ba a so da suka haɗa da ƙasa ko gishiri.
Sanwa: A wannan mataki ana samun ruwa ne a zuba a kwatarniya sannan a zuba toka, da kanwa da kuma katsi (turɓayar gaurayen masu rini) a cikin ruwan sannan a zuba fatar a ciki. Wannan shi ne sanwa. Fata takan ɗauki tsawon kwanaki biyu a kan sanwa. A wannan mataki gashi yake laushi wanda ko da hannu ma ana iya cisge shi.
Gurza: Gurza ita ce cire gashi daga jikin fata. A nan ana ɗora fata a kan turmi sai kuma a kawo kartaji a kankare gashin da ke jikinta. Kwaloko: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa haɗe da kashin kaji ko na tattabaru a cikin kwatarniya sannan a kawo fatar a zuba a ciki. Amfanin wannan shi ne cire ɗan sauran gashin da ya rage. Katsi: Shi ne cire ƙananan gashin da ya rage a jikin fata. Ana yin katsi ne ta hanyar ɗora fata a kan turmi sannan a kankare ta da kartaji. Tsomi/Cuɗa: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa a cikin kwatarniya sannan sai a samu bagaruwa a zuba a ciki, sai kuma a zuba fatar a ciki. Fata tana kwana ɗaya a wannan mataki. Karni: Shi ne cire naman da ke jikin fata. Bayan an cuɗe fata kuma sai a sake ɗora ta a kan turmi, a wannan karon kuma cikinta ake kankarewa domin fitar da sauran naman da masu fiɗa suka rage. Yadda Ake Karni
Cuɗa/Daɗi: Cuɗa ita ce zuba ruwa da bagaruwa a cikin kwatarniya bayan an yi mata karni. Fata takan ɗauki kwana guda a cikin wannan ruwa.
Wanki: Ana zuba fata a cikin zallan ruwa a wanke ta. Shanya: Mataki ne da ake ɗora fata a kan igiya domin ta bushe. Launi: A wannan mataki ne ake yi wa fata launin da ake so, wanda ka iya zama ja, shuɗi ko ruwan ɗorawa. A wannan mataki ana yi wa fata abubuwa kamar haka: Shafa mangyaɗa. Jiƙa fata da ruwa ta hanyar yayyafa ruwan a kan fatar. Kirɓi: Mataki ne na launi da ake saka fata a turmi bayan an jiƙa ta da ruwa a kirɓa ta. Sai kuma a zuba kayan turi a launa fatar a cikin kwatarniya. Sai kuma a matse fatar daga ruwan turi. Sai a sake shanya ta a kan igiya. Ja: Mataki ne da ake ɗame fata da sauran danshinta na turi. Ana take gefen fata da ƙafa sannan a ja ta a ɗame ta. Naɗi: Mataki ne da ake naɗe fatar a kifa biyu bayan an ɗame ta.
Diddigin bayanan waje
Alhassan A., Musa U.I., da Zarruƙ R.M. (1982). Zaman Hausawa Don Makarantun Gaba da Firmare.
Durumin Iya M.A. (2006). Tasirin Kimiyya da Ƙere-Ƙeren Zamani a kan Sana'o'in Hausawa na Gargajiya. KABS Printing Services (NIG), Durumin Iya, Kano-Nigeria.
Ƙwalli K.M. (1996). Kano Jalla Babbar Hausa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Yakasai K. I. (Babu shekarar bugu). A San Mutum A Kan Cinikinsa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Bibiliyo
Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6.OCLC 489903061.
Manazarta |