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33641 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Izonritei | David Izonritei | David Izonritei (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da takwas 1968A.c) tsohon ɗan damben Najeriya ne. Wanda kuma aka fi sani da David Izon Izonritei ya lashe lambar azurfa mai nauyi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992. A lokacin aikinsa na ƙwararru, ya ci nasara da masu kalubalantar taken duniya Derrick Jefferson da Lou Savarese.
Aiki
Izon yana da record wanda ya haɗa da lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta Barcelona 1992. A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa lambar azurfa Izon ya doke fitattun 'yan wasan David Tua na New Zealand, da Kirk Johnson na Canada. Ya sha kashi a hannun Félix Savón na Cuba a wasan karshe.
Sana'a/Aiki
Izon ya fara aikinsa na pro tare da nasara a jere 18 kafin Maurice Harris ya fusata. A yakinsa na gaba Izon ya dauki David Tua, kuma bayan zagaye na 11, Tua ya kori Izon. Izon ya yi nasara a kan Lou Savarese kafin ya sha kashi a hannun Michael Grant, wanda ba a ci nasara ba a lokacin yakin. Daga nan Izon ya hada nasarori da dama kafin ya yi rashin nasara a fafatawarsa uku na karshe sannan ya yi ritaya daga dambe a shekarar 2003.
Ƙwararrun 'yan dambe
|-
|align="center" colspan=8|27 Wins (23 knockouts, 4 decisions), 6 Losses (4 knockouts, 2 decisions)
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Al Cole
|UD
|8
|01/03/2003
|align=left| Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Joe Mesi
|KO
|9
|18/10/2002
|align=left| Buffalo, New York, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Fres Oquendo
|TKO
|3
|01/12/2001
|align=left| New York City, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Sedillo
|TKO
|3
|20/10/2000
|align=left| Auburn Hills, Michigan, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Reynaldo Minus
|TKO
|2
|20/05/2000
|align=left| Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Derrick Jefferson
|TKO
|9
|15/01/2000
|align=left| New York City, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Garing Lane
|UD
|8
|28/08/1999
|align=left| Tunica, Mississippi, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Terrence Lewis
|KO
|5
|04/06/1999
|align=left| Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Darroll Wilson
|KO
|4
|14/11/1998
|align=left| Mashantucket, Connecticut, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Marion Wilson
|UD
|8
|18/07/1998
|align=left| New York City, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Michael Grant
|TKO
|5
|17/01/1998
|align=left| Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Lou Savarese
|KO
|5
|01/11/1997
|align=left| New York City, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Harry Daniels
|KO
|1
|11/09/1997
|align=left| Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| David Tua
|TKO
|12
|21/12/1996
|align=left| Uncasville, Connecticut, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Maurice Harris
|UD
|8
|15/03/1996
|align=left| Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Brian Morgan
|TKO
|8
|15/12/1995
|align=left| Sedan, Ardennes, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Cleveland Woods
|TKO
|8
|04/11/1995
|align=left| Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Kimmuel Odum
|TKO
|5
|24/10/1995
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Marion Wilson
|DQ
|5
|23/08/1995
|align=left| Le Cannet, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Dan Kosmicki
|TKO
|5
|02/07/1995
|align=left| Dublin, Ireland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Arturo Lopez
|KO
|2
|11/04/1995
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Bill Corrigan
|KO
|1
|01/04/1995
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ali Allen
|KO
|2
|04/03/1995
|align=left| Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Robinson
|TKO
|5
|04/02/1995
|align=left| Beziers, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| William Campudani
|KO
|1
|03/12/1994
|align=left| Salta, Argentina
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Isaac Poole
|KO
|2
|16/11/1994
|align=left| Buenos Aires, Argentina
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Rick Sullivan
|PTS
|6
|29/10/1994
|align=left| Menucourt, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Krishna Wainwright
|TKO
|6
|14/07/1994
|align=left| Monte Carlo, Monaco
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Laszlo Paszterko
|TKO
|3
|17/04/1994
|align=left| Clermont-Ferrand, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Phillipe Houyvet
|TKO
|5
|19/03/1994
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Jean Michel Vauquelin
|TKO
|2
|12/02/1994
|align=left| Cergy-Pontoise, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Earl Talley
|KO
|1
|16/10/1993
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Carlos Guerreiro
|TKO
|1
|06/03/1993
|align=left| Levallois-Perret, France
|align=left|
|}
Personal
’Yan ’uwan Dauda, Roger da Emmanuel Izonritei, su ma ƙwararrun ’yan dambe ne. David yana zaune a Pensacola, FL tare da matarsa, Laurence Faransa da yara biyu, Melissa da Ian.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Boxing record for David Izonritei from BoxRec (registration required)
Rayayyun mutane |
21133 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdou%20Labo | Abdou Labo | Abdou Labo ɗan siyasar Nijar ne kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyya da Walwalan ɗan Adam (CDS-Rahama). Ya yi aiki a takaice a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Tsaro daga shekarar 1994 zuwa shekarar 1995, kuma a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya rike mukaman minista a shekarun 2000s: ya kasance Ministan kayan aiki daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2002, karamin Ministan Wasanni da Al'adu. daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekarar 2004, da kuma Karamin Ministan Hydraulics daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekarar 2007. Daga baya, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan Cikin Gida daga shekarar 2011 zuwa shekarar 2013 da kuma ƙaramin Ministan Noma daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2014.
Harkar siyasa
Bayan zaɓukan shekarar 1993, inda aka zaɓi shugaban CDS Mahamane Ousmane a matsayin Shugaban Nijar kuma kawancen da suka hada da CDS sun sami rinjaye a majalisar, an nada Labo a matsayin Sakataren Jihakin Sadarwa, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ministan Sadarwa, Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni, Hassoumi Massoudou, a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1993. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tsaro na kasa a gwamnatin Firayim Minista Souley Abdoulaye a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1994; waccan gwamnatin ta yi aiki ne na dan lokaci, duk da haka, kuma Labo ya bar gwamnati bayan CDS ta fadi a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairu shekarar 1995.
Zaɓen majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1999 ya kasance wanda ya samu nasarar kawancen National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da CDS, sannan aka nada Labo a matsayin Ministan Kayan aiki da Sufuri a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2000. An gyara muƙaminsa na minista a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2001, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Ministan Kayan aiki, Gidaje, da Gudanar da Yankin, kuma a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2002 aka ba shi mukamin karamin Ministan Wasanni, Al'adu, da Wasannin Faransanci . Bayan zaben majalisar dokoki na watan Disambar shekarar 2004, wanda aka zabi Labo a matsayin dan takarar CDS ga Majalisar Kasa daga mazabar Maradi, Labo ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin gwamnati kuma an nada shi Ƙaramin Ministan Hydraulics, Muhalli, da Yaki da Hamada. a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2004.
A cikin gwamnatin da aka ambata a ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2007, Labo ya kasance Ministan Jiha amma an bar shi a matsayin mai kula da lantarki. Shi ne na biyu cikin masu mukamin gwamnati, bayan Firayim Minista Hama Amadou . Ba a sa shi cikin gwamnatin Firayim Minista Seyni Oumarou ba, wanda aka nada a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2007 bayan ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa da tsohuwar gwamnatin. Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya yanke shawara a waccan lokacin cewa ya kamata a cire ministocin da suka yi aiki a cikin gwamnati sama da shekaru biyar daga ciki.
Labo ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na CDS, wanda ke wakiltar Sashin Maradi, a 2002.
Kodayake CDS da Shugabanta, Mahamane Ousmane, sun goyi bayan Seyni Oumarou a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban kasa na Janairu <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwMg">–</span> Maris shekarar 2011, Labo ta goyi bayan abokin hamayyar Oumarou, Mahamadou Issoufou . Issoufou ya ci zabe kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin Shugaban ƙasa a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011; sannan ya naɗa Labo ga gwamnati a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama'a, Bada iko, da kuma Addini a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011.
Labo ya koma matsayin karamin Ministan Noma a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2013; Hassoumi Massoudou ya maye gurbinsa a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida.
An kama matar Labo a watan Yunin shekarar 2014 dangane da wani bincike kan safarar jarirai daga " masana'antar jarirai " a Najeriya, inda yaran suka haifa da 'yan mata da aka kama sannan aka sayar da su. Labo ya musanta kasancewa tare da haramtacciyar hanyar sadarwar, amma kuma an kama shi a watan Agustan 2014. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka kore shi daga gwamnati a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Maidagi Allambeye, wani memba na CDS.
Daga baya, a shekarar 2015, aka zaɓi Labo a matsayin dan takarar CDS na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2016, inda ya kayar da Mahamane Ousmane, wanda daga baya aka ayyana shi a matsayin ɗan takarar wata jam’iyyar.
Manazarta
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Nijar
Yan siyasa
Yan siyasan Nijar |
26463 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e%20-ya%C6%99e%20Ridda | Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda | Yaƙe -yaƙe na Ridda (Larabci: حُرُوب ٱلرِّدَّة), ko Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda, jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne da Khalifa Abubakar ya ƙaddamar a kan kabilun Larabawa masu tawaye a lokacin 632 da 633, bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. 'Yan tawaye da yawa sun bi ko dai Musaylimah, Tulayha, Sajjah ko Aswad Ansi, dukkansu sun yi da'awar annabawa ne. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun ce sun mika wuya ga Muhammadu a matsayin annabin Allah, amma ba su da wani abu ga Abubakar. An ci nasara da kabilun 'yan tawaye kuma an tilasta musu komawa cikin ikon halifanci. Cikakken sake gina abubuwan da ke faruwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar rikice -rikice da rikice -rikicen da ake samu a tushen asali.
Gabatarwa
A tsakiyar watan Mayu na 632, Muhammad, wanda yanzu ba shi da lafiya, ya ba da umarnin babban shiri don yaƙi da Daular Byzantine domin ɗaukar fansar shahidai na Yakin Mu'tah. Musulmai 3000 ne zasu shiga cikin ta. Usama bn Zaid, saurayi kuma ɗan Zaidu bn Harithah wanda aka kashe a yaƙi a Mu'utah, an naɗa shi kwamandan wannan runduna don ya rama mutuwar mahaifinsa. Koyaya, Muhammadu ya mutu a watan Yuni 632 kuma Abubakar ya zama Khalifa ta wasu tsirarun mutane da masu mahawara a Saqifah.
A ranar farko ta halifancinsa, Abubakar ya umarci rundunar Usama da su shirya tafiya. Abu Bakr ya kasance cikin matsanancin matsin lamba game da wannan balaguron saboda tashin tawaye da ridda a duk ƙasar Arabiya, amma ya ƙuduri aniya. Kafin tafiyarsa, Usama ya aika Umar zuwa ga Abubakar kuma an ce ya fada:
Sai dai Abubakar ya ki. An motsa shi zuwa wannan shawarar aƙalla wani ɓangare ta muradinsa na aiwatar da shirin soja na Muhammadu da bai cika ba.
A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 632, sojojin Usama suka yi sansani suka tashi. Bayan barin Madina, Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Tabuk. Yawancin kabilun da ke wannan yankin sun yi tsayayya da shi ƙwarai, amma ya ci su. Usama ya kai farmaki nesa ba kusa ba a yankin Arewacin Larabawa, ya fara da Quza'a, sannan ya nufi Dawmatu l-Jandal (Al Jawf na zamani, Saudi Arabia).
Sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa kai tsaye, kabilun 'yan tawaye da yawa sun sake mika mulkin Mediniya kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sake karɓar Musulunci. Quza'a ta ci gaba da tawaye kuma ba ta tuba, amma daga baya Amr bn al-As ya kai musu farmaki tare da tilasta musu sake mika wuya.
Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Mu'utah, inda ya kai hari kan Larabawan Kiristoci na kabilun Banu Kalb da Ghassanids a wani karamin yaki. Sannan ya koma Madina, tare da shi da yawan fursunoni da dukiya mai yawa, wanda daga cikinsu ya ƙunshi ganimar yaƙi da sashin haraji na kabilun da suka sake cin nasara. Sojojin Musulunci sun ci gaba da zama a Madina tsawon kwanaki 40.
Tsaro na Madina
Yawan 'yan tawayen da ke kusa da Madina yana cikin yankuna biyu: Abraq, mil 72 zuwa arewa maso gabas, da Dhu Qissa, mil 24 zuwa gabas. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙunshi kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun abokan gaba, inda ya yi kira gare su da su kasance masu biyayya ga Musulunci da ci gaba da bayar da Zakka.
Mako daya ko biyu bayan tafiyar sojojin Usama, kabilun ‘yan tawaye sun kewaye Madina, da sanin cewa akwai rundunonin fada a cikin garin. A halin yanzu, Tulayha, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya ƙarfafa 'yan tawayen a Dhu Qissa. A cikin sati na uku na watan Yulin 632, sojojin ridda sun tashi daga Dhu Qissa zuwa Dhu Hussa, daga inda suka shirya kai farmaki kan Madina. Abubakar ya sami bayanan motsin 'yan tawaye, kuma nan da nan ya shirya don kare Madina. Ibn Kathir ya rubuta cewa nan da nan Abubakar ya kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar tsaro ta al-Ḥaras wa al-Shurṭa don kare Madina. An nada tsofaffin sahabbai kamar Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubaidullah da Zubair ibn al-Awam a matsayin kwamandojin wadannan raka'a. Dakarun Haras wa l Shurta sun hau raƙumansu zuwa kan tudun Madina da daddare, inda suka tare dakarun farmakin kawancen ridda, har sai abokan gaba suka koma Dhu Qisha.
Yakin Zhu Hissa
Kashegari, Abu Bakr ya yi tattaki tare da babban runduna daga Madina ya nufi Dhu Hussa. Da yake raƙuman sojan da ke hawa duk suna tare da rundunar Usama, zai iya tattara rakumi kawai a matsayin hawa. Waɗannan rakuman rakuman, waɗanda ba a horar da su don yaƙi ba, sun kulle lokacin da Hibal, kwamandan ridda a Zhu Hussa, ya kai hari ba zato ba tsammani daga tsaunuka; a sakamakon haka, Musulmai ba za su iya sarrafa Rakuman da ba su da horo ba kuma sun yanke shawarar komawa Madina, kuma 'yan ridda sun sake kwato wuraren da suka rasa' yan kwanaki da suka gabata. A Madina, Abubakar ya sake shirya rundunar don yaƙi kuma ya kai hari ga masu ridda a cikin dare, ya ba su mamaki. 'Yan ridda sun ja da baya daga Dhu Hussa zuwa Dhu Qissa. Kabilun da suka yi ridda sun koma Abraq, inda aka tara ƙarin dangin Ghatfan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya bar ragowar runduna karkashin jagorancin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin a Dhu Qissa sannan ya dawo tare da babban rundunarsa zuwa Madina.
Yakin Abraq
A ranar 4 ga Agustan 632, rundunar Usama ta koma Madina. Abubakar ya umarci Usama da ya huta ya sake tura mutanensa wurin don gudanar da ayyuka nan gaba. A halin yanzu, a sati na biyu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya tura rundunarsa zuwa Zhu Qissa. Haɗin ragowar rundunonin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin da nasa, sai Abubakar ya koma Abraq, inda 'yan tawayen da suka ja da baya suka taru. Washegari da safe, Abubakar ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa Dhu Qissa, tare da shi kansa Abubakar ya jagoranci cibiyar, yayin da Al-Nu'uman ibn Muqrin ke hawa a gefen dama, Abdullah ibn Muqrin a gefen hagu, da Suwaid ibn Muqrin matsayi a baya. Dakarun Madina sun yi nasarar fatattakar kabilun 'yan tawaye, inda suka kame Dhu Qissa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 632. Sauran' yan tawayen sun koma Buzakha, inda Tulayha ya tashi tare da sojojinsa daga Samira.
Dabarun Abubakar
A cikin mako na huɗu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya koma Zhu Qissa tare da duk rundunonin yaƙi. A can ya tsara dabarar sa, a cikin abin da daga baya za a kira Yaƙin Ridda, don magance maƙiya daban -daban waɗanda suka mamaye sauran Arabia. Yaƙe -yaƙen da ya yi kwanan nan kan munanan ridda a Zhu Qissa da Abraq sun kasance a cikin yanayin ayyukan kariya don kare Madina da kuma hana ƙarin farmakin abokan gaba. Waɗannan ayyukan sun ba Abubakar damar samun tushe daga inda zai iya yaƙar babban yaƙin da ke gaba, don haka ya sami lokaci don shiri da ƙaddamar da manyan rundunoninsa.
Dole ne Abubakar ya yi yaƙi ba ɗaya ba amma abokan gaba da yawa: Tulayha a Buzakha, Malik bin Nuwaira a Butah, da Musaylima a Yamamah. Dole ne ya magance ridda mai yawa a gabas da kudancin Larabawa: a Bahrain, a Oman, a Mahra, a Hadhramaut da Yemen. An yi ridda a yankin kudu da gabashin Makka da Quza'a a arewacin Arabiya.
Abubakar ya kafa runduna zuwa rukunoni da dama, wanda Khalid ibn Walid ya ba da umarni mafi karfi kuma aka ba shi aikin yakar mafi karfin sojojin 'yan tawaye. An ba wa wasu gungun wuraren muhimman wurare na biyu waɗanda za su mamaye ƙananan kabilun ridda masu ƙarancin haɗari, kuma an tura su bayan Khalid, sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa. Shirin Abu Bakr shi ne ya fara share yankin yammacin Arabiya (yankin da ke kusa da Madina), sannan ya tunkari Malik bin Nuwaira, daga karshe ya mai da hankali kan maƙiyi mafi haɗari da ƙarfi: annabin Musaylima mai kiran kansa.
Ƙungiyar soja
Halifa ya rarraba karfin da ake da shi a tsakanin manyan runduna 11, kowanne a karkashin kwamandansa, kuma yana dauke da mizaninsa. An rarraba ikon da ake samu tsakanin waɗannan rukunin, kuma yayin da aka ba wasu kwamandojin ayyukan gaggawa, wasu kuma an ba su ayyukan da za a ƙaddamar daga baya. Kwamandojin da manufofin da aka ba su sune:
Khalid Ibn Walid: Ya yi gaba da Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee (طُلیحہ بن خویلد الاسدی) daga Qabilar Asad (بنو اسد) a Buzaakhah (بزاخہ), sannan Banu Sulaim.
Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl: Ganawa da Musaylima a Yamamah amma ba don shiga ba har sai an sami ƙarin runduna.
Amr ibn al-As: Kabilun ridda na Quza'a da Wadi'a a yankin Tabuk da Daumat-ul-Jandal.
Shurahbil ibn Hasana: Ku bi Ikrimah ku jira umarnin Halifa.
Khalid bin Saeed: Wasu kabilun da suka yi ridda a kan iyakar Sham.
Turaifa bin Hajiz: Kabilun Hawazin da Bani Sulaim da suka yi ridda a yankin gabashin Madina da Makka.
Ala bin Al Hadhrami: Masu ridda a Bahrain.
Huzaifa bin Mihsan: Masu ridda a Oman.
Arfaja bin Harthama .: Masu ridda a Mahra.
Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah: Masu ridda a Yemen, sai Kinda a Hadhramaut.
Suwaid bin Muqaran: Masu ridda a yankin gabar teku a arewacin Yemen.
Da zaran an kammala aikin yi wa kasa hidima, Khalid ya fita, don Ikrimah da Amr bn al-As su biyo baya kadan. Halifan ya hana sauran gungun kuma ya tura makonni da ma watanni bayan haka, bisa ga ci gaban ayyukan Khalid a kan babban maƙiyan adawa.
Kafin gawarwaki daban -daban su bar Zhu Qissa, duk da haka, Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun da suka yi ridda a yunƙurin ƙarshe na jawo su su miƙa wuya.
Gangamin
Tsakiyar Arabia
Musaylima, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya jagoranci ridda da tawaye a tsakiyar Arabia a yankin Yamamah mai haihuwa. Mafi rinjaye ya goyi bayan ƙabilar Banu Hanifa mai ƙarfi. A Buzakha da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Larabawa, wani mai kiran kansa annabi, Tulayha, sarkin kabilar Banu Asad, shi ne ya jagoranci tawayen Madina da taimakon kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy.
Buzakha
Bayan samun bayanan shirye -shiryen Musulmi, Tulayha shi ma ya shirya yaƙi, kuma ƙungiyoyin kabilun da ke ƙawance sun ƙara ƙarfafa shi.
Kafin ya tura Khalid a kan Tulayha, Abubakar ya nemi ya rage ƙarfin na ƙarshen. Babu abin da za a iya yi game da kabilun Bani Assad da Banu Ghatafan, waɗanda suka tsaya kyam a bayan Tulayha, amma Tayy ba su da tsayin daka wajen goyon bayan Tulayha, kuma babbansu, Adi ibn Hatim, Musulmi ne mai ibada.
Abu Bakr ne ya nada Adi don tattaunawa da dattawan kabilun don janye tawagarsu daga rundunar Tulayha. Tattaunawar ta yi nasara, Adi ya zo da mahayan dawakai 500 na kabilarsa don ƙarfafa sojojin Khalid.
Daga baya Khalid ya yi yaƙi da wata kabila mai ridda, Jadila. Anan kuma Adi ibn Hatim ya miƙa hidimominsa don shawo kan ƙabilar su miƙa kai ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Bani Jadila yayi sallama, sannan jarumansu 1000 suka shiga rundunar Khalid.
Khalid, yanzu ya fi ƙarfin lokacin da ya bar Zhu Qissa, ya nufi Buzakha. A can, a tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632 AZ, ya ci Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha. Ragowar sojojin Tulayha sun koma Ghamra, mil 20 daga Buzakha, kuma an ci su a Yakin Ghamra a sati na uku na Satumba.
Kabilu da dama sun mika wuya ga Halifa bayan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu. Da yake tafiya kudu daga Buzakha, Khalid ya isa Naqra a watan Oktoba, da runduna yanzu 6000 mai karfi, kuma ya ci nasara akan kabilar Banu Saleem masu tawaye a yakin Naqra. A cikin sati na uku na watan Oktoba, Khalid ya ci nasara a kan wata yar sarauniya, Salma, a yakin Zafar. Bayan haka ya koma Najd a kan kabilar Banu Tamim masu tawaye da Sheikh Malik ibn Nuwayrah.
Najd
A Najd, da samun labarin manyan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu a kan masu ridda a Buzakha, yawancin dangin Banu Tamim sun yi gaggawar ziyartar Khalid, amma Bani Yarbu ', reshen Bani Tamim, a ƙarƙashin babbansu, Malik ibn Nuwayrah, ya tsaya. Malik ya kasance shugaban wasu banbanci: jarumi, wanda aka san shi da karamci, kuma shahararren mawaƙi. Jaruntaka, karimci, da waƙoƙi sune halaye uku da aka fi jin daɗinsu a tsakanin Larabawa.
A lokacin Muhammadu, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai karɓar haraji ga ƙabilar Banu Tamim. Da zaran Malik ya ji labarin rasuwar Muhammadu, sai ya mayar wa mutanen kabilunsa dukkan harajin, ya ce, "Yanzu kai ne mai dukiyarka." Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana bin ƙa'idodin Larabawa na zamaninsa wanda za su iya daina yin mubaya'a ga wata ƙabila bayan mutuwar Sheikhinta.
Sojojin Khalid ne suka tare mahayan nasa a garin Buttah. Khalid ya tambaye su game da yarjejeniyar da suka rattabawa hannu tare da mai kiran kanta annabiya Sajjah; sun amsa cewa don ramuwar gayya ne kawai a kan abokan gabansu.
Lokacin da Khalid ya isa Najd bai sami sojoji masu adawa ba. Ya aika da mahayan dawakansa zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa kuma ya umarce su da su kira Azaan (kiran sallah) ga kowane ɓangaren da suka haɗu. Zirrar bin Azwar, jagoran tawagar, ya cafke iyalan Malik, yana mai cewa ba su amsa kiran sallah ba. Malik ya guji hulɗa kai tsaye da sojojin Khalid kuma ya umarci mabiyansa da su watse, kuma da alama shi da danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa hamada. Ya ki bayar da zakka, ya banbanta tsakanin sallah da zakka.
Koyaya, an zargi Malik da tawaye ga jihar Madina. Hakanan za a tuhume shi saboda shiga kawance da Sajjah a kan Khalifanci. An kama Malik tare da na danginsa.
Khalid ya tambayi Malik game da laifukan da ya aikata, ya amsa, "maigidanku ya faɗi haka, maigidanku ya faɗi haka", yana nufin Muhammad. Khalid ya ayyana Malik dan tawaye ne kuma ya ba da umarnin kashe shi.
Yamamah
Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, daya daga cikin kwamandojin masu yi wa kasa hidima, an umurce shi da ya tuntubi Musaylima a Yamamah, amma kada ya shiga har sai Khalid ya shiga tare da shi. Manufar Abu Bakr na bai wa Ikrimah wannan aikin shi ne ya daure Musaylima a Yamamah, ta yadda ya 'yantar da Khalid don ya yi hulɗa da kabilun ridda na arewa ta tsakiya Arabiya ba tare da tsangwama ba.
A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Shurhabil don ƙarfafa Ikrimah a Yamamah. Ikrimah, duk da haka, a farkon watan Satumba na 632, ya kai hari kan sojojin Musaylima kafin ƙarfafawa ta iso, kuma aka ci su. Ya ba da rahoton abin da ya aikata ga Abubakar, wanda duk ya ji haushi kuma ya fusata da saurin Ikrimah da rashin biyayyarsa, ya umarce shi da ya ci gaba da ƙarfinsa zuwa Oman don taimakawa Hudaifa; da zarar Hudaifa ya kammala aikinsa, zai yi tattaki zuwa Mahra don taimakawa Arfaja, daga baya ya tafi Yemen don taimakawa Muhajir.
A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da umarni ga Khalid don yin yaƙi da Musaylima. Gawar Shurhabil, wadda aka jibge a Yamamah, ita ce za ta karfafa gawar Khalid. Baya ga wannan Abu Bakr ya tara sabbin rundunonin Ansar da Muhajireen a Madina wadanda suka shiga gawar Khalid a Butah kafin rundunar hadin gwiwa ta tashi zuwa Yamamah.
Kodayake Abu Bakr ya umarci Shurhabil da kada ya shiga rundunar Musaylima har zuwa lokacin Khalid, Shurhabil ya shiga rundunar Musaylima ta wata hanya kuma an ci shi ma. Khalid ya haɗu da ragowar gawar Shurhabil a farkon watan Disamba na 632.
Hadin gwiwar Musulmai, wanda yanzu 13,000 suke da karfi, a karshe sun ci sojojin Musaylima a yakin Yamama, wanda aka yi a mako na uku na Disamba. Garin Yamamah mai garu ya mika kansa cikin lumana a cikin wancan makon.
Khalid ya kafa hedkwatarsa a Yamamah, daga inda ya aika ginshiƙai a ko'ina cikin filin Aqraba don mamaye yankin kusa da Yamamah. Bayan haka, duk tsakiyar Arabiya sun miƙa wuya ga Madina.
Abin da ya rage na ridda a yankunan Arabia da ba su da mahimmanci na Musulmai sun kawar da su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara cikin watanni biyar.
Oman
A tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632, Abu Bakr ya aike da gawar Hudaifa bin Mihsan don magance ridda a Oman, inda babbar kabilar Azd ta yi tawaye a karkashin babbansu Laqeet bin Malik, wanda aka fi sani da "Dhu'l-Taj" ("Mai Girma Daya"). A cewar wasu rahotanni, ya kuma yi da'awar Annabci.
Hudaifa ya shiga Oman, amma ba shi da isasshen ƙarfi don yaƙar Dhu'l-Taj, ya nemi ƙarfafawa daga Halifa, wanda ya aiko Ikrimah daga Yamamah don taimaka masa a ƙarshen Satumba. Sojojin haɗin gwiwar sun ci Dhu'l-Taj a yaƙin da aka yi a Dibba, ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan Dhu'l-Taj, a watan Nuwamba. Shi kansa Dhu'l-Taj an kashe shi a yakin.
An nada Hudaifa gwamnan Oman, kuma ya himmatu game da sake kafa doka da oda. Ikrimah, ba shi da wani alhakin gudanarwa na gida, ya yi amfani da gawarsa don mamaye yankin da ke kusa da Daba, kuma, a cikin wasu ƙananan ayyuka, ya yi nasarar karya juriya na waɗanda Azd waɗanda suka ci gaba da bijirewa ikon Madina.
Arewancin Arabiya
Wani lokaci a watan Oktoba na 632, an tura gawar Amr zuwa iyakar Siriya don cin nasara ga kabilun da suka yi ridda-mafi mahimmanci, Quza'a da Wadi'a (wani ɓangare na Bani Kalb)-a yankin kusa da Tabuk da Daumat- ul-Jandal (Al-Jawf). Amr bai sami damar doke kabilun cikin biyayya ba har sai Shurhabil ya haɗu da shi a cikin Janairu bayan Yaƙin Yamamah.
Yemen
Yaman ita ce lardin farko da ta yi tawaye ga ikon Musulunci lokacin da kabilar Ans suka tashi da makamai karkashin jagorancin shugabansu kuma mai kiran kansa annabi Al-Aswad Al-Ansi, Black One. Al-Abna 'ne ke iko da Yemen a lokacin, wata ƙungiya ta fito daga sansanin Farisa na Sanaa. Lokacin da Badhan ya mutu, ɗansa Shahr ya zama gwamnan Yemen amma Al-Aswad ya kashe shi. Fayruz al-Daylami, wanda shi ma memba ne na abna ', wanda Muhammad ya aiko shi, daga baya Fairoz ya zama gwamnan Yaman a San'a daga baya ya kashe Al-Aswad.
Tawaye na biyu na Yemen
Wani lokacin a lokacin mulkin Umar mutanen Yemen sun sake yin tawaye. wannan karon karkashin jagorancin wani mutum mai suna Ghayth ibn Abd Yaghuth. Manufar masu ridda ita ce fitar da Musulmai daga Yaman ta hanyar kashe Fairoz da wasu manyan shugabannin Musulmai. Ko ta yaya Fairoz ya tsere ya nemi mafaka a cikin tsaunuka a watan Yuni ko Yuli na 632. Tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Fairoz ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mafakarsa, lokacin da dubunnan Musulman Yemen suka haɗa shi.
Lokacin da ya ji ƙarfinsa, Fairoz ya yi tattaki zuwa San'a ya ci Qais, wanda ya ja da baya tare da ragowar mutanen arewa maso gabas zuwa Abyan, inda dukkansu suka mika wuya sannan daga baya halifa ya yi musu afuwa.
A gefe guda kuma, Sayyiduna Uthman bn Abi al-As ya aika da runduna daga Ta'if akan 'yan tawayen daga kabilun Azd da Bajila a Yemen. Daga baya kuma ya ba da gudummawar runduna ashirin daga birnin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan'uwansa don taimakawa ayyukan yaƙin Madina a Yemen. Abubakar ya ajiye Uthman a matsayinsa kamar yadda halifansa halifa Umar ya yi.
Mahra
Daga Oman, bisa umarnin Abubakar, Ikrimah ya nufi Mahra don shiga Arfaja bin Harthama. Da yake Arfaja bai iso ba tukuna, Ikrimah maimakon ta jira shi, sai ya tunkari 'yan tawayen yankin da kansa.
A Jairut, Ikrimah ya sadu da rundunonin 'yan tawaye guda biyu suna shirin yaƙi. Anan ya lallashe masu rauni su rungumi addinin musulunci sannan ya haɗa kai da su don kayar da abokan adawar su. Da ya sake kafa Musulunci a Mahra, Ikrimah ya tafi da gawarsa zuwa Abyan, inda ya huta da mutanensa yana jiran ci gaba.
Bahrain
Bayan yakin Yamamah, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Ala bin Al Hadhrami akan 'yan tawayen Bahrain. Ala ya isa Bahrain don nemo sojojin ridda da suka taru a Hajr sun shiga cikin karfi. Ala ya kai hari na bazata wata dare kuma ya ƙwace birnin. 'Yan tawayen sun koma yankunan da ke gabar teku, inda suka kara tsayawa amma aka ci su da karfi. Yawancin su sun mika wuya kuma sun koma addinin Musulunci. An kammala wannan aikin a kusan ƙarshen Janairu 633.
Hadhramaut
Ƙarshen babban tawayen ridda shine na ƙabila mai ƙarfi ta Kindah, wacce ke zaune a yankin Najran, Hadhramaut, da gabashin Yemen. Ba su shiga cikin tawaye ba har zuwa Janairu 633.
Ziyad bin Lubaid, gwamnan Hadhramaut Musulmi, ya yi musu farmaki kuma ya kai wa Riyaz hari, bayan nan gaba dayan Kinda suka shiga tawaye karkashin al-Ash'ath ibn Qays kuma suka shirya yaki. Koyaya, ƙarfin rundunonin biyu, watau ridda da Musulmi, ya kasance daidai gwargwado ta yadda babu wani ɓangaren da ya ji zai iya fara tashin hankali mai tsanani. Ziyad ya jira karfafawa kafin ya kai hari kan 'yan tawayen.
Ƙarfafawa suna kan hanya. al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya, na karshe daga cikin kwamandojin bautar da Abubakar ya aika, ya ci nasara kan wasu kabilun 'yan tawaye a Najran, kudu maso gabashin Arabiya, kuma Abubakar ya umarce shi da ya yi tattaki zuwa Hadhramaut ya shiga Ziyad a kan Kindah. Halifa ya kuma umarci Ikrimah, wanda ke Abyan, da ya shiga rundunar Ziyad da Muhajir.
A karshen watan Janairun 633 sojojin Muhajir da Ziyad sun hadu a Zafar, babban birnin Hadhramaut, a karkashin umurnin tsohon, kuma sun ci al-Ash'ath, wanda ya koma garin Nujair mai garu.
Kawai bayan wannan yaƙin kuma gawar Ikrimah ta iso. Ƙungiyoyin Musulmai guda uku, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhajir, sun ci gaba zuwa Nujair kuma sun kewaye birnin mai garu.
An kama Nujair wani lokaci a tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 633. Tare da shan kashi na Kindah a Nujair na karshe daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin yan ridda sun rushe. Arabiya ta kasance lafiya ga Musulunci.
An yi yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 11 bayan Hijira. Shekara ta 12 Hijiriyya ta wayi gari a ranar 18 ga Maris, 633, inda Larabawa suka hade a karkashin ikon Halifa a Madina. Wannan yakin shine babban nasarar Abubakar da siyasa da soji, kuma ya kasance cikakkiyar nasara.
Bayan
Da rushewar tawayen, yanzu Abubakar ya yanke shawarar fadada daular. Ba a sani ba ko aniyarsa ta daɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa, ko farmakin riga-kafi don tabbatar da yankin tsaro tsakanin daular Islama da masarautar Sassanid mai ƙarfi da daular Byzantine. Wannan shi ne ya kafa mataki na mamayar da Farisa ta yi wa Musulunci. An aika Khalid zuwa Farisa da runduna mai kunshe da masu aikin sa kai 18,000, kuma ya ci lardin Farisa mafi arziki: Iraki. Bayan haka, Abu Bakr ya aika da rundunarsa don su mamaye ƙasar Siriya ta Rum, muhimmin lardin daular Byzantine.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Fred McGraw Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press, 1986.ISBN 0691053278
Meir J. Kister: The struggle against Musaylima and the conquest of Yamama. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 27 (2002)
Ella Landau-Tasseron: The Participation of Tayyi in the Ridda. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 5 (1984) |
48151 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocele | Hydrocele | Hydrocele shine tarin ruwa mai yawa a cikin wani bagire na jiki . hydrocele na marena shine mafi yawan nau'in hydrocele, shine tarin ruwan jiki a kusa da marena . Sau da yawa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tattara ruwa a cikin wani layi na nannade a kusa da gwal, wanda ake kira tunica vaginalis, wanda aka samo daga peritoneum . Idan har babu hernia, yana tafiya ba tare da magani ba a cikin shekara ta farko. Kodayake hydroceles yawanci suna tasowa a cikin maza, an bayyana lokuta masu wuyar gaske a cikin mata a cikin Canal na Nuck .
hydroceles na farko,Ana samunshine mafi yawa a lokacin girma, musamman a tsofaffi da kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi, ta hanyar taruwar ruwa a cikin jiki. Wannan yana yiwuwa ta hanyar kin sake sake dawowar ruwan acikin jini, bayanin daya bayyana shine mafi yawan hydroceles na farko, kodayake dalilin ya kasance a ɓoye. hydrocele na iya zama sakamakon toshewar tsarin lymphatic na inguinal wanda ze iya haifar da ciwo mai dadewa, kamuwa da cuta na Wuchereria bancrofti ko Brugia malayi, cututtuka guda biyu na sauro Afirka da ake samu a africa ta kudu da kuma maso gabashin Asiya, bi da bi. Don haka, yanayin zai zama wani ɓangare na ƙarin ɓarna masu yaduwa da ake kira elephantiasis, wanda kuma ya shafi tsarin lymphatic a wasu sassan jiki.
Abubuwan da ciwon ke zuwa dasu
Daga cikin matsalolin hydrocele sun hada da:
Fashewa yawanci tana faruwa ne sakamakon rauni amma yana iya zama na kwatsam. A wasu lokuttan ana warkewa bayan an tsotse ruwan.
Ruwan zaya iya Canzawa zuwa ruwa wanda yake me jini, wannan yana faruwa idan an sami zubar da jini na kwatsam a cikin ramin jikin, ko kuma sakamakon rauni. a cikin tunica vaginalis wani lokaci yana fitowa daga rauni na ƙwanƙwasa kuma yana bada wahala ba tare da bincike ba don yanke hukuncin ko ya fashe ko be fashe .Idan ruwan mai jini bai tsane ba ze iya daskarewa.
Jakar na iya daskarewa. wannan na iya faruwa daga shigar jinni na a hankali zuwa cikin tunica vaginalis. Yawancin lokaci ba shi da zafi kuma a lokacin da majiyyaci ya nemi taimako, yana iya zama da wuya a tabbatar da cewa kumburin ba ya haifar da ciwon daji ba. Lallai, ciwace-ciwacen daji na iya yin kama da haematocele.
Wani lokaci, Za'a iya saka kwayoyin cuta alokacin cire ruwan ta hanyar tsotsewa. Sauƙaƙan buri, duk da haka za'a iya amfani da shi azaman ma'aunin wucin gadi a waɗancan lokuta a marar lafiawanda azaayima tiyata ba ko kuma a wanda ya zama dole.
Postherniorrhaphy hydrocele wani abu ne da ba kasafai ake samun matsala ba na gyaran hernia na inguinal. Yana yiwuwa saboda katsewa ga ƙwayoyin lymph suna zubar da abin da ke ciki.
Kamuwa da cuta wanda zai iya haifar da pyocele.
Kara girman marena a cikin lokuta masu yawa. Sau da yawa akan gano matsalolin bayan tiyata, wanda za'a iya bambanta ta hanyar duban dan tayi na duban dan tayi kuma ana lura da shi har zuwa awanni 24 zuwa 48 don rikitarwa da wuri kamar magudanar ruwa, kamuwa da cuta, samuwar haematocele, fashewa, da sauransu, amma kuma na tsawon makonni 1 zuwa 6. a lokacin bibiyar marasa lafiya .
Abinda ke kawowa
Hydrocele ze iya faruwa ta hanyoyi guda hudu
ta hanyar sama da ruwa mai wanda yawuce kima misali hydrocele na biyu
ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa
ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da magudanar ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta kamar na giwa
ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da hernia na peritoneal a cikin nau'in nau'in haihuwa, wanda ke nunawa a matsayin hydrocele na igiya.
Primary hydroceles
Magani
Yawancin hydroceles daya bayyana a farkon shekaru ta rayuwa suna warkewa ba tare da magani ba. Hydroceles daya ci gaba bayan shekara ta farko ko daga baya a rayuwa suna buƙatar magani kawai a cikin zaɓaɓɓun lokuta, irin su marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko jin zafi, ko lokacin da amincin fata na scrotal ya lalace daga rashin ƙarfi na yau da kullun; Maganin da yafi shine tiyata kuma ana gudanar da aikin ta hanyar fasaha mai buɗewa da nufin fitar da jakar hydrocele.
Ana buƙatar maganin sa barci idan za ayi aiki; maganin sa barci na gaba ɗaya zaɓi ne a cikin yara, yayin da maganin kashe zafi na lakka yakan isa ga manya. Maganin kashe zafi na kebantaccen wuri bazai isa ba saboda ba zai iya kawar da ciwon ciki ba . A cikin lokuta masu dadewa, ruwan hydrocele na iya zama opalescent tare da cholesterol kuma yana iya ƙunsar lu'ulu'u na tyrosine .
Manazarta |
8698 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Dan%20Fodiyo | Usman Dan Fodiyo | Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu, 1754 a garin Marratta, a yankin Agadez, Jamhurriyar Nijar
Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai, 1817 a cikin garin Sokoto.
Sunan Shehun malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da ) Fodiyo kalmar fullanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu, mahaifiyar sa kuma mai suna malama Maimunatu.
Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai da matan da ya aura hudu (ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu Ƴaƴayen sa biyu wadanda aka fi sani sune, ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u. Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa. Tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a dede wannan lokacin Alummar kasar hausa suna surka addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin kakaranta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin Musulunci ne, Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa ƙungiyar Khalifancin Sakkwato..
Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma Sultan na Sakkwato na farko.
A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu 1804 har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu 1812, ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani..
Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu 1400. A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci hakana kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci.
Tashin ci gaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas har zuwa na sha tara. Ya
biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif 1650 zuwa alif 1750, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja]
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne. Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi na addini da Fikihu.
Ilimi
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.
Jihadin Fulani
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto..
Kano
Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.
A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse, Magwan da Fanisau. Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci.
Katsina
A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi.
Daura
Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani. Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.
Mulki
Iyali da dangi
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne..
An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (1761-1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (1777-1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka:
Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (1793- Nuwamba 1817) da Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta.
Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad. An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar:
Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi.
Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta Muhammad Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi.
Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a 1817.
Muhammad Buhari (1785-1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar Tambuwal, kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki.
Hauwa, wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai:
Muhammad Bello (1781-1837), Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami.
Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri.
Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto
Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki.
Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (1812-1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (1867-1873).
Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi:
Amina
Ibrahim Dasuki
Hajara
Uwar Deji Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (1840-1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad.
Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yamma. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (1867-1873).
Ayyuka
Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai. A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.” Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.
.
Karatu
Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Omipidan Teslim Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817) OldNaija
Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994).
Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987).
Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo.
Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996).
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472
Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972.
Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. .
S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery – A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, .
Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) .
F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
Bunza
.
Bibiliyo
Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. ISBN 978-135-166-7
Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. ISBN 978-125-085-2. OCLC 238787986.
Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864). Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. ISBN 978-2165-84-0. OCLC 316802318.
Staudinger, Paul. (1990). In the heart of the Hausa states. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 0-89680-160-8. OCLC 21559544.
Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, ISBN 978-12858702-43 (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija
Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). ISBN 0-8101-1115-2
Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). ISBN 0-7201-1857-3
Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio.
Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996).
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472
Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972.
Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. ISBN 0-19-215428-1.
S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-78430-1
Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) ISBN 1-55876-378-3
F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
Bunza
Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano.Kano Millennium:100 years in History. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6
Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. OCLC 624196914.
·Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
·The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366.
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Khalifa |
51547 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Nigeria | Air Nigeria | Air Nigeria (asalin Virgin Nigeria Airways, sannan kuma Nigerian Eagle Airlines) ita ce mai ɗaukar tutar ƙasa ta Najeriya, wacce ke gudanar da ayyukan fasinja na yanki da na cikin gida. Cibiyar kamfanin jirgin sama ita ce Filin jirgin saman Murtala Mohammed a Ikeja, babban ofishinta yana cikin tsibirin Legas, Legas da kuma ginin C & M a Crawley, kuma ofishinta na rajista yana cikin Ikoyi, Legas.
Kamfanin jirgin sama, wanda ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Nigeria Airways, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 2004 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin masu saka hannun jari na Najeriya da Virgin Group. Budurwa ta janye daga kasuwancin tsakanin 2008 da 2010. Bayan sauye-sauye biyu na suna, Air Nigeria ta sanar a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2012 cewa ta sanya ma'aikatanta marasa amfani kuma ta dakatar da aiki a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2012.
Tarihi
Masu saka hannun jari na Najeriya sun mallaki kashi 51% na kamfanin kuma Virgin Atlantic sauran kashi 49%. Jirgin saman farko na kamfanin ya kasance a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2005 daga Legas zuwa London Heathrow, ta amfani da jirgin sama na Airbus A340-300. Budurwa Najeriya da sauri ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na Najeriya, tana ɗauke da fasinja na 1,000,000 da tan na kaya na 4,000 a cikin shekaru biyu na aiki. Kamfanin jirgin sama ya kuma sami yabo ciki har da THISDAY Awards 2006 Airline of the year da kuma gabatarwa ga 2006 African Airline of of the year ta ASATA (Association of South African Travel Agents). Budurwa Najeriya tana da shirye-shiryen sanya Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe na kasa da kasa a Abuja a matsayin tushe na biyu, inda, ban da tushe na Legas Murtala Muhammed International Airport, zai yi wa dukkan ƙasashe a Yammacin Afirka hidima.
Sayar da gungumen Virgin da sakewa
A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, Virgin Atlantic ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana cikin tattaunawa don sayar da kashi 49 cikin dari na hannun jarin da kuma sake duba ko ya dace alamar Virgin ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Virgin Nigeria. Wannan ya biyo bayan wata takaddama da ta taso bayan Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta tura ayyukan cikin gida na Virgin Nigeria ba tare da son rai ba zuwa Terminal 2. Budurwa Najeriya ta ki amincewa da umarnin sauya ayyukanta na cikin gida daga tashar kasa da kasa, inda ta ambaci Memorandum of Mutual Understanding da ta sanya hannu tare da gwamnatin da ta gabata (Olusegun Obasanjo), da kuma jiran roko a Babban Kotun Legas, a matsayin dalilan rashin bin doka.
A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Virgin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu tsawo zuwa London Gatwick da Johannesburg, daga ranar 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2009.
A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2009, Virgin Nigeria ta sanar a shafin yanar gizon ta cewa an sake masa suna a matsayin Nigerian Eagle Airlines . Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Eagle na Najeriya ya kuma bayyana cewa yana shirin mayar da hankali kan jiragen cikin gida da na yanki tare da ci gaba da fadada zuwa Turai kuma a ƙarshe Amurka. Virgin ta riƙe kashi 49% a cikin sabon kamfanin Eagle Airlines na Najeriya tare da sauran kashi 51% da Kassy Olisakwe ke riƙewa.
Sake fasalin Air Nigeria, da kuma dakatar da ayyukan
A ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010, bayan samun rinjaye a cikin kamfanin jirgin sama, Jimoh Ibrahim, sabon Shugaban, ya ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin jirgin ya sami ƙarin canjin suna zuwa Air Nigeria Development Limited, wanda ake kira Air Nigeria. A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, masu kula da jirgin sun dakatar da shi don binciken tsaro.
A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2012 Air Nigeria ta ba da sanarwar cewa gudanarwa ta kori ma'aikatanta 'don rashin aminci' kuma kamfanin jirgin ya dakatar da duk ayyukanta na gida, yanki, da na duniya. Ayyuka sun ƙare a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2012.
A ranar 19 ga Satumba 2018, gwamnatin Najeriya ta dakatar da shirye-shiryen kaddamar da iska ta Najeriya har abada. Ba a ba da wani taƙaitaccen dalili don dakatarwar ba.
Wuraren da ake nufi
Yarjejeniyar Codeshare
Delta Air Lines (SkyTeam)
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Kenya (SkyTeam)
Jirgin Ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na rufewa
Jirgin Air Nigeria ya kunshi jiragen sama masu zuwa jim kadan kafin ya daina aiki (kamar Afrilu 2012):
Jirgin ruwa na tarihi
Kafin sake fasalin, Virgin Nigeria ta kuma yi amfani da jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Dubi kuma
Arik Air
Jirgin Sama na Najeriya
Jiragen Sama na Afirka
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Kamfanoni
Kamfanoni a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28952 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli%20Necropolis | Makli Necropolis | Makli Necropolis (Urdu: مکلی کا شہرِ خموشاں; Sindhi: مڪلي جو مقام) na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren jana'izar a duniya, wanda ya bazu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 kusa da birnin Thatta, a lardin Sindh na kasar Pakistan. Wurin yana dauke da kaburbura kusan 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1 da aka gina a tsawon shekaru 400. Makli Necropolis yana da manyan abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar na sarakuna, waliyyai Sufaye daban-daban, da manyan malamai. An rubuta wurin a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1981 a matsayin "fitacciyar shaida" ga wayewar Sindhi tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 18.
Wuri
Makli Necropolis yana cikin garin Makli, wanda ke kan tudu mai tazarar kilomita 6 daga birnin Thatta, babban birnin kasar Sindh na kasa har zuwa karni na 17. Tana da kusan kilomita 98 gabas da Karachi, kusa da kololuwar kogin Indus a kudu maso gabashin Sindh. Madaidaicin kudu na wurin yana da nisan mil 5 arewa da rugujewar Kallankot Fort na da.
Etymology
Wurin, da tsaunukan da ke kusa, an ce sun samo sunan su ne daga wata tatsuniyar da wani alhaji ya tsaya a wurin, ya yi farin ciki da ruhi, inda ya ayyana wurin a matsayin Makkah. Sannan ance Walin Sufaye Sheikh Hamad Jamali ya sanyawa wurin suna “Makli” ko “Little Makkah” bayan ya ji labarin mahajjaci.
Tarihi
Waliyyin Sufaye, mawaki kuma masani Shaikh Jamali ya kafa wurin taro na khanqah, ko Sufaye, a Makli kuma daga karshe aka binne shi a can. Sarkin Samma na karni na 14, Jam Tamachi, ya girmama waliyyi kuma ya yi fatan a hada shi kusa da waliyyi, inda ya fara al'adar amfani da Makli a matsayin wurin jana'izar.
Wurin ya shahara a matsayin babban wurin jana'izar a lokacin mulkin daular Samma, wanda ya yi babban birninsu kusa da Thatta.
Mafi mahimmancin kaburburan gine-gine a wurin sun kasance tun daga zamanin Mughal, tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1640 CE.
Tsarin aiki
Makli Necropolis yana da murabba'in kilomita 10, yana da gidaje akalla 500,000 kaburbura. Ya taso daga Pir Patho a kudancin tsaunin Makli, zuwa arewa cikin siffar lu'u-lu'u. Gefen Gabas ɗinta an kafa shi ne ta ƙoramar tsaunin Makli. Ana samun manyan abubuwan tunawa da yawa a gefen kudu na wurin, kodayake ana samun kaburburan Samma a arewa.
Juyin Halitta
Gine-ginen jana'izar na manyan abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa tasirin musulmi, Hindu, Farisa, Mughal, da Gujarati, a cikin salon Lower Sindh wanda ya zama sananne da salon Chaukhandi, mai suna bayan kaburburan Chaukhandi kusa da Karachi. Salon Chaukhandi ya zo ne don haɗa shingen dutsen yashi waɗanda maƙeran dutse suka sassaƙa a hankali cikin ƙira mai ƙira.
Kaburbura na farko sun nuna faifai uku zuwa shida na dutse da aka jera a saman juna zuwa siffar ƙaramin dala. Haɓaka gine-ginen jana'izar sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa ƙananan tarkace.
A karni na 15, an fara shigar da kayan ado na rosettes da alamu masu da'ira a cikin kaburbura. Ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙira da ƙira na Larabci tare da bayanan tarihin jikin da aka haɗa sannan suka fito. Manya-manyan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun haɗa da ginshiƙai da wasu ƙira da aka yi wahayi daga ilimin sararin samaniya.
Tsarin pyramidal daga ƙarni na 16 yana nuna amfani da minarets ɗin da aka yi sama da kayan furanni a cikin wani salo na musamman ga kaburbura waɗanda suka fito daga daular Turkic Trakhan. Gine-gine daga karni na 17 a sashin Leilo Sheikh na makabartar sun ƙunshi manyan kaburbura da suka yi kama da gidajen ibada na Jain daga nesa, tare da babban tasiri daga yankin Gujarat na kusa.
Da yawa daga cikin manyan kaburbura sun ƙunshi sassaka na dabbobi, mayaka, da makamai - al'adar da ba a saba gani ba ga abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar musulmi. Daga baya kaburbura a wurin wani lokaci ana yin su gaba ɗaya da tubali, tare da shingen yashi kawai.
Manyan gine-gine mafi girma a cikin salon Chaukhandi na archetypal sun ƙunshi domed dutsen yashi na rawaya waɗanda aka yi wa fararen farare tare da ƙofofin katako, a cikin salon da ke nuna tasirin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Farisa. Girman kubba yana nuni da shaharar mutumin da aka binne, tare da ƙawata ƙasa da sifofin furen da aka sassaƙa. Ƙarƙashin wasu kanofi yana nuna furannin magarya, alamar da aka fi haɗawa da addinin Hindu.
Wasu kaburbura sun zo suna da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen shuɗi na Sindh. Amfani da rumfunan jana'izar daga ƙarshe ya haɓaka sama da ƙananan Sindh, kuma ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen jana'izar a Gujarat maƙwabta.
Mausolea na Sarauta
Mausolea na sarauta mai ban sha'awa ya kasu kashi biyu manyan gungu: waɗanda daga zamanin Samma suka samar da nasu gungu, yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga lokutan Tarkhan, Arghun, da Mughals suna taruwa tare.
Samma cluster
Kaburburan da suka fito daga Daular Samma sun taru a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 5 a arewacin ƙarshen necropolis. Samma su ne sarakunan Rajput, waɗanda suka kwace ikon Thatta a cikin 1335. Kaburburan Samma suna da tasiri sosai da salon Gujarati, kuma sun haɗa da kayan ado na musulmi da na Hindu.
Kabarin Sarki Jam Nizamuddin II, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1510, wani tsari ne mai ban sha'awa na murabba'in mita 11.4 a kowane gefe. An gina shi da dutsen yashi kuma an yi masa ado da fure-fure da kayan ado na geometric. Siffar kuboid na kabarin na iya samun wahayi daga Ka'aba da ke Makkah. Ba a taɓa gina kubbarsa ba, don haka ya bar cikin fallasa ga abubuwa. Gidan tarihin yana da wani katon jharoka ko baranda da aka sassaƙa irin na Gujarati, da ƙaramin kololuwa a samansa, wanda ya sa kabarin ya yi kama da haikali. A waje yana da nau'ikan kayan ado guda 14 waɗanda ke da ayoyin Alqur'ani da alamomin Hindu, kodayake bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, duk kayan ado suna ɗaukar sifar tsarin geometric, ban da frieze da ke nuna agwagwa na gida.
Kabarin dan riƙon Jam Nizamuddin, Darya Khan, yayi kama da sansanin Rajasthani, kuma an gina shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1521 an haifi Darya Khan a matsayin bawa, amma ya yi fice a matsayin janar bayan ya fatattaki sojojin Arghun a yaƙi. An ba shi lakabin "Jarumi na Sindh," kuma daga karshe aka nada shi Madrul Muham, ko Firayim Minista.
Arghun, Trakhan, da tari na Mughal
Kabarin Isa Khan Tarkhan I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1554 zuwa 1565, yana wakiltar tashi daga gine-ginen jana'izar na Sammas. Kabarin yana da wani sabon salo mai salo na cenotaph, kuma an shimfida shi da siffa mai siffar rectangular tare da bangon ciki gaba daya an lullube shi da ayoyin kur'ani. Har ila yau kabarin yana da wurin da aka keɓe don kaburburan matansa na sarauta 5.
Mausoleum na Isa Khan Hussain II Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1651) yana da ginin bene mai hawa biyu mai dauke da kofofi da baranda. An ce an gina kabarin a zamanin Isa. Bayan kammalawa, tatsuniya ta bayyana cewa Isa ya ba da umarnin a datse hannayen masu sana’ar don kada su sake yin wani abin tunawa da zai yi hamayya da nasa.
Kabarin Jan Beg Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1600), wani tsari ne na bulo wanda aka lulluɓe shi da shuɗi da fale-falen turquoise. Kaburbura ko kaburbura (chattri maqbara ko kabarin laima) wani nau'in fasalin gine-gine ne na Indo-Musulunci, da kuma kaburbura.
Lokacin Mughul yana wakiltar kaburbura da yawa a gefen kudu na necropolis, ciki har da mausoleum na Mirza Jani da Mirza Ghazi Baig, na Nawab Shurfa Khan, shingen Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek da na Mirza Jan Baba da kuma ban sha'awa. kabarin Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan ƙarami.
Kiyayewa
Makli Necropolis an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1981. Tsaftar tsarin wurin ya shafi sitaci, mamayewa, rashin kula da wuraren, barna, da sharar gida. Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 ta kara dagula tabarbarewar wurin.
Hotuna
Manazarta |
25139 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyoyin%20Sadarwa%20a%20Nijar | Hanyoyin Sadarwa a Nijar | Hanyoyin sadarwa a Nijar sun haɗa da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyin salula na gyara da na hannu, da kuma yanar gizo.
Rediyo da talabijin
Tashoshin rediyo :
gidan talabijin na gwamnati; Tashoshin TV masu zaman kansu 3 suna ba da cakuɗa shirye -shiryen gida da waje (2007);
5 AM, 6 FM, da tashoshin gajeren zango 4 (2001).
Rediyo :
680,000 (1997);
500,000 (1992).
Tashoshin talabijin: gidan talabijin na gwamnati; Tashoshin TV masu zaman kansu 3 suna ba da haɗin shirye -shiryen gida da na waje (2007).
Shirye -shiryen talabijin : [ sabunta sabuntawa ]
125,000 (1997);
37,000 (1992).
Saboda matakan karatu da rubutu a ƙasar sun yi karanci, rediyo babbar hanya ce ta samun labarai da bayanai.
Ana samun Rediyon Faransa (RFI) a Yamai babban birnin ƙasar, da kuma yankunan Maradi da Zinder . Sashen Hausa na BBC na watsa shirye -shirye a babban birnin kasar (100.4 FM).
Ƴancin ƴan jarida da sarrafawa
Jihar ce ke sarrafa yawancin watsa labaran ƙasar, kodayake gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu sun bazu. Hukumar kula da kafafen yaɗa labarai, National Observatory on Communication, da Independent Media Observatory for Ethics, ƙungiyar sa ido kan kafafen yaɗa labarai na son rai, suna taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin watsa labarai a Nijar. Gwamnati tana kula da CFA miliyan 200 (~ $ 400,000 USD) tallafin tallafi na manema labarai, wanda doka ta kafa kuma yana samuwa ga duk kafofin watsa labarai, don ƙarfafa tallafi ga ilimi, bayanai, nishaɗi, da haɓaka demokraɗiyya.
Ƴancin ƴan jaridu "ya inganta sosai" bayan da aka kori Mamadou Tandja a matsayin shugaban ƙasakasa a 2010. An yanke hukuncin laifukan watsa labarai jim kaɗanan bayan haka. Tare da zartar da dokar 2010 da ke kare 'yan jarida daga gurfanar da su dangane da aikinsu da kuma amincewar da Shugaba Issoufou ya yi a watan Nuwamban 2011 na sanarwar Sanarwar Tsaunin Table kan' yancin 'yan jarida a Afirka (shugaban kasa na farko da ya rattaɓa hannu kan sanarwar), kasar yana ci gaba da kokarin inganta 'yancin aikin jarida. Sanarwar Mountain Table tana kira da a soke laifukan bata sunan masu laifi da dokokin "cin mutunci " da kuma inganta 'yancin aikin jarida a kan ajandar Afirka.
Wayoyin tarho
Lambar kira : +227
Gabatarwar kiran ƙasashen waje : 00
Babban layi:
Layi 100,500 da ake amfani da su, na 145 a duniya (2012);
Layi 24,000 da ake amfani da su, 186 a duniya (2005).
Wayar salula:
Layi miliyan 5.4, na 107 a duniya (2012);
Layi 900,000, na 139 a duniya (2007).
Tsarin waya: bai isa ba; ƙaramin tsarin waya, hanyoyin sadarwar tarho na rediyo, da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na microwave da aka tattara a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar; tsarin tauraron ɗan adam na cikin gida tare da tashoshin duniya 3 da 1 da aka shirya; hada madaidaiciyar layi da telesensity na wayar salula ya rage kusan 30 a cikin mutane 100 duk da saurin biyan kuɗin salula (2010); Ƙididdigar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya masu biyan kuɗin tarho a 0.2 cikin ɗari a cikin 2000, wanda ya haura zuwa 2.5 a ɗari a 2006.
Tashar tauraron ɗan adam : 2 Intelsat (1 Tekun Atlantika da 1 Tekun Indiya ) (2010).
Wayoyin sadarwa : Tekun Afirka zuwa Turai (ACE) ta hanyoyin haɗin ƙasa tsakanin Nijar da gaɓar Tekun Atlantika.
Yanar Gizo
Babban yanki mai girma : .ne, wanda kamfanin sadarwa na parastatal , SONITEL ke sarrafawa .
Masu amfani da Yanar gizo :
Masu amfani 230,084, na 150 a duniya; 1.4% na yawan jama'a, 205th a duniya (2012).
Masu amfani da 115,900, na 155 a duniya (2009);
Masu amfani 40,000, 173 a duniya (2006).
Kafaffen hanyar sadarwa : biyan kuɗi 3,596, 166 a duniya; ƙasa da 0.05% na yawan jama'a, 185th a duniya (2012).
sadarwar zamani : Ba a sani ba (2012).
Mai watsa shiri na yanar gizo :
Mai masaukin baƙi 454, na 185 a duniya (2012);
Runduna 216, 176 a duniya (2008).
IPv4 : 20,480 adireshin da aka kasafta, ƙasa da 0.05% na jimlar duniya, adireshi 1.2 ga mutane 1000 (2012).
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ƙiyasta cewa masu amfani da Intanet 0.3 ne kacal a cikin ƴan Nijar 100 a shekarar 2006, fiye da kasa da 0.1 cikin 100 a shekarar 2000. A matsayin abin nuni, Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ga ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba zuwa shekarar 2015 shine masu amfani da Intanet 8.2 a cikin yawan mutane 100.
Tantancewar Yanar gizo da sa ido
Babu takunkumin gwamnati kan shiga yanar gizo ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido kan imel ko dakunan tattaunawa na Yanar gizo. Ko da yake mutane da ƙungiyoyi na iya shiga cikin faɗin ra'ayoyin cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, mazauna ƙalilan ne ke samun damar yin hakan.
Tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki da ƴan jarida, kuma galibi gwamnati tana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. Tsarin mulki da doka gaba ɗaya sun hana kutse ba tare da izini ba game da sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiƙa, kuma gwamnati gaba ɗaya tana mutunta waɗannan haramcin.
Manazarta
Nijar
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce%20Mar%C3%ADa | Dulce María | Dulce María Espinosa Saviñón (Spanish: [ˈdulse maˈɾi.a saβiˈɲon], an haife shi 6 Disamba 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Dulce María, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mexico, marubuci, mawaƙa kuma marubuci.
Dulce María ta fara aikinta tun tana shekara 5, tana shiga cikin tallace-tallacen TV sama da 100. A 11 ta kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar kiɗa ta farko, KIDS. A 15 ta shiga kungiyar, Jeans. Ta yi tauraro a cikin telenovelas masu nasara da yawa, gami da El vuelo del águila (1994), Nunca te olvidaré (1999), Clase 406 (2002), Rebelde (2004), Corazón que miente (2016) da Muy padres (2017).
Dulce María ya kai ga nasara na kasa da kasa a cikin 2004 bayan tauraro a cikin telenovela Rebelde na Televisa kuma yana cikin wanda aka zaba sau biyu don lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award RBD, wanda ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 15 a duk duniya.
Tun daga 2009, Dulce María ta yi aiki a cikin sana'ar kiɗa ta solo, bayan ta shiga Universal Music Latin, wasanta na Extranjera - Primera Parte (2010) ya yi muhawara a lamba ta ɗaya akan ginshiƙi na Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas na Mexico kuma ya zama ɗan wasan Mexican na farko da ya ba da takardar shaidar platin a Brazil.Dulce María ya fitar da kundin solo guda hudu: Extranjera - Segunda Parte (2011) Sin Fronteras (2014),) da Origen (2021).
Dulce María ya lashe lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa da yawa a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music, Premios TVyNovelas, Kyautar Jama'a en Español, Premios Juventud kuma a cikin bugu na Amurka, Mexican da Brazil na lambar yabo ta Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mujallu kamar yadda Mutane en Español da Quien kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi tasiri na Mexican a kan Twitter.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Dulce María a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1985, a birnin Mexico. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Blanca Ireri da Claudia. Tana da Jamusanci, ɗan ƙasar Mexico, da zuriyar Sipaniya kuma ita ce babbar ƴar yar'uwar mai zane Frida Kahlo. Ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da Go Pride cewa "kakata 'yar uwarta ce", ko da yake wasu hirarrakin sun ce 'yar uwanta ta farko ce. Lokacin yaro, Dulce María ya fara yin tallace-tallacen talabijin. A cikin 1993, tana da shekaru 8, an jefa ta a cikin Plaza Sesamo, Sigar Sesame na Mexico kuma ta bayyana a cikin duka ayyukan rayuwa kuma kamar yadda mai rairayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo / kididdigar budewa wanda Oscar González Loyo ya samar. Har ila yau, ta fito a cikin tallace-tallacen Mexico daban-daban a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ciki har da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na Mexico Viana a lokacin Ranar Mata. Daga baya an jefa ta a cikin El Club de Gaby kuma ta shiga cikin wasu na musamman akan tashar Kids Discovery na Mexico. Ta fara aiki a wasan operas na sabulu a Televisa amma ta gano ainihin sha'awarta lokacin da aka ba ta damar shiga wani aikin kiɗa mai suna Rebelde.
Aikin kiɗa
A cikin 1996, Dulce ya shiga ƙungiyar kiɗan Mexico KIDS. Sun yi farin jini sosai a tsakanin yara a Mexico kuma sun sake ta da kyakykyawan kyakyawar rawar da ta taka tare da Akon. A cikin 1999, Dulce ya yanke shawarar barin kungiyar saboda dalilai na sirri. Bayan ta tashi daga KIDS, Dulce da saurayinta a lokacin, Daniel Habif, kuma memba na KIDS, sun yanke shawarar kafa nasu rukuni mai suna D&D. Sun yi wakoki biyar amma, saboda dalilai da ba a san su ba, sun rabu. A farkon 2000, Dulce ya maye gurbin Angie a Jeans, ƙungiyar pop ta Latin mata. Ta bar kungiyar bayan shekaru biyu saboda saukar da babbar rawar Marcela Mejía a cikin telenovela na 2002, Clase 406 wanda ya buga mawaƙin Mexico kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Sauran membobi daga RBD kuma sun yi tauraro a cikin telenovela kafin ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar a cikin 2004.
Dulce ya fara aiki a fina-finai kuma a ƙarshe an jefa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a cikin Rebelde. Nasarar Rebelde ta kaddamar da RBD wanda ya hada da Dulce, Maite Perroni, Christian Chávez, Alfonso Herrera, Anahí, da Christopher von Uckermann. Ƙungiyar ta yi kundi na studio guda 9, gami da rikodin a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Fotigal da Ingilishi. Ya zuwa yau, sun sayar da kundi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya, kuma sun zagaya a duk faɗin Mexico, Kudancin Amurka, Serbia, Romania, Amurka, da Spain. A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2008, RBD ya fitar da sako yana gaya wa magoya bayansa cewa sun yanke shawarar rabuwa. Sun tafi yawon shakatawa na ƙarshe, Gira del Adiós World Tour wanda ya ƙare a 2008. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2008, Dulce ya haɗu tare da Tiziano Ferro da Anahí akan waƙa mai suna El regalo màs grande. Bayan rabuwar RBD, Dulce ya sanya hannu tare da Universal Music kuma ta sanar da cewa ta fara yin rikodi a cikin 2009 a matsayin mai fasaha na solo.
Ayyukan Solo
A cikin 2009, ta yi rikodin sababbin waƙoƙi guda biyu don novela, Verano de amor, wanda ake kira "Verano" da "Déjame Ser", waƙar da ta rubuta tare da Carlos Lara. Dulce kuma ya hada kai da Akon, don sake hade wakarsa mai suna " Kyawawan ". Sun yi waƙar tare a 2009 rediyo concert, El Evento 40.
Dulce María ta saki waƙar solo dinta ta farko a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2010, mai taken " Ba makawa ". An fitar da bidiyon wakar ne a ranar 24 ga Mayu kuma darekta dan kasar Argentina Francisco d'Amorim Lima ne ya ba da umarni. Kundin solo na Dulce María Extranjera an saita shi da farko don fitowa a ranar 7 ga Satumba, amma an canza ranar fitowar saboda rikodin wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Daga nan an saita kundi ɗin don fito da shi ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010, tare da bayyana a kan Twitter "Muna da ƙarin abubuwan mamaki a gare ku don haka ku yi haƙuri!". Abin mamaki shi ne cewa za a raba kundin gida biyu: Extranjera Primera Parte, tare da waƙoƙi 7, ciki har da buga " Babu makawa ", wanda aka saki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 da Extranjera Segunda Parte tare da karin waƙoƙi 7 da DVD tare da ƙari. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010, Dulce María ta gabatar da kundinta tare da nunin nuni a Lunario kuma ta sanar da waƙarta ta biyu " Ya No ", wanda za a fito da shi a kashi na biyu na kundin da aka saita don fitowa a lokacin rani na 2011. Waƙar murfin tsohuwar mawakiya Selena ce daga kundin Amor Prohibido. An fara kunna waƙar a gidajen rediyo a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010.
A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2011, an fitar da shirin samfoti don sabon waƙar Dulce "Ya No" yana nuna mata a cikin kayayyaki 3 daban-daban, kuma a cikin yanayin ƙarshe yana jayayya da sha'awar soyayya. Bidiyon kiɗan Dulce Maria na "Ya No" an fitar da shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu akan tashar ta ta YouTube, DulceMariaLive, tun da farko da aka shirya saboda fitar da shi. Dulce Maria ta sanar a asusunta na YouTube cewa za a saki Extranjera Segunda Parte a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2011.
A cikin 2016, Dulce ta fara yin rikodin kundi na studio na uku mai taken " DM ". An gama rikodin a watan Agusta 2016, kuma an sake shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2017. A cikin 2017 ta fara DM World Tour na haɓaka kundin, inda ta yi wasa a ƙasashe kamar Mexico, Brazil da Spain.
A cikin 2018 ta sanar da cewa tana shirya sabon kundin da za a kira Origen, wanda kawai zai sami waƙoƙin da ta tsara. Ta sanar da wani wasan kwaikwayo a Teatro Metropólitan a birnin Mexico don gabatar da wani ɓangare na waɗannan waƙoƙin, ana sa ran ƙaddamar da kundin a cikin 2019.
Aiki sana'a
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a matsayin tauraron yaro, Dulce ya fara tauraro a cikin telenovelas masu tasowa irin su El Juego de la Vida da Clase 406. A cikin Clase 406, ta yi aiki tare da Alfonso Herrera, Anahí, da Christian Chavez, waɗanda daga baya suka zama abokan aikinta a RBD. A cikin 2004, an jefa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa a cikin Rebelde, wani sake fasalin Mexico na telenovela na Argentine da aka buga, Rebelde Way. Dulce ya buga Roberta Pardo, 'yar wani shahararren mawaki na Mexican mai karfi. Rebelde ya yi fice a duk duniya kuma yana da abubuwa sama da 400, wanda aka watsa daga 2004 zuwa 2006. A shekara ta 2006, da actress samu TV Y Novelas lambar yabo ga Best matasa Telenovela Actress domin ta aiki a Rebelde.
Bayan nasarar Rebelde a cikin 2007, Televisa ta saki RBD: La familia, wanda ya nuna alamar membobin RBD. Sitcom ya dogara ne akan rayuwar almara na membobin RBD. Haruffa na sitcom ba su dogara ne akan halayen ƙungiyar a cikin Rebelde ba, amma an yi niyya su yi kama da ainihin halayen ƴan wasan. RBD: La Familia shine jerin gwanon Mexican na farko da aka harba gaba ɗaya a cikin Babban Ma'ana. Nunin ya gudana daga 14 Maris 2007 - 13 Yuni 2007 kuma yana da sassa 13 kawai.
A cikin 2009, Dulce ta yi wasa a cikin telenovela Verano de amor, tare da Gonzalo Garcia Vivanco da Ari Borovoy, wanda Pedro Damián ya samar, inda ta fassara ma'anar taken telenovela, Verano da Déjame Ser ; An jefa Dulce azaman Miranda. An ƙaddamar da telenovela akan 9 Fabrairu 2009, wanda ya maye gurbin jerin Juro Que Te Amo. Verano de amor incorporated saƙonni a cikin novela inganta muhalli alhakin, wani tsawo na Televisa ta "Televisa Verde" yunƙurin mayar da hankali a kan muhalli.
A cikin 2010 ta sami lambar yabo ta Mutane en Español a matsayin mafi kyawun yar wasan kwaikwayo na telenovela Verano de amor.
A cikin Afrilu 2010 an jefa Dulce Maria a matsayin Lupita a cikin sabon shirin fim mai zaman kansa, wanda Gonzalo Justiniano ya jagoranta, "Alguien Ha Visto A Lupita?" (Shin Wani Ya Ga Lupita?) Tauraro tare da ɗan wasan ɗan wasan Chile Cristián de la Fuente. An saki fim ɗin a cikin Maris 2011 [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]. Dulce Maria ta kasance a cikin layin fashion Cklass tare da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Maite Perroni. Dulce ya kasance a cikin shirin TV Clase 406 tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Anahi, Alfonso Herrera, da Christian Chavez. Na biyun na ukun suma suna cikin rukuni tare da Dulce wanda shima ake kira Clase 406.
A cikin 2013, Dulce ya yi tauraro a cikin komawa zuwa telenovela a Mentir para Vivir.
A cikin 2015, ta fito a cikin wani faifan bidiyo na PETA tana hana mutane halartar wasannin da'irar da ke amfani da dabbobi.
A cikin 2016, Dulce ya yi tauraro a matsayin ɗan wasan hamayya na farko a cikin telenovela Corazón que miente.
A cikin 2018, Dulce ya yi tauraro a cikin telenovela Muy padres.
A cikin Yuli 2018, Dulce Maria ya shiga yakin Peta a kan SeaWorld. A cikin Yuli 2018, Dulce Maria ya shiga yakin Peta a kan SeaWorld.
Tallafawa
A duk tsawon aikinta, Dulce María tana shiga cikin kamfen na jin kai da yawa. A watan Satumba na 2009 Google, Save the Children da Chicos.net ya zaba a matsayin wakilin kamfen Fasaha Ee wanda ke da alhakin inganta ingantaccen amfani da intanet tsakanin matasa. A watan Oktoba Dulce ta kirkiro gidauniyar tata mai suna Fundación Dulce Amanecer da manufar bayar da gudunmuwa ga zamantakewa, tun daga tallafawa al'ummomin tallafawa mata 'yan asalin kasar zuwa kula da muhalli, mawakiyar tana kula da gidauniyar tare da goyon bayan mabiyansa a duk duniya da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa na kayanta. Dangane da kafuwarta, a cikin 2011 Nickelodeon Latin Amurka ya sanar da cewa Dulce María zai sami lambar yabo ta Pro Social Award na Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2011. Dulce ya sami koren blimp, lambar yabo ta musamman wacce ta bambanta waɗanda suka karɓi wannan karramawa. An gabatar da lambar yabo ta Social Pro a wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka da Brazil a ƙarƙashin Babban Tsarin Taimako na Babban Green, wanda Nickelodeon ya kafa. Ana ba da wannan karramawa ga mutanen da suka fice don ayyukansu da tasirinsu ga muhalli ko al'umma, kamar Michelle Obama a cikin 2010.
A cikin Fabrairu 2010, Dulce María tare da Alfonso Herrera an gabatar da su ga manema labarai a Auditorio Nacional na Mexico City a matsayin wakilan Expo Joven 2010, wani taron da ke da nufin nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali da rashin tsaro da ke addabar Mexico, musamman a Chihuahua. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Dulce ta je birnin Chihuahua a matsayin wani ɓangare na Expo Joven, inda ta ba da lacca kan taken "abotaka."
A cikin watan Agusta 2012, Dulce María ya taimaka wajen ginawa da bude filin wasa a Lynwood, California, a gayyatar KaBOOM! da Kool-Aid wanda ya dauki nauyin wannan filin da aka tsara don inganta motsa jiki a tsakanin kananan yara da kuma rage yawan kiba a wannan bangare na yawan jama'a. Dulce ya gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban da suka hada da fentin wurin, hada siminti, yankan ribbon na bikin kaddamar da shi, baya ga daukar hotuna tare da iyalan Hispanic da masu aikin sa kai da suka halarci taron. A watan Oktoba, Dulce shi ne wakilin yakin Mujeres a Tiempo wanda Televisa Monterrey ya shirya, yakin da ke yaki da ciwon nono. Don haka ya himmatu ga wannan dalili, Dulce ya haɗa kuma ya rubuta jigo, Reloj de arena, don zama taken yaƙin neman zaɓe, ban da yin rikodin bidiyo don taken a wurare da yawa na Monterrey tare da mata waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin Mexico kamar Red Cross na Mexico, Unidas Contigo da Supera. Dulce ya dauki hoton darektan da mai gabatarwa Pedro Torres don mujallar Mexican Quién, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Tócate - Por un México sin cáncer de mama, yakin neman zabe inda mata 28 suka shiga tare don ba da murya da kuma haifar da wayar da kan jama'a na kiwon lafiya da farkon gano ciwon nono, kuma yana nufin samar da kudade ga Fundación del Cáncer de Mama (FUCAM). Tare da hotunan mata 28 da suka shiga, an yi wani hoton da ya rage a nunawa a lokacin Oktoba a Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City. A watan Disamba a lokacin bikin karshen shekara, Dulce ta ziyarci 'yar uwarta, Blanca, asibitin da ke kula da yara masu fama da ciwon daji a Mexico. A yayin ziyarar ta Dulce ta kai kayan wasan yara tare da tattaunawa da yaran.
Anazarci
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1985
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico%20do%20Fogo | Pico do Fogo | Pico do Fogo da ake furtawa [ˈpiku du ˈfoɡu] shine mafi girman tsayi na Cape Verde da Yammacin Afirka, yana hawa zuwa mita 2,829 (9,281 ft) sama da matakin teku. Yana da aiki stratovolcano kwance a tsibirin Fogo. Babban mazugi na ƙarshe ya ɓarke a cikin 1680, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga tsibirin. Wani reshen reshe ya ɓarke a shekarar 1995. Mummunar fashewar ce kawai a shekara ta 1847 lokacin da girgizar ƙasa ta kashe mutane da yawa.
Fogo tsibiri ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Fashewar sa na kwanan nan ta faru a cikin 1951, 1995 da 2014. Ita ce ƙarami kuma mafi ƙarfin dutsen mai fitar da wuta a cikin Tsibirin Cape Verde, wani ɗan gajeren jerin tsibirai masu aman wuta waɗanda galibi ƙarami ne a ƙarshen yamma, an ƙirƙira su ne yayin da Filayen Afirka ya matsa zuwa gabas a kan hotspot.
Fogo ta ƙunshi dutsen mai fitad da wuta guda ɗaya, don haka tsibirin ya kusan zagaye kuma yana da kusan kilomita 25 (16 mi) a diamita. Babban taron koldera (kimanin kilomita 10 a shugabancin arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 7 a gabas zuwa yamma) ba ya kasance a tsakiyar tsibirin ba, sai dai ya nufi kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Caldera tana da iyaka ta hanyar manyan kusurwa masu kuskure kusa da arewa, yamma, da gefen kudu amma an keta ta zuwa gabas inda lawa zata iya kwarara zuwa gabar teku. Yankin arewa-arewa maso gabas da ke haifar da fashewar abubuwa ya bude ta gefen yamma na Pico, wanda ya samo asali a cikin gangaren tsakanin tsakanin 1500 da 1760. Fashewa ta karshe daga sama ita ce a shekarar 1769. bangaren gabas, sakamakon zirin daga gefen gabas na dutsen mai fitar da wuta zuwa tekun.
Ana amfani da gangaren dutsen don yin kofi, yayin da ake amfani da lava a matsayin kayan gini. Kusa da gangarenta wani caldera ne kuma wani ƙaramin ƙauye, Chã das Caldeiras, yana cikin wannan caldera. Ramin bakin dutse, wanda ya kai tsawan mitoci 2,700, an san shi da Bordeira
Shekaru 73,000 da suka gabata
Yankin gabashin Fogo ya fada cikin teku shekaru 73,000 da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da tsunami mai tsayin mita 170 wanda ya afkawa tsibirin Santiago da ke kusa. An yi kwanan wata tsunami ne ta hanyar nazarin isotope na manyan duwatsu da aka ajiye a Santiago.
1680 fashewa
A cikin 1680 AD, babban fashewar taron Pico do Fogo da aka samar da babban toka ya fado kan dukkan tsibirin wanda ke ba da filayen noma na wani dan lokaci da kuma haifar da kaura da yawa daga tsibirin, zuwa Brava musamman.
1995 fashewa
Fashewar ta 1995 ta fara ne a daren 2-3 ga Afrilu, wanda ya rufe tsibirin da gajimare na toka. An kwashe mazauna daga Chã das Caldeiras, saboda an rusa gidajensu.
Mazauna yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa an fara samun fashewar wasu kananan girgizar kasa da suka fara kimanin kwanaki shida kafin fashewar farko na ruwan lava. Wadannan girgizar kasa sun kara girma da karfi har zuwa ranar 2 ga Afrilu, kuma an bayar da rahoto na musamman mai karfi da misalin karfe 8 na dare, sa’o’i hudu kafin a bayyana fashewar. Bayan tsakar dare, sai aka fara bude wuta a gefen Pico. Wani mazaunin garin ya ce kamar dai "an sare mazugar da wuka." Fashewar ta fara ne da aikin Strombolian, da sauri ta biyo bayanta 'labulen-wuta' marmaro wanda ya ciyar da kwarara wanda ya yanke hanyar zuwa ƙauyen Portela da ƙarfe 2 na safe. Mutum 1,300 da ke zaune a cikin caldera sun gudu cikin dare don kare lafiyar ƙauyuka a gabar arewa. Babu wanda aka kashe, amma kusan mutane 20 na buƙatar kulawa da lafiya.
Da rana a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, tsibirin ya cika da wani gajimare mai duhu na toka wanda ya kai tsayin kilomita 2.5 zuwa 5. Abubuwan da aka fara farawa sune pahoehoe lava, kodayake iyakar su a bayyane yake karami. Rikicin tashin hankali ya haifar da bama-bamai na lava har zuwa mita 4 a fadin wanda aka fitar har zuwa mita 500 daga ramukan. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na lava sun kai tsayin mita 400 ƙarƙashin gajimare na toka kimanin tsayin kilomita 2. Wani sabon scoria cone da aka buɗe wanda ya buɗe wa kudu maso yamma kuma ya ciyar da kwararar ruwa mai gudana. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, sabon kwararar ruwan ya isa bangon caldera na yamma kuma ya lalata kusan gidaje biyar da babban madatsar ruwa. A cikin wadannan ‘yan kwanakin farko, hukumomin farar hula sun kwashe kimanin mutane 3,000.
Fashewar ya zama mai haske bayan 'yan kwanakin farko, kuma matsakaici, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa irin na Hawaii masu tsayin mita 100-120 ya gina mazugi mai tsinkaye sama da mita 140. Gudun ya kasance lawa, kuma ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa bangon caldera, sannan ya juya arewa. Wadannan suna gudana ne gaba daya azaman matsin da aka gina daga tabo da kaurin tafiyar. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, kwararar ruwa ta biyu ta fara rufe wani kwararar ruwa a baya, wacce ta kasance kusan gaba daya saman tafiyar har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu, lokacin da ta bazu ta lalata wani gida. Cinder ya fadi har zuwa nisan kilomita biyu kudu da ramuka a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. A ranar 17, kwararar ta wuce zuwa kimanin mita 420 daga gidan mafi kusa a ƙauyen na Portela.
A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, wani ma'aunin girgizar kasa mai motsi ya fara yin rikodin girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi wanda ya nuna canji a cikin salon fashewa daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa ruwan Strombolian. An bar Spatter a kowane dakika 3-8 tare da fashewar gas mai ƙarfi. Bugu da kari, yawan fashewar abubuwa ya karu kuma sama da mita 300 na tashar ya kasance pahoehoe lava. Yawan fashewar, wanda aka kiyasta daga girma da kuma yawan gudu a tashar, sun kasance tsakanin mita miliyan 4 zuwa 8.5 na cubic a kowace rana.
A cikin daren Afrilu 18, jerin manyan fashewar abubuwa masu fashewa sun faru wanda wataƙila ya biyo bayan faɗuwar wasu sassan mazugi a cikin maƙogwaron da kuma fashewar abubuwan fashewar abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Da safe, aikin ya koma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kuma rikodin girgizar ƙasa ya fi shuru. Lawa yana gudana yana ci gaba da yin kauri, kuma ana yin lawa tare da babbar tashar.
2014-15 fashewa
Dutsen Fogo ya dawo aiki a cikin 2014, tun da ya fara fashewa jim kaɗan bayan ƙarfe 10 na safiyar Lahadi, 23 ga Nuwamba 2014. An yi 'yan kwanaki na tsawaita aikin girgizar ƙasa, amma sun taɓarɓarewa tun daga ƙarfe 8 na dare. a daren Asabar.
Yawan mutanen Chã das Caldeiras, wanda yawansu ya kai kimanin mazauna 1,000, sun kwana a waje da gidajensu saboda tsananin girgizar ƙasa, kuma an fara kwashe su lokacin da fashewar ta fara. Kamar a 1995, wasu mutane da farko sun ƙi barin gidajensu, amma daga ƙarshe sun bi umarnin hukuma.
Bruno Faria, wani masanin ilmin batanci na Cape Verde, ya ce tsananin fashewar ya zarce na shekarar 1995, kuma ya kusanci na shekarar 1951, daya daga cikin mafi karfi da aka taba rubutawa a tsibirin. Fashewar da aka samu ya yi karfi sosai bayan 23 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014. Yanzu haka ƙauyen Portela a cikin Chã das Caldeiras ya kasance a rufe da rafin lava wanda ya lalata kayan gidan gaba ɗaya.
Bayan kwanaki 77 na aiki, fashewar ta tsaya a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2015. Kashi 75% na gine-ginen da ke Portela, Bangaeira da Ilhéu de Losna, sassan Chã das Caldeiras, sun lalace. Yawancin waɗannan an rufe su da lava.
Ilimin kasa
Pico do Fogo ya kunshi basanite, tephrite, phonotephrite, clinopyroxene, amphibole, magnetite, olivine, melilite da leucite. Babban ɗakin magma yana da zurfin kilomita 16-24, zuwa cikin ɓawon tekun da kuma kilomita 10-12 a ƙasan ɓawon burodin.
Zane
Tun daga 2014, ƙwanƙolin tare da kewayen da ke kewaye an bayyana a cikin bayanin kula na escudo na $ 200 na Capeverdean. A gefen hagu na ƙasa itacen inabi ne wanda aka shuka shi a yankin da kuma dama Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, ɗan asalin tsibirin, wurin haifuwa na wani yanki wanda ya haɗa da ƙwanƙolin.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory |
37372 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobe%20Bellingham | Jobe Bellingham | Jobe Bellingham (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2005) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma gaba ga EFL Championship Birmingham City . Ya wakilci Ingila a matakin kasa da 17 da U18 .
Rayuwar farko da ta sirri
Bellingham an haife shi a Stourbridge, West Midlands, akan 23 watan Satumba shekarar 2005, ☃☃ ƙaramin ɗa Denise da Mark Bellingham. Mark yana aiki a matsayin sajan a cikin 'yan sanda na West Midlands kuma ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwallo a ƙwallon ƙafa ba na League ba . Bellingham ƙane ne ga ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Jude Bellingham, wanda ya riga shi zuwa makarantar Birmingham City inda za su yi shekaru na girma. Jude mai shekaru 16 ya kasance dan wasa na farko na yau da kullun a lokacin kakar 2019-20 kafin ya shiga kungiyar Borussia Dortmund ta Jamus. Bayan tafiyar Jude, Jobe ya fito a cikin buɗe kayan kakar 2020-21 na Birmingham.
Aikin kulob
A shekaru 15 shekaru, 321 Kwanaki, Bellingham ya kasance mai suna a kan benci na maye gurbin wasan zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin EFL na Birmingham na 2021–22 a gida zuwa Colchester United na League One . Ya kasance ba a yi amfani da shi ba, kamar yadda ya yi a zagaye na biyu na wannan gasar. Idan da a ce ya fara buga wasa a kowane wasa, saura makwanni kadan ya cika shekaru 16 da haihuwa, da ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a kungiyar, inda ya karya tarihin da dan uwansa ya kafa a zagayen farko shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Daga baya waccan shekarar, jita-jita sun danganta Jude Bellingham tare da komawa Ingila; jita-jita na danganta kungiyar Jude, Borussia Dortmund, da sha'awar siyan Jobe. A karshen shekarar yana da kwallaye hudu daga wasanni tara ga kungiyar Birmingham ta Under-18 a sashinsu na Premier League na Under-18, kuma ya buga wa 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 wasa sau hudu a gasar Premier 2 Division 2.
An nada Bellingham a kan benci don wasan EFL Championship wasan da Coventry City a watan Nuwamba. Manaja Lee Bowyer ya dage cewa bai kamata masu lura da al’amura su yi la’akari da irin nasarorin da dan’uwansa ya samu ba, yana mai nuni da cewa shi ne na gaba saboda yawan raunin da ‘yan wasan tsakiyar kulob din suka samu. Ya sake zama mara amfani. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan zagaye na uku na gasar cin Kofin FA na Birmingham na 2021-22 a gida da kulob din Plymouth Argyle na League One, ya maye gurbin Jordan James mai shekaru 17 bayan mintuna 70 da ci ba tare da ci ba sannan Birmingham ta rage. zuwa maza goma. Yana da shekaru 16, kwanaki 107, ya zama ɗan ƙarami na biyu na Birmingham. Bayan wasan, wanda Birmingham ta sha kashi da ci 1-0, Bowyer ya ce ya samu nasarar fara wasansa ta hanyar inganta wasan da ya yi a makonnin da suka gabata yana atisaye da kungiyar ta farko. Ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa bayan mako guda a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 zuwa Preston North End . Na gaba ya kasance har zuwa wasan karshe na kakar wasanni.
A cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2022, Birmingham ta tabbatar da cewa Bellingham zai karɓi tallafin karatu tare da ƙungiyar kuma ya amince da sharuɗɗa kan kwangilar ƙwararru ta farko, don aiwatar da ranar haihuwarsa ta 17th.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Bellingham ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 2021, inda ya yi nasara da ci 6-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Ireland ta Arewa . Ya fara bayyanarsa a matakin kasa da shekaru 17 watanni uku bayan haka a gasar cin kofin Syrenka da Romania ; Ya buga wasan ne ta hanyar rashin bugun fanareti, amma har yanzu Ingila ta ci 2-0. Ya kuma buga sauran wasan rukuni da kuma a wasan karshe, wanda Ingila ta sha kashi a hannun Netherlands da ci 3–2 . A watan Oktoba, ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin zagayen neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Ingila a 2022, kuma ya ba da taimako ga kwallon da Kobbie Mainoo ya ci a ci 7-0 da Armeniya, yayin da Ingila ke kan gaba a rukuninsu kuma ta tsallake zuwa zagayen fitattu .
Bayan wasanni takwas na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, Bellingham ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 na Ingila don wasan karamar gasar kungiyoyi hudu a Pinatar Arena a Spain a watan Satumba shekarar 2022. Ya fara karawa ne da Netherlands da Belgium kuma ya makara a madadin Faroe Islands yayin da Ingila ta lashe dukkan wasanni uku.
Kididdigar sana'a
Manazarta
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane |
29763 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27%C6%B3ancin%20Mallakar%20Gidaje | 'Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje | Haƙƙin samun gidaje (Hakkin samun matsuguni) ya kunshi arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu dan samun isassun gidaje da matsugunai. Ana kuma amfani da ita a wasu kundin tsarin mulki na kasashe da kuma a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da kuma al'adu. 'Yancin samun matsuguni hakki ne mai zaman kansa a cikin dokar hakkokin dan adam na duniya wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma hakkokin al'adu ta sanar a yayin wani tsokaci na General Comment on Adequate Housing a shakara ta 1991. Shirin na 'Yancin Muhalli a karkashin ICESCR ya kuma haɗa da: isassun ayyuka, ababan more rayuwa, kaya da ababen amfani; tsaro na mallakar gidaje a shar'ance; zama acikin aminci; ta yadda za'a iya mallaka cikin sauki; wuri da kuma isasshen al'ada.
Shirin UN Human Settlement Programme wacce ke habaka 'yancin muhalli tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yancin Dan Adam shiri ne na kara tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Istanbul na 1996 da kuma Ajendar Muhalli. Ana kiran shirin da suna UN-HABITAT, wacce ke da alhakin habaka hakkin mallakar matsuguni ta hanyar kula da tsare-tsare da kuma gangami na karawa juna sani.
Sashi na 26, babi na biyu na Tsarin Mulkin Kasar South Africa ta tsara cewa, "kowa na da hakkin mallakar isasshen m}}uhalli" kuma sashin cigaban dan-adam ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da wannan doka. A kasar Amurka, yawancin yankunan ta ba su da dokar 'yancin muhalli face a birnin Massachusetts inda masu iyali kadai ke da hakki na mallkar muhalli". Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ta yarda da tsarin mallakar muhallin musamman a sashi na 43 wacce ta bayyana cewa "kowanne dan kasa na Najeriya na da hakkin mallaka ko siyan fili a ko ina a fadin Najeriya".
Ma'ana
An amince da haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a cikin kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama na duniya. Mataki na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta amince da 'yancin mallakar gidaje a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun ingantacciyar rayuwa.
Mataki na 11 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) itama ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin matsuguni a zaman wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa.
A dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ana ɗaukar haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a matsayin haƙƙi mai zaman kansa. An bayyana hakan a cikin 1991 Janar Comment no 4 akan isassun Gidaje ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Al'umma da Al'adu. Bayanin gabaɗaya yana ba da cikakken fassarar haƙƙin matsuguni cikin sharuddan doka ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa.
Ka'idodin Yogyakarta kan aiwatar da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i da kuma tsarin jinsi sun tabbatar da cewa: "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami isasshiyar matsuguni, gami da kariya daga kora, batare da nuna bambanci ba, kuma Jihohi za su ɗauka duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan tsaro don tabbatar da tsaron wa'adin mulki da bayar da damar samun gidaje masu araha, wanda suka dace da al'adu da aminci. banda matsuguni da sauran wuraren kwana na gaggawa, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi ko arziki ko matsayin dangi; ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan hana aiwatar da korar da ba su dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ba, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an tanaji hukunci na adalci ga wadanda suke kawo korafi akan cewa an tauye masu hakki ta hanyar tilasta masu barin gidajensu ko kuma suna cikin barazana cin zarafi, wanda suka hada da 'yancin sakkin matsuguni, wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallakar wani fili mafi inganci ko dacewa da kuma isasshen muhalli, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba."Har ila yau, haƙƙin samun gidaje yana kunshe a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 28 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin nakasassu, Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Turai (Mataki na 31 na Yarjejeniyar Zamantakewa ta Tarayyar Turai) da kuma cikin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Al'umma. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, abubuwan da suka shafi 'yancin samun gidaje a karkashin ICESCR sun hada da: tsaro na doka samuwan ayyuka, kayan aiki, wurare da ababen more rayuwa; ikon mallaka cikin sauki, wuri mai zaunuwa, wacce ake iya zuwa, cancantar wuri da al'adu. A matsayin manufar siyasa kuwa, an ayyana haƙƙin mallakar gidaje a cikin jawabin FD Roosevelt na 1944 akan Dokar Haƙƙin Na Biyu.
Aikin TENLAW ya ba da dama mai inganci ga bincike na kasa da kasa da na tsaka-tsaki a fagen gidaje da dukiya. Ya haifar da kujera na farko na gidaje a Jami'ar Rovira i Virgili (Spain) a kan Yuli 11, 2013, wanda ya buɗe damar yin bincike da yadawa a wannan yanki.
Matsuguni a fuskar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje ya kasance muhimmin batu a taron Habitat na 1996 da aka yi a Istanbul kuma babban jigo a cikin yarjejeniyar Istanbul da Ajandar Habitat . Sakin layi na 61 na ajanda ya bayyana matakan da gwamnatoci ke buƙata don "ingantawa, kariya da tabbatar da ci gaba da ci gaba da haƙƙin samun isasshen gidaje." Taron Habitat (Matsuguni) na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Istanbul +5, ya sake tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul na 1996 da Ajandar Habitat kuma ta kafa shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta 'yancin samun gidaje tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Wanda aka sani da UN-HABITAT, shirin shine mafi mahimmancin taron kasa da kasa don haƙƙin gidaje. Yana da alhakin inganta haƙƙin gidaje, ta hanyar yakin wayar da kan jama'a, da haɓaka ma'auni da tsarin sa ido.
Ayyuka
Canada
Dabarun Gidajen Kasa (NHS) da aka gabatar a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2017, sun yi alkawarin kafa dokoki masu tushe don aiwatar da kudurin gwamnati na ci gaba da aiwatar da hakkin samun gidaje, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Wancan dokar da aka yi alkawarinta, Dokar Dabarun Gidaje ta ƙasa, ta sami izinin sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Bayan da aka fara gabatar da dokar ta NHS a ƙarshen 2017, a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2018, masu ba da shawara sun fitar da wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau, wanda ƙungiyoyi sama da 170 da fitattun 'yan Kanada suka sanya hannu ( jimlar 1,100 masu sanya hannu), suna roƙon shi da ya ba da haƙƙin mallakar gidaje. a cikin Dokar. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019 an gabatar da Dokar NHS a cikin Dokar Aiwatar da Kasafin Kudi, 2019 (Bill C-97). Dokar, kamar yadda aka fara gabatar da ita ta tabbatar da aniyar ci gaba da tabbatar da haƙƙin gidaje kamar yadda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, na buƙatar gwamnatocin nan gaba su ɗauki da kiyaye dabarun gidaje na ƙasa, tare da kafa Majalisar Gidaje ta ƙasa da mai ba da shawara kan gidaje na tarayya. Ya rasa, duk da haka, wani ma'ana mai ma'ana don sadaukar da haƙƙin matsuguni kuma bai ba da damar sauraron karar ba. A Kanada, haƙƙin mallakar gidaje ya zama doka tare da zartar da Dokar Dabarar Gidaje ta Ƙasa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Dokar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2019.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, sashe na 26 na babi na biyu na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da cewa "kowa na da 'yancin samun isasshen gidaje." Ma'aikatar Matsugunan Jama'a ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da wannan umarni. Dangane da bayanan baya-bayan nan, kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 3.6 har yanzu suna zaune a cikin rumfuna ko ƙauyuka na yau da kullun (bayanin 2013), yayin da aka kiyasta cewa kusan 200,000 ba su da matsuguni ko kuma suna zaune a kan tituna (bayanin 2015).
Amurka
Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Amurka ba su da ikon fakewa. Banda ɗaya shine Massachusetts, inda iyalai (amma ba marasa gida ba) suna da haƙƙin tsari. A California, yaran da suka gudu suna da damar shigar da su matsugunan gaggawa ba tare da izinin iyaye ba. Birnin New York kuma ya amince da haƙƙin matsugunin gaggawa.
Najeriya
‘Yancin samun gidaje yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999, musamman a sashe na 43 da ke cewa “kowane dan Najeriya na da ‘yancin mallaka da mallakar kadarorinsa a ko’ina a Najeriya”. Sannan ya bayyana a cikin sashe na 44 cewa ‘Ba za a mallake kadarorin ko wata dukiya ta tilas ba kuma ba za a mallaka wani hakki ko riba a cikin irin wadannan kadarorin ba tilas ba a kowane yanki na Najeriya sai ta hanyar da aka tsara. bisa ga doka cewa a cikin wasu abubuwa: yana buƙatar biyan diyya cikin gaggawa da kuma tabbatar da samun damar shiga kotu don tantance sha'awarsa a cikin kadarorin da adadin diyya da za a biya. Sharuɗɗan sashe na 16 (2) (d) na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar a cikin Maƙasudin Manufofi da Ka'idojin Jagoranci na Manufofin Jiha, wanda ya bayyana cewa "jahar za ta jagoranci manufofinta don tabbatar da cewa an samar da matsuguni mai kyau kuma mai kyau ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa" yana nuna cewa an samar da matsuguni masu dacewa ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa. amincewa da buƙatar samar da matsuguni ga ƴan ƙasa amma irin wannan haƙƙin ya keɓe haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje. Bugu da kari, sashe na 6(6) (c) na kundin tsarin mulki ya ayyana Manufofin Manufofin da Ka'idojin Umarni ba su dace ba.
Yanayin gidaje na mutane a Najeriya ya yi kasa da dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama, musamman kungiyoyi masu rauni kamar mata, 'yan asalin kasar, LGBTQ, 'yan gudun hijirar da kuma mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa (PLW) a yankunan karkara na Abuja, Legas da kuma Fatakwal. A shekarar 2014, WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa kashi 69 cikin 100 na al’ummar biranen Najeriya na zaune ne a cikin ‘yan ta’adda ba tare da ababen more rayuwa kamar ruwan sha ba, da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli, da wutar lantarki, da kwashe shara, da kuma tituna. Haka kuma, a shekarar 2013, kididdigar yawan al’umma da kiwon lafiya ta Nijeriya ta nuna cewa ‘yan Nijeriya miliyan 57 da miliyan 130 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli bi da bi. A cewar Bankin jinginar gidaje na Najeriya, an samu gibin gidaje miliyan 22 a shekarar 2019. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bayyana cewa gibin gidaje a jihar ya kai gidaje miliyan 2.5, inda kashi 70 cikin 100 na al’ummarta ke zaune a gidajen da ba na yau da kullun ba. Ana samun karuwar bukatar gidaje kashi 20 a duk shekara a Abuja, Ibadan da Kano. Gabaɗaya, gidaje masu zaman kansu na kasuwa kaɗan ne kawai za su iya zama mai araha. Akwai ƙarancin gidaje na haya wanda ke buƙatar masu haya su sami hayar gaba na sama da shekara ɗaya. Ba a ba da kulawar kula da haya ko iyalai ban da dangantakar mai gida da mai haya, tare da aiwatar da dokokin ƙa'ida.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hazm | Ibn Hazm | Abu Muhammad'ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa'id ibn Hazm ( Arabic حزم ; wani lokacin kuma ana kiransa al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; 7 Nuwamba 994 - 15 Agusta 1064 (456 AH ) ya kasance Musulmi mawãƙi, polymath, tarihi, masana, Falsafa, da kuma theologian, an haife shi a Khalifanci na Cordoba, ayanzu Spain . Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma mafarin makarantar Zahiri na tunani a Musulunci kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400, wanda 40 ne kawai ke ci gaba da rayuwa. Gabaɗaya, ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sunkai kusan shafi 80,000. Encyclopedia na Islama ya nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a duniyar musulmai, kuma an karbe shi da yawa a matsayin baban nazarin karatun addini tare da al-Biruni .
Rayuwarsa
Asali
Kakan Ibn Hazm Sa'id da mahaifinsa Ahmad dukkansu sun rike manyan mukamai na bada shawarwari a kotun Umayyad Halifa Hisham II . Masana sun yi imani cewa su Kiristocin Iberian ne wadanda suka musulunta.
Haɓakawa
Bayan an haife shi cikin dangi mai mahimmanci a siyasa da tattalin arziki, Ibn Hazm ya yi aiki tare da mutanen da ke da iko da kuma tasiri a duk rayuwarsa. Ya sami damar kaiwa ga matakan gwamnati ta hanyar samartakarsa wanda yawancin mutane a lokacin ba za su taɓa sani ba duk tsawon rayuwarsu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka samu tare da gwamnati da 'yan siyasa sun sa Ibn Hazm ya sami ci gaba mai cike da rudani har ma da bakin ciki game da yanayin dan Adam da iyawar dan'adam don yaudarar da zalunta. Amsarsa ita ce yi imani cewa babu wata mafaka ko gaskiya sai fa tare da Allah marar kuskure, kuma cewa tare da mutane kawai suna lalata da rashawa. Ibn Hazm ya kasance sananne ne saboda tsabar raina shi game da ɗan adam da kuma girmamawa ga ka'idodin yare da amincin sadarwa.
Kulawa
Ibnu Hazm ya kasance yana zaune a cikin da'irar masu shugabancin mulkin Umayyawa . Abubuwan da ya samu game da rayuwarsa sun haifar da sha'awar kulawa da kulawa, kuma ya sami kyakkyawan ilimi a Córdoba. Kwarewar sa ta sa ya shahara kuma ya ba shi damar shiga aiki a karkashin Khalifofin Córdoba da Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Grand Vizier har zuwa ƙarshen halifofin Umayyawa, Hisham III . Hakanan abokin aikin abokin Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo .
Bayan rasuwar mai girma al-Muzaffar a cikin 1008, Umayyad Khalifa na Iberiya ya shiga cikin yakin basasa wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1031 wanda ya haifar da rushewar ikon tsakiyar Córdoba da fitowar wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake kira Taifas .
Mahaifin Ibn Hazm ya mutu a shekara ta 1012. Aka tsare Ibn Hazm a kurkuku a zaman wanda ake zargi da goyon bayan Umayyads . A shekarar 1031, Ibn Hazm ya koma gidan mahaifinsa a Manta Lisham kuma ya fara bayyana dalilan gwagwarmayar sa ta hanyar rubuce rubuce. Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma kwaleji na makarantar Zahiri na tunanin Musulunci, kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400 wanda kawai 40 ke raye. Saboda abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa da na addini sun sami iko bayan rushe khalifa, ya yarda da tayin neman mafaka daga gwamnan tsibirin Majorca a cikin shekarun 1040, kuma ya ci gaba da yaduwar makarantar Zahiri a can kafin ya dawo Andalusia.
Contemporaries sun haɗa da magana da cewa, "Harshen Ibn Hazm ɗan'uwan tagwaye ne ga takobin al-Hajjaj " (janar na 7 da aka fi sani da gwamnan Iraki), kuma ya faɗi haka sau da yawa cewa wannan magana "Ibn Hazm ya ce" ya zama karin magana.
Kamar yadda wani Athari, ya yi gāba da kamã da jũna fassarar addini texts, fifita maimakon a nahawu da syntactical fassarar Alkur'ani . Ya ba da damar sanin yakamata ta hanyar wahayi da fahimta kawai da kuma la'akari da dalilan cire isasshe a cikin shari'a da addini. Ya ƙi ayyukan da aka saba yi tsakanin yawancin makarantun al'adu na gargajiya kamar rarraben malamai . Yayinda da farko ya kasance mai bin dokar makarantar Maliki a cikin Sunni Islam, sai ya koma makarantar Shafi'i daga baya kuma, a lokacin yana da shekara talatin, daga karshe ya zauna tare da makarantar Zahiri . Wataƙila sanannen sanannen sananne ne ga makarantar, kuma shine asalin tushen ayyukan ɗorewa akan dokar Zahirite. Ya karanci hukunce-hukuncen makarantar da hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin Abu al-Kharar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri na karamar Hukumar Santarém, daga ƙarshe ya sami ci gaba zuwa matakin malami na makarantar. A shekara ta 1029, an fitar da su biyu daga babban masallacin Cordoba saboda ayyukansu.
Ayyuka
Da yawa daga cikin manyan ayyukan Ibn Hazm, wadanda suka kusanci na Muhammad bn Jarir al-Tabari da as-Suyuti ', mazhabobin sa da kuma abokan hamayyar sa sun kone shi a Seville. Ayyukansa na tsira, yayin da ake sukar sa a matsayin maimaitawa, didactic da ɓoye cikin salon ma suna nuna rashin jin daɗin rashin jituwa ga masu sukar iliminsa da hukumomin sa.
Ibn Hazm ya rubuta ayyuka a kan shari'a, tauhidi, da kuma littattafan likita sama da goma. Ya yi kira da a hada ilimin kimiyya cikin tsari mai inganci. A cikin tsarin ilmin kimiyyar ilmin kimiya ya bayyana fannonin ilimi a matsayin matakai na samun ci gaba wanda aka kafa a tsarin karatun shekara biyar, daga yare da fassarar Kur'ani, zuwa rayuwa da kimiyyar jiki, zuwa tauhidin hankali.
Cikakken Nazarin Critical
A cikin Fisal ( Cikakken Nazarin Critical ), wani rubutu kan kimiyar Islama da tauhidi, Ibn Hazm ya ba da hazakar fahimta sama da dalilan mutumtaka. Gane mahimmancin hankali, kamar yadda Kur’ani da kansa ya gayyaci tunani, ya yi jayayya cewa wannan tunani yana nuni ne kawai da wahayi da bayanan hankali, tunda tushen ka'idodn ana samun kansu ne daga ƙwarewar hankali . Ya kammala da cewa dalilin ba dalibi bane na bincike mai zaman kanta ko ganowa, amma yakamata ayi amfani da wannan fahimta a matsayinta, ra'ayin da zai zama tushen tushen wayewar kai .
Hukuncin Shari'a
Zai yiwu mafi girman aikin Ibn Hazm a cikin Larabci a wannan zamani (an fassara zaɓe zuwa Turanci), shine Muhallah (المحلى بالأثار), Ko kuma Adorned Treatise. An ruwaito shi wani taƙaitaccen aiki ne wanda ya fi tsayi da aka sani da al-Mujallah (المجلى). Yana da mahimmanci a hankali kan batutuwan fikihu ko fiqh (فقه), amma kuma ya shafi batutuwa na aqida a babin ta na farko Kitab al-Tawheed (كتاب التوحيد), Wanda ke mayar da hankali kan lamurra masu alaƙa da tauhidi da mahimman ka'idodin kusanci ga rubutun Allah. . Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka fito daga wannan babban maudu'in na fikihu shine cewa ibn Hazm ya karyata tsarin tunani ko kuma kimantawa (قياس), yana fifita hanya mafi kyau ta zahiri ga matani.
Logic
Ibnu Hazm ya rubuta Matsayin Logic, wanda a cikin sa yake jaddada mahimmancin fahimta a matsayin tushen ilimi. Ya rubuta cewa "asalin hanyoyin dukkan ilimin ɗan adam sune hankulan da ake amfani da shi sosai da kuma dalilai na hankali, haɗe da daidaitaccen fahimtar harshe". Ibn Hazm ya kuma kushe wasu daga cikin masana tauhidi masu ra'ayin gargajiya wadanda ke adawa da amfani da dabaru kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa tsararrun musulmai ba su dogara da dabaru ba. Amsarsa ita ce musulman farko sun shaida wahayin kai tsaye, alhali kuwa an fallasa musulmai na lokacinsa da sabanin imani, saboda haka amfani da dabaru ya zama dole don adana koyarwar musulinci na gaskiya. Ihsan Abbas ne ya fara buga wannan rubutun a cikin harshen larabci a 1959, kuma Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri ne ya fara buga shi a 2007.
Dabi'a
A cikin littafinsa, In Pursuit of Virtue (Cikin Neman Nagarta), ibn Hazm yaso masu karatunsa da bayanai masu zuwa: Karka yi amfani da kuzarinka sai dai wani dalili da yafi naka daraja. Ba za a samu irin wannan dalilin ba sai a wurin Allah Madaukakin Sarki: yin wa’azi na gaskiya, kare mace, kauda wulakancin da mahaliccinka bai yi maka ba, ka taimaki wadanda aka zalunta. Duk wanda ya yi amfani da kuzarin sa don abubuwan banza na duniya kamar mutum yake wanda yake musayar lu'u-lu'u da dutse.
Waƙe
Wakarsa nanan a kiyaye acikin littafin Ibn Said al-Maghribi na Pennants of the Champions :
Kun zo wurina tuntuni
Nasara sun ja kararrawa.
Rabin-wata ya tashi
kama da gira mai tsufa
ko m instep.
Kuma ko da yake har yanzu yana cikin dare
lokacin da kuka zo bakan gizo
aka yi haske a sararin sama,
nuna kamar launuka masu yawa
kamar wutsiya daddawa.
Magani
Malaman Ibn Hazm na magani sun hada da al-Zahrawi da Ibn al-Kattani kuma ya rubuta wasu ayyukan likita guda goma, gami da Kitab fi'l-Adwiya al-mufrada da al-Dhahabi ya ambata.
Ra'ayoyi
Harshe
Baya ga ra'ayoyinsa kan gaskiya a cikin sadarwa, Ibn Hazm shi ma ya yi magana da kimiyyar yare zuwa wani mataki. Ya kalli yaren larabci, yaren Ibraniyanci da yaren Syriac a matsayin dukkan harshe daya ne wanda harshensu ya kasance yayin da masu iya magana suka zauna a yankuna daban-daban kuma suka kirkiro kalmomi daban-daban da kuma masani daga tushen baki daya. Ya kuma bambanta da masana ilimin tauhidi da yawa na musulmai a cikin cewa bai dauki larabci kamar mafificin waɗansu yarukan ba; wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Kur'ani bai bayyana Larabci irin wannan ba, kuma a mahangar Ibn Hazm babu wata hujja game da iƙirarin cewa kowane harshe ya fi wani.
Karatun rubutu
Ibn Hazm sananne ne saboda tsananin gaskiyarsa kuma ana ganinsa gwarzon makarantar Zahirite na zahiri a cikin Sunni Islām. Misali da ake yawan kawo misali dashi shine fassarar sa ta farkon aya ta 23 a surar Al-Isra ta Kur'ani da ya hana mutum ya ce "uff" ga iyayen mutum; Ibn Hazm ya ce rabin ayar kawai ta haramta ce da "uff" kuma ba ya hana bugawa iyayen wani misali, amma a maimakon haka bugun su ya haramta da rabi na biyu na ayar da kuma aya ta 24 wacce ta yi umarni da alheri. lura da iyaye.
Falsafa
Ayyukan Ibn Hazm sun dan taba sosai a kan al'adun falsafancin Girka. Yarda da Epicurus da Prodicus na Ceos, ya bayyana cewa nishaɗin yana kawo farin ciki a rayuwa kuma babu wani abin tsoro a cikin mutuwa. Ya yi imani da cewa wadannan hadisai na falsafa, alhali suna da amfani, basu isa su gina yanayin mutum yadda yakamata ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa imanin musulinci shima ya zama dole.
Ibn Hazm ya ki yarda da 'yancin nufi na kowane mutum, saboda ya yi imani da cewa dukkanin sifofin mutum ya halitta ne daga Allah .
Yan Shia
Ibnu Hazm ya kasance mai suka sosai game da mabiya Shia. Ya ce game da su: "Farisa sun mallaki masarauta mai girma da kuma fifikon sama da sauran al'ummomi. Sun maida hadarin da suke tattare dasu (ga sauran al'umma) ta hanyar kiran kansu al-Ahrār ('yantattu) da kuma al-Asydd (salihan mutane). Sakamakon haka, sun dauki sauran mutane a matsayin bayinsu. Ko ta yaya, an cutar dasu da rushe masarautarsu ta hannun larabawa wadanda suka dauka karamar hadari akan tsakanin sauran al’ummomin [ga daular]. Al'amuransu sun kara dagula lamurrarsu har sau ninki, yayin da suke kulla makirci a kan Musulunci a lokuta daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin dukkan makircinsu, Allah ya bayyana gaskiya. Sun ci gaba da shirya mafi tsadar abubuwa. Don haka, wasu daga mutanensu sun karbi musulunci ne kawai don su juya zuwa ga addinin Shi'a, tare da da'awar son Ahl al-Bayt (Iyalan gidan Annabi) da kyama kan zaluncin da ake yiwa Alī. Daga nan sai suka bi ta wannan hanyar har ta kai su ga barin shiriya.
Reception
Malaman musulinci, musamman wadanda ke yiwa lakabi da Zahirism, galibi sun yabi Ibn Hazm saboda abin da suka ji shi ne iliminsa da juriyarsa. Mai wa'azin Yemen Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i yana daya daga cikin masu sha'awar Ibn Hazm a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, yana da ra'ayin cewa babu wani malamin musulmin da ya shigar da hadisan annabci na Muhammadu da Sahaba . Haka ma, malamin Pakistan Badi 'ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi ya koyar da littafin Ibn Hazm littafin Al-Muhalla ga daliban Masjid al-Haram, yayin da suke zaune a Makka . al-Wadi'i da kansa ya koyar da Al-Muhalla a cikin Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, alhali yana Madina . Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri, babban masanin tarihin Ibn Hazm a wannan zamani, ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa kan rayuwar Ibn Hazm, da yawa waɗanda aka buga ta hanyar buga bugu na Ibn Aqil wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ibn Hazm.
Tarurrukan zamani na tatsuniyar Ibn Hazm gaba daya na ka’idar shari’ar musulinci ya ga lokuta da dama a tarihin ilimin Larabawa, wadanda suka hada da sake buga littafin Ahmad Shakir na Al-Muhalla, da Muhammad Abu Zahra na tarihin Ibn Hazm, da kuma sake buga littafin Sanarwa daga wasiyyun bayanai akan ka'idojin shari'a ta Sa'id al-Afghani a shekarar 1960 da Ihsan Abbas tsakanin 1980 da 1983.
Duba kuma
Hazm (suna)
Miguel Asín Palacios
Manazarta
Nassoshi
Ringarar kurciya ta Ibn Hazm, fassara da gabatarwar ta AJ Arberry
al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa 'wa-al-nihal, na Ibn Hazm. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985
Abenházam de Córdoba y su Tarihi crítica de las ideas religiosas vols. 1-5, na Miguel Asín Palacios. Madrid, 1928-1932
Marubutan musulmai akan Yahudanci da kuma Littafin Ibrananci : daga Ibn Rabban har zuwa Ibn Hazm, na Camilla Adang . Leiden: EJ Brill, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10034-2
Ibn Hazm et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam, na Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12844-1
Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam, na Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri . Lebanon : Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. shafuka 303.
Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il / Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi; introd., éd. sharhi, sake aure par Eva Riad . Uppsala : Univ. ; Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell kasa da kasa (distr.), 1980. ISBN 91-554-1048-0
Zahiris, Koyarwarsu da Tarihinsu: gudummawa ga tarihin ilimin tauhidi ta Ignaz Goldziher, trans. da kuma ed. Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: EJ Brill, 1971.
"Ibn Hazm na Cordova: akan Isagoge na Porphyry", wanda Rafael Ramón Guerrero ya gabatar, a cikin J. Meirinhos - O. Weijers (eds. ): Florilegium mediaevale. Aukaka abubuwa masu zuwa ga Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat, Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp. 525-540.
Haɗin waje
Biodata a MuslimScholars.info
Rubutun asalin Larabci na Tawq Alhamama
Ibn web Hazm na duniya da kuma annabcin mata
Tarihin Rayuwar musulmai
Rubutun Britannica.org Encyclopædia Britannica akan Ibn Hazm
Polemics (Muslim-Bayahude), Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke: Andalusi Ibn Ḥazm, wanda aka san shi da cin mutuncin abokan adawar sa da banbancin ra'ayi, koda kuwa musulmai ne., p. 6, a cikin "Encyclopedia of Yahudawa a Duniyar Islama", ed. Norman Stillman
(in French) Matsayi na Ibn Hazm game da Asharism ta at-tawhid.net
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30037 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20bayyana%20harshe | Haƙƙoƙin bayyana harshe | Haƙƙoƙin bayyana harshe ko REL harshe ne mai sarrafa na'ura da ake amfani da shi don bayyana haƙƙin mallaka (kamar haƙƙin mallaka) da sauran sharuɗɗan amfani da abun cikin Magana. Ana iya amfani da RELs azaman maganganu na tsaye (watau metadata da ake amfani da ita don bincike, bin diddigin dacewa) ko cikin tsarin DRM .
Ana iya bayyana RELs a cikin yaren inji (kamar XML, RDF, RDF Schema, da JSON). Ko da yake ana iya sarrafa RELs kai tsaye, ana kuma iya saduwa da su idan an saka su azaman metadata a cikin wasu takardu, kamar littattafan eBooks, hoto, fayilolin odiyo ko bidiyo.
Sanannen RELs
Fitattun RELs sun haɗa da:
ccREL
Tsarin RDF wanda aikin Creative Commons ke amfani dashi don bayyana lasisin su .
Hakanan GNU Project ya karɓi wannan ƙamus ɗin don bayyana Babban Lasisin Jama'a (GPL) a cikin sigar da za a iya karantawa na inji.
W3C Buɗe Harshen Haƙƙin Dijital ODRL
W3C Izini da Maganar Wajibi (POE) Ƙungiyar Aiki ta haɓaka shawarwarin ODRL don bayyana izini da bayanan wajibai don abun ciki na dijital.
Samfurin Bayani na W3C ODRL yana ba da tsari don mahimman ra'ayoyi, ƙungiyoyi, da alaƙa waɗanda suka samar da tushen tushe don tarukan tarukan maganganun ODRL. Manufar Samfurin Bayanin ODRL shine don tallafawa sassauƙan maganganun Manufofi ta hanyar kyale marubucin ya haɗa da yawa, ko kaɗan, cikakkun bayanai game da sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗan amfani da kadari, ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa, da wajibai.
Kamus na W3C ODRL & Bayyanawa yana bayyana yuwuwar kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maganganun Manufofin ODRL da yadda ake tsara su. Sharuɗɗan sun zama wani ɓangare na ODRL Ontology kuma suna tsara ilimin tarukan. Faɗin tsarin ƙamus a cikin ƙamus yana ba da tallafi ga Kuma al'ummomi don amfani da ODRL a matsayin harshe na farko don bayyana shari'o'in amfani gama gari.
XrML
XrML ya fara da aiki a Xerox a cikin shekarar 1990s. Bayan wucewa ta da dama iri da ayyuka daban-daban, daga baya ya kafa tushen REL ga MPEG-21 .
MPEG-21
Sashe na 5 na wannan MPEG misali hada da wani REL.
METSRrights
METSRights wani tsari ne na tsawaitawa zuwa ma'aunin metadata na METS .
Amfani da REL
Ayyukan REL shine ayyana lasisi, da kuma siffanta waɗannan lasisin dangane da izini ko hani waɗanda suke nuni ga yadda za'a iya amfani da abun a ciki mai alaƙa.
"Lasisi" a nan na iya nufin ko dai:
"sanannen lasisi", kamar GFDL, Lasisin Apache ko Creative Commons CC-by-sa-3.0 da dai sauransu.
Lasisin da aka riga aka ayyana wanda yake kamar waɗannan, amma ba sananne sosai ba. Misalai zasu zama lasisin “shrinkwrap” na mallakar mallaka.
Takamammen lasisi wanda aka ƙirƙira tare da ɗaiɗaikun sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa, don abun ciki lasisi daga wannan ƙungiya zuwa wani.
Sanannun lasisi
Ana zaɓi amfani da sanannen lasisi galibi don sauƙi mara ma'ana: GFDL yana nufin iri ɗaya ko wanene ke amfani da shi. Yin amfani da lasisin da ke akwai kuma yana guje wa matsalolin yaɗuwar lasisi . Hakanan yana da amfani a yi amfani da irin wannan lasisin, da kuma bincika cewa aikin yana aiki da shi, ba tare da fahimtar cikakken bayani game da abin da ya kunsa ba. Sanin cewa "GFDL abin karɓa ne ga wannan aikin" da "Dukkan waɗannan albarkatun da ke cikin wannan aikin suna amfani da GFDL" ya wadatar. A wannan ma'anar, sanannun lasisi hanya ce don guje wa buƙatar amfani da REL don yin ƙira da cikakkun bayanai na lasisi, sunansa kaɗai ya isa.
Duk da wannan, REL na iya kasancewa da amfani tare da waɗannan lasisi. Yana ba da hanyar da za a iya sarrafa na'ura don gano lasisin da ake amfani da shi, guje wa batutuwan suna da yuwuwar shubuha tsakanin "Lasisi na Apache" ko "Lasisi har 2.0 Apache". Marubutan waɗannan lasisin kuma suna buƙatar hanyar bayyana bayanan cikin su.
lasisin da aka rigaya ya bayyana
Waɗannan suna kama da sanannun lasisi, domin an ayyana su kafin amfani da su kuma ana iya amfani da su a lokuta da yawa na lasisi. Bambancinsu shi ne kasancewar ba a san su ba, ya zama dole a bayyana abin da kowannen su ya kunsa, domin mai amfani zai iya haduwa da kowannen su a karon farko. REL yana ba da hanyoyin yin wannan.
Yin amfani da abun ciki mai lasisi a cikin aikin yanzu yana buƙatar kimanta bayanin, "Shin akwai wasu albarkatu a cikin wannan aikin wanda lasisinsa ya hana yanayin da aikin ke buƙata, ko yana buƙatar sharadi wanda aikin ba zai iya ba da izini ba?" . To amman Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da mahimmancin ikon rarraba kwafin aikin daga baya, ko kuma sharadi don tantancewa akan allon fantsama wanda ƙila ba za a yarda da wasu ayyukan ba.
A cikin buɗaɗɗen software na haɓakawa, ya zama ruwan dare ga ayyuka don ƙirƙirar lasisin nasu a ƙarƙashin sunan aikin nasu, amma don cikakkun bayanai na wannan lasisin ya zama kwafin tukunyar jirgi daga sanannen lasisi, ko ma nuni ga wannan lasisi. REL yakamata ya goyi bayan wannan, yana ba da hanyar lasisi don fayyace su ta hanyar rarraba lasisin da ke akwai da yuwuwar canza halayensu. Yawancin waɗannan lasisin sun fi lasisin banza, Kuma kodayake sauran ayyukan dogaro dole ne su sami damar yin aiki tare da su.
Takamaiman lasisi
Waɗannan lasisi ne waɗanda aka ƙirƙira kamar yadda ake buƙata, don takamaiman yanki na abun ciki, ko takamaiman masu amfani da ƙarshen. Yawancin lokaci ana yin hakan ne domin su sami takamaiman sharuɗɗan amfani da aka makala a kansu, kamar kwanakin ƙarewa. Kodayake waɗannan lasisin na iya dogara ne akan madaidaicin tukunyar jirgi, kowannensu na musamman ne. Nuna musu da suna ba zai iya aiki ba saboda babu guda ɗaya, tsayayye suna. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da REL don bayyana kowane ɗaya dangane da kaddarorin sa.
Misalai na iya haɗawa da kwangilar ƙayyadaddun lokaci don kallon wasanni na TV na wata ɗaya, kamar yadda kwangilar da ke gudana ta biya, da kuma kallon wannan a cikin gida amma ba don nuna shi a cikin gidan jama'a ba.
Tsarin REL
A jerin gwano na iya amfani da ƙirar ƙirar ƙimar-iri, kamar yadda RDF, don tsara bayanin ƙirar haƙƙin mallaka. Irin wannan samfurin yana bayyana kansa azaman lissafin:
Ƙungiyoyi
Kankare "abubuwa" ko "classes", misali:
Aiki / Kadari
Abun da ake ba da lasisi.
Lasisi
Lasin, musamman lokacin da wannan shine ko dai “sanannen lasisi” (inda Ayyuka da yawa za su yi amfani da lasisi mai kama da ƙima, kamar GFDL )
ko kuma misalin a takamaiman lasisi, kamar haƙƙin sake kunna abun ciki wanda mai amfani ɗaya ya saya.
Ƙarshen-mai amfani/Ƙungiyoyi
Hanya ce ta gano ƙarshen mai amfani, lokacin da lasisin takamaiman kwangila ne tare da mutum ɗaya ko jiki, da kuma ƙungiyar masu ba da lasisi.
Hukunci
Ba kasafai aka bayyana a sarari ba, amma muhimmiyar cancanta lokacin da akwai bambance-bambancen doka na gida a cikin dokar IP .
Halaye
"Properties", ko sassan kowane ɗayan waɗannan Abubuwan, misali don lasisi:
ƙuntatawa
Ayyukan da aka halatta, ko haramun
Wasu RELs sun raba waɗannan ƙuntatawa zuwa ƙungiyoyi, saboda ƙima ga kowane ɗayan gaba ɗaya sashe ne na gaba ɗaya (ayyukan da za a iya hana su wani lokaci ba sa zama dole ba)
izini
haramta
bukatu/ wajibai (ko ayyuka)
Darajoji
Ƙimar waɗannan kaddarorin, daga ƙamus da aka riga aka ayyana, misali 'Yanci huɗu :
Amfani da Aiki
Karatu da gyaggyarawa Aikin
Ana sake rarraba kwafi
Ana sake rarraba kwafi da aka gyara
Buga kadari
REL tana fayyace jerin mambobi ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi uku, da alaƙar da aka halatta a tsakanin su. A cikin misalin da ke sama ana iya samun ra'ayoyi na Lasisi, izini da sake rarraba kwafin . Sannan Kuma Hakanan ana iya samun alaƙar, Lasisi na iya bayyana hani, kuma ana iya ba da izini daban don sake rarraba kwafin .
Ana iya yin bayani ta amfani da REL (waɗannan za su kasance a wajen REL kanta) kamar:Wannan yana bayyana sabon lasisi mai ƙima, kuma wanda ke ba da izinin sake rarraba kwafi. Ayyuka na iya amfani da wannan Lasisi ta hanyar komawa gare shi,<p>This web page is licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://example.org/licenses/distribution/"
>FooCo's Distribution Permitted Licence</a>. Lura cewa ko da yake an bayyana wannan hasashen lasisin "An halatta Rarrabawa" ta amfani da Creative Commons REL, ba lasisin Ƙirƙirar Commons ba ne. Yana amfani ne kawai da ra'ayoyin "Lasisi", "izni" da "Rarrabawa". Sai dai Ko da yake ba ɗaya daga cikin lasisin Ƙirƙirar Commons da aka ayyana ta wannan aikin ba, yana raba ainihin gama gari na waɗannan sharuɗɗan: "Rarraba" yana da ma'ana ɗaya daidai da ma'anar shari'a a tsakanin su.
Misalin W3C ODRL da ke ƙasa yana nuna Yarjejeniya (Lasisi) daga ƙungiyar masu ba da izini don kadari wanda mutum ɗaya zai iya Nunawa (mai amfani), da kuma wani don Buga kadarar.{
"@context": {
"odrl": "http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/"
},
"@type": "odrl:Agreement",
"@id": "http://example.com/policy:4444",
"target": "http://example.com/asset:5555",
"assigner": "http://example.com/MyPix:55",
"permission": [{
"assignee": "http://example.com/guest:0001",
"action": "odrl:display"
}],
"permission": [{
"assignee": "http://example.com/guest:0002",
"action": "odrl:print"
}]
}
Yin aiki tsakanin lasisi
Ƙara sha'awar mashups da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da buƙatar haɗa abun ciki, da kuma fasahar ba da lasisi wanda zai iya tallafawa wannan.
Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce haɗa abun ciki kawai a ƙarƙashin sanannun lasisi ɗaya. Wannan yana da wuce gona da iri ko da yake, kuma yawancin lasisi masu jituwa na iya ba da izinin haɗa abun cikin su . Duk da haka yana da wahala a yanke hukunci akan wannan, ko an ba shi izini da kuma yadda ya kamata a ba da lasisin abun ciki na sakamakon. Har ila yau ana iya samun tatsuniyoyi lokacin da akwai buƙatu masu ruɓani ko al'amurran da suka shafi Kwafi. Musamman Creative Commons 'sanannen-sharealike' da 'sanannen-ba kasuwanci-sharealike' ba su dace ba.
Haɗa lasisi ya fi sauƙi idan duk lasisin da abin ya shafa ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar REL iri ɗaya. A wannan yanayin yana da sauƙin ganin lokacin da izini ko hani ya shafi idan sun yi aƙalla shafi ma'anar "Rarrabawa". Misali a bayyane na wannan shine lasisin Creative Commons, inda dangin lasisi duk an ayyana su cikin sharuddan REL iri ɗaya .
Ko da an bayyana lasisi daban-daban ta asali ta hanyar REL daban-daban, yana iya yiwuwa a sake yin rikodin lasisi lokaci guda a cikin wani REL da aka raba, Kuma yana mai da su kwatankwacinsu. An bayyana GPL kwanan nan a cikin ccREL, yana ba da wannan fa'ida.
Matsalolin aiki tsakanin lasisi
Baya ga batutuwan buƙatu masu karo da juna (a sama), akwai kuma batutuwan fasaha wajen kwatanta lasisi. Yawancin waɗannan ana rage su idan ana iya amfani da REL iri ɗaya, koda kuwa lasisin ya bambanta.
Harsuna
Matsala ta yau da kullun tare da fassarar ma'anar kalma tsakanin tsarawa (kamar RELs) shine a tabbatar da cewa ma'anar kalmomi iri ɗaya ne. Kodayake gidan yanar gizo na ma'anar ya fara amfani da kayan aikin ontology kamar OWL don bayyana ma'ana, yanayin fasaha na REL na yanzu bai wuce wannan ba. Sauƙaƙan aiki, da yuwuwar ƙarar ƙara mai tsada in ba haka ba, yana nufin cewa ma'anar tarukan RELs dole ne su kasance iri ɗaya a sarari, ba wai kawai an faɗi hakan ta hanyar mai tunani ba.
Matsalolin yau da kullun suna cikin nuna daidaiton azuzuwan, kadarori da misalai . Ga RELs babbar matsala ita ce ga misalan, watau ma'anar ma'anar "Rarraba", "Share-alike" da dai sauransu. Azuzuwan da kaddarorin yawanci ra'ayoyi ne masu sauƙi kuma kama da juna. Ba duk RELs ke goyan bayan duk azuzuwan ba: wasu suna watsi da Hukunci ko ma mai amfani na ƙarshe, gwargwadon buƙatun kasuwar da aka haɓaka su baki ɗaya.
Sharuɗɗan pre-shiru
Matsalolin da ba a bayyana ba a kwatanta RELs ita ce lokacin da suke da tushe daban-daban. Tushen yana bayyana sharuɗɗan lasisin lokacin da babu takamaiman bayanai da aka haɗa. Wasu RELs suna ɗaukar hanyar "Duk abin da ba a yarda ba haramun ne", wasu (kamar ccREL) Kuma suna amfani da Yarjejeniyar Berne azaman tushen su.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22357 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutane%20da%20Membobi | Mutane da Membobi | Mutane Da Membobin cibiyar sadarwa ce ta ƙungiyoyin kamfen ɗin ɗalibai a cikin Burtaniya . Ita ce "kungiyar da ta fi kowacce kungiya yakin neman zabe a kasar da ke yakin neman talauci a duniya, kare hakkin dan adam da kare muhalli ."
Kungiyoyi
Mutane & mambobi ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwar ɗalibai ta Biritaniya da ke yaƙin talauci a duniya, 'yancin ɗan'adam, da kuma mahalli. Cibiyar sadarwar tana da mambobi sama da 2,000 masu aiki a jami'o'i 50 da makarantu 79 da kwalejoji a duk faɗin Burtaniya.
Kungiyoyin mutane & mabobin su suna cin gashin kansu kuma babu tsarin membobinsu na yau da kullun. Isungiyar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar ta Kwamitin Amintattu, yawancinsu membobin ɗalibai ne waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. Ofishin tallafi, wanda ke zaune a Oxford, yana ba da horo, isarwa da albarkatu don tallafawa ƙungiyoyi da kamfen.
Mutane & mambobin su ana tallafawa da farko ta hanyar tallafi daga amintattu da tushe. Mutane & mambobin su suna da kungiyar tara kuɗi da Networkungiyoyin Activan gwagwarmaya suna ba membobinsu damar yin gudummawar yau da kullun waɗanda ke ba da kuɗin shiga mara ƙima don tallafawa aikin ƙungiyar.
Tarihi
An kafa kungiyar a cikin shekarata 1969 a matsayin Duniya ta Uku ta Farko ta rukuni na ɗalibai a Jami'ar Oxford, tallafawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ciki har da Oxfam . A cikin shekarata 1997, cibiyar sadarwar ta zabi don canza sunan zuwa Mutane & mambibi
Duniya ta Uku ta Farko ta taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen kafa mujallar, The Internationalist wanda daga baya ya sake zama a matsayin sanannen ɗan gwagwarmaya-mujallar yanzu, The New Internationalist .
Gangamin
Yankin neman zabe na mutane da kuma mambobi na yanzu shine aikin sauyin yanayi da kuma haƙƙin baƙin haure.
Hakkokin Baƙi
A cikin shekarata 2015, ɗaliban mutane da mambobi sun yanke shawara ta hanyar dimokiradiyya don gabatar da kamfen ɗin haƙƙin baƙi a sansanin bazara na shekara-shekara karfin doka: Horarwa don Canji. Ma’aikata sun yi aiki tare da ɗalibai don haɓaka kamfen ɗin ɓarkewar kan iyaka, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2016.
Canjin yanayi
A shekarar 2013, kamfanin sadarwar mutane & Planet sun bullo da wani sabon kamfe wanda yake nufin masana'antar samar da mai, da kuma musamman rawar da mai yake]. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da 350.org, kamfen ɗin Fosil Free UK na nufin yanke alaƙa tsakanin masana'antar mai da burbushin jami'o'in Burtaniya. Waɗannan haɗin sun haɗa da saka hannun jari da kyauta, binciken ilimi, tallafawa da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa.
A cikin shekarata 2017, Mutane & mambobi sun gabatar da sabon yakin neman sauyin yanayi da ke kan bankunan manyan tituna kan kudaden da suke samu daga burbushin mai. Divest Barclays ya dauki niyya ta musamman a Barclays saboda matsayinta na mafi munin banki a Turai saboda samar da kudade ga burbushin ayyukan mai da kamfanoni. Dalibai sun yi kamfen don jami'o'i da kungiyoyin kwadago don kauracewa Barclays kuma sun dauki matakin kai tsaye da nufin Neman Barclays 'AGMs a cikin shekarar 2018 da 2019.
Yaƙin neman zaɓen canjin yanayin mutane da mambobi na baya, Going Greener da nufin ƙirƙirar 'Jami'o'in Rikidar'. Ya haɗu da motsin ɗalibai a harabar da ke aiki zuwa ƙananan carbon, mai juriya da cibiyoyin ilimi wanda ke jagorantar al'umma wanda ke samun ragin gurɓataccen hayaƙin aƙalla 50% ta 2020.
Nasarorin da kamfen da suka gabatar
Mutane da masu gwagwarmayar mambobi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aiki don zamantakewar jama'a da muhalli a duk faɗin kamfen iri-iri.
Yawanci saboda matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin mutane & mambobi, yanzu akwai sama da jami'o'in Fairtrade 100 da makarantun sakandare na Fairtrade 106.
Da'a ga USS (Tsarin Superannuation Scheme) ya jawo hankalin the 20 biliyan na fansho na fansho don aiwatar da manufofin saka jari na zamantakewar jama'a. Gadon kamfen din shine kafuwar kungiyar agaji ta FairPensions (yanzu ShareAction).
Mutane & mambobi sun goyi bayan kauracewar sutura mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya haifar da kafa ƙungiyar haɗin tufafi ta farko da aka sani a Honduras & 1200 ma'aikata ma'aikata aka sake ɗauka.
Yaƙin neman magani na Aids A yanzu ya rinjayi gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta jagoranci alƙawarin ƙasashen duniya na samar da maganin kanjamau ga kowa har zuwa 2010.
A wani bangare na kamfen din Jubilee 2000, Mutane & mambobi da sauran kungiyoyi sun aminta da soke bashin $ 88bn ga matalautan duniya.
Gangamin Sayarwa na Dama, yana mai da hankali kan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sarƙoƙin samar da jami'a. Ana ƙarfafa jami'o'in da su yi rajista ga Rightsungiyar 'Yancin Ma'aikata, ƙungiya mai sa ido mai zaman kanta da ke tallafa wa ma'aikata a masana'antar sutura don kare haƙƙin wurin aikinsu.
Mutane & mambobi sun tsunduma cikin kafa sabuwar ƙungiya, Kayan Lantarki, wacce za ta yi irin wannan aikin sa ido a ɓangaren lantarki. Wannan kamfen mai taken Sweatshop Free nemi jami'o'i da su hada kai da Hasken lantarki.
Kungiyar da mabobi ta jami'a league
Kungiyar Jama'a & mambobi ta Jami'ar ita ce kawai ingantacciyar hanyar da ke cikin jami'o'in Burtaniya ta hanyar tsabtace muhalli da ɗabi'a. A cikin shekarata 2019, an buga Leagueungiyar Jama'a da mambobi a cikin The Guardian.
Jama'a da Planet Green League an fara buga su a cikin shekarata 2007, a matsayin wata hanya ta ciyar da ci gaban muhalli gaba a cikin ɓangaren jami'a. Kungiyar Jama'a da mambobi ta ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takaddun shaida na ɓangaren ta hanyar haɗa bayanan ƙididdigar jami'o'in tare da bayanai game da manufofin muhalli da ayyukan gudanarwa.
Da farko ta ci jami'o'in Burtaniya kan manyan abubuwa guda huɗu na hukumomi waɗanda ake buƙata don ciyar da ci gaba mai mahimmanci da ci gaba a aikin muhalli, kamar yadda rahoton Going Green ya haskaka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sune:
Mai aiki, goyon bayan jama'a na babban jami'in gudanarwa na jami'a don shirin inganta haɓaka muhalli.
Ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da aka keɓe don kula da muhalli.
Cikakken nazari don bincika duk tasirin muhalli na ma'aikatar, da kuma lura da aikin.
Rubutaccen bayani, manufofin muhalli a bayyane.
Tun daga farkon Green League a shekarata 2007, Mutane & mambobi sun faɗaɗa ka'idoji don tantance manufofi da aikin manyan makarantu.
Jami'ar an yarda da ita sosai tare da sauya ɓangaren Ilimi mafi girma na Burtaniya zuwa ingantaccen kula da muhalli da aikinta. A cikin 2012, Mutane & mambobi sun ba da lambar yabo ta 46 na Farko a cikin Jami'ar Jami'ar, idan aka kwatanta da 15 kawai a 2007. An auna ingantattun abubuwa a fannoni kamar su ƙarfin wutar lantarki da jami'oi ke amfani da ita (72%, daga 12% a 2007) da kuma yawan Jami'o'in Fairtrade (112, daga 41 a 2007).
A cikin 2012, Mutane & mambobi sun gudanar da bikin bikin kammala karatun Green League na farko a Westminster, suna murnar nasarorin manyan jami'o'in ta.
Kyaututtuka da Yabo
Kungiyar Green League ta sami nasara "Kyakkyawan Kamfen" a bikin ba da Lamuni na Yankin Burtaniya da na Media a 2007 .
Jama'a da mambobi Green League sun kasance cikin wadanda aka zaba domin kyautar Green Gown, wacce kungiyar kula da muhalli ta jami'oi da kwalejoji (EAUC) ke gudanarwa.
Sananne mutane
Guy Hughes (1974-2006) shi ne shugaban Kamfen din Mutane & Planet har zuwa 2004 lokacin da, bayan barkewar yaki a Iraki, ya kafa Crisis Action, wani shiri na Burtaniya don taimakawa wajen hada kai da martani kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu game da yanayin rikici.
Mai gwagwarmayar kare muhalli kuma dan jarida George Monbiot shine mai kula da Mutane & Planet.
Tsoffin membobin sun hada da Mark Lazarowicz, MP; Catherine Stihler, MEP (alumna da 52 Rector a Jami'ar St Andrews ); da Mark Ballard, tsohon MSP da Rector (a Jami'ar Edinburgh ) inda kungiyar mutane & Planet ta kasance muhimmiyar rawa a zaben sa a 2006, a kan wani filin da ya hada da Magnus Linklater, Boris Johnson da John Pilger .
Marubucin waƙar da aka wallafa a duniya kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi Brian Wren shi ne tsohon Mai Gudanar da Jama'a da Planet.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yanar gizo mutane & Planet
Tarihin Duniya ta Uku Na Farko
Pages with unreviewed translations
Kungiyoyi
Gangami
Baki |
59065 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Climate%20Corporation | Kamfanin Climate Corporation | Kamfanin Climate kamfani ne na aikin gona na dijital wanda ke nazarin yanayi, ƙasa da bayanan filin don taimakawa manoma su tantance abubuwan da ke iyakance amfanin gona a cikin filayensu.
Tarihi
Kamfanin an kafa shi ne a matsayin WeatherBill a cikin 2006 ta tsoffin ma'aikatan Google guda biyu, David Friedberg da Siraj Khaliq.
Kamfanin ya fara ne a matsayin farawa da aka mayar da hankali kan taimakawa mutane da kamfanoni gudanarwa da daidaitawa da canjin yanayi, ta hanyar samar da inshorar yanayi ga wuraren shakatawa na kankara, manyan wuraren taron, da manoma. A shekara ta 2010, ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan aikin gona, kuma ta ƙaddamar da Total Weather Insurance Product a cikin fall 2010 don masara da soya.
A ƙarshen 2010 da farkon 2011, SV Angel ya saka hannun jari a cikin WeatherBill's Series B.
A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2011, WeatherBill ya canza sunansa zuwa Kamfanin Yanayi.
A watan Yunin 2013, Hukumar Kula da Hadarin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ba da izini ga Kamfanin Yanayi don gudanar da manufofin inshorar amfanin gona na tarayya don shekarar amfanin gona ta 2014.
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, Monsanto ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana sayen kamfanin kusan dala biliyan 1.1.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da Climate Basic da Climate Pro, saitin kayan aikin ba da shawara ga manoma da ke amfani da kimiyyar bayanai don taimakawa manoma su yanke shawara mafi kyau.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya haɗu da tsarin aikin gona na Monsanto da sassan Precision Planting. A watan Fabrairun 2014, kamfanin ya kuma sami Solum, kamfanin gwajin ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Ames, Iowa.
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, kamfanin ya sami 640 Labs, farawa na fasahar noma da ke zaune a Birnin Chicago. 640 Labs sun kirkiro na'urar Drive (daga baya aka sake masa suna Fieldview Drive) wanda ke karanta bayanai daga CANBUS na tractors kuma ya haɗa zuwa iPad ko iPhone.
A watan Yulin 2015, kamfanin ya sayar da kasuwancin inshorar amfanin gona ga AmTrust Financial Services, wanda ya ba Kamfanin Yanayi damar mayar da hankali kan dandalin aikin gona na dijital. Ba a bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da yarjejeniyar ba.
A watan Satumbar 2015, kamfanin ya sake sanya sunan kayayyakin sa na Climate Basic da Climate Pro a matsayin Climate FieldView.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, kamfanin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da John Deere don sayar da Precision Planting LLC.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar haɗin bayanai tare da masu siyar da kayan gona da yawa da tsarin software na siyarwa ta hanyar amfani da APIs.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, an dakatar da yarjejeniyar sayar da Precision Planting LLC ga John Deere. A watan Agustan 2016, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta shigar da kara don toshe sayarwa, tana jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar na iya sa ya zama mai tsada ga manoma su yi amfani da fasahar shuka da sauri, daidai. Shugaba na Precision Planting Michael Stern ya bayyana cewa: "Ba mu ga cewa akwai wata hanya mai kyau da ke ci gaba ba, cewa DOJ za ta amince da ma'amala. Muna da kasuwanci mai mahimmanci da mutane a cikin limbo kuma lokaci ya yi da za mu ci gaba. "
A watan Yunin 2018, Bayer ya sami Monsanto da Precision Planting tare da shi.
Kayayyakin
Tsohon Climate Basic da Climate Pro, Kamfanin Climate ya sake sanya samfurinsa zuwa Climate FieldView, yana yin sanarwar a 2015 Farm Progress Show. Tsarin Yanayin Yanayi yana amfani da kimiyyar bayanai don samar da fahimtar manoma da bayanai game da filayen su bisa ga amfanin gona na tarihi, filin, da bayanan yanayi.
Mai ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya na filin yana ba manoma hotunan tauraron dan adam na filayen su wanda ke nuna lafiyar amfanin gona da taswirar ciyayi.
Mahaliccin Rubutun yana bawa manoma damar ƙirƙirar magunguna masu canji kafin dasa su.
Climate FieldView Drive na'urar ce da ke kunna Bluetooth wacce ke shiga cikin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata ko haɗawa da karanta bayanan inji yayin shuka da girbi. Ana nuna bayanan a ainihin lokacin zuwa aikace-aikacen Climate FieldView Cab.
Climate FieldView Prime ya haɗa da yanayi da bincike. Yana bawa manoma damar ganin hasashen yanayi har zuwa sa'o'i uku a gaba, kuma yana ba da damar gano matsalolin da za su iya faruwa a fagen. Manoma na iya sauke wani fil a wannan wuri a kan taswirar don bincika ainihin wurin a duk lokacin.
Ƙarin karantawa
"WeatherBill morphs alama don mayar da hankali kan yanayi", "Gigaom.com", Oktoba 10, 2011
"Tsarin yin amfani da matsanancin yanayi", msnbc.msn.com, Oktoba 10, 2011
"Fill the Gap", "AgWeb.com", Nuwamba 16, 2011
"Kamfanin Yanayi yana ba da takamaiman inshorar yanayi", "FarmIndustryNews.com", Nuwamba 3, 2011
"An sake kirkirar inshora na yanayi: Cutar rufewa ta fashe a cikin inshora na shuka", "DTNProgressiveFarmer.com", Nuwamba 2, 2011
"Data Powers New Insurance Product", "FarmFutures.com", Nuwamba 1, 2011
Rashin hankali, Michael. "Me ya sa Kamfanin Yanayi ya sayar da kansa ga Monsanto", "The New Yorker", Nuwamba 3, 2013
Rashin hankali, Michael. "Climate by Numbers: Shin kamfanin fasaha zai iya taimaka wa manoma su tsira daga dumamar duniya?", "The New Yorker", Nuwamba 11, 2013, shafi na 38-43
Bayanan da aka ambata
Haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Chagin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
43169 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murielle%20Ahour%C3%A9 | Murielle Ahouré | Murielle Ahoure (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1987) 'yar wasan tseren Ivory Coast ce wacce ke fafatawa a cikin mita 60, 100 m da 200 m. Ta kasance mai lambar azurfa sau biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2013 a Moscow. Ta zo ta biyu a tseren mita 100 da 200 a wannan taron. Ahoure ita ce wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 60 a Gasar Cin Kofin Cikin Gida ta Duniya ta 2018 IAAF.
Ta kuma lashe lambar azurfa a gasar gudun mita 60 a gasar cikin gida ta IAAF ta shekarar 2012 a birnin Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. Ta kasance zakaran cikin gida na 2009 NCAA a mita 200 yayin da take gudu don Jami'ar Miami. Mafi kyawun sirri na Ahouré a 100 m shine 10.78 (Montverde, Amurka, 2016) kuma a cikin 200 m 22.24 (Monaco, 2013).
Tana rike da tarihin Afirka a tseren mita 60 da mita 200 na cikin gida. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 ta zo matsayi na shida a cikin 200 m kuma na bakwai a cikin 100 m.
Ta yi gudun kasa da dakika bakwai na gudun mita 60 a karon farko a watan Fabrairun 2013, inda ta zama mace ta takwas mafi sauri da ta taba yin gudun dakika 6.99. A cikin shekarar 2018 ta lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 60 a Gasar Cin Kofin Cikin Gida ta Duniya ta 2018 IAAF, kuma ta karya tarihin Afirka da dakika 6.97 (mace ta shida mafi sauri a taba).
Ƙuruciya da aiki
Diyar Janar Mathias Doué, Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojin kasar Ivory Coast, Ahoure ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa tun a farkon rayuwarta, inda ta zauna a Faransa, China, Japan da Jamus, kafin ta koma Amurka tana da shekaru 14. Ta fara wasan motsa jiki a shekara ta biyu a makarantar sakandare, galibi a matsayin hanyar samun abokai. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi karatun shari'ar laifuka a Jami'ar George Mason. A shekarar karshe a jami'a, ta koma Jami'ar Miami don yin aiki tare da Amy Deem. ] Ta ɗauki title ɗin 2009 NCAA na cikin gida na 200 m, tare da mafi kyawun lokacin duniya. Wannan shekarar. Har ila yau sau biyu ta karya tarihin tseren mita 100 na Ivory Coast a waje.
A cikin shekarar 2010, ta koma Houston bayan raunin da ya faru a farkon kakar wasa. Ta je horo a karkashin Allen Powell. A 2011, ta sake karya tarihin Ivory Coast.
Ayyukan kasa
A cikin shekarar 2012, ta yi wasanta na farko na kasa da kasa a Ivory Coast a Gasar Cikin Gida ta Duniya, ta lashe lambar azurfa a cikin 60 m, tare da sabon mafi kyawun mutum. Wannan shi ne wasan guje-guje na cikin gida na duniya na farko ga Ivory Coast. Duk da karya kambun tseren mita 100 na Ivory Coast, ta kasa samun lambar yabo a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012.
A kakar wasannin cikin gida ta 2013, ta karya tarihin cikin gida na 60m na Afirka da dakika 7.00. Ba a ci ta ba har tsawon lokacin cikin gida. A gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekarar 2013, ana sa ran gudun mita 200 zai kasance mafi karfinta, amma kuma ta yi nasarar fitar da Carmelita Jeter mai rike da kambun gasar ta lashe azurfa a bayan Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce a tseren mita 100. A yin haka, ta zama 'yar Ivory Coast ta farko da ta samu lambar yabo ta gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya, sannan kuma mace ta farko a Afirka da ta samu lambar yabo a tseren mita 100 ko 200 a gasar cin kofin duniya. Don nasarorin da ta samu, shugaba Alassane Ouattara ya ba ta matsayin Chevalier na National Order of Merit. An kuma ba ta kyautar gwarzuwar 'yar wasa a Ivory Coast a bana.
A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2014, ta yi rashin nasara a tseren mita 100 a hannun Blessing Okagbare, amma ta yi nasara a tseren mita 200 da Okagbare bai shiga ba.
A cikin shekarar 2015, Ahoure ta lashe gasar Diamond League ta farko ta mita 100 a taron Oslo. A gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a waccan shekarar, ba ta yi wasan karshe na mita 100 ba bayan da ta kare a mataki na 4 a wasan kusa da na karshe, inda ta yi hakan ya kara dagula mata rauni a gwiwarta wanda ya hana ta tseren gudun mita 200.
Raunin da ta samu a gwiwa ya hana ta yin atisaye na tsawon watanni takwas, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasa shiga kakar cikin gida ta 2016. Ta kuma koma ƙungiyar horo, zuwa ƙungiyar Dennis Mitchell a Florida. A watan Maris na 2016 Ahoure ta kaddamar da gidauniyar ta da nufin taimakawa wajen dawo da wasanni a makaranta, taimakawa ilimin yara da kuma karfafa mata da yara marasa galihu. A watan Yuni, ta yi nasarar lashe tseren mita 100 na Afirka daga Blessing Okagbare.
Nasarorin da aka samu
Mafi kyawun mutum
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30227 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Ciwon%20daji | Tsarin Ciwon daji | Tsarin ciwon daji shine tsari na tantance iyakar abin da ciwon daji ya tasowa ta hanyar girma da yaduwa. Ayyukan zamani shine sanya lamba daga I zuwa IV zuwa ciwon daji, tare da kasancewa ciwon daji da kuma IV kasancewa ciwon daji wanda ya yadu zuwa iyakar abin da matakan tantancewar. Matsayin gabaɗaya yana yin la'akari da girman ƙwayar cuta, ko ya mamaye gabobin da ke kusa, yawancin yanki na yanki (kusa da) ƙwayoyin lymph nawa ya bazu zuwa (idan akwai), kuma ko ya bayyana a wurare masu nisa ( metastasized ).
Ba a aiwatar da tsarin tsarawa ga astrocytoma, wanda a maimakon haka an bayyana shi azaman "I-IV". Grade IV astrocytoma, wanda aka fi sani da glioblastoma multiforme, shine ciwon daji na farko na kwakwalwa wanda aka fi gani a cikin shekaru 7th na rayuwa.
Tsari na TNM
Za a iya raba matakin ciwon daji zuwa mataki na asibiti da kuma mataki na pathologic. A cikin tsarin TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis), mataki na asibiti da kuma pathologic ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan "c" ko "p" kafin mataki (misali, cT3N1M0 ko pT2N0). Ana amfani da wannan tsarin tsarawa don yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji, ban da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta da cututtukan jini .
Matakin asibiti ya dogara ne akan duk bayanan da aka samu kafin tiyata don cire ƙari. Wannan mataki na iya haɗawa da bayani game da ciwon daji da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin jiki, gwajin jini, nazarin rediyo, biopsy, da endoscopy .
Matakin cututtukan cututtuka yana ƙara ƙarin bayanan da aka samu ta hanyar bincikar ƙwayar cuta ta microscopically ta hanyar likitan dabbobi bayan an cire shi ta hanyar tiyata.
Saboda suna amfani da ma'auni daban-daban, mataki na asibiti da kuma pathologic sau da yawa ya bambanta. Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da tsarin ilimin cututtuka a matsayin mafi daidai saboda yana ba da damar yin nazari kai tsaye a kan ciwon gabaɗaya, akasin haka da tsarin asibiti wanda aka iyakance ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ana samun bayanin ta hanyar duban wani ƙari wanda har yanzu yana cikin jiki. Duk da haka, matakan asibiti da tsarin cututtuka sukan haɗu da juna. Ba kowane ciwace-ciwace ake yi wa tiyata ba, don haka ba a ko da yaushe ana samun maganin cututtukan cututtuka. Har ila yau, wani lokacin tiyata yana gaba da wasu jiyya irin su chemotherapy da radiation far wanda ke rage ƙwayar cuta, don haka mataki na pathologic na iya raina matakin gaskiya.
La'akari
Daidaitaccen tsari yana da mahimmanci saboda jiyya (musamman buƙatun maganin kafin a yi aiki da/ko don jiyya mai ƙarfi, girman tiyata) gabaɗaya ya dogara akan wannan siga. Don haka, matakin da ba daidai ba zai haifar da magani mara kyau.
Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun ana tsara tsarin tsarawa. Misali, a lokuta na ciwon nono da ciwon prostate, likitoci akai-akai za su iya gane cewa ciwon daji ya fara da wuri kuma yana da ƙananan haɗarin metastasis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da PET scans, CT scans, ko sikanin kashi saboda bincike ya nuna cewa haɗarin samun irin waɗannan hanyoyin ya fi amfanin da za a iya samu. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da gwajin wuce gona da iri sun haɗa da marasa lafiya da ke karɓar hanyoyin cin zarafi, yin amfani da sabis na likitanci fiye da kima, samun bayyanar hasken da ba dole ba, da fuskantar rashin ganewa.
Cutar cututtuka
Pathologic Staging, inda masanin ilimin cututtuka yayi nazarin sassan nama, na iya zama matsala musamman don dalilai guda biyu: hankali na gani da kuma samfurin bazuwar nama. "Hanyar gani" na nufin samun damar gano ƙwayoyin kansa masu cutar kansa guda ɗaya waɗanda aka haɗa su da sel lafiyayyu akan faifai. Sa ido kan tantanin halitta ɗaya na iya haifar da kuskure kuma yana haifar da mummunar yaɗuwar cutar kansa da ba zato ba tsammani. "Samfurin bazuwar" yana nufin gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin lymph ana ɗaukar ceri daga marasa lafiya kuma ana bincika samfuran bazuwar. Idan sel masu ciwon daji da ke cikin kumburin lymph ba su kasance a cikin yanki na nama da aka gani ba, matakin da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin dacewa zai iya haifar da.
Bincike na yanzu
Sabbin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci na tsarawa suna cikin haɓakawa. Alal misali, mRNA don GCC ( guanylyl cyclase c ), wanda ke samuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin haske na epithelium na hanji, ana iya gano shi ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta kwayar halitta ( RT-PCR ) tare da matsayi mai mahimmanci da ƙwarewa. Kasancewar GCC a cikin kowane nau'in nama na jiki yana wakiltar metaplasia mai launi. Saboda yawan hazakar sa, duban RT-PCR don GCC yana rage girman rashin kima na matakin cuta. Masu bincike suna fatan cewa yin aiki tare da wannan matakin daidai zai haifar da mafi dacewa da magani da kuma kyakkyawan hangen nesa . Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna fatan cewa wannan dabarar za a iya amfani da ita ga wasu takamaiman sunadaran nama.
Tsarukan aiki
Tsarin tsari sun keɓance ga kowane nau'in ciwon daji (misali, kansar nono da kansar huhu ), amma wasu kansar ba su da tsarin tsarawa. Ko da yake har yanzu tsarin fafatawa a gasa na wanzuwa ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, tsarin da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya shine na UICC, wanda ke da ma'anoni iri ɗaya na nau'ikan mutum ɗaya kamar AJCC .
Tsarin tsari na iya bambanta tsakanin cututtuka ko takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka.
Jini
Lymphoma : yawancin amfani da Ann Arbor staging
Hodgkin lymphoma : yana bin ma'auni daga I zuwa IV kuma ana iya nuna shi gaba ta hanyar A ko B, dangane da ko mara lafiya ba shi da alamar cututtuka ko yana da alamun cututtuka irin su zazzaɓi. An san shi da "Cotswold System" ko "Ann Arbor Staging System wanda aka gyara".
Solid
Don ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, TNM shine tsarin da aka fi amfani dashi, amma an daidaita shi don wasu yanayi.
Ciwon daji na nono : A cikin rarrabuwar kansar nono, ana yin gyare-gyare akai-akai akan TNM, amma ana iya amfani da shi a cikin I-IV kuma.
Ciwon daji na mahaifa da ovarian : an karɓi tsarin " FIGO " a cikin tsarin TNM. Don sauye-sauye na dysplastic premalignant, ana amfani da tsarin grading CIN ( cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ).
Ciwon daji : asalinsa ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu: A, B, C, da D ( tsarin tsagaitawar Dukes ). Kwanan nan, ana nuna alamun cutar kansar hanji ko dai ta ainihin matakan AD ko ta TNM.
Ciwon daji na koda : yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na makogwaro : Yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na hanta: yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na huhu : yana amfani da TNM.
Melanoma : ana amfani da TNM. Har ila yau, mahimmanci shine "Level Clark" da "Breslow zurfin" wanda ke nufin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ("Microstaging").
Prostate cancer : TNM kusan ana amfani dashi a duk duniya.
Ciwon daji na Testicular : yana amfani da TNM tare da ma'aunin alamun jini (TNMS).
Ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba : yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na mafitsara : yana amfani da TNM.
Gabaɗaya rukunin mataki
Gabaɗaya Rukunin Mataki kuma ana kiransa da Matsayin Lissafi na Roman . Wannan tsarin yana amfani da lambobi I, II, III, da IV (tare da 0) don bayyana ci gaban ciwon daji.
Mataki na 0 : carcinoma in situ, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke girma a cikin al'ada ("in situ" daga Latin don "a wurinsa").
Mataki na 1 : ana ware cutar daji zuwa wani sashe na jiki. Za a iya cire ciwon daji na Stage I ta hanyar tiyata idan ƙananan isa.
Mataki na II : Ciwon daji sun ci gaba a cikin gida. Za a iya magance ciwon daji na Stage II ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata.
Mataki na III : ciwon daji kuma suna ci gaba a cikin gida. Ko an sanya ciwon daji a matsayin Stage II ko Stage III na iya dogara da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji; alal misali, a cikin Ciwon Hodgkin, mataki na II yana nuna alamun ƙwayar lymph da aka shafa a gefe ɗaya kawai na diaphragm, yayin da mataki na III ya nuna alamun lymph da aka shafa a sama da ƙasa da diaphragm. Musamman ma'auni na Mataki na II da na III don haka sun bambanta bisa ga ganewar asali. Za a iya bi da mataki na III ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata.
Mataki na IV : Ciwon daji sun sau da yawa metastasized, ko yada zuwa wasu gabobin ko cikin jiki. Za a iya bi da ciwon daji na Stage IV ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata. Duk da jiyya, yawan mace-macen majiyyaci na iya zama mafi girma tare da ciwon daji na Stage IV, misali, ciwon daji na iya ci gaba zuwa zama mai ƙarewa .
A cikin tsarin TNM, ana iya sanya ciwon daji a matsayin maimaituwa, ma'ana cewa ya sake bayyana bayan an cire shi ko kuma bayan an kawar da duk wani ciwuka da ake gani. Maimaituwa na iya zama na gida, ma'ana ya bayyana a wuri ɗaya da na asali, ko kuma mai nisa, ma'ana yana bayyana a wani sashe na jiki daban.
Hijiran mataki
Hijira mataki shine canji a cikin rarraba matakai a cikin takamaiman adadin cutar kansa, wanda ya haifar da ko dai canji a cikin tsarin tsarin kanta ko kuma canjin fasaha wanda ke ba da damar gano ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai zurfi don haka ƙarin hankali wajen gano yaduwar cuta ( misali, yin amfani da MRI scans). Hijira mataki na iya haifar da ban sha'awa al'amuran ƙididdiga (misali, abin mamaki na Will Rogers ).
Manazarta
Cutar daji |
16231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Barth | Heinrich Barth | Johann Heinrich Barth ( /b ɑːr θ , b ɑːr t / ; German: [baɐ̯t] ; An haife Shi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1821 ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar ta 1865) Ya kasan ce wani Bajamu shi ne mai bincike na Afirka kuma masani.
Barth ana tsammanin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan Turawan Turai masu bincike a Afirka, kamar yadda karatunsa na ilimi, ya iya magana da rubutu da harshen larabci, kuma yana koyon yarukan Afirka, da halayensa yana nufin cewa ya yi cikakken bayani game da al'adun da ya ziyarta. Ya kasance yana daga na farko don fahimtar amfani da tarihin baka na mutane, kuma ya tattara da yawa. Ya kulla abota da masu mulkin Afirka da kuma masana a tsawon shekaru biyar da ya yi a shekara ta (1850 da shekara ta 1855). Bayan mutuwar abokan Turai guda biyu, ya kammala tafiye-tafiyensa tare da taimakon ƴan Afirka. Bayan haka, ya rubuta kuma ya buga littatafin mujalladi biyar na tafiye-tafiyensa da Turanci da Jamusanci. Abu ne mai matuƙar mahimmanci ga malaman zamanin sa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Heinrich Barth a Hamburg a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1821. Ya kasan ce Shi ne na uku ga Johann Christoph Heinrich Barth da matarsa Charlotte Karoline née Zadow. Johann ya fito ne daga asalin talauci amma ya inganta kasuwanci. Duk iyayen sun kasance masu bin addinin Lutheran ne kuma suna sa ran yaransu suyi daidai da tsauraran ra'ayoyinsu game da ɗabi'a da ladabtar da kai. [3] Tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya Barth ya halarci babbar makarantar sakandare, Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums, a Hamburg. Ya kasance mai yawan son karatu amma bai shahara da abokan karatun sa ba. Ya kware a harsuna ya koyawa kansa wasu larabci. Barth ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru 18 a shekara ta 1839. kuma kai tsaye ya shiga Jami'ar Berlin inda ya halarci kwasa-kwasan da masanin ilimin ƙasa mai suna Karl Ritter, malamin gargajiya August Böckh da masanin tarihi Jakob Grimm suka bayar . Bayan shekararsa ta farko sai ya katse karatunsa ya kuma tafi yawon bude ido a Italiya inda ya ziyarci Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples da Sicily, ya dawo Jamus a tsakiyar Mayu shekara ta 1841. A hutun shekara mai zuwa ya ziyarci Rhineland da Switzerland. Ya kare karatuttukan digirin digirgir kan alakar kasuwanci ta tsohuwar Koranti a cikin watan Yulin a shekara ta 1844.
Ziyara zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya
Ziyarar Barth ya ƙirƙiro wani shiri don gudanar da rangadi a arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda mahaifinsa ya amince da bayarwa. Ya bar gidan iyayensa a ƙarshen watan Janairun shekarar ta 1845 kuma ya fara zuwa Landan inda ya kwashe watanni biyu yana koyon Larabci, ziyartar Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da kuma kare kariyar baƙi na Burtaniya don tafiyarsa. Yayin da yake Landan ya hadu da jakadan Prussia a Biritaniya, Christian von Bunsen, wanda daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tafiyarsa zuwa tsakiyar Afirka. Ya bar Landan ya wuce Faransa da Spain. A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta ya kama jirgin ruwa daga Gibraltar zuwa Tangiers don ziyarar sa ta farko zuwa Afirka. Daga Tangier, ya yi hanyar wucewa ta duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka . Ya kuma yi tafiya ta cikin Masar, yana hawan kogin Nilu zuwa Wadi Halfa kuma ya ratsa hamada zuwa tashar Berenice da ke Bahar Maliya. Yayin da yake a Masar, ‘yan fashi sun kai masa hari tare da raunata shi. Ya tsallaka yankin Sinai, ya ratsa Falasdinu, Siriya, Asiya orarama, Turkiya da Girka, ko'ina yana bincika ragowar zamanin. Ya koma gidan iyayensa a Hamburg a ranar 27 watan Disamba shekara ta 1847 bayan tafiya kusan shekaru uku. Na ɗan lokaci yana aiki a can a matsayin Privatdozent . Ya bayyana wasu tafiye-tafiyen da ya yi a cikin juzu’in farko na littafinsa, Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres, ( Walks through the coastal coasters of the Mediterranean ) wanda aka buga a cikin shekarar ta 1849. Kundin na biyu da aka yi niyya bai taɓa bayyana ba.
Balaguron da yayi zuwa Sudan, Sahara da Yammacin Afirka
Christian Bunsen, jakadan Prussia a Westminster, ya ƙarfafa naɗin masana, wadanda suka hada da Barth da Adolf Overweg, masanin tauraron dan Prussia, zuwa ziyarar James Richardson, mai binciken Sahara. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta zabe shi don bude dangantakar kasuwanci da jihohin yankin tsakiya da yammacin Sudan. Ƙungiyar ta bar Marseilles a ƙarshen Shekara ta 1849, kuma ta tashi daga Tripoli a farkon shekara ta 1850. Da kyar suka haye saharar sahara . Ya isa garin Agadez a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1850 inda ya zauna na wasu kwanaki. A yau allon tunawa ya girmama shi a matsayin Bature na farko da ya taɓa shiga birni.
Mutuwar Richardson (Maris shekata ta1851) da Overweg (Satumba shekara ta 1852), waɗanda suka mutu saboda cututtukan da ba a sani ba, ya bar Barth don ci gaba da aikin kimiyya shi kaɗai. Barth shine Bature na farko daya ziyarci Adamawa a shekara ta1851. Lokacin da ya koma Tripoli a watan Satumba na shekarar 1855, tafiyarsa ta faɗi sama da 24 ° na latitude da 20 ° na longitude, daga Tripoli a arewa zuwa Adamawa da Kamaru a kudu, kuma daga Tafkin Chadi da Bagirmi a gabas zuwa Timbuktu (Satumba shekara ta 1853) a yamma - zuwa sama Ya yi karatun cikakken bayani game da yanayin kasa, tarihi, wayewa, harsuna, da albarkatun ƙasashen da ya ziyarta. Nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai bincike da kuma tarihin Afirka ya dogara ne da halayen haƙuri da ilimi na ilimi.
Barth yana da sha'awar tarihi da al'adun mutanen Afirka, maimakon damar cinikin kasuwanci. Saboda matsayinsa na rubuce-rubuce, sai mujallar sa ta zama wata madogara mai mahimmanci ga nazarin Afirka ta Sudan a karni na 19. Kodayake Barth ba shine baƙon Bature na farko da ya mai da hankali ga al'adun gargajiyar gida ba, shi ne farkon wanda ya yi la'akari sosai da hanyoyinta da amfani da shi don binciken tarihi. Barth shine farkon malamin Bature na gaskiya da ya fara tafiya karatu a Afirka ta Yamma. Masu binciken farko kamar René Caillié, Dixon Denham da Hugh Clapperton ba su da ilimin ilimi.
Barth ya kware sosai a larabci da harsunan Afirka da yawa ( Fulani, Hausa da Kanuri ) kuma ya sami damar bincika tarihin wasu yankuna, musamman Daular Songhay . Ya kulla alaka ta kut-da-kut da wasu masana da sarakunan Afirka, tun daga Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin a Bornu, ta cikin yankunan Katsina da Sokoto har zuwa Timbuktu. A nan abokantakarsa da Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti ta kai shi ga zama a gidansa; ya kuma samu kariya daga al-Kunti daga yunkurin kwace shi.
Bayan dawowarsa daga Landan Barth ya rubuta kuma ya wallafa kundin tafiyarsa lokaci guda cikin Ingilishi da Jamusanci, a ƙarƙashin taken Reisen und Entdeckungen a Nord- und Centralafrika ( Balaguro da Bincike a Arewacin da Tsakiyar Afirka; 1857-1858, juzu'i 5., Kimanin. Shafuka 3,500). Littattafan sun hada da faranti launuka masu launuka wadanda Martin Bernatz ya kirkira bisa asalin zane na Barth. Wannan aikin ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mafi kyawu irin sa, wanda Darwin ya kawo shi. Har yanzu masana tarihin Afirka suna amfani da shi, kuma ya kasance muhimmin aiki na kimiyya kan al'adun Afirka na zamani. Hakanan ya bayar da hujja ta farko da wani Bature ya nuna cewa Sahara ta taɓa zama savanna .
Barth ya dawo daga Burtaniya zuwa Jamus, inda ya shirya tarin kalmomin Afirka ta Tsakiya (Gotha, 1862-1866). A cikin shekarar ta 1858 ya sake yin wata tafiya a Asiya orarama, kuma a shekarar ta 1862 ya ziyarci lardunan Turkiyya a Turai. Ya rubuta lissafin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye da aka buga a Berlin a shekarar ta 1864.
A cikin shekara mai zuwa an ba shi farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa (ba tare da kujera ba ko kuma albashi na yau da kullun) a Jami'ar Berlin kuma an naɗa shi shugaban ƙungiyar Geoasa . Ba a yarda da shigarsa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Prussia ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin cewa bai sami komai ba game da tarihin tarihi da ilimin harshe. Ba su gama fahimtar nasarorin nasa ba, wanda malamai suka amince da shi a kan lokaci.
Barth ya mutu a cikin Berlin a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar ta 1865 yana da shekaru 44. Kabarinsa an ajiye shi a Furotestaf III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Kabari Na III na ikilisiyoyin Cocin Urushalima da Sabuwar Coci ) a cikin Berlin- Kreuzberg, kudu da Hallesches Tor .
Kima da girmamawa
Lambar Kirsimeti ta 1856 ta Royal Geographical Society don tafiye-tafiyensa na Afirka
1862 Abokan wankan daga Gwamnatin Burtaniya.
Ana tunawa da Barth da sunan kimiyya na wani nau'in maciji mai dafi, Polemon barthii .
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe
Don cikakken jerin duba Wilhelm Koner (1866).
Barth, Henricus (1844). Corinthiansiorum commercii et mercaturae historiae particula (Doctoral Dissertation) (cikin Latin). Berlin: Typis Unger.
Manazarta
Majiya
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Ƙara karanta
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Kuba, Richard (2019). « Heinrich Barth, wanda ba shi da kyau », A cikin BEROSE - Encyclopaedia na Duniya na Tarihin Anthropology, Paris.
Masonen, Pekka (2000). An sake dawo da Negroland: Bincike da Kirkirar Zamanin Tsakiyar Sudan . Helsinki: Kwalejin Kimiyya da Haruffa ta Finnish. shafi. 397–418. ISBN Masonen, Pekka (2000). Masonen, Pekka (2000).
Murchison, Roderick I. (1866). "Tarihin mutuwa: Dr. Barth" . Ayyukan Royal Geographical Society na London . 10 : 201–203.
Petermann, Augustus, ed. (1854). Bayani game da ci gaban balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1850, 1851, 1852, da 1853, a ƙarƙashin Richardson, Barth, Overweg da Vogel, wanda ya ƙunshi taswira da zane-zane tare da rubutattun bayanai (PDF) . London: Stanford. OCLC 257397111 .
Richardson, James (1853). Bayani game da manufa zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya : yi a cikin shekarun 1850-51 : a ƙarƙashin umarni da kuma kuɗin gwamnatin Mai Martaba (kundin 2) . London: Chapman da Hall.
Schiffers, Heinrich (1967). "Heinrich Barth Lebensweg". In Schiffers, H. (ed.). Heinrich Barth. Ein Forscher a cikin Afirka. Leben - Werk - Leistung. Eine Sammlung von Beiträgen zum 100. Todestag am 25 Nuwamba 1965 (a Jamusanci). Wiesbaden: Steiner. shafi. 1-5. OCLC 5182712 .
Fischer ‑ Kattner, Anke, 2018. « Mai bincike, ƙarancin ra'ayi, antihéros : vie et œuvre de Heinrich Barth »A cikin Bérose - Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l'anthropologie
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
BHeinrich-Barth-Gesellschaft
Heinrich-Barth-Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology da Tarihin Muhalli na Afirka (Heinrich-Barth-Institut e. V. für Archäologie und Umweltgeschichte Afrikas), Jami'ar Cologne
Duba ɗayan littattafan rubutu na Barth, Gallica. Ya ƙunshi kalmomin kalmomi da gutsutsi cikin mujallar sa tsakanin 18 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1853 da 31 ga Yuli shekara ta 1854.
Newspaper clippings about Heinrich Barth
Albarkatun da suka shafi bincike : BEROSE - Encyclopaedia na Duniya na Tarihin Anthropology . "Barth, Heinrich (1821-1865)", Paris, 2018. (ISSN 2648-2770)
Turawa
Jamus
Jamusawa
Masu bincike
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22401 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidauniyar%20Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam | Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙiin Dan'Adam (HRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke bayyana kanta a matsayin haɓaka da kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam a duniya, tare da mai da hankali kan al'ummomin da ke rufe. HRF ta shirya taron Oslo Freedom Forum . Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam an kafa ta a shekara ta 2005 daga Thor Halvorssen Mendoza, furodusa a Venezuela kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Shugaban da ke shugaban a yanzu shine tsoffin daraktan dara na Rasha Garry Kasparov, kuma Javier El-Hage shine babban jami'in shari'a na yanzu. Babban ofishin kafuwar yana cikin Birnin New York.
Ƙungiya
Manufar HRF ita ce "haɗa kan mutane a cikin abu ɗaya na kare haƙƙin bil'adama da inganta dimokiradiyya mai sassauci, don tabbatar da cewa 'yanci an kiyaye tare da inganta shi".
Shafin yanar gizo na HRF ya bayyana cewa yana aiki da ma'anar 'yancin dan adam kamar yadda yake a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa a shekarar (1976), tana mai imanin cewa dukkan mutane suna da 'yancin yin magana da yardar kaina ,' yancin yin ibada kamar yadda suke zabi, da dama da yardar kaina shirki, game da wadanda na kama da hankali, da dama don saya da kuma zubar da dukiya, da hakkin ya fita da shiga kasar su, da hakkin su sami kimar magani da kuma saboda aiwatar a karkashin dokar, na da hakkin ya sami damar shiga a gwamnatin kasar su, 'yanci daga sabani detainment ko gudun hijira ,' yanci daga bauta ya kuma azabtarwa, da kuma 'yanci daga tsangwama da kuma kama-karya a cikin al'amura na sanin yakamata .
A cewar New York Times, HRF "ta taimaka wa masu fafutukar fasa kwauri daga ƙasashen da ake danniya, ta samar wa da dama hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma hada wasu da manyan masu kudi da masu fasaha".
Majalisar a yanzu haka tana karkashin jagorancin darakta Grandmaster Garry Kasparov .
Kudade
A cewar bayanan kudi a shafinta na yanar gizo, masu ba da gudummawar na HRF sun hada da DNC Treasurer Andrew Tobias, dan wasan kwaikwayo Kelsey Grammer, mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam Bill Browder, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Anne Archer, Harvard Farfesa Steven Pinker, wanda ya kirkiro Blockhain Brock Pierce, dan wasan kwaikwayo Gary Sinise, Craigslist wanda ya kirkiro Craig Newmark, fasaha mai saka jari Peter Thiel, da mai tsara zane Zang Toi . HRF ta kuma sami kudade daga tushe da yawa wadanda suka hada da Arcus Foundation, da Greater New Orleans Foundation, da Lynde da Harry Bradley Foundation, da Community Foundation of Wyoming, da Combined Federal Campaign, da Sarah Scaife Foundation, Foundation for Democracy in Russia, da John Templeton Foundation, da Roger Firestone Foundation, da kuma Vanguard Charitable Endowment. [ Maras farko tushen da ake bukata ] HRF kuma goyan bayan da Brin Wojcicki Foundation, wanda aka halitta da Google co-kafa Sergey Brin da kuma fasahar binciken halittu Analyst Anne Wojcicki.
Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo
Taron Oslo Freedom Forum taron shekara-shekara ne na HRF a Oslo, Norway, wanda ke tallafawa da cibiyoyin bayar da tallafi da yawa a Scandinavia da Amurka ta hanyar HRF. Masu ba da gudummawar sun hada da Fritt Ord, da garin Oslo, da Gidauniyar Thiel, da kwamitin Helsinki na kasar Norway, da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Royal Norwegian, da Amnesty International Norway, da Plan Norway, da Brin Wojcicki Foundation, da Human Rights House Foundation, da Ny Tid. Isungiyar ta bayar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi daga ɓangaren karamar hukumar Oslo, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Norway, da Gidauniyar Fritt ord.
Zaɓen Memba na Majalisar Ƴan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012 da Shekara ta 2013, HRF sun dauki nauyin wani biki a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York tare da kungiyar da ke Geneva mai suna UN Watch. Abubuwan da suka faru sun mai da hankali ne kan wayar da kan jama'a game da zaben gwanayen kama-karya da gwamnatocin kama-karya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam. HRF ta kawo masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam daga kasashe daban-daban don bayar da shaida game da cin zarafin da gwamnatocin ƙasashensu suka yi.
Ra'ayoyin jama'a da suka
” HRF ta soki lamirin daidai da tsarin mulkin kama karya na Chile na Pinochet da na kama-karya na Cuba na Fidel Castro, duk da cewa na farkon ya ba wa 'yan ƙasa' yanci na tattalin arziki fiye da na ƙarshen. HRF ta soki lamirin daidai da mulkin kama karya na kasar Sin na Deng Xiaoping (da magadanta na yanzu) da mulkin kama-karya na Mao Tse Dong, duk da cewa na farkon ya ba da 'yan kasarsa' yanci na tattalin arziki kuma ya ba wa Sinawa miliyan 140 damar tserewa talauci cikin kasa da ashirin shekaru, yayin da 'yan shekaru kafin wannan miliyoyin suka mutu saboda yunwa sakamakon Mao's Great Leap Forward … HRF ya soki kamar yadda ya nuna adawa da ikon mulkin mallaka a cikin Malaysia da Singapore, da kuma ikon takara a Burma da Venezuela, duk da cewa na farko biyu sun sami nasara wajen inganta saka hannun jari na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɓaka tattalin arziki, kuma hakan, ya ba da damar yin aiki kyauta na tsarin farashin, sabanin na baya.
.
Conferences and events
A cikin shekarar 2014, HRF ta karbi bakuncin Hack Koriya ta Arewa, taron masana fasaha na Bay Area, masu zuba jari, injiniyoyi, masu zanen kaya, masu fafutuka da masu sauya sheka na Koriya ta Arewa wanda ke da nufin haifar da sabbin dabaru don samun bayanai cikin Koriya ta Arewa.
Dandalin 'Yancin Kwalejin
Dandalin 'Yancin Kwaleji (CFF) jerin abubuwa ne na kwana ɗaya da aka tsara don ilmantar da fadakar gda ɗalibai game da haƙƙin ɗaiɗai da dimokuradiyya a duniya. Kowane CFF yana fasalta gabatarwa da dama ga ɗalibai da membobinn masu sauraro don yin hulɗa tare da masu mmagana ɗaya-ɗayan kuma yayin zaman tambaya da amsa.
Zaben Membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniyaa
A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012 da shekarar ta 2013, HRF ta shirya wani taron a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York tare da kungiyar UN Watch mai tushe a Geneva. Abubuwan da suka faru sun mayar da hankali ne kan wayar da kan jama'a game da zaɓen gwamnatocin masu fafutuka da masu cikakken iko ga kwamitin kare hakkin ɗan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. HRF ta kawo masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama daga kasashe daban-dabann don ba da shaida kan cin zarafin da gwamnatocin su ke yi.
A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, tare da goyon baya daga birnin Oslo da John Templeton Foundation, HRF ta shirya taron 'Yanci na Oslo . A yayin taron, dimokuradiyyaa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama suna ba da labaransu tare da bayyanaa ra'ayoyinsu game da 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya.
A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012 Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta karbi bakuncin taron 'Yanci na San Francisco na farko, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "haɗin kai na musamman na muryoyin 'yanci." Aung San Suu Kyi wadda ta lashe lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, a balaguron farko da ta yi zuwa Amurka tun shekarar 1971, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Václav Havel don ƙin ƙirƙira .
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014, Oslo Freedom Forum ya tsara wani zama a taron Sime MIA a Miami. Taron ya samu halartar shugaban HRF Thor Halvorssen, da nɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan ƙasar Jordan Suleiman Bakhit, da Yeonmi Park ɗan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar gizo na ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24283 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufik%20Hidayat | Taufik Hidayat | Taufik Hidayat (an haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1981) ɗan wasan badminton ne mai ritaya daga [[Indonesia. Tsohon zakara ne na Duniya da na Olympics a cikin maza. Hidayat ya lashe gasar Indonesia Open sau ships shekara ta (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2006).
Takaitaccen aiki
Lokacin yana ƙarami, ya shiga ƙungiyar SGS, ƙungiyar badminton a Bandung, inda ya yi horo a ƙarƙashin Iie Sumirat .
Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17 ya ci Brunei Open kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Asiya a shekara ta 1998 da kuma Open Indonesia . A shekara ta 1999, Hidayat ya lashe kambunsa na farko na Indonesiya Open . A cikin shekarar kuma ya kai wasan karshe na All England da Singapore Open amma ya sha kashi a hannun babban abokin hamayyarsa Peter Gade da babbansa a kungiyar Heryanto Arbi bi da bi. Hidayat ya samu matsayi na daya a duniya tun yana dan shekara ta 19 zuwa shekara ta 2000 bayan ya lashe gasar Malaysia Open, Asia Championship, Indonesia Open kuma ya sake zama na biyu a Gasar All England inda dan wasan China Xia Xuanze ya kayar da shi .
2000 Olympics na Sydney
Hidayat ya halarci gasar wasannin maza na maza guda ɗaya a Gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekara ta 2000 a Sydney. A wasannin Olympics na farko, Ji Xinpeng ne ya fitar da shi a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe.
2004 Wasannin Olympics na Athens
Hidayat ta lashe lambar zinare ta maza a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekara ta 2004 inda ta doke Hidetaka Yamada na Japan da Wong Choong Hann na Malaysia a zagaye biyu na farko. Hidayat ta doke Peter Gade na Denmark 15–12, 15–12 a wasan kwata fainal da Boonsak Ponsana na Thailand 15–9, 15–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe. Yin wasa a wasan lambar zinare. Ya ci Koriya Shon Seung-mo 15–8, 15–7 a wasan karshe don lashe lambar zinare.
A cikin wannan shekarar, Hidayat yayi nasarar riƙe takensa na Indonesia Open ta hanyar doke Chen Hong 15 - 9, 15 - 3 a wasan karshe kuma ya lashe kambun gasar zakarun Asiya na biyu.
Shekara ta 2005: Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ya lashe lambar zinare ta maza a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya inda ya doke Lin Dan China na daya a duniya 15 - 3, 15 - 7 a wasan karshe. Tare da wannan taken, ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fara lashe gasar Olympic da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a cikin shekaru a jere.
Shekara ta 2006 - 2007: Wasannin Asiya na biyu da na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zinariya
Hidayat ta lashe lambar zinare ta maza a wasannin Asiya a 2002 Busan da Doha 2006 . Ya kuma lashe Gasar Asiya ta 2007, da lambobin zinare na maza guda biyu a Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a shekara ta 1999 Bandar Seri Begawan da Nakhon Ratchasima na 2007 shekara ta .
Wasannin Olympics na Beijing a shekara ta 2008
Hidayat ta yi gasar badminton a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekara ta 2008 - mawaƙan maza amma an cire shi a zagaye na biyu.
Wasannin Olympics na London a shekara ta 2012
A karo na hudu, Hidayat ta halarci wasannin Olympics na bazara. Hidayat ta yi gasar badminton a gasar wasannin bazara ta 2012 - mawaƙan maza amma Lin Dan ya cire shi a zagaye na 16.
Shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai a wasu lokutan sun mai da hankali kan hasashe da ake gani tsakanin Hidayat da dan wasan China Lin Dan, suna kiran su biyun "manyan abokan hamayya".
Rayuwar mutum
Ya auri 'yar Agum Gumelar, Ami Gumelar, a ranar 4 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 2006. Sun haifi 'ya mace a farkon watan Agusta shekara ta 2008, mai suna Natarina Alika Hidayat. An haife ta jim kaɗan kafin ya tafi Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Hidayat a hukumance ta buɗe cibiyar horon badminton mai suna Taufik Hidayat Arena (THA), wanda ke Ciracas, Gabashin Jakarta. Wannan "gidan badminton" duk sunansa ne kuma mallakar Taufik ne.
Halayen mai kunnawa
Ƙarfin yin harbi na Hidayat ya kasance hannunsa na baya (kamar yadda wataƙila ya shahara saboda ragargazar baya, wanda ake girmama saboda ƙaruwar ƙarfinta na ƙarfi), tsalle tsalle gaba, harbi (juye juye musamman), ƙafafun santsi da yaudarar wasan raga. Tsallake tsallaken gaban Hidayat a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekara ta 2006 ya kasance sau ɗaya mafi sauri da aka yi rikodin a gasar mara aure: ya yi rikodin a cikin wasa da Ng Wei . Wannan ikon a gabansa da na baya, haɗe da ƙarfinsa a cikin raga da iyakancewa don harbi na yaudara, ya ba shi makamai iri -iri a kotu, yana mai sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin 'yan wasan da za su fuskanta a buɗe. An soki lamirin rashin dacewarsa lokaci -lokaci, rashin haƙuri tare da ɗimbin jama'a, da kuma ƙarfin sa na dawo da ƙarar da aka harba tare da wani harbin net ko da abokin hamayyarsa yana kusa da gidan.
Kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar Indonesiya
Sau 5 a Kofin Sudirman a shekara ta (1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)
Sau 7 a gasar cin kofin Thomas (2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012)
Sau 4 a wasannin Olympics na bazara a taron mutum (2000, 2004, zuwa shekara ta 2008, 2012)
Nasarori
Wasannin Olympics
Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya
Kofin Duniya
Wasannin Asiya
Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya
BWF Superseries (taken 1, masu tsere 9)
BWF Superseries, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 14 gawatan Disamba shekara ta 2006 kuma an aiwatar da shi a shekara ta 2007, jerin manyan wasannin badminton ne, wanda Badminton World Federation (BWF) ta ba da izini. BWF Superseries yana da matakai biyu kamar Superseries da Superseries Premier . Wani kakar Superseries ya ƙunshi gasa goma sha biyu a duniya, wanda aka gabatar tun daga shekara ta 2011, tare da yan wasan da suka yi nasara da aka gayyata zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin BWF da aka gudanar a ƙarshen shekara.
Superseries Finals tournament
Superseries Premier tournament
Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix (lakabi 17, masu tsere 7)
BWF Grand Prix yana da matakai biyu, BWF Grand Prix da Grand Prix Gold . Jerin wasannin badminton ne wanda Hukumar Badminton ta Duniya (BWF) ta amince da shi tun shekara ta 2007. Kungiyar Badminton ta Duniya (IBF) ta amince da Babbar Badminton ta Duniya tun shekara ta 1983.
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF/IBF Grand Prix tournament
Ƙungiya ta ƙasa
Matsayin ƙarami
Babban matakin
Gasa daban -daban
Babban matakin
Babban matakin
Yi rikodi akan abokan adawar da aka zaɓa
Yi rikodi akan masu ƙalubalantar Superseries, semifinalists na duniya da kuma na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Olympics.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Badminton |
50592 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads%20%28fim%20na%202002%29 | Crossroads (fim na 2002) | Crossroads wani fim ne na 2002 na matasa na Amurka mai ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo wanda Tamra Davis ya ba da umarni,daga wasan kwaikwayo na Shonda Rhimes.Taurari na Britney Spears,Anson Mount,Zoe Saldana,Taryn Manning, Kim Cattrall da Dan Aykroyd. An saita a Jojiya,ya shafi 'yan mata matasa uku a kan hanyar ƙetare,yayin da suka sami kansu da abokantaka a cikin tsari.
Ci gaba ya fara ne a ƙarshen 2000 lokacin da Spears ya ƙirƙira ra'ayi wanda Rhimes ya faɗaɗa daga baya. Babban yin fim ya fara a cikin Maris 2001,kuma ya ƙunshi sama da watanni shida.MTV Films ne ya samar da shi kuma aka sake shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu,2002, a Arewacin Amurka ta Paramount Pictures,Crossroads ya kasance nasara a ofishin akwatin, ya sami $ 61 miliyan a duk duniya akan kasafin kuɗi na $ 12 miliyan.Gabaɗaya ya sami sake dubawa mara kyau,amma an yaba wa aikin Spears.
Makirci
Yayin da yara ke girma a wani ƙaramin garin Georgia, Lucy,Kit,da Mimi suka binne “akwatin fata” kuma suka yi alƙawarin tono shi a daren kammala karatunsu na sakandare.Duk da haka,yayin da ukun ke girma,abokantakar su sun ɓace:Lucy ta zama mai shiga tsakani, Kit ta zama yarinya mafi mashahuri a makaranta,kuma Mimi ta zama mai ban sha'awa daga filin shakatawa na trailer da ke fuskantar ciki na matasa.
A daren kammala karatun,sun sake haɗuwa don tono"akwatin fata",suna tunawa da tsohon buri:Kit yana son yin aure,Lucy tana so ta nemo mahaifiyarta da ta rabu da ita,kuma Mimi ta so tafiya California.Lucy da Kit sun yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Mimi,wadda ke da ciki wata biyar,kada ta je Los Angeles don yin jita-jita don kamfani mai rikodin.Duk da haka,sun yanke shawarar tafiya tare da ita zuwa Los Angeles da safe.Kit zai ga saurayinta wanda dalibi ne a UCLA,kuma Lucy za ta sami mahaifiyarta a Tucson,Arizona .
Ba tare da sanin mahaifinta mai girma Pete,Lucy,Kit,da Mimi sun tashi a cikin rawaya 1973 Buick Skylark mai canzawa tare da abokin Mimi Ben.Yayin tafiya, motar ta lalace a Louisiana kuma,tare da kuɗi kaɗan,Mimi ya nuna cewa suna rera karaoke a mashaya na New Orleans don shawarwari.A mashaya,Mimi ta fara tsoratar mataki kuma ta kasa yin waƙa.Lucy ta ɗauki wurinta kuma ta yi nasara,kuma 'yan matan suna samun isasshen kuɗi don gyara motar kuma su ci gaba da tafiya.
Yayin da yake zama a gidan otel a Alabama,Kit ya gaya wa Lucy da Mimi cewa ta ji jita-jita game da Ben zai shiga kurkuku don kashe wani mutum.Ba tare da jin daɗin yawancin balaguron ba, a ƙarshe 'yan matan sun fuskanci Ben game da jita-jita,wanda ya nuna cewa a zahiri ya tafi kurkuku don tuki yar uwar sa a fadin jihar ba tare da izinin iyaye ba saboda uban nasa yana cin zarafinta.Lucy da Ben sun ƙaunaci juna,kuma ’yan matan sun fara tattaunawa ta gaskiya tun suna yara:Lucy ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ta rabu da ita da mahaifinta sa’ad da take ’yar shekara uku, amma ta gaskata cewa mahaifiyarta tana son sake ganinta.;Kit,wacce ta yi kiba tun tana karama,ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta tana tura ta zuwa“sansanin kitse”duk lokacin rani har sai da ta kai nauyin burinta,amma yanzu tana ƙin cewa Kit ɗin ya fi ta kyau;Mimi ta bayyana cewa mahaifin jaririn nata ba tsohon saurayin ta ne Kurt ba,mutum ne da ya yi mata fyade a wajen wani biki,kuma tana shirin saka jaririn nata ne domin reno.
A Tucson,Lucy ta sami mahaifiyarta Caroline,wacce ta sake yin aure tare da ’ya’ya maza biyu kuma ba ta ji daɗin ganinta ba.Caroline ta bayyana cewa Lucy ta kasance cikin da ba a yi niyya ba kuma ba ta son komai da ita,wanda hakan ya sa Lucy ta karaya.A gidan otel ɗin, Ben ya yi wa Lucy ta'aziyya kuma yana burge ta ta hanyar rubuta kiɗa zuwa waƙar da ta rubuta yayin tafiya.Daga nan Lucy ta koma Kit,Mimi,da Ben, kuma sun isa Los Angeles.
Wata rana da daddare,Kit ta tafi da Mimi tare da ita don mamakin angonta Dylan.Ita kaɗai a cikin otel ɗin,Lucy ta rasa budurcinta ga Ben.Kit da Mimi suka isa d'akin Dylan suka same shi yana yaudarar Kit da wata mata.Sai ta gane cewa Dylan ne ya yi wa Mimi fyade,kuma ta yi masa naushi a fuska.A guje Mimi ta fado kan benen ta rasa jaririnta. A asibiti,Lucy da Kit sun yi mata jaje yayin da ta fahimci rashinta,bayan da ta yanke shawarar ajiye jaririnta da zarar sun isa Los Angeles.
Lucy ta kira mahaifinta ya zo ya dawo da ita,Kit,da Mimi,su kuma Kit da Mimi suka gaya mata cewa ta tafi aution a wurin Mimi.Lucy ta ƙi kuma ta shirya tafiya tare da su da mahaifinta,amma ta gane cewa duk abin da ta yi don faranta wa mahaifinta rai ne maimakon kanta.Lucy ta gaya wa mahaifinta ya ƙyale ta,ta gudu zuwa Ben,kuma suka sumbace ta. Ita,Kit,da Mimi sun nufi wurin kallon wasan tare da Ben kuma sun sami karɓuwa a tsaye don wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi na waƙarta, "Ni Ba Yarinya Ba, Ba Har Yanzu Mace Ba ". |
30163 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raba%20magudanan%20ruwa | Raba magudanan ruwa | A cikin hotuna, magudanar ruwa, raba ruwa, raba, tsaunuka, magudanar ruwa, rabuwar ruwa ko tsayin ƙasa wani yanki mai tsayi wanda ke raba magudanan magudanan magudanan ruwa . A kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa, rabe-raben ya ta'allaka ne tare da ƙwanƙolin yanayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa cikin nau'in tsaunuka ko tsaunuka guda ɗaya, wanda aka sani da kewayon rarraba . Kuma A kan ƙasa mai faɗi, musamman inda ƙasa ke da marsshiri, rarrabuwar na iya zama da wahala a gane.
Rarraba sau uku aya ce, sau da yawa taron koli, inda magudanan ruwa guda uku suka hadu. Rarraba benen kwarin ƙananan magudanar ruwa ne wanda ke ratsa rafin, wani lokaci ana ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar ajiyewa ko kama rafi . Sannan wasu Kuma Manyan rabe-raben raba rafukan da ke zubewa zuwa tekuna ko tekuna daban-daban ana kiransu continental division.
Ana amfani da kalmar tsayin ƙasa a Kanada da Amurka don komawa zuwa rarraba magudanar ruwa. Ana kuma amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin kwatancen kan iyaka, waɗanda aka saita bisa ga " koyaswar iyakokin halitta ". A cikin wuraren da ke da glacied sau da yawa yana nufin ƙananan wuri akan rarrabuwa inda za'a iya jigilar kwale -kwale daga tsarin kogin zuwa wancan.
Nau'ukan
Ana iya raba magudanar ruwa zuwa iri uku:
Rarraba nahiyoyi inda ruwaye na kowane bangare ke kwarara zuwa tekuna daban-daban, kamar Rarraban Kwango da Nilu . Kowace nahiya ban da Antarctica tana da ɗaya ko fiye na nahiya.
Babban magudanar ruwa ya raba inda ruwa a kowane gefen rabe-raben bai taba haduwa ba sai dai yana kwarara cikin teku guda, kamar rabe tsakanin rafin kogin Yellow da Yangtze . Wani, mafi dabara, misali shine raba Schuylkill-Lehigh a Dutsen Pisgah a Pennsylvania wanda ƙananan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu suka raba don gudana kuma suna girma gabas da yamma bi da bi suna shiga Kogin Lehigh da Kogin Delaware ko kogin Susquehanna da Kogin Potomac,sannan Kuma tare da kowace hadaddun tributary. suna da kantuna daban a cikin Tekun Atlantika.
Ƙananan magudanun ruwa ya raba inda ruwa ya rabu amma a ƙarshe ya sake haɗuwa a madaidaicin kogin, kamar Kogin Mississippi da magudanar ruwan Missouri .
Rarraba bene-kwari
Rabe-raben benen kwari yana faruwa a kasan kwarin kuma ya taso ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar su, a cikin wani kwari wanda asalin kogin ke gudana a kai a kai.
Misalai sun haɗa da Kartitsch Saddle a cikin kwarin Gail a Gabashin Tyrol, wanda ke samar da ruwa tsakanin Drau da Gail, da rarrabuwa a cikin Toblacher Feld tsakanin Innichen da Toblach a Italiya, inda Drau ya shiga cikin Bahar Black da Rienz zuwa cikin da Adriatic .
Sau da yawa ana gina matsugunai akan rabe-raben bene a cikin tsaunukan Alps. Misalai sune Eben im Pongau, Kirchberg a cikin Tirol da Waidring (A cikin waɗannan duka, sunan ƙauyen yana nuna hanyar wucewa kuma an nuna magudanar ruwa a fili a cikin rigar makamai). Matsakaicin rabe-rabe da tsayin da bai kai mita biyu ba ana samun su a Filin Arewacin Jamus a cikin Urstromtäler, alal misali, tsakanin Havel da Finow a cikin Eberswalde Urstromtal . Kuma A cikin marsh deltas irin su Okavango, mafi girman magudanar ruwa a duniya, ko a cikin manyan tafkuna, irin su Finnish Lakeland, yana da wuya a sami ma'anar ma'anar magudanar ruwa.
Bifurcation shine inda magudanar ruwa ke da inganci a cikin gadon kogi, a cikin ƙasa mai dausayi, ko ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Mafi girman magudanar ruwa na wannan nau'in shine bifurcation na Orinoco a arewacin ƙasar Amurka ta Kudu, wanda babban koginsa ya shiga cikin Caribbean, amma kuma yana magudawa zuwa Kudancin Atlantic ta hanyar Casiquiare canal da Amazon River .
Iyakokin siyasa
Tun da ridgelines wasu lokuta suna da sauƙin gani da yarda game da su, rarrabuwar magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da iyakoki na halitta waɗanda ke bayyana iyakokin siyasa, kamar yadda sanarwar Sarautar ta shekarata 1763 a Arewacin Amurka ta Burtaniya wacce ta zo daidai da ridgeline na tsaunin Appalachian wanda ke samar da Rarraba Nahiyar Gabas wanda ya raba mulkin mallaka. Kasashe a gabas daga yankin Indiya zuwa yamma. Wani misali na iyakar da ta yi daidai da magudanar ruwa a wannan zamani ta ƙunshi iyakar yamma tsakanin Labrador da Quebec, kamar yadda majalisar sirri ta yanke hukunci a shekarata 1927.
Portages da canals
Magudanar ruwa yana raba hana kewaya hanyar ruwa. A zamanin da kafin masana'antu, an ketare rarrabuwar ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa . sannan Daga baya, magudanan ruwa sun haɗu da magudanan ruwan magudanan ruwa; babbar matsala a irin wadannan magudanan ruwa ita ce tabbatar da isasshen ruwa. Misalai masu mahimmanci sune Portage na Chicago, haɗa Babban Tafkuna da Mississippi ta Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, da Canal des Deux Mers a Faransa, haɗa Atlantic da Rum. Sunan an sanya shi a Dutsen Land Portage wanda ya haɗu da Manyan Tekuna zuwa kogunan yammacin Kanada.
Duba wasu abubuwan
List of watershed topics – Wikipedia list article
River source – Starting point of a river
Manazarta
DeBarry, Paul A. (2004). Ruwan Ruwa: Tsari, Ƙimar da Gudanarwa . John Wiley & Sons. |
57901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas%20Galbaud%20du%20Fort | François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort | François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort (ko Dufort; 25 ga Satumba 1743 - 21 Afrilu 1801)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue a taƙaice.Ya zo ne a lokacin da masu shukar suka kasance masu adawa da sabuwar Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Farko tare da manufofinta na daidaito na kowa da kowa, lokacin da bayi da yawa suka bar gonaki kuma suna gwagwarmaya don samun 'yanci,kuma lokacin da Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka da Santo Domingo suka yi yaƙi da su.Faransa Ya fara tawaye a birnin Cap-Français da ke arewacin kasar,kan kwamishinonin da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar.Bayan tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin farar fata magoya bayan Galbaud da mulattoes da kuma sabbin’yantattun bayi da ke goyon bayan kwamishinonin an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira zuwa Amurka tare da da yawa daga cikin’yan tawayen da iyalansu.
Shekarun farko
An haifi François Thomas Galbaud du Fort a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1743 a Le Fort,Nantes .Ya yi baftisma a Notre Dame,Nantes,a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1743.Iyayensa sune François Galbaud Dufort da Agnès Dubreuil (1717-1793).Mahaifinsa shi ne conseiller du roy maître ordinaire des comptes de Bretagne.Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya hudu maza shida mata.Galbaud ya zama almajiri a makarantar manyan bindigogi a 1760,an nada shi laftanar a 1762,kyaftin a 1772.Ya kasance kawai tsayi.A cikin 1775 ya auri Marie-Alexis Tobin de Saint-Aubin. Matarsa yar Creole ce wacce danginta suka mallaki dukiya mai yawa a Saint-Domingue.'Ya'yansu uku duk sun shiga soja.
Galbaud ya yi yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.Bayan haka ya kasance a cikin sansanin soja a Strasbourg har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789.An ba shi shawarar ga giciye na Order of Saint Louis a 1788 a kan dogon sabis,kawai ado da ya samu.Ya goyi bayan juyin juya hali,kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kulob din Jacobin na Strasbourg a cikin Janairu 1790.Daga baya ya kasance a cikin kulob din Jacobin a Metz.Lokacin da ya rasa gabatarwa a cikin bazara na 1791 ya koka da nuna bambanci saboda ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali.
Galbaud ya zama Laftanar-Kanar a 1791.Louis na 16 ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa sansanin maréchal de a 1792,matsayi na ƙarshe da sarki ya yi.A 1792 ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Charles François Dumouriez . Galbaud yayi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci sojoji 1,500 don ƙarfafa sansanin Verdun,amma ya mika wuya kafin ya isa.Duk da haka,ya dakatar da abokan gaba a wani mataki a kan Biesme ridge,kuma ya shiga yakin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1792.An aika shi don yin shawarwari tare da sojojin Prussian,kuma ya yi magana da kwamandan su Duke na Brunswick,ta hanyar asusunsa yana ba da kariya ga Faransa.An lura Galbaud,kuma da yawa masu tasiri na Saint-Domingue a Paris suna tunanin zai zama gwamnan da ya dace da mulkin mallaka.
An nada Galbaud Gwamna Janar na Tsibirin Windward,sannan a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 aka canza wannan zuwa Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes . Mahaifiyarsa,wadda ta mallaki dukiya a Saint-Domingue, ta mutu bayan ƴan kwanaki,kuma Galbaud abokin gādo ne.A karkashin dokar Afrilu 4th,1792 wannan ya hana Galbaud zama gwamna.Ya sanar da Ministan Sojojin ruwa matsalar, amma da bai samu amsa ba sai ya bar Brest a farkon watan Afrilu a kan jirgin ruwan Concorde ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien) a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.
Saint-Domingue
Saint-Domingue ya kasance cikin tashin hankali a wannan lokacin,tun lokacin da fararen fata suka kasance masu adawa da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel.Wasu daga cikin turawan sun so a maido da sarautar.A halin yanzu,bayi a cikin gida sun yi tawaye.Janar Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Cap-Français a arewa.Ya kamata Galbaud ya jira a tabbatar da shi a matsayin gwamna da kwamishinonin farar hula,waɗanda ke Port-au-Prince.A maimakon haka sai ya yi rantsuwar mulki a ranar da ya zo ya yi jawabin da ya yi kamar ya shaida wa Turawan mulkin mallaka cewa za su iya dogaro da goyon bayansa.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa,amma bai tura sako daga gwamnatin da ta ba su umarnin yaƙi da Spain da Biritaniya ba.
Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda mutane masu launi suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka ne da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yin biyayya ga kwamishinonin. Dangantaka tsakanin Galbaud da kwamishinonin ta yi tsami sosai tun daga farko.Galbaud ba zai yarda da"'yan ƙasa na 4 ga Afrilu" cikin tawagarsa ba, ko kuma ya sa "dukkan ƙwaraƙwaran garin zama daidai da matarsa." Polvérel da Sonthonax sun nemi Galbaud ya yi murabus,kuma lokacin da ya ƙi,suka kore shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1793.Kwamishinonin sun yi hira da Galbaud,wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai bi umarninsu ba kuma zai iya nuna cewa an yafe masa cikas na mallakar kadarorinsa. A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 Polvérel da Sonthonax sun yi shelar cewa sun kori Galbaud kuma sun umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande,ya tashi zuwa Faransa kuma ya ba da labarin halinsa ga Babban Taron Kasa.An adana doguwar wasiƙar da Galbaud ya rubuta wa taron ƙasa daga kurkuku yana nuna rashin amincewa da kama shi.Kwamishinonin sun gudanar da fete a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1793 wanda suka gayyaci mata masu yawa masu kyauta,ko dai sun auri maza masu launi ko fararen fata.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tada ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cap-Français kan kwamishinonin.A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana ci gaba da aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula.Ya sauka a karfe 3:30 na yamma a kan shugaban mazaje 3,000,wadanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.Kanar Antoine Chanlatte ya dauki kwamandan sojojin fararen fata da masu launin da suka zo taimakon kwamishinonin.Jean-Baptiste Belley,baƙar fata mai’yanci wanda daga baya ya zama memba na taron ƙasa ya taimaka masa.An yi gumurzu a kan titi,inda magoya bayan kwamishinonin,duk da cewa sun fi yawa,sun yi galaba a kansu,suka kama dan'uwan Galbaud da wasu hafsoshin ruwa da dama.> Gobara ta tashi a garin.Galbaud ya yi ritaya tare da ƙarfinsa zuwa jiragen ruwa,amma ya sake sauka da asuba a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kuma ya kama arsenal daga masu kare launin fata.
Kwamishinonin da maza masu launin fata sun ja da baya zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan wurin Haut-du-Cap. Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da sauran turawa suka fara washe garin, suna watsi da umarnin Galbaud.An hada su da wasu‘yan ta’addan bakaken fata dari da dama wadanda kwamishinonin sun‘yantar da su amma ba su da makamai,kuma suka shiga cikin halaka tare da bayin da ke garin.Baƙar fata da aka 'yantar da bayin birni,waɗanda Pierrot,Macaya da Goa suka jagoranta,sun fahimci cewa kwamishinoni suna gefensu. Ɗalibai suka jagorance su suka far wa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da farar fata da suka tare su. Bayan gwagwarmayar tashin hankali turawan suka firgita suka koma cikin jiragen ruwa,ciki har da Galbaud,amma sun ci gaba da kula da makaman.
Kwamishinonin sun sami kansu a cikin tsaka mai wuya,tun da sun dogara da goyon bayan ’yan tada kayar baya,kuma Mutanen Espanya suna ba da kyauta mai ban sha'awa na 'yantar da su idan bayin suka zo wurinsu.A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 sun yi shelar cewa duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su Spain da sauran abokan gaba za a ba su 'yancinsu. Wannan manufar ta sake farfado da dokar da sarki ya bayar a shekara ta 1784 amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba saboda juriya daga masu shukar.Sanarwar 21 ga Yuni ta zama sauyi a cikin gwagwarmaya,kuma a cikin faɗuwar motsi don 'yantar da bayi.A cikin majalisar yaki a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yanke shawarar lalata bindigogin dukkanin batura da za su iya cutar da jiragen ruwa,ta haka ne ya lalata garkuwar birnin da turawa.Daga nan aka yanke shawarar cewa dukkan jiragen za su tashi zuwa Amurka,kuma daga nan zuwa Faransa.
'Yan ta'addan da aka 'yantar sun bi sahun sojojin farar fata da na mulatto masu biyayya ga kwamishinonin tare da fatattaki ma'aikatan ruwa daga cikin makamai da kuma birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Yawancin Cap Francais an kona su a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1793.Galbaud ya gudu zuwa Baltimore a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa 120 dauke da 'yan gudun hijira 10,000.Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Amurka a ranar 24-25 ga Yuni.A wannan dare Rear Admiral Joseph de Cambis ya sake samun iko a kan ma'aikatan jirgin Jupiter,inda Galbaud ya fake,kuma ya kama Galbaud.Duk da haka,jim kaɗan bayan isa Amurka Galbaud ya sami nasarar sa ma'aikatan su sake yin tawaye ga Cambis,wanda dole ne ya bar jirgin ya fake a ofishin jakadancin Faransa.Kwamishinonin farar hula sun koma Cap-Français a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1793,inda suka cire jami'ai marasa aminci daga ofis kuma suka maye gurbinsu da amintattun maza.A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1793 sun rubuta wa Babban Taron Kasa suna kwatanta abin da ya faru,da kuma yadda Galbaud ya bar lardin arewa ba tare da kariya ba.An zarge Gilbaud da 'yan uwansa "masu tayar da hankali" da haɗa kansu "a lokacin mulkin tarayya, tare da dukan 'yan mulkin mallaka,ko 'yan kasuwa na sarakuna da sarakuna,a cikin manyan biranen kasuwancin mu."A ranar 29 ga Agusta da 31 ga Oktoba 1793 Sonthonax da Polverel sun ba da umarni waɗanda suka 'yantar da duk bayi a lardunan arewa da kudanci bi da bi.
Daga baya aiki
Lokacin da Galbaud ya isa birnin Paris a cikin bazara na 1794,nan take aka jefa shi cikin kurkukun Abbaye bisa zarginsa da zama dan sarauta.Matarsa ta yi aiki don a sake shi,kuma an yi masa afuwa bayan wata takwas.Ba zai iya komawa soja ba,amma ya sami aiki a ofishin Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a.Wata daya bayan juyin mulkin Napoleon na Nuwamba 1799 ya koma soja, kuma aka tura shi Masar, inda ya kasance tare da matarsa. Ya isa Masar a shekara ta 1800 tare da mukamin birgediya-janar.Galbaud ya mutu da annoba a cikin 1801 a Alkahira,Masar. |
21837 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20W | Filin shakatawa na W | Filin shakatawa na W (Faransanci: Parc national du W) ko Yankin shakatawa na W (Faransanci: W du Niger) babban filin shakatawa ne a Afirka ta Yamma a kusa da bakin ruwa a Kogin Niger mai kama da harafin W (Faransanci: double v). Dajin ya hada da yankuna na kasashen uku Niger, Benin da Burkina Faso, kuma gwamnatocin ukun ne ke kula da shi. Har zuwa shekara ta 2008, aiwatar da tsarin gudanarwar yanki ya sami tallafi daga aikin ECOPAS na Kungiyar EU (Kare Tsarin Yanayi a Sudano-Sahelian Afirka, Faransanci: Ecosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne). Gidajen shakatawa guda uku suna aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan W Transborder Park. (Faransanci: Parc Yankin W). Bangaren Filin shakatawa na W da ke kwance a Benin, wanda yakai sama da 8,000 km2 (3,100 sq mi), ya zo karkashin cikakken kulawar Parks na Afirka a watan Yunin 2020. A cikin Benin, W National Park yana haɗuwa da Pendjari National Park wanda shima yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Parks na Afirka.
Tarihi
An kirkiro Filin shakatawa na W na Nijar ta hanyar doka a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1954, kuma tun daga 1996 aka sanya ta a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO. A cikin Nijar, an sanya wurin shakatawa a matsayin Babban Gandun Kasa, IUCN Nau'in II, kuma yana daga cikin manyan hadaddun wuraren adanawa da wuraren kariya. Wadannan sun hada da Dallol Bosso da ke kusa da yankin (Ramsar) a gabar gabashin gabar kogin Neja da wani bangare na karamin 'Parc national du W' (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)). Wuraren shakatawa guda uku sune BirdLife International Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBAs) na nau'ikan A1 da A3 (lambobin IBA IBA NE001, IBA BF008, da IBA BJ001).
Labarin kasa
A cikin ƙasashe uku, Yankin Yankin ya mamaye kusan 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) wanda yawancin mutane ba sa zama, kasancewar har zuwa 1970s wani yanki na Malaria na yankuna masu dausayi wanda ya haɗu ta hanyar tafkin Kogin Mékrou tare da Niger, wanda tsaunukan dutse suka farfasa. A tarihi, yankin ya kasance wani lokaci babban yanki na mazaunin ɗan adam, wanda aka yanke hukunci ta wurin mahimman wuraren tarihi na kayan tarihi (galibi kaburbura) da aka samu a yankin.
Flora
A cikin gandun dajin, an adana jimlar nau'ikan shuke-shuke 454, gami da orchids guda biyu da aka samo a Nijar kawai. Wurin shakatawa kuma shine iyakar kudu na rarraba tuddai a filayen daji a Neja.
Fauna
An san wurin shakatawa da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da aardvark, dawa, da bauna na Afirka, da caracal, da cheetah, da giwar daji ta Afirka, da hippopotamus, da damisa ta Afirka, da zakin Afirka ta Yamma, da kuma dabbar daji. Wurin shakatawa na ba da gida ga wasu giwayen Afirka na ƙarshe na giwar Afirka. Koyaya, baƙauran rakumin dawa na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda a yau aka ƙayyade shi zuwa ƙananan yankuna na Nijar, ba ya wurin shakatawa. Park din W kuma sanannen abu ne na tarihi na tarin fakitin karen daji na Yammacin Afirka da ke cikin hatsari, kodayake wannan kifin na iya karewa yanzu daga yankin.
Gandun dajin na daya daga cikin wurare masu karfi na baya-bayan nan don yankin cheetah na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka. Populationananan mutane 25 aka kiyasta suna zaune a ƙetaren hadadden yankin W-Arli – Pendjari.
W National Park shima an san shi da yawan tsuntsaye, musamman nau'ikan ƙaura masu wucewa, tare da gano sama da nau'ikan 350 a cikin wurin shakatawa. BirdLife International ta gano wurin shakatawa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye.
Gallery
Manazarta
Adabi
Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d’influence du parc régional du w par le programme ecopas: une « approche projet » pour l’aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Série 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761
Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Contribution à l’étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p.
Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de Ouagadougou.
Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l’évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S.
Hogan C.Michael (2009) Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
Nacoulma, B.M.I. (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. PhD thesis, Université de Ouagadougou.
Nacoulma, B.M.I., Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e54205.
Rabeil T (2003) Distribution potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Doctoral Thesis, Univ. Paris VII. 463 S.
Price et al. (2003) The “W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger - Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges. World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA. In: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada and IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5.
W National Park of Niger. 2009.
Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Plant diversity, functional traits and soil conditions of grass savannas on lateritic crusts (bowé) in south eastern Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Detailed Nigerien government tourist map.
WCMC World Heritage Site Data Sheet
UNESCO Page on W National Park
BirdLife IBA Factsheet 'W' National Park .
Le Parc du W du Niger (Niger, Burkina Faso, Bénin): Aires protégées Burkina Faso - Niger - Bénin. Centre IRD d'Orléans Research Summary, University of Orleans (France) |
29987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%20Dove%20Danquah | Mabel Dove Danquah | genreMabel Dove Danquah
influencesMabel Dove Danquah
influencedMabel Dove Danquah
subjectMabel Dove Danquah
Articles with hCards
Mabel Dove Danquah (1905 -1984) ita 'yar jaridar Gold Coast ce, mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma marubuciya mai kirki, daya daga cikin matan farko a Yammacin Afirka da ke aiki a wadannan fannoni. Kamar yadda Francis Elsbend Kofigah ya lura dangane da majagaba na rubuce-rubuce na Ghana, "kafin fitowar masu wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi na mata kamar Efua Sutherland da Ama Ata Aidoo, akwai Mabel Dove Danquah, mata mai saurin ra'ayi." Ta yi amfani da wasu maganganu iri-iri a rubuce don jaridu daga 1930s:" Marjorie Mensah "a cikin Times of West Africa;" Dama Dumas "a cikin African Morning Post;" Ebun Alakija "a cikin Jaridar Nigerian Daily Times; da" Akosua Dzatsui "a cikin Accra Evening News. Ta shiga siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950 kafin samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin memba na kowace majalisar dokokin Afirka. Ta kirkiro wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bukatar gudanar da mulkin kai ta hanyar ayyukanta.
Ilimi da farkon shekarun
Mabel Ellen Dove an haife ta a Accra ga Eva Buckman, 'yar kasuwa a Osu, da Francis (Frans) Dove (1869-1949), lauya daga Saliyo wanda shi ne Shugaban farko na Gold Coast Bar. Tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Mabel yana da shekara shida an kai shi Makarantar Annie Walsh Memorial a Freetown, Saliyo, kuma ta sami ƙarin ilimi a Ingila a Anglican Convent a Bury St. Edmunds da St. Makarantar Michael, Hurstpierpoint, inda ta dauki matakin sakatariya, ba tare da burin mahaifinta ba. An sake tura ta zuwa Freetown, kuma yayin da ta taimaka ta kafa kulob din wasan cricket na mata, ta shiga cikin al'ummomin wasan kwaikwayo na gida da karatu sosai, kafin ta dawo tun tana da shekaru 21 zuwa Gold Coast. Ta sami aiki a matsayin ɗan gajeren zanen rubutu tare da Dattijon Dempster na tsawon shekaru takwas, sannan ta koma G. B. Olivant, kafin ta tafi aiki a matsayin Manajan tare da kamfanin kasuwanci na A. G. Leventis.
Aikin Jarida
Ta fara rubutu ne ga jaridar The Times of West Africa, jaridar farko ta kasar Ghana, wacce Dr J. B. Danquah ya kafa kuma mallakar ta kuma tana da matukar goyon baya ga hakkokin bil adama yayin da suke musanta mamayar kasashen waje. Ta hanyar shafin "Ladies Corner [daga baya Mata] ta Marjorie Mensah" (1931-34), labaran nata sun sami babban shahararta a bainar jama'a: "ta yi kokarin mata su karye da tsari, don samun kwarin gwiwa daga masu fada a ji, da yin tir da mulkin mallaka, da yin gwagwarmaya don 'yancinsu." Ta kuma sami sha'awar mallakar takarda, wanda daga ƙarshe ta aura a 1933. A shekara ta 1939, ta ba da jawaban rediyo don nuna goyon baya ga yaƙin.
Bayan jaridar The Times of West Africa ta daina aiki, sai ta ci gaba da yin rubutu don Jaridar African Morning Post (1935-40), Jaridar Nigerian Daily Times (1936-37), Accra Evening News (1950-1960s) da Daily Graphic ( 1952). Lokacin da a cikin 1951 ta ɗauki nauyin shirya labarai na Accra Evening News - takarda na Convention People’s Party (CPP), wanda aka kafa a 1948 - ita ce mace ta biyu da ta taɓa yin gyaran jarida a Ghana. Kodayake nadin ya kare bayan watanni biyar saboda rashin jituwa da shugaban CPP Kwame Nkrumah kan hanyoyin edita, amma ta kasance mai biyayya ga Nkrumah da jam'iyyar.
Siyasa
Kasancewarta da siyasa ta fara ne bayan Kwame Nkrumah ya kafa Jam'iyyarsa ta Convention People’s Party (CPP), a cikin 1949, kuma ta zama memba na ma’aikatan kishin kasa na Accra Evening News, tare da shiga yakin neman karshen mulkin Birtaniyya da kuma samun mulkin kai na kai tsaye. Gold Coast. A babban zaben shekarar 1954, ta himmatu wajen shirya mata don CPP, daga baya aka sanya ta a matsayin dan takarar CPP na mazabar Ga Rural, wanda ta ci nasara. Zaben nata ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta Gold Coast.
Rubutun kirkire-kirkire
Ta kasance marubuciya mai fasaha a cikin tsawon shekaru arba'in — tarin littattafan da aka buga na gajerun labarai sun hada da The Happenings of the Night (1931) The Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for Mr Shaw (1934) Anticipation (1947) The Torn Veil (1947) Payment (1947) Invisible Scar (1966) da kuma Evidence of Passion (1969) — har sai da makanta ta rufe shi a shekarar 1972. An sake nazarin aikinta a cikin tarin da suka hada da An African Treasury: Articles, Essays, Stories, Poems (1960) na Langston Hughes, da Daughters of Africa (1992) na Margaret Busby. Tarin aikinta, Selected Writings of a Pioneer West African Feminist (wanda Stephanie Newell da Audrey Gadzekpo suka buga), an buga su a cikin 2004.
Rayuwa ta sirri
A watan Satumbar 1933 Dove ta auri ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan tarihi J. B. Danquah kuma suna da ɗa, Vladimir. Koyaya, auren "bai tsira daga tsawan lokacin da Danquah ya yi ba a tsakanin shekarun 1934 zuwa 36 lokacin da yake Ingila a matsayin sakataren wakilan kungiyar Gold Coast" kuma ma'auratan sun sake su a tsakiyar 1940s.
Littafin da aka zaɓa
The Happenings of the Night (1931)
The Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for Mr Shaw (1934)
Anticipation (1947)
The Torn Veil (1947)
Payment (1947)
Invisible Scar (1966)
Evidence of Passion (1969)
Selected Writings of a Pioneer West African Feminist (edited by Stephanie Newell and Audrey Gadzekpo). Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2004. ISBN 1 84233 097 7.
Gado
Dove's satire na George Bernard Shaw's Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God (1932), wanda ta yi wa lakabi da Adventures of the Black Girl a cikin Binciken Mista Shaw, an sanya shi a cikin dakin karatun Burtaniya na 2015-16 a yammacin Afirka: Magana, Alama, Waƙa.
Ci gaba da karatu
LaRay Denzer, "Gender & Decolonization: A Study of Three Women in West African Public Life", in Andrea Cornwall, Readings in Gender in Africa, International African Institute in association with James Currey/Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 217–224.
Audrey Gadzekpo, "The Hidden History of Gender in Ghanaian Print Culture", in Oyeronke Oyewumi (ed.), African Gender Studies: A Reader, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 279–296.
K. A. B. Jones-Quartey, Profiles — First Lady of Pen and Parliament — A Portrait (1975)
Stephanie Newell, "White cargoes/black cargoes on the West Coast of Africa: Mabel Dove's A Woman in Jade", Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: "How to Play the Game of Life", Manchester University Press, 2002, pp. 119–134.
Naana J. Opoku-Agyeman, "Recovering Lost Voices: The Short Stories of Mabel Dove-Danquah", in Stephanie Newell (ed.), Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture and Literature in West Africa, London: Zed Books, 1997, pp. 74–75.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kofigah, Francis Elsbend, "The Writing of Mabel Dove Danquah", 6 July 1996. A thesis submitted to the Board of Postgraduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Comparative Literature, 1996.
Kwarteng, Francis, "Mabel Dove-Danquah: A Trailblazing Author, Feminist, Politician, Activist & Journalist", GhanaWeb, 17 October 2015. |
29611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Ahmadu | Shehu Ahmadu | Sheikhu Ahmadu ( ; ; ) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 – 20 Afrilu 1845) shine Fulbe wanda ya kafa daular Massina (Diina na Hamdullahi) a cikin Neja Delta ta ciki, yanzu yankin Mopti na Mali . Ya yi mulki a matsayin Almami daga shekara ta 1818 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1845, kuma ya dauki taken Cisse al-Masini .
Shekarun farko
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī ( ) an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 kuma Hamman Lobbo, kanin mahaifinsa ne ya rene shi. Amadu ya kasance almajirin malamin Sufi na Kadiriyya Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti . A yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida, kawancen ’yan kasuwar Fulbe ne ke mulkin garuruwan kamar Djenné, amma mutanen Bambara ba Musulmi ba ne ke iko da kogin. Fulbe ardo'en sun kasance yankin Bambara na Ségou, kuma sun yi wani nau'i na Musulunci wanda ba shi da tsarki.
Wataƙila Seku Amadu ya yi jihadin Sakkwato kafin ya koma yankin Massina. Ya zauna a wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin ikon Djenné. Sa’ad da koyarwarsa ta kawo masa ɗimbin mabiya aka kore shi, aka ƙaura zuwa Sebera, ƙarƙashin Massina . Ya sake gina wata babbar magoya baya aka sake kore shi. Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya assasa Daular Sokoto a kasar Hausa a shekara ta 1809, ya ba shi izinin gudanar da jihadi a yankin. Asalin yakokin nasa sun kasance a yammacin Daular Sakkwato karkashin Abdullahi dan Fodio na Gwandu . Kamar sauran jagororin jihadi, Seku Amadu ya sami tuta daga Usman dan Fodio a matsayin alama ta zahiri ta ikonsa.
Jihadi
Ra’ayin Amadu ne ya jawo masa rikici da Sarkin Fulanin arna na yankinsa, wanda ya nemi agaji daga Suzerainsa, Sarkin Bambara na Segu. Sakamakon ya kasance wani babban bore a karkashin Amadou wanda ya kafa Masarautar Massina, jihar Fulanin musulmi ta addini a duk fadin yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida har zuwa duka tsoffin cibiyoyin musulmi na Djenné da Timbuktu. Jihadin Amadu tabbas ya ci gaba daga shekara ta 1810 zuwa shekara ta 1818. Koyaya, wasu majiyoyi suna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1810 da wani a cikin shekara ta 1818. Wani kiyasi ya nuna jimillar mutuwar mutane 10,000 sakamakon wannan jihadi.
Seku Amadu ya zargi dokokin Fulbe na gida da bautar gumaka, kuma da farko jihadi aka yi musu. Ba da dadewa ba aka fadada aikin har zuwa Bambara da sauran kungiyoyin maguzawa na yankin. Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan Tukolors da sauran ’yan Fulbe a Massina, bayi da suka tsere da sauran su suna neman ’yanci daga iyayengijinsu na Bambara. A cikin Fulbe, Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan musulmi masu ilimi, a da, makiyaya ne, wadanda farfad'un Sufaye suka rinjayi su kuma suna da sha'awar gyara Musulunci.
A cikin jihadinsa ya fara fatattakar sojojin Segu, sannan ya kama Djenné, wanda malamansa suka maraba da shi. An gayyace shi ya mallaki Massina bayan tawayen Fulbe a wannan garin. A shekara ta 1818 ya sami nasarar sarrafa Djenné da Massina. A Djenné, kuma daga baya a Timbuktu, an hambarar da shugaban na wucin gadi aka maye gurbinsa da malamai, yayin da dangin Fulba Dikko suka zama ikon yanki. Seku Amadu ya kafa babban birnin sabuwar Masarautar Massina mai suna Hamdullahi ("Godiya ga Allah!"), arewa maso gabashin Djenné, kudu da birnin Mopti na yanzu. An kafa babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1819. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa.
Masarautar
Jihar Seku Amadu ta mulkin kama karya ne ke iko da Neja Delta na cikin gida, kuma ta yi wani iko a kan Timbuktu, Ségou da Kaarta . Daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihadi a Massina shi ne Muḥammad al-Tāhir, shi ma dalibin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. Ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya bayyana cewa Seku Amadu shine magajin ruhin Askia Mohammad I, mai mulkin karni na sha shida na daular Songhai . An yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya a yankin Timbuktu. An sami 'yar tsayin daka ga shigar Timbuktu na yau da kullun cikin sabuwar daular Massina, wacce ba da jimawa ba ta zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci. Sai dai a hankali Seku Amadu ya raba kan shugabannin Timbuktu da na Sakkwato ta hanyar tsattsauran tauhidinsa, kuma da rashin ganinsa yana girmama manyan shugabannin Qadiriyya da mutuntawa da suke ganin hakkinsu ne. Ya kuma riki mukamin Amirul Muminina a Sudan, wanda halifan Sokoto ya ɗauka a matsayin damansa. Ya yi illa ga kasuwancin Jenne da Timbuktu.
Shugaban limaman Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, ya rasu a shekara ta 1825/6. Seku Amadu ya nemi a amince masa a hukumance a kan birnin. Ya aika da manzo da dakaru masu tarin yawa zuwa ga al-Q’id Usman bin Bābakr, shugaban riko, yana roqonsa da ya daina amfani da ganguna da sauran nau’o’in biki, wanda Usman ya yarda. A shekara ta 1833 Usmanu ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ya yi wa Hamdullahi yaki, amma aka ci shi. Sai dai, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, shugaban ruhin Timbuktu, ya shirya sulhu tsakanin Abzinawa da Ahmadu Lobbo, wanda a karkashinsa sojojinsa na Fulbe ba za su mamaye Timbuktu ba. An ci tarar wadanda suka shiga harin Hamdullahi.
Seku Amadu Lobbo ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1845, ya bar daular Massina ga dansa, Amadu II . A karkashin dansa, Timbuktu ya kasance cikin daular na wani lokaci. Ahmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ya yi sarautar Massina daga shekara ta 1844 zuwa 1852. Tsawon zaman lafiya ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da Jihadin da El Hadj Umar Tall ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1862 ya kifar da jikan Ahmadu, Amadu III, ya kuma jefa yankin cikin rudani.
Siyasa da tasiri
Seku Amadu ya yi mulki ne ta tsarin gwamnonin larduna, galibin danginsa, da majalisar tsakiya mai dattijai arba'in. A cikin tsarin mulkin Seku Amadu dokar ta ginu ne bisa tsananin kiyaye tafsirin malikiyya na sharia . Qadis sun gudanar da shari’a a kowace lardi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jihar. Tsare-tsare na bin doka ya sa wata hukuma ta kira Masina "kamar yadda take kusa da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya kamar yadda ake iya cimmawa."
Seku Amadu ya bi manufar daidaita makiyayan da a da. Ya yi kokari matuka wajen inganta addinin Musulunci. A karkashin Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo da magadansa, yankin Neja ya lankwashe kuma ya bunkasa kasuwanci. Duk da haka, an samu wasu tashe-tashen hankula sakamakon tsaftar ɗabi'ar masu mulki, kamar hana shan taba da kuma buƙatar ware mata da maza, sabanin al'adar Abzinawa.
A lokacin da daular ta kara karfi sai dakaru 10,000 aka jibge a birnin, sannan Seku Ahmadu ya ba da umarnin a gina madrasa dari shida don ci gaba da yada addinin Musulunci. Ya kuma ba da umarnin haramta shaye-shaye, taba, kade-kade da raye-raye kamar yadda shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada, sannan ya gina tsarin jin dadin jama’a domin a samar wa zawarawa da marayu da gajiyayyu.
Daya daga cikin mafi dauwamammen sakamakon mulkinsa shi ne ka’idar makiyaya da ke kula da shiga da kuma amfani da yankin Neja delta daga hannun Fulani makiyaya da al’ummomin manoma daban-daban.
Manazarta
Tarihin Mali
Mutanen Mali na karni 21
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15640 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simisola%20Kosoko | Simisola Kosoko | Simisola Kosoko ( née Ogunleye ; an haife tane a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1988), wacce aka fi sani da suna Simi, ta kasan ce yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, kuma mawaƙiya ce a Nijeriya, marubuciya kuma ’yar fim. Ta fara sana'ar ta ne a matsayin mawakiyar bishara, inda ta fitar da faifan fim dinta na farko a shekarar 2008, mai taken Ogaju . Ta sami daukaka a shekarar 2014 bayan ta saki " Tiff ", waƙar da aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi a Headies 2015 . Simi ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da X3M Music a cikin 2014, amma ta bar alamar a cikin Mayu 2019 bayan karewar kwangilarta. Ta fitar da faifan studio na biyu mai suna Simisola a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2017. album din ta na uku Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. An saki 1 don dacewa da ranar haihuwar ta talatin da ɗaya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta ƙaddamar da lakabin rikodin ta Studio Brat a cikin Yunin 2019. simi anyi rubuce rubuce akan ta da yawa, musamman ma a cikin litattatafan koyon wasan kwaikwayo dana adabi.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Simi an haife ta ne a Ojuelegba, wani yanki na Surulere, a matsayin ɗa na ƙarshe a cikin yara huɗu. A wata hira da tayi da Juliet Ebirim na jaridar Vanguard, Simi ta bayyana cewa iyayenta sun rabu ne lokacin tana ‘yar shekara 9. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ta girma ne a matsayin ɗan marainiya . Simi ta halarci makarantar International Stars, makarantar sakandare a Ikorodu, Jihar Legas. Ita tsohuwar dalibar Jami'ar Alkawari ce, inda ta karanci sadarwa .
Kariyan sana'ar ta
2006–13: Farkon aiki da Ogaju
Simi ta girma tana rawa da waka a matsayinta na memba a kungiyar mawaka na cocin da ke yankin. Ta rubuta wakarta ta farko tun tana shekara 10. Kwararriyar sana’arta ta waka ta fara ne a shekarar 2008 biyo bayan fitowar kundin wakokinta na farko mai suna Ogaju, wanda ya kunshi wakoki iri-iri kamar su “Iya Temi” da “Ara Ile”. Samklef ne ya samar da faifan gabaɗaya.
2014-2018: m, Chemistry da Simisola
A watan Janairun 2014, Simi ta fitar da waƙoƙi 5 mai suna EP Restless, wanda a ƙarshe ya samar mata da rikodin rikodin tare da X3M Music. EP an tsara shi mafi yawa daga murfin da aka yi rikodin ta hanyar shahararrun abubuwa, gami da Rihanna 's " Man Down " da Adele 's " Set Fire to the Rain ".
A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2014, Simi ta fitar da waƙoƙi guda biyu "Tiff" da "E No Go Funny". Duk waƙoƙin suna karɓar iska sau da yawa kuma an sadu da su tare da kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga masu sukar. Bidiyon "Tiff" Josh Clarke ne ya jagoranta kuma aka sake shi a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2015. An zaɓi waƙar don Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi a cikin fitowar 2015 ta Headies .
Daga baya a cikin 2015, Simi ta ci nasarar Dokar Mai Kyau don Kallon kallo a Gasar Nishaɗin Nishaɗin Najeriyar ta 2015 . A wata hira da tayi da jaridar Leadership, Simi ta bayyana cewa ta fara aiki a faifan faifan ta na biyu, wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2016. Bayan fitowar "Jamb Tambaya", Simi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane don kulawa a cikin 2016 ta NotJustOk . Remix na "Jamb Tambaya" yana dauke da rapper dan Najeriya Falz .
A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Simi ta fitar da fim din kauna mai suna "Don'tauna Kada Kulawa". An karɓi iska ta rediyo akai-akai kuma an sadu da kyakkyawan nazari. "Don'tauna Kada ku damu" ta yadda ya magance ƙabilanci da wariya a Najeriya. Bidiyon wakar Clarence Peters ne ya jagoranta. A watan Oktoban 2016, an zabi Simi don Kyautar Kyakkyawar Kwarewa a MTV Africa Music Awards . A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, Simi ta yi aiki tare da Falz don sake fadada aikin Chemistry . Oghene Michael na Nobs 360 ya bayyana EP a matsayin "gwaji na kalmar fasaha". A watan Disambar 2016, an zabi Simi a fannoni uku a The Headies 2016, ta ci daya.
A cikin jiran albam dinta mai ɗauke da waƙoƙi na biyu karo 12 Simisola, Simi ta saki marasa aure guda biyu; "Murmushi gare Ni" da "Joromi". Duk waƙoƙin suna tare da bidiyo na kiɗa wanda Clarence Peters da Aje Films suka tsara. Bidiyoyin kiɗa na "O Wa Nbe", "Kammala Ni", "Gone for Good" da "Aimasiko" suma an sake su don ƙara inganta kundin. Simi ta gabatar da jerin waƙoƙin ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017. Simisola an sake ta kwana bakwai bayan haka kuma an gabatar da ita a lamba 5 a kan ginshiƙin Duniyar Aljihun Duniya.
2019: Omo Charlie Champagne, kundi na 1 da Studio Brat
A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Simi ta bayyana cewa za ta fitar da faifan fim dinta na uku Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 don dacewa da ranar haihuwarta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta bayyana wannan bayanin ne a cikin wasu sakonnin kafofin sada zumunta. Kundin ya ɗan tashi ne daga ɗan abin da ya faru na Simisola (2017). Cakuda ne na ballad na motsin rai, Afropop, Afro-fusion, Afro-soul, R&B, EDM da moombahton . Kundin wakoki mai dauke da waƙoƙi 13 ya ƙunshi baƙo daga Patoranking, Maleek Berry, Falz, da mijinta Adekunle Gold . Oscar ne ya jagoranci sarrafa shi da farko, tare da ƙarin kayan aiki daga Vtek, Legendury Beatz, da Sess. Simi ta sadaukar da kundin ne ga mahaifinta Charles Oladele Ogunleye, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2014. Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 ya riga ya kasance da marayu guda uku: "I Dun Care", "Lovin" da "Ayo".
A watan Mayu 2019, X3M Music ya sanar da tafiyar Simi biyo bayan karewar kwantiragin nata. Duk bangarorin biyu ba su sabunta kwangilar ba kuma sun amince su raba hanya. A watan Yunin 2019, Simi ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da lakabin ta mai zaman kanta, Studio Brat.
Kirkira
Baya ga kasancewarta mawaƙa da waƙoƙi, Simi kuma injiniyan sauti ne . Ta aka yaba da hadawa da Mastering Adekunle Gold 's halarta a karon studio album Gold, wadda aka saki a watan Yuli 2016. Salon waƙarta yana daɗaɗa a cikin ruduwa da blues, rai da nau'ikan kiɗan hip-hop .
Rayuwar tam
Simi ta auri mawaƙi Adekunle Gold a wani bikin aure mai zaman kansa a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2019. Daga baya aka bayyana cewa sun kasance suna soyayya tsawon shekaru biyar. Simi ta zama uwa a karon farko a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2020 lokacin da ta haifi 'yarta Adejare.
Fina fiani
Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin babban daraktan Kunle Afolayan Mokalik .
Fina-finai
Mokalik (2019)
Wakoki
6Kundin faifai na Studio
Ogaju (2008)
Chemistry (tare da Falz ) (2016)
Simisola (2017)
Omo Charlie Champagne, Vol. 1 (2019)
EP
Huta II (2020)
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Rubutattun ilimi game da Simi
Adebayo, Abidemi Olufemi. "Shiftar Al'adu da Fahimtar Simisola Ogunleye (Simi) na Matar Afirka ta lenarni na inauna Kada ku damu da Joromi." Jaridar Ibadan na Nazarin Ingilishi 7 (2018): 173-184.
Duba nan kasaa
Jerin mawakan Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Official website
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1988
Mata
Mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mawakan Najeriya Mata |
60422 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamit%20Bilici | Abdulhamit Bilici | Abdülhamit Bilici (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970 a Istanbul ) ɗan jarida ne kuma shugaban watsa labarai na Turkiyya. Bilici ya taɓa zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida kuma masu faɗa a ji a ƙasar Turkiyya, a matsayin babban edita na ƙarshe na Zaman, jaridar da aka fi yaɗawa a ƙasar da kuma shugaban kamfanin Feza Publications wanda ya zo na 244 a cikin manyan 500. Kamfanoni bisa ga Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Istanbul ta ISO500. Kafin wannan lokacin, ya kasance babban darektan Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan, wanda ya taba zama kamfanin dillancin labarai na biyu mafi girma a kasar, kuma mawallafin jaridar Zaman daily da kuma fassarar harshen turanci, Today's Zaman . Gwamnatin Erdogan ta karbe jaridun Bilici tare da wani mummunan hari a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, 2016 kuma an rufe kungiyar Feza Media Group bayan 15 ga watan Yuli, yunkurin juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba. A irin wannan yanayi, an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin barazanar sammacin kama shi.
Bilici kwararre ne kan harkokin siyasar Turkiyya kuma ya ci gaba da aikin jarida ta hanyar rubuta labarai na zaman kansa ga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban, a jami'o'i daban-daban kuma yana magana a tarukan da suka shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida da Turkiyya. manufofin gida da waje. Kwanan nan, Ya yi magana a cikin taro a fiye da jihohi 20 na Amurka kuma mai yawan sharhi ne a tashoshin talabijin kamar BBC, CBS, Al Jazeera, da Sky News, da sauransu.
Yana jin Turanci. Bilici tana da aure kuma tana da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Rayuwar farko
Bilici yana karatun firamare a Istanbul kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Erzurum . Ya karanta digiri na BA a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Sashen Hulda da Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Bosporus a shekarar 1993. Ya sami digiri na biyu a Sashen Koyar da Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Istanbul tare da ƙasida mai taken " Tsarin Makamashi na Turkmenistan da Gas Gas ". A yanzu haka yana karatun digirin digirgir a sashen hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a wannan jami'a. Bilici kuma yana da digiri na MBA daga Faculty of Management a Jami'ar Fatih .
Aiki
Fara aikinsa a Zaman a matsayin wakilin, Bilici ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a Aksiyon. tsakanin shekarun 1995-1997, a matsayin editan labaran ƙasashen waje a Zaman tsakanin shekarun 1998-2001, a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Daily tsakanin shekarun 2002-2008 kuma a matsayin babban darekta na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan kuma a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Newspaper . . Marubuci ne na jaridar Zaman da Zaman yau . Ya kan yi rubutu ne kan manufofin harkokin wajen Turkiyya da kuma siyasar duniya. Ya kasance mai yawan magana a shirye-shiryen talabijin na gida da waje. Bilici shi ne editan littafin mai suna "Me ya sa Turkiyya?", wanda ke kunshe da mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da Tarayyar Turai.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Bilici ya gyara wani littafi mai suna "Me yasa Turkiyya?" wanda ya haɗa mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da EU daga ɓangarorin biyu.
Bilici memba ne na ƙungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Turkiyya (TGC), gidauniyar ‘yan jarida da marubuta (GYV) da ƙungiyar jaridu ta duniya (WAN).
Wasu daga cikin labaran da ya buga
Yadda cin hanci da rashawa ke lalata dimokuradiyya: Al'amarin Turkiyya a karkashin Erdogan
Turkiyya, abokiyar kawancen Amurka, tana tozarta kafafen yada labarai
" A cikin prenant a mon journal 'Zaman', Erdogan plonge le biya dans la psychose »
Bilici: Erdogan na Turkiyya ya nuna dalilin da ya sa dole ne mu damu da 'yancin 'yan jarida
Abdulhamit Bilici: yadda Turkiyya ta yi asarar jaridarta mafi girma
Genes na kafofin watsa labarai na Turkiyya, clichés na Yamma
Jaridar Volkskrant ta Holland ta yi hira da Bilici kan tashin hankali a siyasar Turkiyya:
Idan bala'in Soma ya kasance a Koriya ta Kudu fa?
Sabbin matsalolin Turkiyya guda biyu
Daidaitawa tare da surrealism na Armeniya?
Shin Turkiyya na ware kanta ne ko kuwa kasashen Yamma ba su hada da ita?
Menene wurin soja?
Wasu daga cikin ginshiƙansa da aka buga a Zaman Daily
Soma, Güney Kore'de olsaydı!
Şimdi Hasan Cemal de New York Times da kötü oldu!
Dan siyasa karneshi!
Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da ya halarta
Al Jazeera English: Ciki Labari – Yaƙin basasar Siriya
BBC Newsnight: 'Rana ce mai ban tausayi ga kafofin yada labarai': Tsohon editan Zaman
Tattaunawar CBS: Ƙirƙirar dimokuradiyya ta Musulunci
Habertürk 13 Maris 2014 – Abdülhamit Bilici
7 Maris 2014 CNN TURK - KARŞI GÜNDEM - Abdülhamit Bilici
13 Mart Bugun TV Güne Bakiş Abdülhamit Bilici
23 Aralık 2013 Sky News Abdülhamit Bilici
SamanyoluHaber Abdulhamit Bilici −03 Nisan 2014 – Yerel seçim sonrası Köşk seçim seneryoları
Yaƙin basasar Siriya?
CNN TURK, Cihan Haber Ajansı 2014 secim çalışmaları
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cihan Haber Ajansı Resmi Web Sitesi
Abdülhamit Bilici na Facebook (Asusun Turkiyya)
Abdülhamit Bilici na Twitter (Asusun Turkiyya)
Haifaffun 1970
Rayayyun mutane |
45210 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Badeh | Alex Badeh | Alex Sabundu Badeh FSS (an haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai (1957) miladiyya. ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba ta shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018). Ya kasance jami'in rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan sojin sama na 18 da kuma babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya na 15. Ya mutu ne sakamakon harbin bindiga da wasu ƴan bindigar da ba'a san ko su wanene ba, suka kai wa motar sa hari a kan hanyar Abuja zuwa Keffi a ranar Talata 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarata 2018.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Badeh a Vimtim, wani ƙaramin gari a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Mubi ta Jihar Adamawa, Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, alhalin sa ko danginsa manoma ne.
Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Vimtim, bayan nan ya samu takardar shedar satifiket na sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Villanova a shekarar 1976 kafin ya wuce zuwa Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya.
Aikin soja
Horaswa
An shigar da Badeh a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin memba na kwas na 21 na yau da kullun a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1977, kuma an ba shi muƙamin Pilot a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli 1979. Ya fara aikin a Makarantar Horon tashi-(tashin jirgi) na 301 akan jirgin Bulldog Primary Trainer a 1979. Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1982 ya halarci horon matukin jirgi na farko a Vance Air Force Base na sojojin saman Amurka. Ya kasance a Makarantar Koyar da Jirgin Sama ta 301 (FTS) a matsayin matukin jirgi na squadron kuma daga baya ya zama matuƙin jirgi mai koyarwa a kan jirgin Bull Dog da DO-228.
Ya halarci kwas ɗin kananan ma'aikata a kwamandan sojoji da kwalejin ma'aikata a 1988. A tsakanin 1995 zuwa 1996 ya halarci kwas ɗin manyan ma'aikata a wannan cibiya dai. A 2005 ya kasance a National War College Nigeria a matsayin memba na Course 14 kuma ya kammala a watan Agusta 2006. Air Marshal Badeh ya yi kartun digiri na biyu, M.Sc. a fannin Dabaru daga Jami'ar Ibadan.
Air Marshal Badeh ya samu muƙamin Air Vice Marshal a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2008. A tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009, ya kasance darakta a kwalejin tsaron ƙasa da ke Abuja, Najeriya, daga nan kuma ya zama daraktan dabarun soja na ƙasa a kwalejin. Bayan haka, ya koma hedikwatar tsaro a matsayin mataimakin darakta horo sannan kuma ya zama daraktan bincike a hedikwatar tsaro. Daga watan Oktoba 2010 zuwa Maris 2012, Air Marshal Badeh ya koma hedkwatar rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya a matsayin shugaban tsare-tsare da dabaru. Daga nan kuma, a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, aka naɗa shi kwamandan horar da sojojin sama, Kaduna. 4 Oktoba 2012.
Ya halarci Cibiyar Tsaro ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Teterboro a New York don wani kwas na maimaita na'urar kwaikwayo, wanda ya zurfafa iliminsa game da ayyukan kiyaye lafiyar iska.
Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Shugaban NAF (2002 - 2004)
Badeh ya kasance Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa, a lokacin mulkin Olusegun Obasanjo. Ma'aikatan jirgi na shugaban kasa sun yi ta yawo a duniya akai-akai kuma a shekara ta 2002, Badeh ya kwashe tsawon sa'o'i 6000 a sararin samaniya na tashi sama yana rufe VIPs, manyan jami'an gwamnati, manyan jami'an gwamnati da shugabannin jihohi. An ba shi damar tuka tsofaffin shugabannin Amurka, Bill Clinton da Jimmy Carter a lokuta daban-daban bayan bincike mai zurfi da hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka ta yi. Kwarewar Badeh a bakin aiki ya sa ya samu, yabo, da kuma daga bakin Kofi Annan babban sakatare na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin bayan ya kai shi wata ziyarar aiki a jirgi.
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama (Oktoba 2012 - Afrilu 2014)
A matsayinsa na Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama Badeh ya ƙaddamar da Inganta Injiniya na Gida (OLE 1 da 2) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka Motar Jirgin Sama mara Makami (UAV) da sauran tsarin makami. Tawagar ta OLE ta ƙunshi jami’an sojin saman Najeriya da suka yi digirin na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannoni daban-daban na ƙera jiragen sama da na makamai daga Jami’ar Cranfield da ke Birtaniya.
OLE 1 da 2 ya haifar da samar da aikin AMEBO (wanda aka fi sani da GULMA 1 UAV) wanda ya baiwa rundunar sojin sama damar yin bincike tare da kai hare-hare daga nesa ba tare da jefa rayuwar matuƙan jirgin cikin haɗari ba, kuma wannan shi ne jirgi mara matuƙi na farko da aka ƙera a cikin gida Najeriya. Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa an horar da matuƙan jirgin na UAV a cikin gida don inganta abubuwan cikin gida da kuma ceton al'umma da dimbin albarkatun da idan ba haka ba za a kashe su wajen gudanar da horo iri ɗaya da na ƙasashen waje. Ma’aikatan jirgin sama na UAV da aka horar a Najeriya sun yi amfani da karfin tuwo wajen yaƙi da ta’addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.
Ya ƙarfafa ayyukan R & D masu tayar da hankali a duk sassan NAF, wanda ya kai ga baje kolin R&D na farko a Abuja wanda ya jawo mahalarta daga jami'o'in Najeriya da cibiyoyin bincike. Daga baya NAF ta sanya hannu kan MOUs tare da wasu cibiyoyi don ba da himma ga ƙoƙarin NAF na R&D. Wasu daga cikin jami'o'in sune Jami'ar Benin, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Covenant, Ota; Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Minna ; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Yaba College of Technology. Cibiyoyin binciken sun haɗa da Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Binciken Ci gaban Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa da Hukumar Masana'antu ta Tsaro.
Ci gaba da bincike da shirye-shiryen ci gaba na Badeh sun haifar da sababbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin, ɗaya daga cikin nasarar magance matsalar shine nasarar kammala na farko a cikin lokaci na Depot Maintenance (PDM) akan jirgin C-130H NAF913 da irin wannan atisayen don kan 2xG- Jirage 222 a Legas. Har ila yau lokacin da ya kasance Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Sama ya shaida ƙirar gida da samar da diaphragm na hydraulic diaphragm na helikwafta harin Mi-35P yayin da kyamarar EOS da ke cikin jirgin helicopter Agusta 109 LUH aka gyara kuma an sake shigar da shi cikin nasara.
Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama, ya ƙaddamar kuma ya kammala wasu mahimman ayyuka da suka haɗa da, hangar NAF a filin jirgin sama na Yola, haɗa hanyoyin daga hangar zuwa titin jirgin sama, wurin ajiyar makamai, ɗakin ma'aikatan jirgin na matukin jirgi da masu fasaha, masauki ga jami'ai da maza, Air Force comprehensive school, Yola, samar da ababen more rayuwa a 75 Strike Group Yola, matsugunan jiragen sama, wuraren ibada, ɗakunan kwanan dalibai 80 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama ta Kaduna da sauran manyan ayyuka.
A cikin wannan lokaci ne rundunar sojin saman ta ƙaddamar da wani haɗin gwiwa da hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA domin daƙile safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar samar da tallafin jiragen sama ga hukumar kuma aikin ya samu nasara matuƙa. Badeh ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Najeriya (NEMA) wajen samar da kayayyakin agaji, da ayyukan jinya kyauta har ma a wasu lokutan ayyukan kwashe mutane. A matsayinsa na babban hafsan sojin sama, Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa duk ma’aikatan da suka haifi ‘ya’ya a makarantun firamare da sakandare na rundunar sojin sama za'a koyar da su kyauta.
Babban Hafsan Tsaro (Afrilu 2014 - Yuli 2015)
Badeh ya ƙaddamar da gina katafaren ginin hedkwatar tsaro (DHQ) wanda ya dace da ɗakin gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, zauren taro, wuraren ofis da kuma gidan da zai karbi baki. A lokacin da sojoji ke yaƙi da ta'addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, akwai buƙatar a ciyar da jama'a da sahihan labarai kuma masu dacewa don haka Badeh ya kafa gidan rediyon sojojin ƙasar Mogadishu a tashar FM 107.7 don tunkarar ƙalubalen yaɗa munanan labarai a kan sojojin Najeriya. Gidan rediyon ya baiwa sojojin Najeriya damar bayyana bangarensu, kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro da bayanai.
Kafin ayyukan da Badeh ya kammala a matsayinsa na babban hafsan tsaro, ayyukan sun haɗa da; ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na DNA na Sojoji, wanda ya ba da damar gano waɗanda suka mutu a cikin yaki cikin sauki, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Tsaro, ƙaddamar da kwale-kwalen Bindiga 30 a yankin Neja Delta, da dai sauransu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Matsalolin shari'a
A watan Fabrairun 2016 an zargi Badeh da karkatar da kuɗaɗe da EFCC ta yi masa a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaban ma’aikata.
Badeh ya musanta hannu a duk wani rashin ɗa'a.
Harin ta'addanci a Vimtim
A watan Oktoban 2014 mayaƙan Boko Haram sun mamaye garin Vimtim na Badeh a takaice, inda suka yi ta kashe rayuka da lalata dukiyoyi. An kashe ɗan uwansa da ke makwabtaka da gidansa yayin harin. Ƴan ta’addan sun kuma ƙona gidan Badeh da asibitin da ya gina wa al’umma. An yi ta yaɗawa a ƙafafen yaɗa labarai cewa babban hafsan tsaron ya aike da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu domin ya kwashe iyayensa kafin harin duk da cewa bayanai sun nuna cewa a 2013 ya rasa mahaifinsa a shekarun 70s da mahaifiyarsa.
Ritaya daga rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya
A watan Yulin 2015 ne hafsan hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya yi ritaya. A bisa al'adar Sojoji an gudanar da fareti na janyewa a birnin Mogadishu na Abuja inda babban hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya gabatar da jawabinsa na ban mamaki kafin ya wuce jiharsa.
Mutuwa
An kashe Badeh ne a wani harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai kan hanyar Keffi zuwa Abuja da yammacin ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 2018.
A ranar 23 ga watan Junairun 2019 ne aka yi jana’izar Badeh bayan jana’izar sa a cocin Pentecostal da ke sansanin sojin sama da ke Abuja. Daga cikin manyan baki da suka halarci jana’izar tasa sun haɗa da sakataren gwamnatin tarayya Boss Mustapha, gwamnonin Filato da Adamawa, Simon Bako Lalong da Bindow Jibrilla, da babban hafsan tsaron ƙasa, Janar Abayomi Olonisakin.
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2018
Haihuwan 1957 |
16447 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Hashim | Banu Hashim | Banu Hashim ( Larabci:بنو ها شم ) babbar dangin kabilar Kuraishawa ce, ita kuma Kuraish, kabila ce babba ga larabawan Makkah da Madina, wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad S.A.W ya kasance dan kabilar ne, kakan shi shi ne Hashim bn Abd Manaf, wanda aka laƙaba sunan dangin daga gareshi, Ana kiran yayan Abdu Manaf wannan dangin a matsayin HasheM ko Al-hashimi. Zuriyar Muhammad yawanci suna daukar lakabin Sayyid, Syed, Hashimi, Al-Hashmi ‚ Sayed da Sharif, ko kuma dangin Ashraf (wanda yayi daidai da Ahl al-Bayt ).
Tarihi
Daga cikin Larabawan da suka gabaci Islama, mutane suna sanya kansu bisa ga kabilan su, dangin su, sannan gidan su / dangin su. Akwai manyan nau'ikan kabila guda biyu: Adnanites (waɗanda suka fito daga dAN ADAM, kakannin kakannin larabawan arewa, tsakiya da yammacin Larabawa) da kuma Qahtanites (waɗanda suka samo asali daga Qahtan, kakannin gargajiyar Larabawan kudu da gabashin Larabawa). Banu Hashim daya ne daga cikin dangin kabilar kuraishawa, kuma kabilar Adnan ce. Ya samo sunan ne daga Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan-kakan Muhammad, kuma tare da Banu Abd Shams, Banu Al-Muttalib, da dangin Banu Nawfal sun hada da Banu Abd al-Manaf na Kuraishawa.
Gidan Abdul-Muttalib na Banu Hashim ya kunshi manyan mutane a Makka kafin musulinci . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga aikinsu na gado don zama a matsayin wakilai da masu kula da mahajjatan da ke zuwa [[Makkah] don yin sujada a Kaaba, gidan ibada mai alfarma wanda a al'adar Musulunci Ibda ɗansa na fari kuma magajinsa Ismail ne suka gina shi. ) ya kasance wurin bautar Tauhidi.
Da lokaci, ɗaruruwan gumaka sun mamaye Ka'aba. Ziyartar wadannan gumakan ta hanyar kabilu daban-daban ya haifar da zirga-zirgar kasuwanci wacce ta kara yawan dukiyar 'yan kasuwar Makka, wanda kuma ya ci gajiyar matsayinta wanda ke sa hanyoyin safarar daga yama (Arabia Felix) har zuwa kasuwannin Bahar Rum.
A cikin gidan 'Abd al-Muttalib na Banu Hashim na Kuraishawa aka haifi Muhammad. Tun yana dan shekara 40, kafuwar addinin Musulunci ya sanya shi fada da manyan kasashen da ke Makka. Kasancewarsa na 'gidan sama, na babban dangi' (dangane da martaba da iko) wani al'amari ne (kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada) ta inda Allah ya tsare shi daga kisan gilla a farkon shekarun aikinsa, kamar yadda 'yan uwan mahaifinsa ba za su ga irin wannan cin fuska ga abin da ake kira girmama dangi ba. Bayan shekaru 13, al'ummar Musulmin Makka suka yi hijira (suka yi Hijrah ) zuwa garin Yathrib (wanda daga baya aka san shi da suna Madina) don guje wa fitinar kisan gillar da marasa imani na Makka ke musu. Tare da mamayan Makka, sojojin Musulunci sun kame garin. An tsarkake Kaabah daga gumaka kuma ya zama cibiyar hajji ga musulmai, ya sake zama cibiyar tsarkakakken tauhidi na Ibrahim. (Haramtacce ne ga wadanda ba musulmi ba su shiga yankin da aka sanya shi kusa da garin Makka).
Manyan layukan zuriyar Muhammad su ne na jikokinsa guda biyu, Al-Hasan da , waɗanda aka haifa ta haɗin kan 'yarsa [|Fatimah]] da dan uwansa kuma surukin Ali . Muhammad ya roki kaunar musulmai akan jikokinsa, saboda haka zuriyarsu sun zama masu kishin addini a tsakanin musulmai. An san zuriyar Banu Hashim da laƙibin Sayyid, Syed da Sharif.
A cikin 19th Century CE, don kokarin warware rikice rikicen da ke tattare da zuriyar Muhammadu, |Khalifofin]] Ottoman sun yi ƙoƙari don yin irin na Almanach de Gotha (jerin sunayen manyan gidajen Turai) don nuna sanannun layukan zuriya. Kodayake ba a cika 100% cikakke ba a cikin tasirin sakamakon Kitab al-Ashraf (Littafin Sharifai), wanda aka ajiye a Fadar Topkapı da ke Istanbul shine ɗayan mafi kyawun tushen shaidar zuriyar Muhammad. Alids (kalmar da aka ba zuriyar Muhammadu ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatima da Ali) layin zuriyar sun samar sau da yawa, daulolin da ke mulki na yanzu (da masu zuwa) a duk faɗin mulkin Islama, daga cikin waɗannan tsayuwa:
Dauloli
Wadannan Royal da na mallaka dauloli da'awar Saukowarsa daga Hashim:
Daular Hummudid (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah )
Arabiya
Daular Hashemite (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris )
Daular Abbasawa ta Daular Abbasiyya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib )
Daular Fatimid na daular Fatimid da suka hada da Agha Khans na gaba. (ta hannun Ismail ibn Jafar )
Daular Rassid ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna )
Daular Mutawakkilite ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna a matsayin 'yan leken asiri na Daular Rassid)
Afirka
Daular Aluoite ta Maroko (ta hanyar Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah bin Abdullah al Kamal)
Daular Idrisid ta Afirka ta Yamma (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah )
Daular Senussi ta Libya (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah a matsayin manyan hafsoshin daular Idrisid)
Safavid na Daular Farisa (ta hanyar Abul Qasim Humza bin Musa al Kadhim )
Alid na Tabaristan (ta hannun Zayd bin Hassan al Muthana )
Daular Zaydi ta Tabarstan (ta hannun Zayd bn Ali )
Daular Barha Ciki har da Nawabs na baya daga Samballhera (ta hanyar Zayd ibn Ali )
Daular Rohilla da ta hada da Nawabs na Rampur daga baya (ta hanyar Zayd bn Ali a matsayin Cadets na Daular Barha)
Agha Khans (Ta hannun Isma'il bn Jafar a matsayin daliban da ke daular Fatimid)
Daudpota daular gami da Nawabs na Bhawalpur da Sindh ( Kalhora ) daga baya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib )
Sarakunan Mysore (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris a matsayin 'yan sanda na daular Hashemite)
Daular Sabzwari (ta hanyar Ali al Reza )
Daular Najafi ta Bengal . Ciki har da Nawabs na Murshidabad na baya da dangin Tabatabai na Iran (ta hannun Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj)
Gabashin Asiya
Sarakunan Siak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai)
Bendahara daular Pahang da Terengannu (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai)
Daular Bolkiah ta Brunei (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai)
Gidan sarautar Jamal al layl na Perak da Perlis (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin cadets na Ba alawai)
Sarakunan Pontianak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai)
Iyalin gida
Lura cewa alamar jinsi kai tsaye alama ce mai ƙarfi .
Duba nan kasa
Wadanda ba Musulmi ba wadanda suka yi hulda da Musulmai a zamanin Muhammadu
Banu Abbas
Hashmi
Sayyid
Awan (kabilar)
Husseini
Halifancin Abbasawa
Iyalin gidan Muhammadu
Kuraishawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ba'Alawi (Al Husayni Al Hashimi Al Qurayshi) Sadah na Hadhramaut
Banu Hashim - Kafin Haihuwar Musulunci
Tarihin zuriyar Hashemite Banu Abbas . https://bani-alabbas.com/
Kuraishawa
Larabawa
Kabilun larabawa |
24852 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane%20Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9 | Ousmane Dembélé | Masour Ousmane Dembélé (Furuci da faransanci: [masuʁ usman dɛmbele]. An haife shi a ranar (15), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (1997), a Faransa sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na La Liga kulob din Barcelona da kuma Faransa tawagar kasar.
An haife shi a Vernon, Dembélé ya fara aikinsa a Rennes kafin ya koma Dortmund a shekara ta (2016), Ya ci DFB-Pokal tare da mutuwa Borussen a kakar shekarun( 2016Zuwa2017), inda ya ci kwallo a wasan karshe . Bayan shekara guda, ya canza sheka zuwa Barcelona akan kudin farko na million (105 ), miliyan, ya zama lokacin haɗin gwiwa-na biyu mafi ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada tare da ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa Paul Pogba . Dembélé daga baya ya lashe La Liga sau biyu da Copa del Rey a cikin raunin rauni a farkon kakar wasa a Spain.
Bayan ya lashe kofuna( 20 ),kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a matakin matasa, Dembélé ya fara bugawa Faransa wasa na farko a cikin shekara ta ( 2016), Ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar Faransa da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2018), wanda kuma ke nunawa a UEFA Euro shekara ta (2020).
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Dembélé a Vernon, Eure, a Normandy. Mahaifiyarsa Yar asalin Faransa ce da Mauritaniya kuma da Senegal, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fito daga Kasar Mauritania. Ya ɗauki matakan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a nearbyvreux kusa, da farko a ALM Évreux sannan a Évreux FC( 27 ), tsakanin shekarun (12 zuwa 13).
Aikin kulob
Rennes
Dembélé ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙungiyar Rennes a cikin Championnat de France Amateur, a ranar( 6), ga watan Satumba na shekara ta(2014), yana zuwa a matsayin maye gurbin minti na (78), na Zana Allée. Ya kafa Alseny Kourouma da kyau don manufa ta biyu na nasarar gida (2-0), a kan ajiyar abokan hamayyar Breton Guingamp . A ranar( 9), ga Nuwamba, ya ci kwallon sa ta farko, ya sake fitowa daga benci a wasa a Stade de la Piverdière, a wannan karon a kan ajiyar Laval. Ya ci kwallaye( 13), cikin wasanni (18) a kakar wasan sa ta farko, gami da hat-trick a ranar (16), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2015) , a wasan da suka ci Hérouville( 6-1).
A ranar( 6), ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta(2015), Dembélé ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar Rennes ta farko a Ligue( 1), da Angers, ya maye gurbin Kamil Grosicki na mintuna( 5), na ƙarshe na wasan.A ranar (22 ), ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Ligue( 1), ga ƙungiyar farko da Bordeaux, inda ya buga kunnen doki( 2 - 2), a Roazhon Park . A ranar (9) , ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sake samun ragar Les Rouges et Noirs, kamar yadda suka fito daga( 0-), ƙasa don yin( 2-2), akan abokan hamayyar yankin Lorient a gida. A ranar( 6), ga watan Maris, ya zira kwallaye farko da Ligue( 1), kwallaye uku a wani( 4-), nasara a kan Nantes a Derby Breton .
Daraktan wasanni na Rennes Mikaël Silvestre ya kwatanta Dembélé da Cristiano Ronaldo, wanda ya gani ya isa Manchester United kusan shekara guda.
Borussia Dortmund
A ranar( 12 ), ga watan Mayu na shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kulob din Borussia Dortmund na Jamus, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar (1), ga Yuli. A ranar( 14 ) , ga watan Agusta na shekara ta (2016), ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan da aka doke Bayern Munich da ci (2-0), a DFL-Supercup . Ya ci kwallon sa ta farko don mutuwa Borussen a ranar( 20 ), ga watan Satumba na shekara ta( 2016), a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg, wanda Dortmund ta ci 5-1 a Volkswagen Arena . A ranar( 22 ), ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta ( 2016) , ya zira kwallon farko a gasar zakarun Turai a rayuwarsa yayin da kulob din Jamus ya doke Legia Warsaw da ci (8 - 4) , a taron rukuni.
A ranar( 26 ), ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta ( 2017), Dembélé ya taimaka wa burin Aubameyang kuma ya zira ƙwallo a minti na (74 ), da Bayern Munich a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na DFB-Pokal, wanda ya taimaka wa Dortmund ta kai wasan ƙarshe na kofin. A wasan da aka yanke a ranar (27), ga watan Mayu, ya ci burin farko na cin nasara( 2-1), yayin da Dortmund ta lashe babban taken ta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar ta hanyar lashe Final DFB-Pokal na shekara ta(2017 ), da Eintracht Frankfurt . Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Man of the Match . Bayan ƙarshen kakar, Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Bundesliga Team of Season kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ta Rookie na Season .
Barcelona
A ranar( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2017) , kungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Dembélé akan( € 105 miliyan) , tare da rahoton( € 40 miliyan), add-ons. A ranar( 28), ga watan Agusta, ya yi gwajin lafiyarsa kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, tare da sanya kudin sayan sa a (€ 400 miliyan), Barcelona ta sayar da Neymar ga Paris Saint-Germain akan (€ 222 miliyan), don haka yarjejeniyar tana nufin Dembélé ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi tsada (a cikin Yuro), tare da Paul Pogba. Rennes ta karɓi rahoton( € 20 miliyan) , daga Borussia Dortmund sakamakon siyarwa, da Évreux( 27), suma sun kasance daga cikin kuɗin. An ba shi riga mai lamba (11 ), wadda a baya Neymar ke rike da ita.
Dembélé ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar( 9 ), ga Satumba a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Gerard Deulofeu a minti na( 68), a wasan da Derbi barceloní ta doke Espanyol da ci( 5-0), a Camp Nou, inda ya taimaka wa Luis Suárez ya zura kwallon karshe. A gasar farko da ya fara kwanaki takwas daga baya a Getafe, ya ji rauni a cinyarsa kuma ya yi jinyar watanni hudu. An ba shi cikakkiyar lafiya a ranar( 2) , ga watan Janairu shekara ta( 2018) , amma bayan makwanni biyu, ya sake ji wa kansa rauni a wasan da kungiyar Real Sociedad kuma ya yi jinyar har zuwa makwanni huɗu. A ranar (14), ga watan Maris, shekara ta (2018), Dembélé ya ci wa Barcelona kwallon sa ta farko, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci (3-0 ), a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na( 16), da Chelsea. A ranar( 17), ga watan Afrilu, ya ci wa Barcelona kwallonta ta farko a La Liga, inda ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2), da Celta Vigo . A ranar (9), ga watan Mayu, Dembélé ya zira kwallaye biyu, wanda ke nuna alamar takalmin farko na wasansa na Blaugrana, a wasan da suka ci Villarreal (5-1), Dembélé ya lashe lambobin yabo na Copa del Rey da La Liga a kakar wasansa ta farko a Spain, inda dan wasan mai shekara (20), ya zura kwallaye hudu cikin wasanni( 24) , da ya buga a dukkan gasa.
Barcelonam
Barcelona
Aikin duniya
An kira Dembélé zuwa babbar tawagar Faransa a karon farko don fafatawa da Italiya da Belarus a watan Agustan shekara ta( 2016), bayan Alexandre Lacazette da Nabil Fekir sun janye daga rauni. Ya fara wasan farko a ranar( 1), ga watan Satumba a kan a Stadio San Nicola, inda ya maye gurbin Antoine Griezmann na mintuna( 27), na karshe na wasan sada zumunta da ci( 3-1), da Italiya. A ranar (13), ga watan Yuni shekara ta ( 2017), Dembélé ya ci kwallon farko ta Faransa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Ingila da ci( 3-2).
A ranar( 17), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2018), an gayyace shi zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Faransa (23), don gasar kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. A ranar (15), ga watan Yuli, ya kasance wanda ba a canza ba, yayin da Faransa ta doke Croatia( 4-2), a wasan karshe .
Salon wasa
Dembele yana buga wasan gefe wanda zai iya wasa a kan ko dai flank, saboda da ikon amfani Dukan ƙafafunsa, da kuma amfani da wannan fasaha ikon, gudun, da kuma kalmomin sirri domin samun da abokan adawar ko kidan kare a daya-on-daya yanayi. Dembélé kuma na iya yin aiki azaman dan wasan tsakiya na gefen hagu ko na dama a cikin tsari na (4–4–2 ko 3-5–2), Ƙarshe na asibiti da ido don burin shima ya ba shi damar tura shi cikin wani mummunan aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Dembélé kuma yana da babban inganci dangane da ikon harbi daga nesa.
Sau da yawa magoya bayan kulob din suna kwatanta shi da tsohon dan wasan Barcelona Ronaldinho, saboda wasan kwale-kwale da wayo a kan kwallon, da kuma sauye-sauyen da yake yi da kuma amfani da fes-fes. Dembélé ya sami babban yabo daga tsohon kyaftin din ƙungiyar Andrés Iniesta saboda halayensa na canza wasa.
Dembélé sananne ne ga iya amfani da ƙafa ɗaya; ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewar sa da ikon yin motsi mai zurfi yana ba shi damar yanke daga hagu ko dama don zira kwallaye ko ƙirƙirar damar ƙira ga abokan wasan sa. A kasar Faransa ne kuma mai kyau crosser na ball. Bugu da ƙari, karawarsa ta musamman ce yayin mallakar ta. Bugu da ƙari, hanzarinsa da kwazonsa na hankali ya sa ya zama babban barazanar barazana yayin kai hare -hare .
A watan Maris na shekara ta( 2019), shugaban Barcelona Josep Maria Bartomeu ya dage cewa Dembélé, "ya fi Neymar ", wanda a baya ya buga wa kulob din sa wasa.
Rayuwar mutum
Dembélé mai goyon bayan kulob din Leeds United ne na gasar Premier .
A watan Yuli na shekara ta( 2020), Dembélé ya shiga rigimar wariyar launin fata, lokacin da hotunan bidiyo na Dembélé tare da takwaransa Antoine Griezmann suka bazu ta yanar gizo, inda aka gan shi yana yin kalaman wariyar launin fata ga masu fasahar Asiya a ɗakin otel ɗin su. Kamar yadda masu fasaha suka bayyana suna warware matsalar gidan talabijin, Dembélé ya yi tsokaci kan Griezmann cikin Faransanci, yana mai cewa "Duk waɗannan munanan fuskoki, don kawai ku iya wasan PES, ba ku jin kunya?", Ci gaba da "Wane irin harshe na baya ne haka?" kafin zuƙowa yayin da ake dariya akan ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha, yana ambaton "Shin kun ci gaba da fasaha a ƙasarku ko?"
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Kasashen duniya
Game da wasan da aka buga 2 Yuni 2021. Dalilai da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Faransa ta zura a raga, shafin kasa na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Dembélé.
Girmamawa
Borussia Dortmund
DFB-Pokal : 2016–17
La Liga : 2017–18, 2018–19
Copa del Rey : 2017–18, 2020–21
Supercopa de España : 2018
Faransa
Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA : 2018
Na kashin kai
UNFP Ligue 1 Matashin Gwarzon Shekara : 2015–16
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : Maris 2016
Gasar UEFA Champions League XI: 2016
Rookie na Bundesliga na Lokacin: 2016–17
Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2016–17
Sabon VDV na Lokacin: 2016-17
Umarni
Knight na Legion of Honor : 2018
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
28288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Ibn%20Tulun | Masallacin Ibn Tulun | Masallacin Ibn Tulun (Larabci: مسجد إبن طولون, romanized: Masjid Ibn Ṭūlūn) yana a cikin birnin Alkahira na ƙasar Masar. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatan dake a kasar Masar da ma daukacin nahiyar Afirka da ke rayuwa a matsayinsa na asali, kuma shi ne masallaci mafi girma a birnin Alkahira ta fuskar fadin kasa. An kuma gina shi a kusa da wani fili mai murabba'i wanda ke ba da damar hasken yanayi yin tafiya. Masallacin Ibn Tulun yana da tsofaffin salon gine-gine na Masar, ana yin kayan adon sa daga sassaƙaƙen stucco da itace. Wannan masallaci sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne.
Tarihin gini
Sarkin daular Tulunid Ahmad ibn Tulun ne ya jagoranci masallacin, gwamnan Abbasiyawa na Masar daga shekara ta 868-zuwa 884 wanda mulkinsa ke da ‘yancin kai na hakika. Shahararren masanin gine-ginen Masar, Saiid Ibn Kateb Al-Farghany (Larabci: سعيد بن كاتب الفرغاني) ne ya tsara ta, wanda Kiristan Orthodox ne, injiniyan da ya kera Nilometer. Masanin tarihi al-Maqrizi ya lissafa lokacin da aka fara ginin masallacin a shekara ta 876 miladiyya, kuma asalin rubutun masallacin ya bayyana ranar da aka kammala shi a shekara ta 265 (878/879).
An gina masallacin a kan wani dan karamin tudu mai suna Gebel Yashkur, "Tuni na Godiya." Wani almara ya ce a nan ne jirgin Nuhu ya kwanta bayan Rigyawa, maimakon a Dutsen Ararat. An yi amfani da masallacin don dalilai da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan manufar ita ce an yi amfani da ita a matsayin mafaka ga mahajjata daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Hijaz a karni na 12.
Babban masallacin jam'i an yi niyya ya zama cibiyar al-Qata'i, babban birnin Ibn Tulun, wadda ta kasance cibiyar gudanarwa ga daular Tulunid. Asalin masallacin ya koma fadar Ibn Tulun, wata kofa kusa da minbar ta ba shi damar shiga masallacin kai tsaye. A farkon karni na 10 miladiyya an rusa Al-Qata'i, kuma masallacin shi ne kadai tsarin da ya rage.
An gina masallacin ne da salon Samarran wanda aka saba da gine-ginen Abbasiyawa. An gina shi a kewayen wani fili, tare da wani falo mai rufi a kowane gefe guda huxu, mafi girma a gefen alqibla, ko alkiblar Makka. Masallacin na asali yana da maɓuɓɓuga (fauwara) a tsakiyar sahn, ya lulluɓe wata kubba mai ɗorewa da ginshiƙan marmara goma, zagaye da shi yana da ginshiƙan marmara guda 16 da kuma shimfidar marmara. A ƙarƙashin kubbar akwai babban kwano na marmara mai faɗin faɗin kamu 4 tare da jet na marmara a tsakiya. An kara wani sabil na musamman tare da dome mai tsayi a tsakar gida a karshen karni na sha uku 13 da Mamluk Sultan Lajin ya yi a maimakon "fauwara".
Cikin gida
Gilashin da aka ɗora a ciki yana ba da haske na halitta a gaban kubba mara kyau. Kowane baka mai nuni yana da taga kuma an ƙera shi da ƙirar ƙira mai haske.
Minaret
Ana ta cece-kuce game da ranar da za a gina wannan minaret, wanda ke da matakala mai hawa na waje. An kuma bayyana cewa yin amfani da wadannan matakan hawa kan doki. Tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa Ibn Tulun da kansa ya yi kuskure wajen tsara tsarin: wai a lokacin da yake zaune tare da jami'ansa, ya raunata wata takarda a yatsansa. Da wani ya tambaye shi abin da yake yi, sai ya amsa, ya ji kunya, wai yana zana minararsa. Da yawa daga cikin sifofin gine-ginen, suna nuni ne da wani gini na baya-bayan nan, musamman yadda minaret ba ta da kyau da babban ginin masallacin, wani abu da da a ce an yi ginin mina da masallaci a lokaci guda. Masanin tarihin gine-gine Doris Behrens-Abouseif ya tabbatar da cewa Sultan Lajin, wanda ya gyara masallacin a shekarar 1296, shi ne ya dauki nauyin gina ginin minaret na yanzu.
Minaret tana nuna tasiri daga Hasumiyar Hasken Iskandariyya da shahararriyar minaret a Samarra.
[[File:Cairo,_moschea_di_ibn_tulun,_mihrab_03.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo,_moschea_di_ibn_tulun,_mihrab_03.JPG|thumb|Babban mihrabin masallacin Ibn Tulun dake tsakiyar katangar alqibla. An yi shi da marmara, stucco, bulo, da mosaics masu launi daban-daban. An rubuta aikin bangaskiyar musulmi a cikin littafin Kufic. An yi ginshiƙan da marmara mai launin toka.
An gina shi gabaɗaya da bulo mai wuta mai kyau, filasta, da sassaƙaƙƙen stucco. Stucco filasta ne na siminti wanda aka gauraya akan wurin kuma a shafa shi wanda ke taurare zuwa wani kauri mai yawa. An kuma gina masallacin daga wannan kayan. Matakan ya shimfiɗa har zuwa hasumiya mai tsayin ƙafa 170.
Niches na sallah
Akwai guraren sallah guda shida (mihrab) a masallacin, biyar daga cikinsu sun yi lebur sabanin babban wurin da ake hadawa. Yana nuni da alqibla wadda sana’ar imani ta rubuta a cikin littafin Kufic.
Babban alkuki yana tsakiyar bangon alƙibla kuma shine mafi tsayi daga cikin shidan. An sake gyara shi a ƙarƙashin Sultan Lajin kuma yana ɗauke da saman fenti na itace, da shahada a cikin bandeji na mosaics na gilashi da ƙasan bangon marmara.
Katangar alqibla iri ɗaya tana da ƙaramin alkuki zuwa hagu na babban alkuki. Ayyukansa na stalactite da naskhi kiraigraphy suna nuna farkon asalin Mamluk.
Wuraren addu'o'i guda biyu da ke kan ramukan da ke gefen dikka an yi su ne da salon Samrarran, tare da kawata guda daya mai dauke da lambar yabo ta musamman mai tauraro mai rataye da sarka. Rubuce-rubucen kufic shahada a kan gurabun biyu ba su ambaci Ali ba, don haka aka yi su kafin Fatimiyan Shi’a su hau mulki.
Wurin addu'o'i na yamma, mihrabin al-Afdal Shahanshah, kwafi ne na asali da aka ajiye a gidan kayan tarihi na Islama na Alkahira. An ƙawata shi a cikin salo mai tasiri daga Farisa. Rubutun Kufiq ya ambaci halifa Fatimid al-Mustansir, wanda a kan umarninsa ne aka yi rangwame, haka nan kuma shahadar Shi’a ciki har da Ali a matsayin waliyin Allah bayan bayyana kadaita Allah da Annabcin Muhammadu.
A gefen hagu akwai ragowar kwafin mihrabin al-Afdal. Ya bambanta, ta hanyar komawa ga Sultan Lajin maimakon al-Mustansir, da rashin sunan Ali.
Wajen masallaci
A zamanin da, an gina gidaje da dama a jikin bangon masallacin. Yawancin an rushe su a cikin 1928 ta Kwamitin Kula da Kayayyakin Tarihi na Larabawa, duk da haka, an bar biyu daga cikin tsofaffin gidajen da aka fi kiyayewa. “Gidan mace Karrita” (Bait al-Kritliyya) da kuma Beit Amna bint Salim, asalinsu gine-gine ne guda biyu daban-daban, amma an kara wata gada a matakin bene na uku, ta hada su gida daya. Gidan, wanda ake iya shiga ta bangon waje na masallacin, yana buɗe wa jama'a a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Gayer-Anderson, mai suna bayan Janar na Biritaniya R.G. 'John' Gayer-Anderson, wanda ya zauna a can har 1942.
Ziyada ko filin da babu kowa a tsakanin katangar ya kai kimanin murabba'in 26,318 a wajen masallacin za ka ga an gina gidaje da dama a jikin bangon masallacin. Hotunan masallacin na kewaye da wani gari mai cike da jama'a.
Maidowa
An dai mayar da masallacin sau da dama. Maidowa na farko da aka sani shine a cikin 1077 ƙarƙashin umarnin Fatimid waziri Badr al-Jamali. Maido da Sultan Lajin na 1296 ya kara inganta da yawa. Majalisar koli ta kayayyakin tarihi ta Masar ce ta gyara masallacin a baya-bayan nan a shekara ta 2004.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu
An dauki wasu sassan fim din James Bond mai suna The Spy Who Love Me a masallacin. An nuna masallacin a cikin wasan Serious Sam 3: BFE, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin sashi na matakin wasan na uku. Hakanan an nuna shi a cikin matakin Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation, inda Lara Croft dole ne ta kama wani ɗan minotaur a cikin masallacin.
Manazarta
Ayyukan da aka ambata |
22075 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20participation | Public participation | Shiga cikin jama'a, wanda kuma aka sani da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama, to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki .
Gabaɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ƙa'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi sunada 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar.
Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokraɗiyya.
Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar hada kai da kuma hada harin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi.
Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara akan cigaba da humanist na ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa.
An sanya rawar da jama'a za su taka a ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban dan'adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekara alib 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi .
A cikin shekarata alib 1990 masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma kungiyar kasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya.
Ta filin wasa
Zane
Kasafin Kudi
Kasafin kudin sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin dimokiradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kudin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na mahimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kudi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kudi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, Brazil, sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga Shekara ta alib 1989.
Ci gaba
A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar ci gaba da hadin kai . Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaimai hanyoyin, matrices, koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aikin bincike .
Gado
Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya.
An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da mahimmanci don bayyana mahimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta ICOMOS Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin GCI ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.
Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin.
Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu mahimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar musayar ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari.
Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, Syria suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu.
Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, ya yi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci.
A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen.
Jaridu
Manufofin jama'a
A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a . A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan gwamnati sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar tattaunawa ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, kodayake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005).
Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da mahimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka.
A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ka'idoji ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin.
Kimiyya
Sauran
Amincewar jama'a
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa.
Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shi ne, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokiradiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a.
Amincewa da nuna gaskiya
Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni da fursunoni.
Muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa
A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa . A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu.
An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio .
Fassara mai mahimmanci
An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin Foucauldian. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare.
Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli
Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli .
Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. GIS na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin (duba GIS da shugabancin muhalli ). Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda "za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli". Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa.
Kodayake akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Koyaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli.
Kimiyyar dan kasa
Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya.
Ekirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da mahimmanci. Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta.
Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga ci gaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga ci gaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba.
'Yancin shiga jama'a
Mataki na 21 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga' yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Civilan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a.
A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da freedomancin taro . Kamar yadda Netherlands, Jamus, Denmark da Sweden, suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. Dimokiradiyya da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara.
Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai . Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu.
Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba
Sanarwar ta Rio na 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya ci gaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su.
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna ci gaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma. "
Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance :. . . Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma; ", wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta ), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
42818 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine%20Morceli | Noureddine Morceli | Noureddine Morceli ( , Nūr ud-Dīn Mursili ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1970), ɗan tseren tsakiyar Aljeriya ne mai ritaya . Shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren mita 1500 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1996 kuma ya lashe lambobin zinare guda uku kai tsaye a wannan tazara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Wasanni . Ya kafa tarihin duniya a cikin 1500 m, gudun mile da mita 3000 .
A gasar kasa da kasa, ya kasance sau biyu mai samun lambar zinare a cikin mil a Wasannin Goodwill (1994 da 1998), zakaran Larabawa a cikin 1500. m a shekarar 1988, zakaran wasan Millrose a cikin mil a cikin shekarar 1992 da 1993, 1500 m wanda ya yi nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF a shekarar 1994, kuma babban zakara a cikin jerin gwanon Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. Ya kasance zakaran dan kasar Algeria a shekara ta 1500 m a shekarar 1989.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Yana da shekaru bakwai Morceli ya sami ƙarfafar guiwa daga dan uwansa Abderrahmane, dan tseren duniya wanda ya kare na hudu a cikin mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 1977; daga baya ɗan'uwansa zai zama kocin Morceli. A farkon shekarun 1980, Morceli ya zo ne don bautar Saïd Aouita, dan kasar Morocco wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 5,000 a gasar Olympics ta 1984. A cikin shekaru 17 Morceli ya zama na biyu a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar kananan yara ta duniya. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a California, wanda aka ba da shawarar don horarwa da wuraren waƙa. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a can, inda a karshensa ya yi gudun mita 1,500 mafi sauri a duniya a shekarar 1990. Yana da shekaru 20 ya zama na farko a duniya a tseren mita 1,500. A shekara ta 1992 ya kara da rikodin duniya na waje na mita 1,500, a cikin shekarar 1993 na mil, da kuma a cikin shekarar 1994 na mita 3,000. A karshen shekarar 1994, nasarorin da tauraron dan kwallon Algeria ya samu ya kai ma fi girma. A cikin watan Agusta, bayan karya rikodin duniya na waje na mita 3,000 (minti 7 25.11 sec), zai iya yin ikirarin rikodin duniya na tsakiyar nisa guda biyar, wanda ya haɗa da (a waje) mita 1,500 (3 min 28.86 sec) da mil (minti 3). 44.39 sec) da (cikin gida) mita 1,000 (minti 2 15.26 sec) da mita 1,500 (minti 3 34.16 sec).
An naɗa Morceli Ɗan Wasan Shekara ta Track & Field News a cikin shekarar 1993 da ta 1994 da kuma Gidauniyar Wasanni ta Duniya a shekarar 1994. A cikin wannan shekaru biyu, ya yi rashin nasara sau ɗaya kawai, a mita 800. A yayin da ya ke kafa idonsa kan karin bayanai, musamman a tseren mita 800, da mita 2,000, da na mita 5,000, karfin tukinsa ya kasance mai kwazo sosai wajen kawo daukaka ga kasarsa. Kamar yadda Morceli ya sa ido a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995, marubutan wasanni ba tare da kunya ba sun shelanta shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa gudu a duniya ko ma mafi girma a kowane lokaci. Wataƙila ruhunsa ya fi misaltuwa ta nasarar nasarar da ya yi a Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. An kama shi da mura, ya raunana kuma ya yi kutse, ba kawai ya gudu ba amma ya bar filin a baya a ƙarshen. An gwada Morceli ba da daɗewa ba ta sabon mai kalubalanci, dan Morocco Hicham El Guerrouj . Morceli ya ci El Guerrouj a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na waje na shekarar 1995; duk da haka, tseren mita 1,500 a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1996 a Atlanta a shekara mai zuwa an dauki shi daya daga cikin gasa mafi ban mamaki a tarihin wasanni. Morceli da El Guerrouj ne suka jagoranci filin wasan da tazarar mita 400 lokacin da matashin dan kasar Morocco ya taka kafar abokin hamayyarsa ya fadi kasa, lamarin da ya baiwa Morceli damar lashe lambar zinare a wannan lamari. A wasan karshe na Grand Prix da aka yi a Milan daga baya a waccan shekarar, Morceli ya yi rashin nasara a tseren mita 1,500 a karon farko cikin shekaru - zuwa El Guerrouj. Morceli ya yi takara a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ciki har da Wasannin 2000 a Sydney, kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙarshe.
Aiki
Farkon aiki
An haife shi a Ténès, Morceli ya yi fice a fagen wasa bayan ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 1500 a gasar matasa ta duniya a shekarar 1988 . Morceli ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a Riverside, California, kuma a duk tsawon aikinsa, a cikin hunturu, zai dawo can don jin daɗin yanayi mai laushi da horo.
Morceli dan uwansa Abderrahmane ne ya horar da shi wanda ya yi takara a Algeria a gasar Olympics ta Moscow na shekarar 1980 da kuma Los Angeles a shekarar 1984 .
1990-1992
A cikin shekarar 1990, ya ƙaura zuwa babban aji kuma ya saita mafi kyawun lokacin 3:37.87 a cikin 1500 m. Ya ci gaba da wannan rinjaye a cikin shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya karya tarihin cikin gida na duniya na 1500 m a Seville a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, ya kafa sabon alamar 3: 34.16. Bayan kwana tara, a kan wannan waka, ya lashe kambun gudun mita 1500 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya. A duk lokacin wajen shekarar 1991 Morceli ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba fiye da 1500 m. A yawancin tarurrukan Grand Prix ya gudu sau kusan 3:31 min. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Tokyo, Morceli ya riga ya kasance sanannen fi so na 1500 m kuma ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi. Ya kafa sabon tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya (3:32.84) kuma ya kammala da wani gagarumin jagoranci na dakika biyu tsakaninsa da wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya).
A farkon shekarar 1992, Morceli ya yi sabon rikodin duniya na cikin gida na mita 1000 na 2:15.26. Da alama babu tabbacin samun lambar zinare a gasar Olympics a Barcelona daga baya a waccan shekarar fiye da Morceli. Olympics Morceli ya sha kashi ba zato ba tsammani a hannun Gennaro di Napoli a Rome da David Kibet a Oslo. Akwai alamun cewa bai kasance a cikin surar da ta gabata ba. Duk da haka, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Olympics ya yi kama da karfi. An gudanar da wasan karshe na gasar Olympics cikin wani yanayi mai cike da bala'i, inda filin ya ratsa tseren mita 800 cikin kankanin lokaci fiye da na wasan karshe na mata. Wannan ba irin takun da Morceli ya saba yi ba ne, ko kuma ya ji daɗi, kuma da aka fara tseren gudun gida, sai ya ga ya kasa amsawa, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na bakwai mai ban takaici. Kwana uku kacal bayan wasan karshe da Morceli ya kafa a gasar zakarun duniya a Monaco kuma mako guda ya karya gwarzawar sa inda ya yi nasara a Zurich a 3:30.76. A watan Satumba 1992 Morceli ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na mita 1500 na 3:28.86 a Rieti.
1993-1995
A cikin 1993 Morceli da kyar ya rasa tarihinsa na duniya lokacin da ya ci gasar Bahar Rum a Narbonne a cikin 3:29.20 min. A lokacin Morceli ya kafa wa kansa sabuwar manufa: karya tarihin Steve Cram na shekaru takwas akan Mile (3:46.32). A duk tsawon kakar ya kasance kusan ba tare da ƙwararrun masu fafatawa ba. A Monaco dan kadan ya rasa tarihin tseren mita 3000 na duniya. Akwai ma maganar cewa zai iya tsallake gasar cin kofin duniya domin ya mai da hankali sosai kan farautar rikodin duniya. Duk da haka, a karshen ya yanke shawarar shiga. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Stuttgart, wasan karshe na 1500 m ya fara da sauri a hankali, amma Morceli koyaushe yana cikin cikakken iko, yana tserewa a cinya ta ƙarshe don samun nasara cikin sauƙi kuma ya riƙe takensa na duniya. A makonnin da suka biyo baya sau biyu ya gaza kafa sabon tarihi a kan Mile a Berlin da Brussels. Amma kwanaki biyu kacal bayan gasar a Brussels ya ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar murƙushe tsohon tarihin da ya kai 3:44.39.
A cikin 1994, ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na 3000 m, yana 7: 25.11. Ya kuma yi gwaji cikin nasara da tseren mita 5000. A Zurich ya zarce sauran filin wasan don samun nasara sannan kuma ya lashe tseren mita 5000 a Rieti. Kashi daya tilo da aka yi a kakar wasa ta zo ne lokacin da Morceli ya zabi wani abin da ba a saba gani ba na mita 800 a Cologne. Morceli ya karya tarihin duniya na mita 2000 a kakar wasa ta gaba, inda ya kafa sabon alamar 4:47.88. Kwanaki tara bayan haka Morceli ya kafa tarihin duniya na ƙarshe na kyawun aikinsa, lokacin da ya rage nasa rikodin mita 1500 zuwa 3:27.37 a Nice. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan wannan ya kusan sake karya tarihin lokacin da ya yi nasara a 3: 27.52 a Monaco. Daga baya a waccan shekarar ya kare cikin sauki a gasar zakarun duniya na mita 1500 a Gothenburg . Ba da daɗewa ba, Morceli ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta tarihin Mile a Zurich amma bai yi nasara ba.
1996-2000
A farkon kakar 1996, Morceli ya saita mafi kyawun kakar duniya na 3:29.50. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani wani sabon abokin hamayya ya bayyana a wurin, lokacin da Hicham El Guerrouj ya yi nasara a Hengelo a cikin lokaci na 3: 29.51. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996, Morceli ya kasance cikin matsi mai yawa. An gudanar da wasan karshe ne a matsakaicin matsayi lokacin da babban abokin hamayyarsa, Hicham El Guerrouj, ya fadi a kan cinyarsa ta karshe. Morceli ya hanzarta kuma ya ketare layin farko a gaban zakaran gasar Olympics, Fermín Cacho . A karshen 1996 Morceli ya sha kashi na farko a tseren mita 1500 cikin shekaru hudu a hannun El Guerrouj a Milan. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1997 a Athens, Morceli ya kasance na hudu a cikin 1500 m kuma a cikin 1999, a Seville, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na mita 1500 na karshe a jere a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya fice a kararrawa yayin da ya fita daga gasar lambar yabo. Bayyanar Morceli na ƙarshe a manyan gasannin duniya shine a gasar Olympics ta 2000 a Sydney .
Tun daga ritaya
A halin yanzu, Morceli yana aiki a matsayin jakadan wasanni ta hanyar taimakawa Hukumar Olympics ta Duniya, da Wasannin Afirka, da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa matasa 'yan wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Algeria.
A cikin Janairu 2020, an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Elite Sport (mai ba da rahoto ga Ministan Matasa da Wasanni) a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin da shugaban Aljeriya Abdelmadjid Tebboune ya zaba bayan zaben shugaban kasa na Disamba 2019. Jarumar Judo Salima Souakri ta maye gurbin Morceli a watan Yunin 2020 bayan wani sauyin gwamnati. Morceli ba shi da wata alaka ta siyasa da kowace jam'iyya a Aljeriya kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba mai zaman kansa a gwamnatin Djerad ta farko .
Manyan Gasa na Duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Noureddine Morceli at World Athletics
Noureddine Morceli Home Page (an unofficial fan page)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33508 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunziata%20Rees-Mogg | Annunziata Rees-Mogg | Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg / / ˌ n ʊnts i ˈɑːtə / ; an haife ta 25 Maris 1979) yar jarida ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta fi mayar da hankali kan kudi, tattalin arziki, da siyasar Turai kuma ta kasance Jam'iyyar Brexit ta Burtaniya sannan kuma 'yar siyasa ta Conservative a shekarar 2019 da kuma farkon 2020.
Ta kasance jagorar marubuci ga Daily Telegraph, mataimakin editan MoneyWeek, da editan Jaridar Turai, mujallar Eurosceptic mallakar cibiyar tunani ta Bill Cash, Gidauniyar Turai.
Bayan da aka zabe ta a matsayin MEP na Jam'iyyar Brexit a zabukan 'yan majalisar Turai na 2019 da yin aiki na tsawon watanni bakwai, Rees Mogg ta sauya sheka sosai zuwa tsohuwar jam'iyyarta ta Conservative. Ficewar ta fara ne ta hanyar ficewa daga jam'iyyar Brexit sama da wata guda kafin Burtaniya ta fice daga EU da mako guda gabanin babban zaben Burtaniya wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga jam'iyyar Brexit, kuma a lokaci guda yana kira ga masu jefa kuri'a su kada kuri'ar Conservative. Rees-Mogg ta zauna a matsayin mai zaman kanta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na tsawon wata guda, don zama MEP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin Janairu 2020, makonni uku kacal kafin Burtaniya ta fice daga EU kuma an soke duk mukaman MEP.
A lokacin 2019 kuma har zuwa lokacin da ta fice daga jam'iyyar, Mogg ta kasance babban mai goyon bayan Brexit Party kuma mai ba da shawara. (Jam'iyyar Brexit tun daga nan ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa watoReform UK).
Rees-Mogg ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin Gabashin Midlands daga Mayu 2019 har zuwa lokacin ficewar Burtaniya daga EU a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2020.
Tsohuwar mai aiki a siyasar Jam'iyyar Conservative, David Cameron ya kara mata cikin A-List na Jam'iyyar Conservative. Ba ta yi nasara ba a yunƙurinta a matsayinta na 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta Conservative a babban zaɓe na 2005 da 2010.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg tana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg, tsohon editan The Times, da matarsa Gillian Shakespeare Morris; ita ce ƙanwar Jacob Rees-Mogg.
Ta shiga jam'iyyar Conservative tana da shekaru biyar. Daga baya ta ce game da wannan "Na kasance matashi don zama Matasa Conservative, don haka na shiga babbar jam'iyyar. Ina da shekaru takwas na fita yawon shakatawa, da alfahari da sanye da rosette na."
Ta yi karatu a makarantar Godolphin da Latymer a Hammersmith, West London, makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata. A can, ta ɗauki matakan nasara mafi koli cikin Tarihi, Chemistry da Tattalin Arziki, wanda ta kira "haɗin kai mai ban mamaki".
Sana'a
Bayan ta bar makaranta a 1997, ta yanke shawarar kin zuwa jami'a, a maimakon haka ta yi ƙoƙarin yin ayyuka daban-daban, a aikin jarida, banki zuba jari, bugawa, hulɗar jama'a, da hada-hadar hannayen jari . A cikin 1998, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Mells, Somerset.
A cikin 2003 ta kafa Amintattun Jama'a, yakin neman zaben raba gardama kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turai wanda ke nufin wadanda ba su da yawa da suka kada kuri'a a kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasuwar gama gari ta 1975. Da take magana game da yakin Iraki na 2003, daga baya ta ce, "Ina tsammanin babban kuskure ne". Ta yi adawa da dokar farauta ta 2004, wadda ta haramta farautar dabbobin daji da karnuka.
A cikin babban zaɓe na 2005 Rees-Mogg ta zo na huɗu a cikin amintacciyar kujerar Labour ta Aberavon, South Wales, ta ƙara yawan kuri'un Conservative daga 2,096 zuwa 3,064.
An zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗan takarar majalisa na Somerton da Frome a 2006. The Observer ya ce game da ita, "Da yake jin daɗin kuɗi da aikin jarida, ta haɗa su biyun a cikin aikin jarida na kudi. Lokacin da ta juya don tattaunawa game da tarihin tattalin arzikin Gordon Brown, ta yi hakan da iko." A watan Nuwambar 2007, ta rubuta wata kasida ga mujallar MoneyWeek mai suna "Yadda ake cin moriyar matsalar ruwa ta duniya", inda ta bayyana wasu damammakin saka hannun jari a fannin. Wata kasida a cikin The Sunday Telegraph a watan Oktoba 2009 ta ruwaito, "An riga an shigar da wasu manyan mata a cikin kujeru masu nasara: Louise Bagshawe [yanzu Mensch], Annunziata Rees-Mogg, Priti Patel, Laura Sandys da Joanne Cash duk za su yi karin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa na Tory benches." Duk da haka, a babban zaben shekara ta 2010, Rees-Mogg ta kasa samun kujerar Somerton da Frome daga dan jam'iyyar Liberal Democrat David Heath.
An ba da rahoton cewa, gabanin zaben 2010 David Cameron ya bukaci Rees-Mogg da ta rage sunanta don siyasa ga Nancy Mogg, wanda dan uwanta Jacob ya ce "wasa ne". Daga baya Rees-Mogg tayi sharhi: "Ina tsammanin baya da kyau a yi kamar wanda ba kai ba." Daga baya Cameron ya janye ta daga jam'iyyar Conservative Party a zaben 2011, duk da goyon bayan da 'yan jam'iyyar mata da dama ke samu.
A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2019, an zaɓi ta a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Brexit a mazabar Gabashin Midlands a zaɓen majalisar Turai, kuma ta sami kujera. Ta yi murabus daga bulalar jam'iyyar a watan Disamba 2019 don tallafawa dabarun Brexit na Jam'iyyar Conservative. Daga baya ta koma jam’iyyar Conservative a watan Janairun 2020.
Rayuwa
A cikin Satumba 2010, Rees-Mogg ta yi aure da Matthew Glanville, kuma a kan 6 Nuwamba 2010 sun yi aure a Italiya a Lucca. Watanni hudu bayan haka, a ranar 8 ga Maris 2011, ta haifi 'ya mace, Isadora, wadda aka yi baftisma a Cocin St Martin, Welton le Marsh a Lincolnshire. A cikin 2018 ta haifi 'ya ta biyu, Molly. A ƙarshen 2019, ta sanar da cewa tana tsammanin ɗa na uku.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Mata yan siyasa
Haihuwan 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20yancin%20ciniki%20na%20Afirka | Yankin yancin ciniki na Afirka | Yankin Ciniki na Afirka (AFTZ) yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2008 ta shugabannin Kudancin Afirka (SADC), Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afrika (COMESA) da Kudanci na Afirka (EAC).
Yankin Ciniki na Afirka kuma ana kiransa Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka a wasu takardun hukuma da sakonnin manema labarai.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an kara ra'ayin don hada da ECOWAS, ECCAS da AMU.
A watan Yunin 2015, a taron koli na Tarayyar Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu, an kaddamar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar Yankin Ciniki na Continental (CFTA) tare da dukkan jihohin Tarayyar Afrika 55 a shekarar 2017.
Sa hannu
Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku na AFTZ, COMESA, EAC, da SADC, sun sanar da yarjejeniyar, tare da manufar kirkirar yankin cinikayya kyauta guda daya da za a kira shi Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin US $ 624bn (£ 382.9bn). An yi fatan cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin AFTZ kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsaloli saboda yawancin ƙasashe membobin AFTZ na ƙungiyoyin yanki da yawa.
Yankin Ciniki na Afirka da aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA (wanda aka fi sani da taron koli na AFTZ da Tripartite) yadda ya kamata shine cikar mafarki sama da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin, yankin kasuwanci wanda ya mamaye tsawon nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira, daga Arewacin Afirka har zuwa kudancin Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu (Cape Town). Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ne suka yi tunanin mafarkin Cape zuwa Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma an bayyana shi a cikin mahallin da sassan daban-daban ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, manufofi masu zuwa: Cape zuwa Alhira Road, Cape zuwa Alhairo Railway, Cape zuwa Cairo Telegraph, da Cape zuwa Cairo Trade Union.
Duk da yake wasu iko, musamman Jamus da Portugal suna da yankuna ko wuraren tasiri a yankin kasuwanci na Cape zuwa Alkahira da aka yi la'akari da su, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar Cape zuwa Alihira zai kasance Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya. Babban bambanci a cikin ra'ayin asalin yankin Cape zuwa Alkahira da kuma halin da yake ciki yanzu shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar Kasashen Afirka don amfanin juna da ci gaban kasashe membobin AFTZ, mutanensu da dukan nahiyar Afirka maimakon yankin kasuwanci don amfanin Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshe, ana fatan AFTZ za ta zama babban gini ga hadin kan Afirka da kuma cimma burin Afirka a karkashin jagorancin Tarayyar Afirka.
Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin asalin da na yanzu shine cewa AFTZ ya ƙunshi yanki mafi girma fiye da wanda ko da Cecil Rhodes zai iya tunaninsa. Tunanin Cape zuwa Alkahira na asali a lokacin Cecil Rhodes kuma yanzu a ƙarƙashin AFTZ yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye dukan nahiyar daga Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira. Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo zai hada da kasashe da yawa. Bayanan da ke cikin Cape zuwa yankin Alkahira na yanzu wanda AFTZ ta tabbatar ya ƙunshi mafi yawan Afirka, kusan rabin ƙasashe (26 daga cikin 54), fiye da rabin samarwa, kasuwanci, yawan jama'a, ƙasa da albarkatu. Idan ya tabbatar da iyawarsa kuma ya zama ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da ta dace da gaske, AFTZ na iya yin gasa da kowane ƙungiyar tattalin arziki tare da manyan albarkatun ƙasa, manyan kasuwanni, matasa, da babbar ƙwarewar fasaha (yawanci ta hanyar SADC gabaɗaya da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu musamman).
Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da ma'ana da kuma matsalar kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon cinikayya na AFTZ yayin tattaunawar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa.
Masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta taimaka wa cinikayya ta cikin yanki da haɓaka ci gaba.
Ana ɗaukar AFTZ a matsayin babban mataki a aiwatar da AEC, ƙungiyar jihohin Tarayyar Afirka da ke kafa tushe don ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yawancin jihohin Afirka. Manufofin da aka bayyana na kungiyar AEC sun hada da kirkirar yankunan kasuwanci kyauta, kungiyoyin kwastam, kasuwa guda, babban banki, da kuma kudin gama gari don haka kafa ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga Tarayyar Afirka.
Yankunan kasuwanci
Kungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku da suka amince da su kuma sun hada da AFTZ, COMESA, EAC da SADC, sun riga sun kafa su da kyau a cikin hakkinsu kuma sun rufe yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa, tsarin tattalin arziki, tsarin siyasa da kuma mutane daban-daban (wanda ya hada da Larabawa a Arewa, mutane masu launin fata a Gabas da Kudu, gami da adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, gamo da Indiyawan Indiya, da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka masu launin fata da suka haɗu da miliyoyin Afirka ta Kudu). Yawancin membobin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ guda uku sun haɗu tare da ƙasashe da yawa kasancewa memba na fiye da ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na memba na AFTZ da kuma memba na wasu kawance a ciki da ba tare da rukunin kasuwanci guda uku ba.
Muhimmancin tarihi na AFTZ
Taron EAC-SADC-COMESA an dauke shi tarihi ne saboda a karo na farko, tun lokacin da aka haifi Tarayyar Afirka, manyan gine-gine da yawa na EAC sun hadu kan yadda za a haɗa yankuna da kuma matsawa zuwa zurfafawa da fadada hadin kai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Abuja gaba ɗaya don kafa AEC. Bugu da ƙari, a karo na farko da aka kafa haɗin kai na gaske, daga arewa zuwa kudancin nahiyar. AFTZ (EAC, COMESA da SADC) a halin yanzu suna da jimillar yawan mutane miliyan 527 da jimilwar GDP na dala biliyan 625. A cikin girman da iyawa, AFTZ tana gasa da yawancin rukunin kasuwanci.
SADC ita ce mafi girma daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ kuma tana rufe yawan mutane miliyan 248 da kuma yankin da jimlar GDP ta kai dala biliyan 379 a shekara ta 2006.
An kafa COMESA a cikin 1994 a matsayin maye gurbin Yankin Kasuwanci na Musamman. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe 20, tare da jimlar GDP na US $ 286.7bn a shekara ta 2006. Daga cikin mambobinta akwai Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda da Sudan.
EAC, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin dangane da GDP, yana da GDP na US $ 46.6bn a shekara ta 2006.
Ƙasashen membobin
Kasashen EAC-SADC-COMESA na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka sun hada da kasashe masu zuwa:
Shugabannin taron AFTZ
Taron AFTZ, wanda kuma ake kira Taron Tripartite an buɗe shi kuma shugabannin kasashe shida na Afirka da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin kasuwanci membobin ne suka halarta. Wadanda suka halarci taron budewa a ranar Laraba sun kasance Shugabannin Yoweri Museveni na Uganda, Paul Kagame na Rwanda, Robert Mugabe na Zimbabwe, Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu, Jakaya Kikwete na Tanzania da Mwai Kibaki na Kenya.
Taron Tattalin Arziki na AFTZ
Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati masu zuwa sun halarci taron na AFTZ Tripartite:
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Uganda
Mwai Kibaki, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kenya
Kgalema Motlanthe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania
Paul Kagame, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Rwanda
Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe
Pakalitha Mosisili, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Lesotho
Gabriel Ntisezerana, Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Burundi na biyu
Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Swaziland .
Masu wakilci masu zuwa sun wakilci Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na ƙasashe masu zuwa:
Olivier Kamitatu Etshou, Ministan Shirye-shiryen, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo;
Rifki Abdoulkader Bamakhrama Ministan Kasuwanci, da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Djibouti;
Osman Mohamed, Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar
Ali Abd Alazziz Alsawi, Sakatare Janar na Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Zuba Jamahiriya, Babban Jama'ar Larabawa na Libya
Joyce Banda, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Jamhuriyar Malawi
Arvind Boolell, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin Yankin da Ciniki na Duniya, Jamhuriyar Mauritius;
Antonion Fernando, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Mozambique
Bradford Machila, Ministan Lands kuma Wakilin Musamman na Darajarsa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Wakilin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zambia
Joaquim Duarte da Costa David, Ministan Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Angola
Neo D. Moroka, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Botswana
Patrick Pillay, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Seychelles
Hassan Ibrahim Gadkarim, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Sudan a Jamhuriwar Uganda, Jamhuriyan Rwanda da Jamhuriyoyin Burundi
Wilfried I. Emvula, Jakada kuma Wakilin Dindindin a Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka, Jamhuriyar Namibia
Salih Omar Abdu, Jakadan Jihar Eritrea a Jamhuriyar Kenya, Jamhuriwar Uganda da Jamhuriyan Tarayyar Tanzania
Denis Andriamandroso, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Madagascar a Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Kudu
Jakadan Clifford Sibusiso Mamba, Sakatare na Dindindin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki, Masarautar Swaziland
Jami'ai masu zuwa sun wakilci kungiyoyinsu a taron koli na uku:
Erastus J.O. Mwencha, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka;
Lalla Ben Barka; Mataimakin Babban Sakataren, UNECA;
Mtchera J. Chirwa, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka;
Kasaija Apuuli, IGAD; da Jakadan Liberata Mulamula, Babban Sakatare, Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Great Lakes
Har ila yau a cikin halarta akwai manyan jami'an zartarwa na
COMESA Mista Sindiso Ngwenya, Sakatare Janar na COMESA
EAC Amb. Juma Mwapachu
SADC Dokta Tomaz Augusto Salomao, Babban Sakatare, SADC.
Shugaban SA a kan AFTZ
Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu yana magana a Kampala, Uganda, a taron al'ummomin tattalin arziki na yanki uku na Afirka, ya yi jayayya cewa AFTZ muhimmiyar mataki ce a hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka da kuma hadin kan nahiyar. Tare da babban rashin tabbas a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya biyo bayan karuwar farashin abinci da makamashi kuma, kwanan nan, rikice-rikice a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi, Motlanthe ya ba da shawarar cewa zuwan AFTZ ba zai iya kasancewa a kan lokaci ba.
Duk da yake Afirka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa suna da tasiri a kan yanke shawara da suka kawo tsarin kudi na kasa da kasa zuwa gefen rushewa, ba tare da dalili ba, matalauta da marasa lafiya na waɗannan ƙasashe za su ɗauki nauyin matsalar tattalin arziki."Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana haɓaka ingantaccen matakan gyara don rage mummunan tasirin rikice-rikicen, kuma dole ne a haɗa ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin shugabancin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya", in ji Motlanthe.
A lokaci guda, ya zama dole a yi aiki don inganta tsarin cinikayya na duniya wanda ya sanya damuwar kasashe masu tasowa, gami da ƙasashen Afirka, a tsakiya.
Ya kuma bukaci Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (Comesa), Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC), da Kudanfin Kudancin Afrika (SADC), kara hadin kai zuwa ga mafi girman hadin kai.
"Tsarin da muke fara a yau yana nuna mataki na tarihi don cika wajibai a karkashin Tarayyar Afirka da tsarin Yarjejeniyar Abuja na hadin kan nahiyar, wanda ya fahimci cewa Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yankin sune gine-gine ga Al'ummar Tattalin arzikin Afirka. "
Lokaci ya zo ga Comesa, EAC da SADC don hada shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar yankunansu don kara fadada kasuwancinsu, buɗe damar samarwa, haɓaka matakan cinikayya a cikin Afirka, da haɓaka damar ci gaba.
"A matsayin mataki na gaba na fadada kasuwannin yanki a Afirka, tsarin da muka ƙaddamar a yau zai sanya mu cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi don amsawa yadda ya kamata ga karuwar gasa ta tattalin arzikin duniya kuma zai fara shawo kan ƙalubalen da membobin kungiyoyin yanki da yawa suka kawo.
"Saboda haka bari mu yanke shawara da ya dace don yin aiki a hankali kuma tare da ƙuduri don kafa yanki ɗaya na cinikayya kyauta wanda zai haɗa yankunanmu uku cikin ɗaya, "
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60989 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latunde%20Odeku | Latunde Odeku | E. Latunde Odeku (an haife shi Emanuel Olatunde Alaba Olanrewaju Odeku ; 1927, Lagos, Nigeria – mutu, London, 1974) shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu horo a fannin aikin jinya a Amurka wanda kuma ya fara aikin tiyatar jijiya a Afirka.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Daga cikin al'adun Yarbawa, An haifi Latunde a Legas, Najeriya. Mahaifinsa dan asalin Awe ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar Legas ce. Ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Methodist Boys, Legas. kuma ya wuce Jami'ar Howard kuma ya kammala karatun summa cum laude a Zoology a 1950. Daga baya an ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Howard, inda ya sami MD a 1954.
Aikin likita
Bayan da Latunde ta ci jarrabawar Licencuate Medical Canada a shekara ta gaba a Najeriya a matsayin jami'in kula da lafiya a babban asibitin Legas. A 1961, ya koma Amurka kuma an ba shi matsayin zama, horo a karkashin Dr. Kahn (daga 1956 zuwa 1960) a Jami'ar Michigan . Bayan haka, ya horar da ilimin Neurology a karkashin Dokta Webb Haymaker a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC Daga bisani ya sake yin wani wurin zama na likitan yara a asibitin yara na Philadelphia karkashin Dokta Eugene Spitz, mahaliccin Spitz-Holter valve don magance hydrocephalus. . A cikin 1961, an nada shi Malamin Neuroanatomy da Neurosurgery a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Howard .
Ko da yake Latunde daga baya an ba da alƙawura da yawa da suka haɗa da fitattun jami'o'i biyu na aikin tiyata a cikin Amurka; duk da haka ya zabi komawa Najeriya. Latunde ya zo Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1962 a matsayin likitan tiyata na farko a Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin 1962, an nada shi a matsayin babban jami'in koyarwa kuma ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Likitocin Amurka. A 1965, an nada shi a matsayin Farfesa na Neurosurgery; daga 1968 zuwa 1971, ya zama shugaban sashen tiyata da kuma shugaban kwalejin likitanci na jami'ar Ibadan . Ya kuma kafa kwalejojin likitanci na kasa da Afirka ta yamma da kuma tsarin fara aiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Ibadan, wanda a halin yanzu ake gudanarwa a duk makarantun likitancin Najeriya.
Latunde kuma mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci: Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga wallafe-wallafen neurosurgical, inda ya buga labaran kimiyya 61 a cikin kusan shekaru 12.
An ba Latunde lambar yabo ta tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Howard don hidima na musamman.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Latunde ta yi auren sau biyu ga likitocin likita. Aurensa na farko ya haifar da ’ya’ya biyu kafin a kashe aure. A cikin 1971 ya auri Katherine Jill Adcock, wata likitar likitancin Ingila wacce ke aiki a asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu - Alan, wanda aka haifa a watan Oktoba 1971 da kuma 'yar da aka haifa a Janairu 1973.
A cikin rayuwarsa, duk da kasancewarsa ƙwararren likita, Latunde kawai ya buga labarai 85 da suka shafi likitanci da wasu labarai 13 da suka shafi batutuwa na gaba ɗaya. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren likita-mawaƙi, ya rubuta tarin wakoki guda biyu: Twilight: Out of the Night (1964), da Whispers from the Night (1969).
Bayan shekaru
Daga 1972, lafiyarsa ta fara kasawa daga rikice-rikice na Ciwon sukari . Ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1974, a Asibitin Hammersmith, London kuma an binne shi a cocin St Peter's Church, Burnham, Ingila.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Twilight of the Night
Odeku, E. Latunde. (1978). Publications of E. Latunde
E. Latunde Odeku (1975)
Whispers from the night (1969)
Odeku, E. L., & Adeloye, A. (1978). Publications of E. Latunde Odeku. Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan.
Beginnings of Neurosurgery at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians
Adeloye, Adelola Odeku, E. Latunde (1971-02). Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians
Adeloye, A.; Odeku, E. L. (1971-02-01) Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head
Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head (Book)
Perspectives in Neurosurgery (1971-01-01)
Adeloye, Adelola; Latunde Odeku, E. (1971). "The radiology of missile head wounds". Clinical Radiology. 22 (3): 312–320. doi:10.1016/s0009-9260(71)80079-x. ISSN 0009-9260.
Biography - E. Latunde Odeku, an African neurosurgeon (1976)
Three decades of medical research at the College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria 1948 - 1980 ; a list of the papers publ. by members of the College of Med. of the Univ. of Ibadan from its foundation through 1980
E. Latunde Odeku, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S., 1927-1974. An African pioneer neurosurgeon.
Letter E. Latunde Odeku
Obituary: Professor E. Latunde Odeku B.Sc., M.D., L.M.C.C. (Canada), D.A.B.N.S., F.I.C.S., F.A.C.S., F.M.C.S. (Nigeria) by A Adeloye Publication: Surgical neurology, 1975 Apr; 3(4): 187
11th E. Latunde Odeku memorial lecture given on 27 October 1987.
Nassoshi
Mutuwan 1974
Haifaffun 1927 |
22120 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20na%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli | Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli | Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2010.
HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli.
Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita.
Kwamitin majalisar dinkin duniya kan 'yancin tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekara ta 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida."
(HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba.
(ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa
Yanayin duniya
Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO / UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta."
Tushen shari'a da amincewa
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta.
Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ukan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su da suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. "
Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar…. Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace ... Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. . "
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "
"Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" - wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya.
Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati."
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. ” Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands ) bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15.
Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli.
Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). ” Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin ' yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa .
An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta.
Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa.
Fikihun duniya
Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam
An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay . Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam ; shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu.
Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari
Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ( ICSID ) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s.
Azurix Corp v. Ajantina
Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina . Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta.
Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania
Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania . Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce . Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar.
'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida
Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki.
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni
Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni . Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci.
Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana.
Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15.
Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg
An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg . Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa.
Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli ( SCA ) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin.
Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra ] en . Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a".
Indiya
Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa.
Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana
Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida.
Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar
Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki.
'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa
Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya.
New Zealand
Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Amurka
A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa.
Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka
A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois . Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun.
Ostiraliya
Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba.
Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa / raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci.
A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya.
A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.
Tattaunawa da suka rage
Tasirin wuce gona da iri
Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tsarin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata.
Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan
Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu . Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus . An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa.
Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha
Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli.
Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa . Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata.
Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha (" mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa "), da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali ' yancin cin abinci ). "
Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi
Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ( ICESCR ) ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike.
Kungiyoyi
Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa.
Kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam)
UNDP
UNICEF
Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa
Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati
DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya)
GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya)
SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland)
EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka)
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya
Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF)
Jini: Ruwa
Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa
Freshwater Action Network (FAN)
Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya
Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa
Cibiyar Pacific
Aikin Ruwa
Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa
UUSC
WaterAid
WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020)
Zaman LafiyaJam
Duba kuma
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Ruwayar Ruwa
'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ
'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29104 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Marmara | Jami'ar Marmara | Articles using infobox university
Pages using infobox university with the affiliations parameter
Jami'ar Marmara ( Dake Turkiyya. Marmara Üniversitesi) Jami'a ce ta jama'a a Istanbul, Turkiyya .
Ana kiran jami'ar ne da sunan Tekun Marmara kuma an kafa ta ne a matsayin jami'a a shekarar 1982, amma an kafa ta a shekarar 1883 da sunan Hamidiye Ticaret Mekteb-i Âlisi, a wani gida a tsakiyar birnin Istanbul . Ana ba da darussan a cikin harsuna hudu ( Turkiyanci, Turanci,Jamusanci, Faransanci ), wanda ya sa jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a mai harsuna da yawa a Turkiyya, Jami'ar na da cibiyoyin 13, cibiyoyi 11, kolejoji 8 da cibiyoyin bincike 28.
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun daliban sun hada da shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdogan da jarumin barkwanci Kemal Sunal da kuma dan jarida Aydın Doğan.
Jami'ar Marmara wacce ke da manyan malamai sama da 3000 da kuma daliban da suka kai 60,000 cibiyoyi da yawa da suka warwatsu ko'ina cikin babban birnin Istanbul . Ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Turkiyya tsawon shekaru 124. Jami'ar ta inganta kanta cikin sauri zuwa matsayi na duniya tare da darussan Injiniya, Magunguna da Dentistry inda kafofin watsa labaru na Turanci da Ingilishi suke. Jami'ar ta hada da Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, wanda ke ba da ilimi a cikin harsuna biyar: Baturke, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Larabci, da Jamusanci, don haka Jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a daya tilo "multilingual" a Turkiyya . Samun nasara mai ban sha'awa musamman a yankunan Medicine, Law da Fine Arts, da malamai da dalibai gasa a cikin sa hannu da kuma sadaukar da aikin ilimi don bunkasa ingancin ilimi da ingantaccen aiwatar da nazarin kimiyya a Jami'ar Marmara. Hakanan an kirkiro sabbin fasahohin tare da zuwan sabbin ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Istanbul tare da rufe hukuma a cikin 2020.
Jami'ar Marmara tana ba da ilimin zamani a zamanan ce tare da cika ka'idodin zamantakewar yau da kullun tare da jagoranci na ka'idojin wayewa da kuma shirya ɗalibai don gaba ta hanyar gudanar da mulkin dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani bisa ƙa'idodin tsarin mulkin Turkiyya . A cikin kokarin comma wadannan manufofin, 2839 malamai ma'aikata aka dauka aiki, ciki har da 558 furofesoshi, 234 abokan farfesa, 569 mataimakan farfesa, 237 malamai, 987 bincike mataimakan, 172 malamai, 78 kwararru, 3 masu fassara, 1 ilimi mai tsarawa tare da 1.3 management. Mambobin malamai 500 suna koyarwa a wasu jami'o'i, don haka suna raba ilimin su da gogewar al'adar Marmara.
Jami'ar Marmara na da dalibai 57,000, daga cikinsu 44,661 dalibai ne na digiri na biyu da kuma 7,406 da suka kammala digiri. Daliban kasashen waje 1,354 daga kasashe 73 ne ke karatu a cibiyar. Daliban mata sun ƙunshi kashi 54% na yawan jama'a.
Atatürk Faculty of Education
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Arts da Kimiyya
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences
Faculty of Divinity
Sashen Sadarwa
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Technical Education
Faculty of Medicine
Makarantar Ilimin Lafiya
Makarantun digiri
Cibiyar Nazarin Karatuttuka a Tsabtace da Kimiyyar Aiyuka
Cibiyar Al'ummar Turai, wacce aka canza mata suna zuwa Cibiyar Tarayyar Turai a 2007
Cibiyar Banki da Inshora
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ilimi
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Gastroenterology
Cibiyar Fine Arts
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Jijiya
Cibiyar Nazarin Likita
Cibiyar Kimiyyar zamantakewa
Cibiyar Nazarin Turcology
Cibiyar Nazarin Tsakiyar Gabas
Makarantun sana'a
Shirye-shirye na shekaru hudu
Makarantar Banki da Inshora
Makarantar Ilimin Jiki da Wasanni
Makarantar Nursing
İstanbul Zeynep Kamil Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lafiya
Makarantar Harsunan Waje
Karatun shekara biyu
Makarantar Sana'a ta Allahntaka
Makarantar Sana'a na Sana'o'i masu alaƙa da Lafiya
Makarantar Sana'a ta Nazarin Zamantakewa
Makarantar Sana'a na Nazarin Fasaha
Bayanan duniya
]
Yin hidimar dalibai a tsakanin kasashe 73, jami'a ta kasance mai himma wajen kafawa da kuma fadada dangantakarta a duniya. Don gane kasancewarta na duniya, Kwanan nan Jami'ar Marmara tana aiki don ƙirƙirar alaƙa tare da sauran jami'o'in Turai da kuma cibiyoyi da ke wajen EU waɗanda za su ba wa ɗalibai da masu bincike damar samun damammaki da yawa. Yawancin sassan ilimi a cikin jami'a sun yi nasara wajen haɓaka musayar ɗalibai / malamai a cikin tsarin LLP, Erasmus / Socrates da Hukumar Turai ke bayarwa. A cikin Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences, Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Siyasa da Harkokin Duniya kadai ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Erasmus tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Turai, Jami'ar Jagiellonian, Poland ; Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Stockholm, Sweden ; Faculty of Kiyaye Al'adun gargajiya, Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya ; Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Antwerp, Belgium ; Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Regensburg, Jamus da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg na Mainz, Jamus; Kwalejin Ilimin zamantakewa, Alice Salomon College Hannover, Jamus. Yayin da Faculty of Law yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Münster, Jami'ar Free University of Berlin, Jami'ar Bielefeld, Jami'ar Cologne daga Jamus, Jami'ar Athens daga Girka, Jami'ar Linz daga Austria, Jami'ar Paris Descartes daga Faransa da Jami'ar Siena daga Italiya.
Ofishin Internationalasashen Duniya na Jami'ar Marmara da ƙungiyar ESN Marmara ta ɗalibi suna ba da tallafi ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a cikin jami'ar. A kowace shekara daliban kungiyar kula da harkokin jami’ar Marmara suna shirya taron ‘International Week’ domin inganta zamantakewar al’ummar duniya na jami’ar Marmara tare da bayar da wani babban shiri na al’adu ga baki-dalibai da aka gayyata daga ko’ina a duniya zuwa taron. .
Inganci a cikin Shirin Erasmus |
27454 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Sin | Sinima a Sin | Sinima na kasar Sin ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun zaren tarihi guda uku na fina-finai na Sinanci tare da sinima na Hong Kong da kuma gidan sinima na Taiwan .
An fara gabatar da sinima a kasar Sin a shekarar 1896 kuma an fara yin fim din Sinanci na farko, dutsen Dingjun a shekarar 1905 . A farkon shekarun da suka gabata masana'antar fina-finai ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai . Fim ɗin sauti na farko, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, ta yin amfani da fasahar sauti-kan-faifai, an yi shi a cikin 1931 . A shekarun 1930, wanda aka yi la'akari da "Lokacin Zinare" na farko na fina-finan Sinanci, ya ga zuwan motsin fina-finai na hagu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin ' yan kishin kasa da na gurguzu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finan da aka shirya. Bayan da Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin da mamayar birnin Shanghai, masana'antar da ke birnin ta ragu sosai, inda 'yan fim suka koma Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) da sauran wurare. An fara wani lokacin "Tsibirin Kadaici" a Shanghai, inda masu shirya fina-finai da suka rage suka yi aiki a cikin rangwamen na waje . Gimbiya Iron Fan (1941), fim ɗin fasalin fim na farko na Sinanci, an sake shi a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Ya rinjayi raye-rayen Jafananci na lokacin yaƙi kuma daga baya Osamu Tezuka . Bayan mamayar da ta mamaye gaba dayanta a shekara ta 1941, kuma har zuwa karshen yakin a shekara ta 1945, masana'antar fim a birnin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar Japan.
Bayan kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, an gudanar da bikin zinare na biyu, inda aka ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki a birnin Shanghai. Spring in a Small Town (1948) an nada shi mafi kyawun fim na harshen Sinanci a lambar yabo ta 24th na Hong Kong . Bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu a shekarar 1949, an dakatar da fina-finan cikin gida da aka riga aka fitar da kuma wasu zabukan fina-finan kasashen waje a shekarar 1951, wanda ke nuna alamar tace fina-finai a kasar Sin . Duk da haka, yawan halartar fina-finai ya karu sosai. A lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, an takure masana'antar fim sosai, wanda ya kusan tsayawa daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Masana'antar ta bunƙasa bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin al'adu, gami da "wasan kwaikwayo na tabo" na shekarun 1980, irin su Rain Maraice (1980), Legend of Tianyun Mountain (1980) da Hibiscus Town (1986), wanda ke nuna raunin tunani da ya bari. lokaci. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa karshen 1980, tare da fina-finai irin su Daya da Takwas (1983) da Yellow Earth (1984), tasowar karni na biyar ya kara samun karbuwa ga fina-finan kasar Sin a kasashen waje, musamman a tsakanin masu kallo a gidajen fasaha na yammacin duniya. Fina-finai kamar Red Sorghum (1987), Labarin Qiu Ju (1992) da Farewell My Concubine (1993) sun sami manyan lambobin yabo na duniya. Motsi ya ƙare a wani bangare bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989 . Bayan shekara ta 1990, an sami bunkasuwar zuriya ta shida da bayan karni na shida, kuma galibinsu suna yin fina-finai ne a wajen babban tsarin fina-finan kasar Sin, wadanda suka fi yin wasannin da'irar fina-finai na kasa da ƙasa.
Bayan nasarar kasuwancin kasa da kasa na fina-finai irin su Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) da Hero (2002), adadin hada-hadar fina-finai na Sinanci ya karu kuma an sami motsi na fina-finai na Sinanci zuwa wani yanki. babban tasiri na kasa da kasa. Bayan da Kamfanin Dream Factory (1997) ya nuna ingancin samfurin kasuwanci, kuma tare da bunkasuwar ofishin akwatin gidan kasar Sin a cikin sabon karni, fina-finan kasar Sin sun karya tarihin akwatin ofishin, kuma daga Janairu 2017, 5 daga cikin 10 mafi girma. Fina-finan da suka samu karbuwa a kasar Sin na cikin gida ne. Batattu a Tailandia (2012) shine fim ɗin Sinanci na farko da ya kai CN¥1 billion a ofishin akwatin akwatin kasar Sin. Monster Hunt (2015) shine farkon wanda ya isa CN¥2 billion . Mermaid (2016) shine farkon zuwa CN¥3 billion . Wolf Warrior 2 (2017) ya doke su ya zama fim mafi girma a China.
Kasar Sin ita ce gida mafi girma na fina-finai da hadaddun shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidajen shirya fina-finai a duniya, da Oriental Movie Metropolis da Hengdian World Studios, kuma a cikin 2010 tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma ta uku ta yawan fina-finan da aka samar. kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2012 kasar ta zama kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar karbar akwatin ofishin. A cikin 2016, babban akwatin akwatin a China ya kasance CN¥45.71 billion ( ). Ƙasar tana da mafi girman adadin allo a duniya tun 2016, kuma ana sa ran za ta zama babbar kasuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta 2019. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta fina-finan Hollywood.
A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin wuce wani fim dokar banning ciki zaton cutarwa ga "mutunci, daukaka da kuma bukatun" na kasar da kuma karfafa gabatarwa "gurguzu core dabi'u", amince da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar zaunannen kwamitin. Saboda dokokin masana'antu, yawanci ana barin fina-finai su zauna a gidajen kallo na tsawon wata ɗaya. Koyaya, ɗakunan studio na iya amfani da masu gudanarwa don a tsawaita iyaka.
Farko
An gabatar da hotuna masu motsi zuwa China a cikin 1896. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen farko da aka fara nuna fina-finai, saboda Louis Lumière ya aike da mai daukar hotonsa zuwa Shanghai shekara guda bayan ya kirkiro fina-finai . A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1896, an gudanar da bikin nuna hoton fim na farko a kasar Sin a birnin Shanghai, a matsayin "aiki" kan kudirin doka iri-iri. Fim na farko na kasar Sin, na opera na wasan opera na Peking, dutsen Dingjun, an yi shi ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1905 a birnin Beijing . A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki galibi mallakar kasashen waje ne, kuma masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta cikin gida ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai, wurin samun bunkasuwar kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Gabas mai Nisa . A shekara ta 1913, Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan sun yi fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Sinanci mai zaman kansa, Ma'aurata masu wahala, a Shanghai. Daga nan Zhang Shichuan ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na farko mallakar kasar Sin a shekarar 1916. Fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi shine Yan Ruisheng (閻瑞生) wanda aka saki a cikin 1921. wanda ya kasance docudrama game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa wata kotu ta Shanghai, ko da yake fim din ya yi yawa da ba za a taba ganin ya samu nasara a kasuwanci ba. A cikin shekarun 1920 masu fasahar fina-finai daga Amurka sun horar da masu fasahar Sinawa a Shanghai, kuma an ci gaba da samun tasirin Amurka a can cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Tun da har yanzu fim ɗin yana kan matakin farko na bunƙasa, yawancin fina-finan Sinanci na shiru a wannan lokacin ba su kasance kawai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko gajeren wando ba, kuma horarwa ba ta da yawa ta fuskar fasaha saboda wannan lokaci ne na fim ɗin gwaji.
Daga baya, bayan gwaji da kuskure, kasar Sin ta sami damar yin wahayi daga dabi'u na al'ada kuma ta fara samar da fina- finai na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda na farko shine Burning of Red Lotus Temple (1928). Konewar Temple na Red Lotus ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin, shirin na Star Motion Pictures (Mingxing) ya yi fim din wasu abubuwa guda 18, wanda ke nuna farkon fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin mai daraja. A cikin wannan lokacin ne wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki suka fara zama, musamman Mingxing da Tianyi 'yan'uwan Shaw ("Na musamman"). Mingxing, wanda Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan suka kafa a shekarar 1922, da farko ya mai da hankali kan gajeren wando na barkwanci, ciki har da cikakken fim din kasar Sin mafi dadewa da ya tsira, mai suna Labour's Love (1922). Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya canza, duk da haka, zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali ciki har da Kakan Ceto marayu (1923). A halin yanzu, Tianyi sun karkata samfurinsu zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, kuma sun tura zuwa kasuwannin waje; Fim ɗinsu na White Snake (1926) ya nuna misali na nasarar da suka samu a cikin al'ummomin Sinawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1931, an fara yin fim ɗin sauti na farko na Sinawa Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, sakamakon haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin shirya hotuna na kamfanin Mingxing da fasahar sauti na Pathé Frères. Koyaya, an yi rikodin sautin diski, wanda aka buga a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo in-sync tare da aikin akan allon. Na farko sauti-on-fim talkie yi a kasar Sin ko dai Spring on Stage (歌場春色) ta Tianyi, ko Clear Sky After Storm na Great China Studio da Jinan Studio. Fina-finan kade-kade, irin su Song at Midnight (1937) da Street Angels (1937), wanda Zhou Xuan ya fito, ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi shahara a kasar Sin.
Sources
Ci gaba da karatu
Carlo Celli. "Kasar Sin Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" Asalin kasa a Cinema na Duniya: Yadda Fina-finai ke Bayyana Duniya . Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1-22.
Rey Chow, Ƙaunar Farko: Kayayyakin gani, Jima'i, Ƙa'idar Halitta, da Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Jami'ar Columbia Press 1995.
Cheng, Jim, Ƙididdigar Littafi Mai Tsarki don Nazarin Fina-finan Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press 2004.
Shuqin Cui, Mata ta hanyar Lens: Jinsi da Al'umma a cikin ƙarni na Cinema na kasar Sin, Jami'ar Hawaii Press 2003.
Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Marxism Feminist and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang da Tani E. Barlow. London: 2002.
978-1476615523
Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Haɗuwa da Al'adu da Al'umma, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press 2002 - Gabatarwa, ya tattauna fina-finai 15 a tsayi.
Jay Leyda, Dianyang, MIT Press, 1972.
Laikwan Pang, Gina Sabuwar Sin a Cinema: Ƙungiyar Cinema ta Hagu-Wing ta Sin, 1932-1937, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002.
9782858502639
Raya, Christopher. Classic Fina-finan Sinanci, 1922-1949. New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135
Seio Nakajima. 2016. "Tsarin asali, tsari da sauyi na filin wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na zamani: haɗin kai na duniya da na kasa." Kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya da Sadarwa Juzu'i na 12, Lamba 1, shafi 85-108.
Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs Daga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Beijing, Jami'ar Duke Press 2002.
Semsel, George, ed. "Fim ɗin Sinanci: Yanayin Fasaha a Jamhuriyar Jama'a", Praeger, 1987.
Semsel, George, Xia Hong, da Hou Jianping, ed. Ka'idar Fina-Finan Sinawa: Jagora ga Sabon Zamani, Praeger, 1990.
Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, da Xia Hong, ed. Fim a China na Zamani: Muhawara Mai Mahimmanci, 1979-1989, Praeger, 1993.
Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh da Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Sake dawo da masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Sin: nazari kan rukunin fina-finai na kasar Sin da tallata fina-finai." Mujallar Cinema ta kasar Sin Juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1, shafi na 37–51.
Yingjin Zhang (Mawallafi), Zhiwei Xiao (Mawallafi, Edita), Encyclopedia na Fim ɗin Sinanci, Routledge, 1998.
Yingjin Zhang, ed., Cinema da Al'adun Birane a Shanghai, 1922-1943, Stanford, CA: Jami'ar Stanford Press, 1999.
Yingjin Zhang, Cinema ta {asa ta {asar Sin ), Routledge 2004 - Gabaɗaya Gabatarwa.
Ying Zhu .
Ying Zhu, "Art, Siyasa da Ciniki a Cinema na kasar Sin", tare da Stanley Rosen, Jarida na Jami'ar Hong Kong, 2010
Ying Zhu da Seio Nakajima, "Juyin Fim ɗin Sinanci a matsayin Masana'antu," shafi. 17-33 a cikin Stanley Rosen da Ying Zhu, eds., Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Cinema na Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press, 2010.
Wang, Lingzhen. Cinema na Matan Sinawa: Matsalolin Juyin Juya Hali . Jami'ar Columbia Press, 13 ga Agusta, 2013. ISBN 0231527446, 9780231527446.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Classic Film Classics - gidan yanar gizon da aka shirya a Jami'ar British Columbia tare da fina-finai na farko na Sinanci sama da 20 tare da fassarar Turanci, kwas ɗin kan layi akan silima na farko na Sinanci, da sauran albarkatu.
Jaridar kasar Sin Cinema
Cibiyar Albarkatun MCLC-Media
Madubin Sinawa - Jaridar Tarihin Fina-Finan Sinawa
Manazarta
Sinima a Afrika
Sinima a Ghana
Fina-finai
Marubutan Afirka |
28209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Oyelowo | David Oyelowo | Articles with hCards
David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo OBE ( /oʊ j ɛ l oʊ w oʊ / oh-YEL -oh-Woh . an haifeshi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1976 ), ya kasance dan wasan Birtaniya da Amurka kuma furodusa wanda ya ke da shedan zama dan kasa guda biyu a Birtaniya da kuma Amirka dan kasa. Abubuwan yabo nasa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Zaɓaɓɓun Masu sukar, Kyautar Kyautar Guild Actors Allon, da kuma nadin na biyu na lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Emmy guda biyu . A cikin shekara ta( 2016), an nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) don ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayo.
Oyelowo ya yi fice a shirin da ya fito a matsayin Martin Luther King Jr. a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa Selma (2014) da Peter Snowdin a cikin fim din HBO Nightingale (2014), dukansu sun ba shi babban yabo. Ya kuma sami yabo ga matsayinsa na Louis Gaines a cikin The Butler (2013), Seretse Khama a Burtaniya (2016) da Robert Katende a cikin Sarauniyar Katwe (2016). Ya kuma taka rawar tallafi a cikin fina-finan Rise of the Planet of the birai (2011), The Help (2011), Lincoln (2012), Red Tails (2012), da Jack Reacher (2012).
A talabijin, Oyelowo ya firo matsayin jami'in MI5 Danny Hunter a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (2002 – 2004) da Javert a cikin miniseries na BBC Les Misérables (2018). Ya kuma ba da muryar ga Agent Alexsandr Kallus a cikin jerin Lucasfilm Animation Star Wars Rebels (2014 – 2018).
Kuruciya
An haifi Oyelowo a Oxford, Oxfordshire, Ingila, ga iyayen 'yan Najeriya. Mahaifinsa dan jihar Oyo ne, a yammacin Najeriya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga jihar Edo, a Kudancin Najeriya. An rene shi a matsayin Baftisma. Ya girma a garin Tooting Bec, Kudancin London, har sai da ya kai shekaru shida, lokacin da danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa Legas, Nigeria, inda mahaifinsa Stephen yi aiki da kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa kuma mahaifiyarsa na kamfanin jirgin kasa. David ya halarci makarantar kwana na ''style style'' mai suna Lagos State Model College, Meiran "lokacin da suke girma a Lagos, Nigeria Sun dawo Landan lokacin da Oyelowo na da shekaru sha hudu, zauna a Islington .
Yayin da yake cikin karatunsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin City da Islington, malaminsa ya ba da shawarar cewa ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Oyelowo ya yi rajista na tsawon shekara guda a cikin kwas na gidauniyar mai aiki, a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Waƙoƙi ta London (LAMDA). Ya kammala horonsa na shekaru uku a 1998. Ya kuma shafe lokaci tare da National Youth Theatre.
Sana'a
Mumbari
Ya fara aikinsa na mataki a cikin 1999 lokacin da aka ba shi kakar wasa tare da Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare yana taka rawa a cikin Volpone na Ben Jonson, a matsayin taken taken a Oroonoko (wanda kuma ya yi a cikin daidaitawar rediyon BBC) da Shakespeare's Antony da Cleopatra ( 1999) tare da Guy Henry, Frances de la Tour da Alan Bates . Duk da haka, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayonsa na gaba a matsayin Sarki Henry VI a cikin 2001 na Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare na Shakespeare's trilogy na wasan kwaikwayo game da sarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na kakarsa Wannan Ingila: Tarihi . A wani babban abin tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo na makafi mai launi, Oyelowo shi ne ɗan wasa bakar fata na farko da ya fara taka wa sarkin Ingila wasa a wani babban shiri na Shakespeare, kuma duk da cewa an fara sukar wannan zaɓen da wasu kafafen yada labarai suka yi, amma wasan Oyelowo ya samu yabo sosai kuma daga baya ya yi nasara. lambar yabo ta 2001 Ian Charleson don mafi kyawun aikin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya yi a ƙasa da 30 a cikin wasan gargajiya.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Prometheus Bound, wanda aka sake farfado da shi a cikin birnin New York a cikin 2007. A cikin 2006, ya fara halarta a karon farko a kan samar da The White Iblis, wanda Inservice ya samar, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Brighton wanda ke aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Brighton Priyanga Burford, Israel Aduramo, Penelope Cobbuld, da matarsa, Jessica. Ya taka rawar gani a Othello a shekara ta 2016 a New York Theatre Workshop tare da Daniel Craig a matsayin Iago, wanda Sam Gold ya jagoranta.
Talabijin
Oyelowo sananne ne a shirin da ya fito na MI5 Danny Hunter akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (wanda aka sani a Arewacin Amurka kamar MI-5 ) daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Ya riga ya bayyana a cikin Gobe La Scala (2002), Maisie Raine (1998) da Brothers and Sisters (1998). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen lokacinsa akan Spooks Oyelowo shima ya bayyana a cikin abubuwan Kirsimeti guda biyu na Kamar yadda Lokaci ke tafiya By (2005). A cikin 2006, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na Born Equal tare da Nikki Amuka-Bird a matsayin ma'auratan da ke tserewa zalunci a Najeriya - su ma sun fito a cikin Shoot the Messenger (2006), da kuma a The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2008). miji da mata. Sauran cameos sun haɗa da Mayo (wanda aka yi tauraro a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2006) da fim ɗin talabijin Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008, a matsayin lauyan tsaro Leonard Grisham), yayin da ya buga maimaitawa ko manyan haruffa akan Kwanaki biyar (2007) da The Passion. (2008, a matsayin Yusufu na Arimathea ).
A cikin Disamba 2009, ya taka rawar jagoranci Gilbert a cikin karbuwar TV ta BBC na littafin Andrea Levy Small Island. A cikin Maris 2010, ya taka rawar Keme Tobodo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na jini da mai . Jarumin ya fito a tauraro a cikin fim din HBO na asali Nightingale (2014). Kwanan nan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da ViacomCBS.
Ayyukan murya
Ya bayyana a matsayin Olaudah Equiano a cikin shirin Grace Unshackled - Labarin Olaudah Equiano, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo wanda ya dace da tarihin tarihin Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . An fara watsa wannan shiri a BBC 7 a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2007, tare da matarsa Jessica Oyelowo a matsayin Mrs. Equiano.
A cikin 2007, Oyelowo ya kasance mai karanta littadin The Mission Song na John le Carré . Mujallar AudioFile ta bayyana cewa: “Ku yi tunanin David Oyelowo a matsayin mawaƙi ɗaya wanda ke buga dukkan kayan kida a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine ainihin abin da yake gudanarwa a cikin wannan hurarrun wasan kwaikwayo na littafin nan mai tuhuma na John le Carré. . . . Shin da gaske ne mutum ɗaya ne kawai a cikin rumfar rikodi na mai ba da labari? Wannan aikin virtuoso yana sa hakan ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba." A cikin shekara ta 2015, an zaɓi shi don nuna James Bond a cikin sigar littafin mai jiwuwa na Trigger Mortis, wanda Anthony Horowitz ya rubuta .
, he provides the voice of Imperial Security Bureau agent Alexsandr Kallus a jerin shirye-shiryen zane na Star Wars Rebels. , Oyelowo voices the spirit of Scar, the main antagonist in season 2 of The Lion Guard. Oyelowo voiced the Tiger in a television adaptation of The Tiger Who Came to Tea which aired on Channel 4 for Christmas 2019.
Fim
A 2012, Oyelowo ya bayyana a Middle of Nowhere. Marubuci-darektan Ava DuVernay ya kasance mai sha'awar aikinsa kuma ya yi tunanin tambayarsa ya ɗauki aikin, amma kafin ta iya, Oyelowo ya karɓi rubutun kwatsam daga wani abokin abokinsa DuVernay wanda ya kasance yana zaune kusa da shi akan gidan yanar gizon. jirgin sama kuma yana tunanin saka hannun jari a cikin aikin. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fim na Sundance na 2012 zuwa raves mai mahimmanci. A wannan shekarar Oyelowo ya fito a cikin Lee Daniels ' The Paperboy, wanda ya fafata a gasar Palme d'Or a bikin Fim na Cannes na 2012 . Oyelowo ya sake haduwa da Daniels a shekara mai zuwa a cikin The Butler .
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Oyelowo ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, Yoruba Saxon Productions wanda ya hada fina-finai da suka hada da, Nightingale, Captive, Five Nights a Maine, kuma mafi kwanan nan, Ƙasar Ingila .
Ya sake yin aiki tare da DuVernay don Selma (2014), yana wasa mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Martin Luther King Jr. Fim ɗin, dangane da 1965 Selma zuwa Montgomery yancin jefa ƙuri'a, Lee Daniels an saita shi da farko, amma aikin ya ragu. by Daniels don haka ya iya mayar da hankali kan The Butler.
Ana shirin fito dashi matsayin tauraro tare da Lupita Nyong'o a cikin wani sabon fim ɗin da aka samar daga littafin Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel Americanah . Labarin ya biyo bayan wasu matasa ‘yan ci-rani ‘yan Najeriya biyu da suka fuskanci gwagwarmayar rayuwa yayin da dangantakarsu ta dore.
A cikin Fabrairu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Oyelowo ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Peter Rabbit tare da James Corden, Rose Byrne da Domhnall Gleeson suna mai da matsayinsu a matsayin taken taken, Bea da kuma Thomas McGregor don abin da ya biyo baya saboda fitowa a cikin Maris 2021.
A cikin 2020, Oyelowo ya yi tauraro tare da George Clooney a cikin fim ɗin Netflix The Midnight Sky . Kwanan nan, kamfaninsa na Saxon na Yarbawa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kallon farko tare da Disney. Fim na farko da zai fito daga yarjejeniyar zai kasance Komawar Rocketeer, Disney + - na musamman na fim din 1991 The Rocketeer, wanda Oyelowo zai samar tare da matarsa, Jessica, da Brigham Taylor. Ana kuma tunanin Oyelowo zai taka rawa a cikin fim din, wanda zai ta'allaka ne akan "wani mai ritaya Tuskegee Airman wanda ya dauki rigar Rocketeer".
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Domin hotonsa na Martin Luther King Jr. a Selma, Oyelowo ya sami lambar yabo ta NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture. . Ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award na farko don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Hotunan Motsi – Wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim ɗin Zaɓuɓɓuka don Mafi kyawun Actor .
Har ila yau, a cikin 2014, don wasan kwaikwayonsa a Nightingale, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie / Miniseries kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Firayim Minista Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jagoran Jagora a cikin Ƙirar Ƙarfafawa ko Fim, Kyautar Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Kyauta. Mai wasan kwaikwayo - Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin, Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Fim ɗin Talabijan, Mini-Series ko Na Musamman na Musamman da Kyautar Tauraron Dan Adam don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo - Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin .
An nada Oyelowo Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2016 don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jessica Oyelowo, tare da 'ya'ya hudu. Suna zaune a Los Angeles, California .
Kirista mai kishin addini, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa ya yi imani Allah ya kira shi ya buga Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. A yayin da yake yin tsokaci a kan hotonsa na Sarki a cikin fim din Selma, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa, “A koyaushe na san cewa idan na yi wasa da Dr. King, sai da Allah ya shige min gaba saboda idan ka ga Dr. King yana ba da wadancan. jawabai, ka ga yana motsi a baiwarsa”.
ɗan ƙasa biyu, Oyelowo da matarsa sun zama ƴan ƙasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016. Da yake yin haka ya bayyana cewa, “Na yi wani fim mai suna Selma ... kuma fim din ya shafi ‘yancin kada kuri’a kuma na zauna a nan kusan shekaru 10 yanzu kuma ina yawo ina yin fim game da ‘yancin kada kuri’a da kuma gaya wa mutane su yi zabe. zabe, kuma ba za ka iya zabe da kanka ba kadan munafunci ne. Na yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da zan yi shi kuma ba lokaci mafi kyau fiye da yanzu."
Oyelowo omoba (yarima ) ne na masarautar Awe, Nigeria, wani yanki na tsarin mulkin dattawa a Najeriya. Ya yi sharhi, "yana da amfani don samun kwanan wata amma mai yiwuwa ba wani yawa ba".
Fina-finai
Fim
Wasannin Talabijin
Duba kuma
Black British elite
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
David Oyelowo at the TCM Movie Database
David Oyelowo at AllMovie
Manazarta
Jarumin fim bakake na Burtaniya
Jaruman fim maza yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
15348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenevieve%20Aken | Jenevieve Aken | Jenevieve Aken (an haife tane a shekarar 1989) ta kasan ce kuma yar Nijeriya ce mai ɗaukar hoto da aka fi saninta da girke hotunan tarihi da shirye-shiryen, tana daukan hotunan kanta, hotunan birane, da al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma. Sau da yawa takan mai da hankali ne akan abubuwan da ta samu na sirri da kuma lamuran zamantakewar da suka shafi matsayin mata. Har ila yau Aken tana taka rawar gani a matsayin abin koyi a cikin aikinta na daukan hoton kai dana waje, An nuna aikinta a Lagos Photo Festival.
Aken a halin yanzu yana zaune a Lagos, Najeriya. kuma yawancin lokaci tana gudanar da aikace aikacen tane a jihar Lagos.
Tarihin ta
Aken ta girma ne a ƙaramin ƙauyen Ikom Aluk a jihar Kuros Riba . Ta yi fama da damuwa da kuma rashi na mutuwar mahaifiyar ta, tun tana ƙarama mahaifinta bai kasance mai tasiri a rayuwarta ba. Ita da mahaifinta sun rabu saboda ya yi imani da ilimin gargajiya ne kawai yayin da ta gwammace ta ci gaba da aikin waƙa. Ta rubuta waƙoƙi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga abubuwan da ta samu na rayuwa, waƙa ɗaya mai taken "Sanya ta Ta Tsere." Bayan gajeriyar rawar da ta taka a waka sai ta ci gaba da kokarin yin wasan amma nan da nan ta ajiye hakan shima. Daga karshe ta samu hutun farko a Vilsco Fashion Show kuma ta fahimci mummunan halin mata a masana'antar samfurin. Abubuwan da ta samu ne a ƙirar ƙirar su ne suka kawo ta ga sana'ar ɗaukar hoto.
Ta shiga cikin bitar Kasuwancin Hotuna, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu amma ba ta iya kammala kwasa-kwasan ba yayin da ta gano dama a cikin Gasar Misalin Modelwararrun Masarautar Burtaniya . Ta dawo gida ne don halartar Makon Tunawa da Zane na MTN Lagos. Yayin da ta daina kammala karatunta na daukar hoto, sai ta fada wa Pulse.ng "Zan koma na kammala makarantar daukar hoto. Na san daukar hoto da daukar hoto duk ayyuka ne masu nauyi wadanda zan aiwatar amma ina da sha'awar duka biyun kuma zan yi su a lokaci guda har tsawon lokacin da zan iya, "a wata hira. Aken ya ga nasara a cikin daukar hoto ba tare da la'akari da karatun kammalawa ba ta hanyar halartar Bikin Hoto na Legas.
Jerin daukar hoto
Hannaye
Wannan jerin hotunan suna dauke da bayanan mata a cikin Berlin, Jamus yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don dacewa da matsayin "takamaiman" na mata a cikin al'umma. Hotunan suna nuna jerin mata masu neman aiki waɗanda a tarihi maza suka mamaye su. Matan da ke cikin hotunan suna jin ƙarfi game da aikinsu kuma suna da ƙarfin gwiwa kan aikin da suke yi ba tare da la'akari da bambancin jinsi ba.
Matan Maska
Wannan bakar fata ne da fari, hoton kai tsaye wanda aka shirya don nuna mata da matsayinsu na al'ada a al'adun Najeriya. Hotunan suna nuna aminci da cikar rayuwar mata ba tare da nuna kyama ga mata a cikin al'adun Najeriya ba. Hotunan kuma sun binciko yadda mata za su iya jin ƙuntata saboda tunanin abin da ya kamata "mata masu dacewa" ya kamata su yi a cikin jama'a. Wadannan hotunan ana tsara su ne don nuna kwatankwacin matan da suka karya wadannan dabi'un amma suke jin keɓewa da ƙa'idodin al'umma. A cikin wannan jerin Aken yana fatan karfafawa matan Najeriya don aiwatar da theirancin su ba tare da la'akari da banbancin ra'ayi na waje ba.
Babban Tsammani
Daga Charles Dickens ', Babban Tsammani, Akens ya kirkiro wannan jerin ne don nuna matsin lamba ga mata, musamman Afirka, don yin aure. Akens na kokarin nuna yadda hatta matan da suka yi nasara za su iya jin cewa ba su yi nasara ba har sai sun yi aure saboda matsin lamba na zamantakewa.
Monankim
Wannan jerin hotunan na Aken ya samo asali ne daga wata al'ada wacce ake kira Monankim wacce ta samo asali daga kabilu marasa rinjaye na Bakor. Monankim al'ada ce a cikin al'adar Bakor wacce ke yiwa mata kaciya sannan kuma a yi bikin kasancewarta alama ce ta shiga mace. Wannan al'adar ana ganin ta haƙƙin wucewa ne kuma ana bautar mace bayan ta gama aikin. Wannan al’adar takaddama ce kasancewar aikin yana da haɗari da barazanar rai. Aken ya tattara ra'ayoyin akasi game da Monankim na mata a cikin al'umma. Yayin da wasu ke ganin aikin abu ne mai kayatarwa, wasu kuwa na shakkar batun.
Jama'a da karfin gwiwa
An shirya wannan jerin hotunan ne a gabar teku da ake kira Takwa Bay wanda ya kasance sanannen wuri ga ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke iyo da iyo. Takwa Bay sananne ne don barin jeri da yawa na mutane suyi ma'amala. Hotunan da ke cikin wannan jerin suna nuna yadda ake buƙatar al'umma da ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin wasanni yayin da hotunan suka nuna yara suna wasa tare ba tare da la'akari da asalin jama'a ba.
Lamban girma
Gwanar Shekarar 2011 na MTN /kungiyar British
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1989
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Masu daukan hoto
Mutane daga jihar Cross River |
51611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadarin%20sauyin | Hadarin sauyin | Hadarin sauyin yanayi yana nufin kimanta haɗari dangane da bincike na yau da kullun na sakamakon, yuwuwar da martani ga tasirin chanji sauyin yanayi da kuma yadda al'umma ke takura a lokacin .karbuwa. An yi amfani da hanyoyin gama gari don kiymanta haɗarin haɗari da dabarun sarrafa haɗari dangane da haɗarin yanayi kan tasirin canjin yanayi ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban. Dangane da tsarin yanayin da ba ya tsayawa a cikin kewayon ƙetarewa, ana tsammanin tasirin canjin yanayi zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa duk da ƙoƙarin ragewa. Canje-canjen da ke gudana a cikin tsarin yanayi yana dagula kimanta haɗari. Aiwatar da ilimin halin yanzu don fahimtar haɗarin yanayi yana da rikitarwa saboda bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin hasashen yanayi na yanki, faɗaɗa adadin sakamakon yanayin yanayi, da buƙatar zaɓar saiti mai fa'ida na yanayin yanayi na gaba a cikin kimantawa.
Abu na farko a chikin doka a tsarin mulki a hukumance kan chanjin yanayi(IPCC), Wanda aka kirkira a qarqashin United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) da na World Meteorological Organizatio7n (WMO) a shekarar 1988, sun bayani kan hadarin chanjin Yanayi da bincike da dubaru na rigakafi da aka wallafa kan ilimi a ko wane shekara ajere abun da aka fahimta.[6] kasa da kasa sun bincike sun tattauna an samu manu fofi da dama ansama ma aikata game da hadarin chanjin yanayi ma aikata hade hadarin chanjin yanayi inshora.
Fahimtar Hadarin
Hatsarin chajin Yanayi Yana faruwa a gabaki daya na wani yankin duniya musanman in aka lura da adadin yawan Rashin lafiyar da chanjin Yanayi ke jagoranta . dayawa wasu hatsiran sunayin zuwan bazata su daya a nan gaba suna yin yawa da la akari da hatsarin. bala on ya dangana ne da Yanayi na sauyin yanayi tsarin na Rashin daukan dogon lokaci tsit iyaka matsanaci.. IPCC assessment framework is based on the understanding that climate risk emerges from the interaction of three risk factors: hazards, vulnerability and exposure.
In this framework, climate risks area also described in 5 sets of major risks:.
unique and threatened systems
extreme weather events
distribution of impacts
global aggregate impacts
large-scale singular events
Climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation can reduce climate-related risks. These two types of climate action can be complementary and can result in synergies, and thus more successful results.
Masifu da cututtuka
Bisa ga rahoton kima na biyar na IPCC : "Tasiri daga matsanancin yanayi na baya-bayan nan, irin su raƙuman zafi, fari, ambaliya, guguwa, da gobarar daji, suna nuna rashin ƙarfi da kuma bayyanar da wasu halittu da kuma yawancin tsarin bil'adama zuwa yanayin canjin yanayi na yanzu".
Ana iya sa ran tasiri masu zuwa nan gaba:
Zazzabi yana ƙaruwa
Tsananin yanayi
Shuka amfanin gona da gazawar amfanin gona
Polar hula narkewa
Canje-canje ga tsarin muhalli na Duniya
Annoba
Rushewar Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa
Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki
Yayin da yake shafar duk sassan tattalin arziki, tasirin na hiyoyin guda ɗaya zai bambanta. Bayan waɗannan haɗarin yanayi na zahiri kai tsaye akwai kuma haɗarin kai tsaye:
Hadarin jiki: Hatsari kai tsaye na canjin yanayi suna yin illa ga aikin noma, kamun kifi, gandun daji, kiwon lafiya, gidaje da yawon shakatawa. Misali, guguwa da ambaliya suna lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa, kuma fari na haifar da gazawar amfanin gona.
Hatsarin ƙa'ida: Ƙoƙarin gwamnati na rage farashin sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin. Misali, Kyoto-Protocol watsin ana iya cimma su ta hanyar aiwatar da cinikin hayaki, ana buƙatar a ƙididdige farashin hayaƙi cikin kuɗi. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] Kamfanoni za su yi amfani da waɗannan kuɗin don kimanta shawarar saka hannun jari. Haɓaka farashin hayaki zai haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya don haka yana tasiri ga buƙatar masu amfani. Rashin tsaro na doka yana haifar da jinkirin ayyuka da saka hannun jari.
Hadarin shari'a: Kama da masana'antar taba, masana'antun da ke samar da iskar gas mai yawa (GHG) suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙara yawan ƙarar idan ana iya danganta lalacewa da hayaƙi.
Haɗarin gasa: Idan kamfanoni ba su ɗauki matakan rage haɗarin yanayi ba suna da gasa. ] Wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka farashin samarwa ta hanyar fasahohin da ba a gama amfani da su ba don haka ga raguwar riba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Hatsarin samarwa: ƙarancin samarwa na iya haifar da haɗarin yanayi kai tsaye ko kai tsaye, watau guguwa da ke lalata wuraren samar da mai na iya haifar da rushewar samar da kayayyaki da ƙarin farashi. Hakanan farashin makamashi zai tashi, yayin da zafin rana ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa, yana yin tasiri ga samar da ruwan sanyaya wutar lantarki.
Hatsarin ƙima : Kamfanoni da ake suka a bainar jama'a saboda manufofinsu na muhalli ko hayaƙi mai yawa na iya rasa abokan ciniki saboda mummunan suna.
Hadarin kudi
Rashin lahani
c
Inshora sbd chanjin yanayi
Inshora saboda chanjin Yanayi rance
rh
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
" Duk Game da Hatsarin chajin yanayi " esgriskguard.com |
37148 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo%20Dalot | Diogo Dalot | José Diogo Dalot Teixeira (lafazin Portuguese pronunciation: [diˈoɡu dɐˈlo] ; an haife shi 18 watan Maris 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal .
Dalot samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Porto kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru ga ƙungiyar B a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan Taça de Portugal a watan Oktoba 2017. Bayan ya buga wa Porto wasanni takwas, ya koma Manchester United a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi Yuro 22. miliyan (£19 miliyan). Daga Oktoba 2020 zuwa Yuni 2021, an ba Dalot aro zuwa kulob din Serie A na Italiya AC Milan .
Dalot ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa kuma ya wakilci Portugal daga kasa da 15 zuwa matakin kasa da 21 . Ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da suka lashe gasar zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na 2016 . Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Portugal a UEFA Euro 2020 .
Aikin kulob
Porto
An haife shi a Braga, Dalot ya shiga tsarin matasa na Porto a cikin shekarar 2008, yana da shekaru tara. A kan 28 shekarar Janairu 2017, ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B, yana wasa cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin asarar gida 2-1 da Leixões don gasar zakarun LigaPro .
Dalot ya fara bayyana tare da tawagar farko a wasan gasa ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2017, wanda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Lusitano de Évora da ci 6-0 a gasar Taça de Portugal . Ya fara taka leda a gasar Premier a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 75 a cikin 5-0 na gida na Rio Ave.
Manchester United
Wasannin farko a Manchester
Dalot ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Manchester United a ranar 6 ga Yunin 2018 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar kan fam 19. miliyan. Lokacin da ya isa Manchester, kocin José Mourinho ya ce, la'akari da shekarunsa, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan baya a kusa. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai UEFA Champions League da kungiyar Young Boys ta Switzerland, amma ya kasa ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta baya.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Southampton . Duk da korar Mourinho da aka nada Ole Gunnar Solskjaer a matsayin sabon koci, Dalot ya kasance zabi mai mahimmanci: a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni 23. A lokacin wannan kakar, yana da wasan da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a birnin Paris, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe na 2nd kafa da Paris Saint-Germain, inda Manchester United ta kammala wani gagarumin koma baya saboda bugun fanareti, wanda ya yi nasara bayan harbin Dalot. Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan cin kofin FA da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0 ; ita ce kwallonsa ta farko ga United.
A lokacin farkon kakarsa na kulob din, Dalot ya yi fama da raunuka daban-daban kuma bayan zuwan Aaron Wan-Bissaka, ayyukansa sun yi rauni sosai a karkashin kocin Ole Gunnar Solskjaer.
Loan zuwa AC Milan
Bayan amfani da Manchester United na lokaci-lokaci, an ba Dalot aro ga AC Milan ta Italiya a kakar shekarar 2020-21. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Celtic da ci 3-1 a wasan rukuni na rukuni na UEFA Europa League . Kwanaki bakwai bayan haka, Dalot ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Milan kuma ya ba da taimako ga dan kasar Rafael Leão a wasan da ci 3-0 a gida a gasar cin kofin Europa da Sparta Prague . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Seria A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya maye gurbin Davide Calabria a cikin mintuna na 71 na wasan da suka tashi 2-1 da Udinese . Ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Genoa . A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2021, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a gasar Seria A cikin 2-0 a waje a Hellas Verona .
A lokacin kakar wasa, iyawar Dalot ya ba shi damar yin wasa ko dai a matsayin dama da baya na hagu . Wannan ya sa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Stefano Pioli, yana taimaka wa Milan ta sami matsayi na biyu a cikin 2020-21 Seria A da cancantar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2021-22 bayan rashin shekaru takwas. A lokacin da yake wasa a matsayin Rossonero, ya iya yin wasa akai-akai, yana yin wasanni Talat in da uku 33, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya ba da taimako uku. Kamar yadda Dalot ya fada sau da yawa, a Italiya ya iya inganta tsaro, ba tare da rasa ikonsa na kai hari ba.
Komawa Manchester United
A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021, Manchester United ta yi sha'awar siyan wani dan wasan baya na dama. A halin da ake ciki, Milan, wacce ta ji dadin Dalot a lokacin da ya koma kungiyar a matsayin aro, ya fara tattaunawa da Manchester United don siyan shi na dindindin. Bayan ya koma Manchester United, ya burge kociyan kungiyar Ole Gunnar Solskjaer da irin rawar da ya taka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Ita ma Borussia Dortmund tana sha'awar siyan shi a matsayin aro, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a United don yin gogayya da Aaron Wan-Bissaka don samun gurbin farawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, Dalot ya ba da farkon farkon kakar wasa, wanda ke nuna a cikin asarar gida 1-0 zuwa West Ham United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin EFL . Tun daga wannan lokacin, yana da iyakacin damar da ya fara sau biyu da kuma sau uku. Ya buga wasa da Villarreal a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wasan rukuni-rukuni bayan an dakatar da Wan-Bissaka wasanni biyu.
A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, Dalot ya ba shi farkon farawa a gasar a karkashin kocin rikon kwarya Michael Carrick, yana mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma ya haifar da burin na biyu a cikin nasara a gida da ci 3-2 a kan United ta hammayarsu Arsenal a Old Trafford . Bayan isowa na riko manajan Ralf Rangnick, Dalot cemented wurinsa a matsayin Starter ga kulob din, bin da m wasanni a kulob din na gaba biyu matches da Crystal Palace da Norwich City .
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Matasa
Dalot ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2016 na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar a Azerbaijan ciki har da sau daya a wasan karshe da Spain . A wannan shekarar, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar daya.
Tare da 'yan kasa da shekaru 19, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, yana taimakawa kammalawa a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe a Ingila . Don bajintar da ya yi a duk lokacin gasar, an ba shi suna a cikin "Team of Tournament". Dalot ya buga wa Portugal wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na 2017, yana farawa a duk wasannin da aka yi a karshen wasan daf da karshe.
A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2017, ya lashe wasansa na farko ga Portugal Under-21s, wanda ya fara a kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019 UEFA . An fara a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2021, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na Under-21 . Portugal ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Jamus da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2021.
Babban
A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2021, Dalot ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal don buga gasar Euro 2020 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin João Cancelo, wanda ya fice bayan an gwada ingancin COVID-19 . Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwanaki goma a wasan karshe na rukuni -rukuni da suka tashi 2-2 da Faransa a Budapest - inda ya maye gurbin Nélson Semedo na mintuna 11 na karshe. A kan 27 ga watan Yuni, Dalot ya fara farawa na farko tare da babban tawagar kasar, a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Belgium a zagaye na 16.
A watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Portugal ta kira shi kuma a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Cristiano Ronaldo ya farke shi a wasan da suka doke Qatar da ci 3-0.
A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba 2022, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko na kasa da kasa guda biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a waje da Jamhuriyar Czech yayin gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2022-23 .
Salon wasa
Dalot shine mai tsaron gida mai ƙarfi wanda aka sani da saurinsa, fasaha da kuma iyawar sa. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko winger a kowane gefe, ko da yake yakan yi wasa a dama. Yawancin lokaci ana tura shi azaman reshe-baya a hannun dama amma a cikin aikin cikakken baya na al'ada a hagu. A matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu, an yabe shi saboda yadda yake da’a da kuma wayar da kan shi na tsaro. Yana da fasaha mai kyau na dribbling kuma ana lura da shi saboda shigar da ya yi wajen kai hare-hare ta hanyar tsallake- tsallake ko dogayen wuce gona da iri . Jikinsa yana ba shi damar yin aiki mai kyau a cikin duels na iska.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dalot goal.
Girmamawa
Porto
Premier League : 2017-18
Portugal
Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na U-17 : 2016
Mutum
Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2016
Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19 : 2017
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manchester United profile
Bayanan martaba na League na Portuguese
Bayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1999
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25208 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20%28candy%29 | Dots (candy) | Dots, ko Mason Dots (alamar DOTS mai alamar kasuwanci), alama ce ta ɗanɗano ɗanɗano da Kamfanin Tootsie Roll Industries ya sayar, wanda ke iƙirarin cewa "tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi acikin shekara ta1945," alewar ta zama "Amurka ...#1 sayar da alamar gumdrop." Dangane da tallace -tallace, sama da digo biliyan huɗu ake samarwa daga masana'antar Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago kowace shekara.
A cewar PETA, Dots vegan ne, kuma bisa ga gidan yanar gizon Masana'antu na Tootsie, ba su da yalwar abinci, ba su da gyada, ba su da gyada, kuma kosher (Kungiyar Orthodox ta tabbatar da kosher a hukumance har zuwa Disamba 1, acikin shekara ta 2009).
Tarihi
An gabatar da digo a cikin shekara ta 1945 ta Mason kuma alamar kasuwanci ce a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta1972, Masana'antu na Tootsie Roll sun sami alamar Dots ta hanyar siyan Sashin Mason na Kamfanin Candy Corporation na Amurka . Kafin wannan siyan Mason, AU da Magenheimer Confectionery Manufacturing Company na Brooklyn kuma daga baya Mineola, New York .
Crows sune tsofaffin alewa a cikin dangin Dots, wanda aka fara halitta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Dots na asali sun koma acikin shekara ta1945, Dropical Dots zuwa shekarar ta 2003, da Yogurt Dots zuwa shekara ta 2007. An gabatar da Dots a cikin shekara ta 2009 - zuwa shekara ta2010.
Dadi da iri
Dandano
Dandano na yanzu don "Dots na asali" sun haɗa da ceri (ja), lemo (rawaya), lemun tsami (kore), orange (orange), da strawberry (ruwan hoda). Dots masu ɗaci suna da ɗanɗano biyar, amma an halicce su da citric acid: ceri, lemo, lemu, innabi, da koren apple. Dandano don Dots na Tropical sun haɗa da Nectar Island, Mangoro na daji, Mai sanyaya Inabi, Carambola Melon, da Aljanna Punch; kuma ga Yogurt Dots, Ayaba, Orange, Blackberry, da Lemon-Lime.
Crows, black licorice flavored gum gum drop, kuma ana ɗaukarsu wani ɓangare ne na dangin Dots, waɗanda masu shayarwa Ernest Von Au da Joseph Maison suka kirkira a cikin 1890s. Akwai labarin almara na birni wanda yakamata a kira Crows "Black Rose", amma firintar ta ɓata sunan a matsayin "Black Crows" da buga masu kunshe da sunan da ba daidai ba a kansu. Koyaya, bincike - gami da gaskiyar cewa sunan yana da haƙƙin mallaka kafin alewar ta taɓa zuwa tare da masu rufewa - ta bayyana cewa wannan labarin ba gaskiya bane.
Iri -iri
Baya ga nau'ikan Dots na asali (wanda kuma aka sani da Dots na Mason), Dots Tropical, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, da Crows, nau'ikan da suka gabata (gami da sadaukarwa na gajeren lokaci na musamman) sun haɗa da:
Fasahar Halloween
An sayar da nau'ikan Dots ɗin Halloween na musamman guda uku:
Dots ɗin fatalwa sune koren haske mai haske, tare da dandano iri ɗaya na Dots na asali, amma ba tare da launuka daban -daban don nuna wane dandano kowane ɗigon ɗanɗano zai iya samu ba.
Dots na Jemage Dots ne masu launin baƙar fata waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano ruwan lemu.
Dots ɗin Masarar alewa ƙanshin masara ne kuma suna kama da masara.
Sauran fannonin biki
Sauran fannonin biki sun haɗa da:
Dots na Kirsimeti, waɗanda ke da saman Vanilla (fari) tare da tushen Cherry (ja) ko lemun tsami (kore)
Dots na Valentine, waɗanda ke da tushe na Vanilla (farar fata) tare da saman Cherry (ja) ko Farin Ciki (ruwan hoda).
Dots na Ista a Blueberry (shuɗi), Lemon (rawaya), Lemun tsami (kore), Cherry (ja), da Orange (orange) (wanda aka gabatar a 2010)
Wasu iri da dandano
Wasu nau'ikan da dandano sun haɗa da:
An gabatar da Dots na Berry a cikin 2000. Dots na daji na Berry suna da daɗi, ƙyallen gumdrops mai rufi tare da ƙamshi, mai ruɓi. An katse Dots na Berry a 2007.
Dots Elements a rumman (ƙasa, shunayya), kirfa (wuta, ja), koren shayi (ruwa, kore), da hunturu (iska, shayi) (wanda aka gabatar a 2008; ba a ƙara samar da shi ba)
Hot Dots (aka Cinnamon Dots) an sake su a 2004, amma an dakatar da su a 2006.
Dots masu kishin ƙasa, waɗanda ke da saman vanilla (fari) tare da tushe strawberry (ja) ko tushe na blueberry (blue)
A cikin shekarun 1980, akwai Dots iri -iri da ake kira Dice Spice.
Fakiti na ɗanɗano na musamman irin su Pink Grapefruit, Peach, da kankana. Tallace -tallace a matsayin "yankakken tsami", suna kula da sifar gumdrop na duk sauran Dots.
Sinadaran
Dots sun ƙunshi: Ruwan masara, sukari, sitaci abinci -modified, malic acid, dandano na halitta da na wucin gadi, sodium citrate, da launuka na wucin gadi.
Duba kuma
Jerin samfuran kayan zaki
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta |
29960 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Fa%C9%97ar%20Albarkacin%20Baki%20a%20Amurka | Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki a Amurka | A cikin Amurka, ana iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da lokaci, wuri da kuma hanya - ko da yake in ba haka ba an kiyaye shi sosai daga ƙuntatawa na gwamnati ta Kwaskwarimar Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, yawancin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohi, da dokokin jihohi da na tarayya. ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, wanda kuma ake kira ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yana nufin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa a bainar jama’a ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. Kalmar “’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki” da ke cikin Ƙaddamarwa ta Farko ta ƙunshi yanke shawarar abin da za a faɗa da kuma abin da ba za a faɗa ba. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da nau'ikan maganganu da yawa waɗanda aka ba su ƙasa ko babu kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko kuma ta gane cewa gwamnatoci na iya sanya takunkumin lokaci, wuri, ko hanya masu dacewa kan magana. Haƙƙin 'yancin magana na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko, wanda ya dace da jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi a ƙarƙashin rukunan haɗin gwiwa, ya hana ƙuntatawa na gwamnati akan magana, ba ƙuntatawa da mutane masu zaman kansu ko kasuwanci suka sanya ba sai dai idan suna aiki a madadin gwamnati . Duk da haka, dokoki na iya ƙuntata ikon kasuwanci masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane daga ƙuntata maganganun wasu, kamar dokokin aiki waɗanda ke hana ma'aikata ikon hana ma'aikata bayyana albashinsu ga abokan aiki ko ƙoƙarin tsara ƙungiyar ƙwadago.
'yancin fadar albarkacin baki na Farko ba wai kawai ya haramta mafi yawan takunkumin gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke cikin magana da ikon yin magana ba, har ma yana kare haƙƙin karɓar bayanai, ya hana mafi yawan ƙuntatawa ko nauyi na gwamnati da ke nuna bambanci tsakanin masu magana, takurawa. alhakin azabtarwa na mutane game da wasu maganganu, da kuma hana gwamnati buƙatar mutane da kamfanoni don yin magana ko ba da kuɗin wasu nau'ikan maganganun da ba su yarda da su ba.
Rukunin maganganun da aka ba ƙarami ko ba kariya ta Ƙimar Farko sun haɗa da batsa (kamar yadda gwajin Miller ya ƙaddara ), zamba, batsa na yara, maganganun da ke da alaka da halayen da ba bisa ka'ida ba, magana da ke haifar da rashin bin doka da oda, da kuma tsarin kasuwanci. magana kamar talla. A cikin waɗannan iyakantattun wurare, wasu iyakoki kan daidaita ma'auni na faɗin albarkacin baki da sauran haƙƙoƙin, kamar haƙƙoƙin marubuta kan ayyukansu ( haƙƙin mallaka ), kariya daga gabatowa ko yuwuwar cin zarafi akan wasu mutane, hani kan amfani da ƙarya don cutar da wasu. ( zage -zage da zage- zage ), da kuma sadarwa yayin da mutum yake kurkuku. Lokacin da aka kalubalanci dokar hana magana a kotu, ana zaton ba ta da inganci kuma gwamnati ta dauki nauyin shawo kan kotu cewa wannan takunkumin ya dace da tsarin mulki.
Tarihi
Ingila
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙa'idodin magana na Ingilishi sun kasance masu takurawa sosai. Dokar gama-gari ta Ingilishi ta masu tayar da kayar baya ta sanya sukar gwamnati laifi. Babban Alkalin Alkalai John Holt, ya rubuta a cikin 1704-1705, ya bayyana dalilin haramcin: "Domin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga dukkan gwamnatoci cewa mutane su sami ra'ayi mai kyau game da shi." Haƙiƙanin gaskiyar magana da ta saba wa dokar batanci ba tsaro ba ce.
Mallaka
Tun da farko dai yankunan suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ingila a Amurka, an sami ƙaramar ƙarar ƙararraki na cin zarafi fiye da Ingila, amma akwai wasu iko akan maganganun ƙin yarda.
Mafi tsauraran matakan sarrafa magana a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun kasance iko da suka haramta ko akasin haka da aka yi la'akari da saɓo ta hanyar addini. Dokar Massachusetts ta 1646, alal misali, ta azabtar da mutanen da suka musanta rai dawwama. A shekara ta 1612, wani gwamnan Virginia ya bayyana hukuncin kisa ga mutumin da ya ƙaryata Triniti a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Virginia na Divine, Moral and Martial, wanda kuma ya haramta saɓo, yana yin mummunar magana game da ministoci da sarauta, da "kalmomi masu banƙyama".
Ƙwararrun ilimi na baya-bayan nan, mai da hankali kan maganganu masu tayar da hankali a cikin karni na 17 (lokacin da babu jarida), ya nuna cewa daga shekara ta 1607 zuwa 1700 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki 'yan mulkin mallaka ya fadada sosai, yana kafa harsashi ga rashin amincewar siyasa da ya kunno kai tsakanin 'yan juyin juya halin Musulunci. tsara.
Shari'ar John Peter Zenger a shekara ta 1735 ta kasance ƙararraki mai tayar da hankali ga littafin Zenger na sukar Gwamnan New York, William Cosby . Andrew Hamilton ya wakilci Zenger kuma ya yi jayayya cewa gaskiya ya kamata ta zama kariya ga laifin cin zarafi, amma kotu ta yi watsi da wannan hujja. Hamilton ya rinjayi alkalan kotun, duk da haka, su yi watsi da doka kuma su wanke Zenger. Ana ɗaukar shari'ar a matsayin nasara ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma babban misali na soke juri . Lamarin ya nuna mafarin samun karbuwa da kuma juriya ga ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.
Amincewar Gyaran Farko
A cikin 1780s bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, muhawara kan amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin 'yan Tarayyar Tarayya, irin su Alexander Hamilton wanda ya yarda da gwamnatin tarayya mai karfi, da masu adawa da Tarayyar Tarayya, irin su Thomas Jefferson da Patrick Henry wanda ya yarda da gwamnatin tarayya mai rauni.
A lokacin tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki da kuma bayan aiwatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, masu adawa da gwamnatin tarayya da ‘yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya mayar da hankali sosai kan ikon gwamnatin tarayya. Mai gabatar da lissafin lissafin Lissafin Lissafi, gami da gyara na farko, ya kasance, a cikin babban bangare, kamar yadda lamarin ya cancanci karfin gwamnatin tarayya.
Ayyukan Manzanni
A cikin 1798, Majalisa, wanda ya ƙunshi da yawa daga cikin masu amincewa da Gyaran Farko a lokacin, sun ɗauki Ayyukan Alien da Sedition . Dokokin sun haramta buga “rubutun karya, abin kunya, da qeta ga gwamnatin Amurka, ko dai majalisar dokokin Amurka, ko shugaban Amurka, da nufin bata suna… kawo su ... cikin raini ko rashin kunya, ko don tada musu hankali ... ƙiyayya da mutanen kirki na Amurka, ko tada fitina a cikin Amurka, ko tayar da duk wani haramtacciyar haɗuwa a cikinta, don adawa ko adawa. kowace doka ta Amurka, ko duk wani aiki na shugaban Amurka".
Doka ta ba da izinin gaskiya a matsayin kariya kuma tana buƙatar shaidar mugun nufi. Dokar ta 1798 duk da haka ta ba da tabbacin manufar masu tsarawa game da Gyaran Farko da ɗan wahala, kamar yadda wasu daga cikin membobin Majalisar da suka goyi bayan amincewa da Kwaskwarimar Farko suma suka zaɓi ɗaukar Dokar 1798. ’Yan Tarayyar Tarayya a ƙarƙashin Shugaba John Adams sun yi amfani da doka da ƙarfi a kan abokan hamayyarsu, Democratic-Republican . Ayyukan Alien da Sedition sune babban batun siyasa a zaben 1800, kuma bayan an zabe shi Shugaban kasa, Thomas Jefferson ya gafarta wa wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci a karkashin Dokar. Dokar ta kare kuma Kotun Koli ba ta taba yanke hukunci a kan kundin tsarin mulkin ta ba.
A cikin New York Times v. Sullivan, Kotun ta ayyana "Ko da yake ba a taɓa gwada Dokar tada hankali a wannan Kotun ba, harin da aka kai a kan ingancinta ya ɗauki ranar a kotun tarihin." 376 US 254, 276 (1964).
Zamanin tantancewa
Daga ƙarshen 1800s zuwa tsakiyar 1900, dokoki daban-daban sun taƙaita magana ta hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su a yau ba, musamman saboda ƙa'idodin al'umma. Mai yiyuwa ne ta hanyar munanan kalamai da kuma hotunan batsa da ya ci karo da su a lokacin yakin basasa na Amurka, Anthony Comstock ya ba da shawarar hana gwamnati magana da ya ɓata ɗabi'ar Victoria . Ya shawo kan gwamnatin Jihar New York don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar New York don Kashe Mataimakin, a cikin 1873, kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙirƙirar Watch and Ward Society a Boston a 1878. Hukumomin birni da na jihohi sun sanya ido a jaridu, littattafai, wasan kwaikwayo, ayyukan ban dariya, da fina-finai don abubuwan da ba su dace ba, kuma suna tilasta doka tare da kamawa, kama kayan aiki, da tara. Dokokin Comstock da Majalisa ta zartar (da kuma dokokin jihohi) sun hana aikawa da kayan ta hanyar wasikun Amurka da suka hada da hotunan batsa; bayanai game da rigakafin hana haihuwa, zubar da ciki, da kayan wasan jima'i; da haruffa na sirri da ke ambaton ayyukan jima'i. Ƙa'idar fim ɗin Amurka ta jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi an ƙara su ta hanyar Code Production Hoto daga 1930 zuwa 1968, a ƙoƙarin masana'antu don ƙaddamar da tsarin tarayya. Irin wannan Hukumar Comics Code ta masana'antu ta kasance daga 1954 zuwa 2011.
Wasu dokokin ba su kasance da ɗabi'a ba, amma damuwa game da tsaron ƙasa. Ofishin Tace Bayanin ya hana sadarwar bayanan mahimmancin soja a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, gami da 'yan jarida da duk wasikun da ke shiga ko wajen Amurka. McCarthyism daga 1940s zuwa 1950s ya haifar da danne shawarar kwaminisanci, da baƙar fata na Hollywood . Wannan ya haɗa da wasu kararraki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Smith na 1940.
Ra'ayi na zamani
Sakamakon hukumcin kotun Warren a tsakiyar ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, Kotun ta koma kan tsarin da aka saba da shi wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ake zaton ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki zai kare, sai dai in wani kebantaccen kebe. Don haka, baya ga wasu ƴan ƴan ƴancin keɓanta, gwamnati ba za ta iya daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin magana ba. A cikin shekara ta 1971, a cikin Cohen v. California, Justice John Marshall Harlan II, yana ambaton Whitney v. California, ya jaddada cewa Kwaskwarimar Farko tana aiki ne don kare rashin daidaituwar " kasuwa ta ra'ayoyin ", yayin da Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall ya yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin 1972 cewa:
Nau'in magana
Babban magana siyasa
Wannan shi ne mafi girman tsare-tsaren magana saboda yanayin bayyanarsa da mahimmancinsa ga jamhuriya mai aiki. Ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan ainihin maganganun siyasa dole ne a yi nazarin binciken sosai ko za a soke su. Babban abin da ke gaban wannan zai kasance a cikin yanayin tsarin zaɓe, wanda Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa zaɓe ko tsayawa takara a matsayin ɗan takara ba magana ce ta siyasa ba don haka za a iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci; Irin waɗannan hane-hane an kiyaye su a cikin Buckley v. Valeo .
Maganar kasuwanci
Ba gaba ɗaya a waje da kariyar Ƙimar Farko ba magana ce ta kasuwanci, wacce ita ce magana da “ba da shawarar yin ciniki”, kamar yadda Ohralik v. Jihar Ohio Bar Assn. shekara ta 1978. Irin wannan magana har yanzu tana da fa'ida ko da yake ana yin ta a kasuwa wadda gwamnati ke tsarawa. A cikin shekara ta 1980, Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Hukumar Sabis ta Jama'a ta yi imanin cewa hane-hane na maganganun kasuwanci yana ƙarƙashin binciken tsaka-tsakin abubuwa huɗu . Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. girma (2011) ya sanya shakku kan ko har yanzu maganar kasuwanci ta wanzu a matsayin nau'in magana.
Hali na bayyanawa
Halin bayyanawa, wanda kuma ake kira " magana ta alama " ko " ayyukan magana ," hali ne na rashin magana wanda ke nufin sadar da sako. Misalai sun haɗa da ƙirƙira ko lalata abu lokacin da aka yi shi azaman sanarwa (kamar tuta da ke ƙonewa a cikin zanga-zangar siyasa), zanga-zangar shiru da faretin da aka yi niyya don isar da sako, suturar da ke ɗauke da alamomi masu ma'ana (kamar rigar yaƙi), harshen jiki, saƙonni rubuta cikin lamba, ra'ayoyi da tsarin da ke kunshe a matsayin lambar kwamfuta (" software "), dabarun lissafi da kimiyya, da ayyukan yaudara waɗanda ke isar da ta hanyar nuna hali, buƙata, ko ra'ayi.
Hukunce-hukuncen kotunan tarayya sun amince da ɗabi'a mai faɗi kamar yadda ake kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko a matsayin nau'in magana, kodayake ba a rubuta wannan sarai a cikin takaddar ba.
Misali, da aka gani ta fuskar gyaran Farko, lambar kwamfuta wata hanya ce ta yin magana game da yadda ake warware matsala, ta yin amfani da madaidaicin kalmomin da za a iya ba da kwamfuta a matsayin kwatance, kuma kona tuta hanya ce ta magana ko bayyana da ƙarfi ga mutum. ra'ayi adawa da ayyuka ko matsayin siyasa na kasar da abin ya shafa. Mahimmanci, yuwuwar ta kasance don kiyaye aikin magana ɗaya ko a'a ya danganta da mahallin da niyya . Misali, ana iya samun bambanci na Gyaran Farko tsakanin kona tuta don nuna rashin amincewa da irin wannan aikin da aka yi a matsayin ɓarna na banza kawai.
Bata da ma'ana
Wasu maganganu suna da ma'ana marar fahimta, mai wuyar fa'ida, mara niyya, ko ma'anar da ba za a iya gane su ba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kiɗan kayan aiki, zane-zane na zane-zane, da kuma maganar banza . Ana haɗa waɗannan gabaɗaya cikin “magana” masu kariya, amma wasu dalilan yin hakan ba sa aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1995 yanke shawara Hurley v. Gay Ba'amurke ɗan Irish, Madigo, da Ƙungiyar Bisexual na Boston, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa fasahar Jackson Pollock, kiɗan furci na Arnold Schoenberg, da waƙar jabberwocky ana kiyaye su. Wannan ya bambanta da, alal misali, Nazi Jamus, wanda ya haramta abin da ya kira " fasahar fasaha " da " lalacewar kiɗa ".
A cikin yanke shawara na shekara ta 2010 Kleinman v. Birnin San Marcos, Da'irar ta biyar ta Amurka ta lura da wasu lokuta da yawa inda aka haɗu da abubuwan fasaha na fasaha tare da abubuwan da ba na magana ba (kamar motar da aka zana ta fasaha ko tufafin da aka yi wa ado da zane-zane). A kowane hali, kotuna sun zaɓi yin amfani da cikakkiyar kariya ta Gyaran Farko, amma sun yi amfani da bincike na tsaka-tsaki tare da tabbatar da ƙa'idodin gwamnati na tsaka-tsakin abun ciki (misali babu motocin da ba su da kyau da aka nuna akan titunan jama'a, ƙuntatawa lokaci da wuri akan masu siyar da titi).
A cikin yanayin Morse v. Frederick, wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ikirarin taken "BONG HiTS 4 YESU" yana nufin ya haifar da sha'awa ko kyama amma ba a ba da shawarar wani abu ba, amma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya hukunta shi a karkashin koyarwar magana ta makaranta saboda mutum mai hankali zai iya fassara shi a matsayin bayar da shawarar yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. (wanda ya sabawa manufofin makaranta).
Nau'in hana magana
Kotun koli ta amince da nau'o'in dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke hana magana, kuma suna ba da kowane nau'in doka zuwa matakin bincike daban-daban.
Ƙuntataccen tushen abun ciki
Hane-hane da ke tushen abun ciki "sun sabawa kundin tsarin mulki ba tare da la'akari da kyakkyawar muradi na gwamnati, ba tare da tsangwama ba, ko rashin ra'ayin da ke ƙunshe a cikin jawabin da aka tsara." Ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke buƙatar bincika abubuwan da ke cikin magana da za a yi amfani da su dole ne su wuce cikakken bincike.
Ƙuntataccen tushen abun ciki na iya ko dai nuna bambanci bisa ra'ayi ko batun batun. Misalin dokar da ta tsara abin da ya shafi magana shi ne dokar birnin da ta hana duk wani zagon kasa a gaban makaranta in ban da zabar aiki. Wannan doka za ta zama tamkar nuna wariya ga batun domin ta fifita wani batu fiye da wani wajen yanke shawarar wanda za ta ba da damar yin magana. Misalin dokar da ke daidaita ra'ayin mai magana zai kasance manufar wani jami'in gwamnati wanda ya ba da izinin masu goyon bayan '' masu ra'ayin rai '' su yi magana a kan kadarorin gwamnati amma an haramta masu ''pro-choice'' saboda ra'ayoyinsu za a shiga. a cikin '' ra'ayi bambance-bambance . Ƙuntatawa waɗanda suka shafi wasu ra'ayoyi amma ba wasu suna fuskantar mafi girman matakin bincike ba, kuma yawanci ana soke su, sai dai idan sun fada cikin ɗayan keɓancewar kotu. Ana samun misalin wannan a cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez a cikin 2001. A wannan yanayin, Kotun ta ce ba za a iya amfani da tallafin gwamnati ba don nuna bambanci ga wani takamaiman misali na bayar da ra'ayi.
Kotun ta nuna a cikin Snyder v. Phelps (2011) cewa hanya ɗaya don tabbatar da ko ƙuntatawa ta dogara ne akan abun ciki tare da tsaka-tsakin abun ciki shine a yi la'akari da idan mai magana ya isar da saƙo na dabam a daidai wannan yanayi: "Ƙungiyar Ikklesiya da ke tsaye a daidai wurin da Westboro ta tsaya., riƙe alamun da ke cewa 'Allah Ya Albarkaci Amurka' da 'Allah Yana Ƙaunar ku,' da ba za a yi musu hukunci ba. Abin da Westboro ya ce shi ne ya fallasa shi ga gallazawa . "
Ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wuri, da hanyoyi
Grayned v. Birnin Rockford (1972) ya taƙaita lokaci, wuri, ra'ayi: "Tambaya mai mahimmanci ita ce ko hanyar magana ba ta dace da aikin al'ada na wani wuri a wani lokaci ba." Dole ne ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wuri, da hanyoyi su yi tsayayya da tsaka-tsakin bincike . Lura cewa duk ka'idojin da za su tilasta masu magana su canza yadda ko abin da suke fada ba su shiga cikin wannan nau'in ba (don haka gwamnati ba za ta iya takurawa wata hanya ba ko da ta bar wani). Ward v. Rock Against wariyar launin fata (1989) yana riƙe cewa ƙuntatawa lokaci, wuri, ko hanya dole ne:
Maganar Intanet, dandalin kan layi
Samun Intanet ya canza yadda mutane ke sadarwa a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya buɗe sabbin dama ga Amurkawa don bayyana haƙƙoƙin Gyaran Farko . Maganar Intanet tana faruwa ne a cikin yanayin dijital inda duka masu magana da masu sauraro za su iya shiga ta hanyar kwamfuta, wayoyi masu wayo, da sauran na'urorin lantarki kuma suna iya sadarwa da sadarwa tare da kowa a kowane lokaci.
Gwamnatoci sun ba da shawarwari da yawa ga dandamali na kan layi masu zaman kansu don ƙa'idodin tsari waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na masu amfani akan Intanet. Idan waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun keta doka, dandamali yana da haƙƙin cire abun ciki wanda ke haƙƙin mallaka ko abin banƙyama. Dokokin da ke daidaita cin zarafi akan layi, bata suna, da dai sauransu suna fuskantar ƙaƙƙarfan aikin daidaitawa. Yawancin abun ciki na kan layi, kamar haka, yana iyakance haɗari ta hanyar murkushe maganganun manya kuma. Dole ne a rubuta su ƙunƙunƙun don guje wa shiga cikin magana da Ƙaddamarwa ta Farko ta karewa yayin da har yanzu ke taƙaita halayen da ba a so a aikace.
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) ta ba da kariya ta duniya don 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, amma ya haɗa da tsattsauran magana cewa '[a] duk wata ƙiyayya ta ƙasa, kabilanci ko ta addini wacce ta ƙunshi tunzura ga wariya, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali. doka ta haramta”. Ba a yarda da wariya da kalaman ƙiyayya ta kowace iri bisa ga wannan juzu'i kuma sun shafi dandalin kan layi. Dokokin da suka yi amfani da wannan sashe don sa ido kan cin zarafi na kan layi, bata suna, da sauransu suna buƙatar ƙayyadadden aikin daidaitawa. Dole ne a rubuta su da ɗan ƙanƙantar da hankali don guje wa cin zarafi da ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyaren Farko ya karewa yayin da har yanzu ke taƙaita ayyukan da ba a so a aikace.
A cikin yanke shawara na 9-0, Kotun Koli ta ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga Gyaran Farko ga Intanet a cikin Reno v. ACLU, yanke shawara wanda ya rushe sassan 1996 Communications Decency Act, dokar da ta haramta "lalata" sadarwar kan layi. Hukuncin kotun ya tsawaita kariyar da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba wa littattafai, mujallu, fina-finai, da maganganun magana ga abubuwan da aka buga a Intanet. Majalisa ta yi ƙoƙari a karo na biyu don daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin Intanet tare da Dokar Kare Kan Kan Yara (COPA). A cikin 2002, Kotun Koli ta sake yin hukunci a Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amurka v. Ashcroft cewa duk wani iyakancewa akan Intanet ya sabawa tsarin mulki.
A Amurka v. Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka (2003), Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa na da ikon buƙatar makarantun jama'a da ɗakunan karatu da ke karɓar rangwamen kuɗi don shigar da software na sarrafa abun ciki a matsayin sharadi na karɓar kudade na tarayya. Alkalan sun ce duk wata damuwa ta Farko an magance ta ta tanadin da ke cikin Dokar Kariyar Intanet ta Yara wanda ke ba manya damar tambayar ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu da su kashe matattara ko buɗe rukunin yanar gizo.
A cikin Facebook v. Sullivan, mai goyon bayan wani gangami na Neo-Nazi a Charlottesville, VA, ya gudu ya kashe wani mai zanga-zangar lumana a kan zanga-zangar kuma daga bisani ya rubuta a kan Facebook game da harin da ya kai da girman kai. Dandalin sada zumunta ya sauke bayanansa da duk wani rubutu da ke da alaka da wannan harin da ke nuna shi ta kowace hanya banda ban tausayi. Ko da yake Facebook ba a ɗaure shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko, dandamali yana da ka'idoji na kansa dangane da kiyaye 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki amma kuma yana barin maganganun cutarwa.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
1-58477-085-6
Cronin, Mary M. (ed. 'Yanci Ba makawa: Yaki don Magana Kyauta a Amurka na Karni na Sha Tara. Carbondale, IL: Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press, 2016.
Eldridge, Larry. Gadon Nisa: Girman Maganar Magana a Farkon Amurka. New York: Jami'ar New York Press, 1995.
0-8129-2834-2
0-521-65537-4
0-394-33256-3
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Lokaci don Tace, Lokacin 'Yanci - 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na Amurkawa a cikin intanet da kuma yadda ake saka shi cikin haɗari. (An cire shafin yanar gizon)
Shigar da Laburaren Gyaran Farko akan 'Yancin Magana (hanyoyin haɗi zuwa duk shari'o'in 'yancin furuci na Kotun Koli) (an cire shafin yanar gizon)
Rahoton Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa (CRS) game da 'Yancin Magana da aka Archived a (an cire shafin yanar gizon)
Ƙara koyo game da Kwaskwarimar Farko daga lauya Marс Randazza da ayyukansa.(yana aiki kamar na 4/23/2018)
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
2369 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal | Senegal | Senegal ƙasa ce, wacce ta ke a yammacin Afirka. Senegal ta hada boda da Mauritaniya daga arewa, Mali daga gabas, Guinea daga kudu maso Arewacin ƙasar, sai kuma Guinea Bissau daga kudu-maso arewacin ƙasar. Ƙasar ta hada gaɓar teku da ƙasar Cape Verde. Ƙasar Senegal na da hanyoyin sama da na ruwa kuma ana kiran garin da 'mashigin Afrika' saboda garin na gefen gabar tekun North Atlantic ocean. Birnin Dakar shi ne babban birnin Senegal kuma ƙasar ta sama yancin kanta daga hannun Faransa a shekarar 1960.. Kasar Senegal tana cikin kungiyoyi na ECOWAS, African Union (AU) da sauran su.
Tarihi
Yankin Senegal a yau ya kuma kasance sashe daga cikin sashen tsohuwar garin Ghana da masarautar Djobouti kuma ya kasance muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci na trans-sahara route. Turawa suka fara mulkan ƙasan wanda Ingila ta fara, sai Faransa sai Portugal, sai kuma ƙasar Nadalands, daga baya Ƙasar faransa ta amsa mulkin a karshen karni na sha tara (19). Ƙasar Senegal ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1960, lokacinda suka samu 'yanci a sa'linda marubuci, mahikayanci, Leopoldo Seghor ke mulki. Ƙasar ta samu 'yanci a matsayin yankin ƙasar Mali kafin ta samu cikakken 'yanci.
Mulki
Ƙasar Senegal tana da tsarin mulki na "Semi-Presidential System". Wanda kuma shugaban ƙasa ke kula da harkokin siyasan ƙasa tare da taimakon prime minista wanda shugaban ƙasa ke zaba. Ƙasar Senegal na bin tsarin mulkin Faransa, da shari'ar musuluncin ƙasar Senegal.
Arziƙi
Ƙasar Senegal kaman sauran kasashen Afrika na karanchin ci-gaba musamman a harkokin kasuwanci na zamani da masana'antu musamman na sarrafe-sarrafe da ƙere-ƙere na zamani. Tattalin arzikin ƙasar Senegal ya hada da:
i. Ma'adanun ƙasa: sun hada da ma'adanu da ake haqowa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ƙasar senegal suna da arziki kamar na kifi, gyada, phosphate, karfen ore, gwala-gwalai da kuma titanium.
ii. Noma da Kiwo: wannan ya ƙunshi harkokin noma da kiwo don samar da abinci ga ƙasa da kuma ƙasashen ƙetare don samar da kuɗin shiga. Kayan noma da ƙasar Senegal ke samarwa sun hada da; gyaɗa, gero, masara, dawa, shinkafa, audiga, tumatir, kayan ganye, shanaye, kaji, aladu da kifaye.
iii. Harkokin Kasuwanci (Shiga da Fitar hajoji)
Harkokin shiga da fitar hajoji wato (import & export) a ƙasar sun hada da; kayan abinci, man-fetur, auduga da sauransu. Kayan da Senegal ke fitar wa sun hada da gyada, kifi, phosphates da sauransu. Kayan da suke shigar wa sun hada da; kayan abinci, lemunan sha, man-fetur da kayan amfanin yau da kullum.
Abokan huldar kasuwancinsu sun hada da ƙasar Mali wanda ke da kaso 12.8% na adadin kasuwancin, Ƙasar Swizaland 9.7%, india 5.9%, kot d buwa 5.1%, Birnin Sin (China) 5.1%, UAE (Qatar) 4.1, Faransa 4.1% (a 2015). Wannan su ne ƙasashen da Senegal ke kaiwa haja.
har zuwa yau ƙasan na shigo da kaya daga Faransa 17.9%, Chena 10%, Nijeriya 8.7%, Indiya 5.6%, Ƙasar Spaniya 4.9%, Nadalands 4.5% (2015).
v. Masarrafu/Masana'antu
ƙasar senegal tana da masana'antu na sarrafa kayan noma da kifi, sarrafa hakakken phosphate,
Hada taki, tace man-fetur
.
Wasanni
Fannin tsaro
Kimiya da Fasaha
Sifiri
Sifirin Jirgin Sama
Sifirin Jirgin Ƙasa
Al'adu
Mutane
Ƙidaya da akayi na shekara ta 2016 ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mutane miliyan 14.8 a Senegal.Sun ƙaru a shekara ta 2020 zuwa kimanin 16,515,000 wanda an kintata cewa zuwa shekara ta 2030 zasu kai adadin mutum 19,909,000. Akasarin tsawon rayuwa na maza yana kaiwa shekaru 65.8yrs, mata kuma sukan kai shekaru 68.1.Mafi yawanci 'yan Senegal suna yaren Wolof ne.
Yaruka
Ƙasar Senegal kaman sauran ƙasashen afrika tana da yaruka daban daban, amma mahimmin yare na gama gari shine Faransanci, sauran suka
hada da; yaren Wolof wanda suke da kaso 43% na mutanen ƙasan, Pular (wato Fulani da Peulh) da Tokulawa 23%, Sera 15%, Diyola (Jola) 3.7%, Mandingo (Madinka)3%, Soninke 1.1%, da kuma sauran yaruka wanda ke da kaso 19%.
Abinci
Tufafi
Jihohi
Dakar
Diourbel
Fatick
Kaffrine
Kaolack
Kédougou
Kolda
Matam
Saint-Lious
Séidhou
Tambacounda
Thiès
Ziguinchor
Louga
Ilimi
Akwai manyan Malamai a ƙasar Senegal irinsu Sheikh Ibrahim Niass.
Addinai
Senegal kaman kowace ƙasa tana da mutane masu addinai daban-daban kaman haka; musulunci wanda suka fi kowa yawa a kasan, kiristanci da addinan gargajiya.
Musulunci
Mafi akasarin mutanen Senegal musulmai ne wanda suka kwashe kashi 95% na mutanen ƙasar. suna da Shahararren malamai kaman irin Shehu Ibrahim inyass khalifan Shehu Ahmadu Tijjani radiyallahu ta'ala anhu.
Kiristanci
Mabiya addinin kiristanci na da karancin mabiya a Senegal wanda suka kwashe kaso 4% na mutanen kasan.
Addinan Gargajiya
Mabiya addinan gargajiya kadan ne a ƙasar senegal wanda suka kwashe karamin kashi 1% na mutanen ƙasar.
Hotuna
Manazarta
Ƙasashen Afirka |
22140 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Denslow | Julie Denslow | Julie Sloan Denslow (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1942, Coral Gables, Florida) Ba'amurkiya ce mai ilimin tsirrai, masanin kimiyyar halittu da nazarin halittu. Ta girma a Kudancin Florida, kuma koyaushe tana son yanayi. Ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Coral Gables a shekara ta 1960. Ta ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ayyukanta tare da bincike kan yanayin halittu masu zafi. Tun da farko a cikin aikin ta, ta yi mahimmin lokaci a fagen a wurare masu zafi kamar Costa Rica da Panama, da kuma wurare masu yanayi a Louisiana. Sannan kuma daga baya a cikin aikinta ta fi aiki a ofis da aji, amma har ila yau ta cigaba da yini-lokaci a fagen. Ta mai da hankali kan binciken da ya shafi ilmin halittu na nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu lalacewa, da kuma tasirin halayen halittu da kuma murmurewa bayan rikice-rikice. Denslow kuma babban mai goyon bayan daidaiton jinsi ne a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, yana turawa don samun wakilcin mata daidai a cikin bincike na wurare masu zafi da jagoranci yayin taron Kwamitin Jinsi na shekara ta 2007 tsakanin theungiyar ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Tropical and Conservation (ATBC). Babbar gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken wurare masu zafi ita ce takardar ta "Raba Raba a tsakanin Bishiyoyi Masu Dazuzzuka na Tropical", wanda aka buga a 1980.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Tasiri a rayuwar farko
Denslow ya sami tasirin duniyar ɗan adam tun yana ƙarami. Girma a Kudancin Florida, dangin ta sun ba da cikakken lokaci a waje. Ta girma kamun kifi da yin iyo tare da iyayenta da kuma usan uwanta a cikin Everglades da kuma Florida Keys . A duk lokacin da take makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, ta taimaka wa ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri a Laboratory na UM Marine. Yayin da Denslow ke karatu a Kwalejin Oberlin, Rachel Carson ta buga Silent Spring, wanda ya ba da hasken illolin da mutane za su iya shafar yanayin. Ta girma da sanin cewa tana son samun aikin da zai mai da hankali kan yanayi da kiyayewa, amma ya kasance muhimmin abu ne yayin karatun kwatankwacin watanni 2 kan abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittun yankuna masu zafi a Costa Rica tare da forungiyar Nazarin Yankin Tropical cewa ta sami sha'awarta. don yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, kuma tana jin zata iya yin tasiri ga wannan fannin.
1964 AB Zoology, Kwalejin Oberlin, Oberlin, Ohio
1969 MS Biology, Jami'ar Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.
1978 Ph.D. Botany, Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Ayyuka
Aikin gona a Unungiyar Rayayyun Halitta
Denslow ya yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka a Cibiyar Tsibirin Tsibirin Fasifik a matsayin masanin ilmin binciken muhalli da kuma shugaban kungiyar Sashin Rayayyun Jari daga 1999-2007. Yayin da take aiki a wurin, ita da wasu gwanayen masana kimiyya sunyi nazari kan tasirin dazuzzuka na asali na Hawaii da sauran tsibirai na Pacific lokacin da aka gabatar da shuke-shuke masu banƙyama, kuma suka yi amfani da binciken su don taimakawa masu ba da shawara ga filaye da jama'a game da tasirin da ba ɗan asalin ƙasar ba. tsire-tsire na iya samun tsarin halittu na asali.
Littattafai
Raba Raba tsakanin Itatuwan dazuzzuka na Yankuna Na Yanayi
Dogon aikin da ta yi a matsayinta na masaniyar kimiyya da karantarwa ya ba ta damar wallafa takardu da yawa, tare da mujallar Biotropica mai dauke da ayyukanta 11. Wadannan takaddun 11 kadai wasu masu bincike sun ambace su sosai, tare da ambato sama da 700 a cikin wasu takardu. Takardar ta "Raba Gap a tsakanin Bishiyoyin Tropical Rainforest Tree" shi kaɗai ke da kaso mai yawa na waɗannan, kuma an ambace su sama da sau 450 har zuwa na shekara ta 2016-wanda ya sa ta zama mafi takarda da aka ambata a tarihin Biotropica. Koyaya, takaddar ta game da rata tsakanin bishiyoyin dazuzzuka ita ce babbar sananniyar gudummawar ta a fagen ilimin yanayin yankuna masu zafi. An buga shi a cikin 1980 a cikin mujallar Biotropica. Wannan binciken ya maida hankali ne akan gibin da aka samu a dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi lokacin da bishiyoyi suka faɗi, kuma aka nemi amsa yadda yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi zasu iya samun nasarar haihuwa a cikin waɗannan ratayoyin. Denslow yayi la’akari da cewa ya danganta da tsananin faɗuwar bishiyar, za a sanya rata ya fi girma ko ƙarami. Ta ba da shawarar cewa bishiyoyin dazuzzuka sun tsara dabaru don inganta nasarar haihuwa ta hanyar kirkirar wasu halaye na musamman wadanda ke kara saurin samun nasarar shuka da daukar mutane a cikin gibin faduwar bishiyoyi na wasu jeri-janare-wasu nau'ikan na iya amfani da kananan rata, yayin da wasu na iya amfani da manyan rata. Girman gibin yana shafar wasu dalilai da yawa a cikin nasarar shuka, kamar adadin haske, zafi, da yanayin zafi. Wannan 'raba' bishiyar furewar itace na karfafa banbanci da kuma zama tare da jinsunan bishiyar dazuzzuka, saboda kowane jinsi ya fi dacewa da takamaiman microclimate.
Sauran Muhimman Bincike
1985 Denslow, JS Rarraba-matsakaiciyar zaman rayuwar jinsuna. shafi. 307-323 A cikin: STA Pickett da PS White (eds. ) Ilimin Halitta na Rashin Tsarin Halitta da Dwarewar atchira. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi, Orlando, Florida.
1987 Denslow, JS Tropical Treefall Gaps da Bambance-bambancen Bishiyoyi. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 18: 431-451.
1990 Denslow, JS, J. Schultz, PM Vitousek, B. rainarfafawa. Amsoshin girma na shrubs na wurare masu zafi zuwa yanayin rarar bishiyar. Lafiyar Qasa 71: 165-179.
1990 JS Denslow da AE Gomez D. Ruwan sama na iri zuwa gibin bishiyoyi a cikin gandun dajin neotropical. Iya. J. Bincike na Gandun daji 20: 642-648.
1996 Chazdon, RL, RK Colwell, JS Denslow, da M. Guariguata. Hanyoyin ilimin kididdiga don kimanta wadatar halittu a cikin gandun daji na farko dana sakandare na NE Costa Rica. A cikin: Aunawa da Kula da Bambancin Ilimin Halitta: Cibiyar Sadarwar Kasa da Kasa ta Makircin Dabino, Smithsonian Institution Press, A latsa.
Takardar rubutu
1978 JS Denslow. Matsayi na biyu a cikin gandun dajin Colombian: Dabarun mayar da martani ga nau'ikan halittu a cikin wani tudu. Ph. D. Takardun, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison
Àaa1988 JS Denslow da C. Padoch (eds. ) Mutanen Dajin Yankin Damina. U. na California Press, Berkeley da Los Angeles, 225 pp.
Ganewa
Julie S. Denslow Kyauta
Mujallar ilimin halittu na wurare masu zafi Biotropica ta amince da gudummawar binciken Denslow a fagen ta hanyar sanya kyautan Julie S. Denslow a shekara ta 2015. A baya ana kiranta Award for Excellence in Tropical Biology and Conservation, tun shekara ta 2000 ana ba ta kowace shekara ga mai binciken wanda ya buga fitacciyar takarda a cikin mujallar a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana ƙaddara masu karɓa bisa ga takaddun da aka gabatar a bayyane, tare da kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira, wanda ke ba da damar sababbin masarufi game da abubuwan da ke tasiri cikin matakai daban-daban a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Za%C9%93e%20mai%20zaman%20kanta%20ta%20%C6%99asa | Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa | Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1998, ita ce hukumar zaɓen da ke lura da zaɓe a Najeriya. Dukkan wasu abubuwan da suka shafi Zaɓe a ƙarƙashin ta suke. Kuma kamar yadda sunan ta yake ita hukuma ce mai zaman kanta
Tarihi
Dokoki da gudanar da zabe
Gudanar da zabubbukan dimokiraɗiyya a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun daga lokacin samun 'Yancin kai lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (ECN) a shekarar 1958 don gudanar da zaben tarayya na 1959. Kafin 1958, dokokin yanki da gwamnati suna tsarawa da gudanar da zaɓe. ECN ya kasance karkashin jagorancin wani bature, Ronald Edward Wraith da mambobin Najeriya huɗu dake wakiltar kowane yanki da Babban Birnin Tarayya na Legas. Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEC), wacce aka kafa a 1960 ta gudanar da zaɓukan tarayya da na yankuna kai tsaye bayan samun ‘yanci na 1964 da 1965. Kafin gudanar da zaben na 1964, Babban Jami’in Zaɓe, Kofo Abayomi ya yi murabus kuma wasu jami’an jam’iyyar daga NCNC da AC (Action Group) sun nuna shakku kan sahihancin zaben na gaskiya da adalci. An rusa hukumar zaben bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1966. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEDECO), inda ta shirya zabukan shekarar 1979 wanda ya kawo Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Shehu Shagari . Hakanan ta gudanar da babban zaben 1983.
A watan Disambar 1995, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya wacce ta sake gudanar da wani zaben. Ba a ƙaddamar da waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin ba kafin mutuwar Janar Abacha kwatsam a watan Yunin 1998 ya soke aikin. A 1998, Gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar ta rusa NECON ta kuma kafa Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC). INEC ta shirya zabukan rikon-kwarya da suka haifar da Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 1999.
A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar " #BringBackOurGirls " ta yi kara game da shirin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi don ware Chibok da wasu al'ummomin da ke karkashin ikon Boko Haram a yanzu daga karbar katunan zaɓe na dindindin (PVCs) don zaben na watan Fabrairu."
Shugabanci
Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta farko shi ne Cif Eyo Esua (1964-1966) a Jamhuriya ta Farko. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya shirya domin komawa kan mulkin farar hula a Jamhuriya ta Biyu, ya kafa sabuwar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya karkashin jagorancin Cif Michael Ani don lura da zaɓen 1979. Mai shari’a Victor Ovie Whiskey ne ya maye gurbin Ani. A lokacin gwamnatocin Ibrahim Babangida da na Sani Abacha, waɗanda suka yi yunkurin komawa kan turbar dimokuraɗiyya, Hukumar Zaɓe ta kasa a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Eme Awa (1987-1989), Farfesa Humphrey Nwosu (1989–1993), Farfesa Okon Uya da Cif Sumner Dagogo- Jack (1994–1998).
INEC
Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar ne ya kafa INEC ta yanzu, tare da Mai Shari’a Ephraim Akpata a matsayin shugaba. Akpata ya yi mu'amala da kungiyoyin siyasa 26, inda ya ba da rajista na wucin-gadi a matsayin jam'iyyun siyasa na zaɓen 1998/1999, daga karshe ya koma karkashin jam'iyyun uku. Duk da kokarin da aka yi na tabbatar da zaɓe cikin gaskiya da adalci, aikin ya jawo kakkausar suka daga masu sa ido na kasashen duniya. Bayan Akpata ya mutu a watan Janairun 2000, gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta naɗa Abel Guobadia Babban Jami’in Zaɓe na Najeriya, matsayin da Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar a watan Mayun 2000. Guobadia ce ke da alhakin zaɓen 2003, wanda rikice-rikice da yawa da wasu ɓarnatar suka yi lahani.
A watan Yunin 2005, Guobadia ya yi ritaya kuma Farfesa Maurice Iwu ya gaje shi. Jim kadan da nada shi, Iwu ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a bar masu sa ido na kasashen waje ba yayin zabuka, amma masu sa ido kan zaben na kasashen waje ne kawai. 'Yan siyasa da kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi Allah wadai da wannan shawarar wadanda suka yi kira da a cire shi nan take daga mukaminsa. Yadda aka gudanar da zaɓen 2007 an sake sukar shi da cewa ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙa'idodin dimokuraɗiyya.
A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zabi Farfesa Attahiru Muhammadu Jega a matsayin sabon Shugaban INEC, idan har Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Iwu, wanda ya bar mukamin a ranar 28 ga Afrilun 2010. Naɗin Jega a matsayin shugaban INEC ya biyo bayan amincewa da taron Majalisar kasa da Shugaba Jonathan ya kira wanda ya samu halartar tsoffin shugabannin kasa Yakubu Gowon, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar, Ernest Shonekan, Olusegun Obasanjo da Shehu Shagari. Shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark, kakakin majalisar wakilai Oladimeji Bankole, da mafi yawan gwamnonin jihohi suma sun halarci taron. Amincewar da majalissar da aka zaba ta yi wa wannan nadin ya kauce ma cece-kuce game da ko shugaban kasa ya kamata ya nada shugaban INEC. Martani game da sanarwar daga dimbin bangarorin shugabannin siyasa da kungiyoyi sun kasance masu kyau, kodayake wasu sun nuna damuwa cewa za a iya lattin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na ainihi kafin zaben 2011.
A lokacin yakin neman zaben babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2015, Attahiru Jega "ya fuskanci kakkausar suka daga bangaren adawa da jam'iyya mai mulki." Wa'adin mulkinsa na Attahiru Jega na shekaru biyar ya zo karshe ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 2015, kuma duk da cewa ya cancanci sake nadin, damar hakan ta yi nisa ganin yadda jami'an kamfen din Shugaba Goodluck suka nuna masa son kai. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu a matsayin Shugaban INEC, Farfesa Yakubu ya karbi aiki daga hannun Amina Bala-Zakari, wacce ke rikon mukamin shugaban bayan Jega ya tafi.
Rigingimu
Hukumar Zaɓe ta INEC ta gamu da rikice-rikice da dama a yayin da ake tunkarar zabuka a kasar, musamman zaɓen watan Afrilun 2007, gami da sukar yadda ta shirya daga Sada Abubakar, Sarkin Musulmi da kuma takaddama kan “rashin cancantar” Mataimakin. takarar shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa INEC ba za ta iya dakatar da ‘yan takara ba, don haka aka kara sunan Abubakar a kuri’un a mintin karshe.
Dangane da batun magudin zabe, kakakin hukumar INEC, Philip Umeadi ya ce a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu cewa "Ba mu zauna kan wani rikici a Najeriya ba." Manufar INEC ita ce ta kasance a matsayin EMB mai zaman kanta kuma mai tasiri wajen gudanar da zabe na gaskiya, kuma amintacce don dorewar dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. Hangen nesan INEC shine ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun Hukumomin Gudanar da Zabe (EMB) a duniya wanda zai cika burin jama'ar Najeriya.
A cikin shirye-shiryen babban zaben 2015, INEC a karkashin Jega ta gabatar da na'urar tantance masu kada kuri'a domin tantance masu jefa kuri'a da katunan zabensu don rage aukuwar magudi da ƴan siyasa keyi. Gabatar na'urar zaɓe (card reader) yasa shugaban hukumar zaɓe (INEC) ya samu yabo daga ‘yan Najeriya da dama amma gungun wasu kananan jam’iyyun siyasa hudu wadanda suka yi ikirarin suna wakiltar jam’iyyun siyasa 15 sun yi tir da hakan kuma sun bukaci INEC da ta dakatar da amfani da na’urar tantance katin a zaben 2015. An yi babban zaben shekarar 2015 a matsayin mafi inganci, sahihi da adalci tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 1999.
An zargi INEC da yawan kura-kuran zaɓe a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019 da suka hada da karar takardun kada kuri’a, da kuma na'urar tantance masu zaɓe (card reader) cewa an saita aikinsu don yin maguɗin zaɓe da kuma soke kuri’u masu inganci. Babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta People's Democratic Party da dan takararta na shugaban kasa sun kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu.
Duba kuma
Jerin kauyuka a Najeriya
Manazarta
1. http://www.inecnigeria.org/
2. https://www.inecnigeria.org/home/inec-history/
3. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965355951
4. https://repository.law.miami.edu/umiclr/vol10/iss2/10
5. http://inecnigeria.org/index.php?cateid=9&contid=6
6. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501081376.html
7. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/?p=9541
8. http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/26106/1/electoral-commission-through-the-years.html
9. http://allafrica.com/stories/200906020075.html
10. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1152.pdf
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20081128123048/http://www.ifes.org/publication/d5cdd8094465e31baf096f4eba5d457c/Et9_1.pdf
12. https://www.hrw.org/node/12130
13. . http://allafrica.com/stories/200903310118.html
14. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9766502
15. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090599.html
16. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090006.html
17. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006100204.html?viewall=1
18. http://allafrica.com/stories/201503240735.html
19. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/tension-mounts-on-presidency-over-jega/
20. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/breaking-buhari-appoints-mahmood-yakubu-as-inec-chairman/
21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133625/http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=517493
22. http://www.independentngonline.com/?c=181&a=22921
23. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20070417132554618C925706
24. https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/18312/4-political-parties-want-jega-fired-threaten-to-boycott-elections-over-card-readers/
25. https://dailypost.ng/2015/06/21/the-use-of-card-readers-in-elections-has-come-to-stay-jega/
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar gizo na INEC
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30437 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Peru | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Peru | A cikin Peru, ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya jaddada muhimmancin jihar don kiyaye mutuncin dukkan bil'adama. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunshi batutuwa waɗanda ke haɓaka 'yancin yancin kai, daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci, da rayuwa. Tun daga ƙarshen rikicin cikin gida a Peru wanda ya faru daga shekara ta 1980-2000, ƙasar ta yi aiki don haɗa ƙa'idodin jin kai da matsayi cikin dokar ƙasa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na musamman na haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙalubalanci. Rahoton Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na shekara ta 2014 na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana yadda ko da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare waɗannan ‘yancin ɗan Adam, ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da yawa duk da waɗannan dokoki. Duk da ci gaban da ƙasar ta samu tun bayan 'yan tawayen Maoist, har yanzu ana ganin matsaloli da dama da ke nuna yadda ake ci gaba da zama saniyar ware da matsugunin waɗanda suka sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na rikicin ƙasar ta Peru. A shekara ta 2001, an kafa kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu don magance cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin wannan rikici.
Fage
A cikin shekara ta 1980s, shekaru goma na cin zarafi na tsare-tsare na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya faru a cikin Peru a cikin yaƙi da ta'addanci, wanda ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba irin su Shining Path da Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army ke adawa da gwamnatin Peruvian. Sama da mutane 600,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon rikicin na kai tsaye, yayin da wasu da dama suka bace. Dangane da sake fasalin ƙasa da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi, rikici a maimakon haka ya haifar da ƙarin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayin da adawa ke karuwa ga gwamnatin Fujimori, haka tashe-tashen hankula. Duk da haka, duka jami'an tsaro na Peruvian da kuma 'yan tawaye ne ke da alhakin karuwar take hakkin bil'adama a tsawon lokacin tashin hankali. An kiyasta cewa fiye da mutanen Peru 27,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon wannan cin zarafi na cin zarafin bil adama a bangarorin biyu na rikici. Dubban tashe-tashen hankula da kashe-kashe da azabtarwa an yi su ne a kan jami'an gwamnati, da kuma fararen hula, a tsawon lokacin da ake tada kayar baya. Hanyar Shining ta kasance sananne ne da kai hari ga shugabannin gwamnati, shugabannin al'umma, 'yan ƙungiyar kwadago, tsirarun kabilu, ma'aikatan addini, masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama, da masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasashen waje. Mafi yawan waɗanda suka jikkata fararen hula ne, lamarin da ya sa rikicin cikin gida na Peru ya kasance mafi muni a tarihinsa.
A farkon ƙarni, Alberto Fujimori ya yi murabus daga Fadar Shugaban ƙasa, kuma tashin hankalin ya tsaya. Yayin da ƙasar ta fara farfaɗo wa daga rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shirye kamar Hukumar Gaskiya da sasantawa sun fito, suna ba da shawarar matakan biyan diyya ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da al'ummomi a fannoni kamar "lafiyar tunani da ta jiki, ilimi, tallafin tattalin arziki da kuma samar da takaddun shaida., ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru na kudi ba. Hukumar ta yi aiki don duba gurfanar da tsoffin jami'an tsaron kasar ta Peru saboda aikata wadannan laifukan take hakkin dan adam shekaru da dama. Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan motsi don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Peru da kuma yarda da sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida a kan takamaiman al'ummomi, waɗannan al'ummomi suna ci gaba da yin hijira, suna tabbatar da cewa matakan aiwatarwa ba su faruwa a daidai lokacin da za a iya samun nasara mai dorewa.
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana magana akan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam daga labarinsa na farko. Ya bayyana a cikin talifi biyu na farko cewa kowane ɗan adam yana da hakkin a mutunta shi da mutuncinsa, da rayuwarsa, daidaitonsa, da ’yancinsa dabam-dabam da suka shafi ra’ayi da tsaro. Waɗannan “babban haƙƙoƙin mutum” an keɓe su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kuma suna aiki azaman hanyar doka don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, duk da wannan takarda ta doka da kuma ci gaban rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ƙasar na ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, Peru tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniya ta Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sa ta kasance ƙarƙashin Hukumar Inter-Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka .
Girmama mutunci
Labari na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da 'yancin "rayuwa, asalinsa na tunaninsa na yau da kullun, da amincinsa na zahiri, da ci gabansa da jin daɗinsa kyauta." Martha Nussbaum ta tattauna mahimmancin mutuncin jiki a cikin littafinta na Ƙirƙirar Ƙira . A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan ya haɗa da 'yancin sarrafa jikinka, da 'yancin kasancewa amintacce cikin koshin lafiya. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dangane da haƙƙin ma'aikata da na kiwon lafiya, Tsarin Mulki ya tattauna batun daidaitaccen dama ba tare da nuna bambanci ga duk 'yan ƙasar Peruvian ba.
A cikin Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Ciniki tsakanin Amurka da Peru, " Dokar aiki " an ayyana shi azaman waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata waɗanda aka amince da su a duniya. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da "'yancin yin tarayya, amincewa da ingantaccen haƙƙin ciniki na gama gari, kawar da duk wani nau'i na tilastawa aiki, kawar da aikin yara masu tasiri, haramcin mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara, da sauran kariyar aiki. ga yara da yara ƙanana, kawar da nuna bambanci game da aiki da sana'a; da sharuɗɗan aiki masu dacewa dangane da mafi ƙarancin albashi, sa'o'i na aiki, da lafiyar sana'a da lafiya."
A Peru, an shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata cikin 'yanci. Koyaya, dole ne su bi wasu ƙa'idodi da buƙatun da aka tsara a cikin dokar. Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta samo asali ne tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata na Peruvian a shekara ta 1964. Ayyukan ƙungiyar sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun soja, suna gabatar da Dokar Gyaran Masana'antu, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan yi na yau da kullum. Sakamakon rikicin makami da aka yi a kasar Peru a farkon shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya karu, tare da kawar da iko daga kungiyoyin kwadago. Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, yajin aiki da yawa sun faru a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da 'yan adawa na adawa da sake zaɓen Fujimori. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan zanga-zangar na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya da suka yi nasara a Peru.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Peruvian ta ba da taken mallakar gidaje na birni kusan miliyan 1.2. Waɗannan taken ƙasar sun yi tasiri ga sakamakon tattalin arziki ga mutanen Peru. Shirin ba da taken gwamnati, ba kamar sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a ba, ya taimaka wajen haɓaka guraben aikin yi a Peru, wanda ya kawo ƙarin mutane cikin ma'aikata.
Game da aikin yara, yaran Peruvian suna ci gaba da tsunduma cikin masana'antu. Gwamnatin Peruvian ta kafa dokoki don aikin yara. Matsakaicin shekarun aiki a Peru yana da shekaru 14, da kuma shekaru 18 lokacin shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari. A cikin shekara t 2014, kusan kashi 68% na ma'aikatan yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun aiki na doka suna aiki a yankunan karkara akan gonaki, yayin da 31% na ma'aikatan yara suka yi aiki a sashin sabis na birni a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan yaran da ke cikin wuraren aiki suna rayuwa ne a cikin matalauta, al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda ke dogaro da aikin yara don tsira. Yaran da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci sun fi yin karatu da aiki lokaci guda sau huɗu fiye da yaran da ba su da talauci. Dukansu hukumomin tilasta bin doka da oda a Peru sun yi aiki don yaƙar aikin yara ta hanyar ba da shawarar nau'ikan ayyukan gwamnati don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya, kamar faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa.
Haƙƙoƙin lafiya
Yankuna daban-daban na Peru suna da mazauna waɗanda ke fuskantar bambance-bambancen matakan wariya da talauci. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna haɓaka bambance-bambance a cikin cututtukan cututtuka da adadin mace-mace, da cututtukan da za a iya rigakafin su, a tsakanin matalauta, ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, Peru tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai a kashi 17 cikin 1,000 da aka haihu, kuma adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 98 cikin 100,000 masu rai. Kodayake yawancin ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiya sun faru a cikin Peru tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da ta'addanci, tsarin kiwon lafiya bai karbi cikakkun haƙƙoƙi daidai ba ga dukan 'yan kasar Peru. Dangane da ƙabilanci, kabilanci, da jinsi, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da cewa shirin kiwon lafiya na kasar Peru ya bayyana kudurinsa na samar da damammaki ga duniya, har yanzu kasar na shan wahala wajen samar da ingantacciyar hanyar kula da lafiya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar.
A cikin shekara ta 2002, an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar jama'a mai suna ForoSalud don aiki azaman sarari don yin tattaunawa game da lafiya. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin membobi 80 a duk faɗin Peru, shirin yana da nufin haɓaka sabbin manufofin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka shafi inganci da haɓaka ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Manufar hanyar sadarwar ita ce ta samar da cikakkiyar lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin duniya ga mazauna Peru. Domin a cim ma hakan, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki don haɓaka ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya don isa ga waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci da keɓewa daga al'ummar Peruvian mafi girma. An kiyasta cewa 40% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian ba su da damar yin amfani da kiwon lafiya da kuma manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya. ForoSalud ya ba da fifikon shiga harkar lafiya tsakanin ƴan ƙasa don yin tasiri ga manyan yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya a matakin ƙasa da na yanki. Shawarwarinsu yana haɓaka ƙarin "hanyar ƙasa don shiga," suna ƙoƙari don " haɓaka lissafin jami'an gwamnati don duka nasarori da gazawar manufofin kiwon lafiya."
Wani rukuni na ƙungiyoyi, CARE -Peru da Likitoci don 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, duk sun goyi bayan kulawa da kulawa da kiyaye haƙƙin lafiya da samun dama a cikin Peru. A yau, CARE tana aiki don tsara shirye-shiryen su a kusa da jama'a masu wariya da marasa galihu kamar mata, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da mazauna karkara, don taimaka musu su aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin su a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Peru. A Peru, CARE ta mai da hankali kan lafiyar mata, yin aiki don rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da abinci mai gina jiki, inganta samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa don inganta lafiya da jin daɗin jama'ar Peru masu rauni. Duk haɗin gwiwar da ke cikin Peru suna aiki don taimakawa waɗannan al'ummomi masu rauni su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi don ba da shawara ga canje-canje a cikin al'ummominsu a cikin ƙarin yanayin sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa.
A ranar 19 ga Yuni na shekara ta, 2020, asusun fansho na jama'a na Sweden AP7 ya sanya sunayen kamfanoni uku da suka haɗa da kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu SK Holdings, Kamfanin Cannabinoid na Kanada Cronos Group da kuma kamfanin lantarki na Masar Elsewedy Electric bisa zargin cin zarafin ɗan adam a Peru.
'Yancin jama'a
Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare yancin walwala daban-daban, wanda ke ba da ƴancin kai. Ilimi da yancin addini su ne muhimman yancin da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru. Ilimi shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a cikin Peru, kowane mutum yana da damar samun ilimi ba tare da wariya ba. Hakazalika, 'yancin yin addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda Peru ta amince da shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkinsu, yana hana nuna wariya ga bambance-bambancen addini.
Haƙƙoƙin ilimi
Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya bayyana cewa makarantun firamare da sakandare na duniya ne ga wadanda ke tsakanin shekaru 6-16, kuma kyauta ta hanyar matakin sakandare. Duk da haka, a aikace, ilimi kyauta ba ya samuwa a Peru sakamakon kudade na ƙungiyoyi na iyaye, gudanarwa, da kuma yawancin kayan ilimi, yana da wuya ga jama'a masu rauni su sami damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Talakawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasar Peru sun yi ƙoƙarin samun ingantaccen ilimi, sakamakon samun dama da harshe. Ta hanyar samfura kamar Ilimin Al'adu Bi-lingual, Peru ta yi aiki don haɓaka ilimi a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar. Koyaya, jinsi, ƙabila, wurin zama, da na yare duk suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halarta, suna ƙarfafa buƙatar ƙarin shirye-shiryen kula da yara da ilimi.
Akwai iyakoki da yawa a cikin sashin ilimi a cikin Peru waɗanda ba sa daidaita tsarin a duk duniya. A yankunan karkara, gaba daya daliban sun kasance manyan shekaru a shirye-shiryen yara na yara, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa daliban karkara ba sa samun kwakkwaran tsarin ilimi da takwarorinsu ke yi a birane. Ko da yake ci gaban shigar mata cikin makarantu ya sami ci gaba sosai sakamakon ma'aikatar ilimi, ci gaban shigar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta Peru a fannin ilimi ya ragu. Ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ilimi da ake da su a ƙasar Peru ya tilasta musu su "haɗu da al'adu masu rinjaye," saboda an ƙarfafa su su watsar da tufafin gargajiya da yare na gida. A cikin shekara ta 1972, Manufofin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Ilimin Bilingual sun yi aiki don haɓaka aiwatar da ilimin harsuna biyu a cikin yankunan Peru inda ba a jin Mutanen Espanya. Ko da yake ilimin harsuna biyu ya fara haɗawa da ɗalibai daga yankuna daban-daban kuma daga harsuna daban-daban, iya karatu da iya magana a cikin Mutanen Espanya har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don shiga cikin al'ummar Peruvian.
Haƙƙoƙin addini
Kundin tsarin mulki, tare da dokoki da manufofi masu yawa, suna kare yancin yin addini. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba sun ci gaba da kokawa don samun yanci iri ɗaya da aka ba wa waɗanda suke Katolika . Ƙungiyoyin addinan da ba na Katolika ba sun kasa samun wasu fa'idodin da aka bayar ga waɗanda ke cikin Cocin Katolika, kuma akai-akai suna fuskantar cin zarafi na al'umma sakamakon alaƙar addininsu da imaninsu. A cikin Mataki na ashirin da 50 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ya ce jihar "tana ba da gudummawar ta" ga Cocin Katolika da kuma "mai" ga sauran addinai.
Kusan kashi 81% na al'ummar Peruvian Roman Katolika ne, 13% na Furotesta, da 3% na sauran addinai. Ƙungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye sun soki dokokin 'yancin addini, suna masu ikirarin cewa ba su magance matsalar rashin daidaito ba, kuma suna iya zama masu wariya da kuma saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Yawancin mutanen Peruvian suna ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli tare da ƙungiyoyin addinan Kirista waɗanda ke dora al'adunsu ga waɗanda suke da bangaskiya da salon rayuwa daban-daban. Koyaya, Peru ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don kafa ƙarin haƙƙoƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa. Ta hanyar ci gaban Ofishin Harkokin Addini, Peru ta yi aiki don magance matsalolin da ke da alaka da addini. Ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye da yawa sun ce sun ji daɗin gyare-gyaren da gwamnati ta yi a shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2016 don rage son kai ga Cocin Katolika da kuma sassauta buƙatun rajistar ƙungiyoyi. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai rashin daidaito da za a magance idan ana batun 'yancin addini,
Cin zarafi
Domin kare wariya daga faruwa a cikin Peru, akwai batutuwa da yawa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mata da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙarfafa daidaito ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, harshe, asali, ko launin fata ba. Hakanan ya fayyace cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance waɗanda abin ya shafa na ɗabi'a, na hankali, ko ta jiki ba. Ana kiyaye iyaye mata a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki don yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ɗan da ba a haifa ba abu ne mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka (Sashe na 2.1).
Mata da haƙƙin haifuwa
Peru babbar ƙasa ce ta Katolika, tana ba da batutuwan jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa musamman mahimmanci. A Peru, uwa ita ce "ginshiƙan rukunin iyali" kuma "Ƙungiyar iyali ita ce ginshiƙin al'umma." Duk da haka, ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi, mata a Peru ba su da damar samun daidaitattun albarkatu ko iko. A duk lokacin mulkin Fujimori, an tilasta wa mata yin biyayya ga manufofin yawan jama'a, yana iyakance 'yancin haihuwa na mace. Kididdigar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Peru suna cikin mafi muni yayin la'akari da daidaito ta fuskar jinsi da mazauni. Ko da yake yawancin cin zarafi sun faru a ƙarƙashin Fujimori, lokacin da Alejandro Toledo ya karbi mulki, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta hana yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ƙara yawan sakamakon zubar da ciki. An gano manufofi da yawa don nuna wariya ga mata kan batutuwan haihuwa, ɗaukar mata (musamman matalauta, matan karkara) a matsayin "abubuwan manufa maimakon a matsayin mutanen da ke da hakki kuma suna da damar shiga cikin yanke shawara, shirye-shirye, da manufofin da suka shafi lafiyarsu duk darajar."
Sakamakon wariyar da al'umma ke nunawa da fassarar al'ada game da rawar mata a gida, mata suna yaki da talauci da rashin aikin yi a Peru. A tsawon mulkin Fujimori, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da kauracewa da kuma matsayin mata na gargajiya a matsayin mata masu biyayya da uwaye. A fannin ilimi, mata a yankunan karkara ba su da ilimi (33.7%) idan aka kwatanta da maza (10.9%). Yawancin matan da ke cikin waɗannan al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar zirga-zirga, wanda hakan ya sa tafiya ta zama hanya daya tilo don isa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan wuraren yawanci ba su isa ba kuma ba sa samar da ayyuka masu dacewa na al'ada ga waɗanda ba Mutanen Espanya ba, suna sa sababbi ko mata masu ciki ba sa son neman kulawar gaggawa ta haihuwa . Tushen don Haɓaka Gudanar da Gaggawa na Gaggawa na Mata (FEMME) wani aiki ne da CARE ta kafa don mai da hankali kan kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa ta gaggawa da ta rasa a Peru. Ta hanyar ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga yawan jama'a, wannan tsarin ya taimaka canza tsarin kiwon lafiya zuwa cibiyoyin aiki don ba da kulawar gaggawa.
Batutuwan jima'i da haifuwa sun kasance batutuwan siyasa shekaru da yawa a Peru. Manufofin da aka ƙirƙira akan jikin mata, jima'i, da iya haifuwa sun yi daidai da muradun ƙasa da sauran hukumomi masu ƙarfi, kamar Cocin Katolika da ƙungiyoyin mazan jiya. Ta hanyar sauye-sauyen iko tsakanin jiga-jigan siyasa, Cocin Katolika, da masu ra'ayin mata, an yi muhawara kan batutuwan hana haihuwa da haifuwa. A cikin 2004, tare da fitowar ForoSalud, Ƙungiyar Sa ido kan Haƙƙin Jima'i da Haihuwa ta buɗe hanya don zaɓi na kyauta a Peru. Ko da yake an sami ci gaba da yawa bayan mulkin Fujimori, muhawara kan 'yancin jima'i da haihuwa ba su da mahimmanci ga jam'iyyun siyasa,
Haƙƙoƙin jima'i
Ko da yake an kare haƙƙin jima'i a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki, zamantakewa, an cire mutane da yawa lokacin da suka bayyana a matsayin jinsi daban. An halatta luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara ta 1924 Penal Code a Peru, amma har yanzu ana kyamar zamantakewa. Fassarar liwadi sun bambanta a tsakanin sassa daban-daban a Peru. A cikin sassan zamani, ayyukan jima'i ne tsakanin mutane biyu masu jinsi ɗaya; a cikin sassan gargajiya, yana wakiltar ɗaukar ka'idodin jima'i na sabanin jinsi; a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, liwadi ya haɗa da masu wucewa da "mata" maza; kuma a kafafen yada labarai, ana ɗaukar luwaɗi da madigo ba daidai ba ne kuma ana danganta shi da munanan halaye kamar shan muggan ƙwayoyi . Sai da aka gabatar da Movimiento Homosexual de Lima (MHOL) a farkon shekara ta 1980s aka fara gwagwarmayar LGBT a Peru. Tare da bullar cutar HIV/AIDS, yunƙurin LGBT ya ƙara fitowa fili, wanda ya ƙaru da kuɗaɗe na duniya don cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin al'ummomin gay . An hukunta luwadi da madigo a cikin Peru, kuma a shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da dokokin nuna wariyar jinsi.
Lokacin da cutar kanjamau ta bulla a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kafofin watsa labarai sun yada firgita game da cutar da asalinta a cikin "fasikancin jima'i" a cikin al'ummomin gay. An danganta kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Peru da ɗan luwaɗi ko ɗabi'a . A Peru a yau, kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin yawancin mazan Peru marasa galihu waɗanda suka yi jima'i da jima'i. An gano cewa a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, akwai ƙarancin ilimi kuma ko da mutanen Peruvian sun san haɗarin su na kamuwa da cutar HIV, ba za su iya gwadawa da samun maganin hana haihuwa ba. Koyaya, haɓaka amintaccen jima'i da rigakafin hana haihuwa a cikin cutar HIV/AIDS da haɓaka jigogi masu kyau na LGBT ya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da daidaita ra'ayin bambancin jima'i a cikin Peru.
Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar
Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙayyadad da daidaito ga ƙabilanci, ƴan asalin ƙasar Peru na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 45% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian. Waɗanda ’yan asali ke magana da Quechua, Aymara, ko kuma wasu yarukan ’yan asali. A cikin Peru, "dala na zamantakewa" yana sanya 'ya'yan Turai masu jin Mutanen Espanya a saman, sannan mesitizos (mafi yawancin Mutanen Espanya), cholos ('yan asalin Mutanen Espanya), kuma a ƙarshe, masu magana da harshe guda ɗaya. Sakamakon yaƙi da ta'addanci, an tumɓuke ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, an ware su, an kuma kashe su, aka kawar da su daga al'ummar Peruvian.
Ana gane duk harsuna a cikin Peru, amma ana fahimtar harsunan ƴan asalin a matsayin ƙananan matsayi. Domin Peru galibi ƙasa ce ta Mutanen Espanya, don zama mai ba da shawara a cikin al'umma da shiga, dole ne mutum ya fahimta da jin Mutanen Espanya. Dangane da ilimi, ɗaliban ƴan asalin harshe ɗaya kokawa a cikin shirye-shiryen koyarwa na Mutanen Espanya. Hakazalika, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, wanda hakan ya sa samun albarkatu ya zama babbar matsala ga ɗaiɗaikun al'ummomin. Sabili da haka, a cikin Peru, 'yan asalin ƙasar suna cikin matsala idan aka zo ga ma'aikata, ilimi, da samun lafiya, suna sanya su ƙasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a a cikin Peru.
Duba kuma
Tsarin Mulki na Peru
Hakkin LGBT a Peru
Hukuncin babban laifi a Peru
Fataucin mutane a Peru
Mata a Peru
'Yan asalin ƙasar Peru
Manazarta
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
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2748 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland | Poland | A zamanin da kabilai iri-iri sun yi yawa a cikin ƙasar Poland, kamar su Pomorzanie, da Polanie, da Wiślanie, da Goplanie, da Mazowszanie da sauran su. Duk mutanen nan suna jin harshe ɗaya, kuma al’adunsu da sana’o’insu sun yi kama da juna, amma su a rarrabe suke, sai suna yaƙi da juna. Su arna ne, sabo da haka wata kabila ta yamma kullum faɗa take yi da ƙasar Jamus, inda duk jama'an Kiristoci ne. Ana nan sai wani sarki mai suna Mieszko ya yanke shawara a haɗa duk kabilai. Da farko ya mallaki kabilan Polanie, sabo da haka sunan ƙasarmu Poland ne. Bayan ya haɗa kabilai, ya zama shugaban ƙasa, kuma ya zama asalin iyalin sarakuna na ƙasar Poland mai suna PIASTOWIE.
Mieszko I (960-992) yana so ya zauna lafiya da sarkin Jamus – Otto I, saboda haka ya karɓi addinin Kirista a shekara ta 966. Daga wannan lokaci Poland ta zama ƙasar Kirista ne. Lokacin da yayi yaƙi da ƙasar Czech, ya auri ’yar ƙasar Czech – Dobrawa, wadda ta haifa masa ɗa namiji. Sunan sa Bolesław Chrobry (992-1025) wanda ya hau gadon sarautar ƙasar Poland. Ana cewa ya fi uban sa ƙarfi, ya sha yaƙi don ƙara ƙasa. A shekarar 1018 ya ci nasara da Jamus, wadda ita ce ƙasar mafi girma a Turai a zamanin nan.
Bolesław Krzywousty (1102-1138): Ana cewa wai wannan sarki mayaki ne shahararre, amma ba shi da hankali. Yana da yaya da yawa. Ba ya son su yi yaki da juna bayan mutuwar sa, saboda haka ya rarraba kasar don ko wanne ya sami yankin sa. Kasar Poland ta rasa karfi. Bayan an yi shekaru dari da hamsin wani sarki mai suna Kazimierz Wielki ya sake hada kasa. Kazimierz III Wielki (1333-1370), wato „Kazimierz Mai Girma”, kuma ya yi matukar kokari don gyara kasar sa. Akwai wani kirari na sarkin nan wanda ake cewa „an haife shi a kasar mai gine-gina na itace, sai ya mutu a kasar mai gine-gine na dutse”. Ya sa anyi gine-gine na zamani. A zamanin sa ilmi da hikima suka karu, har ya kafa jami’ar Cracow, wacce take daya daga cikin jami’o’i na farko a Turai. An kuma gina coci da yawa, aka gina ganuwar gari. Yasa kasa ta zama mai karfi, mai muhimmanci. Kazimierz Wielki yana da mata hudu, amma bai da namiji, sai ’yan mata.
Iyali mai suna PIASTOWIE yayi mulki wajen shekaru ɗari huɗu, har zuwa shekara ta 1370 bayan haihuwar Annaba Isa. Can an yi sarakuna mai girma, waɗanda suka ƙara faɗin ƙasa, kuma sun kula da addinin Kirista. Garuruwa da suka fi muhimmanci a wancan zamani, su ne Gniezno, wato gari mafi muhimmanci game da addinin Kirista, da Cracow, wato babban garin ƙasar. Bayan haka wani sabon iyali mai suna JAGIELLONOWIE ya sami mulki. A lokacin mulkin su Poland ta zama ƙaton ƙasa mai ƙarfi, sabo da ta haɗa da ƙasar Lithuania. Amma sarakuna daga cikin wannan iyali ba su yi yawa ba, sai guda bakwai. Zygmunt II August, sarki na ƙarshe daga cikinsu ba shi da ɗa ko ɗaya, sabo da haka bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1573, mutane masu kuɗi suka sami sarakuna daga wasu ƙasashe dabam na Turai.
Daga wajen shekara 1600 kasar Poland ta yi yaki da makwabtanta – kasar Turkiya, Rasha da Ukraine. Yakin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne yaki da kasar Sweden. Kasar Poland ta ci nasara amma duk yakin nan sun dami mutane, sun bata kasar an kashe kudin baitulmal. Daga wannan lokaci, ƙarfin sarki ya fara ragewa, kuma wahaloli iri-iri na siyasa suka ɓullo.
Sarki na karshe shi ne Stanisław August Poniatowski (1764-1795). A zamanin sa ilmi ya karu. A shekara 1793 an gina sannaniyar fada cikin garin Warsaw, wadda ake kira Łazienki Królewskie. Mutane daga kasahen daban-daban suna zuwa Warszawa don kallon Łazienki Królewskie. Sarkin nan ya lura da mawaka da ‘yan kade kade da masu fasaha. An kafa ma’aikata mai kula da makarantu. A wannan lokaci makwabtan kasar Poland kamar Rasha, Jamus da Austria sun kara karfi. Nufin su ma shi ne a kwace kasar Poland, kowacce daga cikin su tana son daukar bangarenta. A shekara 1795 sun ci kasar Poland, kasar Poland ta rasa mulki, an zama yin mulkin mallaka a ƙasar. Mutanen kasar Poland sun sha wuya, saboda wadannan kasashen ba sa yi masu alheri. An hana yin magana a harshen Poland, kuma an hana koyar da tarihin kasar Poland. Mutanen kasar Poland sun yi kokari su sami yanci. Sun yi yaki da dama, inda mutane da yawa suka mutu. Bayan wahalce-wahalcen da suka dade shekara dari daya da ashirin da uku, kasar Poland ta sake samun yanci. Shugaban da ya shawara da karfi kuma da wayo sunan sa Józef Pilsudski. Shi da alkawaran sa sun sami yanci ranar 11 Nuwamba 1918, sabo da haka wanann rana ta zama bikin samun ’yanci.
Hotuna
Manazarta
Ƙasā̀shē
Tūrai |
28882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko | Kosoko | Kosoko (ya rasu a shekara ta 1872) dan gidan sarautar Ologun Kutere dake Legas wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin sarkin Legas watau Oba na Legas daga 1845 zuwa 1851. Mahaifinsa shi ne Oba Osinlokun da ’yan uwansa Idewu Ojulari (wanda ya kasance Oba daga shekarar, 1829 zuwa 1834/35), Olufunmi, Odunsi, Ladega, Ogunbambi, Akinsanya, Ogunjobi, Akimosa, Ibiyemi, Adebajo, Matimoju, Adeniyi, Isiyemi, Igbalu, Oresanya., da Idewu-Ojulari.
Gadon Mulki
Kosoko gaji saratar Oba na Legas a shekarar, 1845 ya fuskanci da dama nau'ikan abubuwa masu ban mamaki.
Rikici tsakanin dangin Osinlokun da Adele
Lokacin da Oba Ologun Kutere ya rasu (tsakanin shekara ta, 1800 zuwa 1805), an yi gumurzu tsakanin babban dansa (Osinlokun) da karamin dansa kuma sha lelensa (Adele). Duk da yake ba tsarin sarautar ba bisa jerin haihuwa bane amma ta hanyar masu nadin sarauta da tuntubar jawabin Ifa, Osinlokun da mabiyansa sun yi adawa da sarautar Adele. A shekarar, 1819 Osinlokun yayi wa kaninsa kaninsa Adele juyin mulki a wajajen shekara ta,1819, wanda hakan ya tilastawa Adele gudun hijira zuwa Badagry inda wan ya zama shugaban garin.
Sanadin rikicin Kosoko da Eletu Odibo
Kosoko ya yi wa firayim minista mai iko ( Eletu Odibo ) da mai nadin sarauta laifi ta hanyar auren wata mata da aka sanya wa rana da Cif Eletu Odibo. Eletu Odibo, a matsayinsa na shugaban masu rike da sarautun gargajiya na Akarigbere, shi ne aka ba shi ikon sa ido kan zabo da sanya obas. Matakin girman kai da Kosoko ya dauka zai kawo cikas ga yunkurinsa na neman karagar mulki yayin da Cif Eletu Odibo ya fusata sosai kuma takaddamar da ke tsakanin mutanen biyu ta sauya sarautar Obaship sau da dama tare da kafa hanyar shiga tsakani na Burtaniya a Legas daga baya a shekarar, 1851.
Mutuwar Osinlokun, Idewu Ojulari na gajeren wa'adi, da bayyanar rikicin Eletu da Kosoko.
A lokacin da Osinlokun ya mutu a shekara ta,1819, Idewu dan uwan Kosoko ya zama Oba kuma fara mulki daga shekara ta, 1819 har zuwa 1834/5. Amma sai dai mulkin Idewu baiyi kaurin suna ba sanan a gaban Oba na Benin Idewu ya kashe kansa.
Tun lokacin da Kosoko ya zama dan adawan Eletu Odibo, masu nadin sarautan suka kira Adele ya dawo gida daga Badagry kuma ya zama Oba na Lagos a karo na biyu. Mulkin sarki na biyu Adele ya kare a yayin da ya rasu a shekara ta, 1837 sannan kuma Eletu Odibo ya kara hana Kosoko daman zama sarki sannan ya kara nada dandan Adele.
Rikici ya karu tsakanin Kosoko da Eletu Odibo
Rikicin tsakanin Eletu Odibo da Kosoko ya karu inda Eletu Odibo ya mika wa Opo Olu, ‘yar uwar Kosoko, zarginta da maita. Masu duban sun gano Opo Olu ba shi da laifi duk da haka Oba Oluwole ya kori Opo Olu daga Legas, inda ya jagoranci Kosoko da mabiyansa zuwa wani bore na makami da bai yi nasara ba da aka fi sani da Ogun Ewe Koko ("leaves of the coco-yam war") wanda ya sa Kosoko da mabiyansa suka gudu. ku Epe.
Daga nan sai Eletu Odibo ya tayar da kiyayyar da ke tsakanin sansanonin biyu ta hanyar tono gawar mahaifiyar Kosoko tare da jefa gawar a cikin tafkin Legas.
Rasuwar Oba Oluwole da hawan Akitoye
An kashe Oba Oluwole a shekara ta, 1841 lokacin da walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar wani abu a wurin Oba. An busa gawar Oluwole da gutsuttsura, ba a iya gane gawar ba sai ’yan kwalliyar sarauta da ke kawata jikinsa. Da an gayyaci Kosoko ya zama Oba amma ba a san inda yake ba. Saboda haka, Akitoye, kawun Kosoko, kanin Osinlokun & Adele, kuma dan Ologun Kutere aka nada a matsayin Oba na Legas.
shafewar basirar Akitoye da ramuwar gayya ta Kosoko
A yunƙurin sulhu (ya gamu da matsananciyar turjiya daga sarakuna, ba Eletu Odibo ba) tare da ɗan'uwansa, Oba Akitoye ya tuno da Kosoko zuwa Legas. Kosoko ya koma Legas ne a cikin jirgin shahararren dan kasuwar bayi Jose Domingo Martinez. Akitoye ya yi kokarin bai wa Kosoko kyaututtuka kuma ya ba shi mukamin Oloja na Ereko ko kuma mai Ereko. Kosoko yayi sauri ya karfafa matsayinsa kuma ya sami goyon baya a tsakanin shugabannin yaki da yawa da kuma tsakanin al'ummar musulmi. Eletu Odibo ya damu da yadda Kosoko ya kara karfin iko ya tafi Badagry. Shi kuma Akitoye ya tuno da Eletu Odibo daga Badagry, wanda ya sa Kosoko ya bayyana cewa idan Eletu Odibo ya koma Legas, “zai maida kansa sarki”.
Habaici tsatstsama ne ya kaure tsakanin Oba Akitoye da Kosoko yana aikewa da kukansa Legas yana waka yana cewa "Ka fada wa wannan karamin yaro a kotu a can ya yi hankali, domin idan bai yi hankali ba za a hukunta shi". Akitoye ya tura kukan nasa yana rera wakar "Ni kamar filin da aka kora a cikin kasa, wanda ko da yaushe yana da wuya a cire shi amma ya dawwama." Kosoko ya mayar da martani "Ni ne mai tono wanda koyaushe yana fitar da fil".
Tashin hankali ya haifar da tashin hankali mai suna Ogun Olomiro (Yaƙin Ruwa na Gishiri) da ƙungiyar Kosoko ta yi a cikin Yuli shekara ta,1845. Bangaren Kosoko sun killace fadar Oba na tsawon makonni uku. Daga karshe Akitoye ya amince da shan kaye, ya tsere daga kogin zuwa arewa, kuma Oshodi Tapa, kyaftin din yakin Kosoko ya ba shi damar wucewa ta kogin Agboyi lafiya. Oshodi Tapa ya bayyana yadda Akitoye ya tsere zuwa Kosoko inda ya ce Akitoye ya sanya makiyansa cikin rudani. Daga baya Akitoye ya isa Abeokuta inda aka ba shi mafaka. Da yake fahimtar tserewar Akitoye a matsayin barazana, Kosoko ya bukaci kan Akitoye daga Egbas wanda ya ki amincewa da bukatar Kosoko. A cikin watan Maris shekara ta, 1845, Egbas ya ba wa Akitoye da aka kora a yanzu tare da rakiya zuwa Badagry, garin mafaka na gargajiya na Legas inda ya tara mabiyansa tare da gina haɗin gwiwa tare da mishan na turawa da kuma Birtaniya ta hannun Consul John Beecroft .
Mahimmin abu shine, an kama Eletu Odibo a yakin, Kosoko ya rama wa Eletu kashin mahaifiyarsa ta hanyar sanya Eletu Odibo a cikin tanki man fetur, ya rufe shi, ya sanya masa wuta, sannan ya jefar a cikin tafkin Legas.
Kutsawar Birtaniyya a rikicin Legas
Gamayyar bukatu a Legas daga Akitoye da aka kora a yanzu wanda ya haɗa kansa da manufar yaƙi da bautar don samun goyon bayan Birtaniyya, da mas kira zuwa addinin kirista na Anglican da ke Badagry waɗanda ke hulɗa da Akitoye, da Egba da ƴan kasuwa na Turai waɗanda ke son zirga-zirgar kayayyaki cikin 'yanci. An yi nasarar shigar da Burtaniya a Legas. Matsayin Akitoye na adawa da bauta ya bayyana an haife shi ne da son rai idan aka yi la’akari da alakarsa da fitaccen dan kasuwar bayi Domingo Martinez wanda ya goyi bayan harin da Akitoye ya kai Legas a cikin shekara ta, 1846 wanda bai yi nasara ba.
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 1851 wata jam'iyyar Burtaniya ta sadu da Oba Kosoko don gabatar da shawarar dangantakar abokantaka ta Burtaniya tare da barin cinikin bayi na Trans Atlantic . Kosoko ya ki amincewa da wannan shawara "saboda fasaha cewa Legas tana ƙarƙashin Oba na Benin kuma kawai Oba zai iya yin hulɗa da kasashen waje game da matsayin Legas".
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851, bayan nasarar Kosoko da fatattakar sojojin Birtaniya, Consul Beecroft ya rubuta wa Oba na Benin cewa "Kosoko, a dalilin sanya wuta a tutar sulhu, ya kaddamar da yaki a Ingila" don haka dole ne a maye gurbinsa da shi. Akitoye. Ya yi barazanar cewa Kosoko na da damar wata daya kafin ya mika wuya, idan har ba haka ba "za'a yake garin Lagos".
A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851, a wani abin da a yanzu ake kira Bombardment na Legas ko Rage Legas, HMS Bloodhound, HMS Teazer, da wasu ayarin jiragen ruwa sun kai hari a fadar Oba. Kosoko ya kafa kariyar tsaro amma a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851 yakin da aka fi sani da Ogun Ahoyaya ko Ogun Agidingbi (bayan tafasasshen igwa) ya kare inda Kosoko da mabiyansa suka gudu zuwa Ijebu. Yanzu an nada Akitoye matsayin Oba na Legas tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 1852 Akitoye ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Burtaniya da Legas ta soke cinikayyar bayi.
gudun hijira Kosoko zuwa Epe
Daga karshe Kosoko ya zauna a Epe da izinin Awujale na Ijebu. Epe dai shi ne wurin da kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata wasu da dama daga cikin mabiyansa irin su sarakunan sa Dada Antonio da Osho Akanbi suka fake. A shekara ta,1852, Kosoko ya gina wani sansani mai zaman kansa tare da mayaƙa kimanin 400 (ciki har da Oshodi Tapa ) don tayar da adawarsa ga Akitoye.
A shekarar, 1853 Kosoko ta kai hare-hare biyu a Legas; daya a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1853 da ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta, 1853 wanda ya zo kusa da fadar Oba cikin hadari amma an tsaida harin a daidai lokacin da wata sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya suka bude wuta a karkashin umurnin kwamanda Phillips na HMS Polyphemus.
Daga karshe Kosoko ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Epe a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 1854 tare da Consul Benjamin Campbell, inda ya amince da kada ya yi wani da'awa ga Legas ko kuma ya kawo barazana ga kasuwanci a Legas. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance nasara ta dabara ga Kosoko wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta amince da jiharsa a Epe. A madubin fasaha, sarautar Legas ta kasance ba ta tabuwa tare da kafuwar zuri'ar Akitoye da Dosunmu a masarautar.
Komawa Lagos
A shekara ta, 1860, Kosoko ya jawo Oba na Benin ya aika da saƙo zuwa Dosunmu yana matsa masa ya bar Kosoko ya koma Legas. Dosunmu, wanda a yanzu yake karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, ya ki amincewa da wannan bukata kuma ya lura cewa abubuwa ba su kasance kamar yadda yake a da ba lokacin da Legas ta kasance karkashin Sarkin Benin, wanda duk shekara ake biyan haraji.
Bayan Birtaniya ta mamaye Legas ta hanyar yarjejeniyar a shekara ta, 1861, an ba Kosoko damar komawa Legas da lakabin Oloja na Ereko, yana karbar fensho na £ 400 a kowace shekara. Oshodi Tapa, ya zauna a Epetedo.
Mutuwa da abunda ya bari
Kosoko ya rasu a shekarar, 1872 kuma an binne shi a Iga Ereko da ke Legas. Rikicin Kosoko-Akitoye/Dosunmu ya mamaye fagen tattalin arziki. Magoya bayan Oba Dosunmu ba su cika jin dadin kasancewar Birtaniya a Legas ba, yayin da abokan Kosoko suka yi amfani da dangantakar. Sansanin Kosoko ya ƙunshi maza irin su Oshodi Tapa da Taiwo Olowo, waɗanda cikin ƙwazo suka shiga kasuwanci da kamfanonin Turai. Shugaban bangaren tattalin arzikin Dosunmu shi ne Cif Apena Ajasa, wanda ya yi ta karo da Taiwo Olowo akai-akai. Lokacin da Kosoko ya mutu, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kiyasta cewa bangaren tattalin arzikinsa ne ya fi karfi saboda kasancewar mabiyansa akalla, 20,000.
Wasu fitattun zuriyarsa guda biyu su ne Omoba Jide Kosoko, fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Nollywood da Adekunle Gold, mai fasahar Afro-Pop na Najeriya.
Manazarta
Dangin Ologun-Kutere
Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
Sarakunan Yarbawa
Mutanen Lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeri
Oba na Lagos
Mutuwar 1872
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achraf%20Hakimi | Achraf Hakimi | Achraf Hakimi Mouh ( ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Maroko. Ya fi taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya.
Hakimi ya fito ne ta makarantar matasa ta Real Madrid. Ya fara taka leda a Real Madrid Castilla a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a 2017, yana wasa a 'yan mintuna kaɗan tare da na ƙarshe. An aika shi kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekaru biyu zuwa kungiyar Bundesliga ta Borussia Dortmund, inda ya lashe DFL-Supercup a 2019. Bayan lamuni da nasara da Dortmund, Hakimi ya sanya hannu tare da Inter Milan ta Serie A akan kudi Yuro miliyan 40, tare da ayyukansa na taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe kofin gasar, wanda ya kawo karshen kambun gasar na shekaru goma sha daya. Ayyukansa sun haifar da sha'awar kungiyoyin Turai da dama, tare da Paris Saint-Germain ta sanya hannu a 2021 akan kudi Yuro miliyan 60.
An haife shi a Spain iyayensa 'yan Maroko ne, Hakimi ya wakilci Maroko a matakai daban-daban na matasa, kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara ta 2016 yana da shekaru 17, bayan da a baya kungiyoyin matasa na kasa-da-20 suka buga wasansa na kasa da kasa. An zabe shi a cikin tawagar Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2019 da 2021.
Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Madrid, Spain, iyayensa 'yan Morocco ne, Hakimi ya shiga tsarin samarin Real Madrid a 2006 daga Colonia Ofigevi, yana da shekaru takwas.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Real Madrid
Hakimi made his debut for Real Madrid in the first match of the 2016 International Champions Cup, a 3–1 loss against Paris Saint-Germain. He subsequently returned to the B team, making his senior debut on 20 August 2016 by starting in a 3–2 Segunda División B home win against Real Sociedad B.
Hakimi ya zira kwallonsa na farko a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2016, inda ya jefa mai daidaitawa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Fuenlabrada.
A ranar 19 Agusta 2017, Hakimi ya ci gaba da zama babba a tawagar a matsayin madadin Dani Carvajal da Nacho, kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 19. Ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da La Liga a karon farko a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, wanda ya fara a cikin gida 2-0 nasara a kan Espanyol. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a La Liga a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a ci 5-0 da Sevilla. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2018, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kan Celta Vigo a ci 6-0. A cikin shekarar 2017-18 UEFA Champions League, ya buga wasanni biyu yayin da Madrid ta lashe taken, na uku a jere da 13th gabaɗaya. Ko da yake ba ya cikin tawagar da za ta buga wasan karshe na gasar, ya samu lambar yabo kuma ana ganin shi ne dan wasan Morocco na farko da ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai.
Loan zuwa Borussia Dortmund
A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2018, Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Bundesliga Borussia Dortmund kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekaru biyu. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ci 7-0 da ci 1. FC Nürnberg ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2018. Ya bayar da taimako guda uku a wasa daya a karon farko a rayuwarsa da Atlético Madrid, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko a Dortmund. Hakimi ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Slavia Prague a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2019, wanda ya ci na farko a gasar. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2019, Hakimi ya sake zira kwallaye biyu a rabi na biyu don juya rashin nasara 2-0 a kan Inter Milan da ci 3–2 a Westfalenstadion.
A cikin watan Fabrairu 2020, Hakimi ya kafa rikodin saurin Bundesliga lokacin da aka rufe shi a 36.48. km/h (22.67 mph) a karawar da suka yi da Union Berlin, inda ya doke tsohon tarihin gasar da ya kafa da RB Leipzig watanni uku da suka wuce a 36.2 km/h (22.5 mph). A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2020, Hakimi ya zira kwallo a wasan da kulob din suka doke SC Paderborn da ci 6–1 a waje. Bayan ya zura kwallo a raga, sai ya cire rigarsa ya bayyana wata riga mai dauke da sakon "Adalci ga George Floyd". Abokin wasansa, Jadon Sancho, ya bayyana irin wannan rigar bayan ya zura kwallo a raga.
Inter Milan
A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2020, Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Inter Milan na Seria A kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, tare da rahoton kusan Yuro miliyan 40. A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, Hakimi fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Fiorentina da ci 4-3 a gasar Seria A. 2.
Paris Saint-Germain
Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 (PSG) a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2021 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. The Guardian ta ruwaito kudin canja wuri da PSG ta biya ya zama farkon Yuro miliyan 60, mai yuwuwa ya tashi da yuro miliyan 11 a cikin kari. Hakimi ya fara buga wa PSG wasa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2021, inda ya buga tsawon mintuna casa'in sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din da suka doke Troyes. Ya sami jan kati na farko a kwallon kafa ta Turai a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Marseille a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021. A ranar 22 ga Satumba 2021, Hakimi ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar da suka yi da FC Metz da ci 2 – 1 don bai wa kungiyarsa damar yin nasara da samun maki 3.
Ayyukan kasa
Bayan da ya wakilci Maroko a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da 20, Hakimi ya fara buga wasansa na farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2016, a wasan sada zumunta da ci 1-0 kan Kamaru U23. Ya yi cikakken wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2016, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Fouad Chafik a ci 4-0 da Canada. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2017, inda ya zura ta hudu a wasan da suka doke Mali da ci 6-0.
A cikin watan Mayu 2018, an sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 kuma a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni an sanya shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 na karshe a gasar bazara.
Haka kuma an gayyaci Hakimi a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da za a yi a Kamaru a shekarar 2021. Ya fara dukkan wasanninsa a matakin rukuni. Ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Gabon. Ya fara ne a wasan zagaye na 16 da Malawi, inda ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 70 wanda ya baiwa kungiyarsa nasara.
Salon wasa
Bayan ya rattaba hannu a Borussia Dortmund, an bayyana Hakimi a matsayin mai sauri, mai kuzari da karfi na gefen dama na kai hari na baya ko reshe, wanda ya kware a fasaha da fasaha kuma yana da ikon yin dogayen kai kwallo kuma ga tsaro. An horar da shi a matsayin winger, kuma zai iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda kasancewarsa na kokari. Kwararru da dama suna daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin masu tsaron baya da dama a fagen kwallon kafa na duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Hakimi ya auri 'yar wasan kasar Spain Hiba Abouk; Ita ‘yar asalin Libya ce da kuma Tunisia. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, an haifeshi a cikin shekarar 2020. Shi musulmi ne mai kishin addini.
A ranar 17 ga Yuli 2021, Hakimi ya gwada inganci cutar COVID-19. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da ya kamu da kwayar cutar, bayan an gwada shi a cikin Oktoba 2020.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 29 Maris 2022. Makin Maroko ne aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Hakimi.
Girmamawa
Real Madrid Castilla
Copa del Rey Juvenil : 2017
Real Madrid
Supercopa de España : 2017
UEFA Champions League : 2017-18
UEFA Super Cup : 2017
FIFA Club World Cup : 2017
Borussia Dortmund
DFL-Supercup : 2019
Inter Milan
Serie A : 2020-21
Ligue 1 : 2021-22
Mutum
Gwarzon Matasan CAF : 2018, 2019
Kofin Bundesliga na Watan: Satumba 2018, Nuwamba 2018, Disamba 2019
Kungiyar Bundesliga ta Shekara: 2019-20
Gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na Lion d'Or: 2019
Breakthrough XI: 2019
Kyautar Globe Soccer Kyautar Gwarzon Matashin Balarabe na Shekara: 2019
Kungiyar Goal Africa: 2018, 2019
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa na bana: 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2019
Ƙungiyar ESM na Shekara : 2020-21
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Morocco a ƙasashen waje: 2020–21
IFFHS Ko da yaushe Mafarkin Mafarkin Maza na Maroko
Kungiyar IFFHS na Afirka na Shekara: 2020, 2021
Ƙungiyar Duniya ta IFFHS : 2021
Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka : 2021
Kungiyar Seria A ta Shekara : 2020-21
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Paris Saint-Germain
Rikodin gasar
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33585 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafalsafi | Mafalsafi | Mafalsafi ko mai falsafa shine masanin falsafa wanda kuma yake aiki da falsafar . Kalmar Falsafa ta fito ne daga daɗaɗɗar Girka: Philosophos, ma'ana 'masoyin hikima'. Ƙirƙirar kalmar an danganta ta ga manazarcin Girka mai sunaPythagoras (ƙarni na 6 KZ).
A kilasikiyance, mafalsafi shi ne wanda ya rayu bisa ga wata hanya ta rayuwa, yana mai da hankali kan warware tambayoyi na wanzuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam ; ba lallai ba ne su yi magana a kan ra'ayoyin ko yin sharhi kan marubuta. Wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu ga wannan salon rayuwa da an ɗauke su a matsayin mafalsafa, kuma yawanci sun bi falsafar Hellenanci .
A ma'anar zamani, mafalsafi intelekcuwal ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗaya ko fiye da ɗaya na rassan falsafa, kamar su aesthetics, ɗa'a, efistomalojiya, falsafar kimiyya, lojik, fiziyarmeta, Nazariyar zamantakewa, falsafar addini, falsafar siyasa . Masanin falsafa kuma yana iya zama wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ko wasu ilimomin kimiya waɗanda a cikin ƙarnukan da suka wuce suka rabu da falsafar, kamar fasaha, tarihi, tattalin arziki, ilimin zamantakewa, soshiyolojiya, ilimin harshe, anturofolojiya, tiyoloji, da siyasa .
Tarihi
Daɗaɗɗar Indiya da Bedas
Ana iya kuma samun lissafin farko na falsafar da aka haɗa a cikin tsohuwar bedas na Hindu, wanda kuma aka rubuta tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1200 KZ ( Rigveda ) da kuma kusan 1200-900 KZ ( Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda ). Kafin a haɗa Vedas, an ba da su ta baki daga janereshan zuwa janereshan.
Kalmar beda tana nufin "ilimi." A duniyar zamani, ana amfani da kalmar "kimiyya" don gano nau'in ilimin da ya ke da iko wajen samar da tushen da ci gaban ɗan adam. A zamanin Vedic, farkon abin da kimiyya ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne na har-abada; Ci gaban ɗan adam yana nufin ci gaban wayewar ruhi wanda zai kai ga samar da kuɓutar ruhi daga tarko material na jauhari da dai sauransu.
Falsafar beda tana ba da amsa ga duk tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba, watau me yasa ake jin ciwo da jin daɗi, masu arziki da matalauta, masu lafiya da marasa lafiya; Ubangiji - halayensa, yanayi da ayyukansa. Ruhi - Halinsa da halayensa, rayukan mutane da dabbobi; reincarnation - ta yaya yake faruwa, dalilin da yasa aka kuma haifi mutum kamar yadda yake. Menene manufar rayuwa? Me ya kamata mu yi?
Ilimin beda ya ƙunshi bedoji guda huɗu (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, da Atharva) tare da Samhita masu yawa, 108 Upanishad, 18 Purāna, Mahabharata, rubutun Tantra da yawa. Dukkan Falsafar beda ta kasu kashi shida:
Nyaya : Falsafar lojik da nazari
Vaisesika : Asalin abubuwa
Sankhya : Nontheistic Dualism
Yoga : Horon Kai don Gane Kai
Mīmāṁsā : Tunanin dharma
Vedanta : Kammaluwar Wahayin Beda Fahimtar wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi pragmatic ilimin da ya dace na yadda za a tsara al'umma, yadda ya kamata a sarrafa tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda tsarin siyasa dole ne ya jagoranci al'umma.
A taƙaice, dukkanin mazhabobi shida na falsafar Beda suna da nufin bayyana yanayin duniyar waje da dangantakarta da mutum, da wuce kammanin duniya da zuwa ga zahirin gaskiya, da kuma bayyana manufar rayuwa da hanyoyin cimma wannan manufa. .
Daɗaɗɗar Iran
Mawaƙin Iran kuma masanin falsafa Zarathustra ya yi zamani da marubutan Beda amma koyarwarsa tana da individual character. Gathas ɗinsa ya ƙunshi ainihin koyarwar falsafar Zorastiya: ra'ayin ' yancin zaɓe, 'yantaccen zaɓi da ƙaddamar da kai na ɗan adam. A cewar Zarathustra sararin samaniya mai hankali ce, wanda Hikimar (mazda) ta halitta don haka mutum ya san sararin samaniya ta hanyar hankali (xratu). Mafi girman alheri (vohu vahishta) shine mafi girman ƙa'idar ɗa'a. Za a iya ɗaukar Zoroaster a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko.
Daɗaɗɗar Girka da kuma Roma
Rabuwar falsafa da kimiyya daga tiyoloji ya fara ne a Girka a cikin karni na 6 BC. Thales, masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi, Aristotle ya ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa na farko na al'adar Girkanci .
Yayin da Pythagoras ne ya ƙirƙira kalmar, sanannen bayani na farko game da batun Plato ne ya gudanar da shi. A cikin Taro nasa, ya kuma kammala cewa soyayya ita ce wacce ta rasa abin da take nema. Don haka, masanin falsafa shi ne mai neman hikima; idan ya sami hikima, da ya zama mai hikima . Don haka, masanin falsafa a zamanin da, shi ne wanda ke rayuwa a cikin neman hikima, kuma yana rayuwa bisa ga wannan hikimar. An sami sabani game da abin da rayayyun falsafa ya ƙunsa. Waɗannan rashin jituwa sun haifar da mazhabobi na falsafar Helenawa daban-daban . A sakamakon haka, tsohon masanin falsafa yayi tunani a cikin al'ada. Yayin da tsohuwar duniyar ta zama schism ta hanyar muhawarar falsafa, gasar ta kasance a cikin rayuwa ta hanyar da za ta canza dukan rayuwarsa a duniya.
Daga cikin na ƙarshe na waɗannan masana falsafa akwai Marcus Aurelius, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin masanin falsafa a wannan zamani, amma da kansa ya ƙi kiran kansa da irin wannan laƙabi, tun da yake yana da hakki na rayuwa a matsayin emperor .
Sauyi
A cewar Classicist Pierre Hadot, tunanin zamani na masanin falsafa da falsafanci ya haɓaka ta hanyar canje-canje uku:
Na farko shi ne dabi'ar jauhari ta tunanin falsafa. Falsafa horo ne mai jaraba wanda zai iya ɗaukan mutum cikin sauƙi wajen tahalilin sararin samaniya da abstract theory.
Na biyu shine canjin tarihi a duk medieval era. Da tasowar Kiristanci, hanyar rayuwa ta falsafa ta sami karbuwa ta hanyar tiyolojinsa. Don haka, an raba falsafar tsakanin hanyar rayuwa da conceptual, logical, physical, da metafizikal don tabbatar da wannan hanyar rayuwa. Falsafa a lokacin ita ce bawan tauhidi.
Na uku shine bukatar zamantakewa tare da ci gaban jami'a. Jami’ar zamani na bukatar kwararru don koyarwa. Kula da kanta yana buƙatar koyar da ƙwararrun don maye gurbin faculty din. Don haka, horon ya ƙasƙanta zuwa harshen fasaha da aka keɓe don ƙwararrun, gaba ɗaya yana gujewa ainihin tunaninsa a matsayin hanyar rayuwa.
Zamanin Tsakiya
A ƙarni na huɗu, kalmar falsafa ta fara bayyana namiji ko mace da suka gudanar da rayuwar zuhudu. Gregory na Nyssa, alal misali, ya bayyana yadda ’yar’uwarsa Macrina ta rinjayi mahaifiyarsu ta bar “wahalar rayuwa ta abin duniya” don rayuwa ta falsafa.
Daga baya a tsakiyar zamanai, mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin alchemy ana kiran su philosophers - don haka, Dutsen Falsafa .
Zamanin Farko Farko
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Yawancin masana falsafa har yanzu sun fito daga al'adar kilasikiya, kamar yadda suke ganin falsafar su a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. Daga cikin mafi shahara akwai René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche, da Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . Da tasowar jami'a, tunanin zamani na falsafa ya qara shahara. Yawancin manyan masana falsafa na karni na sha takwas zuwa gaba sun halarci, koyarwa, da haɓaka ayyukansu a jami'a. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da: Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, da Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel .
Bayan waɗannan mutane, coonception na kilasikiya ya mutu amma ban da Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, da Friedrich Nietzsche . Babban jigo na ƙarshe a cikin falsafar da bai bi ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ilimi ba shine Ludwig Wittgenstein .
Mafalsafa a zamanin Nazi
A lokacin Naziyanci, a wannan lokaci sabuwar hanyar tunani ta shafi masana falsafa. Yayin da yawancin masana falsafa suka bar Jamus, galibi Yahudawa, wasu kuma sun kasance a buɗe ga tsarin Nazi kuma suna goyon bayansa. Wadannan sun hada da Alfred Rosenberg, Alfred Baeumler, Ernst Krieck, Hans Heyse, Erich Rothacker, da Martin Heidegger . Duk da tanadin da NSDAP ta yi game da bil'adama, an inganta wasu masana falsafa. Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Reichsführer SS ta rubuta kimar akida na malaman jami'a a cikin "littafin SD akan malaman falsafa". Sabanin mafi yawan malaman falsafar Jamus, daga baya priest na Austria kuma masanin falsafa Heinrich Maier da kungiyarsa da aka kashe sun bijirewa Jamus na Nazi tare da tura bayanan da ke da mahimmanci ga yaƙin ga ƙawancen. Bayan yakin, yawancin masana falsafa sun sami damar ci gaba da aiki a jami'o'in Jamus. Sabanin Ernst Krieck, Baeumler da Heyse, Erich Rothacker ma ya koma jami'a.
Ilimin Zamani
A zamanin yau, waɗanda suka sami digiri mai zurfi a falsafa sukan zaɓi su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sana'o'i a cikin tsarin ilimi a zaman wani ɓangare na faffadan tsarin ƙwararrun horo a cikin ƙarni na 20. Bisa ga binciken 1993 da Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa (kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka ta ruwaito), 77.1% na masu riƙe da 7,900 na PhD a falsafar da suka amsa sun kasance suna aiki a makarantun ilimi ( akadamiya). A daga wajen ilimin kimiyya, masana falsafa na iya amfani da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce da tunani a wasu sana'o'i, kamar likitanci. , bioethics, kasuwanci, wallafe-wallafe, free-lance-writing, kafofin watsa labaru, da doka.
Jiga-jigan masu tunani
Wasu sanannun masu tunani na zamantakewa na Faransa sune Claude Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, da Émile Durkheim . Tunanin zamantakewa na Biritaniya, tare da masu tunani irin su Herbert Spencer, sun magance tambayoyi da ra'ayoyin da suka shafi tattalin arzikin siyasa da juyin halitta . Manufofin siyasa na John Ruskin sun kasance jigon tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa ( Har zuwa Wannan Ƙarshe yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga falsafar Mahatma Gandhi ). Muhimman masana falsafar Jamus da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun haɗa da Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, da Martin Heidegger . Muhimman masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na Italiya sun hada da Antonio Gramsci, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Franco Ferrarotti, da Elena Cornaro Piscopia .
Muhimman masana falsafa na kasar Sin da masu tunani na zamantakewa sun hada da Shang Yang, Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Wang Chong, Wang Yangming, Li Zhi, Zhu Xi, Gu Yanwu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Kang Youwei da Lu Xun . Masana falsafa na Indiya sun haɗa da Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Chanakya, Buddha, Mahavira, Śāntarakṣita, Dharmakirti, da Nagarjuna .
Mafalsafa mata
Mata sun tsunduma cikin falsafa a tsawon tarihin fagen. Akwai mata masu ilimin falsafa tun zamanin da, kuma an yarda da mata a matsayin masana falsafa a zamanin da, da na zamani, na zamani da na zamani - fiye da a cikin karni na 20 da 21, yayin da tsarin ilimi da al'umma suka zama masu haɗaka. Fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da Maitreyi, Gargi Vachaknavi, Ghosha, Hypatia, Hipparchia na Maroneia, Mary Wollstonecraft, GEM Anscombe, da Susanne Langer . Sauran fitattun masana falsafar mata sun haɗa da: Judith Butler, Kaja Silverman, Simone de Beauvoir, da Gayatri Spivak.
Kyaututtuka a falsafa
Kyaututtuka daban-daban a falsafa sun wanzu; daga cikin mafi shahara:
Kyoto Prize a Arts da Falsafa
Kyautar Rolf Schock
Kyautar Avicenna
Berggruen Philosophy Prize
Wasu manyan masana falsafa, irin su Henri Bergson, Bertrand Russell, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Albert Camus, da Jean-Paul Sartre, sun kuma ci kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi .
Kyautar John W. Kluge don Nazarin Dan Adam, wanda Library of Congress ya kirkiro don gane aikin da kyautar Nobel ba ta rufe ba, an ba wa masana falsafa: Leszek Kołakowski a 2003, Paul Ricoeur a 2004, da Jürgen Habermas da Charles Taylor a shekarar 2015.
Kuma sauran wasu abubuwan
Sage (falsafa)
Jerin masana falsafa
Nassoshi
↑
'Yan falsafa
Masana falsafa
Mafalsafi
Falsafa
Mafalsafa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26798 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Gambiya | Sinima a Gambiya | Sinima a Gambiya: Ta kasu daban-daban. Akwai fina-finan Gambiya da yawa waɗanda ba za a manta da su ba kamar: Roots (1977 miniseries, Beyond: An African Surf Documentary, Gambia: Take Me to learn My Root, Hand of Fate (fim), Jaha's Promise, Jangi Jollof . Akwai Shirye-shiryen Fina-Finai da yawa da Fina-finan da aka yi a Gambiya kamar: The Mirror Boy, Gambia, The Smiling Coast. Akwai da yawa Gambiya film gudanarwa kamar: Mariama Khan, Prince Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu . Akwai jaruman fina-finan Gambiya da yawa kamar: Rosaline Meurer . Akwai masu shirya fina-finan Gambiya da yawa kamar su: Yarima Bubacarr Aminu'''yaSinima a Gambiya Sankanu. Ba za mu iya mantawa da su biyun ba: Ibrahim Ceesay, Cinekambiya International Film Festival .
Fina-finan Gambia
Bayan: Takardun Surf na Afirka
"Beyond - KundinSurf na Afirka" ya biyo bayan mazauna yankin gabar tekun Maroko, Yammacin Sahara, Mauritaniya, Senegal da Gambia zuwa cikin gidajensu, suna ziyartar wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa na gida tare da duba rayuwarsu ta hawan igiyar ruwa. Yana kai mu ga bakin tekun Morocco, Mauritaniya, Senegal da Gambia. Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi tarihi, al'adu da salon rayuwar mazauna da kuma matafiya na Turai a gabar tekun Afirka. Duk da manyan bambance-bambance, akwai babbar hanyar haɗin kai ɗaya - Surfing. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar kyawawan shimfidar wurare, cikakkun raƙuman ruwa da mutanen da suke saduwa da su.
Gambiya: Ka ɗauke ni in Koyi Tushena
Kai Ni Don Koyi Tushena ya ɗauke mu tafiya zuwa Gambiya da al'adu da rayuwar da waɗannan mutane ke rayuwa. Wannan fim ne game da abokai da aka rasa kuma aka samu abokai. Mahaifiyar uwa mara aure manufa don koya wa 'ya'yanta mazan jiya game da tushensu na Yammacin Afirka. Labari da ya shafe shekaru 30 ana yinsa, wanda ya wuce tsararraki 3, mil 4,000 daga gida, kuma wata waƙa ta musamman ta dawo da rayuwa.
Hand of Fate (fim)
"The Hand of Fate" wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Fim na Ƴan Asalin" a Nollywood da African Film Critics' Awards (African Oscars) da aka gudanar a Washington DC a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2013, wanda kuma aka nuna shi a Habasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afirka. Bikin cika shekaru 50 na ƙungiyar.
A halin yanzu, an zaɓi Daraktan fim na “The Hand of Fate” Ibrahim Ceesay a matsayin Mafi Darakta da John Charles Njie, wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumi, don Kyautar Nollywood da Afirka.
“Hannun Ƙaddara ya binciko jigon auren wuri da munanan illolinsa ga ci gaban ‘yan mata. Yana haifar da tambayoyi a ƙoƙarin nemo wasu amsoshi ga wannan lamari na al'ada.
Jaha's Promise
Jaha's Promise fim ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke biye da Jaha - wani ɗan gwagwarmaya mai ban mamaki wanda, yana da shekaru 26, an gane shi a cikin 2016 a matsayin ɗayan "Mutane 100 Mafi Tasirin Mujallar Time" - yayin da take balaguro a duk faɗin duniya tana aiki a matsayin wakili mai ƙarfi na canji. da kuma game da samun ƙarfin hali don tunkarar mahaifinta, ƴan siyasa da al'ummar da ke kewaye da ita. Fim mai ƙarfi game da mace mai ƙarfi. Cike da danyen wasan kwaikwayo na rikice-rikice na sirri, iyali, addini da siyasa, "Alkawarin Jaha" labari ne na ban mamaki na canjin mutum da zamantakewa.
Jangi Jollof
Labarin ya nuna irin rayuwar wani matashi ɗan ƙasar Gambia, inda ya ba da labarin irin gwagwarmayar da ya yi na samun ilimin jami'a. "Jangi Jollof" ya ba da tarihin rayuwar Momodou Sabally, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin daliban da suka fara karatun jami'a a Gambia. Mutane da yawa sun yaba da shi a matsayin babban tushen zaburarwa ga dubban matasa 'yan Gambiya da ke buƙatar amincewa da kai da yunƙurin zama a gida Fim ɗin na iya zama babban tushen ƙarfafawa da jagora ga matasa. tare da waƙoƙin sauti waɗanda ke haskaka kyau da zurfin abubuwan al'adun Gambia. Manyan 'yan wasan su sun yi jerin gwano don lambar yabo ta musamman na Movie Awards (SMA) 2018 a daren da aka gudanar a Tekun Djembe. Monica Davies ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Jarumin Mata saboda rawar da ta taka a Jangi Jollof, yayin da kyautar mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo ta tafi ga marubucin littafin "Jangi Jollof" wanda ya zaburar da rubutun da ya zama fim din suna daya.
Welcome to the Smiling Cost: Rayuwa a Ghetto na Gambiya
Welcome to the Smiling Cost wani shiri ne mai tsayin daka wanda ke ba da cikakken haske game da rayuwar yau da kullun na matasa goma sha biyar waɗanda ke fafutukar samun abin dogaro da kai a ƙarshen masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta Gambiya. Ko da yake ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin Afirka, Gambiya ta zama wurin yawon buɗe ido saboda yanayin dumin da take da shi, da yawan namun daji da kuma kusancin arha.
Fina-finan da aka shirya a Gambia
Gambia, The Smiling Cost
The Mirror Boy
The Mirror Boy tafiya ce mai ban mamaki a cikin Afirka, ana gani ta idanun wani yaro ɗan shekara 12, Tijan. Bayan fadan titin London, inda wani yaro dan unguwar ya ji rauni, mahaifiyar Tijan ta yanke shawarar mayar da shi tushensu, zuwa Gambia. A lokacin da suka isa birnin Banjul, Tijan ya ci karo da wani abin mamaki, wani yaro ya yi masa murmushi ta madubi ya bace. Ganin wannan yaron a wata kasuwa mai cunkoson jama’a a washegari ya sa Tijan ya samu kansa a bace. Yayin da mahaifiyar Tijjan cikin firgici ke ta faman neman danta, Tijan ya bar shi shi kadai a tare da wani saurayin madubi mai ban mamaki, da alama a gare shi kawai. Bayan wani biki na ruhaniya mai rauni, The Mirror Boy ya ɗauki Tijan a kan tafiya mai ban mamaki, amma ba duka ba ne abin da ake gani.
Roots (1977 miniseries)
Ba wanda yake son ganin Roots. Wannan shine hukuncin da cibiyar sadarwa ta ABC ta Amurka ta yanke a shekarar 1977. Sun biya dala miliyan 6.6 (wanda ba a taɓa jin labarinsa ba a lokacin) don samar da masana'anta bisa ga mafi kyawun mai siyar da Alex Haley wanda ya ba da labarin tafiyar kakanninsa na Afirka daga ƙasarsu ta asali, ta jiragen bayi, zuwa gonakin Amurka. "Wasan kwaikwayo, bisa littafin Alex Haley, ya samo asali da yawa na dangin bawa, wanda ya fara da Kunta Kinte, wani matashi na Afirka ta Yamma wanda 'yan kasuwa bayi suka sace kuma aka aika zuwa Amurka.
Fina-finan da aka yi a Gambia
Gambia, Smiling Cost
The Mirror Boy
Daraktocin fina-finan Gambiya
Mariama Khan
Mariama Khan, ƴar Gambia ce mai tushen Senegal, 'yar fim ce, mai fafutukar al'adu, malami kuma farfesa, a halin yanzu tana koyar da Tarihin Afirka da wayewar Afirka a Kwalejin Lehman da ke New York. Binciken da ta mayar da hankali a yanzu ya haɗa da dangantakar Gambia da Senegal, al'adu, zirga-zirgar kan iyaka da kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin addini a Senegambia. Ita ce ta kafa Documentary Film Initiative-The Gambia da Makane Kane Center for Creative Arts ayyukan, wanda a halin yanzu a tsare. Ta yi magana game da abubuwan da ta samu game da hoto mai motsi, al'adun sinima a Gambiya, da kuma matsayinta na mai fafutukar al'adu da ƙwararru. Ms Khan matashiya ce ƴar ƙasar Gambia wacce ta yi aiki a ofishin mata kuma a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ofishin Shugaban Gambia kafin ta koma Amurka.
Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu
Fitaccen masanin fina-finan ƙasar Gambia, mai shirya fina-finai kuma 'yar jarida, Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu, ya kafa tarihi a ranar Litinin, 5 ga Satumba 2016 ta zama mutum na farko ɗan ƙasar Gambia da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya a matsayin dan takara a zaben Jamus na 2017.
Ƴan fim na Gambia
Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Nollywood kuma ƴar agaji Rosaline Meurer ta samu lambar yabo ta musamman kan tallafin jakada ga uwa da yara a taron La Mode Green October da aka gudanar jiya a Oriental Hotel, Legas. Rosaline Meurer 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, abin koyi kuma mai ba da taimako an haife ta a Gambia inda ta yi karatunta na farko. Ta kuma yi difloma a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci kuma ta yi karatun Hoto.
Masu shirya fina-finan Gambiya
Yarima Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu
Ibrahim Cesay
Ibrahim ɗan zaman lafiya ne kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ya samu lambar yabo wanda ya samu karramawa bisa gudunmawar da ya bayar na tsawon shekaru 12 a fagen fafutukar samar da zaman lafiya da gina kasa.
A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktan Kafa na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru (AYAS). wanda kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa.
Cinekambiya Bikin Nuna Fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa
CineKambiya International Film Festival (CIFF) biki ne na shekara-shekara musamman don fina-finai da aka yi a cikin harsunan asali waɗanda ba koyaushe ake la'akari da su ta manyan bukukuwa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba.
Gambia, ba ta da tsarin horar da fina-finai na yau da kullun. Bikin zai jawo hankalin jama'a don tallan fim amma don haɓaka samar da gida mai ɗorewa, Don ƙirƙirar kasuwa don fina-finai na Gambia tare da manufofin farko na amfani da wasan kwaikwayo da fasahar gani da sauti azaman kayan aikin ci gaban al'umma mai dorewa a cikin The Gambia, Afirka da kuma kasashen waje.
Nassoshi
Sinima a Afrika
Gambiya
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24411 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliyawa%20a%20China | Mongoliyawa a China | Mongols a China ko Chanisancin ongoliya 'yan ƙabilar Mongoliya ne waɗanda suka kasance cikin gida kuma aka haɗa su cikin ginin ƙasar Jamhuriyar Sin (1912-1949) bayan faduwar Masarautar Qing (1636-1911). Waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba sun ɓace a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Mongoliya na 1911 kuma a cikin 1921 . Jamhuriyar China ta amince Mongols su zama wani bangare na tsere guda biyar karkashin kungiya daya . Wanda ya gaje shi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1949-), ya amince da Mongols su zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kabilu 55 na China.
Kamar yadda , akwai Mongoliya miliyan 5.8 a China. Yawancin su suna zaune ne a cikin Mongoliya ta ciki, arewa maso gabashin China, Xinjiang da Qinghai . Yawan Mongol a China ya ninka na Mongoliya mai mulkin kai ninki biyu.
Rarraba
An raba Mongols a China tsakanin yankuna masu zaman kansu da larduna kamar haka:
68.72%: Yankin Mongoliya mai cin gashin kansa
11.52%: Liaoning lardin
2.96%: Lardin Jilin
2.92%: Lardin Hebei
2.58%: Yankin Xinjiang Uyghur mai cin gashin kansa
2.43%: Lardin Heilongjiang
1.48%: Lardin Qinghai
1.41%: Lardin Henan
5.98%: Sauran ƙasar China
Bayan yankin Mongoliya mai cin gashin kansa, akwai wasu kananan hukumomin gudanarwa na Mongol masu cin gashin kansu a kasar Sin.
Matsayin lardi:
Haixi Mongol da yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa (a Qinghai)
Bayingolin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Xinjiang)
Gundumar Bortala Mongol mai cin gashin kanta (a Xinjiang)
Matsayin gundumar:
Weichang Manchu da Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Hebei)
Yankin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa na Harqin (a Liaoning)
Fuxin Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Liaoning)
Qian Gorlos Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Jilin)
Dorbod Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Heilongjiang)
Subei Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Gansu)
Yankin Mongol mai cin gashin kansa (a Qinghai)
Hoboksar Mongol County mai cin gashin kansa (a Xinjiang)
Rarraba
Ƙasar Sin ta rarrabe ƙungiyoyin Mongoliya daban -daban kamar Buryats da Oirats a cikin rukuni guda kamar na Mongol tare da Mongols na ciki. Wata ƙabila da ba Mongoliya ba, Tuvans kuma China ta sanya su a matsayin Mongols. Harshen hukuma da ake amfani da shi ga duk waɗannan Mongoliya a China shine ma'aunin adabi dangane da yaren Chahar na Mongol.
Wasu al'ummomin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ayyana a matsayin Mongols a hukumance ba sa magana da kowane nau'in yaren Mongolic . Irin waɗannan al'ummomin sun haɗa da Sichuan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da sigar yaren Naic ), Yunnan Mongols (yawancinsu suna magana da yaren Loloish ), da Mongols na Henan Mongol Autonomous County a Qinghai (yawancinsu suna magana da Amdo Tibetan. da/ko Sinanci ).
Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka
Ba duk ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Mongoliya na da da aka ware a hukumance a matsayin Mongols a ƙarƙashin tsarin yanzu. Sauran ƙabilun hukuma a China waɗanda ke magana da yaren Mongolic sun haɗa da:
Dongxiang na lardin Gansu
da Monguor na Qinghai da Gansu Lardunan
Daur na Mongoliya ta ciki
Bonan na lardin Gansu
wasu Yugurs na Lardin Gansu (sauran Yugur suna magana da yaren Turkic )
Kuangjia Hui na lardin Qinghai
Sanannen mutane
Sengge Rinchen, mai martaba daular Qing da janar
Ulanhu, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Inong Mongolia, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'a
Bayanqolu, Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis na Lardin Jilin, tsohon Sakataren Jam'iyyar na Ningbo
Uyunqimg, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Dindindin na Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa
Fu Ying, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje, tsohon jakadan Birtaniya, Australia da Philippines
Li Siguang, masanin ilimin ƙasa, wanda ya kafa geomechanics na China
Yang Shixian, masanin kimiyya, kansila na Jami'ar Nankai
Siqin Gaowa, actress
Mengke Bateer, dan wasan kwallon kwando na CBA da NBA
Bao Xishun, daya daga cikin mutane mafi tsayi a duniya
Tengger, mawaƙin pop/rock
Buren Bayaer, mawaƙa, mawaki da wasan barkwanci
Uudam, mawaƙin yara
Huugjilt, mutumin da aka kashe bisa kuskure a 1996
Zhang Xiaoping
Chinggeltei (1924–2013), masanin harshe, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kan yaren Khitan
Jalsan, masanin harshe kuma jagoran addinin Buddha
Batdorj-in Baasanjab, actor
Xiao Qian, mai ilimi
Bai Xue, lauya kuma masanin shari’a
Bai Yansong, anga TV
Han Lei, mawaƙin pop
Wang Lijun, babban shugaban 'yan sanda kuma ɗan siyasa
Bai Wenqi, Laftanar Janar na Sojojin Sama na PLA
Ulan, mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar na lardin Hunan
Qilu, Daraktan Sabbin Kayayyakin Makamashi da Dakin Fasaha na Jami'ar Peking
Hotuna
Nassoshi
Ambato
Majiyoyi
Haƙƙin Dan -Adam a China: China, Keɓe marasa rinjaye, Marginalization da tashin hankali, London, Ƙungiyar 'Yan tsiraru ta Ƙasashen Duniya, 2007
de Rachewiltz, Igor. 1981. "A FASSARAR FASAHA TA MENG-TA PEI-LU DA HEI-TA SHIH-LÜEH: TATTALIN BAYANI". Monumenta Serica 35. Buga Maney: 571 - 82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726521 .
韃 備 錄https://archive.org/details/02081581.cn
Ct 鞑 事略http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=80917 http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/heidashilve.html
Sin
Tarihin Sin |
40842 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak%20Bala | Mubarak Bala | Mubarak Bala (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) mulhidi ɗan Najeriya wanda bai yarda da Allah ba kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ƴan adamtaka ta Najeriya. Bala ya fuskanci tsangwama da kamu saboda ya bar addinin musulunci da bayyana ra’ayin zindiqanci a bainar jama’a.
A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, babbar kotun jihar Kano yanke wa Bala hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari bayan ya amsa laifuka goma sha takwas da suka haɗa da aikata sabo da kuma tunzura jama'a.
Rayuwar farko da ra imani
An haifi Bala a Kano, arewacin Najeriya, a shekarar 1984. A cikin labarin 2016 kan "tafiya ta sirri", ya bayyana cewa ya rasa bangaskiya "ɗan kadan" yayin da yake girma kuma ya sadu da mutane a wajen garinsa na mazan jiya da addini. Sukar sa ta kara fitowa fili yayin da hare-haren ta'addanci ke karuwa a Najeriya. Abin da a ƙarshe ya sa na fito fili a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba shi ne bidiyo na fille kan wata mace Kirista a shekara ta 2013 da wasu maza kusan shekaruna suka yi, suna magana da yarena. Ya buge ni cewa lokacin shiru ya ƙare. Ko dai wani ya yi magana ko kuma duk mun nutse." A lokacin da ya fito a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, a shekarar 2014, an tilasta masa shiga wata cibiyar kula da taɓin hankali da ke Kano, inda aka ruwaito cewa “iyalinsa masu zurfin addini”. Ana tsare da shi har tsawon kwanaki goma sha takwas, kuma (a cewar Bala) "an yi masa dukan tsiya, a kwantar da shi, da kuma barazanar kisa idan [ya] ya yi yunƙurin fita".
Wani likita ya yi imanin cewa babu wani abun da yake damun Bala na taɓin hankali.Ya masoya na, kuna buƙatar Allah, har ma a Japan, suna da Allah, babu wanda ya isa ya rayu ba tare da Allah ba, waɗanda suke yin, duk suna da rashin lafiya na tunani, musun lissafin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Adamu da Hauwa'u yaudara ne, musun tarihi. The International Humanist and Ethical Union has taken up the case and feels Bala's human rights were violated. </blockquote>Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ɗauki nauyin lamarin kuma tana ganin an tauye haƙƙin Bil Adama . A cewar IHEU, "Haƙiƙanin dalilin da ya sa aka aikata wannan mugun nufi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a shi ne saboda Mubarak ya bar Musulunci ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba." A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2014, BBC ta ruwaito cewa Bala ya fita daga asibiti tare da yajin aikin likitoci kuma yana neman sulhu da iyalansa. Ba a dai bayyana ko zai ci gaba da zama a Najeriya ba, saboda barazanar kisa.
Kama da yanke hukunci
Bala ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Najeriya kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban mulhidai na Najeriya. A watan Afrilun 2020, an kama shi a Kaduna bisa laifin yin saɓo, saboda wani rubutu da ya yi a Facebook, kuma daga baya aka tsare shi ba tare da tuhumar sa ba. Tsoro ya tashi saboda yadda jami'an ƴan sandan Najeriya suka yi zargin ɗauke shi daga jihar Kaduna zuwa Kano, inda ake aiwatar da shari'ar Musulunci, tare da fuskantar barazanar kisa da dama. A cewar lauyansa, a lokacin da yake gidan yari, Bala an hana shi samun kulawar lafiya, an kuma tsare shi a gidan yari, kuma an tilasta masa yin ibadar addinin Musulunci.
Dan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam Leo Igwe ya yi aiki don tallafa wa ƴancin Bala, tare da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi da dama waɗanda basu yarda da Allah da kuma ɗan Adam ba, ciki har da Humanism International da Atheist Alliance International . Har ila yau, sabuwar ƙungiyar masu imani ta duniya (IAA) ta haɗa ƙarfi da ƙarfe wajen wayar da kan jama’a da kuma kuɗaɗe don taimaka wa Bala ya biya kuɗin shari’a. Ita ma Hukumar da ke kula da Ƴancin Addinai ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yi sha’awar Bala inda ta fara matsa wa gwamnatin Najeriya lamba.
A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, an yanke wa Mubarak hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari a wata babbar kotu (secular) da ke jihar Kano ta arewacin ƙasar, bayan ya amsa laifuka 24 da ake zarginsa da aikatawa tare da neman a yi masa sassauci.
Bayan roƙon laifin da ya yi, ƙungiyar Humanist Association ta bayyana cewa roƙon bai kasance "ɓangare na dabarun shari'a da aka amince da su ba" kuma mai yiwuwa Bala ya fuskanci tursasawa da masu gabatar da kara, da/ko kuma "damu da shi ya amsa laifin da bege na haske. hukunci".
Bayanan sirri
Iyalin Bala “sun fito ne daga zuriyar malaman Musulunci”. Shi injiniyan sarrafa sinadarai ne ta hanyar ilimi kuma yana da mata da ƙaramin ɗa, wanda aka haifa makonni shida kafin a kama Bala.
Ganewa
Bala ya sami lambar yabo ta Gordon Ross Humanist of the Year award a 2021 ta Humanist Society Scotland.
Fitaccen marubucin nan ɗan Najeriya Wole Soyinka wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya bayyana damuwarsa da cewa kamun da aka yi wa Bala na daga cikin “annobar tsattsauran ra’ayin addini” da ta addabi Najeriya a shekarun baya-bayan nan.
Bibiyar tarihi
Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Inganta Ilimin zama ɗan ƙasa na Duniya . Amurka, IGI Global, 2022. Shafi na 260
Littafin Jagorar Rubuce-rubuce na Ilimin Addini, Jam'i, da Haɗin Duniya . United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2021.
Falola, Toyin. Fahimtar Najeriya ta Zamani: Kabilanci, Dimokuradiyya, da Ci gaba . Ƙasar Ingila, Jami'ar Cambridge, 2021. Shafi na 215
Brinkmann, Svend. Al'adun Ganewa: Hanyar Al'adu don Haɓaka Rayuwar Zamani . Birtaniya, Taylor & Francis, 2016. Shafi na 13 & 111
Abdullahi, Aminu A. "Lokacin Tauhidi: Martanin Musulmi game da Harkar Intanet ta Dan Adam a Arewacin Najeriya". SocArXiv, 20 ga Fabrairu, 2020.
Ibezim-Ohaeri, V. da Ibeh, Z. (2020) "The Civic Space in Nigeria: before and Beyond Covid-19". Rahoton Baseline, Legas: Wuraren Canji
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Mutane daga Jihar Kano |
23092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20tsaunukan%20Simien | Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien | Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien shine mafi girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar Habasha. Tana cikin Yankin Arewacin Gonar na Yankin Amhara, Yankin da ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Simien kuma ya haɗa da Ras Dashan, wuri mafi girma a Habasha.
Gida ne ga wasu nau'ikan halittu da ke cikin hatsari, ciki har da kerkiyan Habasha da kuma walia ibex, akuyar daji wacce ba a samun ta a duniya. Har ila yau, dabbar gelada da caracal, kuli, suna faruwa a cikin tsaunukan Simien. Fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 50 ne ke zaune a wurin shakatawar, gami da kyawawan ungulu mai gemu, ko lammergeier, tare da fika-fikai 3 mai tsawon kafa 10.
Filin shakatawa ya ratsa ta hanyar da ba a santa ba wanda ya taso daga Debarq, inda hedkwatar gudanarwar wurin shakatawar take, gabas ta hanyar wasu ƙauyuka zuwa Buahit Pass (4,430 m), inda hanyar ta juya kudu ta ƙare a Mekane Berhan, 10 kilomita nesa da iyakar wurin shakatawa.
Tarihi
An kafa wurin shakatawar a 1969, wanda Clive Nicol ya kafa, wanda ya yi rubutu game da abubuwan da ya samu a From the Roof of Africa (1971, ISBN 0 340 14755 5).
Yankin na Simien an zauna kuma an noma shi aƙalla shekaru 2,000. Da farko, zaizayar kasa ya fara bayyana cewa sharewar ya fara ne a wani gangare na tsaunin tsauni amma daga baya ya fadada zuwa wani gangare mai tsayi.
Yana daga ɗayan wuraren farko da (UNESCO) ta sanya su a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya (1978). Ko yaya, saboda tsananin raguwar jama'a na wasu nau'in halayenta na asali, a cikin shekarar 1996 an kuma sanya shi cikin Jerin kayan
al'aduna duniya.i.
Labarin kasa
Fiye da miliyoyin shekaru saboda mummunan zaizayar ƙasar tuddai na Italia da keɓaɓɓun tsaunuka, an ƙirƙiri kwari masu zurfin gaske da kuma tsaunuka masu tsayin mita 1,500, suna ƙirƙirar wasu wurare masu ban mamaki a duniya.
Yankin al'adun yana gefen yamma na tsaunukan Simien kuma yana da nisan kilomita 120 daga lardin Gonem na Begemder a arewa maso yammacin Habasha. Yankin Simien yana da wadataccen ruwa mai zurfin ciki, kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin kyakkyawan tafkin kamawa. Ruwa yana kiyayewa ta Kogin Mayshasha, wanda ke gudana cikin ranakun ruwa guda biyu da kuma gandun dajin ƙasa daga arewa zuwa kudu. A sakamakon haka, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa suna da yawa tare da namun daji da tsirrai.
Furanni da Dabbobin Yankin
Ciyawar tana hade da dazuzzuka masu tsayi na Afirka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi masu tsayi. Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsayi sun hada da savannah na montane da itacen bishiyar (Erica arborea), katuwar lobelia (Lobelia rhynchopetalum), rawaya na farko (Primula verticillata), everlastings (Helichrysum spp.), Alkyabbar mace (alchemilla), da kuma gansakuka (mosses, Grimmiaceae). Lichen ya rufe bishiyoyin yankin mai tsayi. An rarraba ciyayi ko'ina cikin wurin zuwa gida uku, gandun Montane (1900-3000m), Ericaceous Belt ko SubAfroalpine (2700-3700m) da Afroalpine (3700-5433m). A cikin dajin Montane akwai bishiyoyin Juniper (Juniperous procera), African Redwood (Hagenia abyssinica), African Olive (Olea africana), Fig Fig (Ficus spp), da Bishiyoyi na Waterberry (Szygium guineense). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan shrubs da yawa da suka hada da Nightshade (Solanum sessilistellatum), Abyssinian rose (Rosa abyssinica), Cowslip (Primula verticillata), da Stinging Nettle (Urtica). Rage da kankara sun watse makiyaya, gandun daji da daji. A wani lokaci, gandun daji na St. John (Hypericum spp.) Dazuzzuka sun girma daga 3,000 m zuwa 3,800 m sama da matakin teku, amma yanzu ya kusan tafi. Ba a san takamaiman lamba ba.
Wurin Shaka tawas yana dauke da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 130 da kuma manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 20 kamar su gelada dabbar daji (Theropithecus gelada), kerkeci na Habasha (wanda ake kira Simen fox, Canis simensis), Walia ibex (Capra walie), awakin daji na daji da kuma dabbar Anubis. Mazauna a kan gangaren arewacin gangarowa sunfi yawa daga tsaunukan Simien, kuma galibinsu ana samunsu a wurin shakatawa. Kerkeken Habasha yana da yawa a Habasha kuma sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da dabbar hamadryas, biri biri, damisa, carak, kyanwa daji, hyena da aka samo da dodo. Hakanan akwai manyan shuke-shuke, kamar su bushbuck, duiker na kowa, da klipspringer.
Nau'in tsuntsaye guda 400 sun hada da ungulu mai gemu, gaggafa ta Verreaux, kestrels, ungulu, lanner falcon, augur ungulu da hankaka mai kauri. An rubuta jimillar nau'ikan 21 na dabbobi masu shayarwa, nau'ikan 3 na halittu masu dauke da cutar, nau'o'in tsuntsaye 63 da nau'ikan 7 na halittun masu dauke da cutar.
Kiyayewa
An kafa shi a zaman wurin shakatawa na ƙasar a cikin 1969 kuma an kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar erveasa ta assasa. Kayan gado na yanzu yana buƙatar sarrafawa mai inganci. Ya kamata a kara yawan ma'aikatan gudanarwa sannan a karfafa ilimi. Gudanar da wuraren shakatawa na kasa yana kiyaye wakiltar nau'ikan wuraren shakatawa kuma yana aiki tare da mazauna yankin don rage matsin lamba akan albarkatun shakatawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙasar noma, wuce gona da iri, da wuce gona da iri na albarkatun ƙasa. Saboda canjin yanayi na duniya, matsin lamba kan wuraren tarihi ya karu.
Ana buƙatar isasshen tallafi na kuɗi don gudanar da wuraren shakatawa da samar da hanyoyin inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Wajibi ne a shirya, aiwatarwa, sake dubawa da kuma lura da tsarin gudanarwa, don sake dubawa da fadada iyakar dajin, da kuma shiga cikin mazauna yankin. Hadin kai na cikin gida yana da mahimmanci musamman don hana dorewar amfani da albarkatun gandun daji na kasa da bunkasa ci gaban rayuwa. Samun isasshen tallafin kuɗi don sake tsugunnar da mazauna cikin yankin gado da kuma gabatar da ingantaccen kula da dabbobi yana da mahimmanci don rage tsananin damuwa kan rayuwar namun daji.
Domin kula da kyawawan dabi'u na duniya, ana buƙatar ilimin muhalli da shirye-shiryen horo na mazauna mazauna ciki da wajen al'adun gargajiyar gami da samun haɗin kai da goyon baya na mazauna yankin cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya.
Hotuna
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Simien Mountains National Park
UNESCO World Heritage profile of Simien National Park
United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre: Simien National Park
The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure - Part I (Addis Tribune)
The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure - Part II (Addis Tribune)
The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure - Part III (Addis Tribune) |
40240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe%20Camargo | Hebe Camargo | Hebe Maria Monteiro de Camargo Ravagnani DmSE • Dama Oficial • DmIH ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛbi mɐˈɾi.ɐ mõˈtejɾu dʒi kɐˈmaɾɡu ˌʁavɐˈɲɐ̃ni] ; 8 Maris 1929-29 Satumba 2012) ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Brazil, mawaƙiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. An dauke ta a matsayin "Sarauniyar Talabijin ta Brazil" ( Portuguese ). Ta mutu a gidanta a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2012. Azrikin ta ya haura dalar Amurka miliyan 360.
Articles with hCards
farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Hebe Camargo ranar Juma'a, Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 1929, a Taubaté, São Paulo, 'yar Esther Magalhães Camargo da Sigesfredo Monteiro de Camargo, iyayenta dukkansu ƴan asalin ƙasar Portugal ne. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ta zama mawaƙiya a cikin 1940s tare da 'yar uwarta Estela, kamar yadda Rosalinda e-Florisbela ta bayyana. A lokacin aikinta na waka, Camargo ta yi sambas da boleros a gidajen rawa na dare. Ta bar aikinta na kiɗa don ba da ƙarin lokaci a rediyo da talabijin. Assis Chateaubriand ne ya gayyace ta don halartar farkon watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Brazil, a unguwar Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil.
Sana'a
A matsayinta na mawaƙiya, Camargo ta fito a cikin fina-finan barkwanci na Mazzaropi kuma ta fito da Agnaldo Rayol a daya daga cikinsu. A cikin 1950s, ta shiga talabijin kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Paulista. A cikin 1955, Camargo ta fito a cikin shirin farko na mata a gidan talabijin na Brazil, O Mundo é das Mulheres (Duniya na Mata ne), a gidan talabijin a Rio de Janeiro, wanda ke fitowa sau biyar a mako.
A cikin 1960s, Camargo ta koma cibiyar sadarwar Rede Record, inda tayi shekaru da yawa ta ci gaba da gudanar da babban shirin. A lokacin Jovem Guarda zamanin, Hebe ta ba da hanya ga sababbin 'yan wasa masu basira. A ranar Ista Lahadi, 10 Afrilu 1966, hanyar sadarwa ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen Lahadi mai nuna Camargo a matsayin mai hira. Kamfanin jirgin saman Brazil, Varig ne ya dauki nauyin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, tare da tallan da ke nuna Camargo.
An ga Camargo a kusan kowane gidan talabijin na Brazil ciki har da Rede Record da Rede Bandeirantes, a cikin 1970s da 1980s.
A cikin 1980, bayan dogon lokaci ta koma aiki a matsayin mai hira. Daga Maris 1986 zuwa Disamba 2010, Camargo ta kasance a kan hanyar sadarwa ta SBT, inda ta gabatar da shirin talabijin na Hebe, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin shirye-shirye mafi tsawo na cibiyar sadarwa. An kuma watsa wasan kwaikwayon a kan Rede Tupi da Rede Bandeirantes, kuma tana da wasan kwaikwayo na Hebe por Elas (Hebe don Su) a farkon 1990s. Ta kuma gabatar da Fora do Ar, kuma ta shiga cikin Telethon, wasan kwaikwayo na musamman, da kuma Romeu e Julieta, wanda ta buga tare da Ronald Golias da Nair Bello.
A cikin 1995, EMI ta fitar da CD na manyan hits na Camargo. A ranar Ista Asabar, 22 ga Afrilu, 2006, ta yi bikin shirye-shiryenta na dubu a kan SBT. Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa, irin su shiga cikin motsi na Cansei, zanga-zangar 2007 mai sukar gwamnatin Brazil.
Camargo tana bikin Sabuwar Shekara a Miami lokacin da ta yi fama da ciwon ciki mai tsanani. Wata sanarwar da asibitin ta fitar daga baya ta bayyana cewa an yi wa Hebe gwajin gwajin laparoscopy, wanda ya gano cutar daji take dauke da shi. A ranar 8 ga Janairu 2010, an shigar da Camargo a Asibitin Albert Einstein a Sao Paulo don tiyata don cire ciwon daji daga peritoneum. Bayan tiyata da chemotherapy, ta koma bakin aiki a ranar mata ta duniya ta 2010, ranar haihuwarka ta 81.
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa
Camargo tana fama da ciwon daji tun 2010. Ta rasu ne da karfe 11:45 na safe (14:45 GMT) a ranar Asabar, 29 ga Satumba, 2012, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa ta samu bugun zuciya yayin da take barci Wanda hakan yasa ta rasa ranta.
Akan shahararriyar al'adu
Hebe – The Musical shiri ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda Miguel Falabella ya jagoranta kuma Débora Reis ya yi daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu 2018.
Hebe (2019) zai kasance fim ɗin da ya dogara a kan tafiyar rayuwar Hebe da aikinsa, Cáca Diegues ce ta shirya kuma ta shirya shi, amma daga baya, Maurício Farias ya maye gurbinsa. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo Andréa Beltrão za ta yi mai gabatarwa kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Daniel Boaventura zai yi Silvio Santos.
"Hebe: Har abada" (2019) - ana nunawa daga wannan Talata har zuwa 2 ga Yuni a Farol Santander, a São Paulo. Nunin baje kolin na zurfafawa da mu'amala yana tunawa da aikin mawaƙa da mai gabatarwa wanda ya bar tarihi a tarihin gidan talabijin na Brazil.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
1990 - "Fuskar São Paulo"
1994 - "Citizen Paulistana" daga Câmara Municipal
2002 - "Kyauta a Portugal "
2007 - "Kyauta ta Musamman", don Prêmio Contigo!
2009 - "Title na Farfesa Honoris Causa" na Jami'ar FIAM-FAAM
2010 - "Award LIDE 2010" na Comitê Executivo do Grupo de Líderes Empresariais
2010 - " Latin Grammy Awards - Kyautar Amintattu"
"Mafi kyawun Hira" na Associação Paulista dos Críticos de Artes
"Mafi kyawun mai gabatar da shirin zauren taro" na Cibiyar Nazarin Wasika ta Brazil
Fina-finanta
2009 - Xuxa eo Mistério de Feiurinha
2005 - Coisa de Mulher
2000 - Dinosaur (Burtaniya dubbing na Baylene )
1960 - Za a yi Periquito
1951 - Liana, Pecadora
1949 - Kashe No Céu
Wasannin gidan talabijin
2010 - Fantastico
2010 - SBT Brasil
2009 - Elas Cantam Roberto
2009 - Vende-se Um Véu de Noiva
2007 - Amigas e Rivais
2003 - Romeu e Julieta Versão 3
2000 - TV Ano 50
1995 - A Escolinha do Golias
1990 - Romeu e Julieta Versão 2
1980 - Cavalo Amarelo
1978 - Ya Profeta
1970 - Kamar yadda Pupilas yayi Senhor Reitor
1968 - Romeu e Julieta Versão 1
1950 – Primeira Apresentação Musical da TV Brasileira
Hotuna
Yau (1960)
Babban abin mamaki (1961)
E Vocês (1963)
Hebe (1964)
Laraba 65 (1965)
Hebe (1967)
Pra Você (1998)
Hebe Camargo & Convidados (2001)
Hebe Mulher e Amigos (2010)
Mulhar (2010)
Duba kuma
Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão
Jerin masu gabatar da talabijin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Site of Hebe program at RedeTV!
Matattun 2012
Haifaffun 1929 |
21111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola%20Lookman | Ademola Lookman | Ademola Lookman Olajade Alade Aylola Lookman (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1997) baƙin fatar Najeriya ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila da ke sana'ar kwallon inda ya buga wasannin gasar firimiya a kulob din Fulham, a matsayin ɗan wasan aro daga kungiyar RB Leipzig na Bundesliga.
Lookman ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a shekara ta 2015, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na kungiyar Charlton Athletic a kaka'ar wasannin cin kofin nahiyar Turai, kuma a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017 ya sanya hannu da kungiyar Everton, wanda ke amfani da shi galibi a matsayin dan wasan gefe. Ya kuma wakilci ƙasar Ingila a wasan matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa kasa da shekaru 21, amma tun daga nan ya nemi hukumar FIFA da ta sauya matakin ƙasarsa zuwa buga wasanni a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Lookman a Wandsworth, Kudu maso Yammacin London. Ya kuma halarci St Thomas the College College a Peckham inda ya sami uku A * da biyar As a GCSE.
Aiki Klub
Charlton 'Yan wasa
Lookman ya shiga makarantar Charlton Athletic ne a shekarar 2014 bayan ya sanya hannu daga Waterloo, wani kulob din kwallon kafa na matasa da ke Landan Borough na Lambeth . Tarihin zura kwallayen sa a ragar kungiyar Charlton ta U18 da U21 ya sa shi yin hawan gaggawa ta hanyar karatun Charlton kuma ya fara zama na farko a kungiyar ga Addicks a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Brighton & Hove Albion da ci 3-2 a ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, sannan ya ci gaba da bin kwallayen biyu na Charlton a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Bolton Wanderers kwanaki goma bayan haka.
Everton
Lookman ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara hudu da rabi tare da Everton a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, wanda aka ruwaito a matsayin fan miliyan 7.5 na farko da zai iya tashi zuwa £ 11m tare da add-ons. Ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa ne bayan kwana goma bayan sun doke Manchester City da ci 4-0, inda ya maye gurbin Ross Barkley a minti na 90 kuma ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo ta hudu. Lookman ya buga wasansa na farko a Turai ga Everton a wasan da suka doke MFK Ružomberok a wasan farko na neman cancantar buga gasar Europa League zagaye na uku.
Kodayake manajan Sam Allardyce ya bayyana cewa Lookman ba zai tafi a matsayin aro ba a kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa ta Janairun shekarar 2018, amma ya sauya shawara, kuma kungiyar ta shirya komawa kulob din Championship Derby County, inda suke fatan zai buga wasan kwallon kafa na farko. Koyaya, dan wasan ya dage kan canza wata hanya, kuma ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta RB Leipzig har zuwa karshen kakar wasan ta shekarar 2017 da 2018. A wasansa na farko tare da Leipzig, Lookman ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka buga da Borussia Mönchengladbach bayan ya dawo daga baya.
RB Leipzig
A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2019, Lookman ya koma RB Leipzig kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar, shekara daya da rabi bayan cin nasarar lamuni a kungiyar ta Jamus inda ya ci kwallaye 5 a wasanni 11.
Fulham
A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Lookman shiga Premier League gefen Fulham a kan wani aro. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Fulham a kan Sheffield United a ranar 18 ga ga watan Oktoba.
Ayyukan duniya
He received his first call-up for the England under-21s for European Championship qualifiers against the Netherlands under-21s and Latvia under-21s in September 2017. He made his debut in the first match, and set up Everton teammate Dominic Calvert-Lewin for England's goal in a 1–1 draw.
Lookman ya sake kin amincewa da Najeriya a farkon shekarar 2018 bayan ganawa da shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya . Daga baya ya yi watsi da hanyoyin Najeriya a karo na uku a watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, bayan babban manajan Ingila Gareth Southgate ya gamsar da shi cewa yana daga cikin tsare-tsarensa.
Duk da irin rawar da ya taka da kuma nasarar da ya samu a Ingila a matakin matasa, kuma a baya ya yi watsi da hanyoyin Najeriya, a watan Janairun shekarar 2020 Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ta ba da sanarwar cewa Lookman zai sauya sheka zuwa Najeriya. Koyaya, Lookman ya kuma ce: "Ban canza ra'ayi na kan son wakiltar Ingila ba". Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2021, Lookman har yanzu yana jiran izinin FIFA a hukumance kafin ya iya bugawa Najeriya wasa.
Kididdigar aiki
Nasarori
Ingila U20
FIFA U-20 Kofin Duniya : 2017
Nasarar Kai-da-kai
LFE gwarzon dan wasan shekara (Championship) : 2015-16
Manazarta
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Fulham FC
Ademola Lookman
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25831 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS | SAS | SAS ko Sas na iya nufin to:
Ƙungiyoyi
Soja
SAS galibi taƙaicewa ce ga "Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama na Musamman", gami da:
Sojan Sama na Musamman, sashin runduna ta musamman ta Sojojin Burtaniya
Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Musamman, wani runduna ta musamman ta Sojojin Ostireliya
Sabis na Jirgin Sama na 5 na musamman, ƙirar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Belgium
Kamfanin Sabis na Jirgin Sama na Kanad, na Kanada daga shekara ta 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1949
Sabis na Sojan Sama na Musamman na Faransanci, wanda ya riga ya kasance na Faransanci na Farko na Farko na Farko (1er RPIMa)
Sabis na Sojan Sama na New Zealand, sashin runduna na musamman na Sojojin New Zealand
Rhodesian Special Air Service, da dama rundunonin sojoji na musamman daga Rhodesia
Sojan Sama na Musamman, sashi a cikin Sojojin Musamman na Zimbabwe
Jirgin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, prefix na jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan Afirka ta Kudu
Sassan Gudanarwa na Musamman, shirin farar hula na sojan Faransa yayin Yaƙin Aljeriya
Su Altı Savunma, sashin ayyuka na musamman na Sojojin Ruwa na Turkiyya
Brands da kamfanoni
SAS Group (Scandinavian Airlines System Group), kamfanin jirgin sama da ke Stockholm, Sweden; Oslo, Norway; Copenhagen, Denmark
SAS Cargo Group, kamfanin jigilar kaya a Denmark, Norway da Sweden
Kamfanin jirgin saman Scandinavia, babban jirgin sama a Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway da Sweden)
SAS (masu yin takalmi), alamar kasuwanci na kamfanin takalmi a San Antonio, Texas, Amurka
SAS (tashar TV), tashar talabijin a Adelaide, South Australia
Cibiyar SAS, kamfanin software na nazari mai hedikwata a Arewacin Carolina, Amurka
SAS (software), babban samfurin software na kamfanin
Harshen SAS, yaren da ake amfani da shi don tsara software
Société par ayyuka simplifiée, wani kamfani a Faransa
Sabis ɗin Sabis na Kudancin, masana'antun lantarki da ke Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Amurka
Ilimi
Asiya
Makarantar St. Augustine, Kalimpong, makaranta a Kalimpong, West Bengal, India
Sekolah Sultan Alam Shah, makarantar kwana a Malaysia
Makarantar Amurka ta Shanghai, makarantar kasa da kasa a Shanghai
Makarantar Amurka ta Singapore, makarantar kasa da kasa a Singapore
Turai
Sankt-Ansgar-Schule, Hamburg, Jamus
Makarantar Babbar Nazari, wata cibiya ta gaba da digiri na Jami'ar London, United Kingdom
Sense Game da Kimiyya, wata ƙungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ke haɓaka girmamawa ga kyakkyawan ilimin kimiyya
Slovak Academy of Sciences, babbar cibiyar kimiyya da bincike a Slovakia
Studia Academica Slovaca, makarantar bazara da ke koyar da yaren Slovak
Sussex Archaeological Society, wata ƙungiyar archaeological da ke Lewes, Sussex, UK
Amirka ta Arewa
Makarantun Yankin Saline, gundumar makaranta a Michigan
Makarantar Saint Andrew (Boca Raton, Florida)
Makarantar Saint Andrew (Savannah, Georgia)
Makarantar Saint Andrew (Saratoga, California)
School for Advanced Studies, shirin makarantar sakandare a Miami, Florida, Amurka
Semester a Teku, shirin ilimi na jirgin ruwa wanda Jami'ar Virginia ke gudanarwa
Society for Amateur Scientists, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka
Space Access Society, ƙungiya ce da aka sadaukar don haɓaka ɗimbin ci gaba da rage farashin samun damar kasuwanci zuwa balaguron sararin samaniya
Makarantun Amurka masu ƙarfi, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce ke haɓaka ingantattun manufofin ilimi
Kasashen duniya
Society for Animation Studies, ƙungiyar masana ta duniya
Kiwon lafiya
Sabis na Kiwon Lafiya na Andalus ( Servicio Andaluz de Salud ), tsarin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati na Andalusia, Spain
Sabis na motar asibiti na Scotland
Siyasa
'Yan'uwa Mataimaka na Biyu, ƙungiya mai ba da shawara kan mata da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin bindiga a Amurka
Servants Anonymous Society, wata ƙungiya ta mata mai zaman kanta
Sloboda Solidarita ko Freedom and Solidarity, wata ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a Slovakia
Surfers Against Sewage, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Burtaniya don tsaftataccen ruwa na nishaɗi
Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
<i id="mwgw">SAS</i> (jerin labari), jerin littattafan Faransa na Gérard de Villiers
Shimmer da Shine, wani jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na yara na Amurka
Southern All Stars, ƙungiyar dutsen Japan
Strong Arm Steady, ƙungiyar hip hop ta Amurka daga California
Lahadi All Stars, wani wasan kwaikwayo iri -iri na Philippine daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2015
Mutane
Sas na Moldavia (ya mutu a shekara ta 1358), voivode yana mulkin abin da zai zama Moldavia tsakanin shekara ta 1354 da 1358
Ferenc Sas, dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary
Hasan Şaş, dan kwallon Turkiyya
Stephen A. Smith, manazarcin wasanni na Amurka
Wurare
Sas, Iran, ƙauye a lardin Mazandaran, Iran
Sas, mai kula da kogin Bouleț a Romania
Sas van Gent, birni ne a cikin Netherlands
Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Biology da magani
Fuskar da za a iya samun ƙarfi, farfajiyar yanayin halittar halittar halittar da ke iya samun ƙarfi
Subarachnoid sarari, sarari tsakanin arachnoid mater da pia mater a cikin kwakwalwa
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (ba ɗan adam ba), mahaukaci, gunaguni na zuciya
Syndesmotic sprain sprain, wani irin ƙwanƙolin idon
Kwamfuta
SAS (software), (System Analysis System) wani hadadden tsarin software wanda SAS Institute Inc.
Harshen SAS, sarrafa bayanai da harshe na ƙididdiga
Amintaccen Kula da Kulawa, haɗin maɓalli na musamman wanda ke kiran tsarin amintaccen shiga (misali Ctrl+Alt+Share akan tsarin NT na Windows)
Serial Attached SCSI, fasahar bus ɗin kwamfuta don canja wurin bayanai zuwa da daga na'urorin ajiya (misali, diski mai wuya)
Sa hannun damar shiga, alamar tsaro wacce za a iya haɗawa da URL
Short Stringing String, hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin yarjejeniyar ZRTP
Ka'idojin tsarin lissafin Ramin, hanyar sadarwa ta na'ura mai sarrafa na'ura wacce kamfanin Fasahar Wasannin Duniya (IGT) ya kirkira
Ciwon Ilimin cean Sihiri, lahani na hanyar sadarwa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Fayil na Ƙananan (TFTP)
Subatially Aware Sublayer, sublayer na zaɓi na MAC wanda ke ba da sake amfani da sarari a cikin Zoben fakitin Resilient
Sarari
Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam Tauraron Dan Adam 1, farkon jerin taurarin dan Adam na NASA da aka harba a ranar 12 ga Disamba, a shekara ta 1970
Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam Tauraron Dan Adam 2, wanda aka ƙaddamar da ita15, ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1972
Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam 3, wanda aka harba ranar 7 ga Mayu, a shekara ta 1975
Space Access Society, ƙungiya ce da aka sadaukar don haɓaka ɗimbin ci gaba da rage farashin samun damar kasuwanci zuwa balaguron sararin samaniya
Suite na aikin sararin samaniya, sararin samaniya wanda ke ba da matsin lamba ta hanyar rigunan roba
Ciwon daidaita sararin samaniya, rashin lafiya daidai yake da ciwon motsi da yawancin matafiya na sararin samaniya suka fara samu
Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya, (Rashanci: CAC, Система Аварийного Спасения ), Soyuz ya ƙaddamar da tsarin tserewa
Sauran amfani a kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Gadar dakatar da kai, gadar dakatarwa wacce manyan igiyoyi ke haɗe zuwa ƙarshen bene
Side-angle-side, ra'ayi a cikin lissafin lissafi don tantance daidaituwa ko kamanceceniya da alwatika
Ƙarƙwarar ƙananan kusurwa, dabarar warwatsewa dangane da karkatar da gungumen barbashi daga yanayin madaidaiciya bayan ta yi mu'amala da samfurin.
Stability Augmentation System, wani takaitaccen tsari na autopilot wanda ke daidaita jirgin sama a cikin gatari ɗaya ko fiye
Sonar buɗewa na roba, wani nau'in sonar kwatankwacin radar buɗewar roba
Supercritical Anti-Solvent, hanyar da ake amfani da ita don micronization na abubuwa
Wasanni
San Antonio Spurs, ƙwararren ƙwallon kwando ne a San Antonio, Texas, Amurka
Gasar SAS, gasar golf a Cary, North Carolina, Amurka
SAS Masters Tour, yawon shakatawa na ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida wanda Kungiyar Golf ta Sweden ke gudanarwa
Ƙungiyar Taurari don Wasanni, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Aley, Lebanon
Sufuri
Filin jirgin saman Salton, lambar filin jirgin saman IATA SAS
Sam Shing tasha, lambar tashar MTR SAS
Tashar San Antonio (Texas), lambar Amtrak SAS
Subway Avenue Subway, layin jirgin karkashin kasa a birnin New York
Sauran amfani
Jakar makamai ta Sas, rigar makamai ta Turai (Jamusanci, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian da Ukrainian)
Bayanai kan ƙa'idodin dubawa, jerin ƙa'idodin dubawa na ƙasashen duniya
Duba kuma
Tarihin SAS (disambiguation)
Sassan (disambiguation)
Sass (disambiguation)
All pages with titles beginning with SAS |
35650 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranar%20Qudus | Ranar Qudus | Ranar Kudus ' Wacce akafi sani a hukumance da Ranar Kudus ta Duniya, wani taron shekara-shekara ne na goyon bayan Falasdinawa da ake gudanarwa a ranar Juma'ar karshe ta watan Ramadan don nuna goyon baya ga Falasdinawa da adawa da Isra'ila da yahudawan sahyoniya . sunan Yasamo asali daga harshen Larabci na Urushalima : . An fara gudanar da taron ne a shekarar 1979 a Iran jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci . Yawanci, ya kasance a cikin adawa da ranar Kudus ta Isra'ila, wadda Isra'ilawa ke yi tun watan Mayu 1968 kuma majalisar Knesset ta ayyana ranar hutu ta ƙasa a 1998.
Ana kuma gudanar da ranar Qudus a wasu kasashe da dama musamman a kasashen Larabawa da sauran kasashen musulmi, inda ake gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da mamayar da Isra'ila ke yi a gabashin birnin Kudus . Ana gudanar da taruka a kasashe daban-daban na al'ummar musulmi da ma wadanda ba musulmi ba a duniya.
Masu sukar ranar Kudus suna jayayya cewa a ana fakewane da ranar don kyamar Yahudawa . A Iran, ranar Kudus ana gabatar da zanga-zangar adawa da wasu kasashe, ciki har da Amurka da Saudiyya .
Tarihi
Ministan harkokin wajen Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran Ebrahim Yazdi ya fara ba da shawarar gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da sahyoniyawa a kowace shekara ga jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran Ruhollah Khomeini . A lokacin, abin da ya fi daukar hankali yana da alaka da zurfafa takun saka tsakanin Isra'ila da Lebanon . Khumaini ya amince da ra'ayin Yazdi, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 1979, ya ayyana ranar Juma'ar karshe ta kowane Ramadana a matsayin "Ranar Kudus", inda musulmin duniya za su hada kai don nuna goyon baya g Falasdinawa, dakuma nuna kyama ga mamayar Isra'ila kan Falasdinawa . Khumaini ya bayyana cewa ‘yantar da Kudus wani aiki ne na addini a kan dukkan musulmi:
maganar khumaini
Ina kira ga al'ummar musulmi a fadin duniya da su tsarkake Juma'ar karshe na watan Ramadan a matsayin ranar Kudus tare da shelanta hadin kan musulmi na duniya wajen goyon bayan halalcin hakkokin al'ummar musulmin Palastinu. Shekaru da dama ina sanar da al'ummar musulmi irin hadarin da ke tattare da haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila wacce a yau ta zafafa hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan 'yan'uwa Palasdinu, wanda a kudancin kasar Labanon ke ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan gidajen Falasdinawa. Tareda fatan murkushe gwagwarmayar Palasdinawa. Ina rokon daukacin al'ummar musulmin duniya da gwamnatocin kasashen musulmi da su hada kai wajen raba hannun wannan dan cin zarafi da magoya bayansa. Ina kira ga daukacin al'ummar musulmin duniya da su zabi ranar Kudus ranar Juma'a ta karshe a cikin watan Ramadan mai alfarma - wanda shi kansa lokaci ne mai kayyadewa, kuma zai iya zama mai tantance makomar al'ummar Palastinu - da kuma ta hanyar wani biki da ke nuna al'ummar Palastinu. hadin kan musulmi a fadin duniya, ya sanar da goyon bayansu ga halalcin hakkokin al'ummar musulmi. Ina rokon Allah Madaukakin Sarki da Ya ba Musulmi nasara a kan kafirai.
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An sami rahotannin aukuwar tashe-tashen hankula a ranar Kudus, wadanda suka hada da mutane 28 da aka kashe tare da jikkata 326 ta hanyar bama-bamai a shekarar 1985 a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki . Iran na murnar wannan biki ne ta hanyar sanya hotunan birnin Kudus a baje kolin jama'a, jawabai masu jigo, nune-nunen zane-zane da ke nuna lamarin, da kuma al'amuran al'ada. A kasar Lebanon, kungiyar Hizbullah ta yi bikin ne ta hanyar shirya gagarumin faretin soji na makon karshe na kowane watan Ramadan. Tun daga 1989, Jordan ta tsara taron ta hanyar gudanar da taron ilimi, wanda wurin daga jami'a zuwa jami'a ya bambanta kowace shekara. Al'ummomin larabawa gaba daya suna gudanar da bikin baje kolinsu domin nuna goyon bayansu ga manufofin Falasdinawa na neman zama kasa .
An kuma gudanar da wannan rana a duk fadin kasashen musulmi da na larabawa . A cikin watan Janairun 1988, a lokacin Intifada na farko, kwamitin birnin Kudus na kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi ya yanke shawarar cewa za a gudanar da bukukuwan ranar Qudus a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa. A kasashen da ke da al'ummar musulmi mabiya mazhabar shi'a, musamman kasar Lebanon, inda kungiyar Hizbullah ke shirya bukukuwan ranar Qudus, ana samun gagarumar halartar tarukan na ranar. Ana kuma gudanar da al'amura a Iraki, yankin Gaza na Falasdinu, da kuma Siriya . Kungiyar Hamas da Jihad Islama ta Falasdinu sun amince da ranar Qudus tare da gudanar da bukukuwa. A wajen gabas ta tsakiya da sauran kasashen larabawa, an gudanar da zanga-zangar ranar Qudus a kasashen Birtaniya da Jamus da Canada da Sweden da Faransa da Amurka da kuma wasu kasashen musulmi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya . A cewar BBC, yayin da ainihin ra'ayin da ke tattare da ranar Kudus shi ne tattara dukkanin musulmi masu adawa da wanzuwar Isra'ila, lamarin bai ci gaba da wuce gona da iri ba. Baya ga tarurrukan da Iran da kanta ke daukar nauyinta da kuma shiryawa a manyan biranen kasar daban-daban, wannan ibada ba ta taba samun gindin zama ba a tsakanin musulmi baki daya.
Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar Kudus
A Iran gwamnati ce ta dauki nauyin gudanar da faretin na ranar. Abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da jerin gwano da gangami. Manyan shugabannin Iran sun yi jawabai masu zafi suna la'antar Isra'ila, da kuma gwamnatin Amurka. Jama'ar sun amsa da rera wakokin "Mutuwa ga Isra'ila", da " Mutuwa ga Amurka ". A cewar Roger Howard, Iraniyawa da yawa 'yan kasa da shekaru 30 suna ci gaba da halartar bukukuwan ranar Qudus, duk da cewa ba su kai na kan tituna ba. Ya kara da cewa yawancin daliban Iran a harabar jami'ar sun ce a asirce cewa rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila "ba shi da alaka da mu."
An gudanar da zanga-zangar ranar Qudus a wasu sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma a London da Berlin da kuma Amurka. Zanga-zangar da aka yi a Landan ta tara mutane Sama da 3,000, yayin da Berlin ta ga masu zanga-zangar 1,600 a cikin 2018. An gudanar da taruka a akalla birane 18 a fadin Amurka a cikin 2017.
A cikin 2020, a karon farko tun lokacin da aka fara shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, an gudanar da taron ranar Qudus kusan a Iran a cikin bala'in COVID-19 .
Hotunan Ranar Qudus
Karin bayani
dangantakar Iran da Isra'ila
Juma'ah-tul-Wida, kuma a ranar Juma'ar karshe a watan Ramadan
Quds a cikin adabin Farisa
Mutuwa ga Amurka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ranar Qudus ta duniya a gidan yanar gizon Hamasna
Jawabin Ayotollah Khomeini akan al-Quds
Jihadi da jingo a kan titunan Iran Guardian Unlimited a ranar Kudus
Masu zanga-zangar Iran a ranar Qudus ta 2009, suna ta rera taken nuna adawa da gwamnatin Iran
An kirkira a 1979 a iran
Dangantakar Iran DA isra'ila |
41952 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Duniya%20a%20cikin%20Abubuwa%20100 | Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100 | Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100 aikin haɗin gwiwa ne na Gidan Rediyon BBC 4 da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin radiyo mai kashi 100 wanda darektan gidan tarihi na Biritaniya Neil MacGregor ya rubuta kuma ya gabatar. A cikin gabatarwa na mintuna 15 da aka watsa a ranakun mako a gidan rediyon 4, MacGregor ya yi amfani da abubuwa na tsohowar fasaha, masana'antu, fasaha da makamai, waɗanda duk suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Biritaniya, a matsayin gabatarwa ga sassan tarihin ɗan adam. Jerin, shekaru huɗu a cikin tsarawa, ya fara a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2010 kuma an watsa shi sama da makonni 20. Littafin don rakiyar jerin, Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100 na Neil MacGregor, Allen Lane ne ya buga shi akan 28 Oktoba 2010. Hakanan ana samun dukkan jerin shirye-shiryen don saukewa tare da sigar sauti na littafin don siye. Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya ya sami lambar yabo ta Art Fund Prize na 2011 saboda rawar da ya taka wajen ɗaukar nauyin aikin.
A cikin 2016, baje kolin abubuwa da dama da aka zayyana a cikin shirin rediyo, wanda kuma mai taken Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100, ya kuma yi balaguro zuwa wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Abu Dhabi (Manarat Al Saadiyat), Taiwan (National Palace Museum in Taipei), Japan. (Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum a Tokyo, Kyushu National Museum a Daizafu, da Kobe City Museum in Kobe), Australia (Western Australian Museum in Perth and National Museum of Australia a Canberra), da Sin (National Museum of China a Beijing da Shanghai Museum). a Shanghai).
Da'awar mallakar gidan adana kayan tarihi na Biritaniya kan wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa na da adawa sosai, musamman ma na Benin Bronzes da Elgin Marbles, waɗanda ke ci gaba da cece-kuce a duniya.
Abun ciki
Jerin shirin, wanda aka kwatanta da "aiki mai mahimmanci",[7] ana lissafinsa azaman 'Tarihin ɗan adam' wanda aka faɗa ta abubuwa ɗari daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Biritaniya.
A cikin wa] annan shirye-shiryen, zan yi tafiya ne a baya, da ma duniya baki ]aya, domin ganin yadda mu mutane sama da shekaru miliyan 2 muka tsara duniyarmu, kuma da ita, zan ba da wannan labari ne ta hanyar abubuwan da suka dace. ’yan Adam sun yi: abubuwa iri-iri, an tsara su da kyau, sa’an nan kuma ko dai sha’awa da adanawa, ko amfani da su, karya da jefar da su. Na zaɓi abubuwa ɗari ne kawai daga wurare daban-daban a kan tafiyarmu, daga tukunyar dafa abinci zuwa gallon zinare, daga kayan aikin zamanin dutse zuwa katin kiredit.[8]
Bayar da tarihi ta hanyar abubuwa, ko mummy na Masar ne ko katin kiredit, shine abin da gidajen tarihi ke amfani da su, kuma saboda Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya tattara abubuwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ba wuri mara kyau ba ne don ƙoƙarin faɗi tarihin duniya. Tabbas, zai iya zama "a" tarihin duniya ne kawai, ba "tarihin" ba. Lokacin da mutane suka zo gidan kayan gargajiya sukan zabi kayan kansu kuma suyi tafiya ta duniya da kuma cikin lokaci, amma ina tsammanin abin da za su samu shi ne cewa tarihin nasu yana da sauri ya shiga tsakani da kowa, kuma idan hakan ta faru, ba za ku kasance ba. tarihi na wata al'umma ko wata al'umma, amma labarin alakoki mara iyaka.[8]
Tare da jerin rukunin yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizo na The Guardian an bayyana shi da "har ma ya fi sha'awar [fiye da jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo da kansa] wanda ke ƙarfafa masu amfani da su gabatar da abubuwan nasu don wani wuri a cikin tarihin duniya", tare da abun ciki mai mu'amala da yawa, cikakkun bayanai akan duka. abubuwan da ke cikin shirye-shiryen rediyo da haɗin kai zuwa 350 sauran tarin gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin Burtaniya.[9] Ana samun shirye-shiryen rediyo akan gidan yanar gizon har abada don sauraro ko saukewa.
Gidan kayan tarihin ya daidaita nunin nunin don jerin abubuwan ta haɗa da ƙarin alluna masu sauƙin ganewa don abubuwa 100 tare da rubutu dangane da shirin da ƙara sashe zuwa taswirar gallery da ke nuna wuri da lambobin abubuwa 100.
A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2010, an sadaukar da wani shiri na musamman na Nunin Al'adu na BBC2 na tsawon awa daya don ƙaddamar da aikin.[10]
An watsa kashi na farko na jerin shirye-shiryen a ranakun mako na makonni shida tsakanin 18 ga Janairu da 26 ga Fabrairu 2010. Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu, jerin sun dawo tare da watsa mako na bakwai a cikin makon da ya fara 17 ga Mayu 2010.[11]. Daga nan sai ya sake yin hutu a tsakiyar watan Yuli kuma ya dawo ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2010, yana gudana har sai an nuna abu na 100 a ranar Juma'a 22 ga Oktoba 2010.
An maimaita shi sau da yawa, galibi kwanan nan a lokacin bazara na 2021.
liyafar
Maev Kennedy na jaridar The Guardian ya bayyana shirin a matsayin "al'amari na watsa shirye-shirye", yayin da Tim Davie shugaban sashen kade-kade da sauti na gidan rediyon BBC ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon da aka samu bai kai wani abin ban mamaki ba", wanda ya zarce fatan da BBC ke da shi kan shirin. A lokacin rubuta labarin Kennedy, kafin a fara makon da ya gabata na jerin shirye-shiryen, shirye-shiryen rediyo a kai a kai suna da masu sauraro har miliyan hudu, yayin da zazzagewar podcast ya kai 10,441,884. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan rabin, miliyan 5.7, sun fito ne daga Burtaniya. Bugu da kari, membobin jama'a sun ɗora abubuwa 3,240 tare da gudummawa mafi girma guda ɗaya da ta fito daga masanin tarihin Glasgow Robert Pool wanda ya ƙaddamar da abubuwa 120 duk da suka shafi Birnin Glasgow, da sauran gidajen tarihi da ƙarin 1,610, da gidajen tarihi da wuraren tarihi 531 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. ya kasance yana haɓaka abubuwan haɗin gwiwa - haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa gani ba, in ji MacGregor. Gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin duniya yanzu suna yin kwafin wannan dabarar, yayin da dubban maziyarta kowace rana ke tashi don bincika wuraren adana kayan tarihi na Biritaniya da ke ɗauke da takardar taswirar abubuwan.[12]
Da yake rubutawa a cikin The Independent, Philip Hensher ya bayyana jerin shirye-shiryen a matsayin "cikakkiyar rediyo", yana mai cewa "Shin an taɓa samun jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba su ƙarewa ba fiye da aikin Gidan Gidan Rediyon 4/Birtaniya, Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100? Irin wannan kyakkyawan ra'ayi ne mai sauƙi, don gano wayewar ɗan adam ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru da suka rayu.Kowane shirin, tsawon mintuna 15, yana mai da hankali kan abu ɗaya kawai, cikin haƙuri, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Wani abu, kuma ya koyi shi cikin jin daɗi da sha'awa, shekaru masu zuwa, BBC za ta iya nuna wannan silsila mai ban sha'awa a matsayin misali na abubuwan da ta fi dacewa da ita. , shirin BBC na Reithia na ingantawa da yada koyo da al'adu."[13]
Dominic Sandbrook a cikin The Telegraph ya ce jerin "mai farin ciki da farin ciki" "ya cancanci a maye gurbinsa tare da raye-rayen talabijin kamar Kenneth Clark's Civilization da Yakubu Bronowski's The hawan Mutum."[14]
A cikin 2019, an ƙaddamar da Tarihi 100 na Duniya 100 a cikin Abu 1 azaman martani ga ainihin aikin Abubuwa 100.[15] Jawabin tsokaci ta wannan shirin na shirin Rediyo 4 wanda ya nuna gazawar shirin [...] '' [ don yin aiki tare da tantancewa da mayar da abubuwa]', [16] musamman wadanda aka tattara a karkashin yanayin mulkin mallaka na tursasawa. , aikin mayar da martani ya nemi maimakon dimokaradiyyar labarun curatorial tare da bayanai daga tushe da al'ummomin kasashen waje waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai tsawo da abubuwan da ke cikin gidajen tarihi.[17] Aikin yana nufin mayar da hankali ga muryoyi daga "Global South" wanda jerin asali suka bari. Dokta Mirjam Brusius da Dr Alice Stevenson ne suka ƙaddamar da kuma sauƙaƙe aikin, aikin yana aiki tare kuma yana da kwamitin edita tare da mambobi daga Indiya, Namibia, Thailand, Ghana, Nigeria, Torres Strait Islands, Aotearoa, Jamaica, Amurka, Mexico da United Mulki.[18]
Abubuwa
Mai da mu mutane (2,000,000-9,000 BC)
"Neil MacGregor ya bayyana abubuwan farko da suka ayyana mu a matsayin mutane."[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko daga 18 ga Janairu 2010.
Bayan zamanin Ice: abinci da jima'i (9,000-3,000 BC)
"Me ya sa aka fara noma a ƙarshen zamanin kankara? Alamu sun kasance a cikin abubuwan da aka bari a baya."[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko wanda ya fara 25 ga Janairu 2010.
Birane da Jihohi na farko (4,000–2,000 BC)
"Me ke faruwa yayin da mutane ke ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa birane? Abubuwa biyar sun ba da labarin."[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2010.
Farkon kimiyya da wallafe-wallafe (1500-700 BC)
"Shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, al'ummomi sun fara bayyana kansu ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi, lissafi da abubuwan tarihi."[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko wanda ya fara 8 ga Fabrairu 2010.
Tsohuwar duniya, sababbin iko (1100-300 BC)
"A duk faɗin duniya sabbin gwamnatoci suna ƙirƙirar abubuwa don tabbatar da fifikonsu."[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko wanda ya fara 15 ga Fabrairu 2010.
Duniya a cikin shekarun Confucius (500-300 BC)
"Shin ma'anar da ke ɓoye a cikin friezes da flagons za su iya gaya mana gwargwadon rubuce-rubucen manyan mutane?"[19] Makon watsa shirye-shirye na farko wanda ya fara 22 ga Fabrairu 2010.
Manazarta
1.Ben Hoyle (18 July 2009)."British Museum and BBC reveal history of world in 100 objects"
2.https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=P9yDiLwxJQ4C&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y
3.https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6045184/new-exhibition-opening-at-the-national-museum-of-australia-in-canberra-tells-the-history-of-two-million-years-in-100-objects/
4.https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-08/two-million-years-of-human-history-national-museum-canberra/7826960
5.https://archive.shine.cn/metro/society/Big-queues-for-fascinating-world-story-told-through-100-objects/shdaily.shtml |
40845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne | Charlemagne | Charlemagne (/ˈʃɑːrləmən,_SHAR- lə-mayn, MAYN SHAR: French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ]) ko Charles the Great (Latin; German; 2 Afrilu 747 -28 Janairu 814), memba ne na daular Carolingian, shine Sarkin Franks daga 768, Sarkin Lombards daga 774, kuma Sarkin farko na Romawa daga 800. Charlemagne ya yi nasarar hada kan mafi yawan yammacin Turai da tsakiyar Turai kuma shi ne sarki na farko da aka amince da shi da ya yi mulki daga yammacin Turai bayan faduwar daular Roma ta Yamma a wajen karni uku a baya. Ƙasar da aka faɗaɗa ta Faransanci wanda Charlemagne ya kafa ita ce daular Carolingian. Antipope Paschal III ne ya naɗa shi—wani aikin da daga baya ya ɗauke shi a matsayin marar amfani—kuma yanzu wasu suna ɗaukansa a matsayin wanda aka yi masa tsiya (wanda yake mataki ne kan tafarkin tsarkaka) a cikin Cocin Katolika.
Charlemagne shine ɗan fari na Pepin the Short da Bertrada na Laon. An haife shi kafin aurensu na farilla .. Ya zama sarkin Franks a shekara ta 768 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma tun farko ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwansa Carloman I har zuwa mutuwar na ƙarshe a 771. A matsayinsa na mai mulki shi kaɗai, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa game da kariyar sarautar Paparoma kuma ya zama mai kare shi kaɗai, ya kawar da Lombards daga mulki a arewacin Italiya tare da jagorantar kutsawa cikin musulmin Spain. Ya kuma yi yaƙi da Saxons zuwa gabas, Kiristanci su (a kan hukuncin kisa) wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Kisan Kisan da aka yi na Verden. Ya kai tsayin daka a cikin 800 lokacin da Paparoma Leo III ya nada shi Sarkin sarakuna na Romawa a ranar Kirsimeti a Old St. Peter's Basilica a Roma.
Charlemagne an kira shi "Uban Turai" (Pater Europae), yayin da ya haɗu da mafi yawan Yammacin Turai a karon farko tun zamanin daular Romawa, da kuma haɗakar da sassan Turai da ba a taɓa kasancewa ba. Mulkin Faransanci ko na Romawa. Mulkinsa ya haifar da Renaissance na Carolingian, lokacin ƙwaƙƙwaran ayyukan al'adu da tunani a cikin Cocin Yammacin Turai. Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun kalli Charlemagne da kyau, saboda goyon bayansa na filioque da kuma fifikon Paparoma a matsayin sarki akan mace ta farko ta Daular Byzantine, Irene ta Athens. Wadannan da sauran rigingimu sun haifar da rabuwar Roma da Konstantinoful a cikin Babban Schism na 1054.
Charlemagne ya mutu a shekara ta 814 bayan ya kamu da cutar huhu mai yaduwa. An binne shi a babban cocin Aachen Cathedral a babban birnin masarautarsa na Aachen. Ya yi aure aƙalla sau huɗu, kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza uku na halal waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa girma. Sai kawai ƙarami daga cikinsu, Louis the Pious, ya tsira ya gaje shi. Charlemagne shi ne kakannin kai tsaye na yawancin gidajen sarauta na Turai, ciki har da daular Capetian, daular Ottonia, Gidan Luxembourg, Gidan Ivrea da kuma House of Habsburg.
Sunaye da laƙabi
Sunan English: ( Turanci: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌ ʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/SHAR-lə SHAR mayn,- MAYN), wanda aka fi sani da sarki a Turanci, ya fito ne daga Faransanci Charles-le-magne, ma'ana "Charles the Great". A cikin Jamusanci na zamani, Karl der Große yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Sunan da aka ba shi shine Charles (Latin Carolus, Tsohon Babban Jamus Karlus, Romance Karlo). An ba shi suna bayan kakansa, Charles Martel, zaɓi wanda da gangan ya yi masa alama a matsayin magajin gaskiya na Martel.
Laƙabin magnus (mai girma) mai yiwuwa an haɗa shi da shi a cikin rayuwarsa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. The zamanin Latin Royal Frankish Annals akai-akai kiransa Carolus magnus rex, "Charles the great king". A matsayin sunan barkwanci, tabbas an tabbatar da shi a cikin ayyukan Poeta Saxo a kusa da 900 kuma ya zama daidaitattun a duk ƙasashen tsohuwar daularsa a kusa da 1000.
Nasarorin da Charles ya samu sun ba da sabon ma'ana ga sunansa. A cikin harsuna da yawa na Turai, ainihin kalmar "sarki" ta samo asali ne daga sunansa; mis, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech,, Slovak, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, , Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic, . .Wannan ci gaban ya yi daidai da sunan Kaisar a cikin ainihin Daular Roma, wanda ya zama kaiser da tsar (ko czar ), da sauransu.
Bayanan siyasa
A ƙarni na 6, ƙabilar Jamus ta yamma na Franks sun zama Kiristanci, saboda babban ma'auni ga juyin Katolika na Clovis I. Francia, wanda Merovingians ke mulki, ita ce mafi iko a cikin masarautun da suka gaji daular Roma ta Yamma. Bayan Yaƙin Tertry, Merovingians sun ƙi zuwa cikin rashin ƙarfi, wanda saboda haka aka yi musu lakabi da rois fainéants ("sarakuna-ba-komai"). Kusan dukkan ikon gwamnati babban hafsansu ne, magajin fadar.
A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry. Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen. Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).
A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry. ☃☃ Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen. ☃☃ Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28744 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Security%20Service%20%28Nijeriya%29 | State Security Service (Nijeriya) | A Jami'an (SSS), A matsayin Department of State Services (Dss), ne hukumomin tsaro na Najeriya da kuma daya daga uku gaje kungiyoyi da National Security Organization (NSO). Hukumar tana karkashin fadar shugaban kasa ta Tarayyar Najeriya, kuma tana kai rahoton ayyukanta ga ofishin hukumar NSA.
Babban nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta shi ne a cikin kasar kuma ya hada da yaki da leken asiri, tsaro na cikin gida, yaki da ta'addanci, da sa ido da kuma binciken wasu nau'ikan manyan laifuka da ake yiwa jihar. Ana kuma dorawa alhakin kare manyan jami’an gwamnati, musamman shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, gwamnonin jahohi da shugabannin jihohi da gwamnatocin da suka kai ziyara tare da iyalansu.
hedikwatar ta a Abuja . Kamar yadda shelar shugaban kasa ta 1999 ta nuna, hukumar SSS tana aiki ne a matsayin sashe a cikin ma’aikatar tsaro da kuma karkashinta mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro .
Daraktoci Janar na SSS
Asalin
Cika daya daga cikin alkawuran da ya yi a jawabinsa na farko na kasa a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Ibrahim Babangida a watan Yunin 1986 ya bayar da doka mai lamba 19, ta rusa hukumar tsaro ta kasa (NSO) tare da sake fasalin jami'an tsaron Najeriya zuwa hukumomi uku daban-daban a karkashin ofishin kungiyar. kodinetan tsaron kasa. Hukumar tsaron farin kaya (SSS) ta dora alhakin leken asirin cikin gida, tare da Darakta Janar Ismaila Gwarzo da Mataimakin Darakta Laftanar Col. AK Togun. Hukumar leken asiri ta kasa (NIA) ta kula da bayanan sirri na waje da kuma hana leken asiri. Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro (DIA) ce ke da alhakin gudanar da bayanan sirri da suka shafi sojoji a waje da cikin Najeriya. Hedikwatar hukumar ta farko tana lamba 15, Awolowo road, Ikoyi a Legas ; A halin yanzu dai wannan rukunin yana dauke da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC. Daga karshe dai an mayar da hedikwatar ta SSS zuwa Abuja a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha, hedkwatar da aka fi sani da "Yellow House", tana gefen arewa na shiyyar makamai uku a kan titin Aso a Maitama, Abuja.
Umarni
Manufar hukumar SSS ita ce ta kare tare da kare Tarayyar Najeriya daga barazanar cikin gida, tabbatar da tabbatar da aiwatar da dokokin aikata laifuka a Najeriya, da samar da shugabanci da ayyukan shari'a ga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi. Ana kuma tuhumar SSS da kare Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai, Gwamnonin Jihohi, danginsu, sauran manyan jami’an gwamnati, tsoffin shugabannin kasa da matansu, da wasu fitattun ‘yan takarar ofis. na Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Gwamnoni, da shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da suka kai ziyara. Hukumar SSS a kullum ta saba da ayyuka daban-daban da ake bukata ta hanyar haifar da barazanar tsaro a Najeriya da suka hada da yaki da ta'addanci da masu tayar da kayar baya.
Nasara, gazawa da kuma kisa
Hukumar SSS ta yi nasara mai ma'ana wajen gudanar da aikin ta na tsaro na cikin gida na farko. Hukumar tun a farkon farko ta na da alaka da kama dan kunar bakin wake dan kasar Masar Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq a shekarar 1993 a lokacin da yake kokarin shiga Najeriya ta kan iyakar Najeriya da Benin. Amurka dai na neman Rezaq ne saboda ya jagoranci harin bam da aka kai wa kungiyar Abu Nidal a jirgin EgyptAir a shekarar 1985 daga baya aka mika shi ga Amurka bayan an samu bukatar a hukumance daga ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka.
A watan Oktobar 2010, SSS sun kama tarin makamai da alburusai da suka samo asali daga Iran a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Apapa da ke Legas ; hakan duk da takunkumin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kakabawa Iran . Makaman da suka hada da makaman roka, harsasai da turmi, an boye su ne a cikin kwantena goma sha uku da aka bayyana karya a matsayin “kayan gini”, ana zargin cewa ana amfani da Najeriya ne a matsayin wurin jigilar kayayyaki yayin da Gambia ta kasance kasa ta karshe da za ta kai makaman.
An kuma bayyana cewa hukumar ta kutsa kai cikin kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini a kasar ciki har da kungiyar Boko Haram . A cikin watan Satumban 2001, an kama wasu masu gabatar da kara guda shida 'yan Pakistan da kungiyar Tabliq, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Musulmi ta gayyace a jihar Benue a jihar Benue bisa zarginsu da keta haddin shige da fice sannan aka kore su a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba. A cewar wikileaks, Mista Kayode Are, "Darekta Janar na SSS ya nuna damuwa game da kudaden da ake ba wa kungiyar, wanda ya zo ta hanyar wayar tarho daga Pakistan, Indiya da Malaysia ". Hakazalika a cewar WikiLeaks, a shekarar 2009 an kama wani mai wa'azi mai tafiya a jihar Taraba kuma an kore shi.
Hukumar SSS ta kuma samu wasu nasarori wajen yaki da masu garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya tare da kama wasu masu garkuwa da mutane tare da kubutar da wadanda suka mutu. A watan Oktobar 2011, hukumar ta ceto Limamin cocin Katolika na St Bernard Eguahulo a karamar hukumar Orhionmwon ta jihar Edo, Rev. Fr Sylvester Chukwura, daga maboyar wanda ya yi garkuwa da shi. Masu garkuwar dai an basu kudin fansa ne daga bisani jami’an SSS suka yi musu kwanton bauna. A lokaci guda kuma, hukumar SSS ta kuma kama wani mai garkuwa da mutane a jihar Edo mai suna Binebi Sibete, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin kasurgumin mai garkuwa da mutane. Ana neman Binebi da wasu abubuwa da ya kashe jami’in SSS a shekarar 2010 da kuma kona jirgin sintiri na gwamnatin jihar a Gelegele.
An caccaki hukumar SSS kan barin Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, dan kunar bakin wando, ya shiga jirgin da ya tashi daga Legas daga Legas, duk da cewa mahaifinsa ya gargadi jami’an tsaro kan ra’ayin ‘ya’yansa masu tsauri kan Amurka. A nata bangaren, SSS ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab bai sanar da ita ba game da ‘ya’yansa da ake zargi da tsatsauran ra’ayi, hukumar ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab ya tattauna da jami’ai a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Abuja, kuma ya nemi taimakon wani tsohon mai ba Najeriya shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Hukumar SSS dai ta ce hukumomin Amurka ba su bayar da bayanan da Mista Mutallab babba ya ba su ba, haka kuma tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro bai tuntubi hukumar ba don haka sun kasa yin aiki da bayanan da basu samu ba.
Haka kuma hukumar ta sha suka sosai sakamakon harin bam da aka kai a gidan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Abuja ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2011. Kungiyar Boko Haram da ke da alaka da kungiyar Al-Qaeda reshen Magrib (AQIM) ta dauki alhakin harin bam da aka kai da mota wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 24; kungiyar ta sha fama da rikicin Boko Haram da ya faro sakamakon kashe shugabansu da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kama shi. Al’ummar Najeriya dai na kara sukar hukumar ne bayan da jaridu suka yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa hukumar ta samu bayanan sirri game da harin bam daga Amurkawa. Daga baya wannan labarin ya zama karya ne bayan da aka bayyana cewa hukumar SSS ce ta samu wasu sahihan bayanan sirri daga wasu majiyoyi a cikin kungiyar Boko Haram game da wani hari da ke shirin kaiwa Abuja. Hukumar leken asirin ta bayyana wasu muhimman gine-gine da ma'aikatun gwamnati a matsayin harin, inda daga bisani hukumar ta kara kaimi a Abuja, sannan ta shawarci jami'an diflomasiyya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke birnin da su dauki kwararan matakan tsaro ga ma'aikatansu da wuraren. Rahoton na karshe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan lamarin ya tuhumi mashawarcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan harkokin tsaro a Abuja da mataimakinsa, ana zarginsu da sakaci idan aka yi la’akari da yadda aka ba su “isassun bayanan sirri kan yiwuwar harin kunar bakin wake”, amma duk da haka sun kasa aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. Dukkan mutanen biyu an sauke su daga mukamansu.
A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, jaridun Najeriya sun yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da shawara kan tafiye-tafiye kan Najeriya. Shawarwari na tafiye-tafiye a cewar jaridun ya hada da barazanar hare-haren bama-bamai a manyan otal-otal da ke Abuja da ‘yan kasashen waje ke yawan zuwa. Nan take labarin ya haifar da firgici a tsakanin jama’a da kuma zargin rashin iya aiki da ake yi wa jami’an tsaro, wato SSS. Labarin ya kuma yi zargin cewa jakadan na Amurka ya bayar da wata sanarwa da ke bayyana cewa Amurka ta yi wannan gargadin ne kai tsaye saboda hukumomin tsaron Najeriya sun gaza yin aiki da bayanan sirrin da aka raba musu a baya. A karshe dai an shawo kan lamarin ne a lokacin da mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Gen. Owoye Andrew Azazi ya bukaci shaidun da ke nuna cewa lallai Amurkawa sun yi irin wannan gargadin ko kuma jakadan na Amurka ya fadi abin da aka alakanta shi da shi a jaridu. Labarin ya zama karya ne, barazanar da ake yi wa otal-otal a haƙiƙanin binciken sirri ne na yiwuwar barazanar da hukumar SSS ta yi a watannin baya wanda aka yi ta yawo a cikin da’irar gwamnati. Hukumar SSS ta kasa sarrafa bayanai a kan lokaci kuma da ya dace wanda hakan ya sa jama’a suka rasa kwarin gwiwa ga kungiyar.
Hukumar ta yi asarar ma’aikata da dama a bakin aiki, yayin da ba a bayyana yawan mace-macen da aka yi a wasu lokuta a kafafen yada labarai ba. A yayin bikin cikar Najeriya shekaru 50 a Abuja a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 2010, wani bam da aka dana a mota ya halaka mataimakin daraktan hukumar da Mista Tahir Zakari Biu jami’in hukumar yaki da yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC a lokacin da suke kokarin kwashe motocin da aka yi watsi da su a bakin hanya. kilomita daga wurin da aka yi bikin. Kungiyar fafutukar kwato yankin Neja Delta (MEND) ta dauki alhakin kai harin. Hukumar SSS ta samu nasarar gano rajistar motar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen kai harin inda daga bisani ta kama wasu da ake zargi a Legas, wanda ya shirya aikin Mista Henry Okah da hukumomin kasar Afirka ta Kudu suka kama aka gurfanar da shi a Afirka ta Kudu bisa zargin ta’addanci. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2007 an harbe wani jami’in tsaro (SPO) da ke aiki da cikakken kariya na Mista Onyema Ugochukwu, dan takarar gwamnan jihar Abia a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2007 a wani yunkurin kashe shugaban makarantarsa. An harbi mai tsaron lafiyar a ka da kuma a hannunsa. A shekarar 2013, an samu cikas a wani harin da jami’an tsaro suka kai a jihar Nasarawa da ke tsakiyar kasar domin kamo shugaban kungiyar asiri ta Ombatse wanda da yawa ke ikirarin cewa yana da karfin iko da ake amfani da shi wajen gurgunta wasu kabilu musamman Fulani, lamarin da ya haifar da dimbin jami’an tsaro. Ma’aikatan da suka mutu ciki har da wasu mutane shida na SSS da ake zargin an kashe ta hanyar amfani da karfin sihiri
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2013, SSS ta tarwatsa wata kungiyar ta'addanci karkashin jagorancin jami'an Iran da ke tattara bayanan sirri don kai hare-hare a kan Amurka da Isra'ila a cikin kasar.
Rigima
A cikin wani rahoto na musamman a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, Peoples Gazette ta ruwaito dogon bayani da ke fallasa son zuciya da son zuciya a cikin daukar ma’aikatan Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar da Bichi ke jagoranta, rahoton ya zama sananne da badakalar daukar ma’aikata ta SSS. Rahoton ya ruwaito majiyoyi da dama, ciki har da ma’aikatan hukumar, wadanda suka bayar da alkaluman yadda hukumar ta yi watsi da ka’idojin daukar ma’aikata domin fifita wasu daga kananan hukumomin babban daraktan hukumar da kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya a kan yankin Kudu.
Shugabanni a shiyyar Kudu da Tsakiyar Najeriya sun soki tsarin tare da yin barazanar gurfanar da hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya da babban darakta a gaban kotu.
Duk da cewa an wargaza wannan shahararriyar hukumar ta NSO, sabuwar kafa ta tsaro a 1990 ta ci gaba da yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta haramta ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar NANS da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jami'o'i, ƙungiyar tsakiyar dukkanin malaman jami'a da malaman jami'a. An yi wa wasu 'yan kasa da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba hari ba tare da biyan diyya na gwamnati ba. An kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai. Dokar mai lamba 2 ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikinta, kuma an tsare ‘yan kasar da dama a karkashinta, duk da cewa an rage wa’adin da aka bari na tsarewa ba tare da tuhuma ba daga watanni shida zuwa makonni shida a watan Janairun 1990. Tare da taimakon wannan da wasu dokokin da suka tauye 'yanci, yawanci ana yin su ne a baya, ana tsare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gwamnati kamar Gani Fawehinmi, Tai Solarin, da Balarabe Musa a kai a kai. Duk da soke dokar lamba 4, gwamnati na da gogewa da yawa tare da kungiyoyin yada labarai. A cikin 1988 Newswatch an haramta shi na tsawon watanni shida, kuma an ci gaba da cin zarafin 'yan jarida, malamai, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a daga jami'an tsaron jihar.
Jami’an tsaron gwamnati na yawan cin zarafi, kamawa, da kuma tsare editoci da ‘yan jaridu daga mujallu masu sukar tsarin mulki. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1997 Aoetokunbo Fakeye, wakilin tsaro na The News, an kama shi. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, Jenkins Alumona, editan The News, jami'an SSS sun kama shi a wani gidan talabijin na Legas. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, manajan editan mujallar Tell, jami’an SSS a Legas sun kama shi a lokacin da yake tuka mota zuwa coci tare da ‘ya’yansa. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, Osifo-Whiskey ya yi gargadin cewa mujallar ta samu rubutacciyar barazanar kisa, wadda ta lissafa sunayen ma’aikatan 27. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, jami'an SSS sun kama Babafemi Ojudu, editan News/Tempo . Rafiu Salau, editan gudanarwa na News/Tempo, an kuma kama shi a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba. An tsare tsohon shugaban hukumar editan jaridar The Guardian, kuma Farfesan aikin jarida da ya ziyarce shi a wata jami’ar Amurka, Olatunji Dare, an tsare shi cikin dare tare da kwace fasfo dinsa da ya zo daga Amurka a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 1997. An ce ya kai rahoto ga hukumar DSS don karbo fasfo dinsa. Bayan da jami’an SSS suka yi masa tambayoyi a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni game da ayyukansa a kasashen waje, sai aka mayar da fasfo dinsa.
Ana kuma zargin hukumar SSS da murkushe ayyukan siyasa na kungiyoyin adawa. An soke ko hana tarurrukan jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da al'amuran al'adu, taron ilimi, da tarukan 'yancin ɗan adam. A ranar 25 ga Satumbar 1997, 'yan sanda da jami'an SSS sun tarwatsa taron karawa juna sani na Human Rights Africa (HRA) ga dalibai a Jos, suka kama daraktan HARA Tunji Abayomi da wasu mutane 4, tare da tsare wasu dalibai 70 a takaice. An tsare Abayomi da sauran su na tsawon kwanaki 10 sannan aka bayar da belinsu. An soke wani taron bita a Fatakwal a ranar 1 ga Mayun 1998 kan yadda za a magance rikice-rikice a Fatakwal lokacin da hukumar SSS ta gargadi masu gudanar da taron na yankin cewa ba za a iya gudanar da irin wannan taro a ranar ma’aikata ba, wato ranar hutu. Irin wannan taron karawa juna sani a wani waje ya ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba duk da hutun.
Makamai da kayan aiki
Tun daga shekarar 2010, daidaitattun bindigogin harin da SSS Combat Operatives/Security Protection Officers (SPO) ke amfani da su sune IMI Tavor Tar-21 da masana'antun Sojoji na Isra'ila suka samar da makamin kariya na sirri na FN P90 , bindigar FN F2000, duka biyu an kera su. ta FN Herstal ; waɗannan bindigogi sun maye gurbin Uzi a matsayin makamin harin farko na SSS. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan suna amfani da makamai na gefe daban-daban da bindigogi daga masana'antun da yawa da suka hada da Beretta, Glock, da Browning .
Hukumar ya kuma tura van saka backscatter X-ray screeners daga Basix Technologies domin ganowa da bama (bama-bamai) saboda wani upsurge a fashewar bamabamai tasowa daga wani Boko Haram a arewa gabashin Najeriya . A cikin wannan aikin yaƙar ta'addanci, hukumar ta kuma yi amfani da jam'in IED ta wayar hannu don kariya ta VIP a wuraren jama'a kamar filayen wasa da kuma tsarin wayar hannu don amfani da ayarin motocin.
Saboda yawan masu amfani da wayar salula ta GSM a Najeriya da kuma yadda ake amfani da wayar salula a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa ta masu garkuwa da mutane da kuma 'yan ta'adda, ya sa hukumar ta samu damar dakile kiran waya . An tura masu kama lambar IMSI da masu gano hanyar sigina don shiga tsakani da bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar wayar GSM da tauraron dan adam .
Hukumar tana kula da jerin motocin alfarma masu sulke da kuma SUVs da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa da manyan baki masu ziyara. Sauran motocin galibi SUVs da Kamfanin Ford Motor Company, Toyota da Lexus ke samarwa kuma hukumar na amfani da su.
Duba kuma
Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) - Mai alhakin ayyukan leken asirin kasashen waje da ayyukan hana leken asiri
Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) - Mai alhakin bayanan soja.
National Security Organisation (NSO) - Shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa
Manazarta
An samo wasu abubuwan na wannan labarin daga Rahoton Ƙasar Najeriya kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 1997, Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour, 30 Janairu 1998.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Wurin aiki: Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (Nigeria)
RSF/Masu Labarai Ba tare da Iyakoki ba akan Sabis na Tsaro na Jiha (SSS)
Najeriya: NIA: Shekaru 20 na Hidima
Najeriya: Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) A Twenty - A Tribute
Jami'an Najeriya
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Lar | Solomon Lar | Chief (Dr.) Solomon Daushep Lar (a Watan Aprailu aka haife na shekara ta alif dari tara 1933 - 9 October 2013) (Walin Langtang) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya riƙe ofisoshi daban-daban a matakin ƙasa sama da shekaru( 50). Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙasa ta farko lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta( 1960 ). An zabe shi gwamnan jihar Filato a kan tsarin Jam’iyyar Jama’ar Nijeriya (NPP) a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya, yana rike da mukamin daga watan Oktoba a shekara ta( 1979) har zuwa juyin mulkin Sojoji na (31 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 1983 ) wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki. Daga baya, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Haihuwa da farkon aiki
An haifi Lar a garin Pangna, Langtang, jihar Filato a watan Afrilun (1933 ). Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yin tukwane. Yayi karatu a Sudan United Mission Primary School a Langtang, sannan ya yi kwalejin malamai ta Gindiri inda ya cancanci koyarwa a Primary School, Langtang. Bayan shekara biyu ya koma Gindiri don Shirin Horar da Babban Malami, ya sami Babbar Sakandari kuma ya fara koyarwa a matakin Firamari. Ya shirya zama malamin addini.
An zaɓi Lar a matsayin kansila a hukumar 'yan asalin Langtang a watan Janairun a shekara ta (1959 ).Ranar (12 )ga watan Disamba( 1959 ) aka zaɓe shi ya zama Majalisar Tarayya a karkashin kungiyar United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC). An sake zaben shi a shekara ta( 1964 )kuma daga nan har zuwa (15 ) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (1966 ), lokacin da Janar Yakubu Gowon ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki, Lar ya kasance sakataren majalisar ne ga Fira Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . Ya kuma kasance Karamin Minista a Ma’aikatar Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin dimokiradiyya, Lar ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya kammala karatu a shekara ta( 1970 ) tare da LLB kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a shekara ta (1971 ). Ya kafa aikin lauya mai zaman kansa, kuma ya kasance tare da kafa kuma Sakatare na ƙasa na ƙungiyar Taimakawa Shari'a ta Nijeriya.
A cikin shekara ta (1972 ), Lar ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Ma'adinai na Nijeriya na Amalgamated. Ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Nahiyar Afirka, memba na Majalisar Ilimin Dokoki ta Najeriya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki (1977–1978). Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Ayo Irikefe wanda ya ba da shawarar fadada daga jihohi (12) zuwa( 19 )a lokacin mulkin Janar,Murtala Muhammed da Olusegun Obasanjo . Har ila yau Lar ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Duniya ta Afirka dake Amurka.
Jamhuriya ta biyu da ta Uku
A farkon Jamhuriya ta Biyu, Lar ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa ne na kafa Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Nijeriya. An tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyya a shekara ta( 1978 ), sannan daga baya yaci zaɓen gwamna a Jihar Filato a matsayin Gwamna na Farko a ranar( 1 ) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta ( 1979 ).Mataimakinsa shi ne Alhaji Aliyu Akwe Doma . Ya kasance mai himma wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin jihar da suka hada da asibitoci, cibiyoyin ilimi, aikin wutar lantarki a karkara, samar da ruwa, da hanyoyi. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye ga dokokin aikin yi na jihohi, da sake tsarin biyan albashi da tsarin kwangila a kullum da kuma gabatar da hutun haihuwa ga mata masu shayarwa.
Bayan juyin mulkin soja a watan Disambar a shekara ta (1983 ), Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya kafa kotunan soji wadanda ke shari’ar dukkan tsoffin gwamnoni. Duk da cewa ba a samu Lar da laifin albazzaranci da dukiyar kasa ba, amma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru( 88 )a kurkuku, na farko a Jos sannan kuma a Kirikiri a Legas . An sake duba lamarinsa kuma gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta sake shi, wanda ya fara wani canji zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekara ta( 1992 ).
A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Najeriya, Lar ya kasance mai goyon bayan Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ce ta nada shi Ministan Harkokin ’Yan sanda, daga baya ya yi murabus lokacin da ya fahimci Abacha ba da gaske yake ba wajen maido da dimokiradiyya.
Jamhuriya ta Hudu
A cikin sauyi zuwa Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya Lar ya zama Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa na farko a shekara ta (1998 ),yana rike da wannan mukamin har zuwa (2002) lokacin da ya mika shi ga Cif Barnabas Gemade . A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta ( 2004 )ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PDP, inda ya mika shi ga Cif Tony Anenih a wani taron tattaunawa a Abuja. Yaci gaba da kasancewa mai iko a cikin jam’iyyar ta PDP har zuwa shekarar (2005), lokacin da ya goyi bayan Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Atiku Abubakar a rikicinsa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, sannan daga baya ya goyi bayan takarar Atiku na neman Shugabancin kasar a shekara ta (2007). A watan Afrilun( 2006), Lar ya kuma yi maraba da shawarar da tsohon Shugaban Kasa na Soja, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yanke na tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa a zaben( 2007), yana mai cewa a dimokuradiyya kowa na da damar tsayawa takara.
An bayyana Lar a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Tsakiyar-Belter, mai aiki a cikin Middle Belt Forum . A jihar Filato ya goyi bayan wata manufa wacce ta dogara da ra'ayin cewa jihar ya kamata ta taimaka wa 'yan asalin su fahimci fa'idar "kubutar da su" daga mamayar Hausawa, kuma ya kamata a mayar da tsoffin al'ummomin Hausawa da Jarawa a cikin Jos da Yelwa wadanda ba su da asali. matsayi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2009) ya ce ana watsi da yankin na Middle Belt duk da irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen haɗin kan kasa, abin dake nuni ga sadaukarwa a yakin basasar Najeriya . Ya kuma koka da yadda ake nuna wariya ga Kiristocin Arewa, har suka kasa samun filayen daza su gina coci.
A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2010 )Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi Shugaban kwamitin Shugaban ƙasa da aka dorawa nauyin ba da shawarar yadda za a hana ci gaba da rikici a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Filato.
Mutuwa
A ranar (9) ga Satan Oktoban a shekara ta( 2013 ), gwamnan jihar Filato Jonah David Jang ya sanar da mutuwar Mista Lar. Ya mutu a asibitin Amurka bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, yana da shekara (80).
Manazarta
Mutanen Najeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
18953 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam | Dammam | Dammam ( Larabci الدمام Ad Dammām ) babban birni ne na lardin Gabashin Saudiyya . Dammam shine birni mafi girma a cikin Yankin Gabas. Shine birni na biyar mafi girma a Saudi Arabiya. Yana daga cikin yankin Dammam. Yana da mahimmin cibiyar kasuwanci da tashar jirgin ruwa . ]
Filin jirgin saman Sarki Fahd (KFIA) yana arewa maso yammacin garin. Tashar Ruwa ta Sarki Abdul Aziz ta Dammam ita ce mafi girma a kan Tekun Fasiya . Kasuwancin shigo da shi zuwa cikin kasar shine na biyu zuwa tashar jirgin ruwan Jeddah.
garin Damam sananne ne da kasancewa babbar cibiyar gudanarwa na masana'antar mai na Saudiyya. Dammam shine babban yankin babban birni na Dammam, wanda kuma aka sani da yankin Greater Dammam, wanda ya ƙunshi 'Biranen Triplet' na Dammam, Dhahran, da Khobar . Yankin yana da yawan jama'a 2,190,900 kamar na 2022 kuma yana da alaƙa da birni ta hanyar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da alaƙar al'adu. Garin yana girma cikin sauri na musamman na 12% a shekara -
mafi sauri a Saudi Arabia, GCC, da kuma Larabawa . Tun daga 2016, Greater Dammam shine yanki na huɗu mafi girma na birni ta yanki da yawan jama'a a cikin Majalisar Haɗin gwiwar Gulf .
Yankin da a ƙarshe ya zama Dammam, ƙabilar Dawasi ce ta zauna a shekara ta 1923, tare da izinin Sarki Ibn Saud . Asalin yankin ya kasance wurin kamun kifi kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa yanayin da yake ciki a cikin rabin karni jim kaɗan bayan gano mai a yankin, a matsayin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar gudanarwa . Tare da hadewar Saudiyya, an mai da Dammam babban birnin sabuwar lardin Gabashin da aka kafa.
Filin jirgin sama na King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) ne ke kula da yankin na Dammam da sauran yankunan Gabas, filin jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya dangane da filin fili (kimanin 780 . ), kusan 31 km (19 mi) arewa maso yammacin birnin. Tashar ruwa ta Sarki Abdul Aziz ta Dammam ita ce mafi girma a Tekun Fasha, zirga-zirgar shigo da kayayyaki ta biyu bayan tashar tashar Islama ta Jeddah mai tarihi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ( MENA ). Damam kuma memba ne a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Makamashi ta Duniya (WECP).
Dammam birni ne, da ke a Gabashin Lardin Saudiyya, a gabar Tekun Farisa . Ita ce babban birnin lardin Gabas kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Saudiyya. Shi ne birni mafi girma a Lardin Gabas kuma na shida mafi girma a cikin Masarautar. Birnin Dammam shine cibiyar gudanarwa na yankin Dammam Metropolitan Area, wanda ya hada da garuruwan Al Khobar da Dhahran.
Tarihi
An kafa Dammam a shekara ta 1923 a karkashin kabilar Al Dawasir da ta yi hijira daga Bahrain bayan da sarki Abdul Aziz ya ba su damar zama a cikin yankin. Kabilar ta fara zama a Khobar, wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinta da tsibirin Bahrain kamar yadda kabilar ta yi fatan komawa can nan ba da dadewa ba, amma turawan Ingila sun yi musu taurin kai. Duk da haka, wannan ya ba wa al'ummar Khobar daga kai, tare da kulla alaka ta kut da kut da babban birnin Dammam.
Nema da gano mai (1932-1940s)
Shirin hakar rijiyoyin mai a Dammam ya fara ne a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1933 A Jeddah, lokacin da gwamnatin Sarki Abd al-Aziz Al Saud da wakilan Kamfanin Mai na Standard na California suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rangwamen mai. An aika da tawagar masanan kasa zuwa Dammam. Sun kammala shirinsu na rijiyoyin a farkon watan Yuni 1934. Aikin rumbun ajiyar na'urar hakar ma'adinai na farko a Damam ya fara kusan a watan Janairun 1935, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu a 1935. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1935, an fara aikin hako rijiyar mai ta 1 a Dammam. Lokacin da Dammam No. 1 bai haifar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa ba, aikin da aka yi a kan shi ya tsaya a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1936, kuma Dammam No. 2 ya hako. Saboda kyakkyawan sakamakon da aka samu, an yi shirin hako rijiyoyi 5 a kewayen Dammam mai lamba 2. Tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa farkon watan Satumba na shekarar 1936, an sa ido sosai kan samar da dukkan wadannan atisayen, kuma yawancinsu ba su da dadi. Ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1936, an fara aikin a Damam No. 7. Da farko hakowar ba ta haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 4 ga Maris 1938, Rijiyar No.7 ta fara samar da adadin mai. Saudi Aramco, ta haƙa shahararriyar rijiyar Dammam mai lamba 7, wadda a yanzu ta keɓe rijiyar wadata, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa masarautar ta mallaki iskar gas mai yawa
Matakin girma cikin sauri (1940-1960s)
An gano rijiyoyin mai na baya-bayan nan a kusa da Dammam a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 50, wanda a yanzu ya kai kashi 25% na arzikin man da aka tabbatar a duniya., ya haifar da haɓakar gine-gine. Iyalan Al Bin Ali karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Muhammad bin Nasir Al Bin Ali da 'yan uwansa sun taka rawar gani wajen ci gaban gari da ma yankin a fagage daban-daban. Kamfaninsu, Al Bin Ali da Brothers, shi ne kamfanin gine-gine na farko na Saudiyya wanda ya shiga aikin fadada Aramco. da dama daga cikin ayyukan da suka yi shi ne hanyoyin da suka hada Dammam zuwa rijiyoyin mai na arewa, babbar hanya 40, wadda ta hada Dammam zuwa Riyadh ; Yanzu ana kiranta kawai hanyar Dammam, da kuma fadada tashar tashar Sarki Abdul Aziz . Hakan ya sa masana da kwararru daga ciki da wajen masarautar suka taru don taimakawa wajen farautar sabbin rijiyoyin mai da kuma kawo su a kai. An kuma gina sabbin bututun mai, da wuraren ajiyar kaya, da jirage masu saukar ungulu don sarrafa tankunan ruwa.
Masana'antun sabis sun tsiro don tallafawa masana'antar da kuma biyan buƙatu da buƙatun daidaikun mutane da ke zaune a cikin sabon yanki na birni. Kamar yadda yake a sauran sassan masarautar, Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta kafa asibitocin zamani da dama da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya a yankin Damam. Ana samun ƙarin asibitoci da asibitocin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa.
Hotuna
Manazarta
Biranen Saudiyya
Biranen Asiya
Birane
Saudiyya |
17190 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Najeriya | Majalisar Najeriya | Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Nijeriya majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a sashe na 4 na Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya. Ya ƙunshi Majalisar Dattawa mai mammobi 109,akwai kuma wakilai guda 360 a Majalisar Wakilai. Majalisar,wanda aka tsara da misalin Majalisar Tarayyar Amurka, ya kamata ya ba da tabbacin daidaito tare da Sanatoci 3 ga kowane jihohi 36 ba tare da la'akari da girma a Majalisar Dattawa ba tare da sanata 1 mai wakiltar Babban Birnin Tarayya, Nijeriya da gunduma ɗaya daga cikin mambobi, ƙuri'un da yawa. a majalisar wakilai. Majalisar ƙasa, kamar sauran bangarori da yawa na gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, tana zaune ne a Abuja, a cikin F.C.T,Abuja.
Shugabanci
Majalisar dattijan tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar dattijan Najeriya, wanda na farko shi ne Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda ya sauka daga aikin ya zama Shugaban ƙasar na farko. Majalisar na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai . A kowane zaman haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa yana jagoranta kuma in baya nan Shugaban Majalisar yana jagoranci.
Ayyuka
Majalisar na dada dubawa ayyuka da kuma aka karfafuwa kafa kwamitocin membobinta mu binciki takardar kudi da kuma hali na jami'an gwamnati. Tun lokacin da aka dawo da mulkin dimokiradiyya a shekarar 1999, an ce Majalisar ta kasance"tsarin koyo" wanda ya shaidi yadda aka yi zaben tare da cire Shugabannin Majalisar Dattawa da dama, zargin cin hanci da rashawa, jinkirin gabatar da kudirin mambobi masu zaman kansu da kirkirar marasa inganci. kwamitoci don biyan bukatun da yawa.
Duk da kasancewar fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na rinjayen Majalisar da Jam’iyyar PDP mai mulki a wancan lokacin, gwamnatin PDP karkashin jagorancin Dakta Goodluck Ebele Jonathan da Majalisar sun fi kowa sanin rashin jituwarsu fiye da haɗin kan da suke ba su. An zargi tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan da yin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofi. Dokoki da yawa, wasu tun a baya kamar tun shekarar 2007, har yanzu suna jiran amincewar Shugaban. Duk da yake Majalisar ta yi iya kokarin ta don tabbatar da ikon ta da kuma cin gashin kanta a kan bangaren zartarwa, amma har yanzu ana kallon sa gaba daya ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai da kuma yawancin mutanen Nijeriya. Majalisar na zama na tsawon aƙalla shekaru huɗu, bayan wannan lokacin ana buƙatar Shugaban ya rusa ta kuma kiran sabon Majalisar cikin zaman.
Majalisar Dattawa na da iko na musamman na tsige alkalai da sauran manyan jami'an zartarwa ciki har da Babban Odita-Janar na Tarayya da mambobin kwamitocin zabe da kudaden shiga. Wannan ikon, duk da haka, yana ƙarƙashin buƙatun shugaban ƙasa ne. A majalisar dattijai ma ya tabbatar da shugaban kasar ta gabatarwa na babban jami'in jami'an diplomasiyan, mambobi ne na tarayya hukuma, tarayya shari'a alƙawura da kuma zaman kanta tarayya kwamitocin.
Kafin kowane ƙuduri ya zama doka, dole sai Majalisar wakilai da Majalisar Dattawa sun amince da shi, sannan sun samu amincewar Shugaban ƙasa. Idan Shugaban ƙasa ya jinkirta ko ya ki amincewa ( veto ) kudirin, Majalisar na iya zartar da dokar da kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan majalisun biyu tare da soke veto kuma ba za a nemi yardar Shugaban ba. Majalisar da ke yanzu ba ta ɓoye shirinta na murkushe zartarwa ba inda ba su yarda ba.
Tallafi
Cibiyar Nazarin Dokoki ta ƙasa (NILS) yanki ne na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kyasa da aka kafa ta Dokar Majalisar. Tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya sanya hannu kan dokar Cibiyar Nazarin Dokokin Kasa a shekara ta 2011 a ranar 2 ga Maris shekara ta 2011 bayan amincewa da irin wannan ta Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai. NILS ta ginu ne a kan nasarorin da aka samu na Binciken Nazari da Nazarin (PARP), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2003 a matsayin cibiyar haɓaka iya aiki na Majalisar withasa tare da tallafin kuɗi na Capungiyar Buildingarfafa Africanarfin Afirka (ACBF) NILS na da manyan manufofinta don samar da ingantaccen bincike na ilimi da ƙwarewa, nazarin manufofi, horo, rubuce rubuce da ba da shawarwari kan tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya da aiwatar da dokoki da matakai. Ayyukan NILS sunyi kama da ayyukan da aka gabatar wa majalisar dokokin Amurka ta Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisa, Ofishin Kasafin Kundin Majalisa, Laburaren Majalisa kawai a ƙaramin mizani kamar yadda aka kafa makarantar.
Wakilan Jiha na Jiha
Hoton hoto na ginin gine-ginen taron kasa na Najeriya
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Manazarta |
50872 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissy%20Conant | Chrissy Conant | Articles with hCards
Chrissy Conant ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya ƙirƙira ayyuka kamar Chrissy Caviar da Chrissy Skin Rug. Ayyukanta na BioArt sun tayar da martani mai ƙarfi kuma sun kasance tushen tattaunawa game da jiki,fasaha,da ɗabi'a.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Chrissy Conant a Hawaii kuma ya girma a Princeton,New Jersey.A halin yanzu tana zaune kuma tana aiki a birnin New York.
Ilimi
Conant yana da Bachelor of Arts daga Jami'ar Boston da Jagora na Fine Arts daga Makarantar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin.
Ayyukan zane-zane
Conant ta ce aikinta yana nuna irin gwagwarmayar da ta yi kuma ta sami matakai masu ban sha'awa na ƙirƙirar su masu ban sha'awa.Ayyukan zane-zanenta sun haɗa da:
Chrissy Caviar
Conant yayi bincike akan girbin ƙwai na kifi don caviar,da kuma tsarin hadi in vitro (IVF).Daga nan ta shiga cikin jiyya mai yawa na jiki don ƙirƙirar 'samfurin' daga kanta,wanda ta shirya a hankali kuma ta gabatar a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar Chrissy Caviar.Ta rubuta duk aikin akan bidiyo.
Conant ta yi wa kanta allurar tsawon makonni shida da magungunan haihuwa ta yadda za ta samar da ƙwai da yawa, sannan aka yi musu allurar hormone na ƙarshe don sa ƙwan su girma a lokaci guda.Masanin ilimin endocrinologist da likitan mahaifa ya girbe ƙwai a cikin aikin asibiti na mintuna arba'in da biyar.Conant a hankali ta sanya kowacce kwayayenta guda goma sha uku a cikin filako mai cike da ruwan tubal na mutum,maganin saline da ake amfani da shi don adanawa da jigilar ova na mutum don IVF.An saita kowace flask a cikin kwalbar siliki mai tsabta,an rufe,kuma an yi masa lakabi da hoton mai zane a kwance da bayanin cewa kwalbar ta ƙunshi"kwai ɗaya" "Caucasian"tare da"ruwa na tubal na mutum"wanda dole ne a sanyaya shi da kyau.Har ma Conant ya nemi kuma ya sami alamar kasuwanci don Chrissy Caviar®,mai rijista a matsayin"samfurin abinci"da kuma"DNA".
An shigar da aikin Chrissy Caviar,ciki har da bidiyon da akwati mai cike da kwalabe, wanda aka yi muhawara a Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art a watan Mayu 2002.Conant ta ki amincewa da “dandannawa”da wani mai dafa abinci, amma ta ce za ta sayar da kas din din da abin da ke cikinsa.An nuna Chrissy Caviar a nune-nunen nune-nune da dama, ciki har da Molecules waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a gidauniyar sinadarai ta 2008,inda Conant ya ba da lacca baƙo mai taken"An Artist Hijacks the Biochemistry of Life".
An yi la'akari da nunin BioArt mai tunani, "ƙarfafa masu kallo suyi tunani game da manyan batutuwan da suka shafi iyakokin ɗabi'a na fasaha da kuma amfani da fasahar haihuwa" Conant ta ce tana fatan aikin zai haifar da martani mai karfi, kuma tana son tada hankali kan rikice-rikicen mata game da haihuwa, musamman yayin da suke girma.An soki Chrissy Caviar saboda gyaran jiki kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen tattaunawa don fasaha da ɗabi'a.
Ƙarƙashin Skin Rug
Don Chrissy Skin Rug, Conant an rufe shi da Vaseline da siliki mai yin gyare-gyare don yin girman rayuwa,simintin siliki mai launin nama na jikinta. Daga nan ne ta kirkiri wani katafaren“fatar mutum” wadda aka shimfida a kan wani katako, an makala kai da gashi mai kama da rai.An nuna shi a Gidan Gallery na Morgan Lehman a cikin nuni mai taken Sexy Time: Ƙoƙarin Ƙungiya a cikin 2008.An yi niyyar wannan yanki ne don yin la'akari da jima'i, jinsi,da abubuwan gama gari tsakanin mutane da dabbobi.Ya nuna yadda"maza ke wulakanta mutane idan aka ɗauke su a matsayin abubuwan jima'i mai girma ɗaya",kuma an siffanta su a matsayin "mai ban tsoro"da rashin jin daɗi.
Teddy Chrissy
Teddy Chrissy ya ɗauki teddy bear kuma ya canza shi zuwa sulke mai kariyar kai. Conant ya sake gina beyar teddy,ya maye gurbin Jawo da fitilun bakin karfe da cusa beyar da ulun karfe.
Blanket Tsaron Gida na Chrissy
Conant ya kirkiro Blanket Tsaro na Gida na Chrissy a cikin Maris 2003.An bayyana shi a matsayin"aikin sassaƙa sassa uku",ta haɗa da Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka don matakan barazana,"mai tsanani," "maɗaukaki," "maɗaukaki," "masu gadi,"da"ƙananan"don yin ƙwanƙwasa kala-kala,barguna,da rataye na bango.Ta kuma nemi alamar kasuwanci"Chrissy Homeland Security® Blanket".Amfani da Conant na alamar kasuwanci"Bargon Tsaron Gida"daga baya Shirley Ivins ya yi hamayya da shi.Dangane da bayanan alamar kasuwanci,kodayake Ivins ya yi rajistar alamar kasuwancin,an soke rajistarta saboda ba ta shigar da sanarwar da aka yarda ba.An haɗa Blanket ɗin Tsaron Gida na Chrissy a cikin nune-nunen kamar Pillow Pageant da Taɗi mara dadi.An bayyana shi a matsayin"mai nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali"na yakin ciki tsakanin tsaro da damuwa,da kuma tallan tsoro.
Duk Littafi Mai Tsarki Na karanta
Kowane Littafin da Na karanta wani sassaka ne na rubutu,wanda ya haɗa da vinyl,siminti,fata na akuya,takarda,allo,da zinariya.An yi niyya don ba da shawarar haɗi tsakanin littattafai,masu amfani,ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,da riko da abubuwan da suka gabata.
Solo nune-nunen
Room Project,Stefan Stux Gallery, New York,NY(2002)
Nunin rukuni
An baje kolin ayyukan Conant a nune-nunen rukuni gami da masu zuwa:
Unbound,Daya daga cikin Irin: Littattafan Mawakan Na Musamman, wanda Heide Hatry ya tsara, Dalhousie Art Gallery,Halifax,Nova Scotia(2012)
Ƙona Kafin Karatu,Lilah Freedland ne ya tsara shi,Scope NY,NY(2012)
Pillow Pageant,wanda Emily Stevenson da Natalie Fizer suka tsara, AIR Gallery,DUMBO Arts Festival,Brooklyn,NY
Tattaunawa maras dadi,Liz Kinnmark ya daidaita,Int'l Contemporary Furniture Fair,New York,NY(2010)
Molecules That Matter,Chemical Heritage Foundation,Philadelphia, PA,da Francis Young Tang Teaching Museum a Skidmore College a Saratoga Springs,NY (2008)
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane |
29819 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage%20iska%20mai%20nauyi%20%28Haze%29 | Rage iska mai nauyi (Haze) | ref>Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". </ref>
Haze a al'adance Na wani al'amari ne na yanayi wanda kura, hayaki, da sauran busassun barbashi ke rufe haske a sararin samaniya. Littafin Kundin Tsarin Yanayi na Duniya ya haɗa da rarrabuwa na ruɗewa a kwance zuwa nau'ikan hazo, hazo kankara, hazo, hazo, hazo, hayaƙi, toka mai aman wuta, ƙura, yashi, da dusar ƙanƙara. Abubuwan da ke haifar da barbashi hazo sun haɗa da noma ( noma a bushewar yanayi), zirga-zirga, masana'antu, da gobarar daji . Ana iya gani daga nesa (misali jirgin sama yana gabatowa) kuma ya danganta da alkiblar ra'ayi game da Rana, hazo na iya bayyana launin ruwan kasa ko bluish, yayin da hazo yakan zama launin toka. Ganin cewa hazo sau da yawa ana tunanin al'amari na busasshiyar iska, hazo abu ne na iskar danshi. Koyaya, ɓangarorin hazo na iya yin aiki azaman ɗigon ɗigon ruwa don samuwar hazo na gaba; Irin waɗannan nau'ikan hazo ana kiran su da "rigar haze." Da Kuma ake la'akari da su.ref>Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". </ref>
A cikin adabin yanayi, kalmar haze gabaɗaya ana amfani da ita don nuna hangen nesa-rage iska mai nau'in rigar. Irin wannan iska da aka saba fitowa daga hadadden halayen sinadarai da ke faruwa yayin da iskar sulfur dioxide da ke fitowa yayin konewa ke juyar da su zuwa kananan digo na sulfuric acid . Ana haɓaka halayen a gaban hasken rana, matsanancin zafi na dangi, da kwararar iska. Wani karamin sashi na iska mai daskarewa ya bayyana yana samuwa ne daga mahadi da bishiyoyi suka saki, irin su terpenes . Saboda waɗannan dalilai, rigar hazo yakan zama babban abin al'ajabi na lokacin dumi. Ana iya samar da manyan wuraren hazo da ya mamaye dubban kilomita a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau kowane lokaci na rani.
Gurbacewar iska
Haze sau da yawa yana faruwa lokacin da ƙurar da hayaƙi suka taru a cikin bushewar iska. Lokacin da yanayin yanayi ya toshe tarwatsa hayaki da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa sukan tattara hankali kuma su samar da wani shroud mai rataye yawanci wanda ke ɓata gani kuma yana iya zama barazanar lafiyar numfashi . Gurbacewar masana'antu na iya haifar da hazo mai yawa, wanda aka sani da hayaki .
Tun daga shekarata 1991, hazo ya kasance matsala musamman a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Babban tushen hazo shine gobarar da ke faruwa a Sumatra da Borneo. Dangane da hazo na 1997 kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ƙasashen ASEAN sun amince da Tsarin Ayyukan Haze na Yanki shekarata (1997). A shekara ta 2002, duk ƙasashen ASEAN sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Gusar da Haze mai iyaka, amma har yanzu gurɓataccen yanayi yana da matsala a yau. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, sakatariyar ASEAN ta dauki nauyin hadin gwiwa da bangaren tallafi. A lokacin shekarata 2013 kudu maso gabashin Asiya haze, Singapore ta sami matsayi mai girma na gurɓataccen gurɓatawa, tare da 3-hour Pollution Standards Index ya kai matsayi mafi girma na 401. ref>Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". </ref>
A {asar Amirka, an ɓullo da shirin Kula da Muhalli na Kare Kariya (IMPROVE) a matsayin wani yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin (EPA) da Ma'aikatar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Ƙasa, domin kafa nau'in sinadari na haze a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da kuma kafa matakan sarrafa gurɓataccen iska a cikin don dawo da hangen nesa zuwa matakan masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Tsabtace iska ta buƙaci a gyara duk wata matsalar ganuwa ta yanzu, kuma a hana matsalolin gani nan gaba, a cikin yankuna kimanin 156 na Tarayya na Class I da ke ko'ina cikin Amurka. Ana samun cikakken jerin waɗannan wuraren akan gidan yanar gizon EPA.
Rikicin kasa da kasa
Haze mai iyaka
Haze ba shine matsalar gida ba. Ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sabani na kasa da kasa a tsakanin kasashe makwabta. Haze na ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta kuma ta haka ne ke lalata wasu ƙasashe ma. Daya daga cikin matsalolin baya-bayan nan na faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya wanda ya fi shafar kasashen Indonesia, Malaysia da Singapore. A shekarar 2013, sakamakon gobarar dazuzzukan kasar Indonesiya, Kuala Lumpur da yankunan da ke kusa da su sun lullube da hayaki mai muni, da warin toka da gawayi sama da mako guda, a cikin rikicin muhalli mafi muni da kasar ta fuskanta tun shekarar 1997 .
Babban tushen hazo shi ne tsibirin Sumatra na Indonesiya, yankunan Indonesiya na Borneo, da kuma Riau, inda manoma, masu gonaki da masu hakar ma'adinai suka cinna wuta a dazuzzukan domin share kasa a lokacin bushewar yanayi. Iskar dai na kada mafi yawan hayakin da ke ratsa mashigin mashigin Malacca zuwa Malesiya, duk da cewa wasu sassan Indonesia ma abin ya shafa. Hatsarin 2015 na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya kasance wani babban rikici, kodayake akwai lokuta kamar hazo na shekarun 2006 da 2019 waɗanda ba su da tasiri fiye da manyan hazo uku na kudu maso gabashin Asiya na shekarun 1997, 2013 da 2015.
Rufewa
Haze yana haifar da al'amurra a fannin daukar hoto na ƙasa, inda shigar da ɗimbin yanayi mai yawa na iya zama dole don hoton batutuwa masu nisa. Wannan yana haifar da tasirin gani na asarar bambanci a cikin batun, saboda tasirin hasken haske ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hazo. Don waɗannan dalilai, launukan fitowar alfijir da faɗuwar rana suna bayyana a cikin ranaku masu hazaka, kuma taurari suna iya ɓoyewa da daddare. A wasu lokuta, hazo yana da girma wanda, wajen faɗuwar rana, rana ta bace gaba ɗaya kafin ta isa sararin sama.
Ana iya bayyana Haze a matsayin nau'in iska na tasirin Tyndall don haka sabanin sauran tasirin yanayi kamar girgije da hazo, hazo yana da zaɓaɓɓen zaɓi: guntu (shuɗi) tsayin raƙuman ruwa yana tarwatsewa, kuma tsayin (ja / infrared ) tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ba ya warwatse ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda wannan dalili, da yawa super-telephoto ruwan tabarau sau da yawa hada rawaya tacewa ko coatings don inganta image bambanci. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da hoton infrared (IR) don kutsa hazo a cikin nesa mai nisa, tare da haɗe-haɗe na IR-pass optical filters da IR-sensitive detectors.
Duba sauran abubuwa
Arctic hazo
Yarjejeniyar ASEAN kan gurɓacewar Haze daga iyaka
Gajimaren launin ruwan Asiya
Kurar Asiya
Coefficient na haze
Yarjejeniyar Kan Gubawar Iska Mai Tsawon Iyakoki
Saharan Air Layer
Haze na kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Smog
Rigimar Smelter Trail
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Inventory Pollutant na ƙasa - Taswirar gaskiyar al'amura
Waɗancan kwanakin hatsabibin rani
Haze a tsakiya da gabashin Amurka
Haɗin Sinadaran Haze a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Ƙasar Amurka: Bayanan Ganuwa
Haze
Iska
Yanayi |
8968 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhusain%20%C9%97an%20Ali | Alhusain ɗan Ali | Hussain Ibn Ali Bin Abutalib jikan manzon Allah ne, Allah ya yarda dashi, Dan Nana Fatima diyar manzan allah (SAW), uwargidan Aliyu dan Abutalib, dan'uwansa shi ne Alhasan dan Ali dan Abutalib. Hussain shine wanda yan 'Shi'a ke darajawa a matsayin daya daga cikin Imamansu na farko.
Matsayinsa
A ranar uku ga watan Sha'aban mai albarka na shekara ta huɗu bayan hijira aka yi wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) albishir da haihuwar Hussaini (A.S.). Don haka sai ya gaggauta tafiya gidan Ali da Zahara (A.S), ya ce wa Asma'u bin Umais: "Asma'u kawo min ɗana." Sai Asma'u ta kawo wa Manzo shi ɗauke a farin zani. Sai Manzo ya yi murna da ganinsa, ya rungume shi, sannan ya kira sallah a kunnensa na dama, ya kuma yi ikama a na hagu, sannan ya dora shi a cinyarsa sai aka ga yana kuka. Sai Asma'u, cikin mamaki, ta tambaye shi, cewa: "Wa kakewa kuka?" Sai Manzo (s.a.w.a) yace: "Dan nan nawa." Sai Asma'u ta ce: "Yanzun nan aka haife shi." Sai Manzo (s.a.w.a) ya ce:
"Ya Asma'u!, wata azzalumar kungiya karkatacciya ce za ta kashe shi a bayana, Allah ba Zai hada su da cetona ba".
Sannan sai ya ce:
"Ya Asma'u! Kar ki faɗa wa Fatima wannan labari, domin ba ta daɗe da haihuwarsa ba (1)".
Sai Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya sami sako daga Allah Madaukakin Sarki, game da sunan abin haihuwarsa mai daraja; sai ya waiwayi Ali (a.s.) ya ce: "Ka sa masa suna Hussaini".
Matsayin Imam Husaini (a.s)
Hakika Abu Abdullahi al-Husain (a.s.) na da babban matsayi. Bayan ayoyin Alkur'ani da suka ambaci matsayinsa cikin matsayin Ahlulbaiti (a.s.), wadanda muka ambata a baya, kamar su Ayar Tsarkakewa, Ayar Mubahala, Ayar Kauna da sauransu; akwai hadisan Annabi masu yawa da ke nuna girman matsayinsa da daukakar darajarsa. Daga cikin su akwai:
1- Abin da ya zo cikin Sahih al-Tirmizi cewa: Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya ce: "Husaini daga gare ni yake, ni kuma daga gare shi nake. Allah Ya so wanda ya so Husaini. Husaini jika ne daga cikin jikoki(2).
2- An ruwaito daga Salman al-Farisi, ya ce: na ji Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) yana cewa: "Hasan da Husaini 'ya'yana ne, wanda ya so su ya so ni, wanda kuma ya so ni Allah zai so shi, wanda kuwa Allah Ya so zai shigar da shi Aljanna. Kuma wanda ya fusata su ya fusata ni, wanda kuma ya fusata ni Allah zai yi fushi da shi, wanda kuwa Allah Ya yi fushi da shi zai shigar da shi wuta(3)".
3- An ruwaito daga Ali bin Husaini daga babansa, daga kakansa (a.s.), cewa Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya kama hannun Hasan da Husaini (a.s.) sannan ya ce: "Wanda ya so ni ya kuma so wadannan biyun da babansu da mamansu, zai kasance tare da ni ranar kiyama(4)".
Dabi'un Imam Husaini (a.s)
Hakika kasantuwan Imam Hasan (a.s) ya tashi ne karkashin kulawar kakansa Manzo (s.a.w.a), babansa Ali da mahaifiyarsa al-Zahara (a.s.), ta sa dabi'unsa na misalta sakon Allah Madaukaki a tunance, aikace da halayya. A nan za mu bayar da wasu 'yan misalai.
1- Shu'aib bin Abdul-Rahman ya ruwaito cewa: "An ga wani tabo a bayan Imam Husaini (a.s.) a Karbala; sai aka tambayi Imam Zainul-Abidin (a.s) game da shi, sai ya amsa da cewa: "Wannan ya samo asali ne daga buhunan abinci da yake dauka a bayansa yana kai wa gidajen matan da mazansu suka mutu da marayu da miskinai".
2- Ya taba bi ta wajen wasu miskinai alhali suna cin abinci a akushi, sai suka yi masa tayi, sai ya sauka ya ce: "Lallai Allah ba Ya son masu girman kai", sai ya ci abincin. Sai ya ce musu: "Na amsa muku, to ni ma ku amsa min." Sai suka amsa, suka tafi tare da shi har zuwa gidansa, sai ya ce wa matarsa: "Fito da duk abin da kika adana (5)".
3- An taba ce masa: Me ka fi tsoro daga Ubangi-jinka? Sai ya ce: "Babu mai amintuwa daga ranar kiyama sai wanda ya ji tsoron Allah a duniya".
4- A daren goma ga watan Muharram Imam Husaini (a.s.) ya bukaci rundunar Umayyawa 'yan adawa, da su jinkirta masa wannan daren yana mai cewa: "Don muna so mu yi salla ga Ubangijinmu da daddare mu kuma nemi gafarar Sa, domin Shi ya san ni ina son yin sallah gare Shi da tilawar Littafin Sa da yawan addu'a da istigfari".
Madogara
1- Dabarasi, cikin A'alamul-Wara Bi A'alamil-Hudah, shafi na 218; da Khawarizmi, cikin Maktalul-Husaini, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 87.
2- Fadha'ilul-Khamsah, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 262-263.
3- A'alam al-Warah, shafi na 219.
4- Sibd Ibn al-Jauzi, cikin Tazkiratu Khawas al-Ummah, babin da ya yi magana a kan 'Son Manzon Allah da Hasan da Husaini'.
5- Abu Ilm, cikin Ahlulbait, babin dake magana a kan tawali'un Imam Husaini da gudun duniyarsa.
Manazarta |
50439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Crawford | Johnny Crawford | Articles with hCards
John Ernest Crawford (Maris 26, 1946 - Afrilu 29, 2021) ɗan wasan kasar Amurka ne, mawaƙi. Ya fara yi a gaban masu sauraro na ƙasa a matsayin Mouseketeer . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, Crawford ya tashi ya zama sanannen dan wasa Mark McCain a cikin jerin The Rifleman, wanda aka zabe shi don Kyautar Emmy Award wadda kyautar kwarewa ce a wasasn kwaikwayo yana da shekaru 13.
Crawford yayi da ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai yin rikodi a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin da fim tun yana balagagge. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, Crawford ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta Johnny Crawford na California, wata kungiyar kade-kade ta raye-raye wacce ta yi a wasu abubuwa na musamman
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Crawford a Los Angeles, California, Amurka, ɗan Betty (née Megerlin) da Robert Lawrence Crawford Sr. Kakannin mahaifiyarsa 'yan Belgium ne; Kakansa na uwa shi ne dan wasan violin Alfred Eugene Megerlin . A cikin 1959, Johnny, ɗan'uwansa Robert L. Crawford Jr., abokin haɗin gwiwa na jerin Laramie, da mahaifinsu Robert Sr. duk an zabi su don Emmy Awards ('yan'uwa don yin aiki, da mahaifinsu don gyaran fim).Ya Rasha-Yahudu, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi.
Sana'a
Crawford ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Ɗaya daga cikin ainihin Mouseketeers na Kamfanin Walt Disney a cikin 1955, ya yi aiki a mataki, a cikin fina-finai, da kuma a talabijin.
Disney ya fara da Mouseketeers 24 na asali, amma a ƙarshen kakar farko, ɗakin studio ya rage lambar zuwa 12, kuma an yanke Crawford. Mahimmancin hutunsa na farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya biyo baya tare da rawar take a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lux Video Theatre na "Little Boy Lost", watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1956. Ya kuma fito a cikin shahararrun jerin Yammacin Yamma The Lone Ranger a cikin 1956 a cikin ɗayan fewan sassan launi na wannan jerin.Bayan , matashin ɗan wasan ya yi aiki tare da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da daraktoci da yawa. Freelancing na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, ya tattara kusan lambobin talabijin na 60, gami da rawar da ya taka a cikin sassa uku na NBC's The Loretta Young Show da bayyanar Manuel a cikin "Ni Ba'amurke ne", wani yanki na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi The Sheriff na Kochise . Ya yi tauraro a cikin 1958 Season 1 final na The Restless Gun . Ya yi tauraro a matsayin Bobby Adams a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1958 Ƙarfin Ƙauna na Black Beauty . Ya bayyana a matsayin Tommy Peel a cikin 1958 episode "The Dila" a cikin Tales of Wells Fargo . A lokacin bazara na 1958, ya yi ayyuka 14 masu buƙata a cikin shirye-shiryen telebijin na NBC Matinee Theatre , ya bayyana a kan sitcom na CBS Mista Adams da Hauwa'u, a cikin Wagon Train episode "The Sally Potter Story", da kuma a kan syndicated jerin Crossroads, The Sheriff na Cochise, da Whirlybirds, kuma ya sanya uku matukan jirgi na talabijin jerin. Matukin jirgi na uku, wanda aka yi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na Dick Powell's Zane Gray Theater, ABC ne ya dauko shi, kuma farkon lokacin The Rifleman ya fara yin fim a watan Yuli 1958.
An zabi Crawford don lambar yabo ta Emmy a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a cikin 1959, yana ɗan shekara 13. Ya karɓi nadin don matsayinsa na Mark McCain (ɗan Lucas McCain, wanda Chuck Connors ya buga) a cikin The Rifleman . Crawford kuma ya buga wani saurayi mai suna Clay Holden, wanda ya yi abota da Connors a cikin wani taron 1965 na Branded . Connors da Crawford sun kasance abokai na kud da kud lokacin da Connors ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1992, kuma Crawford ya ba da yabo a wurin tunawa da Connors.
A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, Crawford yana da farin jini sosai tare da matasan Amurka da kuma yin rikodi akan Del-Fi Records wanda ya haifar da hits guda huɗu na Billboard Top 40, gami da "Birthday na Cindy", wanda ya kai lamba takwas a 1962. Sauran abubuwan da ya buga sun hada da "jita-jita" (lamba 12, 1962), "Hancinka Zai Girma" (lamba 14, 1962), da "Alfahari" (lamba 29, 1963).
A ƙarshen 1961, Crawford ya bayyana a matsayin Victor a cikin shirin "Yaro Mai Haskakawa" akan Nunin Donna Reed . kasance tauraro mai baƙo akan Nunin Donna Reed . A cikin 1964 da 1965, Crawford ya fito a wasan kwaikwayo na ilimi na NBC Mr. Novak yana wasa JoJo Rizzo.
Crawford ya buga Jeff, maƙwabcin Wilbur a Mister Ed, wanda ya fi sha'awar kiɗan pop fiye da algebra. A cikin fina-finansa, Crawford ya buga wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke a cikin fim ɗin ban mamaki na musamman na Indiya Paint (1965). Ya buga wani hali tare da yarinyar da Kim Darby ta buga a cikin The Restless Ones (1965), kuma ya buga wani hali wanda halin John Wayne ya harba a cikin El Dorado (1966). Ya buga mataimakin matashi Billy Norris a cikin Babban Valley episode "Sauran Fuskar Adalci" a cikin 1969.
Yayin da aka shiga cikin Sojan Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Crawford ya yi aiki a kan fina-finai na horo a matsayin mai gudanarwa na samarwa, mataimakin darekta, mai kula da rubutun, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci. Matsayinsa shine Sajan a lokacin da aka sauke shi mai girma a cikin Disamba 1967.
Manazarta
Matattun 2021
Haifaffun 1946 |
21629 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad%20Ghaddar | Mohamad Ghaddar | Mohamad Mahmoud Ghaddar (; an haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1984) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Lebanon wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Lebanese Premier League ta Nejmeh.
Klub din
Nejmeh
Ghaddar ya fara aikin samartaka ne a Nejmeh a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 1998. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar matasa ya fara zama na farko a kungiyar, shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta yi ikirarin taken kakar 1999 zuwa, wanda shi ne kambun Lig na farko na kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 20. A tsawon shekaru goma, Ghaddar ya ci gaba da neman wasu lakabi hudu kuma ya karbi kyaututtuka daban-daban a gasar laliga tare da karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a Lebanon.
Al Shabab
A watan Disamban 2009, Ghaddar ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Al-Shabab ta gasar Premier ta Bahrain a kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010. A ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Ghaddar ya ci wa Al-Shabab kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Muharraq da ci (3-1). Makonni biyu bayan haka ya zira kwallaye biyu a kan Busaiteen a wasan da suka doke (1-1) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, Ghaddar ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da suka doke Malkiya da ci (2-1). Kwallaye biyar da ya ci a wasanni shida a karshen kakar wasanni ta 2009 zuwa 2010 ya taimaka wa kulob din tsallakewa faduwa daga rukuni na biyu.
Al Ahly
Ghaddar signed a four-year-contract with Egypt's Al Ahly for the( 2010zuwa2011) Egyptian Premier League season, become the first Lebanese player to sign for the Egyptian team. Ghaddar debuted for Al Ahly on (6) August (2010) in a( 0–0) draw with Ittihad El-Shorta where he was substituted onto the field for Mohamed Talaat on( 76) minutes. He made one appearance for Al Ahly during the (2010) CAF Champions League group stage on (12) September( 2010) in a (2–1) win against Nigerian side Heartland F.C. where he was substituted onto the field for Mohamed Fadl on (76) minutes. Ghaddar was released by the club after just six months of his handful of appearances.
Ghaddar ya koma kungiyar Siriya, Tishreen SC a kakar shekarar( 2010zuwa2011) , amma daga karshe ya koma kungiyar Al-Jaish SC Damascus .
Kelantan
Ghaddar a hukumance ya hade da zakaran Super League na 2011 da kuma 2011 FA Cup Runners-Up, Kelantan FA a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban 2011, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 2 tare da kungiyar. Kulob din yana Gabas ta Gabas ta Malaysia kuma yana wasa a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2012.
After his duty with the national team, he officially joined Kelantan on 29, December 2011, and made his first appearance with the club and also scored his first goal at the same time in a 3–1, win against Perak FA during a pre season friendly match, scoring through a penalty in the 90th minute.
Ya fara kakar wasan da zura kwallaye a wasanni 6, duka biyu da fanareti. Koyaya, an sake rajistarsa cikin tawagar Super League ta Kelantan a watan Fabrairu, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Onyekachi Nwoha. Bayan rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2012, inda ya ci kwallaye 6 a wasanni 4, an sake yi masa rijista a kungiyar Kelantan Super League a watan Afrilu, a madadin Nwoha. Ya ci kwallo lokacin da ya dawo Super League a kan PBDKT T-Team FC, sannan kuma ya ci fanareti a wasan da suka tashi( 2-1) a ranar (17) ga watan Afrilu shekarar (2012) .
Ghaddar wins his first title with Kelantan, when he helps Kelantan to win the Malaysia FA Cup for the first time, by beating Sime Darby F.C.( 1–0) in the final on( 19) May (2012) . He scored the only goal in the final, converting a penalty in the 58th minute.
Ghaddar ya zama sanadin intanet a cikin watan Mayun 2012 bayan da aka yi izgili da wani aikin ƙafa.
FELDA United
Kelantan
Kelantan
Lokacin 2014
Ghaddar ya sake komawa kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Kelantan FA. A baya, ya yi wasa tare da Felda United amma an sake shi saboda raunin da ya ji. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a dawowarsa a kan PKNS Selangor a lokacin budewar kakar shekarar 2014 wanda Kelantan ya ci (2-1). A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Kelantan FA ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa.
Lokacin 2017
Ghaddar re-sign for the third time with Kelantan FA after he was unveiled as one of their new import player on 15 January 2017. He scored 18 goals in 11
matches for kelantan before decide to move to JDT. He scored 2 goals during his 2017 season debut against PKNS.
Johor Darul Ta'zim
Bayan jita-jita da yawa game da makomar sa, a ranar( 16) ga watan Mayu shekarar (2017) Johor Darul Ta'zim ya sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya game da canza Ghaddar kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Koyaya an bayar da rahoton cewa Ghaddar ya kashe kusan RM( 1,000,000 zuwa RM 5,000,000) kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa za a biya shi daga RM( 170,000 zuwa RM 200,000) kowane wata wanda hakan zai sa ya zama mai karɓar albashi mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Malaysia. Ghaddar ya fara buga wa Johor Darul Ta'zim wasa ne a wasan da suka doke PKNS da ci (1 da 0) kuma ya ba da taimakon cin nasarar wasan a ranar (24) ga watan Mayu shekarar (2017).
Ghaddar ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Johor Darul Ta'zim a wasan da suka doke Penang gida da ci 2 da 0 a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2017. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2017, Ghaddar ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar yayin da kulob dinsa ya ci Sarawak 3-1. Sannan ya sake zura kwallaye biyu a ranan 22 ga Yuli 2017 akan T-Team da 26 July 2017 akan Perak . Ghaddar ya kammala wasansa da kwallaye 5 a wasanni 10 daya bugawa Johor Darul Ta'zim.
On November 2017, Melaka United has showed their interest in getting Ghaddar for a season-long move. On 22 November 2017, Ghaddar has rejected Melaka United offered. He has been released from the club after the 2017 season ends.
Komawa zuwa Kelantan
A ranar (12) ga watan Fabrairun shekarar (2018) , Ghaddar ya sake komawa Kelantan a karo na hudu kafin a rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa a ranar (11) ga Fabrairu yayin da ya maye gurbin Morgaro Gomis wanda rahotanni ke cewa ya ji rauni. Ghaddar ya fara wasan farko ne a Kelantan a wasan da suka doke Perak da ci( 3-2) a ranar (24) ga watan Fabrairu shekarar (2018) a filin wasa na Sultan Muhammad IV . Bayan fama da raunin ACL da asarar sifa, kwantiraginsa ya ƙare da yardar juna a watan Mayu na shekarar.
Johor Darul Ta'zim II
Ghaddar ya fara buga wa kungiyar Johor Darul Ta'zim II ta Premier League ne, kungiyar da ke kula da Johor Darul Ta'zim, a wasan da suka tashi (2-1) a kan Sabah a ranar( 2) ga watan Fabrairun shekarar (2019), inda ya ci kan da kai don daidaita wasan. Ghaddar ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasannin lig (15) .
Komawa Nejmeh
A ranar( 7) ga watan Satumba shekarar (2020) , Ghaddar ya koma Nejmeh.
Ayyukan duniya
Ghaddar ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Labanon ta 'yan kasa da shekaru (20) tare da takwaransa na kasar Ali El Atat da Ramez Dayoub .
A lokacin cancantar shiga gasar wasannin Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekara ta (2004) , Ghaddar ya kasance daga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru (23) ta Lebanon wacce ta tsallake zuwa zagayen karshe na wasannin neman cancantar Asiya.
Ghaddar ya fara buga wa kungiyar kasar sa wasa a shekarar 22006)
Shima babban kocin Lebanon, Theo Bucker ya gayyace shi domin cin Kofin Kasashen Larabawa na (22012). Ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki a cikin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2(2014)F IFA tare da taimakon Lebanon kyakkyawar dawowa.
A ranar( 8) ga watan Satumbar shekarar (2014) ya zira kwallaye na tarihi a kan tawagar Olympic ta Brazil a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2) .
A ranar (12) ga watan Yuni shekarar( 2017) , Ghaddar ya ƙi kiranye zuwa ga ƙungiyar ƙasa don wasa da Malaysia, inda yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar sa. Tun daga lokacin bai sake zuwa kungiyar ba.
Statisticsididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Scores and results list Lebanon's goal tally first.
Rigima
Rikicin wasan League
A ranar( 12) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2012) , Mohd Amri Yahyah da Mohd Bunyamin Omar suka kaiwa Ghaddar hari a wasan Super League na Malaysia (MSL) a filin wasa na Sultan Muhammad IV da ke Kota Bharu. Yayin wasan, an bar Ghaddar cikin zafin rai bayan Mohd Amri Yahyah ya buga al'aurarsa mara daɗi. Ghaddar ya ɗauki minutesan mintuna kaɗan don murmurewa yayin da yake kwance a ƙasa.
Dangane da abin da ya faru, Selangor's Amri Yahyah da Bunyamin Omar an ba su dakatarwar na wasa uku da tarar RM (1,500) kowanne yayin da aka bai wa Ghaddar dakatar da wasa daya kuma ya ci shi RM(2,000) daga Kwamitin da'a na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malaysia (FAM).
Kelantan FA rigima
An kawo Ghaddar zuwa kwamitin ladabtarwa na Kelantan FA (KAFA) bayan da ya gaza gabatar da rahoto ga kungiyar a ranar( 5) ga watan Agusta, a shekara ta ( 2012) don kamfen din Kofin Malaysia na( 2012) wanda zai fara a ranar( 22) ga watan Agusta shekarar( 2012) . Ya dawo ne a ranar (16) ga watan Agusta shekarar( 2012) lokacin da ya koma kasarsa don yin aure bayan an gama gasar Super League ta Malaysia a ranar( 14) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta (2012) .
Daraja
Bangaren fasaha na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Labanon ya karrama dan wasan gaba na kungiyar Nejmeh Ghaddar, saboda kasancewarsa wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2007. Kocin kungiyar kasa Emile Rustom ya gabatar wa Ghaddar takalmin zinare yayin bikin a otel din Meridien Commodore da ke Beirut . A ranar( 28) ga watan Maris a shekara ta( 2021) , AFC ta zabi Ghaddar daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba na cin Kofin AFC .
Nejmeh
Gasar Premier ta Labanon :a shekara ta ( 2003 zuwa2004, 2004 zuwa2005)
Kofin Elite na Lebanon :a shekara ta ( 2002, zuwa2003, 2004zuwa2005)
Kofin Labanan na Lebanon :a shekara ta (2002zuwa 2004)
Dan wasan Labanon wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin FA :a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021)
Al Ahly
Gasar Firimiya ta Masar : a shekarar(2010zuwa2011)
Super League ta Malaysia : a shekarar (2012)
Kofin Malaysia :a shekarar ( 2012)
Kofin Malesiya na FA :na shekarar ( 2012 zuwa 2013)
Johor Darul Ta'zim
Malaysia Super League:a shekara( 2017)
Malaysia Cup: a shekara ta (2017)
Johor Darul Ta'zim II
Kofin Kalubale na Malaysia :a shekara ta (2019)
Kowane mutum
Gasar AFC Cup mafi cin kwallaye:a shekara ta ( 2007)
Dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a gasar Firimiya Labanan :a shekara ta( 2006 - zuwa 2007, 2007 zuwa 2008)
Malesiya Super League da ta fi zira kwallaye a raga:a shekara ta ( 2017)
Duba kuma
Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mohamad Ghaddar
Mohamad Ghaddar a RSSSF
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1984
Pages with unreviewed translations |
6402 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Musa | Ahmed Musa | Ahmed Musa (an haife shi a ranar goma sha hudu (14) ga watan Oktoba (10), shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da biyu "1992") ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da hagu zuwa ƙungiyar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya Fatih Karagümrük da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Musa ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya ci fiye da sau daya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, bayan da ya ci Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014). Musa shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA guda biyu, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Iceland a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. Musa ya kasance memba na kungiyar Al Nassr da ta lashe gasar Premier ta Saudiyya da kuma Super Cup na Saudiyya, duka a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019).
Aikin Kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
Musa ya fara aiki a GBS Football Academy.
Cigaba/nasara a Najeriya
A shekarar 2008, Musa ya kasance am bada aron sa zuwa JUTH FC inda ya buga wasanni 18, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a kakar wasa biyu na farko na kwararrun masu warkarwa. Daga baya an ba da aronsa zuwa Kano Pillars FC, a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2009-10 inda ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye masu mahimmanci yayin da Pillars ta kare a matsayi na biyu.
Musa ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwambar 2011, lokacin da Jude Aneke na Kaduna United FC ya kafa sabon tarihi na zura kwallaye 20.
VVV-Venlo
An koma Musa zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 lokacin da ya cika shekara 18 a ƙarshe.
Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan VVV-Venlo, an yi masa rauni a cikin minti na 50th kuma ya sami bugun fanareti.
Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarata 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya.
A ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari.
A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na zawarcin Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsewa Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie.
A watan Agustan shekarata 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 a shekarata 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar shekarar 2011-12 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu.
A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana akan Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin karshe na €10. Yuro miliyan Musa daga Bundesliga . Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba.
CSKA Moscow
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba.
A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2014 ya zira kwallo a ragar ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2018-19. Ya kammala kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar 2015-16 a matsayin na 5 mafi yawan zura kwallo a raga, inda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai masu shekaru 23 ko kuma kasa da haka da suka kai adadin kwallaye biyu a kowane kakar wasanni biyu da suka gabata a manyan gasa bakwai na Turai.
Leicester City
A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din £16.6 miliyan. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko da kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta yi da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta shekarar 2016 da aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2016.
Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekaran 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar matsakaita 0.5 key, 0.3 da kuma dribbles 1.2 na nasara a kowane wasa.
Ya koma a matsayin aro CSKA Moscow
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a kan aro don sauran kakar shekaran 2017-18.
A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarata 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu na kakar 2020-21.
Ya Koma Kano Pillars
A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekarata 2021, Musa ya koma kungiyar Kano Pillars ta Najeriya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21.
Ayyukan kasa
A watan Afrilun shekaran 2010 a karkashin Koci Lars Lagerbäck, an kira shi don shiga sansanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu bayan ya taimaka wa tawagar Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin WAFU na shekarar 2010 inda ya zira kwallo a raga. da Benin. A karawar da suka yi da Burkina Faso, kwallon da Musa ya zura a raga har zuwa karin lokaci ya jefa Najeriya a wasan karshe na gasar a Abeokuta. Sai dai an tilasta masa fita daga cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na Super Eagles na gasar cin kofin duniya saboda rauni a idon sawun sa.
A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2010, yana da shekaru 17, Musa ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wasa a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da Madagascar, inda ya maye gurbin Mikel John Obi da ci 2-0. nasara Musa ya ci wa Super Eagles kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kenya a watan Maris 2011.
A watan Afrilun shekaran 2011, Ahmed Musa ya kasance cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, domin ya wakilci kasar a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin matasa na Afrika a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa VVV Venlo ya bayyana cewa ba zai buga gasar ba saboda alkawurran da kungiyar ta yi. Bayan tattaunawa mai zafi da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya VVV Venlo da wakilan Musa an amince da cewa Musa zai buga wasa tsakanin Netherlands da Afirka ta Kudu domin shiga gasar tare da tawagar kasar. Bayan wasan farko da Ghana mai rike da kofin gasar, Musa ya lashe kyautar dan wasa mafi daraja kuma ya hau jirgi na gaba ya koma Netherlands.
A watan Agustan 2011, Musa ya wakilci Najeriya U20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a Colombia, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni biyar. FIFA ta saka Musa a cikin jerin ‘yan takara 10 da za su fafata a gasar Adidas Golden Ball, wadda aka baiwa fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafa na FIFA U-20.
A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu da aka zaba a matsayin lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka, amma kyautar ta tafi ga Souleymane Coulibaly na Ivory Coast.
Musa ya samu wakilcin ‘yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2013. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Mali da ci 4-1 a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Burkina Faso a wasan karshe, yayin da Super Eagles ta lashe kofin nahiyar na uku. Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar cikin shida na ƙungiyar. A shekarata 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ya fara a cikin dukkanin wasanni uku na tawagar yayin da aka kawar da su a cikin rukuni.
Bayan ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin share fage na Najeriya, Musa yana cikin tawagar Stephen Keshi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na rukunin F, inda Argentina ta doke su da ci 3-2.
A watan Oktoban 2015, bayan da Vincent Enyeama ya yi ritaya daga buga kwallo a duniya, kocin Najeriya, Sunday Oliseh ya nada Musa a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai an sauya wannan shawarar a shekarar 2016 yayin da aka nada Mikel John Obi a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Najeriya sannan Musa ya koma mataimakin Kyaftin.
A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Duk da cewa wasan da ya yi da Iceland ya yi fice, bai ma isa ya ajiye 'yan Afirka ta Yamma a gasar ba saboda Argentina ta fitar da su A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018, Musa ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Iceland da ci 2-0 a rukuninsu na biyu. wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Yunin 2019 ya zama dan wasa na uku da ya fi taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, inda ya zarce Nwankwo Kanu, bayan ya bayyana a wasan sada zumunci da Zimbabwe. Babban koci Gernot Rohr ya nada shi a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika ta 2019. Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) na shekarar 2021 da aka gudanar a kasar Kamaru.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi ne daga dangi masu yawan addini, mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa (wato Musa) Kirista ce daga jihar Edo da ke Kudancin Najeriya.
A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017 ne Musa ya samu sabani da matar sa Jamila, wanda hakan ya sa aka kira ‘yan sanda zuwa gidansa. Ba da jimawa ba, ma'auratan sun rabu saboda "bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya sulhuntawa ba". A ranar 23 ga Mayu, Musa ya auri Juliet Ejue a Abuja .
A watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017, Musa ya sayi gidan mai na biyu a Najeriya.
A ranar 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 2019, Musa ya tabbatar da labarin rasuwar mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa a shafinsa na Twitter. A baya ta yi rashin lafiya.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Musa goal.
Girmamawa
Kulob/Aiki
CSKA
Gasar Premier ta Rasha : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16
Kofin Rasha : 2012–13
Rasha Super Cup : 2013, 2014
Al-Nasr
Saudi Professional League : 2018-19
Saudi Super Cup : 2019
Ƙasashen Duniya
Najeriya U20
Gasar Matasan Afrika : 2011
Najeriya
WAFU Nations Cup : 2010
Gasar cin kofin Afrika : 2013
Mutum
Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya : 2009–10
A cikin jerin 33 mafi kyawun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gasar zakarun Rasha: 2012-13
Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha : 2012–13
Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2014
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago | Tobago | Tobago ( /t ə b eɪ ɡ oʊ / ) wani tsibiri ne a cikin jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago. Tana da nisan arewa maso gabashin babban yankin Trinidad da kudu maso gabashin Grenada, kimanin kilomita daga bakin gabar arewa maso gabashin Venezuela. Kamar yadda da farko harshen Turanci tushen kawo sunayensu a cikin ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary, Babban tsuntsun Tobago shine cocrico .
Bayanin Kalma
Christopher Columbus ya sanya wa Tobago suna Belaforme "saboda daga nesa ya yi kyau". Friar friar na Spain Spanish Vázquez de Espinosa ya rubuta cewa Kalina (tsibirin Karibiyan) sun kira tsibirin Urupaina saboda kamannin ta da babban katantanwa, : 84–85 yayin da Kalinago (tsibirin Caribbean) suka kira shi Aloubaéra, ana jin yana da ishara ga gaskiyar cewa yayi kama da alloüebéra, katon maciji wanda ya kamata ya zauna a cikin kogo a tsibirin Dominica . : 79 Sunan Tabaco, wanda ke nuni da siffar tsibirin, wanda yake kama da sigarin mai da byan Taíno mazaunan Babban Antilles ke sha, an fara amfani da shi a cikin dokar masarautar Spain da aka bayar a 1511. : 84-85
Tarihi
'Yan Asalin Tobago
Ban asalin asalin garin Tobago sun zauna ne tare da al'adun gargajiyar Ortoiroid wani lokaci tsakanin 3500 da 1000 KZ. : 21–24 A arni na farko na Zamaninmu, Saladoid mutane zauna a Tobago. Sun zo da kayan aikin tukwane da al'adun noma, kuma da alama sun gabatar da amfanin gona wadanda suka hada da rogo, dankalin hausa, doyar Indiya, tanni da masara. : 32–34 An sauya al'adun Saladoid daga baya ta hanyar gabatar da al'adun Barrancoid, ko dai ta hanyar kasuwanci ko haɗuwa da kasuwanci da sasantawa. : 34–44 Bayan 650 CE, an maye gurbin al'adun Saladoid da al'adar Troumassoid a Tobago. : 45 Hadisai na Troumassoid sun taɓa yin tunanin wakiltar sassaucin tsibirin Caribbeans a cikin ilananan Antilles da Tobago, amma wannan yanzu yana da alaƙa da al'adun yumbu na Cayo. Babu wasu wuraren tarihi da ke alaƙa da al'adun Cayo da aka sani daga Tobago. : 60
Inda Tobago yake hakan ya sanya shi ya zama waje mai muhimmiyar ma'amala tsakanin Kalinago na ilananan Antilles da ƙawayen Kalina da abokan kasuwancin su a Guianas da Venezuela . A cikin 1630s Kalb yana zaune a Tobago, yayin da tsibirin Grenada mai makwabtaka ya kasance tare da Kalina da Kalinago. : 115–119
Columbus ya hango Tobago a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1498, yayin tafiyarsa ta hudu, amma bai sauka ba. : 2 An ba da izinin baƙi 'yan Spain a cikin Hispaniola su gudanar da samame a kan tsibirin a cikin batun tsarin masarauta a cikin 1511. Waɗannan hare-hare, waɗanda suka ci gaba har zuwa aƙalla shekarun 1620, : 115–119 sun lalata yawan tsibirin. : 83
Turawan mulkin mallaka
A cikin 1628, mazaunan Dutch suka kafa farkon fararen Turai a Tobago, mulkin mallaka da suke kira Nieuw Walcheren a Great Courland Bay . Sun kuma gina katafaren gini, Nieuw Vlissingen, kusa da garin Plymouth na zamani. An yi watsi da yarjejeniyar a 1630 bayan hare-haren 'yan asalin, amma an sake kafa shi a 1633. Mutanen Espanya ne suka lalata sabon mulkin mallaka a Trinidad bayan da Holan suka goyi bayan tawayen da Nepoyo ya jagoranta a Trinidad. Oƙarin Ingilishi na mamayar Tobago a cikin 1630s da 1640s kuma ya faskara saboda juriya ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. : 115–119
Har ila yau, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun hana mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin 1650s, gami da yunƙurin Courlanders, waɗanda suka mallaki tsibirin ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tsakanin 1637-1690. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Curonians ( Duchy na Courland ), Dutch, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish da Yaren mutanen Sweden sun sa Tobago ya zama babban mahimmin matsayi a cikin yunƙurin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da tsibirin ya canza hannaye sau 33, mafi yawa a Tarihin Caribbean, kafin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta ba da ita ga Burtaniya a 1814. A cikin 1662, an bawa brothersan uwan Holland Adrian da Cornelius Lampsins taken Baron na Tobago, kuma sun yi mulki har zuwa lokacin da Ingilishi suka kame tsibirin a 1666. Adrian a takaice ya sake kame Tobago a cikin 1673, amma an kashe shi a yaƙi lokacin da Ingilishi, ƙarƙashin Gadar Sir Tobias suka sake karɓar ikon tsibirin.
Daga misalin 1672, a lokacin mulkin ɗan Birtaniyya na 1672-1674, Tobago yana da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin da al'adun shuka suka fara. Sugar, auduga da masana'antar indigo sun fantsama kuma Turawan Ingilishi ne suka shigo da 'yan Afirka don yin aikin bayi. Tattalin arziki ya bunkasa. Faransa ta yi watsi da tsibirin zuwa Birtaniyya a shekarar 1763, kuma a 1777 Tobago tana fitar da auduga da yawa, indigo, rum da sukari. Amma a cikin 1781, Faransawa sun sake mamaye Tobago, suka lalata gonakin, kuma suka tilasta wa gwamnan Biritaniya sallama. Tattalin arzikin tsibirin ya fada cikin koma baya.
Mulkin mallakar Burtaniya da 'yanci
A cikin 1814, lokacin da tsibirin ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya, wani ɓangaren ci gaban samar da sukari ya fara. Amma mai tsanani guguwa a 1847, a hade tare da rushewar plantation underwriters, karshen bauta a 1834 da kuma gasar daga sugar tare da sauran kasashen Turai, alama ƙarshen sugar cinikayya. A cikin 1889 tsibirin ya zama yanki na Trinidad. Ba tare da sukari ba, dole ne tsibirin su noma wasu albarkatu, suna shuka kadada na lemun tsami, kwakwa da koko da kuma fitar da amfanin gonar su zuwa Trinidad. A shekarar 1963 Guguwar Flora ta addabi Tobago, ta lalata kauyuka da amfanin gona. Tsarin sake fasalin ya biyo baya kuma anyi ƙoƙari don fadada tattalin arziki. Ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido ya fara.
Trinidad da Tobago sun sami 'yancin kansu daga Daular Biritaniya a 1962 kuma suka zama jamhuriya a 1976.
Labarin kasa
Tobago yana da yanki mai fadin kilomita 300 300 kuma yana da kusan kilomita tsayi da kuma . Tana can a latitude 11 ° 15 'N, longitude 60 ° 40' W, kaɗan arewacin Trinidad.
Tsibirin Tobago shine babban ɓangaren da aka fallasa na Tobago terrane, wani guntun kayan ɓawon burodi da ke kwance tsakanin Katakun Caribbean da na Kudancin Amurka . Tobago da farko tsauni ne, mai tsaunuka da kuma asalin aman wuta. Kudu maso yamma na tsibirin yana da faɗi kuma ya kunshi mafi yawan farar ƙasa mai murjani . Ana kiran babban dutsen tsaunin tsibirin Main Ridge . Matsayi mafi girma a cikin Tobago shine mita 550 (1804 ft) Tattabara Pigeon kusa da Speyside .
Yanayin muhallin
Yanayin yana da wurare masu zafi, kuma tsibirin yana kudu da igiyar guguwa ta Atlantika, yana mai sa shi zama mai saurin fuskantar guguwar kudu mai saurin tafiya zuwa yankin. Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin a kan Main Ridge zuwa ƙasa da a kudu maso yamma. Akwai yanayi biyu: lokacin damshi tsakanin Yuni da Disamba, da kuma lokacin rani tsakanin Janairu da Mayu.
Guguwa
Saboda kusancin ta da belin guguwa, guguwar Flora ta buge tsibirin a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1963. Illolin sun yi tsanani sosai har sun canza fuskar tattalin arzikin Tobago. Guguwar ta lalata filayen ayaba, kwakwa, da cacao wanda hakan ya tallafawa tattalin arzikin, kuma ya lalata barna mai yawa a dazuzzuka na tsawan wurare masu zafi wanda ya samar da babban yanki na tsakiyar arewacin tsibirin. Yawancin gonakin an watsar da su daga baya, kuma tattalin arziƙi ya canza alkibla daga noman amfanin gona da kuma yawon buɗe ido. A 2004 Guguwar Ivan, yayin da ta fi Flora rauni, ita ma ta yi mummunar lalacewa.
Gwamnati
Ayyukan majalisar tsakiya da na ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago ana aiwatar dasu ne ta Majalisar Dokokin Tobago. Babban Sakataren THA na yanzu shine Ancil Dennis. Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Ƙasa ta ƙasa tana iko da kujeru 10 daga cikin 12 na Majalisar, tare da jam'iyyar Progressive Democratic Patriots karkashin jagorancin shugaban kungiyar Watson Duke ke rike da kujeru biyu tun bayan zaben ranar 23 ga Janairun 2017.
Tobago yana da wakilcin kujeru biyu a majalisar dokokin Trinidad da Tobago, Tobago East da Tobago West. Kujerun biyu suna karkashin kulawar Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Kasa, wacce ta lashe su a babban zaben shekarar 2015 na Trinidad da Tobago.
Gundumomi
A tarihi, an raba Tobago zuwa majami'u guda bakwai ( Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Patrick da Saint Paul ). A cikin 1768 kowace Ikklesiya ta Tobago ta zaɓi wakilai zuwa Majalisar Tobago . A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 18, 1889 masarautar Burtaniya ta aiwatar da Dokar Sarauta a Majalisar wacce ta kafa Tobago a matsayin yanki na Trinidad, saboda haka ta dakatar da karamar hukuma a Tobago kuma suka kafa hadaddiyar gwamnatin mallaka.
A cikin 1945 lokacin da aka fara gabatar da tsarin majalisar gundumomi, an gudanar da Tobago a matsayin karamar hukuma guda ta Trinidad.
A cikin 1980 an yi tanadi don Majalisar Dokokin Tobago ta sake zama a matsayin ƙungiya da ke ba da ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago. A karkashin tsarin da aka farfado, Tobago ya kunshi gundumomin zabe na kananan hukumomi 12 tare da kowace gunduma ta zabi dan majalisa daya zuwa THA.
Yawan jama'a
Yawan mutane 60,874 a ƙidayar 2011. Babban birnin, Scarborough, yana da yawan jama'a 17,537. Duk da yake Trinidad tana da yawa, yawan mutanen Tobago asalinsu 'yan asalin Afirka ne, kodayake tare da ƙaruwar Trinidadians na asalin Indiyawan Gabas da na Turai. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2011, yawan mutanen Tobago ya karu da kaso 12.55, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin yankunan da ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri na Trinidad da Tobago .
Tarihi
Tattalin arziki
Babban tattalin arzikin Tobago ya ta'allaka ne akan yawon bude ido, kamun kifi, da kuma kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati, kashe kuɗin gwamnati shine mafi girma. Yawon buɗe ido har yanzu masana'antu ce mai tasowa kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka. Karamar hukumar, majalisar dokokin Tobago (THA), tana amfani da kashi 62% na ma'aikata.
Tattalin arzikin Tobago yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Trinidad wanda ya dogara da iskar gas (LNG), man petrochemicals, da ƙarfe. Babban tasirin tattalin arziki takamaiman Tobago shine yawon shakatawa da kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku na yau da kullun da yawon shakatawa na ruwa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma kusa da filin jirgin sama da gabar tekun. A halin yanzu, ecotourism yana ci gaba da girma, mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali ne ga babban yankin dajin da aka kiyaye a tsakiya da arewacin babban tsibirin da kuma kan Little Tobago, wani karamin tsibiri da ke gefen tsibirin arewa maso gabas.
Yankin kudu maso yamma masu yawon buɗe ido a kusa da Crown Point, Store Bay, Buccoo Reef, da Pigeon Point suna da yashi mai yawa kuma yawancin abubuwan ci gaba ne ke mamaye shi. Tobago yana da rairayin rairayin bakin teku masu yawa waɗanda ke bakin iyakarta, musamman waɗanda ke Castara, Bloody Bay, da Bay na Ingilishi . Tobago yana da alaƙa da duniya ta hanyar Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport (tsohon filin jirgin saman Crown Point) da tashar jirgin Scarborough. Jiragen saman cikin gida suna haɗa Tobago da Trinidad, kuma jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa suna haɗuwa da Caribbean da Turai. Akwai hidimar jirgi cikin sauri tsakanin Port of Spain da Scarborough.
Tobago wasu suna zaton tsibiri ne wanda ya iza Robinson Crusoe, amma littafin yana iya yiwuwa ya dogara ne da wasu abubuwan da Alexander Selkirk ya fuskanta, wanda aka tsugunar a tsibirin Juan Fernández na Pacific. Ara da rikicewa, Tobago shine wurin yin fim don Walt Disney fim ɗin Switzerland Family Robinson a cikin 1959.
Iyalin Switzerland na Robinson
A cikin 1958, Kamfanin Walt Disney ya zaɓi Tobago a matsayin saitin fim wanda ya dogara da littafin Johann Wyss na Switzerland Family Robinson . Lokacin da furodusoshi suka ga tsibirin a karon farko, sai suka "fara soyayya nan take". Rubutun ya buƙaci dabbobi, waɗanda aka kawo daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da karnuka takwas, manyan kunkuru biyu, birai 40, giwaye biyu, jimina shida, jakunan daji huɗu, flamingos 100, hyenas shida, anacondas biyu, da damisa.
Sake duba
Trinidad da Tobago
Trinidad
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
13518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Kelly | Grace Kelly | Grace Patricia Kelly (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga wartan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1929, ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1982) yar fim din Amurka ce, wanda bayan fitowarta ta haskaka a wasu manyan fina-finai a farkon-zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1950, ta zama Gimbiya ta Monaco ta auranta da Yarima Rainier III a watan Afrilun na shekarar alif 1956.
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta alif 1949, Kelly ya fara fitowa a cikin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na New York City da kuma abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa sama da 40 da aka watsa a farkon 1950s Golden Age of Television . Ta kuma sami tauraro daga wasan da ta yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na John Ford na kasada- romancin Mogambo (1953), wanda a dalilinsa ne aka zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa . Ta ci lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma saboda rawar da ta yi a wasan kwaikwayo The Country Girl (1954). Sauran sananne ayyukansu sun hada da yammacin High noon (1952), da romance-comedy High Society (1956), da kuma uku a jere Alfred Hitchcock jinkirtar thrillers: Dial M for Kisa (1954), Rear Window (1954), da kuma a kama barawo ( 1955). Kelly ya yi aiki tare da wasu fitattun manyan mutane na zamanin, ciki har da Gary Cooper, Clark Gable, Ray Millan, James Stewart, Bing Crosby, William Holden, Cary Grant, Alec Guinness, da Frank Sinatra .
Kelly ta yi ritaya daga aiki tun tana da shekara 26 ta auri Rainier, kuma ta fara aikinta a matsayin Gimbiya na Monaco . Sanannen abu ne cewa Hitchcock yana fatan za ta fito a cikin wasu finafinan sa wadanda ke buƙatar fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, amma bai sami damar hana ta janye ba. Kelly da Rainier sunada yara uku: Princess Caroline, Prince Albert, da Princess Stéphanie . Kelly ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Amurka ta zama ɗan asalin Amurka da Monégasque. Princess Grace ta mutu a Asibiti na Monaco a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1982, sakamakon rauni da ta samu a hatsarin jirgin sama a ranar da ta gabata. A lokacin rasuwarta tana da shekara 52.
Tana cikin jerin 13th a cikin Cibiyar Fina-Finan Amurka 25 mafi girma na taurari Hollywood .
Bayan fage da rayuwa
An haifi Kelly ne a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1929, a Asibitin Jami'ar Hahnemann da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ga dangi mai wadata da kuma manyan mutane. Mahaifinta, Ailan-American John B. Kelly Sr., ya lashe uku Olympic zinare ga sculling da kuma mallakar wani cin nasara brickwork kwangilar kamfanin da aka kyau da aka sani a kan Gabas Coast. A matsayin dan takarar Demokradiyya a zaben shekarar 1935 na magajin garin Philadelphia, mafi kusa ya ragu a tarihin garin. A shekarun baya ya yi aiki a Hukumar ta Fairmount Park kuma, yayin yakin duniya na biyu, Shugaba Roosevelt ya nada shi a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Lafiya na Kasa. Brotheran uwanta Walter C. Kelly ɗan wasan tauraruwar vaudeville ne, wanda kuma ya yi fina-finai na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer da Paramount Pictures, wani kuma mai suna George shi ne Pulitzer Prize –winwin dramatist, marubucin allo, kuma darekta.
Mahaifiyar Kelly, Margaret Katherine Majer, iyayenta yan Janus ne. Margaret ta koyar da physical education a University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach women's athletics at the institution. She also modeled for a time in her youth. After marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations.
Kelly tana da wasu 'yan uwanta biyu, Margaret da John Jr., da wata' yar uwa, Elizabeth. 'Ya'yan sun girma a cikin bangaskiyar Katolika.
Kelly ya girma ne a cikin karamar ƙaramar cocin Katolika. Saint Bridget shine Ikklesiya ta East Falls inda aka yi mata baftisma kuma ta sami ilimin farko. Saint John Neumann, Bishop na huɗu na Philadelphia, an kafa shi a cikin 1853, a lokacin Saint Bridget shine ɗan Ikklesiya na matasa, inda iyalai ke da kusanci da juna. Yayinda ta halarci makarantar Ravenhill Academy, makarantar 'yan mata' yan darikar Katolika, Kelly tayi kwalliyar fati a wajen taron sadaqa tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata. A shekara ta 1942, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 12, ta jagoranci gaba a cikin Kada Ku ciyar da Dabbobin, wasan da kungiyar' Yan wasa ta Gabas ta Gabas suka gabatar. Kafin kammala karatun digiri a watan Mayu 1947 daga Stevens School, wata babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta a cikin Chestnut Hill da ke kusa, ta yi rawa da rawa. Littafin karatun ta na shekara-shekara ya jera 'yar wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Ingrid Bergman da kuma dan wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Joseph Cotten . Rubuta a sashin "Annabcin Stevens" shine: "Miss Grace P. Kelly - sanannen tauraruwa ne na mataki da allo ". Sakamakon maki mai karancin lissafi, Kwalejin Bennington ta ki karbarta a watan Yuli na shekarar 1947.
Aiki
Duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta da farko, Kelly ta yanke shawarar bin burinta na zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. John bai ji daɗi sosai da shawarar da ta yanke ba; ya kalli yin hakan a matsayin "wani siriri a saman bakin titi". [12] Don fara aikinta, ta nemi izinin Kwalejin Ilimin Addinin gargajiya ta Amurka a New York, ta amfani da abin kallo daga kawunta George Kelly na The Torch-Bearers a shekarar (1923). Kodayake makarantar ta riga ta cika tanadin tsarin karatun ta, amma ta samu tattaunawa da jami'in shigar da karar, Emile Diestel, kuma an karbe shi ta hannun George. [12]
Kelly ta yi aiki da himma, kuma ta yi amfani da maganarta ta amfani da rakodin tef. Ayyukanta na farko sun sa ta kai ga matakin, kuma ta yi ta farko a karon farko a Strindberg 's Uba, tare da Raymond Massey . A 19, wasan karatun ta ya kasance kamar yadda Tracy Lord a cikin Labari na Filadelfia . [12]
Shiri a talebelijin Delbert Mann cast Kelly as Bethel Merriday in an adaptation of the Sinclair Lewis novel of the same name; this was her first of nearly 60 live television programs. As a theater personality, she was mentioned in Theatre World magazine as: "[a] most promising personality of the Broadway stage of 1950." Some of her well-known works as a theater actress were: The Father, The Rockingham Tea Set, The Apple Tree, The Mirror of Delusion, Episode (for Somerset Maugham's tele-serial), among others.
Success on television eventually brought her a role in a major motion picture. Impressed by her work in The Father, the director of the Twentieth Century-Fox film Fourteen Hours (1951), Henry Hathaway, offered her a small role in the film. Kelly had a minor role, opposite Paul Douglas, Richard Basehart, and Barbara Bel Geddes, as a young woman contemplating divorce. Kelly's co-artist Paul Douglas commented of her acting in this film: "In two senses, she did not have a bad side – you could film her from any angle, and she was one of the most un-temperamental cooperative people in the business." Following the release of this film, the "Grace Kelly Fan Club" was established. It became popular all over the United States, with local chapters springing up and attracting many members. Kelly referred to her fan club as "terrifically amusing"..
Gary Cooper ta lura da Kelly yayin ziyarar zuwa sa'o'in hudun na Sa'a, wanda daga baya ta kasance tare da ita a High Noon (1952). Kyautatawar da ya yi mata, ya ce ita ta bambanta da waɗannan ire-iren waɗannan haɓakar da muka gani da yawa ". Koyaya, abin da Kelly ta yi a cikin Shekaru Goma sha huɗu ba su da masu sukar ba, kuma ba su kai ta ga karɓar sauran rawar da ta taka ba. Ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin, duk da cewa ba ta da "ƙarfin dawakai", kuma da alama ba za ta sami dogon lokacin aiki ba. [12]
.
Kelly tana yin wasan ne a cikin gidan Elitch Gardens na Colorado lokacin da mai gabatar da kara Stanley Kramer ya ba ta rawar gani a gaban Gary Cooper a cikin Fred Zinnemann 's High Noon, Yammacin Yankin Yammacin Turai a wani tsohon gari da ke hakar ma'adinai a Columbia, California. Ta yarda da rawar, kuma an harbe fim din a ƙarshen bazara / farkon faɗuwar 1951 a kan jadawalin harbe-harben kwana 28 a cikin yanayi mai zafi. An jefa ta a matsayin 'yar budurwa Quaker zuwa ga Gary Cooper's stoic Marshall ", kuma ta sanya" rigar da ta dace da rigar mutuncin Victoria ", tare da Gary Cooper, wacce ke da shekaru 28. [16] The movie aka saki a lokacin rani na shekarar 1952. [18] High noon janyo hudu Academy Awards, kuma ya tun da aka ranked a cikin mafi kyau fina-finan da duk lokaci. Koyaya, High Noon ba fim din da ya sa Kelly ta zama tauraron fim ba, duk da cewa a yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fina-finai. Kamar yadda mawallafin tarihin H. Haughland ke faɗi: "Aikin Miss Kelly bai farantawa masu sukar lamirin ba, ko kuma sun yi rayuwa da nata." [16] Wasu masu sukar lamuni sun yi ba'a a ƙarshen fim ɗin wanda Kelly ya ceci halin Cooper. David Bishop ya bayar da hujjar cewa halayensa na rashin gaskiya, wanda ya kashe wani mutumin da ke shirin harbi mijinta, ya kasance mai sanyi. Alfred Hitchcock ya bayyana abin da ta yi a matsayin "makusantan mousy", kuma ya ce ba ta da tashin hankali. Ya ce a fina-fincinta na baya ne kawai "ta yi rawar jiki" kuma ta nuna ingancin tauraronsa na gaske.
Kawun Grace Kelly George Kelly, 'yar fim din Pulitzer ne - mai wasan kwaikwayo na mata, ta ba da shawara da ba da kulawa ga Kelly yayin fim din Hollywood. Aikin fim din ta ya kasance ne tun daga watan Satumbar shekarar 1951 zuwa watan Maris shekara ta 1956. [24]
Yin aiki a MGM
Bayan yin fim ɗin High Noon, Kelly ya koma New York City kuma ya ɗauki darussan koyar da zaman kansu, masu sha'awar ɗauka da muhimmanci a matsayin ’yar wasan kwaikwayo. [16] Ta yi a cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma a shirye-shiryen talabijin. [25] Ta bayyana a cikin wasu wasannin kwaikwayo na talabijin da dama (wanda aka buga a sama da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da sittin), da aka gwada allo domin fim din Taxi a cikin bazara na shekarar 1952. Darakta John Ford ya lura da Kelly a cikin gwajin allo na 1950, kuma injinsa ya tashi ta fito zuwa Los Angeles don dubawa a watan Satumbar shekarar 1952. Ford ya ce Kelly ya nuna "kiwo, inganci, da aji". An ba ta rawar, tare da kwangilar shekaru bakwai a ƙarancin albashi na $850 a mako. [26] Kelly ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a karkashin sharuɗɗa biyu: na farko, cewa ɗayan daga cikin shekaru biyu, tana da lokacin hutu don aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo; na biyu kuma, cewa ta sami damar zama a New York City a gidanta na Manhattan House, a 200 E. 66th Street, yanzu alamar ƙasa ce. [12]
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Bayan watanni biyu, a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 1952, Kelly da ɗan wasan sun isa Nairobi don fara fim din Mogambo . Gene Tierney da farko an jefa shi cikin rawar, amma dole ne ta sauka a cikin minti na ƙarshe saboda batutuwan sirri. Daga baya Kelly ya fadawa mawakin fina-finan Hollywood Hedda Hopper, " Mogambo yana da abubuwa uku da suka ba ni sha'awa: John Ford, Clark Gable, da tafiya zuwa Afirka, tare da biyan kuɗi. Idan an yi Mogambo a Arizona, da ba zan t sun aikata shi. " Kelly tana wasa da Linda Nordley, matar aure ce ta Turanci mai ban sha'awa tare da sha'awar soyayya a Clark Gable. Kayan riguna, wadanda Helen Rose suka tsara, sun kasance "salon safari". Sama da tsawan watanni uku, babu kayan neman mata da aka yi amfani da su. Wani hutu a cikin shirin fim din ya baiwa mata tare da Mogambo abokin Ava Gardner ziyarar zuwa Rome. An saki fim ɗin a cikin shekarar 1953, kuma yana da nasara gudu a ofishin akwatin. [26] An zaba Kelly ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun ressaddamarwa na Supportwarewa saboda ayyukanta. [32].
Bayan nasarar Mogambo, Kelly ya buga fim a hanyar 'TV' The Way of Eagle tare da Jean-Pierre Aumont, kafin a jefa shi a cikin fim din da Frederick Knott 's Broadway ya buga Dial M don Murder, gaban Ray Milland da Robert Cummings . A cikin wannan fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar attajiri mai wasan ƙwallon tennis mai ritaya. [26] Darakta Alfred Hitchcock, wanda kuma ya ga gwajin allo na shekarar 1950, zai zama ɗayan masu jagoranci na ƙarshe. Matar studio ɗinta MGM ta ba da ranta (tare da wanda ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru bakwai don yin Mogambo), don yin aiki a kan fina-finai da yawa na Hitchcock, daga baya ta bayyana a cikin Rear Window da Don Kama Wani ɓarayi . [26]
Kelly ba tare da nuna wata damuwa ba, ya yi watsi da damar da ya yi wa tauraruwa tare da Marlon Brando a cikin Ruwa na Buga shekarar (1954). Eva Marie Saint, wacce ta maye gurbin ta, ta sami lambar yabo ta Academy domin wannan rawar. Madadin haka, sai ta himmatu ga rawar Lisa Fremont a cikin Wutar Window . Kelly ya ce, "Duk ta hanyar yin Dial M don Murder, shi (Hitchcock) ya zauna ya yi min magana game da Window Window koyaushe, tun ma kafin mu tattauna kasancewar ta".
Kelly's new co-star, James Stewart, was highly enthusiastic about working with her. The role of Lisa Fremont, a wealthy Manhattan socialite and model – a fashion model who "never wore the same dress twice" – was unlike any of the previous women she had played. For the first time, she was playing an independent career woman. Just as he had done earlier, Hitchcock provided the camera with a slow-sequenced silhouette of Kelly, along with a close-up of the two stars kissing, finally lingering closely on her profile. Hitchcock brought her elegance to the foreground by changing her dresses many times, including: "glamorous evening short dresses, a sheer negligee over a sleek nightgown, a full-skirted floral dress, and a casual pair of jeans". On the film's opening in October 1954, Kelly was again praised. Varietys film critic remarked on the casting, commenting on the "earthy quality to the relationship between Stewart and Miss Kelly", as "both do a fine job of the picture's acting demands".
Kelly ta taka rawar da matar ta yi na tsawon lokaci na Bing Crosby, Georgie Elgin, a cikin Yarinyar Kasar, bayan da wata mai ciki Jennifer Jones ta sunkuyar da kai. Lallai ya saba da wasan, Kelly ya kasance mai sha'awar sashin. Don yin shi, MGM dole ne ya bada rancen Kelly zuwa Paramount . Kelly ta nuna halin ko in kula, kuma ta yi barazanar cewa ta bar fim din, in da suka ce idan ba su ba ta damar yin fim ba, to, za ta kwashe jakarta ta tafi New York da kyau. MGM ya juya baya, kuma sashin na ya koma. Har ila yau, Kelly ta sasanta da kwangilar da za ta fi samun riba, sakamakon nasarar da ta samu. [39] A cikin fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar mai wanki, mawaƙa, wacce Crosby ta buga. Halinta ya rikice cikin damuwa tsakanin masoyanta biyu, wanda Bing Crosby da William Holden suka buga. Edith Head ta sake yin ado da ita don dacewa da rawar da ta taka a fim. Da farko an saka ta da suttattun suttura, amma wannan rigar ta canza zuwa tsoffin 'yan kaduna da kuma "rigunan gida" zuwa ƙarshen fim. [39]
As a result of her performance in The Country Girl, Kelly was nominated for and ultimately won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Her main competitor was Judy Garland for her performance in A Star Is Born. After receiving the Oscar nomination, Kelly won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for best actress for her performances in her three big movie roles of 1954: Rear Window, Dial M For Murder, and The Country Girl. At the Golden Globe Awards in 1955, Garland and Kelly both won awards for their respective performances. Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical, and Kelly won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.
In April 1954, Kelly flew to Colombia for a 10-day shoot on her next project, Green Fire, with Stewart Granger. She played Catherine Knowland, a coffee plantation owner. Granger wrote in his autobiography of his distaste for the film's script, while Kelly later confided to Hedda Hopper, "It wasn't pleasant. We worked at a pathetic village – miserable huts and dirty. Part of the crew got shipwrecked ... It was awful."
Bayan fim ɗin da aka yi a jere na Rear Window, Toko-Ri, Yarinyar Countryasa, da Green wuta, Kelly ta tashi zuwa Riviera ta Faransa don fara aikinta na uku, kuma na ƙarshe, fim na Alfred Hitchcock, Don Kamawa aarawo . An ba da shi ta hanyar MGM zuwa Paramount Films a karo na biyar, Kelly yana wasa da mai riƙon da ya ɗauka "suttura mai kyan gani", yayin da Cary Grant ya taka rawar tsohon barawo cat yanzu yana neman kama "ɓarawo wanda ke kwaikwayon shi" . [41] Kelly da Grant sun inganta juna. Su biyun sun fi son lokacinsu tare har tsawon rayuwarsu. Shekaru daga baya, lokacin da aka nemi ya ba da sunan ɗan wasan da ya fi so, Grant ya amsa ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba: “Da kyau, tare da girmamawa ga masoyi Ingrid Bergman, na fi ƙaunar Alherin. Tana da nutsuwa . "
A cikin 1956, Kelly ya ba da hoton Princess Alexandra a cikin fim ɗin Burtaniya wanda Swan, wanda Charles Vidor ya jagoranta, akasin Alec Guinness da Louis Jourdan . Matsayinta na ƙarshe ya kasance a fim ɗin fim na Charles Walters High Society, sake fasalin Bikin 19400 na MGM Labari ne na Philadelphia . A cikin wannan fim ɗin, tauraruwar ta taurari a gaban Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, da Celeste Holm .
Princess ta Monaco
Kelly headed the U.S. delegation at the Cannes Film Festival in April 1955. While there, she was invited to participate in a photo session with Prince Rainier III, the sovereign of the Principality of Monaco, at the Prince's Palace, about 55 kilometers away from Cannes. After a series of delays and complications, she met him at the Prince's Palace of Monaco on May 6, 1955. At the time of her initial meeting with him, she was dating the French actor Jean-Pierre Aumont.
After a year-long courtship described as containing "a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides", Prince Rainier married Kelly in 1956. The Napoleonic Code of Monaco and the laws of the Catholic Church necessitated two ceremonies – both a civil ceremony and a religious wedding. The 16-minute civil ceremony took place in the Palace Throne Room of Monaco on April 18, 1956, and a reception later in the day was attended by 3,000 Monégasque citizens. To cap the ceremony, the 142 official titles that she acquired in the union (counterparts of her husband's) were formally recited. The following day the church ceremony took place at Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral, before Bishop Gilles Barthe. The wedding was estimated to have been watched by over 30 million viewers on live television and was described by biographer Robert Lacey as "the first modern event to generate media overkill". Her wedding dress, designed by MGM's Academy Award-winning Helen Rose, was worked on for six weeks by three dozen seamstresses. The bridesmaids' gowns were designed by Joe Allen Hong at Neiman Marcus. The 700 guests included several famous people, including Aristotle Onassis, Cary Grant, David Niven and his wife Hjördis, Gloria Swanson, Ava Gardner, Aga Khan III, Gloria Guinness, and many others. Frank Sinatra was invited but did not attend. Kelly and Rainier left that night for their seven-week Mediterranean honeymoon cruise on his yacht, Deo Juvante II.
Ma'auratan nada ya'ya uku:
Princess Caroline, an haufe ta a Janairun 23, 1957
Prince Albert, an haife shi a Maris 14, 1958, shine Prince na Monaco
Princess Stéphanie, an haife ta February 1, 1965
Shekaru masu zuwa
Hitchcock ya bai wa Princess Grace jagora a fim din Marnie a shekarar 1962. Tana da sha'awar, amma kukan jama'a a cikin Monaco game da kasancewarta a cikin fim inda za ta yi kleptomaniac ya sa ta sake tunani kuma a ƙarshe ta ƙi aikin. Darakta Herbert Ross yayi ƙoƙarin nuna mata sha'awar a wani bangare a fim ɗin shi na Turning Point (1977), amma Rainier ya soke ra'ayin. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta dawo cikin fasahar zane-zane a jerin karatuttukan wakoki da ke wakoki a kan labari da labari na shirin 'Theater of The Street Street . Ta kuma ba da labarin fim din ABC wanda aka yi da talabijin mai suna The Poppy Is shima Flower (1966).
Grace da Rainier sun yi aiki tare a cikin wani fim mai 'yanci na mintuna 33 da ake kira Rearranged a 1979, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga masu zartarwar ABC TV a 1982 bayan firaminista a Monaco, kan sharadin cewa ya kara zuwa awa daya. Kafin a kara daukar hotuna, Grace ta mutu kuma ba za a sake fitar da fim din ba ko kuma a nuna shi a bainar jama'a.
Mutuwa
A ranar 13 ga Satumabar, 1982, Kelly ta dawo da ita gida daga Monaco ta gida a Roc Agel lokacin da ta sami bugun jini. Sakamakon haka, ta rasa ikonta na 1971 Rover P6 3500. kuma ta kori babbar hanya, iska mai da saukar da tsaunin dutse. 'Yarta Stéphanie, wacce ke cikin wurin fasinja, ta yi ƙoƙari amma ta gaza wajen sake mallakar motar. An kai Kelly zuwa Asibitin Monaco (daga baya aka sanya wa suna Princess Grace Hospital Center ) tare da raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwa da thorax da kuma rauni na fyade. Likitocin sun yi imanin cewa ta samu rauni a lokacin da take tuki. Ta mutu washegari a 10:55 Da dare bayan Rainier ta yanke shawarar cire mata tallafi.
An gudanar da jana'izar Kelly a Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate, ranar 18 ga Satumabar, 1982. Bayan Massiem Mass, an binne ta a cikin gidan iyayen Grimaldi. Fiye da mutane 400 suka halarci, ciki har da Cary Grant, Nancy Reagan, Danielle Mitterrand, Diana, Princess of Wales, da Empress Farah na Iran . A wani taron tunawa da wani daga baya a Beverly Hills, James Stewart ya gabatar da wannan karar:
Rainier, who did not remarry, was buried alongside her in 2005.
Ayyuka Zababbun fina-finai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Shekara|Suna|Mataki|Darekta|Bayanai|-
|1951
|Fourteen Hours
|Louise Ann Fuller
|Henry Hathaway
|
|-
|1952
|High Noon
|Amy Fowler Kane
|Fred Zinnemann
|
|-
|1953
|Mogambo
|Linda Nordley
|John Ford
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1954
|Dial M for Murder
|Margot Mary Wendice
| rowspan="2" |Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
|Rear Window
|Lisa Carol Fremont
|
|-
|The Country Girl
|Georgie Elgin
|George Seaton
|
|-
|Green Fire
|Catherine Knowland
|Andrew Marton
|
|-
|The Bridges at Toko-Ri
|Nancy Brubaker
|Mark Robson
|
|-
|1955
|To Catch a Thief
|Frances Stevens
|Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1956
|The Swan
|Princess Alexandra
|Charles Vidor
|
|-
|High Society
|Tracy Samantha Lord
|Charles Walters
|
|}
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
"True Love", a duet with Bing Crosby from High Society (1956)
L'Oiseau du Nord et L'Oiseau du Soleil, in French and in English (1978)
Birds, Beasts & Flowers: A Programme of Poetry, Prose and Music (1980)
Legacy
Acting
Kelly left a lasting legacy as a model, theater artist, television actress (her most prolific work, acting in around 100 TV plays), and an iconic Hollywood film star. Kelly has been cited as one of the "classic Hitchcock blondes", and as one of the most elegant women in cinematic and world history. One author describes her as the "elegant glamour girl of the screen".
Grace Kelly appeared on the cover of the 31 January 1955 issue of the weekly magazine Time. The magazine hailed her as the top movie star who brought about "a startling change from the run of smoky film sirens and bumptious cuties". She was described as the "Girl in White Gloves" because she wore "prim and noticeable white gloves", and journalists often called her the "lady" or "Miss Kelly" for this reason as well. In 1954, she appeared on the Best Dressed list, and in 1955, the Custom Tailored Guild of America listed her as the "Best-Tailored Woman".
In appreciation of her work with Hitchcock in three of his films, Kelly later wrote a foreword to the book The Art of Alfred Hitchcock by Donald Spoto. Spoto also had written High Society: The Life of Grace Kelly.
Philanthropy
During her marriage, Kelly was unable to continue her acting career. Instead, she performed her daily duties as princess and became involved in philanthropic work.
She founded AMADE Mondiale, a Monaco-based non-profit organization that was eventually recognized by the UN as a Non-governmental organization. According to UNESCO's website, AMADE promotes and protects the "moral and physical integrity" and "spiritual well-being of children throughout the world, without distinction of race, nationality or religion and in a spirit of complete political independence." Her daughter, Princess Caroline, carries the torch for AMADE today in her role as President.
Kelly was also active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, forming the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to support local artisans. In 1983, following her death, Princess Caroline assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation; Prince Albert is Vice-President.
Following Kelly's death, the Princess Grace Foundation-USA (PGF-USA) was established to continue the work she had done anonymously during her lifetime, assisting emerging theater, dance and film artists in America. Incorporated in 1982, PGF-USA is headquartered in New York and is a tax-exempt, not-for-profit, publicly supported organization. The Princess Grace Awards, a program of the Princess Grace Foundation-USA, has awarded nearly 800 artists at more than 100 institutions in the U.S. with more than $15 million to date. The foundation also says it "holds the exclusive rights and facilitates the licensing of her name and likeness throughout the world."
In 1965, Princess Grace accepted with pleasure the invitation to be an honorary member of La Leche League (a worldwide mother to mother support group that focuses on mothering through breastfeeding) and in 1971 was a speaker at their conference in Chicago, addressing 1400 mothers, 800 fathers and 800 babies. Princess Grace was a known advocate of breastfeeding, and successfully fed her 3 children.
Fashion
While pregnant with her daughter Caroline in 1956, Kelly was frequently photographed clutching a distinctive leather handbag manufactured by Hermès. The purse, or Sac à dépêches, was likely a shield to prevent her pregnant abdomen from being exposed to the prying eyes of the paparazzi. The photographs, however, popularized the purse and became so closely associated with the fashion icon that it would thereafter be known as the Kelly bag.
Kelly was inaugurated into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1960.
Numerous exhibitions have been held of Kelly's life and clothing. The Philadelphia Museum of Art presented her wedding dress in a 2006 exhibition to mark the 50th anniversary of her marriage, and a retrospective of her wardrobe was held at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 2010. The V&A exhibition continued in Australia at the Bendigo Art Gallery in 2012. This famous dress, seen around the world, took thirty five tailors six weeks to complete. An exhibition of her life as Princess of Monaco was held at the Ekaterina Cultural Foundation in Moscow in 2008 in conjunction with Monaco's Grimaldi Forum. In 2009, a plaque was placed on the "Rodeo Drive Walk of Style" in recognition of her contributions to style and fashion.
After her death, Kelly's legacy as a fashion icon lived on. Modern designers, such as Tommy Hilfiger and Zac Posen, have cited her as a fashion inspiration. During her lifetime, she was known for introducing the "fresh faced" look, one that involved bright skin and natural beauty with little makeup. Her fashion legacy was even commemorated at the Victoria and Albert Museum of London, where an exhibit titled, "Grace Kelly: Style Icon" paid tribute to her impact on the world of fashion. The exhibit included 50 of her legendary ensembles. She is remembered for her "college-girl" everyday fashion, defined by her pulled-together yet simple look.
In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous..
Rashin lafiyar Kelly
In 1955, Kelly was photographed by Howell Conant in Jamaica. He photographed her without makeup in a naturalistic setting, a departure from the traditional portrayal of actresses. The resulting photographs were published in Collier's, with a celebrated photo of her rising from the water with wet hair making the cover. Following her marriage, Conant was the unofficial photographer to the House of Grimaldi and extensively photographed her, Rainier, and their three children. In 1992, Conant published Grace, a book of photographs that he took during her 26-year tenure as Princess of Monaco.
Kelly has been depicted by many pop artists including Andy Warhol and James Gill. Warhol made a portrait of her for the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia as a limited edition silkscreen in 1984.
Wani wurin
A rose garden in Monaco's Fontvieille district is dedicated to the memory of Kelly. It was opened in 1984 by Rainier. She is commemorated in a statue by Kees Verkade in the garden, which features about 4,000 roses.
In 2003, the Henley Royal Regatta renamed the Women's Quadruple Sculls the "Princess Grace Challenge Cup." The Henley Stewards invited her to present the prizes at the 1981 regatta, expiating the ill will from her father's falling foul of its amateurism rules in 1920. Prince Albert presented the prizes at the 2004 regatta.
Gidan Iyayen Kelley
A 2012, Kelly's childhood home was made a Pennsylvania historic landmark, and a historical marker was placed on the site. The home, located at 3901 Henry Avenue in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, was built by her father John B. Kelly Sr. in 1929. Grace lived in the home until 1950, and Prince Rainier III proposed to her there in 1955. The Kelly family sold the property in 1974.
Prince Albert of Monaco purchased the property, speculating that the home would be used either as museum space or as offices for the Princess Grace Foundation.
Kyautuka da gabatarwa Other Honors' Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1960)
American Film Institute's 13th Top Female Stars of American Cinema (1999)
Girmamawa
Girmamawa na ƙasa
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles
Girmamawa na ƙasashen waje
: Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
Egyptian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Virtues, Special Class
: Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Beneficence
Iran Iranian Imperial Family: Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire
: Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Solidarity
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
: Dame of the Order of Pope Pius IX
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, Special Class
: Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Darío
Manazarta daga sanannun al'adu
Coins da stamps
In 1993, Kelly appeared on a U.S. postage stamp, released in conjunction with a Monaco postage stamp featuring her image on the same day.
To commemorate the 25th anniversary of Kelly's death, €2 commemorative coins were issued on July 1, 2007 with the "national" side bearing the image of her.
Fina-finai
A 1983, a wani shirin American television film da aka kira da Grace Kelly focused on Kelly's early life was presented featuring Cheryl Ladd as Kelly and Ian McShane as Rainier.
Nicole Kidman portrayed Kelly in Grace of Monaco (2014), directed by Olivier Dahan. Reaction to the film was largely negative; many people, including the princely family of Monaco, felt it was overly dramatic, had historical errors, and lacked depth.
A season 6, na episode 20 of Once Upon a Time, Emma Swan wears a wedding dress that is highly similar to Grace Kelly's.
Waƙoƙi
Kelly an ambace ta acikin lyrics na "Vogue" daga Madonna (1990).
Kelly's name is mentioned in the lyrics and title of "Grace Kelly" by MIKA (2007).
Kelly was also honored in the Piebald anthem, “Grace Kelly With Wings”.
Kelly is mentioned as Princess Grace in Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire".
Kelly is mentioned in Grace Kelly Blues by the band, eels.
In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, operator Grace "Dokkaebi" Nam is said to be named after Grace Kelly.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly
Gidauniyar Princess Grace - Amurka
FBI Records: The Vault - Grace Kelly a fbi.gov
Tarihin Grace Kelly a britannica.com
Fati alfarma Grace Kelly
"High Society - The Life of Grace Kelly " . Washington Post . Nuwamba 15, 2009.
Ganawar Princess Grace Of Monaco akan Rediyon BBC 4 Desert Island Discs'', Afrilu 24, 1981
Gimbiya Grace na Monaco ta yi hira da Vera Maxwell da John Touhey a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1978 ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Musanya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25553 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimilki | Abimilki | Abimilki ( Amoriyawa: a kusa 1347 BC Matsayi mai gudanar da daraja ne na yariman Taya (a na kiran shi da "Surru" a cikin haruffa),a lokacin da na Amarna haruffa rubutu (1350-1335 BC). ya kasan ce kuma Shi ne marubucin haruffa goma ga Fir'auna na Masar, EA 146-155 ( EA don 'el Amarna '). A cikin wasiƙar EA 147, Fir'auna Akhenaten ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin sarkin Taya bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, kuma a cikin EA 149, ya ambace shi da matsayin rabisu (janar).
Ba a ambaci sunan Abimilki a cikin wasu haruffan ba. An danganta sunansa da Abimelek na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Sunansa na nufin "Mahaifina (shine) sarki."
Tarihin asali
Bayan bukatar Akhenaten ta yaɗa sabbin labaran siyasarsa a Kinaha, wasu jihohin birni sun yi tawaye ga wannan shawarar. Bayanin shine gibi a matsayin rabisu a sansanin Taya, wanda Akhenaten yayi aiki tare da waɗanda ba Misira ba saboda dalilai na ƙungiya. Daga ƙarshe, kamar yadda yake cikin wasiƙar EA 149, Akhenaten ya ba Abimilki matsayin rabisu na Taya.
Zimredda na Sidon, da Aziru na Amurru, waɗanda a baya suka haɗa kai da Abimilki, sun amsa ta hanyar cin Sumuru da mamaye yankunan da ke kusa da Taya. Abimilki ya shawarci Amenhotep game da yanayin haɗari a cikin haruffa da yawa. A cikin wasiƙar EA 151 (duba a nan ), Abimilki ya ambaci Danuniyawa : “Duba, abokan gaba masu haɗari suna kewaye Taya. A halin yanzu sarkin Danuna ya mutu; ɗan'uwansa yanzu yana sarauta. Yana bi da ni cikin lumana. "
Daga baya a cikin wasiƙar, Abimilki ya yi gargaɗi game da 'yan tawayen: “Duba, sansanin Taya yana ƙarewa da ruwa mai kyau da itace. Zan aiko muku Ilu-milku a matsayin manzo. A halin yanzu babu sojojin Hitti, amma Aitakama na Kadesh yana tare da Aziru a yaƙin Biryawaza na Damascus. A halin yanzu, an ƙarfafa Zimredda da sojoji da jiragen ruwa daga Aziru; ya kewaye ni, kuma yana da haɗari ƙwarai.
Harafin Abimilki
Lakabin wasiƙun Abimilki sune kamar haka:
EA 146: "Abimilki na Taya "
EA 147: "Waƙar yabo ga Fir'auna "
EA 148: "Buƙatar Babban Taya"
EA 149 : "Ba Ruwa ko Itace" (Dubi Haapi )
EA 150: "Ana Bukatar: Soja Guda Daya"
EA 151: "Rahoto kan Kan'ana " (Dubi hanyoyin haɗin waje: harafi da Mutanen Teku )
EA 152: "Buƙatar Ganewa"
EA 153 : "Jiragen ruwa suna jira"
EA 154: "An Yi Umarni" (Dubi Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon) )
EA 155: "Bawan Mayati " ("Mayati" munafunci ne ga Meritaten, 'yar Akhenaten)
Misalin haruffa na Abimilki
EA 147, "Waƙar yabo ga Fir'auna"
Batun "Waƙar yabo ga Fir'auna" ba Zimredda bane; amma, yakin Aziru ɗan ko Abdi-Ashirta, mai sa ido akai, da ba da rahoto ta Zimredda ana magana a ƙarshen wannan wasiƙar.
Zuwa ga sarki, sunana: saƙo daga Abimilki, bawanka.
Na fāɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ya shugabana. Ubangijina shi ne rana — wadda take fitowa a kan dukkan ƙasashe kowace rana bisa ga hanyar rana, mahaifinsa mai alheri; Wanda yake ba da rai ta wurin daɗin numfashinsa ya dawo da iskar arewarsa. wanda ke tabbatar da kasa baki daya cikin salama da ikon hannunsa; Wane ne kuma yake ba da kukansa a sararin sama kamar Ba'al. Duk ƙasar ta firgita da kukansa!
Bawan nan yana rubuta wa ubangijinsa cewa ya ji manzon sarki mai alherin da ya zo wurin bawansa, da kuma daɗin numfashin da ya fito daga bakin sarki, ubangijina ga bawansa — numfashinsa ya dawo! Kafin isowar manzon sarki, ya shugabana, numfashi bai dawo ba; hanci ya toshe. Yanzu numfashin sarki ya fito mini, na yi farin ciki ƙwarai, kuma yana gamsuwa kowace rana. Saboda ina farin ciki, shin ƙasa ba ta yin er? Lokacin da na ji haushin ni [ss] mai rahusa daga ubangijina, duk ƙasar tana jin tsoron ubangijina - lokacin da na ji numfashi mai daɗi, da manzon alherin da ya zo wurina.
Lokacin da sarki, ubangijina, ya ce, "Yi shiri kafin isowar babban runduna," sai bawan ya ce wa ubangijinsa, "Na'am, a, a!" A gabana da bayana ina ɗauke da maganar sarki, ya shugabana. Duk wanda ya kula da sarki, ubangijinsa, kuma ya yi masa hidima a madadinsa, rana ta fito a kansa, numfashi mai daɗi yana dawowa daga bakin ubangijinsa. Idan bai kula da maganar sarki ba, ubangijinsa, garinsa ya lalace, gidansa ya lalace, sunansa ba zai sake kasancewa a cikin ƙasar duka ba. Dubi bawan da ke kula da ubangijinsa: Garinsa yana bunƙasa, gidansa yana bunƙasa, sunansa yana nan har abada. Kai ne rana wadda ta fito a kaina kuma aka yi masa katangar tagulla, kuma saboda ƙarfin hannu na na hutawa, ina da kwarin gwiwa. Lallai na ce wa rana, uban sarki, ubangijina, yaushe zan ga fuskar sarki, ya shugabana?
Lallai ina tsaron Taya, babban birni, don sarki, ubangijina, har sai ikon sarki mai ƙarfi ya fito a kaina, don ya ba ni ruwa in sha da itace don dumama kaina. Bugu da ƙari, Zimredda, sarkin Sidon, yana rubuta wa Aziru ɗan Abdi-Ashirta ɗan tawaye kullun, game da kowace kalma da ya ji daga Masar. Da wannan nake rubuta wa ubangijina, kamar yadda yake da kyau cewa ya sani.
- EA 147, layuka 1–71 (cikakke)
More about ɗan
Hoto na hanyoyin haɗin waje yana nuna yanayin EA 147, (an cire kusurwa).
Duba: jumla da zance . Maimakon “sau bakwai da sau bakwai”, a cikin 147 marubuci ya zurfafa zurfi, ta amfani da “rabin sau bakwai”. Za a iya amfani da wani ɗan juzu'i ga tsarin sujada a tsakiyar harafi, lokacin da yake amfani da "a gabana da baya na".
Zimredda na Sidon shine jigon biyar na haruffa goma na Abimilki.
EA 148, "Buƙatar Babban Taya"
Abimilki na Taya ya aika da harajinsa ga Fir'auna wanda ya naɗa shi, ya roƙi Fir'auna sojoji goma da su ba shi kariya, tun da sarkin Sidon ya ƙwace mutanensa. Ya kuma ambaci cewa sarkin Hazor ya wuce zuwa ga abokan gaba, Habiru waɗanda ke ɗaukar Kan'ana.
EA 149, "Babu Ruwa ko Itace"
Duba: kwamishinan Masar Haapi .
EA 151, "Rahoto kan Kan'ana"
Duba: labarin haɗin yanar gizo na waje/rubutawa.
EA 154, "An Yi Umarni"
Biyar daga cikin wasiƙun Abimilki sun shafi maƙwabcinsa kuma maƙiyin rikici Zimredda na Sidon. Duba: Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon) .
EA 153, "Jiragen ruwa a Rike"
Duba hoto: EA 153 (M)
[Zuwa] sarki, ubangijina: mai [mes] mai hikima daga Abimilki, bawanka.
Ina faɗuwa a ƙafafunka sau bakwai sau bakwai. Na aikata abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya umarta — duk ƙasar tana jin tsoron sojojin sarki, ya shugabana: Na sa mutanena su riƙe jiragen ruwa bisa ga ikon sarki, ubangijina.
Duk wanda ya yi rashin biyayya ba shi da iyali, ba shi da rai. Tun da na gua [rd da ci] sarkin, [my] lo [rd], m [y] s [afety] shine alhakin sarki. [Da fatan ya sani] bawansa, wanda ke gefensa.
- EA 153, 1-20 (cikakke amma ya lalace)
Duba kuma
Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon)
Haapi, kwamishinan Masar
Manazarta
Moran, William L. Harafin Amarna. Jami'ar Johns Hopkins Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
Hanyoyin waje
Harafin Amarna (hotuna)
King of Babylon:
EA 9-(Obverse); see: Karaduniyaš
Tushratta:
EA 19-(Obverse), Article, Tushratta
EA 23-(Reverse), with Black Hieratic; Article-(British Museum); see: Shaushka
EA 28-(Obverse), see: Pirissi and Tulubri
"Alashiya kingdom" letters:
EA 34-(Obverse); see: EA 34
Rib-Hadda letters:
EA 126-(Obverse) ; Article-(Click for larger Picture) ; See: Salhi (region)
Abimilki:
#1: EA 153-(Obverse); Article
#2: EA 153-(Obverse)-2nd; see: Abimilki
Abdi-Tirši:
EA 228-(Obverse)//(228,330,299,245,252), (EA 330, for Šipti-Ba'lu); Article, Pic writeup
Biridiya:
EA 245-(Obverse) EA 245-(Reverse); Article-1; Article-2; Hannathon/Hinnatuna
Labaya:
EA 252-(Obverse), Article, see Labaya
Others:
EA 299-(High Res.)(Obverse); see Yapahu
EA 369-Front/Back-(Click on each); see: Milkilu
Haruffa
Harafi: EA 147
EA 147- (M) ; Mataki na ashirin da
Harafi: EA 153
#1: EA 153- (M) ; Mataki na ashirin da
#2: EA 153- (M) -2nd ; Mataki na ashirin da
Labarai
Rubuta Harafin EA 151, game da Zimredda na Sidon -( mutanen teku, wasiƙar Abimilki)
Hoton gidan adana kayan tarihin Birtaniya, (m, baya, & gefe an rubuta)
Ra'ayoyin kowane bangare, gidan kayan tarihin Burtaniya
Harafin Amarna EA 34 : shigar CDLI don harafi na 34, yana nuna layin farko yana cewa: Saƙon Sarki Land A-La-Ši-iya . ( Umma Lugal Kur Alashiya )
Pages with unreviewed translations |
19766 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia%20Murad | Nadia Murad | Nadia Murad Basee Taha (Larabci نادية مراد باسي طه ; An haife ta a shekarar 1993) mutuniyar Iraqi mabiyan Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin Yan Adam, wanda take zaune a Jamus . A shekarar 2014, an sace ta daga garinsu na Kocho Iraƙi, kuma ƙungiyar IS ta riƙe ta tsawon watanni uku.
Murad itace wadda ta ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar na Nadia, ƙungiyar da ta himmatu wajen "taimakawa mata da yara ƙanana waɗanda aka yiwa kisan ƙare dangi, cin zarafin jama'a, da fataucin mutane domin samar masu da waraka da sake gina rayuwarsu da al'ummominsu".
A shekarar 2018, ita da Denis Mukwege an ba su kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda "ƙoƙarin da suka yi na kawo ƙarshen amfani da lalata da juna a matsayin makamin yaƙi da rikici ." Ita ce 'yar Iraƙi ta farko mabiyar addinin Yazidi da aka bawa kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel.
A halin yanzu, ita mai bayar da shawara ce kan Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa na Majalissar dinkin duniya wanda Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada.
Farkon rayuwa da kamawar Kungiyar ISIS
An haifi Murad a ƙauyen Kocho da ke gundumar Sinjar, Iraki . Iyayenta, na yan kabilar Yazidi, manoma ne. a da shekara 19, Murad dalibi ne da ke zaune a ƙauyen Kocho a Sinjar, arewacin Iraki lokacin da mayaƙan Daular Islama suka kewaye garin Yazidi da ke ƙauyen, inda suka kashe mutane 600 - ciki har da 'yan uwan Nadia shida da' yan'uwan miji - da ɗaukar ƙaramin mata da 'yan mata cikin bautar. A waccan shekarar, Murad na ɗaya daga cikin mata da 'yan matan Yazidi sama da 6,700 wadandada Stateungiyar Islama a Iraki ta kama a fursuna. An kama ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014. An rike ta a matsayin bayi a garin Mosul, inda aka buge ta, aka kona ta da sigari, sannan aka yi mata fyade akai-akai. Ta samu nasarar tserewa bayan wanda ya kama ta ya bar gidan a kulle. Iyalan da ke makwabtaka da ita ne suka dauki Murad din, wadanda suka iya fitar da ita daga yankin daular Islama da ke karkashinta, wanda ya ba ta damar zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Duhok, Yankin Kurdistan . Ta kasance daga cikin ISISsis a farkon Satumba ko a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2014.
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2015, ta ba da shaidar ta ta farko ga manema labarai na jaridar Landan ta yau da kullun La Libre Belgique yayin da ta ke zaune a sansanin Rwanga, da ke zaune a cikin wani kwantena da aka sauya. A shekarar 2015, tana daya daga cikin mata da yara kanana dubu daya da suka ci gajiyar shirin 'yan gudun hijira na Gwamnatin Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, wanda ya zama sabon gidanta.
Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya
A ranar 16 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, Murad ya yi magana da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da fataucin mutane da rikice-rikice. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka taba yiwa Majalisar bayani kan safarar mutane. A matsayinta na wani matsayinta na jakadiya, Murad zata shiga cikin shawarwari na duniya da na gida don ba da sanarwa game da fataucin mutane da 'yan gudun hijira. Murad ya isa ga 'yan gudun hijirar da al'ummomin da suka tsira, yana sauraron shaidu na waɗanda ke fataucin mutane da kisan kare dangi .
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Lauya Amal Clooney ta yi magana a gaban Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC) don tattauna shawarar da ta yanke a watan Yunin shekarar 2016 don wakiltar Murad a matsayin abokin harka a shari’a kan kwamandojin ISIL. Clooney ya bayyana kisan kare dangi, fyade, da fataucin da ISIL ta yi a matsayin "aikin hukuma na sharri a kan sikeli na masana'antu", yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin kasuwar bayi da ke kan layi, a Facebook da kuma a Mideast da ke aiki har yanzu. Murad ta sami mummunar barazana ga amincinta sakamakon aikinta.
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, Murad ya ba da sanarwar Injiniyar Nadia a taron da Tina Brown ta shirya a Birnin New York. Shirin yana da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da taimako ga wadanda aka yi wa kisan kare dangi. A waccan watan ne, aka sanya mata sunan Ambasada ta farko mai martaba don mutuncin wadanda suka tsira daga fataucin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNODC ).
A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Murad ya sadu da Paparoma Francis da Akbishop Gallagher a cikin Vatican City . A yayin ganawar, ta "nemi taimako ga Yazidis wadanda har yanzu ke hannun ISIS, ta amince da goyon bayan Vatican ga tsiraru, tattauna batun ikon mallakar yankuna marasa rinjaye a Iraki, ta nuna halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma kalubalen da tsirarun addinai ke fuskanta a Iraki da Syria musamman wadanda abin ya shafa da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da kuma bakin haure ".
Tarihin Murad, Yarinyar Lastarshe: Labarina na ofaure, da Yaki Na da Stateasar Islama , ƙungiyar Crown Publishing Group ce ta buga shi a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, wanda wani littafin tarihin rayuwa ne wanda ta bayyana kamawa da bautar da Daular Islama.
A cikin shekarar 2018, darekta Alexandria Bombach ta samar da wani fim mai suna A kan Kafadunta wanda ke dauke da tarihin rayuwar Murad da gwagwarmaya.
A cikin shekarar 2019, Murad ta gabatar da a karo na biyu na Minista na shekara-shekara don ci gaban 'Yancin Addini inda ta yi magana game da labarinta da kuma kalubalen da ke gaban Yazidis da ke fuskanta kusan shekaru biyar bayan hare-haren 3 ga watan Agustan na shekarar 2014 kuma ta gabatar da "tsari mai matakai biyar" don magance kalubalen da suke fuskanta a Iraki. Murad ya kasance cikin tawagar waɗanda suka tsira daga zalunci na addini daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda aka ba da labarinsu a taron. A matsayin daya daga cikin wakilan, a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin na shekarar 2019, Murad ya sadu da Shugaba Donald Trump a Ofishin Oval wanda ta ba ta labarin ta na sirri na rashin dangin ta, ciki har da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta shida, kuma ta roƙe shi ya yi wani abu.
Rayuwar mutum
A watan Agusta na shekarar 2018, Murad ya shiga tsakani da takwaransa Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam Abid Shamdeen. Sun riga sun yi aure.
Kyauta da girmamawa
2016: Da farko , lumanar jakadan ga Mutuncin na tsira daga fataucin Human na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
2016: Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Václav Havel Award for Human Rights
2016: Kyautar Glamour don Matan da suka Tsaya wa ISISsis
2016: Sakharov Kyauta don 'Yancin Tunani (tare da Lamiya Haji Bashar )
2018: Nobel Peace Prize (tare da Denis Mukwege )
2019: Bambi Award
2019: Kyautar Filayen Zinare na Kwalejin Nasarorin Amurka
Bibiyar Tarihi
Nadia Murad: Yarinya Ta :arshe: Labarina na tivityaure, da Yaki Na da Islamicasar Islama (Virago eBook, 7 Nuwamba 2017), (Turanci)
Nadia Murad: Ich bin eure Stimme: Das Mädchen, das dem Islamischen Staat entkam und gegen Gewalt und Versklavung kämpft (Knaur eBook, 31 Oktoba 2017), (Jamusanci)
Finafinai
Akan Kafadunta
Shafuka, wanda kamfanin Garai Gold Production ke samarwa a Maroko
Kisan kare dangin Yazidis daga ISIL
Jerin sace-sacen mutane
Jerin maganganun mutum da aka rasa
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23640 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar%20Shekarar%20Sinawa | Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa | Sabuwar Shekara ta kasar Sin, wacce aka sani a ƙasar Sin da bazaraBikin kuma a Singapore a matsayin LunarSabuwarShekara, hutu ne a kusa da sabon wata a ranar farko ta shekara a kalandar gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin . Wannan kalandar ta dogara ne akan canje -canje a cikin wata kuma wani lokacin ana canza shi don dacewa da lokutan shekara bisa la’akari da yadda Duniya ke zagaya rana . Saboda wannan, Sabuwar Shekara ta China ba ta taɓa yin Janairu ba.
Sabuwar Shekara ta Sin tana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman bukukuwa ga Sinawa a duk faɗin duniya. An yi amfani da ranar sa ta 7 maimakon ranar haihuwa don ƙidaya shekarun mutane a China. Har yanzu ana amfani da hutun don gaya wa mutane wanne “dabba” na zodiac na Sinawa suke ciki. Hutu shine lokacin kyauta ga yara da kuma tarurrukan iyali tare da manyan abinci, kamar Kirsimeti a Turai da sauran yankunan Kiristoci. Ba kamar Kirsimeti, da yara yawanci samun kyautar tsabar kuɗi a cikin ja envelopes ( hongbao ) da kuma ba toys ko tufafi .
Sin Sabuwar Shekara amfani ga karshe 15 kwana har sai da bikin a shekara ta farko da cikakken watã . Yanzu, hutu ne na kasa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, da Indonesia . Hakanan ana yin bikin a wasu yankuna na Thailand . A wasu wurare, ranar farko ko kwana uku ne kawai ake yin bikin. A cikin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ana canza ƙarshen ƙarshen mako don ƙirƙirar "Makon Zinariya " na kwanaki 7.
Sabbin shekarun gargajiya a Vietnam ( Tet ) da Koriya ( Sabuwar Shekara ta Koriya ) kusan koyaushe suna rana ɗaya da Sabuwar Shekara ta China amma wani lokacin daban. Sabuwar Shekarar Jafananci ta kasance tana yin aiki iri ɗaya amma ya bambanta sosai tunda wasu canje -canje a cikin ƙarni na 19 . Losar da Tsagaan Sar , sabbin shekarun Tibet da Mongoliya na gargajiya, suna da kusanci da Sabuwar Shekara ta China amma hanyoyi daban -daban na tunani game da sauye -sauyen wata da ƙara watanni na iya sa su faru makonni ban da bikin Sinawa.
Suna
Sunan Mandarin Sinawa na hutu shine Chūn Jié wanda ke nufin "Bikin bazara". Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ne sau da yawa ake kira "Spring Festival" ta ƙasar Sin jawabai na Turanci, ko da yake hutu ko da yaushe yakan faru a cikin hunturu watanni na Janairu ko Fabrairu . An rubuta cikin gargajiya na Sinanci da 春节a cikin mafi sauƙin rubutu yanzu manyan ƙasashen China da Singapore ke amfani da su . Jamhuriyar China ta fara amfani da wannan suna a cikin shekarun 1910, bayan da ta fara amfani da kalandar Turai don yawancin abubuwa.
Kafin hakan, galibi ana kiran wannan biki da "SabonShekara ". Saboda kalandar gargajiya ta ƙasar Sin galibi ta dogara ne kan sauye -sauyen da ke faruwa a cikin wata, ita ma Sabuwar Shekara ta Sin ana kiranta da Ingilishi da "Sabuwar Shekara" ko "Sabuwar Shekarar Lunar Sin". Wannan sunan ya fito ne daga " Luna ", tsohon sunan wata . Sunan Indonisiya don hutun shine Imlek, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Hokkien don tsohuwar kalandar China kuma saboda haka shima yana son "Sabuwar Shekara ta Lunar".
Wani tsohon sunan bikin shine Lìchūn, ma'ana "farkon bazara". A cikin Sinanci, wannan ma suna ne na musamman don wurin rana daga kusan Fabrairu4 zuwa 19 kowace shekara, lokacin da rana take 45 zuwa 30 ° gaba da wurin sa a ranar 1 ga wata ranar bazara. Ba a yawan amfani da sunan don yin magana game da Sabuwar Shekarar China. A Taiwan, ana kiran ainihin Lichun " Ranar Manomi " tun 1941 . Shekara tsakanin Sabuwar Shekaru biyu na China ba tare da ita ba ana tsammanin ba sa'ar aure bane.
Ranar Sabuwar Shekara
Sabuwar Shekarar sin ko da yaushe yana farawa a kan wani sabon wata, a lokacin da wata ne tsakanin Duniya da kuma Rana da shi ya dubi duk duhu a cikin dare sama . Domin sabbin watanni suna faruwa kusan kowane kwanaki 29.53 amma shekarar da Paparoma Gregory ya kafa. tsawon kwanaki 365.2425 ne, hutun kasar Sin yana tafiya zuwa kwanaki daban -daban a kowace shekara. Kalandar kasar Sin tana kara wata 13 a kowane lokaci don kiyaye yanayi a wurin da ya dace, don haka ranar farko ta sabuwar shekara koyaushe tana faruwa tsakanin Janairu21 da Fabrairu20 a ranar 2 ko 3 sabon wata bayan ranar 1 na hunturu . Ginshiƙi a dama yana ba da ranar kowace Sabuwar Shekara ta China daga AD1996 zuwa 2031 .
Tarihi
Ado
Mutane suna rataye kayan ado, musamman nau'i -nau'i na waƙoƙin Sinanci ( ma'aurata ) a kowane gefen ƙofofinsu. Wasu suna sanya hotunan allolin Taoist a ƙofar don tsoratar da munanan abubuwa. Tsirrai masu rai suna ba da shawarar ci gaba, kuma furanni suna ba da shawarar 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zuwa. Wuslow na farji ya zama ruwan dare a wasu wurare saboda sunan sa na China yana kama da "kuɗi yana shigowa". Yana da yawa don manyan kayan ado su yi kama da dabba don sabuwar shekara, ta yadda 2017 ta sami hotuna da mutum-mutumin Zakara da Kaza kuma 2018 za ta sami Karnuka .
Mutane sun kasance suna maraba da Sabuwar Shekara tare da duk abin da ke yin ƙara mai ƙarfi, gami da ganguna, kuge, ko ma aiyuka da tukwane . Ainihin al'adun sun bambanta a sassa daban -daban na kasar Sin . Wutar wuta da kashe gobara ta zama ruwan dare a ko'ina, amma kwanan nan wurare da yawa sun daina barin yawancin mutane suna amfani da su saboda haɗarin mutane na cutar da kansu, da wuta, da datti a cikin iska wanda zai iya sa mutane rashin lafiya . Akwai har yanzu babban aikin wuta aka nuna a mafi manyan birane da yawa na kasar Sin mutane, amma birni gwamnati za ta yi duk abin da kuma sauran mutane kawai suna kallo.
Abinci
Abincin sake haɗuwa a ranar kafin Sabuwar Shekara ta China galibi ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsada a shekara. Wasu iyalai suna amfani da abinci na musamman da tsada don samun fuska ; wasu suna amfani da abinci mai ma’ana don kawo sa’a . Jiaozi (wani nau'in juji ) ya zama ruwan dare a arewacin China. Mutane suna tunanin suna kama da tsoffin sandunan azurfa na China kuma suna riƙe sa'a a ciki. Rolls kwai da bazara suna birgima kamar lumpia kuma ana iya yin su kamar sandunan zinari, kuma ana tunanin lemu da tangerines suna kama da tsabar zinare. Taliyar yara kamar yīmiàn ko Filipino pansit ana cin su ba a yanke don yin fatan tsawon rai. Ana cin wasu jita-jita saboda sunayen Sinawa suna kama da kalmomi masu sa’a, kamar “kifi” da “wadata”. A cikin Cantonese, " kayan lambu " yayi daidai da "samun kuɗi " ( choy ) da " albasa " sauti iri ɗaya da "ƙidaya-da-tsarawa" ( suan ). Saboda wannan mutanen Cantonese a China da wasu ƙasashe suna ƙoƙarin samun wasu yayin bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekara. Niangao, wanda ake kira "tikoy" a Philippines, wani irin waina ne da aka yi da soyayyen shinkafa da sukari . Yana da yawa a kudancin China. A cikin Sinanci, sunansa yana kama da nián gão ("shekara ta fi kyau") ko niánnián gāoshēng ("samun ingantacciyar shekara bayan shekara"). Wasu mutane kuma suna tunanin tsarinta kamar manne ne kuma suna amfani da shi azaman burin haɗa danginsu tare. 'Yan Indonesiya suna kiran niangao da "wainar kwandon" saboda suna ƙera nasu a cikin kwandunan bamboo . Hakanan suna da wasu abubuwan dandano na musamman ban da vanilla da cakulan kamar pandan, itace mai ganye mai ƙamshi. Wasu mutane suna soya tikoy da ƙwai ; sau da yawa ana yin burodi da guntun nama na kwakwa. Saboda yawancin mutanen China a Philippines suna magana da Hokkien ba Mandarin Sinawa ba, suma suna son cin abarba . A cikin Hokkien, kalmar "abarba" tana kama da kalmar "samun kuɗi mai yawa".
Wasu Sinawa kuma sun fitar da " Trays of Tare", jita -jita tare da sassa daban -daban guda takwas da nau'ikan nau'ikan abinci iri -iri. Wasu na kowa abubuwa a saka a cikin wadannan trays ne kumquats, longans, guda na kwakwa nama, gujiya, alawa, kuma kankana da latas tsaba . Takwas lambobi ne masu sa'a ga Sinawa da yawa, kamar bakwai a Turai da sauran wurare. Waɗannan jita -jita sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Malaysian da Sinawa na Indonesiya.
Don bikin Lantern, abinci na musamman shine yuanxiao, ƙananan ƙwallaye na shinkafa mai tsami a cikin miya mai daɗi . Lichun koyaushe yana faruwa kusa da Sabuwar Shekarar China ma. Ana yin bikin ta cin kek na bazara ( chūnbǐng ).
Manazarta
Al'adun Sinawa
Al'adun ƙasashen
Sin |
25051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelambakkam | Kelambakkam | Kelambakkam yanki ya kasan ce wani kewayen birni ne da mazaunin Chennai, Indiya . Tana cikin yankin kudu maso gabas na birnin tare da Tsohon Mahabalipuram Road (OMR), kuma kusan 5 km daga Siruseri IT park da 12 km daga mahadar Sholinganallur . Wata muhimmiyar mahada ce bayan Sholinganalur, wacce ke haɗa hanyar GST ( Vandalur ) da hanyar ECR ( Kovalam ). Ana ɗaukar Kelambakkam a matsayin ƙofar kudu zuwa birnin Chennai akan hanyar OMR kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin Zone-2 (Sholinganalur zuwa Kelambakkam stretch) na OMR Road. Kelambakkam yana ƙarƙashin Thiruporur Taluk na gundumar Chengalpattu .
Metro Train aikin-Phase 2 ne a karkashin tsari wanda ya haɗu Madhavaram da Siruseri IT shakatawa (akan ranar ƙarshe ya zama aiki domin wannan corridor-3 ta 2024).
Ƙidaya 2011
Jimlar yawan mutanen Kelambakkam kusan 20,000 kuma ana tsammanin za a ninka ta 2021. Yawan karatun wannan yanki shine 90.88%. Yanayin jima'i a Kelambakkam shine 1,018. Ƙarin iyalai suna ƙaura zuwa Kelambakkam saboda babban ci gaba na zama da kasuwanci, samun wadataccen ruwan ƙasa da samun sauƙin shiga duk sassan birnin Chennai tare da ingantattun kayan aikin hanya. Dangane da binciken kwanan nan, birnin Chennai zai sami yawan mutane miliyan 15 nan da 2030 (yawan mutanen yanzu a 2019 miliyan 11 ne). Tun da yawan jama'a ya riga ya kai matsayin jikewa har zuwa Sholinganallur a hanyar OMR, ƙarin mutane (kusan mutane lakh 10) za su fara ƙaura a Sholinganallur - Kelambakkam miƙawa har zuwa 2030.
Makarantu a Kelambakkam
Makarantar Talla ta St. Francis De
Chettinad - Makarantar Ilimi ta Sarvalokaa
Sushil Hari International Residential School
Velammal Sabon Gen CBSE School
Makarantar Makarantar Millennium Kelambakkam
Makarantar CBSE ta Jagannath Vidyalaya
Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Billabong
Buvana Krishnan Matriculation Higher Secondary School
Makarantar Sakandare ta Makarantar St Mary
ILANTHALIR Makarantar Makarantar Yankin Yara
KIDZEE Kelambakkam Play, Makarantar Nursery
Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati
Makarantar Lissafi ta Nellai
Kolejoji kusa Kelambakkam
IIT Madras- harabar Gano Ilimin Kimiyya- PM Narendra Modi ya aza harsashin ginin a cikin 2021 don gina harabar a farashin Rs.1,000 crores (Gwamnatin Jiha ta ba da kadada 163 na ƙasa a Thaiyur a 2017).
Jami'ar VIT
Jami'ar SSN (harabar kadada 250)
Jami'ar Hindustan
Makarantar Gine -gine ta Chettinad
IIITDM Kancheepuram (Cibiyar Fasahar Watsa Labarai ta Indiya, ƙira da ƙerawa, Kancheepuram)
Kwalejin Bincike da Ilimi ta Chettinad (Wanda ake zaton jami'a ce a ƙarƙashin sashi na 3 na Dokar UGC)
Kwalejin Nursing ta Chettinad
Asibitin Chettinad da Cibiyar Bincike
Kwalejin Fasaha & Kimiyya ta Dhanapalan
SMK Fomra Cibiyar Fasaha
Cibiyar Fasaha ta Anand
Kwalejin fasaha ta PSB
Kwalejin Kiwon lafiya ta Tagore da Asibiti
Asibitoci
Asibitin Musamman na Chettinad (harabar kadada 100)
Asibitin Praveena, Titin Vandalur, Kelambakkam
Asibitin Swaram
Babban Asibitoci
Apollo Diagnostics
Haikali da Ikklisiya kusa da Kelambakkam
Sai Baba Temple, Kelambakkam
Haikalin Poorana Brahmam, Sri RamaRajya Campus, Hanyar Vandalur, Kelambakkam
Sri Ashta Dasa Buja Durga Lakshmi Saraswathi Temple, Sri RamaRajya Campus, Vandalur Road, Kelambakkam
Haikalin Sri Karpaga Vinayakar, Ganeshpuri, Sri RamaRajya Campus, Kelambakkam
Haikali na Veera Anjaneyar, Pudupakkam
Haikali na Nithyakalyana Perumal, haikalin rairayin bakin teku na Thiruvidanthai (ɗaya daga cikin 108 Divyadesas na Ubangiji Perumal)
Thiruporur Murugan Temple (an gina shi shekaru 450 da suka gabata)
Haikali na Chengammal Sivan
Haikalin Mareeswarar (Thaiyur)
Christ the Redeemer Cocin Katolika
Masallaci (ɗaya daga cikin manyan masallatai a hanyar OMR).
Ci gaban mazauni
Saboda saurin haɓakawa, wadataccen ruwa mai kyau da ingantaccen kayan aikin hanya tare da sauƙaƙe isa ga duk sassan Chennai, yawancin gidaje da ƙauyuka sun fito a Kelambakkam kuma suna ƙasa. Hakanan, Kelambakkam ya shaida yawan ƙaurawar dangi a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Kusa da damar samun aikin yi, godiya mai kyau na kadara, ingantattun kayan aikin hanya, kusancin rairayin bakin teku a ECR da sauran wuraren nishaɗi na ci gaba da jan hankalin ƙarin mazauna wannan yankin.
Sufuri
Kelambakkam yana da alaƙa da kusan dukkanin mahimman wurare a cikin garin Chennai kamar T.Nagar, CMBT, Broadway, tashar jirgin ƙasa ta tsakiya, Tambaram ta hanyar yawan motocin bas na MTC. Sabuwar tashar bas don Kelambakkam (Thaiyur) kimanin kadada 10 ana kan gina don mafakar motar MTC da kuma sabon tashar tashar Kelambakkam. A matsakaici, MTC tana aiki da sabis na bas fiye da 400 daga Kelambakkam zuwa duk ƙauyukan birnin Chennai.
Hakanan, gwamnatin Tamil Nadu tana gina Babban Babban Tashar Bus (kadada 88) akan farashin Rs 410 crore a Vandalur wanda ke ɗaukar mintuna 20 kawai don isa ta hanyar Vandalur-Kelambakkam. Wannan tashar tashar bas za ta kasance babbar tashar bas a Asiya kuma za ta fara aiki daga shekarar 2020.
Ana aiwatar da aikin Jirgin Jirgin ƙasa- Mataki na 2 wanda ke haɗa Madhavaram tare da wurin shakatawa na Siruseri IT (Ranar ƙarshe don aiki don wannan Corridor-3 zuwa 2024). Da zarar jirgin metro ya fara aiki, zai zama mai canza wasa don ci gaba gaba ɗaya a hanyar OMR.
Duba kuma
Chennai
Kogin Covelong
Mamallapuram
Manazarta |
27097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-Organics | Covid-Organics | Covid-Organics (CVO) wani abin sha ne na Artemisia wanda Andry Rajoelina, shugaban Madagascar, ya yi iƙirarin zai iya rigakafi da warkar da cutar Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Ana samar da abin sha daga wani nau'in nau'in nau'in Artemisia wanda ake fitar da artemisinin don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Babu bayanan gwaji na asibiti da aka samo a bainar jama'a da ke goyan bayan aminci ko ingancin wannan abin sha.
Cibiyar Bincike ta Malagasy ta haɓaka kuma ta samar da Covid-Organics a Madagascar. Madagaskar ita ce kasa ta farko da ta yanke shawarar shigar da Artemisia cikin maganin COVID-19 lokacin da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Maison de l'Artemisia Faransa ta tuntubi kasashen Afirka da dama yayin bala'in COVID-19 . Akalla wani mai bincike daga wani yanki na Afirka, Dokta Jérôme Munyangi na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ya ba da gudummawa. Wasu daga cikin binciken da aka yi a kan Artemisia, wanda masanan Afirka suka jagoranta, an gudanar da su a Faransa da Kanada. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020, Rajoelina ya ba da sanarwar a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin cewa ƙasarsa ta sami "maganin rigakafi da magani" ga COVID-19. Rajoelina ta fito a bainar jama'a daga kwalbar Covid-Organics kuma ta ba da umarnin rarraba kasa ga iyalai. Ya zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, 2021, Madagascar ta tabbatar da adadin mutane 24426 na COVID-19, da mutuwar 418.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2020, Rajoelina ya ba da sanarwar a shafinsa na Twitter cewa Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) za ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sirri tare da Madagascar game da samar da CVO don yin aikin lura da asibiti . A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2020, Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom ya tabbatar da taron bidiyo da Rajoelina, kuma WHO za ta hada kai da Madagascar kan bincike da haɓaka maganin COVID-19. WHO ba ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da kwayoyin halittar Artemisia da ba na magunguna ba. Matsayin hukuma na WHO shine "tana tallafawa magungunan gargajiya da aka tabbatar a kimiyance" da kuma "gane da cewa maganin gargajiya, na kari da madadin magani yana da fa'idodi da yawa".
A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2021, WHO ta ba da sanarwar kammala gwajin gwaji na kashi 3 na busassun busassun CVO+ a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska (CNARP) ta Madagascar, tana mai nuna cewa za a sake nazarin sakamakon ta hanyar Shawarar Kwararru na Yanki. Kwamitin da aka kafa tare da haɗin gwiwar Afirka CDC . Kwamitin zai shawarci masana'anta akan matakai na gaba da zai ɗauka.
Rigima
Yawancin sukar kimiyya sun biyo bayan ƙaddamar da Covid-Organics daga ciki da wajen Afirka. Kafin yin aiki tare da Madagascar, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da gargadi game da amfani da maganin COVID-19 da ba a gwada ba kuma ta ce 'yan Afirka sun cancanci maganin da ya bi ta hanyar gwajin kimiyya. A lokacin, an gwada inganci da amincin Covid-Organics akan mutane ƙasa da 20 a cikin tsawon makonni uku.Don saduwa da ingantattun ka'idodin kimiyya, daga baya bangarorin biyu sun amince da haɗin gwiwa don Covid-Organics da za a yi rajista don gwajin Haɗin kai na WHO, shirin ƙasa da ƙasa don bin diddigin gwajin asibiti cikin sauri kan 'yan takarar jinya na COVID-19. Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta bukaci cikakken bayanan kimiyya kan Covid-Organics don yin nazari daga Afirka CDC bayan da hukumomin Madagascar suka yi mata bayani game da maganin ganye. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Afirka sun bayyana sha'awarta ga bayanai na Covid-Organics don manufar haɓaka ingantaccen magani mai inganci cikin sauri. A cikin watan Afrilu, kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta musanta bayar da odar wani kunshin na CVO bayan rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai cewa ta ba da umarnin CVO, ta kuma ce hukumar lafiya ta yammacin Afirka (WAHO) za ta amince da shi ne kawai. samfuran da aka nuna suna da inganci da aminci don amfani ta hanyar sanannun hanyar kimiyya. Yayin da damuwa game da lafiyar CVO ke girma, Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da taimako don taimakawa Madagascar don gudanar da gwajin asibiti akan tonic na ganye.
Akwai damuwa game da yawaitar amfani da Artemisia yana haɓaka juriya na magani ga ACTs don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro.
Tun daga watan Janairun 2021, an kammala gwajin kashi na II na abin sha, amma Madagascar ta ki amincewa da bukatar bayanai.
Mataimaki
Fiye da ƙasashen Afirka 20 da Caribbean sun karɓi CVO har zuwa Mayu 2020 don yaƙar COVID-19. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, a ƙarshe gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da odar CVO don yin gwaji bayan makonni na matsin lamba daga mutanen Ghana cewa a yi amfani da maganin ganye don dakatar da yaduwar cutar Coronavirus. A karshen watan Afrilu, Equatorial Guinea, daga cikin na farko da suka nuna goyon baya ga maganin, ta aika da wakili na musamman zuwa Madagascar don ba da gudummawar jigilar CVO. Ƙasashen da suka sami jigilar CVO sun haɗa da:
Tanzania
Guinea Bissau
Nigeria
DRC
Republic of Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Ghana
Liberia
Senegal
Republic of Chad
Comoros
Niger
Haiti
Covid-organics Plus
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2020, Shugaba Andry Rajoelina ya buɗe wata masana'antar likitanci mai suna "Pharmalagasy" kuma a hukumance ta fara samar da kwayoyin CVO mai suna "CVO-plus".
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
WHO - Shirin Malaria na Duniya - Amfani da nau'ikan Artemisia marasa magani
Sanarwar WHO game da amfani da magungunan gargajiya akan Covid-19
Manazarta
Covid-19 |
12518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20dan%20Zakariya%20al-Razi | Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi | Abū Bakr Muhammad dan Zakariyyā al-Rāzī wanda kuma ake kira da sunan Rhazes Latinze ko Rasis; 854-925 A.Z., ya kasance wani mashahurin hanyar Farisa, likita, masanin ilimin kimiyya, masanin falsafa, kuma adadi mai mahimmanci a tarihin magani. Ya kuma yi rubutu akan dabaru, ilimin taurari da ilimin nahawu.
Mai zurfin tunani, Razi ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci kuma mai ɗorewa ga fannoni daban-daban, wanda ya yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin rubuce-rubucen sama da 200, kuma ana tuna shi musamman ga ci gaban ci gaban magani ta hanyar binciken da bincikensa. Mai ba da tallafin farko na likitan gwaji, ya zama likita mai nasara, kuma ya kasance babban likitan asibitocin Baghdad da Ray. A matsayina na malamin likitanci, ya ja hankalin ɗalibai daga kowane fanni da sha'awar kuma an ce ya zama mai tausayi da sadaukar da kuma kai ga hidiman marassa lafiya, ko masu arziki ko matalauta. Hakanan kuma an san Razi saboda ra’ayin sa na kyamar Musulunci; ya yi imani da cewa Muhammadu yaudara ne kuma Alqurani bashi da wani bayani mai amfani ko bayani.
Dangane da kundin tarihi Britannica (1911), ya kasanche daga farkon wadanda suka fara amfani da ka'idodin humasin don rarrabe cuta mai yaduwa daga wani, kuma ya rubuta littafi na majagaba game da furu-furu da kwankwaran da ke ba da kwatancen cututtukan. Ya kuma gano mahadan abubuwa da dama masu guba da suka hada da giya da sinadarin sulfuric acid.
.Ta hanyar fassara, ayyukan likitansa da ra'ayoyinsa ya zama sananne tsakanin masu koyar da Turai da ke dadada kuma ya rinjayi ilimin likita a cikin Yammacin Latin. Wasu digo na aikainsa Al-Mansuri, wanda ke kan "Kan tiyata" da "Babban Littattafai game da Magunguna", sun zama wani bangare na tsarin ilimin likita a jami'o'in Yammacin Turai. Edward Granville Browne ya dauki shi a matsayin "tabbas mafi girma kuma mafi asali na duka likitocin musulinci, kuma dayan mafi mahimmanci a matsayin marubuci". Bugu da kari, an bayyana shi a matsayin likita na likita, mahaifin yara, kuma mai farawa na likitan mahaifa. Misali, shi ne ya fara gane amsawar dalibin ido na haske.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife Razi ne a cikin garin Ray (na zamani Rey) wanda ke kan titin Great Silk wanda a karni da dama ke saukake ciniki da al'adu tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. Nisba she, Razi, yana nufin "daga garin Ray" a cikin Farisa. Tana cikin gangaren kudu na tsaunin kudu na tsaunin Alborz da ke kusa da Tehran, Iran.
A lokacin kuruciyarsa, Razi ya tafi Bagadaza inda ya yi karatu kuma ya yi karatu a asibitin garin. Daga baya Mansur dan Ishaq, wanda ya kasance gwamnan Rey ya gayyace shi zuwa Rey, kuma ya zama shugaban bimaristan. ya sadaukar da littattafai guda biyu akan magani ga Mansur dan Ishaq, Jiki na Jiki da Al-Mansuri akan Magunguna. Saboda sabon shahararren masanin ilimin sa, an gayyaci Razi zuwa Baghdad inda ya dauki nauyin darekto a wani sabon asibiti mai suna bayan wanda ya kafa al-Mu'tadid (902 K.Z.). A karkasin mulkin dan Al-Mutadid, Al-Muktafi (r. 902-908) An ba wa Razi umarnin gina sabon asibiti, wanda ya kamata ya fi girma a cikin Khalid din Abbasid. Don zabar matsayin asibitin da ke gaba, Razi ya dauki abin da ake jira da yanzu a matsayin hanyar tushen shaidu da ke ba da shawara cewa an sami rataye nama a wurare daban-daban a cikin birni kuma a gina asibitin da naman ya fi dadewa yana jujjuya su.
Ya kwashe shekaru na karshe na rayuwarsa a kasarsu ta haihuwa Rey fama da rashin lafiya na glaucoma. Ciwonsa na ido ya fara da kamari, ya kare da makanta gaba daya. Ba a tabbatar da dalilin makantarsa ba. Wani asusu da dan Juljul ya ambata ya danganta musabbabin bugun kan kansa ta hannun malamin shi, Mansur dan Ishaq, saboda gaza samar da hujja game da ire-iren tunanin sa; yayin da Abulfaraj da Casiri suka ce dalilin shine abincin wake kawai. Ba da dadewa ba, likita ya kusato shi da maganin shafawa domin warkar da makanta. Al-Razi ya tambaye shi sau nawa ido ya kunsa kuma lokacin da ya kasa samun amsar, sai yaki maganin yana mai cewa "wanda bai san asalin tushen ilmin jikinta ba".
Laccocin Razi sun jawo hankalin dalibai da yawa. Kamar yadda dan al-Nadim yake ba da labari a Fihrist, ana daukar Razi a matsayin shaikh, taken girmamawa da aka bai wa wanda ya cancanci koyarwa da kewaye da dalibai da dama.Lokacin da wani ya yi tambaya, an yi wa daliban "da'irar farko"; idan ba su san amsar ba. an ba da shi ga wadanda ke 'da'ira ta biyu', da sauransu. Lokacin da duk dalibai zasu kasa amsawa, Razi kansa zaiyi la'akari da tambayar. Razi mutum ne mai karimci ta dabi'a, tare da nuna kulawa sosai ga marassa lafiya. Ya kasance yana tausayawa matalauta, ya bi da su ba tare da biyan kudi ba, ya kuma rubuta musu wani Lauyan Man La Yahduruhu al-Tabib, ko kuma Wanda ba shi da Likita da zai Halarci Shi, tare da shawarar likita. Wani tsohon dalibi daga Tabaristan ya zo ya kula da shi, amma kamar yadda al-Biruni ya rubuta, Razi ya ba shi lada saboda niyyarsa kuma ya tura shi gida, yana mai shelanta cewa kwanakinsa na karshe suna gabatowa. A cewar Biruni, Razi ya mutu a Rey a cikin shekara ta 925 shekara sittin. Biruni, wanda ya dauki Razi a matsayin mai ba shi shawara, a cikin na fari ya rubuta dan gajeren tarihin Razi har da littafin tarihin ayyukansa da yawa.
Ibn al-Nadim ya buga wani asusun Razi na wani dalibi dan kasar China wanda ya kwafar duk ayyukan Galen a cikin Sinanci yayin da Razi ya karanta shi a bayyane bayan dalibin ya iya larabci sosai cikin watanni 5 kuma ya halarci jawabai na Razi..
Bayan rasuwarsa, shahararsa ta bazu zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Tsakiyar Turai, ya rayu. A cikin jerin bayanan dakin littattafai da ke Peterborough Abbey, watakila daga karni na 14, Razi an jera shi a matsayin bangare na marubutan littattafai goma game da magani.
Gudummawa ga Magani
Psychology da psychotherapy
Al-Razi daya ne daga cikin kwararrun likitocin duniya na farko. An dauke shi mahaifin psychology da psychotherapy.
kanya vs. kyanda
Razi ya rubuta:Kanya ta bayyana lokacin da jini yake "tafasa" kuma tana kamuwa, wanda hakan ke haifar da fitar da daskarewa. Don haka jini na yara (wanda yayi kama da daskararren ruwa wanda yake bayyana akan fatar) ana canza shi zuwa jini mai kyau, yana da launin ruwan inabin. A wannan matakin, furucin ya nuna da gaske a matsayin "kumfa da aka samo a cikin giya" (kamar yadda blisters)... wannan cutar kuma zata iya faruwa a wasu lokuta (ma'ana: ba wai kawai lokacin kuruciya ba). Mafi kyawun abin da za a yi yayin wannan matakin farko shi ne nisantar da kai, in ba haka ba wannan cutar na iya juya zuwa annoba.An gano wannan cutar ta hanyar Encyclopædia Britannica (1911),wanda ya bayyana: "Bayanan da za a iya dogara da su game da wanzuwar cutar ana samun su a cikin asusun likita na Farisa na karni na 9 Rhazes, wanda aka bayyanar da alamunsa a sarari, yanayin iliminsa ya bayyana ta hanyar yanayin motsa jiki ko maganadisu, da kuma hanyoyin da aka ba da magani."
Littafin Razi al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (a kan kanya da kyanda) shi ne littafi na farko da ya bayyana furuci da cutar kyanda daban.An fassara shi fiye da dozin sau zuwa talatin da Sauran harsunan Turai. Rashin karnataccen dabi'ar ta da kuma irin dogarowar Hippocratic din sa na asibiti yana nuna hanyoyin likita na Razi. Misali, ya rubuta:Abubuwan da ake ci gaba da haifar da kalilan yana faruwa ne daga ci gaba da zazzabi, jin zafi a baya, itching a hanci da daddare yayin bacci. Wadannan sune alamomin mafi muni na kusancinsa tare da zafi a baya tare da zazzabi da amai da mai hakuri ke ji a duk jikinsa.Juyar da fuska tayi, wanda yazo kuma ya tafi, mutum zai lura da yanayin launi mai kumburi wanda aka lura dashi azaman mai karfi akan fuka-fukai da kan idanunshi. Daya kwarewa yana fuskantar nauyi na jiki gaba daya da rashin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke bayyana kansa azaman mai shimfida da jikewa Akwai jin zafi a cikin makogwaro da kirji kuma mutum ya ga yana da wahalar numfashi da tari. Karin bayyanar cututtuka sune: bushewar numfashi, matsanancin feshin jiki, koshin muryar, zafi da kuncin kai, hutu, tashin zuciya da damuwa. (Lura da bambanci: rashin bacci, tashin zuciya da damuwa suna faruwa akai-akai tare da "kyanda" fiye da na furucin. A gefe guda, jin zafi a baya ya bayyana sarai tare da fitsari fiye da kyanda). Gaba daya abubuwan yana da zafi a jiki baki daya, mutum yana da ciwon kai kuma daya yana nuna ja gaba daya mai haske, tare da yin haske sosai game da gogewar.. (Rhazes, Encyclopaedia na Magani)
Ciwon ciki
Razi idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ta ciwon cikin wanda aka bi da shi ta hanyar barin jini tare da sakamakon wadanda aka bi da shi ba tare da ganin ko kyale jini na iya taimakawa ba.
Magunguna
Razi ya ba da gudummawa ta fannoni da yawa ga farkon aikin harhada magunguna ta hanyar tattar rubutu, a ciki ya gabatar da amfani da"maganin shafawar mai" da habaka kayan aikin sa kamar su 'mortar', 'flasks', 'spatulas' da 'phials',wadaanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin kantin har zuwa farkon ashirin karni
Xa'a magani
A kan matakin kwararru, Razi ya gabatar da dabaru masu yawa, na ci gaba, na likitanci da na tunani. Ya kai hari ga bautar gumakan da likiticin karya suka yi yawon birni da karkara suna sayar da nomrum da "cures". A lokaci guda, ya yi gargarin cewa har ma likitocin da ke da ilimi ba su da amsar duk matsalolin likita kuma ba za su iya warkar da kowace cuta ba ko kuma warkar da kowace cuta, wanda ke magana da mutum ba zai yiwu ba. Don zama mafi amfani ga ayyukansu da kuma gaskiyar lamari ga kiran su, Razi ya shawarci kwararrun likitocin da su ci gaba da ingantaccen ilimin ta hanyar ci gaba da karatun littattafan likitanci da fallasa kansu ga sabon bayani.Ya bambanta tsakanin cututtukan da ba za su iya warkewa ba. Dangane da mara lafiyar kuma, ya yi sharhi cewa dangane da batun cutar kansa da kuturta, bai kamata a tuhumi likitan ba lokacin da zai iya warkar da su. Don kara rubutu mai ban dariya, Razi ya ji tausayin likitocin da suka kula da lafiyar sarakuna, jarumawa, da mata, saboda ba su bin umarnin likita na hana cin abincinsu ko samun magani, don haka ya sa ya zama da wuya ya zama likitan su.
Ya kuma rubuta wadannan masu zuwa game da dabi'a na likita:Manufar likita ita ce yin alheri, har magabatanmu, don haka ya fi yawa ga abokanmu, kuma sana'ata ta hana mu cutar da danginmu, kamar yadda aka kafa shi don fa'ida da jin dadin rayuwar dan Adam, kuma Allah Ya sanya shi Likitocin ba za su yi maganin cututtukan da suka mutu ba.
Litattafai da labarai kan magani
Al-Kitab al Hawi
Wannan litattafan 23-kundin tsarin karatun likitanci ya kunshi ka'idodin ilimin likitan mata, mahaifa da tiyata na ophthalmic.
Rayuwa mai kyau (al-Hawi الحاوي).
Wannan littafin tarihi na ilimin adaba a cikin tara-wanda aka sani a Turai wanda kuma aka fi sani da the Large Comprehensive ko Continens Liber (جامع الكبير) - yana tattare da tunani da zargi a kan masanan falsafar Girkawa Aristotle da Plato, kuma yana bayyan ra'ayoyi game da batutuwa da yawa. Saboda wannan littafin shi kadai, yawancin malamai suna daukar Razi babbar likitan likitancin zamanin.
Al-Hawi ba asalin ilimin likitanci ba ne, amma rubutun lissafi ne bayan aikin littafin Razi, wanda ya hada da ilimin da aka tattara daga wasu littattafai har da abubuwan lura na asali game da cututtuka da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, dangane da irin kwarewar da ya samu a asibiti.Yana da mahimmanci tunda yana dauke da tarihin kundin tarihi akan fulawa, farkon da aka sani. An fassara shi zuwa Latin a cikin 1279 by Faraj ben Salim, masanin ilmin Sicilian-Bayahude wanda Charles na Anjou yayi aiki, kuma bayan wannan yana da babban tasiri a Turai.
Al-Hawi ya kuma soki ra'ayin Galen, bayan Razi ya lura da shari'o'in asibiti da yawa wadanda ba su bi bayan bayanin Galen da zazzabi ba. Misali, ya bayyana cewa bayanin da Galen ya yi game da cututtukan da ke cikin mahaifa ba daidai ba ne saboda kawai ya ga lokuta uku, yayin da Razi ya yi nazarin daruruwan irin wannan karar a asibitocin Bagadaza da Rey.
Ga Wanda Ba Shi da Likita da zai halarci Shi (Man la Yahduruhu Al-Tabib) (من لا يحضره الطبيب)— Mashawarci likita a kan jama'a
Razi watakila likitan Farisa na farko ne da ya rubuta littafin likitanci na gida da gangan (magani) wanda aka yiwa jama'a. Ya sadaukar da ita ga talakawa, matafiyi,da talakawa wadanda za su iya ba da shawara don kula da cututtukan da ke tattare da cutar yayin da babu likita. Wannan littafin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tarihin kantin magani tunda irin littattafai sun shahara sosai har zuwa karni na 20. Razi ya bayyana a cikin surorinsa guda 36, kayan abinci da magunguna wanda za'a iya samu a cikin kokwalin, a kasuwa, a cikin wuraren girki, ko kuma a sansanin sojoji. Don haka, kowane mutum mai hankali zai iya bin umarninsa kuma shirya ingantattun girke-girke da kyakkyawan sakamako.
Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka kula da su sune ciwon kai, mura, tari, tari da cututtukan ido, kunne, da ciki. Misali, ya yi wasiyya da zazzabi: "2 sassan duhn (ruwan da akamcire mai) na fure, da za a cakuda shi da kashi 1 na ruwan giya, a ciki an tsinka wani yanki na lilin a gaurashi a goshi". Ya ba da shawarar a matsayin 'laxative', "7 drams na bushe 'violet' furanni tare da 20 pears, 'macerated' kuma gauraye sosai, sannan rauni. Toara zuwa wannan 'filtrate', grams 20 na sukari don abin sha. A cikin maganganun 'melancholy', ya ba da shwarar ga magunguna, wanda ya hada ko dai poppies ko ruwan 'ya'yan sa (opium), Cuscuta epithymum (clover doder) ko duka biyun. Don maganin-ido, ya shawarci myrrh, saffron, da frankincense, 2 grams kowannensu, da za a cakuda shi da 1 gram na farin arsenic wanda aka sanya cikin allunan. Kowane kwamfutar hannu za a narkar da a isasshen adadin coriander ruwa kuma amfani dashi azaman saukad da idanu.
Shakka game da Galen (Shukuk 'ala alinusor)
A cikin littafinsa Shakka game da Galen, Razi ya karyata yawancin ikirarin da likitan Girkawa ya yi, har zuwa batun fifikon harshen Helenanci da yawancin ra'ayoyinsa da likitancin likita. Yana danganta magani da falsafa, kuma ya fadi cewa kyakkyawan aiki yana bukatar tunani mai zaman kansa. Ya ba da rahoton cewa bayanin Galen bai yarda da abubuwan lura da nasa na asibiti ba dangane da cutar zazzabi. Kuma a wasu halayen ya gano cewa kwarewar sa ta asibiti ya wuce ta Galen.
Ya kuma soki ra'ayin Ka'idar Galen cewa jikin yana da "rakumi" daban-daban (abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa), wanda ma'aunin su shine mabudin lafiya da yanayin zazzabi ta jiki. Hanya tabbatacciyar hanyar tayar da irin wannan tsarin ita ce shigar da wani ruwa mai dauke da zazzabi daban-daban a jikin mutum wanda ke haifar da karuwa ko raguwa daga zafin jikin, wanda yayi kama da zafin jikina wannan ruwan. Razi ya lura cewa wani abin sha mai dumi zai zafi jikinsa har ya kai sama da yadda yanayinsa na zahiri. Don haka abin sha zai iya haifar da amsawa daga jiki, maimakon canja wurin zafin da kansa kawai ko kuma ruwan sanyi da shi. (Cf. I. E. Goodman)
Wannan hanyar zargi da gaske tana da yuwuwar ta karyata ka'idar Galen game da waka, da kuma akidar Aristotle game da abubuwan guda hudu, wanda aka ginu akan ta. Razi kansa abubuwan da aka kera sunadarai sun ba da shawarar wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta kamar "oiliness" da "sulphurousness", ko kumburi da salinity, wadanda wutar gargajiya, ruwa, kasa, da kuma abubuwan rarraba iska ba su bayyana shi da sauri.
'Salubalen da Razi ya gabatar game da tushen asalin kimiyyar likita sun kasance masu rikitarwa. Dayawa sun tuhume shi da jahilci da girman kai, dukda cewa ya yi ta nuna godiyarsa da godiyarsa ga Galen saboda gudummawar da ya bayar, yana cewa:Na yi addu'a ga Allah don ya jagorance ni, ya kuma kai ni ga gaskiya a rubuce-rubucen wannan littafin. Abin bakin cikina ne in sabawa da kushe mutumin da Galen wanda na sami ilimi mai yawa. Tabbas, shi ne Jagora kuma ni almajiri ne. Kodayake wannan girmamawa da godiya za su kuma bai kamata ya hana ni yin shakku ba, kamar yadda na yi, abin da ba daidai ba ne a cikin tunanun sa. Ina tsammani kuma ina ji a cikin zuciyata cewa Galen ya zabe ni in gudanar da wannan aikin, kuma idan yana raye, da ya taya ni taya murna kan abin da nake yi. Ina fadi wannan saboda manufar Galen ita ce nema da gano gaskiya da fito da haske daga duhu. Ina fata da a ce yana da rai ya karanta abin da na buga.
Starfin tsohuwar ilimin, da kin yarda da gaskiyar cewa sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi suna nuna cewa ilimin yau na karshe zai iya wuce na wadanda suka gabata.
Razi ya yi imanin cewa masana kimiyya da masana na zamani suna da koshin lafiya, da ilimi, da kuma kwarewa fiye da na tsofaffi, saboda yawan ilimin da suke da shi. Kokarin Razi na murkushe yarda da rashin izini daga ikon da ba a hada shi da shi ba na zamanin da ya karfafa kuma ya karfafa bincike da ci gaba a cikin fasaha, fasaha,
Cututtukan Yara
Cututtukan Yara na Razi shine farkon rubutun da aka yiwa maganin cututtukan yara a zaman wani yanki mai zaman kansa
Lafiyar Kwakwalwa
Kamar yadda sauran masu ilimin tauhidi da yawa a lokacin bincikensa na rashin lafiya, ya yi imani da cewa cututtukan tunanin mahaifa ne ya haifar da su. Sun yi imani aljanu sun shiga jiki su mallaki jiki.
Littattafai kan magani
Wannan jerin bangare ne na littattafan Razi da labarai a magani, in ji Dan Abi Usaybi'ah. Watakila an kwafa ko kuma buga wasu littattafai a karkasin sunaye daban-daban.
al-Hawi (Larabci الحاوي), al-Hawi al-Kabir ( الحاوي البير). Har ila yau, da aka sani The Virtuous Life, Continens Liber. Babban encyclopaedia din likita wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan girke-girke da litattafan rubutu na Razi.
Isbateh Elmeh Pezeshki (Farisanciاثبات علم يزشكى), ("Tabbatar da Ilimin Likitanci").
Dar Amadi bar Elmeh Pezeshki (Farisanciدر آمدى بر علم يزشكى) ("Sakamakon kimiyya na magani").
Rade Manaategha 'tibb jahez
Rade Naghzotibbeh Nashi
Gwajin ilimin likita da aikace-aikacen sa.
Jagora
Kenash
Rarrabuwa da Cututtuka
Maganin Sarauta
Daya ba tare da likita ba (Arabicمن لايحضره الطبيب)
Littafin sauki magani
Babban littafin Krabadin
Karamin littafin Krabadin
Littafin Taj ko Littafin Kambi
Littafin Bala'i
Abinci da cutarwarsa
al-Judari wa al-Hasbah, Fassarar: Ka'idar kan kananan-pox da kyanda.
Ketab dar Padid Amadaneh Sangrizeh (Farisanciكتاب در بديد آمدن سنكريزه) ("Littafin samuwar kananan duwatsu (duwatsu a cikin koda da mafitsara)")
Ketabeh Dardeh Roodeha (Farisanci كتاب درد رودها) ("Littafin jin zafi a cikin hanji")
Ketab dar Dard Paay va Dardeh Peyvandhayyeh Andam (Farisanci كتاب در درد باى و درد بيوندهاى اندام) ("Littafin sha radadi a kafa/kafafu da jin zafi a cikin kafafun da aka hadu")
Ketab dar Falej
Littafin ciwon hakori
Dar Hey'ateh Kabed (Farisanci در هيات كبد) ("Game da Hanta")
Dar Hey'ateh Ghalb (Game da Zuciya) (Farisanci در هيات قلب) ("Game da Zuciya")
Game da yanayin likitoci
Game da maganin kunne
Dar Rag Zadan (Farisanci در رك زدن) ("Game da kula da tasoshin")
Seydeh neh/sidneh
Ketabeh Ibdal
Abinci ga marasa lafiya
Soodhayeh Serkangabin (Farisanci سودهاى سركنكبين) ko Amfanin zuma da ruwan cakuda.
Darmanhayeh Abneh
Littafin Kayan Kida
Littafin Mai
'Ya'yan itatuwa kafin kuma bayan abincin rana
Littafi akan tattaunawar likita (tare da Jarir Tabib)
Littafi akan tattaunawar likita II (tare da Abu Feiz)
Game da lokacin haila
Ghi Kardan ko Amai (Farisanci في كردن)
Dusar kankara da Magani
Dusar kankara da Kishirwa
Kafa
Cututtuka
Game da guba
Yunwa
Kasa a cikin magani
Kishin kifi
Barci gumi
Zafi a sutura
Bazara da Cuta
Rashin fahimta game da damar likita
Tsarin zamantakewar likitoci
Fassara
Litattafan sanannu na Razi da labarai kan magani (cikin Turanci) sun hada:
Mofid al Khavas, littafin Elite.
Littafin Gwaninta
Sanadin mutuwar Yawancin Dabbobi saboda iska mai guba
Gwajin Likitoci
Mutumin da bashi da damar samun Likitoci
Babban Magunguna
Kananan Magunguna
Gout
Al Shakook ala Jalinoos, Shakka a kan Galen
Kodan da na mafitsara
Ketab tibb ar-Ruhani, Namijin jiki na Rhazes.
Alchemy
Canza bakin karfe
Ra'ayin Razi ga alchemy da kuma babban imaninsa game da yiwuwar kawo karafa zuwa azurfa da zinari ya tabbatar da rabin karni bayan littafin Dan an-Nadim (Falsafar Falsafa-Lapis na Latin). Nadim ya danganta wasu jerin littattafai guda goma sha biyu ga Razi, da karin kari guda bakwai, gami da faduwarsa ga kin al=Kindi da ingancin alchemy. Al-Kindi (801–873 CE) da aka nada ta Abbasid Halifa Ma'mun wanda ya kirkiro Baghdad, 'Gidan Hikima' ya kasance a wannan garin, ya kasance masanin Falsafa kuma mai adawa da alchemy. Shahararrun littattafan ilimin alchemical guda biyu, wadanda suka fi dacewa da wadanda suka gabata: al-Asrar (الاسرار "Sirrin"), da Sirr al-Asrar (سر الاسرار "Sirrin Sirrin"), wanda ya kunshi yawancin ayyukan da suka gabata.
A bayyane yake Razi zamanin shi ya gaskata cewa ya sami asirin juya bakin karfe da jan karfe ne zuwa zinare. Marubucin tarihin Khosro Moeta ya ba da rahoto a cikin Mohammad Zakaria Razi cewa wani Janar Simjur ya gamu da Razi a bainar jama'a, ya kuma tambaya ko wannan shine dalilin yardarsa da jinyar marasa lafiya ba tare da biyan kudi ba. "Ya bayyana ga wadanda ke wurin cewa Razi ya ki amsawa; ya kalli gefe janar ya amsa":Na fahimci alchemy kuma ina aiki akan halayen kayan karafa na tsawan lokaci. Ko ta yaya, har yanzu bai zama bayyananne a gare ni ba, ta yaya mutum zai canza zinare daga jan karfe. Duk da bincike daga tsoffin masana kimiyyar da aka yi a karnonin da suka gabata, babu amsa. IIna matukar shakku idan zai yiwu...A cewar almara guda daya ya iya makantar da kansa ta hanyar yawo a yayin wani hatsari a daya daga cikin binciken da yayi. Ya yi nasarar tserewa ba tare da wani raunin da ya samu ba.
Kayan kemikal da abubuwa
Razi ya habaka kayan aikin sunadarai da yawa wadanda har yanzu ake amfani da su. An san shi da cikakkiyar hanyoyin distillation don samun barasa da kuma hakarwa. ar-Razi ya yi watsi da ra'ayan potions kuma an bayar da shi da tsafi, ma'ana dogaro ga alamu kamar dalilai. Kodayake Razi bai ki ra'ayin cewa mu'ujizai sun wanzu ba, a ma'anar abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba a yanayi, kayayyakin masarufin ma'adinai da kayayyakin masarufi na Farisa sun sami wadata, har da sal ammoniac, wani binciken kasar Sin. Ya dogara ne da fifikon tsarin siffofin 'mafi rinjaye' ko mahimman bayanai, wanda shine tunanin Neoplatonic na rashin daidaito maimakon hanyar tunani ko kuma na inji. Razi na makiyi ya kawo irin wadannan halaye masu kima kamar bakin ciki da rashin karfi-karshen ya danganta da 'man shafawa' da 'sulhu'. Wadannan kaddarorin ba su da saukin bayanin abubuwan da kebabbe na al'ada daga abubuwan kamar su: wuta, ruwa, kasa da iska, kamar yadda al-Ghazali da sauran mutanen da suke bayansa sun kasance masu saurin lura, masu tasiri masu zurfi irin su Razi suna da shi.
Manyan ayyuka akan alchemy
Ayyukan Razi sun gabatar da tsarin farko na tsarin kulawa da ingantaccen tabbataccen abu game da abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai, halayen da kayan aiki, wadanda aka bayyana a cikin harshe kusan babu komai game da sihiri da shubuha.
Sirrin (Al-Asrar)
An rubuta wannan littafin ne don amsa tambaya daga babban aminin Razi, abokin aiki, da tsohuwar dalibi, Abu Mohammed b. Yunis na Bukhara, Masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin kimiya, da masanin kimiyar halitta. A cikin littafinsa Sirr al-Asrar, Razi ya raba batun 'Matter' zuwa kashi uku, kamar yadda ya zo a littafin sa na baya al-Asrar.
Ilimi da tantancewa na kayan aikin likita tsakanin abubuwan da aka samo daga tsirrai, dabbobi da ma'adanai, da kwatancin mafi kyawun nau'ikan don maganin likita..
Sanin kayan aiki da kayan aikin ban sha'awa ga ko dai masu ilimin kimiya ko na fata.
Ilimin hanyoyin guda bakwai da dabaru: sublimation da sandaro na Mercury, habakar sulfur, da arsenic calcination na ma'adanai (zinari, azir, jan karfe, gwal, da bakin karfe), gishiri, gilashi, talc, bawo, da kakin zuma.
Wanna rukunin karshe ya kunshi karin kwatancin sauran hanyoyin da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su a cikin transmutation:
*Miixtureara da cakuda da amfanin abubuwan hawa.
*Yawan zafi (wuta) da aka yi amfani da shi, 'jikin da duwatsu', ('al-ajsad' da 'al-ahjar) wannan ba za a iya fassara shi ba ko kuma ba za a canza shi cikin kayan kwayoyi irin su karafa da bakin gishiri ba ('al-amlah').
*Amfani da wani ruwa mai ruwa wanda sauri da kuma dindindin launuka karafa karafa don siyarwa mai fa'ida da riba.
Yayi kama da tafsirin rubutu na karni na 8 akan amalgams da aka yiwa Al-Hayan (Jabir), Razi yana ba da hanyoyi da matakai na canza launi na azurfa don kwaikwayon gwal (kirar zinari) da dabarar dawo da launi ta mayar da azurfa. Hakanan ana bayanin ginin da azurfa na wasu karafa (alum, gishiri na karani, bakin karfe, jan karfe, da dai sauransu), da kuma yadda launuka zasu kasance na tsawon shekaru ba tare da barnuwa ko canzawa ba.
Razi an rarrabu ma'adanai zuwa kashi shida:
Ruhohi hudu (AL-ARWAH) : mercury, sal, ammoniac, sulfur, da arsenic sulphide (orpiment da realgar).
Jiki bakwai (AL-AJSAD) : azurfa, zinari, jan karfe, bakin karfe, gwal mai duhu (plumbago), zinc (Kharsind), da tin.
Duwatsu goma sha uku (AL-AHJAR) : Pyidha marcasite (marqashita), magnesia, malachite, tuttur Zinc oxide (tutiya). talcum, lapis lazuli, gypsum, azurite, magnesia, haematite (iron oxide), arsenic oxide, mica da asbestos da gilashi (sannan an gano su kamar yashi ne da yashi alkali wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kristal Damascene).
Vitriols Guda bakwai (AL-ZAJAT) : alum (al-shabb لشب), da fari (qalqadis القلقديس), baki, ja (suri السوري), da rawaya (qulqutar القلقطار) vitriols ( gurbataccen sulfates bakin karfe, jan karfe, da sauransu), kore (qalqand لقلقند).
Bora bakwai: natron, da kuma sodium borate.
Gyada goma sha daya (AL-AMLAH) : ciki har da brine, gishiri (gama) tebur, toka, naphtha, lemun, tsami, da fitsari, dutsen, da kuma ruwan teku. Sannan ya kebance da bayanin kowane dayab wadannan abubuwan, mafi kyawun siffofi da launuka na kowane, da kuma halayen mazinata iri-iri.
Razi yana ba da jerin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin alchemy. Wannan ya kunshi azuzuwan 2:
Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su don narkewa da narkewa da bakin karfe kamar su Bakin baki, yankuna, maharbi, makaryaci (harshe ko ladle), macerator, sanda mai motsa, mai yankan, gurnani (dan kwalliya), fayil, shears, descensory da Semi-silili karfe mold.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don aiwatar da aikin transmutation da wasu sassa na kayan aikin madaukakan jirgin: maimaitawa, kararawa, karamar karfe, tukunya da magina, babban murhu, murhu, gilashin kofuna, flasks, kyautatawa, masu shayarwa, gilashin funle, guguwa, arundel, filitar dumama, turmi, farin dutse, suturar gashi, yashi-da ruwa-wanka, sieve, turmi dutse mai kada da chafing-tasa.
Sirrin Sirrin (Sirr Al-asrar)
Wannan shine littafin shahararrun littafin Razi. A nan yana ba da kulawa ga tsarin aiki na yau da kullun masu mahimmanci ga tarihin kantin magani.
Littafin akan alchemy
Ga jerin sannanun littattafan Razi akan alchemy, galibi cikin Farisanci:
Modkhele Taalimi
Elaleh Ma'aaden
Isbaate Sanaa'at
Ketabeh Sang
Ketabe Tadbir
Ketabe Aksir
Ketabe Sharafe Sanaa'at
Ketabe Tartib, Ketabe Rahat, Littafi Mai Sauki
Ketabe Tadabir
Ketabe Shavahed
Ketabe Azmayeshe Zar va Sim (Gwaji akan Zinari)
Ketabe Serre Hakimaan
Ketabe Serr (Littafin Asirin)
Ketabe Serre Serr (Sirrin Sirrin)
Littafi na farko akan gwaje-gwajen
Littafi na biyu akan gwaje-gwajen
Resaale'ei Be Faan
Arezooyeh Arezookhah
Wasika zuwa Vazir Ghasem ben Abedellah
Ketabe Tabvib
Falsafa
Metaphysics
Ka'idar ilimin metaphysical ta Razi ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar "madawwamiyar zamani", wanda a cikinsa ne aka samar da duniya ta hanyar ma'amala tsakanin Allah da sauran ka'idodi hudu na rai (rai, al'amari, lokaci, da wuri). Ya karbi nau'in atomism na jikin kwayoyin halitta, don haka ya bambanta da falasifa da mutakallimun. Yayinda Plato da marubutan likita suka rinjaye shi, galibi Galen, ya ki taqlid kuma don haka ya fadi zargi game da wasu ra'ayoyinsu. Wannan ya tabbata daga taken dayan ayyukansa, Shakka Game Galen.
An Buga Daga Hidimar Falsafa
(...) A takaice, yayin da nake rubuta littafin yanzu, na yi rubutu har zuwa yanzu kusan Litattafai 200 da kasidu kan fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, falsafa, tauhidi, da hekmat (hikima). (...) Ban taba shiga cikin aikin wani sarki ba a matsayin soja ko mai mukamin mulki, kuma idan na taba yin magana da sarki, hakan bai wuce nauyin da nake da shi na likita ba. (...) Wadanda suka ganni sun san cewa ban cika wuce gona da iri ba, cin abinci, ko shaye-shaye ko kuma yin hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Dangane da sha'awata a fagen ilimi, mutane sun sani sarai kuma dole ne su shaida yadda na sadaukar da rayuwata gabadaya a kimiya tun kuruciyata. Hakuri da himma a kokarin neman ilimin kimiyya sun kasance cewa a kan wani batun musamman na rubuta shafuka 20,000 (cikin karamin buga), bugu da kari, na yi shekaru goma sha biyar na rayuwata-dare da rana - rubuta babban tarin suna Al Hawi. A wannan lokacin ne na rasa idona, hannuna ya karye, sakamakon da yanzu aka hana ni karatu da rubutu. Ban da haka, ban tauna ba, amma na ci gaba da karatu da rubutu tare da taimakon wasu. Zan iya yin yarjejeniya tare da abokan adawar na kuma dhigar da wasu kura-kurai, amma ni ina matukar son abin da za su fada game da nasarar da na samu a kimiyace. Idan sun ga hanyata ba daidai ba ce, da za su iya gabatar da ra'ayinsu kuma su fadi abubuwan da suka fahimta a fili, domin in yi nazarin su, kuma idan na tsai da ra'ayinsu daidai ne, zan yarda. Koyaya, idan ban yarda ba, zan tattauna batun don tabbatur da ra'ayi na. Idan wannan ba haka bane, kuma kawai suna yarda da kusanci da hanyar rayuwata, zan yi godiya da kawai suna amfani da rubutaccen ilimin dana sani kuma su daina tsoma baki cikin halaye na.
A cikin Tarihin Falsafa, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, ya kare yanayin rayuwar mutum da falsafa. A cikin wannan aikin ya gabatar da tsari bisa tunanin cewa akwai rayuwa bayan mutuwa cike da farin ciki, ba wahala. Maimakon mutum ya zama mai son kai, ya kamata mutum ya bidi ilimi, ya yi amfani da hankali da kuma amfani da adalci a rayuwarsa.
A cewar Al-Razi: "Wannan shi ne abin da Mahaliccinmu mai jinkai yake so. Wanda muke yiwa addu'ar neman sakamako kuma wanda muke jin tsoronsa."
A takaice, ya kamata mutum ya kasance mai kirki, mai girma, mai adalci. Al-Razi ya yi imani da cewa akwai kusanci tsakanin dangantaka ta ruhaniya da lafiyar jiki. Bai nuna cewa rai na iya guje wa damuwa ba saboda tsoron mutuwa. A takaice dai ya fadi cew ba za a iya kawar da wannan yanayin tunanin gabadaya sai dai idan mutum ya yarda da hakan, bayan mutuwa, rai zai yi rayuwa mafi kyau. Wannan yana bukatar cikakken nazari game da koyaswar mara lafiya da/ko kuma addinai. Yana mai da hankali ga ra'ayin wasu mutane wadanda suke tunanin cewa rai yakan mutu idan jiki ya mutu. Mutuwa tabbatacciya ce, don haka yakamata mutum ya mallaki tunani da shi, saboda duk mutumin da ya ci gaba da yin tunani game da mutuwa zai kasance cikin bakin ciki kuma ya yi tunani kamar ya mutu lokacin da ya ci gaba da yin tunani a kan batun. Don haka, yakamata ya manta da hakan domin ya daina fusata kansa. Yayin tunanin makomar sa bayan mutuwa, mutumin kirki ne kuma mutumin kirki wanda yake aiki da koyarwar musulinci, ba shi da tsoro ko kadan saboda yana nuna cewa zai sami kwanciyar hankali da farin ciki na dindindin a maballin. Wanda ke shakkar Shariah, zai iya yin tunaninta, kuma idan ya himmatu wajen aikata wannan, to, ba zai karkata zuwa ga hanyar gaskiya ba. In bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba, Allah zai gafarta masa zunuban sa domin ba a bukace shi ya aikata abin da ba zai iya cimmawa ba.
— Dr. Muhammad Abdul-Hadi Abu Reidah
Littattafai akan Falsafa
Wannan jerin littattafan Razi ne akan falsafa. Wasu littattafai na iya yin kwafin ko buga su a karkashin daban.
Karamin littafi akan akidar tauhidi
Amsa ga Abu'al'Qasem Braw
Littafi mafi girma akan akidar tauhidi
Falsafar zamani
Dar Roshan Sakhtane Eshtebaah
Dar Enteghaade Mo'tazlian
Delsoozi Bar Motekaleman
Meydaneh Kherad
Khasel
Resaaleyah Rahnamayeh Fehrest
Ghasideyeh Ilaahi
Dar Alet Afarineshe Darandegan
Shakkook
Naghseh Ketabe Tadbir
Naghsnamehyeh Ferforius
Do name be Hasanebne Moharebe Ghomi
Sanannun littattafai a Turanci:
Magani na ruhaniya
Tsarin ilimin falsafa (Al Syrat al Falsafiah)
Metaphysics
Dara
Al-Razi babban dan adawar al-'Adli ne kuma dan wasan Abbasid al-Mutawakkil ya halarci wasannin. Al-Nadim ya lissafa al-Razi a cikin gungun marubutan littattafai guda biyar a game da Shitranj (Dara) ko Al-nard, wadanda: Abu Bakr al Suli. Al-'Adli, Abu al-FAraj al-Lajlaj da Dan al-Uqlidasi. Sunan littafin al-Razi ya kasance:
Kitab lati fi al-Shitranj (كتاب لطيف في الشطرنج) 'Littafi mai dadi game da dara.'
Ra'ayoyi akan Addini
Da dama ayyukan sabani da bayanai game da addini an danganta su ga Razi. Dangane da bayanin littafin al-Biruni na Razi. (Risala fi Fihrist Kutub al-Razi), Razi ya rubuta "littattafai masu sihiri" guda biyu". "Fi al-Nubuwwat (A kan annabce-annabce) da "Fi Hiyal al-Mutanabbin (A dabarun annabawan karya). A cewar Biruni, na farko "an yi da'awar ya sabawa addinai" kuma na biyun "an yi ikirarin cewa yana kai hari ga wajibcin annabawan." A cikin Risalarsa, Biruni ya kara yin kakkausar suka da nuna taka tsantsan game da ra'ayoyin addini na Razi, Iura da tasirin Manichaeism. Koyaya, Biruni kuma ya lissafa wasu ayyukan Razi akan addini, gami da Fi Wujub Da'wat al-Nabi 'Ala Man Nakara bi al-Nubuwwat (Wajibi Wajan yada koyarwar Annabi a kan Wadanda suka Musu Annabci) da Fi anna li al-Insan Khaliqan Mutqinan Hakiman (Wannan mutum yana da Mahalicci Mai hikima), da aka jera a karkashin ayyukansa a kan "allahntaka kimiyyar". Babu wani aikinsa da ya shafi addini yanzu ya cika.
Sauran ra'ayoyi da kwatankwacin ra'ayoyi wadanda galibi ake yiwa Razi ana samun su a cikin wani littafin da Abu Hatim al-Razi ya rubuta, da ake kira A'lam al-nubuwwa (Alamun Annabci), kuma ba cikin wani babban aikin Razi da kansa ba. Abu Hatim ya kasance dan mishan na Ismaila wanda ya yi mahawara da Razi, amma ko ya rubuta dadin ra'ayoyin Razi an yi jayayya. A cewar Abdul Latif al-'Abd, malamin falsafar Musulunci a Jami'ar Alkahira, Abu Hatim da dalibinsa, Hamid al-din Karmani (d. bayan shekara ta 411AH/1020CE), su 'yan tsageran Isma'ili ne wadanda a lokuta da yawa suke bayyana ra'ayoyin Razi a cikin ayyukansu. Hakanan ma masana tarihi sun tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi kamar al-Shahrastani wanda ya lura "cewa yakamata a yi shakkar irin wannan tuhumar tunda Ismaila ne, wanda Muhammad dan Zakariyya Razi ya yi mummunan rauni". Al-'Abd ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin da Razi ya bayyana sun saba wa abin da ake samu a ayyukan nasa na Razi, kamar Magani na Ruhi (Fi al-tiib al-ruhani). Peter Adamson ya tabbatar da cewa mai yiwuwa Abu Hatim ya "bata sunan" da gangan a matsayin Razi a matsayin kin musulinci ne da saukar da addinai. A maimakon haka, Razi yana jayayya ne kawai game da amfani da mu'ujizai don tabbatar da annabcin Muhammadu, anthropomorphism, da kuma rashin yarda da taqlid vs nazar. Adamson ya nuna wani aiki da Fakhr al-din al-Razi inda aka nakalto Razi yana ambaton Alkurani da annabawa don goyan bayan ra'ayinsa.
Wasu masana tarihi kamar Paul Kraus da Sara Stroumsa, sun yarda cewa abubuwanda aka samo a littafin Abu Hatim ko dai Razi ne suka fada yayin muhawara ko kuma an nakalto daga wani aikin da aka rasa. Suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan aikin da ya bace ko dai sanannen al-'Ilm al-llahi ne ko kuma gajeriyar aiki mai zaman kansa da ake kira Makhariq al-Anbiya' (Hanyoyin uduanyen Tsarukan Annabawa). Abu Hatim, bai bayyana sunan Razi dalla-dalla ba a cikin littafinsa, amma ya kira shi mai ba da izinin magana a matsayin mai ma'ana (lit. "bidi'a"). Dangane da muhawarar da Abu Hatim ya yi, Razi ya musanta ingancin annabci ko kuma wasu zantuttukan hukunci, suka ki mu'ujizan annabci. Ya kuma yi jigon abin zargi a kan addinan da aka saukar da ingancin Alqurani mai banmamaki. Saboda kasancewa da wata al'ada ta addini ko ta falsafa, ba ta rike shi ba, wasu sunyi sha'awar zama freethinker.
Zargi
Abu Rayhan Biruni da Avicenna sun yi Allah wadai da ra'ayoyin addini da falsafar Al-Razi a farkon karni na 11. Musamman Biruni ya rubuta gajeren rubutun (risala) game da al-Razi, yana sukar sa saboda juyayin da yake yiwa Manichaeism, rubuce-rubucen al'adun gargajiya, ra'ayinsa na addini da falsafa, saboda kin yin ilimin lissafi, da kuma nuna adawarsa ga lissafi. Avicenna, wanda shi kansa likita ne kuma masanin falsafa, ya kuma soki al-Razi. Yayin wata muhawara da Biruni, Avicenna ya bayyana:
Ko daga Muhammadu dan Zakariyya al-Razi, wanda ya shiga tsakani a cikin metaphysics kuma ya zarce iyawar sa. Yakamata ya kasance yana kasancewa ne kawai a tiyata da fitsari da gwajin mataka-- hakika ya fallasa kansa kuma ya nuna jahilcinsa ga wadannan al'amuran.
Nasr-i-Khosraw ya zarge shi da laifin yi wa Iranshahri din, wanda Khosraw ya dauke shi a matsayin maigidan al-Razi.
Gado
Cibiyar Razi ta zamani a Karaj da Jami'ar Razi da ke Kermanshah an sanya masa suna. Ana bikin "Ranar Razi" ("Ranar Shagon Magunguna") a Iran kowace ranar 27 na watan Agusta.
A watan Yuni na shekarar 2009, Iran ta ba da gudummawar "Babban Masallaci" ko chartagi ga Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Vienna, wanda yanzu aka sanya shi a zauren tunawa da Plaza na Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Vienna. Harabar gidan yana dauke da mutum-mutumi na Razi, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan Biruni, da Omar Khayyam.
George Sarton ya tunatar da shi a matsayin "babban likitan addinin Islama da na Zamani".
Yayin da Bulletin na Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (Mayu 1970) ya lura cewa "rubuce-rubucensa a kan kitife da kyanda suna nuna asali da daidaito, kuma rubutun nasa game da cututtukan fata shine farkon rubutun kimiyya akan batun". |
21832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20hana%20sha%20da%20fataucin%20miyagun%20%C6%99wayoyi%20ta%20%C6%99asa%20%28NDLEA%29 | Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta ƙasa (NDLEA) | Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa (N.D.L.E.A) hukuma ce ta Tarayya a Najeriya wacce aka ɗorawa alhakin kawar da girma, sarrafawa, kere-kere, sayarwa, fitarwa, da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. An kafa hukumar ta Dokar Lamba 48 ta shekarar 1989. Hukumar ta NDLEA tana nan a filayen jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa, tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma ƙetare iyaka. Tana ƙoƙari ta kawar da cannabis ta lalata shuka. Haka kuma hukumar ta NDLEA na auna shugabannin kungiyoyin kwadago da safarar kuɗaɗe.
Babban ofishinta yana cikin Ikoyi, Lagos .
Shugaban Hukumar na yanzu
Shugaban Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta ƙasa (NDLEA) shine Mohammed Buba Marwa wanda shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa shi a watan Janairun shekara 2021.
Noma kwayoyi
Tsohon shugaban hukumar ta NDLEA, Alhaji Ahmadu Giade, ya bayyana haramtattun magunguna a matsayin "baƙi" ga Najeriya. Cannabis, wanda yanzu ke girma a cikin yawancin jihohin tarayya, baƙi ne suka gabatar da shi zuwa ƙasar. Ms Dagmar Thomas, Wakiliyar Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Ofishin Magunguna da Miyagun kwayoyi (UNODC), ta ce Najeriya na daya daga cikin manyan masu noman tabar wiwi a Afirka, tare da sama da kashi 8% na yawan mutanen da ke amfani da wiwi. Kamawar wiwi na shekara-shekara ya karu daga metric tonnes 126 a 2005 zuwa 210 metric tonnes a 2007.
Hukumar ta NDLEA ta bayyana yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin samar da haramtattun magunguna a ƙasar. na gonakin tabar wiwi an gano shi kuma an lalata shi a yankin a shekarar 2008. Musamman, Jihar Edo ce ta fi kowacce kasa kamewa a kasar. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009, hukumar NDLEA ta kwace tabar wiwi tan 6.5 daga gidan wani mutum a jihar Ogun wanda ya ce yana da shekaru 114. A watan Satumbar 2009, hukumar ta NDLEA ta bayar da rahoton lalata wata hekta 24 ta shuka wiwi a wani gandun daji da ke jihar Osun .
A watan Janairun shekarar 2009, hukumar ta NDLEA ta kona kilogram 5,605.45 a bainar jama'a a cikin garin Badagry, Lagos. Wutar ta hada da kilogram 376.45 na hodar iblis, kilogram 71.46 na tabar heroin da tan 5,157.56 na wiwi. a cikin 2015.
Safarar miyagun kwayoyi
Ƙasar Amurka ta bayar da cikakkun injunan binciken jikin mutum a filayen saukar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa na Legas, da Kano, da Abuja da kuma Fatakwal sannan kuma ta samar da horon tsaro da jami’an kula da filin jirgin saman. Injinan sun tabbatar da ingancin kamun 'yan sumogal da masu jigilar kwayoyi daga Latin Amurka zuwa Turai ta hanyar Najeriya. Tsakanin 2006 da Yunin 2008 an kama sama da 12,663 da ake zargi dillalan kwayoyi, tare da kwace sama da metric tan 418.8 na magunguna daban-daban. Misali, a watan Yulin 2009 wata mata da ke shirin hawa jirgin KLM a Filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano ta hannun jami’an NDLEA sannan daga baya ta fitar da hodar iblis 42, mai nauyin gram 585. A watan Satumbar 2009, hukumar ta NDLEA ta kame wata mata 'yar Guinea da ke kan hanya daga Brazil zuwa Turai da 6.350 Kilogiram na hodar iblis mai tsabta a Filin jirgin saman Murtala Mohammed da ke Legas .
A shekara ta 2008 Amurka ta ba da izinin Amurka a yaƙin kawar da miyagun kwayoyi, har karo takwas a jere. Shugaba George Bush ya ce Najeriya ta samu ci gaba matuka a fagen safarar miyagun kwayoyi kuma ta yi aiki tare da Amurka yadda ya kamata kan lamuran da suka shafi magunguna da halatta kuɗaɗen haram. A jihar Katsina kaɗai, an yanke wa mutum dari hukuncin aikata laifuka na safarar miyagun kwayoyi daga watan Janairu zuwa Mayu 2008, kuma an kame mutane 358 da laifin shan miyagun kwayoyi a wannan lokacin.
Baron Magunguna
Da yake magana kan ƙoƙarin da ake yi na bin bayan waɗanda suka shirya wannan sana’ar, Ahmadu Giade, shugaban / babban jami’in hukumar ta NDLEA a shekarar 2008 ya ce hukumar ta kwace hannun jari na kimanin Naira miliyan 270 daga ɓarayin magunguna, da motoci, gidaje da sauran ƙadarori na daruruwan miliyoyin Naira.
Bayan wata ganawa a watan Satumbar 2009 tare da shugaban Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Najeriya don tattaunawa kan musayar bayanai na kwayoyin masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da masu fataucin, Giade ya ce hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zai taimaka wajen hana fasfo ɗin ga masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi.
Rigima
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta lura cewa an sami zarge-zarge masu gamsarwa game da cin hanci da rashawa da ke da nasaba da miyagun kwayoyi a NDLEA. A karshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2005 Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya kori Shugaban NDLEA Bello Lafiaji saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa sannan aka maye gurbinsa da Ahmadu Giade, wani mataimakin kwamishinan ‘yan sanda mai ritaya.
Ci gaba da shan alwashin da Bello Lafiaji ya yi na sadaukar da rayuwa ga masu fataucin muggan kwayoyi da kuma buge su a inda ya fi cutuwa ya sanya shi ya zama wani makami na masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi kamar yadda hakan ya nuna a cikin hadin kansu da wasu bangarorin uku don tsara shi a 2005. .
An yanke wa Bello Lafiaji ba daidai ba a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2010 bisa laifin makirci da jujjuya Yuro 164,300 da aka karɓa daga hannun wani da ake zargi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a watan Nuwamba na 2005 lokacin da yake Shugaban Hukumar NDLEA. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru huɗu a kurkuku tare da mai taimaka masa. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Najeriya (ICPC) ce ta bincike su. .
Lafiaji ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa kuma a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2011, kwamitin alkalai uku na Kotun ɗaukaka kara ta Najeriya da ke Legas sun yi watsi da hukuncin na Lafiaji a hukuncin da suka yanke tare kuma suka ce masu gabatar da ƙara sun kasa tabbatar da ƙarar da ta shigar kan waɗanda suka gabatar da ƙarar ba tare da wata tantama ba. <ref. name="thisdaylive.com">Appeal Court Sets Lafiaji Free: http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/appeal-court-sets-lafiaji-free/103461/ </ref>.
Saboda haka Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Legas, Najeriya ta sallami Lafiaji kuma ta wanke shi. .
A watan Yunin 2003 Kwamitin ƙasa na sake fasalin Hukumar Yaƙi da Sha da fataucin Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Ƙasa ya ba da rahoto wanda ya gano gungun wasu manyan mambobin NDLEA waɗanda suka shirya sakin wasu masu safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi 197 da masinjoji a tsakanin 2005 da 2006, kuma suka ba da shawarar a hukunta wannan jami’in.
Makarantar Horarwa
NDLEA tana da makarantar horarwa da ake kira Citadel Counter Narcotics Nigeria da ke Katon Rikkos, Jos, Jihar Filato.
Manazarta
1. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/nigeria/ndlea.htm
2. http://www.ndlea.gov.ng/v1/?q=contact
3. http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/winning1472009.html
4. http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v09/n122/a14.html?347
5. http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v08.n1126.a03.html
6. https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSTRE5305UY20090401
7.
https://web.archive.org/web/20091107194111/http://www.channelstv.com/newsdetails.php?news_id=13998
8. http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/crimewatch/2009/jan/22/crimewatch-22-01-2009-003.htm
9. http://allafrica.com/stories/200806060351.html
10. https://web.archive.org/web/20091212121810/http://www.naijafeed.com/naijafeed/2009/7/7/nigerian-drug-enforcement-agency-arrest-50-year-old-woman-wi.html
11. http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/nigerian-agency-arrests-guinean-woman-over-illicit-drug-2009092235284.html
12. http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=42
13. https://web.archive.org/web/20090706023719/http://www.fmic.gov.ng/news.asp?Index=96
14. http://allafrica.com/stories/200909070742.html
15. https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2006/vol1/html/62112.htm
16. http://allafrica.com/stories/200911050171.html
17. http://forejustice.org/db/Lafiaji--Alhaji-Bello-.html
18. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/appeal-court-sets-lafiaji-free/103461/
19. http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/opinion/editorial/2009/june/03/editorial-03-06-2009-001.htm
Hanyoyin haɗin link ta waje
Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta kasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24054 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannis%20Hamilakis | Yannis Hamilakis | Yannis Hamilakis ( , pronounced [ˈꞲanis xamiˈlacis] ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1966) masanin ilimin tarihi na Girka ne kuma marubuci wanda shine Joukowsky Family Professor of Archeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies a Jami'ar Brown. Ya ƙware a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Aegean prehistoric da kuma tarihin kayan tarihi, gami da kishin ƙasa da ililimi ɗan Adam. Abubuwan bincikensa sun haɗa da kishin ƙasa, postcolonialism, da karatun ƙaura.
Sana'a
Hamilakis ya girma a Sitia, wani gari a Karita. Ya karɓi BA a Tarihi da Archaeology daga Jami'ar Crete a shekara ta 1988, sannan MSc da PhD daga Jami'ar Sheffield. Daga shekara ta 2000-2016, ya kasance Farfesa na Archaeology a Jami'ar Southampton. Daga shekara ta 2012–2013, Hamilakis ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Princeton don Nazarin Nazari. Ya kuma kasance Abokin Aiki a Makarantar Nazarin Al'adu ta Amurka, Athens; Jami'ar Princeton; Jami'ar Cincinnati; da Cibiyar Bincike ta Getty, Los Angeles.
Hamilakis ya buga takardu kan batutuwa iri -iri a cikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da bayansa. Aikinsa na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da tono wani wurin faɗa na tsakiyar Neolithic a tsakiyar Girka, inda kuma yake ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan fasaha iri-iri, gami da shirin wasan kwaikwayo na kayan tarihi. Babban mashahurin mai ba da shawara ne na haɗa al'adun gargajiya, fasaha, da haɗin gwiwar al'umma a cikin aikin archaeological, don sha'awar "aikin archaeological siyasa da aikin ilimi, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga adalci na zamantakewa." Ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce kan siyasar koyar da tarbiyya da kokarinsa na haifar da “tarbiyyar kan iyaka” a cikin koyarwarsa.
Hamilakis ya shiga cikin ramuka da yawa a Girka, gami da zama darakta a ayyukan filin a Koutroulou Magoula da Kalaureia. Hamilakis yana zaune a kan allon edita na Binciken shekara-shekara na Anthropology, Journal of Contemporary Archeology, the Classical Receptions Journal, Journal of Mediterranean Archeology, the Year of the British School at Athens, the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, Research in Archaeological Education, Current Swedish Archeology, Forum Kritische Archäologie, Journal of Modern Greek Studies and the WAC Research Handbooks in Archaeology. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da ba na ilimi ba ciki har da The Nation da Binciken Littattafai na London. Hamilakis shine marubucin labarai sama da guda Dari da talatin 130 kuma ya rubuta, gyara, ko hada littattafai goma sha ɗaya, gami da ƙarar shekara ta 2007 mai taken The Nation da Ruins: Archeology, Antiquity and National imagination in Modern Greece wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Edmund Keeley shekara ta 2009. wanda Ƙungiyar Nazarin Girkanci ta Zamani ta bayar, kuma an saka shi cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Runciman shekara ta 2007.
Litattafan da aka zaɓa
A matsayin marubuci:
Ƙasa da Rushewarta: Tarihin Tarihi, Tarihi da Tunanin Ƙasa a Girka ta Zamani, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Archaeologies da Sense: Kwarewar Dan Adam, Memory, da Tasiri, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, shekara ta 2013. ISBN 9780521837286.
Hamilakis, Y. da Ifantidis, F.shekara ta 2016. Kamara Kalaureia: Hoton Archaeological-ethnography | Εθνογραφία Αρχαιολογική Φωτο-Εθνογραφία Oxford: Archaeopress.
Χαμηλάκης, Γ. 2012. Το Έθνος και τα τα Ερείπιά του του. Αρχαιότητα, Αρχαιολογια, και Εθνικό Φαντασιακό Φαντασιακό στην Ελλάδα . Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις του Εικοστού Πρώτου (wanda Nektarios Kalantzis ya fassara).
Χαμηλάκης, Γ. 2015. Η Αρχαιολογία και οι Αισθήσεις Αισθήσεις. Βίωμα, Μνήμη, και Συν-κίνηση. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις του Εικοστού Πρώτου (wanda Nikos Kourkoulos ya fassara).
A matsayin edita:
Rainbird, P. da Hamilakis, Y. (eds) shekara ta 2001 Tambayoyin Tattaunawa: Archeology a Higher Education . Oxford: BAR/Archaeopress. Pp.guda Dari SD ashirin 120 ( ).
Tsoffin Mai Amfani: Metahistories na Girka, Littattafan Lexington, shekara ta 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9 .
Labyrinth Ya sake Zuwa: Tunanin Minoan Archeology, Oxbow, shekara ta 2002. ISBN 1-84217-061-9.
Tunani ta Jiki: Archaeologies na Corporeality, Kluwer/Plenum, 2002. ISBN 0306466481.
Kotjabopoulou, E., Hamilakis, Halstead, P., Gamble, C., da Elefanti, V. (eds). Shekara ta 2003. Zooarchaeology a Girka: Ci gaban kwanan nan. London: BSA. ( ).
Hamilakis, Y. da Duke, P. (eds) 2007. Archaeology da Capitalism: Daga Da'a zuwa Siyasa. Walnut Creek, CA: Jaridar Teku ta Hagu.
Hamilakis, Y. da Labanyi, J. (eds) 2008. Tunawa da Mantawa a Yankin Kudancin Turai. Fitowar Jarida, Tarihi da Ƙwaƙwalwa (juzu'i na 20, fitowa ta 2).
Carabott, P., Hamilakis, Y. da E. Papargyriou, E. (eds)shekara ta 2015. Graeca Kamara: Hoto, Labarai, Kayan Aiki. London: Ashgate.
Hamilakis, Y. da Jones A. (eds) 2017 Archaeology and Assemblage (fitowar ta musamman ta Jaridar Cambridge Archaeological Journal vol. Guda Ashirin da bakwai 27 (1).
Hamilakis, Y. (ed.).shekara ta zuwa 2017z uwa shekara ta [2016] Archaeologies na Tilastawa da Ba da izini na Hijira (Musamman, batun jigon Jaridar Tarihin Archaeology, guda 3 (2).
Hamilakis, Y. da Momigliano, N. (eds) shekara ta 2010. Ρχαιολογία ρχαιολογία και Νεοτερικότητα Νεοτερικότητα. Και Καταναλώνοντας τους “Μινωίτες” . . Του Εικοστού Πρώτου (μτ. Κούτρας).
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1966
Rayayyun Mutane |
35313 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilar%20Yak%C3%B6 | Kabilar Yakö | IRYakö people
Mutanen Yakurr (ko kuma Yakö da Yakạ) suna zaune ne a ƙauyuka biyar na Jihar Cross River (Obono 2001, shafi na 200.p 3), a Najeriya. An Kuma fi sanin su da Umor, Ekoli, Ilomi, Nkoibolokom da Yakurr be Ibe. A dalilin matsalolin harshe da Turawan da suka ziyarci yankin na farko suka fuskanta, an san ƙauyuka da sunaye wadanda ba daidai ake kiransu ba – Ugep, Ekori, Idomi, Nko da Mkpani (Okoi-Uyouyo 2002). Daga ƙarshe, sun zamo samfurin yakpanikpani (kalmar Lokạ dake nufin "dabarun"), suna ne, wanda Enang (1980) ya ce mutanen Ugep sun ba su bayan an yaudare su a cikin rikici ( Yakurr News ).
Yanki
An fi samun mutanen Yakurr a yankunan da ke tsakanin latitudes 50 401 da 60 101 na arewacin equator da longitudes 80 21 da 60 101 gabas da Greenwich Meridian da daga arewa maso yammacin Calabar, babban birnin jihar Cross River. Ana samun su a karamar hukumar Yakurr a yau kuma su ne kabila mafi girma a jihar. Sun Kuma haɗa iyakokinsu daga arewa da gabas da kabilun Assiga, Nyima da kabilun Agoi na karamar hukumar Yakurr, ita hada iyaka daga kudu da karamar hukumar Biase sannan ta hada iyaka daga yamma da karamar hukumar Abi.
Zuwa shekarar 1935, mutanen Yakurr suna da yawa kimanin 22,000 da 38,000 ta 1953 (1939, 1950, da 1964; Hansford et al. 1976; da Crabb 1969). Kananan hukumomi da jihohi sunyi watsi da kididdigar yawan jama'ar Yakurr bisa ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991su saboda rashin daidaituwarsu . Har yanzu ba'a saki sakamakon kidayar jama’a ta shekara ta 2006 da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi akan yawan mutanenta ba . ]
Asali
Harshen da Yakurr ke magana shi shine Lokạ, yaren Upper Cross River. Iwara (1988) ya bayyana harshen a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan jihar Cross River, zasu iya kwatantuwa da mutanen Efik dangane da yawan masu magana da ita, wacce ke da matsayi na musamman na lingua franca a jihar. A cewar Ethnologue, mutane 120.000 ne ke magana a da harshen a shekarar 1989 (Eberhard et al. 2019).
Mutanen Yakurr suna ɗabi'u daban daban na zamantakewa, amma ɗabi'ar harshe, siyasa, addini da al'adu. A rashin ajiyayyun rubuce-rubucen, tsarin harshe, siyasa, addini da al'adu iri ɗaya na daga cikin tabbatattun shaidu na kafa zuriya da alaƙar halitta mai karfi.
Duk mutanen Yakurr suna ikirarin al'ada ta ƙaura daga yankuna da kuma kakanni. Ƙasar kakannin mutanen Yakurr ita ce "Akpa", an ce gajeriyar sunan "Lẹkanakpakpa" ce. An yi imani da cewa wannan yanki yana da alaka Kamaru-Obudu kamar yadda yake a yau. Yakurr sun ambaci mutanen Okuni, Nsofan da Ojo a matsayin makwabtansu a Lẹkanakpakpa. Al'adun Okuni, Nsofan da Ojo suyi da da'awar cewa sunyi rayuwa da Yakurr a Lẹkanakpakpa, wanda mutanen Okuni da Nsofan ke kira "Onugi" da kuma Läkpamkpa ta mutanen Ojo.
Hijirar mutanen Yakurr daga ƙasar kakanninsu ta faro ne tun daga shekara ta 1617 miladiyya, a lokacin da aka samu rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin su Yakurr da maƙwabtansu, sakamakon keta al'adar binne su ya tilasta wa maƙwabtansu yaƙi da su, wanda ya sa aka kore su daga ƙasarsu ta gado.
Tarihin hijira na mutanen Yakurr, kamar yadda Ubi (1986 da 1978) ya bayar, ya kasance, tsakanin 1617 zuwa 1677, Yakurr sunyi hijira daga wannan mahaifar kakanni domin neman sabuwar kasa bayan anci galabar sojojinsu a hannun Akpa. Kusan AD 1660, wasu matafiya na Yakurr sun kafa sabbin gidajen zama a yankuna da suke a yanzu. Wadannan wurare sune Idomi da Ugep. A tsakanin shekara ta 1677 zuwa 1707, wasu 'yan ciranin Yakurr sun kafa garuruwan Ekori da Nko. Tsakanin 1707 da 1737 duk da haka wata ayarin 'yan hijira na Yakurr ta kafa mazaunin Mkpani.
Dalilan da ya sa 'yan kabilar Yakur suka sake matsuguni a sabbin yankuna sun kasance musamman saboda bukatu na albarkatun kasa, sakamakon karuwar al'umma ta wata fuskar da kuma rikice-rikicen ta wata fuskar. Wannan cigaban na taimakawa ta hanyar auratayya da ƙaƙƙarfan magabata a cikin tsarin iyali. Don haka ya kasance mai sauƙi ga mutanen suyi ƙaura zuwa sababbin ƙauyuka. Wannan ya haifar da ɗan kamanceceniya a cikin sunayen 'yan gudun hijira da kuma na mutanen kauyukan da suka riska a duk ƙauyukan Yakurr.
Al'adu
Shahararrun mutane
Okoi Arikpo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Tarayyar Najeriya mafi dadewa a kan karagar mulki, kuma Sakataren Majagaba, Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Kasa.
Clement Ebri, tsohon gwamnan jihar Cross River.
Eteng Okoi-Obuli, Ministan Noma, Jamhuriyya ta Biyu.
Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Vice Admiral, da kuma tsohon babban hafsan sojin ruwa
Usani Uguru Usani, Tsohon Ministan Neja Delta.
Etowa Eyong Arikpo, Tsohon Atoni Janar, kuma Alkalin Alkalan Jihar Kuros Riba
Okoi Ikpi Itam, Tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Jihar Kuros Riba.
Eka Ikpi Braide, Pioneer Vice-Chancellor, Cross River University of Science & Technology, and Federal University of Lafia, Nassarawa
Efa Iwara, ɗan wasan Najeriya kuma mawaki
Manazarta
Crabb, DW (1969) Ekoi Bantu Languages of Ogoja, Oxford University Press, London .
Enang, SB (1980) Mkpani Pre-Colonial History, Jami'ar Calabar BA Tarihi Project.
Hansford, K.; Bendor-Samuel, J. da Stanford, R. (eds.) (1976) Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Summer, Accra .
Iwara, AU (1988) Karatu da Rubutu Lokạ, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan .
Okoi-Uyouyo, M. (2002) Yakurr Tsarin Zumunci, Iyali da Aure, Bookman, Calabar.
Ubi, OA (1986). 7-8.
Ubi, OA (1978) The Yakurr: A Sake Gina Tarihin Kafin Mulkin Mallaka, Jami'ar Legas Tsarin Tarihin PhD .
Labaran Yakurr Sabbin bayanai game da mutanen Yakurr.
Kara karantawa
Forde, D. (1939) "Kinship in Umor" Masanin ilimin Anthropology na Amirka, Vol. 41, shafi. 530-540.
Forde, D. (1950) “Descent Biyu Tsakanin Yakö” a cikin Radcliffe-Brown, AR da Forde, D. (eds. ) Tsarin Zumunci da Aure na Afirka, Jami'ar Oxford Press, London.
Forde, D. (1964) Yakö Studies, Oxford University Press, London.
Kabilun Najeriya
Jihar Cross River |
32980 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20Obiang | Pedro Obiang | Pedro Mba Obiang Avomo (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Maris din shekarar 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Sassuolo ta Serie A da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Equatorial Guinea.
Obiang ya taba bugawa Sampdoria wasa kafin ya koma West Ham United a 2015. An haife shi a Spain, Obiang ya wakilci kasarsa ta haihuwa a matakin kasa da shekaru 17, kasa da 19 da 21, kafin ya koma wakiltar Equatorial Guinea.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Sampdoria
An haife shi a Alcalá de Henares, a cikin Community of Madrid, Obiang ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga garinsu kamar CD Avance, RSD Alcalá da AD Naya, inda ya yi fice. Saboda waɗannan halartar, an canza shi zuwa ƙungiyar Cadete ta Atlético Madrid. Ya bar Atlético zuwa Sampdoria a cikin shekarar 2008 yana da shekaru 16, mafi ƙarancin shekarun da aka ba da izinin canja wuri na duniya a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar matasa na Allievi Nazionali a cikin lokacin 2008–09, amma kuma an kira ga ƙungiyar farko a farkon kakar wasa. Shi ne kuma da ba a yi amfani da musanya da Lazio da Chievo, da shawarar da shugaban kocin Walter Mazzarri. A cikin 2009–10, an haɓaka shi zuwa babban ƙungiyar matasa - Primavera.
Dan wasan kungiyar matasa na farko, Obiang ya kuma buga wasanni bakwai a wasannin sada zumunci na tunkarar kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. Bayan rauni na tawagar Genoese wanda tawagar ta rasa 'yan wasan tsakiya Stefano Guberti, Fernando Tissone, Andrea Poli da Paolo Sammarco, ya sake karbar kira daga sabon kocin Domenico Di Carlo, kuma ya fara zama na farko a gasar. 12 Satumba 2010. Ya maye gurbin Vladimir Koman a minti na 58, a lokacin Sampdoria ta sha kashi a hannun Juventus 1-2; A karshe dai Sampdoria ta tashi 3-3 a filin wasa na Olimpico di Torino. Obiang ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyar da Doria da safe kafin a fara wasan.
Obiang a cikin shekarar 2010-11 UEFA Champions League 25-man manyan tawagar (jerin A) don wasan zagaye na biyu kuma ya karbi kiran da suka yi da Werder Bremen, duk da haka ba a sanya sunan Obiang a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa a madadin 'yan wasa ba. benci. Ya kuma karɓi kiransa na farko don 2010-11 UEFA Europa League akan 28 Satumba 2010 a matsayin jerin 'yan wasan B (samfurin matasa na ƙarƙashin-21). Ya buga wasansa na farko a Turai a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2010 (wasan wasa 6), tare da an riga an kawar da kulob din kafin wasan, rashin nasara da Debreceni 0–2.
West Ham United
A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2015, West Ham United ta sanar da rattaba hannu kan Obiang kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 15 ga Agusta a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Reece Oxford na rabin lokaci a ci 1-2 a gida da Leicester City. A watan Nuwamba 2016, an sanar da Obiang a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan West Ham na watan Oktoba.
A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 2017, Obiang ya ci wa West Ham kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasa na 55 a kulob din, da Southampton. Kwallon ta fado wa Obiang daga kusurwa, inda ya sarrafa, sannan ya zura kwallo a raga daga yadi 25. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris 2017, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa na sauran kakar 2016-17, bayan da ya mirgina idon sa yayin da Leicester ta sha kashi a gida a kan 18 Maris 2017. A cikin watan Janairu 2018, Obiang ya ji rauni yayin wasan cin kofin FA da Wigan Athletic. A watan Fabrairu aka yi masa tiyata a gwiwa kuma ba zai yi jinya ba a sauran kakar wasa ta 2017-18.
Obiang ya ci kyautar kwallon da West Ham ta ci a kakar wasa ta 2017-18 saboda bugun tsawa da ya yi a kan Tottenham.
Sassuolo
A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Obiang ya rattaba hannu kan Sassuolo. An gano shi da cutar bronchopulmonary a watan Agusta 2021 kuma an cire shi daga duk ayyukan wasanni don yin taka tsantsan.
Ayyukan kasa
Obiang ya buga wa Spain wasa a matakin matasa. Obiang ya sami kira ga Porto International Tournament a cikin Afrilu 2011.
Saboda asalin Fang dinsa, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Gabon ta yi kokarin shawo kan Obiang ya buga wa Gabon wasa, duk da cewa iyayensa da kakanninsa sun fito ne daga Equatorial Guinea. A watan Nuwamban 2011, sun sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su buga wasa tsakanin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na kasar da China, duk da haka ya yi watsi da kiran.
Da yake ya cancanci wakilcin Equatorial Guinea a shekarar 2011, hukumar kwallon kafar kasar ta tuntubi Obiang domin jin ko zai wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika ta 2012, amma Obiang ya ki amincewa. A watan Afrilun 2015, bayan wata ganawa da wakilan hukumar kwallon kafa ta Equatoguinean, Obiang a matsayinsa na wakilcin Equatorial Guinea ya canja bayan ya nuna sha'awar bugawa kasar wasa. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2016, Obiang ya sake haduwa a Landan tare da shugaban hukumar kwallon kafa ta Equatoguinean Andrés Mbomio, da babban koci na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Equatoguinean da kodineta Esteban Becker da Juvenal Edjogo-Owono domin cimma yarjejeniya.
A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2018, an gayyaci Obiang a hukumance don tawagar kasar Equatorial Guinea. Obiang ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Equatorial Guinea a ci 1-0 da Senegal a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2018. A watan Disamba na 2018 ya ce yana "alfahari" don buga wa al'ummar kasar wasa. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris 2019 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika da suka doke Sudan da ci 4-1.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen da Equatorial Guinea ta ci a farko.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Profile Sampdoria
Pedro Obiang
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50494 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Masar | Sufuri a Masar | Sufuri a Masar yana tsakiya ne a Alkahira kuma galibi yana bin tsarin matsuguni a kan kogin Nilu. Ma'aikatar sufuri da sauran hukumomin gwamnati ne ke da alhakin jigilar kayayyaki a Masar, ko ta ruwa, kogi, kasa ko ta sama.
Dangane da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin kasa, iska da ruwa, babban layin dogo na kasar ya biyo bayan kogin Nilu kuma layukan dogo na kasar Masar ne ke sarrafa su. Baya ga hanyoyin ketare, Egypt Air yana ba da sabis na jiragen cikin gida zuwa manyan wuraren yawon bude ido daga cibiyarsa ta Alkahira. Tsarin Kogin Nilu (kimanin ) da manyan canals ( ) suna da mahimmanci a gida don sufuri. Har yanzu mutane na tafiya ta kogin Nilu, musamman tsakanin Alkahira da Aswan. Suez Canal babbar hanyar ruwa ce don kasuwanci da kewayawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa sune Alexandria, Port Said, Damietta akan Bahar Rum da Suez da Safaga akan Bahar Maliya.
Dangane da tuki, Masar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na asarar rayuka a kan hanya, kowace mil da aka tuƙi, a duniya. Hanyar hanyar sadarwa mara kyau ta faɗaɗa cikin sauri zuwa sama da , wanda ke rufe kwarin Nilu da Delta Delta, Bahar Rum da Tekun Bahar Maliya, da Sinai da yammacin teku. Direbobi marasa haƙuri suna yin watsi da dokokin hanya akai-akai.
Tsarin hanya
Hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-African Highway sun samo asali ne daga Alkahira. Masar kuma tana da hanyoyin haɗin kai da yawa tare da Asiya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Arab Masreq International Road Network. Masar tana da hanyar sadarwa mai tasowa, wacce ke haɗa Alkahira da Alexandria da sauran garuruwa. Duk da cewa har yanzu yawancin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kasar ana yin su ne a kan manyan titunan kasar, manyan titunan na kara zama zabin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin kasar. Manyan hanyoyin mota da ake da su a kasar su ne:
Titin Hamadar Alkahira- Alexandria: Yana tafiya tsakanin Alkahira da Alexandria, tare da tsawaita , ita ce babbar hanyar mota a Masar.
Hanyar bakin teku ta kasa da kasa: Yana gudana daga Alexandria zuwa Port Said, tare da Arewacin Nilu Delta. Yana da tsawon . Hakanan, a tsakanin sauran biranen, yana haɗa Damietta da Baltim.
Hanyar Geish: Yana gudana tsakanin Helwan da Asyut, tare da Kogin Nilu, kuma yana haɗa Beni Suef da Minya. Tsawon sa ne.
Ring Road: Yana aiki azaman hanyar zobe na ciki don Alkahira. Yana da tsawon .
Titin ringing na Yanki: Tana aiki azaman titin zobe na waje don Alkahira, kuma tana haɗa ƙauyukanta kamar Helwan da 10 ga watan Ramadan. Tsawon sa ne.
Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta haɓaka babban tsarin manyan tituna 4 waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman hanyoyin kyauta, saboda suna aiki azaman hanyoyin al'ada kuma ba sa nuna wariya kan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, don haka yana sa su sannu a hankali fiye da manyan hanyoyin.
Layin dogo
Tsarin layin dogo na Masar shi ne layin dogo mafi dadewa a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya. An buɗe layin farko tsakanin Alexandria da Kafer Eassa a cikin 1854. A shekarar 2018, tsarin yana kusan tsawo kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar layin dogo na Masar. ENR na ɗaukar fasinjoji kusan miliyan 800 da tan miliyan 12 na kaya duk shekara.
An shirya fara wani babban shirin saka hannun jari a shekara ta 2007 da nufin sabunta hanyoyin sadarwa na dogo da inganta matakan tsaro. Jiragen kasa yawanci hanyar sufuri ce mai aminci a Masar.
Birnin Alkahira yana aiki da tashar Alkahira, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ramuka ta Kasa ke tafiyar da ita, baya ga birnin Alexandria da ke amfani da Tram na Alexandria.
Hanyoyin ruwa
Akwai na magudanan ruwa a Masar, gami da Kogin Nilu, tafkin Nasser, hanyar ruwa ta Alexandria-Cairo, da kuma ƙananan magudanan ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu.
Canal na Suez, (ciki har da hanyoyin), ana amfani da tasoshin jiragen ruwa, suna zana ruwa har zuwa 17.68 m (2011).
Bututun Mai
Kamar yadda na shekarar 2018 bayanai a cikin CIA World Factbook ya bayyana mai zuwa game da bututun na Masar: "condensate 486 km; condensate / gas 74 km; gas 7,986 km; ruwa mai 957 km; man 5,225 km; man / gas / ruwa 37 km; samfurori masu ladabi 895 km; ruwa 65 km (2013)"
Tashoshi
Masar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci 15 da tashoshi na musamman guda 29. Tashoshin ruwa na musamman sun hada da tashohin ruwan yawon bude ido 5, tashoshin man fetur 12, tashoshin hako ma'adinai 6, da tashoshin ruwan kamun kifi guda 6.
Tashoshin Kasuwanci
Port Alexandria
El-Dekheila Port
Damietta Port
Port Said Port
Gabashin Port Said Port
Arish Port
Suez Port
Petroleum Dock Port
Adabiya Port
Sokhna Port
Nuwaiba Port
Tashar Al-Tour
Sharm El Sheikh Port
Hurghada Port
Safaga Port
Merchant marine
A cikin 2018, adadin jiragen ruwa na Masar, a cewar CIA World Factbook shine 399 kamar haka:
Bulk Carrier : 14
kwantena ship: 8
general cargo: 33
Tankar mai: 36
Other: 308 (2017)
filayen jiragen sama
Zirga-zirgar fasinja na shekara-shekara a filin jirgin saman CAI. Duba tambayar Wikidata .
Zirga-zirgar fasinja na shekara-shekara a filin jirgin saman CAI. Duba tambayar Wikidata .
Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasa da kasa da dama ne ke amfani da filin jirgin sama na Alkahira, ciki har da na kasar Egypt Air da Nile Air.
Filayen jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgi
jimla: 72
fiye da 3,047 m: 15
2,438 zuwa 3,047 m: 36
1,524 zuwa 2,437 m: 15
914 zuwa 1,523 m: 0
kasa da 914 m: 6 (2017)
Filayen jiragen sama masu titin saukar jiragen sama marasa kyau
duka: 11
2,438 zuwa 3,047 m: 1
1,524 zuwa 2,437 m: 3
914 zuwa 1,523 m: 4
kasa da 914 m: 3 (2013)
Heliports
7 (2013)
Monorail
A shekarar 2015, an ba da sanarwar shirin gina tsarin dogo guda biyu, wanda zai haɗa birnin Oktoba zuwa Giza na bayan gari, nisan 35. km, da sauran da ke haɗa Nasr City zuwa Sabuwar Alkahira da Sabon Babban Birnin Gudanarwa, tazarar 52 km. Za su zama na'urorin jirgin kasa na farko na Masar. A cikin watan Mayu 2019, an ba da kwangilar gina jiragen ƙasa guda 70 zuwa Bombardier Transportation, Derby, Ingila. Ana sa ran isar da jiragen kasan tsakanin 2021 da 2024. Orascom Construction and Arab Contractors ne za su gina hanyar sadarwar.
Duba kuma
Sufuri a Alkahira
Ƙungiyar Larabawa don Kamfanin Sufuri na Ƙasa
Jerin kamfanonin bas a Masar
Jerin fitilun fitulu a Masar
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16866 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b | Báb | Sayyid Alí Muḥammad (20 Oktoba1819 - 9 Yuli 1850) wani ɗan kasuwa ne daga Shíráz, Iran wanda ya fara wani tsari na Shia mai suna Bábism. Bayan ya fara addinin, ya canza sunan sa zuwa Báb. Mutanen da suka yi imani da Báb ana kiran su Bábís, kuma sun yi imani cewa Bab annabi ne . Bábís kuma yi imani da cewa Bab ne Qá'im cewa Shi'as sunyi imani zai zo a nan gaba.
Báb ya rubuta ɗaruruwan wasiƙu da littattafai yana koyar da addinin shi kuma menene dokokin addinin sa. Sabbin dokokin na Bab sun maye gurbin " shari'ar Sharia " ko dokokin musulmai ga mabiyan a. Bábism ya zama babba; sama da mutane dubu goma suka yi imani da Báb. Malaman Shi'a, ko shugabannin Musulunci a Iran sun ƙi jinin Bab ɗin kuma suna ƙoƙarin cutar da mutanen da ke bin addininsa. A cikin 1850 wasu ingan bindiga suka harbi Bab a Tabríz, Iran .
Báb din yana da wasu sunaye, misali "Maɓallin Farko" da "Maɓallin Bayán"
Bab ɗin ya faɗawa kowa cewa wani annabin da ya fi karfi kuma ya fi iko yana nan tafe. Mutanen da ke bin addinin Ba'a'í sun yi imani cewa Bab yana magana ne game da Bahá'u'lláh, wanda ya fara addinin Baha'i
Rayuwa
Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Báb a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 18, 1819, a Shiraz, Iran . Mahaifinsa dan kasuwa ne, kuma mutane da yawa a cikin gari sun san shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Báb, mahaifinsa ya mutu. Kawun Bab din Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ya daga Bab ɗin.
Lokacin da Báb ya zama baligi, ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa tare da kawunsa. A shekarar 1842 ya auri mace mai suna Khadíjih-Bagum . Tare suna da ɗa guda, wanda suka sa masa suna Ahmad. Aḥmad bai da lafiya sosai kuma ya mutu tun yana jariri. Wani da ya rayu a lokaci ɗaya da Báb ɗin ya ce yana da nutsuwa da nutsuwa; sun ce Báb ne kawai ya yi magana game da wanda shi ma yake da shi, kuma bai ma amsa tambayoyin ba. Bab koyaushe yana tunani da addu'a. Mutane sun ce yana da kyau, kuma yana da siririn gemu. Ya kasance koyaushe yana sanye da tufafi masu tsabta, kuma yana sa kore gyale da baƙin rawani, ko kuma mayafin zane a kansa.
'Yan Shaykhiyya
Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i ya kafa kungiyar addinin Musulunci ta Shi'a a Farisa a cikin shekarun 1790. Memban ƙungiyar, wanda ake kira Shaykhi, yayi imanin cewa allah yana aiko da wani sabon manzo duniya nan bada jimawa ba. Sun kira sabon manzo Qá'im, ko Mahadi . Lokacin da Shaihu Ahmad ya mutu, Siyyid Kázim, wanda yake daga Rasht, Iran, ya zama sabon shugaban Shaikhan. Shaykh Ahmad ya rayu an haifeshi a shekara ta 1753 kuma ya mutu a 1862. An haifi Siyyid Kázim a 1793 kuma ya mutu a 1843.
Lokacin da Báb ya tafi aikin hajji a Karbala da wuraren da ke kusa da shi, ƙila ya saurari koyarwar Siyyid Kázim. Babu wanda ya san tabbas idan ya yi ko bai sani ba, saboda akwai takardu ko bayanan da yawa daga wancan lokacin.
Lokacin da Siyyid Kázim ke mutuwa, a cikin watan Disamba, ya gaya wa mabiyansa - mutanen da suka gaskata abin da ya koyar - cewa su yi tafiya kuma su nemi sabon annabin daga allah. Ya kira wannan annabin "Ubangijin Zamani", kuma ya gaya musu cewa za a gano shi ba da daɗewa ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen da suka yi imani Siyyid Kázim ya yi salla kuma ya yi azumi, ko ya daina cin abinci daga asuba zuwa faduwar rana tsawon kwana arba'in - sunansa Mullá Ḥusayn. Bayan wannan ya yi tafiya zuwa Shiraz, kuma ya haɗu da Báb.
Sanarwa ga Mullá Ḥusayn
Mullá Ḥusayn ya isa Shiraz a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1844. Wani saurayi sanye da koren rawani ya gaishe shi bayan bai daɗe a Shiraz ba. A Iran a wancan lokacin, mutanen da suke da dangantaka da annabi Muḥammad ne kawai ke sanya koren rawani. Ana kiran mazajen da ke da alaƙa da annabi Muḥammad Siyyids. Saurayin shine Bab, kuma ya gayyaci Mullá Ḥusayn zuwa gidansa.
Bab ɗin ya tambayi Mullá Ḥusayn dalilin da yasa yake Shiraz, kuma Mullá Ḥusayn ya gaya masa cewa yana neman sabon annabin, ko kuma Mai Alkawarin. Bab ɗin ya tambayi Mullá Ḥusayn yadda zai san wanda annabi yake hanya. Mullá Ḥusayn ya gaya masa cewa annabin zai fito ne daga sanannen dangi na kirki, kuma zai san abubuwa da yawa ba tare da koya su ba, haka kuma ba zai sami matsala a jikinsa ba. Sa'annan Bab ya ce duk waɗannan abubuwan gaskiya ne game da kansa. "Ga shi, duk waɗannan alamun sun bayyana a kaina." Bab yana cewa shine sabon annabi Mullá Ḥusayn da yake nema. Wannan ya firgita, ko firgita Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn yana da wata hanya ta daban don sanin wanene sabon annabin, kuma bai gaya wa Bab ɗin ba. Siyyid Káẓim ya gaya wa Mullá Ḥusayn cewa sabon annabin zai rubuta littafi mai bayanin Surih na Yusufu . Siyyid Káẓim ya kuma ce sabon annabin zai yi hakan ba tare da wani ya nemi shi ba. Bayan da Bab ya gaya wa Mullá Ḥusayn cewa shi sabon annabi ne, sai ya rubuta littafi game da Suri na Yusufu . Bab din ya kira wannan littafin Qayyúmu'l-Asmá '
Bayan ya kwana yana magana da Báb Mullá Husayn ya faɗi haka. (Kalmomin da ke ƙasa na iya zama da wahalar karantawa. )
Haruffa Mai Rai
Mullá Ḥusayn shine almajirin farko na Bab. Ana kiran ɗalibin shugaban addini almajiri. A ƙasa da watanni biyar, ƙarin ɗalibai goma sha bakwai na Siyyid Káẓim sun zama almajiran na Bab. Duk sabbin almajiran sun fara yarda da cewa Bab wani sabon salo ne, ko annabin allah ba tare da taimakon kowa ba. Daya daga cikin wadannan sababbin almajirai mace ce. Sunanta Zarrín Táj Bara gh áni, kuma ita mawaƙa ce. Daga baya aka sake mata sabon suna, Ṭáhirih (mai tsarki). Daga baya mutane sun fara kiran almajirai goma sha takwas na farko da kuma BAb Wasikun Masu Rai . Bab din ya fadawa Haruffa Masu Rai cewa aikin su ne su fadawa mutane cewa shi sabon annabi ne.
Báb ya ce Haruffa Masu Rai na musamman ne. A cikin addinin Shi’a akwai mutane na musamman goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ake kira "Maasumai". ‘Yan Shi’a suna ganin“ Ma’asumai ”suna da gaskiya koyaushe. Muhammad, imam goma sha biyu, da Fatimah, su ne "Ma'asumai" a cikin Shi'ar Musulunci. Kamar dai "Ma'asumai", ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun Mai rai mace ce, ɗayan kuma annabi ne. Goma sha tara lamba ce ta musamman a cikin Babism. Haruffa Masu Rai sun yi kama da Manzannin Kristi goma sha biyu.
Manazarta
Addini
Pages with unreviewed translations |
19828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99ago | Saƙago | Saƙaƙo ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka.
Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko tunani amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa.
A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. Akwai littattafai da yawa, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's I, Robot shine watakila mafi shahara.
Tarihi
Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot.
Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin New Jersey, tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba. Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.
Mutum-mutumin zamani
Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.
Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba.
Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.
Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.
Ra'ayoyin gabas da yamma
Tunani na gabas akan mutummutumi
Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna Asiya, 32% a Turai, da 16% a Arewacin Amurka, 1% a Australasia da 1% a Afirka . 30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin Japan . Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya.
A Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.
"Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare," in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.
Tunanin yamma game da mutummutumi
Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.
Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da Allah . Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.
Dokokin Mutum-mutumi
Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.
Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.
Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.
Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi.
Sauran yanar gizo
Ƙungiyoyin bincike
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) da wiki Archived .
Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)
http://robots.net - Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
Takaitaccen tarihin kayan Archived
A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi Archived
NASA da mutummutumi
NASA Robotics Division
Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics
Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi? Archived
Podcast 'Talking Robots' - hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence Archived
Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa
Gabatarwa ga Robotics Archived
HUAR
Labaran Duniya na Robot
Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira
Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik
List of mutummutumi Archived
Encyclopaedias
Encyclopædia Britannica
Robotics -Citizendium
Pages with unreviewed translations
Manazarta |
50687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%2C%20zamantakewa%2C%20da%20gudanarwa%20na%20kamfanoni | Muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni | Gudanar da muhalli, zamantakewa, da kuma kamfanoni ( ESG ), wanda aka fi sani da muhalli, zamantakewa, mulki, wata hanya ce ta zuba jarurruka da ke ba da shawarar yin la'akari da al'amuran muhalli,alamurran da suka shafi zamantakewa da kuma harkokin mulki lokacin da za a yanke shawarar kamfanonin da za su zuba jari a ciki.Tun daga shekara ta 2020, an sami ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don rufe bayanan ESG tare da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs), dangane da ayyukansu, wanda ya fara a cikin 1980s. An yi amfani da kalmar ESG da farko a cikin wani rahoto na 2004 mai taken "Wane ne Ya Yi Nasara", wanda wani shiri ne na hadin gwiwa na cibiyoyin kudi bisa gayyatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin kasa da shekaru 20, motsi na ESG ya girma daga shirin alhakin zamantakewa na kamfanoni wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar zuwa wani al'amari na duniya wanda ke wakiltar fiye da dalar Amurka tiriliyan 30 a cikin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa. A cikin shekarar 2019 kadai, babban jari da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 17.67 ya kwarara cikin kayayyakin da ke da alaka da ESG, kusan kashi 525 ya karu daga 2015, a cewar Morningstar, Inc.
Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin samfuran haɗin gwiwar ESG ba su da kuma da wuya su sami tasirin da aka yi niyya na haɓaka farashin babban birnin ga kamfanoni masu gurbata muhalli, kuma sun zargi motsin kore .
mahangogi
Yanayin muhalli: An ba da rahoton bayanai kan sauyin yanayi, gurɓataccen iskar gas, hasarar rabe-raben halittu, saran gandun daji / dazuzzuka, rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, ingantaccen makamashi da sarrafa ruwa .
Harkokin zamantakewa: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da lafiyar ma'aikaci da lafiyar ma'aikaci, yanayin aiki, bambancin, daidaito, da haɗawa, da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice na bil'adama, kuma yana da dacewa a cikin haɗari da dawowar kima kai tsaye ta hanyar sakamako a haɓaka (ko lalata) gamsuwar abokin ciniki. da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata .
Bangaren mulki: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da gudanar da kamfanoni kamar hana cin hanci, cin hanci da rashawa, Bambance-bambancen Hukumar Gudanarwa, biyan diyya, tsaro ta yanar gizo da ayyukan sirri, da tsarin gudanarwa.
Tarihi
Hukunce-hukuncen tarihi na inda za a sanya kadarorin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban tare da dawo da kuɗin da suka fi yawa. Duk da haka, a koyaushe akwai wasu ƙa’idodi da yawa don yanke shawarar inda za a saka kuɗi—daga batun siyasa zuwa ladan sama . A cikin 1950s da 60s ne babban kuɗaɗen fensho da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ke gudanarwa sun fahimci damar da za ta shafi yanayin zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar amfani da babban kadarorin su -a Amurka Ƙungiyar ' Yan Uwa ta Duniya na Ma'aikatan Lantarki (IBEW) sun saka hannun jari mai yawa. Babban jari wajen haɓaka ayyukan gidaje masu araha, yayin da United Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai suka saka hannun jari a wuraren kiwon lafiya.
A cikin 1970s, kyamar mulkin wariyar launin fata a duniya a Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan zaɓen raba hannun jari ta hanyar ɗabi'a. A matsayin martani ga karuwar kira na takunkumi ga gwamnatin, Reverend Leon Sullivan, memba na hukumar General Motors a Amurka, ya zana ka'idar da'a a 1977 don yin kasuwanci tare da Afirka ta Kudu. Abin da aka fi sani da Sullivan Principles (Sullivan Code) ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa kuma gwamnati ta ba da rahoton da yawa don nazarin yawan kamfanonin Amurka da ke saka hannun jari a kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da suka saba wa ka'idar Sullivan. Ƙarshen rahotannin ya haifar da karkatar da jarin da Amurka ta yi daga kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da yawa. Sakamakon matsin lamba da al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu suka yi wa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na 'yan kasuwa ya kara dagula al'amuran da ke ci gaba da yin watsi da tsarin wariyar launin fata.
A cikin 1960s da 1970s, Milton Friedman, a kai tsaye mayar da martani ga rinjaye halin da ake ciki na philanthropy jãyayya da cewa zamantakewa alhaki adversely rinjayar wani m kudi yi da kuma cewa tsari da tsangwama daga "babban gwamnati" zai kullum lalata macro tattalin arziki. Maganarsa cewa ƙimar kamfani ko kadara ya kamata a faɗi kusan na musamman akan layin ƙasa mai tsabta (tare da farashin da ake kashewa ta hanyar alhaki na zamantakewa da ake ganin ba shi da mahimmanci), ya ƙaddamar da imanin da ya mamaye mafi yawan ƙarni na 20 (duba koyarwar Friedman ) . A ƙarshen karni, duk da haka, ka'idar sabanin ta fara samun ƙasa. A shekara ta 1988 James S. Coleman ya rubuta wata kasida a cikin Mujallar American Journal of Sociology mai suna "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", labarin ya kalubalanci rinjayen ra'ayin 'budin kai' a fannin tattalin arziki tare da gabatar da manufar jarin zaman takewa. cikin ma'aunin darajar.
Akwai wani sabon nau'i na matsin lamba da aka yi amfani da shi, yana aiki a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin muhalli: ta yi amfani da ikon yin amfani da ikon haɗin gwiwar masu zuba jari don ƙarfafa kamfanoni da kasuwannin jari don haɗa ƙalubalen muhalli da zamantakewa a cikin yanke shawara na yau da kullum
Manazarta |
15658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo%20Ayoola-Amale | Ayo Ayoola-Amale | Ayo Ayoola-Amale mawakiya (An haife ta ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, 1970) a jos babban birnin jihar Plateau a tarayyar nijeriya. yar Afirkace kuma lauya.
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ayo Ayoola-Amale ne Adebisi Ayo Adekeye a Jos, Najeriya .
Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar zaman lafiya tun tana ƙarama kuma ta zama Jagoran ƙungiyar Rotaract da Jagorar Girlsan mata a lokacin da take saurayi lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyoyin Gudanar da Girlan mata tare da mai da hankali kan yin aiki a kan batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa, kamar tashin hankali ga mata da girlsan mata . Ta kasance mamba a kungiyar Rotary da kuma Women in Nigeria (WIN).
Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar London kuma ya kasance jami’in tsaro na Jiha wanda ya bauta wa Najeriya ba tare da sadaukar da kai ba a matsayin mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro, Mai ba Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro da Daraktan Hukumar Tsaron Jiha . An karrama shi da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da lambobin yabo daga Amurka. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaba na babban kayan tsaro kuma shugaban wasu kamfanoni; mahaifiyarta wata Gimbiya yar kasuwa.
Tana da shekara goma, ta koma Arewacin Najeriya sakamakon aikin da mahaifinta ya yi a hukumance, inda ta girma a keɓantaccen yanki na keɓewar gwamnati na Kano. Saurayi Ayo yana son littattafai kuma tana karantawa ba daɗi ba kuma a ko'ina. Ta kasance daliba a makarantar St Louis Secondary School, Bompai, Kano. Ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a 1993. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Legas, inda ta samu digiri na farko na LLM da Jami'ar Ghana ta kammala da LLM (ADR). Ta dauki sunan suna Amale lokacin da tayi aure. A halin yanzu, tana zaune a Accra kuma galibi tana yawo a duniya a kan ayyukan salama na duniya da ke isar da saƙonni masu motsa rai na zaman lafiya da haɗin kan duniya.
Ayyuka
Ayo lauya ce, kwararriya ne mai sasanta rikici, mai kula da yadda ake rikici, amintaccen malama kuma jagora, ayyukan sasanta rikici na farko, Inc. Ta kasance memba na rtungiyar rtwararrun Maɗaukaki, Burtaniya. Ayo tana da takaddun takaddun gida da na duniya da dama na sauƙaƙawa, gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire kuma ya halarci bita daban-daban na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya da kuma taron karawa juna sani kan rubuce-rubuce da gabatarwa. Ta kasance Babban Malami kuma Shugabar Sashin Shari'a, Kwalejin Shari'a, Kwalejin Jami'ar Kings, Jami'ar Wisconsin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ghana, Accra, Ghana
A matsayina na lauya kuma masanin sasanta rikici
Ayo tana da sama da shekaru 18 na aikin lauya a cikin kamfanonin lauyoyi masu daraja da kuma sama da shekaru 15 a matsayin malamin Lauya, a Dokar Kasuwanci, Dokar Kasuwanci da Aiki, Dokar Kamfani, ADR, Ka'idodin Shari'a da sauransu, a Nijeriya, Ghana da Senegal . Ta kasance abokiyar aiki kuma Shugabar sashen Shari'a ta Kasuwanci a Ayo, Ajibulu da Co., Kwararrun Kwararru da Sanarwa, Lagos da Bayo Ayorinde da Co., Kwararrun Lauyoyi, Lagos. Ayo Ombudsman ce kuma mai shiga tsakani don masu shiga tsakani bayan Border International, USA Ta gabatar da takardu a tarurruka daban-daban na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa kan warware rikice-rikice, Dokoki na Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci da kuma aiki, Ilimin Zaman Lafiya, Mata Salama da Tsaro, da dai sauransu. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na kungiyar marubutan Ghana (GAW), Accra.
A matsayinsa na mai ilimi
Ayo ta tabo rayuka da yawa a matsayin Malama, mai son zaman lafiya da ba tashin hankali, mai ba da shawara game da zaman lafiya da kuma mai da'awar kawo sauyi cikin zamantakewar al'umma. Ta sanya murmushi ga waɗanda aka zalunta, masu ƙarancin gata a cikin al'umma. Ta hanyar Gidauniyar ta, tana da ayyukan jin kai da aka sani da Sun Ilmin Ilimi don Makarantu, Hasken Haske don sadaka da nasiha da kuma Kungiyar Wakoki na Splendors Performance tun daga matakin farko har zuwa Makarantar Firamare. Wadannan ayyukan sun yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwar yara da matasa da yawa a cikin al'umma.
Kyauta
Ambasada na Duniya don Aminci (Kyauta daga Peaceungiyar Peaceasashen Duniya ta Duniya)
2013 - An ba da lambar girmamawa ga Mai shiga tsakani na Duniya (Kungiyar sasantawa ta Duniya) Berlin, Jamus, saboda girmamawar da take yi wa bil'adama da kuma sadaukar da kai ga zaman lafiya.
Cibiyar Kwalejin 2016 ta Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, Birnin New York, Doctor na Falsafa (Amincin Duniya).
IAEWP Jakadan Duniya na Duniya, IAEWP - Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Peace Messenger ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1987
Ambasada, Gidauniyar Soyayya, Burtaniya - 2011
Academy of Universal Global Peace, New York City- Ambasada a Babban don Amincin Duniya
Musa na Yarjejeniyar Mawaka, 2011
Jakadan zaman lafiya da jituwa, Global Harmony International, 2010
Mai karɓar kyautar kyautar Mawaki ta Pentasi B Universal, 2017
Manazarta
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya |
20346 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Edo | Mutanen Edo | Mutanen Edo ko Benin ƙabilun Edoid ne da aka samo asali a cikin jihar Edo, a tarayyar Najeriya. Suna magana da yaren Edo kuma zuriyar waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin ne . Suna da kusanci da sauran ƙabilun da ke magana da yaren Edoid, kamar Esan, da Afemai, da Isoko, da kuma Urhobo.
Sunan "Benin" (kuma "Bini") ne a Portuguese cin hanci da rashawa, da kyakkyawan daga kalmar "Ubinu", wadda ta zo a cikin yin amfani a zamanin mulkin Oba (m) Ewuare girma, c. 1440. "Ubinu", kalmar Yarbanci mai ma'anar tashin hankali, anyi amfani dashi don bayyana cibiyar gudanarwa ta masarauta ko babban birni na masarautar, Edo. Daga baya kuma ya gurbata Ubinu ga Bini ta hanyar cakuda kabilyun da ke zaune tare a cibiyar; kuma ya kara lalata zuwa Benin a wajajen 1485 lokacin da Turawan Fotigal suka fara hulɗar kasuwanci da Oba Ewuare.
Tarihi
Yankin Gudanarwa
Ana iya samun mutanen Edo a cikin jihar Edo ta Najeriya wacce ta samo sunanta daga manyan mazauna yankin sanannen taron hada-hadar tarihi, garin Benin, wanda kuma shine babban garin tsakiyar mutanen Edo. Hakanan mutanen Edo suna da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da yawa a cikin kewayen su kuma sun haɗa da iyakokin siyasa da mulki na jihar Edo. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun gano tarihinsu zuwa tsakiyar gari mai tarihi kusa da mutanen Benin, Garin Benin . Misalan irin wadannan kungiyoyin da ke kusa da su sun haɗa da wasu ƙungiyoyin Afemai daban-daban, da mutanen Esan na jihar Edo da kuma mutanen Akoko Edo da ke kan iyakokin arewacin jihar.
Jihar Edo a da tana daga cikin tsohuwar jihar Bendel na farkon mulkin mallaka a Najeriya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yankin Tsakiyar-Yamma, Najeriya . Tasirin wannan yanki da al'adunsa suna nuni da na Edo, Urhobo, Esan da sauran mutanen Edo masu alaƙa.
Miya tufafi
Mutanen Edo suna da ɗayan al'adun gargajiya masu kyau a nahiyar Afirka. Kayan aikinsu na kayan kwalliya suna riƙe da sarauta kuma galibi sun hada da beads ja, alamomin jiki, bangilis, anklit,, aikin raffia da sauransu
.
Akidun gargajiya
A cikin addinin gargajiya na Edo, akwai wasu, banda duniyar ɗan adam, wata duniyar da ba ta ganuwa ta halittun allahntaka waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu roƙo ga duniyar ɗan adam. Ana yi masu hadaya a wuraren tsafinsu. Osanobua shine mahalicci kuma Allah Maɗaukaki. Sonansa / Oloa Olokun shine ke mulkin dukkan ruwan ruwa kuma shine ke da alhakin wadata da wadatar mabiyan sa. Wani ɗa kuma Ogun, shine allahn mashawarcin ƙarfe . Kalmar kalmar Osanobua Noghodua tana nufin Allah Maɗaukaki . Kalmar Osanobua ta ƙunshi adadin ƙa'idodin allahntaka masu yawa - gami da yanayin allahntaka na jinƙai, mara lokaci, kyautatawa, adalci, ɗaukaka, da ɗaukaka. A Edo imani tsarin, Osanobua yana allahntaka halayen omnipresence sanin kome da kome kuma mai iko dukka Isaukacin Allah yana da imani yana nan a ko'ina kuma a kowane lokaci.
Zane da gine-gine
Abubuwan gargajiyar Edo sun ƙunshi zane-zanen da za'a iya ganewa da yawa, alloli da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke nuna fannoni daban-daban na ruhaniya da tarihi na al'adunsu na gargajiya. Wasu daga cikin sanannun kayan fasahar Edo sun hada da abin rufe fuska na Sarauniya Uwargida Idia da tarin tarin kayan tarihin Edo da ake kira Benin Bronzes wanda ba za a iya samun sa ba a cikin Najeriya kawai ba amma kuma kara yaduwa a duniya.
Sanannun Benin a Najeriya
Victor Uwaifo, mawaki, marubuci, sculptor, kuma m kayan aiki kirkiro.
Peter Odemwingie, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa .
Charles Novia, daraktan fina-finai, furodusa, marubucin allo, jarumi kuma mai sharhi kan zamantakewa.african l
Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Benin .
Benson Idahosa, mai bishara, kuma wanda ya kirkiro Cocin of God Mission International .
Samuel Ogbemudia, dan siyasa kuma tsohon Gwamnan soja na jihar Mid-West
John Odigie Oyegun, dan siyasa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar APC na kasa na farko a Najeriya
Victor Ikpeba, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.
Godwin Obaseki, gwamnan jihar Edo kuma dan kasuwa
Gabriel Igbinedion, ɗan kasuwar Nijeriya da esama na masarautar Benin.
Erhabor Emokpae, mai fasaha
Guosa Alex Guosa Igbineweka, Masanin Juyin Halitta na Guosa, Mahalicci: dan asalin Najeriya da ECOWAS na yankin shiyya-franca
Abel Guobadia, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa a Najeriya
Farfesa Osasere Orumwense, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Benin
Suyi Davies Okungbowa, mai tatsuniyar Afirka bucin ƙirƙiraren labari
Akbishop John Edokpolo, Mai Girma Ministan Ciniki kuma Wanda ya Kafa Makarantar Edokpolor Grammar
Cif Jacob U. Egharevba, masanin tarihin Bini kuma basaraken gargajiya
Rema, mawaƙin kiɗa
Kamaru Usman, Miwararren wararren Marigayi na Nigerianasar Nijeriya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Al'adu da Nationalan Kasa - Saga na Yarbawa da Bini-Edo
Sunayen Bini a Najeriya da Georgia
Edoworld -Wanda asalin mutanen Edo / Bini suke
Wanene Edos / Binis? {Tushen Edoworld}
Yanayin Allah a Addinin Edo
Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection, wani kaset din nuni daga The Museum of Art of Art (wanda yake cike da yanar gizo a matsayin PDF), wanda ya kunshi abubuwa akan mutanen Edo.
Mutanen Edo
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'adun Najeriya
Harsunan Nijeriya |
34176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulis | Sulis | A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a Birtaniya Sulis wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset ). Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so.
Asalin kalma
Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan Sulis ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani").
Tushen Proto-Celtic gama gari *sūli-, masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek ηέλιος, Sanskrit sūryah, daga c * suh 2 lio-) kuma an ba da shawarar, kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton houl, Old Welsh heul) yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga Sulis kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da -i- inflection . Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic * su-wli-, wanda ya ƙunshi prefix su- ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic * wel- ("gani").
Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh Sulgen (< Sulien ; "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton Sul, wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa.
Cult a Bath
Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda Romawa suka kira Aquae Sulis ("ruwa na Sulis"). Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya. A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ. Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen Birtaniya a Alzey, Jamus.
A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata.
Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi.
Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya. Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma.
Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace. Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada.
Mutum - mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin.
Allunan da aka rubuta
Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath. Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi (" British Latin ") da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah. Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [sic] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya."
Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman Birtaniya suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu.
Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu.
Syncretism tare da Minerva
A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva. Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.
Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146) da Hot Bath (RIB 150) shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150).
Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva, yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.
Sadaukarwa ga “ Minerva ” na gama-gari a cikin Birtaniya da nahiyar Turai, galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).
Ubangijin rana
Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin de facto Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri.
Ibadar zamani
Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust.
Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy
Sulis Minerva shugaban
An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki. Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin Rum, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya.
Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head
An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa. Wataƙila an sassaƙa shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes.
Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya. Kamar yadda tarihin Girkanci ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya.
Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus.
A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da Spain, don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular".
Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar
An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva. Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049). Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga Birtaniya. Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna.
Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari
Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na Roman. Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus.
Sulis a Adabin Zamani
Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa.
Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:
Ruwan Sul (1989) - Moyra Caldecott
Sirrin Flavia (2008) - Lindsay Townsend
Crown na Acorns (2010) - Catherine Fisher
Mai La'anta (2011) - Kelli Stanley
Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma (2018) - Ruth Downie
Duba kuma
Jerin gumakan hasken rana
Dutsen Solsbury
Ruwa da addini
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20shiga%20cikin%20jama%27a | Hakkin shiga cikin jama'a | Shiga cikin jama'a, wanda kuma aka sani da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama, to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.
Gaba ɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ka'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi suna da 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar.
Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokraɗiyya.
Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar hada kai da kuma hada harin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi.
Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara aka cigaba da humanist ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na cigaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa.
An sanya rawar da jama'a za su taka a ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban dan Adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekarar 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi.
A cikin shekarata 1990 masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma kungiyar kasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya.
Ta filin wasa
Zane Zane
Kasafin Kudi
Kasafin kudi sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin demokwaradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kudin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na muhimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kudi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kudi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, Brazil, sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1989.
Cigaba
A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar cigaba da hadin kai. Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaiman hanyoyin, matrices, koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aiki bincike .
Gado
Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune muhimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya.
An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da muhimmanci don bayyana muhimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta (ICOMOS) Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin (GCI) ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.
Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin.
Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu muhimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar musayar ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari.
Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, Syria suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu.
Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, ya yi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci.
A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen.
Jaridu
Manufofin jama'a
A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a . A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan gwamnati sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, ko da yake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005).
Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da muhimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka.
A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ka'idoji ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin.
Kimiyya
Sauran
Amincewar jama'a
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa.
Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shine, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokiradiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a.
Amincewa da nuna gaskiya
Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni.
Muhalli da cigaba mai dorewa
A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu.
An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio.
Fassara mai muhimmanci
An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin Foucauldian. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare.
Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli
Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli .
Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. (GIS) na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin duba (GIS) da shugabancin muhalli. Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli. Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa.
Kodai ace akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Ko yaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli.
Kimiyyar ɗan kasa
Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya.
Ikirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da muhimmanci. Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta.
Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga cigaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga cigaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba.
'Yancin shiga jama'a
Mataki na 21 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin dan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a.
A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da yancin taro. Kamar yadda Netherlands, Jamus, Denmark da Sweden, suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. Dimokiradiyya da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara.
Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai. Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu.
Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba
Sanarwar ta Rio ta 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya cigaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su.
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna cigaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma."
Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma" wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
33538 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita%20Chidoka | Osita Chidoka | Osita Benjamin Chidoka (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1971) tsohon soja ne na Corps Marshal kuma babban jami'in hukumar kiyaye haɗɗura ta tarayya kuma tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan. Shi ma ɗan uwa ne ga Obinna Chidoka.
Osita Chidoka, ya kasance Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama a Najeriya har zuwa kwanan nan.
. Kafin wannan rawar, ya kasance Corps Marshall na Hukumar Kare Haɗurra ta Tarayya inda ya canza hukumar daga wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ta kusan zama ta koma wacce ta samu lambobin yabo daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ta zama abin koyi sauran ƙungiyoyin kiyaye Haɗurra a faɗin Afirka.
Osita Chidoka ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Gudanarwa daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama’a daga babbar makarantar kula da manufofin jama’a a jami’ar George Mason da ke kasar Amurka. Yana da Certificate a Global Strategy and Political Economy daga Jami'ar Oxford, UK, sannan ya yi Diploma a fannin Maritime & Ports Management daga Jami'ar ƙasa ta Singapore.
A lokacin da yake hidimar matasa masu yi wa ƙasa hidima, ya yi aiki a babban birnin tarayya inda ya zama wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, sannan ya samu aiki kai tsaye a hukumar raya babban birnin tarayya Abuja. A lokacin da yake hidima a can, ya ba da gudunmawa sosai ga ci gaban ƙasa ta hanyar ayyukan da ya yi a matsayin sakataren kwamitin ƙasa na ziyarar Papa Roma John Paul na biyu a Najeriya a 1998, wanda ya ba shi yabo Papal. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin nazarin babban tsarin Abuja; Shugaban tawagar, kwamitin da ke da alhakin daftarin manufofin kasa kan hanyoyin zirga-zirgar babura a Najeriya; kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare, Kwamitin Sojoji na 1999 zuwa hannun farar hula, da sauransu. Ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban kasa a ma’aikatar ayyuka da gidaje ta tarayya; Mataimaki na sirri ga Ministan Sufuri; da kuma mataimaki na musamman ga babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin shari'a.
Bayan da ya yi fice kuma ya samu lambar yabo, Chidoka ya koma Mobil Producing Nigeria, reshen kamfanin Exxon Mobil Corporation, a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gwamnati da kasuwanci. A cikin wannan rawar ne, a shekarar 2007, shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na lokacin, Cif Olusegun Obasanjo, ya neme shi, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Corps Marshal da kuma shugaban hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta ƙasa (FRSC).
Jagorancin sa na hukumar FRSC ya kai ga sauya hukumar zuwa hukumar gudanarwar kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da tabbatar da tsaro a kasar nan ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Wannan sauye-sauyen yana da tasirin da ake iya gani na raguwar mace-mace da kashi 15 cikin 100 daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2009 da kashi 28 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010 da kuma karuwar tarar daga Naira biliyan 0.5 a shekarar 2006 zuwa Naira biliyan 1.4 a shekarar 2010. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, FRSC ta gina amintaccen rajistar masu laifi da kuma bayanan direbobi da ababen hawa a kasar, wanda hakan ya sa kungiyar ECOWAS ta yi amfani da tsarin Najeriya a tsarin da aka tsara na sarrafa bayanan motocin yankin na sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. Ƙirƙirar dabarun kiyaye hanya ta Najeriya (2012-2016) an cimma ta ta hanyar da ta haɗa da dukkan hukumomin da ke tabbatar da mallakin tsarin tsakanin hukumomin.
Ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta tarayya ta lashe babbar lambar yabo ta yarima Michael International Safety Award a watan Disamba 2008; kyautar lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar ƙwadago da Samar da Samfura ta Ƙasa a watan Oktoba, 2010. Haka kuma, bin ka’idojin da hukumar ta FRSC ta yi a duk duniya ya kai ga ba wa Hukumar Takaddun Shaida ta Kasa (SON) takardar shedar Samar da Takaddun Shaida (ISO 9001:2008) ga Hukumar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2013.
Domin ganin irin gagarumar gudunmawar da Osita Chidoka ya bayar wajen ci gaban kasa da al’umma, an saka masa jarin da aka saka masa da sunan gargajiya na Ike-Obosi (Karfin Obosi) da kuma mamba na Ndi-Ichie, wanda shi ne mafi ƙololuwar majalisar zartarwa ta Obosi Traditional Council of Anambra State. Mayu, 2009. Ya samu lambar yabo ta Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria Merit Award a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2010, da kuma Institute of Logistics Management of Nigeria Fellowship Award a watan Yuli, 2011.
An ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Alumnus Award for Good Governance and Model on Road Safety daga Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2011. Kuma bisa nuna kishin ƙasa ga ƙasarsa, shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya. na Tarayyar Tarayya, OFR. Ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Ma’aikacin Jaridun Sun da Hallmark na Shekarar 2012 kuma a qarqashin sa FRSC ta lashe lambar yabo ta Hukumar Jarida ta Leadership na shekarar 2012.
Bisa la'akari da ƙwarewarsa, Mista Shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa shi ya jagoranci ƙaramin kwamitin sufuri na kwamitin shugaban ƙasa kan cika shekaru 100 na Najeriya. Wannan nasarar da aka samu ta kai shi ga naɗinsa a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Sufuri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da aka gudanar a watan Mayun 2014 a Najeriya, daga ƙarshe kuma, Mista Shugaban kasar ya nada shi Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya a ranar Laraba 23 ga Yuli 2014.
Osita Chidoka (Ike Obosi) mai fafutukar kare manufofin jama'a ne. Ya rubuta ƙasidu da yawa da ƙasidu da gabatar da jawabai a fagage da dama na manufofin jama'a da kula da tsaro. Ya rubuta wani shafi na yau da kullun, “Mai Gina Gada” don Jaridun Jagoranci, inda ya zayyana dabaru masu inganci don shugabanci nagari.
</br>A shekarar 2017 Chidoka ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Anambra dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Progressive Party amma Willie Obiano na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance ya doke shi. Chidoka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party.
A shekarar 2019, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na wayar da kan jama’a kan harkokin kiwon lafiya a garinsu Obosi, kuma an shirya shi ne don isa ga al’ummai 179 na jihar Anambra . Za ta ƙunshi nau’o’in gwaje-gwajen lafiya da dama da kuma kula da yanayin kiwon lafiya kamar hawan jini, ciwon ido, ciwon suga, ciwon hanta, zazzaɓin cizon sauro, Typhoid, da dai sauransu, gami da samar da gilashin ido kyauta da sarrafa magunguna. An fahimci cewa Osita Chidoka na shirin yin amfani da tallafin da likitocinsa na gida da na waje suke ba shi don ganin an shawo kan lamarin.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23709 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.C.R.A.C.%20Crabbe | V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe | Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles (V.C.R.A.C.) Crabbe JSC, FGA (29 ga Oktoba 1923 - 7 Satumba 2018) masanin shari'a ne na ƙasar Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Kotun Koli na Ghana a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta biyu da ta uku. Kafin ya zama alkali, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Daftarin a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma ya samar da dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta farko za ta zartar. Ya kafa kuma ya shugabanci hukumar zabe, wacce ita ce ta farko, da za ta gudanar da zaben Ghana na 1969. Ya kasance jigo a cikin tsarawa da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da yawa a Ghana da Commonwealth.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1923 a garin Ussher da ke Accra, Gold Coast ga Richard Arthur Crabbe, Babban Magatakardar Kotuna (mafi girman ma’aikatan Sabis na Shari’ar Gold Coast), da matarsa Stella Akoley Lartey. Mahaifin Charles ya rasu watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan an haife shi. Daga cikin 'yan uwansa akwai Edward Ffoulkes Crabbe wanda shine babban magatakardar majalisar kasa da Samuel Azu Crabbe wanda shine babban alkalin kasar Ghana na 5.
Crabbe ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati da ke kusa da gidan yari na James Fort sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantun Manyan Samari na Gwamnati, Kinbu. A cikin 1939 ya shiga Accra Academy inda ya zauna don Takaddun Shedar Cambridge Junior da Senior, ya kammala a 1943. Bayan wannan, ya yi karatu a takaice a Makarantar Sakandaren Odumase na wata shida.
Daga nan Crabbe ya tafi ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Runduna ta Biyu a Hedikwatar Rundunar 'Yan sandan Gold Coast. A lokacin tarzomar Fabrairu 1948, an sanya Charles ya kasance cikin jama'a, yana tattara bayanan sirri na Hukumar 'Yan sanda. Lokacin da yake aiki tare da 'yan sanda, ya yi karatu mai zaman kansa don wani Intermediate B.A. digiri ta hanyar rubutu tare da Wolsey Hall, Oxford. Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, Crabbe ya karanci Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar City College London Moorgate, London.
A watan Agusta 1952, an shigar da shi Haikali na ciki don karanta doka. Ya yi hakan ne ta amfani da Babban Takaddar Shedar Cambridge da ya samu daga Kwalejin Accra. Ya kammala karatun shekara uku na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru biyu kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1955, bayan an ba shi izinin yin aiki. A wannan shekarar an yi masa rajista a matsayin memba na Garin Gold Coast.
Aiki
Daftarin Dokoki da Zabe
A cikin 1955 Crabbe ya shiga cikin Babban Lauyan Janar na Ghana ya fara aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai ba da shawara. A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1958, an nada shi a matsayin Lauyan Majalisar Dokoki na farko, inda ya zama dan Afirka na farko da aka nada, an soke taken a Ghana ba da dadewa ba don Lauyan Gwamnati. Tare da lauyan New Zealand Fred Boyce, ya tsara dokoki, Dokoki da Ayyukan Majalisar da Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar a ranar samun 'yancin kan Ghana.
A shekarar 1963, shugaban kasa na lokacin Nkrumah ya tura shi aiki zuwa Uganda inda aka mai da shi Babban Lauyan Majalisa da Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Tsarin Mulki ga Gwamnatin Uganda sannan ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Uganda na 1966.
A watan Agustan 1968 aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana don gudanar da Zaben 1969. Crabbe ya kafa hukumar zabe ta farko da Ghana ta taba yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Musamman ga Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na 1969 kuma Mai tsara Dokoki zuwa Majalisar Mazabu ta 1969 wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin 1969 na Ghana.
Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Mazabu na 1979 kuma ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1979. Ya yi aiki tare da Kwamitin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya kuma shi ne Jagoran ƙungiyar Masu Zane -zanen da suka tsara Tsarin Mulkin Kenya. Ya yi aiki da Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na Zambiya don tsara Tsarin Mulkin Zambia tare da Hukumar Binciken Fiajoe don bitar Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1992. Crabbe yayi aiki tare da Justice P.N. Bhagwati, tsohon Babban Jojin Indiya da Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya don ba da shawara kan kafa Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Afirka ta Kudu.
A cikin 1999 an nada Crabbe a matsayin Kwamishinan Dokar Ka'ida. Ya yi shekaru da yawa kwamishinan duba Dokar Dokar Ghana a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma a cikin wannan ofishi ya sake duba Dokokin Ghana daga 1852 zuwa 2004 a cikin kundin bakwai kafin ya yi ritaya daga mukamin gwamnati.
Ya kasance Shugaban Coalition of Democratic Election Observers Ghana (CODEO) wata hukuma a karkashin Cibiyar Ci gaban Demokradiyya ta Ghana (CDD-Ghana).
Sabis akan Bench
An nada Crabbe a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966, jim kadan bayan dawowarsa daga Uganda. A 1968, lokacin da aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana, yana tare da matsayin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara. A shekarar 1970, Firayim Minista Kofi Abrefa Busia ya nada shi kuma ya nada shi Alkalin Kotun Koli na Ghana. Bayan juyin mulkin soji wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Busia a 1972, an dakatar da kotun koli. Lokacin da aka dawo da tsarin shari'a Crabbe ba a aika shi zuwa kotun koli ba amma ya koma babban kotun. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu daga 1972 zuwa 1975. A shekarar 1976, an tura shi kotun daukaka kara a matsayin alkali sannan a 1979 ya koma kotun koli.
Gudummawa ga Ilimin Shari'a
Daga 1958 zuwa 1963, Crabbe ya kasance malami kuma malami a cikin shekarun kafuwar Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana har ya tafi Uganda. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Malami a Cibiyar Ci gaban Shari'a ta Duniya a Rome, Italiya. Daga 1974 zuwa 1998, ya kasance Darakta na Tsarin Sakatariyar Commonwealth na masu tsara dokoki na Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Yankin Kudancin Afirka da Yankin Caribbean. Ya kasance farfesa ne na tsara daftarin Dokoki a Cave Hill Campus, Barbados na Jami'ar West Indies. Crabbe ya kasance Farfesa na Shari'a a Kwalejin Jami'ar Mountcrest da ke Accra har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018.
Rayuwar mutum
Crabbe yana da yara shida. Ya kuma kasance Freemason, na gundumar Grand Lodge na Ghana a ƙarƙashin United Grand Lodge na Ingila.
Daraja
Kodayake an yi la'akari da shi azaman mai karɓar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Sahabin Umarnin Volta a 1979, ba a taɓa gayyatar Crabbe don saka hannun jari ba. An karrama shi a matsayin abokin girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Najeriya. A cikin 2006, sarakuna da mutanen Ngleshie Alata, Jamestown sun ba shi Takaddar girmamawa. A watan Nuwamba na 2013 ya sami digirin girmamawa na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, bayan da ya taimaka wa cibiyar ta kafa Kwalejin Shari'a. A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2015, a Metropolitan Ball a Accra, ya karɓi Takaddar Karramawa daga Babban Jami'in Babban Taron Majalisar Accra. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2017 ya gabatar da lacca na farko kan jigon, The Philosophy of Man bayan an zabe shi Abokin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha
Ya rasu yana da shekaru 94 a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018 a Accra, Ghana. An yi jana'izar sa a jihar, wanda ya samu halartar manyan mutane da membobin kungiyar lauyoyi, a ranar Alhamis 4 ga Oktoba 2018 a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.
Adabi
Amoak, Kwesi (2016) "Unfinished journey : the life and times of V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe : a legal luminary" Sakumo, Ghana: Smartline Limited
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2018 |
60924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Said | Nicholas Said | Nicholas Said (an haife Mohammed Ali ben Sa'id, 1836–1882) matafiyi ne, mai fassara, soja, kuma marubuci.
Rayuwa
An haife shi a Kukawa, daular Bornu, Said ya fada cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara. Mahaifinsa, Barça Gana, ya kasance sanannen janar kuma ƙwarewarsa na koyon harsuna, duk da haka, ya kai ga ɗaukaka matsayinsa na zamantakewa. Bayan ya koyi harshen Larabci a lokacin kuruciyarsa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, cikin sauri ya koyi harshen Turkawa na Ottoman na bayinsa. Da yake nuna ƙwarewa a cikin harshen Rashanci, ya zama bawan Rasha Yarima Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, wanda ya ba shi koyar dashi da Faransanci bayan ya gane ƙwarewarsa na musamman na harshe. A lokacin tarihin tarihinsa na 1872, ya ba da rahoton sanin yaren Kanuri, Mandara, Larabci, Baturke, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Faransanci, da kuma ɗan gogewa da yaren Armeniya. Sa'id ya yi balaguro da yawa a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Daular Rasha, daga baya ya tashi zuwa Caribbean, Kudancin Amurka, Kanada, da Amurka. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa da tafiye-tafiyensa, Sa'id ya yi tir da irin zaluncin da Usman dan Fodio ya yi wa kasarsa, ya bayyana hajjinsa zuwa Makka, ya tuna da wata dama da ya samu da Sarkin Musulmi, sannan ya yi tunani a kan musuluntarsa zuwa Kiristanci a Riga.
Daga shekarun 1863 zuwa 1865, Sa'id yayi aiki a cikin Sojan Tarayyar Turai lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. Ba kamar yawancin Ba’amurke Ba-Amurke waɗanda suka yi aiki a Sojojin Amurka a lokacin yaƙin, Said ko kakanninsa ba su taɓa bautar da su a Amurka ba. Maimakon haka, Said da son rai ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka sannan ya ba da kansa don yin yaƙi. Kusan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya nemi a haɗa shi da Sashen Asibiti domin ya sami damar yin karatun likitanci. Wani rahoto na dan jarida na 1867 ya nuna cewa, bayan yakin, Said ya ƙaunaci wata Ba'amurkiya kuma ya aure ta. An ba da rahoton cewa sun zauna a St. Stephens, Alabama, inda Said ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa. Rayuwar Said daga baya ba ta da tabbas, amma wani asusun ya mutu yana mutuwa a Brownsville, Tennessee.
Domin yana zaune a Kudu-zaman sake ginawa, bai bayyana hidimarsa a cikin Sojojin Amurka ba a cikin tarihinsa. Hoton ganima na Said yana fitowa sanye da kakin sojan Amurka, a lokacin da ake makala shi da Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 55, ya tsira.
Iyali a Borno
Said ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan Kanouri wanda aka haifa a "Kouka" (yanzu Kukawa), kusa da tafkin Chadi, ɗan Janar (Katzalla) Barca Gana da wata mata Mandara mai suna Dalia. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta girma Said. A cewar Said, mahaifinsa yana da mata hudu, kuma yana da "babba, dogo, kuma daidai gwargwado; yana kama da kato fiye da na talaka." "Mahaifina ya bambamta kansa sosai a karkashin Sarkinmu Mohammed El Amin Ben Mohammed El Kanemy, Washington na Bornou. . . Shi ne ta'addancin... makiya kasarmu, kuma duk inda ya bayyana makiya sun gudu. . ."
Wani matafiyi dan kasar Ingila ne ya bayyana bajintar sojan mahaifin Said wanda ya samu damar shaidawa Barca Gana a fada. Dixon Denham ya raka wani balaguron soji inda sojojin Bornu karkashin Barca Gana suka hadu da na Larabawa masu kai hari bayi da na Sarkin Musulmin Mandara. A wajen yakar sojojin Daular Sakkwato, Denham ya ruwaito cewa, “Wani Basarake Fellatah da hannunsa ya kakkabe mayakan Bornu guda hudu, a lokacin da Barca Gana, wanda karfinsa yake da girma, ya jefi mashi daga tazarar yadi talatin da biyar, ya shimfida arna low. . " Rahoton Denham ya kara da jarumtar Barca Gana, "Janar na Bornu ya kashe dawakai uku a karkashinsa ta hanyar kibau masu guba." Yayin da Denham ya danganta rayuwar sa ga bajintar Barca Gana a fagen fama, ya kuma lura cewa dole ne a hana Barca Gana barin mutumin da ya ji rauni a baya, saboda Janar din ba ya son karkatar da albarkatun soji don adana dan kasada wanda ko da ba haka ba ne. musulmi. Shawarar daya daga cikin jam'iyyarsa cewa Allah yana so a kiyaye Denham, Barca Gana ya ba Denham kariya.
Ba a haifi Nicholas Said ba sai bayan shekaru bayan yakin da mahaifinsa ya yi da Daular Sokoto, wanda Denham ya tuna. (Jules Verne daga baya zai sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa na tsawon makonni biyar a cikin Balloon, amma ya jefa Denham a matsayin jarumi maimakon Barca Gana, duk da cewa Denham ya tsira ne kawai saboda mayakan Fulani sun so su kama tufafinsa don amfani da "shaida" cewa Kiristoci sun kasance. ana amfani da su wajen yaki a cikin sojojin Bornu-Mandara ) Said ya ba da rahoton haduwarsa ta farko da wani bature, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin mai bincike na Jamus Heinrich Barth:
“Lokacin da nake dan shekara goma sha biyu, sai ga wani katon ayari ya zo daga Fezzan, sai aka ce wani Sarra ne (bare) na cikin jam’iyyar. Wannan ya ba da farin ciki sosai, musamman a tsakaninmu yara, domin mun ji labarai masu ban mamaki game da su. Misali, an gaya mana cewa turawan ’yan cin nama ne, kuma duk bayin da suka saya ba don wani abu ba ne sai kayan abinci. Tabbas, wani bature ya iso, sai Sarki ya ba shi masauki a Gabashin Kouka. . . Na fara ganinsa wata rana yana cikin kasuwa, wajen Kouka, sai na gudu daga gare shi.”
Manazarta |
28003 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain%20bolt | Usain bolt | Usain Bolt (An haifeshi ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1986) ya kasance fitaccen ɗan wasan gudu ne na kasar Jamaika.
Farkon rayuwa
An haifa Usain Bolt a kasar jamaika, ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1986.
Manazarta
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Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1986 |
47919 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnin%20Asiya | Karnin Asiya | Ƙarnin Asiya shine ƙaddamar da rinjaye na ƙarni na 21 na siyasar Asiya da al'adu, yana zaton wasu yanayin jama'a da tattalin arziki sun ci gaba. Ma'anar ƙarni na Asiya ya yi daidai da halin ƙarni na 19 a matsayin ƙarni na Burtaniya, da kuma ƙarni na 20 a matsayin karni ya Amurka.
Binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa ƴan Asiya biliyan 3 (don haka 56.6% na kimanin mazauna Asiya biliyan 5.3 a shekarar 2050) na iya jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa kamar na Turai a yau, kuma yankin na iya lissafin sama da rabin fitarwa na duniya a tsakiyar wannan karni.
Girman muhimmancin da kuma jaddada hadin kai a Asiya, da kuma balaga da ci gaba da dangantaka tsakanin kasashe a yankin ya kara karfafa kirkirar karni na 21 na Asiya.
Asali
A cikin 1924, Karl Haushofer ya yi amfani da kalmar "zamanin Pacific," yana la'akari da ci gaban Japan, China da Indiya: "Babban sararin samaniya yana fadada a gaban idanunmu tare da dakarun da ke zubowa a ciki wanda ... yana jiran fitowar zamanin Pacific, magajin zamanin Atlantic, zamanin Mediterranean da Turai. " Maganar Asian Century ta taso ne a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma an danganta ta ne ga wani taron da aka yi a shekarar 1988 tare da shugaban Paramount Deng Xiaoping na kasar Sin da Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na Indiya inda Deng ya ce '[i]n ƴan shekarun nan mutane suna cewa ƙarni na gaba zai zama karni na Asiya da Pacific, kamar dai hakan zai kasance. Ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba.' Kafin wannan, ya bayyana a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka na 1985 kan sauraron Harkokin Kasashen Waje. Shugabannin siyasa na Asiya sun sake tabbatar da shi, kuma yanzu lokaci ne da aka fi amfani da shi a kafofin watsa labarai.
Dalilai
Kyakkyawan aikin tattalin arzikin Asiya a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata 2010, idan aka kwatanta da wannan a sauran duniya, ya sanya watakila mafi karfi har yanzu don yiwuwar karni na Asiya. Kodayake an gane wannan bambanci a cikin aikin tattalin arziki na ɗan lokaci, takamaiman koma baya na mutum (misali, rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997) ya ɓoye yaduwar yaduwar da kuma yanayin gaba ɗaya. A farkon karni na 21, duk da haka, za a iya yin shari'a mai karfi cewa wannan aikin Asiya mai karfi ba kawai mai dorewa ba ne amma yana da karfi da girman da zai iya canza rarraba iko a duniya. Da yake zuwa a cikin farkawarsa, jagorancin duniya a cikin manyan fannoni na diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa, ƙarfin soja, fasaha, da ƙarfin taushi kuma, a sakamakon haka, ɗayan ko fiye daga cikin jihohin Asiya za su ɗauka.
Daga cikin malamai da yawa sun ba da abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Asiya mai mahimmanci, Kishore Mahbubani ya ba da ginshiƙai bakwai waɗanda suka sa ƙasashen Asiya su yi fice kuma sun ba da kansu damar zama masu jituwa da takwarorinsu na Yamma. Ginshiƙai bakwai sun haɗa da: tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta, kimiyya da fasaha, meritocracy, pragmatism, al'adun zaman lafiya, mulkin doka da ilimi.
Farfesa John West a cikin littafinsa 'Asian Century ... on a Knife-edge' ya yi jayayya:
"A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, Indiya za ta iya fitowa a matsayin babbar iko ta Asiya. Tunanin, tattalin arzikin Indiya yana girma da sauri fiye da China, yanayin da zai iya ci gaba, sai dai idan China ta yi tsanani game da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Indiya za su wuce China a cikin 2022 kuma za su iya zama kusan kashi 50% sama da 2100, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A cikin 2019 Farfesa Chris Ogden, Malami a cikin Tsaro na Asiya a Jami'ar St Andrews, ya rubuta cewa, "Ko da yake har yanzu a baya dangane da samun kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da wannan dukiya ke fassara zuwa tasirin soja, siyasa, da kuma hukumomi (ta hanyar hukumomi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sabon Bankin Zuba Jari na Asiya), manyan iko guda biyu za su sami tsakiya da muhimmancin tsarin da zai sa su zama masu mahimmanci a duniya. Jama'a masu sa ran da shugabannin murya suna hanzarta da kuma tallafawa wannan mahimmancin, kuma idan za'a iya shawo kan batutuwan da suka shafi gurɓata muhalli da cin hanci da rashawa da fitowar Asiya-tsakiya, da China / Indiya-tsakiya-tsakiya na duniya wanda zai zama muhimmin tushe na al'amuran kasa da kasa na shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.
Yawan jama'a
Ana sa ran ci gaban yawan jama'a a Asiya zai ci gaba har zuwa akalla rabin farkon karni na 21, kodayake ya ragu sosai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. A cikin mutane biliyan huɗu a farkon karni na 21, an yi hasashen yawan mutanen Asiya zai karu zuwa sama da biliyan biyar nan da shekara ta 2050. Duk da yake ba a sa ran kashi na yawan jama'ar duniya su canza sosai, ana sa ran hannun jarin Arewacin Amurka da Turai na yawan jama-ar duniya za su ragu.
Tattalin Arziki
Babban sanadin shine ci gaba da ci gaban yawan aiki a Asiya, musamman a China da Indiya, yayin da yanayin rayuwa ke tashi. Ko da ba tare da haɗuwa gaba ɗaya da yanayin rayuwa na Turai ko Arewacin Amurka ba, Asiya na iya samar da rabin GDP na duniya nan da shekara ta 2050. Wannan babban canji ne idan aka kwatanta da yakin sanyi na gaba, lokacin da Arewacin Amurka da Turai suka haɗu sun samar da rabin GDP na duniya. Wani binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana cewa: "Ta hanyar kusan ninka rabonsa na kudaden cikin gida na duniya (GDP) zuwa kashi 52 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2050, Asiya za ta sake samun matsayi na tattalin arziki da ta rike kimanin shekaru 300 da suka gabata.
Tunanin ƙarnin Asiya ya ɗauka cewa tattalin arzikin Asiya na iya ci gaba da bunkasa su har tsawon shekaru 40, daidaitawa da sauya yanayin tattalin arziki da fasaha na duniya, kuma ci gaba da sake farfado da fa'idodi masu fa'ida. A cikin wannan yanayin, bisa ga samfurin 2011 da Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya yi GDP na Asiya zai karu daga dala tiriliyan 17 a cikin 2010 zuwa dala tiriliyar 174 a cikin 2050, ko rabin GDP na duniya. A cikin wannan binciken, Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya kiyasta cewa tattalin arziki bakwai (China, Indiya, Indonesia, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Malaysia) za su jagoranci ci gaban wutar lantarki na Asiya; a karkashin yanayin karni na Asiya, yankin ba zai sami kasashe matalauta ba, idan aka kwatanta da takwas a cikin 2011.
Tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s (a cikin mallakar gonaki) da farkon shekarun 1990s (a mafi yawan birane), tattalin arzikin China ya ji daɗin shekaru talatin na ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin 8 da 10%. Tattalin arzikin Indiya ya fara irin wannan ko da yake a hankali a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ya kai kimanin 4% a wannan lokacin, kodayake ya karu dan kadan sama da 8% a shekara ta 2005, kuma ya buga 9.2% a shekara ta 2006 kafin ya ragu zuwa 6% a shekara ta 2009, sannan ya kai 8.9% a shekara ta 2010.
Dukkanin waɗannan ci gaba sun haɗa da manufofi na matakin gudanar da ƴanci na tattalin arziki da kuma juyawa daga waje daga tattalin arziƙi zuwa ga duniya (duka fitarwa da jan hankalin saka hannun jari na ciki). Girman wannan ƴanci da duniya har yanzu suna cikin muhawara. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na yanke shawara mai kyau daga manyan shugabannin siyasa, musamman a Indiya da PRC. Har ila yau, yawan mutanen kasashen biyu suna ba da damar kasuwa sama da biliyan biyu da kwata. Ci gaban kasuwar masu amfani da ciki a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe biyu ya kasance babban tushe ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan ya ba da damar haɓaka ƙasa mafi girma ga China da Indiya idan aka kwatanta da Japan, EU har ma da Amurka. Fa'idar farashin kasa da kasa akan kayayyaki da aiyuka, bisa ga farashin ma'aikata mai rahusa, ya ba waɗannan ƙasashe biyu damar yin matsin lamba na duniya.
An yi amfani da kalmar Easternization don komawa ga yaduwar dabarun gudanarwa na gabas (musamman Jafananci) zuwa Yamma.
Halin da ya fi girma a tattalin arzikin Asiya ya kuma dogara ne akan karin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. Goldman Sachs, a cikin hasashen tattalin arzikin BRIC, ya nuna halin da ake ciki zuwa kasar Sin ta zama mafi girma kuma Indiya ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a cikin shekara ta 2050 dangane da GDP. Rahoton ya kuma yi hasashen irin masana'antar da kowace ƙasa za ta mamaye, wanda ya jagoranci wasu su dauki kasar Sin a matsayin 'tafiyar masana'antu ta duniya' da Indiya 'ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin sabis'. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, yawancin ƙasashen da ake la'akari da sababbin masana'antu suna cikin Asiya.
Zuwa 2050, tattalin arzikin Gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya zai karu da fiye da sau 20. Tare da wannan ya zo da hauhawar Ci gaban Dan Adam, alamar da aka yi amfani da ita don auna yanayin rayuwa. HDI ta Indiya za ta kusanci .8. Gabashin Asiya zai kusanci .94 ko kusa da yanayin rayuwa na kasashen yamma kamar EU da Amurka. Wannan yana nufin cewa zai zama da wahala a tantance bambancin dukiyar biyun. Saboda yawan mutanen Gabashin Asiya da Indiya, tattalin arzikin su zai kasance babba sosai, kuma idan yanayin yanzu ya ci gaba, yawan mutanen Indiya na dogon lokaci na iya kusantar ninki biyu na China. Gabashin Asiya na iya wuce tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin da aka hada a farkon shekarar 2030. Kudancin Asiya na iya biyo baya nan ba da daɗewa ba idan daruruwan miliyoyin da ke cikin talauci suka ci gaba da ɗagawa zuwa matsakaicin aji.
Ayyukan gini
An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan gine-gine mafi girma za su faru a Asiya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A matsayin alama ce ta ikon tattalin arziki, an gina manyan gine-gine a Asiya, kuma a halin yanzu ana daukar karin ayyuka kuma ana fara su a Asiya fiye da kowane yanki na duniya. Ayyukan da aka kammala sun haɗa da: Hasumiyar Petronas ta Kuala Lumpur, Cibiyar Kudi ta Duniya ta Shanghai, Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Duniya a Hong Kong, Taipei 101 a Taiwan, Burj Khalifa a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Hasumiyar Shanghai. Gine-gine na gaba sun yi alƙawarin zama mafi tsayi, kamar PNB 118 a Kuala Lumpur da Legacy Tower a Dhaka.
Al'adu
A al'adu, karni na Asiya ana nuna shi da fina-finai na Indiya (Bollywood, Parallel Cinema), fina-ffinai na Hong Kong (finai na zane-zane, fina-fakin wasan kwaikwayo na Hong Kong), wasan kwaikwayo na Japan, da Koriya Wave . Sanin al'adun Asiya na iya zama wani ɓangare na duniyar da ta fi sanin al'adu, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rubutun Clash of Civilizations . Hakazalika, tabbatar da al'adun Asiya yana shafar siyasar asalin Asiya a Asiya da waje a cikin Asiya.
Gross National Cool na Japan yana tashi; kayayyakin al'adun Japan, gami da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tabbas suna "a" tsakanin masu sauraron Amurka kuma sun kasance shekaru da yawa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 2.3 sun yi nazarin yaren a duk duniya a shekara ta 2003: Koriya ta Kudu 900,000, Sinawa 389,000, Ostiraliya 381,000, da Amurkawa 140,000 suna nazarin Jafananci a ƙananan cibiyoyin ilimi da mafi girma.
Littattafan Feng shui sun fi girma a cikin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun sayar da littattafai kuma makarantun feng shui sun ninka. Manyan bankunan da kamfanoni masu yawa suna amfani da masu ba da shawara na feng shui don ba su shawara game da shirya ofisoshin su. An kasance shirye-shiryen karawa ga nau'ikan maganin Gabas, magani, da tausa da kuma ƙin maganin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai don tallafawa dabaru, kamar acupressure da acupuncture. Ayyuka irin su moxibustion da shiatsu suna jin daɗin shahara sosai a Yamma. Haka kuma kusan dukkanin zane-zane na Gabas, kamar kung fu, judo, karate, aikido, taekwondo, kendo, jujitsu, tai chi, qigong, ba gua, da xing yi, tare da makarantun da ke da alaƙa da su.
Abinci na Asiya ya shahara sosai a Yamma saboda shige da fice na Asiya da kuma sha'awar da ba ƴan Asiya ba suka shiga cikin sinadaran Asiya da abinci. Ko da ƙananan garuruwa a Burtaniya, Kanada, Scandinavia, ko Amurka gabaɗaya suna da akalla gidan cin abinci na Indiya ko na kasar Sin guda ɗaya. Gidajen cin abinci da ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya sun buɗe a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya da sauran sassan duniya. Ana samun P.F. Chang's China Bistro da Pei Wei Asian Diner waɗanda ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya a duk faɗin Amurka kuma game da tsohon, a wasu sassan duniya. An kuma ƙaddamar da samfuran abinci na Asiya ciki har da daga alamar noodle, Maggi. A Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Ireland da Burtaniya wani nau'in noodles na Asiya da aka sani da Maggi Fusian da kuma dogon lokaci a Jamus da Austria da aka sani, Maggi Magic Asia ya haɗa da nau'ikan noodles da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar abincin abinci da aka samo a China, Japan, Koriya, Indiya, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia da Thailand.
Yoga ya sami karbuwa a waje da Indiya da sauran Asiya kuma ya shiga al'adun gargajiya a Yammacin duniya.
Kodayake amfani da Turanci yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa, harsunan Asiya suna zama sanannun koyarwa da karatu a waje da nahiyar. Nazarin Sinanci kwanan nan ya sami kulawa sosai a Amurka, saboda karuwar imani da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na sanin shi. Ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar goyon bayan PRC ga Cibiyoyin Confucius, waɗanda suka buɗe a ƙasashe da yawa don koyar da harshen Sinanci da al'adun.
An ƙiyasta Sinanci a matsayin harshen na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi a intanet tare da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu da ke magana da Sinanci, Jafananci ya zo na huɗu, kuma Koriya a matsayin na goma tun daga shekara ta 2010. A cewar CIA, kasar Sin ta ɗauki baƙuncin mafi yawan masu amfani, Indiya ta uku, Japan ta shida, kuma Indonesia ta goma a shekarar 2020.
Indiya tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma a duniya, kuma masana'antar fim ta Indiya tana samar da fina-fakka da yawa fiye da Nollywood da Hollywood.
A farkon shekarun ƙarni na ashirin mutane ƙalilan ne masu cin ganyayyaki. Adadin da aka bayar ga Ƙasar Ingila a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 ya kasance 100,000 daga cikin yawan mutane miliyan 50 kusan kashi 0.2 cikin dari na jimlar. A cikin shekarun 1990 an kiyasta adadi tsakanin kashi 4.2 da kashi 11 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Burtaniya kuma yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Kamar yadda Porritt da Winner suka lura, a kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon '70s, "an ɗauki kasancewa mai cin ganyayyaki a matsayin mai ban mamaki," amma "yanzu yana da daraja da kuma wuri na kowa".
Yaɗuwar guguwar Koriya, musamman K-pop da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya, a waje da Asiya ya haifar da kafa ayyuka don ci gaba da wannan bukatar. Viki da DramaFever misalai ne na ayyukan da ke ba da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya ga masu kallo na duniya tare da sauran abubuwan Asiya. SBS PopAsia da Asian Pop Radio sabis ne na kiɗa guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da rediyo waɗanda ke yada yaduwar K-pop a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Baya ga K-pop, Rediyon Pop na Asiya ya kuma sadaukar da kansa ga sauran kiɗa na gargajiya na Asiya wanda ya samo asali daga Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Malaysia da Singapore. Hakazalika, SBS PopAsia tana mai da hankali kan wasu kiɗa na gabashin Asiya daga China da Japan da kuma har zuwa wani matakin kiɗa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da K-pop. Karin shahararren abubuwan da suka shafi Asiya ya haifar da "SBS PopAsia" ya zama sunan alama ga abubuwan SBS kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin da labarai da suka samo asali daga Asiya kamar China, Koriya ta Kudu, Japan da Indiya.
Ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shahararren al'adun Gabas da falsafanci a Yamma ya haifar da sayar da kayan al'adun gabas a waɗannan ƙasashe. Mafi sanannun siffofin Buddha waɗanda suka fito daga siffofin da aka sayar don lambun zuwa abubuwan da aka sayar wa gidan. Ana kuma sayar da siffofi na alloli na Hindu kamar Ganesha da siffofin Gabashin Asiya kamar Yin da yang a shagunan da yawa a kasashen Yamma. Ishka wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Ostiraliya yana sayar da abubuwa da yawa na asalin Asiya musamman daga Indiya. Sayar da kayan al'adu na Gabas duk da haka an fuskanci zargi, tare da wasu suna cewa mutane da yawa da suka sayi waɗannan abubuwa ba su fahimci muhimmancin su ba kuma cewa wani nau'i ne na Gabas.
Addini
Kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1950, Crane Brinton, masanin tarihin ra'ayoyi, na iya watsar da "ƙungiyoyin zamani da ke kira ga hikimar Gabas" a matsayin "ƙungiya", "marginal", da kuma "a waje da babban halin yanzu na tunanin Yamma da jin". Duk da haka wasu mutanen Yamma sun tuba zuwa addinan Gabas ko aƙalla sun nuna sha'awar su. Misali shine Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, wanda Beatles suka bi, na farko zuwa Bangor a Wales a 1967, sannan zuwa Indiya don nazarin Transcendental Meditation a 1968. Dalai Lama, wanda littafinsa The Art of Happiness ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa, na iya jawo hankalin jama'a a Central Park na New York ko Wembley Stadium na London.
Buddha a wasu ƙasashe shine addini na biyu mafi girma.
FWBO tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Buddha masu saurin haɓaka a Yamma.
Bangaskiya ga reincarnation bai taɓa kasancewa wani ɓangare na koyarwar Kirista ko Yahudawa ba, ko aƙalla, a cikin Kristanci, ya kasance ridda ce ta musamman tun lokacin da aka ƙi shi da ƙarancin gefe a Majalisar Constantinople ta Biyu a AD 553. Koyaya kusan dukkanin kuri'u a kasashen Yammacin Turai sun nuna mahimman matakan wannan imani. "Mutanen da suka rikice" da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun 1940 sun nuna cewa kashi 4 cikin 100 ne kawai na mutanen Burtaniya suka yi imani da sake haihuwa. Binciken Geoffrey Gorer, wanda aka gudanar bayan 'yan shekaru, ya kai kashi 5 cikin dari (1955, shafi na 262). Koyaya, wannan adadi ya kai kashi 18 cikin dari a shekara ta 1967 (Gallup, 1993), kawai don ƙarawa zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari a shekarar 1979, ƙaruwa mai kyau sau shida akan adadi na "Mutanen da ba a fahimta ba" na baya. Eileen Barker ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na Turawa yanzu suna cewa sun yi imani da sake haihuwa.
Karma, wanda ya samo asali ne a tsohuwar Indiya kuma yana da mahimmancin ra'ayi a cikin addinin Hindu, Buddha da sauran addinan Gabas, ya shiga cikin lamirin al'adu na mutane da yawa a Yammacin duniya. John Lennon na 1970 guda, "Instant Karma!" an yaba shi ga yaduwar karma a kasashen Yamma kuma yanzu sananne ne kuma sananne ne a yau wanda ke haifar da maganganu da memes da kuma adadi a wasu nau'ikan al'adun Yamma.
Mindfulness da tunani na Buddha, dukansu sun shahara sosai a Asiya, sun sami karbuwa a Yamma.
Siyasa
Matsayin siyasa na duniya na kasar Sin da kuma karamin Indiya sun tashi a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya, wanda ya jagoranci Amurka da Tarayyar Turai su zama masu aiki sosai a cikin aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa tare da waɗannan ƙasashe biyu. Har ila yau, kasar Sin memba ce ta dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kodayake Indiya ba memba ne na dindindin ba, yana yiwuwa zai zama ɗaya ko aƙalla samun matsayi mafi tasiri. Japan kuma tana ƙoƙarin zama memba na dindindin, kodayake ƙoƙarin su biyu suna adawa da wasu ƙasashen Asiya (watau Pakistan ta yi tsayayya da shirin Indiya; China, Koriya ta Kudu, Koriya da Koriya ta Arewa sun yi tsayayyar da shirin Japan.
Za a iya ci gaba da bunkasa rukunin yanki na Asiya a cikin karni na 21 a kusa da ASEAN da sauran hukumomi bisa yarjejeniyar cinikayya kyauta. Koyaya, akwai wasu damuwa na siyasa tsakanin shugabannin ƙasa na ƙasashe daban-daban na Asiya game da burin PRC a yankin. Wata sabuwar kungiya, Taron Gabashin Asiya, na iya ƙirƙirar yankin kasuwanci na EU.
Firayim Ministan Rasha Yevgeny Primakov ya karfafa ra'ayin kawance uku tsakanin Rasha, PRC da Indiya wanda masanin dabarun Indiya Madhav Das Nalapat ya fara tsarawa a 1983, kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin duniya mai yawa.
Babban Birnin Ɗan Adam
Rahoton Bankin Duniya na 2007 game da duniya ya lura cewa "haɓaka matakan ilimi ma suna da mahimmanci, suna haɓaka ci gaban Asiya a matsakaici da kashi 0.75 zuwa kashi 2". Saurin fadada babban birnin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi mai inganci a duk faɗin Asiya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fuskantar "mafi girman tsammanin rayuwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, har ma da ingancin cibiyoyin da kuma ko al'ummomi za su yi canji zuwa mulkin demokraɗiyya na zamani".
3G (Janareto na Girma na Duniya)
Ƙasashen Asiya da ke da mafi kyawun damar ci gaba sune: Bangladesh, China, Indiya, Indonesia, Iraki, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka da Vietnam. Ci gaban Asiya ana sa ran zama yankin da ya fi girma har zuwa 2050, wanda yawan jama'a da ci gaban samun kudin shiga suka haifar:
9 daga cikin ƙasashe 11 na 3G sun fito ne daga Asiya. Vietnam tana da mafi girman Global Growth Generators Index, China ta kasance ta biyu tare da 0.81, sannan Indiya ta biyo baya 0.71.
Dangane da wani rahoto daga HSBC Trade Confidence Index (TCI) da HSBC Trade Forecast, akwai kasashe 4 da ke da ci gaban cinikayya mai mahimmanci Masar, Indiya, Vietnam da Indonesia tare da ci gaban an yi hasashen ya kai akalla kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara har zuwa 2025.
Na gaba goma sha ɗaya
Kasashe goma sha ɗaya na gaba (wanda aka fi sani da lambar N-11) sune ƙasashe goma sha daya Bangladesh, Masar, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Najeriya, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkiyya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Vietnam waɗanda bankin saka hannun jari na Goldman Sachs da masanin tattalin arziki Jim O'Neill suka gano a cikin takardar bincike kamar suna da babban damar zama, tare da BRICs / BRICS, tattalin arzikin duniya mafi girma a karni na 21. Bankin ya zaɓi waɗannan jihohin, duk suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi don saka hannun jari da ci gaban gaba, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2005. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, manyan ƙasashe huɗu (Mexico, Indonesia, Najeriya da Turkiyya) wanda aka fi sani da MINT, sun kai kashi 73 cikin dari na duk GDP na goma sha ɗaya na gaba. BRIC GDP ya kasance dala tiriliyan 13.5, yayin da MIKT GDP a kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na wannan: dala tiriliyon 3.9.
Ƙalubale ga fahimtar karni na Asiya
Ba a tabbatar da ci gaban Asiya ba. Shugabanninta za su gudanar da haɗari da ƙalubale da yawa, musamman:
Rashin daidaito a cikin ƙasashe, inda wadata da dama ke ƙuntata ga manyan matakan. Wannan na iya lalata haɗin kai da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa.
Kasashe da yawa na Asiya ba za su iya yin saka hannun jari da ake bukata a cikin ababen more rayuwa ba, ilimi da manufofin gwamnati waɗanda za su taimaka musu su guje wa tarkon matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Gasar da ta yi don albarkatun kasa masu iyaka, kamar ƙasa, ruwa, man fetur ko abinci, kamar yadda sababbin mutanen Asiya masu arziki ke neman matsayi mafi girma na rayuwa.
Girman zafi na duniya da canjin yanayi, wanda zai iya yin barazana ga samar da aikin gona, yawan mutanen bakin teku, da manyan birane da yawa.
Rikici na siyasa tsakanin Sin da Indiya.
Rashin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke addabar gwamnatocin Asiya da yawa.
Tasirin kai tsaye na yawan tsofaffi akan ci gaban tattalin arziki na ci gaba (misali raguwar ma'aikata, canjin tsarin amfani, matsa lamba akan kudaden jama'a)
Rashin amincewa
Duk da hasashen da ke hasashen karuwar tattalin arziki da ƙarfin siyasa na Asiya, ra'ayin karni na Asiya ya fuskanci zargi. Wannan ya haɗa da yiwuwar cewa ci gaba da ci gaba mai girma na iya haifar da juyin juya hali, raguwar tattalin arziki, da matsalolin muhalli, musamman a kasar Sin.
Manazarta
Tushen
Mahbubani, Kishore (2009) Sabon Hemisphere na Asiya: Canjin da ba za a iya tsayayya da shi ba na ikon duniya zuwa gabas. Harkokin Jama'a. ISBN 9781586486716.
Haɗin waje
Ƙarshen Pax Americana: Yadda Yammacin Yamma ya zama Ba za a iya gujewa ba ta hanyar Atlantic
Raguwar Yamma: Me ya sa Amurka Dole ne ta shirya don Ƙarshen Mulki ta Atlantic
Canjin ikon tattalin arziki daga Yamma zuwa Gabas yana shirye don tarawa ta hanyar The Independent
Daidaitawar tattalin arzikin duniya yana canzawa zuwa gabas ta hanyar The Globe da Mail
Rahoton Canjin Ikon Duniya zuwa Asiya: Tasirin Geostrategic da Geopolitical na Al Jazeera
"Tsaro da Taimako na Ci Gaban" wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje ya rubuta a shekarar 1985, wanda GPO ta Amurka ta buga
Ofishin Bayani na Jama'a
"Harshe mai zafi na gaba don karatu: Sinanci" na Amanda Paulson. CS Monitor, 8 ga Nuwamba 2005.
"Amurka don buɗe Cibiyar Confucius ta Farko" ta chinanews.com, 8 Maris 2005.
"Bincike: Kudin kujerar Majalisar Tsaro ta Indiya" ta Ethirajan Anbarasan. Labarin BBC 22 Satumba 2004.
"Amurka don tallafawa Kwamitin Tsaro na Japan" na Glenn Kessler. Washington Post 18 Maris 2005.
"ASEAN da Indiya hatimi kasuwanci, yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da ido akan "Asian Century"" AFP 30 Nuwamba..
"Ƙarfin Asiya sun kai ga sabuwar al'umma" ta Sarah Buckley. BBC News 14 ga Disamba 2005.
"Rasha-China-India: Triangle na dabarun" na T T Poulose. Harkokin Asiya.
"Asian Century Institute"
Sauran
Jawabai da Bayanan Siyasa
"Ƙarfin dangantakar Sin da Indiya don gabatar da ƙarni na Asiya na gaskiya: Firayim Minista Wen" Magana ta PRC Firayim Ministan Wen Jiabao
"Shugaba ya yi jawabi ga Asiya Society, yayi Magana da Indiya da Pakistan" Shugaban Amurka George Bush ya kira karni na 21 ba karni na Asiya ba, amma karni na 'yanci
"Ikon Indiya ba shi da iyaka" Ministan Kasuwanci na PRC Bo Xilai ci gaba da hadin kai na Indiya da kasar Sin, 2006
Hasashen
NIC 2020 Taswirar Makomar Duniya
BRIC Rubutun-pdf
"Barka da zuwa Karni na Asiya..." na Jeffrey Sachs
Rashin amincewa
"China, Indiya Superpower? Ba da sauri!"
"Asian Century" wani edita ne wanda ya bambanta da karni na Amurka da karni na Asiya.
"Sabon dandano ne? Australia ta kasance karni na Asiya" An adana shi a wani labarin game da al'adun al'adu na karni na Asiya akan Erenlai .
Asiya
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