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50742 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Farbstein | Esther Farbstein | Esther Farbstein ( , an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida) 'yar tarihi ne na Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta kuma gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem . Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi.
Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes . Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama.
Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus . Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust".
Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta.
Holocaust malanta
Ana daukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ta dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography . Farbstein ta ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi karatu ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu dakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca sai na ga masu sauraro suna kuka, ina ganin laccar ta kasa” .
Binciken Farbstein ta mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam koda yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa ( she'ilot ) kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—an yi watsi da su da yawa ta hanyar zaman lafiya. malamai suna goyon bayan nazarin juriya na jiki.
Farbstein ta nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe . Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shine labarin da aka yaɗa na ɗaliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto waɗanda suka kashe kashe kansa maimakon waɗanda Jamusawa suka yi garkuwa da su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata ranar Sha daya ga watan ga Agusta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ta yi nazarin sahihancin takardun da nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "Labarin da wasiƙar duka adabi ne. -halitta ilimi maimakon tarihi”. Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da ... kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada".
Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ta samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu 2007.
A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ta bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin da za a yi musu gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin.
Tasiri kan ilimin makarantun Haredi
Farbstein ta kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malamai na Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust.
Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya da suka yi watsi da rubuce-rubucen, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken tumakinsu su ci gaba da zama a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma suna da'awar. wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ajalinsu " kamar tumakin yanka ". "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari".
A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Farbstein ta ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto .
Farbstein akai-akai tana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron kasa da kasa da karawa juna sani ga jama'a.
Ta sirin rayuwa
Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, a halin yanzu rosh yeshiva na Hebron Yeshiva . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigakafin%20Cutar%20Daji | Rigakafin Cutar Daji | Rigakafin cutar daji Ya kasan ce shi ne matakin farko da ake rage haɗarin cutar sankara da mace-macen da akeyi ta sanadiyyar ta. rigakafin kuma ta dogara ne akan ƙoƙarin daidaita da kuma inganta salon rayuwa , da zamantakewar mutane da tattalin arziki ko manufofin jama'a masu alaƙa da rigakafin cutar kansa. Ana ɗaukar rigakafin cutar kansa ta duniya a matsayin muhimmin maƙasudi saboda zartar da shi ga ɗimbin jama'a, da kuma rage tasirin kansa na dogon lokaci ta hanyar haɓaka ayyuka da ɗabi'un kiwon lafiya masu fa'ida, da fa'idar ingancin farashi da yuwuwan sa .
Yawancin cututtukan daji na farawa ne daga tarin gurɓataccen muhalli wanda yana afkuwa ne ta hanyar lalacewar epigenetic , amma ba duka ba ne ake kamuwa da cutar kansan ta hanyar gurɓataccen muhalli. Fiye da kashi 75 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, kiba, rashin isasshen abinci, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, da dai sauran su, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i, da gurɓataccen iska. Ba duk cututtukan kansar za a iya sarrafawa ba, irin abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma sauran lokuta na ciwon daji ana haifar da su ta hanyar gado. Dabarun gyara kwayoyin halitta na yanzu da ke ƙarƙashin haɓakawa na iya zama matakan kariya a nan gaba. Hakanan za'a iya inganta matakan rigakafin nan gaba ta hanyar ingan tashi da haɓaka ƙayyadaddun abubuwa ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsarin halittar mutum ɗaya, wanda kuma aka sani da cutar kansa ta tushe."
Mai da hankali
Yayin da kowa zai iya kamuwa da cutar kansa, shekaru na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da za su iya sa mutum ya fi kamuwa da cutar kansa: 3 cikin 4 na ciwon daji ana samun su ne a cikin mutane masu shekaru 55 ko fiye.
Abincin abinci
Duk da yake an ba da shawara akan abincin da yake rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan hakia kuma. Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke haɓaka karin haɗarin cutar su ne kiba da shan barasa ; tare da kuma rage yawan cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama mai yawa da akeci amma ba a tabbatar ba. Bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba. Yin amfani da kofi yana hade da rage hadarin ciwon hanta. Nazarin ya danganta yawan amfani da jan naman da aka sarrafa yana kara haɗarin ciwon nono, ciwon hanji, da ciwon daji na pancreatic, al'amari wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da aka dafa. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar sarrafa jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates.
Ayyukan jiki
Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana taimakawa wajen rage kusan kashi 30% Na haɗarin nau'ikan ciwon daji iri-iri, kamar kansar hanji, kansar nono, kansar huhu da kansar endometrium. Har yanzu ba a fahimci hanyoyin ilimin halittu da ke ƙarƙashin wannan ƙungiyar ba amma an yi nazarin hanyoyin ilimin halitta daban-daban da ke tattare da cutar kansa wanda ke nuna cewa aikin jiki yana rage haɗarin kansa ta hanyar taimakawa sarrafa nauyi, rage hormones kamar estrogen da insulin, rage kumburi da ƙarfafa rigakafi.
Magunguna da kari
Ma'anar cewa ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji yana da kyau, kuma shaida ta goyi bayan amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun yanayi. A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs sun rage haɗarin ciwon daji na launi duk da haka saboda cututtukan zuciya da na gastrointestinal suna haifar da cutar gaba ɗaya lokacin amfani da rigakafi. An gano Aspirin yana rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%. COX-2 inhibitor na iya rage adadin samuwar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis na iyali adenomatous duk da haka suna da alaƙa da illa iri ɗaya kamar NSAIDs. An nuna amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene a kullum don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin mata. Fa'idar cutarwa ga mai hana 5-alpha-reductase irin su finasteride bai bayyana ba. An kuma yi wani binciken da ke nuna ƙa'idar hujja tare da sunadaran ɗan adam IFNalpha2a da macrophage-CSF, waɗanda kaji da aka gyara ta halitta suka samar.
Ba a gano bitamin suna da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji ba, ko da yake ƙananan matakan bitamin D suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji. Ko wannan dangantakar tana da sanadi kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba. An gano ƙarin beta-carotene yana ƙara yawan ciwon huhu a cikin waɗanda ke da haɗari. Ba a sami ƙarin folic acid mai tasiri a hana ciwon daji na hanji ba kuma yana iya ƙara polyps na hanji. Wani nazari na yau da kullum na 2018 ya kammala cewa selenium ba shi da wani tasiri mai amfani wajen rage hadarin ciwon daji bisa ga shaidar inganci.
Alurar riga kafi
Maganin rigakafin ciwon daji na iya zama / rigakafi ko kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman magani na warkewa. Duk irin waɗannan alluran suna haifar da rigakafi na daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) da kuma aikin antigens masu alaƙa ko ƙari (TAA da TSAs).
An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da cuta daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic. Alurar rigakafin cutar papillomavirus ( Gardasil da Cervarix ) na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mahaifa . Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta ta B don haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta. Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da maganin papillomavirus na ɗan adam da rigakafin hanta na B lokacin da albarkatu suka ba da izini.
Wasu allurar rigakafin cutar kansa yawanci tushen immunoglobulin ne kuma suna hari antigens musamman ga kansa ko ƙwayoyin ɗan adam mara kyau. Ana iya ba da waɗannan alluran rigakafin cutar kansa don magance cutar kansa yayin ci gaban cuta don haɓaka ikon tsarin rigakafi na ganewa da kai hari kan antigens na cutar kansa a matsayin ƙasashen waje. Ana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin rigakafin cutar kansa daga jikin majiyyaci (alurar rigakafi ta atomatik) ko daga wani majiyyaci (allogeneic alurar riga kafi). An sake fitar da wasu alluran rigakafi na autologous, irin su Oncophage don ciwon koda da Vitespen don ciwon daji iri-iri, ko dai an sake su ko kuma suna fuskantar gwaji na asibiti. Magungunan da FDA ta amince da su, irin su Sipuleucel-T don metastasizing kansar prostate ko Nivolumab don melanoma da kansar huhu na iya yin aiki ko dai ta hanyar yin niyya akan abubuwan da aka bayyana ko maye gurbi ta hanyar wuraren bincike na rigakafi ɗan lokaci don haɓaka ayyukan rigakafi.
Nunawa
Hanyoyin tantancewa, waɗanda aka fi nema don ƙarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, irin su hanji, nono, da mahaifa, sun inganta sosai a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata daga cigaban gano ƙwayoyin halitta da ganowa. Gano farkon ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS. A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis).
Ciwon mahaifa
Yawanci ana yin gwajin kansar mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin vitro na sel da mahaifa (misali Pap smear), colposcopy, ko duba kai tsaye na cervix (bayan aikace-aikacen dilute acetic acid), ko gwajin HPV, kwayar cutar oncogenic wanda shine dalilin da ya dace na ciwon daji na mahaifa. Ana ba da shawarar dubawa ga mata masu shekaru 21, da farko mata masu shekaru 21 zuwa 29 ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar karɓan hoton Pap a kowace shekara uku, kuma waɗanda suka wuce 29 a kowace shekara biyar. Ga matan da suka girmi shekaru 65 kuma ba su da tarihin kansar mahaifa ko rashin daidaituwa, kuma tare da fifikon da ya dace na sakamakon gwajin Pap na iya dakatar da dubawa akai-akai.
Duk da haka, riko da tsare-tsaren tantancewa da aka ba da shawarar da ya dogara da shekaru kuma ana iya danganta shi da "matakin ilimi, al'adu, al'amurran da suka shafi tunanin mutum, da matsayin aure," yana kara jaddada mahimmancin magance waɗannan ƙalubalen dangane da gwajin cutar kansa.
Ciwon daji mai launi
An fi duba ciwon daji mai launi tare da gwajin jini na fecal occult (FOBT). Bambance-bambancen wannan gwajin sun haɗa da FOBT na tushen guaiac (gFOBT), gwajin rigakafi na fecal (FIT), da gwajin DNA (sDNA). Ƙarin gwaji ya haɗa da sassauƙan sigmoidoscopy (FS), jimlar colonoscopy (TC), ko ƙididdigar hoto (CT) idan TC bai dace ba. Shawarar shekarun da za a fara nunawa shine shekaru 50. Koyaya, wannan ya dogara sosai akan tarihin likita da fallasa abubuwan haɗari na CRC. An nuna ingantaccen tantancewa don rage haɗarin CRC da kashi 33% da ɗabi'a na CRC da kashi 43%.
Ciwon nono
An kiyasta adadin sabbin cutar sankarar nono a Amurka a cikin 2018 ya zarce miliyan 1.7, tare da mutuwar sama da dubu dari shida. Abubuwa kamar girman nono, rage yawan motsa jiki, kiba da matsayi mai kiba, rashin haihuwa da rashin haihuwa, maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT), da kwayoyin halitta sune abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon nono. Ana amfani da mammogram sosai don auna cutar kansar nono, kuma ana ba da shawarar ga mata masu shekaru 50-74 ta Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Kariya ta Amurka (USPSTF). Duk da haka, USPSTF ta ba da shawarar a kan mammographies ga mata masu shekaru 40-49 saboda yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta fiye da kima.
Abubuwan da ake iya hana kamuwa da cutar daji
Kamar yadda na 2017, amfani da taba, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, aikin jiki, kiba / kiba matsayi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, da sinadarai da carcinogens na jiki an ruwaito su zama manyan wuraren da za a iya yin rigakafin ciwon daji ta hanyar aiwatar da canje-canjen salon rayuwa, samun dacewa na yau da kullum. tantancewa, da yin allurar rigakafi.
Ci gaban ciwon daji da yawa na kowa yana haifar da irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗari. Misali, shan taba da barasa, tarihin likitanci na warts da STDs, rigakafin rigakafi, jima'i mara kariya, da farkon lokacin jima'i da juna biyu duk na iya zama abubuwan haɗari ga kansar mahaifa. Kiba, jan nama ko cin nama da aka sarrafa, taba da barasa, da tarihin likitanci na cututtukan hanji masu kumburi duk abubuwan haɗari ne ga cutar kansar colorectal (CRC). A gefe guda, motsa jiki da cin kayan lambu na iya taimakawa rage haɗarin CRC.
An bayyana wasu abubuwan da za a iya hana kamuwa da cutar sankara a cikin binciken Doll da Peto na 1981, da aka kiyasta cewa kashi 75 - 80% na cututtukan daji a Amurka za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwa 11 daban-daban. Binciken 2013 na ƙarin wallafe-wallafen rigakafin ciwon daji na kwanan nan ta Schottenfeld et al., taƙaita binciken da aka ruwaito tsakanin 2000 da 2010, yana nuna yawancin abubuwan da za a iya kaucewa daga Doll da Peto. Koyaya, Schottenfeld et al. an yi la'akari da ƙananan abubuwa (misali rashin haɗa da abinci) a cikin bita fiye da Doll da Peto, kuma sun nuna cewa guje wa waɗannan ƙananan abubuwan zai haifar da rigakafin 60% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna adadin mutuwar ciwon daji wanda aka danganta da dalilai daban-daban, yana taƙaita abubuwan lura na Doll da Peto, Shottenfeld et al. da wasu marubuta da dama, kuma suna nuna tasirin manyan abubuwan rayuwa a kan rigakafin cutar kansa, kamar taba, abinci mara kyau, kiba da cututtuka.
* Kunshe cikin abinci
Cututtukan ciwon daji sun haɗa da: ga cervix na mahaifa (human papillomavirus [HPV]), hanta (hepatitis B virus [HBV] da cutar hepatitis C [HCV]), ciki ( Helicobacter pylori [ H pylori ]), ƙwayoyin lymphoid (Epstein-Barr). cutar [EBV]), nasopharynx (EBV), mafitsara urinary ( Schistosoma hematobium ), da biliary tract ( Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis ).
Tarihin rigakafin ciwon daji
An yi tunanin ciwon daji cuta ce da za a iya rigakafinta tun lokacin likitan Romawa Galen, wanda ya lura cewa cin abinci mara kyau yana da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar kansa. A cikin 1713, likitan Italiyanci Ramazzini ya ɗauka cewa kauracewa ya haifar da ƙananan ciwon daji na mahaifa a cikin mata. Ci gaba da lura a cikin karni na 18 ya haifar da gano cewa wasu sinadarai, irin su taba, soot da kwalta (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji a cikin masu shara, kamar yadda Percivall Pot ya ruwaito a 1775), na iya zama cutar kansa ga mutane. Ko da yake Potts ya ba da shawarar matakan kariya don share bututun hayaki (sanya tufafi don hana hulɗar jikin mutum tare da soot), shawarwarin nasa an aiwatar da su ne kawai a cikin Holland, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙwayar cutar kansar ƙwayar cuta a cikin bututun hayaki. Daga baya, karni na 19 ya kawo farkon rarrabuwa na sinadarai na carcinogens.
A farkon karni na 20, an gano cututtukan daji na zahiri da na halitta, irin su radiation na X ray ko Virus na Rous Sarcoma da aka gano a 1911. Duk da alaƙar yanayin muhalli ko abubuwan sinadarai tare da ci gaban kansa, an sami gazawar bincike na rigakafi na yau da kullun da canje-canjen salon rayuwa don rigakafin cutar kansa ba su yuwu a wannan lokacin.
A Turai, a cikin 1987 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙaddamar da dokar hana cutar daji ta Turai don taimakawa jama'a game da matakan da za su iya ɗauka don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Sigar farko ta Code ɗin ta ƙunshi shawarwari guda 10 da suka shafi taba, barasa, abinci, nauyi, bayyanar rana, fallasa ga sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, ganowa da wuri da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen tantancewar nono da cutar kansar mahaifa. A farkon 1990s, Makarantar Kankara ta Turai ta jagoranci nazarin Code kuma ya kara dalla-dalla game da shaidar kimiyya a bayan kowane shawarwarin. Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta Duniya ta haɗu da sabuntawa daga baya. Buga na huɗu na Code, , wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2012-2013, ya kuma haɗa da shawarwari game da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin rigakafin cutar hepatitis B (jarirai) da papillomavirus na ɗan adam ('yan mata), ciyar da nono da maye gurbin hormone, da shiga cikin tsarin launi mai tsari. shirye-shiryen gwajin cutar kansa.
Duba kuma
Microplastics ci ta hanyar abinci
Haɓaka halittar ɗan adam
Asusun Kariya da Magani
Ranar Cutar daji ta Duniya
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Abin da za ku iya yi-YANZU-don rage haɗarin ciwon daji
Manazarta
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40493 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93acewa | Gurɓacewa | Gurbacewa ita ce shigar da gurbataccen abu a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya daukar nau'in kowane abu (solid, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurbatawa, abubuwan da ke tattare da gurbatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurbataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurbatawa gabadaya tana nuna cewa gurbataccen abu yana da tushen dan adam-wato tushen da ayyukan dan Adam suka kirkira. Ana lasafta gurbataccen abu a matsayin tushen wuri ko gurbataccen tushe. A shekara ta 2015, gurbataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.
Nau'ikan gurbataccen yanayi sun hada da gurbataccen iska, gurbataccen haske, datti, gurbataccen hayaniya, gurbataccen filastik, gurbataccen kasa, gurbataccen radiyo, gurbataccen yanayi, gurbacewar gani, da gurbacewar ruwa.
Siffofin gurbatar yanayi
An jera manyan nau'ikan gurbatawa a kasa tare da takamaiman gurbatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu:
Gurbacewar iska: sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurbataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun hada da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides wadanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Kakkarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko kura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5.
Electromagnetic pollution : da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko wadancan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar dan adam ba ko a'a.
Lalacewar haske: ya hada da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya.
Littering: mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri.
Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya kunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da karar sonar.
Gurbacewar filastik: ya hada da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane.
Gurbataccen kasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurbataccen kasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Gurbataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan karni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, kira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli.)
Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki.
Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen kasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), budadden ajiyar shara, kakkarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya.
Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurbatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, wadanda za su iya gunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari; gami da najasar dan adam daga bayan gida a bude - har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa; eutrophication da sharar gida.
Masu gurbatawa
Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko kasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurbataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa.
Sources da Sanadin
Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na dan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaki suna kara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurbataccen iska.
Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurbataccen abu sun hada da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu.), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani wadanda suka hada da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa
Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu hadari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun kunshikasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya. A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO, yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya).
Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurbataccen kasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), karfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium-samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar-ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu kasashe, man fetur), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene. A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka kare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yadu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurbata kasa da karafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin kasa (kuma galibi ruwan kasa), wadanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan kima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da kasa kafin 1970 wadanda watakila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, wadanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauki, kamar TCDD.
Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurbatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin hadari lokacin da hatsari suka faru.
A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya.
Fitar da iskar gas
Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurbatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaqar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurbacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a kebe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar hadakar matakan hadakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da dandano kadan amma hadaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).
Tasiri
Lafiyar dan Adam
Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso . Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000.
Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin karin hadari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin hadari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa.
Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin dan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "gurbata yanayi na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene. Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama."
Muhalli
An gano gurbataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan:
Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar karfe mai nauyi ) na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari.
Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa.
Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama.
Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ketare nau'ikan 'yan kasa da rage bambancin halittu. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da kwayoyin halittu ( allelopathy ) wadanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan hadin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin.
Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu.
Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire.
Kasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci.
Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa.
Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in.
Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya.
Bayanan lafiyar muhalli
Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kunshi hanyoyin hadin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin hadin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli wadanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon.
TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund.
Laifi
Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali.
Sakamakon makaranta
Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara.
Yawan aiki na ma'aikata
Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje.
Ka'ida da saka idanu
Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi.
Kula da gurbataccen yanayi
Kula da gurbata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko kasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurbata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan dan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurbatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane.
Ayyuka
Sake yin amfani da su
Sake amfani da shi
Rage sharar gida
Ragewa
Rigakafin gurbatawa
Takin
Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi
Kula da gurbataccen iska
Thermal oxidizer
Tsarin tarin kura
Baghouses
Cyclones
Electrostatic precipitators
Masu gogewa
Baffle goge goge
Cyclonic sprayer
Ejector venturi scrubber
Taimakon injin goge goge
Hasumiyar fesa
Mai goge goge
Maganin najasa
Sedimentation (maganin farko)
Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu)
Ruwan iska
Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane)
Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu
API mai raba ruwa-ruwa
Biofilters
Narkar da iska (DAF)
Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda
Ultrafiltration
Tsarin dawo da tururi
Phytoremediation
Kudin gurbatar yanayi
Gurbacewa yana da tsada. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurbataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin dadin wasu waɗanda kamfanin bai biya su ba." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda kazanta suka kirkira, masana'anta za su zabi samar da karin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaqa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa.
Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27.
Al'umma da al'adu
Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli
The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016:
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Morgan%20Chadwick | Kate Morgan Chadwick | Kate Morgan Chadwick yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mawaƙa, mai shirya fim kuma marubuci wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da rawar Hail, Kaisar! (2016), rated (2016), Bed (2016) da Oh, Baby! (2020).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Chadwick ya girma a La Mesa, California, ƙaramin yara biyu, tare da ɗan'uwa Teddy, wanda aka haifa ga iyayensa Michele West Chadwick da marigayi Dr. David Chadwick, kuma ya sauke karatu daga makarantar Francis Parker mai zaman kansa a San Diego . a shekara ta 2001.Tun tana yarinya, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a San Diego Junior Theatre. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki a makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a wasan kwaikwayo daga Kwalejin Fordham a Cibiyar Lincoln. Ta kuma horar da a Upright Citizens Brigade, ƙungiyar haɓakawa da ƙungiyar ban dariya.
Sana'a
Chadwick ya zagaya kasa a Broadway a cikin 2009 a cikin Grease, tare da tauraro a matsayin Frenchy tare da Taylor Hicks . Paul Nicholas da David Ian ne suka shirya wasan a yawon shakatawa. A shekara ta gaba, ta yi a cikin wani cappella m comedy Perfect Harmony a Off-Broadway's Acorn Theater a Theater Row a New York City .
A cikin 2012, Chadwick ya taka rawa na malamin makaranta mai ƙauna Samantha a cikin Ba wanda Ya Ƙaunar ku a San Diego's Old Globe Theater, wanda New York Times ya kira "kyauta mai ban sha'awa." A waccan shekarar ta kuma yi tauraro a matsayin Private Lindsay Skinner a Bad Apples, wani wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na dutse game da Abu Ghraib a Kamfanin Circle X Theater Company a Los Angeles.
A cikin 2013, Chadwick ya yi waƙar "Surrender," tare da mawaki / mawaƙa Beth Thornley da Rob Cairns, a 44th Annual Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards nuni. A shekara mai zuwa, ta rubuta tare da samar da gajeren fim din Dryve .
Ta yi tare da Josh Brolin a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya na 2016 Hail, Kaisar!, wanda hukumar tantancewa ta kasa ta zaba a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 na bana.
Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, Chadwick ya yi tauraro a cikin Echo Theatre Company na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na Sheila Callaghan na Bed a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Atwater Village. Broadway World ya kira shi "wani mai ban dariya, mai ban sha'awa da soyayya marar al'ada tare da kiɗa." Jennifer Chambers ya jagoranci. Hakanan a cikin 2016, ta sake buga Private Skinner a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Bad Apples, wannan lokacin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ACT a Seattle.
A cikin 2017, ta yi tauraro a cikin immersive shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Amos: A Play With Music a Bootleg Theater a Los Angeles. Mai bitar wasan kwaikwayon Nuhu J. Nelson tare da Babu Proscenium ya bayyana shi a matsayin "sabon aikin da ƙungiyar rubuce-rubuce ta Eva Anderson da Michael Cassady suka kafa a cikin duniyar Ukraine ta EDM scene." An jefa Chadwick a matsayin jagora a matsayin Rebecca don 2017 na farko na duniya na Sashe na Shirin, wani kida da Kate Atkinson da Karen Harris suka rubuta da kuma nuna littafin waƙar Dan Fogelberg, a James K. Polk Theater a Nashville, Tennessee . Chadwick da abokin aikinta Harley Jay sun samfoti wasan kwaikwayon akan nunin "Talk of the Town" na WTVF akan News Channel 5, Fox's affiliate a Nashville. Chadwick, tare da 'yan'uwan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, an kuma yi hira da su a kan tef tare da Out & About Nashville.
Fitowar talbijin na baƙo sun haɗa da jagorar jagora a cikin Lifetime 's My Crazy Ex, da kuma bayyanuwa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Showtime marasa kunya da Manyan Laifukan TNT
Chadwick ya kasance babban furodusa, marubuci kuma tauraruwar Oh, Baby! wani ɗan gajeren fim mai haske mai haske ta Seed&Spark kuma a cikin samarwa a watan Agusta 2019. Yana haɗakar da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo TJ Linnard, tare da darekta kuma marubucin marubuci Brooke Trantor, furodusa kuma mataimakin darekta Danielle Argyros, babban mai shiryawa Arden Grier, darektan daukar hoto Kara Johnson, da manajan samarwa Courtney Stewart. Fim ɗin ya nuna a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na San Diego a watan Oktoba 2021. Kafin haka, ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyau a Block a Bikin Fim na Blackbird da lambar yabo ta masu sauraro don mafi kyawun gajeren fim a bikin Rawar Tare da Fina-finai . Hakanan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun ba da labari a Bikin Fim na Florida na 2020.
liyafa
Chadwick ta sami sake dubawa da yawa don aikinta a matsayin Rebecca a cikin samar da Sashe na Shirin (2017). Out & About Nashville ya bayyana hotonta a matsayin "kyakkyawan aiki" wanda ya kasance "mai dadi, amma mai karfin gaske." The Williamson Herald ya kira halin Rebecca "wanda Kate Morgan Chadwick ta buga da kyau," yayin da Broadway World Nashville ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "wanda Kate Morgan Chadwick ya buga shi da alheri mara tausayi."
aridar Los Angeles Times, a cikin nazarinta na Bed a Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Echo a Los Angeles, wanda Chadwick ya buga halin Holly, ya kira aikinta "mai zafi" da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo "mai gamsarwa." LA Weekly ya rubuta, "Cikakken bayanin Chadwick da cikakken bayanin halin da ya fito a matsayin wani nau'i na kwarjini, tashin hankali grrrl-ya sake daidaita Courtney Love ta hanyar Kathleen Hanna." A kan Jiha & allo ya rubuta, "Musamman Chadwick yana da matakin maganadisu." ArtsBeatLA ta kira hotonta na Holly kamar yadda "Kati Morgan Chadwick ta buga da kyau."
Wani mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo Stephen Fife, ya rubuta game da taron Stage Raw Awards a watan Mayu 2017, ya bayyana Chadwick, wanda ya bayyana a kan mataki a cikin tufafi na yau da kullum don karɓar kyautar ta, a matsayin "mai rai ga yiwuwar wasan kwaikwayo na wannan lokacin."
A cikin bita na Bad Apples, LA Weekly ya rubuta cewa aikin Chadwick a matsayin Lindsay Skinner ya kasance "fitacciyar." Natalie Pace tare da Huffington Post, a cikin bita na Bad Apples, ya rubuta, ". . . Na sami kaina kusa da hawaye a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na uku, lokacin da Kate Morgan Chadwick ta rera waƙa, 'Babu Abin Da Ya Fi Zaƙi'. LAist ya rubuta cewa "lokacin ban dariya na Chadwick yana da kaifi."
A cikin 2021, The Music City Drive-In yayi bita Oh, Baby!, yana kwatanta rawar da Chadwick ke takawa a matsayin "aikin fuska da yawa wanda bai dace ba." Reel News Daily ya rubuta cewa "Trantor da Chadwick cikin sauƙin kama abubuwan ban dariya da damuwa waɗanda ke tattare da saduwa, gabaɗaya. Haɓaka wannan tunanin tare da haihuwa mai zuwa yana ba Oh, Baby! na zamani.”
Manazarta |
8773 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Duniya%20na%20II | Yaƙin Duniya na II | Yaƙin Duniya na 2 da turanci World War II akan kintse rubutun kamar haka WWII ko WW2, har wayau ana ƙiran shi da turanci Second World War. Yaƙin duniya dai wani yaƙine da duniya baki ɗaya suka afka a ciki wanda ya kwashi tsawon shekaru shida (6) ana gwabzawa, tun daga shekara ta alif 1939 har zuwa shekara ta alif 1945. Mafiya yawan ƙasashen duniya tare da ƙasashe masu ƙarfi su ne suka ja daga a tsakanin su, inda suke yaƙan juna: Hakane ya haifar da gagarumin gumurzu tsakaninsu wanda aƙalla mutane sama da miliyan ɗari ne (100,000,000) suka tsunduma a ciki daga kasashe sama da talatin (30). Mafiya yawan ƙasashen da suka shiga cikin yaƙin sun saka dukkan tattalin arzikin su, da kuma Masana'antunsu da ilimin su na kimiyya da fasaha don ganin sun yi galaba a yaƙin. Yaƙin duniya na II shi ne yaki mafi muni a duniya wanda Dan Adam bai taba gani ba, inda aka samu rasa rayukan mutane daga miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 85, yawan cinsu fararen kaya ne daga Ƙasar Soviet Union wato Rasha a yanzu da kuma Kasar Sin. An kuma sami kashe-kashe, kisan kiyashi akan Yahudawa, tsarin jefa bama-bamai, mutuwa sanadiyyar yunwa da cututtuka, da kuma amfani da makaman kare-dangi a yaƙin Atomic Weapeons.
Ansoma yaƙin ne daga rana ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif 1939 zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif 1945 tsawon shekaru (6 da kwana daya 1)
Yankin da yaƙin yayi kamari; Nahiyar turai, Pacific, Atlantic, Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Sin, Gabas ta tsakiya, Mediterranean, Arewacin Afirka, da Tunkun Afirka, Australiya, North da South America
Sakamako
Ƙasashen ƙawance Allied Countries sunyi nasara, an kifar da Gwamnatin Nazi dake Jamus, An samu faɗuwar Daulolin yankin Japan dana Italiya, Anfara amfani da Makaman kare dangi wato Atomic weapons, Inganta ayyuka da jiragen sama, rusa kungiyar League of Nations, ƙirƙirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato United Nations, Fara ƙiyayya tsakanin Kasar Amurka da Rasha, fara yaƙin mummuƙe wato Cold war.
Jagororin ƙungiyar ƙawance na Kasa da kasa,
Kwamandodi da Shuwagabanni
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin
United States Franklin D. Roosevelt
United Kingdom Winston Churchill
Jamhoriyar Sin (1912–1949) Chiang Kai-shek
Wa 'yanda ake fada dasu
Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler
Masarautar Japan Hirohito
Masarautar Italy Benito Mussolini
Abubuwan da akayi asaransu
An kashe Sojoji:
Sama da miliyan 16,000,000
An kashe farin kaya:
Sama da miliyan 45,000,000
Adadin rayukan da aka rasa:
Sama da miliyan 61,000,000
(1937–1945)
ƙasar Japan da ke son ta mamaye nahiyar Asiya da yankin Pacific, ta fara yaƙi da Kasar Sin tun daga shekara ta alib 1937, duk da cewar babu bangaren da yafito a fili ya ayyanar da yaki akan wanin sa. Ana dai ganin yakin ya soma ne a 1 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta alib 1939, bayan mamaye ƙasar Poland da ƙasar Jamus tayi, da kuma ƙaddamar da yaki da Kasar Faransa da Ingila sukayi akan kasar Jamus a karshen shekarar 1939 har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1941, sai dai irin gumurzu da shirin da Jamus din tayi ne, hakan yasa ta samu nasarar mallakar kusan duka nahiyar Turai, kuma sai suka kulla ƙawance da kasar Italiya da Japan (Axis powers) a karkashin yarjejeniyar Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939,
Jamus da ƙasar Soviet sun rarraba tare da mallakar yankunan Turai na kasashe kamar irin su Poland, Finland, Romania da jihohin dake Baltic. Bayan fara yaƙi akan kasashen dake yankin Afirka ta arewa da Afirka ta gabas, da kuma faɗuwar ƙasar Faransa a tsakiyar shekarar 1940. Yaƙin ya koma mafi yawanchi tsakanin ƙasashen Jamus,Italiya da kuma Daular Romania akan Daular Biritaniya. Sai kuma fara Yaƙi a Balkans,Da kuma Fafatawar sararin samaniya a Ingila wato Aerial Battle of Britain da kuma harin sama tare dayin ruwan bomabomai da ƙasar Jamus din tayi wa Birtaniya wato Blitzkrieg, sai kuma fafatawar Mallakar Tekun Atlantik da ya biyo baya, Ana Chikin wannan Bala'in ne sai kuma Kasashen haɗakar (Axis Powers) a turai suka ƙaddamar da hari akan kasar Soviet Union (Rasha) wato Operation Barbarossa a ranar 22 ga watan june, shekara ta alib 1941 , hakan yasa suka bude wani sabon shafin yaƙin mafi muni a tarihi, A kuma watan December, shekara ta alib 1941, Japan ta kaddamar da wani hari a kasar Amurka da wasu yankunan turawa dake yankin tekun Pacific. Hakane yasa kasar ta Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin a gefen Allied Countries kuma ta Ayyana yaƙi akan ƙasar Japan, hakan yasa ta samu goyon bayan kasar Biritaniya, amma sai ƙasashen dake ƙawance da Japan na turawa suma suka mara wa Japan din baya, hakane yasa Japan ta ƙwace yawancin yankunan turawa dake yankin tekun Pacific, wanda yawancin kasashen Asiya suke ganinsa a matsayin wani shiri ne daga ƙasashen yamma na yin mamaye a yankunan su, amma kuma bayan ƴan Watanni da suka gane wa idanuwan su irin zalunchin da Axis Powers keyi yasa dagabisani ra'ayin mutanen ƙasashen ya juya akan su.
Yaki ya tsaya a shekara ta 1945 bayan Japan ta miƙa wuya, kuma Jamus da Italiya suma anyi galaba akanmsu a arewacin Afirka da gabashin ta, da kuma gagarumar nasarar da Red Army suka yi akan jamus da Italiya a garin Stalingrad dake Soviet Union a shekara alib 1943, da kuma mamaye Sicily da Italiya, da nasarar kasashen kawance (Allied Powers) a yankin Pacific, a shekara ta alib 1944, kasashen ƙawance sun ƙwace yankin Faransa daga hannun Jamus wato D-day Invasion kuma itama kasar Soviet Union ta dawo da duka yankunan ta daga hannun Jamus da ƙawayenta. Sa'annan kuma a shekara ta alib 1944, zuwa shekara ta alib 1945, kasar Japan ta sha kashi sosai a yankin Asiya, musamman a fafatawar da suka yi da Amurka a Tekun Pacific wato Battle Of Midway,da kuma tsakiyar kasar Sin da kasar Burma, hakan ya sanya su rasa dukkanin yankunan da suka mamaye.
Yaƙi a nahiyar turai ya ƙare ne sanadiyar mamaye Jamus da ƙasashen kawance (Allied Countries) da ƙasar Soviet suka yi wanda yakai ga kama garin Berlin da mutuwar Adolf Hitler da miƙa wuyan da Jamus tayi a 8 ga watan May, shekara ta alib 1945. Bayan Potsdam Declaration daga kungiyar ƙawance a 26 ga watan July, shekara ta alib 1945.
ƙin da ƙasar Japan tayi na miƙa wuya, yasa ƙasar Amurka ta jefa mata Makamin ƙare dangi wato atomic bomb a garuruwan Hiroshima da Nagasaki a 6 da 9 ga watan Augusta. Da kuma mamaye tsibirin archipelago imminent, da ganin irin asarar rayukan da ake yi, da kuma mamayen yankuna da kasar Soviets ta ke chi gaba dayi a garuruwan Manchuria da tsibirin Kuril dake arewacin ƙasar ta Japan, hakan yasa Sarkin ƙasar japan wato Hirohito a 2 ga watan satumba, shekara ta alib 1945. ya miƙa wuya, wannan ya bada damar yin nasarar sojojin ƙawance a nahiyar Asiya, sai kuma aka fara tuhumar kasar Jamus da japan akan laifukan yaƙi a kotunan International Military Tribunal (IMT) da kuma The International Military Tribunal For The Far East ko kuma (IMTFE).
Manazarta
Tarihi |
23017 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Virunga | Filin shakatawa na Virunga | Filin shakatawa na Virunga shi ne wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin kwarin Rbert na Albertine a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1925 kuma yana cikin farkon yankunan kariya a Afirka. A cikin tsawa, ya fara daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Semliki zuwa 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsaunukan Rwenzori. Daga arewa zuwa kudu ya fadada kimanin kilomita 300 (mil mi 190), galibi kan iyakokin duniya da Uganda da Rwanda a gabas. Ya mamaye yanki na 8,090 km2 (3,120 sq mi).
Akwai duwatsu masu aiki da duwatsu biyu a cikin wurin shakatawa, Dutsen Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira. Sun fasalta fasalin mahalli da namun daji da yawa. Fiye da nau'ikan faunal da na fure guda dubu 3 aka rubuta, wanda sama da 300 suna da alaƙa da Albertine Rift gami da gabashin gorilla (Gorilla beringei) da biri na zinariya (Cercopithecus kandti).
A shekara ta 1979, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO saboda yawan wadatattun wuraren zama, kebantattun nau'o'in halittu da endemism, da kuma kariya daga mazaunin gorilla mai tsafta. An sanya shi a cikin Lissafin al'adun duniya a cikin Haɗari tun daga 1994 saboda rikice-rikicen jama'a da ƙaruwar kasancewar ɗan adam a yankin.
An samu munanan hare-hare da dama daga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, kuma an kashe masu gadin wurin da yawa.
Tarihi
A farkon 1920s, da yawa daga masu goyon bayan kungiyar kiyayewa ta Turai sun goyi bayan shawarar kirkirar wani yanki mai kariya a arewa maso gabashin Kongo ta Kongo, daga cikinsu akwai Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart da Jean-Marie Derscheid. Lokacin da aka kafa Filin shakatawa na Albert a watan Afrilu 1925 a matsayin filin shakatawa na farko a Afirka, an dauke shi a matsayin wurin da ya dace da kimiya da nufin yin nazari da kiyaye namun daji da kuma abin da ake kira da 'dadadden' mafarautan masu tara Afirka. A cikin 1926, Derscheid ya jagoranci aikin farko na Belgium zuwa zane-zane na Filin shakatawa na Albert, wanda ya kewaye yanki na 500 km2 (190 sq mi) a kusa da tsaunukan Dutsen Karisimbi da Dutsen Mikeno. Yankin da aka kiyaye ya faɗaɗa a cikin 1929 ta Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Virunga, ɓangarorin yankin Rutshuru da filayen kudu na tafkin Edward. Girman sa na farko na 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) an fadada shi mataki zuwa mataki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar sun rasa haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na gargajiya a cikin wannan aikin, kuma an kore su daga yankin da aka kiyaye. Tsakanin ƙarshen 1930s da 1955, an tura kimanin mutane Rwandophone 85,000 zuwa Masisi da ke kusa da Arewacin Kivu.
A cikin 1934, an kafa Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge a matsayin hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Kongo ta Beljiyam. Tsakanin farkon shekarun 1930s da 1961, masana kimiyya ne na ƙasar Belgium sun gudanar da balaguro da yawa zuwa Albert National Park, na biyu wanda Gaston-François de Witte ya jagoranta. Sun yi karatu kuma sun tattara samfurin dabbobin daji na Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique; bincika ƙabilun da ke wannan yankin; yayi nazarin ayyukan aman wuta, da burbushin halittu.
A ƙarshen 1950s, makiyayan Tutsi da shanunsu suka shiga wurin shakatawar, suna lalata mahalli na halitta har zuwa tsawan 3,000 m (9,800 ft), wanda ake tunanin zai iya yi wa gorillas ɗin dajin barazana.
An sake fasalin dokokin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1960 bayan Kongo ta Beljiyam ta sami yancin kai kamar Jamhuriyar Kongo, kuma ƙasar ta bayyana mallakar ƙasa, abin da ya cutar da mutanen yankin sosai. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a cikin yankunan kariya sun ƙaru. A shekarar 1969, aka hade wuraren shakatawa biyu karkashin sunan Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a shekarar 1979.
A cikin 1996, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin rukunin Ramsar mai matukar muhimmanci ga kasashen duniya.
A shekara ta 2011, an bai wa kamfanin Soco International na Burtaniya wani sassauci na hako ɗanyen mai a kewayensa da kuma manyan sassan filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Jami'an gwamnati sun goyi bayan ayyukan bincike na membobin kungiyar soco na kasa da kasa, yayin da gandun dajin ke adawa. A yayin da ake ci gaba da samun tashin hankali, an kaiwa babban mai gadin wurin, Emmanuel de Mérode, hari a watan Afrilu na 2014. Bayan zanga-zangar kasa da kasa, kamfanin ya daina binciko ayyukan kuma ya yarda ya daina fara irin wannan aiki a yankin da wuraren tarihi na Duniya.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki guda hudu wadanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga kananan kamfanoni kuma wadanda ke amfana da mutanen karkara sama da 200,000.
Rikicin mai ɗauke da makamai
Tun farkon 1990s, hargitsin siyasa ya mamaye yankin mai kariya a yankin Manyan Tabkuna na Afirka. Bayan kisan kiyashin Ruwanda, dubban 'yan gudun hijira sun tsere zuwa yankin Kivu, kuma kasancewar sojoji sun karu. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kongo na Farko da na biyu sun ƙara dagula yankin. Masu sintiri na hana farauta a cikin wurin shakatawar, kuma an kashe ma’aikatan gandun dajin da namun daji. Kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 850,000 ne suka zauna a kewayen gandun dajin na kasar a shekarar 1994. Har zuwa kusan mutane 40,000 ke shiga wurin shakatawar a kowace rana domin neman itacen girki da abinci, kuma sun yi dazuka manyan wurare. A cikin 1994, Virunga National Park ya shiga cikin Jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya cikin Hadari.
Bayan yakin Congo na biyu, an ci gaba da arangama tsakanin ma’aikatan shakatawa da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye; An kashe ma'aikatan shakatawa 80 tsakanin 1996 da 2003. Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama dauke da makamai suna aiki a wurin shakatawar, ciki har da Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda da National Congress for Defence of People (FDLR). Latter ya mallaki sashen Mikeno na Gandun dajin na Virunga tsakanin Disamba 2006 da Janairun 2009.
A shekarar 2005, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EC) ta ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu tsakanin gwamnatin kasar da kungiyar Burtaniya da ba ta gwamnati ba da Asusun Kula da Afirka. Organizationungiyar ta ƙarshe tana da alhakin kula da shakatawa tun 2010; kimanin kashi 80% na farashin gudanarwa EC ke tallafawa. Yunkurin kare wurin shakatawa ya kasance mai karfin soja a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don hana kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu dauke da makamai da mafarauta aiki daga cikin wurin shakatawar. An bai wa ma'aikatan Park horo da kayan aiki masu inganci, kuma suna aiki tare da sojoji da jami'an tsaro na jihar.
Wadannan dabarun, wadanda aka soki a matsayin "sanya karfin soji na kiyayewa", ana zargin sa da kara tashin hankali da fatarar da 'yan asalin yankin ke fuskanta. An tilasta wa al'ummomi, kamar Mbuti, wadanda a baya suka dogara da filayen da aka hada su a wurin shakatawa don abinci da matsuguni, ko kuma fuskantar barazanar kamawa ko kashe su daga masu gadin wurin da ke dauke da makamai.
Ana zargin ƙara yawan militan ta'addancin kiyaye muhalli da rura wutar tattara makamai na mayaƙan. Mazauna a cikin gandun dajin, walau 'yan ƙasa ko' yan gudun hijira, sun dogara ga noma, farauta, kamun kifi, sare bishiyoyi da samar da gawayi don rayuwarsu, duk ayyukan da aka hana. Al’umar yankin ba su da inda za su juya don tsaro, kuma sun dogara ne da kariya ga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wadanda ake karbar kudaden daga ayyukan da aka hana. Dangane da rahoton 2010 na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 80% na gawayin da garin Goma ya cinye an samo shi ne daga wurin shakatawar, wanda ke wakiltar darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 28-30 a shekara. Dukkanin jami'an tsaron Jiha da irin wadannan kungiyoyin suma suna zuwa fashi da makami da kuma satar mutane don samun kudin shiga.
Oƙarin kiyaye muhalli ya sami sakamako masu saɓani, misali lokacin da gonaki suka lalace a cikin Kibirizi, kuma aka tura sojoji da masu gadin wurin yin sintiri, mutane sun yi ƙaura sosai a cikin wurin shakatawar zuwa ƙasar da FDLR ke sarrafawa, inda za su iya yin hayar ƙananan filaye na ƙasar. Al'ummomin yankin sun inganta mummunan ra'ayi game da ma'aikatan gandun daji da sojoji. Rikici ya faru ne a shekarar 2015 lokacin da wata kungiyar Mai-Mai ta yankin Binza (arewacin Bwisha) ta yi yunƙurin dawo da ikon yankin, da nufin sake shigar da ayyukan kamun kifi tare da barin jama'a su koma, inda suka kashe wani mai gadin dajin da sojoji 11-15.
An kashe masu gadi 5 a cikin watan Agustan 2017 a kusa da Lake Edward a wani harin 'yan bindiga. An kashe masu gadi 5 da direba a watan Afrilu 2018. Tun daga farkon rikicin, kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai sun kashe masu gadin shakatawa 175 har zuwa watan Afrilun 2018. A watan Mayun 2018, an kashe wani mai gadi a lokacin da yake kare 'yan yawon bude ido biyu da aka sace. Daga baya aka sake su ba tare da cutarwa ba. Sakamakon haka, wurin shakatawa ya kasance a rufe ga baƙi daga Yuni 2018 har zuwa Fabrairu 2019.
A cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 aƙalla masu gadin shakatawa 12 ne wasu mayaƙa suka kashe wani ayarin fararen hula. Bugu da kari a cikin watan Janairun 2021, wasu mutane dauke da makamai sun kashe akalla masu gadi shida tare da jikkata wasu da dama a wani kwanton bauna a gandun dajin.
A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2021 jakadan Italiya a DRC wanda ke tafiya tare da shirin Abincin na Duniya kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Goma, Luca Attanasio, da kuma jami'in 'yan sanda na sojan Italiya Vittorio Iacovacci da direban Kwango Moustapha Milambo, sun mutu a cikin harbe-harben lokacin da wata kungiyar mayaka wacce sun sace ayarin motocinsu, kuma sun kawo su cikin dajin, masu gadin wurin sun gamu da su inda suka yi nasarar 'yantar da mutane hudu.
Labarin kasa
Filin shakatawa na Virunga yana cikin Congo - yankin kogin Nilu. Yankinsa na arewa ya mamaye wani yanki na tafkin Semliki, da kuma savanna da kuma gandun daji na Kyautar Albertine. A tsayi, wannan sashin ya fito ne daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Puemba zuwa mafi ƙwanƙolin Dutsen Stanley a 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsakanin kilomita 30 (19 mi). Babban filin shakatawa na ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tafkin Edward har zuwa iyakar duniya da Uganda ta gabas. Kunkuntar corridor mai tsawon kilomita 3-5 (1.9-3.1 mi) daga gefen yamma da tabkin ya hada bangarorin arewaci da kudanci na filin shakatawa na kasa. Yankin kudu ya fadada zuwa gabar Tafkin Kivu kuma ya hada da tsaunukan Nyamulagira, Nyiragongo da Mikeno tare da gandun dajin tsaunuka a kan gangarensu.
Yankin arewacin na Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya haɗu da Semuliki na Uganda da Filin shakatawa na Duwatsun Rwenzori, da ɓangaren tsakiya tare da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth. Bangaren kudu ya yi iyaka da Filin shakatawa na Volcanoes na Ruwanda.
Yanayi
Yanayin da ke cikin Albertine Rift ya rinjayi motsi na Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Tsakiya da El Niño - Kudancin Oscillation. Maris zuwa tsakiyar Mayu da Satumba zuwa Nuwamba sune manyan damuna. Ruwan sama na kusan wata-wata a cikin savanna a kewayen Tafkin Edward shine 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 a cikin); wannan shine yanki mafi bushewa na shimfidar wuri. Yankin arewa yana karɓar ruwan sama na wata-wata wanda yakai 220 mm (8.7 in), kuma yankin kudu yakai 160 mm (6.3 in). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a tsawan ƙasa ya bambanta daga 23-28°C (73-82°F), kuma a tsawan tsawa daga 16-24°C (61-75°F), da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da 14°C (57°F).
Bambancin halittu
Shuke-shuke
Furen Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya kunshi nau'ikan shuka 2,077, gami da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 264 da kuma shuke-shuke 230 wadanda ke dauke da Kyautar Albertine. Filayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun mamaye yankunan dausayi da filaye tare da papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus), hadadden flatsedge (C. articulatus), reed gama gari (Phragmites mauritanica), sacaton ciyawa (Sporobolus consimilis), ambatch (Aeschynomene elaphroxylon), conkerberry ( Carissa spinarum), ƙaya mai ƙaiƙayi (Vachellia sieberiana) da 'ya'yan itace kowai (Coccinia grandis). An sami ragowar dicots kamar su caper na Afirka (Capparis tomentosa), jinsunan Maerua, cucurbits na daji da dare a cikin ƙwallan dusar ƙafa na giwayen Afirka (Loxodonta) waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ga watsa iri a cikin ciyawar.
Gandun dajin da ke tsakanin 1,800 da 2,800 m (5,900 da 9,200 ft) a yankin kudanci ya mamaye Ficalhoa laurifolia da Podocarpus milanjianus tare da har zuwa 25 m (82 ft) manyan bishiyoyi. Bamboo mai tsayi na Afirka (Yushania alpina) yana girma a tsawan 2,300-2,600 m (7,500-8,500 ft). Ciyawar da ke sama da mita 2,600 (kafa 8,500) ta kasance tare da babban itacen Afirka (Hagenia abyssinica) wanda ya kai har 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Bishiyar bishiyoyi (Erica arborea), heather da mosses sun rufe gangaren danshi har zuwa 3,700 m (12,100 ft) tsawo. Jinsunan Senecio da Lobelia suna girma a sararin samaniya kuma suna samun tsayi har zuwa 8 m (26 ft).
Dabbobi
Dabbobin Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 196, nau'in tsuntsaye 706, dabbobi masu rarrafe 109 da kuma 65 amphibians daga shekarar 2012.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Primates da ke cikin gandun dajin sun hada da gorilla (G. b. Beringei), chimpanzee na kowa (Pan troglodytes), biri mai zinare, biri mai wutsiya (Cercopithecus ascanius), biri biri na Dent (C. denti), biri mai shudi (C. mitis), biri na Hamlyn (C. hamlyni), biri na De Brazza (C. neglectus), redbus colobus na tsakiyar Afirka (Procolobus foai), mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), dabbar zaitun (Papio anubis) da mangabey mai kunshi mai ruwan toka (Lophocebus albigena).
Giwar daji ta Afirka (Loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) da baffa na Afirka (Syncerus caffer) suna zaune a tsakiyar filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi), duiker mai goyon bayan rawaya (C. silvicultor), chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), jan kogin hog (Potamocer porcus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer) da bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) an rubuta su a yankin arewa a shekarar 2008. Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) da katuwar hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) suna cikin yankin kudu. Dukkanin saman (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) zuwa kudu na tafkin Edward a yankin Ishasha Flats, kuma suna tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Uganda. Sauran wadanda basu gabatar ba sun hada da kobub na kasar Uganda (Kobus kob thomasi), bututun ruwa (K. ellipsiprymnus), da kuma guguwar da aka saba (Phacochoerus africanus).
Filin shakatawa na Virunga tare da kusa da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth sun kafa ''ungiyar Kula da Zaki'. Ana ɗaukar yankin a matsayin zaki mai ƙarfi (Panthera leo) matattara, idan aka hana farauta kuma nau'ikan dabbobi suka farfaɗo. A bangaren arewacin filin shakatawa na kasar, damisa ta Afirka (P. pardus pardus), marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), katuwar pangolin (Smutsia gigantea), pangolin bishiya (Phataginus tricuspis), porcupine da aka kafa (Hystrix cristata), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed (Anomalurus derbianus), Boehm's squirrel bush (Paraxerus boehmi), bishiyar yamma hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), Emin's pouched rat (Cricetomys emini) da kuma giwa giwa shrew (Rhynchocyon cirnei) an rubuta su yayin binciken a cikin 2008.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe
Kogin Semliki yana ba da mazauni don kada na Nile (Crocodylus niloticus). Da yawa an lura da su a arewacin tafkin Edwards a cikin 1988 a karon farko.
Tsuntsaye
Daga cikin tsuntsayen Kyautar Albertine, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Arbin ta ƙasa robin, ja-aledhe alethe, Kivu ƙasa thrush, collared apalis, dutse masked apalis, dusky crimson-reshe, Shelley ta crimsonwing, ja-fuskantar woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, tsuntsu mai shuɗi, shuɗar rana, Rwenzori mai ɗaukar hoto mai ruɓi biyu, kyakkyawan spurfowl da masaka mai saƙo a cikin yankin kudanci na Virunga National Park a yayin binciken a 2004. Tsuntsayen da ba su da wata cuta sun hada da gaggafa ta Wahlberg, goshawk na Afirka, shaƙatawa na Afirka, dakar dawa, da ungulu, da ungulu, da hadeda ibis, da farar hula mai launin toka, da fararen fata da fari da fari, da turaco mai baƙar fata, da tattabara zaitun na Afirka, kurciya da tattaba, kurciya mai launin shuɗi, ja mai ido, launin akuya mai ruwan goro, cukoo mai jan kirji, zaitun mai doguwar wutsiya, ƙwanƙolin doya mai ƙoshin lafiya, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, coucal mai shuɗi, Narina trogon, farar hular itace mai farin kai, hankaka mai tsananin wuya, mai fararen wutsi mai farin ciki, mai farautar aljanna na Afirka, mai fararen ido mai fararen fata, mai farauta mai dusar kankara ta Afirka, mai farin fari mai launin shudi, mai tsaunin dutse, mai linzami mai yalwar fari, mai cin kirfa-mai cin kirji, launin toka mai ruwan toka, gidan cinikayya mai launin rawaya, tinkerbird ta yamma, tinkerbird mai tsamiya mai launin rawaya, katako mai kaduna, bishiyar bishiyar zaitun, fika-fikan baƙar fata, haɗiyar Angolan, Alpine swift, dutsen korebul, mai launin rawaya mai raɗaɗi, bulbul na gama-gari, robin mai farin-gani, ƙasan Archer, farin-browed robin-chat, dutse dutse, rufous thrush, African thrush, zaitun thrush, grassland pipit, kirfa bracken warbler, baki-fuska rufous warbler, dutse rawaya warbler, ruwan kasa woodland warbler, kore sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded bandia, chestnut- apalis mai kumburi, camaroptera mai tallafi mai launin toka, crombec mai farin fari, ido mai duhu mai duhu, chinspot batis, tsaunin illadopsis, illadopsis mai ruwan toka, sunfara kan zaitun, sunbird na ruwan tagulla, kantunan malachite sunnantare, hadewar rana mai hade, kanwar fari mai canzawa, mai launin fari-fari , Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, arewa puffback, dutsen sooty boubou, wurare masu zafi boubou, kunkuntar-wutsiya tauraruwa, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, fur-head negrofinch, c ommon waxbill, man shafawa mai kai mai duhu, mannikin tagulla, fari da fari mannikin, me ya sa pin-tailed me ya sa, citril na Afirka, mai ruwa mai kwararar ruwa da kuma ruwan sanyi mai yawa.
Kungiyoyin kabilu
Kungiyoyin kabilu da ke zaune a kewayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da:
Yada labarai
Takaddun fim ɗin Virunga ya ba da rahoton aikin masu gadin gandun dajin na Virunga da ayyukan kamfanin mai na Burtaniya Soco International a cikin dajin.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje |
50212 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Sybil%20Grant | Lady Sybil Grant | Lady Sybil Myra Caroline Grant ( née Primrose ;18 Satumba 1879 – 25 Fabrairu 1955) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar Burtaniya. Ita ce 'yar fari na Archibald Primrose,5th Earl na Rosebery.da matarsa, Hannah.
Baya ga aikinta na fasaha,a cikin rayuwa ta bayan ta zama sananniya a matsayin mai ban mamaki.
Shekarun farko
Lady Sybil ita ce 'yar fari na Archibald Primrose,5th Earl na Rosebery, wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista ga Sarauniya Victoria daga 1894 zuwa 1895,ta aurensa da Hannah de Rothschild, ɗan Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818-1874) da kuma jikanyar Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836). Ta hannun Hannah,a matsayin ita kaɗai ta gadon mahaifinta, Gidan Hasumiyar Mentmore ya shiga cikin dangin Rosebery.
Mahaifinta, Lord Rosebery, baya ga rayuwa a siyasar Liberal da kuma yin aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Firayim Minista,ya tattara abubuwan tunawa na Napoleon kuma ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa,game da ɗayan Napoleon da wani na William Pitt the Younger. Mahaifiyarta, Countess Hannah,an taɓa ɗauka a matsayin mace mafi arziki a Ingila. A lokacin kuruciyarta Sybil gwamnatoci ne suka koyar da ita kuma ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Gidan Lansdowne na iyali da ke Landan da gidajensu da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Gidan Dalmeny da Hasumiyar Mentmore. Tun lokacin da ta kasance jariri,Lady Sybil sau da yawa iyayenta sun bar su a cikin kulawar bayi,suna kula da 'yar'uwar mahaifinta Lady Leconfield a Leconfields ' Petworth House. Wannan ya bayyana musamman jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar Sybil a watan Yuni 1880, lokacin da Lord Rosebery ya so ya ziyarci Jamus na tsawon watanni uku don samun magani a wurin shakatawa na Jamus don abin da yanzu ake tunanin ya kasance mai juyayi. Ba shi da babban jin kusanci da ƙananan jarirai. Matarsa ta yi masa rakiya, amma Rosebery ta ruwaito cewa tana jin daɗin kowane dalla-dalla na wasiƙun yau da kullun daga London game da Sybil.
Duk da rashin kulawar iyaye, Lady Sybil ta kasance kusa da mahaifinta.
Aure
A ranar 28 ga Maris 1903, a Cocin Christ Epsom Common (inda dangin Rosebery suka yi bauta lokacin da suke zaune a gidansu na Epsom na "The Durdans"), Lady Sybil ta auri Charles John Cecil Grant (1877 – 1950),soja na yau da kullun wanda daga baya ya zama janar kuma Knight na Bath.Bayan bikin aure mahaifinta ya rubuta: " Ta kasance mai ban mamaki sanyi kuma ta rike hannuna har zuwa coci ".
Tana da ɗa ɗaya,Charles Robert Archibald Grant,wanda ya auri Pamela Wellesley (an haife shi 1912), jikanyar Arthur,Duke na 4th na Wellington.
Ayyukan adabi
A cikin 1912, Lady Sybil Grant ta wallafa gajerun labarai da yawa a cikin Mujallar London,ciki har da Kisses da Ba a taɓa Bawa ba,Sirrin Ƙarya Uku,da Travesty. A cikin 1913 Mills da Boon sun buga ta Kafa akan Fiction,littafin wakoki na ban dariya.A wannan shekarar The Checker-Board ya bayyana, sai Samphire da Ƙasar Bari Mu Yi A cikin 1914,a yanzu ana la'akari da wallafe-wallafe,an gayyace ta don ba da gudummawa ga Littafin Gimbiya Maryamu, tarin labaran da aka kwatanta don tara kuɗi da ƙoƙarin Babban Yakin .
Uwargida Sybil ta kasance mai son kishin kasa ga nasarorin da Marshal Foch ya samu,inda ta rubuta a cikin yabonsa a cikin 1929 cewa"ra'ayin farko da kuka samu shi ne hangen nesa marar iyaka – ya yi kama da ya kalli fiye da iyakokin gani na mutane. Sa’ad da yake cikin zance ya dubi al’amuranta, sai ka ji kamar rashin ƙarfi kamar lokacin da,a cikin dare mai zurfi,ka kalli taurari.”
Gado
A mutuwar mahaifinta a cikin 1929,ta gaji ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan kadarorinsa, The Durdans a Epsom, wanda ya zama gidanta. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta gaji babban ɗakin karatu na mahaifinta a Durdans, yawancin wanda aka sayar a Sotheby's a 1933.
Arts da Bohemia
Wasu daga cikin zane-zane na Lady Sybil sun kasance a cikin yumbu, inda ta zana don yin wahayi game da ƙaunar dabbobi, musamman ma dawakai Suffolk Punch wanda ta haifa.Ta kasance mai tsananin son dabbobi kuma ta yi nasarar kiwo wani nau'in kare da ba kasafai ba, Shetland Toy, wanda watakila ta cece ta daga lalacewa. A shekara ta 1909 ta zama ta farko da ta fara haifuwar Karen Dutsen Pyrenean a Ingila, kodayake an shigo da misalai a baya,ciki har da wanda Sarauniya Victoria ta mallaka a cikin 1850s.
A cikin 1937, Grant ya yi abokantaka da Romawa waɗanda suka ziyarci Epsom Downs akai-akai a cikin makon Derby,suna yin ado da kanta a cikin "tufafin da ba a saba da su ba." Ta ba su damar yin amfani da filinta,ta kebe su duk shekara,ta yadda za su samu wurin zama na halal, wanda hakan ya haifar da dakatar da wasu kiyayyar da ke tsakanin mutanen yankin da Romawa.
Tare da Reverend Edward Dorling ta kasance babban mai goyon bayan " Kada Mu Manta " asusun agaji, kuma a madadin kungiyar ta shirya fete a filin Durdans kowace shekara; Anan ana yawan sayar da tukwanenta kuma ana buƙata sosai.
Daga baya rai da mutuwa
A cikin rayuwa ta ƙarshe Lady Sybil Grant ta zama mai girman kai,tana ba da yawancin lokacinta a cikin ayari ko sama da bishiya,tana sadarwa da mai kula da ita ta hanyar megaphone . Ta rasu a shekara ta 1950,danta ya rasu a shekarar 1955.
A mutuwarta ta ba da gudummawar 2,700 na sauran littattafai, ƙasidu da rubuce-rubuce daga tarihin mahaifinta ga National Library of Scotland . Wasiƙar ta ƙunshi ƙasidu da yawa na tarihin Birtaniya da na Turai na ƙarni na 18 da 19,gami da tarihin rayuwar Pitt da Napoleon; bugu na farko na Baudelaire 's Les Fleurs du Mal (Paris, 1857); taswirori, musamman na yankin da ke kusa da Epsom ; ƙamus na slang da cant ; ayyukan addini, musamman da suka shafi Cardinal Newman ; kuma tana aiki akan tseren dawakai da wasanni na filin,gami da cikakken gudu na Mujallar Sporting daga 1792 zuwa 1870.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Aston, George (1932). Tarihin Marigayi Marshal Foch . New York: Kamfanin Macmillan.
978-0-7195-6586-1
978-0-340-16273-6
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hotunan Edwardian Modernists Hoton Sybil Grant tare da wasu manyan ƴan adabi na zamani
Gypsies a Epsom Derby
Ashtead Pottery don Gida
Fihirisar Mujallun Almara
Rijistar Archives na ƙasa
Edwardian Zamani
Lady Sybil biography
Works by or about Lady Sybil Grant
Works by Lady Sybil Grant |
52013 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agi%20Mishol | Agi Mishol | Agi Mishol (;haifeta Oktoba 20,1947) mawaƙiyar Isra'ila ne. Mutane da yawa suna la'akari da zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan Isra'ila kuma shahararrun mawaƙa, An buga aikin Mishol a cikin harsuna da yawa,kuma ta sami lambobin yabo daban-daban ciki har da lambar yabo ta adabi ta Zbigniew Herbert da lambar yabo ta Yehuda Amichai don adabi.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Agi (Agnes) Fried (daga baya Mishol) an haife shi a Cehu Silvaniei,Transylvania,Romania,ga iyayen Yahudawa masu magana da harshen Hungarian waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust.An kawo ta Isra’ila tana da shekara 4.Iyayenta sun gudanar da wani shagon gyaran keke da lantarki a Gedera,wani ƙaramin garin kudu. Iyalin sun fi magana da Hungarian a gida.Sun zauna a cikin ƙaramin gida mai ɗaki ɗaya a cikin aikin gidaje.Har sai da aka shigar da ita cikin Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila,Mishol ta kwanta a kan kujera mai ƙarfi wanda ya buɗe cikin gado. Ta fara rubuta waka tun tana karama, amma ta yi kasala a makaranta.A lokacin da ta yi aikin soja a cibiyar nukiliya a Dimona, ta fara karatun littattafai a Jami'ar Ben Gurion ta Negev.Ta yi aure a takaice tana da shekara 19 da rabi.Bayan rabuwarta ta koma Urushalima kuma ta yi digiri na BA da MA a fannin adabin Ibrananci a Jami'ar Hebrew ta Jerusalem,inda ta halarci taron bita da Yehuda Amichai ya bayar. A Urushalima ta sadu kuma ta auri Giora Mishol,wadda ke aiki a Ma'aikatar Shayarwa.Sun ƙaura zuwa Kfar Mordechai,Moshav kusa da garinsu Gedera,inda suke noman peach, persimmons da rumman. Suna da yara biyu, Maya da Uri, kuliyoyi bakwai da kare.
Mishol malama ne kuma malaman adabin Ibrananci a makarantar sakandaren Be'er Tuvia a tsakanin shekarun 1976 zuwa 2001.Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban malami a Kwalejin Alma don Al'adun Ibrananci a Tel Aviv tsakanin shekarun 2002 zuwa 2008.A shekara ta 2006 ita ce darektan fasaha na bikin waƙoƙi na duniya,wanda aka gudanar a Mishkenot Sha'ananim,Urushalima.Daga 2011 zuwa yau tana jagorantar makarantar Helicon of Poetry a Tel Aviv,inda kuma take jagorantar tarurrukan rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire.Mishol ya ba da lacca kuma ya koyar da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Ben Gurion,Jami'ar Tel Aviv,da Jami'ar Ibrananci a Urushalima inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mawaki-in-Residence (2007).
A cikin 2018 tarihin adabi na Mishol,gami da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce,zane-zane,hotuna,wasiƙu da diary an tura su zuwa ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Isra'ila a Urushalima.
Aikin adabi
Mishol shine marubucin kundin wakoki 16. a buga littafinta na farko, "Kodem Tafasti Rega,"lokacin tana da shekaru 18,amma sai ta tuna da duk kwafin da ke cikin kantin sayar da littattafai kuma ta lalata su.Littafinta na baya-bayan nan da aka buga shine "Mal'ach Hacheder" (Mala'ika na cikin gida,Hakibutz Hameuhad).Kundin ta "Zaɓaɓɓe da Sabbin Waƙoƙi" (2003,Hakibutz Hameuhad da Cibiyar Bialik) ya sayar da fiye da 13,000 har zuwa yau.Mawakan Isra'ila daban-daban sun tsara waƙoƙin Mishol zuwa kiɗa da suka haɗa da Corinne Allal,Yehudit Ravitz da Ori Leshman,kuma sun daidaita cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo kamar "Yanshufot" (Owls,2004).
Jigogi
In his introduction to "Selected and New Poems", Prof. Dan Miron wrote: "Agi Mishol is a poet now standing at the height of her strength... Agi Mishol undoubtedly belongs to the great dynasty of female Hebrew poets – Rachel Bluwstein, Yocheved Bat-Miriam, Lea Goldberg, Dalia Rabikovitch and Yona Wallach.
A cikin 2006 Naomi Shihab Nye ta rubuta: "Waƙoƙin Agi Mishol suna jin nauyi sosai. Haɗuwa da tausayinta na gaskiya da kulawa da kyakkyawar hazaka yana da daɗi sosai da kuma rayarwa."
Manazarta
In 2020 Mishol joined the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies as an Artist in Residence.
In March 2019 Mishol was awarded the Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award. Members of award jury included Yuri Andrukhovych (Ukraine), Edward Hirsch (USA), Michael Krüger (Germany), Mercedes Montana (Spain), and Tomasz Różycki (Poland).
In 2018 Mishol won the Newman Prize for life Achievement in the field of literature.
In 2018 Mishol received a (third) honorary doctorate, from Bar Ilan University, "for her lyrical poetry, which reveals the story of Israel and its people from her personal perspective as the child of Holocaust survivors".
In 2017 Mishol's personal literary archive was deposited in the National Library of Israel.
In 2016, Mishol received a (second) PHD Honoris Causa from the Weizmann Institute of Science. According to Weizmann Institute's website, "Her writing forges a rare balance between literal and poetic precision and accessibility to the readers, combining everyday language and slang with inventive linguistics. Infused with irony and humor, hers are very personal poems, which, at the same time, provide extensive human insight.".
In 2014 Mishol received the Italian , previously awarded to Seamus Heaney, Adunis and Yevgeny Yevtushenko.
In 2014 Mishol was awarded an honorary doctorate (Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa) by Tel Aviv University, "in recognition of her standing as one of Israel's most prominent and best-loved poets [and] her immense contribution to enriching Israeli culture".
In 2007 Mishol received the Dolitsky prize for literature.
In 2002 Mishol received the Yehuda Amichai Prize.
In 2000 Mishol won the Kugel literary award.
In 1995 Mishol won the Israeli Prime Minister Prize.
Bayahuden Isra'ila
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946 |
55377 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Allatini | R. Allatini | BRose Laure Allatini(23 Janairu 1890 a Vienna-23 ga Nuwamba 1980 a Rye, Sussex )yar Australiya ce-marubuciyar Burtaniya wacce ta rubuta a karkashin rubuto sunayen R.Allatini,AT Fitzroy,Mrs Cyril Scott,Lucian Wainwright,da Eunice Buckley.An fi saninta da littafinta na 1918 da aka ƙi kuma an ƙi(an rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami AT Fitzroy ),wanda aka dakatar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaron Daular kamar yadda ya haɗu da jigogi na luwaɗi da luwadi waɗanda ake tunanin "mai yiwuwa su ƙi daukar mutane.domin yin hidima a rundunar Mai Martaba Sarki”. CW Daniel ne ya buga abin raina kuma an ƙi shi kuma ƙungiyar Bloomsbury ta ɗauke shi.Angela K.Smith ta bayyana littafin a matsayin zana alaƙa tsakanin zalunci da 'yan luwadi da kuma maganganun daular mulkin mallaka.Yana ba da labarin haɗaɗɗiyar dangantakar budurwa da mawaƙin ɗan luwadi da aka tura aikin soja;Kin amincewarsa ya kai ga yi masa shari’a da dauri.
Iyali
An haifi Rose Laure Allatini a Vienna,a cikin babban dangin Yahudawa masu wadata.An haifi mahaifinta,Roberto Allatini a Tassaluniki,Daular Ottoman (yanzu Girka)akan 17 Disamba 1856, ga Moïse(Musa)Allatini(1809-1882)da Rosa Mortera(1819-1892);mahaifiyarta, Bronislawa("Bronia")Rapoport von Porada an haife shi a Krakow,Poland(sannan a ƙarƙashin ikon Austria)akan 17 Disamba 1869,zuwa Arnold Rapoport,Edler von Porada(1840-1907)da Laura Rapoport Edlen von Porada(Eibenshutz).A shekara ta 1911,Rose Laure Allatini,'yar uwarta Flore da iyayensu,Roberto da Bronislawa, suna zaune a 18 Holland Park,London, kuma Robert Allatini an jera shi a cikin ƙidayar a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai ritaya.A cikin 1946,mahaifiyarta(da ke zaune a 61B Holland Park)ta yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Italiya bayan ta zama ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya.
A cikin Mayu 1921,Allatini ya auri mawaki Cyril Scott,kamar ta mai sha'awar Theosophy.Suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Vivien Mary b.1923 da Desmond Cyril (1926 - 2019),amma sun rabu a cikin 1939,bayan barkewar WWll.Memoir na ɗanta ya ce "Sai dai shekarun yaƙi 1939-45,wanda ta yi tare da Melanie(JMA)Mills[...] a Beckley,wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Sussex,ta zauna a Landan,amma kowace shekara saboda dalilai na lafiya.ya tafi Switzerland kuma Melanie ta raka ta.' Dukansu Project Orlando da gidan yanar gizon Brighton Gay da Lesbian Brighton Labarin mu,duk da haka,sun yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe sauran rayuwarta tare da Mills a Rye. A lokacin rani na 1980 Rose Allatini ta ƙaura daga gidanta a London zuwa gidan ritaya a ƙasar kusa da gidan kawarta Melanie Mills.
Ta mutu a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1980 a Rye,Sussexkuma an binne ta a Hastings.
Sana'ar rubutu
Daga 1914 zuwa 1978,Allatini an san ya rubuta litattafai kusan arba'in(wasu daga cikinsu a karkashin sunan'Lucian Wainwright'da talatin da sunan'Eunice Buckley'),da kuma rubuta gajerun labarai.
Jigogin da Allatini ya fi so sun haɗa da rashin lafiya da warkaswa,kiɗa,mutuwa da wuri,batutuwan Yahudawa,da sihiri.
Rana kuma An ƙi
Littafin littafinta da aka yi watsi da shi da aka buga a cikin 1918 an saita shi a tsakanin masu son zaman lafiya a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.Jima'i na yawancin haruffan da ke cikin littafin ana wakilta a matsayin rashin kwanciyar hankali,ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba don lokacin. Antoinette,babban macen hali,da farko yana da sha'awar murkushe tsohuwar mace,sa'an nan kuma ya faɗi don Dennis, ɗan kishili wanda ya riga ya yi mata aure, wani ɓangare a matsayin ɓarna ga ainihin jima'i,kuma wani ɓangare a cikin bege cewa za ta iya'warkar da shi.Dennis mutum ne mai ƙin yarda da imaninsa kuma ɗan luwadi ne,kuma jigogin zaman lafiya da rashin al’ada na jima’i sun sa littafin ya zama ɗaya da zai haifar da babbar gardama a shekara ta 1918.Rose Allatini ta ƙaddamar da rubutun ga kamfanin Allen & Unwin.Stanley Unwin ya ƙi shi saboda yuwuwar sa na haifar da abin kunya,amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ta aika da shi zuwa CW Daniel,wani mai fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya wanda ya buga littattafai da yawa masu sukar yaƙin.An yanke shawarar ba da littafin a ƙarƙashin sunan AT Fitzroy(saboda ta zauna a filin Fitzroy)Lokacin da aka buga littafin,ya sami sake dubawa maras kyau, kuma wasu,kamar Allan Monkhouse,mai sukar Guardian na Manchester,ya nuna rashin jin daɗi a gare shi:Amma pacifism ba shine babban jigo ba.Jarumin, Dennis Blackwood,yana tafiya yana magana ta cikin wani yanki mai yawa na littafin kafin yakin ya barke kuma ya nuna kansa a matsayin wanda ya kamu da cutar neurasthenia. Matashi ne marar al'ada, wanda ya kasance mai tausayi irin wannan,amma kuma don sha'awar.Sadaka ba za ta iya wuce gona da iri ba sai dai kallon sa a matsayin mara dadi.Ba mu da niyyar bayyana abin da ke tattare da rashin daidaituwarsa.Waɗanda suka karanta labarinsa suna iya ɗaukar ciwonsa a matsayin abin dariya,wasu a matsayin wani abu mafi muni.Dariya mai kyau game da rashin jin daɗin Mista Fitzroy inda Dennis ke damun shi zai tarwatsa abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Amma yaya game da manzo mai son zaman lafiya wanda yake kan rashin daidaituwa? An ba da dukan shari'arsa.Wani dan jarida James Douglas ne ya kaddamar da yakin neman gurfanar da littafin,wanda a baya ya tunzura karar da DH Lawrence ya yi na rashin ladabi na Rainbow.Ya rubuta a cikin mujallar London Ra'ayi:Littafin mai guba sosai, kowane kwafin wanda yakamata a saka shi a kan wuta gabaɗaya,An ƙi shi kuma an ƙi shi,ta AT Fitzroy-mai yiwuwa sunan alkalami.Daga cikin muguwar fasiqancin da ya rage ya ce;amma game da gabatar da tausayinsa,a bakunan‘Jaruminsa’da sauran halayen zaman lafiya da ƙin yarda da lamiri,da yin ba’a ga Ingilishi idan aka kwatanta da Hun,wannan yana buƙatar tambaya:Menene amfanin kashe ɗaruruwan da muke kashewa.na dubban fam akan farfaganda,da kuma dubun dubatan akan Faɗakarwa, yayin da ƙazantar ƙazanta irin wannan ya kasance ba a danne shi?CW Daniel,Ltd.,na Gidan Graham,Tudor Street ne ya buga littafin;kuma ina tsammanin ba za a daɗe ba, bayan da hukumomi suka bincikar wannan naman gwari na wallafe-wallafen,kafin ya zama Daniyel da aka kawo masa hukunci.An gwada littafin a kotun birnin Landan a gidan Mansion a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1918 kuma an ci tarar Daniel fam 420 tare da farashin £40.Bayan shari’ar,Daniel ya buga ƙasida yana kāre kansa daga zargin lalata,kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai fahimci abubuwan jima’i na littafin Allatini ba.Marubucin ya tabbatar min cewa soyayyar da ke tsakanin jarumin da abokinsa ta yi kwatankwacin irin ta David da Jonathan.Ban ga abin da aka yi nuni da shi ba-cewa wasu nassosi suna buɗewa ga fassarar lalata.Da kaina,na gwammace a ƙone kowane littafi fiye da cewa in kasance ƙungiya don ba da rancen tallafi ga lalata ko dai ɗan luwaɗi ko kuma nau'in jima'i.
Labarai
As R. Allatini
Farin Ciki Har abada Bayan Mills da Boon, 1914 (Wata budurwa tana da burin zama marubuci mai mahimmanci, kuma ta zo cikin rikici da danginta. )
Biyan kuɗi, Andrew Melrose, 1915 (Rai da tarbiyyar saurayi wanda, lokacin da aka ayyana yaƙi, ba zai iya fuskantar tunanin haifarwa ko wahala ba. )
Tushen da Reshe, George Allen da Unwin, 1917 ("Wani jigo mai ban mamaki yana gudana a cikin littafin, tambayar da'a game da ko mutum zai iya zama barata a cikin kisa, a buƙatunta mai sha'awa, wata mace mai ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciyar ƙauna wadda ke mutuwa a hankali. cuta." )
Requiem, Martin Secker, 1919. (Wani saurayi na gauraye zuriyarsa yayi ƙoƙari ya gano wanene shi da gaske da abin da yake so daga rayuwa - sannan Babban Yaƙi ya faru. )
Lokacin da nake Sarauniya a Babila Mills da Boon, 1921 (Halayar wata budurwa ta nisanta ta daga danginta. Likitocin masu tabin hankali sun tantance ta, amma ta sami ceto ta hanyar sa baki na Theosophist, wanda ya fahimci yanayinta. )
Kamar yadda AT Fitzroy
Rana kuma An ƙi,CWDaniel,1918.
Kamar yadda Mrs Cyril Scott
Farin Wuta 1933("Tarin labarai da zane-zane wanda jin daɗin jin daɗi ko jin daɗi ya sa a iya karantawa.")
Kamar yadda Lucian Wainwright
Waters Meet,Martin Secker 1935 (Wata Bature ta ziyarci wani wurin sanatorium a tsaunukan Austriya a lokacin da Hitler zai hau kan iyaka.)
Yarinyar Iyali Mai Kyau,Martin Secker 1935(Wata budurwa daga dangin Bayahude mai rassa a Vienna da sauran wurare ba ta son yin aure.)
Oracle Methuen 1937(Game da sanatorium inda mace ke yin warkar da tabin hankali.)
Kamar yadda Eunice Buckley
Iyali daga Vienna,Andrew Dakers, 1941(Bayan Anschluss,Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira daga Austria a London.)
Ba a sani ba,Andrew Dakers,1942 (Mabiyi zuwa Iyali daga Vienna.Iyali ɗaya na Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin shekarun farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.)
Blue Danube,Andrew Dakers,1943 (Dan Viennese-Yahudawa iyali kafin yakin duniya na farko,da kuma a lokacin na biyu.)
Rhapsody for Strings,Andrew Dakers, 1945('yar Viennese Count ta fada cikin ƙauna tare da gipsy violinist.)
Kiɗa a cikin Woods,Andrew Dakers, 1952(ƙaunar mutane biyu da suka gudu daga Austria a lokacin shekarun Nazi,kuma yanzu suna cikin Switzerland.)
An Shirya don Ƙananan Makaɗa, Andrew Dakers,1953
Dark Rainbow,Hodder da Stoughton, 1955(Kishi a wurin shakatawa na Switzerland.)
Inuwar Allah,Hodder da Stoughton, 1956
Maimakon Doki-Rock,Hodder da Stoughton,1957
Kyauta daga Sama,Hodder da Stoughton,1959.(Game da mawaƙi yana jin yunwa don nasara da shahara.)
Don Amfanin Da Aka Samu,Robert Hale,1960.(Abin da ke faruwa lokacin da maganin mu'ujiza ya faru a cikin dangin likitancin Orthodox.)
Fiorina, Robert Hale,1961 (Mabiyi don Fa'idodin Da Aka Samu.)
Wuta mai cinyewa,Robert Hale,1962 (Mai wa'azi mai kwarjini ya rasa bangaskiyarsa.)
Conjuring Trick,Robert Hale,1963 (Mutumin da ke da kyautar sihiri yana amfani da ita don samun kuɗi da iko.)
Lay the Ghosts,Robert Hale,1964 (Ya haɗa da wasu haruffa daga Inuwar Allah.)
Suna Tafiya a Duniya,Robert Hale, 1966(Featuring Sandor Raimann.)
Mutumin da ke kan igiya, Robert Hale,1967.(Novel of the occult. Tare da Sandor Raimann.))
Diamonds a cikin Iyali, Bugawar Theosophical,1968.( Lu'u-lu'u waɗanda suke gadon iyali-kuma suna tsinewa.Tare da Sandor Raimann.)
Idan Wishes kasance Doki,Robert Hale,1969
Takobin Flaming, Robert Hale,1969 (Yana nuna Sandor Raimann.)
Dole ne ku sami Zinariya,Robert Hale, 1972(Yarinya marayu daga Vienna, dangin Ingilishi mara tausayi sun ɗauke shi.)
Just Was My Lot, Robert Hale, 1972 (Zero da Rosalind labari.)
Fuskar Mai Jaraba, Robert Hale, 1973(Zero da Rosalind labari.)
Don Tafiya ba tare da Tsoro ba, Robert Hale,1974(Zero da Rosalind labari.)
Wonder-Worker,Robert Hale, 1975 (Zero da Rosalind labari.)
Rabin Mulkina,Robert Hale,1976
Fursunonin Kiyayya,Robert Hale, 1977(Rikici tsakanin yarinya da mahaifiyar da ta ƙi ta.)
Aiki na Art,Robert Hale,1978(Yaro mai wayo ya gurgu a cikin hatsari. Gwagwarmayarsa don jurewa.)
Saurayi na Babban Alkawari,Robert Hale,1978(Labarin da aka saita a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.)
Nassoshi |
26445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambarin%20Wikipedia | Tambarin Wikipedia | Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
A logo na free online kundin Wikipedia ne wani wanda ba a kare duniya gina daga jigsaw guda-guda wasu suna ɓacewa a saman-kowane rubũtacce tare da wani glyph daga wani daban-daban rubuce-rubuce tsarin . Kamar yadda aka nuna akan shafukan yanar gizo na bugun aikin Ingilishi, akwai alamar "W A" a ƙarƙashin duniya, kuma a ƙasa wannan rubutun "The Free Encyclopedia" a cikin tushen Libertine na kyauta .
Ƙirƙiri-duniya zane
Kowane yanki yana ɗauke da glyph ( harafi ko wata harafi ), ko glyphs, alamar yaruka da yawa na Wikipedia. Kamar yadda harafin Latin "W", waɗannan glyphs galibi sune farkon glyph ko glyphs na sunan "Wikipedia" da aka fassara a cikin yaren. Ga su kamar haka:
A bar, daga saman saukar, suna Armenian ⟨ v, Kambodiyanci ⟨ Ve (kwance a kan ta gefe), Bengali ⟨ U, QFontDatabase वि vi, kuma Jojiyanci ⟨ v.
A tsakiyar-hagu shafi ne Girkanci ⟨ o, kuma a kasa da suke da Sin ⟨維⟩ Wei, Kannada ⟨ Vi, kuma (da kyar ake iya gani a ƙasa) Tibet ⟨
A saman bakin layi na વિ wuyar warwarewa yanki a kan raya gefen ball (as gani da 2D hali map ) crosses ta cikin gida indentation naウィwuyar warwarewa yanki a lokacin da kyan gani, daga default gaban hangen zaman gaba. ]
Wurin da babu komai a saman yana wakiltar yanayin aikin da bai cika ba, ]
Tarihi
IKIPEDI rubutun "WIKIPEDIA" a ƙarƙashin duniya, tare da haɗin-V W da babban A, mai amfani da Wikipedia The Cunctator ne ya tsara shi don gasa tambarin Nuwambar shekara ta 2001. Paul Stansifer, wani ɗan shekara 17 mai amfani da Wikipedia, ne ya ƙirƙira ƙirar farko na tambarin-dunƙule-duniya, wanda shigowar sa ta lashe gasar ƙira da shafin ya gudanar a 2003. Wani mai amfani da Wikipedia, David Friedland, daga baya ya inganta tambarin ta hanyar canza salo na jigsaw don iyakokin su ya zama kamar ba su da sauƙi kuma sun sauƙaƙa abubuwan da ke cikin su don su zama guda ɗaya kawai, maimakon jujjuyawar rubutun harsuna marasa ma'ana. Ana cikin haka, an gabatar da wasu kurakurai. Musamman, yanki ɗaya na rubutun Devanagari, da yanki ɗaya na katakana na Jafananci an ba su kuskure. Hakanan, halin Sinawa (袓) ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da Wikipedia.
Alamar yanzu
A cikin shekara ta 2007, Wikimedia Taiwan ta haɓaka ƙirar 3D don Wikimania, lokacin da suka rarraba diamita mai siffa dangane da tambarin, wanda masu halarta zasu iya yanki tare. Bai ƙara wasu glyphs akan sassan waɗanda ba za a iya gani akan tambarin 2D ba, amma yayi amfani da wannan sarari don haɗawa da ƙananan tambarin ayyukan 'yar'uwar da bayanai game da Wikimania. An yi amfani da bambancin wannan ƙirar don gina Wikiball mai girman mutum wanda ya hau kan tsayuwa, wanda aka nuna yayin taron. Wannan ya haifar da sabon sha'awar samun madaidaicin ƙirar 3D don tambarin.
Zuwa shekara ta 2007, masu amfani akan jerinervs sun gano cewa tambarin yana da wasu ƙananan kurakurai. Ba a gyara kurakuran nan da nan ba, saboda, a cewar Friedland, ba zai iya gano asalin fayil ɗin aikin ba. Friedland ya kara da cewa "Na yi kokarin sake gina shi, amma bai yi daidai ba" kuma dole ne kwararren mai zanen ya sake zana tambarin. " Kizu Naoko , wani dan Wikipedian, ya ce galibin masu amfani da kasar Japan sun goyi bayan gyara kurakuran. A cikin imel zuwa Noam Cohen na New York Times, Kizu ya ce "Yana iya zama zaɓi barin su kamar yadda suke
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ɗauki nauyin gyara kurakurai kuma gaba ɗaya sabunta tambarin duniya. Daga cikin wasu damuwar, tambarin na asali bai yi sikeli sosai ba kuma wasu haruffa sun bayyana gurbata. Don sabon tambarin, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ayyana waɗanne haruffa da suka bayyana akan guntun “ɓoyayyen”, kuma suna da ƙirar kwamfuta mai girma uku na duniya da aka ƙera don ba da damar tsara wasu ra’ayoyi. An ba da izinin wani yanki na 3D don ofishin Wikimedia.
An fitar da tambarin akan ayyukan a watan Mayun shekara ta 2010. Yana fasalta sabon fassarar 3D na duniyar wuyar warwarewa, tare da ingantattun haruffa (kuma an maye gurbin halin Klingon da halin Ge'ez ). An canza alamar kalma daga harafin Hoefler zuwa font Libertine font mai buɗewa, kuma ba a sake sanya taken taken ba. The "W" harafin, wanda aka yi amfani da daban-daban da sauran wurare a cikin Wikipedia (kamar favicon ) da aka a "rarrabe ɓangare na Wikipedia alama", da aka stylized kamar yadda ya haye V ta a cikin na asali logo, ⟩ yayin da W a cikin Linux ana yin Libertine tare da layi ɗaya. Don samar da bayyanar al'ada ta Wikipedia "W".
A ranar 24 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta fitar da tambarin, tare da duk wasu tambura mallakar Gidauniyar, a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.
A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2017, tambarin Wikipedia ya nutse zuwa kasan tafkin Sevan na Armeniya saboda haɗin gwiwa na Wikimedia Armenia da ArmDiving club 'club. Alamar ita ce duniyar da ba a ƙare ba da aka yi da guntun guntu tare da alamomi (gami da harafin Armenian "v") daga tsarin sigina daban -daban da aka rubuta akan su. Tsayin 2m, 2m-high ( ) logo (mafi girma a duniya) an yi shi a Armenia don taron shekara -shekara na masu haɗin gwiwa na Wikimedia na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, Wikimedia CEE Meeting da ƙasar ta shirya a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2016 a Dilijan .
Alamar kasuwanci
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ta yi rijistar tambarin (tsohuwar) a matsayin Alamar Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Turai. Alamar kasuwanci tana ɗauke da ƙaddamar ranar 31 ga Janairun shekara ta 2008 da ranar rajista na 20 ga Janairun shekara ta 2009.
Tambura
Logo na tarihi
Logo na musamman
Ranar tunawa
Tunawa mai mahimmanci
Abubuwan da suka faru
Hutu
Duba kuma
Jagoran abun ciki: amfani da tambura akan Wikipedia
Manazarta
Wikipedia
Tambari
Hoto
Pages with unreviewed translations |
18587 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Toumani%20Tour%C3%A9 | Amadou Toumani Touré | Amadou Toumani Touré (4 Nuwamban 19489 Nuwamban 2020) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Mali ne. Ya jagoranci zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Mali a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya (1991-1992), sannan ya zama zababben shugaban kasar Mali na biyu bisa tafarkin dimokiradiyya (2002-2012).
Shugabanci
Touré ya kasance shugaban masu gadin Shugaba Moussa Traoré na sirri (da parachute Rejiment) lokacin da wani mashahurin juyin juya hali ya hambarar da gwamnatin a watan Maris 1991; Kanar Touré ya kama shugaban kuma ya jagoranci juyin juya hali. Ya jagoranci tsarin mika mulki na soja da farar hula na tsawon shekara guda wanda ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da zabukan jam'iyyu da yawa, sannan ya mika mulki ga shugaban kasar Mali na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya, Alpha Oumar Konaré, a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1992. Konaré ya haɓaka Touré zuwa matsayi na Janar.
Bayan shekaru goma, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Touré ya shiga siyasa a matsayin farar hula kuma ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 tare da babban kawancen goyon baya. An sake zabe shi cikin sauki a 2007 zuwa wa'adi na biyu kuma na karshe. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2012, jim kadan kafin tashinsa daga ofis, sojoji da ba su cika ba sun yi juyin mulkin da ya tilasta masa ya buya. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar maido da tsarin mulkin kasar Mali, Touré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin kasar a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, kuma bayan kwanaki goma sha daya ya tafi gudun hijira.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Amadou Toumani Touré a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1948, a Mopti, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare. A tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1969, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Badalabougou da ke Bamako domin zama malami. Daga ƙarshe, ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Kati Inter-Military College . A matsayinsa na memba na Parachute Corps, ya tashi da sauri ta cikin matsayi kuma bayan darussan horo da yawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Faransa, ya zama kwamandan kwamandojin parachute a 1984.
Aikin siyasa da na soja
A watan Maris na 1991, bayan da murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta rikide zuwa wani juyin juya hali na jama'a don nuna adawa da mulkin soja na shekaru 23, sojojin kasar sun ki sake yin luguden wuta kan al'ummar Mali, kuma Touré - shugaban masu gadin shugaban kasa - ya kama Shugaba Moussa Traoré. . Kanar Touré (kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin) ya zama shugaban kwamitin riƙon ƙwarya na jin daɗin jama'a kuma shugaban riƙon ƙasa a duk ƙoƙarin da kwamitin ke yi na miƙa mulkin ƙasar zuwa dimokuradiyya. Ya jagoranci taron kasa wanda tsakanin 29 ga Yuli zuwa 13 ga Agusta 1991 ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Mali tare da tsara zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa na 1992. Bayan bayyana sakamakon zaben, Touré ya mika mulki ga sabon zababben shugaban kasar Alpha Oumar Konaré . Bayan tafiyar sa na son rai daga ofis, ya samu lakabin "Sojan Dimokuradiyya."
A watan Yunin 2001, Touré ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin manzo na musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, bayan da bai yi nasara ba yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a can.
A cikin Satumba 2001, ya nema kuma aka ba shi ritaya daga aikin soja, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 . A zagaye na farko na zaben, ya zo na daya da kashi 28.71% na kuri'un, yayin da a zagaye na biyu ya samu kashi 64.35% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya doke dan takarar ADEMA, tsohon minista Soumaïla Cissé, wanda ya samu kashi 35.65%. An rantsar da Touré a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2002.
Shugabancin nasa ya kasance kamar yadda aka saba, saboda kasancewarsa ba dan kowace jam’iyya ba ne, kuma ya sanya ‘yan jam’iyyun siyasar kasar cikin gwamnatinsa. Bayan zabensa na 2002, ya nada Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani a matsayin Firayim Minista, amma a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2004, Hamani ya maye gurbin Ousmane Issoufi Maiga , wanda Modibo Sidibé ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2007.
Touré ya sanar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2007, cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu a zaben shugaban kasa na Afrilu 2007. Bisa sakamakon karshe da aka sanar a ranar 12 ga Mayu, Touré ya lashe zaben da kashi 71.20% na kuri'un da aka kada. Babban dan takarar adawa, shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Ibrahima Boubacar Keïta, ya samu kashi 19.15%; the Front for Democracy and the Republic, wani haɗin gwiwa ciki har da Keïta da wasu 'yan takara uku, sun yi watsi da sakamakon hukuma. Sai dai masu sa ido na kasashen waje sun amince da zaben da aka gudanar a matsayin gaskiya da adalci. An rantsar da Touré a wa'adinsa na biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2007, a wani biki da ya samu halartar wasu shugabannin Afirka bakwai.
Baya ga inganta ababen more rayuwa na kasar Mali, Touré ya kafa tsarin inshorar likitancin kasar na farko.
Dangane da tsarin mulkin Mali, wanda ke da iyakacin wa'adi biyu na shugaban kasa, Touré ya tabbatar a wani taron manema labarai a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 2011, cewa ba zai tsaya takara ba a zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 .
Juyin mulki na 2012
A farkon shekarar 2012, wasu sojojin Mali sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yadda gwamnatin Touré ke tafiyar da ayyukan tada kayar baya a arewacin Mali a shekarar 2012 . Mummunan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Aguel Hoc (iyakar Nijar) da aka yi wa sojojin Mali sama da 80 ya haifar da tarzoma a cikin sojojin, inda sojoji da matan sojoji suka zargi Shugaba Touré da rashin gudanar da mulki saboda karancin harsasai. A ranar 21 ga Maris, sojoji a wani bariki a Kati, kusa da Bamako, sun kaddamar da tawaye ga ministan tsaron da ya ziyarce shi, kuma tawayen nasu ya rikide zuwa juyin mulki. Wasu gungun saje da kofur sun kwace wasu wurare a birnin Bamako da suka hada da fadar shugaban kasa, hedkwatar gidan talabijin na gwamnati, da wasu barikokin soji. Daga nan ne suka kafa wata hukuma ta wucin gadi, wato National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDRE), karkashin jagorancin Captain Amadou Sanogo, kuma suka bayyana cewa sun hambarar da Touré, suna zargin gwamnatinsa da gazawa. 'Yan tawayen ba su kama shugaba Touré ba.
Sama da makonni biyu ba a san inda Touré yake ba kuma CNRDRE bai taba nuna cewa yana hannun ta ba. CNRDRE ta yi, duk da haka, ta bayyana cewa Touré na cikin "lafiya" kuma wata sanarwa daga gwamnatin Najeriya, duk da cewa tana goyon bayan Touré, ta yi ikirarin cewa 'yan ta'addar sun kama shi. A cewar sojoji masu biyayya ga Touré, duk da haka, yana cikin koshin lafiya, kuma dakarun soji masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne suke gadinsa a wani barikin da ke wajen birnin Bamako.
A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta sanar da cewa tana nazarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na cin amanar kasa da kuma rashin da'a a kan Touré.
A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, Touré ya sake bayyana yin murabus dinsa bisa yarjejeniyar da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta kulla na maido da kasar Mali kan tsarin mulkin kasar, yana fadawa masu shiga tsakani na ECOWAS cewa, “Fiye da komai, na yi shi. na kaunar da nake yiwa kasata". A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, Touré ya tafi gudun hijira a makwabciyarta Senegal .
Amadou Toumani Touré ya koma Mali bayan shekaru biyar, a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 2017.
Wasu ayyuka
A cikin 1993, Touré ya kafa Fondation pour l'enfance, tushen Kula da lafiyar yara. A lokacin shugabancinsa, uwargidan shugaban kasa Toure Lobbo Traore ce ke kula da gidauniyar. Touré mamba yana daya daga cikin mambobi na Hukumar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya.
Rayuwar sa
Touré ya auri Touré Lobbo Traoré. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. Ya rasu a Istanbul, Turkiyya, a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, mako guda bayan cikarsa shekaru 72.
Girmamawa
: Grand Master & Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali
: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009)
: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (11/2005)
: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (13 February 2012)
: Premier Prix pour l'Ethique, Fondation Amadou Kéba Mbaye (2010)
Manazarta
Firsunonin Ma
Mutanen Mali na karni 21
Korarrun yansiyasa
Mutanen yankin mopti
Shuwagabannin da sukayi juyin mulki
Yansiyasan Mali
Musulman Mali
Matattun 2020
Haifaffun 1948
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/J | J | J, ko j, shine harafi na goma a cikin haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na ISO na asali . Its saba sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwFg">jay</i> (pronounced /dʒ eɪ / ), da yanzu-nadiri bambance-bambancen jy /dʒ aɪ / . Lokacin amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet ga <i id="mwIA">y</i> sauti, zai iya yiwuwa a kira yod ko jod (furta /j ɒ d / ko /j oʊ d / ).
Tarihi
Harafin J amfani da za a yi amfani da matsayin swash harafi na, amfani da harafi na a karshen Roman numerals lokacin da wadannan wata I, kamar yadda a XXIIJ ko xxiij maimakon XXIII ko XXIII ga Roman adadi wakiltar 23. Wani amfani na musamman ya fito a Tsakiyar Babban Jamusanci . Gian Giorgio Trissino {1478-1550} shine farkon wanda ya bambanta I da J a bayyane a matsayin wakiltar sauti daban -daban, a cikin littafinsa na istpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana (" wasiƙar Trissino game da haruffan da aka ƙara kwanan nan cikin harshen Italiyanci ") ) na shekara ta 1524. Asali, 'I' da 'J' sun kasance siffofi daban -daban don harafi ɗaya, duka daidai suke , , da ; duk da haka, harsunan Romance sun haɓaka sabbin sautuna (daga tsohon da ) waɗanda aka wakilta a matsayin 'I' da 'J'; saboda haka, Ingilishi J, wanda aka samo daga Faransanci J, yana da ƙima mai ƙima sosai da (wanda ke wakiltar sautin farko a cikin kalmar Ingilishi " y et")
Furuci da amfani
Turanci
A Turanci, ⟩ fi wakiltar affricate /dʒ/ . A Old Turanci, da phoneme ya wakilta orthographically da ⟩ da ⟩ Ƙarƙashin rinjayar Old Faransa, wadda take da irin wannan phoneme deriving daga Latin English malaman Attaura suka fara amfani da ⟩ (daga baya ⟩ su wakilci kalma-farko a Old Turanci (misali, i Est kuma, daga baya j Est), yayin da yin amfani da ⟩ da sauran wurare (misali, ya DG e) Daga baya, da yawa wasu amfani da ⟩ (daga baya ⟩ da aka kara a loanwords daga Faransa da kuma sauran harsuna (misali ad j oin, j unta) A farko harshen Turanci littafin yi da bambanci a fili tsakanin ⟩ da ⟩ shi ne juyi na King James 1st Revision Cambridge a shekara ta 1629 da kuma wani English nahawu littafin da aka buga ashekara ta 1633. A aro kalmomi kamar raj, ⟩ iya wakiltar A cikin wasu daga cikin waɗannan, gami da raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, da Beijing, lafazin yana kusa da lafazi na asali, yana yin amfani da misali na tsinkayen girman kai . Lokaci-lokaci, ⟩ wakiltar ainihin sauti, kamar yadda a Hallelujah da Fjord (ga Yodh domin qarin bayani) A kalmomi na Spanish asalin, inda ⟩ wakiltar voiceless velar fricative [ x ] (kamar jalapeño) English jawabai yawanci m tare da voiceless glottal fricative /h / .
A Turanci, ⟩ ne karo na hudu kalla akai-akai amfani da harafi a kalmomi, kasancewa mafi m kawai fiye da ⟨ ⟨ kuma ⟨ Yana, duk da haka, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin sunaye masu dacewa, musamman sunaye na mutum.
Wasu harsuna
Harsunan Jamusanci da Gabashin Turai
Mafi yawancin Harsunan Jamus, kamar Jamus, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish kuma Norwegian, amfani ⟩ ga palatal approximant /j /, wanda mafi yawa ana wakilta harafi ⟩ a Turanci. Sanannen sanannu shine Ingilishi, Scots da (zuwa ƙaramin matakin) Luxembourgish . ⟩ ma wakiltar /j / a Albanian, da waɗanda Uralic, Slavic da Baltic harsuna da cewa amfani da Latin haruffa, kamar Hungarian, Finnish, Istoniyanci, Polish, Czech, Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya, Basulake, Basulabe, Latvian da Lithuanian . Wasu related harsuna, kamar Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya da Macedonian, kuma soma ⟩ cikin QFontDatabase haruffa ga wannan manufa. Saboda wannan ƙa'idar, an zaɓi ƙaramin ƙaramin harafin don amfani dashi a cikin IPA azaman alamar sautin sauti.
Harsunan soyayya
A cikin harsunan Rum, ⟩ ya kullum ci gaba daga asalin palatal approximant darajar a Latin zuwa wasu irin fricative . A Faransa, Portuguese, Catalan, kuma Romanian an fronted da postalveolar fricative /ʒ / (kamar ⟩ in English mea s Ure). A Spain, da bambanci, an biyu devoiced da kuma goyon baya daga wani a baya /ʝ / wani ba-rana /x / ~ /h /, tare da ainihin karin lafazi ganin dangane da magana ta yare.
Gabaɗaya, ⟨j⟩ baya yawan kasancewa a cikin daidaitaccen haruffan Italiyanci na zamani. Kawai dace sunaye (kamar Jesi da Letojanni ), Latin kalmomi ( Juventus ), ko kuma wadanda aro daga kasashen waje harsuna da ⟩ A dace sunaye da kuma Latin kalmomi ana furta a matsayin palatal approximant /j /, yayin da kalmomin aro daga kasashen waje harsuna ayan bi da harshen ta pronunciation na ⟩ Har cikin karni na 19th, ⟩ aka yi amfani maimakon ⟩ a diphthongs, kamar yadda wani zai maye gurbin karshe -ii, kuma a wasali kungiyoyin (as a Savoja) wannan doka ta kasance mai tsauri a rubuce na hukuma. ⟩ ana amfani ga sa /j / a harshe kuskure, misali Romanesco yare ⟩ (tafarnuwa. Gwama Italian aglio A Italian mawallafin Luigi Pirandello amfani ⟩ a wasali kungiyoyin a cikin ayyukansu da aka rubuta a cikin Italiyanci. ya kuma ya rubuta a cikin 'yan qasar Sicilian harshe, wanda har yanzu yana amfani da harafin ⟩ su wakilci /j / (da kuma wani lokacin ma [dʒ] ko [gj], dangane da yanayi) Harshen Maltese yaren Semitic ne, ba yaren Romance ba; amma an warai rinjayi su (musamman Sicilian) da kuma shi yana amfani da ⟩ ga sauti / j / (cognate na Semitic yod)
Basque
A Basque, da diaphoneme wakilta ⟩ yana da dama realizations bisa ga yankin yare: (na karshe wanda shi ne hali da Gipuzkoa )
Harsunan da ba na Turawa ba
Daga cikin harsunan da bana Turai da suka soma da Latin rubutun, ⟩ tsaye ga /ʒ / a Turkiyya da kuma Azerbaijani, domin /ʐ / a Tatar . ⟩ tsaye ga /dʒ / a Indonesiya, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Harshen Oromo, Harshen Turkmen, kuma Zulu . Yana wakiltar faɗar magana mai ƙarfi /ɟ / in Konkani, Yoruba, da Swahili . A Kiowa, ⟩ tsaye ga wata voiceless alveolar plosive, /t /.
⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the Languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean.
Domin Sin harsuna, ⟩ tsaye ga /t͡ɕ / a Mandarin Sin PinYin tsarin, da unaspirated kwatankwacin ⟩ /t͡ɕʰ /) A Wade-Giles, ⟩ tsaye ga Mandarin Sin /ʐ /. Pe̍h-œ-Ji na Hokkien da Tai-lo ga Taiwan Hokkien, ⟩ tsaye ga /z / da /ʑ /, ko /d͡z / da /d͡ʑ /, dangane da wasulla. A Jyutping for Kannada, ⟩ tsaye ga /j /.
The Royal Thai Janar System of kwafi ba ya amfani da harafin ⟩ ko da yake da shi da ake amfani a wasu dace sunayen da wadanda ba misali transcriptions su wakilci ko dai ko (wanda ke biye da tushen tushen Pali/Sanskrit)
A romanized Pashto, ⟩ wakiltar ځ, ya furta
A Qaniujaaqpait haruffan da Inuktitut harshe, ⟩ ake amfani da su rubũtunsa /j /.
Haruffa masu alaƙa
Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Yodh, wanda daga baya aka samo alamun da ke gaba
Ina i : Harafin Latin I, daga abin da J ya samo
Ƙari : Dotless j
Ƙari : Harafin mai canzawa ƙaramin mara lamba j tare da bugun jini
Ƙari : Harafin mai gyara ƙaramin j tare da ƙetare-jela
IPA -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J:
Lambobin kwamfuta
1 Hakanan don rikodin rikodi akan ASCII, gami da DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 da Macintosh iyalai na rikodi.
Unicode kuma yana da bambance -bambancen mara iyaka, ȷ (U+0237) Da farko ana amfani da shi a Landsmålsalfabet da lissafi. Ba a yi nufin amfani da shi ba tare da diacritics tunda j j na al'ada an yi taushi a Unicode (wato, an cire ɗigon idan za a sanya diacritic a sama; Unicode ya ci gaba da cewa, misali i+ ¨ ≠ ı+ ¨ da iri ɗaya yana da gaskiya ga j da ȷ)
A cikin Unicode, kwafin 'J' don amfani azaman yanayin sautin musamman a cikin tarihin harsunan Girka an sanya shi a cikin toshe rubutun Girkanci kamar ϳ (Unicode U+03F3) Ana amfani da shi don nuna ƙyalli na sarauta a cikin mahallin rubutun Girkanci. Ana kiranta "Yot" a ma'aunin Unicode, bayan sunan Jamusanci na harafin J. An ƙara babban juzu'in wannan wasiƙar zuwa Unicode Standard a U+037F tare da sakin sigar 7.0 a watan Yuni a shekara ta 2014.
Batun murmushin Wingdings
A cikin harafin Wingdings ta Microsoft, harafin "J" an sanya shi azaman fuskar murmushi (wannan ya bambanta da alamar lambar Unicode U+263A, wanda ke fassara ☺︎) A cikin aikace -aikacen Microsoft, ":) ana maye gurbinsa ta atomatik tare da murmushin da aka sanya a cikin takamaiman fuskar font lokacin ƙirƙirar takaddun rubutu mai ƙarfi ko imel na HTML. Za'a iya kashe wannan fasalin fasalin ta atomatik ko a canza shi zuwa murmushi na Unicode.
Sauran amfani
A cikin lambobin farantin lasisi na duniya, J yana wakiltar Japan .
A cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin hasashe guda uku na ƙima .
Hakanan a cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin vectors raka'a uku.
A cikin tsarin awo, J shine alamar joule, SI da aka samu don makamashi .
A wasu fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniyan lantarki da filayen da ke da alaƙa, j alama ce ga ƙungiyar hasashe (tushen murabba'i na −1) (a wasu fannoni ana amfani da harafin i, amma wannan zai zama mai rikitarwa kamar yadda shima alama ce don halin yanzu ).
A J iya zama wani irin harshe na dabam ambatacce ga wani hadin gwiwa ( marijuana taba)
A cikin Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin (kafin a shekara ta2001), farantin lasisin da ya fara da "J" misali "J123 XYZ" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, a shekara ta 1991 da 31 ga Yuli, a shekara ta 1992. Hakanan a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin, farantin lasisi wanda ya ƙare da "J" misali "ABC 123J" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, ashekara ta 1970 da 31 ga Yuli, 1971.
Sauran wakilci
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
24894 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubong%20Friday | Ubong Friday | Ubong Friday (an haife shi 3 ga watan Maris, 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya wasanni, tare kuma da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Akwa United. Ya fara wasa da farko a zaman ɗan wasan gefe .
Aikin kulob
Macito
Jumma'a ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din da ba na gasar ba, Macito FC, Uyo, a lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 2011-12.
Akwa Starlets
Bayan kakar wasa tare da Macito FC, Jumma'a ya koma kulob din NNL Akwa Starlets a farkon kakar 2012-13.
Ubong Juma'a yana cikin tawagar Akwa Starlets da suka dauki kanun labarai a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayyar 2013, inda suka kawar da kungiyoyin NPFL, Kwara United da Dolphins FC (yanzu Rivers United bayan hadewa da Sharks FC).
Kungiyar ta Uyo ta doke Kwara United da ci 6-5 a bugun fenariti a wasan zagaye na 64 a filin wasa na Oghara Township, bayan lokaci na yau da kullun ya ƙare 2-2.
A zagaye na 32, Akwa Starlets na Juma'a sun kori Dolphins 4-2 a bugun fenariti, bayan cikakkun mintuna 90 sun kasa samar da kwallaye.
Ubong Jumma'a Akwa Starlets na gab da samun ci gaba zuwa NPFL, amma an hana tikitin a wasan karshe na NNL Group B ta Shooting Stars, wanda ya ci su 1-0 a filin wasa na Lekan Salami, Ibadan ranar Asabar, 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekara 2014.
Akwa United
Jumma'a ta koma Akwa United a farkon kakar 2014-15 NPFL . A kakar wasansa ta farko, ya zira kwallaye shida don taimakawa Akwa United ta lashe kambinta na farko a cikin gida-gasar cin kofin tarayya ta 2015-inda Akwa United ta doke zakarun 2003, Lobi Stars 2-1 a wasan karshe a filin wasa na Teslim Balogun, Legas, a 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekara 2015.
Dan wasan ya zura kwallaye uku a raga da ci 6-1 da kulob din Dalhatu United FC na Zamfara a wasan zagaye na 64, sannan ya ci gaba da jan ragamar kulob din Nigeria Nationwide League, Peace Makers FC na Akure a zagayen. na 32 a filin wasa na Nnamdi Azikiwe, Enugu a ranar Laraba 8 ga Yuli 2015.
Ya kuma ci kwallo a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, da Niger Tornadoes Feeders. Cikakken mintuna 90 ya ƙare 2-2, amma Akwa United ta ci 7 - 5 a bugun fenariti.
Gasar cin Kofin Federations na 2015 ta cancanci kulob din don gasar zakarun kulob-kulob na CAF na farko.
Ubong Jumma'a ya zira kwallaye biyu yayin da Maurice Cooreman -led Akwa United ta doke Plateau United da ci 2-0 a wasan su na shida a filin wasa na Godswill Akpabio International, ranar Juma'a, 11 ga Maris, 2016, don yin rikodin nasarar su ta biyu na kamfen na 2015-16.
Bayan watanni huɗu, AfricanFootball.com ta zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan League na Najeriya na mako na 26, bayan da ya ci ƙwallon da ta sa United ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da Plateau United a filin wasa na Rwang Pam ranar Lahadi, 10 ga Yuli 2016.
An zabi Jumma'a a gaban golan Heartland Ebele Obi, wanda ya yi fice a wasan da Enyimba, yayin da Bright Ejike ya buge kungiyoyin kudu maso gabas; da Daniel-Japhet na El-Kanemi Warriors, wanda ya zira kwallaye tare da ba da taimako a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke MFM da ci 3-1.
An sanya sunan Ubong Friday a cikin fara wasan farko da Akwa United ta taba yi a tsakanin kulob din CAF da Vita Club Mokanda, amma an musanya ta da mintuna shida da shiga hutun rabin lokaci, inda Emmanuel Ariwachukwu ya maye gurbinsa. Babbar burin Ubong Ekpai, mintuna biyar bayan alamar rabin sa'a ta sanya nasara ga kulob din na Uyo a ranar Asabar, 13 ga Fabrairu 2016. Ubong Juma'a ya yi wasa na mintuna 63 a karawa ta biyu da Vita Club Mokanda, kafin ya shirya wa Michael Okoro Ibe, yayin da Akwa United ta fice daga gasar karo na 13 na gasar kulob-kulob na matakin na biyu. Jean Kalupumbu Mukalay ne ya ci wa maziyartan kwallo a minti na 53 da fara wasa, inda ya sanya kulob din na Congo daidai gwargwado. Kungiyar ta Congo ta ci gaba da cin 6 - 5 a bugun fenariti bayan karin lokacin da aka kasa samar da wanda ya yi nasara.
Ubong Juma ya dawo Akwa United a wasan da suka buga ranar tara da Gombe United a ranar Alhamis, 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2017, bayan ya yi jinyar makwanni shida, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawunsa a wasan da suka buga na gida gida da Rivers United ranar Laraba, 18 ga watan shekara ta Janairu 2017. .
Ubong Jumma'a ya ci lambar yabo ta Matchday 21 Value Added Tax (VAT) Wonder Goal award - wani yunƙuri na Hukumar Inshorar Haraji ta Tarayya (FIRS) - don burin sa a nasarar gida 3-0 a kan ABS a filin wasa na Godswill Akpabio International, Uyo ranar Lahadi, 28 ga Mayu 2017
Jumma'a ta doke gasa daga dan wasan FC Ifeanyi, Godwin Obaje da dan wasan Niger Tornadoes, Wilfred Ammeh a wani zaben da aka gudanar a gidan yanar gizon LMC da shafin Twitter a tsakanin Alhamis, 1 ga watanYuni da Lahadi, 4 ga watan Yuni 2017.
Dan wasan ya yi wani dogon zango, kafar dama a gefen hagu, wanda ya tsoma a cikin raga, ya bar mai tsaron gida ya rasa abin yi da kunya.
Manufar ta jawo kashi 41 cikin ɗari na jimillar ƙuri'un a shafin Twitter . Yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a (47%) sun gwammace burin Godwin Obaje a cikin nasarar da FC Ifeanyiubah ta sha a hannun Kano Pillars, yayin da sauran kashi 12 cikin ɗari na kuri'un ya tafi ga Wilfred Ammeh na Niger Tornadoes.
A gidan yanar gizon NPFL (www. NPFL.ng), kodayake, kashi 81.1 na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun fifita burin Jumma'a, yayin da Obaje da Ammeh suka sami kashi 12.4 da kashi 6.5 bisa ɗari.
Kimanin masu jefa ƙuri'a 337 ne suka shiga ta hanyar NPFL Twitter, yayin da 635 suka jefa ƙuri'a akan zaɓen gidan yanar gizon. An zira kwallaye uku a raga daga jimillar kwallaye 23 da aka ci a ranar wasa ta 21.
Ubong ya taimakawa Akwa United ta zama zakara a gasar cin kofin Federation a karo na biyu, a 2017. Akwa United - a lokacin a karkashin Abdu Maikaba - ta doke Niger Tornadoes da ci 3 - 2 a bugun fenariti a filin wasa na Agege ranar Lahadi, 15 ga Oktoba, bayan da aka kammala wasan babu ci.
Ubong Juma'a ScoreNigeria ta zabe shi a matsayin Tauraron NPFL Makon Sati na 5, 2017, bayan da ya buga wasan wasan da Akwa United ta doke Kwara United da ci 3-0 a ranar Lahadi, 28 ga watan Janairun shekara 2018, don daukaka Alkawarin. Makiyaye zuwa saman teburin.
Ubong ya ci kwallo daya kuma ya taimaka wa Akwa United don yin nasara mai gamsarwa a gaban magoya bayan su.
A ranar Lahadi, 8 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2018, dan wasan ya ji rauni a rauninsa a wasan cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup na 2018, wasan farko da gida da Al Hilal na Sudan, kuma an cire shi daga wasan Akwa United na NPFL ranar 19 da Enyimba a filin wasa na UJ Esuene, Calabar a ranar Lahadi, 29 ga Afrilu 2018.
Ubong Juma'a ya fara da kammala Akwa United a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Confederation Cup 2018 CAF, yayin da ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Hawks FC na Gambia, ranar Lahadi, 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018.
Ubong ya buga wasan karawa da Hawks FC gaba daya, yayin da Olisema ya ci kwallo a filin wasan Independence, Bakau a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu 2018, ya baiwa Akwa United nasara jimillar kwallaye 3-2 a kan kungiyar ta Gambiya da tsallakewa zuwa zagayen farko.
Adeshina Gata ne ya maye gurbin Ubong a minti na 80, mintuna uku kafin Muaid Eisa ya zira kwallon da aka ci a wasan da Al-Ittihad ta ci Akwa United 1-0.
Koci Abdu Maikaba ya maye gurbin Ubong Juma’a da Adeshina Gata a minti na 71, yayin da Akwa United ta ci 1-0 da ci na Aniekeme Asuquo a minti na 46, don tafiya daidai gwargwado, kafin ta buga Al-Ittihad 3–2 a bugun fenariti.
Ubong ya buga mintuna 43 kawai na farkon rabin, yayin da Akwa United ta ci Al-Hilal 2-0 a zagaye na biyu (zagaye na 32), kafa ta farko, a filin wasa na Al-Hilal ranar Lahadi 8 ga watan Afrilu 2018. An maye gurbinsa da Victor Mbaoma.
Ubong Jumma'a ya ji rauni a raunin makwanni 34 da fara wasan, kuma Katoh Haggai ya maye gurbinsa, yayin da Akwa United ta doke Al-Hilal da ci 3-1 a wasan zagaye na 32 na karawar a filin wasa na Godswill Akpabio ranar Lahadi, 18 ga watan Afrilu shekara 2018. Kwallon da Denis Nya ya ci a raunin farko da raunin raunin da Michael Ibe ya zura a ragar biyu bai isa ya kai Akwa United zuwa matakin rukuni ba, yayin da Al-Hilal Mohammed Bashir na mintuna 28 ya tabbatar da yanke hukunci, wanda ya cancanci kulob din na Sudan ya zama doka.
Lori
A ranar 5 ga watan Maris 2019, kulob din Premier League na Armenia Lori FC ya sanar da sanya hannu ranar Juma'a kan kwantiragin shekaru 3.5.
Aikin duniya
Koci Salisu Yusuf ne ya zabi Juma'a tare da wasu 'yan wasan NPFL 17 don gasar WAFU ta 2017 da Ghana ta dauki bakunci.
Ubong Juma'a ya maye gurbin Samuel Matthias mintina goma sha biyar a cikin kashi na biyu yayin da Najeriya ta fitar da Saliyo 2-0 a WAFU Zone A, wasan farko a filin wasa na Cape Coast ranar Litinin, 11 ga Satumba 2017.
Ubong Juma'a ya buga duka wasan Najeriya 0-0 da Mali a zagaye na biyu, wasan bude ranar Alhamis, 14 ga watan Satumba 2017, farawa tare da abokan wasan kulob na lokacin, Aremu Afeez, Ifeanyi Ifeanyi da Gabriel Okechukwu .
A wasan rukuni na biyu, Ubong ya maye gurbin Samuel Mathias mintuna 21 da fara wasan, yayin da Najeriya ta buga kunnen doki da Syli Nationale ta Guinea.
Ubong Jumma'a ya fara wasansa na biyu a gasar, yayin da Najeriya ta doke mai masaukin baki, Ghana da ci 2-0 don tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, ta hannun farkon kwallaye na biyu daga Anthony Okpotu da Peter Eneji . An maye gurbinsa da Samuel Mathias minti takwas kafin ƙarshen lokacin ƙa'ida.
Ubong Friday yana cikin wasan daf da na kusa da karshe da Jamhuriyar Benin, inda Rabiu Ali mai ihu na farko ya tabbatar Najeriya ta tsallake zuwa wasan karshe.
Ubong Juma'a ta fara a wasan da Najeriya ta doke mai masaukin baki, Ghana 4-1 a wasan karshe a filin wasa na Cape Coast ranar Lahadi, 24 ga Satumba 2017. An ba shi katin a minti na 25, sannan daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Gabriel Okechukwu a farkon rabin lokaci na biyu.
Daraja
Kulob
Kofin FA na Najeriya : 2
Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayyar 2015
Gasar Aiteo 2017
WAFU Nations Cup
Ghana 2017 - Azurfa
Na ɗaya
Kofin FA na Najeriya na 2015: Topscorer (6 goals)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Burin Mamaki na VAT - Ubong Jumma'a a tashar NPFL Youtube.
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Haifaffun 1998
Rayayyun Mutane |
31387 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Robobi | Gurbacewar Robobi | Gurbacewar Ledoji shine tarin abubuwa na filastik da ɓarɓashi (misali kwalabe na filastik, jakunkuna da microbeads ) a cikin muhallin duniya wanda ke cutar da mutane, namun daji da wuraren zama. Filastik da ke aiki azaman gurɓataccen abu ana rarraba su ta hanyar girma zuwa tarkace micro-, meso-, ko macro. Filastik ba su da tsada kuma masu ɗorewa suna sa su dace sosai don amfani daban-daban; Sakamakon haka masana'antun sun zaɓi yin amfani da filastik akan sauran kayan. Duk da haka, tsarin sinadarai na yawancin robobi yana sa su jure wa yawancin matakai na lalacewa kuma a sakamakon haka suna jinkirin raguwa. Tare, waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu suna ba da damar manyan ɗimbin robobi su shiga cikin muhalli a matsayin sharar da ba a sarrafa ba kuma don ta dawwama a cikin yanayin.
Gurɓacewar filastik na iya addabar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da kuma tekuna. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 1.1 zuwa 8.8 na sharar robobi na shiga cikin teku daga al'ummomin da ke gabar teku a kowace shekara. An kiyasta cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2013, tare da hasashen cewa kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 za a iya samun robobi fiye da kifin da ke cikin teku da nauyi. Za a iya cutar da halittu masu rai, musamman dabbobin ruwa, ko dai ta hanyar injuna kamar cuku-cuwa a cikin abubuwan robobi, matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sharar robobi, ko kuma ta hanyar fallasa sinadarai a cikin robobi waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ilimin halittarsu . Lalacewar sharar filastik na iya shafar mutane kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da su kai tsaye (watau a cikin ruwan famfo), cinyewa kai tsaye (ta hanyar cin dabbobi), da kuma rushewar hanyoyin hormonal daban-daban.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana samar da tan miliyan 368 na Robobi a kowacce shekara, kashi 51% a Asiya, ƙasar Sin itace a gaba wajen samarwa Daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 2018, anyi ƙiyasta cewa an samar da tan biliyan 6.3 na Robobi a fadin duniya. Inda aka ƙiyasta cewa ƙashi 9% ne kaɗai ake sake sabunta yayin da kashi 12% kuma yake yashe a bila. Wannan adadi na yasassun Robobi yana lalata muhalli yana kawo matsaloli.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, yawan robobin da aka samar a duniya ya zarce ƙimar halittun dabbobin ƙasa da na ruwa a haɗe. Canje-canje a cikin watan Mayu na 2019 ga Yarjejeniyar Basel ta tsara fitarwa / shigo da sharar robobi, wanda aka yi niyya don hana jigilar datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa . Kusan duk ƙasashe sun shiga wannan yarjejeniya. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2022 a Nairobi, kasashe 175 sun yi alkawarin samar da wata yarjejeniya ta doka nan da ƙarshen shekarar 2024 da nufin kawo ƙarshen gurɓatar filastik.
Adadin sharar filastik da aka samar ya karu yayin COVID-19 saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun kayan kariya da kayan marufi. Yawan robobi ya ƙare a cikin teku, musamman filastik daga sharar magani da abin rufe fuska. Rahotannin labarai da yawa suna nuni ga masana'antar filastik da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya da sha'awar abin rufe fuska da marufi don haɓaka samar da robobin amfani guda ɗaya.
Dalilai
Akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban na yawan sharar robobi da aka yi a ƙarni na baya. A wani kiyasi, ton biliyan daya na sharar robobi an yi watsi da su tun shekarun 1950. Wasu kuma sun yi ƙiyasin cewa yawan amfanin ɗan adam ya kai tan biliyan 8.3 na robobi, wanda ton biliyan 6.3 daga ciki ya zama almubazzaranci, inda kashi 9 cikin ɗari ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su.
An kiyasta cewa wannan sharar ta ƙunshi 81% Ledoji masu laushi, 13% polymer fibers da 32% additives. A cikin 2018 an samar da fiye da tan miliyan 343 na sharar robobi, kashi 90% na abin da ya ƙunshi sharar robobi bayan masu amfani da ita (sharar masana'antu, aikin gona, kasuwanci da kuma sharar filastik na birni). Sauran sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su sun kasance daga samar da guduro da kera samfuran robobi (misali kayan da aka ƙi saboda launin da bai dace ba, taurin, ko halayen sarrafawa).
Babban kaso na sharar filastik bayan mai amfani ya ƙunshi marufi na filastik. A cikin fakitin filastik na Amurka an ƙiyasta zuwa kashi 5% na MSW. Wannan marufi ya haɗa da kwalabe na filastik, tukwane, tubs da trays, jakunan cinikin fina-finai na filastik, jakunkuna na shara, kumfa mai kumfa, da filastik ko shimfidawa da kumfa na filastik misali fadada polystyrene (EPS). Ana haifar da sharar robobi a sassa da suka haɗa da aikin gona (misali bututun ban ruwa, murfin greenhouse, shinge, pellets, ciyawa; gini (misali bututu, fenti, bene da rufi, masu ƙorafi da ƙulli); sufuri (misali tayoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba, saman titi da alamar hanya) Kayan lantarki da lantarki (e-sharar gida); da magunguna da kiwon lafiya. Ba a da tabbas game da jimillar sharar robobi da waɗannan sassan ke samarwa.
Nazarin da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙididdige ɗigon robobi a cikin yanayi a matakan ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda suka nuna wahalar tantance tushe da adadin duk leak ɗin filastik. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a duniya ya yi ƙiyasin cewa tsakanin tan miliyan 60 zuwa 99 na sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, an samar da su a shekarar 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 ta ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na sharar filastik sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin 2016. yayin da Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) suka ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 9-14 na sharar filastik ta ƙare a cikin teku a wannan shekarar.
Duk da ƙoƙarin da duniya ke yi na rage samar da gurbataccen robobi, ana hasashen hasarar muhalli za ta karu. Samfuran ya nuna cewa, ba tare da manyan ayyuka ba, tsakanin tan miliyan 23 zuwa 37 a kowace shekara na sharar robobi na iya shiga cikin tekunan nan da shekarar 2040 kuma tsakanin tan miliyan 155 zuwa 265 a kowace shekara za a iya fitar da su cikin muhalli nan da shekarar 2060. A ƙarƙashin yanayin kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba, irin wannan haɓakar na iya zama mai yiwuwa ga ci gaba da haɓaka samar da samfuran robobi, wanda buƙatun mabukaci ke haifar da shi, tare da rashin isasshen ci gaba a sarrafa sharar gida. Kamar yadda sharar robobi da aka saki a cikin muhalli ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittu, haɓakar wannan girman na iya haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki.
An gano cinikin dattin filastik a matsayin "babban laifi" na sharar ruwa. Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibi ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharuɗɗa.
Nau'in tarkacen filastik
Akwai manyan nau'ikan filastik guda uku waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen filastik: micro-, macro-, da mega-robobi. Mega- da ƙananan robobi sun taru a cikin mafi girma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, sun tattara kewaye da cibiyoyin birane da wuraren ruwa. Ana iya samun robobi a gabar tekun wasu tsibiran saboda igiyar ruwa da ke ɗauke da tarkacen. Ana samun duka mega- da macro-robobi a cikin marufi, takalmi, da sauran kayan gida waɗanda aka wanke daga cikin jiragen ruwa ko kuma aka jefar da su a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa . An fi samun abubuwan da suka danganci kamun kifi a kusa da tsibirai masu nisa. Ana iya kiran waɗannan kuma a matsayin micro-, meso-, da macro tarkace.
An rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin na farko ko na sakandare. Robobi na farko suna cikin sigar su ta asali idan aka tattara su. Misalan waɗannan za su kasance kwalabe, bututun sigari, da microbeads. A gefe guda kuma, robobi na biyu, suna lissafin ƙananan robobi waɗanda suka haifar da lalacewa ta farko.
Microdebris
Microdebris yanki ne na filastik tsakanin 2 mm da 5 mm a girman. tarkacen filastik da ke farawa a matsayin meso- ko macrodebris na iya zama microdebris ta hanyar lalacewa da haɗuwa da ke rushe shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan. Microdebris an fi kira da nordles . Ana sake yin amfani da nono don yin sabbin abubuwa na robobi, amma cikin sauƙi suna ƙarewa a cikin muhalli yayin samarwa saboda ƙananan girmansu. Sau da yawa sukan ƙare a cikin ruwan teku ta koguna da koguna. Microdebris da ke fitowa daga tsaftacewa da kayan kwalliya kuma ana kiran su masu gogewa. Saboda microdebris da scrubbers suna da ƙanƙanta a girman, ƙwayoyin ciyar da tacewa sukan cinye su.
Nurdles suna shiga cikin teku ta hanyar zubewa yayin sufuri ko daga tushen ƙasa. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. An kiyasta cewa kashi 10 cikin 100 na robobin da ke cikin tekun na noma ne, wanda hakan ya sa su zama daya daga cikin nau’ukan gurbatar muhalli da aka fi sani da su, tare da buhunan robobi da na abinci. Waɗannan micro-robobi na iya taruwa a cikin tekuna kuma suna ba da izinin tara abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta irin su bisphenol A, polystyrene, DDT, da PCB waɗanda ke da hydrophobic a yanayi kuma suna iya haifar da illa ga lafiya.
Adadi, wurare, bin diddigi da alaƙar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Wani bincike na 2004 na Richard Thompson daga Jami'ar Plymouth, Birtaniya, ya sami adadi mai yawa na microdebris a kan rairayin bakin teku masu da ruwa a Turai, Amurka, Australia, Afirka, da Antarctica. Thompson da abokansa sun gano cewa ana ruguza pellet ɗin robobi daga gida da masana'antu zuwa ƙananan robobi, wasu suna da diamita fiye da gashin ɗan adam. Idan ba a sha ba, wannan microdebris yana yawo a maimakon a nutse a cikin yanayin ruwa. Thompson ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya samun abubuwa na robobi 300,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na saman teku da kuma ɓarɓashi na robobi 100,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na gadon teku . International Pellet Watch ta tattara samfuran pellets na polyethylene daga rairayin bakin teku 30 a cikin ƙasashe 17 waɗanda aka bincika don ƙananan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano cewa pellets da aka samu a rairayin bakin teku a Amurka, Vietnam da kuma kudancin Afirka sun ƙunshi mahadi daga magungunan kashe qwari da ke nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a yankunan. A cikin 2020 masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri abin da zai iya zama ƙiyasin kimiyya na farko na nawa microplastic a halin yanzu ke zama a cikin tekun duniya, bayan binciken yankuna shida na ~3 km zurfin ~ 300 km daga gabar tekun Ostireliya. Sun sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga na microplastic mai saurin canzawa ya yi daidai da filastik a saman da kusurwar gangaren teku. Ta hanyar ma'auni na microplastic mass da cm 3, sun kiyasta cewa tekun tekun duniya ya ƙunshi ~ 14 ton miliyan na microplastic - game da ninki biyu na adadin da suka kiyasta dangane da bayanai daga binciken da aka yi a baya - duk da kiran duka kiyasin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" kamar yadda yankunan bakin teku sun san cewa suna dauke da yawa. fiye da microplastic. Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun kai kusan sau ɗaya zuwa biyu adadin tunanin filastik - na Jambeck et al., 2015 - don shiga cikin teku a halin yanzu kowace shekara.
Macrodebris
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Ana rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin macrodebris lokacin da ya fi 20 girma mm. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar buhunan kayan abinci na filastik. Ana samun macrodebris sau da yawa a cikin ruwan teku, kuma yana iya yin tasiri mai tsanani a kan kwayoyin halitta. Tarun kamun kifi sun kasance manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Ko bayan an yi watsi da su, suna ci gaba da kama ƙwayoyin halittun ruwa da sauran tarkacen filastik. A ƙarshe, waɗannan tarunan da aka watsar sun zama masu wuyar cirewa daga ruwa saboda suna da nauyi sosai, suna girma har zuwa ton 6.
Samar da Filastik
An yi ƙiyasin tan biliyan 9.2 na robobi tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2017. Fiye da rabin wannan filastik da aka samar tun 2004. A cikin dukkan robobin da aka jefar ya zuwa yanzu, an kona kashi 14% kuma an sake yin amfani da kasa da kashi 10 cikin ɗari.
Rushewar robobi
Roba da kansu suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 10% na sharar da aka zubar. Yawancin nau'ikan robobi sun wanzu dangane da magabatan su da kuma hanyar yin polymerization . Dangane da abun da ke tattare da sinadaran su, robobi da resins suna da kaddarorin mabanbanta da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da haɓakawa . Lalacewar polymer yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo a sakamakon yanayin saline da kuma sanyaya tasirin teku. Waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawar dagewar tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa robobin da ke cikin teku suna rubewa da sauri fiye da yadda ake zato, sakamakon kamuwa da rana, ruwan sama, da sauran yanayin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da sakin sinadarai masu guba irin su bisphenol A. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaruwar adadin robobi a cikin teku, bazuwar ya ragu. Hukumar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservancy ta yi hasashen adadin ruɓewar samfuran filastik da yawa. An kiyasta cewa kofin kumfa mai kumfa zai ɗauki shekaru 50, mai robobin abin sha zai ɗauki shekaru 400, nap ɗin da za a iya zubar zai ɗauki shekaru 450, kuma layin kamun kifi zai ɗauki shekaru 600 yana raguwa.
Manazarta |
24113 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Hassan%20Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Sudan, wanda aka tsare a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a Cuba. Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar Guantanamo masu yaki da ta'addanci sun kiyasta an haife shi a shekarar 1958, a Port Sudan, Sudan. An mayar da Adel Hassan zuwa Sudan ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2007.
Mai wakiltar Adel: Halin da ake tsare da Guantanamo 940
William Teesdale, dan Portland, mai kare hakkin jama'a na Oregon, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da ke kare yawancin fursunonin Guantanamo, ya rubuta bayanin aikin ƙungiyarsa da ke wakiltar Adel. Ya rubuta:
“Sannan, a watan Mayu, 2005, Gwamnati ta samar da dawowar gaskiya, kamar yadda Kotun Gundumar ta ba da umarni. Mun koyi wani abu mai ban mamaki. Akwai muryar rashin jituwa a kwamitin CSRT na soja wanda ya ayyana Adel Maƙiyi Maƙiyi. Wani babban hafsan soji, wanda aka sanya sunansa, ya yi ƙarfin hali ya shigar da rahoton rashin amincewa yana mai kiran sakamakon shari'ar Adel da 'rashin sanin yakamata.' "
Teesdale ya bayyana tafiya zuwa Afghanistan, da neman shaidu waɗanda za su iya tabbatar da rashin laifin Adel.Teesdale ne ya rubuta
“Duk bayanan da aka tattara a cikin wannan binciken an shigar da su ne a gaban shari’ar Mista Hamad ta hanyar gabatar da bukatar yanke hukunci. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2006 Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan dokar Kwamitocin Sojoji, wanda ke kokarin kwace kotunan tarayya na ikon sauraren karar Guantanamo da ake tsare da habeas . A halin yanzu dukkan kararrakinmu na nan a halin yanzu ana jiran a warware wannan batun. "
Habeas corpus
A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2007 lauyoyin Adel Hassan Hamad sun gabatar da takardar rantsuwa daga wani jami'in da ya yi aiki tare da OARDEC wanda ke da sukar tsarin. Jami'in, wani reshen Sojojin da aka sakaya sunansa, ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a rayuwar farar hula. Ya rubuta game da Kotuna: `` '' horo bai yi ƙanƙanta ba '' - kuma `` '' tsarin ba a bayyana shi da kyau ba ''. Jami'in ya zauna a Kotuna 49.
Labarin CBS ya ba da rahoton cewa jami'in da ba a bayyana sunansa ba Manjo ne, wanda ya halarci tarurruka tare da babban kwamandan da ke kula da OARDEC don tattaunawa kan shari'o'i shida inda Kotun da ta yanke hukuncin cewa wadanda aka kama ba su da laifi idan da hukuncin Kotun na biyu ya canza. Labaran CBS sun yi hasashen cewa Babban Sojan shine mamba na Kotun wanda ya rubuta ra’ayoyin marasa rinjaye a shari’ar Adel Hassan Hamad, inda ya kira tsare shi da “rashin hankali” saboda bai dogara da isasshen shaidu ba.
Manyan Sojojin sun yi bayanin "rashin tausayi" a wani taro da aka shirya don tattauna dalilin da yasa wasu Kotuna suka yanke hukuncin cewa Uyghur da aka kama a Guantanamo ba mayaƙan maƙiyi bane, lokacin da sauran Kotuna suka yanke hukunci cewa sun kasance, duk da cewa shari'o'in Uyghurs sun yi kama.
James R. Crisfield, da Legal Bayar Da Shawarar wanda sake nazari kotun determinations for " doka isar " sharhi a kan tattaunawa da "dissenting kotun memba":
Saki
An dawo da shi da takwaransa na Sudan Salim Mahmud Adam a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2007.
Shari'a
A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2008 Jaridar Daily Times ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton cewa "Salim Mahmud Adam" da "Adel Hasan Hamad" sun sanar da shirin gurfanar da gwamnatin Amurka kan tsare su. Labarin ya ba da rahoton cewa ya gaya wa Daily Times cewa Kotun Sauraron Ƙa'idar Matsayi ta 2004 ta wanke shi daga zargin cewa shi "mayaƙi ne".
Hassan ya shigar da kara a kan gwamnati da mutane da dama a kotun gundumar tarayya a Seattle a watan Afrilu, 2010. Takaddama daga Kanar Lawrence Wilkerson, tsohon mai taimaka wa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell, ya tabbatar da cewa manyan jami'an Amurka, ciki har da George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, da Donald Rumsfeld, sun san cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka tsare. da farko an aika su Guantánamo ba su da laifi, amma an tsare wadanda aka tsare a can saboda dalilan son siyasa.
Iyali
Hamad yana da 'yar da aka haifa bayan kama shi kuma ta mutu kafin a sake shi saboda rashin kulawar likita.
Duba kuma
Bagram na azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin waje
Adel Hassan Hamad na tsarewar Guantanamo ta Wikileaks
Bidiyon
Fursunonin tsohon Guantánamo na Sudan sun nemi a saki 'yan uwansu da kuma diyya don "azabtar da hankali da ta jiki" Andy Worthington
Wani dan Sudan ya kai kara bayan sakinsa daga Guantanamo
Tsohon fursuna na Guantánamo ya nemi Amurka ta sake duba manufofinta na kafa
Labarai masu ban tsoro na Ma'aikatan Agaji Kawai An Saki Daga Gitmo
projecthamad.org -Labarin Adel Hamad tare da mai da hankali kan Habeas Corpus
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1958
Pages with unreviewed translations |
18871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ulam | Adam Ulam | Adam Bruno Ulam (an haife shi a ranar ta 8 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1922 -ya mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2000) ya kasan ce ɗan tarihin Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin Bayahude kuma masanin siyasa a Jami’ar Harvard . Ulam yana daya daga cikin marubuta duniya ta farkon na hukumomi da kuma saman masana a Sovietology da Kremlinology, ya wallafa littattafai da mahara da articles a cikin wadannan ilimi tarbiyya.
Tarihin rayuwa
Adam B. Ulam an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 1922, a Lwów lokacin babban gari a Poland, yanzu Lviv a cikin Ukraine, ga iyayen wani mawadaci dangin yahudawa masu haɗin kai. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1939 ko kusa da 20, ƙaninsa ɗan shekaru 30 Stanisław Ulam, sanannen masanin lissafi kuma mahimmin gudummawa ga Manhattan Project, ya dauke shi zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da karatunsa. Mahaifinsu, a minti na ƙarshe, ya canza ranar tashi daga ranar 3 ga watan Satumba zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ran Adam tun a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara, tare da mamayar Jamus ta Nazi ta Poland . Ban da 'yan'uwan Ulam, duk sauran dangin da suka rage a Poland sun halaka cikin Holocaust .
Adam ya kasance dan kasar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1939, kuma ya yi kokarin shiga cikin sojojin Amurka sau biyu bayan Amurka ta shiga yakin, amma da farko an ki amincewa da shi saboda yana da "dangin da ke zaune a yankin abokan gaba" daga baya kuma suka koma myopia. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Brown kuma ya koyar a taƙaice a Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison . Bayan karatu a Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta (1944-1947), ya sami digirin digirgir a karkashin William Yandell Elliott don darasinsa na Idealism da Development of English Socialism, wanda aka ba shi kyautar 1947 Delancey K. Jay Prize. Ya zama malami a Harvard a cikin shekara ta 1947, ya karbi aiki a shekara ta 1954, kuma har lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1992 shi ne Gurney Farfesan Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Rasha (1973-1974) kuma ya kasance masanin bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a shekara ta (1953-1955).
Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1963, aka sake shi a 1991, kuma ya haifi ’ya’ya maza biyu. Ranar 28 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2000, ya mutu daga cutar kansa ta huhu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, yana da shekara 77 kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Mount Auburn a ciki.
Ayyuka
Ulam wallafa mahara littattafai da asidu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen da aka musamman sadaukar domin Sovietology, Kremlinology da Cold War . Littafin da ya fi saninsa shi ne Fadadawa da Zama tare: Tarihin Siyasar Kasashen Soviet, 1917-67 (1968).
A cikin littafinsa na farko, Titoism da Cominform (1952), bisa dogaro da karatun digirin digirgir, ya yi iƙirarin cewa mayar da hankali ga kwaminisanci a kan wasu manufofi ya makantar da su daga mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki wanda ke da ƙarfin raunana ikon su. Littafinsa The Unfinished Revolution: Wani Labari game da Tushen Tasirin Marxism da Kwaminisanci a shekara ta (1960) ya binciki tunanin Markisanci. Littattafansa guda biyu The Bolsheviks : Tarihin Hankali da Siyasa na Tattalin Arzikin Kwaminisanci a Rasha a shekara ta (1965) da Stalin: The Man and His Era a shekara ta (1973) an yarda da su a duniya azaman daidaitaccen tarihin Vladimir Lenin da Joseph Stalin, bi da bi. Ya kuma rubuta jerin abubuwa biyu, Abokan hamayya: Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II (1971) da Dangantaka Mai Hadari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, a shekara ta 1970-1982 (1983).
Ya kuma rubuta wani labari, The Kirov Affair a shekara ta (1988), game da Soviet 1930s. A cikin daya daga cikin litattafansa na karshe, ' Yan Kwaminisanci: Labarin Iko da Rasa Hasashe a shekara ta 1948-1991, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta 1992, shekarar da ya yi ritaya, ya yi tsokaci game da faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya rubuta cewa' yan kwaminisanci sun fadi daga mulki saboda akidarsu ita ce bata gari da kuma yadda manyan masu fada a ji suka kara fahimtar kuskurensu wanda hakan ya haifar musu da lalacewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice tsakanin da tsakanin jihohin kwaminisanci.
Babban banda cikin littattafan sune: Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzu na Ingilishi da Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka, mai sukar babbar ilimin Amurka, wanda aka rubuta a 1972.
Littattafai
Yawancin littattafan suna kan layi kuma kyauta ne don aron sati biyu
Tarihin Soviet ta Rasha (1997)
Dangantaka Mai Haɗari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, 1970-82 (1983)
Fadadawa da Zama tare, Tarihin Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Soviet, 1917-67 (1968), kan layi kyauta don ara
Tunani da Tunani: Tunanin Juyin Juya Hali daga Herzen zuwa Solzhenitsyn (1976), kyauta kan layi don bashi
Da Sunan Mutane: Annabawa da Maƙarƙashiya a cikin Rikicin Juyin Juya Hali na Rasha (1977) kan layi kyauta don ara
Alamar Gwamnati : Manyan Tsarin Siyasar Turai, tare da Samuel H. Beer, Harry H. Eckstein, Herbert J. Spiro, da Nicholas Wahl, an shirya su da SH Beer (1958)
Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzancin Ingilishi (1964)
Juyin Juya Halin Rasha: Daga 'Yan Yaudara zuwa Wadanda Aka Yarda (1981)
Stalin: Mutumin da Zamaninsa (1973), kan layi kyauta don ara
Bolsheviks: Tarihin Ilimi da Siyasa na ofaunar Commungiyar Kwaminisanci a Rasha (1965)
'Yan kwaminisanci: Labarin Powerarfi da Rashin Tunani, 1948-1991 (1992)
Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka (1972)
Halin Kirov (1988) - bayanin kula: labari, kyauta akan layi don bashi
Sabuwar Fuskar Soviet Totalitarianism (1963)
Masu Kishin. Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II (1971), akan layi kyauta don ara
Tsarin Siyasar Rasha (1974), kan layi kyauta don ara
Juyin Juya Halin da ba a kammala ba: Labari a kan Tushen Tasirin tasirin Markisanci da Kwaminisanci (1960), kyauta a kan layi don ara
Titoism da Cominform (1952)
Fahimtar Yakin Cacar Baki: Tunani Na Musamman na Tarihi - bayanin kula: abin tunawa (2000)
Manazarta
An sake yin la'akari da Daular Soviet; Matsaloli a Daraja Adam B. Ulam, edita daga Sanford R. Lieberman, David E. Powell, Carol R. Saivetz, da Sarah M. Terry, Routledge, 1994
Kramer, Mark, "Sanarwar Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam (1922-2000)", Jaridar Nazarin Yakin Cacar Baki, vol. 2, babu. 2, bazara 2000, pp. 130-132
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Crystal Reference Encyclopedia akan Adam (Bruno) Ulam
Labaran Harvard da Abubuwan da suka faru: Minti na Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam wanda Timothy J. Colton ya karanta a 2002 kuma aka buga shi a cikin Harvard University Gazette
Shafin tunawa da Adam Ulam, tare da rasuwa, tarihin rayuwa, haruffa da sauran abubuwa
Harvard Gazette ya mutu
Tarihin Washington Post
Jaridar New York Times ta mutu
Bayanai a '' Nemi Kabari ''
Haifaffun 1922
Mutuwan 2000
Jami'ar Harvard
Jami'ar Brown
Mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
20703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Afemai | Mutanen Afemai | Afemai, kuma rattaba kalma Afenmai, ne wata ƙabila da suke zaune a arewacin jihar Edo kudancin Najeriya .
Mutanen Afemai sun mamaye ƙananan hukumomi shida na jihar Edo: Etsako West, mai hedkwata a Auchi, Etsako ta Tsakiya, Etsako ta gabas, Owan East, Owan West da Akoko Edo . Waɗannan sune Yankin Sanatan Edo-Arewa.
Suna
Afemai ana kuma kiransa da Afenmai, Etsako, Etsakor, Iyekhee, ko Yekhee. A cikin Benin, ana kiran su da mutanen Ivbiosakon.
A baya sunan da mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya ya yi amfani da shi shi ne Kukuruku, wanda ake tsammani bayan yaƙin yaƙi "ku-ku-ruku", yanzu ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wulaƙanci.
Harshe
Harshen Afenmai yare ne na Ghotou - Uneme - Yekhee, na reshen Arewa-Tsakiya na harsunan Edoid . Afemai yana da kusanci da Edo .
Afemai yana da yarukan yare da yawa da aka rubuta:
Tarihi
Afemai aka sanya da dama da mulkoki da iyalan (manyan kauyuka / alƙaryu mulki bisa ga al'ada ta wurin wadanada ) da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna neman su yi da su baka tarihin juyi na asalin Afemai kazalika ta fara batu a tarihi. Tarihin tarihi ya yi ikirarin cewa sun yi kaura daga Benin, a lokacin mulkin zalunci na Oba Ewuare, babban fitaccen jarumi kuma fitaccen sarki a tarihin Daular Benin . "Lakabin Ewuare (Oworuare), ma'ana" komai yana da kyau "ko kuma matsalar ta daina kuma sakamakon haka, yakin ya kare. The title alama ce ta wani epoch sulhu, maimaitawa, da kuma dawowar zaman lafiya a tsakanin takaddama ƙungiyõyin a Benin tsakanin shekarar 1435 da 1440 AD.
Jim kaɗan bayan wannan mawuyacin lokaci na yaƙi, Akalaka da sonsa sonsansa biyu Ekpeye da Ogba suka yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabas don fara zama a Ula-Ubie, sannan daga baya wasu ƙungiyoyi suka ƙaura daga garin Benin suka yi ƙaura zuwa arewa. Koyaya, kwanan nan ya bayyana cewa akwai mutane da ke zaune a Afemailand kafin ƙaura daga Garin Benin.
Wasu daga cikin yara maza da mata na Afemailand, da, da na yanzu sune
Rear Admiral Mike Okhai Akhigbe Tsohon shugaban hafsan soji kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
Dele Giwa Dan Jarida kuma Dan rajin kare hakkin Dan Adam
Alfred Yarduat Daraktan CBN
Mike Agbedor Ozekhome SAN 'Yancin Dan Adam da Lauyan Tsarin Mulki
Rev Dr. Emmanuel A. Akpeokhai (Masanin ilimin likita na farko a Afemai Land)
Hon Prince Clement Agba, kwamishinan muhalli karkashin Gwamna Oshiomole.
Inusa Oshogwemoh Polo Club
Sanata Injiniya Yisa Braimoh Sanata Biyu
Dokta Austine Obozuwa: Tsohuwar malama a Jami’ar Shari’a ta Legas, Tsohon Mashawarcin Shugaban Kasa Kan Harkokin Shari’a (Joseph Wayas), Kwamishina Bendel sau biyu, Tsohon Memba na Majalisar Wakilai (Mazabar Etsako ta Tarayya),
Rukunin Kyaftin Brai Ayonote Mni, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Wasannin Wasannin Afirka na 1, Shugaban NABA dan kungiyar Dambe ta Najeriya NABA da tsohon Daraktan hulda da jama'a da bayanai na rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya. Afeakhuye na Uzairue.
Michael Imoudu, tsohon shugaban kungiyar kwadago kuma wanda ya kafa kasar Najeriya,
Cif Julius Momo Udochi jakadan Najeriya na farko zuwa Amurka,
Gen. George Agbazika Innih , gwamnan soja daya-daya na Bendel da Kwara ,
Manjo-Janar Abdul Rahman Mamudu, tsohon kwamandan, Siginonin Sojojin Nijeriya da kuma mai kula da harkokin soja a Jihar Gongola ,
Rt Hon Sir Kanal Tunde Akogun, tsohon mai kula da harkokin gargajiya da adana kayan tarihi, sannan kuma tsohon Shugaban Majalisar, Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya
Sir Pa Hudson Arikalume Momodu, MBE, shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta kasa ta bangaren ma’aikatan yaki na Najeriya, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta ADC daga Mai Martaba a madadin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth II )
John Momoh (Shugaba / Shugaba na Gidan Talabijin na Channels)
Adams Oshiomhole, tsohon shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Edo tsohon Shugaban DUKKAN SHIRIN GASKIYA (APC)
Sule Okponobi Daraktan canjin kudaden waje CBN
Pa Johnson Jimoh Iyere ,
Raymond Aleogho Dokpesi, (shugaba / Shugaba mai kula da gidan Talabijin na Afirka ),
Kingsley Momoh, (Dan Jarida, tsohon Edita, Bisi Olatilo Show Magazine da Shugaba Guguru FM )
Sanata Francisca Afegbua, 'yar majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta farko da aka zaba, an zabe ta a
Chief Inu Umoru, shugaba / Shugaba, Setraco Ltd,
Hon. Mai Shari'a J. Omo-Eboh ( Kotun daukaka kara );
Prince Tony Momoh, tsohon Ministan Labarai da Al'adu,
Kwamanda Anthony Ikhazoboh, ministan wasanni da sufuri,
Prince Fidelis Oyogoa (SNR), ya yaba wa tsohon kocin kwallon tennis a makarantar Port Washington Academy, wanda ya horar da mutane irin su John McEnroe da Peter Fleming mashahurin mai harkar gine-gine,
Aret Adams GMD NNPC ,
Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende
Ogedengbe * Cif Prudence
Tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshi da jakada Abdulaziz Garuba da dai sauransu. .
Manjo David O. Odiwo
Ambasada Adamu Azimeyeh Emozozo, Tsohon Jakadan Kula da Aiki a Brazil, wanda ya samu karbuwa a lokaci guda zuwa kasashen Bolivia da Paraguay.
Sanata Francis Alimikhena .
Laftanar Kanal Abiodun Uwadia RTD . Tsohon Babban Mataimaki Na Musamman Ga Shugaban Kasa (Ayyuka Na Musamman)
Dele Momodu ɗan jarida / mai wallafa, ɗan kasuwa, mai son taimakon jama'a da kuma magana mai motsa gwiwa.
Alhaji Sule Abu, Daraktan JohnHolt, Mutumin Farko na Afirka da aka zaɓa a matsayin darakta.
Cif Mike Aiyegbeni Oghiadomhe ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Edo, Najeriya daga 1999 zuwa 2007 da kuma Shugaban Ma’aikata ga tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan daga 2011 zuwa 2014.
Abubuwan sha'awa
Yawancin mutane suna aiki tuƙuru, suna zuwa makaranta kuma suna tafiya.
Gwamnati
Afemais ba su da masarautar gargajiya ta tsakiya, amma wasu daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin gargajiya da masu mulki a kasar ta Afemai sune Okumagbe na Weppa Wanno ( Agenebode ), Ogieneni na Uzairue ( Jattu ), Aidonogie na kudu Ibie, Otaru na Auchi, Oba na Agbede, Otaru na Igarra, Ukor na Ihievbe, Oliola na Anegbette, Okumagbe na dangin Iuleha, Okuopellagbe na Okpella da dai sauransu. Afemai sun samar da manyan mutane da yawa a matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.
Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido, wadanda suka hada da fadin Afemai, sun hada da Lake Lake a cikin Agenebode (dangin Weppa Wanno) Etsakor East, tsaunukan Ososo (wadanda aka nuna a wani binciken Gulder Ultimate), shahararrun tsaunukan Kukuruku da tsaunukan Somorika a Akoko Edo. Tudun Somorika sun hada da tsawan tsaunukan tsaunuka waɗanda manyan duwatsu suka ɗorawa a haɗe akan taron tsaunuka kuma tare da alamun rashin wadatar wurare a ɓangarorin.
Wasu daga cikin muhimman garuruwa / dangi a ƙasar Afemai sune Agenebode (Weppa-Wanno), Weppa, Oshiolo, Emokwemhe Iviagbapue, Auchi, Ihievbe, Afuze, Anegbette, Warrake, Iviukwe, South Ibie, Agbede, Sabongida Ora, Igarra, Ekperi, Jattu, Fugar, Aviele, Okpella, Uneme Ehrunrun, Uneme Osu, Iviukhua, Ososo, Uzanu, Uzebba, Iviukhua, Weppa, Okpella, Okpekpe, Somorika da dai sauransu
A halin yanzu an tsara dangogi masu cin gashin kansu, garuruwa, kauyuka da masarautu a cikin ƙasar Afemai kamar yadda yake ƙarƙashin ƙananan hukumomi shida na yanzu:
Etsako East LGA, Agenebode:
Agenebode, Oshiolo, Iviagbapue, Imiakebu, Afana, Imiegba, Itsukwi, Emokweme, Ekwothor, Iviukhua, Okpella, Okpekpe, Iviebua, Ibie, Weppa, Uzanu City
Etsako Central LGA, Fugar:
Fugar, Ekperi, Ogbona, Anegbette, Udochi
Karamar hukumar Estako ta yamma, Auchi:
Auchi, Ibie na Kudu, Agbede, Al'ummar Awain (Ewora, Eware, Ibvioba, Ama, Idegun, da sauransu) ) Jattu, Afashio, Ayogwiri, Aviele, Iyorah, Ikabigbo, Afowa, Irekpai, Ugbenor, Idato,
Karamar Hukumar Owan ta Gabas, Afuze
Afuze, Warrake, Igue, Ihievbe, Ikao, Ivbi-Mion, Ive-Ada-Obi, Otuo da Uokha
Ƙaramar Owan ta yamma, Sabongida Ora:
Sabongida Ora, Iuleha Clan
Akoko Edo LGA, Igarra:
Igarra, Ibillo, Uneme Osu, Uneme Ehrunrun, Ojah, Ososo, Somorika,
Aviawun (Iviawu) ɗayan mashahuran dangi ne a Afemai. Ya ƙunshi 1 Unone 2 Arua 3 Ogbona 4 Iriakhor
Awun shine mahaifin Unone Arua Ogbona Iriakhor kuma Awun yayi ƙaura daga Masarautar Benin suka zauna a Fugar ta yanzu. Babu ɗaya da Arua sune Fugar ta yanzu.
Asalin Aviawun
An ce Awun ya yi ƙaura daga Masarautar Benin a lokacin ƙarni na 15 kuma ya bar Masarautar Benin saboda ƙarfen da Oba na Benin ke yi wa talakawansa. Ya fara zama a Jettu kuma mazaunan Jettu ba su maraba da shi ba, don haka ya yi ƙaura zuwa gabas ya zauna a Fugar ta yanzu. An ce lokacin da ya isa Fugar, bai ga wasu manyan bishiyoyi ba kuma bishiyar da ya gani kawai da za ta iya inuwa shi da danginsa ba su isa ba. Wannan itace takamaimai har yanzu tana nan. Sunan bishiyar Agbabo. Itace ta gargajiya kuma babu wani zuriya Awun da ya isa ya yanke shi. Hakanan ana ɗaukarsa yawon shakatawa
Addini
Mutanen Etsako asalinsu masu bin Addinin Gargajiya ne na Afirka. Koyaya, tare da bayyanar Kiristanci da Islama, da yawa sun tuba zuwa waɗancan addinan. Mutanen Etsako yawancinsu Krista ne a yau, watakila saboda yawan zuwan mishanan farko a Waterside a Agenebode. Koyaya, ana iya samun Musulmai masu yawa a kusa da Auchi, Agbede kuma wataƙila, hanyar Okpella.
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mutanen Afemai
Edo yawon bude ido a Edo duniya
Kabila
Harsuna
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Al'ummomi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
57651 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Ioniq | Hyundai Ioniq | Hyundai Ioniq ƙaramin ɗaga kofa biyar ne wanda Hyundai ya kera kuma yayi kasuwa. Farantin suna Ioniq hoto ne na ion kuma na musamman . Ana siyar da ita azaman motar farko da za'a ba da ita ba tare da daidaitaccen injin konewa na ciki ba, amma ana siyar da ita a cikin matasan, plug-in matasan, da bambance -bambancen wutar lantarki .
Ioniq Hybrid ya yi muhawara a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Janairu 2016, tare da duk bambance-bambancen guda uku da aka yi muhawara a 2016 Geneva da New York . Bambancin matasan da aka ƙaddamar a cikin kasuwar gida a cikin Fabrairu 2016, sannan samfurin lantarki ya biyo baya a Yuli 2016. Nau'in nau'in nau'in toshe-in ya biyo baya a cikin Fabrairu 2017.
Daga shekarar samfurin sa ta farko (2017) zuwa shekarar samfurin 2019, Ioniq Electric ta kasance mafi kyawun abin hawa na EPA tare da ƙimar tattalin arzikin mai mai nisan mil . An ƙididdige sigar Ioniq Blue Hybrid a 4.1 L/100 km (58 mpg , wanda ya sa ya zama motar haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar mafi kyawun mai da za a kera da yawa.
Bayan dakatar da shi a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin 2021, samar da Ioniq ya ƙare a watan Yuli 2022 don goyon bayan layin wutar lantarki na Ioniq -badged model wanda ya fara daga Ioniq 5 crossover da Ioniq 6 sedan tare da Ioniq 7 don bi.
Ionik Hybrid
Ioniq ita ce motar farko ta Hyundai da aka gina tun daga ƙasa sama kuma ana samun ta musamman azaman haɗaɗɗiya ko wutar lantarki. Yana da alaƙa da Kia Niro crossover mai amfani abin hawa da kuma Hyundai Elantra, wanda yake da hannun jari da abubuwan dakatarwa.
An saki Ioniq Hybrid a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Fabrairu 2016. An kaddamar da matasan a Malaysia a watan Nuwamba 2016. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan Ioniq Hybrid guda biyu, HEV da HEV Plus. An gabatar da Ioniq Hybrid a cikin Amurka don shekarar ƙirar 2017 a farkon 2017, tare da ba wa 'yan jarida damar shiga da wuri a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar. An dakatar da samarwa na Ioniq Hybrid a cikin Yuli 2022.
Jirgin tuƙi
Ƙididdigar haɗaɗɗen tsarin fitarwa shine 139 hp (104 kW) da 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m) karfin juzu'i wanda ke da wutar lantarki ta 1.6-lita Kappa injin sake zagayowar Atkinson na Silinda hudu tare da ingantaccen yanayin zafi 40% wanda zai iya isar da 104 hp (78 kW) tare da ƙwanƙwasa 109 lb⋅ft (148 N⋅m) tare da injin lantarki yana ba da ƙarin kimanta 43 hp (32 kW) tare da ƙididdiga mafi girman karfin juzu'i na 125 lb⋅ft (169 N⋅m) akan iyakar 147 hp (110 kW) da 234 lb⋅ft (317 N⋅m) karfin juyi. Ana isar da wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun gaba ta hanyar watsa dual-clutch gudun shida. Ioniq Hybrid ko Lantarki bai dace da jan tirela ba, kamar yawancin matasan da lantarki.
Batirin jan hankali na Ioniq Hybrid shine 240 V, 1.56kWh lithium-ion polymer baturi wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kujerun fasinja na baya. Na'urorin haɗi da kayan aiki suna da ƙarfi ta ƙarami 12 Batir V, kuma yana zaune a ƙarƙashin kujerun baya. Na 12 V m baturin kuma yana amfani da sinadarai na lithium-ion, sabanin nau'ikan nau'ikan motoci da na konewa na ciki waɗanda galibi ke amfani da baturin haɗe-haɗe na gubar-acid.
Tsarin sa na iska ya taimaka rage yawan ja da Ioniq zuwa 0.24. An rage nauyi mai yawa ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi don tsari da aluminum don abubuwan da ba na tsari ba. Ioniq yana amfani da aluminium a cikin kaho da ƙofar wutsiya, yana rage nauyi da 27 lb (12 kg) idan aka kwatanta da karfe na al'ada, ba tare da lahani da za a iya aunawa a cikin surutu ko girgiza ba. Tare da mafi girman amfani da sassa masu nauyi da ƙaramin gini, murfin allon kaya yana kusan 25% haske fiye da nau'ikan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin sauran samfuran Hyundai.
The matasan version gasa da, kuma zarce a man fetur tattalin arzikin, baya nisan miloli shugaban a Toyota Prius . Hyundai yana tsammanin samfurin tare da ƙafafun inci 15 don samun ƙimar EPA da aka ƙididdige tattalin arzikin mai tsakanin 57 mpg da kuma 58 mpg , gaba da 2016 Toyota Prius Eco a 56 mpg . Hakanan ana samun Ioniq tare da zaɓin rim alloy inch 17. Gyaran da suka haɗa da rims ɗin gami suna samar da kusan 5MPG ƙananan tattalin arzikin man fetur gabaɗaya akan babbar hanya.
Yawancin motocin Ioniq da aka faka sun bayyana a farkon farkon fim ɗin 2018 Johnny English Strikes Again, wanda ke nuna Rowan Atkinson .
Ioniq Electric
Hyundai Ioniq Electric ƙayyadaddun nau'in nau'in wutar lantarki ne na Ioniq mai iyaka wanda ake siyarwa a cikin zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe da jihohin Amurka. Yana da nau'i na 28kWh lithium-ion polymer baturi wanda ke ba da ƙimar ƙimar EPA na 124 mi (200 km) . Motar ta sami wartsake don shekarar ƙirar 2020 tare da sabon ciki, babban baturi, da haɓaka kewayo da fitarwar injin.
Da farko, Ioniq Electric yana samuwa a cikin Amurka a California kawai. Tun daga 2019, Hyundai Amurka tana siyar da Ioniq Electric kawai a cikin zaɓaɓɓun jihohi. ] Hyundai yana sayar da shi a wasu ƙasashe kuma, wanda sun hada da Kanada, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal da kuma Switzerland . An dakatar da motar a kasuwar Amurka don shekarar samfurin 2022.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20863 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnan%20Legas | Gwamnan Legas | Gwamnan Legas shine shugaban Gwamnatin Legas. Gwamnan yana jagorantar bangaren zartarwa na Gwamnatin Jihar Legas . Wannan matsayi ya sanya mai riƙe shi a jagorancin jihar tare da ikon sarrafawa akan al'amuran jihar. Ana yawan bayyana Gwamna a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na ɗaya na jihar. Mataki na II na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya ya ba da ikon zartarwa na jihar ga gwamna kuma ya bashi damar aiwatar da doka a jihar, tare da alhakin nada shugabannin zartarwa, na diflomasiyya, na doka, da na jami'an shari'a bisa amincewar mambobin Majalisar.
Ƙarfin dake ga Gwamna da kuma aikinshi
Matsayin doka ko yadda rol ɗin doka ke tafiya
Ikon farko da Tsarin Mulki ya ba gwamna shi ne kujerar baƙi (veto). Sashin Gabatarwa ya bukaci duk wani kudiri da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas ta zartar a gabatar wa da gwamna kafin ya zama doka. Da zarar an gabatar da doka, gwamnan yana da zaɓi uku:
Sanya hannu a doka; kudirin sai ya zama doka.
Sanya dokar sannan a mayar da ita ga majalisar dokokin jihar tana mai nuna rashin yarda; cikin lissafin ba ya zama doka, sai dai idan daya daga cikin gidan kuri'u mafi rinjaye da kujerar naƙi da kashi biyu bisa uku zaben.
Ikon gudanarwa
Gwamna ya zama matattarar ikon zartarwa na Jihar Legas, kuma ikon da aka ba shi da kuma ayyukan da aka ɗora masa suna da girma matuka. Gwamnan shi ne shugaban bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin jihar kuma doka ta wajabta masa "kula da cewa za a aiwatar da dokokin da aminci." Gwamnan yana yin nade-naden bangaren zartarwa da yawa: kwamishinoni da sauran jami’an jiha, duk gwamna ne ke nada su bisa la’akari da amincewar majalisar jihar. da kuma ƙarfin da aka basu ɓangaren gudanarwa gwamnan ya yi na korar jami’an zartarwa ya kasance batun siyasa mai rikici. Gabaɗaya, gwamnan na iya cire shuwagabannin zartarwa kawai yadda ya ga dama. Koyaya, majalisar na iya ragewa tare da tilasta ikon gwamna ya kori kwamishinoni na hukumomi masu zaman kansu da kuma wasu kananan jami'an zartarwa ta hanyar doka. Hakanan gwamnan yana da ikon jagorantar mafi yawancin bangarorin zartarwa ta hanyar umarnin zartarwa wadanda suka samo asali daga Doka ta jihar Legas ko kuma wacce doka ta bashi ikon zartarwa.
Ikon shari'a
Gwamnan kuma yana da ikon gabatar da babban alkalin jihar. Koyaya, waɗannan nade-naden suna buƙatar tabbatarwar majalisar dokoki. Tabbatar da amincewar na iya samar da babbar matsala ga gwamnonin da ke son karkata akalar shari'ar jihar zuwa ga wani ra'ayi na akida. Hakanan gwamnoni na iya bayar da gafara da sassauci, kamar yadda ake yi kusan gab da karewar wa'adin gwamna, ba tare da rikici ba.
Malami mai gabatar da dokoki
Yankin Rashin Tsarin Mulki ya hana gwamna (da duk sauran jami'an zartarwa) kasancewa memba na majalisar dokokin jihar a lokaci guda. Saboda haka, gwamna ba zai iya gabatar da shawarwarin doka kai tsaye ba don kulawa a cikin gidan. Koyaya, gwamnan na iya yin rawar kai tsaye wajen tsara dokoki, musamman idan jam'iyyar siyasa ta gwamna tana da rinjaye a cikin gidan (gidan wakilin). Misali, gwamna ko wasu jami'ai na bangaren zartarwa na iya tsara doka sannan kuma su nemi wakilai su gabatar da wadannan abubuwan a cikin gidan. Gwamnan na iya kara yin tasiri a bangaren majalisa ta hanyar tsarin mulki da aka ba da rahoto, rahoton lokaci-lokaci ga gidan. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnan na iya ƙoƙari ya sanya gidan ya canza dokar da aka gabatar ta hanyar barazanar yin watsi da dokar idan ba a yi canje-canjen da yake nema ba.
Tsarin zaɓe
Jama'a ne ke zaben Gwamna kai tsaye ta hanyar jam'iyyar siyasa da aka yi wa rajista zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu, kuma yana daya daga cikin zababbun jami'an jihar guda biyu, dayan kuma Mataimakin Gwamna. Fasali na shida na kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1999 kamar yadda aka yiwa kwaskwarima ya sanya bukatun rike ofishin. Dole ne gwamna ya:
zama ɗan asalin jihar Legas
kasance aƙalla shekaru talatin da biyar;
kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar siyasa mai rijista kuma dole ne waccan ƙungiyar siyasa ta ɗauki nauyi
Dole ne ya mallaki aƙalla, Takaddun Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma ko makamancinsa. Waec
Gwamnoni da suka gabata da masu ci
Duba kuma
Jerin gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya
Manazarta
1. http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/2727/
http://dailypost.ng/2015/01/22/lagos-state-government-orders-jonathans-campaign-posters-removed/
2.. http://saharareporters.com/2014/09/29/lagos-state-government-seizes-september-salaries-doctors-second-month-row
Gwamnonin jihar Lagos |
28259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salt | Al-Salt | Al-Salt (Larabci: السلط As-Salt) tsohon birni ne na noma kuma cibiyar gudanarwa a yammacin tsakiyar Jordan. Yana kan tsohon babban titin da ya taso daga Amman zuwa Kudus. Birnin yana cikin tsaunin Balqa, kimanin mita 790-1,100 sama da matakin teku, an gina birnin a cikin madaidaicin tuddai uku, kusa da kwarin Urdun. Daya daga cikin tsaunukan nan uku, Jabal al-Qal'a, wurin da aka rusa kagara a karni na 13. Shi ne babban birnin lardin Balqa.
Babban Gundumar Gishiri tana da kusan mazaunan 107,874 (2018).
An saka Al-Salt cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2021.
Tarihi
Ba a san lokacin da aka fara zama ba, amma an yi imanin cewa sojojin Makidoniya ne suka gina shi a zamanin Alexander the Great. An san birnin da sunan Saltus a zamanin Byzantine kuma shi ne wurin zama na bishop. A wannan lokacin, an ɗauki birnin a matsayin babban wurin zama a Gabashin Kogin Urdun. Mongols ne suka lalata matsugunnin sannan suka sake gina shi a zamanin Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baibars (1260-1277).
Salt ya kasance wuri mafi muhimmanci a yankin da ke tsakanin kwarin Urdun da hamada ta gabas. Saboda tarihinta a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin hamada ta gabas da yamma, ta kasance wuri mai mahimmanci ga yawancin sarakunan yankin.
Rumawa, Rumawa da Mameluks duk sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin, amma ya kasance a ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman ya kafa babban birnin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma ya ƙarfafa zama daga wasu sassansu. daular, Salt ya ji daɗin lokacin da ya fi wadata.
Zamanin Ottoman
A cikin 1596, a lokacin daular Usmaniyya, an lura da Salt a cikin kidayar cewa yana cikin nahiya Salt a cikin liwa na Ajlun, tare da yawan musulmi na gidaje 40 da ’yan mata 5; da kuma Kirista yawan gidaje 25. Mazauna kauyen sun biya kayyadadden haraji na kashi 25% akan kayayyakin amfanin gona daban-daban; da suka hada da alkama, sha'ir, itatuwan zaitun / gonakin inabi, awaki da kudan zuma, baya ga kudaden shiga lokaci-lokaci da adadin kasuwa; jimlar 12,000 akçe.
A ƙarshen karni na 18, Salt shine kawai wurin zama na dindindin a yankin Balqa, lamarin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Kabilar Badawiyya ce ta mamaye sauran yankin Balqa. Ita ce birni mafi haɓaka da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Transjordan daga ƙarni na 18 har zuwa farkon shekarun Masarautar Transjordan. Ruwan sha na birnin ya samu ne daga magudanan ruwa guda biyu masu yawa, wanda kuma ya shayar da lambunan garin da ke gefen rafin Wadi Shu'ayb. Yana kusa da gangaren wani tudu mai juzu'i, wanda a samansa ya tsaya wani kagara, da kuma gefen ƙwari biyu masu zurfi masu zurfi, waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta dabi'a daga cin zarafi daga ƙabilun Bedouin maƙwabta. Mazaunan Salt sun yi shawarwari da kabilun, wadanda suka bai wa mutanen garin damar shiga gonakin alkamansu a filayen Balqa na gabas, a madadin ba wa ‘yan kabilar damar shiga manyan kasuwannin garin. An kulla yarjejeniyoyin rabon amfanin gona tare da ƙabilu inda mazauna garin Salt za su yi sansani a Amman da Wadi Wala a cikin bazara har zuwa lokacin girbi kuma suna ba da kyauta na shekara ga babbar kabilar Balqa. Har zuwa kusan 1810s, ƙabilar da ta fi girma ita ce Adwan, wanda aka fi sani da "sarakunan Balqa". Daga nan sai Banu Sakhr suka ci Adwan suka karbo fidda daga Salt.
Kare birnin da keɓewar ƙasar da a zahiri ke ƙarƙashin ƙabilu Badawiyya ya kuma baiwa mazauna birnin damar yin watsi da matakin da hukumomin Ottoman suka yi ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Matafiya na yammacin Turai a farkon karni na 19 sun ba da rahoton cewa, shugaban garin yana da iko daidai da kowane daga cikin gwamnonin lardunan Ottoman Syria da sarkin ya nada.
A farkon karni na 19, yawancin mutanen garin sun kasance na dangin Fakhoury, Akrad, Awamila da Qatishat. Kowane dangi yana karkashin jagorancin shehinsa, daya ko biyu daga cikinsu zai yi aiki a matsayin shaihun al-balad (shugaban birni), wanda ke cikin kagara kuma shi ne ke kula da kare Salt daga harin Badawiyya. Yawan mutanen ya kunshi kusan iyalai musulmi dari hudu da kuma kiristoci tamanin. Bisa ga abubuwan lura na Buckingham a cikin 1820s, kusan Kiristoci 100 a Salt sun kasance baƙi daga Nazarat waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa garin don guje wa zaluncin Jazzar Pasha, gwamnan Ottoman na Acre. Dangantakar Musulmi da Kirista ta kasance cikin aminci kuma al'ummomin biyu sun yi rayuwa iri daya, sutura da harshen Larabci. Salt an shirya shi gida-gida, kowanne daga cikin manyan dangi uku ne ke iko da shi, kuma yana dauke da masallatai da dama, coci da shaguna kusan ashirin a wannan lokacin.Salt ya yi hidima ga karkarar da ke kewaye har zuwa Karak, wanda ba shi da kasuwa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma kayayyaki a kasuwarsa sun samo asali har zuwa Taya da Masar. Tana fitar da zabibi, ganyen sumac ga masana'antun fata na Urushalima, qili (wani nau'in toka, wani muhimmin sinadari na sabulun Nabulsi) zuwa Nablus, da gashin gashin jimina da Badawiyya ya kawo wa Dimashƙu. Nablus shine abokin tarayya na farko na Salt, kuma Salt yayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar Transjordanian na dangin Tuqan na Nablus. Ko da yake yawancin mazaunan manoma ne, akwai kuma masu sana'a da kuma ƴan kasuwa kaɗan, waɗanda 'yan kasuwa ne suka ba su aikin a Nablus, Nazarat da Damascus.
A shekara ta 1834 jama'ar gari da makiyaya sun gwabza tare domin fatattakar sojojin lardin Masar mai cin gashin kansa karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha, karo na farko da aka rubuta na tawaye na Makiyaya a Falasdinu. An sake dawo da mulkin Ottoman a cikin Levant a cikin 1840, amma Salt ya kasance yanki ne kawai na Daular. A cikin 1866-1867, gwamnan Damascus Mehmed Rashid Pasha (1866-1871) ya tsawaita wa'adin mulkin Tanzimat da gyare-gyare na zamani a Transjordan. Ya jagoranci wata babbar runduna ta ’yan kabilar Badawawa daga Rwala, Wuld Ali da Banu Hasan, ’yan iskan Hauran, masu hawan dutsen Druze da sojoji na yau da kullun, dakaru da dakaru zuwa ga Salt, inda ya tsaya awa uku a arewacin birnin. Daga nan ne kuma ya ba da shawarar yafewa mazauna Salt saboda hada kai da Adwan da Banu Sakhr a kan hukuma. Birnin ya shirya wata tawaga ta manya Musulmi da Kirista wadanda suka yi shawarwari kan shigar daular Usmaniyya cikin Salt ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 17 ga Agusta. Rashid Pasha ya gyara katangar da ta lalace inda ya yi garkuwa da sojoji 400. Ya nada Kurd Faris Agha Kadru na Damascene a matsayin hakimin gunduma na farko na gishiri kuma ya kafa zaɓaɓɓen majalisar gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan iyalai na Salt. Rashid Pasha ya kwace dimbin hatsi da dabbobi daga garin a matsayin diyya na bashin haraji.
Zaman gishiri ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na 19 lokacin da 'yan kasuwa suka zo daga Nablus don faɗaɗa kasuwancin su zuwa gabas bayan Kogin Jordan. Sakamakon kwararar sabbin shigowa wannan lokaci ya ga saurin fadada Gishiri daga ƙauye mai sauƙi zuwa birni mai kyawawan gine-gine masu yawa, da yawa an gina su cikin salon Nablusi daga dutsen gida mai kyan gani mai launin zuma. Yawancin gine-gine daga wannan zamanin sun rayu har zuwa 2009.
Mulkin Biritaniya, Masarautar, da 'yancin kai
Bayan yakin duniya na daya, garin shine wurin da Herbert Samuel, Babban Kwamishinan Falasdinawa na Burtaniya, ya zabi ya ba da sanarwarsa cewa Birtaniyya tana goyon bayan kungiyar Hejazi Hashemite da ke mulki a Gabashin Bankin Falasdinu na tilas (Jordan na yanzu). Wannan fata ta zama gaskiya a cikin 1921 lokacin da Abdullah I ya zama Sarkin Transjordan. Salt ya zama kamar birni ne da za a zaɓa a matsayin babban birnin sabuwar masarauta tun da yawancin masana'antu da kasuwanci suna gudana ta cikin Salt. A wannan lokacin Salt ba shi da manyan makarantu. Koda jin haka sai Abdullah ya dauki birnin a matsayin hedkwatar masarautarsa mai tasowa amma daga baya ya canza ra'ayinsa ya koma gidanshi da tawagarsa zuwa Amman a lokacin da aka samu sabani tsakaninsa da manyan Salt. Amman a wancan lokacin wani karamin gari ne mai mutane 20,000 kacal wanda ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri.
Kididdiga ta kasar Jordan a shekarar 1961 ta samu mutane 16,176 a Al-Salt, wadanda 2,157 Kirista ne.
Gundumomin birni
Karamar Hukumar Salt ta kasu zuwa gundumomi tara:
Noma
Salt ya shahara a ƙasar Jordan saboda ƙasa mai albarka da ingancin girbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman zaituni, tumatir, inabi & peach. Lallai ana hasashe cewa sunan garin ya samar da tushen sultan, wani nau'in zabibi.
Ana tunanin cewa sunan Salt ya fito ne daga birnin Saltos na Daular Rum.
Wadi Shu'aib (kwarin Jethro) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren noma a cikin birnin Gishiri, kwarin da ke da manyan wuraren noma. Ana kiran ta da sunan daya daga cikin annabawa a Musulunci (kamar Kiristanci da Yahudanci), Shoaib (Jethro), wanda shi ne surukin Musa kuma daya daga cikin zuriyar Ibrahim (Ibrahim). Yawancin gonaki masu zaman kansu suna cikin wannan kwari; amfanin gona na farko su ne inabi, zaitun da itatuwa masu ba da 'ya'ya.
Ilimi
Salt ya ƙunshi makarantu da yawa, gami da makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Jordan tun daga 1918, da kuma makarantu masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda suka koma shekarun 1800, kamar Makarantar Latin da Makarantar Katolika. Har ila yau, gida ne na Cibiyar Kula da Kurame ta Kasa Mai Tsarki, cibiyar ba da riba mai zaman kanta ga masu fama da nakasa. Garin yana da jami'o'i guda biyu da ke kewaye da shi: Jami'ar Al-Balqa` Applied University da aka kafa a 1997 da Jami'ar Al-Ahliyya Amman (Jami'ar Amman National University) da ke kan babbar hanyar da ta hada Amman zuwa Salt.
Yawon shakatawa
Gidajen Ottoman
A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman suka kafa sansanin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma suka karfafa matsuguni daga wasu sassan daular, matsayin birnin ya karu, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun isa kuma, tare da sababbin dukiyar da suka samu. ya gina kyawawan gidaje waɗanda har yanzu ana iya sha'awar Salt a yau.
Waɗannan kyawawan gine-ginen dutsen yashi na rawaya sun haɗa da salo iri-iri. Yawanci, suna da rufin gida, tsakar gida da halaye masu tsayi, tagogi masu ruɗi. Wataƙila mafi kyawun gidan na Abu Jaber, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1906, wanda ke da rufin bango, wanda masu fasahar Italiya suka zana, kuma ana kyautata zaton shine mafi kyawun misali na gidan ‘yan kasuwa na ƙarni na 19 a yankin.
Kaburburan Romawa da Kagara Ayyubid
Salt wanda aka gina shi a kan gungun tsaunuka guda uku, yana da wasu wuraren ban sha'awa da dama, ciki har da kaburburan Romawa da ke wajen birnin da kuma kagara da wurin da garin yake a farkon karni na 13 na Ayyubid, wanda Al-Mu'azzam Isa ya gina, yayan Saladin ne jim kadan bayan miladiyya 1198.
Gidajen tarihi
Gidan kayan tarihi na Salt na Archaeological & Folklore yana baje kolin kayayyakin tarihi tun daga zamanin Chalcolithic zuwa zamanin Musulunci da kuma wasu abubuwa da suka shafi tarihin yankin. A cikin gidan kayan tarihi na gargajiya akwai baje kolin kayan gargajiya na Badawiyya da kayan gargajiya da na yau da kullun. Ƙananan gidan kayan gargajiya da makarantar sana'a suna ba da fasahar gargajiya na yumbu, saƙa, bugu na siliki da rini.
Haramin musulmi
A cikin birnin As-Gishiri da kewaye akwai wuraren ibadar musulmi da yawa a kaburburan annabawa Shu'ayb, Ayyoub, Yusha da Jadur, sunayen larabci na mutanen Littafi Mai Tsarki Jethro, Ayuba, Joshua da Gad. Wadannan wurare na aikin hajjin musulmi an san su da An-Nabi Shu'ayb, An-Nabi Ayyub, An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, da 'Ayn al-Jadur ("Spring of Jadur"), bi da bi, a Turanci kuma a matsayin Annabi... Haramin.
Alakar kasa da kasa
Hoto
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki |
29997 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Makamashi | Dokokin Makamashi | Dokokin makamashi suna sarrafa amfani da harajin makamashi, duka masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . Waɗannan dokokin sune manyan hukumomi (kamar shari'ar shari'a, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi ) masu alaƙa da makamashi. Sabanin haka, manufar makamashi tana nufin manufofin da siyasar makamashi.
Dokar makamashi ta haɗa da tanadin doka don mai, mai, da "harajin cirewa." Ayyukan dokar makamashi sun haɗa da kwangiloli don wurin zama, hakar, lasisi don saye da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin mai da gas duka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kafin ganowa da bayan kama shi, da yanke hukunci game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
Dokokin kasa da kasa
Akwai karuwar sha'awar ilimi game da dokar makamashi ta duniya, gami da ci gaba da tarurrukan ilimin shari'a, rubuce-rubucen, bita na shari'a, da darussan karatun digiri. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu karuwar sha'awa kan batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi da dangantakarsu da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar ƙungiyar ciniki ta duniya.
Afirka
Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Sabunta Makamashi ta Masar ce ke kula da Makamashi na Masar a Masar , wacce ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati mai kula da sarrafawa da tsara yadda ake samarwa da watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a Masar . Hedkwatarsa tana Alkahira . Ministan na yanzu kamar na shekara ta 2020 shine Mohamed Shaker . An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekara ta 1964 tare da dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 147. na Aswan, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki, mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ta tsara shi; Gine-ginensa ya buƙaci cire haikalin Abu Simbel da Haikali na Dendur.
Ghana tana da hukuma mai kula da makamashi, Hukumar Makamashi .
Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta mallaki Kamfanin Mai na Kasa .
Uganda ta amince da sabuwar dokar makamashin nukiliya, wadda take fatan "zata bunƙasa hadin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin kasar da hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta kasa da kasa ," a cewar " babban jami'in hukumar " daga wannan kasa ta Afirka.
Ostiraliya
Makamashi babban kasuwanci ne a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Man Fetur da Haɓaka Man Fetur ta Australiya tana wakiltar kashi 98% na masu samar da mai da iskar gas a Ostiraliya .
Kanada
Kanada tana da babbar dokar makamashi, ta hanyar tarayya da larduna, musamman Alberta . Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Madadin Dokar Fuels (1995, c. 20)
Dokar Makamashi Haɗin Kai (1980-81-82-83, c. 108)
Dokar Gudanar da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-6)
Dokar Kula da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-8)
Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya (RS, 1985, c. A-16)
Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas na Kanada (RS, 1985, c. O-7)
Dokar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Kanada (1985, c. 36 (Supp. ))
Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Kasa (RS, 1985, c. N-7)
Dokar Binciken Wutar Lantarki da Gas (RS, 1985, c. E-4)
Akwai wasu sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Kanada, tare da sabis na lokaci-lokaci looseleaf, monographs, da shawarwari tare da lauyoyin da suka kware a wannan aikin, akwai.
Kotun kolin Kanada ta fitar da wasu dokar shari'ar makamashi ta Kanada.
Dokokin makamashi na Kanada suna da yawa kuma suna da rikitarwa a babban bangare saboda albarkatun makamashi na gwamnati:
Kanada da lardin Quebec suma sun mallaki manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa, wadanda suka haifar da ba kawai wutar lantarki ba, har ma da cece-kuce.
China
Tarayyar Turai
Dokar makamashi ta Turai ta mai da hankali kan hanyoyin doka don gudanar da cikas na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga wadatar makamashin nahiyar, kamar dokar Jamus ta 1974 don tabbatar da samar da makamashi. Haɗin gwiwar aikin hydrogen na Turai aikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ne don haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECE) da ƙirƙirar tushen tsarin ECE na motocin hydrogen da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke maye gurbin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodi . Manufar wannan aikin shine inganta amincin motocin hydrogen da daidaita tsarin ba su lasisi da amincewa.
Ƙasashe biyar ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar makamashi ta EurObserv'ER . EU ta kuma ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Makamashi don faɗaɗa manufofin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai. Austuraiu yana karɓar bakuncin Ranakun Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Duniya na shekara.
Jamus
Dokar sabunta makamashin Jamus ta tanadi yin amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ta hanyar haraji da harajinta . Yana haɓaka haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar tsarin kuɗin abinci. Yana daidaita adadin kuzarin da mai samarwa ke samarwa da kuma nau'in tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hakanan yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da farashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki: a ranar 6 ga Yuni na shekara ta 2014, fiye da rabin makamashin al'umma da aka yi amfani da su a wannan ranar sun fito ne daga hasken rana. Duk da matakan da aka tsara suna ƙara ƙarin makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa ga haɗawar makamashi, grid ɗin lantarki na Jamus ya zama abin dogaro, ba ƙasa ba.
Gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da shawarar yin watsi da " shirinta na kawar da makamashin nukiliya don taimakawa wajen farfado da hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki da kuma kare muhalli, a cewar shawarwarin da wata tawagar makamashi ƙarƙashin ministan tattalin arziki Michael Glos ta tsara." Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta yi adawa da makamashin nukiliya, da kuma karfin kasuwa na kayan aikin Jamus, tana mai cewa "karancin makamashi" an halicce shi ta hanyar wucin gadi.
Akwai gagarumin sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Jamus. Akwai ginshiƙi mai taƙaita dokokin makamashi na Jamus.
Italiya
Italiya tana da albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. rashin isasshen ma'adinan ƙarfe, gawayi, ko mai . Tabbataccen tanadin iskar gas, galibi a cikin kwarin Po da Adriatic na teku, sun zama mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 80% na albarkatun makamashin kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Bangaren makamashi ya dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga ketare: a shekara ta 2006 kasar ta shigo da sama da kashi 86% na yawan makamashin da take amfani da shi.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, matsayi a matsayin mai samar da makamashin hasken rana mafi girma na biyar a cikin 2009 kuma na shida mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2008.
A cikin shekara taikin 1987, bayan bala'in Chernobyl, yawancin 'yan Italiya sun amince da kuri'ar raba gardama na neman kawar da makamashin nukiliya. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe tashoshin nukiliyar da ake da su tare da dakatar da shirin nukiliyar kasa gaba daya. Italiya kuma tana shigo da kusan kashi 16% na bukatar wutar lantarki daga Faransa akan 6.5 GWe, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar mai shigo da wutar lantarki a duniya. Saboda dogaro da tsadar albarkatun mai da shigo da kaya, Italiyanci suna biyan kusan kashi 45% fiye da matsakaicin EU na wutar lantarki .
A shekara ta 2004, sabuwar dokar makamashi ta kawo yuwuwar hada gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje don gina tashoshin nukiliya da shigo da wutar lantarki. A cikin 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Italiya, ENEL ya yi yarjejeniya da Electricite de France akan MWe 200 daga injin nukiliya a Faransa da yuwuwar ƙarin MWe 1,000 daga sabon gini. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ENEL ta sami kashi 12.5% a cikin aikin da kuma shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙira, gine-gine, da kuma sarrafa tsire-tsire. A wani yunƙurin kuma, ENEL ta kuma sayi kashi 66% na wutar lantarki ta Slovak da ke sarrafa injinan nukiliya guda shida. A wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, ENEL za ta biya gwamnatin Slovakia Yuro biliyan 1.6 don kammala tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Mochovce, wanda ke da babban adadin 942 MW . Tare da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, Italiya ta yi nasarar samun damar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba tare da sanya matatun mai a yankin Italiya ba.
Lithuania
Ƙasar Lithuania tana da dokar makamashi, Energetikos teisė.
A cikin Ukraine, ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa suna tallafawa ta hanyar tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito . Dokar Ukraine "A kan madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi" tana nufin madadin hanyoyin makamashi: hasken rana, iska, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine da hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Kasa ta Ukrainian da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Jiha kan Inganta Makamashi da Ajiye Makamashi na Ukraine sune manyan hukumomin daidaita makamashin da ake sabunta su. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta yi gyare-gyare a madadin makamashi. Akwai buƙatar sabis na tanadin makamashi a cikin Ukraine. Ƙimar sa ya kai kusan Yuro biliyan 5 kawai a cikin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati.
Ukraine
In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy"
Ukraine tana da wata hukuma ta daban don gudanar da Yankin Keɓewa na Chernobyl .
Sauran kasashen Turai
Albaniya na da kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Albaniya.
Akwai gagarumin ikon geothermal a Iceland ; kusan kashi 80% na makamashin da al'ummar kasar ke bukata, ana samun su ne ta hanyar samar da makamashin kasa, wanda duk mallakar gwamnati ne, ko kuma ta tsara su.
Indiya
Iraki
A fasahance, Iraki ba ta da dokar makamashi, amma ana shirin aiwatar da dokar kusan shekaru biyar a farkon shekara ta 2012.
Ma'aikatar mai ta Iraqi tana ba da kwangila ga kamfanoni kaɗan ne kawai . Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, akwai kamfanonin mai guda 23 da aka kafa, amma kamfanonin banki guda 17 ne kawai a Iraki.
Isra'ila
Dokar Tushen Makamashi na Isra'ila, 5750-1989 ("Dokar Makamashi"), ta bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "makamashi" da "tushen makamashi" kuma manufarsa ita ce tsara yadda ake amfani da makamashi yayin da ake tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da shi. A karkashin dokar makamashi, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta gabatar da wasu hanyoyin auna ma'auni don daidaita ingancin amfani da makamashin. Bugu da ƙari, wace ƙungiya ce za ta cancanci bi da amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Isra'ila akwai wasu ƙarin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da makamashi, kamar Dokar Bangaren Gas, 5762-2002 wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗan haɓakar yanayin iskar gas a Isra'ila, da kuma Wutar Lantarki. Dokar Sashin, 5756-1996, wacce ta kafa "Hukumar Amfani da Jama'a - Wutar Lantarki" wacce ke buga umarni da ka'idoji don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki, gami da makamashin hasken rana da makamashin ruwa.
Japan
Kafin girgizar kasa da tsunami na Maris 2011, da bala'o'in nukiliya da suka haifar da ita, Japan ta samar da kashi 30% na wutar lantarki daga injinan nukiliya kuma ta yi niyya don haɓaka wannan kaso zuwa 40%.
Makamashin nukiliya shine fifikon dabarun ƙasa a Japan, amma an yi damuwa game da ƙarfin makaman nukiliya na Japan don jure ayyukan girgizar ƙasa. An rufe tashar nukiliyar Kashiwazaki-Kariwa gaba daya na tsawon watanni 21 bayan girgizar kasa a 2007.
Girgizar kasa da tsunami na 2011 sun haifar da gazawar tsarin sanyaya a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a ranar 11 ga Maris kuma an ayyana gaggawar nukiliya. An kwashe mazauna 140,000. Ba a fayyace adadin adadin kayan aikin rediyo da aka saki ba, yayin da rikicin ke ci gaba da gudana. A ranar 6 ga Mayun 2011, Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya ba da umarnin rufe tashar nukiliyar Hamaoka saboda girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 8.0 ko sama da haka na iya afkuwa a yankin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa.
Matsalolin daidaita tashar nukiliya ta Fukushima I sun taurare halayen makamashin nukiliya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, "fiye da kashi 80 na Jafanawa yanzu sun ce su ne anti-nukiliya da rashin amincewa da bayanan gwamnati game da radiation ".
Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an sami karancin wutar lantarki, amma Japan ta tsira daga lokacin bazara ba tare da an samu bakar duhu da aka yi hasashe ba. Wata takarda mai farar fata ta makamashi, wadda Majalisar Ministocin Japan ta amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2011, ta ce "amincin da jama'a ke da shi kan amincin makamashin nukiliyar ya lalace sosai" sakamakon bala'in Fukushima, tare da yin kira da a rage dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan makamashin nukiliya.
An rufe da yawa daga cikin tashoshin nukiliya na Japan, ko kuma an dakatar da ayyukansu don duba lafiyarsu. Na ƙarshe na 54 reactors na Japan ( Tomari-3 ) ya tafi layi don kulawa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2012., ya bar Japan gaba ɗaya ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ba a karon farko tun 1970. Duk da zanga-zangar, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012 an sake kunna raka'a 3 na Kamfanin Wutar Nukiliya ta Ōi. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2012, raka'a na 3 da 4 ne kawai tashoshin makamashin nukiliyar Japan da ke aiki da su, duk da cewa birnin da lardin Osaka sun bukaci a rufe su.
Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Makamashin Nukiliya na Amurka da Japan, yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke da nufin tsara tsarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka rattaba hannu kan Afrilu 18, 2007. An yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ita ce ta farko da Amurka ta rattaba hannu don bunkasa fasahohin makamashin nukiliya tare da wata kasa, ko da yake Japan na da yarjejeniya da Australia, Canada, China, Faransa, da kuma Birtaniya . A karkashin shirin, Amurka da Japan kowannensu zai gudanar da bincike kan fasahar reactor mai sauri, fasahar zagayowar man fetur, na'urar kwamfyuta ta zamani da ƙirar ƙira, ƙanana da matsakaita reactors, kariya da kariya ta jiki; da sarrafa sharar nukiliya, wanda kwamitin hadin gwiwa zai gudanar da shi. Ci gaban yerjejeniyar ya kasance cikin rudani tun lokacin da Fukushima I ta yi hatsarin nukiliya.
Kamfanin Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ke da hannu wajen binciken makamashin burbushin mai, da dai sauransu. A cikin 2013, ma'aikatanta na kamfanoni sun fara fitar da Methane clathrate daga ma'ajin ajiyar teku. l
Malaysia
Malaysia tana sarrafa sashin makamashinta sosai.
Daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1992, Gwamnatin Sabah ta mallaki masana'antar iskar gas ta Sabah don gudanar da ayyukan albarkatun iskar gas na Sabah, wanda ke Labuan, Malaysia, wanda aka sanya don zama mai zaman kansa . An sayar da shukar methanol ga Petronas kuma tana aiki a yau azaman Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd . An sayar da tashar wutar lantarki ga Sabah Electricity .
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabiya tana da wasu dokoki game da makamashi, musamman dokar mai da iskar gas. Saudiyya ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kowacce ƙasa samar da mai a duniya don haka dokarta ta makamashi na da matukar tasiri a kan samar da makamashi a duniya baki ɗaya. A karkashin dokar kasar Saudiyya, duk arzikinta na mai da iskar gas na gwamnati ne: “Dukkanin dukiyar da Allah Ya yi wa kasala, ko ta kasa ko ta kasa ko ta ruwa na ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa ko na ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati., sune dukiyar ƙasa kamar yadda doka ta ayyana. Shari’a ta bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, da kariya, da bunƙasa irin wannan dukiya domin amfanin ƙasa, tsaronta, da tattalin arzikinta.” Har ila yau, ana ba da izinin harajin makamashi musamman; Sashe na 20 na dokar asali ya ce, “Ana sanya haraji da kudade ne bisa adalci kuma sai lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Ƙaddamarwa, gyara, sokewa, da keɓancewa kawai doka ta halatta."
Ma'aikatu biyu na Masarautar Saudiyya ne ke da alhakin bangaren makamashi: Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da na Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki. Dokokin kasar kuma sun kafa wasu hukumomin da ke da wasu hurumin doka, amma ba su da ka'ida. Wadannan sun haɗa da Saudi Aramco, asali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Masarautar da California-Arabian Standard Oil, amma yanzu gaba daya mallakar Masarautar, da Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies.
Najeriya
Najeriya ce ƙasa mafi yawan arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka kuma ita ce ta 11 a duniya wajen samar da man fetur. Dokar makamashi a ƙasar ta shafi man fetur da iskar gas, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, tana da doka da siyasa mai karfi a cikin makamashin da ake sabunta shi na samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar. Haka kuma aikin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya samu gindin zama a dokar makamashi a ƙasar.
Singapore
Tsohuwar Dokar Man Fetur ta Turkiyya ta shafe shekaru 70 tana aiki har zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ta kafa sabuwar dokar man fetur mai lamba 6491. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanade, yana tsawaita shekarun da aka halatta na izinin hakowa, da rage farashi, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na jiha.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ƙasar Ingila ta fara shirin barin al'ummar Turai tun daga watan Janairun 2020.
Amurka
Wannan sashe ya shafi dokar Amurka, da kuma jihohin da suka fi yawan jama'a ko mafi yawan samar da makamashi.
A cikin Amurka, ana sarrafa makamashi da yawa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, da kuma hukumomin gudanarwa na jihohi.
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Klause Bosselmann, Ƙa'idar Dorewa (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) .
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33677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Wasan%20Kurket%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu | Kungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi wa lakabi da Proteas, tana wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar kurket ta kasa da kasa ta mata . Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi takwas da ke fafatawa a Gasar Mata ta ICC (mafi girman matakin wasanni), ƙungiyar Kurket ta Afirka ta Kudu (CSA) ce ta shirya ƙungiyar, cikakkiyar memba ce ta Majalisar Kurket ta Duniya (ICC).
Afirka ta Kudu ta yi gwajin farko a shekarar 1960, da Ingila, ta zama tawaga ta hudu da ta yi wasa a matakin (bayan Australia, Ingila, da New Zealand ). Saboda kaurace wa wasanni na Afirka ta Kudu da wasu dalilai, kungiyar ba ta buga wasannin kasa da kasa ba tsakanin shekarun 1972 da 1997. Afirka ta Kudu ta koma gasar kasa da kasa a watan Agustan na shekarar 1997, a wasan Ranar Daya na Duniya (ODI) da Ireland, kuma daga baya a shekarar ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1997 a Indiya. Tawagar ta shiga kowane bugu na gasar cin kofin duniya tun lokacin, kuma ta yi wasan kusa da na karshe a shekarar 2000 da 2017 . Haka kuma Afirka ta Kudu ta halarci kowane bugu na Mata na Duniya Twenty20, kuma ta yi wasan kusa da na karshe na bugu na shekarar 2014, da aka buga a Bangladesh.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko
Rahoton farko na wasan kurket na mata a Afirka ta Kudu ya fito ne daga shekarar 1888, lokacin da Harry Cadwallader, daga baya sakatare na farko na kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya lura "yawan jima'i masu adalci da ke yin aiki ... baiwa. . ." . A shekara mai zuwa, dalibai daga Kwalejin Afirka ta Kudu sun yi wasa da 'Tawagar mata', inda daliban maza suka tilasta wa jemage, kwano da filin hannun hagu, da jemage ta hanyar amfani da tsinke. Matan sun yi nasara a wasan da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Akwai wasu nassoshi game da irin wannan yanayin da aka sanya wa maza masu fafatawa a wasan da mata a lokacin, al'adar da aka yi daga Ingila. An buga wasan kurket na mata a Afirka ta Kudu cikin adalci a kai a kai a farkon karni na 20, kuma a cikin shekarar 1922, Winfred Kingswell ya kafa, kuma ya zama shugaban farko na kungiyar Wasannin Yan Matan Mata na Peninsula. Shekaru goma bayan haka, ta taimaka ta sami ƙungiyar Ladies Cricket Club (PLCC), wacce ke da mambobi 30, suna buga wasanni akai-akai da ɓangarorin maza akan matakin matakin. Sun buga wasanni 33 a cikin yanayi biyu tare da karancin nasara, inda suka ci tara daga cikinsu. A cikin shekarar 1934, PLCC tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Mata a Ingila, wacce ke gudanar da wasan cricket na duniya a lokacin. Manufar ita ce shirya wasan kurket na mata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a ƙarshe za a aika da ƙungiyoyi don buga wasa a Ingila, Scotland da Australia. Ba a sami ci gaba kaɗan ba, kodayake wasan kurket na mata na yau da kullun ya ci gaba har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu. An sake farfado da shi a cikin shekarar 1947 ta ƙungiyar masu sha'awar sha'awa, kuma a cikin 1951 Netta Rheinberg, a madadin Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Mata, ta ba da shawarar cewa a kafa Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta ƙarfafa yiwuwar cewa za a iya yin jerin wasanni. wanda aka buga tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. An kafa Ƙungiyar Kurket ta Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesian (SA&RWCA) a hukumance a cikin shekarar 1952. A taronsu na shekara-shekara a cikin watan Janairu na shekarar 1955, SA&RWCA ta karɓi goron gayyata daga Ƙungiyar Kurkett ta Mata don shiga Majalisar Kurket ta Mata ta Duniya wanda, ban da Afirka ta Kudu, ya haɗa da Ingila, Ostiraliya da New Zealand . Sun kuma amince cewa za a buga wasannin kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe hudu. A cikin shekarar 1959, an yi shirye-shirye don rangadin wasan kurket na mata na farko na duniya a Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda za su buga da tawagar Ingila a shekarar 1960 .
Ziyarar farko na mata na duniya na Afirka ta Kudu
Ƙasar Ingila masu yawon buɗe ido ta buga wasannin yawon buɗe ido tara ban da wasannin gwaji huɗu da aka tsara, wanda ya fara da fafatawar kwana ɗaya da wata Lardin Yamma ta Haɗa XI. Afirka ta Kudu ta fara wasan gwajin mata na farko a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1960 a St George's Oval, Port Elizabeth - wuri daya da aka yi amfani da shi a wasan farko na gwajin maza a kasar a shekarar 1889 - kuma suka tashi kunnen doki. Bayan an tashi kunnen doki a gwaji na biyu, Ingila ta yi ikirarin samun nasara a wasan na uku da ci takwas, kuma canjaras da suka yi a gwajin karshe ya baiwa kungiyar yawon bude ido nasara da ci 1-0. Jerin ya ga cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta zama kasa ta hudu na gwajin mata, bayan Ingila da Ostiraliya wadanda suka fafata a wasan gwajin mata na farko a shekarar 1934, da New Zealand wadanda suka yi gwajin mata na farko a shekarar 1935.
Saboda dokokin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda suka gabatar da wariyar launin fata na doka ga ƙasar a cikin shekarar 1948, babu wani ba farare (wanda aka ayyana ƙarƙashin doka a matsayin ko dai "baƙar fata", "launi" ko "Indiya") ɗan wasan da ya cancanci buga wasan kurket na Kudu. Afirka. A haƙiƙa, ƙungiyoyin ƙetare da ke son rangadin Afirka ta Kudu su ma an iyakance su da waɗannan dokoki. Wadannan dokokin sun kai ga Basil D'Oliveira, ' Cape Coloured ' dan Afirka ta Kudu ya yi hijira zuwa Ingila, inda ya fara buga wasan kurket na gwaji. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a matsayin wani bangare na tawagar Ingila don rangadin Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1968-69, amma Firayim Ministan Afirka ta Kudu John Vorster ya ki barin D'Oliveira ya shiga cikin kasar, yana mai cewa: "Mu ba a shirye su karbi tawagar da mutanen da ba su da sha'awa a cikin wasan amma don samun wasu manufofin siyasa da ba sa yunkurin boyewa. Tawagar MCC ba ta MCC ba ce a’a kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata ce.” Mako guda bayan haka, Marylebone Kurket Club (MCC) ta dakatar da rangadin. Tawagar cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu ta zagaya Ostiraliya a lokacin hunturu mai zuwa, amma yawon shakatawa na Ingila a shekarar 1970, da Australia a shekarar 1971–72 duk an soke su bayan zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata. Duk da wannan keɓancewar wasannin motsa jiki, ƙungiyar mata ta New Zealand ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a cikin lokacin shekarar 1971–72 . Membobi uku ne kawai na tawagar Afirka ta Kudu ta shekarar 1960 suka dawo don fafatawa da New Zealand: Jennifer Gove, Lorna Ward da Maureen Payne . New Zealand ta buga wasannin yawon bude ido shida da wasannin gwaji uku a cikin wani balaguron da ya wuce wata guda da ya wuce a watannin Fabrairu da Maris na shekarar 1972. New Zealand ta ci jerin 1-0, tare da zana na farko da na ƙarshe.
Warewa daga wasan kurket na duniya
Duk da cewa al'amarin D'Oliveira ya fuskanci Allah wadai da kasashen duniya, masu kula da wasan kurket a Ingila da Ostireliya sun yi jinkirin yanke alakar wasansu da Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran wasanni na kasa da kasa sun riga sun yanke alakar su da kasar, an cire su daga wasannin Olympics na shekarun 1964 da 1968 da kuma korarsu daga Motsin Olympics a shekarar 1970. Daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar an dakatar da 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu daga gasar kasa da kasa ta Hukumar Kula da wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta kasa da kasa Amateur . Da farko dai an ci gaba da yin gayyata na rangadin maza na Afirka ta Kudu a Ingila, amma barazanar da ake yi na kawo cikas a wasannin motsa jiki daga masu adawa da wariyar launin fata ya sa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta shiga tsakani don soke ziyarar. A watan Mayun shekarar 1970, Majalisar Kurket ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za a sake yin balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ba har sai an buga wasan kurket a cikin ƙasar bisa ga kabilanci da yawa, kuma an zaɓi tawagar ƙasa bisa cancanta. A cikin shekarar 1976, ƙungiyoyi uku daban-daban; Kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACA), Hukumar Kula da Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACBOC) da Hukumar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAACB) sun amince da kafa kwamitin guda daya don gudanar da wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma duk wasan kurket na gaba a kasar zai kasance. wanda aka buga akan haɗin kai ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ko launin fata ba. Sabuwar hukumar gudanarwa; Kungiyar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu ta dauki nauyin gudanar da wasan kurket a cikin jamhuriyar a watan Satumban 1977. Duk da haka, wata kungiya a cikin SACBOC ba ta amince da wannan kungiya ba, kuma ta kafa wata kungiya mai adawa, Hukumar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu, karkashin jagorancin Hassan Howa, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa ba za a iya samun "wasanni na yau da kullum ba a cikin al'ummar da ba ta dace ba". Babban taron Cricket na kasa da kasa (ICC) ya sanya dakatar da yawon bude ido a shekarar 1970. Duk da kauracewa taron a hukumance, an ci gaba da rangadin wasan kurket a Afirka ta Kudu. Derrick Robins ya dauki kungiyoyi a shekarun 1973, 1974 da 1975, yayin da wani bangaren 'International Wanderers' shi ma ya zagaya a shekarar 1976.
A shekara ta 1977, shugabannin kasashe renon Ingila sun yi taro domin tattauna halin da ake ciki da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma illar da ke tattare da ci gaba da huldar wasanni da kasar. Baki ɗaya sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Gleneagles, wadda ta hana tuntuɓar wasanni da gasa tare da ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane daga Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan yarjejeniya ta dakatar da rangadin wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na wani dan lokaci. Koyaya, a cikin 1982 an fara rangadin farko na 'yan tawayen . Geoffrey Boycott da Graham Gooch sun jagoranci dan wasan Ingila XI a rangadin wata daya na wasanni 'Test' da wasanni 'One Day International' guda uku. Halin da aka yi a Ingila da Afirka ta Kudu ya yi muni sosai. 'Yan jaridun Ingila da 'yan siyasa sun fusata; suna sanya ɓangaren yawon shakatawa da 'Dirty Dozen'. A Afirka ta Kudu, gwamnati da kuma farar yada labarai ne suka shelanta a matsayin dawowar wasan cricket na kasa da kasa. 'Yan tawayen na Ingila duk sun samu haramcin shekaru uku daga shiga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa. Sri Lanka sun yi rangadi a lokacin bazara na Afirka ta Kudu mai zuwa, kuma wata tawaga daga Indiyan Yamma ta biyo bayansu, waɗanda suka ba da hujjar abin da suka aikata ta hanyar iƙirarin suna nunawa farar Afirka ta Kudu cewa baƙar fata maza ne daidai da su. Koyaya, sun sami haramcin rayuwa daga wasan kurket na Caribbean a cikin 1983, kuma an kore su a cikin ƙasashensu. Wani dan Australiya XI, wanda tsohon kyaftin din gwajin Kim Hughes ya jagoranta ya zagaya sau biyu a 1985/86 da 1986/87, yayin da XI na Ingilishi na biyu, a wannan lokacin Mike Gatting ya wakilci yawon shakatawa na ƙarshe a 1990. Akwai wasu balaguron 'yan tawaye na mata daga Ingila, kodayake waɗannan ba su da sha'awar sosai fiye da waɗanda ke cikin wasan maza. Kim Price, wacce ta jagoranci matan Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1997 da 2000 bayan komawar su wasan kurket na kasa da kasa, ta fara fitowa a tsakiyar 1980 a kan wadannan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye.
Komawa wasan cricket na duniya
A watan Yuni 1991, Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu da Hukumar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu sun haɗu don kafa Hukumar Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu (UCB). Haɗin kai ya ƙare tilasta wariyar launin fata, kuma bayan wata guda, a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1991, Afirka ta Kudu ta sake shigar da ita a matsayin cikakken memba na ICC. 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu sun buga wasansu na farko tun bayan tilasta rashin halartar su a watan Nuwamban 1991, wasan Ranar Daya na Duniya da Indiya . Kusan shekaru shida bayan haka, kuma shekaru ashirin da biyar bayan wasansu na gida da New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu ta dawo wasan kurket na mata na duniya tare da rangadin Ireland da Ingila a 1997. Baya ga nuna alamar dawowarsu, wasannin uku na mata na One Day International (ODI) da Ireland kuma ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu ta farko ta wasan kurket na ODI, saboda ODI na farko na mata an buga shi a 1973, lokacin da aka cire su. Duk da rashin gogewarsu a tsarin, da kuma rashin kwarewar 'yan wasansu na duniya-babu daya daga cikin tawagar da ta rage a gasar ta 1971–72 - Afirka ta Kudu ta doke Ireland da ci 3-0 . Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi kyau ba yayin da suka ci gaba zuwa sashin Ingilishi na yawon shakatawa. Bayan da suka doke mata 'yan kasa da shekara 23 a Ingila a wasan da suka yi sama da 50, sun fada cikin rashin nasara sau 79 a ODI na farko. Sun yi nasara a ODI na biyu inda suka doke masu masaukin baki da ci biyu, amma rashin nasara bakwai a karo na uku, sannan aka yi watsi da ruwan sama a wasanni biyu na karshe ya sa Afirka ta Kudu ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1.
Daga baya a wannan shekarar, matan Afirka ta Kudu sun fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta mata ta farko. Afirka ta Kudu ta samu nasarar tsallakewa daga matakin rukuni ne bisa la'akarin da ta yi a matsayi na uku - bayan Australia da Ingila - kuma ta hadu da mai masaukin baki Indiya a wasan kusa da na karshe. Da ta fara fafatawa, Afirka ta Kudu ta samu maki 80 ne kawai, yayin da Daleen Terblanche da Cindy Eksteen su kadai ne 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suka samu maki biyu. Indiya ta kai ga burinta a cikin wasanni 28, kuma ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe da kudin Afirka ta Kudu.
Jerin hasara a Australia, New Zealand da Ingila
Bayan kakar 1998 ba tare da wani wasan kurket na duniya ga matan Afirka ta Kudu ba, sun zagaya Ostiraliya da New Zealand a cikin 1998–99. Wasanni uku na ODI da zakarun duniya, Ostiraliya, ya haifar da rashin nasara da ci 2-0; wasa na uku aka yi watsi da shi ba tare da an buga kwallo ba. Afrika ta Kudu dai ta yi fama da fafatawar a ko wanne wasa, inda ta sha kashi a wasanni 92, sannan ta sha kashi da ci 100. Jerin da suka biyo baya a New Zealand ya kawo ƙarin shan kashi; Bayan da aka yi rashin nasara a wasannin share fage na sama da 50 a bangaren 'A' na mata na New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu ta samu farar fata a cikin jerin wasannin ODI, inda kawai ta sami maki 82, 101 da 96 lokacin da take yin bat.
Afirka ta Kudu ta sake yin rangadi a shekara ta 2000, inda ta sake komawa Ingila, a wannan karon ta fafata da ODI na wasanni biyar. Wasannin dumi-dumi biyu da aka yi da matan Ingila 'A' sun haifar da kunkuntar nasara tare da kunnen doki, ba farawa mai kyau ba. Koyaya, ba kamar jerin wasannin ODI guda biyu da suka gabata ba, Afirka ta Kudu ta sami nasarar lashe wasanni biyu, ta lashe duka ODI na uku da na biyar. Duk da wadannan nasarorin da Ingila ta samu ta yi nasara a gasar da ci 3-2, inda ta yi wa Afirka ta Kudu nasara a gasar ta hudu a jere.
Haɓaka martabar wasan cricket na mata na Afirka ta Kudu
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta 2000 ta samu kyautatuwa, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ta zo gaban Ingila a matakin rukuni, sakamakon nasarar da ta samu da ci biyar da nema. Ƙarshen da suka yi ya sa sun haye zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda Australia ta doke su, waɗanda suka kasance ba a ci su ba a matakin rukuni na gasar. Nasarar da matan Afirka ta Kudu suka samu, ya sanya jama'a a fagen wasan kwallon kafa a kasarsu, inda shugabar kungiyar wasan Cricket ta Afirka ta Kudu, Colleen Roberts, ta bayyana yadda wasan na mata ya kasance abin tausayi. Roberts ya bayyana cewa, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da suka dabaibaye harkar bunkasa harkar wasanni shi ne na rashin kungiyoyin da za su je kasar Afirka ta Kudu, saboda wasannin kurket na mata a kasar ba su da masu daukar nauyin gasar. Afirka ta Kudu ta sami nasarar jawo tawagar zuwa yawon shakatawa a cikin 2001–02, tare da Indiya ta yi balaguro zuwa ƙasar don fafatawar ODI huɗu da wasan Gwaji. Bayan lashe gasar ODI da ci 2–1, Afirka ta Kudu ta sha kashi da ci 10 a gwajin farko da suka yi tun lokacin da suka koma wasan kurket na kasa da kasa.
Daga nan sai Afirka ta Kudu ta buga wasanni uku a jere da matan Ingila, inda suka zagaya kasar a shekara ta 2003, sannan ta dauki bakuncin gasar a 2003-04 da 2004-05. Jerin 2003 ya ga ƙasashen biyu sun fafata a wasannin Gwaji biyu ban da ODI uku. Bayan wasannin rangadin da aka yi da kungiyoyin gundumomi da na wakilai inda Afirka ta Kudu ta samu nasara daya kacal a kokarinta hudu, an tashi wasan farko na gwaji. An shirya jerin wasannin ODI kafin gwaji na biyu, kuma Afirka ta Kudu ta yi nasara a matsayi na biyu a kan gasa, amma ta sha kashi a dukkan wasannin biyu. An kammala rangadin da wani gagarumin rashin nasara a gwaji na biyu, Ingila ta yi nasara da ci 96 da ci 130 da 229 kawai. A cikin 2003–04, Afirka ta Kudu ta fara jerin shirye-shiryen tare da nasarar wasan ƙwallon ƙarshe a ODI ta farko, amma ta rasa duk sauran ODI don rasa jerin 4–1. A cikin 2004–05 bangarorin sun buga wasannin ODI biyu a cikin makonni kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta mata ta 2005 da ake gudanarwa a Afirka ta Kudu, shekaru biyu bayan sun karbi bakuncin gasar maza . Afrika ta Kudu ta sha kashi a wasanni biyun, kuma ta ci gaba da buga gasar da ba ta yi nasara ba; a wasanni bakwai (wanda aka watsar da daya kuma daya bai samu sakamako ba) Afirka ta Kudu ta samu nasara daya ne kawai; da West Indies . Sun kammala gasar cin kofin duniya a matsayi na bakwai, kuma aka fitar da su. Bayan kawar da su sun yi gaggawar shirya wasannin ODI na wasanni uku da West Indies, wadanda su ma aka fitar da su daga gasar.
Duba kuma
Tawagar cricket ta maza ta Afirka ta Kudu
Jerin matan Afirka ta Kudu ODI cricketers
Jerin sunayen matan Afirka ta Kudu Twenty20 'yan wasan kurket na kasa da kasa
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26420 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Masts | Yaƙin Masts | Yaƙin Masts (Larabci: معركة ذات الصواري, romanized: Ma'rakat Dhāt al-Ṣawārī) ko Yaƙin Phoenix ya kasance muhimmin yaƙin sojan ruwa da aka yi a 654 (AH 34) tsakanin Larabawa Musulmai da Abu al-A'war ke jagoranta. da rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Byzantine a karkashin umurnin sarki Constans II. Ana ganin yaƙin shine "rikicin farko na musulinci mai zurfi" da kuma wani ɓangare na farkon kamfen ɗin da Muawiyah ya yi don cin Constantinople.
Saduwa
Al-Tabari ya rubuta ranakun biyu masu yiwuwa don wannan yaƙin na sojan ruwa: 651-2 (AH 31) akan al-Waqidi da 654-5 (A.H. 34) akan ikon Abu Ma'shar al-Sindi. Tarihin Sebeos na Armeniyawa da Byzantine Theophanes sun yi daidai da ƙarshen kwanan wata.
Bayan Fage
A cikin shekarun 650s Halifancin Larabawa ya gama daular Sasanian kuma ya ci gaba da samun nasarar faɗaɗa cikin yankunan daular Byzantine. A shekara ta 645, dan uwansa Rashidun Khalifa Uthman ya nada Abdallah ibn Sa'ad a matsayin gwamnan Masar, inda ya maye gurbin Amr bn al-As. Uthman ya ba da damar Muawiyah ya kai hari tsibirin Cyprus a 649 kuma nasarar wannan kamfen ɗin ya kafa matakin aiwatar da ayyukan sojan ruwa na Gwamnatin Masar. Abdallah ibn Sa’ad ya gina rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi kuma ya tabbatar da ƙwararren kwamandan sojan ruwa. A karkashinsa sojojin ruwa na musulmai sun sami nasarori da dama na sojan ruwa ciki har da fatattakar harin da Byzantine ta kai Alexandria a 646.
A cikin 654, Muawiyah ya yi balaguro a Kapadokya yayin da jirginsa, a ƙarƙashin umurnin Abu'l-Awar, ya ci gaba da gabar tekun kudancin Anatolia. Sarkin sarakuna Constans ya fara yaƙi da shi da manyan jiragen ruwa.
Yaƙi
Sojojin biyu sun hadu ne a gabar Tekun Phoenix a Lycia, kusa da tashar jiragen ruwan Phoenix (Finike ta zamani). A cewar marubucin tarihin karni na 9 Theophanes the Confessor, yayin da Sarkin sarakuna ke shirin yaƙi, a daren da ya gabata ya yi mafarkin yana Tasalonika; yana farkawa ya danganta mafarkin ga mai fassarar mafarkai wanda ya ce: Sarkin sarakuna, da ba ku yi barci ba kuma ba ku ga wannan mafarkin don kasancewar ku a Tasalonika ba - a cewar mai fassara, nasara ta karkata ga abokan gaban Sarkin. Mai fassarar ya fassara mafarkin ta wannan hanya saboda Θεσσαλονίκη ("Thessaloniki") sauti yayi kama da kalmomin 'θές άλλω νίκη' (thes allo nike), wanda ke nufin 'ba da nasara ga wani'.
Saboda muguwar tekun, Tabari ya bayyana jirgin ruwa na Rumawa da na Larabawa da aka shirya cikin layika tare da yin jugum tare, don ba da damar yaƙi. Larabawa sun ci nasara a yaƙi, duk da cewa asara ta yi yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu, kuma da kyar Constans ya tsere zuwa Konstantinoful. A cewar Theophanes, ya yi nasarar tserewa ne ta hanyar musayar riguna da daya daga cikin jami’ansa.
Siege na Konstantinoful na 654
Bayan cin nasararsu, jinkirin da aka ba Bazantiya yawanci ana danganta shi da jiragen larabawa da ke ja da baya bayan cin nasara da rikici kan ikon Uthman a tsakanin matukan jirgin, tashin farko na yakin basasa tsakanin Musulmai. Babu wani ƙarin hare -hare na sojan ruwa akan wannan balaguron da aka rubuta a cikin asalin larabci na gargajiya.
Duk da haka masanin tarihin Armeniya Sebeos ya rubuta cewa rundunar larabawa ta ci gaba da wuce yaƙin da aka yi a Phoenix don yunƙurin mamaye Konstantinoful. Kamewa bai ci nasara ba, duk da haka, saboda tsananin guguwar da ta nutse jiragen ruwa da injin yaƙi a ciki, lamarin da Rumawa suka danganta da sa hannun Allah. Sojojin ƙasa da Muawiyah ke jagoranta a Chalcedon, bayan sun rasa manyan bindigogi da injunan yaƙi, sun koma Siriya daga baya.
Majiyoyin Musulmai ba su ambaci wannan taron ba amma ya yi daidai da sanarwa a cikin sauran tarihin Kirista na gabashin Bahar Rum, kamar tarihin Theophanes. Yana ba da shawarar farkon mamayar 650s na Rhodes, Cyprus, da Asiya Ƙananan suna shirye-shiryen kai farmaki a kan bangon Byzantium. Hakanan yana ba da bayani na dabarun ja da baya na rundunar sojan larabawa bayan nasarar da aka samu a Yaƙin Masts, tunda Fitna ta Farko ba za ta barke ba sai bayan shekara guda, wataƙila koma baya ya yi tasiri a kan Rumawa da cikin Caucasus.
Bayan
Dukan jiragen ruwa na Rashidun da na Rum sun jimre manyan asara. Kuma duk da cewa halifancin ya fito da nasara, amma sun ja da baya don dawo da asarar da suka yi. Duk da haka, nasarar ta kasance wani muhimmin lamari a tarihin sojojin ruwa na Bahar Rum. Tun da daɗewa ana ɗaukarsa 'Tekun Rum', Bahar Rum ya zama wuri mai fa'ida tsakanin ƙarfin sojan ruwa na Halifanci mai tasowa da Daular Roma ta Gabas.
Wannan rikicin zai ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, inda Musulmai ke amfani da karfinsu a tekun Bahar Rum don zuwa Sicily da kafa wurare masu karfi a Yammacin Turai. Nasarar ta kuma share fagen fadada musulmin da ba a fafata da shi ba a gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka.
Manazarta |
22294 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20RINJ%20Foundation | The RINJ Foundation | Gidauniyar RINJ ( RINJ ) ta Kanada ce da aka kafa ta kiwon lafiya ba riba ba-kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda aka lissafa tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu NGO tare da "manufa yayin tallafawa da kula da lafiya. Waɗanda suka tsira, su kuma tattara cikakkun bayanai kan bangarorin da ke rikici da juna wadanda ake zargi da aikatawa ko kuma suke da alhakin aikata fyade ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin mata."
Kauracewa
Matan Kungiyar RINJ sun yi kamfen mai karfi don karfafa membobinsu da jama'a gaba daya don kaurace wa kungiyoyi RINJ ta ce inganta cinzarafi da tashin hankali na jima'i.
Kauracewar sun haɗa a watan Fabrairu na shekarata 2017 ga waƙa 'Babu Fa'ida' akan "Na Yanke Shawara" Kundin Rap na " Slim Shady " (Marshall Bruce Mathers (aka Eminem )) da Sean Michael Anderson ( Big Sean ) wanda RINJ ya kira "masu fyade"
Lokacin da masu fashin baki irin su Eminem da Big Sean suka karfafa aikata manyan laifuka (Rubutu a cikin 'Babu Fa'ida' don fyaden Ann Coulter ) su da kansu sun aikata laifi wanda ba za a iya zargi a cikin Amurka ba kuma ana iya kama shi.
Daga cikin masu kauracewa mugunta / fyade da ke tallata "masu laifi" da RINJ ta gano akwai masu tallata Facebook da ake zargi suna gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan yanar gizo na Facebook na inganta fyade ( "shafukan fyade" ) RINJ ta hada karfi da sauran kungiyoyi kamar "Ra'ayoyin Mata akan Labarai" don shirya kauracewa kamfen na masu tallata Facebook wadanda ke gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan Facebook na fyade .
Matan Gidauniyar RINJ sun bukaci kauracewa masu watsa labarai kamar Kyle Sandilands a Ostiraliya wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta auka wa wata 'yar jarida tana yin kalamai marasa daɗi game da ƙirjinta kuma suna barazanar "farautar ta". RINJ kuma ya bi bayan Bill Cosby kuma ta nemi kauracewa wasan kwaikwayonsa a Kanada suna zanga-zanga a waje a cikin Janairun na shekarata 2015 tare da alamun "Fyade Ba No Joke" bayan da yawaitar zarge-zargen fyade da Cosby ya zama sananne a cikin 2014.
Tsaron Ma'aikatan Gidan Mata Masu Hijira
A watan Afrilun shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar RINJ ta nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta sanya takunkumi a kan kasar Kuwait saboda abin da ta ce cin zarafin mata ta hanyar lalata da ake yi wa 'yan mata' yan asalin kasar Philippines 'yan cirani a Kuwait.
Laifin Fyade a Yankunan da ake Yaki
Gidauniyar RINJ tana aiki da asibitocin kula da lafiya / dakunan fyade a ciki da kuma kusa da shiyyoyin yaki don amfani da kulawarta, tattara shaidu kan shaidu da kuma ladabi kan rahotannin cin zarafin mata a wuraren da ake fama da rikici inda ake kula da marassa lafiyar cin zarafin mata da an tattara hujjoji game da masu fyaden da nufin gurfanar da su. "Gidauniyar RINJ ta yi bayani kan rashin hukunta masu laifi da kuma gano wadanda suka aikata fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da yake-yake. "
kngiyoyin na Gargadi Waɗanda Aka Saki Masu Laifin Jima'i
Kungiyar tana taimaka wa al'ummomi wajen gano sabbin masu laifin yin lalata da su.
Rahoto game da Bayyana Barazana ga Mata da Yara
RINJ ta ba da rahoton masu aikata muggan tashe-tashen hankula zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) kuma a kwanan nan an ambato ta a matsayin "suna kira ga kasashen duniya da su tuhumi Shugaban Philippines Rodrigo Duterte da aikata kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba wanda ya kunshi laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama". kuma ya ƙalubalanci masu gudanarwar ya ce sun ba da gudummawa ga fataucin yara ta hanyar lalata a yankunan yaƙi.
A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a zamanta na yau da kullun na shekarata 2017 ya ba da shawarar Gidauniyar RINJ (Kanada) don Matsayi na Musamman na Tattaunawa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) a taronta na Gudanarwa da gudanarwa a ranar 19 ga Afrilun shekarata2017 sun amince da shawarar da Kwamitin kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ya bayar na ba da shawarwari na musamman ga Gidauniyar RINJ.
A ranar 21 ga Yuni na shekarata 2017, RINJ ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara-shekara karo na biyar don samar da ƙaruwa ga ci gaba da yaƙin neman kawar da bautar Jima'i da yawon buɗe ido na jima'i na Yara .
Duba kuma
Mosul, Matan Iraki
Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC)
Halittar ICC
Al'adar fyade
Sukar da Facebook - Shafukan Fyade
Bayan fadan da aka yiwa wadanda aka yiwa fyade
Hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai
GlobalMedic
Studentsaliban Nursing Ba tare da Iyaka ba
Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin taimakon jin kai da ci gaba
Cika
Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici
2018 Kuwait – Rikicin diflomasiyyar Philippines
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
RINJ Labaran Yanar Gizo
RINJ Bayanin Taimakon Gaggawa
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations
Kungiyoyi
Fyade
Tsaro |
20264 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kimiyya%20da%20Fasaha%20ta%20Jihar%20Enugu | Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu | Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT) wata jami'a ce a Nijeriya wacce aka kafa a matsayin ASUTECH a ranar 30 ga Yulin 1980.
Tarihi
An kirkiro Jami'ar ne da nufin kafa wata cibiya wacce dole ne ta kasance tana da alaka ta kut da kut da al'umma, masana'anta kuma sama da komai, suna zama masu kawo ci gaba ga fasahar mutane, don haka taken jami'ar ya kasance "Fasaha don Hidima".
Dokar da ta kafa Jami'ar ta Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta Anambra ta biyo baya tare da nada marigayi farfesa Kenneth Onwuka Dike a matsayin Shugaba na farko kuma Babban Jami'in Jami'ar da kuma kaddamar da Majalisar Koli ta farko na Jami'ar tare da marigayi Farfesa Onwuka Dike a matsayin Shugaba / Shugaba na farko. (Oktoba 1980 - Oktoba 1983).
Daga baya, aka nada Farfesa Chinua Achebe Pro-Chancellor da Shugaban Majalisar tare da Farfesa Chiweyite Ejike a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (1987 - 1988). Tawagar shugabannin jami’ar a wancan lokacin sun hada da Mista FC Eze - Magatakarda, Mista GC Akachukwu - Mukaddashin Bursar da Dr. (Mrs. ) Ngozi Ene - Babban Malaman Jami'a. A karshen aikin Farfesa Achebe, an nada Farfesa Gaius Igboeli a matsayin Pro-Chancellor na gaba kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar. (1989 - 1991) yayin da Farfesa Chiweyite Ejike har yanzu yake Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a.
Bayan kirkirar jihar Enugu a 1991 da kuma canjin sunan jami’ar zuwa jami’ar kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Enugu, an nada Hon, Justice Anthony Aniagolu a matsayin Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gwamnati tare da Prof. Julius Onuorah Onah a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (1992 - 1996). Ƙungiyar ta gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Onah sun haɗa da Dr. Fidelis Ogah a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar, Mista FC Eze a matsayin Magatakarda, Dr. (Mrs. ) Ngozi Eneh - Malami a Jami'a da Mista GC Akachukwu - Bursar. A karshen lokacin da tenuwa Farfesa Julius Onah ya zo a cikin sauri da jũna, Farfesa TC Nwodo a matsayin Mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban da daga baya Farfesa Mark Anikpo matsayin Mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban ma.
Wani sabon kafin chansilo kuma Shugaban Majalisar a matsayin Igwe Charles Abangwu tare da Farfesa Samuel C. Chukwu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Janairu 2000 - Disamba, 2003) daga baya aka sanya su. A karshen zangonsa na Igwe Charles Abangwu aka bi ta nada Igwe Francis Okwor (yanzu marigayi) kamar yadda Pro-Chancellor, kuma shugaban Majalisar tsakanin Janairu 2004 da kuma Agusta 2004. Bayan rasuwar Pro-Chancellor, an ƙaddamar da Kwamitin Gudanarwa don kula da jami’ar tsakanin watan Agusta 2004 da Agusta 2006 tare da Cif Clement Okwor wanda a lokacin, Shugaban Ma’aikata a Jihar Enugu a matsayin shugabanta.
Daga baya aka nada Farfesa Ikechukwu Chidobem Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’a a 2006 ya gaji Farfesa Chukwu. Tawagar gudanarwar karkashin Farfesa Chidobem sun hada da Mista Simon NP Nwankwo a matsayin magatakarda, Mista Fabian Ugwu a matsayin Bursar da Mista George Igwebuike a matsayin mukaddashin jami’in Laburaren. Wani sabon kafin chansilo kuma Shugaban majalisa a matsayin Barista David Ogbodo daga baya an nada shi don maye gurbin Kwamitin Gudanarwa a watan Agusta 2006. Sauran mambobin majalisar sun hada da Prof. Fab. Onah, Prof. David Edeani, Cif GO Okereke, Mrs. Janet Ngene, Mrs. Fidelia Agu, Arc. Sylvester Chineke (yanzu ya makara) da Farfesa Nene Obianyo - Provost, Kwalejin Koyon Magunguna.
Gani
Don zama babban jami'a a Afirka a ci gaban haɓaka wanda ke haɓaka sabis ga al'umma ta hanyar ingantaccen koyarwa, bincike da hidimar al'umma.
Manufa
Don inganta ilimin, musamman a fannonin Kimiyya, Gudanarwa da Fasaha, don haka tabbatar da haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda za su yi amfani da fasaha don hidimar al'umma.
Fannuka
Fannin Aikin Noma da Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa
Fannin aiyuka da ainihin Kimiyya
Sashen Ilimi
Fannin ƙere-ƙere
Fannin Kimiyyar Muhalli
Fannin shara'a
Fannin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa
Fannin Kimiyyar Magunguna
Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani.
Majalisar Gudanarwa
His Lordship,Most Rev. (Prof. ) Godfrey I. Onah - Pro kansila
Farfesa Luke Okechukwu Anike - Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’a
Farfesa Samuel Godwin Nwoye Eze - Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar
Mista Leonard Khama - Magatakarda / Sakataren Majalisar
Manyan jami'ai
Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar - Farfesa Luke Okechukwu Anike
Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa - Farfesa Samuel Godwin Nwoye Eze
Magatakarda - Mista Leonard Khama
Bursar - Mista Ikenna Ezeugwu
Jami'in Laburaren - Mista George Eke Asogwa
Tsofaffin ɗalibai
Chigozie Atuanya, Nijeriya actor, m da kuma kasuwa
Blossom Chukwujekwu, dan wasan Najeriya
Sandra Ezekwesili, 'Yar Jaridar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya, Mai gabatar da Rediyo, Mai Magana da yawun Jama'a da kuma Compere
Osinakachukwu Ideozu, dan kasuwar nan na Najeriya kuma dan siyasar Jam’iyyar Democrat
Daniel Lloyd, dan wasan Najeriya.
Stephen Ocheni, farfesa a Najeriya
Mao Ohuabunwa, ɗan siyasan Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa
Tessy Okoli, Provost na Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Umunze
Nnamdi Okonkwo, Babban Darakta / Manajan Darakta na Fidelity Bank Nigeria
Chika Okpala, dan wasan barkwancin Najeriya
Lawrence Onochie, fasto dan Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun jama’a
Nkiru Sylvanus, yar wasan Najeriya
Dave Umahi, Gwamnan Jihar Ebonyi
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu - shafin hukuma.
Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu - Jami'o'i a Nijeriya. |
49087 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyyar%20muhalli | Kimiyyar muhalli | Kimiyyar muhalli wani fanni ne na ilimi na tsaka-tsaki wanda ya haɗa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, da kuma yanayin ƙasa (ciki har da ilimin halittu, sunadarai, kimiyyar shuka, ilimin dabbobi, ma'adinai, oceanography, limnology, kimiyyar ƙasa, geology da yanayin ƙasa, da kimiyyar yanayi ) zuwa nazarin muhalli, da magance matsalolin muhalli. Ilimin muhalli ya fito ne daga fagagen tarihin halitta da likitanci a lokacin wayewa . A yau yana ba da haɗin kai, ƙididdigewa, da tsarin tsaka-tsaki don nazarin tsarin muhalli .
Nazarin muhalli ya ƙunshi ƙarin ilimin zamantakewa don fahimtar alaƙar ɗan Adam, hasashe da manufofi game da muhalli. Injiniyan muhalli yana mai da hankali kan ƙira da fasaha don haɓaka ingancin muhalli ta kowane fanni.
Masana kimiyyar muhalli suna neman fahimtar tsarin duniya ta zahiri, sinadarai, nazarin halittu, da tsarin ƙasa, da kuma amfani da wannan ilimin don fahimtar yadda al'amurran da suka shafi madadin tsarin makamashi, kula da gurɓata yanayi da ragewa, sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa, da tasirin dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi. tasiri da tasiri ga tsarin halitta da tafiyar matakai na duniya. Matsalolin muhalli kusan koyaushe sun haɗa da hulɗar tsarin jiki, sinadarai, da nazarin halittu. Masana kimiyyar muhalli suna kawo tsarin tsarin zuwa nazarin matsalolin muhalli. Mahimman abubuwan ƙwararrun masanin kimiyyar muhalli sun haɗa da ikon danganta sararin samaniya, da dangantakar lokaci da kuma nazarin ƙididdiga.
Kimiyyar muhalli ta zo da rai a matsayin wani muhimmin fanni mai aiki na binciken kimiyya a cikin 1960s da 1970s wanda (a) buƙatun tsarin ladabtarwa da yawa don nazarin matsalolin muhalli masu rikitarwa, (b) zuwan ƙa'idodin muhalli masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke buƙatar takamaiman ka'idojin muhalli. na bincike da (c) karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar yin aiki don magance matsalolin muhalli. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan ci gaba sun haɗa da buga littafin Rachel Carson na muhalli Silent Spring tare da manyan batutuwan muhalli sun zama jama'a sosai, kamar 1969 Santa Barbara da malalar mai, da kogin Cuyahoga na Cleveland, Ohio, "kamawa. wuta" (har ila yau a cikin 1969), kuma ya taimaka wajen kara ganin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma haifar da wannan sabon fannin nazarin.
Kalmomi
A cikin amfani da aka saba, ana amfani da "kimiyyar muhalli" da "ecology" sau da yawa, amma a fasahance, ilimin halittu yana nufin nazarin halittu ne kawai da mu'amalarsu da juna da kuma yadda suke cudanya da muhalli. Ana iya la'akari da ilimin halittu wani yanki na kimiyyar muhalli, wanda kuma zai iya haɗawa da sinadarai kawai ko al'amurran kiwon lafiyar jama'a (misali) masana ilimin halittu ba zai yi yuwuwa su yi karatu ba. A aikace, akwai kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin aikin masanan muhalli da sauran masana kimiyyar muhalli. Akwai babban cikas tsakanin ilimin halitta da kimiyyar muhalli tare da fannonin kiwon kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji.
Tarihi
Dadadden wayewa
Damuwa na tarihi game da al'amuran muhalli yana da kyau a rubuce a cikin ɗakunan ajiya a duniya. Wayewar da ta dade ta shafi abin da a yanzu ake kira kimiyyar muhalli ta fuskar noma da albarkatun kasa. Masana sun yi imanin cewa sha'awar muhalli ta farko ta fara ne a shekara ta 6000 KZ lokacin da tsoffin wayewa a Isra'ila da Jordan suka rushe saboda sare bishiyoyi. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2700 KZ an kafa doka ta farko da ta hana sare itatuwa a Mesopotamiya . Shekaru ɗari biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 2500 KZ, wata al’umma da ke zaune a kwarin Indus ta lura da tsarin kogin da ke kusa don inganta tsafta. Wannan ya haɗa da sarrafa magudanar ruwa don kula da lafiyar jama'a. A cikin Yammacin Duniya, yawancin tsoffin jihohin tsakiyar Amurka sun rushe a kusan 1500 KZ saboda zaizayar ƙasa daga aikin noma. Waɗanda suka rage daga waɗannan wayewar sun mai da hankali sosai kan tasirin ayyukan noma akan dorewar ƙasa da ingantaccen abinci. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1450 KZ, wayewar Minoan a tsibirin Crete na Girka ya ragu saboda sare bishiyoyi da sakamakon lalacewar muhalli na albarkatun kasa. Pliny the Elder ya ɗan yi magana game da matsalolin muhalli na tsoffin wayewa a cikin rubutun Naturalis Historia, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 77 da 79 ACE, wanda ya ba da bayyani game da ɓangarori masu alaƙa da yawa na horo.
Ko da yake yaƙi da cututtuka sun kasance babban abin damuwa a cikin al'umma ta da, batutuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rayuwa da ƙarfin wayewa daban-daban. Yayin da al'ummomi da yawa suka fahimci mahimmancin duniyar halitta don samun nasarar su na dogon lokaci, sha'awar nazarin muhalli ta wanzu.
Farkon kimiyyar muhalli
Karni na 18
A shekara ta 1735, Carolus Linnaeus ya gabatar da manufar nomenclature na binomial a matsayin hanyar da za a rarraba dukkanin rayayyun halittu, wanda ayyukan Aristotle suka yi tasiri a baya. Rubutunsa, Systema Naturae, yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙarshen ilimi game da batun, yana ba da hanyar gano nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban dangane da yadda suke hulɗa da yanayin su.
Karni na 19
A cikin 1820s, masana kimiyya suna nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar gas, musamman wadanda ke cikin yanayin duniya da kuma mu'amalarsu da zafi daga Rana. Daga baya wannan karni, bincike ya nuna cewa duniya ta fuskanci zamanin Ice kuma dumamar duniya wani bangare ne na abin da a yanzu ake kira greenhouse gas (GHG). An gabatar da tasirin greenhouse, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san kimiyyar yanayi a matsayin wani muhimmin batu a kimiyyar muhalli ba saboda ƙarancin masana'antu da ƙarancin hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi a lokacin.
Karni na 20
A cikin 1900s, ilimin kimiyyar muhalli kamar yadda aka sani a yau ya fara yin tasiri. Ƙarni yana da gagarumin bincike, wallafe-wallafe, da haɗin gwiwar duniya a fagen.
A farkon karni na 20, suka da aka yi ta yaduwa daga masu shakka sun yi watsi da illar dumamar yanayi . A wannan lokacin, masu bincike kaɗan ne ke nazarin illolin mai. Bayan da aka samu ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin Celsius 1.3 a Tekun Atlantika a cikin shekarun 1940, duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun sabunta bincikensu na tarkowar zafi mai zafi daga tasirin greenhouse (ko da yake kawai carbon dioxide da tururin ruwa an san su ne iskar gas a lokacin). Ci gaban makaman nukiliya bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya baiwa masana kimiyyar muhalli damar yin nazari sosai kan illolin carbon da samun ci gaba a fagen. Ƙarin ilimi daga shaidun archaeological ya kawo haske ga canje-canjen yanayi a kan lokaci, musamman samfurin ƙanƙara .
An kawo kimiyyar muhalli a kan gaba a cikin al'umma a cikin 1962 lokacin da Rachel Carson ta buga wani tasiri mai tasiri na wallafe-wallafen muhalli, Silent Spring . Rubutun Carson ya jagoranci jama'ar Amurka don bin kariyar muhalli, kamar haramcin sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar DDT na kashe kwari. Wani muhimmin aiki, The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin ya buga a 1968 don mayar da martani ga hanzarin lalacewa na halitta. A cikin 1969, kimiyyar muhalli ta sake zama lokaci na gida bayan bala'o'i guda biyu: Kogin Cuyahoga na Ohio ya kama wuta saboda yawan gurbatar ruwa a cikin ruwansa da malalar mai na Santa Barbara ya jefa dubban dabbobin ruwa cikin hatsari, duka biyun suna samun ingantaccen watsa labarai. Sakamakon haka, Amurka ta zartar da ɗimbin dokoki, gami da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa da Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Ruwa na Manyan Tafkuna . A shekara ta gaba, a cikin 1970, an yi bikin Ranar Duniya ta farko a duk duniya kuma an kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), wanda ya halatta nazarin kimiyyar muhalli a manufofin gwamnati. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) a birnin Stockholm na kasar Sweden don magance gurbacewar muhalli a duniya.
Yawancin sha'awar kimiyyar muhalli a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 sun kasance da manyan bala'o'i da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A cikin 1978, an kwashe daruruwan mutane daga Ƙaunar Canal, New York bayan an gano gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta da aka binne a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kusa da wuraren zama. A shekara ta gaba, a cikin 1979, tashar makamashin nukiliyar da ke tsibirin Mile Uku a Pennsylvania ta gamu da rugujewa kuma ta tayar da hankali game da haɗarin sharar rediyo da kuma amincin makamashin nukiliya. Dangane da wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa da kuma sharar guba mai guba galibi ana zubar da su a kusa da gidajensu, ƙungiyar Baƙar fata a Arewacin Carolina ta fara ƙungiyar Adalci ta Muhalli a cikin 1982. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an saki iskar gas mai guba na methyl isocyanate ga jama'a daga bala'in wutar lantarki a Bhopal, Indiya, wanda ya cutar da dubban daruruwan mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wurin da bala'in ya faru, wanda har yanzu ana jin tasirinsa a yau. A cikin wani bincike mai ban mamaki a cikin 1985, ƙungiyar masu bincike na Biritaniya da ke nazarin Antarctica sun sami shaidar wani rami a cikin sararin samaniyar ozone, wanda ya zaburar da yarjejeniyoyin duniya na hana amfani da chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), waɗanda a baya aka yi amfani da su a kusan dukkanin iska da na'urorin refrigerants. Musamman ma, a cikin 1986, narkewar da aka yi a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl a Ukraine ta fitar da sharar rediyo ga jama'a, wanda ya kai ga nazarin kasa da kasa kan illar bala'o'in muhalli. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Hukumar Brundtland (wanda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya) ta buga wani rahoto mai taken makomarmu ta yau da kullun da yarjejeniyar Montreal ta kafa kwamitin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) kamar yadda sadarwar kasa da kasa ta mayar da hankali kan nemo mafita. don sauyin yanayi da lalacewa. A karshen shekarun 1980, an ci tarar kamfanin Exxon Valdez saboda zubar da danyen mai mai yawa a gabar tekun Alaska da sakamakon tsaftace muhalli, wanda ya shafi aikin masana kimiyyar muhalli. Bayan da aka kona ɗaruruwan rijiyoyin mai a yaƙi a cikin 1991, yaƙi tsakanin Iraqi da Kuwait ya gurɓata yanayin da ke kewaye da shi kusa da iyakar ingancin iska da masana kimiyyar muhalli suka yi imanin cewa yana da haɗari ga rayuwa.
Karni na 21
Yawancin fannonin ilimin kimiyyar muhalli sun bayyana tsawon shekaru, kodayake ilimin yanayin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun batutuwa. Tun daga 2000s, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun mai da hankali kan yin ƙira ga tasirin sauyin yanayi da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar duniya don rage yiwuwar lalacewa. A cikin 2002, an kafa Society for Environment da Cibiyar Kula da ingancin iska don raba ilimi da haɓaka mafita a duniya. Daga baya, a cikin 2008, Ƙasar Ingila ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta zartar da doka ( Dokar Canjin Yanayi ) da ke da nufin rage fitar da carbon dioxide zuwa ƙayyadadden kofa. A cikin 2016 Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta zama Yarjejeniyar Paris, wacce ta tsara maƙasudai na gaske don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma hana tashin yanayin zafi a duniya zuwa madaidaicin ma'aunin Celsius 2. Yarjejeniyar dai na daya daga cikin kokarin da kasashen duniya ke yi na takaita illar dumamar yanayi zuwa yau.
Yawancin bala'o'in muhalli a cikin wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gurɓataccen ɗanyen mai ko kuma tasirin yanayin zafi. A cikin 2010, BP ne ke da alhakin zubar da mai mafi girma a Amurka a cikin Tekun Mexico, wanda aka sani da Deepwater Horizon spill, wanda ya kashe wasu ma'aikatan kamfanin tare da fitar da danyen mai mai yawa a cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin wannan karni, yawancin duniya suna fama da bala'in wutar daji da kuma rashin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da dokoki game da amfani da albarkatun kasa mai dorewa kamar yadda masana kimiyyar muhalli suka ƙaddara.
Ƙarni na 21 yana da gagarumin ci gaban fasaha. Sabuwar fasaha a kimiyyar muhalli ta canza yadda masu bincike ke tattara bayanai game da batutuwa daban-daban a fagen. Bincike a cikin injuna, ingancin man fetur, da raguwar hayaki daga abubuwan hawa tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu ya rage adadin carbon da sauran gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin yanayi.Bugu da ƙari, saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da haɓaka makamashi mai tsabta (watau iska, hasken rana, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa) ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke nuna farkon karkatar da man fetur daga burbushin mai . Ana amfani da tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GIS) don lura da tushen iska ko gurɓataccen ruwa ta tauraron dan adam da nazarin hoto na dijital. Wannan fasaha tana ba da damar haɓaka dabarun noma kamar ingantaccen aikin noma da kuma lura da yadda ake amfani da ruwa don saita farashin kasuwa. A fagen ingancin ruwa, haɓaka nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta da na ɗan adam suna ba da gudummawa ga bioremediation, maganin sharar gida don amfanin gaba. Wannan hanya ta fi dacewa da muhalli kuma mai rahusa fiye da tsaftace hannu ko kuma kula da ruwan sharar gida. Mafi mahimmanci, faɗaɗa fasahar kwamfuta ya ba da damar tattara bayanai masu yawa, bincike mai zurfi, tarihin tarihi, wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli, da sadarwar kimiyyar duniya. Ƙarfin tattarawa akan Intanet, alal misali, yana wakiltar tsarin tattara ilimi daga masu bincike a duniya don ƙirƙirar ƙarin dama don ci gaban kimiyya. Tare da taron jama'a, ana fitar da bayanai ga jama'a don nazarin sirri wanda daga baya za'a iya raba su kamar yadda aka samo sabon bayani. Wani ci gaban fasaha, fasahar blockchain, sa ido da sarrafa kamun kifi na duniya. Ta hanyar bin hanyar da kasuwancin da ke cikin kasuwannin duniya, masana kimiyya na muhalli na iya tsayar da wasu nau'ikan ana cinye su ne ga lalacewar hallaka. Bugu da ƙari, ji na nesa yana ba da damar gano fasalulluka na muhalli ba tare da sa hannun jiki ba. Sakamakon hoto na dijital ana amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar ingantattun samfura na hanyoyin muhalli, canjin yanayi, da ƙari mai yawa. Ci gaba ga fasahar ji mai nisa yana da amfani musamman wajen gano tushen gurɓatawar da ba ta dace ba da kuma nazarin lafiyar halittu ta hanyar nazarin hoto a cikin bakan na'urar lantarki . A ƙarshe, ana amfani da fasahar hoto ta thermal wajen sarrafa namun daji don kamawa da hana mafarauta da sauran masu fataucin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga kashe dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari, wanda ke da amfani ga ƙoƙarin kiyayewa. An kuma yi amfani da bayanan sirri na wucin gadi don hasashen motsin yawan dabbobi da kuma kare muhallin namun daji.
Duba kuma
Kula da muhalli
Tsarin muhalli
Kididdigar muhalli
Bayanan muhalli
Kamus na kimiyyar muhalli
Jerin batutuwan nazarin muhalli
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kamus na sharuddan muhalli - Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Duniya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Turing | Alan Turing | Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 ga watan Yuni 1912 -7 ga watan Yuni 1954) masanin lissafin Ingilishi ne, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, logician, cryptanalyst, masanin falsafa, kuma masanin ilimin halitta. Turing ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta na ka'idar, yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ra'ayoyin algorithm da ƙididdiga tare da na'urar Turing, wanda za'a iya la'akari da samfurin kwamfuta mai mahimmanci. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin uban ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta da basirar wucin gadi.
An haife shi a Maida Vale, London, Turing ya girma a Kudancin Ingila. Ya gama karatu a King's College, Cambridge, da digiri a fannin lissafi. Duk da yake shi abokin aiki ne a Cambridge, ya buga wata hujja da ke nuna cewa wasu ilimin lissafi ne kawai-babu tambayoyi da ba za a taɓa amsa su ta hanyar ƙididdigewa ba da ayyana injin Turing, kuma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa matsalar dakatar da injin Turing ba ta da tabbas. A cikin shekarar 1938, ya sami digiri na uku daga Sashen Lissafi a Jami'ar Princeton. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Turing ya yi aiki da lambar gwamnati da makarantar Cypher (GC&CS) a Bletchley Park, cibiyar codebreaking ta Biritaniya wacce ta samar da hankali sosai. Na wani lokaci ya jagoranci Hut 8, sashin da ke da alhakin cryptanalysis na sojojin ruwa na Jamus. Anan, ya ƙirƙira dabaru da yawa don saurin karya sifofin Jamusanci, gami da haɓakawa ga hanyar bam na Poland kafin yaƙin, injin lantarki wanda zai iya samun saiti don injin Enigma. Turing ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fasa sakonnin da aka katse wanda ya baiwa Allies damar kayar da ikon Axis a cikin ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa, ciki har da yakin Tekun Atlantika.
Bayan yakin, Turing ya yi aiki a National Physical Laboratory, inda ya tsara Injin Kwamfuta ta atomatik (ACE), ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka tsara don kwamfutar da aka adana. A cikin 1948, Turing ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na na'ura mai kwakwalwa na Max Newman, a Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester, inda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka kwamfutocin Manchester kuma ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin ilimin lissafi. Ya rubuta takarda a kan tushen sinadarai na morphogenesis kuma ya annabta halayen halayen sinadarai kamar halayen Belousov-Zhabotinsky, wanda aka fara gani a cikin 1960s. Duk da waɗannan nasarorin, Turing ba a taɓa gane shi sosai a Birtaniya ba a lokacin rayuwarsa saboda yawancin aikinsa ya rufe shi da Dokar Sirri na Jami'a.
An tuhumi Turing a 1952 saboda ayyukan luwadi. Ya yarda da maganin hormone tare da DES, hanyar da aka fi sani da chemical castration, a matsayin madadin kurkuku. Turing ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1954, kwanaki 16 kafin cikarsa shekaru 42, daga gubar cyanide. Wani bincike ya tabbatar da mutuwarsa a matsayin kashe kansa, amma an lura cewa sanannun shaidar kuma sun yi daidai da gubar bazata. Bayan wani kamfen na jama'a a 2009, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya ba da uzuri a hukumance a madadin gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda "hanyar da aka yi wa Turing". Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta ba da afuwa bayan mutuwa a cikin 2013. Kalmar "Dokar Alan Turing" yanzu ana amfani da ita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don komawa ga wata doka ta 2017 a Burtaniya wacce ta sake yin afuwa ga mazajen da aka yi musu gargaɗi ko aka yanke musu hukunci ƙarƙashin dokar tarihi da ta haramta yin luwadi.
Turing yana da babban gado tare da mutum-mutuminsa da abubuwa da yawa masu suna bayansa, gami da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don sabbin ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ya bayyana a bankin Ingila na yanzu £ 50 bayanin kula, wanda aka saki a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021, don dacewa da ranar haihuwarsa. Wani jerin shirye-shiryen BBC na 2019, kamar yadda masu sauraro suka kada kuri'a, sun ba shi sunan mafi girma a karni na 20.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Iyali
An haifi Turing ne a Maida Vale, London, yayin da mahaifinsa, Julius Mathison Turing (1873-1947), ya kasance a kan hutu daga matsayinsa na Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Indiya (ICS) na gwamnatin Raj ta Burtaniya a Chatrapur, sannan a Fadar Shugaban Madras kuma a halin yanzu a jihar Odisha, a Indiya. Mahaifin Turing shi ne ɗan wani limamin coci, Rev. John Robert Turing, daga dangin 'yan kasuwa na Scotland waɗanda suka kasance a cikin Netherlands kuma sun haɗa da baronet. Mahaifiyar Turing, matar Julius, ita ce Ethel Sara Turing (née Stoney; 1881–1976), 'yar Edward Waller Stoney, babban injiniyan Madras Railways. Stoneys sun kasance dangin Furotesta na Anglo-Irish daga duka County Tipperary da County Longford, yayin da Ethel da kanta ta kwashe yawancin yarinta a County Clare. Julius da Ethel sun yi aure a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1907 a cocin Batholomew da ke titin Clyde, a Dublin.
Ayyukan Julius tare da ICS ya kawo iyali zuwa Birtaniya Indiya, inda kakansa ya kasance janar a cikin sojojin Bengal. Duk da haka, duka Julius da Ethel sun so a yi renon yaransu a Biritaniya, don haka suka ƙaura zuwa Maida Vale, London, inda aka haifi Alan Turing a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 1912, kamar yadda wani zane mai shuɗi ya rubuta a wajen gidan. na haihuwarsa, daga baya Hotel Colonnade. Turing yana da ɗan'uwa dattijo, John (mahaifin Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet na Turing baronets).
Hukumar hidimar farar hula ta mahaifin Turing tana aiki kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyar Turing, iyayensa sun yi tafiya tsakanin Hastings a Burtaniya da Indiya, suna barin 'ya'yansu maza biyu su zauna tare da ma'auratan Sojoji da suka yi ritaya. A Hastings, Turing ya zauna a Baston Lodge, Dutsen Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, yanzu an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi. An buɗe plaque ɗin a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 2012, shekaru ɗari na haihuwar Turing.
A farkon rayuwarsa, Turing ya nuna alamun hazaka wanda daga baya zai nuna sosai. Iyayensa sun sayi gida a Guildford a cikin 1927, kuma Turing ya zauna a wurin lokacin hutun makaranta. Ana kuma yiwa wurin alama da shuɗin plaque.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1912
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani%20Khalid | Bani Khalid | Bani Khalid ( ) ya kasance gamayyar kabilun Larabawa ce. Kabilar ta mallaki Kudancin Iraki, Kuwait, da Gabas ta Gabas (al-Hasa da al-Qatif) daga karni na 15 zuwa na 18, kuma a sake karkashin kulawar Daular Usmaniyya a farkon karni na 19. A mafi girmansa, yankin Bani Khalid ya faro daga Iraki a arewa zuwa iyakar Oman a Kudu, kuma Bani Khalid yana da tasirin siyasa ta hanyar mulkin yankin Nejd a tsakiyar Arabiya. Yawancin membobin kabilar yanzu suna zaune a gabas da tsakiyar Saudi Arabia, yayin da wasu ke zaune a Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Palestine, Syria da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Bani Khalid dukkansu musulmin shia ne kuma musulmin Sunni ne .
Tarihi
Manyan kabilun sune Al Humaid, Juboor, Du'um, the Al Janah, the Al suhoob, Grusha, Al Musallam, 'Amayer, Al Subaih said kuma Mahashir & Nahood. Shugabancin Bani Khalid ya kasance bisa al’ada dangin Al Humaid ne suka rike shi. Bani Khalid ya mamaye hamadar da ke kewaye da Al-Hasa da Al-Qatif a lokacin karni na 15 da 18. A karkashin Barrak ibn Ghurayr na Al Humaid, Bani Khalid sun sami damar korar sojojin Ottoman daga birane da garuruwa a shekarar 1670 tare da shelanta mulkinsu akan yankin. Ibn Ghurayr ya yi babban birni a cikin Al-Mubarraz, inda ragowar gidansa suka tsaya a yau. A cewar Arabian almara, daya shugaban Bani Khalid yunkurin kare prized hamada bustard ( Habari ) daga nau'i nau'i da hani da ƙauyãwã a mulkinsa daga farautar tsuntsu ta qwai, sunã tsirfatãwa kabilar lakanin "majiɓinta, na qwai da Habari ", ishara ce ga cikakken shugaban a kan masarautarsa. Babban jigo na "Khawalid" shine Haddori.
Faduwa ga Saudiya
Bani Khalid na gabashin Larabawa ya cigaba da kasancewa tare da membobin ƙabilarsu waɗanda suka zauna a Nejd a lokacin ƙaurarsu ta gabas, kuma sun sami abokan ciniki tsakanin shugabannin garuruwan Nejdi, kamar Al Mu'ammar na al-Uyayna . Lokacin da sarkin Uyayna ya bi ra'ayin Muhammad bn Abdil-Wahhab, sai shugaban Khalidi ya umarce shi da ya daina goyon bayan Ibn Abd al-Wahhab kuma ya kore shi daga garinsa. Sarki ya amince, sannan Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ya koma makwabtan Dir'iyyah, inda ya hada karfi da Al Saud . Bani Khalid ya cigaba da kasancewa manyan makiya Saudiyya da kawayensu kuma suka yi yunkurin mamaye Nejd da Diriyyah a kokarin dakatar da fadada Saudiyya. Yunkurinsu bai ci nasara ba, amma, bayan sun mamaye Nejd, Saudis sun mamaye yankin Bani Khalid a cikin al-Hasa tare da tumbuke Al 'Ura'yir a cikin 1793. A farkon shekarun 1950 yawancin Al Arabi da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Iraq suka yi ƙaura zuwa Saudi Arabiya Al Qassim
Komawa da Faduwa daga Mulki
Lokacin da Ottomans suka mamaye Arabiya suka hambarar da Al Saud a 1818, suka ci al-Hasa, al-Qatif kuma suka dawo da mambobin Al 'Uray'ir a matsayin sarakunan yankin. Bani Khalid ba su da karfin soja irin na da a wannan lokacin, kuma kabilu irin su Ajman, da Dawasir, Subay ' da Mutayr sun fara kutsawa cikin yankunan Bani Khalid da ke hamada. Har ila yau, rikice-rikice na cikin gida sun mamaye su game da jagoranci. Kodayake Bani Khalid sun sami damar kulla kawance da 'Anizzah kabilar a wannan lokacin, amma daga baya kawancen kabilu da dama sun ci su da Al Saud, wadanda suka sake kafa mulkinsu a Riyadh a 1823. Yaki da kawancen da kabilun Mutayr da na 'Ajman suka jagoranta a 1823, da kuma wani yakin da aka yi da Subay' da Al Saud a 1830, sun kawo karshen mulkin Bani Khalid. Ottoman sun sake nada gwamna daga Bani Khalid akan al-Hasa sau ɗaya a cikin 1874, amma mulkinsa ma bai daɗe ba.
Yanzu
Yawancin dangi da bangarori na Bani Khalid sun riga sun zauna a al-Hasa da Nejd a wannan lokacin, amma da yawa daga waɗanda suka rage barin gabashin Arabiya bayan fatattakar sojoji da Ibn Saud, daga ƙarshe sun zauna a Iraki, Jordan . Dangin a yau ya ƙunshi manyan masu mulki, da mambobin gwamnati. Yawancin iyalai daga Bani Khalid ana iya samun su a yau a Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan Saudi Arabia da Qatar
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Anscombe, Frederick F., Tekun Daular Usmaniyya: halittar Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, da Qater, 1870-1914, Columbia University Press, New York 1997
Fattah, Hala Mundhir, Siyasar Kasuwancin Yanki a Iraki, Arabiya, da Tekun Fasha, 1745-1900, SUNY Press, 1997
Ibn Agil al-Zahiri, Ansab al-Usar al-Hakima fi al-Ahsa ("Tarihin iyalan gidan al-Ahsa mai mulki, Kashi na II: Banu Humayd (Al 'Uray'ir)"), Dar al-Yamama, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Larabci)
أبو عبدالرحمن بن عقيل الظاهري, "أنساب الأسر الحاكمة في الأحساء, القسم الثاني: بنو حميد (آل عريعر)", من منشورات دار اليمامة, الرياض, المملكة العربية السعودية
Ingham, B. "Muṭayr." Encyclopaedia na Islama. Shirya ta: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel da WP Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Kan layi. 1 Disamba 2007
Al-Jassir, Hamad, Jamharat Ansab al-Usar al-Mutahaddirah fi Nejd ("enididdigar Geanologies na Faman Gidan da aka Zaunar"), shigar a kan "Banu Khalid" (Larabci)
al-Juhany, Uwaidah, Najd Kafin Tsarin Gyaran Salafi, Ithaca Press, 2002
Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer na Tekun Fasha, Oman da Tsakiyar Larabawa, wanda Gregg International Publishers Limited Westemead ya sake bugawa. Farnborough, Hants., Ingila da Jaridun Jami'ar Irish, Shannon, Irelend. Buga a cikin Holland, 1970
Mandaville, Jon E., "Lardin Ottoman na al-Hasā a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai", Jaridar American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, A'a. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1970), shafi na. 486-513
Meglio, R. Di. "banū ̲h̲ālid." Encyclopaedia na Islama. Shirya ta: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel da WP Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Kan layi. 1 Disamba 2007
Nakash, Yitzhak , ] Isar zuwa Powerarfi: Shi'a a Duniyar Larabawa ta Zamani, Princeton University Press, 2006, wani yanki da aka ɗauka ta yanar gizo a , an dawo da shi 5 Dec 2007
Oppenheim, Max Freiherr von, tare da Braunlich, Erich da Caskill, Werner, Die Beduinen, mujalladai 4, Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1952 (Jamusanci)
Szombathy, Zoltan, Genealogy a cikin ieungiyoyin Musulmai na Zamani, Studia Islamica, No. 95. (2002), pp. 5–35
Al-Rasheed, Madawi, Tarihin Saudi Arabiya, Jami'ar Cambridge University, 2002 (ta hanyar GoogleBooks )
Rentz, George, "Bayanan kula a kan 'Oppenheim's' Die Beduinen '", Oriens, Vol. 10, No. 1. (31 Jul. 1957), shafi na. 77–89
Al-Wuhaby, Abd al-Karim al-Munif, Banu Khalid wa 'Alaqatuhum bi Najd ("Banu Khalid da Alakarsu da Nejd"), Dar Thaqif lil-Nashr wa-al-Ta'lif, 1989 (Larabci)
عبدالكريم الوهيبي ، "بنو خالد وعلاقتهم بنجد" د دار ثقيف للنشر والتأليف ، 1989 |
53137 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabib%20Nurmagomedov | Khabib Nurmagomedov | Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov (an haife shi 20 Satumba 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi gasa a rukunin ƙananan nauyi na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A cikin UFC, shi ne zakara mafi dadewa a kan UFC Lightweight Champion, wanda ya rike taken daga Afrilu 2018 zuwa Maris 2021. Tare da nasara 29 kuma ba asara ba, ya yi ritaya tare da rikodin da ba a yi nasara ba. An yi la'akari da Nurmagomedov a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na yaƙi a kowane lokaci, kuma an shigar da shi cikin UFC Hall of Fame a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2022.
Yaƙin Sambo World Champion sau biyu, Nurmagomedov yana da tushe a cikin horo na sambo, judo da kokawa . Nurmagomedov ya kasance a matsayi #1 a cikin darajar fam-for-pound maza na UFC a lokacin da ya yi ritaya, har sai an cire shi bayan hutun takensa a cikin Maris 2021. Fight Matrix ya sanya shi a matsayin mai nauyi #1 na kowane lokaci.
Nurmagomedov ya fito daga Jamhuriyar Dagestan ta kasar Rasha, shi ne musulmi na farko da ya lashe kambun UFC. Shi ne ɗan Rashan da aka fi bin shi akan Instagram, tare da mabiya sama da 34 million tun daga Disamba 2022. Har ila yau, shi ne mai tallata kayan wasan Martial Arts (MMA), wanda aka sani don haɓaka gasar tseren Eagle Fighting Championship (EFC). Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sauya sheka zuwa zama koci kuma mai horar da ‘yan wasa kafin ya yi ritaya daga wasan gaba daya a watan Janairun 2023.
Rayuwar farko
Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov an haife shi ga dangin Avar a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1988, a ƙauyen Sildi a gundumar Tsumadinsky na Dagestan ASSR, jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin SFSR na Rasha, Tarayyar Soviet . Yana da kane mai suna Magomed da kanwar Amina. Iyalin mahaifinsa sun ƙaura daga Sildi zuwa Kirovaul, inda mahaifinsa ya mai da kasan ginin bene mai hawa biyu zuwa wurin motsa jiki. Nurmagomedov ya girma a cikin gidan tare da 'yan uwansa da 'yan uwansa. Sha'awar sa game da wasan motsa jiki ya fara ne lokacin kallon horar da dalibai a dakin motsa jiki. Horon da Khabib ya yi tun yana yaro ya hada da kokawa a lokacin yana dan shekara tara.
Kamar yadda aka saba da yara da yawa a Dagestan, ya fara kokawa tun yana ƙarami: ya fara tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa, Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov . Wani dan wasa da aka yi wa ado kuma tsohon sojan Soviet, Abdulmanap shi ma ya yi kokawa tun yana karami, kafin ya samu horo a judo da sambo a aikin soja. Abdulmanap ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen horas da matasa a birnin Dagestan, da fatan bayar da wani zabi ga tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da ya zama ruwan dare a yankin.
A cikin 2001, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Makhachkala, babban birnin Dagestan, inda ya horar da wasan kokawa tun yana ɗan shekara 12, da Judo daga 15. Ya koma horo a fagen fama sambo, a karkashin mahaifinsa, yana da shekara 17. A cewar Nurmagomedov, sauyi daga kokawa zuwa judo yana da wuya, amma mahaifinsa ya so ya saba yin fafatawa a cikin <i id="mwkQ">gi</i> jaket . Abdulmanap babban koci ne na kungiyar sambo ta kasa a Jamhuriyar Dagestan, inda ya horar da 'yan wasa da dama a sambo a Makhachkala na kasar Rasha. Nurmagomedov ya sha shiga fadace-fadacen tituna a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga hadaddiyar fasahar fada. Khabib ya ce, tare da mahaifinsa, 'yan wasa uku da suka zaburar da shi su ne 'yan damben Amurka Muhammad Ali da Mike Tyson da kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa na Brazil Ronaldo .
Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha
Farkon aiki
Nurmagomedov ya fara wasansa na MMA na farko a watan Satumba na 2008 kuma ya tattara nasarori hudu cikin kasa da wata guda. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ya zama zakaran gasar cin kofin Atrium na farko, bayan da ya doke abokan hamayyarsa uku a taron Moscow . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya yi rashin nasara, inda ya kammala 11 cikin 12 na abokan hamayya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarshen armbar zagaye na farko na mai kalubalantar taken Bellator na gaba Shahbulat Shamhalaev, wanda ya nuna alamar M-1 Global na farko. A cikin 2011, ya yi takara a cikin gwagwarmaya bakwai don haɓaka ProFC, duk wanda ya ci nasara ta TKO ko ƙaddamarwa.
Rikodin 16-0 a cikin da'irori na yankuna na Rasha da Ukraine ya haifar da sha'awa daga Gasar Yaƙi na Ƙarshe (UFC) don sanya hannu kan Nurmagomedov. Daga baya, mahaifin Nurmagomedov ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa saboda kwangilar kwangila tare da ProFC suna da shari'o'in kotu 11 da ke adawa da haƙƙin kwangilar UFC Nurmagomedov. Bayan sun sha kashi shida sun samu nasara a kararraki biyar, sun cimma yarjejeniya kuma Khabib ya ci gaba da aikinsa.
Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe
Farkon yaƙe-yaƙe na UFC da neman gasa
A ƙarshen 2011, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwagwarmaya shida don yin gasa a cikin rukunin UFC mai sauƙi.
A cikin UFC na farko, a ranar 20 Janairu 2012 a UFC akan FX 1, Nurmagomedov ya ci Kamal Shalorus ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa a zagaye na uku.
Nurmagomedov ya ci Gleison Tibau na gaba a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2012 a UFC 148 ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya, tare da dukan alkalai uku sun zira kwallaye 30-27.
Yaƙin na gaba na Nurmagomedov ya kasance da Thiago Tavares akan 19 Janairu 2013 a UFC akan FX 7 . Ya yi nasara ta KO a zagayen farko. Bayan yaƙin, Tavares ya gwada tabbatacce ga Drostanolone, steroid anabolic, kuma ya karɓi dakatarwar watanni 9.
A cikin yakinsa na biyar na UFC, a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2013 a UFC 165, Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Pat Healy . Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 – 27. Da yake halartar taron manema labarai na farko bayan taron, shugaban UFC Dana White ya yaba wa sabon dan uwan yana mai cewa, "Wannan slam, lokacin da kawai ya tsinke shi ya caka shi, salon Matt Hughes . Wannan ya tunatar da ni tsohon Matt Hughes inda zai gudu da wani Guy a fadin Octagon kuma ya buge shi. Yaron yana da ban sha'awa. Wataƙila za mu yi manyan abubuwa da wannan yaron.”
A cikin Disamba, Nurmagomedov ya kalubalanci Gilbert Melendez a kan kafofin watsa labarun, tare da biyu sannan ana sa ran za su fuskanci UFC 170 akan 22 Fabrairu 2014. Koyaya, an soke wasan saboda dalilai da ba a bayyana ba, kuma Nate Diaz ya maye gurbin Melendez. Duk da haka, an soke wasan yayin da Diaz ya yi watsi da karawar. Nurmagomedov ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa, yana bayyana a kan MMA Hour, "Idan sun ce suna shirye su yi yaki mafi kyau, ya kamata su yi yaki mafi kyau. Idan sun so, zan dauke su duka a cikin keji."
Nurmagomedov na gaba ya fuskanci tsohon UFC Lightweight Champion Rafael dos Anjos a kan 19 Afrilu 2014 a UFC a kan Fox 11 . Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 – 27.
An danganta Nurmagomedov a taƙaice da faɗa da Donald Cerrone akan 27 Satumba 2014 a UFC 178 . Duk da haka, an kawar da haɗin gwiwar da sauri bayan an bayyana cewa Nurmagomedov ya sami rauni a gwiwa. Daga baya an sa ran zai fuskanci Cerrone a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2015, a UFC 187 . Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya fice daga fafatawar ranar 30 ga Afrilu saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa kuma John Makdessi ya maye gurbinsa.
An sa ran Nurmagomedov zai fuskanci Tony Ferguson a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 a Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarfafa 22 . Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya janye daga yakin a ƙarshen Oktoba, yana ambaton wani rauni, kuma Edson Barboza ya maye gurbinsa.
An sake shirya wasan da Ferguson don 16 Afrilu 2016 a UFC akan Fox 19 . Koyaya, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, Ferguson ya fice daga fafatawar saboda matsalar huhu. An maye gurbin Ferguson da sabon mai talla Darrell Horcher a nauyi na 160 lb. Nurmagomedov ya yi nasara a fafatawar da TKO ta yi mai gefe daya a zagaye na biyu.
A watan Satumba, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan kwangila biyu don lakabin harbi a kan mai mulki na UFC Lightweight Champion, Eddie Alvarez, akan ko dai UFC 205 ko UFC 206 yakin katin, tare da Dana White yana tabbatar da yakin UFC 205. Duk da haka, a ranar 26 ga Satumba, UFC ta sanar da cewa Alvarez a maimakon haka za a kare take da Conor McGregor . Nurmagomedov ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa a shafukan sada zumunta, inda ya kira Alvarez a matsayin "champ" don ƙin yaƙin da kuma zaɓen fafatawar da McGregor a maimakon haka, yana zargin UFC da kasancewa "wasan kwaikwayo".
In lieu of a title shot, Nurmagomedov next faced Michael Johnson on 12 November 2016 at UFC 205. Nurmagomedov dominated the fight and was heard telling Dana White to give him a title shot as he mauled Johnson, winning via submission in the third round.
An shirya fafatawar da Ferguson a karo na uku a UFC 209 a ranar 4 ga Maris 2017 don Gasar Fuska ta wucin gadi. Nurmagomedov, duk da haka, ya kamu da rashin lafiya saboda raunin da aka yanke, kuma an soke wasan a sakamakon haka.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa%20%28manga%29 | Arisa (manga) | <onlyinclude>Arisa an haife ta a kasar jafanis ƙwararriyar wasan shojo ce kokari ta na cinma manufar manga fim ta bayyana Natsumi Ando ta bayyana shi ah mujallarna wata na kayoshi lokacin shekara febrari 2009,har zuwa lokacin satamba 2012.kodansha ta fitar da labari Sha biyu bound volume daga shekarar aprilu na 2009 zuwa satamba 2012.sun shirya fittar da Japan,tsubasa uehara amatsayin Mai bincike kenan ilmi fasaha lokacin ta mallaka wa Yar uwar ta gwayenta
Del Rey ya ba da lasisin jerin don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Ya buga kundi na farko a cikin Oktoba 2010, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Kodansha USA ta ɗauki nauyin bugawa, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2014. Masu karanta harshen Ingilishi sun karɓi jerin gwano mai inganci, tare da ɗimbin kundila guda uku da aka sanya a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga. Arisa gabaɗaya ta sami tabbataccen bita daga masu bitar harshen Ingilishi, kuma ƙarar farko da aka sanya a cikin jerin “Great Graphic Novels for Teens” a cikin 2011.
Makirci
An saita a cikin Japan na zamani, makircin ya shafi Tsubasa Uehara da Arisa Sonoda , kyawawan 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye da rabuwa da iyayensu suka rabu da su ta hanyar wasika. Daga karshe kuma ta sake zuwa a matsayin matashiya bayan shekaru uku, tomboyish Tsubasa tana da kishi, amma tana alfahari da fitacciyar ‘yar uwarta, idan aka kwatanta da rayuwarta ta makaranta inda ake kiranta da “Gimbiya Aljana”. Sa’ad da Arisa ta karɓi wasiƙa daga makarantarta da ke zarginta da cewa maciya amana ce, sai ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kanta kuma ta koma. A gigice da bakin ciki, Tsubasa ta fito a matsayinta, tana zuwa makarantarta don jin dalilin da ya sa ta yi yunkurin kashe kanta. Ta sami labarin cewa ajin Arisa na aika sakon fatan alheri a wayoyinsu ga wanda ake kira King kowace Juma'a. Sarki yana ba da fata guda ɗaya kawai a mako, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. Tsubasa ya yanke shawarar dakatar da Sarki ya gano sunan mutumin don ceto Arisa, da fatan ya tashe ta daga suman da tayi.
Taimakawa a cikin binciken ta Akira Manabe , Abokin karatun Arisa wanda ya koyi ainihin Tsubasa, ta ci karo da Mariko Takagi , Abokin Arisa wanda Sarki ya yi amfani da shi; Midori Yamashita , Abokin Arisa; Rei Kudō , dalibin canja wuri wanda Arisa ta yi abokantaka a kan layi kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin manzon Sarki; da Shizuka Mochizuki , Abokin ƙuruciyar Manabe wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafunsa bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa da Sarki ya yi. Arisa ta farka daga suman da take yi, amma ta yi kamar tana da amnesia ta koma bangaren Midori. Ta bayyana cewa ita ce Sarki na asali: ko da yake ta yi buri marar lahani tun da farko, ta saci amsoshin jarrabawar da Mariko ke so, saboda tsoron rashin jin daɗi idan ta ƙi. Midori ya kama ta a cikin wannan aikin, kuma ta raba aikin biyan bukatun ajin tare da shi, har sai da ya raunata mahaifiyarta, a kokarin cimma burinsa. Daga nan Midori ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Sarki, yana amfani da tashin hankali da cin zarafi don biyan bukatansa. A tsorace ta zaluntarsa da ganin kamanceceniya da ke tsakaninsu, sai ta kai ga tagwayenta, tana fatan Tsubasa ta iya tona gaskiya. Tsubasa ya sami labarin cewa Midori ya sami rauni a hankali tun yana ƙuruciyarsa bayan mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi kuma ya shaida tagwayensa, Akari, ya mutu saboda sakaci . Daga baya ta dakile yunkurinsa na kashe mahaifiyarta, saboda ya tsani mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi imani da cewa Arisa ma yana son nata. Arisa ta furta cewa tana sonsa don ya lura da kaɗaicinta, kuma ya gane cewa shima yana sonta. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyar Arisa ta ba da ƙarin lokaci tare da ita, kuma Arisa ta sulhunta da Tsubasa.
Ci gaba
Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's Concept art of Arisa tana da nau'ikan Tsubasa guda biyu na baya tare da tsayi mai tsayi da tsayin kafada, bi da bi. Ando da farko ya ji damuwa game da rashin yiwuwar abokiyar soyayya ga Tsubasa, saboda masu sauraron Arisa yan mata ne; duk da haka, yayin da manga ya ci gaba, ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "maganin siyarwa." A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar mai da hankali kan tunanin Tsubasa game da tagwayen ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara jerin abubuwan manga, Ando ya ƙirƙiri "Tsubasa", wani babin kari da ke mai da hankali kan yadda Arisa ta yi kamar ta zama ƙanwarta; ta ci gaba da jinkirta fitowar ta, saboda da alama bai dace ba a sami labarin bonus tare da Arisa ta bayyana lokacin da ta nutse a cikin babban labarin ta. A cewar Ando, ya sanya babi mai kyau da za a kammala jerin.
Fitarwa
Natsumi Ando ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta sauraro na Arisa, sun bayyana a jere a cikin mujallar manga na wata-wata Nakayoshi daga fitowar Fabrairu 2009 zuwa fitowar Satumba 2012. Kodansha ya tattara saurari zuwa littafi goma sha biyu, kuma ya buga su daga Afrilu 28, 2009, zuwa Satumba 6, 2012.
A cikin 2009, Del Rey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisin jeri don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Del Rey ya fitar da ƙarar farko a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2010; Kodansha USA ya ci gaba da buga jerin, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a Janairu 21, 2014. Kodansha a Burtaniya ma ya buga bugu na dijital na jerin. Carlsen Comics kuma an fassara Arisa zuwa Jamusanci.
liyafa
Arisa ta sami kyakkyawar kulawa daga masu karatun na Turanci. Juzu'i na biyu, na biyar, da na shida kowanne an sanya su a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga.
Ƙungiyar Sabis na Laburaren Matasa ta sanya ƙarar farko na Arisa a cikin jerin "Babban Zane-zane don Matasa" na 2011. Deb Aoki na About.com ya sake nazarin ƙarar farko na Arisa da kyau, yana yaba shi a matsayin "mai tursasawa" da "labari mai duhu" fiye da aikin Ando na baya Gimbiya Gimbiya ; daga baya ta sanya Arisa a cikin jerin 2010 na "Mafi kyawun Sabon Manga" don nau'in shojo . A cewar Matthew Warner na Mania Entertainment, farkon clichéd-da alama haruffa da bayyanan jigo sun taimaka wajen samar da "bambanci mai ƙarfi" ga babban labarin da "lalata da karkatacciyar yanayin ɗabi'ar Arisa". Yayin da yake lura da kasancewar clichés da "ramukan makirci", Carlo Santos na Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime ya ji daɗin ƙarar farko, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin " Naoki Urasawa mai salo na shoujo, wanda aka gina akan yadudduka na sirrin jaraba"; yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da zane-zane nata, inda ya rubuta cewa ya ba da labarin da kyau, amma ba shi da wani salo na fasaha na musamman. A cikin bitarta na juzu'i na uku, Rebecca Silverman, wata mai bita don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime, ta rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin tsakiyar makarantar ya ji abin yarda da shi kuma asirin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, wasu bangarori na makircin suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da karatu na rashin imani, da kuma zane-zane, kodayake yawanci yana da daɗi, ya kasa zama mai ban tsoro mai gamsarwa yayin al'amuran ban tsoro. A cikin bita na bita na littattafai na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu, Silverman ya fassara Arisa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tare da na Stockholm kuma ya rubuta cewa ba shi da damuwa, kamar yadda ta ƙarshe, halin har yanzu ya kasance a cikin "dangantakar da ba ta da." Ta ji daɗin wannan tuhuma kuma ta rubuta cewa labarin baya na Midori ya isa ya bayyana ayyukansa, ta ƙarasa da cewa "Arisa ta kasance mai hawan daji, abin tsoro |
21568 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Ilimi%20na%20Kasar%28India%29 | Ma'aikatar Ilimi na Kasar(India) | Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE), tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Raya Albarkatun Jama'a tin daga shekarar (1985-2020), Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan Ilimi . An kuma sake rarraba Ma’aikatar zuwa sassa biyu: Sashen Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu, wanda ke kula da ilimin firamare, sakandare da na sakandare, ilimin manya da na karance-karance, da kuma Sashen ilimi mai zurfi, wanda ke kula da ilimin jami’a, ilimin fasaha, malanta, da sauransu.
The current education minister is Ramesh Pokhriyal, a member of the Council of Ministers. India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education.
Manufofin
The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986. Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020.
Ma'aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu
Ma’aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu sun dauki nauyin ci gaban ilimin makaranta da kuma karantu a kasar.
Babban Makarantar Sakandare (CBSE)
Majalisar Nazarin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa (NCERT)
Cibiyar Makarantar Tibet ta Tsakiya (CTSA)
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)
Majalisar Kula da Ilimin Malami ta Kasa
Gidauniyar Jin Dadin Malamai
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma
Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi ita ce ke kula da ilimin sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. An kuma baiwa sashen ikon baiwa matsayin ilimi na jami'a ga cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga shawarar Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Jami'a (UGC) ta Indiya, a karkashin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Jami'a (UGC), a shekarar 1956. Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi tana kula da ɗayan manyan tsarin ilimin ilimi na duniya, bayan Amurka da China. Sashen na tsunduma cikin kawo damar duniya ta manyan makarantu da bincike a cikin kasar don kar a sami daliban Indiya suna rasa yayin fuskantar wani dandamali na duniya. Saboda wannan, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanya hannu kan MoU don taimaka wa ɗaliban Indiya su ci gajiyar ra'ayin duniya. Tsarin ilimin ilimin kere kere a kasar ana iya kasafta shi zuwa bangarori uku - Cibiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga na Gwamnatin tsakiya, da cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Jiha / na Jihohi da cibiyoyin kudi. 2 kungiyar 122 da aka ba da kuɗi na ilimin fasaha da kimiyya sun kasance ƙarƙashin: Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha na tsakiya): IIITs (5 - Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 - Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), da 9 wasu (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE & NIFFT, CIT)
Tsarin kungiya
An rarraba sashen zuwa ofis-ofis guda takwas, kuma yawancin ayyukan sashen ana kula dasu ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da mutum Dari 100 a karkashin wadannan ofisoshin.
Jami'a da ilimi mai zurfi ; Ilimin Minan tsiraru
Jami'ar Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC)
Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimi (ERDO)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Kimiyya na Jama'a (ICSSR)
Majalisar Nazarin Tarihi ta Indiya (ICHR)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Falsafa (ICPR)
Cibiyoyin Ilimi na 46 kamar ranar 11.09.2015, jerin da Hukumar Ba da Tallafi ta Jami'ar ta bayar
Ilimin fasaha
Duk Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha ta Indiya (AICTE)
Majalisar Gine-gine (COA)
25 Cibiyoyin Fasahar Fasahar Indiya (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram da Kurnool)
3 Makarantar Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine (SPAs)
23 Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya (IITs)
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya (IISc)
7 Cibiyoyin Indiya na Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya da Bincike (IISERs)
20 Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Indiya (IIMs)
Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Kasa na 31 (NITs)
Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Indiya ta Indiya, Shibpur (IIEST)
Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (NERIST)
Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Kasa (NITIE)
4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training & Research (NITTTRs) (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata)
4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship / Practical Training
Gudanarwa da Yaruka
Jami'o'i uku da ake tsammani a fagen Sanskrit, kamar.
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) a cikin New Delhi,
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (RSV) Tirupati
Sauran
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra
Jami'ar Ingilishi da Harshen Waje (EFLU), Hyderabad
Majalisar Nationalasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu (NCPUL)
Jami'ar Delhi (DU)
Majalisar Kasa don Inganta Harshen Sindhi (NCPSL)
Officesananan ofisoshi uku: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Hukumar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (CSTT), New Delhi; da Cibiyar Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya (CIIL), Mysore
Ilimin nesa da sikolashif
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
UNESCO, Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, Inganta Littattafai da Hakkokin mallaka, Manufofin Ilimi, Tsare-tsare da Kulawa
Hadakar Kudi.
Lissafi, Tsarin Shekara da CMIS
Gyara Gudanarwa, Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, SC / ST / OBC
Sauran
Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki da Gudanarwa ta Kasa (NIEPA)
Amintaccen Littafin Nationalasa (NBT)
Hukumar Shaida ta Kasa (NBA)
Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Ilimin Marasa Ruwa ta Kasa (NCMEI)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Manufofi
Babban manufofin Ma'aikatar sune:
Tsara Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi
Ci gaban da aka tsara, gami da faɗaɗa dama da inganta darajar cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da yankuna inda mutane ba sa samun damar samun ilimi cikin sauƙi.
Biya kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin marasa galihu kamar matalauta, mata da tsiraru
Bayar da taimakon kuɗi ta hanyar tallafin karatu, tallafin bashi, da sauransu ga ɗaliban da suka cancanta daga ɓangarorin al'umma da aka hana.
Gingarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fagen ilimi, gami da yin aiki tare da UNESCO da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje har ma da Jami’o’i, don haɓaka damar ba da ilimi a ƙasar.
MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC)
MHRD's Innovation Cell, wanda aka sake masa suna yanzu zuwa MoE's Innovation Cell, an kafa shi ne a watan Agusta shekarar 2018 ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Humanan Adam (MHRD) a Duk Indiaungiyar Indiya ta Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha (AICTE) don haɓaka al'adun kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci da farawa a cikin tsari. duk manyan Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Indiya. An nada Dokta Abhay Jere a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkirar Kirkiro na farko.
Manyan manufofi na MIC
Smart India Hackathon (SIH)
Matsayin Atal na Cibiyoyi akan Nasarorin Kirkirar Kirkirar (ARIIA)
Inungiyar Innovation ta itutionungiya (IIC)
Manufar Innovation da Tsarin Kasa na Dalibai da Kwarewa a cikin HEIs (NISP)
Shirin Jakadu na Innovation
Shirin MBA / PGDM a cikin Innovation, Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci (IEV)
Tsare Tsaren Kasa na Kasa (NIRF)
A watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Ma’aikatar Ci gaban Resoan Adam ta buga jerin farko na darajar kwalejojin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin itutionasa na Nationalasa . Dukkanin darasin da aka gabatar ya shafi NBA, Duk Majalisar Indiya ta Ilimin Fasaha, UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier da INFLIBNET (Cibiyar Ba da Bayani da Labarai). An ƙaddamar da tsarin martaba a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015. Duk cibiyoyin da aka ba da kuɗaɗen 122 - gami da duk manyan jami'o'in tsakiya, IITs da IIMs - sun halarci zagayen farko na darajar.
Jerin Ministocin
Ministocin Jiha
Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre (31 ga watan Mayu 2019 - Mai ci)
Duba kuma
Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Ilimin Makarantu ta Kasa, Chennai
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar yanar gizo
SIYASAR ILIMI TA KASA 2020 |
42465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamel%20Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1986), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin winger.
A lokacin rani na shekarar 2011, Abdoun ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, akan canja wuri kyauta daga Kavala, saboda komawar su zuwa rukuni na hudu. Tun daga lokacin ya ci nasara sau biyu tare da Olympiacos, inda ya lashe Gasar Superleague na shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 da kuma gasar cin kofin Girka ta shekarar 2012 . A lokacin rani na shekarar 2013, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Nottingham Forest na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa.
Abdoun tsohon matashin Faransa ne na kasa da kasa kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai ta shekarar 2005, wadda aka gudanar a Ireland ta Arewa da Gasar Toulon ta shekarar 2007. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2009 ne ya zabi buga wa Algeria wasa a babban mataki, inda ya yi amfani da sabon hukuncin da FIFA ta yanke, wanda ya ba shi damar sauya sheka a kasar duk da cewa ya girmi shekaru 21 a duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Algeria a wasan rukuni 0-0 a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010 a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2010, da Angola . Ya wakilci Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka yi a Angola a shekarar 2010, inda Algeria ta zo ta hudu, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Afrika ta Kudu a shekarar 2010 .
Na sirri
An haife shi a Faransa ga iyayen Aljeriya, Abdoun ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a cikin gundumar Montreuil . Iyayensa sun fito ne daga kauyukan Tifrit da Biziou a cikin gundumar Akbou, Béjaïa, a yankin Petite Kabylie na Aljeriya.
Aikin kulob
Abdoun ya fara taka leda a matsayin matashin dan wasa a kungiyar Paris Saint-Germain a shekara ta shekarar 2002, inda aka sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A shekarar 2003, ya rattaba hannu a Ajaccio inda ya buga wasanni 12 kawai a cikin yanayi hudu, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu.
Abdoun ya rattaba hannu a matsayin aro a Manchester City a watan Janairun shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasa daya kacal a kulob din, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 a wasan cin kofin FA da Southampton da ci 3-1. Ya koma Ajaccio a karshen kakar wasa ta bana bayan da Manchester City ta zabi ba ta zabin mai da shi na dindindin ba.
Kavala
A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Abdoun ya shiga kungiyar Kavala ta Girka daga Nantes, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din. Ba a bayyana bayanan canja wurin ba. A kakarsa ta farko tare da Kavala, Abdoun ya kammala a matsayin babban mai taimakawa a gasar Super League ta Girka tare da taimakawa takwas a wasanni 26. Ya kuma zura kwallaye uku kuma an nada shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu mafi kyau a gasar bayan Ariel Ibagaza na Olympiacos . A ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2011, wakilin Abdoun, Karim Aklil, ya sanar da cewa dan wasan yana kusa da shiga tare da Panathinaikos . Koyaya, a ranar 25 ga Watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, ya fara horo tare da Olympiacos kuma ya wuce ziyarar likitancin gargajiya.
Olympiacos
A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, tare da shiga su kyauta daga Kavala bayan sun koma mataki na hudu. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar PAOK sannan ya zura ta biyu a ragar Panathinaikos. Ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu gaba daya a kakarsa ta farko a Olympiacos.
Abdoun ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai, a wasan da suka yi rashin gida da ci 2-1 a hannun Schalke 04 na Jamus. Ya kuma zira kwallaye daga azãba tabo da Aris Thessaloniki . Kwallaye biyun da ya ci na gaba sun sake dawowa daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida; da AEK Athens tafi da Platanias a gida. Ya ci kwallonsa ta gaba a kan PAS Giannina a ci 2-0 a gida, wanda Ariel Ibagaza ya taimaka. Kwanaki bayan haka, ya zura kwallo a ragar Atromitos daga bugun fanareti a rashin gida da ci 3-2. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Abdoun ya ci kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka yi waje da PAS Giannina a gasar cin kofin Girka . Kwallon da ya ci ta gaba ta zo ne da AEK Athens a ci 3-0 a gida. Kwallonsa ta ƙarshe a kakar wasa ta zo ne da Platanias a ci 4-0 a waje.
Nottingham Forest
A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Shugaban Nottingham Forest, Fawaz Al-Hasawi, ya sanar da rattaba hannu kan Abdoun kan kwantiragin shekaru 3.
Djamel Abdoun ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a gida da suka tashi kunnen doki na uku da West Ham United . Maƙasudin ya zo daga azaba bayar da kalubale a kan Jamie Paterson . Abdoun ya dage cewa yana cin fenariti, har ma ya yi jayayya da takwarorinsa a filin wasa, kuma dagewar da ya yi ya biya, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar ta. Forest ta ci gaba da cin wasan da ci 5-0.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an sanar da Abdoun cewa yana da 'yancin neman sabon kulob kuma cewa "ba shi da makoma a Forest". Tun daga wannan lokacin bai buga wa Forest wasa ba.
Yayin da Abdoun ya kasa samun tawagar, an ba shi aro ga Lokeren .
An soke kwangilar Abdoun tare a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015.
Veria
A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2015, bangaren Superleague, Veria da shugabanta, Theodoros Karipidis, sun tuntubi Abdoun, domin su rattaba hannu a kwantiragi a kulob din. Ko da yake, dan wasan yana da kyau yana taka leda a Veria, amma tayin da aka yi masa bai yi nasara ba saboda bai gamsar da dan wasan ba, an ba shi kusan € 250,000. Bayan mako guda, Veria ta dawo tare da sabon ingantaccen tayin. Bayan kwana guda, a ranar 28 ga Watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya shiga yarjejeniya ta baka da kulob din Macedonia. Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa a hukumance a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015.
Abdoun ya fafata a ranar 23 ga wata Agustan shekara ta 2015 inda ya taimaka wa Veria ta rama kwallon da suka tashi 1-1 gida a farkon kakar wasa da PAS Giannina da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya ci wa Veria kwallonsa ta farko a wasan waje da Panthrakkos bayan doguwar kwallon Thomas Nazlidis . Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu da bugun fanariti a wasa daya. Ya nada gwarzon dan wasan. A ranar 4 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta 2015, ya zira kwallaye daga bugun fanareti, inda ya ba da nasara da ci 1-0 a wasan da suka yi waje da Kalloni .
An saki Abdoun akan canja wuri kyauta daga Veria a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarata 2016.
Duba kuma
Al'ummar Maghrebian na Paris
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Djamel Abdoun at Soccerbase
Djamel Abdoun – French league stats at LFP – also available in French
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1986 |
30580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Kadaga | Rebecca Kadaga | Rebecca Alitwala Kadaga lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Uganda daga ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2011 har zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2021. A halin yanzu kuma tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Firayim Minista na farko na Uganda. A lokaci guda kuma tana aiki a matsayin minista mai kula da al'ummomin yankin gabashin Afirka, a majalisar ministocin Uganda.
Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin shugabar majalisar a tarihin majalisar dokokin Uganda.Ta gaji Edward Ssekandi, wanda ya zama Kakakin Majalisa daga shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2011.
Ita ce kuma ƴar majalisa a yanzu (MP) mai wakiltar mazaɓar Kamuli ta mata ta yankin Busoga, wannan muƙamin tana riƙe dashi tun shekarar, 1989.
Tarihi da ilimi
An haife ta a gundumar Kamuli, Gabashin Uganda, a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 1956.Rebecca Kadaga ta halarci Kwalejin Namasagali don karatun sakandare.Ta karanci shari'a a Jami'ar Makerere, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB), a shekara ta, 1978.Ta ci gaba da samun Diploma a Legal Practice daga Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a da ke Kampala a shekara ta, 1979.A shekara ta, 2000, ta sami Diploma a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Zimbabwe.A shekara ta, 2003, ta sami digiri na Master of Arts (MA), ta kware a fannin shari'a, kuma daga Jami'ar Zimbabwe.A cikin shekara ta, 2019, Jami'ar Nkumba, jami'a mai zaman kanta a Uganda, ta ba Kadaga digiri na girmamawa na Doctor of Laws.
Gwanintan aiki
Tsakanin shekara ta, 1984 zuwa 1988, ta kasance cikin aikin shari'a na sirri. Daga shekara ta, 1989 zuwa 1996 ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kamuli a mazabar mata ta gundumar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar Jami'ar na Jami'ar Mbarara, tsakanin shekara ta, 1993 zuwa 1996. A shekarar, 1996, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na kungiyar 'yan majalisar mata ta gabashin Afirka.
Daga shekara ta, 1996 zuwa 1998, Rebecca Kadaga ta kasance karamar ministar hadin gwiwar yanki ta Uganda (Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya). Sannan ta yi ministar sadarwa da sufurin jiragen sama daga shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 1999 sannan ta rike mukamin ministar harkokin majalisa daga shekara ta, 1999 zuwa 2000. An zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisa a shekara ta, 2001, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa ranar 19 ga watan Mayun shekara ta, 2011, lokacin da aka zabe ta shugabar majalisar.
Bayan zaben gama gari na watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2016, Kadaga ta zama kakakin majalisa gaba daya a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2016.
A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2017, Kadaga ta jagoranci Majalisar Dokokin Uganda yayin da ta gabatar da wani gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda, a cikin wasu matakai, ta kawar da sharuddan cewa 'yan takarar da ke neman shugabancin kasar ba su kai shekaru 75 ba. Gyaran tsarin dai ya baiwa Museveni damar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasar Uganda a wa'adi na shida a kan karagar mulki.
A ranar 14 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021, an sake zabar Kadaga a matsayin wakiliyar mata a gundumar Kamuli. Saboda haka ta shiga yakin neman ci gaba da rike mukaminta na shugaban majalisa a karo na uku. Kadaga ta sha kaye a hannun tsohon mataimakinta Jacob Oulanyah bayan da jam'iyyarta ta National Resistance Movement (NRM) ta yi nasara a zaben.
Ayyukan majalisa
Bayan ayyukanta na shugabar majalisar dokokin Uganda, ta zauna a cikin kwamitocin majalisar kamar haka:
Kwamitin Nadawa - Kwamitin na duba duk nadin majalisar da shugaban kasa ya yi, kuma yana iya amincewa ko kin amincewa da nadin: Shugaban majalisar ne ke shugabantar kwamitin.
Hukumar Majalisar - Shugaban Majalisar ne ke jagorantar Hukumar
Kwamitin Kasuwanci - Shugaban majalisar ya jagoranci kwamitin
Rigima
Kadaga ta sha alwashin zartar da dokar hana luwadi da madigo ta Uganda ta hannun majalisar dokokin kasar nan da watan Disamba na shekara ta, 2012.Kudirin doka - wani lokaci ana kiranta da "Kill the Gays bill" - a wani lokaci ta nemi sanya ayyukan luwadi da hukuncin kisa ko daurin rai da rai amma daga baya ta cire zabin hukuncin kisa daga cikin kudirin.Ta ce zai zama doka tun da yawancin 'yan Uganda "suna bukatar hakan".
A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta, 2012, Kadaga ta kasance a Roma don ba da jawabi a taro na bakwai na Majalisar Tuntuba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kotunan Laifukan Kasa da Kasa da Doka.
Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Kadaga ta samu albarka daga Paparoma Benedict na 16 a wani taro na Vatican.Jim kadan bayan da wannan labarin ya fito, kakakin fadar Vatican Fada Federico Lombardi ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke cewa: “Dangantaka da tawagar ba ta sabawa al’ada ba, kuma ba a samu wata albarka ba."Kungiyar 'yan majalisar dokokin Ugandan sun gai da Paparoma "kamar dai yadda sauran mutanen da ke halartar taron tare da Paparoma zai yi" kuma wannan ba wata alama ce ta amincewa da ayyuka ko shawarwarin Kadaga ba.
A cikin watan Maris a shekara ta, 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, Kadaga ya wallafa a twitter cewa "an gano wani fesa, wanda ke kashe kwayar cutar Corona nan take kuma za a hada shi a Uganda".Ta ba da ra'ayi cewa abin da daga baya za a fahimta a matsayin mai sauƙin sanitizer shine ainihin magani ga COVID-19 kuma ya sami koma baya daga Ugandan a kan kafofin watsa labarun da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin kamar ƙungiyar likitocin Uganda, da Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Uganda.Ta mayar da martani tare da kiran mutanen kungiyar marasa kwakwalwa.
A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, Kadaga da sauran 'yan majalisarta sun ware wa kansu sama da shilin Uganda biliyan 10 na abin da ake nufi da su zama kuɗaɗen agaji don ƙoƙarin yaƙi da cutar da kuma rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1956 |
51005 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Brownstein | Carrie Brownstein | Cafke Rachel Grace Brownstein, an haife ta sha ashirin da bakwai ga Satumba , ashekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu , Mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma darekta, wanda aka fi sani da mawaƙi kuma mai kida na Sleater-Kinney, ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta rock rock daga Olympia, Washington . Hakanan tana taka ɗayan manyan ayyuka guda biyu a cikin jerin talabijin mai ban dariya Portlandia .
Yaranta da kuruciya
An haife ta a Seattle ga dangin Yahudawa kuma ta girma a kusa da Redmond . Mahaifiyartaamatar r gida ce kuma malamkuma a mahaiftasa lauyan kasuwanci Sun rabu tana shekara goma sha hudu sannan .
Ta fara karatu a makarantar gwamnati, Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Washington kafin ta shiga makarantarta mai zaman kanta a bara, Makarantar Sakandare ta Overlake , inda ta kasance matsakaicin ɗalibi . A wannan lokacin ne, tana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ta fara kunna kadar kuma musamman ta sami darussa daga Jeremy Enigk, mawaƙin guitar rukunin dutsen Sunny Day Real Estate . A lokacin ta ce: “Na shiga matakai da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyata har sa’ad da na fara buga kaɗe-kaɗe, iyayena suka buge su a kan teburi. Kuma kayan aikina shine abu na farko da na fara tarawa - kuma watakila shi ya sa na ci gaba da kunna ta. » . A makarantar sakandare, Brownstein kuma ya gano gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kafa na wani lokaci .
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Carrie Brownstein ta tafi Jami'ar Yammacin Washington sannan kuma Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen don nazarin ilimin zamantakewa . Ta sadu da Corin Tucker, memba na Sleater-Kinney na gaba amma kuma wasu adadi na madadin al'adun 1990s ( riot grrrl motsi da na uku kalaman mata ) : mawaƙa kuma mai fasaha Kathleen Hanna (daga ƙungiyar Bikini Kill ), mawaƙin Becca Albee ko mawaƙa da mawaƙin mata Tobi Vail . Tare da Becca Albee da Curtis James Phillips ta kafa ƙungiyar Excuse 17, kuma sau da yawa tana wasa tare da ƙungiyar Corin Tucker (abokinta na gaba a Sleater-Kinney ), Heavens to Betsy .
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyarta shiga cikin Free to Fight, kundi na mata da ma'anarta wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar riot grrrl tare da ƙungiyar ta Excuse 17. A layi daya ta samar da Corin Tucker kungiyar Sleater-Kinney . A cikin 1995 rukuninta na farko, Excuse 17, ya watse kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Sleater-Kinney . Ta gama karatunta a 1997 kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Olympia har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu .
Aikin kiɗa
Uzuri 17
Wani dalibi a Evergreen State College Brownstein ya kafa Uzuri 17 a cikin 1993 . Uzuri 17 shine rukunin dutsen dutsen queercore wanda aka yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na motsin riot grrrl . Ƙungiyar tana kan asalin albam biyu da aka buga akan lakabi masu zaman kansu : Uzuri goma sha bakwai a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu da Irin waɗannan Abokan Suna da Haɗari a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar waɗanda suka sami wasu bita mai ƙarfi . Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana shiga cikin tarin abubuwa da yawa irin na motsin riot grrrl : don haka ya yi waƙa a kan tarin Punk da Feminist Free To Fight a cikin 1995. Kungiyar ta watse a shekarar 1995.
Sleater Kinney
Carrie Brownstein ta sadu da Corin Tucker a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu a Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen amma dukansu sun shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban. A farkon 1994 Brownstein da Tucker sun kirkiro Sleater-Kinney . Sun fara ɗan gajeren dangantaka ta soyayya kuma a lokacin tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya don bikin ƙarshen karatun Corin Tucker ne suka yi rikodin kundi na farko mai suna .
A cikin 1996 Janet Weiss ta shiga rukunin wanda ita ce mai buguwa kuma memba na uku. Ya kasance farkon lokacin nasara ga Sleater-Kinney wanda ya samar da kundi guda shida har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida . Ƙungiyar ta haɗu da kide kide da wake-wake da kuma tabbatar da sashin farko na Pearl Jam , ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi tasiri Carrie Brownstein a lokacin ƙuruciyarta . Sleater-Kinney kuma ya taka leda a manyan bukukuwa kamar Lollapalooza kuma a cikin 2001 sanannen mai suka Greil Marcus ya kira su "mafi kyawun rukunin dutsen a Amurka"
A cikin 2006 bayan fitowar kundi mai mahimmanci The Woods ƙungiyar ta rabu har abada, kowane membobinta suna son yin ayyuka daban-daban ko sadaukar da kansu ga rayuwarsu ta sirri . A cewar Brownstein, "rubutun da zagayowar yawon shakatawa" na band din ya kasance "mai ban tsoro .
Ƙungiyar ta sake haɗuwa a cikin Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar tare da sabon kundi, Babu Cities to Love, don yabo , , , , kuma sun sanar da yawon shakatawa a farkon rabin 2015 lokacin da suka shiga cikin as guitarist Katie Harkin of UK band Sky Larkin .
Kiɗan Sleater-Kinney shine tsakiyar motsin grrrl na tarzoma . Sau da yawa ana rinjayar waƙoƙin su ta hanyar mata ta uku, ciki har da magance batutuwa irin su fyade da jima'i, amma har da luwadi na mata da batutuwan jinsi , . Gabaɗaya sun fi siyasa sosai : don haka album One Beat, wanda aka bari a cikin 2002, yana cike da suka da suka game da manufofin gwamnatin George W. Bush bayan harin Satumba 11, 2001 . Kungiyar duk da haka ta wuce wakar siyasa : Carrie Brownstein ta dage musamman a kan lafazin da ƙungiyar ke ba wa kiɗa idan aka kwatanta da maganganun tsageru .
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
45056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino%20Visser | Dino Visser | Dino Ben Visser (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar National League North ta Hereford .
Ya fara aikinsa da Platinum Stars a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Afrika ta Kudu, inda ya fara buga gasar Premier a watan Maris na shekarar 2011. An yi la'akari da Visser a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun matasa masu sa ido daga Afirka ta Kudu na ɗan lokaci. Visser ya taka leda a Bloemfontein Celtic, Black Leopards da Polokwane City kuma ya sami lambar yabo lokacin da Bloemfontein Celtic ya lashe Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012 . Ya kasance mai tsaron gida na farko na yau da kullum a Santos a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-2017. Duk da wannan, kulob ɗin da aka relegated daga National First Division . Ya koma saman-flight tare da tsohon kulob ɗin Platinum Stars na gaba kakar a matsayin na yau da kullum na farkon-zaɓi Goalkeeper kuma ya kasance kamar yadda irin wannan lokacin da Platinum Stars da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna zuwa Cape Umoya United .
A cikin watan Yunin 2019, Visser ya yanke shawarar komawa Ingila kuma a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Exeter City . Bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa ya bar ƙungiyar a maimakon haka ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gajeriyar lokaci da Crewe Alexandra a watan Maris ɗin 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Port Vale watanni biyar bayan haka, amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2020-2021 yana jin rauni. Ya sanya hannu tare da Hereford a cikin watan Satumbar 2022.
Sana'a
Afirka ta Kudu
Visser ya fara aikinsa tare da Platinum Stars, inda babban kocin Steve Komphela ya bayyana shi da abokinsa Allan Thomas a matsayin "masu tsaron gida masu kyau, masu tasowa masu tasowa". A cikin shekarar 2010, Visser ya buga wa Platinum Stars a wasan sada zumunci da Ingila, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen su don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 . Visser ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Owen Da Gama a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin 2011, yana mai tsafta da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da SuperSport United a filin wasa na Royal Bafokeng a gasar Premier League., tare da mai kula da yau da kullum Tapuwa Kapini dakatar. Wannan zai zama kawai bayyanarsa ga "Dikwena" duk da haka saboda ya ki sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kulob ɗin kuma a maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya zama wakili na kyauta a lokacin rani. Ya koma Bloemfontein Celtic kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan ƙarshe na Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012, yayin da Celtic ta doke Mamelodi Sundowns da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Moses Mabhida .
An ba da shi aro ga Black Leopards na National First Division na kakar 2013–2014 . Ya buga wasanni 16 don taimakawa Kosta Papić 's "Lidoda Duvha" don yin rikodin kammala matsayi na biyu, kodayake sun rasa haɓaka yayin da suka ci gaba da shan kashi a hannun Polokwane City a cikin wasannin motsa jiki; Visser ya shiga wasan ne a minti na 31 wanda ya maye gurbin Jacob Mokhasi, inda Leopards tuni suka zura ƙwallaye biyu a raga, kuma ƙwazon da ya yi sun makara wajen murza wasan. Daga nan Visser ya sanya hannu tare da Polokwane City kuma ya fara a matsayin zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin kocin Boebie Solomons na kakar shekarar 2014-2015 yayin da ɗan wasan Botswana Modiri Marumo ke jiran izinin aiki. Ya buga wa kulob ɗin wasanni 11 ne kawai bayan ya samu sabani da tsarin mallakar kulob ɗin, wanda ya fito ya musanta jita-jitar cewa an sake shi a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta shekarar 2015-2016 .
Visser ya shiga Santos a cikin watan Agustan 2016. Ya buga wasanni 24 a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016–2017, kodayake "Ƙungiyar Jama'a" za ta koma rukunin SAFA na biyu a matsayi na ƙarshe. Ya koma Platinum Stars a cikin watan Agustan 2017, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, don yin gogayya da Mwenya Chibwe, Steven Hoffman da Mbongeni Mzimela domin neman gurbi a farkon Peter Butler . Taurari sun ƙare a mataki na biyu a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma aka yi waje da su; Visser ya nuna jimlar sau 21, gami da wasa a duk wasannin da aka buga. The Platinum Stars mahaluži da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna Cape Umoya United, wanda aka yi nufin gabatarwa ƙarƙashin shugaban kocin Roger De Sá . Ya fito sau 24 a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2018–2019, kodayake "Masu Ruhi" suna iya sarrafa matakin matsayi na goma kawai.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989 |
52917 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid%20Al%20Rajhi | Yazid Al Rajhi | Yazeed Mohamed Al-Rajhi (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 a Riyadh) ɗan kasuwa ne na Saudiyya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mashahurine a fannin kasuwanci. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan ɗan kasuwa Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi, asalinsa ya koma yankin Al-Qassim (Al-Bukayriyah), kuma asalinsa ya dawo zuwa kabilar Bani Zaid. An kuma haife shi kuma ya girma a Riyadh. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana ƙarami lokacin da mahaifinsa ya nada shi a shekarar 1998 a matsayin mai lura da Ofishin Gidajen Kasuwanci kuma daga baya ya zama babban manajansa a duk fadin Masarautar a shekara ta 2004, bayan haka ya hau zuwa manyan mukamai da yawa har sai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan kasuwa.
A lokaci guda, Yazeed direban Rally ne kuma zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIA sau biyu a shekarun 2021 da 2022. zakara sau biyu a gasar zakarun gida, gasar zakarar Saudi Toyota a shekarun 2019 da 2022.
Yazeed yana fafatawa a Gasar Rally ta Duniya da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa tun 2007 kuma ya tsaya a ƙarshen 2018. Daga baya ya fara shiga cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa, kuma karon farko a Dakar Rally ya kasance a shekarar 2015.
A shekara ta 2007, Yazeed ya kafa ƙungiyar tseren kansa. An san shi da Al-Rajhi Racing Team kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Yazeed Racing Team, inda ya fara gasar farko ba bisa ka'ida ba a gasar zakarun Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERC), 2007 Jordan Rally, don samun kwarewa don haka zai iya shiga gasar zakaruna daban-daban a nan gaba. Bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na farko (matsayi na takwas) a Girka 2012 Acropolis Rally a kakar wasa ta 40 ta Gasar Rally ta Duniya (WRC).
An ba shi suna Black Horse, Al Rajhi ya fara bugawa WRC a Rally Argentina ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008 tare da Subaru Impreza WRX STI oIn 2008 Jordan Rally -a matsayin sauran bayyanarsa ta WRC ta shekara. Ya koma matakin farko a shekara ta 2010, ya kammala na 13 gabaɗaya a Jordan Rally a cikin Peugeot 207 S2000 . Ya kuma yi takara a Rally d'Italia Sardegna na wannan shekarar, zagaye na Intercontinental Rally Challenge, amma ya yi ritaya bayan ya rasa motar. A shekara ta 2011 ya yi takara a zagaye bakwai na WRC, amma ya yi ritaya daga shida daga cikinsu. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a gasar Tour de Corse ta shekarar 2011, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 14. Saudi ta lashe gasar Silk Way Rally a cikin shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2019 Al Rajhi ta lashe gasar zakarun Saudi Desert Rally Championship ta farko. Yazeed ya kasance a saman matsayi a Dakar 2020 tare da mafi kyawun kammalawa a matsayi na huɗu. Da yake motsawa zuwa sabuwar shekara, alamar wasan motsa jiki ta Saudiyya ta bar alamar tarihi a karo na biyu na Dakar Rally a Saudi Arabia bayan ta lashe matakai biyu a Dakar Ralli 2021 a cikin Toyota Hilux kuma ta zama Saudiyya da Larabawa na farko da suka ci nasara a gida a cikin aji kuma ƙaramin mai hamayya da ya lashe mataki daga Dakar a wannan shekarar.
Yazeed Al Rajhi ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai
2021 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja]
2022 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja]
2019 [Saudi Toyota Championship]
2022 [Saudi Toyota Championship]
Ayyukan kasuwanci
Yazeed Al-Rajhi ya fara aikin kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami
[1998 - 2000] Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi ne ya nada shi, a matsayin mai lura da ofishinsa na mallakar kansa (gidan sarauta)
[2001- 2003] An nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa (Roal Estate)
[2004 - 2007] An nada shi a matsayin janar manajan dukkan ofisoshin Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi a duk fadin Masarautar
[2006 - 2007] Janar Manajan Kamfanin Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi na Kasuwanci da Aikin Gona, ban da gudanar da kadarorin mahaifinsa.
[2010 - yanzu] Shugaba na Yazeed Al-Rajhi & Brothers Holding Company
Shugabannin Kwamitin
Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Mohammed Abdul Aziz Al-Rajhi & Sons
Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Yazeed Al-Rajhi & Brothers Holding Company
memba na kwamitin aiki
Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Al-Rajhi Steel
Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Abincin Duniya
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jazan
Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Kamfanin Manafea
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kyaututtuka na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Janar Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Atomic Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki a Gwamnatin Al Bukayriyah
Yazeed Al Rajhi Takardun sirri
Saudiyya ta farko da Unicef ta zaba a 2008 a matsayin jakadan Goodwill a Saudi Arabia da Gulf, na shekara guda
Saudiyya ta farko da aka nada a matsayin jakadan 'Donate Life' a shekarar 2009
A shekara ta 2009 ya sami taken 'Gentleman' daga masu karatun mujallu na Rotana'
A shekara ta 2008 ya zo a matsayi na uku a gasar Mobily da Riyadiah 'Mafi Girma a Saudi Arabia'
An ba shi lakabin jakada don yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Saudi Arabia
Mafi kyawun mai fafatawa a zagaye na uku na Gasar Rally ta Duniya da ke faruwa a Jordon - 2010
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Haifaffun 1981
Rayayyun mutane |
25397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Bungwon | Harrison Bungwon | Engr. Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bungwon ( Tyap : Harrison Isuu Bunggwon ) FNSE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016) ya kasance babban mai mulki a Masarautar Kataf wata jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. An kuma san shi da taken Agwatyap II .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bungwon ga A̠tyoli Bungwon Yawa da A̠yanga̠li Atoh Bungwon a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 a Bafoi, Gundumar Ka̠nai, Atyapland, Yankin Arewa, Burtaniya Najeriya (yanzu a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya ). Mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekarar 1953, lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu kawai.
Aikinsa na ilimi ya fara ne a watan Janairu, 1957 yana ɗan shekara bakwai a Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙananan Hukumomi, Bafwoi-Ka̠nai (Gora Bafai). Bayan ya ci jarabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1961, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Kachia . A shekarar 1963, Bungwon ya samu shiga Makarantar Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Soba, Zariya, inda ya yi shekara biyu da rabi kafin ya samu shiga shekarar 1965 a babbar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano . Daga nan ya haɓaka sha'awar yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya yayin da yake Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano, wanda hakan ya sa ya nemi kuma ya sami nasarar ba da Ofishin Tallafin Tallafin Ƙasashen waje don yin karatu a USSR a shekarar 1969 bayan kammala matakin sakandare, aji biyar. .
Tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1975, ya yi karatun Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya sami digiri na farko ( B.Tech. ) Da digiri na biyu ( M.Tech. ) A Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Byelorussian, Minsk, inda ya kammala da digiri. A shekarar 1977, ya ci gaba da shirin digirin digirgir ( Ph.D. ) zuwa Jami’ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ingila kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1980.
Sana'a
Bungwon ƙwararren masani ne, fitaccen Injiniya, fitaccen malami, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma abokin aikin ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya tare da sama da shekaru 16 na samun guraben karatu, yana koyarwa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kimiyya na Afirka, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kaduna .
Tsakanin shekarar 1986 da shekara ta 2002, Bungwon yayi aiki kamar haka:
Darakta, Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban;
Mashawarcin Kimiyya, Kamfanin Masana'antu na Tsaro na Najeriya ;
Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Kaduna ;
Manajan Aiki na Kamfanin da aka dakatar da aikin Soja, Abuja ;
Memba, Kwamitin Kwararru na Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Najeriya Machine Tools Ltd., Osogbo, Jihar Osun ;
Zaɓaɓɓen ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa;
Exerminer External a Injin Injiniya, Filato, Katsina, Idah (Jihar Kogi), da Kwara State Polytechnics .
A cikin yankinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban farko, Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Makarantar Fasaha da Makarantar Zangon Kataf .
A watan Satumba, shekara ta 2002, Dokta HY Bungwon ya yi ritaya daga aikin injiniya bayan shekaru da yawa na hidimar alheri ga mahaifiyarsa mafi girman gwamnatin jiharsa.
Kyaututtuka da membobi
Kyaututtuka
Dangane da aikinsa na kwazo, Dokta HY Bungwon ya kasance mai karramawa da kyaututtuka da dama da suka haɗa da:
Diploma na Rasha na rarrabuwa (1975)
Lambar yabo ta Injiniya ta Najeriya (2002)
Taken Gargajiya na Yariman Atyap (2003).
Ƙungiyoyi
A matsayin Injiniyan da aka horar da Manchester, Bungwon ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Manajojin Masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila ; memba na Cibiyar Injiniyan Masana’antu ta Amurka kuma injiniya mai rijista tare da Majalisar Ka’idojin Injiniya ta Najeriya (COREN).
Sarauta
A rasuwar magabacinsa, HRH Agwam BA Dauke (Agwatyap I) a shekarar 2005, Bungwon ya yi sarauta a matsayin Agwatyap II kuma shi ne ɗan asalin Agwam (Sarauta) na Ƙasar Atyap . Ya rike matsayin na kimanin shekaru 11 kafin ya wuce zuwa madawwamiyar ɗaukaka a cikin sanyin sanyi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016. Ya kasance sarkin aji na farko kuma ana ganin rasuwarsa a matsayin babban rashi kuma abin mamaki.
Gada
A cikin shekarunsa na aiki mai ƙarfi a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, Bungwon da zuciya ɗaya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka da haɓaka karatun injiniya a Najeriya da bayanta. Har zuwa yau, fitattun abubuwan da ya gada har yanzu suna yin babban tasiri ga injiniyan jihar Kaduna gaba ɗaya.
Like a sensitive father as he was, HRH Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon knew the meaning of service. As a practising Christian, he had kept close in mind the words of the Lord Jesus Christ which says: Wannan ya dace, dole ne ya koyi yin hidima ga mutane duk rayuwarsa. HRH koyaushe tana samun farin ciki wajen kawo gamsuwa ga wasu.
Ya shahara da yawa amma har yanzu ya yarda ya sauko a matsayin sa Agwatyap, Majalisar Gargajiya ta Atyap, Atak Njei, Zangon Kataf (Mabatado) .
As the second indigenous Royal Father to rule over the Atyap Nation, Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon had a great responsibility meeting the expectations of Atyap and her neighbours. In his own words: Amma yana da hangen nesa. A cikin hangen nesan sa, ya ba da kyakkyawan misali, ba ga sauran manyan sarakuna ba, har ma ga shugabanni a jihar.
A rasuwar Bungwon, dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Zangon Kataf/Jaba, Barr. Sunday Marshall Katung ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai son zaman lafiya wanda a cikin kalmomin sa ya kara da cewa. . .:.
Nassoshi
Mutane daga jihar Kaduna
Mutanen Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40844 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra | Cleopatra | Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek, "Cleopatra Yar' lelen babanta"; [5] 69 BC10 ga Agusta 30 BC) Ita ce sarauniyar masarautar Ptolemaic ta Masar daga 51 zuwa 30 BC, wadda tayi mulki na ƙarshe a zuriyarta. Tana cikin daular Ptolemaic, kasan cewar ta fito daga tsatson Ptolemy I Soter, wanda ya kafa daular. Janar ne na Macedonia dake Girka kuma abokin Alexander the Great. Bayan mutuwar Cleopatra, Masar ta zama lardin daular Roma, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin Hellenisanci a Bahar Rum, mulkin da ya daɗe tun zamanin Alexander (336-323 BC). Yarenta na asali shine Girkancin Koine, kuma ita kaɗai ce cikin wadanda sukayi mulki a daular Ptolemaic da ta koyi yaren Masar.
A 58 BC, anyi hasashen cewa Cleopatra ta yiwa mahaifinta, Ptolemy XII Auletes, rakiya zuwa Roma lokacin da aka koreshi daga Misira sakamakon tawaye, (Misira na karkashin mulkin Roma a wancan zamanin) ya ƙyale 'yar kishiyarsa Berenice IV ta ɗauki throne dinsa. An kashe Berenice a shekara ta 55 BC sa’ad da Ptolemy ya koma Masar da taimakon sojan Roma. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 51 BC, mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Cleopatra da ɗan'uwanta Ptolemy XIII ya fara, amma faɗowa tsakanin su ya kai ga buɗe yakin basasa. Bayan ya yi rashin nasara a yakin Pharsalus na shekara ta 48 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a Girka da abokin hamayyarsa Julius Kaisar (mai mulkin kama-karya na Roma kuma mai kula da shi) a yakin basasa na Kaisar, dan siyasar Roma Pompey ya gudu zuwa Masar. Pompey ya kasance abokin siyasa na Ptolemy XII, amma Ptolemy XIII, bisa ga roƙon eunuchs na kotu, Pompey ya yi kwanton bauna ya kashe shi kafin Kaisar ya zo ya mamaye Alexandria. Sai Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta ’yan’uwan Ptolemaic, amma babban mashawarcin Ptolemy, Potheinos, ya ɗauki sharuɗɗan Kaisar a matsayin fifita Cleopatra, don haka sojojinsa suka kewaye ta da Kaisar a fada. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ɗage kewaye ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, Ptolemy XIII ya mutu a yakin Nilu na 47 BC; An kai ’yar’uwar Cleopatra Arsinoe IV zaman talala zuwa Afisa saboda rawar da ta taka wajen kai harin. Kaisar ya bayyana Cleopatra da ɗan'uwansa Ptolemy XIV masu mulkin haɗin gwiwa amma sun ci gaba da zaman sirri tare da Cleopatra wanda ya haifar da ɗa, Caesarion. Cleopatra ta yi tafiya zuwa Roma a matsayin sarauniyar abokin ciniki a cikin 46 da 44 BC, inda ta zauna a gidan Kaisar. Bayan kisan Kaisar da (a kan umarninta) Ptolemy XIV a cikin 44 BC, ta kira Kaisar co-mulkin a matsayin Ptolemy XV.
A cikin Yaƙin basasa na 43-42 BC, Cleopatra ta goyi bayan Triumvirate na Biyu na Roman wanda kakan Kaisar kuma magaji Octavian, Mark Antony, da Marcus Aemilius Lepidus suka kafa. Bayan ganawarsu a Tarsos a shekara ta 41 BC, sarauniyar ta sami sabani da Antony. Ya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Arsinoe bisa buƙatarta, kuma ya ƙara dogara ga Cleopatra don duka kudade da taimakon soja a lokacin da ya mamaye Daular Parthia da Masarautar Armeniya. Gudunmawar Alexandria ta ayyana 'ya'yansu Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, da Ptolemy Philadelphus masu mulki a kan wasu yankuna daban-daban a ƙarƙashin ikon Antony na nasara. Wannan taron, aurensu, da kisan auren Antony na 'yar'uwar Octavian Octavia Minor ya kai ga yakin karshe na Jamhuriyar Roma. Octavian ya tsunduma cikin yakin farfaganda, ya tilasta wa abokan Antony a Majalisar Dattawan Roma su gudu daga Roma a shekara ta 32 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma suka shelanta yaki a kan Cleopatra. Bayan cin nasarar Antony da Cleopatra na jiragen ruwa a yakin Actium na 31 BC, sojojin Octavian sun mamaye Masar a 30 BC kuma suka ci Antony, wanda ya kai ga Antony ya kashe kansa. Lokacin da Cleopatra ya sami labarin cewa Octavian ya shirya ya kawo ta cikin jerin gwanon cin nasara na Romawa, ta kashe kanta ta hanyar guba, sabanin abin da aka sani cewa asp ya cije ta.
Gadon Cleopatra ya rayu a cikin ayyukan fasaha na zamani da na zamani. Tarihin Romawa da waƙar Latin sun haifar da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da sarauniya wanda ya mamaye wallafe-wallafen Medieval da Renaissance daga baya. A cikin zane-zane na gani, tsoffin hotunanta sun haɗa da busts na Romawa, zane-zane, da sassaka-tsalle, sassaƙaƙen cameo da gilashin, Ptolemaic da tsabar kudin Roman, da abubuwan walwala. A Renaissance da Baroque art, ta kasance batun ayyuka da yawa da suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane, wakoki, sassakaki, da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zama alamar al'adun gargajiya na Egyptomania tun zamanin Victorian, kuma a cikin zamani na zamani, Cleopatra ya bayyana a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane, burlesque satire, fina-finai na Hollywood, da hotuna masu alama don samfuran kasuwanci.
Etymology
Sigar Latinized Cleopatra ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci (), ma'ana "darajar mahaifinta", [6] daga (, "Daukaka") da (, "baba"). Da an rubuta sigar namiji ko dai a matsayin ( ) ko ( ). Cleopatra shine sunan 'yar'uwar Alexander the Great, da kuma Cleopatra Alcyone, matar Meleager a cikin tarihin Girkanci. Ta hanyar auren Ptolemy V Epiphanes da Cleopatra I Syra (yar sarki Seleucid ), sunan ya shiga daular Ptolemaic. Babban taken ( ) yana nufin "bautawa mai son mahaifinta".
Tarihin Rayuwa
Fage
Ba
Limamin Ptah na Masar ya naɗa wa Ptolemaic rawani a Memphis, amma suna zaune a cikin al'adu da yawa kuma galibin birnin Girkanci na Alexandria, wanda Alexander the Great na Macedon ya kafa. Suna jin Girkanci kuma suna mulkin Masar a matsayin sarakunan Hellenanci na Girka, sun ƙi koyon harshen Masar na asali. Sabanin haka, Cleopatra na iya magana da harsuna da yawa ta hanyar girma kuma itace farkon Ptolemaic mai mulkin da ya koyi harshen Masar. Plutarch yana nuna cewa ita ma tana magana da Habasha, yaren "Troglodytes", Ibrananci (ko Aramaic), Larabci, Harshen Siriya (watakila Siriyac), Median, da Parthian, kuma da alama tana iya magana da Latin, ko da yake ƴan zamaninta na Romawa sun gwammace su yi magana da ita a ƙasarta ta Koine Greek. [21] [19] [22] Baya ga Girkanci, Masarawa, da Latin, waɗannan harsuna sun nuna sha'awar Cleopatra na mayar da yankunan Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda suka kasance na Masarautar Ptolemaic.
Shisshigin Romawa a Masar ya kasance kafin zamanin Cleopatra. Lokacin da Ptolemy IX Lathyros ya mutu a ƙarshen 81 BC, 'yarsa Berenice III ta gaje shi. Duk da haka, tare da ginin 'yan adawa a gidan sarauta a kan ra'ayin sarauta na mace mai mulki, Berenice III ya yarda da mulkin haɗin gwiwa da aure tare da dan uwanta da stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, wani tsari da mai mulkin Roma Sulla ya yi. Ptolemy XI ya sa aka kashe matarsa ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensu a shekara ta 80 BC, amma an lalata shi ba da daɗewa ba a sakamakon tarzoma a kan kisan. Ptolemy XI, kuma watakila kawunsa Ptolemy IX ko mahaifinsa Ptolemy X Alexander I, ya ba da Mulkin Ptolemaic zuwa Roma a matsayin lamuni don lamuni, don haka Romawa suna da dalilai na doka don karɓar Masar, abokin ciniki. jihar, bayan kashe Ptolemy XI. Romawa sun zaɓi maimakon su raba mulkin Ptolemaic a tsakanin 'ya'yan Ptolemy IX na shege, suna ba da Cyprus ga Ptolemy na Cyprus da Masar a kan Ptolemy XII Auletes.
Manazarta
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24133 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Hamence%20with%20the%20Australian%20cricket%20team%20in%20England%20in%201948 | Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 | Ron Hamence ya memba na Donald Bradman 's shahara Australian wasan kurket tawagar 1948, wanda rangadin Ingila da aka undefeated a cikin talatin da hudu 34 ashana. Sakamakon wannan bajintar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba ta hanyar Gwajin da ke yawo da Ingila, ƙungiyar ta sami laƙabin The Invincibles .
Dan damfara na tsakiya na dama, Hamence bai taka rawar gani ba wajen samun nasarar kungiyar. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai jemage na ƙarshe da za a zaɓa don ƙungiyar, zaɓin sa ya kasance abin jayayya saboda yawancin jemagu da suka ci ƙarin gudu a cikin kakar Australiya da ta gabata an yi watsi da su. Hamence da Colin McCool su ne kawai membobin ƙungiyar da ba su yi Gwaji ba yayin yawon shaƙatawa. An yi amfani da Hamence a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa da ba na Gwaji ba domin manyan jemagu su iya adana makamashi don Gwaje-gwaje, kamar yadda aka tsara wasa na kwana shida a mako. Tare da Doug Ring, Hamence da McCool sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa" saboda ƙarancin ayyukansu a manyan wasannin, kuma galibi suna ƙirƙira da rera waƙoƙi masu ban tsoro game da rashin damar su. Bradman ya yi jinkirin haɗarin rikodin ƙungiyar da ba a doke ta ba kuma a sakamakon haka, Hamence bai sami dama da yawa don yin faɗa a cikin tsari ba, wani abu da ya zama abin zargi.
Hamence zira ƙwallaye dari biyar da tamanin da biyu 582 runs a batting talakawan na 32,33, da top-ci na casa'in da tara 99. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan wasan batirin Australiya na gaba don kada ya ci ƙarnin . Ragowar jemagu takwas na gaba kowannen su ya ci aƙalla ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 973 gudu kuma duk aƙalla ba su wuce 47.30 ba. Hamence kuma lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙwallo a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici, yana ba da damar manyan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa su murmure tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje.
Bayan Fage
A lokacin kakar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da bakwai zuwa arba'in da takwas 1947 – 48 da ta gabata a Ostiraliya, an cire Hamence daga tawagar kasa. Ya taka leda kwata -kwata a cikin kungiyar Gwajin, an zabe shi a cikin uku daga cikin wasanni goma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata. A cikin waɗannan Gwaje -gwaje uku ya ci gaba da jimillar tseren 81 a matsakaicin 27.00. Da yake komawa cikin wasan kurket na cikin gida bayan ɓacewar sa, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo tamanin da biyar 85 da sittin da shida 66 a wasan da suka fafata da Queensland, wasan da ya sa ya ci gaba da fafutukar neman gurbin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Zaɓinsa na yawon shaƙatawa na Ingila na shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948 a ƙarƙashin Bradman shine babban abin jayayya, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da wasu jemagu da yawa duk da cewa sun kasance masu fa'ida yayin bazara na Ostiraliya. A nasa ɓangaren, Bradman ya bayyana matsayinsa na tsakiya-Hamence a tsakanin su-a matsayin "jerin jemagu waɗanda da wuya su kasa". Tun daga farko, Hamence ya kasance a waje d
ɓangane da zaɓin cikin Gwaje -gwaje. Ba a zaɓe shi ba don kowane Gwaje -gwaje yayin kamfen ɗin Ingilishi, amma a cikin hirar shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, Ya jaddada cewa bai ji haushin ɓacin ransa ba. Hamence sanannen memba ne na ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido kuma yanayinsa na fara'a da kyakkyawar muryar tenor da aka ƙara wa kyawawan halayen ƙungiyar. Abokin zama a lokacin yawon shaƙatawa shine mai ƙera jirgin ruwa Ernie Toshack .
Yawon shaƘatawa na farko
Ostiraliya bisa al'ada ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin ta na farko a cikin yawon buɗe ido, wanda ya saba da Worcestershire . Kasancewa mamba a cikin ƙungiyar kuma bayan kawai ya bayyana fitowar Gwaji a cikin lokutan da suka gabata, ba a zaɓi Hamence ba. Nan da nan Ostireliya ta murƙushe masu masaukin baƙi ta hanyar innings .
Hamence ya fara wasansa na farko a kasar Ingila a wasan yawon shaƙatawa na biyu da Leicestershire . Batting a No. 6, ya shigo a 4/344 kuma ya yi bakwai kawai. Korar sa ta haifar da rugujewar 5/38 yayin da aka fitar da Ostiraliya don 448 kafin ta ci nasara. Wasan na gaba da Yorkshire, a kan rami mai laushi wanda ya dace da ɗan wasan bowling, shine mafi kusa da Australia da ta sha kashi a rangadi. Batting a No. 4, Hamence ya yi 12 a farkon farawa yayin da Ostiraliya ta amsa wa 71 na Yorkshire da 101. Ya yi wanka a hankali, yana shigowa 2/24 kafin ya tashi da 7/74. Bayan da Australia ta kori masu masaukin baƙi da ci 89 a wasan su na biyu, Australia ta durƙushe zuwa 3/13 a ci gaba da neman 60 don samun nasara. Hamence ya shigo ya ci ɗaya kafin ya karasa bayan ya yi jinkirin tashi don saurin guda; Ostiraliya ta rushe zuwa 6/31. Don yin abin da ya fi muni, Sam Loxton ya ji rauni kuma bai iya yin jemage ba, don haka Ostiraliya da gaske tana da wickets uku kawai a hannu kuma sun fuskanci asarar farko ga gundumar Ingilishi tun 1912. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta ragargaza gida da wickets huɗu bayan farmakin da Neil Harvey da Don Tallon suka yi, tare da taimakon kamawar da aka yi kuma ta rasa tuntuɓe.
An huta Hamence yayin da Australiya ke tafiya zuwa London don kayar da Surrey a The Oval ta innings. Ya dawo don wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Cambridge . An dauƙaƙa shi zuwa lamba 3 ta kaftin din Lindsay Hassett, Hamence ya shigo a 1/64 kuma ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 176 tare da Bill Brown, ya ƙare tare da 92 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara a ranar 4/414 kuma ta sami nasara. Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye daga ƙafar baya, kuma Jack Fingleton ya ba da shawarar "kyakkyawan innings shi ma, a cikin kyakkyawan bugun bugun sa". Hamence ma bowled karo na farko a kan yawon shaƙatawa, aika saukar da uku overs bakwai runs a karo na biyu innings ba tare da shan wani wicket.
A wasan da ya biyo baya, Ostiraliya ta murƙushe Essex da inci kuma 451 ke gudana, mafi girman fa'idar cin nasarar bazara. A rana ta farko, Ostiraliya ta kafa tarihin duniya ta hanyar zira ƙwallaye 721, mafi girman matakin farko da aka ƙara cikin kwana ɗaya. Rabin rana, a 2/364, duk mai zagaye Keith Miller ya zo gaɓar. Haƙiƙi da halin rashin kulawa, Miller ya fusata halin rashin tausayi na Bradman game da lalata 'yan adawa kuma galibi ya ƙi gwadawa lokacin da Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin yanayin da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba. Da gangan ya bar ƙwallon ya bugi kututture kuma ya fita don duck na zinariya . Hamence ya shigo ya buge 46, ya ƙara gudu 146 don bugun tazara na biyar tare da Sam Loxton . Hadin gwiwar ya ɗauki awa ɗaya kawai, kuma Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. Miller daga baya ya ce ɗaya daga cikin dalilansa na ba da kyautar wicket dinsa shine don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin damar da aka baiwa Hamence da sauran jemagu. Batting a No. 5 a wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Oxford, Hamence ya yi guda uku kacal kamar yadda Australia ta yi 431 kuma ta ci gaba da samun nasara.
Wasan na gaba ya kasance ne da Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) a Lord . MCC ta fitar da 'yan wasa bakwai waɗanda za su wakilci Ingila a cikin Gwaje-gwaje, N- kuma sun kasance cikakkiyar ƙungiyar Gwajin ƙarfi, yayin da Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko. Wata dama ce ta samun fa'idar tunani. Ganin gwagwarmayar Hamence ta farko a cikin yanayin Ingilishi, wanda ya gan shi yana yin gudu 161 kawai a 26.83 a cikin farkon shida na farko, yayin da duk zaɓin farko na Australia ya yi ƙarni, N- ba a zaɓe shi ba; Ostiraliya ta tara 552 kuma ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings.
An tuno da wasa na gaba, da Lancashire a Old Trafford a Manchester, Hamence ya zura ƙwallaye biyu yayin da ya yi bahaya a lamba ta 7 a wasan farko da kuma rashin nasara 49 a lamba ta 6 a karo na biyu, inda ya ƙulla kawancen ƙarni mara nasara da Harvey a matsayin wasan ya ƙare a cikin k
ƙunci bayan duk wasan na ranar farko ya ɓace saboda ruwan sama. An yaba ayyukansa na biyu saboda kyawun ƙima. Shi ne wasa na farko a rangadin da Australia ta kasa cin nasara. An huta Hamence don wasa na gaba da Nottinghamshire, wanda aka sake yin canjaras, kafin ya dawo da Hampshire . Ya yi biyar yayin da aka kori Australiya don 117 a cikin martani ga rukunin gida na 195, karo na farko da masu yawon buɗe ido suka yarda da jagorar farko a lokacin kakar. Bai sake samun wata dama ba tare da jemagu yayin da Ostiraliya ta murmure don cin nasara da ƙwallaye takwas.
Hamence yana da damar ƙarshe don gabatar da ƙarar sa don zaɓin Gwaji a wasan da Sussex a Hove, wasan ƙaramar hukuma na ƙarshe kafin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge . Ya zo ƙwanƙwasa a 4/453 kuma ya sanya 34 a matsayi na 96 tare da Harvey. Korar sa da Harvey ya kai 100 ya sa Australia ta bayyana a 5/549. Bradman ya ce Hamence "ɗan wasa ne mara sa'a na wasan" kuma yana tsaye a baranda yana shirye ya bayyana lokacin da Hamence ya faɗi akan ƙwallon ƙarshe. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da kammala nasarar innings. A cikin wasanni na biyu, Hamence ya buɗe ƙwallon tare da Ray Lindwall . Ya ɗauki wicket da wuri kafin ya ƙare innings ta hanyar iƙirarin mutum na ƙarshe da ya faɗi, bugun da Ron Saggers ya yi a tsaye ga kututturen.
Tsallake gwaji
Tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, matsayi biyar na farko a cikin odar gwajin gwajin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi Arthur Morris, Sid Barnes, Bradman, Hassett da Miller, yayin da matsayi na shida ya ga yawancin mazauna. An zaɓi duka biyar na farko don wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC, kuma sun riƙe matsayinsu don Gwajin Farko.
Wannan ya bar matsayi ɗaya ga ragowar jemagu a cikin tawagar. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Brown ya zira ƙwallaye 800 a rangaɗi a matsakaita na 72.72, tare da ƙarni huɗu, kuma yana kan tafiyarsa ta uku ta Ingila. Brown ya taka leda a rukunin farko-farko a wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC. Harvey ya tara 296 gudu a 42.29, duk mai zagaye Loxton yana da gudu 310 a 51.66, amma ya ji rauni, yayin da Hamence ya yi gudu 251 kawai a 27.88 kuma shi kaɗai ne guda huɗu da ba su da ya ci karni. An yi watsi da Hamence yayin da Brown ya sami zaɓi a cikin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge, ya fita daga matsayi a tsakiyar tsari yayin da aka fi son Barnes da Morris a matsayin zaɓin farko na zaɓin farko, yayin da aka sauke Harvey duk da yin ƙarni a cikin kwanan nan na Ostiraliya. Gwaji akan Indiya. Wannan shine ainihin yanayin da ya faru a cikin wasannin Worcestershire da MCC inda Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko; Brown yayi batting a cikin tsari na tsakiya. Bradman ya bayyana shawarar a cikin abubuwan tunawarsa: "Hamence ba shi da isasshen tsari kuma Harvey da kyar ya shirya". A lokacin farkon buɗe rangadi, Bradman ya ɗan bata lokaci yana magana da Hamence a zaman zama, wanda ke jagorantar manazarta don kammala cewa ɗan wasan na Australiya yana kallon Hamence a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ya yi wasa a cikin Gwaje -gwaje ba. Australia ta ci gaba da doke Ingila da ci takwas, kodayake Brown ya yi gwagwarmaya kuma ya yi 17.
Tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje, Hamence ya sami zaɓi don wasan da Northamptonshire, yana yin faɗa a No. 4 da zira kwallaye 34; ya ha] a hannu mukaddashin kyaftin Hassett a wani matsayi na 104 don wicket na uku. Ya ɗauki 1/11 a cikin innings na biyu yayin da Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasan na biyu kafin Gwajin na Biyu, wanda ya yi karo da Yorkshire, Hamence ya yi 48 kuma shida bai fita ba, kuma ya ɗauki jimlar 1/17 yayin da wasan ya ƙare. Ya yi wanka a hankali da taka tsantsan; Bradman ya ba shi dama kaɗan, don haka dole ne ya yi amfani da su sosai. Innings na farko 48 shine aikin da aka ƙaddara akan wicket mai ɗorawa wanda ya taimaki Australia zuwa 249; Bradman ya ji gurnin Hamence ya kasance sananne a cikin Ostiraliya wanda ke sarrafa wucewa 200. Harvey ya yi 49 da 56 yayin da Brown ya yi 19 da 113 a matsayin mai buɗewa. Wannan ya ishe Brown ya riƙe matsayinsa na tsaka-tsaki don Gwajin Na Biyu a Ubangiji, inda Ostiraliya ta kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta canzawa. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da samun nasara ta hanyar tsere 409 amma Brown ya yi ashirin da huɗu 24 da talatin da biyu 32 kawai.
Wasan na gaba ya kasance da Surrey kuma an fara shi ne bayan gwajin na biyu. Yayin da 'yan wasan Gwaji suka gaji, Bradman ya ba su nauyi mai nauyi kuma ya sanya Hamence da Loxton don buɗe ƙwal. Dukansu sun ɗauki wickets biyu kuma Hamence ya murƙushe kyaftin Laurie Fishlock da Eric Bedser don ƙare da 2/24. Brown ya ji rauni a yatsa yayin da yake filin wasa, don haka bai sami damar yin jemage ba a farkon wasan Australia. Ta haka ne aka ɗaga Hamence don buɗe bugun. Hamence ya yi agwagwa, amma duk da haka Ostiraliya ta jagoranci jagora 168. Hamence ya sake buɗe wasan na bowling a karo na biyu, duk da cewa bai iya shan wicket ba kuma ya kare da 0/30. A cikin innings na biyu, Harvey ya ba da kansa don yin wasa azaman mai buɗe ido tare da Loxton kuma sun bi tseren ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 don cin nasara cikin ƙasa da awa ɗaya don kammala cin nasara 10-wicket.
Don wasan da ya biyo baya da Gloucestershire kafin gwaji na Uku, Brown da Hamence basu buga wasa ba. Harvey ya yi 95 kuma Loxton ya ƙare a 159 bai fita ba yayin da Ostiraliya ta kai 7/774 da aka ayyana, mafi girman balaguron, wanda ke ba da nasarar nasara. Sakamakon wasan kwaikwayon, Loxton ya ƙwace matsayin tsakiyar Brown don Gwajin Uku a Old Trafford.
Yayin gwajin da aka zana na Uku, wanda ya buɗewa Sid Barnes ya ji rauni. Wannan ya buɗe wani wuri don gwaji na huɗu. Hamence ya yi 30 yayin da Australia ta doke Middlesex da ci goma a wasan da suka yi na gundumar kafin Gwajin Huɗu a Headingley . An yi watsi da Hamence don zama kamar yadda aka kira Harvey. Ostiraliya ta zira ƙwallaye 3/404 don saita rikodin duniya don mafi girman nasarar tserewar Gwajin gwaji; Harvey ya zira kwallaye ɗari.
Nan da nan bayan Gwajin, Hamence ya yi 21 a No. 6 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara 456 kuma ta ci Derbyshire ta innings. A wasa na gaba da Glamorgan, Hamence bai yi wanka ba lokacin da ruwan sama ya ƙare wasan a 3/215 a farkon wasan Australia. An huta da shi yayin da Australia ta ci Warwickshire da ci tara. An tuna Hamence yayin da Australia ta fuskanci kuma ta yi kunnen doki da Lancashire a karo na biyu a rangadin. Ya yi 14 a cikin wasan farko kuma bai ci nasara ba a 10 a karo na biyu lokacin da Ostiraliya ta ba da sanarwar, bayan da ta yi gasa a No. 5 sau biyu. A wasan da ya gabata kafin gwajin na biyar, wanda ba ajin farko ba da Durham, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo ashirin da hudu 24 a lamba shida 6 a Australia 282. Wasan ya kasance ruwan sama ne wanda bai kai na biyu ba. An yi watsi da Hamence don Gwajin na biyar, kamar yadda Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings don rufe jerin 4 – 0; gwajin da aka zana na Uku shine kawai rashin nasara a Australia.
Wasannin yawon shaƘatawa na baya
Wasanni bakwai sun ci gaba da neman Bradman ya zagaya Ingila ba tare da shan kashi ba. Ostiraliya ta fara fafatawa da Kent kuma Hamence ya yi talatin da takwas 38. Hamence shi ne mutum na tara da ya faɗo yayin da abokan hulɗa suka gudu kuma Ostireliya ta rasa wickets bakwai na ƙarshe don 89 don ƙare a dari uku da sittin da ɗaya 361. Duk da wannan, sun kammala nasarar innings. A wasa na gaba da Gentlemen na Ingila, Hamence ya yi baturi a lamba 7 kuma kawai yana da ƙarancin damar ba da gudummawa, ya shigo a 5/532 kuma ya zira ƙwallaye 24 kafin Bradman ya bayyana a 5/610 lokacin da Hassett ya kai 200. Hamence ya durƙusa cikin duka biyun don jimlar 1/41 kamar yadda Australia ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasa na gaba da Somerset, Hamence ya sanya dari da casa'in da biyar 195 a bugun tazara na biyar tare da Ian Johnson don kai Ostiraliya zuwa 4/501 tare da ci 99. Sauran jemagu duk sun yi ƙarni, kuma 'yan wasan Ostiraliya suna ɗokin ganin Hamence ya yi daidai. Tare da maki nasa akan 99, sauran ƙungiyar sun bar wasannin katin su a shirye don yabawa babban ci gaban sa. Koyaya, Hamence ya bugo ƙwallo biyu daga tsakiyar jemage, kawai don ganin suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa mai wasan, ba tare da yin gudu ba. Cikin damuwa don isa ƙarninsa, Hamence daga baya ya caje filin sannan kuma ya ci karo da 99, mafi girman maki a kakar. A cewar Bradman, Hamence "ya faɗi a kan abin da kowa ya ce shine mafi kyawun ƙwallon duk rana". Duk da haka, Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings da tseren 374. A wasan da ya biyo baya da Kudancin Ingila, Hamence ya yi bakwai kamar yadda Australia ta bayyana a 7/522. An wanke wasan; Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye uku ba tare da samun nasara ba a cikin wasannin masu masaukin baki.
Babban ƙalubalen da Ostiraliya ta fuskanta a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa bayan gwajin ita ce karawa da Leveson-Gower na XI. A lokacin yawon shaƙatawa na ƙarshe a cikin 1938, wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance cikakkiyar kayan Ingilishi mai ƙarfi, amma a wannan karon Bradman ya dage cewa 'yan wasa shida ne a halin yanzu a cikin ƙungiyar Gwajin Ingila za a ba su damar buga wa masu masaukin baki. Daga nan Bradman ya fito da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi, don haka aka bar Hamence. Australia ta jagoranci ta ɗari uku da sha biyu 312 a farkon wasan kuma tana da iko sosai, amma wasan ya ƙare a can bayan jinkirin ruwan sama da yawa. An kammala rangadi tare da wasanni biyu marasa aji na farko da Scotland . Hamence ya yi nasara sau ɗaya a kowane wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye shida da shabiyar 15 yayin da Ostiraliya ta kawo karshen yawon shaƙatawa tare da cin nasara guda biyu.
Matsayi
Yayin yawon shaƙatawa, Hamence ya buga 19 Wasannin ajin farko kuma ya ci 582 yana gudana a matsakaita na 32.33. Wani ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya ba da nauyin 56.3 na matsakaicin matsakaici yayin balaguron, ya ɗauki wickets bakwai a 21.42 kuma ya kammala kama tara. Ya kasance mafi nasara ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ƙwal, lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin wasannin yawon shaƙatawa, kamar a duka biyun na wasan na biyu da Surrey da na biyu na wasan na biyu da Yorkshire. Wannan ya ba Bradman damar huta ƙwallan da ya zaɓa na farko don kiyaye su sabo don Gwajin. Babban aikin Hamence shine ya baiwa manyan jemagu damar samun damar adana makamashi don Gwajin; Ostiraliya gabaɗaya tana da kwanaki shida na wasan da aka tsara kowane mako. A mafi yawan wasannin, Hamence yayi batse a tsakiyar tsari a Lissafi 5, 6 da 7. N- Tare da Loxton, an ba shi damar aji 22 na farko tare da jemage, yayin da sauran jemagu takwas na gaba suna da aƙalla innings 26. Loxton ya zira kwallaye 973, yayin da sauran duk suka ci sama da 1,000. Duk masu jemagu ban da Loxton sun kai aƙalla aƙalla 47.30. kuma yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe yawancin wasannin su ta hanyar innings ko ta takwas ko fiye da wickets, ba kasafai yake yin wanka a cikin na biyu ba. Sau huɗu, bai ci nasara ba lokacin da Ostiraliya ko dai ta baiyana, ta isa inda suke so ko lokaci ya kure.
Teammate Sid Barnes ya soki tsallake Hamence daga wasan kurket mai ma'ana a yawon shaƙatawa. Da yake magana game da wasan da Gentlemen na Ingila, Barnes ya soki gaskiyar cewa Bradman, Hassett da kansa duk sun yi ƙarni, yayin da aka ba Hamence ɗan gajeren innings a cikin ƙaramin tsari kuma bai fita ranar 24 ba lokacin da Australia ta bayyana. Kamar yadda masu yawon buɗe ido sun riga sun kasance cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi, Barnes ya yi tunanin cewa ana iya aika Hamence "a farkon wicket, inda ya yi wasa tare da tawagarsa ta tsakiya. . . . Duk da wannan, Hassett har yanzu ya shiga gaban Hamence a wasan na gaba, da Somerset . . . Hamence ya yi jifa da lamba 6 ... amma da an aiko shi a lamba ta 3 ”
Barnes ya ba da rahoton cewa Hamence, tare da sauran abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba Colin McCool da Doug Ring, sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa". Ya kara da cewa: "A cikin dakin suttura yayin wasannin gundumar za su shiga cikin wakar ban dariya game da 'yan damar da suka samu." Loxton ya ba da rahoton cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin sun haɗa da "m risque limerick ". Daga baya Bradman ya bayyana cewa "saboda tarin jemagu na gabansa, [Hamence] ba kasafai yake samun damar yin maki mai yawa ba" amma "ya kasance tanadi mai matuƙar amfani wanda za a iya buga shi cikin Gwaji da ƙarfin gwiwa". Bayan yawon shaƙatawa na 1948, Bradman ya bayyana Hamence a matsayin "ɗan jemage mai kyau na irin ɗabi'ar gargajiya. Sauti mai ƙarfi kuma abin dogaro tare da wasan sa dangane da tuƙi "da" mai kula da gona mai aminci ". Bradman ya kara da cewa Hamence yana da karancin dama saboda ƙarfin bugun Ostireliya amma "koyaushe yana yin nasara sosai kuma galibi a mahimmin lokaci yana yin gasa mai mahimmanci". Bradman ya ce ana iya buga Hamence a cikin Gwaje -gwaje da kwarin gwiwa kuma ya yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ɗabi'ar ƙungiya. Fingleton ya ce "akwai sukar zabinsa a wannan ɓangare, amma da yakin bai shiga tsakanin ba babu shakka da ya yi [n] [Ashes] tafiya a da".
Bayanan kula
Bayanan kididdiga
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
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22426 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mutuwa | Ƴancin mutuwa | Ƴancin mutuwa ra'ayi ne da ya dogara da ra'ayin cewa 'yan adam suna da ikon ƙare rayuwarsu ko kuma a yi musu euthanasia na son rai. Mallakar wannan haƙƙin galibi ana fahimtar cewa mutumin da ke fama da cutar ajali, ciwo mai wuyar warkewa, ko ba tare da niyyar cigaba da rayuwa ba, ya kamata a bar shi ya ƙare rayuwarsa, amfani da taimakon kashe kansa, ko ƙin jiyya mai tsawaita rayuwa. Tambayar wanene, idan wani, za a iya ba shi ikon yin wannan shawarar sau da yawa batun tattaunawa ne.
Wasu masana ilimi da masana falsafa, kamar su David Benatar, suna ganin mutane suna da tsananin fata a ra'ayinsu game da ingancin rayuwarsu, da kuma ra'ayinsu game da daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwa masu kyau da marasa kyau na rayuwa.Kuma ana iya yin la'akari da wannan ra'ayin dangane da rashin cin abinci da rashin wakilci game da haihuwar mutum kuma wanene ya kamata ya sami iko akan zaɓin mutum ya rayu ko ya mutu.
Masu goyon baya yawanci suna danganta haƙƙin mutu tare da ra'ayin cewa jikin mutum da ran mutum nasa ne, don zubar da yadda mutum yake ganin ya dace. Ko yaya, halattacciyar sha'awar ƙasa don hana kisan kai mara ma'ana galibi ana tattaunawa ne. Pilpel da Amsel sun rubuta:Masu goyon bayan zamani na "kashe kansa da hankali" ko "hakkin mutuwa" yawanci ana bukatar ta hanyar "hankali" cewa yanke shawarar kashe kansa ya kasance duka masu cin gashin kansu ne na wakilin (watau, ba saboda likita ko dangin da ke matsa musu su "yi ba abin da ya dace "kuma ku kashe kansa) da kuma" mafi kyawun zaɓi a ƙarƙashin yanayin "zaɓin da masu azanci ko masu amfani ke buƙata, da kuma wasu halaye na ɗabi'a kamar zaɓin ya tabbata, ba shawara mai zafin rai ba, ba saboda rashin hankalin ba, ya samu bayan bin diddigi, da sauransu Ra'ayoyin addini game da kashe kai sun banbanta da ayyukan Hindu da Jain na kisan kai ba tashin hankali ta hanyar azumi (Prayopavesa da Santhara, bi da bi) don yin la'akari da shi babban zunubi, kamar yadda yake a cikin Katolika .
Adanawa da ƙimar rayuwa sun haifar da cigaban likita da yawa idan ya zo ga kula da marasa lafiya. Sabbin na'urori da kuma cigaba da jinya sun ba mutane damar rayuwa fiye da da. Kafin wadannan cigaba na likitanci da kulawa, wadanda basu da hankali, ba su da hankali, kuma a cikin yanayin ciyayi sunyi gajere saboda babu ingantacciyar hanyar da zata taimaka musu da bukatu kamar su numfashi da ciyarwa. Tare da cigaba da ilimin likitanci, ya kawo tambaya game da ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiya lokacin da basu da hankali. 'Yancin cin gashin kai da na wasu sun bayyana kuma suna tambayar ma'anar inganci da tsarkin rayuwa; idan mutum yana da ikon rayuwa, to haƙƙin mutuwa dole ne ya bi sahu. Akwai tambayoyi a cikin ɗabi'a game da ko haƙƙin mutu na iya rayuwa tare da haƙƙin rayuwa. Idan an yi jayayya, 'yancin rayuwa ba za a iya rabuwa da shi ba, ba za a mika shi ba, saboda haka yana iya sabawa da' yancin mutuwa. Muhawara ta biyu ta wanzu a cikin tsarin ilimin halittu kan ko haƙƙin mutuwa na duniya ne, ana amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi (kamar rashin lafiya na ƙarshe ), ko kuma idan akwai shi. An kuma bayyana cewa '' yancin rayuwa 'ba shi da ma'anar' wajibcin rayuwa. Daga wannan ra'ayi, haƙƙin rayuwa na iya zama tare da haƙƙin mutu.
Hakkin mutuwa ya sami goyon baya kuma ya ƙi da yawa. Hujjojin wannan haƙƙin sun haɗa da:
Idan mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa, to dole ne mutum yana da ikon ya mutu, duka bisa ƙa'idodinsa.
Mutuwa hanya ce ta rayuwa don haka bai kamata a sami wata doka da zata hana ta ba idan mai haƙuri yana neman kawo ƙarshen sa.
Abin da muke yi a ƙarshen rayuwarmu bai kamata ya damu da wasu ba.
Idan ana sarrafa euthanasia sosai, zamu iya kauce wa shiga wani zamewa mai zamewa kuma hana marasa lafiya neman wasu hanyoyin da ƙila ba doka bane.
Muhawara akan sun hada da:
Zai iya kai wa ga gangar zamewa; idan muka ƙyale marasa lafiya wannan haƙƙin, zai iya faɗaɗawa kuma yana da mummunan sakamako.
Ba da ƙarfi cikin matsa wa waɗanda su kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsu ko ta wasu; rashin da'a a cikin ƙa'idodin mutum da na likita.
"Yin amai" marasa lafiya wadanda ake ganin ba zasu iya zama cikin al'umma ba.
Ragewa cikin ƙarshen jinƙai na kulawa da rayuwa saboda tsammanin marasa lafiyar marasa lafiya don aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na mutuwa.
Wata kotu a jihar Montana ta Amurka alal misali, ta gano cewa 'yancin mutuwa ya shafi wadanda ke da halin rashin lafiya na rayuwa. Likitan da ya taimaka wajan kashe kansa Ludwig Minelli, masanin euthanasia Sean W. Asher, da farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel, akasin haka, suna jayayya cewa duk masu cancanta suna da 'yancin kawo karshen rayuwarsu. Appel ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin mutuwa jarabawa ce ga' yanci gaba daya na al'ummar da aka ba ta. Wani farfesa a cikin aikin zamantakewar al'umma, Alexandre Baril, ya ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar ɗabi'a ta ɗawainiya '' dangane da raunin cutarwa, ba da tilasta tilasta kashe kai. Ya bayar da shawarar cewa taimaka kashe kansa ya zama zaɓi ga mutanen da ke kashe kansu. ''Ya yi jayayya cewa ana kallon muryar mutane masu kisan kai a matsayin haramtacce kuma cewa akwai 'umarnin umarnin rayuwa da na gaba inda ake zaluntar mutane da yin shiru. Bari ya ba da shawarar kalmar suicidism don bayyana" tsarin danniya (wanda ya samo asali daga ra'ayoyin da ba za a kashe kansa ba) wanda ke aiki a cikin ka'idoji, rikice-rikice, likitanci, shari'a, zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma matakan epistemic wanda mutane masu kisan kai ke fuskantar abubuwa da yawa siffofin rashin adalci da tashin hankali" Yana ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar sarari mafi aminci, saurari mutane masu kisan kai ba tare da tilasta 'nufin zama' a kansu ba.
Dokar tabbatar da Abinda Kai na 1991 wanda Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar bisa bukatar kungiyar kudi na Medicare ya ba tsofaffin marasa lafiya na Medicare/Medicaid (kuma ta hanyar hakan, duk majinin "m") don shirya umarnin gaba wanda suke zaba ko zabi ƙin tsawaita rayuwa da ko ceton rai a matsayin hanyar taƙaita rayukansu don rage wahalar da suke ciki zuwa wani mutuwa. Maganin ya ƙi a cikin umarnin gaba a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka, saboda 1991 (PSDA) ba dole ba ne a tabbatar da cewa "aikin banza ne" a ƙarƙashin wasu hanyoyin da ake bi na haƙƙi ne wanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa, kamar (TADA) a Texas.
Ta ƙasa
Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2016, wasu nau'ikan euthanasia na son rai halal ne a kasashe irin su Ostiraliya, Kanada, Kolumbia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, da Switzerland .
Kasar Ostiraliya
Kamar yadda euthanasia batun lafiya ne, a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Australiya wannan ya faɗi ne ga gwamnatocin jihohi don yin doka da gudanarwa.
Euthanasia ya kasance doka a cikin Yankin Arewa a lokacin sassan 1996 zuwa 1997 sakamakon majalisar dokokin ƙasa da ta ba da haƙƙin Dokar Rashin Lafiya ta 1995. A matsayin yanki ba wata jiha ba, gwamnatin tarayya a karkashin Firayim Minista John Howard ta yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Yankin Arewa (Gwamnatin Kai) ta shekarar 1978 (a tsakanin wasu) don tabbatar da cewa yankuna na Ostiraliya ba su da ikon yin doka a kan euthanasia. Wannan ya sauya matsayin doka ta euthanasia a cikin Yankin Arewa, inda ya cigaba da kasancewa ba bisa doka ba tun lokacin. Gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta iya yin doka a kan takunkumin kan batun kiwon lafiya na jihohin shida na Ostiraliya ba a cikin wannan hanyar.
A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2017, Gwamnatin Victoria ta zartar da Dokar Mutuwa ta Agaji ta Baitulmalin 2017 (Victoria), halatta likita ya kashe kansa. Dokokin sun fara aiki ne a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2019 kuma suna da tsare tsare 68 da aka tsara don kare masu rauni. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Victoria ita ce kawai ƙasar Ostiraliya da ke da izinin taimakawa, duk da cewa nan ba da jimawa ba za a samu a Yammacin Ostiraliya bayan wucewar Dokar Mutuwa ta Taimako na Mutuwa na 2019 .
Kasar Belgium
A cikin shekarar 2002, majalisar dokokin Beljiyam ta halatta euthanasia.
Kasar Kanada
Tun daga watan Agusta na 2011 aka nemi alkalin Kotun Kolin Burtaniya na Kolombiya da ya hanzarta shari’ar ‘yancin-mutuwa don Gloria Taylor ta samu likita da zai taimaka mata wajen kashe kanta. Ta yi fama da cutar Lou Gehrig. Ta mutu ne sakamakon kamuwa da cutar a cikin 2012.
A British Columbia yancin walwala kara ne wakiltar shida masu kara da ƙalubalantar dokokin da cewa yin shi da wani laifi don taimaka tsanani da kuma incurably mutane su mutu tare da mutunci.
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2015 Kotun Koli na Kanada ta yanke hukunci cewa hana 'yancin taimaka wa kan kansa ya saba wa tsarin mulki. Hukuncin kotun ya kayyade taimakon likitan kashe kansa ga "mutum baligi mai kwarewa wanda a fili ya yarda da karshen rayuwa kuma yana da mummunan yanayin rashin lafiya, wanda ya hada da rashin lafiya, cuta ko nakasa, wanda ke haifar da wahala mai daurewa wanda ba za a iya jure wa mutum ba a yanayin halin da yake ciki." An dakatar da hukuncin na tsawon watanni 12 don baiwa majalisar dokokin Kanada damar samar da wata sabuwar, dokar tsarin mulki don maye gurbin wacce ake da ita.
Hukuncin kotun ya hada da bukatar cewa dole ne a sami tsauraran matakai wadanda "za a sa musu ido sosai". Wannan zai buƙaci takardar shaidar mutuwar da mai binciken likita mai zaman kansa ya kammala, ba likitan da ke kula da shi ba, don tabbatar da daidaito na yin rahoton dalilin mutuwar.
Medicalungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada (CMA) ta ba da rahoton cewa ba duk likitoci ne suke son taimakawa a cikin mutuwar mai haƙuri ba saboda rikice-rikicen doka kuma sun saba wa abin da likita ya tsaya. Yawancin likitoci sun bayyana cewa ya kamata su sami murya idan ya zo ga taimaka wa mai haƙuri ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Koyaya, imani a ƙarshen 2015 shine cewa babu likita da za a tilasta masa yin hakan amma (CMA) tana ba da zaman ilimi ga membobin game da tsarin da za a yi amfani da shi.
A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016, doka ta zartar da duka majalisun biyu na Majalisar Kanada kuma sun sami Yarjejeniyar Masarauta don ba da izinin euthanasia a cikin Kanada.
Kasar Kolombiya
A ranar 20 ga Mayu 1997, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Kolombiya ta yanke hukuncin kisan kai ga marasa lafiya, yana mai cewa "ba za a dauki marubucin likita da laifin taimaka wa wani mara lafiya da ya kashe kansa ba" kuma ya bukaci Majalisa da ta tsara euthanasia "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci mai yiwuwa."
A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2014, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa Ma’aikatar Lafiya da Kare Lafiyar Jama’a kwanaki 30 su buga jagororin da bangaren kiwon lafiya za su yi amfani da su domin tabbatar da marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali, tare da fatan a yi musu euthanasia, ’yancinsu na mutuƙar girmamawa.
Kasar Jamus
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2020, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'Yancin mutum na mutum a cikin dokokin tsarin mulki na Jamusawa ya kunshi yancin yanke hukunci kai tsaye, wanda kuma ya kunshi 'yancin kashe kansa. Hakanan, wannan haƙƙin bai iyakance ga marasa lafiya marasa lafiya ba, maimakon haka gano iyakarsa a cikin buƙatun don zaɓin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Hukuncin ya haifar da cece-kuce, yayin da masu adawa ke jayayya cewa hukuncin na iya ba da damar matsin lamba daga abokan taimakawa kashe kansa.
Kasar Indiya
Tun daga shekarar 2018, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta halatta haramtacciyar euthanasia a Indiya yayin shari'ar da ta shafi Aruna Shanbaug a ƙarƙashin tsauraran halaye, wato ana buƙatar izinin mai haƙuri (ko danginsa), kuma cewa dole ne mara lafiyar ya kasance mai cutar ajali ko yanayin cin ganyayyaki.
Kasar Netherlands
Netherlands ta halatta euthanasia na son rai a cikin 2002. A karkashin dokar Dutch ta yanzu, likitocin ne kawai za su iya aiwatar da euthanasia da taimakon kashe kansa, kuma hakan doka ce kawai a yanayin wahala "mara fata da kuma jurewa". A aikace wannan yana nufin cewa an iyakance shi ne ga waɗanda ke fama da mummunan yanayin rashin lafiya da ba za'a iya magance su ba (gami da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa) kuma a cikin babban wahala kamar ciwo, hypoxia ko gajiya. Taimaka wa wani ya kashe kansa ba tare da biyan cancantar dokar euthanasia ta Dutch ba ta bisa doka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun shafi buƙatun mai haƙuri, wahalar mai haƙuri (wanda ba za a iya jurewarsa ba), ƙarancin hangen nesa (mara bege), bayanin da aka bayar ga mai haƙuri, rashin hanyoyin da suka dace, tuntuɓar wani likitan da kuma hanyar amfani da ƙarshen rayuwa.
Kasar NewZealand
Euthanasia haramtacce ne a New Zealand. A cikin 2015, lauya kuma mai fama da cutar kansa Lecretia Seales ya kawo kara (Seales v Attorney-General) zuwa Babbar Kotun don kalubalantar dokar NewZealand game da 'yancinta na mutuwa tare da taimakon GP, yana neman a ba da sanarwar cewa GP din nata ba zai yi hadari ba tofin Allah tsine. Duk da haka dokar da za a halatta euthanasia don marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar za a jefa ƙuri'a a cikin babban zaɓen shekarar 2020.
Kasar Peru
Peru ta doka ta hana euthanasia. A cikin 2020, Ana Estrada ta ƙaddamar da ƙalubalantar doka ga doka, da nufin yanke hukunci game da aikin.
Kasar Amurka
An fassara kalmar dama don mutuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da batun kashe kansa, euthanasia mai wucewa, euthanasia mai aiki, taimaka kashe kansa, da taimakon likita kashe kansa.
Babban Haƙƙi na Shari'o'in Mutu'a
Karen Quinlan
'Yancin mutuwa a cikin Amurka ya fara da batun Karen Quinlan a cikin shekarar 1975 kuma yana cigaba da gabatar da tambayoyin ɗan Adam game da ingancin rayuwar mutum da tsarin shari'a na mutuwa. Karen Quinlan, ‘yar shekaru 21, ta suma bayan ta sha barasa da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a wajen wani biki. Ba da daɗewa ba ta fara fuskantar matsalolin numfashi, wanda hakan ya hana iskar oxygen zuwa cikin kwakwalwarta. Hakan ya sa ta zamewa cikin wani mawuyacin hali wanda aka yi amfani da na’urar numfashi da bututun ciyarwa don kiyaye ta da rai da numfashi. Quinlan ba ta da wakili ko wasiyyar rayuwa kuma ba ta bayyana burinta ba idan wani abu ya taɓa faruwa da ita ga waɗanda ke kusa da ita, wanda ya sa ya zama da wuya a yanke shawarar abin da mataki na gaba ya zama.
Iyayen Karen Quinlan sun fahimci cewa ɗiyar tasu ba za ta farka ba kuma tsawaita rayuwarta na iya zama mafi lahani kuma ba zai zama rayuwa mai inganci ba. Mahaifinta ya nemi haƙƙin zama majiɓincin Karen kuma ya roki a cire na'urar numfashi da ke rayar da ita. Kotun, duk da haka, ta yi iƙirarin cewa cire iska a iska, wanda zai kai ga mutuwar Karen, za'a ɗauka haramtacce ne, ba al'ada ba, kuma ba da da'a ba. Lauyan Quinlan ya yi magana kan batun cewa cire na’urar numfashi zai ba Karen damar samun mutuwar jiki, wanda yake na dabi’a da da’a. Quinlans sun sami nasara a kotu kuma an nada su a matsayin masu kula da diyarsu. An cire na’urar numfashi a shekarar 1976, amma Karen ta cigaba da rayuwa ba tare da injin iska ba har zuwa 1985. Shari'ar na cigaba da haifar da tambayoyin halittar mutum game da ingancin rayuwarsa da tsarin shari'ar mutuwa. Hakanan harka ta kawo muhimman batutuwa da yawa waɗanda har yanzu ana magana kansu. Daya daga cikin muhimman maganganun da batun Quinlan ya kawo shine haƙƙin mai haƙuri ya ƙi ko janye magani. Lamarin da mai haƙuri ya ƙi ko ya janye magani ba a taɓa jinsa ba kuma ya ci karo da ƙa'idodin likita wajen kiyaye rayuwar mutum. Tattaunawa kan baiwa marasa lafiya 'yancin cin gashin kansu sun kasance mai rikitarwa, kuma za'a kimanta su nan da shekaru masu zuwa daga jihar zuwa jiha. Har ila yau batun ya kawo ko an yarda da dangin da waɗanda ke kusa da mai haƙuri a cikin shawarar yanke shawara. Tunda Karen ba ta da rubutacciyar takarda, ba ta yanke shawara ba, kuma ba ta sanya wakili, an yi doguwar gwagwarmaya ta doka tsakanin dangin Quinlan da jihar don tantance mafi kyawun sha'awar Karen da yanke hukunci idan za ta so ta rayu ko ta mutu. Hakan yana da tasiri sosai a kan amfani da kafa umarnin gaba, umarnin baka, wakilci, da son rai.
Nancy Cruzan
Wata babbar shari'ar da ta ƙara ba da haƙƙin mutuƙar motsi da amfani da wasiyyar rai, umarnin gaba da amfani da wakili shine Cruzan v. Darakta, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Missouri . A shekarar 1983, Nancy Cruzan ta gamu da hatsarin mota, wanda ya bar ta har abada a cikin yanayin ciyayi. Matsayinta na babba da rashin umarnin gaba, nufin rai, ko wakili ya haifar da doguwar shari’a ga dangin Cruzan a cikin neman a cire mata bututun abincin, wanda ke rayar da ita tun lokacin hatsarin. Nancy ta taba fadawa wata kawarta cewa a wani yanayi ba za ta so ta cigaba da rayuwa ba idan har tana cikin yanayin ciyayi, amma ba ta da karfi sosai don cire bututun abincin. Daga ƙarshe, dangin Cruzan sun yi nasara a shari'ar kuma suka cire bututun diyar su. Shari'ar ta kawo babban muhawara idan za a yarda da haƙƙin mutu'a daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ko kuma ɗaukacin ƙasa.
Terri Schiavo
Shari'ar Terri Schiavo ta faru tsakanin 1990 da 2005. Wannan shari'ar ta kasance mai rikici saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin dangin Terri da mijinta. A cikin shari'o'in Quinlan da Cruzan, dangin sun sami damar yanke shawara baki ɗaya game da yanayin 'ya'yansu mata. Schiavo ta sha wahala daga bugun zuciya wanda hakan ya haifar da durkushewa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fara samun matsalar numfashi. Rashin iskar oxygen a cikin kwakwalwarta ya haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwar da ba za a iya sauyawa ba, ya bar ta cikin yanayin kuma tana buƙatar bututu na abinci da iska don kiyaye ta da rai. Terri ba ta ba da umarnin gaba ba ko kuma ta tattauna da iyayenta ko mijinta game da abin da wataƙila ta so idan wani abu ya same ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an nada mijinta a matsayin mai kula da ita na doka.
Shekaru daga baya, mijinta ya yanke shawarar cire bututun abincin Terri tunda damar farkewarta ba ta da yawa. Iyalin Terri, duk da haka, sunyi jayayya game da wannan shawarar kuma sun gabatar da karar a kotu. Lamarin ya kasance mai matukar rikici kuma ya faru tsawon wasu shekaru kuma ya shafi jihar da ‘yan majalisarta kafin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya haifar da mahawara game da daina rayuwar Schiavo da kuma ba ta damar cigaba da rayuwa a cikin yanayin na dindin. Waɗanda ke tsare rayuwar Terri sun bayyana cewa cire bututun zai zama lalata ne tunda ba su san abin da za ta so ba. Sun kalubalanci yanayinta na zahiri da na hankali kuma sun bayyana cewa tana iya samun wani sani; don haka ta cancanci cigaba da rayuwa. Waɗanda ke cire bututun sun yi ta gardama don cin gashin kansu da kuma cewa rayuwarta ta ragu. Shari'ar Schiavo ita ce ta kwanan nan kuma muhimmiyar haƙƙin mutu'a wacce ke yada tunanin samun umarnin gaba ko nufin rai. Hakanan yana kara duba sauran rikitarwa da zasu iya faruwa, kamar rashin jituwa ta iyali, wanda yakamata ayi lissafin sa lokacin da ake batun haƙƙin mutuwa.
Dokoki
Da yake ana ɗaukar lafiyar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin ikon' yan sanda da aka bar wa jihohi su tsara yadda ya kamata, sai a shekarar 1997 ne Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kan batun taimakon kashe kai da 'yancin mutum ya mutu. A waccan shekarar, Kotun Koli ta saurari kararraki biyu da ke jayayya cewa dokokin New York da Washington da suka sanya likitocin-taimaka wa kansu kisan kai babban laifi ya karya dokar kariya daidai ta Kwaskwarimar ta Goma sha Hudu. A kuri’ar da aka kada baki daya, Kotun ta ce babu wani hurumin da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba shi na taimaka wa likitan ya kashe kansa kuma ya goyi bayan haramcin da jihar ta yi na taimaka wa mutum ya kashe kansa. Duk da yake a cikin New York wannan ya kiyaye ƙa'idodi na hana taimakon likita-kashe kansa, hukuncin Kotun kuma ya bar shi a buɗe ga sauran jihohi don yanke shawara ko za su ba da izinin taimakon likita ya kashe kansa ko a'a.
Tun daga 1994, jihohi biyar a Amurka sun zartar da dokokin kashe kai: Oregon, Washington, Vermont, California, da Colorado sun zartar da doka a 1994, 2008, 2013, 2015, da 2016, bi da bi, wanda ke ba da yarjejeniya don aikin likita- taimaka kashe kansa. Doka a cikin waɗannan jihohin biyar ta ba da izinin manya marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ajali su nemi magunguna na mutuwa daga likitocinsu. A cikin 2009, Kotun Koli ta Montana ta yanke hukunci cewa babu wani abu a cikin dokar jihar da ta hana taimakon-likita ya kashe kansa kuma ya ba da kariya ga doka ga likitoci idan suka ba da magani na mutuwa a kan buƙatar haƙuri. A cikin California, gwamnan ya sanya hannu kan wata takaddama mai ba da shawara game da likitan-kashe-kashe, dokar Karshen Rayuwa ta Option ta California, a cikin watan Oktoba na 2015 wanda ya wuce a yayin zaman majalisa na musamman da aka tsara don magance kudaden Medi-Cal, bayan an ci shi a lokacin zaman majalisa na yau da kullum.
A farkon 2014, Alkalin Gundumar New Mexico na biyu Nan Nash ya yanke hukuncin cewa marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali suna da 'yancin su taimaka wajen mutuwa a karkashin dokar kasa, watau sanya doka a kan likita ya rubuta wani magani na mutuwa ga mai cutar ajali. Za'a yanke hukunci mafi ƙaranci tare da sakamakon roƙon da Babban Mai Shari'a na Babban Mexico ya yi game da hukuncin. Kungiyoyi suna ci gaba da matsa kaimi don halatta hukuncin kai game da marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali a cikin jihohin da aka hana haƙƙin kawo ƙarshen rayuwar mutum.
Addini
Addinin Hindu ya yarda da hakkin mutuwa waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka ko waɗanda ba su da muradi, ba su da buri ko kuma wani nauyi da ya rage. Mutuwa, ana ba da izini ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi kamar azumi har zuwa yunwa (Prayopavesa). Jainism yana da irin wannan aikin mai suna Santhara . Sauran ra'ayoyin addini game da kisan kai sun bambanta a cikin haƙurinsu kuma sun haɗa da ƙin haƙƙin tare da la'antar aikin. A cikin akidar Katolika, kashe kai ana daukar shi babban zunubi.
Bayani |
56545 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa | Mustafa |
Sunan da aka ba wa
Moustafa Amar, Mawaƙin Masar kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
Mustapha Bayoumi, marubucin Amurka
Moustafa Chousein-Oglou, ɗan wasan Turanci
Moustafa Farroukh, ɗan ƙasar Lebanon
Mustafa Madbouly, Firayim Minista na Masar
Moustafa Al-Qazwini, malamin addinin musulunci kuma shugaban addini
Moustafa Reyad, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Masar
Moustafa Shakosh, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Siriya
Mustafa Ahmed Shebto, dan wasan Qatar
Moustapha Akkad, Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai na Siriya
Moustapha Alassane, ɗan fim ɗin Nijar
Moustapha Agnidé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin
Moustapha Bokoum, dan kwallon Belgium
Moustapha Lamrabat (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1983), mai daukar hoto na Moroccan-Flemish
Moustapha Niasse, ɗan siyasan Senegal kuma jami'in diflomasiyya
Abdul Moustapha Ouedraogo, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Ivory Coast
Moustapha Bayal Sall, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal
Moustapha Salifou, dan kwallon Togo
Mustapha Cassiem, ɗan wasan hockey na Afirka ta Kudu
Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho), mai fafutukar 'yanci na Yakin 'Yancin Bangladesh, ya ba da lambar yabo mafi girma na jaruntakar Bangladesh, Bir Sreshtho .
Mostafa Matar (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1995) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Lebanon
Mustafa I, Mustafa II, Mustafa III, da Mustafa IV, Sarakunan Daular Usmaniyya
Mustafa Abdul-Hamid, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
Mustafa Abi, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Turkiyya
Mustafa Ali, ɗan siyasan Islama na Malaysia
Mustafa Abubakar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan siyasan Indonesiya
Mustafa Adrisi, mataimakin shugaban kasar Uganda daga shekarata alif 1978 zuwa shekarar alif 1979
Mustafa Afridi, marubucin allo na gidan talabijin na Pakistan
Mustafa Ahmed, mawaƙin magana daga Kanada
Mustafa Amini, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kungiyar Australia dan asalin Afganistan
Mustafa Kamal (dan siyasa), dan siyasar Bangladesh, jami'in cricket, kuma dan kasuwa
Mustafa Altıoklar, darektan fina-finan Turkiyya
Mustafa Akaydın, ɗan siyasan Turkiyya
Mustafa Ali, ɗan kokawa ɗan Pakistan wanda ya shiga WWE
Mustafa Arslanović, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bosnia
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, wanda ya kafa Turkiyya ta zamani
Mustafa Aydin, masanin ilimin Turkiyya
Mustafa Badreddine, dan gwagwarmayar Hizbullah
Mustafa Barzani, Kurdawa dan kishin kasa
Mustafa Cengiz (1949-2021), ɗan kasuwan Turkiyya kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar wasanni ta Galatasaray SK.
Mustafa Cevahir, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya
Mustafa Chokaev, dan kishin kasa daga Turkiyya
Mustafa Çağrıcı, ma'aikacin gwamnatin Turkiyya
Mustafa Çakır (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), ɗan tseren jirgin ruwa na Turkiyya
Mustafa Denizli, Kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya
Mustafa Erdik (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), injiniyan girgizar ƙasa na Turkiyya
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha, dan siyasar Masar
Mustafa Güzelgöz (1921-2005), ma'aikacin laburare na Turkiyya
Mustafa Hadid, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Afganistan
Mustafa Hassan, dan kwallon Iraqi
Mustafa al-Hawsawi, mai kudin Saudiyya na harin 11 ga Satumba
Mustafa Hukić, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bosnia
Mustafa İsmet İnönü, Janar na Sojojin Turkiyya, Firayim Minista, Shugaban kasa
Mustafa Abdul Jalil (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), ɗan siyasan Libya
Mustafa al-Kadhimi, Firayim Ministan Iraqi
Ghulam Mustafa Khan, malami
Mustafa Kamal (wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1971), gundumar Nazim (Magajin Garin) na Karachi
Mustafa Kamal (alkali), Alkalin Alkalan Bangladesh
Mustafa Karim, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraqi
Mustafa Kocabey, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Turkiyya
Mustafa Korkmaz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland, ɗan asalin ƙasar Turkiyya
Mustafa Kučuković, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, ɗan siyasan Pakistan
Mustafa Mahmud, masani masanin kimiyar kasar Masar
Mustafa Malayekah, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Saudiyya
Mustafa Nadarević, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Bosnia
Mustafa Nayyem, ɗan jaridar Afghanistan-Ukrainian
Mustafa Özkan, dan kwallon Turkiyya
Mustafa Pasha, Jojiya mai daraja
Mustafa Pektemek, dan kwallon Turkiyya
Mustafa Qureshi, Pakistani actor
Mustafa Rahi, Pakistani mawaki
Mustafa Sandal, sanannen mawakin Turkiyya-mawaƙi
Mustafa Sarp, dan kwallon Turkiyya
Mustafa Shahabi masanin noma na kasar Syria
Mustafa Shaikh, Indian Cricketer
Mustafa Shokay, dan gwagwarmayar siyasa Kazakhstan
Mustafa Tuna (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), injiniyan muhalli ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya, ɗan siyasa kuma magajin garin Ankara
Mustafa Yılmaz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), Babban Jagoran dara na Turkiyya
Mustafa Yumlu, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya
Mustafa Wahba, dan siyasar Saudiyya
Mustafa Zahid, Pakistani mawaki
Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani mawaki
Nur Mustafa Gülen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya kuma koci
Mustafa Pasha (rashin fahimta), mutane daban-daban |
56544 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Nik%20Mat | Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat | Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat (Jawi: 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1931 - 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara shekara ta 2015) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne kuma malamin addinin musulmi. Ya kasance Menteri Besar na Kelantan daga 1990 zuwa 2013 kuma Mursyidul Am ko Jagoran Ruhaniya na Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Pan-Malaysian (PAS) daga 1991 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2015. Gabaɗaya, aikinsa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan siyasa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 48 bayan an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Malaysia a shekarar 1967.
Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Nik Abdul Aziz a Kota Bharu a 1931 a matsayin na biyu na 'yan uwa biyar. Wani uba ne (Tok Kura) wanda yake da burin yin amfani da ƙarfe ne ya haife shi. Nazarin Islama na Nik Aziz ya fara ne a makarantun pondok a Kelantan da Terengganu . Ya ci gaba da karatu a Darul Uloom Deoband a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya na tsawon shekaru biyar. Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Larabci da kuma Master of Arts a cikin shari'ar Musulunci daga Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Misira . A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kasance daya daga cikin shaidu kuma farar hula ne da ya rayu a cikin zafi na Rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila.
Bayan ya dawo daga Masar, Nik Aziz ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantu daban-daban na addini a Kelantan ciki har da pondok (makarantar addini) ta mahaifinsa. Nik Aziz ya fara koyarwa a masallatai daban-daban da Pondok a cikin Kelantan da sauran jihohi. Ya zama masanin addinin Musulunci mai daraja wanda ya sami laƙabi "Tok Guru." (ma'anar 'Master / Sifu na Masanin ko malami' a cikin Malay).
Harkokin siyasa
Nik Aziz ya shiga PAS a shekarar 1967. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar 'yan majalisa ta Kelantan Hilir a wannan shekarar, kuma ya rike kujerar (daga baya aka sake masa suna Pengkalan Chepa) har zuwa 1986. A shekara ta 1982, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yunkurin matasa don kawo canji ga jagorancin jam'iyyar. PAS ta rasa zaben jihar Kelantan a shekarar 1978 kuma, a matsayin kwamishinan jihar PAS, Nik Aziz ya fara tambayar shugabancin shugaban kasa Asri Muda. A ƙarshe, a cikin PAS Muktamar (Janar Majalisar) a wannan shekarar, an tilasta wa Asri ya yi murabus.
Bayan ya fice daga siyasar tarayya, Nik Aziz ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kelantan a babban zaben 1986. A cikin 1990, PAS ta sami nasarar karbar iko da Kelantan daga Barisan Nasional . A matsayinsa na shugaban jam'iyya a jihar, Nik Aziz ya zama Menteri Besar na Kelantan . Ya gaji Yusof Rawa a matsayin shugaban ruhaniya na PAS a shekarar 1991.
An sake zabar gwamnatin Nik Aziz sau hudu (1995, 1999, 2004, 2008), har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. A cikin shekarun 1990s, gwamnatinsa a Kelantan sau da yawa ya yi rikici game da rawar da Islama ke takawa a Malaysia tare da Firayim Minista na lokacin Mahathir Mohamad . Ya bambanta da jam'iyyar UMNO mai mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya ƙi siyasar al'umma a bayyane.
Nik Aziz ya ba da umarnin goyon baya daga adadi mai yawa na wadanda ba Musulmai ba a Malaysia kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin karuwar PAS a cikin shahara tsakanin wadanda ba Musulmi ba.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Nik Aziz ya bayyana a fili cewa bai yarda da wani hadin gwiwa tsakanin United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) da Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) ba muddin yana da rai. Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 2019, lokacin da PAS da UMNO suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawance, shugaban PAS Abdul Hadi Awang ya yi iƙirarin cewa Nik Aziz ya riga ya yarda da hadin gwiwa yayin da yake da rai.
Tambayoyi
Ra'ayoyi masu tsauri
Nik Aziz ya jawo wasu zargi saboda ra'ayoyinsa na Islama. Kaddamar da dokar shari'a ta Islama ga dukkan Musulmai na Malay ya jawo zargi. A cewar Fox News, Nik Aziz ya ba da shawarar cewa mata za su kasance cikin ƙananan haɗarin da za a yi musu fyade idan sun watsar da su ta amfani da lipstick da turare. An kuma rubuta shi sau ɗaya yana mai cewa mata masu ado da tufafi masu ban sha'awa sun cancanci a yi musu fyade yayin jawabi.
Batun "Allah"
A cikin 2012, akwai fitowar Katolika a Malaysia ta amfani da kalmar Larabci don "Allah"; "Allah" a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista. Da farko, Nik Aziz ya bayyana cewa kalmar "Allah" za a iya amfani da ita ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba kamar yadda asalin kalmar kanta a bayyane yake kafin Islama. Batun ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummar musulmi. Jam'iyyar PAS kusan ta kasu kashi biyu; wanda ya goyi bayan amfani da kalmar, kuma wanda bai yi ba. Da yake da niyyar dawo da hadin kai a cikin PAS, Nik Aziz ya karɓi kalmominsa kuma ya ƙi yarda da kalmar "Allah" da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba ke amfani da ita.
Ɗan da aka tsare a ƙarƙashin ISA
An tsare ɗansa Nik Adli a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta Malaysia a shekara ta 2001 saboda zargin ayyukan ta'addanci ciki har da shirya jihadi, mallakar makamai, da kuma kasancewa memba a cikin Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM), ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Bayan shekaru 5 a tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, an sake shi.
Yin ritaya da mutuwa
A lokacin zaben 2013, PAS ta sake lashe mafi yawan kujeru don kafa gwamnatin jihar Kelantan. Nik Aziz ya sanar da ritayar sa a matsayin Babban Ministan Kelantan, mukamin da ya rike tun 1990. Wanda ya gaje shi shine tsohon mataimakin Babban Minista na Nik Aziz Ahmad Yaakob, wanda ya hau ofishinsa don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Ministan Kelantan. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, Nik Aziz ya kara rashin lafiya tare da ciwon daji na prostate, kuma ya mutu a ranar ga Fabrairu 2015 () ( ) da karfe 9.40 na yamma. Malaysia Standard Time (UTC+08:00); a gidansa a [ms], Kota Bharu . Kashegari, sama da mutane 10,000 sun halarci jana'izarsa a Masjid Tok Guru, masallacinsa na yankin. Mutuwarsa ta haifar da kujerar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kelantan na zaben Chempaka na 2015.
Sakamakon zaben
Lura: 1 PAS sun kasance a cikin Alliance (1972-1973) kuma daga baya Barisan Nasional (1973-1978) gwamnatin hadin gwiwa.
Daraja
Darajar Malaysia
:
Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1974)
Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - Tan Sri (2023 - bayan mutuwarsa)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (SJMK) – Dato' (1995)
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Tok Guru Nik Aziz Nik Mat
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Matattun 2015
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52416 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale%20Edun | Wale Edun | Olawale Wale Edun ya kware a fannin tattalin arziki, kudin gwamnati, kudaden kasa da kasa, hada-hadar banki da hada-hadar kudi a matakin kasa da kasa. Wale Edun shi ne Kwamishinan Kudi na Jihar Legas, nadin da ya yi na wa’adi biyu da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba (1999-2007). Shi ne wanda ya kafa Denham Management Limited, Shugaban Livewell Initiative, ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta kiwon lafiya (NGO) da kuma mai kula da Sisters Unite for Children, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin wasu kamfanoni da dama.
Tasowarsa da Karatunsa
Mista A. Olawale Edun wanda aka fi sani da Wale Edun ya yi Digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami’ar Landan da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami’ar Sussex ta Ingila. Ranar haihuwarsa da makarantar firamare da sakandare da ya halarta ba a cikin jama'a.
Sana'a da Kwarewar Aiki
Wale Edun ya yi gagarumin aiki a fannin kudi a kamfanoni na kasa da kasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Baitulmali da Mataimakin Shugaban Kudi na Kamfanoni a Bankin Chase Merchant kuma ya kasance mai kula da harkokin Baitulmali da Kasuwar Kudi na Bankin yana da babban alhakin gudanar da ayyukan Kasuwancin Kasuwa da Bayar da Shawarar Kudi a madadin kamfanoni na cikin gida da masu alaƙa. manyan kamfanoni na duniya.
A lokacin da yake Chase, ya sami gogewa na duniya yayin da yake matsayi na biyu ga kamfanonin Wall Street na Lehman Brothers da Chase Manhattan Capital Markets Corporation a New York, Amurka. Daga 1980 zuwa 1986, ya yi aiki a bankin Chase Merchant (daga baya Continental) da ke Legas.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa yana da shekaru sama da ashirin da biyar na gogewa a cikin harkokin banki na kasuwanci, hada-hadar kudi, tattalin arziki da kuma kudaden kasa da kasa a matakin kasa da kasa.
Ya shiga Bankin Duniya/IFC a Washington DC, Amurka ta hanyar fitattun matasa masu sana'a a watan Satumba 1986. A Bankin Duniya, Mista Edun ya yi aiki a kan kunshin tattalin arziki da kudi ga kasashe da dama a Latin Amurka da Caribbean, ciki har da Jamhuriyar Dominican da kuma Jamhuriyar Dominican. Trinidad da Indonesiya da Indiya a Gabas Mai Nisa.
Ya kasance Shugaban Chapel Hill Denham Group tun Maris 2008. A 1989, ya dawo Najeriya a matsayin Co-Founder kuma Babban Darakta na Stanbic IBTC Plc (tsohon Investment Banking & Trust Company Limited). A cikin 1994, ya kafa Denham Management Limited. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin wasu kamfanoni da dama. A shekarar 1999, an nada shi a matsayin Honourable Commissioner of Finance a Jihar Legas, mukamin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba a karkashin Sanata Bola Ahmed Tinubu.
Asalinsa ya haɗa da yin aiki da Bankin Duniya/Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya da ke Washington DC, Amurka, A cikin wannan rawar, ya shiga cikin ayyuka a Indiya, Caribbean da Gabashin Asiya, da sauransu. Wale ya kuma yi aiki a bankin kasuwanci a Najeriya. Darakta ne na wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Asusun Amincewa na Ogoni don Tsabtace Muhalli a yankin Ogoni a yankin Neja Delta na Najeriya.
Wale, Amintaccen Gidauniyar Duke na Edinburgh's International Award Foundation, kuma shugaban kungiyar damben boksin na Legas, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta ci gaban matasa da ke gudanar da damben mai son a Legas tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar damben Amateur ta Legas.
Wale Edun ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan agaji da dama, Shi ne Shugaban Livewell Initiative, kungiyar masu zaman kansu ta kiwon lafiya (NGO) da kuma mai kula da 'yan uwa mata da yara, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mai da hankali kan taimakon yara mabukata.
Rayuwa da Tasiri
Wale Edun wanda abokin tsohuwar Ministar Kudi, Kemi Adeosun ne kuma ya yi aiki tare da Farfesa Yemi Osinbajo a jihar Legas, yana auren Amy Adwoa Edun (wata mai suna Appiah) wanda dan kasar Ghana ne, daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Adetomiwa Edun. Jarumi a masana'antar fina-finai ta Burtaniya da kuma wani (Tobi Edun) ya auri Folake Fajemirokun, diyar Cif Oladele Fajemirokun, hamshakin attajiri, dan kasuwa, mai saka jari, hamshakin dan kasuwa, mai taimakon jama'a kuma Shugaban Kamfanin Xerox. Matar Chief Oladele, Edith Korantema Fajemirokun (Koranteng) abin sha'awa ita ma Bahaniya ce.
A watan Oktoban 2015 ne aka nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ministocin da majalisar dokokin kasar za ta tantance a karkashin gwamnatin shugaba Buhari. Tun daga lokacin ba a ji wani abu da yawa game da shi ba.
Tasirin Rayuwa
Wale Edun wanda hamshakin dan kasuwa ne kuma sanannen mai taimakon jama'a yana zama a kwamitin agaji da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma ya rinjayi mutane ta hanyar kungiyoyin sa da dama.
Mai Bada Shawara Ga Shugaba Tinubu
A ranar 19 ga watan June, 2023 Shugaban Kasan Najeriya Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya nada Wale Edun a matsayin mai bashi Shawara na Musamman akan Manufofin Kuɗi
Ministan Kudi
16 ga Agusta, 2023, an nada Wale Edun a matsayin sabon ministan kudi na Najeriya.
Manazarta |
12058 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Ghana%20A%20Jamus | Yan Ghana A Jamus | Iansan Ganawa a Jamus su baƙi ne da ke a cikin Jamus da zuriyarsu da ke zaune da aiki a Jamus. 'Yan Ghana a Jamus an ce su ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin yawan ƙabilun ƙasashe a Turai, bayan Ingila.
Tarihi
Tun kafin samun 'yancin kan kasar Ghana a 1957, akwai dangantaka tsakanin Ghana da Jamus. Yankin Volta na Gana ya kasance wani yanki na ƙasar ta Jamhuriyar Togo kafin yakin duniya na ɗaya. A shekara ta 1957, an yi wa ɗalibai 'yan kasar Ghana 44 rajista a cikin jami'o'in Yammacin Jamus ta hanyar ƙa'idar da ke ba' yan Afirka damar ƙwarewa a jami'o'in Jamus. A shekarun 1960 zuwa 70s, galiban 'yan Ghana da suka yi kaura zuwa Jamus sun kasance baki ne. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyi a cikin garuruwa da biranen Jamusanci, wanda hakan ya zama ofungiyar daliban Ghanaan a Jamus (UGSG).
A shekara ta 2009, a cewar Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), akwai ' yan Ghana kusan 40,000 da ke ƙaura daga Jamus'; inda 'Ghanaan Ganawa da ke ƙaura yin ƙaura' ke nufin 'mutanen asalin asalin Gana' da kuma 'ƙarni na biyu da na uku na mutanen Ghana da suka sami asali a Jamus da yaran daga kawancen haɗin gwiwar da ba su yi ƙaura ba da kansu ".
Kimanin yara 9,729 ne aka haife su ga ma'auratan Jamusawa da Ghana tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 2006. A shekara ta 2007, an yiwa mutane 20,329 da ke zama citizensan kasar Gana a hukumance a cikin Jamusanci, 8,194 Ghanaan kasar Ghana sun zama Jamusawa tsakanin 1980 da 2007.
A yanzu haka, Ghana tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Jamusawa kuma akwai babbar al'ummar Ghana a Jamus, yawancinsu suna zuwa can don ƙaura ilimi, ƙaura neman mafaka da haɗuwa da dangi.
Rarraba
Ghanaan kasar Ghana a Jamus galibi suna zaune ne a biranen Hamburg, Berlin da Bremen, yankin Ruhr, da kuma yankin babban birni na Frankfurt / Main. Kashi 22.7% na migan gudun hijirar Ghana, mafi kaso mafi yawa, suna zaune ne a Hamburg. Hakanan, kashi 23.8% na 'yan Ghana da ke zaune a Jamus suna zaune a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia. Kashi 9.2 na Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana a Jamus suna zaune a Berlin. Kashi 9.8% suna zaune ne a jihar Hesse ta tarayya. Akwai wani tsohuwar al'adar 'yan kasar Ghana da ke yin ƙaura zuwa Hamburg, daga nan ne ake ɗaukar hankalin Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana. A kasar Ghana, kalmar 'booga' ko 'burger', wacce ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baki, ta samo asali ne da sunan 'Hamburg'.
Kungiyoyi
A watan Yuni na 2004, ta hanyar himmar ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Jamus, aka kafa Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ghana a Jamus (UGAG) don hada dukkan kungiyoyin Ghana a Jamus. Yunkurin farko a 1996 ya gaza. Al'ummomin cocin suna daga cikin ingantattun tsari kamar yadda Kiristanci shine addinin mafi girma a Ghana. Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika na Ghana-Hamburg, Ikklisiyar Betel-Stuttgart da kuma cocin Presbyterian na Cologne sune sanannun majami'un Ghana da ke Jamus.
Kudaden
Kasar Ghana tana daya daga cikin manyan masu karbar kudin shigowa daga kasashen waje na duniya. Kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe masu zaman kansu suna sama da kashi ɗaya cikin shida na manyan ƙasashen da suke samarwa a cikin gida. A cikin binciken, kashi 90% na 'yan kasar Ghana suna tura kuɗi zuwa Gana ga iyalansu. Wasu ma suna aika sama da rabin abin da suke samu kuma suna shiga bashi.
Al’adu
Kiɗa
Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon 1980, wani nau'in kide-kide na kide-kide da ake kira a Jamus da Gana da ake kira Burger Highlife - haɗuwar babban kide - kide , da kuma nau'ikan kiɗa na kiɗa. Baƙi 'yan asalin Jamus a Jamus ne suka kirkireshi.
Rayuwa a Jamus
Ilimi
Ga 'yan ƙasar Ghanan da ke fatan yin karatu a Jamus, ba za a iya amfani da jarrabawar Sakandare ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka (WASSCE) ba don shiga jami'a ta kai kamar yadda za a yi amfani da shi a Ghana. Ya kamata ɗalibi ya kammala shekara ɗaya na karatun sakandare a Ghana ko kuma ya kammala karatun shekara ɗaya (Studienkolleg) a Jamus. Hakanan, babu matakan koyon Hund na Hund a Jamus. 'Yan ƙasar Ghanan za su nemi takardar shaidar digiri a cikin jami'a da ke karatun sakandare.
Sauran bangarorin rayuwa da aiki
Baƙin Yan Kasar Gana da baƙi kamar sauran ƙasashe dole ne su yin littafin otel don ɗan gajeren lokaci ko haya ko saya gida don ƙarin tsawaita zaman. Koyan Jamusanci ana buƙata don ƙwararru kamar aikin jinya da kiwon lafiya. Iansan Ganawa waɗanda ke fara kasuwancin kansu a Jamus, kamar kowa, suna buƙatar yin rajista tare da ofishin kasuwanci idan suna da kansu da kansu ko ofishin haraji idan suna son yin aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu.
Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje
Sadu da Jamusawa: Menene ra'ayin dan kasar Ghana game da Jamus? - Deutsche Welle
Tunani |
28538 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20na%20fata | Ciwon daji na fata | Ciwon daji na fata ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga fata. Suna faruwa ne saboda hadakar kwayoyin da ba su da kyau wadanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtukan fata guda uku: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) da melanoma. Biyu na farko, tare da adadin cututtukan daji na fata da ba su da yawa, ana san su da cutar kansar fata mara-melanoma (NMSC). Ciwon daji na Basal-cell yana girma sannu a hankali kuma yana iya lalata nama da ke kewaye da shi amma da wuya ya yadu zuwa wurare masu nisa ko kuma ya haifar da mutuwa. Sau da yawa yana bayyana azaman yanki mai tasowa mara zafi wanda kila yana sheki tare da ƙananan magudanan jini suna yawo a kai ko kuma yana iya kasancewa a matsayin wuri mai tasowa tare da miki. Ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell yana iya yaduwa. Yawancin lokaci yana gabatar da kututture mai wuya tare da kwanbolin saman amma kuma yana iya haifar da miki. Melanomas sune mafi yawan tashin hankali. Alamun sun haɗa da mole wanda ya canza girma, siffa, launi, yana da gefuna marasa daidaituwa, yana da launi fiye da ɗaya, mai ƙaiƙayi ko zubar jini.
Fiye da kashi 90% na lokuta suna faruwa ne ta hanyar fallasa hasken ultraviolet daga Rana. Wannan bayyanar yana ƙara haɗarin duk nau'ikan kansar fata guda uku. Fitarwa ya karu, wani bangare saboda siraran siraren ozone. Tanning gadaje wani abu ne na yau da kullun na hasken ultraviolet. Ga melanoma da ciwon daji na basal-cell, fallasa lokacin ƙuruciya yana da illa musamman. Don ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell, jimlar bayyanar, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da ya faru ba, ya fi mahimmanci. Tsakanin kashi 20 zuwa 30% na melanoma na tasowa daga moles. Mutanen da ke da launin fata suna cikin haɗari mafi girma kamar wadanda ke da karancin aikin rigakafi kamar daga magunguna ko HIV/AIDS. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar biopsy.
Rage bayyanar da hasken ultraviolet da kuma yin amfani da hasken rana ya bayyana a matsayin hanyoyi masu tasiri na hana cutar sankarau da squamous-cell fata. Ba a bayyana ba idan allon rana yana shafar hadarin cutar kansar basal-cell. Nonmelanoma kansar fata yawanci ana iya warkewa. Magani gabaɗaya ta hanyar cirewa ne amma yana iya, ƙasa da haka, ya haɗa da maganin radiation ko magunguna kamar fluorouracil. Maganin melanoma na iya haɗawa da wasu hadin tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far da niyya far. A cikin wadancan mutanen da cutar ta yaɗu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, ana iya amfani da kulawar jin dadi don inganta ingancin rayuwa. Melanoma yana daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin rayuwa a tsakanin masu cutar kansa, tare da sama da kashi 86% na mutane a Burtaniya kuma sama da kashi 90% a Amurka suna rayuwa sama da shekaru 5.
Ciwon daji na fata shine nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani, a duniya yana da akalla kashi 40% na masu cutar kansa. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na fata wanda ba na melanoma ba ne, wanda ke faruwa a akalla mutane miliyan 2-3 a kowace shekara. Wannan kididdigewa ce, duk da haka, saboda ba a kiyaye kididdiga masu kyau. Daga cikin cututtukan da ba na melanoma ba, kusan kashi 80% na ciwon daji ne na basal-cell da kashi 20% na ciwon daji na fata. Basal-cell da squamous-cell fata ciwon daji da wuya ya haifar da mutuwa. A Amurka, su ne sanadin kasa da 0.1% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji. A duniya a cikin 2012, melanoma ya faru a cikin mutane 232,000 kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 55,000. Fararen fata a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu suna da mafi girman adadin cutar melanoma a duniya. Manyan nau'ikan ciwon daji guda uku na fata sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 20 zuwa 40 da suka gabata, musamman a wuraren da galibin fararen fata ne.
Rabewa
Akwai manyan nau'o'in ciwon daji guda uku: ciwon daji na basal-cell (basal-cell carcinoma) (BCC), squamous-cell cancer skin (squamous-cell carcinoma) (SCC) da kuma m melanoma
Basal-cell carcinomas sun fi kasancewa a wuraren da rana ta fallasa fata, musamman fuska. Ba kasafai suke yin metastases ba kuma da wuya su haifar da mutuwa. Ana samun saukin magance su da tiyata ko radiation. Ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell su ma suna da yawa, amma ba su da yawa fiye da ciwon daji na basal-cell. Suna metastasize akai-akai fiye da BCCs. Ko da a lokacin, kimar metastasis ya yi ƙasa kadan, ban da SCC na lebe, kunne, da kuma a cikin mutanen da ke da rigakafi. Melanoma sune mafi kankanta a cikin cututtukan daji na fata guda uku. Suna yawan yin metastasize, kuma suna iya haifar da mutuwa da zarar sun bazu.
Ƙananan ciwon daji na fata sun haɗa da: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, spindle cell ciwace-ciwacen daji, sebaceous carcinomas, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, Paget ta cutar nono, atypical fibroomsarthoma .
BCC da SCC sau da yawa suna ɗaukar maye gurbin UV-sa hannu wanda ke nuna cewa radiation UVB ke haifar da waɗannan cututtuka ta hanyar lalata DNA kai tsaye. Koyaya, melanoma mai cutarwa galibi yana haifar da ita ta UVA radiation ta hanyar lalata DNA kai tsaye. Lalacewar DNA ta kaikaice tana faruwa ne ta hanyar radicals kyauta da nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa shigar da sinadaran kariya daga rana guda uku a cikin fata, hade tare da daukan minti 60 ga UV, yana haifar da karuwar masu cutarwa a cikin fata, idan an yi amfani da su da yawa kuma ba safai ba. Sai dai kuma masu binciken sun kara da cewa sabbin mayukan man shafawa sau da yawa ba sa dauke da wadannan sinadarai na musamman, kuma hadewar wasu sinadarai na kokarin rike sinadarin da ke saman fata. Har ila yau, sun kara da cewa maimaita aikace-aikace akai-akai yana rage haɗarin samuwar tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Alamomi da alamomi
Akwai nau'ikan alamun cutar kansar fata iri-iri. Wadannan sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin fata da ba ta warkewa, kumburi a cikin fata, fata mai launin fata, da canje-canje a cikin moles da ke wanzu, irin su gefuna masu jakunkuna zuwa tawadar Allah, ƙara girman tawadar, canza launi, yadda yake ji ko kuma idan ya zubar da jini. . Sauran alamun ciwon daji na fata na iya zama rauni mai raɗaɗi wanda ke ƙaiƙayi ko konewa da babban tabo mai launin ruwan kasa tare da ɗigon ɗigon duhu.
Basal-cell fata ciwon daji
Ciwon daji na fata na Basal-cell (BCC) yawanci yana gabatarwa azaman tashe, santsi, kumburin lu'u-lu'u akan fatar kai, wuyan rana, gaɓar jiki ko kafadu . Wasu lokuta ana iya ganin ƙananan tasoshin jini (wanda ake kira telangiectasia ) a cikin ƙwayar cuta. Kumburi da zub da jini a tsakiyar ƙwayar cuta na tasowa akai-akai. Yawancin lokaci ana kuskure don ciwon da ba ya warkewa. Wannan nau'i na ciwon daji na fata shine mafi ƙarancin kisa, kuma tare da ingantaccen magani ana iya kawar da shi, sau da yawa ba tare da tabo mai mahimmanci ba.
Squamous-cell kansar fata
Squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) yawanci ja ne, mai kisa, mai kauri akan fatar da ta fito rana. Wasu suna da tsayayyen nodules da dome mai siffa kamar keratoacanthomas . Ciwon ciki da zubar jini na iya faruwa. Lokacin da ba a kula da SCC ba, yana iya haɓaka zuwa babban taro. Squamous-cell shine na biyu mafi yawan cutar kansar fata. Yana da haɗari, amma ba kusan haɗari kamar melanoma ba.
Melanoma
Yawancin melanoma sun kunshi launuka daban-daban daga inuwar launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki. Kananan adadin melanoma sune ruwan hoda, ja ko nama a cikin launi; waɗannan ana kiran su amelanotic melanoma kuma sun fi zama m. Alamomin faɗakarwa na cutar sankarau sun haɗa da canjin girma, siffa, launi ko tsayin tawadar Allah. Sauran alamomin su ne bayyanar sabon tawadar Allah a lokacin girma ko ciwo, ƙaiƙayi, ciwon ciki, ja a kusa da wurin, ko zubar jini a wurin. Wani mnemonic da ake amfani da shi sau da yawa shine "ABCDE", inda A yake don "asymmetrical", B don "iyakoki" (wanda ba daidai ba: "Coast of Maine sign"), C don "launi" (mai bambanta), D don "diamita" (mafi girma). fiye 6 mm - girman fensir mai gogewa) da E don "ci gaba."
Sauran
Merkel cell carcinomas galibi suna girma cikin sauri, jajaye marasa laushi, shudi ko launin fata wadanda ba su da zafi ko ƙaiƙayi. Ana iya kuskuren su da cyst ko wani nau'in ciwon daji.
Dalilai
Hasken ultraviolet daga fitowar rana shine farkon yanayin muhalli na cutar kansar fata. Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin sana'o'i kamar noma. Sauran abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taka rawa sun haɗa da:
Launin fata mai haske
Shekaru
Shan taba
Kwayoyin cutar HPV suna ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar fata mai squamous-cell.
Wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ciki har da ciwon melanocytic nevi na haihuwa wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar nevi (alamomin haifuwa ko moles) masu girma dabam waɗanda suke ko dai a lokacin haihuwa, ko bayyana a cikin watanni 6 na haihuwa. Nevi ya fi girma fiye da 20 mm (3/4") a girman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don zama masu ciwon daji.
Raunin da ba sa warkarwa na yau da kullun. Wadannan ana kiran su Marjolin's ulcers bisa ga kamannin su, kuma suna iya tasowa zuwa ciwon daji na fata mai squamous-cell.
Ionizing radiation kamar X-ray, muhalli carcinogens, da wucin gadi UV radiation (misali tanning gadaje ). An yi imanin cewa gadaje masu tanning sune sanadin dubban daruruwan basal da squamous-cell cancer fata. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu ta sanya mutanen da ke amfani da gadajen fata na wucin gadi a cikin mafi girman hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar fata. Shaye-shaye, musamman yawan shan giya yana kara haɗarin kunar rana.
Yin amfani da magungunan rigakafi da yawa yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na fata. Cyclosporin A, mai hana calcineurin misali yana ƙara haɗarin kusan sau 200, da azathioprine kusan sau 60.
Bayyanar fata da gangan ba ta saba fitowa ga hasken rana yayin wasu halaye na lafiya kamar sunning perineum .
Pathophysiology
Mummunan ciwon ƙwayar cuta wanda da farko ya samo asali ne a cikin epidermis, a cikin mucosa na squamous ko kuma a cikin wuraren da ke cikin squamous metaplasia ana kiransa carcinoma squamous-cell.
Macroscopically, ciwon daji yana tasowa sau da yawa, fungating, ko kuma yana iya zama ulcerated tare da iyakokin da ba daidai ba. Ta hanyar hangen nesa, ƙwayoyin ƙari suna lalata membrane na ginshiƙi kuma su samar da zanen gado ko ɗimbin ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda ke mamaye ƙwayar haɗin gwiwa (dermis). A cikin bambance-bambancen carcinomas, ƙwayoyin tumor suna da nau'i-nau'i, amma suna kama da keratinocytes na al'ada daga prickle Layer (manyan, polygonal, tare da yalwar eosinophilic (ruwan hoda) cytoplasm da tsakiya tsakiya).
Zubar da su ya yi kama da na epidermis na al'ada: ƙwayoyin da ba su da girma / basal a gefe, suna zama mafi girma zuwa tsakiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Kwayoyin Tumor suna canzawa zuwa keratinized squamous sel kuma suna samar da nodules zagaye tare da concentric, laminated layers, wanda ake kira "nests cell" ko "epithelial / keratinous pearls". An rage stroma da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya ƙunshi infiltrate mai kumburi (lymphocytes). Mara kyau bambance-bambancen squamous carcinomas sun ƙunshi ƙarin ƙwayoyin sel da keratinization .
Halin kwayoyin da ke cikin tsarin cutar shine maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta PTCH1 wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyar siginar shinge na Sonic .
Bincike
Ana gano cutar ta hanyar biopsy da gwajin histopathological .
Hanyoyin gano ciwon daji na fata marasa lalacewa sun hada da daukar hoto, dermatoscopy, sonography, microscopy confocal, Raman spectroscopy, spectroscopy na fluorescence, terahertz spectroscopy, na'urar haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe, fasaha na hoto mai yawa, thermography, lantarki bio-impedance, tef tsiri da kuma bincike na kwamfuta.
Dermatoscopy na iya zama da amfani wajen gano ciwon daji na basal cell ban da duba fata.
Babu isassun shedar da ke nuna cewa gani coherence tomography (OCT) yana da amfani wajen gano cutar sankarau ko squamous cell carcinoma. OCT na iya samun rawa wajen gano ciwon daji na basal cell amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don tallafawa wannan.
An kirkiro na'urorin gano cutar ta kwamfuta waɗanda ke tantance hotuna daga dermatoscopy ko spectroscopy kuma mai binciken zai iya amfani da shi don taimakawa wajen gano cutar kansar fata. An gano tsarin CAD suna da matukar damuwa a cikin gano melanoma, amma suna da ƙima mai inganci. Har yanzu babu isassun shaida don bayar da shawarar CAD idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin bincike na gargajiya.
Maɗaukakin duban dan tayi (HFUS) ba shi da fa'ida mara tabbas a cikin gano cutar kansar fata. Babu isassun shedar gani da idon basira don tantance basal cell ko squamous cell carcinoma ko wani ciwon daji na fata.
Rigakafi
Hasken rana yana da tasiri don haka ana ba da shawarar don hana melanoma da carcinoma squamous-cell. Akwai kadan shaida cewa yana da tasiri a hana basal-cell carcinoma. Sauran shawarwarin don rage yawan ciwon daji na fata sun haɗa da guje wa kunar rana, sanya tufafi masu kariya, tabarau da huluna, da ƙoƙarin guje wa faɗuwar rana ko lokutan fiɗawa. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Kariya ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa a shawarci mutane tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 25 da su guji hasken ultraviolet.
Ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara ta fata ta hanyar matakan da yawa ciki har da rage tanning na cikin gida da faɗuwar rana tsakar rana, ƙara yin amfani da hasken rana, da guje wa amfani da kayan sigari .
Dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci don iyakance hasken rana da kuma guje wa gadaje masu tanning shine saboda dukansu sun haɗa da hasken UV. An san hasken UV yana lalata ƙwayoyin fata ta hanyar canza DNA a cikinsa. Halin DNA wanda ya rikide zai iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen daji da sauran tsiro a kan fata. Bugu da ari, akwai wasu abubuwan haɗari ban da bayyanar UV kawai. Fata mai kyau, dogon tarihin kunar rana, moles, da tarihin iyali na kansar fata kaɗan ne kawai.
Babu isassun shaida ko dai don ko a kan gwajin cutar kansar fata. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na bitamin da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na antioxidant ba a gano suna da tasiri a cikin rigakafi ba. Shaida don rage haɗarin melanoma daga matakan abinci mai ƙima ne, tare da wasu shaidun tallafi na annoba, amma babu gwaji na asibiti.
Zinc oxide da titanium oxide galibi ana amfani da su a allon rana don ba da kariya mai fa'ida daga kewayon UVA da UVB.
Cin wasu abinci na iya rage haɗarin kunar rana amma wannan ya yi kasa da kariyar da ke samar da hasken rana.
Wani bincike-bincike na rigakafin ciwon daji na fata a cikin mutane masu haɗari masu hadari sun sami shaida cewa aikace-aikace na T4N5 liposome ruwan shafa fuska rage yawan bayyanar da basal cell carcinomas a cikin mutane tare da xeroderma pigmentosum, da kuma cewa acitretin dauka da baki iya samun fata kariyar fa'ida a cikin mutane. biyo bayan dashen koda .
Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2022 na Kwalejin Magunguna na Jami'ar Jihar Oregon ya nuna cewa allurar rigakafin da ke haifar da samar da furotin mai mahimmanci ga cibiyar sadarwar fata ta antioxidant na iya ƙarfafa garkuwar mutane daga cutar kansar fata.
Magani
Magani ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji, wurin da ciwon daji yake, shekarun mutum, da kuma ko ciwon daji na farko ne ko kuma maimaituwa. Don ƙananan ciwon daji na basal-cell a cikin matashi, ana iya nuna magani tare da mafi kyawun magani ( Mohs tiyata ko CCPDMA ). A game da wani dattijo mai rauni wanda ke da matsalolin likita masu rikitarwa, da wahala a fitar da ciwon daji na basal-cell na hanci zai iya ba da garantin maganin radiation (ƙananan adadin magani) ko babu magani kwata-kwata. Za'a iya nuna chemotherapy na musamman don babban ciwon daji na basal-cell carcinoma don kyakkyawan sakamako na kwaskwarima, yayin da zai iya zama rashin isa ga ciwon nodular basal-cell carcinoma ko ciwon daji na squamous-cell . ba shi da ƙarancin amsawa ga radiation ko chemotherapy.
Don ƙananan cututtuka, maganin radiation ( radiotherapy na waje na waje ko brachytherapy ), chemotherapy ( imiquimod ko 5-fluorouracil) da kuma cryotherapy (daskarewa da ciwon daji) na iya ba da isasshen kulawa da cutar; dukkansu, duk da haka, na iya samun ƙarancin adadin magani gabaɗaya fiye da wani nau'in tiyata. Sauran hanyoyin magani irin su photodynamic far, epidermal radioisotope far, Topical chemotherapy, electrodesiccation da curettage za a iya samu a cikin tattaunawa na basal-cell carcinoma da squamous-cell carcinoma .
Mohs' micrographic surgery ( Mohs surgery ) wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don cire ciwon daji tare da mafi ƙarancin adadin nama da ke kewaye kuma ana duba gefuna nan da nan don ganin ko an sami ƙari. Wannan yana ba da dama don cire mafi ƙarancin adadin nama da samar da mafi kyawun sakamako mai kyau na kwaskwarima. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga wuraren da fata ta wuce iyaka, kamar fuska. Matsakaicin magani yayi daidai da fiɗa mai faɗi. Ana buƙatar horo na musamman don yin wannan fasaha. Wata hanya ta dabam ita ce CCPDMA kuma mai ilimin likitanci wanda bai saba da tiyatar Mohs zai iya yin shi ba.
A cikin yanayin cutar da ta yadu (metastasized), ana iya buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin tiyata ko chemotherapy .
Jiyya ga melanoma na metastatic sun hada da kwayoyin immunotherapy na halitta ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab ; Masu hana BRAF, irin su vemurafenib da dabrafenib ; da kuma MEK inhibitor trametinib .
Sake ginawa
A halin yanzu, fiɗa fiɗa ita ce mafi yawan nau'in maganin cututtukan daji na fata. Manufar aikin tiyata na sake ginawa shine maido da kamanni da aiki na yau da kullun. Zaɓin fasaha a cikin sake ginawa yana yin la'akari da girman da wuri na lahani. Ficewa da sake gina kansar fatar fuska gabaɗaya ya fi ƙalubale saboda kasancewar sifofi na zahiri da aiki a fuska.
Lokacin da lahani na fata ya ƙanƙanta, yawancin za a iya gyara su tare da gyare-gyare mai sauƙi inda aka kwatanta gefuna na fata kuma an rufe su da sutures. Wannan zai haifar da tabo na layi. Idan an yi gyaran tare da madaurin fata na halitta ko layin gyale, tabon ba zai iya yiwuwa ba. Lalacewar da ta fi girma na iya buƙatar gyarawa tare da dashen fata, maɗaurin fata na gida, ƙwanƙarar fata, ko maɗaɗɗen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gwargwadon fata da fatun fata na gida sun fi kowa yawa fiye da sauran zaɓuɓɓukan da aka lissafa.
Gyaran fata shine tauye lahani tare da fata da aka cire daga wani wuri a cikin jiki. Ana dinke fatar fatar da aka yi a gefuna na lahani, sannan a sanya suturar sulke a saman wannan dashen na tsawon kwanaki bakwai zuwa goma, don a daina motsi yayin da yake warkewa a wurin. Akwai nau'i biyu na gyaran fata: tsaga kauri da cikakken kauri. A cikin rabe-raben fata mai kauri, ana amfani da abin aski don aske fata daga ciki ko cinya. Wurin mai ba da gudummawa yana sabunta fata kuma yana warkar da tsawon makonni biyu. A cikin cikakken kauri na fata, an cire wani yanki na fata gaba ɗaya kuma ana buƙatar wurin da ake ba da gudummawa a suture.
Za'a iya amfani da ƙwanƙolin kauri da aka raba don gyara manyan lahani, amma ƙwanƙwaran sun yi ƙasa da kamannin su na kwaskwarima. Cikakken kauri fata grafts sun fi dacewa da kwaskwarima. Koyaya, cikakken kauri za a iya amfani da shi don ƙananan lahani ko matsakaicin girman.
Fatar fata na gida hanya ce ta rufe lahani tare da nama wanda yayi daidai da lahani a launi da inganci. Ana tattara fata daga gefen wurin lahani kuma a sake mayar da ita don cike gibin. Za'a iya tsara nau'o'i daban-daban na ɓangarorin gida don rage ɓarna ga kyallen jikin da ke kewaye da kuma ƙara girman sakamakon sake ginawa. Fatar fata da aka ƙera hanya ce ta canja wurin fata tare da isasshen jini daga wani yanki na jiki da ke kusa. Misalin irin wannan sake ginawa shine maɗaurin goshi da aka fede don gyara babban lahani na fatar hanci. Da zarar kullun ya haɓaka tushen samar da jini ya zama sabon gadonsa, za'a iya cire jijiyar jijiyoyin jini.
Hasashen
Adadin mace-mace na basal-cell da squamous-cell carcinoma yana kusa da 0.3%, yana haifar da mutuwar 2000 kowace shekara a Amurka. Idan aka kwatanta, adadin mace-mace na melanoma shine 15-20% kuma yana haifar da mutuwar 6500 a kowace shekara. Ko da yake yana da ƙasa da yawa, ƙwayar cutar melanoma ita ce ke da alhakin kashi 75 cikin 100 na duk mutuwar da ke da alaka da ciwon daji.
Yawan tsira ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar melanoma ya dogara da lokacin da suka fara jiyya. Yawan maganin yana da yawa sosai lokacin da aka gano melanoma a farkon matakai, lokacin da za a iya cire ta cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tiyata. Hasashen ba shi da kyau idan melanoma ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki . Tun daga 2003 gabaɗayan adadin magani na shekaru biyar tare da aikin tiyata na Mohs ya kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari don ciwon daji na basal cell.
Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna nuna ɗayan mafi girman adadin cutar kansar fata a duniya, kusan sau huɗu adadin adadin da aka yiwa rajista a Amurka, Burtaniya da Kanada . Kimanin mutane 434,000 ne ke karbar maganin cututtukan da ba na melanoma ba kuma ana jinyar 10,300 daga cutar sankarau. Melanoma ita ce mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin mutane tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 44 a cikin kasashen biyu. Yawan cutar kansar fata yana karuwa. Yawan cutar melanoma a tsakanin mazauna Auckland na zuriyar Turai a 1995 ya kasance 77.7 a cikin mutane 100,000 a kowace shekara, kuma an yi hasashen zai karu a cikin karni na 21st saboda "sakamakon raguwar sararin samaniyar ozone na gida da kuma raguwar lokacin bayyanar rana ga ci gaban melanoma. ."
Epidemiology
Ciwon daji na fata yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 80,000 a shekara a shekara ta 2010, 49,000 daga cikinsu na faruwa ne saboda cutar sankarar bargo kuma 31,000 daga cikinsu suna da ciwon daji na fata wadanda ba melanoma ba. Wannan ya haura daga 51,000 a cikin 1990.
Fiye da miliyan 3.5 na kamuwa da cutar kansar fata a kowace shekara a Amurka, wanda ya sa ya zama nau'in ciwon daji mafi yawa a wannan ƙasa. Daya daga cikin Amurkawa biyar zai kamu da cutar kansar fata a wani lokaci na rayuwarsu. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na fata shine basal-cell carcinoma, sannan kuma carcinoma na squamous cell. Ba kamar sauran cututtukan daji ba, babu wani rajistar cutar kansar fata na basal da squamous a cikin Amurka.
Melanoma
A cikin Amurka a cikin 2008, mutane 59,695 sun kamu da cutar sankara, kuma mutane 8,623 suka mutu daga gare ta. A Ostiraliya fiye da 12,500 sabbin kamuwa da cutar melanoma ne ake ba da rahoton kowace shekara, wanda sama da 1,500 ke mutuwa daga cutar. Ostiraliya ce ke da mafi girman abin da ke faruwa na melanoma a duk duniya.
Kodayake yawan ciwon daji da yawa a cikin Amurka yana raguwa, abin da ke faruwa na melanoma yana ci gaba da girma, tare da kimanin melanoma 68,729 da aka gano a cikin 2004 bisa ga rahotanni na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa .
Melanoma ita ce ta biyar mafi yawan ciwon daji a Birtaniya (kusan mutane 13,300 da aka gano tare da melanoma a shekara ta 2011), kuma cutar tana da kashi 1% duk mutuwar ciwon daji (kusan mutane 2,100 sun mutu a 2012).
Ba melanoma ba
Kimanin mutane 2,000 ne ke mutuwa daga cututtukan fata na basal ko squamous cell (wanda ba melanoma ba) a cikin Amurka kowace shekara. Adadin ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yawancin mutuwar suna faruwa ga mutanen da suka tsufa kuma watakila ba su ga likita ba har sai ciwon daji ya yadu; da mutanen da ke da matsalar tsarin rigakafi.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hanyoyin ciwon daji na fata: rubutu, hotuna da bidiyo
Manazarta
Translated from MDWiki
Cutar daji |
29959 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20gubar%20dalma%20a%20Oakland | Cutar gubar dalma a Oakland | Cutar da gubar dalma a Oakland tana wakiltar mummunar barazanar lafiyar jama'a. Gurɓataccen gubar a cikin Oakland na zamani ya fito ne daga tushen farko guda uku: ragowar masana'antar da ta gabata, ajiya daga mai gubar, da guntun fenti daga fenti na gubar . Muhimman sassan birnin Oakland, California suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 400 ppm, matakin da EPA na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a ɗauki matakin gyara, kuma sama da 80 ppm, matakin da Ofishin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli na California ke Haɗari. Kimantawa ya nuna ya kamata a dauki mataki. Ba duk yankunan Oakland ke shafa daidai ba: Cutar ta West Oakland ta fi tsanani, musamman a kusa da tsohon sansanin soja na Oakland, kuma yawancin yankunan da ke fama da talauci na Oakland suna fama da rashin daidaituwa (tun da yawancin mazauna ba su da albarkatun tattalin arziki don gyara lawns, ko ma don gyarawa). gidajensu).
Matsayin hawan jini na gubar yana da alaƙa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, ciki har da cututtukan gastrointestinal mai tsanani, neuromuscular, da alamun cututtuka. Wadannan matsalolin suna da mahimmanci musamman a cikin yara, kuma gubar dalma na yara na iya haifar da matsalolin hali, rashin ci gaba, da kuma raguwa na dindindin a cikin IQ.
Mahallin tarihi
Oakland ya kasance cibiyar masana'antu masu nauyi amma yawancin wannan masana'antar sun bar garin a cikin 1980s da farkon shakarun 1990s. Wannan asarar da aka yi na babban adadin ayyukan da ake biyan kuɗi mai kyau ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin kuɗi na yawancin Oaklanders, kuma yawancin masana'antun masana'antun da aka rufe ba su yi gyaran muhalli ba kafin rufewa, ya bar yawancin tsoffin yankunan masana'antu. mai gurɓatacce sosai da gubar da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oakland ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurka dangane da zirga-zirgar kwantena, kuma Oakland kuma a tarihi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jirgin ƙasa a gabar tekun yammacin ƙasar Amurka.
Oakland kuma ya kasance farkon cibiyar al'adun mota, kuma haɓakar babbar hanya ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1950s. An yi amfani da man fetur mai guba a cikin Amurka don yawancin karni na 20, tare da rage matakan gubar a hankali tun daga farkon shekarun 1970, kuma a karshe an dakatar da man fetur gaba daya a shekarar 1996. Amfani da gubar dalma ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen kamuwa da gubar a Oakland, musamman a yankunan birnin da ke kusa da manyan hanyoyinsa.
An yi amfani da fenti na tushen gubar a Oakland har zuwa lokacin da aka hana shi a shekara ta 1978, kuma har yanzu kusan gidaje 85,000 da aka gina a Oakland a wancan lokacin ana iya amfani da fentin gubar. Gilashin fenti ko ƙura daga fenti kafin shekarar 1978 na ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓatar gubar a Oakland. Akwai shirye-shiryen rage fenti iri-iri a cikin Oakland waɗanda ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ke tafiyar da su, amma yawancin suna da iyakacin tasiri.
Musamman wurare
West Oakland
Oakland Army Base
Tsohon Oakland Army Base, wanda aka rufe a cikin shekarata 1999, yana da matukar gurɓatar da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da gubar. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar gubar sun haɗa da yanayin fenti mai tushen gubar, gyaran motoci, fenti mai guba, da sauran abubuwa. A lokacin da Sojoji ke aikin gyaran sansanin, yawancin yankunan sansanin sun kasa cimma burinsu na gyara.
Amco
A da akwai babban wurin rarraba sinadarai wanda AMCO Chemical ke gudanarwa a titin 1414 3rd, yanki ɗaya kawai kudu da tashar West Oakland BART . Daga shekarun 1960s har zuwa 1989, an cire manyan sinadarai daga tashar jirgin ƙasa kuma a adana su a cikin ganguna da tankunan ajiya kafin a tura su zuwa ƙananan kwantena don sake siyarwa. Wuraren ajiyar sinadarai masu yawa sun haɗa da tankuna 12 na saman ƙasa, tankuna biyu na ƙasa, da ganguna masu yawa. Ayyukan AMCO sun gurɓata yankin da ke kewaye da nau'in mahadi iri-iri, sun haɗa da kaushi mai chlorinated, vinyl chloride, dioxins, PCBs mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, arsenic, manganese, da adadi mai yawa na gubar. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahadi ko dai sun gurɓata kadarori na kusa, sun shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, ko duka biyun. An ayyana wurin a matsayin rukunin asusun tarayya na tarayya.
Matakan gubar ƙasa duka a rukunin AMCO da kansa da kuma a yawancin gidajen zama na kusa sun wuce iyakokin aminci, kuma suna yin barazana ga amincin ɗan adam. Yawancin sauran gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa daga shukar AMCO ba su yaɗu ba kamar yadda gubar ta yi. Kamar yadda yake da sauran wuraren gurɓataccen gubar, akwai sauran hanyoyin samun gubar, kamar fentin gubar da man fetur.
Verdese Carter Park
Verdese Carter Park wurin shakatawa ne na birni a kusurwar 96th Avenue da Bancroft, a cikin gundumar Elmhurst na Gabashin Oakland, al'ummar Ba-Amurka da Latino da farko inda yawancin mazauna ke ƙasa da layin talauci. Tsakanin shekarun 1912 zuwa 1975 rabin kasan shafin ya mamaye wata shuka wacce ta fasa batir da aka yi amfani da ita kuma ta narkar da gubar su don kera sabbin batura, yayin da rabin shafin ke mamaye da wani greenhouse. Birnin Oakland ya samu duka kadarorin biyu a cikin shekarata 1976, kuma, bayan ayyuka biyu da nufin kawar da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba, wurin shakatawa ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin shekarar 1978. Kafin farkon ayyukan kawar da birni, gwaji ya samo kusan gubar ppm 100,000 a cikin ƙasan wurin shakatawa.
Waɗannan ayyukan cirewa ba su da tasiri wajen tabbatar da wurin shakatawa, musamman saboda ba a kula da kubba na kariya da birnin ya sanya ba kuma ba a bincika ba kuma ya fashe. A shekara ta 1993, Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Amirka ta jagoranci wani yunkuri na tilastawa gwamnati ta tantance lafiyar dajin, bayan da wani abu mai launin rawaya ya fara fitowa daga fashe-fashe a filin wasan ƙwallon kwando a wurin shakatawa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, birnin Oakland ya katange wurin shakatawa kuma ya fara gwada yankin, EPA kuma ta shiga ciki. Ƙimar da EPA ta yi game da wurin ya gano cewa matakan gubar ƙasa da ya kai 6,700 ppm har yanzu suna nan a wurin shakatawa, da kuma matakan zinc fiye da 7,450 ppm, da matakan arsenic fiye da 700ppm. Ƙimar ta kuma gano cewa kaddarorin zama da ke cikin shinge bakwai na wurin shakatawa suma suna da matakan haɓakar gubar dalma, a wasu lokutan da ya kai 10,000 ppm. (84% na gidajen da ke yankin an gina su kafin shekarar 1950, kuma sun kasance suna wanzuwa yayin da tashar baturi ke aiki. ) An kuma samu matakan gubar dalma, wanda ake kyautata zaton daga wurin shakatawa, a wata makarantar firamare da ke kusa. Kodayake yawancin gurɓacewar da aka samu a waɗannan wuraren na iya faruwa ne saboda wurin shakatawa, fentin gubar da gubar gas daga manyan titunan da ke kusa da su na iya haifar da gurɓacewar. Hukumomin haɗin gwiwa na gida, jihohi, da tarayya sun ɗauki ƙarin jerin ayyuka tsakanin shekekarata 1993 zuwa 1996 da nufin gyara wurin shakatawa da kewayen kaddarorin zama. An sake buɗe wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarar 1996, kuma tsaftace duk kaddarorin zama na kusa tare da maida hankali kan gubar ƙasa> 1000 ppm AlliedSignal ne ya yi (wanda ya mallaki shuka, kuma EPA ta amince da ƙarshenta a cikin 2001 ta hanyar da ta warware AlliedSignal). duk wani abin alhaki na gaba
Kudu Prescott
Kudu Prescott unguwa ce mai shekara ɗari a Yammacin Oakland; saboda ayyukan masana'antu da suka gabata da kuma ƙasan maƙwabtan iskar gas sun kai matsakaicin gubar ppm 800 kafin babban tsaftacewar da EPA ke jagoranta. Wasu wuraren da aka fi gurɓata a unguwar suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 2700 ppm. Tsaftacewa da EPA ke jagoranta ya yi amfani da ƙasa sama da ƙasusuwa daga pollock don canza gubar farko a cikin ƙasa zuwa pyromorphite, fili wanda ba shi da lahani ko da an sha. Tsaftarwar ta sami nasarar gyara kusan kashi 95% na kaddarorin zama a South Prescott, da kuma duk haƙƙoƙin jama'a.
Cypress Freeway
Titin Cypress Viaduct wani yanki ne mai hawa biyu na Nimitz Freeway wanda ya wuce shimfidar Oakland, iyaka da Kudancin Prescott. An bi ta hanyar unguwar da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki tun asali, kuma a lokacin gininta ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun nuna rashin amincewa da cewa za ta lalata wata unguwa mai fa'ida, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa ba za a ba da shawarar hanyar da ta dace ba a cikin al'umma masu arziki. Tunda ba a hana gubar mai a cikin Amurka ba har zuwa Shekarar 1996, zirga-zirga ta hanyar hanyar ta asali ta haifar da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi sun zama gurbataccen gubar.
Viaduct ya lalace sosai yayin girgizar ƙasar Loma Prieta na shekarata 1989. A wani bangare na ayyukan agajin girgizar kasa, gwamnatin tarayya ta ware kimanin dala miliyan 700 don sake gina mashigar, inda hanyarta ta dan koma yamma zuwa wata unguwa da ta kasance a baya. Kungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban karkashin jagorancin Coci of the Living God Faith Tabernacle da kuma Tsaftace Air Alternative Coalition sun shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin tarayya a shekarar 1993 a kokarin da suke yi na neman a sake gina na'urar daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar da za ta rage tasirinta. kan al'ummar da ke kewaye, yana mai cewa sanyawa da aka ba da shawarar ba zai yi tasiri a kan al'ummomin marasa rinjaye ba, gami da dora musu dalma mai nauyi da sauran gurbatattun abubuwa. Shari'ar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma sulhun da aka yi ba tare da kotu ba ya ɗan canza wurin sanya hanyar da aka sake ginawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Fitar da gubar gubar a cikin Amurka daga sake yin amfani da baturi
Annobar gubar gubar
Superfund sites in California
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25907 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX | VAX | VAX shine tsarin koyar da CISC da aka kafa gine-gine (ISA) da layin manyan injiniyoyi da wuraren aiki wanda Kamfanin Kayan Kayan Dijital (DEC) ya haɓaka a tsakiyar 1970s. VAX-11/780, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, a shekara ta 1977, shi ne na farko na kewayon mashahurai da manyan kwamfutoci masu aiwatar da VAX ISA. Fiye da samfura 100 aka gabatar a tsawon rayuwar ƙirar, tare da membobin ƙarshe da suka isa farkon shekarar 1990s. DEC Alpha ya ci nasarar VAX, wanda ya haɗa da fasali da yawa daga injin VAX don sauƙaƙe ɗaukar hoto daga VAX.
An tsara VAX a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin 16-bit PDP-11, ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin minicomputers a cikin tarihi tare da misalai kusan 600,000 da aka sayar. An tsara tsarin don bayar da jituwa ta baya tare da PDP-11 yayin da ake fadada ƙwaƙwalwar zuwa cikakken aiwatar da 32-bit da ƙara buƙatun da aka tsara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya . Sunan VAX yana nufin manufar "Virtual Address eXtension " wanda ya ba da damar shirye-shirye su yi amfani da wannan sabon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar yayin da har yanzu suna dacewa da lambar PDP-11 da ba a canza ba. An zaɓi sunan "VAX-11", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a farkon samfuran, don haskaka wannan damar.
Daga baya samfuran a cikin jerin sun yi watsi da alamar -11 kamar yadda jituwa ta PDP -11 ba ta zama babbar damuwa ba. Layin ya faɗaɗa zuwa manyan injina biyu kamar VAX 9000 har ma da tsarin aiki -scale kamar jerin VAXstation . Iyalin VAX a ƙarshe sun ƙunshi zane -zane iri daban -daban da sama da samfuran mutum 100 gaba ɗaya. Duk waɗannan sun dace da junansu kuma galibi suna gudanar da ingantaccen tsarin aikin VAX/VMS .
VAX an gane da matsayin quintessential CISC ISA, tare da manya-manyan yawan jama'ar-harshen-shirye-shiryen-friendly magance halaye da kuma inji umarnin, sosai orthogonal gine, da kuma umarnin for hadaddun ayyukan kamar jerin gwano sa ko shafewa, yawan tsarawa, da kuma polynomial kimantawa.
Suna
Sunan "VAX" ya samo asali ne a matsayin acronym na Virtual Address eXtension, duka saboda an ga VAX azaman ƙara 32-bit na tsohuwar 16-bit PDP-11 kuma saboda (bayan Firayim Minista ) farkon mai ɗaukar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa wannan babban adireshin sarari.
Siffofin farko na injin VAX suna aiwatar da "yanayin dacewa" wanda ke kwaikwayon yawancin umarnin PDP-11, yana ba shi 11 a cikin VAX-11 don haskaka wannan jituwa. Sigogin baya sun sauke yanayin dacewa da wasu daga cikin umarnin CISC da ba a yi amfani da su ba don kwaikwayon software na tsarin aiki.
Saitin koyarwa
An tsara saitin umarnin VAX don zama mai ƙarfi da daidaituwa . Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, an rubuta shirye-shirye da yawa cikin yaren taro, don haka samun tsarin koyar da "mai son shirye-shirye" yana da mahimmanci. Da shigewar lokaci, yayin da aka rubuta ƙarin shirye-shirye a cikin harshe mafi girma, tsarin koyarwar ya zama ba a bayyane, kuma abin da ya fi damun shi shine marubutan tattarawa.
Aspectaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na saitin umarnin VAX shine kasancewar abin rufe fuska a farkon kowane ƙaramin shirin. Waɗannan su ne tsarin saɓani na sabani wanda ke ƙayyade, lokacin da aka ba da iko ga shirin ƙasa, wanda za a kiyaye rajista. Tun da abin rufe fuska rajista ne nau'in bayanan da aka saka a cikin lambar aiwatarwa, za su iya yin saɓin layi na lambar injin da wahala. Wannan na iya rikitarwa dabarun ingantawa waɗanda ake amfani da su akan lambar injin.
Tsarin aiki
Tsarin '' ɗan ƙasa '' VAX tsarin aiki shine VAX/VMS na Dijital (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa OpenVMS a cikin shekara ta 1991 ko farkon shekara ta 1992 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Alpha, an canza shi don bin ƙa'idodin POSIX, da "alama" kamar yadda ya dace da XPG4 ta X/Open consortium) .
Gine -ginen VAX da tsarin aiki na OpenVMS an “ƙera su lokaci guda” don cin moriyar juna, kamar yadda aka fara aiwatar da ginin VAXcluster . Sauran tsarin aiki na VAX sun haɗa da sakewa daban -daban na BSD UNIX har zuwa 4.3BSD, Ultrix -32, VAXELN, da Xinu . Kwanan nan, NetBSD da OpenBSD sun goyi bayan nau'ikan VAX daban -daban kuma an yi wani aiki akan jigilar Linux zuwa ginin VAX. OpenBSD ta katse tallafi don gine -gine a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2016.
Tarihi
Samfurin VAX na farko da aka sayar shi ne VAX-11/780, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba,acikin shekara ta 1977, a Taron shekara-shekara na masu hannun jari. Bill Strecker, C. Gordon Bell dalibin digiri na uku a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, shine ke da alhakin gine -gine. Yawancin samfura daban -daban tare da farashi daban -daban, matakan aiwatarwa, da iyawa daga baya an ƙirƙira su. VAX superminicomputers sun shahara sosai a farkon shekara ta 1980.
Domin a yayin da VAX-11/780 da aka yi amfani da matsayin misali a CPU asowar . An bayyana shi da farko a matsayin injin MIPS ɗaya, saboda aikin sa yayi daidai da Tsarin IBM/360 wanda ke gudana a MIPS ɗaya, kuma aiwatar da Tsarin/360 a baya sun kasance ƙa'idodi na zahiri. Ainihin adadin umarnin da aka aiwatar a cikin daƙiƙa 1 ya kusan 500,000, wanda ya haifar da gunaguni na wuce gona da iri na talla. Sakamakon shine ma'anar "VAX MIPS," gudun VAX-11/780; kwamfutar da ke aiki a 27 VAX MIPS zata gudanar da wannan shirin kusan sau 27 da sauri fiye da VAX-11/780.
A cikin al'ummomin Dijital kalmar VUP ( VAX Unit of Performance ) ita ce mafi yawan lokuta, saboda MIPS ba sa kwatanta kwatankwacin gine -gine daban -daban. An yi amfani da VUPs gungu mai alaƙa ba tare da izini ba don bayyana jimlar aikin VAXcluster . (Ayyukan VAX-11/780 har yanzu suna aiki azaman ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin BRL-CAD Benchmark, ɗakin nazarin ayyukan da aka haɗa a cikin rarraba software na ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar BRL-CAD. ) VAX-11/780 ya haɗa da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar LSI-11 kwamfutar da ta yi nauyin microcode, booting, da ayyukan bincike don kwamfutar mahaifa. An sauke wannan daga samfuran VAX masu zuwa. Sabbin masu amfani da VAX-11/780 saboda haka zasu iya gudanar da tsarin aiki daban-daban na Kamfanin Kayan Kayan Dijital guda uku: VMS akan injin VAX (daga rumbun kwamfutoci), kuma ko dai RSX-11S ko RT-11 akan LSI-11 (daga guda ɗaya kawai drive floppy disk).
VAX ta shiga aiwatar da ayyuka daban -daban. An aiwatar da VAX 11/780 na asali a cikin TTL kuma ya cika kabad mai ƙafa huɗu da biyar tare da CPU ɗaya. Ayyukan CPU waɗanda suka ƙunshi madaidaicin ƙofar ECL da yawa ko kwakwalwan tsararren macrocell sun haɗa da VAX 8600 da 8800 superminis kuma a ƙarshe injunan babban aji na VAX 9000. Ayyukan CPU waɗanda suka ƙunshi kwakwalwan al'ada na MOSFET da yawa sun haɗa da injinan aji 8100 da 8200. An gina VAX 11-730 da 725 ƙananan injuna ta amfani da abubuwan haɗin AMD Am2901 bit-slice don ALU.
MicroVAX I na wakiltar babban canji a cikin dangin VAX. A lokacin ƙirarsa, har yanzu bai yiwu a aiwatar da cikakken ginin VAX azaman guntu ɗaya na VLSI ba (ko ma chipsan kwakwalwan VLSI kamar yadda aka yi daga baya tare da V-11 CPU na VAX 8200/8300). Madadin haka, MicroVAX I shine farkon aiwatar da VAX don motsa wasu daga cikin mahimman umarnin VAX masu rikitarwa (kamar ƙuntataccen adadi da lambobi masu alaƙa) zuwa software na kwaikwayo. Wannan rabe -raben ya rage adadin microcode da ake buƙata kuma an kira shi da gine -ginen "MicroVAX". A cikin MicroVAX I, ALU da rijista an aiwatar dasu azaman guntu-madaidaicin guntu yayin da sauran sarrafa na'ura shine dabaru na al'ada.
Cikakken VLSI ( microprocessor ) aiwatar da ginin MicroVAX ya isa tare da MicroVAX II's 78032 (ko DC333) CPU da 78132 (DC335) FPU. A 78032 shi ne na farko microprocessor da wani a kan-jirgin memory management naúrar A MicroVAX II ya ginu ne kan guda, hudu-sized processor jirgin wanda ya kwashe processor kwakwalwan kwamfuta da gudu cikin MicroVMS ko Ultrix -32 tsarukan . Na'urar ta ƙunshi 1 MB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kan jirgi da keɓaɓɓiyar tashar motar Q22 tare da canja wurin DMA. MicroVAX II ya ci nasara ta wasu samfuran MicroVAX da yawa tare da ingantaccen aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Ƙarin masu sarrafa VLSI VAX sun bi ta hanyar V-11, CVAX, CVAX SOC ("System On Chip", CVAX guda ɗaya), Rigel, Mariah da aiwatar da NVAX. Na'urorin microprocessors na VAX sun haɓaka gine-ginen zuwa wuraren aiki masu arha kuma daga baya kuma sun maye gurbin manyan samfuran VAX. Wannan fannonin dandamali masu yawa (babba zuwa babban aiki) ta amfani da gine -gine guda ɗaya ya bambanta a masana'antar kwamfuta a wancan lokacin. An zana zane -zanen Sundry akan injin microprocessor na CVAX. Maganar CVAX ... lokacin da kuka damu sosai don yin sata mafi kyawun an rubuta shi a cikin Rashanci mai fashewa azaman wasa akan taken Hallmark Cards, wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin saƙo ga injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda aka san su duka suna lalata komputa na DEC don aikace -aikacen soji da juyawa. aikin injiniyan su.
A cikin abubuwan samarwa na DEC, fasahar RISC ta maye gurbin gine -ginen VAX. A cikin shekara ta 1989 DEC ta gabatar da kewayon wuraren aiki da sabar da ke gudana Ultrix, DECstation da DECsystem bi da bi, dangane da masu sarrafawa waɗanda suka aiwatar da ginin MIPS . A cikin shekara ta 1992 DEC sun gabatar da nasu tsarin koyar da tsarin RISC, Alpha AXP (daga baya aka sake masa suna Alpha), da nasu microprocessor na tushen Alpha, DECchip 21064, babban ƙirar 64-bit mai iya gudanar da OpenVMS.
A watan ogusta a cikin shekara ta 2000, Compaq ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a daina sauran samfuran VAX a ƙarshen shekara. Zuwa shekarar 2005 duk kera kwamfutocin VAX sun daina aiki, amma tsofaffin tsarin suna ci gaba da amfani.
A Stromasys CHARON-VAX da SIMH software-tushen VAX emulators zama samuwa da kuma VMS yanzu gudanar da VMS Software Incorporated, ko da yake sun kawai bayar da OpenVMS for Alpha tsarin da HPE Mutunci Servers, tare da x86-64 goyon bayan da ake ci gaba, da kuma ba bayar da shi don VAX.
Tsarin gine -gine
Taswirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
VAX memory memory ya kasu kashi hudu. Kowane yana da gigabyte ɗaya (a cikin mahallin magana, 2 30 bytes) a girman:
Don VMS, an yi amfani da P0 don sararin sarrafa mai amfani, P1 don tari tsari, S0 don tsarin aiki, kuma an adana S1.
Yanayin gata
VAX tana da hanyoyin gata guda huɗu waɗanda aka aiwatar:
Rijistar matsayin mai aiwatarwa
Rijistar Matsayin Tsarin yana da ragowa 32:
Tsarin tushen VAX
Tsarin farko na tushen VAX shine VAX-11/780, memba na dangin VAX-11 . Babban VAX 8600 ya maye gurbin VAX-11/780 a cikin Oktoba shekara ta 1984 kuma ya haɗa shi da matakan shigarwa na ƙananan microVAX masu amfani da ƙananan tashoshin VAXstation a tsakiyar 1980s. VAX 4000 ya maye gurbin MicroVAX, VAX 8000 ya maye gurbin VAX 6000 a ƙarshen shekara ta 1980s kuma an gabatar da babban matakin VAX 9000 . A farkon shekarun da 1990, an gabatar da VAXft mai haƙuri da laifi, kamar yadda Alpha ya dace VAX 7000/10000 . An sayar da nau'ikan nau'ikan tushen tushen VAX azaman VAXserver.
SIMACS (ACceSs na Injin Sau ɗaya)
Masana'antu na System sun haɓaka iyawa don samun fiye da ɗaya DEC CPU, amma ba a lokaci guda ba, suna da damar yin rubutu zuwa faifai da aka raba. Sun aiwatar da haɓakawa da ake kira SIMACS (SIm Sameous Machine ACceSs), wanda ya ba da damar mai sarrafa faifan su na musamman ya saita tutar semaphore don samun damar faifai, yana ba da damar RUBUTU da yawa zuwa fayiloli guda; an raba faifan ta tsarin DEC da yawa. Hakanan SIMACS ya kasance akan tsarin PDP-11 RSTS .
Tsarin da aka soke
Soke tsarin hada da "BVAX", a high-karshen ECL tushen VAX, da kuma biyu sauran ECL-tushen VAX model: "Argonaut" da "Raven". An soke Raven a shekara ta 1990. An kuma soke wata VAX da aka sani da suna " Gemini ", wacce ta kasance koma baya idan har Scorpio na tushen LSI ya gaza. Bai taba jigilar ba.
Clones
An samar da adadin clones na VAX, duka masu izini da mara izini. Misalai sun haɗa da:
Kamfanin Systime Computers Ltd na Burtaniya ya samar da clones na samfuran VAX na farko kamar Systime 8750 (kwatankwacin VAX 11/750).
Norden Systems ya samar da rudani, ƙayyadaddun tsarin sojan MIL VAX.
A Hungarian Tsakiya Research Institute for Physics (KFKI) samar da wani jerin kwafi masu kunnen doki na farkon VAX model, da TPA-11/540, 560 da kuma 580.
SM 52/12 daga Czechoslovakia, wanda aka haɓaka a VUVT Žilina (yau Slovakia ) kuma aka samar daga shekara ta 1986 a ZVT Banská Bystrica (yau Slovakia ).
Gabashin Jamus VEB Robotron K<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjw"> </span>1840 (SM 1710) clone ne na VAX-11/780 kuma Robotron K 1820 (SM 1720) kwafin MicroVAX II ne.
SM-1700 shine clone na Soviet na VAX-11/730, SM-1702 ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto na MicroVAX II kuma SM-1705 ya kasance clone na VAX-11/785.
NCI-2780 Super-mini, wanda kuma aka sayar da shi azaman Taiji-2780, shine clone na VAX-11/780 da Cibiyar Fasahar Kwamfuta ta Arewacin China ta samar a Beijing.
Kara karantawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
HP: Tsarin VAX
DEC Microprocessors
SimH VAX Open emulator wanda ke goyan bayan gine -ginen VAX
Cikakken Jaridun Fasaha na Dijital
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34295 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger%20Saffold | Rodger Saffold | Rodger P. Saffold III (an haife shi a watan Yuni 6, 1988) wani mai tsaron ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka don Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Louis Rams ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya a cikin 2010 NFL Draft . Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Indiana .
Aikin makarantar sakandare
Saffold ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Bedford a Bedford, Ohio inda ya taka rawar gani da kare kai. Ya kasance ƙungiyar farko ta 2005 All-Lake Erie League, duk gundumomi da daraja ambaton zaɓin jihohi duka a makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya wacce ta samar da tsoffin masu karɓar Wisconsin da NFL Chris Chambers da Lee Evans . Ya rubuta tackles 18 a matsayin babba.
An yi la'akari da daukar ma'aikata biyu kawai ta Rivals.com, Saffold ya zaɓi Indiana akan Illinois, Kansas da Ohio .
Aikin koleji
Bai taɓa barin jeri na farawa ba bayan zamewa a hannun hagu a tsakiyar kamfen ɗin sa na gaskiya a Jami'ar Indiana. Ya fara wasanni 41 kuma ya bayyana a cikin 42 a cikin aikinsa. Kociyoyin taron sun zaɓe shi tawaga ta biyu All-Big Ten kuma kafofin watsa labarai na gasar sun ba shi suna mai daraja, kuma ya sami karramawar ƙungiyar duka-Big Ten na biyu daga mujallar Phil Steele .
Sana'ar sana'a
Louis / Los Angeles Rams
St. Louis Rams ne ya tsara Saffold a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya, a cikin 2010 NFL Draft . A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4 na dala miliyan 6.3, wanda ya haɗa da dala miliyan 3.9. Saffold ya sami matsayin farkon tunkarar hagu na Rams a cikin kakar wasansa kuma ya fara a kowane wasa a waccan kakar don Rams. Saffold ya tattara rave sake dubawa don wasansa kuma an ba shi suna ga ƙungiyoyin Rookie da yawa, gami da Pro Football Weekly da Labaran Wasanni .
Saffold shine kawai rookie a cikin 2010 don fara duk wasannin ƙungiyar su a matakin hagu kuma Saffold ya ba da izinin buhu uku kawai a cikin ƙoƙarin wucewa 590 a cewar Statspass.com yayin da ya taimaka wa Steven Jackson ya yi sauri sama da yadi 1,000. A cikin 2011, ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 9 a matakin hagu kafin a saka shi a kan IR a kan Nuwamba 19, 2011. A cikin 2012 Saffold ya dawo ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 10 na ƙarshe na kakar a matakin hagu. A cikin 2013 Saffold ya buga a cikin wasanni 12 tare da farawa 9, kuma ya matsa kusa da layi mai ban tsoro tare da farawa 1 a matakin hagu, 3 yana farawa a matakin dama, kuma 5 yana farawa a gadin dama. A cikin 2014, Saffold ya buga a ciki kuma ya fara duk wasanni 16 galibi a gadin hagu, amma kuma ya fara a gadin dama kuma ya ga wasu ayyuka a daidai ma. A cikin 2015, Saffold ya buga kuma ya fara wasanni 5 a gadin dama. A cikin 2016, Saffold ya fara ciki kuma ya buga duk wasanni 11 a wurin gadi.
Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, dala miliyan 42.5 tare da Oakland Raiders a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014. Koyaya, bayan rashin jituwa a Oakland akan yanayin jikin Saffold, ya koma Rams don sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, $ 31.7 miliyan. Raiders suna da damuwa game da kafadar Saffold, wanda ya bambanta da Rams waɗanda ba su da "komai". Saffold ya sami babban matsayi na 73.7 daga Pro Football Focus, wanda aka zaba a matsayin matsayi na bakwai mafi kyau a tsakanin duk masu gadi masu cin zarafi a cikin 2018. A cikin 2018, Saffold ya taimaka wa Rams isa Super Bowl LIII inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun New England Patriots 13–3.
Tennessee Titans
A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2019, Saffold ya rattaba hannu tare da Tennessee Titans akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu na dala miliyan 44.
A cikin 2019, Saffold ya fara duk wasanni 16 tare da Titans yayin da suka gama kakar wasa 9-7 kuma sun yi wasan share fage, tare da toshewa Derrick Henry yayin da ya ci taken gasar tseren yadudduka. Daga nan ya fara duka uku na wasannin playoff na Titans, tare da toshewa Henry yayin da yake gudu kusan yadi 200 a cikin kowane wasa biyu na farko kafin ya sha kashi a gasar Super Bowl Kansas City Chiefs a gasar AFC .
A cikin 2020, Saffold ya kasance mai gadin hagu na farawa, yana farawa duk wasannin 16 kuma an toshe shi don Henry wanda ya ci takensa na yadudduka na biyu kuma aka nada shi Babban Dan wasa na Shekara ta hanyar zama ɗan wasa na takwas a tarihin NFL don yin gaggawar yadi 2000 a cikin kakar wasa. . Titans sun lashe rabon tare da rikodin 11-5. Saffold ya fara don Titans a cikin zagaye na gandun daji inda Baltimore Ravens suka ci su.
A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2022, Titans sun saki Saffold.
Kuɗin Buffalo
A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2022, Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kuɗin Buffalo .
Shigar da shigo da kaya
Saffold a halin yanzu shine ma'abucin gasa na Call of Duty team Rise Nation. Ya sayi kungiyar a watan Afrilun 2014.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Indiana Hoosiers bio
Los Angeles Rams bio
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14544 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addinai%20a%20Ghana | Addinai a Ghana | Addinai a Ghana ko a kasar ghana. Kiristanci shine addini mafi girma a Ghana, tare da kusan kashi 71.2% na yawan mutanen Ghana membobin ɗariku daban-daban na addinin kirista har zuwa shekarar 2010. Addinin Ghana a addinance a karon farko na kidayar jama'a a shekarar 1960 yakai 25 bisa dari na musulmai, kashi 23 cikin dari na gargajiya, kashi 41 cikin dari kirista, sauran kuma (kusan kashi 9) wasu. Rushewar yawan mutanen 1960 bisa ga ƙungiyoyin addinin kirista ya nuna cewa kashi 25 cikin ɗari na Furotesta ne (ba Pentikostal); Kashi 13, Roman Katolika; Kashi 2, Furotesta (Pentikostal); da kashi 1, Cocin Afirka Masu zaman kansu. Kidayar jama'a a shekarar 1970 ba ta gabatar da adadi kan abin da ya shafi addini ba.
Haƙuri da addini a Ghana yana da girma sosai. Manyan bukukuwan Kiristimeti na Kirsimeti da Ista an san su a matsayin ranakun hutu. A da, an tsara lokutan hutu a waɗannan lokutan, don haka ya ba wa Kiristocin da sauran waɗanda suke nesa da gida damar ziyartar abokai da dangi a yankunan karkara. Ramadan, watan musulinci na azumi, musulmai a kasar Ghana suna lura da shi kuma ana bikin muhimman al'adun gargajiya. Wadannan bukukuwa sun hada da Adae, wanda ake gabatarwa duk sati biyu, da kuma bukukuwan shekara shekara na Odwira. Har ila yau, akwai ayyukan bikin Apoo na shekara-shekara, wanda shine nau'in Mardi Gras kuma ana gudanar da shi a garuruwa a duk faɗin Ghana.
Babu wata muhimmiyar mahada tsakanin kabilanci da addini a Ghana.
Kasancewar mishan mishan a gabar Ghana ya kasance kwanan wata zuwa na Turawan Fotigal a ƙarni na goma sha biyar. Ya kasance Basel/Presbyterian da Wesleyan/Methodist mishaneri, duk da haka, waɗanda, a ƙarni na sha tara, suka kafa harsashin ginin cocin Kirista a Ghana. Da fara jujjuyawar su a yankin bakin teku a matsayin "wuraren kula da coci" wanda a ciki aka horas da azuzuwan Afirka masu ilimi. Akwai makarantun sakandare a yau, musamman na yara maza da mata, wadanda ke da manufa ko kuma coci-coci. An bude makarantun coci ga kowa tun lokacin da jihar ta dauki nauyin kudi don koyarwa ta yau da kullun a karkashin Dokar Ilimi ta 1960.
Ana wakiltar ɗariku ɗariku daban-daban a Ghana, gami da Ikklesiyoyin bishara da kuma Katolika. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church), ban da ɗakin sujada, yana da haikali a Accra, ɗayan ɗayan gidajen ibada uku na LDS a nahiyar Afirka.
Unungiyar Kiristocin da ke cikin ƙasa ita ce Majalisar Kirista ta Ghana, wacce aka kafa a 1929. Wakilcin Methodist, Anglican, Mennonite, Presbyterian, Evangelical Presbyterian, African Methodist Episcopal Zionist, Christian Methodist, Evangelical Lutheran, da Baptist majami'u, da kuma Society of Friends, majalisa tana aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tare da Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Cocin na Adventist Church na bakwai, ba memba na Majalisar Kirista ba, yana da ƙarfi a Ghana. Cocin sun bude firaminista mai zaman kansa da kuma Jami'ar Kirista a Ghana.
National Catholic Secretariat, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1960, kuma yana daidaita daban-daban dioceses na cikin gida. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Kirista, waɗanda suka fi damuwa da lamuran ruhaniya na ikilisiyoyinsu, a wasu lokuta sukan yi aiki a cikin yanayin da gwamnati ta bayyana da siyasa. Haka lamarin ya kasance a 1991 lokacin da duka taron Bishop-bishop na Katolika da na Ghana Christian Council suka yi kira ga gwamnatin soja ta Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) don mayar da kasar ga tsarin mulki. Roman Catholic newspaper, The Standard ya kasance mai yawan sukar manufofin gwamnati.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya kiyasta kimanin kiristoci dubu 50 daga asalin musulmai a kasar, dukda cewa ba dukkansu bane yan kasa.
Wani sanannen al'amari tsakanin Krista shine ƙarshen annabce-annabce na shekara da shugabannin addinai. Mabiya galibi suna da sha'awar jin abin da shekara mai zuwa zata kasance. Yawancin waɗannan annabce-annabce suna magana ne a kan mutuwar shahararren mutum ko sakamakon babban zaɓen ƙasa.
Addini na Syncretic
Haɓakar cocin Apostolic ko Pentikostal a duk faɗin ƙasar wani ɓangare yana nuna tasirin canjin zamantakewar jama'a da yanayin al'adun gargajiya. Wasu cibiyoyin suna da al'ummomin ganga da kungiyoyin rera wakoki da kuma majami'u masu zaman kansu na Afirka da Pentikostal wadanda ke nuna adadi na mambobin da suka tashi daga kashi 1 da 2 bisa dari, a shekarar 1960, zuwa kashi 14 da 8 bisa dari, a bisa kiyasi na shekarar 1985.
Musulunci
A arewa, Musulunci yana wakilta kuma yaduwar addinin Islama zuwa Dagbon, galibi sakamakon ayyukan kasuwanci ne na Musulmin Arewacin Afirka. Addinin Islama ya shiga cikin yankunan arewacin Ghana na zamani a kusan ƙarni na goma sha biyar. Yan kasuwar Berber da malamai sun dauki addinin zuwa yankin. Mafi yawan musulmai a kasar Ghana sunna ne, suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta fikihu.
Wadanda ke bin tsarin Maliki na shari'ar Musulunci da Sufanci, wadanda suka hada da kungiyar 'yan'uwantaka ta asiri (tariq) don tsarkakewa da yada addinin Musulunci, ba su yadu a Ghana ba. 'Yan uwan Tijaniyah da' yan uwan Qadiriyah suna da wakilci. Al’ummar Musulmi ta Ahmadiyya, darikar da ta samo asali daga kasar Indiya a karni na goma sha tara, ita ce kadai tsarin da ba ‘yan Sunna ba a kasar.
Duk da yaduwar addinin Islama a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, Musulmi da Kirista a Ghana suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Jagorancin Majalisar Wakilcin Musulmai ya jagoranta, batutuwan addini, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki da suka shafi musulmai galibi an sasanta su ta hanyar tattaunawa. Majalisar Musulmai ita ma ta dauki nauyin shirya aikin hajji a Makka ga muminai wadanda za su iya biyan kudin tafiyar. Duk da haka, akwai sauran gibi tsakanin Musulmai da Krista a Ghana. Yayin da zamantakewar al'umma a Ghana ta zamanto ta zamani, an toshe musulmai daga shiga cikin tsarin zamani. Wannan galibi saboda samun ayyukan yi yana buƙatar ilimin Yammacin Turai, kuma ana samun wannan ilimin ne kawai a makarantun mishan. Musulmai da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa tura yaransu makarantun mishan na iya haifar da sauya addini.
Addinin gargajiya
Addinai na gargajiya a Ghana sun riƙe tasirin su saboda alaƙar su da amincin dangi da kuma na gida. Gargajin sararin samaniya yana nuna imani da wani mutum wanda ake kira [Nyogmo-Ga, Mawu -Dangme da Ewe, Nyame-Twi] kuma mafi akasari ana tunaninsa da nesa da rayuwar addini ta yau da kullun kuma saboda haka, ba a bautata kai tsaye.
Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan alloli waɗanda ke karɓar "ikon zama" a cikin rafuka, koguna, bishiyoyi, da duwatsu. Wadannan gumakan gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu shiga tsakanin maɗaukakiyar halitta da al'umma. Hakanan an yarda da kakanni da sauran ruhohi da yawa a matsayin ɓangare na tsarin sararin samaniya. Ana ɗaukar duniyar ruhu da gaske kamar duniyar masu rai. Abubuwan duniya guda biyu na yau da kullun da alaƙa suna da alaƙa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da nauyi. Ayyukan masu rai, alal misali, na iya shafar gumakan ko ruhohin waɗanda suka mutu, yayin da goyon bayan magabatan iyali ke tabbatar da ci gaban nasaba ko ƙasa.
Yin ladabi ga kakannin da suka rasu babbar alama ce ta duk addinan gargajiya. An yi imani da cewa kakanni sune alaƙa mafi kusa da duniyar ruhaniya, kuma ana tsammanin su kusa kusa, suna lura da kowane tunani da aikin mai rai. Don tabbatar da cewa an daidaita daidaitaccen yanayi tsakanin duniyar mai tsarki da ta ƙazanta, matsayin dattawan dangi dangane da jinsi tsakanin al'umma suna da mahimmanci. Ayyuka na addini, musamman shugabannin jinsi, ana nuna su a sarari a lokacin irin su Odwira, Homowo, ko Aboakyir, waɗanda aka tsara cikin ayyukan sabuntawa da ƙarfafa dangantaka da kakanni.
Addinin Rastafariyya
Yunkurin Rastafari motsi ne wanda ya tashi a Jamaica a cikin 1930s. Mabiyanta suna bautar Haile Selassie I, Sarki na Habasha (1930-1974), kamar yadda Allah ya kasance cikin jiki, Zuwan na biyu, ko kuma reincarnation na Yesu. Dangane da imani, Haile Selassie shine na 225 a cikin layin da bai yanke ba na sarakunan Habasha na Daular Solomonic. An ce wannan daular an kafa ta a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Yesu ta hanyar Menelik I, ɗan Sarki Sulemanu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Makeda, Sarauniyar Sheba, waɗanda suka ziyarci Sulemanu a Isra'ila.
Kungiyar Rastafari ta ƙunshi jigogi kamar amfani da wiwi na ruhaniya da ƙin yarda da al'ummomin yamma, waɗanda ake kira 'Babila'. Tana shelar Afirka, wanda kuma aka sani da 'Sihiyona' a matsayin asalin asalin ɗan adam. Wani jigon shine Sarauta, tare da Rastas suna ganin kansu a matsayin masarautun Afirka kuma suna amfani da girmamawa kamar Yarima ko Sarki don ba da suna ga sunayensu.
Da yawa Rastas suna cewa ba "addini" bane kwata-kwata, amma "Hanyar Rayuwa". Rastafari gabaɗaya masu tauhidi ne, suna bautar Allah ɗaya wanda suke kira Jah. Rastas suna ganin Jah kamar yadda yake cikin sifar Triniti Mai Tsarki, ma'ana, Uba, Sona da Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Rastas ya ce Jah, a cikin sifar Ruhu Mai Tsarki, yana zaune a cikin ɗan adam.
Afrocentrism wani bangare ne na al'adun Rastafari. Suna koyar da cewa Afirka, musamman Habasha, shine wurin da za a halicci Sihiyona, ko aljanna. Saboda haka, Rastafari yana daidaita kan al'adun Afirka. Rastafari ya yi riko da cewa muguwar al'umma, ko "Babila", ta kasance mai mamaye da fararen fata, kuma ta aikata irin wannan ta'adi ga mutanen Afirka kamar cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Duk da wannan Ta'addancin da kuma mayar da hankali ga mutanen ƙabilar baƙar fata, mambobin wasu jinsi, gami da fararen fata, waɗanda baƙi suka samu kuma suka yarda da su a cikin motsi, saboda sun yi imanin Rasta na dukkan mutane ne.
Akwai al'ummomin Rasta a duk duniya. A Ghana, musamman a bakin teku, akwai wuraren ibada da yawa na Rastafari. Rungiyar Rasta da ke kusa da Kokrobite sananniya ce a duk ƙasar Ghana. Yawancin bukukuwan kiɗa na Rasta suna faruwa kuma ana siyar da abubuwan Rasta.
Addinin Hindu
An fara bin addinin Hindu a Ghana tun daga 1970s. Wani Firist na gargajiya wanda aka fi sani da Kwesi Esel ya kafa shi wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Asiya don neman ikon warkarwa. Addinin Hindu ya yaɗu a Ghana tare da bin ka'idodin gidan ibada na Hindu wanda Ghana ke jagoranta Swami Ghananand Saraswati da Hare Krishnas. Sathya Sai Organisation, Ananda Marga da Brahma Kumaris har ila yau, suna aiki a Ghana. An gina gidajen ibada na Hindu a Accra, akwai kusan mabiya Hindu 25,000 ko kuma kashi 0.1% a cikin ƙasar.
Ofishin Afrikanian
Ofishin Jakadancin Afrikania ƙungiya ce ta gargajiya da aka kafa a Ghana a 1982 ta wani tsohon Firist Katolika, Kwabena Damuah, wanda ya yi murabus daga cocin kuma ya ɗauki matsayin sarakunan gargajiya, Osofo Okomfo. Ofishin Jakadancin na da niyyar gyara da sabunta addinin gargajiya na Afirka, da inganta kishin kasa da Pan-Africanism. Maimakon kasancewa sabon ƙungiyar addini guda ɗaya, Afrikania kuma yana shirya wuraren bautar gargajiya da masu ba da gargajiyar cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke kawo haɗin kai ga wani tsarin da ya watsu kuma don haka babban murya a fagen jama'a. Afrikania sun kafa taron shekara-shekara don addinin gargajiya.
Ya zama yawun bakin addinin gargajiya a Ghana ta hanyar wallafe-wallafensa, laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, taron manema labarai, da radiyo da talibijin wanda a ciki suke bayar da shawarar komawa ga addini da al'adun gargajiya a matsayin tushen ruhaniya don ci gaban Afirka. Ofishin Jakadancin kuma sanannun sunaye kamar AMEN RA (wanda aka samo daga addinin Masarawa, kuma aka fassara shi da ma'anar 'Cibiyar Allah'), Sankofa bangaskiya (wanda ke nuna komawa ga asalin Afirka don ɗabi'u na ruhaniya da ɗabi'a) da Addinin Godian, wanda ya karɓa a takaice a lokacin da ake hade da Godianism, wata kungiyar cigaban gargajiya ta Najeriya.
Buddha
A cikin 1998 an buɗe Haikali na farko na Nichiren Shoshu a Afirka a Accra. Ghana tana da Babban Haikali na Nichiren Shoshu a wajen Japan. Haikalin yana kan hanyar Anyaa-Ablekuma a fannin Fan Milk Junction a Accra. Akwai wasu ƙananan wuraren addu'ar Buddha a cikin manyan biranen, kuma tare da buƙata mai dacewa da ƙaramar gudummawa, ana maraba da ku don yin zuzzurfan tunani da waƙa.
Rashin Addini
Atheism da Agnosticism suna da wahalar aunawa a Ghana.
'Yancin yin addini
'Yancin addini na wanzu a Ghana. Wata dokar Addini (Rajista) ta 1989 an zartar da ita a cikin Yunin 1989 don tsara majami'u. Ta hanyar buƙatar takaddar shaida ga dukkan kungiyoyin addinin Kirista da ke aiki a Ghana, gwamnati ta tanadi haƙƙin bincika ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tare da ba da umarnin a bincika bayanan kuɗinsu. Majalisar Cocin ta Ghana ta fassara Dokar Hukumomin Addinai da cewa ta saba wa manufar 'yancin yin addini a kasar. A cewar wata sanarwa ta gwamnati, duk da haka, an tsara dokar ne don kare 'yanci da mutuncin kungiyoyin addini na gaskiya ta hanyar fallasawa da kuma kawar da kungiyoyin da aka kafa don cin gajiyar masu imani. PNDC ya soke dokar a ƙarshen 1992. Duk da tanade-tanaden da ta yi, duk ɗariku mabiya addinin kirista na gargajiya da majami'u da yawa na ruhaniya sun ci gaba da aiki a ƙasar.
Manazarta |
40869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Kamal%20Atat%C3%BCrk | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ko kuma Mustafa Kemal Pasha har zuwa 1921, da Ghazi Mustafa Kemal daga 1921 har zuwa 1934 ( 1881 - 10 Nuwamba 1938) ya kasance babban malamin Turkiyya, ɗan siyasa mai juyi, marubuci, kuma uban kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, wanda ya zama shugabanta na farko daga 1923 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1938. Ya gudanar da gyare-gyare na ci gaba, wanda ya zamanantar da Turkiyya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, mai masana'antu. A akida mai kishin addini kuma mai kishin kasa, manufofinsa da ka'idojin zamantakewa da siyasa sun zama sunan Kemalism. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na siyasa, ana daukar Atatürk a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin siyasa na karni na 20.
Atatürk ya yi fice saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da nasarar da Turkiyya ta samu a yakin Gallipoli (1915) a lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Bayan shan kaye da rugujewar Daular Usmaniyya, ya jagoranci kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Turkiyya, wadda ta yi fatali da rabe-raben da Turkiyya ta yi tsakanin kasashen kawancen da suka ci nasara. Ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi a Ankara babban birnin kasar Turkiyya a yau (wanda aka fi sani da Ingilishi a lokacin da ake kira Angora), ya yi galaba a kan sojojin da kawancen kasashen duniya suka tura, inda ya samu nasara daga abin da daga baya ake kira yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya. Daga nan ya ci gaba da kawar da rugujewar daular Usmaniyya tare da shelanta kafuwar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a madadinta.
A matsayinsa na shugaban sabuwar jamhuriyar Turkiyya, Atatürk ya kaddamar da wani shiri mai tsauri na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da gyare-gyaren al'adu da manufar gina kasa ta zamani, mai ci gaba da zaman kanta. Ya sanya karatun firamare kyauta kuma ya zama wajibi, inda ya bude dubban sabbin makarantu a fadin kasar nan. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da haruffan Turkanci na Latin, wanda ya maye gurbin tsoffin haruffan Turkanci na Ottoman. Matan Turkiyya sun sami daidaiton hakkin jama'a da na siyasa a lokacin shugabancin Atatürk. Musamman mata an baiwa mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a zaben kananan hukumomi bisa doka mai lamba. 1580 a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 1930 da ƴan shekaru baya, a cikin 1934, cikakkiyar zaɓe ta duniya.
Gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da manufofin Turkification, tare da ƙoƙarin samar da daidaito, haɗin kai kuma sama da dukkanin al'ummar da ba ruwansu da addini karkashin tutar Turkiyya. A karkashin Atatürk, an nemi 'yan tsiraru a Turkiyya da su yi magana da Turkawa a bainar jama'a, amma kuma an ba su damar kula da nasu harsunan a lokaci guda; An ba da umarnin toponyms da ƴan tsiraru waɗanda ba na Turkiyya ba da su sami sunan sunan Baturke kamar yadda aka fassara a Turanci. Majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta ba shi sunan Atatürk a shekara ta 1934, wanda ke nufin "Uban Turkawa" saboda irin rawar da ya taka wajen gina jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta zamani. Ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 1938 a Fadar Dolmabahce da ke Istanbul, yana da shekaru 57; An karrama shi a matsayin shugaban kasa ta hannun firaminista İsmet İnönü na tsawon lokaci kuma an karrama shi da state funeral.
A cikin 1981, shekaru ɗari na haifuwar Atatürk, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNESCO sun girmama tunawa da shi, wanda ya ayyana shi Shekarar Atatürk a Duniya kuma ya amince da kuduri kan karni na Atatürk, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "shugaban gwagwarmaya na farko da aka yi wa adawa da shi. mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka" da kuma "mai ban mamaki mai inganta fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomi da zaman lafiya mai dorewa tsakanin al'ummomin duniya da kuma cewa ya yi aiki a duk tsawon rayuwarsa don ci gaba da jituwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomi ba tare da bambanci ba". Ana kuma yabawa Atatürk saboda zaman lafiyarsa a manufofin ketare mai ra'ayin duniya da kuma abokantaka da kasashe makwabta irin su Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraki, da Girka, da kuma samar da yarjejeniyar Balkan wadda ta bijirewa hare-haren wuce gona da iri na Fascist Italiya da Tsarist. Bulgaria.
Suna
An haifi Atatürk Mustafa. Sunansa na biyu Kemal (ma'ana "kammala" ko "balaga" a Larabci) malamin lissafinsa Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi ne ya ba shi suna. A cewar Afet İnan, malaminsa ya ba da wannan suna "a cikin sha'awar iyawar [Atatürk] da balaga." A cewar wasu majiyoyin, malamin nasa ya so ya bambanta Atatürk da wani dalibi wanda shi ma ake kira Mustafa. Andrew Mango ya nuna cewa watakila ya zabi sunan da kansa a matsayin girmamawa ga mawaki Namık Kemal. A cewar Alkan, Atatürk da alama ya rungumi sunan Kemal a shekarun da ya yi soja.
Bayan samun sunan Atatürk a katin shaidarsa na farko a 1934, sunan da aka ba shi ya bayyana a matsayin Kemal Atatürk, yayin da sunan Mustafa ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu 1935, Atatürk ya fara amfani da sunan da ake zaton "na asali" Kamâl. A cewar Tarama Dergisi (1934), kamal yana nufin “kariya”, “gida”, “sojoji”, da kuma “garkuwa”. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1935, kamfanin dillancin labarai na gwamnati Anadolu Agency ya ba da bayanin kamar haka:
Duk da haka, Atatürk ya koma tsohuwar rubutun Kemal daga Mayu 1937 zuwa gaba. Don yin sauƙi mai sauƙi, ya guje wa amfani da sunan gwargwadon iyawarsa, ko dai ta hanyar rashin amfani da shi kwata-kwata ko kuma ta sanya hannu a kan takardu a matsayin 'K. Atatürk'. Ba a taɓa yin bayani a hukumance ba. Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa batun sunan Atatürk yana da alaƙa da sake fasalin harshen Turkiyya.
Ƙuruciya
Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta alif 1956.
A cewar wasu kafofin, ita Bayahudiya ce (Scholem,a shekarar 2007) ko Bulgarian (Tončeva,a shekarar 2009).
Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya koyi sana’a, amma ba tare da tuntubarsu ba, Atatürk ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar Soja ta Salonica ( Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi ) a shekara ta alif 1893. A cikin shekarata alif 1896, ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Monastir (a Bitola ta zamani, Arewacin Macedonia ). A ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1899, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Sojan Ottoman da ke unguwar Pangaltı a cikin gundumar Şişli na babban birnin Ottoman Constantinople ( Istanbul na zamani) kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarata alif 1902. Daga baya ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Soja ta Ottoman a Konstantinoful a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarata alif 1905.
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Atatürk ko dai a unguwar Ahmet Subaşı ko kuma a wani gida (wanda aka kiyaye shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya) a Titin Islahhane (yanzu titin Apostolou Pavlou) a unguwar Koca Kasım Pasha a cikin Salonica (Selanik), Daular Usmaniyya (Thessaloniki a halin yanzu-) ranar Girka ). Iyayensa su ne Ali Rıza Efendi, wani jami'in soja dan asalin Kodžadžik, magatakarda kuma mai sayar da katako, da Zübeyde Hanım. Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta 1956.
Da'awa da ka'idoji game da zuriyar Atatürk sun bambanta sosai kuma sun bambanta. A cewar Andrew Mango, danginsa musulmi ne, masu magana da Turanci kuma masu matsakaicin matsayi. Ana kyautata zaton mahaifinsa Ali Rıza dan kasar Albaniya ne daga wasu marubuta; duk da haka, a cewar Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamık D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal da Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, kakannin Ali Rıza Turkawa ne, daga ƙarshe sun fito daga Söke a lardin Aydı. Anatoliya.
Manazarta
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51729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choppies | Choppies | Choppies Enterprises Limited babban kantin kayan miya ne na Botswana kuma babban dillalin kayan masarufi wanda ke da hedikwata a Gaborone, Botswana. Dillalin ya fara sayar da kayan abinci ne kawai (duka sabbin kayan abinci da abinci na tsawon rai) da sauran kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya. Ƙungiyar ta mallaki cibiyar sadarwa ta tsakiya, a cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Zambia, da Kenya.
Choppies ya zama kamfani da aka jera akan Kasuwancin Hannun jari na Botswana a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012, kuma yanki ne na BSE Domestic Company Index tare da ƙimar kasuwar kusan P 2.4 biliyan kamar na Disamba 20, 2012.
Kamfanin ya kuma kammala jerin sunayensa na biyu akan musayar hannayen jarin Johannesburg a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015.
Tarihi
An kafa Choppies a shekarar 1986 tare da babban kanti guda ɗaya mai suna Wayside Supermarket (Mallaka) Limited a Lobatse ta dangin Chopdat, tare da buɗe kantin na biyu a shekara ta 1993.
A shekara ta 1999 kamfanin yana da shaguna biyu kawai. Tun daga 1999 kamfanin ya girma ya zama jagora mafi girma a cikin masana'antar kyawawan kayayyaki masu saurin tafiya a Botswana. Tawagar gudanarwar ta hada da wadanda suka kafa Choppies, Mista Farouk Ismail wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaba na yanzu da Mista Ramachandaran Ottapathu wanda shi ne shugaban kamfanin na yanzu. Su ne kuma manyan masu hannun jari wanda kowannensu ke rike da kashi 34.2% na hannun jarin kamfanin. A shekara ta 2003 ƙungiyar ta haɗe zuwa tsari ɗaya. A baya an fara yin amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban.
Saboda girmansa tun 1999, an sami buƙatu ga kamfani ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen kasuwannin hannayen jari na ƙasa. A ƙarshe ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta amince, kuma an jera kamfanin a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012. Kamfanin ya yi hayar Grant Thornton don gudanar da gudanarwar gaban kamfani na fara bayar da gudummawar jama'a, tare da jera hannun jari biliyan 1.2 akan farashin tayin na BWP 1.15 a kowace rabon, tare da 25% yana shiga hannun jama'a. IPO ita ce mafi girma a kan musayar hannayen jarin Botswana wanda ya tara P350 miliyan a cikin IPO da kuma masu zaman kansu, tare da hannun jarin da aka mamaye da kusan 400%.
Ayyuka
Rukunin yana da rabon kasuwa na yanzu a Botswana na kashi 30%, bisa ga wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda Briggs da Associates suka gudanar. .
Ana aiwatar da ayyukan na Afirka ta Kudu ta hannun wani kamfani na Choppies Supermarkets SA (Proprietary) Limited, wanda ke aiki a Lardunan Limpopo, Arewa maso Yamma da Free State.
Rarraba da wadata
Cibiyoyin rarraba Choppies suna aiki azaman tushen shagunan Choppies. Ana isar da manyan samfuran 200 na kamfanin gaba ɗaya zuwa cibiyoyin rarraba sannan a rarraba su daga can zuwa shagunan. Ana isar da sauran samfuran daga tushen zuwa shagunan kai tsaye. Choppies na gudanar da cibiyoyin rarraba guda biyu a Botswana; daya a filin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa a Gaborone, dayan kuma a Lobatse. Sabuwar cibiyar rarraba mita 10,000 na Afirka ta Kudu ta buɗe a cikin watan Satumba 2012 a Rustenburg don hidimar shagunan Afirka ta Kudu.
Welldone (Na Mallaka) Limited, mallakin gabaɗaya mallakar reshen Choppies Group, wani kamfani ne na dabaru wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan yau da kullun na shagunan.
A shekara ta 2008, kantin farko a Zeerust, Afirka ta Kudu an buɗe shi a can ta hanyar faɗaɗa a yankin arewa maso yamma. 2014 ita ce shekarar da ƙungiyar ta buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta farko a Zimbabwe kuma a cikin shekara ta 2016 an yi jerin na biyu a musayar hannun jari na Johannesburg. A karshen shekarar 2015 an fara ayyukan Zambia kuma a farkon 2016 aka samu kungiyar Jwayelani a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma yi nasarar mallakar kungiyar Ulkwala ta Kenya a farkon shekarar 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin haɓaka na dogon lokaci ƙungiyar ta buɗe kantin sayar da ta farko a Tanzaniya da Mozambique a cikin 2017.
Suka
Choppies dai ya janyo suka daga jama'a a baya saboda rashin daidaiton albashi. Ma'aikata irin su masu karbar kudi da masu fakiti suna da'awar samun kasa da P900 a wata, yayin da masu gudanarwa irin su Shugaba da Mataimakin Shugaban suna samun sama da P30 000 000.00 a shekara. Hakan ya jawo bacin rai kasancewar kamfanin a tarihi yana da riba sosai duk da haka ba ya ladabtar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata bisa la'akari da ƙoƙarinsu.
Duba kuma
Sefalana
Square eat
Shoprite (retailer)
Checkers (sarkar babban kanti)
Jerin sarkunan manyan kantuna a Botswana
Manazarta
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57895 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Kohen | Bat-Kohen | Kohen bat ko kohen bat ( ) ’yar wani firist ce (firist na Yahudawa), wanda ke da matsayi na musamman a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da nassosin rabbi . Tana da haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi da yawa kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta bi ƙayyadaddun bukatu, alal misali, haƙƙin cinye wasu kyaututtukan firist, da ƙarin ƙimar ketubah .
Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci
A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, Yusufu da Musa sun auri ’ya’ya mata na firistoci waɗanda ba Bayahude ba (Masar da Madayanawa). Amma, a cikin littattafan rabbi, kalmar firist jemage tana nufin ’ya’ya mata na firistoci Yahudawa kaɗai, zuriyar Haruna .
Idan 'yar firist ta yi zina ta haram, sai a ƙone ta. ya bambanta da hukuncin da aka saba da shi wanda ya kasance shaƙuwa.
An ƙyale ’ya’ya mata na firistoci su ci tsarkakakkun kyautai ga firistoci ( terumot hakodashim ), kamar yadda ’ya’yan firistoci, da firistoci da kansu, aka ƙyale su.
Majiyoyin Rabbi sun kwatanta Tamar a matsayin ’yar Shem, kuma sun yi la’akari da cewa Shem ya kasance firist kafin a ba wa Haruna alkawari na firist . Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Yahuda ya ba da shawarar a ƙone ta har lahira saboda zarginta da ta yi na jima'i, domin kona wani nau'i ne na hukunci wanda Attaura gabaɗaya ke tanadi ga 'ya'yan firistoci.
A cikin adabin rabbi
Abubuwan son aure
Ko da yake ainihin dokar Attaura ta ba da izinin bawan jemage ya auri wani ɗan ƙawa, mai tuba kuma ya ’yantu bawa (Ibrananci eved me shukhrar ), Midrash da Talmud sun faɗi ra’ayin Rabbi Yochanan cewa ’yar firist ita ce ta fi dacewa ta auri firist. Rabbi Yochanan ya ci gaba da cewa idan wani malamin jemage ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba, akwai yuwuwar samun sakamakon da ba a so ga ango, kamar talauci ko mutuwar ango. Banda wannan haramun shine idan angon Talmid Chacham ne.
Talmud ya ba da labarin yadda Tanna Rabbi Yehoshua ya auri matar da ba ta kohen ba, sannan ya koka da cewa ta raunana shi. Rashi ya bayyana cewa auren lafin jemage da mutumin da ba malami ba, ko Talmid Chacham, ana daukarsa a matsayin zage-zage ne ga darajar Haruna, kuma shi kansa Haruna yana jin haushin rage zuriyarsa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako. .
Babban malamin Burtaniya Nathan Marcus Adler ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1863 cewa 'yar Cohen na iya auren wanda ba Cohen ba.
Amfani da kyaututtukan firist
Nau'in hadayu na firist ɗin ya hada da nono, da cinyar hadaya ta salama, da malmallu huɗu na hadaya ta godiya, da maƙarƙashiyar ragon na Nazirite .
Bat-kohen na iya ba wa ma'aikatanta damar cin abinci a cikin tarumah . A fasaha, za ta iya ƙetare mahaifinta (ko mijinta) kuma da farko ta ba ta zakka da hadayar kullu, amma Menachem Meiri ya hana hakan na damuwa cewa mutum zai iya ba da waɗannan kyaututtukan cikin kuskure ga matar wani Kohen da farko ’yar Ba’isra’ile ce. post dinta, irin wannan bayar da kyaututtuka ga mutumin da ba shi da hakkin samun kyauta.
’Yar firist ma an yarda ta cinye ɗan fari . Game da ƙafar ƙafa, kunci da maw, akwai jayayya ta Tannaitic (tsakanin makarantun Rabbi Isma'ilu da Rabbi Eliezer Ben Yakov ) game da ko Ba'isra'ile yana yin mitzvah ta hanyar ba da su ga bat-kohen.
Ketubah
Kotun firist (kafin 70 CE) ya kafa cewa budurwa bat-kohen za ta karɓi ketubah na Zuz 400 (maimakon ma'auni na 200 Zuz na budurwa Bayahude). (Duk da haka, Talmud Yerushalmi ya yi nuni da cewa bat-kohen da ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba ya karɓi wannan ma'auni na 200 Zuz, a matsayin hukunci na rashin yin aure a cikin firist. . ) Bat-kohen da ya mutu zai karɓi daidaitaccen Zuz 100 na gwauraye, kodayake a wani lokaci an ƙara wannan adadin zuwa 200 Zuz.
Rabbeinu Tam ya fayyace cewa kalmomin da ke cikin Ketuboth "abin da ya dace da ku" (Aramaic d'chazi l'chi ) shi ne ya nuna cewa yawan adadin ba a matsayin kari ba (Aramaic tosefet kethuba ) amma ainihin adadin (Aramaic ikkar kethuba ) . Hakanan, Asher ben Jehiel ya bayyana cewa cikakken adadin 400 Zuz yana iya tattarawa ko da a cikin ainihin takaddar ketubah ta ɓace, kuma ko da mafi girman adadin zuz 400 ba a rubuta a ketubah ba, duk wannan tare da niyyar bayyana mahimmancin 'ya'yan Kohanim.
Shneur Zalman na Liadi ya bayyana cewa bikin daurin aure da bukin liman jemage ga wanda ba kohen ba ba a daukarsa a matsayin seudat mitzvah, tunda auren na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
An yi ketubah 400-Zuz ketubah a lokacin amoric, amma daga nan gaba, ba a sami adadin adadin da aka samu a tushen rabbin ba.
Hujja
Jonathan na Lunel ya kwatanta adadin da ya wuce kima da aka bai wa shugaban jemage a matsayin abin da ya dace da ita da danginta don kiyaye dokokin Attaura da hani da suka shafi iyalan firistoci da kuma kiyaye gadon ( yukhsin ) na zuriyar firist. Ya ki yarda da ra'ayin cewa irin wannan wuce gona da iri zai haifar da hassada da kishi daga iyalan da ba firistoci ba (waɗanda ba su da haƙƙin haƙƙin wuce gona da iri).
Yusuf bn Habib ya kafa hujja da wannan abin da ya wuce gona da iri da cewa babban abin kunya ne ga wani malami idan aka saki ‘yarsa, kuma mafi girman kimar ketubah yana hana mazaje su saki mata ’yan jemage.
Sauran
Sa’ad da ’yar firist ta yi zina, ba kawai ta fuskanci hukunci na musamman na ƙonawa ba (maimakon shaƙewa), amma an rage wa mahaifinta daraja daga tsarkakar da firistoci suka ba ta .
Jemage-kohen yana karɓar ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin shirye-shiryenta na nutsewa .
Ba za a fanshi ɗan fari na 'yar firist ko Balawe a kwana talatin ba.
Wani marubuci ya ce ya kamata kohen jemage ya kasance yana da fifiko wajen jagorantar zimmun na mata kamar yadda liman ke yi wa zimmun na maza.
A cikin Yahudanci na zamani
A zamanin yau, Orthodox da yawancin malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna riƙe da matsayin cewa mutum ne kaɗai zai iya zama liman, kuma an san ɗiyar firist a matsayin kohen jemage ne kawai ta waɗannan ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da aka gano a baya. Saboda haka, a cikin addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox maza ne kawai za su iya yin Albarkar Firist kuma su karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura na jama'a, kuma galibi ba a ba mata izinin yin hidima a bikin Pidyon HaBen ba.
Hakazalika, kwamitin halakha mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Isra'ila ya yanke hukuncin cewa mata ba sa karɓar irin wannan aliyot kuma ba za su iya yin irin waɗannan ayyuka daidai ba, kuma yawancin majami'un Conservative na gargajiya sun riƙe matsayin jinsi na gargajiya kuma ba sa barin mata su yi waɗannan ayyukan kwata-kwata.
Sauran malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da wasu malamai na Reformist da Reconstructionist, an shirya su ba da matsayin malami daidai ga ɗiyar firist. Ƙungiyar Conservative ta Amurka, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin cewa ba za a maido da sadaukarwa a cikin Haikali ba kuma bisa la'akari da sadaukarwar ikilisiyoyi da yawa game da jinsi (amma ba kabilanci) ba, ta fassara sassan da suka dace na Talmudic don ba da izinin kawar da mafi yawan bambance-bambance tsakanin namiji da mace. kohanim a cikin ikilisiyoyi waɗanda ke riƙe matsayin ƙabilanci yayin da suke canza matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. Sun kafa wannan sassaucin bisa ra'ayin cewa gatan firist ba ya zuwa daga miƙa hadayun Haikali amma kawai daga tsattsarkan layi, kuma bikin kamar Albarkar Firist yakamata ya samo asali daga tushensu na Haikali. (Hujjar shigar mata a cikin Blessing na Firist ya yarda cewa kohanim namiji ne kawai zai iya yin wannan al'ada a zamanin Haikali, amma cewa bikin ba ya da tushe a cikin Haikali; haɗin gwiwa tare da Haikali ta wurin umarnin rabbi; da malamai don haka suna da ikon ba da izinin yin aikin ya samo asali daga tushensa na Haikali). A sakamakon haka, wasu majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun ba wa liman jemage damar yin Albarkar Firist da bikin Pidyon HaBen, kuma ya karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura.
Yawancin majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soke ayyukan kabilanci na gargajiya kuma ba sa yin bukukuwan da suka shafi malamai (kamar albarkar Firist ko kiran firist zuwa ga aliya ta farko). Yawancin haikalin Reform da Reconstructionist sun ɗauki irin wannan matsayi.
Wasu kungiyoyin addu’o’in mata da suke gudanar da ayyukansu karkashin jagorancin halakiyya na malaman addini wadanda ba mabiya addinin Islama ba, wadanda kuma suke gudanar da karatun Attaura ga mata kawai, sun daidaita al’adar kiran lafin jemage ga aliya ta farko, da kuma lefi na biyu.
In Kabbalah
Isaac Luria ya bayyana mummunan al'amari na kohen bat ba ya auri kohen daga ra'ayin Kabbalistic, ta amfani da gematria ; cewa tun da haruffan Ibrananci KHN ( ה,נ,ך waɗanda ke rubuta "kohen") ba su da daidaito ta amfani da dabarar Ayak Becher, don haka yana da kyau liman ya auri firist.
Tsarin, in ji Luria, ya nuna cewa irin wannan aure tsakanin iyalan Kohanic yana aiki da kyau.
A cikin adabi
Abubuwan da ake tsammani a kan 'yar Kohen a cikin Julian Stryjkowski 's Muryar a cikin Duhu.
Duba kuma
Bat Lewi
Halakha da aka ba Musa a kan Sinai
Kara karantawa
Bat Kohen - Auren Jemage Kohen Zuwa Kohen ( Igud HaKohanim, Published 2019 )
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19627 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Olatunji | Yusuf Olatunji | Yusuf Olatunji, Shine wanda aka fi sani da Baba Legba ko kuma Baba L'Egbaa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1905 - ya kuma mutu a shekara ta 1978), dan wasan gangar Sakara ne na Najeriya, wanda ya shahara da salon kidan sakara an haife shi ne a shekarar 1905 ko shekarar 1906 a wani kauye da ake kira Gbegbinlawo a jihar Ogun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, kodayake har yanzu akwai shakku game da inda aka haife shi. A tsakiyar rayuwar sa ya
shiga Musulunci ya kara masa shahara a sana'ar sa ta waken Yorubanci . An haife shi kirista kuma ya fito daga Iseyin a jihar Oyo . An san shi da suna Joseph Olatunji. Ya fara aiki a shekarar 1937 tare da rikodin sa na farko kuma ya shiga kungiyar Abibu oluwa a shekara ta 1927.
Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta 1978. Ya mutu yana da shekara 74. Ya bar ‘ya’ya guda 4 da mata 3. Olatunji aboki ne ga marigayi Lamidi Durowoju, marigayi Jimoh Ishola, wanda daga baya aka rataye shi a karshen shekarun 80s,Marigayi Raji Orire, Marigayi Badejo Okunsanya da sauran manyan mutane. Su ne mawadatan maza waɗanda galibi yayi wa waƙa. Ya kuma rera wakokin yabo da yawa ga wasu shahararrun kungiyoyin kula da jin dadin jama'a a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. Wata mace mai kudi da aka fi sani da suna Alhaja Kuburatu Abike Adebisi da aka fi sani da cash Madam a Abeokuta ta tura shi ƙasar waje don yi masa tiyata, ya mutu shekaru 7 bayan haka.
Binciken
Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa Yekinni Tiamiyu tsakanin Amusa Adeoye (78; HMV [UK] JZ 5252)
1969
Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Vol. 1 (Philips PL 13411) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 007 [as Vol. 1 Bolowo Bate]) [A] Surakaty Eki / Jioh Gbensola / Raufu Adegbite / Egbe Ifenirepo / [B] Bolowo Bate / Ganiyu Ladeyinde / Yekini Akintoye / Egbe Iwajowa Ijebu-Ode / Ajagbe Ejo
Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa suna wasan Sakara Na 2
(Philips West African PL 13413) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 002 [as Vol. 2 O Wole Ologo Keri]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON13413 [as Vol. 2 O'wole Olongo]) [A] Ajala Jinadu / Alhaji Mustafa Dabiri / marigayi Ramoni Alao / Yekinni Aridegbe / Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Salawu Adejola / Mutairu Lemboye / Alhaji Badiru Sodunke / Badiru Amole Ajisegiri / Egbe Oredegbe (Egba)
Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa suna Sakara Na 3
(Philips West African PL 13414) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 008 [as Vol. 3 Amode Maja]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON13414 [as Vol. 3 Atori Kio Ma Se Weleje]) [A] Tijani Akinyele / Alimi Okerayi / Yusufu Olatunji / Sule Apena / Alhaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba-Jebba) / Abudu Amodemaja / Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) / Alafia Boys (Eko) / Muniratu Laro
Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa A Aiki Na 1
(Philips / Phonogram 6361054) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 016 [as Majejo Mi O Bun Mi]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no lamba [as Mejejo Nio Bunmi Oba Oluwa]) [A] Sunmora Folarin / Yekinni Ajala / Tijani Aiyelokun / Orokeloni / Surakatu Amodu / Joseph Balogun [B] AK Yusufu / Salu Ojelade / Lasisi Abiola / Raufu Adisa / Ayisatu Agbeke / Egbe Ajisafe
Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa A Aiki Na 2
(Philips PL 13413) [A] Alaja Jinadu / Alhaji Mustafa Dabiri / Late Ramoni Alao / Yekini Aridegbe / Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Salawu Adejola / Mutairu Lemboye / Alhaji Badiru Sodunke / Badiru Amole Ajisegiri / Egbe Oredegbe (Egba)
Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Na. 3
(Philips PL 13414) [A] Tijani Akinyele / Alimi Okerayi / Yusufu Olatunji / Sule Apena / Alhaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba Jebba) / Abudu Amodemaja / Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) / Alafia Boys (Eko) / Muniratu Laro
Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa kan aiki Na. 4
(10 "LP, Philips PL 13422) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 003 [as Vol.4 Asa Mba Eiyele Sere]) [A] Kuye Dada / Alhaji Rasaki Sanusi / Busura Babaosa / Alhaji Ramoni Salami / Lamidi Durowoju [ B] Asa Mba Eiyele Sere / Shewu / Alhaji Raufu Adeola / Liadi Shomuyiwa / Egbe Ifelodun Adeoyo (Ibadan)
Yusuf Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Na 5 Beriwa Ekiwa
(LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Legos] ORSL 1302 [as Vol.5 Ilu T'ao Moba]) (CD; Olatunji [Legos] babu lamba) Alhaji Raufu Salawu / Alhaji Ayinde Adenekan / Beriwa Ekiwa / Boti Sefun Mi / Late Shittu Olasimbo / Marigayi JF Olasimbo / Abimbola Gbolade / Alhaji Adeleke Dada / Idayatu Sowami / Egbe Oredegbe (Agege)
1970 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa A Action Vol. 6 (Philips PL 6386007) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 009 [as Vol. 6 Oye Kani Fura]) [A] Nofiu Lashoju / Datemi Lare / O Ye Kani Fura / Egbe Membobi goma sha huɗu / Egbe Ifelodun Kenta [B] Yankin Itoko / Cif Waidi Awoleshu / Adegoke Ajao / Egba Boys Society / R. Ayandeyi Akangbe
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Kasumu Sanni tsakanin Raimi Asuni (45; Badejo's Sound Studios BBAF 1022)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 7 (Zareco ORSL 1301) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1301 [as Vol.7 E Ma F'ojowu Meji Dele]) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.7 Late Alimi Orerayi]) [A ] Memudu Amoo Abolade / Alhaji Olanrewaju Oseni / Oremeji (Ijebu-Ode) / Marigayi Alimi Orerayi / RP Salami [B] Lasisi Adelanwa / Falila Abeke / Nbamodi Ese (Lasisi Omolayemi) / Egbe Social (Eko) / Egbe Oba Idimu
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 8 Toba Oluwa Ni Yio Se (Zareco ORSL ? ? ) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 024) Alhaji M. Tolani / Sufianu Ishola Aregbe / Egbe Irawo Egba (Eko) / Moshudi Bello / Tijani Alalubarika / Ganiyu Ajimobi (Alhaji) / Kubura Abike Adebisi (Cash Woman) / Alhaji Bello Agunbiade / Alhaji Y. Ashiyenbi / Egbe Ifenirepo (Odi-Olowo)
1971 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Na 9 (10 "LP, Badejo's Sound Studio BBA 3004R; Zareco ORSR1303) [A] T. Ayinde Shonibare / Shittu Olafuyi / Busari Akiyo / Buraimoh Ogunmefun / Soredegbe (Iffo) [B] Lamide Adedibu / Buraimoh Oyedele / Comfort Seriki / Alhaji Raufu Akiode / Egbe Oredegbe (Saro)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a kan aiki Na 10 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6386022) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 021 [as Vol.10 Otegbola]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.10 Ka Tun 'Ra Mu]) [A] Mudasiru Otegbola / Titilayo Ejire / Raimi Balogun / Sikiru Balogun / Alafia Boys [B] Wahabi Shekoni / Nurudeen Adedeji / Abudu Okedara / Late Ramoni Sanni / Egbe Ifelodun Ikereku
? Yusuf Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa Na12 Iranse Lowo Je (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no number) Raimi Ayinla Mogaji / Lamina Alabede / James Soyoye / Alaru Durowoju / Alaru Durowoju / Egbe Osupa (Egba) / Amidu Ojedara / Alhaji Lamidi Shoge / Ilupeju Adatan / Alhaji Raji Akanji / Oredegbe Mushin
? Yusuf Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa ta Sakara Na 13 Asiko Wa Ni (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Alimi Sanusi / Cif Olorun Tele / Alhaji Sufianu Akande / Egbe Yusuf Olatunji / Bakare Shonde / Alade Okewole / Wosilatu Ologundudu / Alhaji Mustafa Bakare / Tijani Lemomu / Egbe Fowosere? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 14 (Zareco ORSL 1701) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.14 Marigayi Badejo Okusanya]) [A] Marigayi Badejo Okusanya / Lasisi Karaole [B] Oba Alake na Egba Land / Yusufu Olatunji / Amuda Obelawo / Egbe Onifaji Eko
1973 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 15 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361031) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 018 [as Vol.15 Onitire]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.15 Oni 'Tire]) [A] Jimoh Olojo (Itire) / Sunmonu Akanbi Olori / Karimu Olota / Nuru Alowonle / Egbe Ifelajulo (Ijemo) [B] Wahabi Ayinla Adetoun / Aminu Alamu Bello / Jimoh Ishola Amodu / Alhaji Ganiyu Elekuro / Egbe Obaniba Siri
1973 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Na 16 (Zareco ORSL 1703) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.16 Ojise Nla]) [A] Marigayi Lasisi omo Layemi / Muraina Clundegun / Orin Faji / Jarinatu Seriki / Egbe Ifelodun (Ilupeju) [B] Oloye Egba / Alhaji Amuda Balogun / Alhaji Ganiyu Latunde / JKOT / Egbe Ajigbotoluwa (Ibadan)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 17 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361050) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 010 [as Vol.17 Yegede]) [A] Orin Yusufu Olatunji / Kuburatu Adebisi Edioseri / Egba Ilupeju (Kemta) [B] Sule Esinlokun / Awon Oba Eko / Basiratu Salawe Akanni / Sherifatu Asake / Late Sidi Ereko.
1974 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 18 (Zareco ORSL 1706) [A] Alhaji Akanbi Awolesu / SA Sunmonu / Late Suara (Abusi Ibadan) / Oti Oyinbo [B] Gwamna Rotimi / Abudu Sanni Omo-Aje / Salawu Amoo Arikuyeri / Alhaja Sariatu Jaiyeoba / Egbe Olowolagba (Gbagura)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa A Action Vol. 19 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361066) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 005 [as Vol.19 Se Eni Kosi, Omo Yin Nyo]) [A] Ayinde S. Kenkenke / Jinadu Esho (Ifo) / Raufu Are Atan Nagbowo / Salaru Adeywmi / Egbe Liberty (Eko) [B] Amusa Adenekan / Rashidi Adogbonjeun / Yusufu Da Kungiyarsa / Eji Gbadero / Egbe Fesojaiye
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 20 (Zareco ORSL 1708) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1708 [as Vol.20 Omo T'i O Gba Eko Ile]) [A] Chief Lasisi Oseni / Alhaji Salisu Majek / Rasaki Keshiro / Ramoni Alabi Olayiwola / Ero Wo O Ero Wo / Egbe Ifelodun [B] A Se'ba K'A To Sere / Eje Ka Sere Han Won / Alhaji Rafiu Ajakaku (Ibadan) / Egbe Irepolodun (Egba)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa (Sakara) Vol. 21 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361089) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 001 [as Vol.21 Ijimere Sogigun]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON 6361089 [as Vol.21 Ijimere Sogigun]) [A] Lamidi Akinola / Asani Komolafe / Falilatu Shoga / Alhaja Nofisatu Agbeke / Egbe Ifelodun (Egba) [B] Sogigun / Jimoh Oni / Alhaji Raufu Adisa / Egbe Owoseni (Imo)
1975 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 22 (Zareco ORSL 1711) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] CMP008 [as Vol.22 Iwa]) [A] IWA / Shewu Bakare / Alhaja Musili Ashake / Egbe Ajisafe Oshogbo [B] Lamina Ojugbele / Alhaji Abasi Olisa / Fatai Are- Ago / Ailara Amodemaja / Egbe Ifelodun (Oke-Bode)
? Yusuf Olatunji da kungiyar sa Na 23 Olowo Lagba (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Premier Music PLCD 004) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Olowo Lagba / Fasasi Olowobuso / Alhaji Salimonu Lawal / Egbe Osupa Egba / Alhaji Ishatu Korodo / Olufunmilayo Abiodun / Omo Ogun Oloko (Oshodi) / Egbe Olo Member (Ibadan) / Buraimo Dan Boy (Ilorin)
1976 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 24 (Zareco ORSL 1717) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.24 Oba Oluwa Loni Dede]) [A] Olorun Oba L'o Ni Dede / Mo Ranti Baba Kan / Lati Olasimbo / Egbe Iwajowa (Ijebu- Ode) / Alhaji Kasumu Ajibola [B] S. Abeni / Ambali Akanni Salawu / Egbe Oredegbe (Isale Offin)
1976 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 25 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361160) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 019 [as Vol.25 Kafi Ara Wa Sokan]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.25 Oku Ano Konira]) [A ] Adeleke Ashata / Mukadasi Aregbe / Salamotu Abiosoye Oliyide [B] Alhaji Isiaka Kaka / Rafiu Adigun / Alhaji Bakare Adenle / Egbe Ifelodun Oatunji (Egba)
1977 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 26 (Zareco ORSL 1721) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1721 [as Vol.26 jahar ogun]) [A] jahar Ogun / margayi Murtala Muhammed / Alhaji Oloruntele Olukoya / Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Igba Ta Ba Fi Winka / Akanju Wowo / Fasasi Kasumu / Raufu Arogundade / Egbe Oredegbe (Eko)
1977 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Na 27 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361256) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 006 [as Vol.27 Orin Tokotaya]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.27 Oro Loko Laya]) [A] Alhaji Adetunji Adenekan / Alhaja Lati Ladejobi / Sinotu Abeke / Egbe Egba Parapo (Oshodi) [B] Orin Tokotaya / Orin Asiko / Rasaki Adelakun / Egbe Faripo (Egba) / Egbe Irepolodun (Egba)
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a kan aiki. 28 (Zareco ORSL 1725) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.27 Ef 'Omo Fun Alapata]) [A] Alhaji Rasidi Shoyoye / Alhaji Lasisi Akinshola / Ramoni Shanusi / Wosilatu Ologundudu [B] Alhaji Yinusa Akanbi ( Otta) / Kilani - Babanla / Alhaja - Wosilatu - Oguntade
1978 Yusufu Olatunji da kungiyarsa ta Sakara Vol. 29 (Philips / Phonogram PL 6361335) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.29 Ilu Osugbo]) [A] Surakatu Akinbola / Alhaji Yekini Ajala / Egbe Owo Otta [B] Lawrence Aina / Aileru Sodimu / Rasy Musitafa / Egbe Obanibashiri Kemta
1978 Yusufu Olatunji da kungiyarsa ta Sakara Vol. 30 (Zareco ORSL 1729) [A] Alhaji Samusi Ayorinde / Alhaji Musitafa Oyeleke / Sufianu Ogunwolu / Raufu Ajani Raji [B] Alhaji Muraina Ajadi / Jimo Ishola Amodu / Nofisatu Iya Iebeji / Egbe Irepudun Ibadan
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 32 (Zareco ORSL 1731) [A] Iba Abibu - Oluwa / Alhaji Akinpelu / Alhaji Salabiu Ladejobi / Egbe Binukonu Iwo [B] Ibi Agbagbe Fowo - Tisi / Sidikatu - Sogbamu / Alhaji Sule - Shittu / Egbe Alafia Boys Egba
1980 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 33 (Zareco / Fontana FTLP 107) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 024 [as Vol.33 Adegbenro]) [A] Late Akhaji Adegbenro / Bakare Ajani Olagunju / Egbe Fesojaiye (Adatani) [B] Kasunmu Isola Sanni / Sabitiyu Adunni / Egbe Anjuwon (Itoko)
1981 Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Na 35 (Zareco ORSL 1737) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1737 [as Vol.35 Oloye Faji]) [A] Alhaji Raufu Kube-Kube / Alhaji Jimo Idowu / Rabiatu Ayoka (Oloye Faji na Lagos) / Mukaila Balogun / Egbe Ifelodun-Fiditi [B] Lasisi Ishola Fajebe / Mutalubi Dami / Alhaji Onilegbale / Egbe Ifelodun Odi - Olowo
? Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 36 Ore Marun (Zareco ORSL ? ? ) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 025) Alhaji Olatinwa Aderemi / Alhaji Akande Falahan / Alhaji Ishau Lawal / Alhaji Shittu Adeyemi / Alhaji Busari Akano / Oredegbe Ita-Faji (Eko) / Alhaji Badiru Alubarikaloju / Emide Bello / Egbe Ifelodun Fowosere (Egba)
1981-2 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 37 (Zareco ORSL 1739) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1737 [as Vol.37 Mapada Leyin Mi Oba Oluwa]) [A] Chief Adeniyi Idowu / Jinadu Ogunbayo / Awon Omo Lefude / Egbe Osupa Egba Obinrin [B] Mapada Lehin Mi Oluwa / Alhaji Ashiru Olona / Alhaji RP Salami / Egbe Ajisafe (Eko) Mushin
1987 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Baba O 5 (Zareco ORSL 1742) [A] Waidi Orelope / Larimu Seriki / Rabiu Shodunke / Shitu Dokunmu [B] K. Dawodu / Jimoh Asuni / Jimo Subulade / Alhaji Lemboye / James Kodaolu / Oredegbe Kaduna
? Yusufu Olatunji (Baba Legba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Alara Morire (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Alara Morire / Busari Salami / Rasidi Ayandeyi / Cif Kosebinu (Sagua Of Ilugun) / SB Bakare / Raji Asindemade / Alhaji Aremu Kolapo / Surakatu Rosiji / Fasasi Bakare / Abadatu LLB
? Yusufu Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa ta Sakara Group Agbalagba To'nta Roba F'eye (LP; unknown) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no number) Waidi Orelope / Karimu Seriki / Rabiu Shodunke / Shitu Dokunmu / Egbe Unity / K. Dawodu / Jimoh Asuni / Jimoh Subulade / Alhaji Lemboye / James kodaolu / Oredegbe Kaduna
1993 Yusufu Olatunji Legend Vol. 2 (Premier Music PLMC 002) [A] Yusuf Oyokun / Sikiratu Shobayo / Asani Oloriebi / Alhaji Tijani Ariledesi / Egbe Binukonu / Rasaki Sanusi / raji bosa luck / adelabu adegoke [B] Surakatu Amodu / Egbe Ajisafe / Lamidi Shoge / Oroke Loni Niyen / Jimoh Olori Ebi / Abadatu Amoke / Joseph Balogun
2001 Yusufu Olatunji Baba L'egba da Rukunansa na Sakara Rayayyun Wakokin Labari na 1 (CD; no label AG 002) Ajagbe ejo / Asa Mba Eiyele Sere / Orin Toko Taya / Baba In The 60's
2001 Yusufu Olatunji Baba L'egba da Kungiyar Sakararsa Wakokin Rayuwa Na Labari Na Uku (CD; no label AG 003) Orin Yusuf Olatunji / Awon Oba Eko / Alhaji Adetunji Adenekan
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa ta Premier Legend (Premier Music PLMC 004) [A] Jimoh Olojo (Itire) / Sunmonu Akanbi Olori / Karimu Olota / Nuru Alowonie / Egbe Ifelajulo (Ijemo) [B] Wabi Ayinla Adeotun / Aminu Alamu Bello / Jimoh Ishola Amodu / Alhaji Ganiyu Elekuro / Egbe Obanibasiri Eko
? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa ta Premier Legend (Premier Music PLMC 006) [A] Tijani Akinyele / Alimi Okerayi / Yusufu Olatunji / Sule Apena / Lahaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba Jebba) / Abudu Amodemaja / Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) / Alafia Boys (Eko) / Muniratu Laro
? Late Pa Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) The Evergreen Sakara Hit Collections Series 1 (CD; Premier Music no number) Fasasi Bakare / Egbe Unity / Adeniran Adegboyega / Mojisola Ologunebi / Rabiu Sodunke / Shittu Dokunmi / Surukatu Fadipe / Oredegbe Kaduna / Yusufu Oyekun / Sikiratu Shobayo / Asani Oloriebi / Alhaji Tijani Ariledesi / Waidi Orelope / Karimu Seriki / Raji bosa Mustafa sa'a / Ramoni Ogunyomi / Lasisi Abiola / Jimoh Seriki
? Late Pa Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) The Evergreen Sakara Hit Collections Series 2 (CD; Premier Music no number) Bolowo Bate / Ganiyu Ladeyinde / Yekini Akintoye / Egbe Iwajowa (Ijebu Ode) / Surukatu Eki / Jimoh Gbensola / Raufu Adegbite / Ajagbe Imenirepo / Nofiu Lashoju / Da Temi Lare / O Ye Kani Fura / Egbe Membobi goma sha huɗu / Egbe Ifelodun Kenta / yankin Ijoko / Chief Waidi Awoleshu / Adegoke Ajao / Egbe Boys Society / R. Ayandeji Akangbe / Alhaja Muniratu Abeo / Samsudeen Bankole / Abraham Idowu
? Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Orin Faaji (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 017) Faji Song / Jimoh Seriki / Tesimili Kushimo / Lamidi Shoge / George Bammeke / Egbe Obanibashiri / Rasaki Sanusi / Shitu Arowokoko / Chief Lamidi Ashiwaju / Raufu Adeola / Jimo Ologun Ebi / Abadatu Amoke
Bayanai
Abiodun Salawu, "Reeling Nostalgia: ‘Aremote’ and the Enduring Sakara Music in Nigeria", Journal of Global Mass Communication, Vol. II, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2009), p. 114.
{{ij}} Michael E Veal(2000). Fela:The life&Time of an African musical icon. Temple University Press.p.{28} {ISBN}1-56639-765-0
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22777 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Sama%20na%20Imperial | Filin Jirgin Sama na Imperial | Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya,wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu,Indiya da Gabas ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da Hong Kong.Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai.Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba,kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939.BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da British Airways.
Asali
Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan yakin duniya na farko, da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular.
Samarwa
An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling . Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin £ 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga Disambar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: £ 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa £ 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba.
An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga Maris 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan ) da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin.
Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin London. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya.
Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 . Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton – Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels – Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London – Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London – Paris – Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f City na Washington, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 Nuwamba 1924. A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilu 1925, fim din Thearshen Duniya ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris.
Hada Hadan Empire
Tabbatar da Hanya
Tsakanin 16 Nuwamba 1925 da 13 Maris 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane G-EBFO . Hanyar waje ita ce London - Paris - Marseille - Pisa - Taranto - Athens - Sollum - Alkahira - Luxor - Aswan - Wadi Halfa - Atbara - Khartoum - Malakal - Mongalla - Jinja - Kisumu - Tabora - Abercorn - Ndola - Broken Hill - Livingstone - Bulawayo - Pretoria - Johannesburg - Kimberley - Blomfontein - Cape Town . Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama.
A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a G-EBFO don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga Agusta 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa.
A ranar 27 ga Disamba 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules G-EBMX City na Delhi sun bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. .
Hanyar Gabas
Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar Alkahira zuwa Basra ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya fara a ranar 30 ga Maris 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa Genoa da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 Disamba 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa.
A watan Afrilu 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga Landan- Australia; an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa Sydney . Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL Astraea . Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. Astraea ta tashi zuwa Croydon - Paris - Lyon - Rome - Brindisi - Athens - Alexandria - Alkahira inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa Karachi sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur - Delhi - Calcutta - Akyab - Rangoon - Bangkok - Prachuab - Alor Setar - Singapore - Palembang - Batavia - Sourabaya - Bima - Koepang - Bathurst Island - Darwin - Ruwan Newcastle - Camooweal - Cloncurry - Longreach - Roma - Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni.
Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa sabis na Calcutta ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa Rangoon a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1933, London da Singapore na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1933, da kuma London da Brisbane na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. ) Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa Hong Kong sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong.
Hanyar Afirka
A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa Cape Town . A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY City of Karachi ya isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da Kano a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa Lagos a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936.
Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short
A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga Southampton zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta Marseille,Rome, Brindisi,Athens, Alexandria, Khartoum, Port Bell, Kisumu kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa Nairobi,Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe Cape Town . Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken Tekun Atlantika zuwa New Zealand . A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban.
Fasinjoji
Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha.
Ƙungiyoyi
Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci - da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya - sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya.
Wasikar Jirgin Sama
A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis ( Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama ) don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki.
Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1 d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, Speed Wings Over the World yana ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a Southampton da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon . Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980.
Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman "a duk duniya"; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa Hongkong, daga gabashin gabas zuwa New York zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa San Francisco (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli.
Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat Castor ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937.
A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar - bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen.
Yakin Duniya na Biyu
Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi.
Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru
Mummunar Haɗari
Cikin shekarata 1920
24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX City of Delhi ta yi hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu.
13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji.
17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT City na Ottawa ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu.
6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ Birnin Kudus ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, Iran a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin.
26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN City na Rome da ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, Italiya a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa.
A tsakanin shekarun 1930
30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX Birnin Washington ya buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, Paris, Faransa, inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin.
28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI City na Liverpool ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,Belgium bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU Apollo ya yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi . Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ City na Khartoum ya fado daga Alexandria, Misira lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse.
22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA Scipio ya nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin.
24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA Capricornus ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar.
1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC Courtier ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, Girka saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin.
5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ Cygnus ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu.
27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG Amalthea ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da Kisumu, Kenya jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin.
27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW Calpurnia ta yi hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, Iraki a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu.
21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU Cavalier ditched a cikin Atlantic 285 tashi daga New York saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin Esso Baytown . Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu.
1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD Challenger ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin.
1940
1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197, wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal, ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama.
Hadarin da bai muni ba
21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS Garin Melbourne wanda aka liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV Invicta ne ya ceto su.
19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a Surabaya.Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa Melbourne tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, Soerabaja da Kupang .
8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi.
9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB Sylvanus ya kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1]
29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya.
31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE Hengist ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a Karachi, Indiya.
3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok.
12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 G-ADUY,ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba.
7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD Horatius an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon.
19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC Heracles da HP42 G-AAUD Hanno an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch.
Jirgin sama
Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC .
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Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. Aeroplane Monthly.
Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. Journal of Transport History, 25: 66–84.
Pirie, G.H. 2009. Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4111-2.
Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. Journal of Tourism History, 1: 49–66.
Pirie, G.H. 2012.Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8682-3.
Pudney, J. 1959. The Seven Skies - A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919. London: Putnam.
Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.Imperial Air Routes. London: John Murray.
Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines. Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. ISBN 0-9530004-6-X
Stroud, John 1962.Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960. London: Putnam.
Stroud, John. 2005. The Imperial Airways Fleet. Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2997-3
.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org
British Airways "Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata"
Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial
Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas
Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama
Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial
Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape
Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways
Manazarta
Tsaffin filayen jirage
Filin jirgin sama
Filin jiragen da aka kafa
Filin Jirgin Imperial
Pages with unreviewed translations |
13739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funke%20Akindele | Funke Akindele | Akindele Olufunke Ayotunde (wanda aka fi saninta da Funke Akindele ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai a Nijeriya. Funke ta kasance cikin taurarin da suka yi fim din sitcom na wanda Iyakamta asani tun daga shekarar, 1998 zuwa 2002 kuma a shekara ta, 2009 ta sami lambar yabo ta film film
Award don Mafi kyawun ressan wasan kwaikwayon. Tana taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon Jenifa na Diary, wadda aka sanya mata suna Mafi shahararrun mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a Wajan Zabi na Zane-zanen Mafificin Tsarin Mawallafin Afirka na shekarar, 2016 .
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Akindele ce a ranar (24) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta alif (1977) a garin Ikorodu, jihar Legas, Najeriya. Funke ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'ya uku a gurin mahaifiyarsu ('yan mata biyu da yaro guda). Mahaifiyar Akindele kwararriyar likita ce, yayinda mahaifinta tsohon Shugaban Makaranta ne da ya yi ritaya. Funke ta sami yin karatun Diploma ta kasa (OND) a 'Mass Communication' daga tsohuwar makarantar Gwamnatin jihar 'Ogun State Polytechnic', yanzu 'Moshood Abiola Polytechnic',
Aiki
Akindele ta Faso gari ne bayan da ta yi rawar gani a Asusun Kididdigar Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nation Population Fund U.N.F.P.A) -Kungiyar da nake Bukata ta sani, wadda ta fara daga shekarar (1998 zuwa 2002). Funke ta buga wa Bisi, dalibar Sakandare amma kuma mai fasaha. Babban hutun Funke Akindele ta zo ne a shekarar (2008) lokacin da ta fito a fim din Jenifa .
A watan Janairun a shekara ta (2018), akwai wata rigima yayinda aka ruwaito cewa Akindele za ta samu halarta na farko a Hollywood a Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War kamar yadda aka jera ta a matsayin memba na simintin a IMDb. Kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton cewa an saita ta zuwa tauraruwar Infinity War a matsayin mai tsaron gida Dora Milaje, yayin ambato IMDb. Bayan 'yan makonni daga baya sun sauya sunan ta tare da na wata 'yar wasan Najeriya Genevieve Nnaji, tare da bidiyon Akindele da aka nuna cewa yaudara ce. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2018), an ba da rahoton cewa Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, Dakta Bukola Saraki ya shawarci Marvel Studios da ya nuna Akindele a cikin Infinity War.
A watan Yulin a shekara (2016) a wata hirar da ta yi ta ce ba ta yin rawar gani a masana'antar fim ta Yarbawa a lokacin saboda fashin teku. Akindele ita ce ke jagorantar fitowar a cikin shirin Dijital wanda ake cigaba da nunawa a fim din Jenifa, tare da Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, da Aderounmu Adejumoke . Nunin wasan ya zame daga fim din Jenifa. Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta (2018) Moms a tauraruwar War Akindele da Michelle Dede . A watan Yuli na shekarar !2019) Akindele ta fara wani sabon shiri, mai suna 'Aiyetoro Town, ' wani yanki daga jerin shahararrun finafinan ta, 'Jenifa's Diary, Ita ce Shugaba na Kamfanin Fasaha Daya Na Fina Finan.
Ta yi na ta jagorar ne a karon farko a fim din wasan kwaikwayon siyasa na shekarar (2019) <i id="mwZg">Mai Girma Ka</i> .
Qaddamar da sadaka
Funke Akindele tana gudanar da wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sani da gidauniyar Jenifa, wacce ke da niyyar samarwa da matasa ƙwararrun dabarun sana'o'i.
Amincewa
Funke Akindele tana da wasu ayyukan tallafi kamar ta sanya hannun a matsayin jakada a Irokotv . Haka nan a cikin shekara ta (2018) an sanya hannu a matsayin jakadan alama na Bankin Keystone. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2019 ) ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Waw Nigeria, kamfanin da ke kera kayayyakin wanka da sabulu.
Rayuwar mutum
A ranar (26) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2012) Akindele ta auri Adeola Kehinde Oloyede. Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Yulin a shekara ta (2013) inda suka ambaci bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya warwarewa ba. Akindele ta kuma auri yar mawakin Najeriya JJC Skillz a Landan a watan Mayun shekara ta (2016). Jita-jita game da haihuwarta ta mamaye injin bincike na Google a watan Agusta a shekara ta (2017). Akindele ta haifi 'yan tagwaye a cikin watan Disamban shekarar (2018) kuma tana da 'ya'ya da yawa.
Cece-kuce
A watan Afrilun shekara ta (2020) an kama Akindele bayan ta gudanar da bikin ranar haihuwa ga mijinta yayin kulle-kullen da aka yi don magance 'Corona virus'. Daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wani Bidiyon Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sankarar bargo. An yanke wa ’yar wasan da mijinta hukuncin bautar da al’umma na kwanaki (14) bayan da ta amsa laifinta na keta umarnin kullen.
Fina-finai
Jenifa
Jenifa's Diary
Your Excellency
Maami
Industreet
A Trip to Jamaica
Return of Jenifa
Isoken
Moms at War
Chief Daddy
Married but Living Single
Apaadi
Emi Abata
Love Wahala
Ladies Gang
Anointed Liars
Bolode O'ku
Farayola
Ija Ola
Aje Metta
Apoti Orogun
Atanpako Meta
Kakaki 'leku
Omo Pupa
Taiwo Taiwo
Akandun
Baye se Nlo
Edunjobi
Egun
Maku
Oba Irawo
Okun Ife Yi
Agbefo
Kòséfowórà
Odun Baku
Oreke Mulero
Osuwon Edaf
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
Manazarta
Haɗin waje
Funke Akindele on I.M.D.b
Haifaffun 1976
Rayayyun Mutane |
40439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariyar%20Jinsi | Wariyar Jinsi | Wariyar Jinsi shine son zuciya ko wariya dangane da jima'i ko jinsi. Wariyar Jinsi na iya shafar kowa, amma da farko yana shafar mata da kuma 'yan mata. An danganta shi da stereotypes da matsayin jinsi, kuma yana iya haɗawa da imani cewa jinsi ɗaya ko jinsi ya fi wani. Tsananin wariyar Jinsi na iya haifar da rashin fahimta, cin zarafi, fyade, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i. Wariyar jinsi na iya haɗawa da jima'i. An bayyana wannan kalmar a matsayin nuna wariya ga mutane dangane da asalin jinsinsu ko jinsi ko bambancin jinsi. An bayyana wariyar jinsi musamman ta fuskar rashin daidaiton wurin aiki. Yana iya tasowa daga al'adu da ka'idoji na zamantakewa ko al'adu.
Asalin kalma da ma'anoni
A cewar Fred R. Shapiro, kalmar "wariyar Jinsi" an fi dacewa da ita a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1965, ta Pauline M. Leet a lokacin "Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru" a Franklin da Kwalejin Marshall. ] Musamman, kalmar wariyar Jinsi ta bayyana a cikin gudunmawar dandalin Leet forum contribution "Mata da masu digiri na farko", kuma ta bayyana shi ta hanyar kwatanta shi da wariyar launin fata, yana bayyana a wani bangare (a shafi). 3): "Lokacin da kuke jayayya Tun da yake mata kaɗan ne ke rubuta waƙa mai kyau wannan ya ba da hujjar ƙetare su gaba ɗaya, kuna ɗaukar matsayi mai kama da na wariyar launin fata-Ina iya kiran ku, a wannan yanayin, 'mai jima'i' . . . Dukansu masu nuna wariyar launin fata da masu wariyar Jinsi suna aiki kamar duk abin da ya faru bai taɓa faruwa ba, kuma dukkansu biyun suna yanke shawara kuma suna yanke hukunci game da ƙimar wani ta hanyar yin nuni ga abubuwan da ke cikin duka biyun ba su da mahimmanci."
Har ila yau, a cewar Shapiro, karo na farko da kalmar "jima'i" ta fito a cikin bugawa shine a cikin jawabin Caroline Bird "Akan Haihuwar Mata", wanda aka buga a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 1968, a cikin Muhimman Jawabai na Ranar (shafi na 15). 6). A cikin wannan jawabin ta ce a wani bangare: "Akwai amincewa a kasashen waje cewa mu ta hanyoyi da yawa kasa ce ta wariyar Jinsi. Sexism yana hukunta mutane ta hanyar jima'i lokacin wariyar ba kome ba. An yi nufin wariyar Jinsi ne don yin magana da wariyar launin fata."
Ana iya bayyana wariyar jinsi a matsayin akida bisa imani cewa jinsi daya ya fi wani. Wariya ce, son zuciya, ko ra'ayin da ya danganci jinsi, kuma galibi ana bayyana shi ga mata da 'yan mata.
Ilimin zamantakewa ya yi nazarin sexism kamar yadda yake nunawa a kowane mutum da matakin hukuma. A cewar Richard Schaefer, duk manyan cibiyoyin zamantakewa suna ci gaba da yin sexism Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun bayyana kamanceceniya a tsakanin sauran tsarin akida na zalunci kamar wariyar launin fata, wanda kuma ke aiki a matakin mutum da na hukuma. Masana ilimin zamantakewar mata na farko Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida B. Wells, da Harriet Martineau sun bayyana tsarin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi, amma ba su yi amfani da kalmar sexism ba, wanda aka yi daga baya. Masana ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda suka yi amfani da tsarin aiki, misali Talcott Parsons, ya fahimci rashin daidaiton jinsi a matsayin sakamako na dabi'a na nau'in dimorphic na jinsi.
Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Mary Crawford da Rhoda Unger sun bayyana wariyar Jinsi a matsayin son zuciya da mutane ke yi wanda ya ƙunshi "halaye marasa kyau da dabi'u game da mata a matsayin rukuni." Peter Glick da Susan Fiske sun kirkiro kalmar wariyar Jinsi mai ban sha'awa don bayyana yadda ra'ayoyin game da mata na iya zama duka masu kyau da kuma mara kyau, da kuma cewa mutane suna rarraba ra'ayoyin da suke da shi a cikin wariyar jinsi mai kyau.
Ƙwararrun mawallafin mata na mata ya bayyana wariyar jinsi a matsayin tsarin zalunci wanda ke haifar da rashin amfani ga mata. Masanin falsafar mata, Marilyn Frye ta bayyana jima'i a matsayin "hadaddiyar ɗabi'a-ra'ayi-fahimta-daidaitacce" na fifikon maza, chauvinism na namiji, da misogyny.
Masanin Falsafa Kate Manne ta bayyana wariyar jinsi a matsayin reshe ɗaya na tsarin oda. A cikin ma'anarta, wariyar jinsi yana daidaitawa da kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin ubangida, da bambanci da misogyny, reshe wanda ke ba da izini da kuma tilasta ka'idodin ubangida. Manne ya ce jima'i sau da yawa yana ƙoƙari ya sa tsarin zamantakewa na ubanni ya zama dabi'a, mai kyau, ko kuma babu makawa don ya zama babu dalilin yin tsayayya da su.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
46050 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduka%20Obaigbena | Nduka Obaigbena | Nduka Obaigbena CON, mai muƙamin Duke na daular, Owa Kingdom ne, wanda ya kafa, Chairman & Editan-in-Chief na THISDAY Media Group da ARISE News Channel.
Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Ibadan, Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, 1959, a cikin gidan sarautar Owa, Jihar Delta.
Ilimi
Obaigbena ya halarci Kwalejin Edo, Benin City, da Jami'ar Benin. Ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta; Graduate a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Johannesburg da Tsarin Gudanar da Ci gaba a Jami'ar Cape Town.
Sana'a
Ya kafa jaridar Thisday ta Najeriya a shekarar 1995. A cikin shekara ta 2000 Obaigbena ya kafa lambar yabo ta Thisday Awards na shekara-shekara wanda ke karrama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya a fagen siyasa, kasuwancin duniya, mata masu ban sha'awa, da manyan mutane a fannin ilimin Najeriya.
A cikin 2013 ya ƙaddamar da tashar labarai ta TV ta duniya tare da mayar da hankali kan Afirka, Arise News, sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Globecast don watsa tauraron dan adam akan Astra 2G domin watsa shirye-shirye akan dandamali na Sky Sky UK, da kuma Hot Bird, daga biranen London, New York City, Johannesburg, Abuja, da Legas .
A shekarar 2021, Obaigbena bai cancanci yin aiki a matsayin darektan kamfani a Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru bakwai; alkali Raquel Agnello, yana yanke hukunci game da karar da mai karɓar hukuma ya gabatar, ya gano halinsa a matsayin darekta na Arise TV bai dace ba kuma kamfanin ya ci gaba da kasuwanci duk da "cikakkiyar rashin tabbas" game da kuɗaɗe.
Siyasa
Obaigbena ya kasance ɗan takarar majalisar dattawa a 1991. An zaɓe shi memba na taron Tsarin Mulki a 1994.
Majalisar ƙasa da ƙasa da kwamitoci
Obaigbena mai halarta ne akai-akai kuma mai gudanar da zaman taron tattalin arzikin duniya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Shugabannin Matasan Duniya na dandalin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya. Shi ne Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu Mallakar Jarida ta Najeriya (NPAN) sannan kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ƴan jarida ta Najeriya – wanda ya hada da NPAN, kungiyar ƴan jarida ta ƙasa da kuma ƙungiyar editoci ta Najeriya inda abokinsa ne.
Refs
ThisDay (Jarida)
Obaigbena ya fara buga jaridar Thisday Nigerian a shekarar 1995. A shekara ta 2000 ya kafa bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Thisday Awards na shekara-shekara wanda ke karrama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya a fagen siyasa, kasuwancin duniya, mata masu ban sha'awa, da kuma manyan masu faɗa a ji a fannin ilimin Najeriya.
Arise News (TV station)
A cikin 2013 ya ƙaddamar da tashar labarai ta TV ta duniya tare da mayar da hankali kan Afirka, Arise News, ta sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Globecast, don watsa tauraron ɗan adam akan Astra 2G don watsa shirye-shirye akan dandamalin Sky Sky na UK, da kuma Hot Bird don rarraba kebul, mai tushe a London, New York City, Johannesburg, da kuma Legas.
Mujallar ARISE da ARISE Fashion Week
Ya kuma kafa Mujallar ARISE. An ƙaddamar da mujjalar ne a bikin THISDAY Music & Fashion Festival a dakin taro na Royal Albert Hall na Landan a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2008 kuma an yi amfani da makon FASHIN na ARISE (AFRICA) wanda ya fara a biranen Johannesburg da Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga baya kuma ya sami gida a Legas. Najeriya - bayan nunin da aka yi tare da ’yan wasan Afirka a dakin taro na Royal Albert, London; Kennedy Cibiyar, Washington DC; Lincoln Center, New York. Makon Kaya na ARISE shima ya nuna ƴan shekaru a The New York da Paris Fashion Weeks.
Ƙaddamar da Al'adu
Obaigbena ya fara bikin kiɗa da kaɗe-kaɗe na THISDAY a cikin 2006. Taron ya ƙunshi mawaƙan kiɗa da yawa kamar Beyonce, Jay Z, Rihanna, John Legend, Lionel Richie, Dianna Ross, Alicia Keys, Mary J Blige, Snoop Dogg, 50 Cent, Busta Rhyme, Black Eyed Peas, Missy Elliott, Usher, Naomi Campbell, Alec Wek, Liya Kedebe, Oluchi, da dai sauransu.Ya kuma ƙirƙiro manufar THISDAY Awards.
Rigima
Kafin ƙaddamar da tashar Arise News, wasu ma'aikata da masu samar da kayayyaki sun koka game da gazawar Obaigbena na cika wa'adin biya. Obaigbena ya biya dukkan basussukan ma'aikata. Kimanin shekaru uku da ƙaddamar da kafar yaɗa labarai ta Arise News, Obaigbena ya shiga cikin wani bincike da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta Najeriya ta gudanar, wanda ke binciken kashe kuɗin wani asusu kimanin dala biliyan 2.1. Binciken da ya biyo baya ya shafi ayyukan Obaigbena. Game da wannan lokacin, ma'aikatan sun koka kuma sun ɗauki matakin aiki saboda jinkirin biyan kuɗin aikin su.
Kyauta
A watan Oktoban 2022, Shugaban Ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ba Obaigbena lambar yabo ta ƙasa mai suna Kwamandan Hukumar Neja (CON) ta Najeriya.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin yanar gizo na Thisday
Gidan yanar gizon Arise News
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959 |
24030 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20Khanna | Twinkle Khanna | NiTwinkle Khanna wadda aka fi sani da Tina Jatin Khanna (An haifeta ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 1973) marubuciya ce 'yar Indiya, marubuciyar jarida, mai zanen ciki, mai shirya fina -finai kuma' yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ta yi aiki a fina -finan Hindi. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ta fito da littafin ta na farko da ba almara ba, MrsFunnybones wanda aka ayyana a matsayin mafi kyawun mai siyarwa, sanya marubuciya mace mafi siyarwa ta Khanna Indiya a waccan shekarar. Littafinta na biyu, The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad, tarin gajerun labarai, wanda ɗayansu ya dogara ne akan ɗan kasuwa Arunachalam Muruganantham daga baya aka sanya shi cikin fim ɗin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Award, Pad Man tare da mai da hankali kan kawar da abubuwan da ba su dace ba game da haila An samar da ita a ƙarƙashin gidan samarwa Khanna Mrs. Fim ɗin Funnybones wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2016.
Littafinta na bayan nan da litattafan farko, Pajamas suna gafartawa (Juggernaut Books, a shekara ta 2018) ya sanya ta zama marubuciyar mata mafi siyarwa a Indiya a cikin shekarar 2018, a cewar Nielsen BookScan India. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Khanna kuma ta ƙaddamar da Tweak India, dandamalin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital na mata biyu.
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Twinkle Khanna a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1974 a Mumbai, na farko cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu na fitattun jaruman fina -finan Hindi Dimple Kapadia da Rajesh Khanna, waɗanda ta raba ranar haihuwar ta. Kakan mahaifiyarta, Chunnibhai Kapadia ɗan kasuwa ne na Gujarati kuma mahaifinta Rajesh Khanna, wanda aka haife shi a Punjabi Khatri a Amritsar, Punjab, ya fito ne daga dangin masu kwangilar jirgin ƙasa. A gefen mahaifiyarta, ta kasance 'yar dan'uwan Simple Kapadia ,' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai zanen kaya wanda ta yi "kauna". 'Yar uwarta Rinke Khanna da dan uwanta Karan Kapadia suma sun yi fim.
Khanna ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta a New Era, Panchgani da Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki ta Narsee Monjee . Bayan ta gama ajin ta na sha biyu 12, ta so ta ci gaba da sana’ar akanta ta yi lissafi sannan ta ba da jarrabawar shiga makaranta amma ta shiga harkar fim a maimakon dagewa daga iyayenta. Kafin ta fara harkar fim, Khanna ta yi aikin tiyatar ido.
Sana'a
Aiki mai aiki
Khanna ta fara haska allon ta a gaban Bobby Deol a cikin Rajkumar Santoshi 's romance Barsaat a shekara ta (1995). Dharmendra ne ya jefa ta kuma kafin fitowar fim ɗin Khanna ta sa hannu don ƙarin ayyuka biyu. Ya yi kyau a ofishin akwatin kuma ya zama fim na shida mafi girman kuɗi na shekara, kuma ta karɓi Kyautar Film na fari don Kyautar Mace ta Farko saboda rawar da ta taka. A shekara mai zuwa ta taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin Raj Kanwar Jaan da soyayyar Lawrence D'Souza Dil Tera Diwana a gaban Ajay Devgn da Saif Ali Khan bi da bi. Jaan ya kasance babban ofishin akwatin kuma Dil Tera Deewana ya kasa yin kyau. KN Vijiyan na New Straits Times ya rubuta cewa "Khanna ba ta zama kamar 'yar wasan fina -finan Hindi ba". Yayin da take nazarin Dil Tera Diwana, Vijiyan ya rubuta game da Khanna: "Ba kamar fina -finan da ta gabata ba, tana da kyau sosai a duk al'amuran ta kuma tana iya yin kyau." A cikin a shekara ta 1997, fina -finai biyu da ke nuna ta; Uff! An saki Yeh Mohabbat da Itihaas. Duk waɗannan fina -finan sun kasance mataimakan masu shirya akwatin. Sakinta daya tilo a shekarar ta 1998 shi ne Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai, wanda ya nuna ta a matsayin soyayyar Salman Khan kuma nasara ce a akwatin. Khanna ta yi fim ɗin Akshay Kumar a cikin fina -finan fina -finai guda biyu: Khiladi na Duniya da Zulmi (duka a shekara ta1999). A cikin tsohuwar ta buga mai ba da labarai wanda ke soyayya da wani mai laifi wanda ta yi hira da shi. Dukansu sunyi talauci a ofishin akwatin. An haɗa ta da Daggubati Venkatesh a cikin fim ɗin Telugu Seenu a shekara ta (1999).
Khanna ta taka rawar gani a Baadshah A Shekara ta (1999), tare da nuna Shah Rukh Khan a matsayin mai bincike. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta yi fim ɗin gaban Saif Ali Khan a Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda Mahesh Bhatt ya jagoranta . An hada ta gaban Aamir Khan a Dharmesh Darshan 's Mela a shekara ta (2000). Mai kama da Samurai Bakwai a cikin labari, ya kasance matsakaicin mai kuɗi a ofishin akwatin. Chal Mere Bhai a shekara ta (2000) ya fito da Khanna a wani kamanni na musamman kusa da babban rawa a wasan barkwanci Joru Ka Ghulam, gaban Govinda . Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayon David Dhawan wanda ya jagoranci Jodi No.1a shekara ta (2001). Fim ɗin ta a cikin fim ɗin ya gamu da mummunan bita. Daraktan fina -finai Karan Johar ya yarda a cikin wata hira cewa Khanna yana cikin tunaninsa don rawar da Tina ta taka a Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, amma ta ƙi, kuma ta haka ne aka sanya hannu Rani Mukerji. Ta bar masana'antar bayan aurenta da Akshay Kumar a shekara ta 2001, inda ta ce ba ta ƙara jin daɗin aikin wasan kwaikwayo ba. Fim dinta na ƙarshe shine Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega a shekara ta (2001), sake fasalin fim ɗin Telugu Money a shekara ta (1993). Ya fito da kishiyar ta Fardeen Khan kuma ya kasance matsakaicin mai kuɗi a ofishin akwatin.
Aikin kashe allo
A watan Agusta zuwa watan Oktoba shekara ta 1999, Khanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo mai ban al'ajabi da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Shah Alam Outdoor, Malaysia da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Magnificent Five a Birmingham, Ingila. Juhi Chawla, Shah Rukh Khan da Salman Khan sun raka ta a tsohuwar yayin da a karshen ta yi tare da Aamir Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Akshaye Khanna da Rani Mukherjee. A shekara mai zuwa, ta kasance cikin kwamitin alkalai a Femina Miss India . Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a matsayin jagorar mace a cikin Feroz Khan's All The Best a watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2001. A cikin shekara ta 2002, Khanna ta buɗe kantin sayar da kayan cikinta a Kasuwar Crawford, Mumbai, wanda ake kira The White Window, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da kawarta Gurlein Manchanda. Tun daga wannan lokacin, shagon ya karɓi lambar ƙirar ƙirar ƙasa ta Elle Decor. Ta buɗe wani reshe na shagon a wani wuri a Mumbai. Ba ta riƙe digirin ƙwararru kuma ta yi aiki tare da mai zanen gini na tsawon shekaru biyu don koyan hanyoyin. Lokacin da take da juna biyu, ta yi taswira da zane ta amfani da CAD . Khanna ta yi na cikin gida don Rani Mukerji, Reemma Sen 's da gidajen Tabu Kareena Kapoor 's Bandra flat a shekara ta 2008 da Poonam Bajaj's studio studio. Bisa bukatar daya daga cikin abokan huldar ta, ta umarci wani kamfani da ya yi mazaunin bayan gida na zinariya. Khanna ita ce jakadiyar alamar Indiya ta L'Oréal .
Khanna ta kuma amince da tsara ƙirar Supertech ta ORB a Noida da wani aikin zama a Pune. Sai dai Khanna ya shigar da kara a gaban Supertech saboda rashin biyan ₹ 10.4 million a matsayin kudin tallafi. Ta kuma jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Zane -zane ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kwalejin Ciki. Khanna ita ce ta kirkiri Hotunan Goat Pictures kuma ta hada fina-finan Tees Maar Khan shekara ta (2010) da Patiala House a shekara ta (2011). Ta kuma fito da fito na fito a tsohon fim. Khanna ya kuma samar da Godiya a shekara ta (2011), Khiladi guda 786 a shekara ta (2012), guda 72 Miles a shekara ta (2013) da Hutu: Soja Ba Ya Kashe Aiki a shekara ta (2014). Ta kuma kasance jakadiyar alama don alamar agogon Movado kuma ta amince da Coca-Cola da Micromax Mobile . A watan Disambar shekara ta 2016, Khanna ta ƙaddamar da gidan samar da ita Mrs. Fina-Finan Funnybones wanda a ƙarshe suka haɗu da Pad Man . Fim ɗin ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Fim ta Ƙasa ta 2018 don Fim mafi Kyawu akan Sauran Al'amuran Al'umma .
Khanna marubuciya ce a Daily News da Analysis bayan awanni da The Times of India . Penguin Random House sun ba da sanarwar cewa littafin Khanna mai suna Mrs Funnybones ya shiga jlamba biyu masu siyar da Nielsen mai lamba 2 a makon farko na siyarwa. An ƙaddamar da shi a Mumbai a ranar 18 ga Satan Agusta 2015, littafin ya kai lamba daya 1 akan mafi kyawun siyayyar kantin sayar da Kemps Corner na Crossword kuma ya sami yabo daga masu karatu da manema labarai, a ƙarshe ya sanya Khanna ta zama marubuciyar mata mafi siyarwa a Indiya a wannan shekarar. Littafin Khanna na biyu The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad, tarin gajerun labarai guda huɗu, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016 ya sayar da kwafi 100,000 Sabon littafin ta, Pajamas Are Forgiving (Juggernaut Books, a shekara ta 2018) an sake shi a watan Satumba a shekara ta 2018 kuma ya sanya ta zama marubuciyar mata mafi siyarwa a Indiya a cikin shekarar ta 2018, a cewar Nielsen BookScan India. Mawallafin ya ba da rahoton cewa littafin ya yi murabus a lamb guda daya1 akan Nielsen Bookscan All-India Bestseller List kuma an sayar da kwafi sama da 100,000.
Khanna ta kasance mai bayar da himma sosai kan sanadin tsabtar al'ada. Ta hada hannu da kungiyar Save the Children don inganta 'yancin tsaftar al'ada a tsakanin yara da al'ummomin marasa galihu. a An gayyace ta don yin magana a Jami'ar Oxford a shekara ta 2018. An kuma gayyace ta da ta kasance wani babban kwamiti a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, New York sannan kuma ta fito a shirin BBC na Tasirin Duniya don yin magana game da tsabtar al'ada da tsabtar muhalli a duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Khanna kuma ta ƙaddamar da Tweak, dandamalin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital na mata biyu.
Rayuwar mutum
A shekarar ta 2001, Khanna ta yi yakin neman zaben mahaifinta a New Delhi . Ta sadu da Akshay Kumar, a karon farko yayin wani zaman hoto na mujallar Filmfare. Sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2001 kuma tare suna da ɗa, Aarav da 'yarsa, Nitara. Kumar sau da yawa yana yaba Khanna saboda nasarorin da ya samu. A cikin shekara ta 2009, mujallar Mutane ta jera ta a matsayin ta huɗu mafi shahara a Indiya. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, an yi mata aikin tiyata a asibitin Breach Candy don cire dutse koda .
A cikin shekara ta 2009, yayin Makon Lakme Fashion, ta buɗe jigon Akshay Kumar (maɓallin farko kawai). Wannan lamarin ya haifar da cece -kuce. Wani ma'aikacin zamantakewa ya shigar da ƙara a kan ma'auratan da masu shirya taron don batsa. Khanna ta mika wuya a ofishin 'yan sanda na Vakola sannan aka sake ta da beli. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Babbar Kotun Bombay ta umarci 'yan sanda su gurfanar da Khanna da mijinta. A shekarar shekara ta 2014, Khanna da 'yar uwarta sun sayar da gidan mahaifin su akan kudi crore 85. Ta kula da asusun Twitter tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2014.
Filmography
A matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo
A matsayin furodusa
Kyaututtuka
Littafin tarihin
Nassoshi
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1973
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50879 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITEL | NITEL | Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), ya kasance mai ba da sabis na tarho a Najeriya har zuwa 1992 lokacin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa dokar Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya da ke ba wa sabbin masu shiga cikin sashin sadarwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan shekaru na mallakar, aikin kamfanin ya kasance mai sauƙi, hali mai kama da sauran kamfanonin mallakarsa na jihar kamar NEPA da kamfanoni na ruwa mallakas gwamnati. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1985 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar hukumomin gwamnati guda biyu, sashin sadarwa na sashen Post da Telecommunications (P&T) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Saduwa na waje na Najeriya (NET)
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008 wani rahoto daga BBC News ya ce gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauka cewa kamfanin kasa da kasa bai inganta aikin NITEL ba sabili da haka ya dakatar da keɓancewa don goyon bayan Transcorp. A shekara da 2015, gwamnati ta kammala ma'amala da ta ga kadarorin N ITEL da Mtel ga NATCOM. Yarjejeniyar ta kai dala miliyan 252.
An ƙaddamar da wani Kamfanin Telecom na Najeriya (Ntel) A watan Afrilu wanda ya maye gurbin Nitel, Ntel shine sabon sake reincarnation na kamfanin sadarwa na yanzu, NITEL. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta mika kadarorin NITEL / Mtel ga NATCOM (kamfanin iyaye na Ntel) a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 252 a shekarar da suka gabata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Nitel ya nada Nate James a matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanar da asusun.
Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Sakatarwa (P&T)
A lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1985, sashen Post da Telecommunications ya ba da sabis na aika saƙo da sadarwa na ciki tsakanin biranen Najeriya yayin da NET ta ba le sabis ɗin sadarwa tsakanin zaɓaɓɓun birane na Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Saboda ƙuntatawa na albarkatun, an tsara samar da ayyuka a matakai tare da fadadawa tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970.
Ayyukan Telegraph sun fara ne a cikin 1880s kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jama'ata ce ta fara gudanar da su har zuwa 1907 lokacin da aka sauya waɗannan ayyukan zuwa P & T. A cikin 1908, an gabatar da musayar tarho ta hannu tare da allon sauyawa na layi 100 a Legas kuma a shekara ta 1920 kimantawar layin taruwa a kasar ya kai 920, a 920. Bayan shekara guda, an gabatar da allon sauyawa mai yawa tare da damar yin layi 800 kuma a cikin 1941 an ga haɗin kai tare le teleprinter. A cikin shekarun 1950, an ƙaddamar da saka hannun jari da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da fadada musayar tarho ta atomatik da da'irori na akwati, ƙaddara hanyar watsa rediyo ta Legas zuwa Port Harcourt da kuma gabatar da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon V.H.F. da yawa zuwa wasu birane da garuruwa. A shekara ta 1961, sun kasance fiye da 32,000 tarho line da 120 tarfon musayar. Zuba jari a cikin sadarwa ya motsa tushen masu biyan kuɗi zuwa sama da 100,000 a 1973 kuma har zuwa 400,000 a 1990.
Sadarwar waje ta Najeriya
Tarihin NET za a iya gano shi zuwa mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A cikin 1886, Kamfanin African Direct Telegraph Company ne ya samar da sabis na telegraph tsakanin Legas da London, wannan kamfani daga baya ya zama Imperial da International Communications bayan haɗuwa sannan Cable da Wireless. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Cable da Wireless, samun sha'awa ga hannun Najeriya na Cible da wireless. Sabuwar kamfanin ta samar da sabis na tarho na kasa da kasa, telex da telegraph, watsa bayanai mai sauri da watsawa da karɓar talabijin na ainihi amma waɗannan ayyukan sun fi ƙuntata zuwa Legas da manyan biranen Najeriya kamar Ibadan, Enugu, Kaduna, da Port-Harcourt. Babban saka hannun jari na kamfanin shine gina tashar watsawa da karɓar HF.
Kamfanin ya fara samar da sabis na telex na atomatik a cikin 1971 kuma a mu 1980, NET ta gabatar da kai tsaye na kasa da kasa kuma saurin sabis tsakanin Najeriya da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashen Yamma. NET kuma ta ba da sabis na telegraph mai zaman kansa tare da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga kamfanoni da kuma gudanar da abubuwan talabijin da aka watsa ko karɓa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kamar FESTAC 77 da ayyukan wasanni. Ga yawancin wanzuwarsa, kayan aikin NET ba su isa ba idan aka kwatanta da bukatun kasuwanci da yawan jama'a, lokacin mutum ya cika layin kamar yadda laƙoƙin da ke kan akwatunan tarho ba za su iya ci gaba da zirga-zirga ba.
NITEL
An kafa Nigerian Telecommunications Limited a cikin 1985 a matsayin haɗuwa da sashen sadarwa na Post da Telecomunicaciones da NET. An kafa sabon kamfanin ne don inganta daidaita ayyukan sadarwa a cikin ƙasar, don yin sadarwa ta ciki da kasuwanci a manufa da kuma rage ninka yawan rabon kasafin kuɗi da saka hannun jari. NITEL ta gaji mafi yawan kayan aikin analog daga wadanda suka riga ta kuma dole ne ta ba da kuɗin sabon saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki na dijital. Ya gabatar da wayar hannu a cikin 1992, ta hanyar MTS, haɗin gwiwa tare da Digital Communications Limited, kamfanin Atlanta. Koyaya, a cikin aiki, har yanzu ba shi da inganci, layin sun cika, tsarin biyan kuɗi bai yi ingani ba kuma ƙimar kammala kira don kiran nesa ya kasance ƙasa da 50%. Lokacin da sabbin ayyukan tarho masu zaman kansu suka fito a Legas a cikin shekarun 1990, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara da NITEL mara aminci don ayyukan haɗin kai. Bugu da kari, bukatar ayyuka a wasu birane sun fi karfin NITEL yayin da yawancin layin N ITEL ba su aiki ba saboda rashin kulawa da ababen more rayuwa ko rashin isasshen kayan aikin sadarwar kebul.
A shekara ta 2002, MTEL wanda ya sami kadarorin MTS, ya samu lasisin GSM.
Da farko a shekara ta 2001, kamfanin ya shiga cikin wani lokaci na tallace-tallace da fitarwa, na farko shine sayar da kashi 51% ga ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na Investors International London iyakance, an soke sayarwa bayan masu sa hannun kuɗi sun kasa yin farashin ƙarshe. Daga baya, gwamnati ta dakatar da saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin kuma ta amince da kwangilar sauyawar gudanarwa tare da kamfanin da ake kira Pentascope a shekara ta 2003. An soke kwangilar a shekara ta 2005 bayan ya bayyana cewa Pentascope ba shi da isasshen albarkatu don gudanar da NITEL. Wani rashin nasarar sayarwa ga Orascom a shekara ta 2005 ya biyo baya kafin a sayar da kamfanin ga wani reshe na Transcorp a cikin shekara, amma an soke wannan sayar a shekarar 2009. A cikin 2014, an sayar da kamfanin ga NATCOM, ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari karkashin jagorancin Tunde Ayeni.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Kasuwanci |
26099 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Botswana | Sinima a Botswana | Tarihin Sinima na Botswana (ko sinima a Botswana ) ya ƙunshi yin fim a ƙasar Botswana dake Kudancin Afirka, kafin da bayan samun ƴancin kasar Botswana. Fim ɗin Botswana yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen sinima na Afirka wanda ya haɗa da gidajen sinima na kasa na Benin, Masar, Kenya, Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, da sauransu.
Wasu sun yi wa lakabin masana'antar fim ta Botswana "Botswood", kwatankwacin yadda ake kiran masana'antar fina-finan Indiya "Bollywood ", ta Najeriya " Nollywood ", da kuma ta Amurka " Hollywood ".
Tarihin farko
Dangane da masanin tarihi Neil Parsons, farkon sanannen kwafin fim ɗin da aka rubuta a Botswana ya kasance tsakanin shekarar 1906 zuwa 1907. A cewarsa, wani kamfani na London, Ingila mallakar wani mutum mai suna Charlie Urban ya aiko da masu daukar hoto don yin rikodin shirin bidiyo game da balaguron jirgin ƙasa na Bechuanaland zuwa Victoria Falls, tafiya jirgin ƙasa wanda ya ratsa ƙasar Botswana ta yau. Daga nan sai masanin tarihin dan Adam Rudolf Pöch daga Ostiriya ya zo ya yi jerin gajerun fina-finai a cikin ƙasar Afirka, waɗanda suka haɗa sauti da launi kuma ya ƙunshi wani mutum mai shekaru sittin, Kubi . Parsons sun ɗauki Kubi a matsayin "tauraron fim na Botswana na farko".
A cikin 1912, wani ɗan London wanda aka fi sani da W. Butcher ya sami izinin tafiya zuwa Botswana ta Gabas don yin fim da jerin gwanon Bangwato ; wannan ya faru a birnin Serowe. Daga lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, shirye -shiryen fina -finan Botswana sun mamaye finafinan game da mutanen yankin Botswana ta yamma da labarai game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a gabas.
An ba da rahoton cewa, Mai shirya fim na farko daga Botswana wani mutum ne mai suna Molefi Pilane, wani ɗan gida, sarkin ƙabilanci wanda ake zargin ya yi rikodin mata suna wanka ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin kyamarar rikodi. Wata mata da aka sani da "Miss Muichison" ta yi rikodin fina -finan da suka kai kimanin sa'o'i biyu, inda ta yi bayani dalla -dalla game da ayyukan ƙungiyar majagaba ta agaji ta Afirka ; An san sassan biyu suna rayuwa kuma kashi na uku ana zargin akwai shi a wani wuri a Botswana.
Fim ɗin mai suna Bechuanaland Protectorate an yi shi ne a lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu kuma yana da nasaba da sojojin APC da suka dawo gida daga Arewacin Afirka bayan sun yi nasarar dawowa Botswana. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi sarkin kabilar Bathoen II .
Bill Lewis mai shirya fina-finai na Cape Town ya zo yankin Botswana a 1947 don yin fim na ziyarar sarauta a gona inda sojojin APC suka kasance. Ba'amurke Tom Larson kuma ya zo a ƙarshen Shekarun 1940; ya yi fim na wasu shirye -shirye guda biyu, daya mai taken "Masu Rainmakers na Okavango " wanda aka saki a 1948.
1950 zuwa 1960
Ɗan siyasa na gari, Shugaban farko na Botswana Seretse Khama, Baƙar fata, ya auri Ruth Williams, Farin mace daga Ingila, a cikin 1948, yana mai da hankalin Botswana ga ƙasashen duniya saboda dokokin yankin na wariyar launin fata; wannan ya sa kamfanonin shirya fina -finai da yawa suka samar da movietone reels game da ma'auratan. Kamfanonin da suka yi fim ɗin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da Paramount Pictures da Labaran Duniya . An ci gaba da samar da fina -finai game da ma'auratan da kyau bayan sun bar Botswana don yin hijira.
1953 ya ga samar da " Remmants of a Mace Race ", wanda mazaunin Molepolole Louis Knobel ya samar, wani Bature ne wanda ke aiki da Sabis ɗin Bayanai na Afirka ta Kudu . Wannan fim ɗin yayi cikakken bayanin rayuwar mutanen San dake zaune a hamadar Kalahari, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren Botswana. An samar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanin "Kalahari Films" kuma ya ɗauki tsawon mintuna 17.
" Mafarauta ", fim ɗin 1957 na Amurka John Marshall shima ya shafi mutanen da ke zaune a Kalahari, kamar yadda shirin BBC, " The Lost World of the Kalahari ", ya nuna Laurens van der Post .
Nunin Amurka " Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom " shima ya zo yin fim a kusa da Botswana sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1960.
Botswana ta sami ƴencin kanta a 1966, kawo sauye -sauyen siyasa, zamantakewa da al'adu a yankin, gami da yadda aka shirya fina -finai da bunƙasa a sabuwar ƙasar Afirka ta lokacin.
Tarihin kwanan nan
A cikin 1980, John Marshall ya yi fim ɗin wani daga cikin shirye- shiryensa masu alaƙa da Botswana, "Nǃai, Labarin ǃKung Woman ", game da gwagwarmayar wani ! Matar Kung, N! Ai, wacce aka yi mata auren dole da shekara takwas ga mai maganin warkar da ƙabilanci.
Wasan barkwanci na 1981, " Dole ne Alloli Su Yi Hauka " a Botswana kuma ya zama babban abin bugawa na duniya; ya shafi wani jami'i guda uku da jerin abubuwan da ba na hukuma ba: 1988's " The Gods Must Be Crazy II " shi ma ya shahara, duka fina -finan da suka sa ɗan wasan Namibia Nǃxau ǂToma ya zama sanannen tauraron fim, yayin da " Crazy Safari " na 1991 shine farkon jerin abubuwan da ba na hukuma ba. wani kamfanin fina -finai na Hong Kong mai suna Orange Sky Golden Harvest, wanda kuma ya fito da Nǃxau ǂToma. Sauran biyun, "Mahaukaci a Hong Kong" (1993) da "Dole ne Alloli Su Kasance Masu Ban dariya A China" (1995) ba a yin fim a ƙasar Botswana.
An yi fim ɗin Disney na 2000 " Whispers: An Elephant's Tale " a Botswana, tare da tauraruwar tauraruwar Hollywood Angela Bassett. Daga baya, a lokacin 2009, an yi rikodin sassan fim ɗin Indiya na yaren Tamil na Saravanan , "Ayan " a Botswana.
Wanda aka yaba sosai " A Birtaniya ", game da labarin soyayya ta gaskiya ta Seretse Khama da Ruth Williams, an yi fim ɗin wani ɓangare tsakanin Botswana da London, Ingila kuma an sake shi a duniya a cikin 2016.
Kamfanonin sinima
Botswana tana da kamfanonin fina -finai da fina -finai da yawa, ciki har da New Capitol Cinemas da Gaborone Cine Center .
Manazarta
Botswana
Sinima a Afrika |
33730 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20Uzodinma | Hope Uzodinma | Hope Ozodimgba Uzodinma (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke riƙe da muƙamin gwamnan jihar Imo. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Kotun Koli a Najeriya ta bayyana Hope Uzodinma na jam'iyyar APC a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo na shekarar 2019 inda ta soke zaɓen Emeka Ihedioha.
Asali
An haifi Hope Uzodinma ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1958 a Omuma ga dangin Katolika na Igbo; mahaifinsa Cif Michael Uzodinma ya riƙe sarautar Igwe na Ozuh Omuma kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce Ezinne Rose Uzodinma (née Nneoha). Ɗan uwa ne ga dangin Okoro na Etiti-omuma. Uzodinma mai kishin Katolika ne, kuma yana auren Chioma Uzodinma da ‘ya’ya bakwai.
Har zuwa karatunsa na sakandare, ya tsaya a aji na biyu, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi Diploma a fannin fasahar sarrafa ruwa, da Higher Diploma a fanni guda, a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Owerri . Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yana da digirin farko a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Diflomasiya daga Jami’ar Washington da ke St. Louis . Kafin shigarsa siyasa, Uzodinma ɗan kasuwa ne mai ɗimbin sha’awar kasuwanci.
Farkon sana'ar siyasa
Hope Uzodinma ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya, inda ya koma jam'iyyar NPN mai mulki, inda a shekarar 1983 ya zama shugaban matasan jihar Imo . A cikin shekarun 1990, tare da kawo ƙarshen sauya sheƙa zuwa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku, Uzodinma ya yi fice a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party .
A shekarar 1999 ne, bayan komawar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya, Uzodinma ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na jam’iyyar ta ƙasa, kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa da kuma kwamitin amintattu, a lokuta daban-daban tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na shugaban jam’iyyar a jihar Imo, Uzodinma ya kasance makusancin gwamna Achike Udenwa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2002, inda kafin zaɓen watan Afrilun shekarar 2003 ya sauya sheƙa zuwa jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD), inda ya zama ɗan takarar jam’iyyar a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. . Bayan ya sha kaye a hannun Udenwa, ya koma PDP a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004. Daga baya ya tsaya takarar gwamnan PDP a watan Disamba a shekara ta 2006, inda ya zo na biyu bayan Sanata Ifeanyi Araraume. A shekarar a shekara ta 2011, bayan Gwamna mai ci Ikedi Ohakim ya koma PDP, Uzodinma ya amince masa ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a karo na biyu, ya fifita shi a kan Rochas Okorocha wanda daga baya ya yi nasara.
A watan Janairun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na Sanatan PDP na yankin Imo West, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 2,147, yayin da Sanata mai ci Osita Izunaso ya zo na biyu da ƙuri’u 891. Daga baya ne dai hukuncin wata babbar kotun tarayya ta kore Uzodinma saboda ba a wanke shi daga kwamitin zaɓe na PDP ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nwafor-orizu ba. A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2011, wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta bayar da umarnin yanke hukuncin kisa a lokacin da ake yanke hukunci, inda aka bar Uzodinma ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2011 Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta amince da hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke, Uzodinma ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci a Kotun Ƙoli . A zaɓen Afrilun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya samu ƙuri’u 85,042, inda tsohon Gwamna Achike Udenwa na jam’iyyar ACN ya samu ƙuri’u 64,228 sai kuma Rajis Okpalan Benedicta na jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance da ƙuri’u 57,110. A watan Mayun shekarar 2011, Kotun Ƙoli ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya tare da bayyana cewa Uzodinma ne ɗan takara mai inganci don haka an zaɓe shi.
Majalisar Dattawa (2011-2019)
A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2011 ne aka rantsar da Hope Uzodinma a matsayin Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya, mai wakiltar jihar Imo (West Senatorial District). An sake zaɓe shi a karo na biyu a majalisar dattawa a lokacin zaɓen shekarar 2015 . A shekarar 2018 ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP ya koma jam’iyyar APC mai mulki domin ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a zaɓen shekarar 2019 mai zuwa .
Gwamnan jihar Imo
A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2019 ne hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta da ke zama a Imo ta sanar da sakamakon zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo: Emeka Ihedioha na jam'iyyar PDP wanda ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 273,404, Uche Nwosu na jam'iyyar Action Alliance da ƙuri'u 190,364, Ifeanyi Ararume na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance tare da ƙuri'u 114,676; Sai Uzodinma a matsayi na huɗu da ƙuri’u 96,458. Daga baya Uzodinma ya ƙalubalanci nasarar Ihedioha har zuwa kotun ƙoli . A ranar 14 ga Janairu, a shekara ta 2020, Kotun Ƙoli ta bayyana Uzodinma, zaɓaɓɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. Kotun ta ce ba bisa ƙa’ida ba an cire sakamakon zaɓe daga rumfunan zaɓe 388 daga ƙuri’un da aka bai wa Uzodinma da APC a Imo inda ta ƙara da cewa mai shigar da ƙara na farko Uzodinma ne ke da rinjayen ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa.
A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020 ne aka rantsar da shi da Placid Njoku a matsayin gwamnan jihar Imo da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Imo a jawabinsa na farko, ya umurci akawuntan jihar da ya samar da cikakken matsayin jihar daga watan Mayun shekarar 2010 zuwa Janairun 2020, ya kuma umarci sakatarorin dindindin na dukkan ma'aikatun jihar da su gabatar da matsayin duk kwangilolin da aka bayar, tare da dakatar da biyan duk wasu kwangilolin da ke gudana.
Gwamnatin Uzodinma ta ga ɓarkewar rikicin Orlu da kuma farmakin da sojojin Najeriya suka yi domin kawar da masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra.
Cin hanci da rashawa
A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, kwamitin bincike na musamman ya kama Uzodinma saboda gazawar ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoninsa wajen aiwatar da kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 12 na lalata tashar Calabar. Daga baya Uzodinma ya musanta cewa an taɓa kama shi, yana mai cewa yunƙuri ne na hana yaƙin neman zaɓensa na gwamna.
Laƙabi
Ya sami laƙabin bikin Onwa-Netiri Oha na Omuma a ƙaramar hukumar Oru ta Gabas ta jihar Imo.
Duba kuma
Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Imo
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Gwamnonin jihar imo
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50437 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley%20Ackerman | Shelley Ackerman | Shelley Ackerman (watan Oktoba ranar 14, shekara ta 1953 - watan Fabrairu ranar 27, 2020) 'yar tauraruwar Ba'amurke ce, marubuciya 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙiya. Ta kasance mai yawan baƙo da sharhi kan labaran rediyo da talabijin da shirye-shiryen nishaɗi.
Tarihin Rayuwarta
Rayuwarta ta farko
'Yar rabbi, Ackerman an haifeta kuma ta girma a Manhattan . Ta halarci Cibiyar Ibrananci ta Gabas ta Gabas ta Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ta kammala karatun digirinta tareda girmamawa daga Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha tana da shekaru 16 a cikin shekara ta 1970.
Aikinta sana'arta
Ta fara aikinta tun tana da shekaru 17 a matsayin mawaƙiya mai ban dariya (kuma mai jiran gado) a The Improvisation kuma tana da shekaru 19 a Catch a Rising Star a New York . Tayi aiki duka a farkon shekarar 1980s, kuma alokaci guda tayi acikin manyan ɗakunan cabaret na NY ciki harda: Playboy Club, Continental Baths, Reno Sweeney's, Les Mouches, The Grand Finale, Freddy's Supper Club, Ted Hook's OnStage, da Lox Around the Agogo.
Tayi karatu tare da Stella Adler a farkon shekarar 1980s, kuma ta fito a titin 92nd Y a New York acikin fitattun Littattafai da Likitoci a cikin shekara ta 1985, wanda Maurice Levine ya jagoranta. A canne ta kama ido (da kunne) Elly Stone, wanda ta tunada muryarta ashekara ta 1987 lokacin da itada mijinta Eric Blau (wanda ya fassara kalmomin Flemish Brel zuwa Turanci) suna jefawa don bikin cika shekaru 20 da suka gabata na samar da Jacques Brel shine. Rayuwa da Lafiya da Rayuwa a Paris .
Tayi tauraro acikin samar da Jacques Brel na shekarar 1988 tareda Karen Akers a Hall Hall a New York da kuma Cibiyar Kennedy a Washington, DC Ta kuma taka rawar gani da yawa na fina-finai, gami da fina-finan Taking Off (1971), Garbo Talks (1984), The Flamingo Kid (1984), The Purple Rose na Alkahira (1985), da kuma Crossing Delancey (1988), kuma a talabijin nuna Kate & Allie da Jagora haske . Acikin 1990, tasami lambar yabo ta Backstage Bistro don Mafiya kyawun Mawaƙiya a Birnin New York.
Tauraruwar
Ackerman tayi ikirarin cewa an haifeta da ikon tunawa da ranar haihuwa kuma ta haɓaka sha'awarta game da ilimin taurari tun farkon kuruciyarta. Acikin shekara ta1974 ita da saurayinta na lokacin, Richard Belzer, sun sami taswirar taurari na farko na kwamfuta daga Astroflash, ƙaramin rumfar da aka kafa a Grand Central Terminal a birnin New York wanda tabada horoscope na farko na kwamfuta. Sha'awarta ta girma a cikin shekara ta1970s kuma a matsayinta na mai son taurari ta tattara bayanai (kwanakin haihuwa, lokuta, da wuraren) na abokan wasanta tsakanin nunin aduka The Improv da Catch a Rising Star.
Matsayinta na farko amatsayin masaniyar taurari ta kasance a Gurney's Inn a Montauk, New York a ƙarshen 4 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1992, kuma ta bada babbar gudummawa ta farko ga al'ummar taurari daga baya alokacin bazara ta hanyar samun haihuwar Bill Clinton daga mahaifiyarsa Virginia Kelley .
A shekara ta 1996 ta zama shugabar reshen New York na Tarayyar Amurka na Astrologers . Ta kuma kasance mai aiki acikin New York babi na Majalisar Kasa don Binciken Geocosmic, kuma ta koyar a New York Theosophical Society (1996-2006). Tayi lacca, koyarwa, kuma ta ga abokan ciniki a duk faɗin Amurka, Turai, da Kanada, kuma ta rubuta da yawa don Beliefnet .
Bayyanarniyar kafofin watsa labarai
Ackerman ta fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da:
Factor O'Reilly (2000-01)
Labaran Duniya Yanzu (Janairu 2005)
Yawon shakatawa tare da Kotu TV (2005; don haɓaka Ganewa na Psychic )
Shiga Hollywood a 2005-06, 2008-09
"Shin 07/07/07 Rana ce Mai Kyau don Daure?" , WABC-TV Labaran Shaidar Ido (Janairu 17, 2007)
MSNBC (Fabrairu 9, 2007)
Nunin Yau (10 ga Fabrairu, 2007)
WTTG FOX5 DC (Maris 12, 2007)
Labaran Maraice na CBS
Ƙari
Caroline Rhea Show
Rikicin Lake Show
Camilla Scott Show
Fox & Abokai
Ta kasance mai bada gudummawa ta mako-mako ga shirin rediyo na Doug Stephan shekara ta (1997–99); ta bayyana kuma ta kasance bakuwa akan:
Sisters Sisters
Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa
WOR Nunin Safiya .
SIRIUS Taurari
Ta bayyana acikin The New York Times, The New York Daily News, New York Post, Time Out New York, Courier-Post, The Washington Post, USA Today, AOL News, The Philadelphia Inquirer, da Time Out .
Rayuwarta ta sirri
Ackerman ta mutu a Manhattan a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2020, tanada shekaru 66 aduniya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yanar Gizo na hukumar, Karmic Relief
Mutuwan 2020
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24343 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Azarco%20Welbeck | Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck | Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1915–1972) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma jami’in diflomasiyya. Ya kasance memba na memba na Convention People's Party kuma karamin minista a jamhuriya ta farko. Ya kasance ministan mazaunin Ghana a Guinea a takaice kuma minista a Ghana a Congo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Welbeck a Cape Coast a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1915 ga Madam Adwoa Twi da Nomo Welbeck waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Mahaifinsa dan asalin Ewe ne da Ga kuma mahaifiyarsa Fanti ce, Welbeck da aka sani da Fanti, Ga da kuma Ewe duk da haka, saboda Akan (wanda Fantis ya ƙunshi) al'adu da al'adu wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan asalin mahaifiyarsa, Welbeck ya kasance Fanti daga Cape Coast. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a gobarar gida a Abidjan inda dangin suke zaune. Welbeck yana barci a daki ɗaya tare da mahaifinsa. Kakarsa ta fara ganin wutar ta busa ƙararrawa. Mahaifinsa da jin ƙararrawa, ya ɗauke shi ya kai shi wuri mai lafiya. Daga nan ya koma gidan da ke ci da wuta don ceton wani yaro ta hanyar jefar da shi ta taga cikin aminci amma wutar ta ci shi kuma bai sami kofar fita daga gidan da ya kone ba. Welbeck ya yi ƙanƙantar da yawa don sanin mahaifinsa. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasuwa ce. Ta yanke shawarar zama bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta tabbatar da kanta a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara a Abidjan. Welbeck yana da ilimin sa na farko a wata makaranta a Abidjan. Yaren Faransanci shine hanyar sadarwa a makarantu a yankin, Welbeck ya ƙware sosai da yaren Faransanci. Mahaifiyar Welbeck ta yanke shawarar aika Welbeck zuwa ƙasarsa ta Gold Coast don zama tare da kawun mahaifinsa; Mista Joseph Mensah Attabrah. Ya zauna tare da danginsa a cikin Swedru inda ya ci gaba da karatu, wannan karon cikin Harshen Turanci. Ya zauna don daidaitaccen takardar shaidar barin makaranta bakwai a 1932 kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Wesley a 1933 don yin horo a matsayin malami.
Aiki da siyasa
Ya cancanta a matsayin malami a 1936. Ya koyar a cibiyoyi da yawa, makaranta ta ƙarshe da aka tura shi kafin ya kawo ƙarshen aikin koyarwarsa shine Makarantar Methodist Takoradi. Ya shiga siyasa kafin ya bar aikin koyarwa. Ya shiga sabuwar yarjejeniyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC); wata ƙungiya ta siyasa wacce ta fara a matsayin yunƙurin shigar da Gold Coast zuwa samun 'yancin siyasa. A shekarar 1949 aka nada shi sakataren kwamitin ilimi na gida. A waccan shekarar, ya yanke shawarar daina koyarwa gaba ɗaya don mai da hankali kan siyasa. Kwame Nkrumah ya bar UGCC don kafa Convention People's Party (CPP) a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1949 kuma Welbeck ya shiga jam'iyyar a ranar ɗaya daga cikin membobinta na kafa. Bayan shekara guda, an kama shi yayin tashin hankali wanda ya biyo bayan sanarwar Nkrumah na "Aiki Mai Kyau Ba tare da Tashin Hankali ba." An gurfanar da shi tare da tuhumarsa da laifin tayar da zaune tsaye wanda ya kai ga tsare shi na watanni 12. Wannan ya sa ya shiga harkar siyasa kamar yadda ake masa kallon gwarzo bayan an sake shi. A 1951 an nada shi sakataren farfagandar kasa na CPP. Bayan rasuwar Kwesi Plange a shekarar 1953 jam’iyyarsa ta CPP ta zabe shi don tsayawa zabe a garinsu na Cape Coast a matsayin mamba na majalisar dokoki. Ya yi takarar kujerar Cape Coast tare da Amponsah Dadzie na United Party. Welbeck ya ci zabe amma abokin hamayyarsa ya yi hamayya da sakamakon; Amponsah Dadzie. An sake shirya babban zaɓen Cape Coast don 1954 kuma a wannan karon an zaɓi Welbeck kuma ya ci gaba da zama ba tare da wani shari'ar kotu ba. A wannan shekarar aka nada shi ministan ayyuka. An zabe shi a ofis a 1956 kuma a cikin 1958 an nada shi ministan mazaunin Guinea. A cikin 1960 an riƙe shi a majalisar kuma an nada shi karamin ministan tsaro. A waccan shekarar an nada shi Ministan Ƙarfi da Jakadan Ƙasa wanda aka tura zuwa Kongo a matsayin minista mai wakiltar Ghana. An dawo da shi Ghana a watan Nuwambar 1960 bayan sojojin Congo sun yi wa gidansa kawanya sakamakon zarginsa da kulla makirci da tsohon shugaban kasar Patrice Lumumba kan gwamnatin Mobutu. A watan Satumba 1962, ya zama mukaddashin sakataren zartarwa na CPP saboda tsare Hugh Horatio Coffie Crabbe. An nada shi Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar a 1963 yayin da Nkrumah shi ne babban sakatare. A cikin 1965 Welbeck an nada Ministan Watsa Labarai (mukamin da ba na hukuma ba) kuma sakataren farfagandar jam'iyyar.
Rayuwar mutum
Shi ne babban jikan Philip Quaque na Cape Coast. Ya fara auren Malama Sarah Andrews kuma sun haifi 'ya mace tare. Auren ya kasance daga 1942 zuwa 1950. Ya auri Ms. Esther Quarm a 1954. Abubuwan da Welbeck ya fi so sun haɗa da wasan lawn tennis da tarin tambura.
Mutuwa
Welbeck ya rasu a 1972 bayan wata doguwar jinya.
Manazarta |
30387 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20dake%20cikin%20ha%C9%93aka%20muhalli | Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli | Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da haɓaka tsarin muhalli shi ne tasirin abubuwa masu guba daban-daban daga muhalli akan haɓaka tayin. Kuma Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yiwuwar illar abubuwan maye na muhalli akan haɓakar mahaifa ko tayin, da kuma matsalolin ciki Muhallin. Dan Adam yana da ɗan saukin kamuwa da tasiri daga mummunan yanayi a cikin muhallin. Marasa ingantattun yanayin tayi yakan haifar da jinkiri iri-iri na cigaba, na zahiri da na badini, ga jariri mai girma. Ko da yake wasu sauye-sauye na faruwa ne a sakamakon yanayin kwayoyin halittar da suka shafi uba, da yawa ana kawo su kai tsaye daga gubar muhalli da uwa ke kamuwa da su.
Dabbobi daban-daban suna haifar da babban haɗari ga tayin yayin haɓakawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mata masu juna biyu a ƙasar Amurka suna dauke da sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da wasu da aka haramta tun shekarun 1970, a jikinsu. Masu bincike sun gano biphenyls polychlorinated, magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine, mahaɗan perfluorinated, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, mahadi amfani da matsayin harshen retardants, da kuma dichlorochlorine intriphen. jikin kashi 99 zuwa 100 na mata masu juna biyu da suka gwada. Daga cikin sauran estrogens muhalli, an gano Bisphenol A (BPA) a cikin kashi 96 na matan da aka bincika. Yawancin sinadarai sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri a cikin yara daga wasu nazarin kuma ana tunanin cewa bayyanar da sinadarai masu yawa na iya yin tasiri fiye da bayyanar da abu ɗaya kawai.
Tasiri
Ana iya siffanta abubuwan da ke damun muhalli daban-daban ta irin tasirin da Kuma suke da shi, kamar rashin daidaituwa na tsari, canjin girma, gazawar aiki, neoplasia na haihuwa, ko ma mutuwa ga tayin.
Haihuwa kafin haihuwa
Ɗaya cikin goma na jarirai na Amurka ana haifan su kafin haihuwa kuma kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari suna da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin haihuwa a ƙasa da makonni 37 na ciki, shi ne babban tushen mace-macen jarirai a duk lokacin ƙuruciya. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar muhalli kamar gubar, hayakin taba, da DDT an danganta su tare da ƙarin haɗari ga zubar da ciki nan da nan, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa kafin haihuwa.
Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin
Abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin haihuwa ana iya kiran su da teratogen s. Su ne wakilai na waje zuwa amfrayo ko tayin da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda zai haifar da haɗarin rashin lafiya, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, canza aiki, ƙarancin girma ko zubar ciki . An rarraba Teratogens zuwa manyan rukunai hudu:
Magunguna da sunadarai. Baya ga sinadarai na muhalli, wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da na nishaɗi da magunguna a cikin ciki .
Cututtukan da ake ɗauka a tsaye
Radiation, kamar X-ray
Sojojin injina, irin su oligohydramnios
Teratogens suna shafar tayin ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da:
Tsangwama tare da haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, irin su kamuwa da cutar hoto da ionization
Canza hanyoyin biosynthetic, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin lahani na chromosomal
Haɓakar hulɗar salon salula ko nama, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ciwon sukari
Abubuwan da ke waje
Matsakaicin hulɗar kwayoyin halitta tare da teratogens muhalli
Ciwon ci gaban Neuro
Sakamakon Neuroplastic na gurɓatawa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment .
Yawancin lokuta na Autism suna da alaƙa da takamaiman wurare na yanki, yana nuna cewa wani abu a cikin mahallin yana haɓaka nau'in genotype mai haɗari don haifar da Autism a cikin mutane masu rauni. Sannan kuma Wadannan binciken game da autism suna da rigima, duk da haka, tare da masu bincike da yawa sun gaskanta cewa karuwar ƙididdiga a wasu yankuna shine sakamakon ƙarin ingantaccen bincike da hanyoyin bincike, kuma ba saboda kowane nau'i na muhalli ba .
Magunguna masu guba da tasirin su
Abubuwan da aka gano suna da cutarwa musamman sun haɗa da gubar (wanda ake ajiyewa a cikin ƙasusuwan uwa), hayakin sigari, barasa, mercury (mai guba na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake cinyewa ta hanyar kifi), carbon dioxide, da ionizing radiation.
Barasa
Shan barasa a cikin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka sani da rikice-rikicen barasa na tayin . Mafi tsanani daga cikinsu shine ciwon barasa na tayin .
Shan taba
Bayyanar tayin ga hayaƙin taba mai ciki na iya fuskantar ɗimbin wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a, jijiya, da ta jiki. Mummunan illolin sun haɗa da haihuwa, rushewar wuri, rashin haihuwa, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na jiki (lalacewa da dai sauransu), raguwar aikin huhu, ƙara haɗarin mutuwar jarirai.
Mercury
Elemental Mercury da methylmercury nau'i ne na mercury guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɗarin guba na mercury a cikin ciki. Methylmercury, gurɓataccen abincin teku a duniya da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, Kuma an san shi yana haifar da mummunan tasirin tsarin juyayi, musamman yayin haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cin kifi shine babban tushen bayyanar mercury a cikin mutane kuma wasu kifaye na iya ƙunsar isassun mercury don cutar da haɓakar tsarin juyayi na tayi ko tayi, wani lokaci yana haifar da nakasar ilmantarwa. Mercury yana cikin nau'ikan kifi da yawa, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin wasu manyan kifin. Ɗayan da aka rubuta da kyau game da shigar da sinadarin mercury mai yaɗuwa da rikice-rikicen ci gaban tayin ya faru a cikin shekarata 1950s a Minamata Bay, Japan. Wani kamfanin masana'antu da ke kusa da shi ke amfani da shi wajen kera robobi, an fitar da methyl mercury a cikin ruwan Minamata Bay, inda jama'ar kauyen suka ci gaba da sha a kai a kai da suka yi amfani da kifin da ke zaune a bakin tekun a matsayin abincin abinci. Sannan Ba da daɗewa ba, yawancin mazaunan da ke cin naman da ke ɗauke da mercury sun fara fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga shan guba; duk da haka, mercury ya shafi mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin, wanda ya haifar da yawan zubar da ciki. Jarirai da suka tsira da suka kamu da cutar mercury a cikin utero suna da matsanancin nakasu na jiki da na hankali, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki daga fallasa cikin mahaifa a lokacin mahimman matakai na ci gaban jiki na tayi. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun shawarci mata masu juna biyu kada su ci takobi, shark, mackerel da tilefish da iyakance cin tuna tuna zuwa oza 6 ko ƙasa da mako guda.
Matsakaicin matakin mercury a jarirai a Gaza ana hasashen cewa ya samo asali ne daga makamin yaki.
Bayyanar Mercury a cikin ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga gaɓoɓi.
Jagoranci
Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,
Tsarin jijiyoyi masu tasowa na tayin yana da haɗari musamman ga gubar gubar. Kuma Ana lura da cutar cututtukan jijiyoyi a cikin yara na mata da aka fallasa sakamakon ikon gubar don ketare shingen mahaifa. Wani abin damuwa na musamman ga mata masu juna biyu shi ne yadda wasu daga cikin tarin dalmar kasusuwa ke fitowa a cikin jini yayin da suke da juna biyu. Yawancin karatu sun ba da shaida cewa ko da ƙarancin bayyanar da uwaye don jagoranci yana haifar da gazawar hankali da halayya a cikin yara.
Dioxin
Dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi suna dawwama a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci kuma suna da yawa, don haka duk mutane suna da adadin dioxins a cikin jiki. An danganta bayyanar da intrauterine zuwa dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi tare da sauye-sauye na ci gaba da dabara akan tayin. Sannan kuma Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaro daga baya a rayuwa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin aikin hanta, matakan hormone thyroid, matakan farin jini, da rage yawan aiki a cikin gwaje-gwajen koyo da hankali.
Gurbacewar iska
Gurbacewar iska na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga ciki wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin ƙima na haifuwa da wuri, ƙuntatawa girma, da matsalolin zuciya da huhu a cikin jariri.
Haɗaɗɗen abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide duk suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar lalacewa lokacin da uwa mai jiran gado ta shaka. Ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa kafin haihuwa, rashin girma a cikin mahaifa, da rashin haihuwa duk an gano suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da tayin ga gurɓataccen iska. Ko da yake ana iya samun gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a ko'ina, akwai takamaiman hanyoyin da aka san su don sakin abubuwa masu guba kuma waɗanda ke son su kasance marasa guba idan ya yiwu su guje su. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar sarrafa sharar ruwa, injina na gurɓata ruwa, masana'antar kera motoci, matatun mai, da masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai.
Sarrafa gurbatar iska na iya zama da wahala. Alal misali, a Los Angeles, an kafa dokoki don sarrafa ƙazanta ta hanyar sanya ƙa'idodi game da hayaƙin masana'antu da abubuwan hawa. Kuma An yi gyare-gyare don biyan waɗannan ka'idoji. Duk da wannan cigaba, har yanzu yankin bai cika ka'idojin tarayya na ozone da particulate kwayoyin halitta ba. Kimanin haihuwa 150,000 na faruwa kowace shekara a Los Angeles. Don haka, duk wani tasiri da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin mahaifa yana da matukar damuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki.
Batsa (PM) ya ƙunshi cakuda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ya rage a cikin iska, kuma ya bambanta zama yanki. Waɗannan barbashi ƙanana ne, daga PM10 zuwa PM 2.5, waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin huhu cikin sauƙi. An nuna ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da m cututtukan zuciya-numfashi da mace-mace. Kuma An nuna haɓakar ci gaban cikin mahaifa yana shafar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau don haɓaka tayi kamar rashin ƙarfi ko jinkirin girma tayin, da haɓaka cututtukan tayin da mace-mace. Wani bincike daga 2012 ya gano cewa bayyanar da PM 2.5 ya bambanta da kabilanci / kabilanci, shekaru, da Kuma matsayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da wasu al'ummomi suna fuskantar sakamakon rashin lafiya mafi girma saboda gurbatar muhalli, musamman ma game da kwayoyin halitta .
Maganin kashe qwari
An ƙirƙiri magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman dalilin haifar da lahani (ga kwari, rodents, da sauran kwari), magungunan kashe qwari suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar illa ga ɗan tayi mai tasowa, idan an shigar da su cikin yanayin tayin. Kuma Nazarin ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, sun nuna a cikin nazarin jinin igiyar jarirai, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske ana shigar da irin wannan guba a cikin jikin jariri. Gabaɗaya, magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu da aka fi sani da su a cikin jinin igiya sune diethyltoluamide (DEET) da vinclozolin (maganin fungicides). Ko da yake ba a yawan ambaton gubar magungunan kashe qwari kamar yadda wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na gurɓataccen muhalli, kamar gurɓatacciyar iska, ƙazanta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci daga shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiya a kan hanya kusa da gurɓataccen yanki, ko cin abinci wanda zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. ba a yi wanka da kyau ba. A cikin shekarata 2007 kadai, an sami fam biliyan 1.1 na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari don samun sananne a matsayin sabon dalilin taka tsantsan ga masu son kiyaye lafiyarsu.
Wani bita na shekarata 2013 na nazarin 27 akan abubuwan haihuwa da farkon yara zuwa ga magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate ya sami duka amma ɗayan ya nuna sakamako mara kyau na neurodevelopmental. Kuma A cikin binciken guda goma da aka tantance bayyanar da haihuwa, "an sami raunin fahimi (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki) a cikin yara a cikin shekaru 7, ƙarancin hali (wanda ke da alaƙa da hankali) ana gani galibi a cikin yara, da ƙarancin motsi (masu haɓakawa), wanda aka gani galibi a cikin neonates."
An yi bita na yau da kullun game da tasirin ci gaban neurodevelopment na prenatal da postnatal organophosphate fallasa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shekarata 2014. Binciken ya gano cewa "Yawancin binciken da ke kimanta bayyanar da haihuwa ya lura da mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban tunani da kuma karuwar matsalolin kulawa a makarantun gaba da sakandare da yara."
A cikin shakarar 2017, wani bincike ya duba yiwuwar illar magungunan kashe qwari na noma a cikin haifuwa sama da 500,000 a yankin noma na California kuma ya kwatanta bincikensu da sakamakon haihuwa a wasu yankunan California da ba su da ƙarancin noma. Gabaɗaya, sun gano cewa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari ya karu da sakamakon haihuwa da kashi 5-9%, amma a cikin waɗancan iyaye mata ne kawai aka fallasa ga mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari.
Benzenes
An danganta bayyanar da benzene a cikin iyaye mata da lahani na kwakwalwar tayin musamman nakasar bututun jijiya. A cikin binciken daya, bayyanar BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki yana nuna karara mara kyau tare da diamita na kwakwalwar biparietal tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 32 na ciki. Sannan kumaMata masu yawan kamuwa da toluene sun ninka sau uku zuwa biyar na yawan zubar da ciki na wadanda ba su da yawa, kuma matan da ke fama da cutar benzene na sana'a an nuna suna da karuwar zubar da ciki. An danganta bayyanar da sana'ar uba ga toluene da formaldehyde da zubar da ciki a cikin abokan aikinsu. Ci gaban al'ada yana da iko sosai ta hanyar hormones, kuma rushewar sinadarai na mutum zai iya canza yanayin ci gaba na dindindin. Ambient ozone yana da alaƙa da mummunan haɗuwa da ƙwayar maniyyi a cikin maza, sinadarai masu alaƙa da ayyukan UOG (misali, benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol da ozone) suna da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin maniyyi, musamman rage yawan adadin maniyyi.
Wani bincike na shekarata 2011 ya sami dangantaka tsakanin Neural Tube Defects da kuma bayyanar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar benzene, wani fili da ke hade da hakar iskar gas. Kuma Binciken ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a wuraren kidayar jama'a na Texas tare da matakan benzene mafi girma sun fi samun 'ya'ya masu lahani na jijiyoyi, irin su spina bifida, fiye da iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan matakan benzene .
Sauran
Hakanan an gano zafi da hayaniya suna da tasirin gaske akan ci gaba.
Carbon dioxide - Rage isar da iskar oxygen zuwa kwakwalwa, raunin hankali
Ionizing radiation - zubar da ciki, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa na jiki, ciwon daji na yara
Bayyanar muhalli ga perchlorate a cikin matan da ke da hypothyroidism yana haifar da babban haɗari na ƙananan IQ a cikin yaro.
Gujewa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki
Kwalejin Nurse-Ungozoma ta Amurka tana ba da shawarar matakan kiyayewa masu zuwa don rage girman kamuwa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki:
Nisantar kayan fenti kamar kayan gilashi mai tabo, fenti mai da yumbu, a maimakon haka ta amfani da launi na ruwa ko acrylic paints da glazes.
Duba ingancin ruwan famfo ko ruwan kwalba da canza yanayin shan ruwa idan ya cancanta.
Idan zaune a gidan da aka gina kafin shekarar 1978, duba ko an yi amfani da fentin gubar. Idan kuwa haka ne, ba za a taba fentin da ke rugujewa ko bawon ba, sai kwararre ya cire fentin sannan a nisantar wurin yayin da ake cire fentin ko yashi.
Don rage kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari ; wanke duk abin da ake nomawa sosai, bare fata daga 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ko siyan kayan lambu idan zai yiwu.
Guje wa duk wani kayan tsaftacewa mai lakabin "mai guba" ko kowane samfur tare da gargadi akan lakabin, kuma a maimakon haka gwada samfuran halitta, soda burodi, vinegar da/ko ruwa don tsaftacewa.
Haɓaka iskar gas
A cikin nazarin yankunan karkara na Colorado na ci gaban iskar gas, wurin zama na uwa a cikin radius mai nisan mil 10 na rijiyoyin iskar gas an gano yana da alaƙa mai kyau ga yaduwar cututtukan zuciya (CHDs) da lahani na jijiyoyi (NTDs). Tare da wannan binciken, an sami ƙaramin ƙungiya tsakanin matsakaicin nauyin haihuwa da yawa da kusanci ga rijiyoyin iskar gas. Kuma Fitar da mahaifa ta hanyar rijiyoyin iskar gas na iya zuwa ta hanyar benzene, kaushi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), da sauran gurɓataccen iska kamar toluene, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide.
A Pennsylvania, rijiyoyin da ke samar da iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba sun ƙaru daga sifili a shekarata 2005 zuwa 3689 a 2013. Wani bincike na shekarar 2016 na iyaye mata 9384 da 10946 neonates a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Geisinger a Pennsylvania ya gano bayyanar da yanayin zama na haihuwa zuwa ayyukan haɓakar iskar gas wanda ba a saba da shi ba yana da alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa da likita mai rikodin ciki mai haɗari. A kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, an gano kusancin uwaye da hako iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba yana da alaƙa da rage nauyin haihuwa. Kuma Ba a san ko wace hanya za a bi ta ba: iska, ƙasa ko ruwa za a iya danganta ga ƙungiyar. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da manyan karatu akan wannan batu.
Endocrine disruptors sune mahadi waɗanda zasu iya rushe ci gaban al'ada da matakan hormone na al'ada a cikin mutane. Magungunan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa (EDCs) na iya yin hulɗa tare da masu karɓar hormone, da kuma canza yawan adadin hormone a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da amsawar hormone ba daidai ba a cikin jiki da kuma rushe aikin enzyme na yau da kullun. An san hakar mai da iskar gas don ba da gudummawa ga EDCs a cikin mahalli, galibi saboda yawan haɗarin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan hakar. Kuma Baya ga gurɓataccen ruwa, hakar mai da iskar gas kuma yana haifar da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska, ƙirƙirar wata hanyar fallasa ga waɗannan masu rushewar endocrine. Wannan matsala sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, sabili da haka, ana la'akari da girman tasirin gaske. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da bincike don tantance buƙatar sashin endocrin zuwa kimantawar kiwon lafiya don hakowa da hako mai da iskar gas a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Tare da babban yuwuwar sakin sinadarai na mai da iskar gas tare da hakar, musamman sinadarai waɗanda aka nuna don tarwatsa samar da hormone na al'ada da aiki, marubutan sun jaddada buƙatar wani ɓangaren da ke tattare da aikin endocrin da lafiya gabaɗaya tare da kima na kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda wannan kuma yana tasiri ga muhalli.
Matsayin mahaifa
Matsayin lafiyayyen mahaifa wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne wanda ke haifar da shinge ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu abubuwan xenobiotic . Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙira shamaki mara kyau tunda dole ne ya jigilar abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Jirgin wuri na iya zama ta hanyar rarrabawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da narkewar lipid ko ta jigilar abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da/ko cajin lantarki. Ana iya jigilar wasu sinadarai masu guba da gaske. Matsakaicin adadin abin da tayin ya karɓa yana ƙayyade yawan adadin abin da aka ɗauka a cikin mahaifa da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da kuma kawar da abu. Kamar yadda tayin yana da rashin girma metabolism, ba zai iya lalata abubuwa da kyau sosai; kuma yayin da mahaifar mahaifa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen musayar abubuwa tsakanin uwa da tayin, ba tare da an ce duk wani abu mai guba da mahaifiyar ta kamu da shi ba ana kai wa tayin, inda za su iya shafar ci gaba. Carbon-dioxide, gubar, ethanol (giya), da hayakin sigari musamman duk abubuwa ne da ke da yuwuwar canja wurin wuri.
Gano yuwuwar haɗari don haɓaka tayi yana buƙatar tushen bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 2004, Brent ya ba da shawarar saitin ma'auni don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa wanda kuma ya shafi gubar haɓakawa gabaɗaya . Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune:
Nazarin cututtukan cututtukan da aka gudanar da su akai-akai suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin tasirin musamman da fallasa abubuwan.
Hanyoyin bayanai suna goyan bayan dangantaka tsakanin canza matakan fallasa da takamaiman tasiri.
Nazarin dabba yana ba da shaida na alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar abubuwa da tasiri na musamman.
Duba kuma
Magunguna a cikin ciki
Magana
Ci gaba da karatu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dagomba | Mutanen Dagomba | Dagombas ƙabilar Gur ce ta arewacin Ghana, waɗanda yawansu ya haura miliyan 2.3. Su na zaune a Arewacin kasar Ghana a cikin yankin savanna da ke ƙarƙashin bel ɗin sahelian, wanda aka sa ni da Sudan. Su na magana da yaren Dagbani wanda ke cikin rukunin Mole-Dagbani na harsunan Gur. Akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Dagbani kusan miliyan 1 zuwa 2. Dagomba su na da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Mossi. Mohi/Mossi yanzu suna da ƙasarsu a tsakiyar ƙasar Burkina Faso a yau. Ƙasar mahaifar Dagomba ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki.
Ana daukar Na Gbewa a matsayin wanda ya kafa Dagbon. Dagomba na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar baka waɗanda ake sakawa da ganguna da sauran kayan kiɗa. Don haka, yawancin tarihin su, har zuwa kwanan nan, an ba da su ta hanyar al'adar baka tare da masu ganga a matsayin ƙwararrun griots. Bisa al'adar baka, tarihin siyasar Dagbon ya samo asali ne daga tarihin rayuwar wani almara mai suna Tohazie (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "mai farauta").
Addinin Musulunci ya yi tasiri sosai a al'adun Dagomba, wanda 'yan kasuwa Soninke (wanda aka fi sani da Wangara ta Ghana) 'yan kasuwa ne suka kawo yankin a tsakanin karni na 12 zuwa 15. Tun zamanin Naa Zangina, Musulunci shi ne addinin gwamnati, kuma da alama Musulunci yana cigaba cikin sauri tun daga lokacin. Ayyukan kawo sauyi na Afa Anjura a tsakiyar karni na ashirin ya sa al'umma gaba daya suka rungumi addinin Musulunci gaba daya. Gado a cikin mutanen Dagomba na kabila ne. Muhimman bukukuwa sun hada da Damba, Bugum (bikin wuta) sannan da kuma bukukuwan Idi na Musulunci. Babban mazaunin Dagomba shine Tamale, wanda kuma ke zama babban birnin yankin Arewa.
Jihohin Mossi da Dagomba na daga cikin manyan daulolin tsakiyar yammacin Afirka. Tun daga karni na 12, a ƙarshe sun mallaki ƙasashen yankin arewacin Volta, wanda a yau ya haɗa da arewacin Ghana da Burkina Faso. A lokacin fadada su na biyu na arewa, mamayar Mossi ta kai gabashin Maasina da tafkin Debo c. 1400, Benka in c. Shekarar 1433 da Walata a 1477-83 (wadannan dauloli suna cikin Mali a yau). A cewar Illiasu (1971) a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Origins of Mossi-Dagomba states, lokaci na biyu na nasarar Mossi-Dagomba ya zo ƙarshe tare da maido da ikon Imperial Songhai a ƙarshen karni na 15. Duk da cewa jihohin Mossi-Dagomba suna da kaka daya (Na Gbewa), amma bisa ga al'ada ana daukar Dagomba a matsayin "babba" ga jihohin Mossi na Ouagadougou, Yatenga da Fada N'Gourma.
Asalin
Dagombas sun yi hijira daga kewayen tafkin Chadi bayan wargajewar daular Ghana a karshen karni na 13.
Masarautar Dagbon
Ƙasar mahaifar Dagombas ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki. Yawancin yankin Konkombas ne suka mamaye shi kafin kafa Masarautar Dagbon. Ya ƙunshi yanki na Arewacin kasar Ghana, wanda ya haɗa da Mamprusi, Nanumba, Gonja, Mossi, Gurunsi (musamman mutanen Frafra da Kusasi), mutanen Wala da Ligbi. Yankin ya ƙunshi gundumomi goma sha huɗu na gudanarwa a Ghana a yau. Wadannan sune kananan hukumomin Tamale Metropolitan, Yendi, Savelugu da Sagnerigu, da Tolon, Kumbungu, Nanton, Gushegu, Karaga, Zabzugu, Saboba, Sang, Tatale da Cheriponi. Sarkin masarautar Dagbon shi ne Ya-Na, wanda fadarsa da babban birninsa ke Yendi. Dagbon a matsayin masarauta ba a taba yin kasa a gwiwa ba har sai an hade ta a matsayin wani yanki na gwamnatin Gold Coast. Masarautar Dagbon tana da al'amuran gudanarwa na al'ada har zuwa yanzu ƙungiyoyin acephalous kamar Konkomba, Bimoba, Chekosi, Basari, Chamba, Wala, Gurusi da Zantasi. Wurin zama na Ya-Na ko sarkin Dagbon (a zahiri an fassara shi da "Sarkin Cikakkun Iko") tarin fatun zaki da na shanu ne. Don haka, ana kiran Dagbon ko tsarin siyasarsa da fatar Yendi (ba sarauta ko rawani ko stool ba). Wani abin da ke damun Dagomba shi ne yadda aka tsara gidajensu bisa tsari, inda sarki ko dattijo ya gina bukkarsa a tsakiya.
Mulki
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'ummar Dagomba shi ne sarauta. Tsarin sarautarsu yana da tsari sosai, tare da Yaa-Naa, ko babban sarki, a kan sa da tsarin masu mulki a ƙarƙashinsa. A Dagbon, sarakuna sun saba zama a kan tarin fatun.
Sanannen Dagombas
Yakubu II - Sarkin Dagbon na karshe.
Aliu Mahama - Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana daga 2000 zuwa 2008.
Haruna Yakubu – Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Nazarin Ci Gaba.
Haruna Iddrisu - Dan siyasar Ghana.
Afa Ajura – wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’a a kasar Ghana
Manazarta |
35044 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Adu%20Boahen | Albert Adu Boahen | Albert Kwadwo Adu Boahen (24 ga Mayu 1932 - 24 ga Mayu 2006) malami ne, ɗan tarihi, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Ghana. Ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Ghana daga 1959 zuwa 1990, daga 1971 zuwa gaba a matsayin farfesa. A matsayinsa na dan siyasa, ya kasance dan takara a zaben shugaban kasar Ghana a shekarar 1992, mai wakiltar babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta New Patriotic Party.
Aiki
Ilimi
An haifi Boahen a Oseim ga iyayen Presbyterian, kuma yana da tushen kakanninsa a Juaben a yankin Ashanti. Ya halarci makarantun addini tsakanin 1938 zuwa 1947. Sannan ya yi shekaru uku a makarantar Mfantsipim kafin ya shiga karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast da ke Legon. Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1956. A 1959 ya sami digiri na uku na Ph.D. a cikin tarihin Afirka daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a London, a matsayin ɗan Ghana na farko.
Ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Ghana a 1959, kuma Farfesa ne daga 1971 zuwa ritaya a 1990. Ya shugabanci Sashen Tarihi a can daga 1967 zuwa 1975, a matsayin dan Afrika na farko da ya taba yin haka, kuma ya kasance shugaban jami’a daga 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar editocin The Journal of African History da aka buga ta Jami’ar Cambridge University Press, kuma malami ne mai ziyara a irin wadannan cibiyoyi kamar Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya a 1969, Jami'ar Columbia a 1970 da Jami'ar Jihar New York a 1990 da 1991. Tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitin UNESCO wanda ya buga littafin General History of Africa.
Siyasa
Aikin ilimi na Boahen ya ketare cikin siyasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1988 ya gabatar da jawabai kan tarihin Ghana a bainar jama'a daga 1972 zuwa 1987. Saboda haka ne ake masa rade-radin karya abin da ake kira "al'adun shiru" wanda ke nuna gwamnatin Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya ci gaba da yin hidima tun 1981. An buga laccocin, waɗanda aka fara gudanar da su a zauren Majalisar Burtaniya a Accra, a cikin 1998 a matsayin The Ghana Sphinx: The Contemporary History of Ghana 1972–1987.
A cikin 1990 ya kafa kungiyar Movement for Freedom and Justice, kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. An dage haramcin da aka sanya wa jam’iyyun siyasa a Ghana a shekarar 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1992 da ya biyo baya, Boahen ya zama dan takarar New Patriotic Party (NPP), inda Roland Issifu Alhassan ya zama mataimakinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Boahen ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Jerry Rawlings, amma ya sami kashi 30.4% na kuri'un. Saboda rashin gamsuwa da zargin tafka magudi a wancan zaben, Boahen ya kauracewa zaben ‘yan majalisa na 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1996, John Kufuor ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar NPP kuma ya fi Boahen kyau, inda ya samu kashi 39.6% na kuri'un. A cikin 1998, Boahen yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo a matsayin sabon ɗan takarar shugaban kasa na New Patriotic Party, amma an zaɓi Kufour maimakon. Daga karshe, Kufour ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 kuma ya zama shugaban kasa.
Boahen yayi magana akan tarihin Marxist a farkon aikinsa. A siyasance, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai imani da 'yancin kai, jin dadin jama'a, da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da tattalin arzikin kasuwa".
Gado da mutuwa
Boahen ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, kuma a cikin 2003 an buga Festschrift mai suna Ghana in Africa and the World, wanda Toyin Falola ya gyara. UNESCO ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Azurfa ta Avicenna.
Boahen ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2006, yana da shekaru 74 da haihuwa. Ya bar matarsa Mary Adu Boahen da ‘ya’yansa biyar. Jerry Rawlings na daga cikin makokin da suka kai wa iyalansa ziyara. An karrama shi da jana'izar jana'izar, kuma a watan Yunin 2006 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana. John Kufour ya kaddamar da ranar karramawa ta kasa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, kuma an baiwa wasu da dama lambar yabo. Tushensa za a iya samo shi daga Osiem, wani ƙauye a yankin Gabashin Ghana inda aka ba shi ginin majalisar yankin. Shugaban kasar Nana Addo Akufo-Addo ya nada dansa Charles Adu Boahen mataimakin ministan kudi a Ghana a shekarar 2017.
Bangaren littafi mai tsarki
Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788-1861. London/Oxford, 1964 (dissertation).
Topics in West African History. Harlow/London, 1966.
Ghana: Evolution and Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London, 1975.
The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800. Accra/London, 1975.
"Politics in Ghana, 1800–1874", in, J. F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder History of West Africa. London, 1977 (3rd edition), Vol. 2, pp. 167–260.
African Perspectives on Colonialism. Baltimore, 1987.
The Ghanaian Sphinx: Reflections on the Contemporary History of Ghana, 1972–1987. Accra, 1989.
Mfantsipim and the making of Ghana: A Centenary History, 1876–1976. Accra, 1996.
Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante – British War of 1900–1. Accra, 2003.
Africa in the Twentieth Century: The Adu Boahen Reader. Trenton, NJ, 2005.
With J. B. Webster and H. O. Idowu: The Revolutionary Years: West Africa since 1800. London, 1980.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1932
Mutuwan 2006 |
54815 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Gablich | Ray Gablich | Raymond Thomas Gabelich (3 ga Yulin 1933 - 18 ga Yulin 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya yi wasa tare da Collingwood a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL).
Iyali
An haifi ɗan John (1902-1988) da Elizabeth Nina "Bessie" Gabelich, née Rerecich (1910-2006), Raymond Thomas Gabelich a Perth a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1933.
Ya auri Glenda Beverley Huxtable a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1960; suna da 'ya'ya uku: Lisa, Raymond da Matthew .
Kwallon ƙafa mai son
Gabashin Perth ya hana shi buga wa West Perth wasa a wuraren zama, Gabelich bai iya buga wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Perth ba.
Dutsen Hawthorn (MJFA)
Da takaici, ya ci gaba da taka leda a matakin farko, a karkashin shekaru 20, kwallon kafa na Mt Hawthorn Amateur Football Club a gasar Metropolitan Junior Football Association ta Perth. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a 1953, kuma an zaba shi a cikin tawagar wakilan Yammacin Australia don yin wasa a Melbourne. Ya gabatar da roko da yawa da ba su yi nasara ba game da haramcinsa daga buga wa West Perth.
Gidan shakatawa (VAFA)
Gabelich, wanda ke da shekaru 18, ya fara zuwa ga Collingwood lokacin da yake daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a waje na ƙungiyar Mt. Hawthorn da ta doke ƙungiyar South Fremantle Ex-Scholars (kowane ɗayan sun kasance firaminista a cikin wasanninsu na masu son a wannan shekarar) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1951, a cikin ɗaga labule don wasan da ƙungiyar Collingwood mai ziyara ta rasa 22.9 (141) ga South Fremantle 15.12 (102).
Ya zo Collingwood daga Yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya a shekara ta 1954 ya makara don a lissafa shi; kuma, don haka, ya ci gaba da buga kwallon kafa tare da Parkside Amateurs, ƙungiyar da tsohon mai horar da Preston (VFA) Les Ross ya horar, a cikin Victorian Amateur Football Association, don sauran 1954: kakar da Parksides suka kasance firaministan C-Grade, ba a duk lokacin ba. Gabelich ya taka leda a tsakiya a Grand Final inda Parkside 15.19 (109) ya ci Old Xaverians 8.12 (60).
Har ila yau, tawagar ta lashe gasar VAFA Lightning Premiership da aka gudanar a karshen mako na ranar haihuwar Sarauniya a matsayin gabatarwa ga wasan Interstate tsakanin kungiyoyin wakilan Victoria da Kudancin Australia.
Rashin da tawagar ta samu a shekara ta 1954 - a zahiri, tawagar ta lashe wasanni 29 a jere a cikin yanayi biyu (1953/1954) - shine lokacin da aka ci ta, 10.6 (66) zuwa 4.11 (35), ta hanyar 1954 Canberra Australian National Football League firaministan, Queanbeyan-Acton, a wasan karshe na karshe a Canberra a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1954. Gabelich, a tsakiya rabin baya, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Parkside mafi kyau.
Ya kuma buga wa tawagar Collingwood wasa, a kan South Fremantle, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1954.
Raunin da ya faru
Lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin mai gyarawa da mai juyawa a Melbourne, ya rasa saman yatsansa na tsakiya a hatsarin masana'antu a 1955 kafin ya buga wasan sa na farko ga Collingwood.
Farko ga Collingwood
An ba shi izinin yin wasa tare da Collingwood a watan Maris na shekara ta 1955, Gabelich ya fara buga wa Collingwood wasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1955 (zagaye na uku) da St Kilda - ra'ayi na mai sharhi game da aikinsa: "Gabelich: Nice mark and kick. Alkawari, ban da wasan ƙasa" - ya maye gurbin Murray Weideman da ya ji rauni a tsakiya rabin gaba a cikin ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa; ya zira kwallaye 1.4 (10) (yana wasa da Neil Roberts). Gabelich ya kuma buga (a cikin ruck) ga Collingwood a wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen kakar wasa da Perth Football Club, wanda ya lashe gasar Firimiya ta Yammacin Australia ta 1955 a ranar Asabar da ta gabata, a Perth, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1955. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tsere mai kyau ... mai saurin yaudara da kuma mai tsere ga mutumin da ya fi girma".
Gabelich ya buga wasanni bakwai kawai a shekara ta 1957. A cikin kwata na uku na wasan (zagaye na 6) da aka yi da Arewacin Melbourne a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1957, an kori Gabelich a kafa na ƙasa kuma ya ci gaba da karyewar fibula. Da yake ƙin tayin mai shimfiɗa, Gabelich "ya yi tafiya ba tare da taimako ba fiye da rabin tsawon ƙasa" zuwa ɗakin gyare-gyare, inda "[an] tambaye shi a cikin ɗakin gyare'are-gyaren yadda ya san kafa ta karye Gabelich ya girgiza likitan kulob din ta hanyar gayyatarsa ya saurari rassan ƙasusuwa".
Gabelich ya fara fitowa bayan rauni shine na Collingwood na biyu na XVIII, yana wasa da Arewacin Melbourne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1957, inda "har sai yanayin sa ya fadi, [ya] yi kyau kuma bai damu da kafafunsa ba". An zaba shi a cikin XVIII na farko don muhimmin (zagaye na 18) wasan karshe na kakar da St Kilda a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 1957, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Collingwood mafi kyau a cikin tawagar da ta rasa.
A cikin kakar wasa goma sha ɗaya, wasan 160 tare da Collingwood, ya buga wasanni 17 na karshe, gami da Grand Finals 5. A shekara ta 1958, lokacin da Collingwood ya lashe Grand Final, inda ya doke Melbourne 12.10 (82) zuwa 9.10 (64) - kuma, a cikin tsari, ya hana Melbourne daidaita rikodin Collingwood na lashe firaministan hudu a jere (viz., 1927, 1928, 1920, da 1930) - Gabelich ya buga wasa mai karfi a matsayin dan wasan baya-alji; kuma, "tare da ƙarfinsa mai ban mamaki [da] iko da fakiti", Gabelich yana da kayan aiki a Collingwood yana juyawa da maki 17 a kashi uku na kwata-lokaci uku a cikin kashi uku na rabi-lokaci.
Ya kasance na biyu a 1959 Brownlow zuwa Verdun Howell na St Kilda da Bob Skilton na Kudancin Melbourne (wanda ya daura na farko), kuma ya lashe Copeland Trophy a matsayin mafi kyawun Collingwood a shekarar 1960.
Wasannin Olympics
Ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan motsa jiki na baya don ƙungiyar VFL da VFA da suka haɗu da VAFA a wasan nunawa na ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya, a lokacin wasannin Olympics na Melbourne, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1956.
Darwin
A ƙarshen kakar 1959, Gabelich, wanda ba shi da aikin yi, kuma ya tsira ne kawai a kan biyan kuɗin kwallon kafa daga Collingwood, ya nemi izini zuwa West Perth - inda, ban da biyan kuɗin kwallon ƙafa, an yi masa alkawarin "cikakken darektan hukumar mallakar da za ta tabbatar masa mafi ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na £ 4,000 a shekara" (A $ 124,016 a cikin 2020) - kuma Collingwood ya gaya masa, cewa ba za a iya yanke shawara ba har sai an zabi sabon kwamitin, 1960. Wani Gabelich mai takaici ya tashi zuwa Darwin a ranar Jumma'a, 8 ga Janairun 1960, ya buga wasa tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Waratah a ranar Asabar, kuma a ranar Litinin mai zuwa ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ajiya a cikin kantin kayan aiki ga rikicewar jami'an West Perth.
A ranar Asabar mai zuwa (16 ga Janairu) da safe, Gabelich ya tuntubi sakataren Collingwood (Gordon Carlyon) kuma, bayan ya sami tabbacin daga Carlyon cewa Collingwood zai goyi bayan bukatarsa ga VFL don a ba shi izinin buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Waratah a lokacin Victorian, ya amince kada ya yi wasa a wannan Asabar, da fatan cewa ba zai kara nuna bambanci bukatarsa ba. Bayan tattaunawar da ta kammala cewa "mai bin Ray Gabelich bai karya wani ka'idar A.N.F.C ba, ko kuma ya sami rashin cancanta ta atomatik ta hanyar wasa a Darwin", Collingwood ya yanke shawarar tura batun zuwa VFL don jagora, kafin ya yanke shawara ta ƙarshe.
Duk da gardamar Collingwood cewa ayyukan Gabelich ba su ba da izinin hana su ta atomatik ba, saboda (a) "Darwin ba Jiha ba ne", kuma (b) "Gabelich ya taka leda daga kakar [Victorian], VFL - yana ganin cewa shawarar Gabelich na yin wasa a Darwin "abin kunya" ne - ya yanke shawarar neman shawara daga Majalisar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya kafin ya yanke shawara.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1960, Bayan ya buga wasanni da yawa a Darwin, Gabelich ya yanke shawarar barin shirye-shiryensa na yin wasa tare da West Perth, kuma ya zaɓi ya sake buga wani kakar tare da Collingwood.
Komawa zuwa Yammacin Australia
A shekara ta 1961 ya koma Yammacin Ostiraliya inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa tare da West Perth, a wannan lokacin ya kuma wakilci Yammacin Australia a 1961 Brisbane Australian National Football Council Carnival, yana wasa a tsakiya-rabi a baya (kuma, a cikin tsari, ya soke gaba ɗaya zakarun tsakiya na Kudancin Melbourne Jim Taylor) a cikin ƙungiyar Yammacin Australiya wanda ba kawai (ba zato ba tsammani) ya ci tawagar wakilin Victoria 15.14 (104) zuwa 14.11 (95) a "wani mummunan yaƙi", har ma, ta hanyar wannan nasarar, ANFC.
Kyakkyawan aikinsa na Yammacin Ostiraliya ya haifar da zabinsa, a tsakiya rabin baya a cikin tawagar All-Australian ta wannan shekarar, amma kuma lambar yabo ta Simpson Medal a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan Yammacin Australia a Brisbane Carnival .
Komawa zuwa Collingwood
Yanzu yana da shekaru 28, Gabelich ya koma Collingwood a 1962, kuma ya zama kyaftin din kulob din a duk kakar 1964 da kuma wani ɓangare na 1965.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
61418 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony%20Lerman%20ne%20adam%20wata | Antony Lerman ne adam wata | Antony Lerman (an haife shi 11 Maris 1946) marubuci ɗan Biritaniya ne wanda ya ƙware a cikin nazarin kyamar Yahudawa, rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, al'adu da yawa, da wurin addini a cikin al'umma. Daga 2006 zuwa farkon 2009, ya kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Yahudawa, cibiyar tunani kan batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummomin Yahudawa a Turai. Daga Disamba 1999 zuwa 2006, ya kasance Babban Jami'in Hanadiv Charitable Foundation, wanda aka sake masa suna Rothschild Foundation Turai a 2007. Shi memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Yahudawa don Adalci da 'Yancin Dan Adam, kuma tsohon editan Alamun son zuciya, mujallar ilimi kwata kwata da ke mai da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewa na kabilanci da kabilanci.
Lerman ya yi aiki a Hukumar Runnymede Trust 's Commission on Antisemitism a farkon 1990s, kuma an nada shi a cikin 1998 zuwa Hukumar ta kan makomar Biritaniya mai yawan kabilu. Har ila yau, yana zaune a kan kwamitin shawarwari na nunin Holocaust na Imperial War Museum . Ya ba da gudummawa ga The Guardian .
Tarihin Rayuwa
yawancin rayuwarsa na farko a cikin Habonim, kuma ya horar da ya zama madrikh (shugaban matasa) a Cibiyar Yahudawa ta Kudus don Shugabannin Kasashen Waje. Ya zama mazkir na farko na Biritaniya, (shugaban matasa na waje) yana da shekaru 22. Ya yi aliyah zuwa Isra'ila a 1970, kuma ya zauna a can har 1973. Daga 1979 zuwa 2009, ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa, musamman a matsayin mai bincike na Cibiyar Harkokin Yahudanci, amma kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Rothchild's Hanadiv Charity .
Sabon antisemitism
A cikin jaridar Isra'ila Haaretz, Lerman yayi jayayya cewa manufar " sabon kyamar baki " ya haifar da "sauyi na juyin juya hali a cikin magana game da kyamar Yahudawa". Ya rubuta cewa mafi yawan tattaunawa na zamani game da kyamar Yahudawa sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi Isra'ila da sahyoniyanci, kuma daidaitawar adawa da sahyoniyanci da kyamar Yahudawa ta zama "sabon al'ada". Ya kara da cewa wannan sake fasalin sau da yawa yakan haifar da "Yahudawa suna kai hari ga wasu Yahudawa saboda zargin kyamar Yahudawan Sihiyonanci". Yayin da Lerman ya yarda da cewa fallasa zargin kin jinin Yahudawa da ake zargin ya zama "halal ne a ka'ida", ya kara da cewa wallafe-wallafen da ke karuwa a wannan fanni "sun wuce kowane dalili"; hare-haren sau da yawa suna da ɗimbin yawa, kuma sun ƙunshi ra'ayoyi waɗanda ba na asali ba na gaba da sahyoniya.
Lerman yayi jayayya cewa wannan sake fasalin ya sami sakamako mara kyau. Ya rubuta cewa bincike mai zurfi na masana game da kyamar Yahudawa na zamani ya zama "kusan babu shi", kuma yanzu ana yin nazari akai-akai kuma ana yin nazari akan batun "mutanen da ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya kan batun, wanda babban manufarsu ita ce kawar da masu sukar Yahudawa na Isra'ila. da kuma inganta daidaiton "anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism". Lerman ya ƙarasa da cewa wannan sake ma'anar ya yi aiki a ƙarshe don murkushe tattaunawa ta halal, kuma ba zai iya haifar da tushen da za a yi yaƙi da kyamar baki ba.
Lokacin da Yale ya yanke shawarar rufe shirin Yale don Nazarin Tsakanin Tsakanin Ɗabi'a na Anti-Semitism, da yawa sun zarge shi da cewa siyasa ce, saboda rigimar da Initiative ta mayar da hankali kan kyamar Musulmi . Abby Wisse Schachter, mai sharhi a New York Post ya rubuta cewa Yale "kusan" ya dakatar da shirin saboda "ya ƙi yin watsi da mafi muni, kisan kiyashi da kuma nau'in kiyayyar Yahudawa a yau: Musulmai masu adawa da Yahudawa." Amma Lerman ya yi maraba da shawarar, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an siyasantar da ƙungiyar kuma waɗanda ya kamata su yi maraba da mutuwarta da waɗanda "da gaske suke goyan bayan ƙa'idar haƙiƙa, nazarin rashin jin daɗi na antisemitism na zamani."
Lerman ya yi imanin cewa da'awar cewa London ita ce "matsalar yunkurin kasa da kasa na ba da izini ga Isra'ila kuma Yahudawan Birtaniyya suna fuskantar kullun farfagandar kyamar sahyoniya ta kafafen yada labarai da ke kan iyaka, ko kuma ta yi karo da, kyamar baki" suna wuce gona da iri. Abin da ya dame shi shi ne tada hankalin tattaunawa kan tasirin da Isra'ila ke yi kan Yahudawan Turai, da kuma yadda karuwar kyamar Yahudawa ke tasiri ga ayyukan da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta dauka.
Kiyayyar musulmi
Lerman na ganin alakar da ke tsakanin 'yan adawa na Isra'ila da kungiyoyin masu kyamar Islama a Turai irin su Geert Wilders da kuma jam'iyyarsa ta 'Yanci mai kyamar Musulunci. Wilders da shugabannin wasu jam'iyyu hudu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun ziyarci Isra'ila, duk da tushen kyamar Yahudawa. Lerman ya yi tsokaci cewa tun a ranar 11 ga Satumba, Isra'ila ta nemi bayyana kanta da Amurka a matsayin "dan uwan da ta'addancin Islama ya shafa". Kamar yadda Al Qaeda ta aljanu Amurka da Isra'ila, "'yancin yahudawan sahyoniya" sun fara jayayya cewa "sabon kyamar Yahudawa" wata barazana ce mai tasowa, ta haka ta sake mayar da kyamar Yahudawa a matsayin babban maganganun adawa da Isra'ila daga kungiyoyin musulmi.
Dangane da batun barazanar kyamar baki, Lerman ya nakalto Rabbi David Goldberg cewa: “A halin yanzu, ya zama Bayahude mafi sauki da aminci fiye da musulmi, bakar fata ko kuma mai neman mafaka a gabashin Turai.” Lerman ya soki harin da littafin tarihin Yahudawa ya kai kan gidauniyar Pears yana zarginsu da "makanta ga masu yada farfagandar jihadi". Ya dauki bacin rai game da yunkurin bude tattaunawa da Hamas a matsayin "mai karfafa wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki da ta'addanci", kuma ya dauke ta a matsayin jawaban gaba daya na kyamar musulmi.
Ƙirƙirar Sihiyoniya da Ƙira
A cikin littafinsa na 2012, The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Lerman yayi nazarin matsayinsa a cikin shekaru hamsin, tun daga farkon akidar sahyoniyanci zuwa sukar sahyoniyanci. Shi ba 'anti-Zionist' bane. Ya yi jayayya cewa sahyoniyanci "yarjejeniya ce da aka yi", kamar juyin juya halin Faransa, wani abu da ya faru a baya. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa masu bayyana kansu yahudawan sahyoniya a cikin ƙasashen waje suna da hannu wajen tallafawa mamaya na zalunci, kuma yana mai cewa dole ne Isra'ila ta soke dokar komowa, ta sauya halayenta na yahudawa, ta kuma zama ƙasa ga Yahudawa da Falasɗinawa. Dole ne mazauna waje su zaɓi tsakanin dabi'un duniya da al'adu da yawa, da keɓancewar Yahudawa.
A cikin op-ed ga The New York Times bayan yakin zirin Gaza na 2014, Lerman ya kammala da cewa, “Sahihaniyyanci kawai na kowane sakamako a yau shine kyamar baki da wariya, ƙabilanci-ƙabilanci na Yahudawa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Almasihun addini. Tana gudanar da aiki ba tare da izini ba na fahimtar kai na kasa don cimma ta hanyar mulkin mallaka da tsarkake kabilar. "
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
Littattafai
(ed.) Antisemitism World Report. Institute of Jewish Affairs/Institute for Jewish Policy Research, published annually from 1992 to 1998.
(ed.) The Jewish Communities of the World. A Comprehensive Guide. Macmillan, 1989.
The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Pluto Press, London 2012.
Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief, Greg Philo, Mike Berry, Justin Schlosberg, Antony Lerman, David Miller, Pluto Press, 2019.
Whatever Happened to Antisemitism? Redefinition and the Myth of the 'Collective Jew''', Pluto Press, London 2022
Takardu
tare da Kosmin, Barry da Goldberg, Jacqueline. "Haɗin da Yahudawan Birtaniya suka yi wa Isra'ila," Rahoton JPR No. 5, Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Yahudawa, 1997.
tare da Miller, Stephen da Schmool, Marlena. Halayen zamantakewa da siyasa na Yahudawan Burtaniya . Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Yahudawa, 1996.
"Fictive anti-Zionism: Duniya ta uku, Larabawa da Musulmai Bambance-bambancen," a cikin Wistrich, Robert S. (ed.) Anti-Zionism da Anti-Semitism a cikin Duniya na zamani . Macmillan tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Yahudawa, 1990.
"The Art of Holocaust Tunawa," a cikin Yahudawa Quarterly, Autumn 1989.
"Le Pen da LaRouche: Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Siyasa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Demokradiyya" a Frankel, William. Binciken Harkokin Yahudawa, 1987 . Jami'ar Jarida ta Fairleigh Dickinson, 1988.
Yankunan ra'ayi
Halatta Lieberman, The Guardian, 4 Agusta 2009.
Dole ne Yahudawa ko da yaushe suna ganin kansu a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa? , The Independent, Maris 7, 2009.
Ƙaunar da ba ta dace ba, New Stateman, 11 Disamba 2008.
Yahudawa suna kai wa Yahudawa hari, Haaretz, 7 ga Oktoba, 2008.
Sense on anti-Semitism, Prospect, fitowa ta 77, Agusta 2002.
manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dandalin Yahudawa don Adalci da 'Yancin Dan Adam
Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Yahudawa
CQ Global Researcher Anti-Semitism in Europe v.2-6, Rahoton 2008 daga Majalisa na Kwata-kwata akan anti-Semitism a Turai, ya ƙunshi muhawara tsakanin Lerman da Ben Cohen.
Hirsch, David. Kada ku tsare Yahudawa a kan kujera, Labarin Yahudanci'', 7 Afrilu 2009.
Haifaffun 1946
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48251 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Madagascar | Tsaron abinci a Madagascar | Tsibirin ƙasar Madagascar na ci gaba da fama da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da tattalin arziƙi da talauci da rashin abinci . Yayin da ƙasar ke aiwatar da wani gagarumin shirin sauyi da aka tsara don inganta zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da kuma alamomin shugabanci tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa ta 2008, rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2009 ya jefar da waɗannan ci gaban. Wannan rigimar siyasa, tare da koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya, ya haifar da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki da kashi 4 cikin 100 a shekarar 2009 (Bankin Duniya a shekarar 2012).
Dubawa
Bisa ga rahoton ci gaban bil adama na shekarar 2009 na shirin ci gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar suna rayuwa a ƙasa da kogin talauci, kashi 30 cikin ɗari ba su iya karatu ba, kashi 47 ne kawai ke samun ruwa mai tsafta, tare da tsawon rayuwa a lokacin haihuwar shekaru 61. Madagaskar tana matsayi na 135 a cikin ƙasashe 169 a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama .
Kayan abinci ba su da bambance-bambance kuma baya biyan bukatun jama'a. Kashi uku na mutanen ba su da abinci. Tare da raguwar kayan abinci, rashin samun abinci, da bala'o'i, talauci shi ne babban dalilin rashin wadataccen abinci na gidaje . Talauci ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na talakawa suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara kuma kashi 60 daga cikinsu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matalauta. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, lamarin ya ƙara tsananta, ta yadda rabin yaran Malagasy suna nuna alamun rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Lardin Toliara da ke Kudu maso Yamma ne ke da mafi yawan talauci, duk da haka, yawancin talakawan karkara sun taru ne a larduna uku mafi yawan jama'a na Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa da Toamasina .
Talakawa sun fi fuskantar hatsarin yanayi ne kawai saboda talaucinsu. Magidanta matalauta suna da ƴan kadarori da za su sayar kuma amfanin su ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka a lokacin ƙarancin su ba su da wani abin da zai hana su abinci. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fama da rauni a yankunan karkara su ne mata (waɗanda ke da kashi 55 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a da kashi 80 cikin 100 na masu fafutukar tattalin arziki) da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar. Dabarun tsira don samar da isassun wadatar abinci da rage haɗari sun haɗa da bambance-bambancen ayyukan noma, haɓaka ayyukan gonaki, ƙaura na yanayi ko na dindindin da aikin albashi . Duk da haka, raunin al'ummar Madagaska ya ƙara taɓarɓarewa tsawon shekaru na bala'o'i, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa, tare da gajiyar hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar. Lalacewar muhalli da zaizayar ƙasa sun ƙara cutar da mutanen karkara iya jurewa.
Dangane da matsayinta na ƙasa, Madagascar na fuskantar koma baya a kowace shekara sakamakon bala'o'i, waɗanda ke afkawa yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar tare da shafar yanayin abinci na sassa daban-daban na al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin shekaru 39 (daga shekarar 1968 zuwa ta 2007), guguwa na wurare masu zafi, guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da lalacewa da aka ƙiyasta kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 1.6 kuma sun shafi mutane miliyan 8. Mummunan fari dai ya shafi mutane kusan miliyan biyu da dubu ɗari bakwai, baya ga illar fari da ake fama da ita a kudancin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, Madagaska tana fama da fari a kai a kai .
Tsarin Gudanar da Hatsarin Bala'i na Ƙasa (DRM) ya ƙunshi tsarin da ba a san shi ba na kwamitocin DRM (musamman a yankuna, gundumomi da matakan jama'a) a ƙarƙashin inuwar Conseil National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes, a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista. Masu ba da gudummawa suna tallafawa gwamnati sosai wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da wannan tsarin.
Duba kuma
Noma na Madagascar
Canjin yanayi a Madagascar
Tsaron abinci a Burkina Faso
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO). Bayanin ƙasar Gina Jiki don Madagascar. Rubutu akan layi: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGN/nutrition/mdg_en.stm
Asusun Ci Gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya (IFAD). Portal Talauci. http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/country/home/tags/madagascar
Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). Shirin Ƙasa Madagascar 2005-2009. Rubutu kan layi: http://www.wfp.org/content/country-programme-madagascar-2005-2009
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayanin ƙasa. Rubutu akan layi: https://web.archive.org/web/20110817144953/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MDG.html
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Plan d'Action du Program Pays/CPAP 2008-2011. Rubutu akan layi: http://www.snu.mg/new/sites/pnud/article.php?article_id=749&lang=fr
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit gidan yanar gizon. http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/587.htm
Portal Tsaron Abinci na IFPRI http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/madagascar/resources |
57375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Sport | Range Rover Sport | Land Rover Range Rover Sport, yawanci aka sani kawai da Range Rover Sport, ne tsakiyar-size alatu SUV samar a karkashin su Land Rover marque, daga Birtaniya manufacturer Land Rover, kuma daga baya Jaguar Land Rover . ƙarni na farko (lamba: L320) ya fara samarwa a cikin 2005, kuma an maye gurbinsa da ƙarni na biyu Sport (codename: L494) a cikin 2013, maye gurbinsu da ƙarni na uku Sport (lambar suna: L461) a cikin 2022.
Range Stormer ra'ayi
Range Rover Sport an tsara shi ta hanyar motar ra'ayi ta Range Stormer, wacce aka gabatar a 2004 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka . Wannan ƙaramin ɗan raƙuman ruwa ne, ɗan gajeren zango mai kofa 3 wanda ya kasance "wasanni" na musamman a cikin tarihin Land Rover. Richard Woolley ne ya ƙera shi, cikakkiyar cikakkiyar ra'ayi mota ta farko tana wasa da ƙofofi masu ninkewa, kujerun kwarangwal guda ɗaya, katakon "clamshell", 22 inch alloys, a babban gudun, 4WD da nauyi. Wasannin Range Rover ya kasance kwatankwacin ƙirar ƙira mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke nuna kofofi biyar da ƙafar ƙafa ba ta da ɗan gajarta ta Range Rover Vogue. Kwafi na Stormer ya gina ta West Coast Customs of Corona, CA don Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, a kan bikin bude West Coast Customs Dubai; Motar a halin yanzu tana da rijista a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama ta Dubai.
Range Stormer yanzu yana nunawa a Cibiyar Mota ta Heritage a Gaydon, Warwickshire, UK.
ƙarni na farko (L320; 2005-2013)
Chassis
An daidaita chassis ɗin daga haɗaɗɗen tsarin jiki, Semi- monocoque, ƙirar da aka dakatar da kanta wanda aka yi muhawara akan Gano 3 a cikin 2004. Wannan zargin yana ba Range Rover Sport gyare-gyare da fa'idodin tsayayyen tsari na chassis monocoque tare da ƙarfin keɓan ƙirar chassis don aikace-aikacen kan hanya. Hakanan yana ba da izinin kera motocin marasa tsada saboda yawancin abubuwan gama gari. Ko da yake yana zaune a kan gyare-gyaren sigar Gano 3's chassis, ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƴan uwanta masu amfani a kowane girma tare da guntun ƙafar ƙafa da . Ƙananan girmansa da rufin rufin sa ya sa ba za a iya ɗaukar mazaunan layi na uku kamar Discovery 3 ba, amma a matsayin mai yawon shakatawa na wasanni ba a taɓa nufin ya zama mai kujeru bakwai ba. Brembo gaban birki daidai ne akan duk samfura sai TDV6.
NB
Takaddun Sabis na mafi yawan samfuran 05-09 suna da nau'ikan birki guda 2 da aka jera. Brembo da wadanda ba Brembo ba. Bincika takardar bayanan ginin ku ko ta lambar VIN/CHASSIS don duk samfura, idan an buƙata.
Jirgin wutar lantarki
2005-2009 Range Rover Sport HSE yana aiki da injin Jaguar AJ-V8 mai nauyin lita 4.4 na halitta wanda ke samar da da , tare da samfurin Supercharged yana samun bambance-bambancen lita 4.2 mai girma yana samar da da . Dukkanin injinan mai an kera su tare da tsarin tara mai da kuma na'urar tattara mai don ba da damar yin aiki a kusurwoyi masu tsauri. Sakamakon rashin shahara, an cire tashar wutar lantarki ta dabi'a daga kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin 2007. A shekara ta 2010, an maye gurbin waɗannan nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda biyu da injunan aluminium Jaguar AJ-V8 mai nauyin 5.0 na halitta wanda ke samar da da don HSE, da bambance-bambancen lita 5.0 mai girma wanda ke samar da da akan samfura masu caji. 2.7-lita turbodiesel TDV6 na ci gaba shine daidaitawa na ci gaban PSA / Ford kuma yana samar da da in Land Rover guise. Yana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shingen ƙarfe na graphite da shugaban silinda na aluminum tare da injector piezo crystal mai saurin canzawa. Debuting a cikin duka Wasanni da flagship Range Rover a cikin 2007 shine turbodiesel TDV8 mai nauyin lita 3.6. Wannan injin shine ƙarin daidaitawa na TDV6 amma yana da fasalin 90 toshe digiri (kamar yadda ya saba da 60 shimfidar digiri), tagwayen ma'auni mai canzawar turbochargers da kashe bawul mai shiga. Duk bambance-bambancen injuna an haɗa su zuwa watsawar ZF 6HP mai sauri shida (ZF6HP26) ZF ta atomatik, ban da SDV6, wanda ya karɓi watsa ZF 8HP (ZF8HP70). Waɗannan akwatunan gear suna da yanayi na musamman: CommandShift wanda ke amsawa kuma ya dace da salo daban-daban na tuƙi. CommandShift yana ba direba 'yanci don sarrafa canje-canjen kayan aiki bi da bi.
Dakatarwa
Dakatar da iska, a matsayin ma'auni, yana ba direba zaɓi na saitunan tsayin hawa uku ciki har da daidaitaccen tsayin hawan , tsayin waje na da yanayin samun saukowa. Hakanan akwai ƙarin tsayin da ake samu wanda ake samun dama ta hanyar riƙe maɓalli daban-daban don lokacin da tsayin tafiyar kashe hanya bai isa ba. Lokacin da abin hawa ya fita, tsarin sarrafa sa zai ji an rage nauyi akan maɓuɓɓugan iskar kuma tsayin hawan yana ɗaga kai tsaye zuwa mafi girman fa'ida. Bangaren haɗin kai na tsarin dakatarwa, wanda aka yi jayayya akan L322 Range Rover a cikin 2002, yana haifar da mafi kyawun aikin kan hanya ta hanyar lantarki da ke aiki da bawuloli a cikin layukan huhu waɗanda ke haɗa maɓuɓɓugan iskar da ke kusa. A yayin da wata ƙafa ta gefe ɗaya ta tashi yayin tafiya daga kan hanya, ana buɗe bawuloli na pneumatic kuma ana tilasta motar da ke kusa da ita, tana kwatanta aikin saitin axle mai rai .
Martanin Kasa
Tsarin amsawar ƙasa mai haƙƙin mallaka na Land Rover wanda aka yi muhawara akan Gano 3 an daidaita shi azaman daidaitaccen tsari akan kowane ƙira. A cikin L320 Terrain Response yana bawa direba damar zaɓar kowane ɗayan ƙarin hanyoyin 5 ta amfani da maɓalli, danna hagu ko dama don zaɓar yanayin, a cikin L494 Terrain Response 2 yana bawa direba damar daidaita saitunan chassis da watsawa (5 Saituna biyar) zuwa dace da filin da ake bi ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa rotary akan na'urar wasan bidiyo na tsakiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tuƙi na gaba ɗaya; ciyawa, tsakuwa, dusar ƙanƙara; laka da rutsi; yashi; da rarrafe. Tsayin hawan dakatarwa, sarrafa injin, taswirar maƙura, jeri na canja wurin, saitunan watsawa, kayan aikin tuƙi na lantarki (kamar sarrafa gogayya ta lantarki (ETC), kula da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi (DSC) da sarrafa gangaren tudu (HDC)) da e-diffs na lantarki duk ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin amsawa na Terrain. Duk Wasannin Range Rover suna sanye take da daidaitaccen e-diff na Magna Steyr Powertrain wanda ke kulle ta hanyar lantarki da buɗewa da rarraba juzu'i ta hanyar fakitin faranti da yawa da ke cikin yanayin canja wuri wanda kuma yana ba da 'shift-on-move. 'Aiki mai nisa biyu. e-diff na baya zaɓi ne akan duk samfuran Range Rover Sport kuma yana iya kullewa da buɗewa nan take. Akwai nunin in-dash wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana da alaƙa da Amsar Terrain kuma yana nuna mahimman bayanai na kashe kan hanya kamar matsayin e-diffs, kusurwar sitiyari da ƙirar dabaran. Hakanan yana iya sanar da direban tayoyin da ba su da alaƙa da ƙasa.
Fasahar Tuki
Amsa mai ƙarfi ya haɗa da sandunan anti-roll masu aiki na lantarki waɗanda ke amsawa ga rundunonin kusurwa da kunnawa da kashewa daidai gwargwado wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen sarrafa kan hanya. Amsa mai ƙarfi kuma yana taimakawa aikin kashe hanya ta hanyar ɓata sandunan hana ɓacin rai don ba da damar ƙirƙira mafi girman dabarar. Tsarin a cikin juyin halittar tsarin ACE ( Active Cornering Enhancement ) wanda ake samu akan Tsarin Ganowa na II amma an bayyana shi azaman mai faɗakarwa maimakon amsawa. Torque mai kyau, daidaitaccen tsari akan duk TDV8 da samfuran Supercharged, ta hanyar lantarki yana lalata magudanar ruwa, yana haifar da raguwa cikin sauri da wadatar ɗimbin juzu'i. Tsarin tuƙi mai saurin gudu, wanda aka karɓa daga Jaguar daidai yake akan duk samfuran kuma akwai zaɓi na fitilun bi-xenon masu aiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da kusurwar tuƙi don taimakawa hangen nesa. Sarrafa Cruise Control (ACC) tare da tsarin faɗakarwa na gaba yana haɗa haɗaɗɗun radar gaba wanda ke gano motocin da ke tafiya gaba da daidaita saurin abin hawa don daidaitawa. Tsarin yana duba hanya sau goma a cikin dakika, yana da 16 Matsayin digiri kuma Land Rover ya yi iƙirarin yana iya nuna bambanci tsakanin babban abin hawa da kuma babur rariya kusa da ke tafiya aƙalla gaba. Zaɓuɓɓukan nisa guda huɗu da aka saita kuma zasu tabbatar da Wasannin yana kiyaye nisan da ake so daga abin hawa da yake bi.
Fasahar tuƙi
Tsaro
Ƙungiyar NCWR (New Car Whiplash Ratings) ta gwada Range Rover Sport a cikin 2010 kuma ta ba shi maki masu zuwa:
G = Mai kyau, A = Karɓa, M = Ƙarfafawa, P = Talauci
Tsaro
Kungiyar Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) ta gwada Range Rover Sport kuma ta sami kima masu zuwa:
Facelift (2009)
An fara nuna samfurin da aka ɗaga fuska a Nunin Mota na New York a cikin Afrilu 2009. Wasannin Range Rover na 2010 sun fito da ƙarin yanayin gaba-gaba wanda ya haɗa da sabbin fitilolin mota, gasa da kuma ƙarami. An kuma kara madubin nada wutar lantarki. Hakanan sababbi ana sabunta fitilun baya da kuma na baya. Bita na cikin gida ya fi mahimmanci tare da sabon fantsama, dabaran tutiya, rufin ƙofa, kujeru, kayan kida da maɓalli. Sabuwar samfurin yana da ƙarin bayyanar fata kuma kusan 50 ƙarancin maɓallan allon dash ɗin dash fiye da ƙirar da ta gabata. Sabbin injuna guda uku sun fara halarta a gasar 2010. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sabon alluran kai tsaye, injin V8 mai nauyin alluminium-lita 5.0 a cikin abubuwan da aka zayyana na zahiri da kuma manyan caji kamar yadda aka gani a cikin sabbin kewayon manyan abubuwan hawa na Jaguar. Samfurin da ake so na dabi'a yana samar da da karfin juyi yayin da supercharged ke samar da da karfin juyi. Hakanan sabon shine sigar lita 3.0 da aka sabunta ta TDV6 mai lita 2.7 na yanzu tana samar da da , an daidaita shi daga Jaguar's AJ-V6D Gen III. Wannan injin yana da fasalin turbochargers masu daidaitawa - guda ɗaya mai canzawa geometry turbocharger da ƙayyadaddun joometry turbocharger guda ɗaya wanda ke aiki kawai lokacin da ake buƙata kamar yadda aka gani akan Jaguar XF Diesel S. Duk sabbin injinan suna samar da ƙarin ƙarfi da ƙarfi akan magabata yayin da suke isar da mafi kyawun mai. tattalin arziki da rage CO hayaki. An daidaita shi da babban tagwayen-vortex na ƙarni na shida tare da ingantacciyar ingancin thermodynamic na 16 kashi dari, sabon injin da ke da cajin mai karfin lita 29 karin iko da kashi 12 kashi dari fiye da injin mai lita 4.2 na yanzu, duk da haka ana inganta fitar da CO da amfani da man fetur da 5.6 kashi 6.2 bisa dari bi da bi. Sabon injin TDV6 mai karfin lita 3.0 yana samar da 29 fiye da kashi 36 na iko kashi dari fiye da injin mai lita 2.7, duk da haka iskar CO da amfani da man duk an inganta su da 9 kashi dari. Shekarar ƙirar 2010 Sport kuma tana dacewa da sabon ZF HP28 watsa atomatik mai sauri shida. An ƙera shi don haɓaka aiki da inganci, sabon watsawa yana ɗaukar ƙulle-ƙulle na kowane kayan aiki a baya bayan zaɓin. gyare-gyaren dakatarwa kuma ya faru tare da ƙaddamar da tsarin samar da damping na farko a duniya ta amfani da fasahar tsinkaya ta tushen ƙira wanda ke ci gaba da haɓaka saitunan sabbin rukunin dampTronic Valve Technology don haɓaka hawan abin hawa da sarrafawa. An sami ƙarin haɓakawa ga tsarin amsa lambar yabo ta Terrain Response don 2010. Bita ga shirin rarrafe dutsen yana rage jujjuyawar birgima a yayin da ake bi da duwatsun da ke isar da ƙaƙƙarfan tuki a kan ƙasa mai dutse. Ƙarin sabon 'ikon ƙaddamar da yashi' yana hana ƙafafun tono yayin tuki a cikin yashi mai laushi godiya ga sake dubawa ga tsarin sarrafa motsi. Hakanan an inganta tsarin Kula da Dutsin Dutse tare da ƙarin Sarrafa Sakin Saki na Gradient, wanda ke hana ƙimar farkon haɓakawa yayin da aka gangaro daga kan tudu.
Facelift (2012)
Gyaran fuska na ƙarshe zuwa dandalin L320 ya zo a cikin MY12 yana gabatar da ƙananan canje-canje. Ciki ya kasance iri ɗaya ne duk da haka an ƙara fasalulluka kamar ƙofofin wutan lantarki da ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa mai nuna yawo ta bluetooth. Haka kuma an sami ƙarin na'urar watsawa ta atomatik na ZF 8 mai sauri da rakiyar mai zaɓen kayan aikin rotary.
Gyara
A duk lokacin da ake gudanar da aikinta, ƙarni na farko na Range Rover Sport yana samuwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri.
S (2006-2009): An sayar da shi kawai a Turai, S shine Range Rover Sport mafi arha samuwa, wannan sigar ta zo da wurin zama, na'urar CD, sarrafa jirgin ruwa, nav, da dizal 2.7TD V6.
SE (2006-2013): An sayar da shi kawai a Turai, SE ya kasance mataki na sama daga S, yana ƙara fasali irin su kujeru masu zafi, na'urorin ajiye motoci da fitilu na hazo, ya zama tushen tushe bayan da aka sauke samfurin S.
HSE (2006-2013): Yin hidima a matsayin ƙirar tushe don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka a duk tsawon rayuwarta, HSE ta zo daidai da wurin zama na fata, yanki mai sarrafa yanayi ta atomatik, ƙafafun inch 19, tsarin sauti na 600 watt 14, da 4.4L. V8 mai son dabi'a (daga baya 5.0L V8 ya maye gurbinsa don samfuran gyaran fuska). A Burtaniya, an kuma bayar da wannan sigar tare da dizal V6 ko V8. Daga baya an ba da shi tare da fakitin Luxury, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin kayan aikin zaɓi a matsayin ma'auni
Supercharged (2006-2013): Samfurin wasan kwaikwayon, Supercharged ya ƙara injin V8 mai caji don ingantacciyar aiki, da sauran abubuwan alatu.
HST (2006-2009): Keɓanta ga Turai, HST ta ƙara kayan wasan motsa jiki tare da sabbin kayan ƙorafi da grille, kuma sun zo tare da yawancin kayan aikin zaɓi waɗanda aka dace da daidaitattun. Ya kasance kawai tare da ko dai babban caja na fetur V8 ko dizal V8.
Tarihin Rayuwa (2011-2013): Yin hidima azaman babban datsa, tarihin tarihin rayuwar ya haɗa da fitilolin mota masu daidaitawa, sabbin ƙafafun ƙafafu, tsarin kyamara mai digiri 360 da ƙarin kayan kwalliya don ƙarshen Range Rover Sport.
HST Limited Edition (2009): Keɓanta ga Arewacin Amurka, HST Limited Edition shine iyakanceccen sigar samarwa na HST na Turai. An sayar da shi kawai tare da injin V8 mai caji, ya haɗa da kayan jiki iri ɗaya kamar na HST na yau da kullun, da ƙafafu na musamman da kayan kwalliya.
GT Limited Edition (2011-2013): An sayar da shi a Arewacin Amurka kawai, GT Limited Edition ya kasance ƙayyadaddun sigar samarwa ta HSE wacce ta ƙunshi fasalulluka na alatu daga Tarihin Rayuwa a matsayin daidaitaccen kayan aiki.
Rigima
Wasannin Range Rover sun sanya ƙungiyar Premier ta Ford ta zama makasudin zanga-zangar da Greenpeace ta yi a 2005. Masu zanga-zangar sun kutsa cikin wurin taron inda suka jinkirta kera motar na wani dan lokaci. Greenpeace ta ba da misali da batutuwan da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, da kuma ɗumamar yanayi . Alkaluman Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka na motar da ba ta cika caji ba ne (hade). Kodayake don wannan gwajin EPA sun yi amfani da sabon tsarin su na 2008 da kuma gaba. Greenpeace ta ce ba su damu da kera motoci irin su Land Rover Defender ba saboda galibi ana amfani da su don aikace-aikacen kan hanya akai-akai fiye da motocin irin su Range Rover Sport wanda suke iƙirarin "an saurara da farko. don kan aikin hanya".
An sanar da Range Rover Sport na ƙarni na biyu akan 27 Maris 2013 a New York Auto Show . An rufe tituna da dama a Manhattan don gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa a Auto Show tare da dan wasan James Bond Daniel Craig .
Zane
Sabuwar Range Rover Sport ta ci gaba a cikin jagorar ƙirar da ta samar da salon Evoque, da cikakken girman 2013 Range Rover . Yana da tsayi, kasancewar tsawo; kuma mai nauyi, yana yin awo a . Ba kamar ƙarnin da suka gabata waɗanda ke amfani da haɗe-haɗen chassis na jiki ba, L494 Range Rover Sport yana amfani da jikin monocoque gabaɗaya, kamar L405 Range Rover .
Sabon Samfari (2018-2022)
A cikin 2017, a Los Angeles Car Show, Jaguar Land Rover Group ya sanar da Range Rover Sport da aka yi da fuska zai fara samarwa a cikin 2018. Sabuwar Wasan tana da sabbin fitilolin mota, sabon ciki tare da tsarin taɓawa duo da MHEV 355 da 395 HP da kuma V8 mai 518 HP da sigar SVR tare da 575 HP. Babban canje-canje a cikin gyaran fuska an sake tsara su gaba da baya bumpers, sabon shaye-shaye (bututu biyu na baki akan bambance-bambancen S & SE, bututun azurfa tagwaye akan HSE, HSE Dynamic da Autobiography tare da Dynamic Pack da Quad exhausts akan SVR Variant) da haɓaka taɓa duo. infotainment daga 2018 Range Rover Velar .
A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2014, Land Rover ta sanar da Range Rover SVR (Racing na Musamman) a Pebble Beach. Samfurin yana wasa da dama na gyare-gyare na ado da haɓaka aiki.
Ƙirar ƙirar tana da cikakkiyar gyaran fuska na gaba, tare da manyan magudanar ruwa da babban grille da aka gama da baki. Ana kuma gyara magudanan gaban kwata-kwata kuma an kammala su cikin baki. Hakanan an sake bitar ƙofofin baya gaba ɗaya tare da sabon, ƙarin bayani mai watsawa da nasihun sharar da'irar. SVR ya zo tare da 21 inch alloy ƙafafun, nannade cikin 275/45 R21 duk-lokaci tayoyin a matsayin misali.
Performance upgrades for the SVR including the 5.0L supercharged V8 shared with the Jaguar F-Type, with a power output of and torque output of the transmission has been programmed to shift 50% quicker and to keep the torque converter locked up once it is in second gear. The chassis had also been revised for the model. Debut of Adaptive Dynamics with Magnetorheological dampers. New for the SVR is the addition of an Active exhaust system with electronically controlled valves. The improvements make the SVR capable of 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.5 seconds and a top speed of , one of the quickest of its type.
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
39805 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Adamawa%202023 | Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa 2023 | Za'a gudanar da zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa a shekarar 2023 a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa, a daidai lokacin da zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran majalisun dokokin jihohi. An shirya gudanar da zaben ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisun tarayya. An sake tsaida gwamnan jihar mai ci na jam'iyyar PDP, Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri a matsayin dan takarar gwamnan jihar.
Zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a tsakanin ranakun 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2022, ya sa Fintiri ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, yayin da jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu. Duk da cewa hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke ya soke zaben fidda gwani na APC a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke ya soke soke zaben tare da mayar da Ahmed ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba.
Tsarin zabe
Ana zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu . Idan za a zabe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne dan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar . Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin dan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi.
Bayani
Jihar Adamawa jiha ce babba, kuma jiha ce da ke arewa maso gabas daban-daban a kokarin murmurewa daga munanan hare-haren Boko Haram . Har ila yau, dole ne jihar ta yi fama da fannin noma da ba a bunƙasa ba, da ƙarancin ilimi tare da ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubalen tsaro daga Boko Haram da ISWAP don dorewar rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma .
A siyasance, zaben Adamawa na shekarar 2019 ya koma PDP yayin da dan takararta na shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar ya lashe jihar daga hannun Buhari sannan Fintiri ya tsige gwamnan APC Bindo Jibrilla . A doka kuma jam'iyyar PDP ta samu nasara inda ta lashe kujeru biyu na majalisar dattawa da kujeru biyar na wakilai, da kuma ikon majalisar . A wa'adin mulkin Fintiri, gwamnatinsa ta ce an mayar da hankali ne a kan kara samar da tsaro, daidaiton kabilanci da addini, da kula da albarkatun ruwa . Dangane da ayyukansa, an yabawa Fintiri kan sake fasalin aikin gwamnati yayin da ake sukar shi da rashin wasu abubuwan da ya samu na kansa da kuma watsi da ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar filin jirgin saman FAAN a watan Yulin shekara ta 2020.
Zaben fidda gwani
Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu da 3 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Yuni. A cewar wasu ’yan takara da shugabannin al’umma, yarjejeniyar da aka yi ba bisa ka’ida ba ce ta ‘yan majalisar dattawan Adamawa ta sanya mazabar Adamawa ta tsakiya za ta samu gwamna mai zuwa domin tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1999, dukkanin gwamnonin Adamawa sun fito ne daga mazabun Adamawa ta Kudu ko kuma Adamawa ta Arewa. Sai dai har yanzu babu wata babbar jam’iyya da ta rufe zaben fitar da gwani na ‘yan takara daga Arewa ko Kudu.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress
A ranar zaben fidda gwanin ‘yan takara shida sun ci gaba da gudanar da zaben fidda gwanin kai tsaye a Yola wanda hakan ya sa Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed — Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya kuma tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta fito a matsayin ‘yar takarar APC bayan da sakamakon ya nuna cewa ta samu sama da kashi 42% na kuri'u. An samu cece-kuce a lokacin zaben fidda gwanin da aka kama guda biyu daga cikin masu yakin neman zaben Ahmed yayin da aka kama su suna ba wakilai cin hanci, kuma bayan zaben fidda gwanin, zargin da aka yi da wuce gona da iri ya janyo cece-kuce a cikin gida. Daga baya an lura cewa nadin Ahmed shi ne karo na farko da wata babbar jam’iyya ta tsayar da mace takarar gwamnan Adamawa kuma a karo na biyu ne wata babbar jam’iyya ta tsayar da mace a kowace jiha. Binciken bayan firamare ya nuna gazawa da dama daga abokan hamayyar Ahmed da kuma nasarar yakin neman zaben Ahmed na zabar wakilan da ake sa ran za su zabi wasu tare da karfafa goyon bayan mata wakilai. Sai dai bayan kimanin wata guda da gudanar da zaben fidda gwani, Nuhu Ribadu wanda ya zo na biyu ya kai kara kan soke zaben fidda gwani bisa rahotannin sayen kuri’u. Duk da shari’ar kotun, Ahmed ta ci gaba da yakin neman zabenta inda ta zabi Titsi Ganama —wacce tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar wakilai — a matsayin abokiyar takararta. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, an yanke hukunci kan karar Ribadu tare da alkali Abdulaziz Anka tare da Ribadu wajen soke zaben Ahmed saboda yawan kuri’u a zaben fidda gwani; Sai dai Anka bai bayyana sunan Ribadu a matsayin wanda aka zaba ba ko kuma ya bayar da umarnin sake zaben fidda gwanin sai dai ya mayar da jam’iyyar APC ba tare da wanda ya tsaya takara a zaben gwamna ba. Ahmed ta bayyana aniyarta na daukaka karar hukuncin a cikin wannan makon sannan kuma hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba ya yanke mata hukunci, inda ta mayar da Ahmed a matsayin wanda aka zaba. Ko da yake da farko Ribadu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta kai karar zuwa kotun koli, ya janye karar ne a farkon watan Disamba "domin ci gaban jam'iyyar."
Waɗanda aka zaba
Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed : Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya (2019-present) kuma tsohon dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Yola ta arewa/Yola ta kudu/Girei (2015-2019)
Abokin takara- Titsi Ganama : tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na Madagali/Michika (2011-2015) kuma tsohon kwamishinan kudi
Waɗanda aka kayar
Bindow Jibrilla : tsohon Gwamna (2015-2019) kuma tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa (2011-2015)
Umar Mustapha : Injiniya
Abdulrazak Namdas : Dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Jada/Ganye/Mayo Belwa/Toungo (2015-present)
Nuhu Ribadu : Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar APC 2019, 2015 dan takarar gwamna a PDP, 2011 dan takarar shugaban kasa na ACN, kuma tsohon shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (2003-2007)
Warfarninyi Theman: tsohon Sakataren APC na jiha
Waɗanda suka Janye
Ishaku Elisha Abbo : Senator for Adamawa North (2019-present)
Waɗanda aka dakatar
Mahmood Halilu Ahmed: Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar APC a zaben 2019 kuma dan uwa ga uwargidan shugaban kasa Aisha Buhari
Abubakar Girei : tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya (1999-2003)
Boss Mustapha : Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya (2017-present), tsohon Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Ruwa ta Kasa (2016-2017), da 1991 SDP na takarar Gwamna
Abdul-Aziz Nyako : tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya (2015-2019) kuma dan takarar gwamna na ADC na 2019
Sakamako
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party
Duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan batun soke zaben fidda gwani na Fintiri daya tilo da ya ke yi a 'yan kwanaki kafin a fafatawar, amma an gudanar da zaben fidda gwani cikin lumana inda Fintiri ya zama dan takara daya tilo. Bayan lashe zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a Yola ba tare da hamayya ba, Fintiri ya godewa wakilan jam’iyyar sannan ya bukaci jam’iyyar ta jihar da ta marawa Atiku Abubakar baya a yakin neman zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa. Kimanin wata guda da kammala firamare, Kaletapwa Farauta —Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Adamawa, kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Ilimi daga Numan— aka zavi a matsayin abokin takarar Fintiri a maimakon mataimakin Gwamna mai ci Crowther Seth . A taron kaddamar da Farauta a matsayin abokin takararsa a farkon watan Agusta, Fintiri ya ce ya zabi Farauta don samun daidaiton tikitin jinsi kuma ya yaba da hidimar Seth.
Wanda aka zaba
Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri : Gwamna (2019-present), tsohon dan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar Madagali (2007-2015), tsohon mukaddashin gwamna (2014), da kuma tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai (2014)
Running mate— Kaletapwa Farauta : Vice-Chancellor of Adamawa State University (2017–present) and former Commissioner of Education (2015–2017)
Kwamitin tantancewa ya soke shi
Jameel Abubakar Waziri : tsohon shugaban kasa na fadar Aso Rock na Protocol
Sakamako
Ƙananan jam'iyyun
Gangamin zabe
A watannin bayan kammala zaben fidda gwanin, masana sun lura da yuwuwar ci gaban da Fintiri zai iya samu sakamakon zaben dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP Atiku Abubakar ; Wani batu na Ahmed shi ne saboda tikitin takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar APC — Zaben Kashim Shettima na jam’iyyar APC, Bola Tinubu ya kirkiro tikitin musulmi da musulmi, inda ya saba taron da ba a rubuta ba kan tikitin addini guda – inda masana suka lura da bambancin addini na Adamawa da ‘yan adawa suka kafa. adawa da APC a tsakanin Kiristocin Arewa. Akwai kuma batutuwa a cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Adamawa yayin da Nuhu Ribadu - wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben fidda gwani na gwamna - ya fafata da sakamakon farko da ya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da ya kai ga tsige shugaban jam'iyyar na jihar Ibrahim Bilal a watan Satumba 2022. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun kuma lura da irin goyon bayan da Ahmed ke da shi a tsakanin mata masu jefa ƙuri'a da kuma tsayawa takara mai cike da tarihi don zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin gwamna. Masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa farin jinin Ahmed a wurin mata na iya sa Fintiri ya ajiye mataimakin gwamna mai ci Crowther Seth a matsayin mataimakiyarsa ta Kaletapwa Farauta domin samun daidaiton tikitin shiga tsakanin jinsi. Wani babban al’amari kuma shi ne yadda Fintiri ya ci gaba da samun goyon bayansa a yankin Numan da kuma tsakanin tsirarun Kiristoci; duka alƙaluma sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Fintiri a 2019. Ya zuwa watan Satumba, masana sun yi ta tambayar illolin rashin son zuciya ga Ahmed da kuma tasirin siyasa na abokan takararsu tare da yuwuwar fitattun kananan jam'iyyu - Labour Party da Social Democratic Party.
Sai dai a wata mai zuwa ya kawo gagarumin sauyi a zaben inda aka soke zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC ta hanyar wani hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke wanda shi ma ya ki amincewa da shiga wani sabon zaben fidda gwanin da ya haramtawa APC shiga zaben. Sai dai hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke a karshen watan Nuwamba ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya, inda ta mayar da Ahmed a matsayin wanda aka zaba.
Jadawalin zaben
A ranar 26 ga watan fabrairun 2022, hukumar zaben mai zaman kanta ta fitar da jadawali,shirye da kwanaki da karshen ranar zabe. watanni kadan baya ranar 27 watan mayun shekara ta 2022,INEC tayi wani gyara a jadawalin ,inda tabada karin lokaci ga jam'iyyu don suyi zaɓen fidda gwani.
28 Fabrairu 2022 – Wallafa ranar zabe
4 Afrilu 2022 – Ranar farko zaben fidda gwani
9 Yuni 2022 – Ranar karshen fidda gwanin jam'iyyu,da magance duk wani abin da zai taso daga wurin su.
1 Juli 2022 – Ranar farkon gabatar da fom din tsayayyun ƴan takara ga INEC ta shafin ta na yanar gizo (online portal)
15 Juli 2022 – Ranar karshen ta gabatar da fom ɗin ƴan takarar ga INEC ta shafin ta ba yanar gizo (online portal)
12 Oktoba 2022 – Gabatar da kamfe.
9 Maris 2023 – Ranar karshen na lokacin kamfe.
Babban zabe
Mazabar tarayya
Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya.
Ta mazabar tarayya
The results of the election by federal constituency.
Ta karamar hukumar
Sakamakon zaben kananan hukumomi.
Duba kuma
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Zaɓen jihar Adamawa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21105 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa%20Lamine | Issa Lamine | Issa Lamine ɗan siyasan Nijar ne. Ya jagoranci Toubou -based Front Democratique Revolutionnaire, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama da ke aiki a arewa mai nisa da gabashin Nijar a karshen shekarun 1990s. Lamine ya shiga gwamnati a matsayin wakilin garin N'Gourti da ke gabashin ƙasar a shekarar 2000. A matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya da zamantakewar jama'a (CDS-Rahama), ya kasance Mataimakin a Majalisar Dokokin Nijar sannan ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2009. Ya bar CDS-Rahama a 2009 kuma an zabe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa .
Shugaban 'yan tawaye
A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 Lamine ya kasance "Shugaban Harkokin Harkokin Waje", daga baya kuma ya kasance jagora gaba ɗaya, na ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Front Democratique Revolutionnaire da ke zaune a Toubou da ke aiki a kudancin yankin Kaouar .
Shugaban siyasa
Bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1999 da komawa mulkin farar hula, Lamine ya zama jagoran siyasa daga sansaninsa da ke N'Gourti, kuma daga 5 ga Janairun 2000 ya zama Minista a jerin gwamnatoci. An kira shi Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na Jamhuriyar Nijar a cikin gwamnatin farko ta Jamhuriya ta Biyar ta Nijar, yana mai rike da wannan mukamin nasa ta hanyar canjin ma'aikata a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekara ta 2001. Lamine ya yi aiki a wannan gwamnatin ta biyu, har ila yau a ƙarƙashin MNSD-Nassara Firayim Minista Hama Amadou, har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba 2002. Duk waɗannan nade-naden sun kasance a matsayin masu zaman kansu, waɗanda aka wakilta a hukumance a matsayin shugaban tsohon ɗan tawayen FDR.
An zabi Lamine a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a matsayin dan takarar CDS a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na Disamba 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisa da ya biyo baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasashen Waje.
Ministan Lafiya
Daga baya, aka naɗa shi a gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2007. A watan Yulin 2008, bayan la'antar duniya da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da yunwa a Yankin Maradi, Ministan Lafiya Issa Lamine ya sa kungiyoyin Doctors Without Borders (MSF-Faransa) suka fitar da ƙananan yaran da ke fama da yunwa daga ƙasar, suna zargin MSF da bayar da "karyar" rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki yunwa don motsa kudade.
Lamine ta bude wata cibiya domin ci gaba da ilimantar da ita cutar noma, wacce kungiya mai zaman kanta ta dauki nauyinta, a Yamai a ranar 23 ga Janairun 2009. A wannan lokacin, ya yaba wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Sentinelles, Campaner, da Hilfsaktion saboda aikinsu na yaki da cutar a sassa daban-daban na kasar ta Nijar.
Rikicin siyasa na 2009-2011
Bayan CDS ta zabi ficewa daga gwamnati don nuna adawa da shirin Shugaba Mamadou Tandja na raba gardama kan kundin tsarin mulki, an maye gurbin Lamine da sauran ministocin CDS a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2009. Lokacin da CDS ta yanke shawarar kauracewa zaben majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, tare da sauran manyan jam'iyyun adawa, Lamine ya yi biris da kauracewa zaben ya tsaya a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a N'Gourti, wanda aka yi la’akari da shi a matsayin cibiyar zaɓe sa. Ya sami nasarar zama dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa, kuma lokacin da majalisar kasa ta fara ganawa da sabon wa’adin majalisar a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, sai ya shiga kungiyar ‘yan majalisu masu zaman kansu su tara, waɗanda suka hada da masu zaman kansu da wakilai daga kananan jam’iyyu. Hakanan an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Janar da Kula da Harkokin Mulki, ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin majalisar ƙasa guda bakwai, a wancan lokacin.
A watan Fabrairun 2010, sojoji suka kwace mulki a wani <i id="mwSA">juyin mulki</i>, tare da rusa majalisar kasa bayan ta kwashe watanni uku kacal. Ta haka ne Lamine ya rasa kujerarsa ta majalisa, amma aka nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga shugaban majalisar koli kan maido da dimokiradiyya, Salou Djibo, a watan Maris din 2010; an kuma bashi matsayin minista. Bayan zaben majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun 2011, gwamnonin sojoji na kananan hukumomin N'Gourti da Yankin Diffa sun zargi Issa da yunkurin shirya zaben a N'Gourti ta hanyar kitsa sace jami'an zaben, da shirya kungiyoyin magoya bayansa na CDS-Rahama - mayaka daga kungiyar 'yan tawayen sa na 1990 don kai hari kan yankunan da ake zaton masu biyayya ga abokan hamayya.
Manazarta
Mutanen Nijar
Yan Nijar
Ƴan Jarida |
34321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Kasar%20Djibouti | Hakkin Dan Adam a Kasar Djibouti | Batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Djibouti, ƙaramar ƙasa da ke cikin yankin kahon Afirka, wani lamari ne da ke damun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama.
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2019 ya nuna cewa muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam na Djibouti sun haɗa da: kisan gilla da jami'an gwamnati suka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsarewar jami'an gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; kame ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida ba tare da hakki ba; Laifin laifi; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taron lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi; manyan ayyuka na cin hanci da rashawa; da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da rashin isassun matakan gwamnati don gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da hukunta su, gami da yi wa mata kaciya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa rashin hukunta shi matsala ce, inda ba kasafai gwamnati ke daukar matakan ganowa tare da hukunta jami’an da suka aikata munanan laifuka, walau a jami’an tsaro ko kuma a wasu wurare a cikin gwamnati.
Tarihi (1977-2006) da yanayin siyasa
A shekarar 1977 ne Djibouti ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, bayan da kashi 98.8% na al'ummar kasar suka kada kuri'ar raba gardama a zaben raba gardama . Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya zama shugaban kasa kuma an ayyana jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, the People's Rally for Progress, a matsayin jam'iyyar doka tilo a shekarar 1981. Ta kasance tana da iko tun daga lokacin, karkashin Aptidon har zuwa shekarar 1999, da Isma'il Omar Guelleh daga baya.
Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Djibouti tun shekarar 1977 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Gwamnatin Aptidon (1977-1999)
Da'awar tsare siyasa da azabtarwa sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1977, an kama wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa Mouvement populaire de liberation goma sha bakwai tare da azabtar da su. A cikin 1978, ɗalibai goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka ziyarci karatunsu a ƙasashen waje a Paris, an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni a kurkuku kuma an ba da rahoton azabtarwa saboda labaran da ƙungiyar ɗalibansu ta rubuta a Faransa. Bayan wani hari da makami a shekarar 1979 a Randa, an tsare 'yan Afara sittin kuma akalla daya ya mutu sakamakon azabtarwa. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama da yawa saboda kasancewarsu na ƙungiyar Mouvement populaire de liberation. Bayan wani yunkurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Daraktan Tsaro a watan Yunin 1979 (wanda Amnesty International ta ce ana shakkar gaskiyarsa), an tsare da azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa tara, ciki har da mataimakan majalisa biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan - Mohamed Houmed Mohamed - ya taba gabatar da jawabin majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya yi tir da yadda gwamnati ke azabtar da mutane.
A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1981 jam'iyyar Parti populair Djiboutien ta nemi amincewa da doka a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A farkon watan Satumba sun fitar da sanarwarsu ta farko, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba an kama dukkan mambobin kwamitin zartarwa goma sha uku, ciki har da 'yan majalisa shida. Cikin wadanda ake tsare da su akwai Mohamed Houmed Mohamed. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mambobin sun tsere daga kasar bayan an sako su, amma an sake tsare su da azabtar da su bayan sun dawo daga gudun hijira.
Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ruwaito a karkashin Aptidon sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga): duka mai tsanani; hawan ruwa ; konewa; yage daga farce; wutar lantarki; tsayin daka ga hayaki wanda ke haifar da kusan asphyxiation; "The Swing", wanda aka dakatar da wanda aka azabtar da shi daga mashaya ta idon sawunsa; da sanya kwalabe a cikin dubura.
Gwamnatin Guellah (1999-)
Aptidon ya sanar da yin murabus a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999 kuma jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta zabi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a matsayin dan takararsu na shugaban kasa. Ya lashe zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu da hannu, da kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na shugaban kasa, Moussa Ahmed Idriss mai zaman kansa. An kama Idriss ne a watan Satumba mai zuwa saboda "barazana da kwarin gwiwar sojojin kasar" kuma an tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba.
Jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin Guellah, inda ta yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na farko-farko, wanda mafi rinjaye a kowane gundumomi biyar na zaben kasar ke rike da dukkan kujeru. Don haka, a zaben Majalisar Dokokin kasar na 2003, kawancen ya karbi dukkan kujeru 65 da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada. Jam’iyyun adawa sun kaurace wa zaben na 2005 da shekarar 2008.
A shekara ta 2008, shugaba Guellah ya ba da sanarwar rusa jam'iyyar adawa ta Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development jam'iyyar.
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima, inda aka cire wa'adin wa'adi biyu, tare da baiwa Guelleh damar ci gaba da wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2010, an yanke wa babban attajirin nan na Djibouti, kuma tsohon abokin shugaban kasar, Abdourahman Boreh, hukuncin <i id="mwAWE">daurin</i> rai-da-rai saboda ta'addanci. Ba shi da lauya mai kare shi kuma ya kasance yana niyyar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2007-)
'Yancin magana
Duka manyan jaridun ( La Nation de Djibouti ) da mai watsa shirye-shirye ( Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti ) gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su. Jaridar 'yan adawa ta Le Renouveau ta daina aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke cewa wani dan kasuwa ya ba wa surukin Ismail Omar Guelleh cin hanci, gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009, an kama Ahmed Darar Robleh, kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari saboda rubuta wakokin sukar shugaban kasa.
A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta kame da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawar siyasa, ciki har da mutane shida da ke ba da rahoto ga gidan rediyon Turai, La Voix de Djibouti. Wadannan sun hada da Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar, wadanda aka sake su bayan watanni hudu amma aka sake kama su a watan Nuwamba.
'Yancin addini
Freedom House ta yi ikirarin cewa ana mutunta 'yancin yin ibada a kassar.
Tsarin doka
Djibouti ta soke hukuncin kisa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010. Tsarin shari'a na ƙasar ya dogara ne akan tsarin farar hula na Faransa, tare da shari'ar Shari'a da ke tafiyar da al'amuran iyali.
Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba
Ko da yake doka ta haramta kama kama, ƙungiyoyi na uku suna da'awar cewa ba a mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba.
Jami’an tsaro na yawan kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Jean-Paul Noel Abdi, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Djibouti, an kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 bayan ya ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa dangane da rikicin Larabawa a farkon wannan watan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, bai goyi bayan zanga-zangar da kansu ba amma ya nuna adawa da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga baya an sake shi bisa dalilan lafiya amma har yanzu ana tuhumar sa.
Azaba
Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa. Sai dai rahotannin amfani da shi na ci gaba da kwarara zuwa kasashen waje. An kama karuwai ta hanyar mataimakan squads, kuma fyade ya kasance wani sharadi na sakewa. Ana samun rahotannin ‘yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin lokaci-lokaci. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta yi ikirarin cewa Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said ya yi masa daga ranar 23 – 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011.
Yanayin gidan yari
Djibouti na da gidan yari guda daya - Gabode a birnin Djibouti - da kuma wasu kananan gidajen yari. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayi a cikin tsarin ya kasance "mai tsanani". Duk da yawan cunkoso, fursunonin na Gabode suna ciyar da abinci sau uku a rana kuma suna samun kulawar lafiya. An yi la'akari da yanayi a cikin gidajen yari mafi muni, ba tare da tsarin kulawa ba. Gwamnati ce ke ba masu gadi horo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam.
'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata
A cewar Freedom House, tsirarun kungiyoyin kamar Yemeniyawa da Afarwa na fuskantar wariya.
Kaciyar mata ya zama ruwan dare. Daidaito, duk da haka, yana samun ci gaba; sama da kashi 50% na alkalai yanzu mata ne.
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Djibouti game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.
Duba kuma
Fataucin mutane a Djibouti
Bayanan kula
1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga ranar 27 ga watan Yuni (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1977; 1 Janairu bayan haka.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na shekarar 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rahotanni
Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na 2010 na Amnesty International (kuma ana samunsa cikin Larabci , Faransanci, da Sipaniya )
'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 , ta Freedom House
Ƙungiyoyin duniya
Djibouti a Amnesty International (kuma ana samun su a cikin Larabci , Faransanci , da Sipaniya )
Djibouti a Human Rights Watch
Djibouti a FIDH (Ƙarin bayani akan rukunin Faransa )
Djibouti a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR)
Djibouti a UNICEF
Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci )
Kungiyoyin kasa
Ligue Djiboutienne des Droits
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
47887 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Stockholm%20akan%20Abubuwan%20gur%C9%93ataccen%20Halittu%20na%20dindindin | Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan Abubuwan gurɓataccen Halittu na dindindin | Yarjejeniya ta Stockholm akan masu gurɓacewar ƙwayoyin halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce aka rattaɓa hannu akan 22 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm kuma tana aiki daga 17 ga Mayu 2004, wanda ke da nufin kawar da ko ƙuntata samarwa da amfani da abubuwan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs).
Tarihi
A cikin 1995, Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta yi kira da a ɗauki matakin duniya kan POPs, wanda ta ayyana a matsayin "kayan sinadarai da ke dawwama a cikin muhalli, suna tarawa ta hanyar yanar gizon abinci, kuma suna haifar da haɗari. na haifar da illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli”.
Bayan wannan, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IFCS) da Shirye-shiryen Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan Kare Sinadarai (IPCS) sun shirya kima na masu laifi 12 mafi muni, da aka sani da dozin dozin .
INC ta sadu da sau biyar tsakanin Yuni 1998 da Disamba 2000 don fayyace babban taron, kuma wakilai sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan POPs a taron masu ikon mallaka da aka kira daga 22 zuwa 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm, Sweden. An kammala shawarwarin taron gunduma a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2004 tare da amincewa da wasu jam'iyyu 128 na farko da masu sanya hannu 151. Masu rattaɓa hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da haramta tara daga cikin goma sha biyu na dattin sinadarai, da iyakance amfani da DDT wajen magance zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma daƙile samar da dioxins da furans ba da gangan ba.
Bangarorin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun amince da wani tsari da za a iya bitar abubuwan da suka dawwama masu guba da kuma ƙara su cikin yarjejeniyar, idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa na dagewa da barazanar wuce gona da iri. An amince da sabin sabbin sinadarai na farko da za a ƙara a cikin yarjejeniyar a wani taro a Geneva ranar 8 ga Mayu 2009.
Tun daga Satumba 2022, akwai ƙungiyoyi 186 a taron (jihohi 185 da Tarayyar Turai ). Sanannen ƙasashen da ba su amince da su ba sun haɗa da Amurka, Isra'ila, da Malesiya.
An amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm zuwa ga dokokin EU a cikin Ƙa'ida (EC) No 850/2004. A cikin 2019, an maye gurbin na ƙarshe da Regulation (EU) 2019/1021.
Taƙaitaccen tanadi
Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da buƙatar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba su samar da sabbin hanyoyin kuɗi da kuma matakan kawar da samarwa da amfani da POPs da aka samar da gangan, kawar da POPs da aka samar ba tare da gangan ba, da sarrafa da zubar da sharar POPs ta hanyar da ta dace. Ana yin taka-tsantsan a ko'ina cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, tare da takamaiman nassoshi a cikin gabatarwa, manufa, da tanadin gano sabbin POPs.
Kwamitin Nazari na Gurɓatattun Halitta
Lokacin ɗaukar ƙa'idar, an yi tanadi don hanya don gano ƙarin POPs da ƙa'idojin da za a yi la'akari da su wajen yin hakan. A taron farko na taron jam'iyyun (COP1), wanda aka gudanar a Punta del Este, Uruguay, daga 2-6 Mayu 2005, an kafa POPRC don yin la'akari da ƙarin ƴan takarar da aka zaɓa don jeri a ƙarƙashin babban taron.
Kwamitin dai ya ƙunshi ƙwararru 31 ne da ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyin shiyya 5 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka gabatar da sunayensu tare da duba wasu sinadarai da aka zaba a matakai uku. Kwamitin ya fara tantance ko abun ya cika sharuddan tantance POP daki-daki a cikin Annex D na taron, dangane da dagewar sa, da sarrafa halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma guba. Idan an yi la'akari da wani abu don cika waɗannan buƙatun, kwamitin ya tsara bayanan haɗari bisa ga Annex E don kimanta ko yuwuwar abu, sakamakon LRET, don haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da / ko muhalli don haka yana ba da garantin aikin duniya. A ƙarshe, idan POPRC ta gano cewa aikin duniya yana da garantin, yana haɓaka ƙimar sarrafa haɗari, a cewar Annex F, yana nuna la'akari da la'akari da tattalin arzikin zamantakewar da ke da alaƙa da yuwuwar matakan sarrafawa. Bisa ga wannan, POPRC ta yanke shawarar bayar da shawarar cewa COP ya lissafa abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da ke tattare da yarjejeniyar. POPRC tana taro kowace shekara a Geneva, Switzerland, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.
Taron na bakwai na kwamitin nazarin gurbatar muhalli na dindindin (POPRC-7) na Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurɓataccen yanayi (POPs) ya gudana ne daga ranar 10 zuwa 14 ga Oktoba 2011 a Geneva. An gudanar da POPRC-8 daga 15 zuwa 19 Oktoba 2012 a Geneva, POPRC-9 zuwa POPRC-15 an gudanar da su a Roma, yayin da POPRC-16 ya buƙaci a gudanar da shi akan layi.
Abubuwan da aka jera
Da farko akwai wasu sinadarai guda goma sha biyu ("datti dozin") da aka jera a rukuni uku. Sinadarai guda biyu, hexachlorobenzene da polychlorinated biphenyls, an jera su a duka nau'ikan A da C. A halin yanzu, ana jera sinadarai guda biyar a cikin rukunan biyun.
Sabbin sinadarai da aka gabatar don haɗawa cikin Annexes A, B, C
POPRC-7 yayi la'akari da shawarwari guda uku don jeri a cikin Annexes A, B da/ko C na yarjejeniyar: chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) da pentachlorophenol (PCP), salts da esters. Shawarar ita ce matakin farko na aikin POPRC wajen tantance wani abu, kuma yana buƙatar POPRC ta tantance ko sinadarin da ake samarwa ya cika ma'auni a cikin Annex D na yarjejeniyar. Ma'auni don isar da sinadarai da aka tsara zuwa matakin shirye-shiryen bayanin haɗarin haɗari sune nacewa, haɓakar halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma illa.
POPRC-8 ya ba da shawarar hexabromocyclododecane don jeri a cikin Annex A, tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa don samarwa da amfani a cikin faɗaɗa polystyrene da extruded polystyrene a cikin gine-gine. An amince da wannan shawara a taron ƙungiyoyi na shida a ranar 28 ga Afrilu-10 ga Mayu 2013.
POPRC-9 ya ba da shawarar di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- da octa-chlorinated napthalenes, da hexachlorobutadiene don jeri a cikin Annexes A da C. Hakanan ya kafa ƙarin aiki akan pentachlorophenol, gishiri da esters., da decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, salts da perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride.
POPRC-15 ya ba da shawarar PFHxS don jeri a cikin Annex A ba tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa ba.
A halin yanzu, methoxychlor, dechlorane da, UV-328, chlorpyrifos, perfluorocarboxylic acid mai tsayi mai tsayi da matsakaicin sarkar chlorinated paraffins ana duba su.
Rigingimu
Ko da yake wasu masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ce ke da alhakin ci gaba da yawan mace-mace daga zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a zahiri yarjejeniyar ta ba da izinin amfani da lafiyar jama'a na DDT don sarrafa sauro ( maganin zazzaɓin cizon sauro). Akwai kuma hanyoyin hana yawan DDT da ake sha ta hanyar amfani da sauran hanyoyin magance zazzabin cizon sauro kamar fuskar taga. Muddin akwai takamaiman matakan da aka ɗauka, kamar amfani da DDT a cikin gida, to ana iya amfani da ƙayyadaddun adadin DDT ta hanyar da aka tsara. Daga hangen nesa na ƙasa masu tasowa, rashin bayanai da bayanai game da tushe, sakewa, da matakan muhalli na POPs suna hana tattaunawa akan takamaiman mahadi, kuma yana nuna buƙatar bincike mai karfi.
Wani gardama kuma zai kasance wasu POPs (waɗanda ke ci gaba da aiki, musamman a cikin Arctic Biota) waɗanda aka ambata a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, amma ba sa cikin Dirty Dozen kamar perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOS suna da amfani da yawa na gabaɗaya kamar masu cire tabo amma suna da ƙaddarorin da yawa waɗanda zasu iya sa ta zama haɗari saboda gaskiyar cewa PFOS na iya zama mai juriya ga rushewar muhalli. PFOS na iya zama mai guba dangane da karuwar mutuwar zuriya, raguwar nauyin jiki, da rushewar tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Abin da ya sa wannan fili ya jawo cece-kuce shi ne tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa da zai iya yi a tsakanin ƙasashe da kasuwanci daban-daban.
Yarjejeniyar da ke da alaƙa da sauran shawarwarin da ke gudana game da gurɓatawa
Yarjejeniyar Rotterdam akan Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Farko na Farko don Wasu Sinadarai masu haɗari da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Duniya
Yarjejeniyar Kan Gubawar Iska Mai Tsawon Iyakoki (CLRTAP)
Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su
Yarjejeniyar Minamata akan Mercury
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Chasek, Pam, David L. Downie, da JW Brown (2013). Siyasar Muhalli ta Duniya, Bugu na shida, Boulder: Westview Press.
Downie, D., Krueger, J. da Selin, H. (2005). "Manufar Duniya don Sinadarai masu guba", a cikin R. Axelrod, D. Downie da N. Vig (eds. ) Muhalli na Duniya: Cibiyoyi, Doka & Manufofi, Bugu na 2, Washington: CQ Press.
Downie, David da Jessica Templeton (2013). "Masu Gurbacewar Halittu Masu Dorewa." Littafin Jagora na Siyasar Muhalli na Duniya . New York: Routledge.
Porta, M., Gasull, M., López, T., Pumarega, J. Rarraba yawan jinin jini na gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin wakilan samfurori na yawan jama'a. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya – Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanki don Samar da Tsabtace (CP/RAC) Buga Fasaha na Shekara-shekara 2010, vol. 9, ku. 24-31 ( PDF ).
Selin, H. (2010). Mulkin Duniya na Sinadarai masu Hatsari: Kalubale na Gudanar da matakai da yawa, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuh | Bidayuh | Bidayuh suna ne na gama gari don yawancin kungiyoyin asalin da aka samo a kudancin Sarawak, Malaysia da arewacin West Kalimantan, Indonesia, a tsibirin Borneo, waɗanda suke da kamanceceniya da yare da al'ada (duba kuma batutuwan da ke ƙasa). Sunan Bidayuh na nufin 'mazaunan ƙasa'. Asali daga yammacin Borneo, an fara amfani da sunan gama gari Land Dayak a lokacin Rajah James Brooke, White Rajah na Sarawak. A wasu lokuta, ana kiransu da ƙananan mutanen Klemantan . Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan indan asalin ƙasar a cikin Sarawak da Yammacin Kalimantan kuma suna zaune a cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka kusa da Kuching da Serian a cikin jihar Malaysia ta Sarawak, yayin da a lardin Indonesiya na West Kalimantan sun fi yawa a arewacin Sanggau Regency . A cikin Sarawak, yawancin Bidayuh ana iya samun su cikin 40 kilomita arba'in daga yankin da aka sani da Greatching Kuching, a tsakanin Kuching da Serian Division . Su ne kabilu na biyu mafi girma a Dayak a Sarawak bayan Iban kuma ɗayan manyan kabilun Dayak a Yammacin Kalimantan.
Yankunan zama
Yankunan Bidayuh da ke cikin Sarawak sune Lundu, Bau, Penrissen, Padawan, Siburan, da Serian . Kuma Yawancin ƙauyukan Bidayuh ana iya samun su a yankunan karkara na Lundu, Bau, Padawan, Penrissen, da gundumar Serian. Yankin ya ci gaba har zuwa iyakar Yammacin bodan Kalimantan inda suke zaune a Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam, da gundumar Jangkang a cikin Sanggau Regency. Yankin da suke zaune yafi yawa a cikin tafkin Kogin Sarawak kuma daga tsaunuka zuwa wani daji mai tsaunuka, wanda a al'adance ake yin sa ta hanyar noma da farauta wanda ya danganci gonakin da suke zaune daga ƙauyukan iyayen da ke kan tsaunuka don kariya. Yau, kusan duk gargajiya longhouse kauyuka an maye gurbinsu da mutum gidaje, da hanyoyi, da akwai wasu plantation aikin noma da kuma a rage girmamawa a kan girman na ƙasar tudu Makki. Fruit itatuwa, musamman Durian, kasance muhimmanci dukiya saka alama. Tsarin gine-gine da al'adun gargajiya na Bidayuh shine babban gidan, yanzu an karɓa a matsayin alama.
Harsuna/Yaruka
Akwai kusan yaruka ashirin da biyar 25 na Bidayuh (Land Dayak) da ake magana a Sarawak, Malaysia, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su zuwa gungu guda huɗu na yarukan da ake fahimta gaba ɗaya: Gabas, Tsakiya, Highland, da Yamma. A cikin Sarawak, yawanci ana cewa akwai manyan rukuni na harshe guda uku ( Yaren Biatah ; Singai-Jagoi ; Yaren Bukar Sadong ) amma waɗannan na iya wargajewa har ma da jerin da aka ambata a ƙasa kamar yadda yawancin mazauna karkara za su iya bambanta su har zuwa ƙauyen ta hanyar banbanta sananan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙamus da magana. Kowane yanki yana magana da yaren kansa:
Lundu yayi magana Jagoi, Salako , da Lara .
Bratak, Singai, Krokong, da Jagoi suna magana da Singai-Jagoi .
Penrissen tana magana da Bisitang yayin da mutanen Kampung Bunuk ke magana da Bunuk (Segu-Benuk).
Yankin Siburan yana magana da Biatah .
Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Tebakang, Mongkos, Tebedu zuwa Tanjung Amo kusa da iyakar Kalimantan Indonesia suna magana da Sadong .
Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Baki, Baru, Taee, da Tarat suna magana da yaren Bukar .
Bidayuhs a cikin Padawan suna magana da yarukan da yawa amma masu alaƙa kamar Bi-Annah, Pinyawa, Braang, Bia ''', Bisepug, da Emperoh / Bipuruh .
Bidayuh Moden yana magana da harsunan da aka gauraya, yaren cakuda tsakanin Padawan da yaren Jagoi (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok, da Sudad).
Yarukan basu fahimtar juna kuma ana amfani da Ingilishi ko Malay azaman yarukan gama gari.
Batutuwan harshe
Bidayuhs na Sabiyanci suna da yare na musamman da aka sani da Bukar & Sadong yaren Bidayuh, wanda Bidayuhs daga wasu Gundumomin ba zai iya fahimtarsa ba. Anan ga wasu misalan bambance-bambance a cikin yaruka daban-daban da ake magana da su da Seriyanci, tare da kwatankwacin Yaren Ingilishi da Malay nasu. Hakanan akwai harsunan Philippine guda biyu, Kapampangan da Tagalog :
Addini da imani
Bidayuhs na gargajiya ne na gargajiya, kuma har yanzu akwai waɗancan abubuwan imani. A Brooke Family zamanin gan zuwa na Kirista mishaneri daga shekarar 1848, kawo ilimi da kuma na zamani magani, yayin da wani irin tsari da kuma ya faru a Dutch Borneo a kan Dutch sarrafawa gefe. Mafi yawan Bidayuh yanzu Krista ne, yawancinsu Roman Katolika ne. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Bidayuh sun canza sunansu na gargajiya zuwa na Turanci tunda sun koma addinin kirista kuma yawancin ‘yan asalin garin Bidayuh da ke garin Sarawak ba sa yin al’adunsu na gargajiya kuma, suna raunana al’adunsu na’ yan asalin Sarawak. Mutanen Bidayuh sune dangin mafi kusa na mutanen Melanau kuma ance suna da kakana daya kafin su rabu zuwa kabilu daban-daban. Asalin Bidayuhs galibi Maguzawa ne ko masu rayarwa, amma, a 50% ya juya zuwa Kiristanci. Za su sami manyan bukukuwa kamar Gawai Dayak, wanda bikin ne don faranta ran padi don girbi mai kyau.
Yawancin kauyukan Bidayuh suna da ko dai Roman Katolika ko cocin Anglican ko masallaci . Mutanen Biatah, wadanda suke zaune a yankin Kuching, mabiya darikar Anglican ne, yayin da mutanen yankin na Bau mabiya darikar Katolika ne.
Wasu sanannun coci kuma ana kafa su a wasu ƙauyuka kamar SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) wanda ake kira da Borneo Evangelical Church, Baptist Church, Assemblies Of God church, da sauran majami'u kamar SDA, Latter Rain.
The Bidayuh of Bukar has a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely done nowadays.
Salako da mutanen Lara
Koda yake gwamnatin Malaysia ta sanya su a matsayin "Bidayuh", amma al'adun Salako da na Lara ba su da kamannin sauran kungiyoyin Bidayuh kuma al'adunsu na baka suna da'awar asalinsu da tarihin hijirarsu. A lugga, Salako na daga wata bishiyar dangin harshe wacce take daga gidan Malayic Dayak (iyali daya da Iban ). Lara, duk da cewa an fi alakanta ta da Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), suna magana da harshe kusan ba mai fahimtar juna kwata-kwata tare da Bidayuh amma suna daga bishiyar dangin harshe ɗaya wanda yake Land Dayak . Hatta ayyukansu na al'ada da al'adunsu sun banbanta da sauran Bidayuhs (duk Bidayuhs suna da kusan al'ada da al'adun gargajiya).
Al'adu
Kayan gargajiya
Bidayuh suna da kayan tarihi wadanda suka hada da nau'ikan agung - wadanda suka hada da manyan rataye, dakatarwa ko kuma rikewa, gongs masu kamala / mukabala wadanda suke aiki a matsayin mara matuki ba tare da kayan kade-kade ba.
Rawar gargajiya
Ngiyar
Kayan gargajiya
Yawancin abincin Bidayuh na gargajiya sune:
Tempoyak goreng, soyayyen durian da aka dafa tare da naman alade da lemongrass condiment
Rotung, sago dafaffe a cikin gora
Kubar, pancakes mai sago mai dadi
, manna sago manna
Manok pansoh, kaza da ganyen tapioca dafaffe da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin itacen gora
Tobah'', naman namun daji ko naman alade, da kifi
Sanannen Bidayuhs
Anding Indrawani Zaini, tauraruwar Akademi Fantasia, samfuri, jarumi kuma mawaƙa. Ya kasance daga gauraye Melanau -Bidayuh iyaye.
Bryan Nickson Lomas, tsohon Malaysia kasa da ruwa dan wasa. Shi ne ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan Malaysia wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a 2004 yana da shekara 14.
Dewi Liana Seriestha, Miss World a shekarar 2014 Top 25 da Miss Talent don Miss World Beauty Sarauniyar. Tana cikin hadaddiyar iyayen Bidayuh-Indonesiya.
James Dawos Mamit, tsohon mataimakin minista a majalisar ministocin Malaysia.
Pandelela Rinong, 'yar wasan tseren ruwa ta kasar Malesiya.
Anyi Katib, tsohon bishop din Anglican na Diocese na Kuching .
Michael Manyin, Ministan Sarawak.
Richard Riot Jaem, ministar majalisar Malaysia.
Tony Eusoff, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da samfurin.
Venice Elphi, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Malesiya, ya buga wa ATM FA wasa .
Manazarta
Sanarwa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Itacen yare na kabilanci
Harshen Bidayuh: Jiya, Yau da Gobe Littafin akan yaren Bidayuh da ake samu don siye daga SIL, ko zazzage shi daga SIL: samun dama kyauta
Taron Atur Simayang: Eucharist mai tsarki a Bukar Anglican litattafan eucharistic wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara
Pages with unreviewed translations |
6165 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo | Imo | Jihar Imo (Inyamurai: Ȯra Imo), jiha ce dake Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ta haɗa iyaka daga gabas da Jihar Anambra, Jihar Rivers daga yamma da kudu, da kuma Jihar Abia daga gabas. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Imo wanda ke kwarara ta iyaka gabashin Jihar. Babban birnin jihar shi ne Owerri, kuma ana yi wa jihar laƙabi da "Eastern Heartland" wato Cibiyar Ƙasashen Gabas.
Acikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, Jihar Imo ita ce jiha ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta a Najeriya, kuma ita ce jiha ta 14 a yawan jama'a da mutum aƙalla miliyan 5.4 dangane da ƙiyasin shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa kuwa, Jihar ta kasu kashi biyu dazukan Niger Delta swamp daga can ƙuryar gabashin jihar, sai kuma busassun dazukan Cross–Niger a sauran sassan jihar. Sauran muhimman Wurare sun haɗa da ƙoramu da koguna kamar su Kogin Awbana, Kogin Imo, Orashi, da kuma Otamir tare da Tafkin Oguta a yammacin Jihar Imo.
Jihar Imo ta yau na ɗauke da ƙabilu da dama, musamman Inyamurai tare da harshen Igbonci da kuma turanci a matsayin yarukan farko a jihar. Kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, yankin Jihar Imo ta yau na daga cikin yankin Masarautar Nri, sannan daga baya kuma Aro Confederacy kafin daga bisani Turawa su yaƙe Jama'a Aro a wani ya ƙi da ake kira Yakin Anglo-Aro. Bayan yaƙin, turawa sun haɗe yankin acikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya wacce daga baya ta zamo Najeriya ta Burtaniya a 1914; bayan an haɗe yankin kuma, Jihar Imo ta zamo cibiyar adawa da mulkin turawa a Yakin Mata.
Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya, yankin Jihar Imo ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya har zuwa 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ƙasa da watan in biyu bayan hakan, tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya ta janyo yaƙin basasa wanda aka kwashe tsawon shekaru uku ana gwabzawa tsakanin Gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma yankin Biyafara. An yi musayar wuta sosai a yankin musamman a Owerri har zuwa lokacin da aka ba Owerri babban birnin Biyafara a shekarar 1969. Sojojin Najeriya sun kame yankin Imo ta yau a shakarar 1970 a yayin da aka gudanar da wani farmaki mai suna Operation Tail-Wind aka mamaye yankin kuma aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. Bayan ya ƙi n ya ƙare, kuma an sake haɗe yankin acikin Najeriya, Imo ta koma ƙarƙashin Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka ba ta jiha a lokacin mulkin Murtala Mohammed. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan hakan, an raba Jihar Imo inda gabashinta ta zamo Jihar Abiya.
Tattalin arzikin jihar kuwa sun ta'allaƙa ne akan noma da kiwo, musamman noman kwakwan manja wanda mutane da dama sun dogara dashi a wajen girki. Muhimman masana'antu sun haɗa da sarrafa man fetur da kuma gas, musamman a yankunan arewaci da kuma yammacin Jihar Imo. Jihar ta yi fama da rikice-rikice iri-iri a lokuta daban daban na tarihin jihar, daga cikin waɗanda suka yi fice sun haɗa rikicin magance sihirce-sihirce wato Rikicin Otokoto na 1996, da kuma rikicin da ake yi a yanzu haka na Eastern Security Network da dai sauransu. Duk da rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, Jihar na fuskantar cigaba ta fuskar yawan jama'a da kuma masana'antu, Imo itace ta shida Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban ɗan Adam.
Tana da yawan filin kasa kimanin kilomita arabba’i 5,530 da yawan jama’a miliyan uku da dubu dari tara da talatin da huɗu da dari takwas da tisa'in da tara (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin Jihar itace Owerri. Kuma Rochas Okorocha shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Prince Eze Madumere. Dattawan jihar sun hada da: Samuel Anyanwu, Hope Uzodinma da Benjamin Uwajumogu.
Wuri
Jihar Imo ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar Abiya daga gabas, Rive Niger da Jihar Delta daga yamma, Jihar Anambra daga arewa sai kuma Jihar Rivers daga kudu. Jihar tana da lambobin wuri
kamar haka; lattitude 4°45'N da 7°15'N, sai kuma longitude 6°50'E da 7°25'E, tare da ƙasa mai girman 5,100 sq km.
Albarkatun Ƙasa
Jihar tana da albarkatun ƙasa kamar man fetur, gas, lead, calcium carbonate, wuta mai amfani da hasken rana da mai amfani da iska, da kuma zinc.
Muhimman tsirrai su haɗa da icen iroko, mahogany, obeche, bamboo, bishiyar roba da kuma icen kwakan manja. Bugu da ƙari akwai taɓo, yashi da kuma farar ƙasa a jihar Imo
Harkokin man fetur da gas
Akwai rijiyoyin man fetur guda 163, a yankuna daban daban guda 12 a jihar.
Kananan Hukumomi
Jihar Imo nada adadin Kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27). Sune:
Aboh Mbaise
Ahiazu Mbaise
Ehime Mbano
Ezinihitte Mbaise
Ideato ta Arewa
Ideato ta Kudu
Ihitte/Uboma
Ikeduru
Isiala Mbano
Isu
Mbaitoli
Ngor Okpala
Njaba
Nkwerre
Nwangele
Obowo
Oguta
Ohaji/Egbema
Okigwe
Onuimo
Orlu
Orsu
Oru ta Gabas
Oru ta Yamma
Owerri Municipal
Owerri ta Arewa
Owerri ta Yamma
Manazarta
Jihohin Nijeriya |
18347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar%20The | Kalmar The | A ( /ð ə , ː iː / ( / ) ) Labari ne na nahawu a cikin Ingilishi, wanda ke nuna mutane ko abubuwan da aka ambata, ƙarƙashin tattaunawa, ma'ana ko akasin haka waɗanda ake sauraro, masu karatu ko masu magana. Shi ne da tabbataccen labarin in English. Kalmar ita ce kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita a cikin harshen Ingilishi; karatuttukan karatu da nazarin rubuce-rubuce sun samo asusu bakwai cikin ɗari na duka kalmomin Turanci da aka buga. An samo asali ne daga labarai na jinsi a cikin Tsohon Turanci wanda ya haɗu a Ingilishi na Tsakiya kuma yanzu yana da nau'i guda wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da karin magana na kowane jinsi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar tare da sunaye biyu da jam'i kuma tare da suna wanda zai fara da kowane harafi. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran harsuna da yawa waɗanda ke da nau'ikan daban-daban na tabbataccen labarin don jinsi ko lambobi daban-daban.
Sanarwa
A mafi yaruka, "da" ne da sunan kamar yadda (tare da bayyana hakori fricative bi ta a schwa ) a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar mai baƙi sauti, kuma kamar yadda (homophone na wakilin suna kai ) a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar wani wasali sauti ko amfani da shi azaman ƙarfafa ƙarfi .
Ingilishi na Amurka da New Zealand na zamani suna da haɓaka don taƙaita amfani da lafazi da amfani , tun kafin wasali.
Mai mallaka
Tabbatattun labarin ƙa'idodi a cikin Ingilishi an bayyana su a ƙarƙashin " Amfani da labarai ". The, kamar yadda a cikin kalmomi kamar "mafi kyau mafi kyau", yana da asalin asali da asalin halitta kuma kwatsam ya samo asali zuwa tabbataccen labarin.
Labari
The da cewa su ne na kowa aukuwa daga wannan Old English tsarin. Tsohon Ingilishi yana da tabbataccen labarin se (a cikin jinsi na maza ), sēo (na mata), da <i id="mwQA">þæt</i> (mara kyau). A Tsakiyar Ingilishi, waɗannan duka sun haɗu zuwa þe, kakan Kalmar Ingilishi na zamani the .
Yankin da amfani ko rashin amfani da shi a wasu lokuta matsala yake tare da sunayen yanki :
sanannun wuraren tarihi - koguna, teku, tsaunukan tsaunuka, hamada, kungiyoyin tsuburai ( tsuburai ) da sauransu - ana amfani dasu gaba ɗaya tare da "tabbataccen labarin ( Rhine, North Sea, the Alps, the Sahara, the Hebrides ).
nahiyoyi, tsibirai daban-daban, sassan gudanarwa da ƙauyuka galibi ba sa ɗaukar labarin "" "( Turai, Jura, Austria (amma Jamhuriyar Austria ), Scandinavia, Yorkshire (amma County na York ), Madrid ).
farko da na kowa suna bi ta na iya daukar labarin, kamar yadda a cikin tsibiri na Wight ko tsibiri na Portland (kwatanta Kirsimeti Island), wannan ya shafi sunayen cibiyoyin: Cambridge University, amma Jami'ar Cambridge.
Wasu sunaye sun haɗa da labarin, kamar Bronx ko The Hague .
galibi an bayyana sunaye guda ɗaya, Tsibirin Arewa (New Zealand) ko Yammacin Countryasar (Ingila), ɗauki labarin.
Kasashe da yankuna yankuna galibi sun haɗu, galibi sun ware "the" amma akwai wasu da ke bin ƙa'idodin sakandare:
samo asali daga sunaye gama gari:
united / union: Amurka, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
cikakken sunaye - Jamhuriyar Czech (amma Czechia ), Tarayyar Rasha (amma Rasha ), Shugabancin Monaco (amma Monaco ), Jihar Isra’ila (amma Isra’ila ) da Commonwealth na Australia (amma Australia ).
"tsibirai", "tsibiri" ko "ƙasar": Netherlands, Tsibirin Falkland, Tsibirin Faroe, Tsibirin Cayman, Philippines da Comoros
Abubuwan da aka samo daga "tsibiri" ko "ƙasa" waɗanda ke riƙe da haƙƙin gudanarwa - Greenland, Ingila, Tsibirin Kirsimeti da Tsibirin Norfolk - kada ku ɗauki "tabbataccen labarin."
abubuwanda aka samo daga jerin tsaunuka, koguna, hamada, da sauransu, wasu lokuta ana amfani dasu tare da wata kasida, koda na mufuradi ne, ( Lebanon, Sudan, Yukon ). Wannan amfani yayi kasa, Gambiya na nan bada shawarar inda ake amfani da dan Ajantina dan Ajantina tsohon yayi. Tun da Ukraine ta sami 'yanci, mafi yawan jagororin salon suna ba da shawara game da Ukraine . A cikin wasu yarukan, waɗanda suka yi amfani ko amfani da rubutun Cyrillic, suna da jagororin salon kamala da gabatarwa.
Gajerun kalmomi
Tunda "the" yana ɗayan kalmomin da ake amfani dasu a cikin Ingilishi, a lokuta daban-daban an gajerun gajerun kalmomi a gareshi:
koraya da aka hana : farkon yankewa, ana amfani da shi a rubuce-rubuce a cikin Tsohon Yaren Ingilishi . Haruffa þ ne tare da bugun kirji ta hanyar bugun kwance ta sama, kuma tana wakiltar kalmar þæt, ma'anar "the" ko "that" (mai ƙarancin suna . ).
þͤ da þͭ ( þ tare da rubutun e ko t ) sun bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen Ingilishi na Tsakiya don "þe" da "þat" bi da bi.
yͤ da yͭ an haɓaka daga þͤ da þͭ kuma sun bayyana a rubuce-rubucen Zamani na Farko kuma ana buga su (duba <i id="mwyQ">Ye</i> form ).
Mutane na ba da shawarwari lokaci-lokaci don taƙaitawa. A cikin 1916, Legros & Grant sun haɗa a cikin littafinsu na gargajiya na ɗab'un bugun ɗabi'un buga takardu, gabatarwa don wasiƙa mai kama da Ħ don wakiltar "Th", don haka a taƙaice "da" zuwa ħe.
A Ingilishi na Tsakiya, ana ( e )e gajarta ta þ tare da ƙaramin e sama da ita, kwatankwacin taƙaitaccen ga wancan, wanda yake þ tare da ƙaramin t sama da shi. A lokacin karshen Ingilishi na Tsakiya da Ingilishi na Zamani na ƙarshe, harafin ƙaya (þ) a rubutunsa na yau da kullun, ko sigar alamomin rubutu, ya zo kama da y siffar. A sakamakon haka, amfani da y tare da e sama da shi ( ) kamar yadda raguwa ta zama gama gari. Ana iya ganin wannan a sake bugawa na 1611 na King James Version na Baibul a wurare irin su Romawa 15:29, ko a cikin Mayflower Compact . A tarihi, ba a taɓa faɗin labarin da sauti y, koda kuwa an rubuta shi haka.
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21043 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyakar%20Kamaru%20da%20Najeriya | Iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya | Iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya sun kai tsawon 1,975 km (1,227 m) kuma runs daga tripoint tare da Chadi a arewa zuwa tekun Atlantic a kudu.
Bayani
Iyakar ta fara ne daga arewa a wani yanki fuska uku tare da Chadi a Tafkin Chadi, yana ratsawa ta cikin tafkin ta hanyar layin NW-SE kai tsaye har zuwa gabar kogin Ebedi. Iyakar ta bi wannan kogin yayin da yake gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas, kafin ya juya zuwa kudu, yana cigaba da kan hanya ta wannan hanyar ta hanyar jerin layukan da ba daidai ba da wasu ƙananan koguna (kamar Kalia). A kusancin yanki na 11 ° 30 iyakar ta juya zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta juya arewa maso yamma a garin Banki, sannan kuma kudu maso yamma ta hanyar tsaunukan Mandara da tsaunukan Atlantika, wasu lokutan suna amfani da koguna kamar su Mayo Tiel da Benue . A kusan kwatankwacin 6 ° 30 iyakar ta canza zuwa yamma, ta yin amfani da layuka marasa tsari da koguna kamar su Donga, kafin a ci gaba ta hanyar kudu maso yamma ta hanyoyin layuka daban-daban da koguna (kamar Cross da Akwayafe ), kafin a shiga fafatawa da Benin da ke yamma da yankin Bakassi .
Tarihi
Birtaniyya ta (ta hanyar Kamfanin Royal Niger Company ) ta gudanar da yankin da ke kusa da Legas tun daga shekarar 1861 da Kare Ruwan Kare Mai ( Calabar sune yankin) tun daga 1884. Yayin da Birtaniyya ta faɗaɗa zuwa cikin gida, an ƙirƙiri yankuna biyu - --ancin Karu na Kudancin Najeriya da kuma Kare Arewacin Najeriya . A cikin shekarar 1900 aka mayar da ragamar mulkin wadannan yankuna ga gwamnatin Burtaniya, tare da Arewa da Kudancin (gami da Lagos da Calabar) wadanda suka hade a matsayin mallakar Najeriya a shekarar 1914. A halin da ake ciki, game da yankin na Scramble for Africa, Jamus ta yi ikirarin Kamaru ( Kamerun ) a watan Yulin shekarata 1884. Rabe-Raben kasashen ya ƙare a taron Berlin na 1884, wanda ƙasashen Turai da abin ya shafa suka amince da da'awar ƙasashensu da ƙa'idojin shiga tsakani.
A watan Afrilu zuwa Yunin 1885 Burtaniya da Jamus suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ke nuna kan iyaka a yankunan kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru ta amfani da Rio del Rey da Kuros Riba. Iyakar ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa har zuwa Yola a watan Yuli zuwa Agusta shekara ta 1886. Rashin jituwa game da wurin da kogunan da aka ambata a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin suka haifar da wata yarjejeniya a ranar 1 gawatan Yuli shekara ta 1890 gyaggyara ɓangaren kudancin iyakar, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar yarjejeniyar juna a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1893 Yarjejeniyar 15 Nuwamba Nuwamba shekara ta 1893 sannan ta fadada iyakar arewa zuwa Tafkin Chadi; an bayyana wannan sashin a daki-daki a ranar 19 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1906. Sannan an tabbatar da dukkanin iyakar ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin Fabrairu – Maris shekara ta 1909 zuwa Maris – Afrilu shekara ta 1913.
Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914, Kasar Birtaniyya da Faransa suka mamaye Kamaru kuma daga ƙarshe suka kayar da Jamusawa a cikin shekarar 1916. a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1922 Kamaru ta zama ƙungiyar League of Nations, tare da yawancin yan mulkin mallaka suna zuwa Faransa, kuma ƙananan yankuna tare iyakar Najeriya ( Kamaru ta Arewa da Kudancin Kamaru, tsohon ya kasu kashi biyu) a yamma zuwa Biritaniya. Umurnin Birtaniyya a cikin Majalisar na 26 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1923 ya bayyana cewa tun daga yanzu yankunan da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini za a yi la’akari da tsarin mulki don zama wani yanki na Najeriya. Iyaka tsakanin Biritaniya da Faransanci an kayyade su a cikin shekara ta 1930 sannan kuma aka ƙare a ranar 9 gawatan Janairu shekara ta 1931. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da wannan tsari na izini / wakilci a shekarar 1946. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a waccan shekarar Burtaniya ta kammala iyakar tsakanin Arewacin da Kudancin Kamaru, wanda a yau ya zama mafi yawan sassan Jihar Taraba na kan iyakar.
Yayinda gwagwarmayar neman yanci daga mulkin mallaka ta karu a bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Burtaniya da Faransa a hankali suka ba da karin 'yanci na siyasa da wakilci ga yankunansu na Afirka. Kamaru ta sami cikakken 'yanci a watan Janairun 1960, sannan Najeriya ta biyo baya a watan Oktoban shekaran. A watan Fabrairun 1961 aka gudanar da wani taron sasantawa game da makomar aikin Kamaru na Burtaniya, sakamakon haka 'yan Kamaru na Arewa suka zabi shiga Najeriya da Kudancin Kamaru suka zabi shiga Kamaru, ta yadda aka gyara kan iyaka a yadda take a yanzu.
A shekarar 1994 an gabatar da takaddama game da mallakar yankin Bakassi zuwa Kotun Duniya, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa yankin mallakar Kamaru ne a shekar ta 2002. Duk da tsananin adawa da hukuncin a cikin Najeriya, amma an mika yankin ga Kamaru a tsakanin shekarun 2006-08. Adawa tsakanin Bakassi da mamayar Kamaru ya haifar da rikicin Bakassi, wanda ya hade zuwa wani mataki tare da Rikicin Anglophone mafi girma a kasar, tare da neman babban murya don raba tsoffin Kamaru Kudancin kamar Ambazonia . Yankin arewacin sashen iyaka a halin yanzu ya sha fama da rikicin Boko Haram a 'yan shekarun nan.
Mazauna kusa da kan iyaka
Kamaru
Najeriya
Ketare kan iyaka
Manyan hanyoyin sun hada da Banki (NGA) - Mora (CMR) a arewa da Mfum (NGA) - Mamfe (CMR) a kudu.
Duba kuma
Kamaru –Hanyoyin Najeriya
Manazarta
Iyakan kasa da kasa
Iyakan Najeriya
Iyakan Kamaru
Iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya |
51201 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Madagascar | Canjin yanayi a Madagascar | Sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga muhalli da mutanen Madagascar. Sauyin yanayi ya tayar da yanayin zafi, ya sa lokacin rani ya yi tsayi kuma ya haifar da guguwar yanayi mai tsanani. Halin yanayi na musamman na ƙasar, dabbobi da shuke-shuke yana yin tasiri.
Ana hasashen canjin yanayi zai haifar da raguwar coral reefs da wuraren dazuzzuka, da kuma yin barazana ga jinsunan asali kamar lemurs. Yawan jama'a na da matukar rauni saboda tsananin tasirin ruwa da noma, tare da illa ga wadatar abinci. Ana kuma sa ran kamuwa da cututtuka za su karu. Madagaskar ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris kuma ta tsara manufofin daidaita sauyin yanayi, duk da cewa aiwatar da su na fuskantar kalubale saboda talaucin da kasar ke fama da shi.
Tasiri akan yanayin yanayi
Ana hasashen canjin yanayi zai haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi ga daukacin tsibirin Madagascar a karni na 21. Ƙididdigar 2008 ta amfani da samfurin yanayi na yanki ya sanya karuwar a 1.1-2.6 °C, daban-daban dangane da yanayin yanayi, na tsawon lokacin 2046-2065. An yi hasashen kudancin Madagascar zai fi dumama, inda arewa da kuma yankunan bakin teku za su fi zafi. Wannan zai yi tasiri sosai ga dazuzzukan gabas da suka wargaje . Madagaskar ita ce ta fi kowace kasa hadarin guguwa a Afirka, tana fuskantar uku zuwa hudu a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran guguwar za ta kara tsananta saboda sauyin yanayi amma ba a kai a kai ba, tana yin tasiri sosai a kasar da kuma kara hadarin ambaliya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, yawan guguwar iska mai tsananin gudu zuwa kilomita 150/h ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Lokacin noman rani na Madagascar na kara tsayi. Rufin ciyayi yana da alaƙa da El Niño–Southern Oscillation, tare da wannan alaƙar da ke nuna canjin yanayi na iya ƙara ƙasƙantar da yanayin Madagascar.
Dabbobin daji na musamman na Madagascar suna fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi. A cikin wani bincike na shekarar 2008, sararin yanayi mai dacewa da kusan dukkanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na Malagasy 80 ya shafi canjin yanayi. An yi hasashen cewa dazuzzukan Madagascar zai yi tasiri sosai a cikin karni na 21. Hakanan yana iya yin tasiri ga lemurs, tare da tsammanin sauye-sauye mai tsanani a cikin rarraba nau'in da kuma ta hanyar yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rarraba mafi girma tare da yanayin zafi. Rayuwar Lemur da samar da 'ya'yan itace sun ragu a gandun daji na Ranomafana tsakanin shekarun 1960-1985 da 1986-2005, tare da lokacin sanyi ya na bushewa a wurin shakatawa, kuma Montane -endemic amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna fuskantar barazanar yanayin zafi. An yi hasashen dazuzzukan gabas da ya dace da ganyayen lemur zai ragu sosai saboda tasirin canjin yanayi da sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar. Halin haihuwa da haifuwa na Milne-Edwards's sifaka yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar canje-canjen hazo da karuwar guguwa. Coral reefs a Madagascar na iya raguwa a ƙarni na 21 saboda sauyin yanayi, ko da yake ana tunanin sare itatuwan zai fi yin tasiri. An yi hasashen abubuwan da ke faruwa na bleaching reefs zai karu kuma guguwa ta lalata su kai tsaye, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan kifaye da kuma kara yazawar teku.
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Tasiri akan mutane
Sauyin yanayi na shafar noma a Madagaska, inda manoma masu karamin karfi ke fuskantar illa sosai. Tasirin sauyin yanayi kan noma, kamar karuwar fari, na matukar barazana ga al'ummar Madagaska, kashi 80% nasu sun dogara ne kan noma don rayuwa. An gabatar da dumama da ambaliya a matsayin haifar da raguwar noman noma tsakanin shekarun 1990 da 2015. Wahalar 2021-2022 ta Madagascar, wacce ta biyo bayan fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru arba'in, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da masu sharhi kan harkokin yada labarai na da alaka da sauyin yanayi, kodayake wani bincike da aka yi ya gano cewa "yayin da sauyin yanayi na iya dan kara yiwuwar raguwar hakan. Ruwan sama [a kan 2019-21], tasirin ba shi da mahimmanci a kididdiga", tare da talauci, ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa da dogaro da noma mai ruwan sama sune abubuwan farko.
Samar da ruwa a Madagascar ba shi da kyau, tare da kiyasin 2018 ya nuna cewa kashi 66% na al'ummar karkara da kashi 49% na birane ba sa samun ruwan sha. Madagascar na fuskantar daya daga cikin matsalolin ruwa mafi muni a duniya tun daga shekarar 2021 saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyin sarrafa ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, zaizayar kasa da kutsawar ruwan gishiri. Ana hasashen raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, da karuwar yawan iska da kuma hawan teku don kara rage yawan ruwa a fadin kasar. Wannan ya hada da babban birnin kasar Antananarivo, inda ruwa ba zai iya biyan bukata ta 2025. Ruwa a Kudancin Madagaska, inda ruwan karkashin kasa shi ne tushen ruwa na farko a lokacin rani, yana iya yin tasiri sosai yayin da ruwa ke kara iyakancewa.
Canjin yanayi kuma yana da matukar tasiri ga lafiya a Madagascar. Yawan kamuwa da cututtuka na numfashi da gudawa yana karuwa kuma waɗannan tare da zazzabin cizon sauro da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ana sa ran za su karu a cikin karni na 21 saboda sauyin yanayi. An danganta barkewar cutar kwalara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da sauyin yanayi.
Ragewa da daidaitawa
Madagaskar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris. A matsakaita, kowace Malagasy tana fitar da kasa da tan 2 na iskar gas (GHG) a shekara, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na sama da tan 6. Biomass shine tushen makamashi na farko, kuma wannan amfani da itacen wuta da gawayi don dafa abinci yana taimakawa wajen sare dazuzzuka. Kashi daga cikin al'ummar kasar ne kawai ke samun wutar lantarki, amma an gina wasu wutar lantarki, irin su Ambatolampy Solar Power Station.
A cikin ƙayyadaddun gudummawar da ta ke bayarwa na ƙasa, tare da taimakon sake dazuzzuka, ƙasar na da niyyar ɗaukar GHG fiye da yadda take fitarwa a cikin 2030. Shugaba Andry Rajoelina ya bukaci a dauki tsauraran matakai na kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021:
Madagaskar dai ta sami kanta a cikin matsalar sauyin yanayi. Ana ci gaba da samun raƙuman fari a kudancin ƙasar. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bushe kuma duk hanyoyin rayuwa sun zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. 'Yan uwana na kudu suna dauke da nauyin sauyin yanayi wanda ba su shiga cikin samar da su ba.
—President Andry Rajoelina
Madagascar kasa ce matalauciya, kuma daidaita canjin yanayi yana da tsada. Ana ɗaukar kare ƙa'idodin ƙasa a matsayin dabarun daidaitawa na tsakiya. Matakan da aka yi amfani da su wajen kiyayewa a Madagascar sun hada da fadada wuraren da aka karewa da kuma samar da kudin shiga ta hanyar sayar da iskar carbon don rage hayakin da ake fitarwa daga sare dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD+). Koyaya, a shekarar 2021 dabarar gwamnati na REDD+ ba ta da tabbas, saboda ta haramta siyar da duk abubuwan kiredit na carbon kuma ta koma ƙasa da mallakar carbon. A shekarar 2022, ƙasar tana tunanin sayar da tan biliyan 1.8 na abubuwan kashe iskar Carbon a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Haɗin Kan Carbon Forest na Bankin Duniya . Maido da Mangrove wata dabara ce da aka tsara don dacewa da hawan teku. Za a iya samun nasarar samar da juriyar yanayi a cikin jama'a ta hanyar rage talauci da inganta hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, musamman a yankunan karkara. A COP26, Ministan Muhalli Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina, ya yi kira da a samar da dala biliyan 100 na kudaden sauyin yanayi daga kasashe masu arziki zuwa kasashe matalauta kamar Madagaska don aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa, inda ya bayyana shirin bututun ruwa/mai daga arewa zuwa kudancin tsibirin na bukatar kudade.
Duba kuma
Yanayin Madagascar
Tsaron abinci a Madagascar
Canjin yanayi da jinsi a Madagascar
Sauyin yanayi a Afirka
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
36254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson%20Tarkighir | Dickson Tarkighir | SpeakerDickson Tarkighir
Dickson Dominic Tarkighir (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa ta 8 a majalisar wakilan Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi / Guma kuma Mamba na ECOWAS .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dickson Tarkighir a cikin dangin Mr da Mrs Tarkighir Ubur Adaga. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Thomas dake karamar hukumar Makurdi daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981 inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko ( FSLC ).
Ya wuce Makarantar Sakandare ta Community Community, Tse-Kyo, karamar hukumar Guma, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1986 da takardar shaidar kammala sakandare.
Bayan hutun da ya yi na neman ilimi sai ya samu gurbin shiga Jami’ar Jihar Edo, yanzu Jami’ar Ambrose Alli da ke Ekpoma, inda ya yi karatu tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2003 kuma ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin kasuwanci .
Daga nan ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA), a shekarar 2008.
Aiki
Dickson Tarkighir mashawarcin tallace-tallace ne. Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai koyo a Mojo Electronics, Umuahia. Daga 1992 zuwa 1995 ya yi aiki da Okada Air Kaduna .
Daga baya, ya shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa kuma ya kafa kamfanin Dasnett Mobile Services a lokacin zuwan ayyukan GSM a Najeriya . Ya kasance MD/CEO, Triggar da Gibbons Ltd, wani kamfanin talla da kuma kamfanin tallafawa kayan aiki da District 4 Lounge, kayan shakatawa a Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Siyasa
Dickson Tarkighir dan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) ne. Ya yi aiki domin samun nasarar jam’iyyar a kowane mataki wanda ya sa aka nada shi babban mataimaki na musamman kan masana’antu ga Gwamnan Jihar Binuwai a shekarar 2009. An sake nada shi mukamin a shekarar 2011; Mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2014 lokacin da ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokokin kasar .
Ya samu tikitin takara a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party amma John Tondo ya sha kaye, a zaben fidda gwani da aka bayyana a matsayin rashin adalci. Ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP zuwa jam’iyyar All Peoples Congress (APC) inda ya samu tikitin tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 kuma ya samu tikitin tsayawa takarar wakilcin al’ummar mazabar Makurdi /Guma a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya Abuja.
A ranar Talata, 24 ga watan Yuli, 2018, Tarkighir na cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai 37 da suka sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki zuwa wasu jam’iyyun siyasa. Ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), jam’iyyar da a baya ya fice.
Sai dai a ranar Talata, 22 ga watan Janairu, 2019, Tarkighir ya bayyana komawar sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) yana mai cewa “kokarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na maido da zaman lafiya a mazabarsa ya sa shi da jama’arsa.” A baya dai Dickson Tarkighir ya fice daga jam’iyyar APC ne bayan ya “ji haushin gwamnatin shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari kan yadda aka ki magance rikicin manoma da makiyaya”.
Fuskantar Shari'a
Dickson Tarkighir shi ne dan takarar jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, don maye gurbin Bulaun Peter wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko kuma jam’iyyar ta ba shi takardar shaidar cin zabe kuma hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta kasa (INEC) ta amince da shi, amma ya tsallake rijiya da baya. .
Wani mai suna Franc Fagah Utoo ya garzaya kotu domin kalubalantar takararsa, inda ya ce an tafka kura-kurai a zaben fitar da gwani. "Utoo yayi ikirarin cewa shi ne ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar amma an mika sunan Tarkighir ga hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ."
Shari’ar ta wuce Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun koli, inda kotun koli a Najeriya ta tabbatar da nasarar Tarkighir.
Ayyukan doka
Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance mai magana da yawun zauren majalisar wakilai ta 8 . Shi mai fafutukar tabbatar da ‘yancin kai na majalisa ne kuma mai kare hukuma. A ko da yaushe ya kasance yana bin shawarar da majalisar ta yanke ba tare da la’akari da ra’ayinsa na siyasa da na bangaranci ba. A yayin zaben shugaban majalisar wakilai ta 8, Tarkighir ya goyi bayan dan takarar jam’iyyarsa ta APC, Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Yakubu Dogara . A cikin tashin hankalin da ya biyo bayan rashin Gbajabiamila, ya tsaya tsayin daka kan sakamakon zaben.
Bayan amincewa da kasafin kudin shekarar 2017, an yi ta cece-ku-ce kan karin kasafin kudin Majalisar daga N115bn a shekarar 2016 zuwa 125bn, a daidai lokacin da al’ummar kasar ke fafutukar farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar. A kasafin kudin da aka gabatar, an ware naira biliyan 125 ga majalisun biyu na majalisar ta 8, adadin da ya kai kusan kashi 2% na kasafin kudin tarayya. Tarkighir, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka karkatar da kasafin da N10bn.
A cewarsa, halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar kudaden kasashen waje ya yi matukar tasiri a harkokin majalisar dokokin kasar. “Farashin dala kusan yana shafar kowane fanni na rayuwa. Kusan duk abin da muke yi a nan, dole ne mu canza naira da dala. Mukan shigo da takardu daga kasashen waje, har da wadanda muka saba samar da kasafin kudin da kuke rike da su. Yanzu, ba ma iya siyan motocin da ke aiki ba saboda babu kuɗi.”
Ya ce akwai ayyukan sa ido da ‘yan majalisar ke halarta a wajen kasar. “Mun iso kasar nan, a makon da ya gabata, daga wani taron fasahar kere-kere a teku. Ba za ka yarda cewa, da kudin musanya na yanzu, kasafin kudin bai kai N100bn ba, kawai kana ganin alkaluman a fili.”
“A gaskiya kasafin kudin ya kasance N150bn a majalisa ta 7, amma sai da shugabanni da ‘yan majalisa ta 8 suka yi kokarin kishin kasa domin a rage shi yadda yake a yanzu. Da muka ga yanayin tattalin arziki a lokacin, sai muka kuduri aniyar yin sadaukarwa ga kasa, sai muka rage kasafin daga N150bn. Amma kamar yadda kuke gani, ba zai yiwu ba, saboda karuwar daloli. Ba za mu iya ci gaba da riƙe wannan adadi ba. Ko a lokacin da kasafin ya kai N150bn, kudin canji ya kai naira 199 zuwa dala, yau a hukumance farashin canji ya kai 305, amma ba za ka samu ba. Kuna buƙatar siye a kasuwar baƙar fata da tsada,” in ji shi.
A wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai, Tarkighir ya kuma bayyana cewa, “Na yi amfani da dokata kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasata da mazabana. Na gabatar da wani kudiri na neman Gwamnatin Tarayya ta maye gurbin ma’aikatan bogi 25,000 da ta gano, tare da masu neman aiki na gaske tun lokacin da gwamnatin ta nuna iyawa a kan lokaci na biyan irin wadannan ma’aikata. Wannan adadi da aka raba kuma aka fitar da shi daga jihohi 36 na Tarayya da Abuja, zai taimaka wajen rage yawan rashin aikin yi kadan.”
Mamba na kwamitoci
Tarkighir ya kasance memba na kwamitoci kamar Haka.
Daidaitawa
Tsaro
Petroleum Downstream
Yawan jama'a
Sojojin ruwa
Ayyukan Lafiya
Al'amuran Neja Delta
Inter Parliament
Haɗin kai a Afirka
Majalisar ECOWAS
Kula da harkar kudade
Tarkighir ya dauki nauyin kudade da yawa. Sun hada da:
Kudirin dokar kafa Sashen Kiwon Shanu a karkashin Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya ko kuma irin wannan Ma’aikatar da ke Kula da Noma da Kiwon Shanu; da kuma sauran Abubuwan da suka shafi, 2015 (HB 323).
Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Farko ta Kasa (1992) da kuma soke shirin Kasa kan Dokar Rigakafi (1997.
Kudirin doka don gyara dokar hukumar bunkasa fasahar sadarwa ta 2007 don sanyawa hukumar, karin ayyuka don inganta tsaro ta intanet da kuma karin ikon tsarawa, daidaitawa da daidaita mafi karancin ka'idojin gudanar da mulki a dukkan ma'aikatun gwamnatin tarayya, sassa da hukumomi da kuma don sauran al'amura a ciki, 2015.
Kudirin doka don gyara dokar kiwon lafiya ta 2014 don haɗawa kyauta da gwajin likita na lokaci-lokaci don cututtuka masu yawa da na yau da kullun ko yanayi akan duk mutanen da ke zaune a Najeriya da sauran batutuwa.
Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki Mai Ruwa (Hydroelectric Power Producing Areas Development Commission) (kafa, da dai sauransu) lissafin (gyara), 2016.
Kudirin doka don soke shirin na ƙasa akan Dokar Rigakafi Cap. Dokokin N71 na Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004, don cire maimaita ayyuka tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko da shirin kasa kan rigakafi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi.
Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga dokar hana shan taba ta kasa, 2015 da sanya aiwatarwa da aiwatar da wannan doka tare da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Gudanarwa ta Kasa da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi hakan, 2016 (HB.882).
Kudi don yin gyara ga Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Dokar Kula da Abinci ta Kasa, Cap. N1, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004 don Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Kula da Tabar Sigari ta ƙasa da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa (HB.883).
Kudirin doka don samar da fa'idodi na musamman ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga kamfanonin wutar lantarki don sayan, sakawa da kula da na'urorin rarraba wutar lantarki ko sauran kayan aikin da suka shafi, 2017.
Kudiri
Tarkighir ya kai kudiri da dama; wadannan sun hada da:
Ya gabatar da kudiri kan bala'in ambaliyar ruwa a Makurdi da wasu sassan kasar.
Kudirin maye gurbin ma'aikatan bogi 23,000 da ma'aikata na gaske daga rukunin marasa aikin yi da ƙwararrun masu neman aikin Najeriya.
Wani kudiri na kira ga FERMA da ta gaggauta tattara kayan aiki don gyara babbar hanyar tarayya ta Makurdi- Gboko .
Wani kudiri na kira ga hukumar NEMA da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa da su samar da wani yanayi na gaggawa don magance ambaliyar ruwa da ake sa ran za a yi a wasu sassan jihar Benuwe musamman don samun isasshiyar kulawa da kulawa ga ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke zaune a kasuwannin duniya a Makurdi da bita gabaɗaya na shirye-shiryen gaggawa da tsarin kula da bala'i don haɓaka saurin gudu da inganci a cikin aikin farko na hukumomin da abin ya shafa.
Kudirin raba rajistar masu kada kuri’a da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi.
An gabatar da kudiri kan kashe-kashen makiyaya a kananan hukumomin Guma da Logo na jihar Binuwai da kuma mummunan halin jin kai da ya taso.
Bukatar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ayyana dokar ta-baci kan harkokin tsaro saboda yawaitar munanan hare-hare a kasar nan daga wasu da ake zargin makiyaya ne.
Ayyukan mazabu
Dickson Tarkighir yayi ayyukan mazabu da dama a mazabar Makurdi - Guma . Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun haɗa da:
Fitilar titi mai amfani da hasken rana a Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Samar da taransfoma 5 NOS 300KVA a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Giina Rijiyar Solar Borehole a Titin Ter Guma, Bankin Arewa, Karamar Hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue.
Gina Cibiyar Samar da Fasaha (Type A) a High Level, karamar hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue.
Gina hanyoyin Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, Jihar Benue.
Shirin Karfafa Matasa: Injin dinki, injinan sarrafa rogo, injinan nika, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, injinan feshin gona, injinan walda, injinan fanfo ruwa a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Horar da 'yan kasuwa yadda ake amfani da tsarin ciniki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue.
Ginin babban dakin taro na garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Karfafawa mata da matasa: Kekuna, babura, injin nika, injin dinki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma, jihar Benue.
Wayar da kan kiwon lafiya: yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / wayar da kan jama'a kyauta a Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency, jihar Benue.
Kammala aikin Dam na Akaakuma a karamar hukumar Guma- jihar Benue.
Gina Makarantar Firamare ta LGEA Ngban, Nyiev, Guma LGA- Jihar Benue.
Sayen babura domin shiga tsakanin al'ummar karkara a mazabar Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue.
Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu amfani da hasken rana a Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Ginin Rukunin ‘Yan Sanda na Dibisional (DPO) a Gbajimba, hedikwatar karamar Hukumar Guma, Jihar Binuwai.
Martani ga Fulani makiyaya masu kai hari
'Tashin hankali tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da manoma na daya daga cikin matsalolin tsaro da ake fama da su a Najeriya wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kungiyar International Crisis Group ta yi gargadin cewa za ta iya zama "mai hatsarin gaske kamar ta'addancin Boko Haram a arewa maso gabas"
Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen yakar hare-haren Fulani Makiyaya da suka addabi sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da mazabarsa ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi/Guma sosai.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kai hari a karamar hukumar Guma da Logo inda suka kashe mutane kusan 73 ciki har da mata da yara. Gwamnatin jihar Benue ta shirya binne gawawwakin wadanda aka kashe a ranar 11 ga watan Junairu 2018.
Da yake mayar da martani game da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a shirin gidan talabijin na ChannelsTV, Sunrise Daily a ranar Litinin, 8 ga watan Janairu, 2018, dan majalisar ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda shugaba Buhari ya kasa "suna suna da kunya" Fulani makiyaya duk da hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan Najeriya a jihar Benue. Ya ce har sai an sanya makiyayan a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda, ayyukan da hukumomin tsaro ke yi a yankin ba za su iya samar da sakamakon da ake bukata ba.
Ya bayyana fargabar cewa da hare-haren da ake kai wa al’ummar Benuwai a halin yanzu, al’ummar kasar ba za su iya cimma burinsu na samun wadatar abinci ba. “Gwamnatin tarayya ta dade tana bayar da shawarwarin samar da abinci amma ta yaya kuke samun wadatar abinci a duk lokacin da muke son girbin amfanin gonarmu sai Fulani su kai mana hari?
Duk da kasancewarsa dan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, ya ci gaba da caccakar shugaban da kalubalantar batun hare-haren Fulani makiyaya. A wata hira da jaridar Daily Independent, ya tabbatar da cewa, “mun zabi wannan gwamnati ne saboda a shekarun 2012, 2013 da 2014, jihar nan tana fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani makiyaya. Mutanenmu sun kasance 'yan gudun hijira a ƙasarsu. Shugaban kasa na lokacin Goodluck Jonathan bai yi komai akai ba. Don haka, muka yanke shawarar cewa mu canza shugabanci; don haka shugaba Buhari ya lashe jihar Benue . Lokacin da Buhari ya shigo mun dauka a matsayinmu na Bafulatani, dattijo kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa, ya fahimci kalubalen da mutanenmu ke fuskanta kuma zai kawo karshen rikicin manoma da makiyaya. Sai dai kuma abin takaici, rikicin ya karu a karkashin gwamnatinsa.”
A wata hira da jaridar The Guardian, ya bayyana cewa: “Shugaban bai yi wani abu da yawa ba. Jama’a sun fara tunanin cewa Shugabancinsa ya jajirce wajen kai wa makiyaya hari a fadin kasar nan saboda shi Bafulatani ne. A matsayinsa na Bafulatani wanda shi ma ya mallaki shanu, ya kamata Shugaban kasa ya yi misali da shi. Ya bayyana a fom dinsa a kundin tsarin mulki cewa yana da shanu. Bari ya nuna wa masu kiwon shanu inda gonarsa take kuma wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta kiwo. Idan har zai iya kiwon shanun nasa, shi ya sa ya kamata ya yi wa’azin ra’ayin kiwo da tabbatar da cewa an ba wa wadanda ba su iya yin kiwo kwarin guiwa su kafa kiwo don noman shanunsu. Jama’a sun damu matuka da samar da hanyoyin kiwo domin a tunaninsu za a kwace musu filayensu a ba makiyaya. Tun da a zahiri gwamnati ba ta cewa komai don kare ’yan Najeriya, muna tunanin a fakaice yana ba da izinin lalata al’umma don makiyayansu su ci abinci.”
Ya ci gaba da cewa: “wani lokaci a kasar China shugaban kasa Buhari ya aiko da sako karara ga masu fasa bututun mai cewa zai dauke su kamar Boko Haram. Masu fasa bututun mai ba sa kashe mutane; suna lalata bututun mai. Makiyaya suna kashe mutane, suna lalata filaye da dukiyoyi da amfanin gona a cikin al’ummarmu. Sun kashe sama da mutane 8,000 tun hawan Buhari mulki. Makiyaya babbar barazana ce ga kasar nan. Shugaban kasa ya samar da sojoji da za su kare masu kiwon shanu a Kano da Katsina daga ‘yan fashi, amma bai bayar da irin wannan sojan da zai yi maganin makiyayan da ke kashe mutane ba, musamman a shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya. Yaya adalci?”
A cewar Tarkighir, ‘’yan kungiyar ta Miyetti Allah sun shafe watanni shida zuwa bakwai suna yin barazana bayan da aka sanya hannu kan dokar hana buda-bakin kiwo na cewa ba za su bari a aiwatar da shi ba. Sun yi jawabai a bainar jama'a ta TV, a cikin jaridun Daily Trust da na duniya. Wadannan mutane an san su, amma jami’an tsaro ba su iya kama wadannan mutane ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. Lokacin da kuka yi wa mutane barazana da mutuwa kuma a ƙarshe suka mutu, ku ke da alhakin. Ba a kama wadannan mutane ba, shi ya sa nake cewa wadanda ke kawo mana hari gwamnati ce ta san su. Abin takaici, gwamnati ba ta yin komai a kai. Don haka al’ummarmu suna ganin akwai hadin kai tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da makiyaya. Dubi Guma LG, tafiyar kusan mintuna 40 ne daga Makurdi . Kadarori uku na sojoji a Makurdi ; kana da 72 Brigade, NASME, da kuma Air Force Base wanda za a iya tura Guma a cikin kasa da minti 20. Sai da aka kwashe kwanaki uku ana tura sojoji zuwa Guma LG. Me hakan ke gaya muku? Ya ce ba su damu da rayuka da dukiyoyin da ake barna a Guma ko Binuwai ba. Wannan abin takaici ne kuma mun ji takaicin shugaban kasa.”
A wata hira da jaridar This Day, Tarkighir ya ce; “Al’ummata sun yi watsi da shirin gwamnatin tarayya na ba su kariya, domin ko a lokacin da ake gudanar da gasar tseren keke, ana ci gaba da kashe-kashe da kone-kone. Suna kashe 'yan sanda har ma da sojoji.
“Muna tunanin akwai hadin kai tsakanin gwamnati da makiyaya a kan abin da ke faruwa, domin a halin yanzu kusan kowa a karamar hukumar Guma wadda ita ce karamar hukumara ta ‘yan gudun hijira ne. Ƙasar ta zama kufai, ba kowa a wurin. Lokacin noma yana zuwa kuma mutane ba su da damar yin amfani da gonakinsu, wanda ke nufin baya ga haifar da fatara, za a yi yunwa a Benuwai mai zuwa.”
Ya kuma yi kira da a tallafa masu: “Yanzu muna kira ga kasashen duniya da su kawo mana agaji. Muna da maza, mata da yara sama da 190,000 a sansanonin IDP, kuma babu abinci, babu komai. Abubuwan da gwamnatin jihar ke da su sun yi yawa, dangane da samar da magunguna, abinci, tufafi da kayayyakin more rayuwa ga sansanonin. Ya zuwa yanzu muna da sansanoni kusan takwas kuma alhakin kula da wadannan mutane na gwamnatin jiha ne.”
Rigima
A shekarar 2016, an samu rahotanni a kafafen yada labarai na cewa ‘yan majalisar tarayya guda 45 da aka zaba a zaben 2015 da za su wakilci mazabunsu daban-daban a fadin kasar nan, an kaddamar da su a majalisun biyu na majalisar dokokin kasar da takardar shedar Sakandare ko na digiri na biyu. Takaddun shaida na malamai a matsayin mafi girman cancantar ilimi.
Daga cikin mutanen da aka bayyana cewa an zabe su a ofishin tare da sakamakon O'Level Dickson Tarkighir yana ciki.
Sai dai martanin da Tarkighir ya bayar shi ne cewa rahoton na tunanin marubucin ne. A hirarsa da Daily Post, ya ce a farkon makon wani abokina wanda muka kammala karatunmu a shekarar 2008 tare da kammala karatunmu na MBA a Jami’ar Ahamdu Bello Zariya, ya kirani da labarin cewa sunana yana cikin wadanda muka kammala karatunsu a shekarar 2008. wadanda aka ce a Majalisar Dokokin Kasar ba su da wata karama mafi karancin cancantar karatu wato GCE.
“Mun yi dariya kuma na kara dariyar da a karshe na karanta cikakken rahoton na ga sauran sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen – wadanda wasu daga cikinsu ba ‘yan majalisar wakilai ba ne kamar yadda rahoton ya yi nuni da kasancewarsu mambobin.
“Amma sai da na karanta ra’ayoyin da aka yi ta yanar gizo game da rahoton, na gano cewa mutane nawa ne, a cikin barna, suka dauki ƙugiya, layi da nutsewa, in ji rahoton kuma suka ci gaba da yin izgili ga cibiyar da kowane ɗayansu.
“Saboda ’yan mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri, an tilasta ni in bayyana (sake) cancantar karatuna. Ina yin haka ne duk da cewa na yi watsi da shi tun da farko saboda, ba na ganin kaina ko wani memba a matsayin wakili mafi kyau fiye da kowane abokan aikinmu wanda cancantar ilimi na iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta. Ba kusan abu bane a cikin la'akarin wanda ya kasance ko zai zama mafi wakilcin wakilci. Amma duk da haka, ina da alhakin gyara wani ɓoyayyen bayanin da ɗan jarida ya yi wa kaina wanda ya karkatar da wani yanki na ci gaba na kuma ya tafi danna saura kaɗan.
“Gaskiya ita ce, ban da GCE dina, na kammala karatun digiri a Jami’ar Ambrose Alli, Ekpoma a 2003. Na karanta Business Administration . Kuma idan wannan yana buƙatar wasu tabbaci tare da Jami'ar, ga lambar ta FD. 045729.
“A shekarar 2006/2007 na yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA) a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya kuma na kammala a shekarar 2008. Don dubawa tare da Jami'ar: MBA/ADMIN/00905/06-07 ya isa.
“Mafi mahimmanci, ina so in sake tabbatar wa mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri cewa na cancanta a matsayina na wakili da nake gudanarwa a madadin mazaban Makudi da Guma
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20982 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Airways | Nigeria Airways | Nigeria Airways Ltd.,wanda aka fi sani da Nigeria Airways ,jirgin sama ne na Najeriya.An kafa kamfanin ne a shekara ta 1958 bayan rusa kamfanin West African Airways Corporation (WAAC).Ya rike sunan WAAC Nigeria har zuwa shekara ta 1971,lokacin da aka sake masa suna zuwa sunan da take dashi har sai da ya daina aiki a shekara ta 2003.Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta mallaki yawancin kamfanin jirgin (51%) har zuwa shekara ta 1961, lokacin da ta bunkasa hannun jarin ta a kamfanin zuwa 100% kuma ta sanya ta tutar kasar.A lokacin rushewar,hedikwatar kamfanin jirgin yana a Airways House da ke Abuja.Ayyuka sun mai da hankali ne a Filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed na kasa da kasa da na kasashen waje wadanda galibinsu ke yammacin Afirka ne;Cibiyar sadarwar tana da maki a Turai, Arewacin kasar Amurka da Saudi Arabia. Wasu kamfanonin kasashen waje ne suka gudanar da kamfanin,wadanda suka hada da British Airways, KLM da kuma South African Airways.
Kamfanin jirgin sama na Nigeria Airways ya yi fice a farkon shekara ta 1980, gabanin tashin wata tawaga ta KLM da aka dauke ta aiki don sa kamfanin ya zama mai amfani da riba. A wancan lokacin, rundunar ta kunshi jiragen sama kusan guda 30, amma dako ya kasance baya da shekara biyu tare da asusunsa har zuwa lokacin da aka samu jirgin sama da kudi. Mallaki ne ko kuma haya, mai jigilar ya yi amfani da jirage iri-iri a tarihinta, wadanda suka hada da Vickers VC10, da Airbus A310, da Boeing 737 da kuma McDonnell Douglas DC-10, wanda ya tashi na karshe da aka taba kerawa.Rashin tsari,rashawa,da wuce gona da iri sun addabi kamfanin,a lokacin rufe kamfanin yana da , mara kyau mara kyau game da tsaro, kuma rukunin jiragen saman ta sun hada da jiragen sama guda daya masu tashi a cikin gida da kuma jiragen haya guda biyu da ke hayar cibiyar sadarwar duniya. Kamfanin Nijeriya Airways ya samu nasarar ne daga Virgin Nigeria ,sannan kamfanin Arik Air ya karbe wuraren da ke kasa.
Tarihi
Shekarun farko
Kamfanin jirgin saman ya kasance a ranar a karkashin sunan West African Airways Corporation Nigeria Limited (WAAC Nigeria), wanda aka fi sani da Nigerian Airways, don maye gurbin lankwasar kamfanin West African Airways Corporation (WAAC); an riƙe taken "WAAC" saboda darajar da wannan kamfani ya samu a baya. Da farko, kamfanin jigilar ya kasance wani bangare ne wanda gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasance ita ce ta manyan masu hannun jari (51%), kuma Dattijo Dempster Lines da British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) suka riƙe ragowar (32⅔ da 16⅓, bi da bi). WAAC Najeriya ta gaji wasu jiragen sama mallakar WAAC a baya. [11] Ayyuka fara a ranar , tare da BOAC Boeing 377 Stratocruiser da ke aiki a madadin sabon kamfanin jirgin da ya hada London Heathrow da Lagos, da kuma Douglas DC-3s da ke jigilar ayyukan cikin gida da gudu zuwa Dakar, na karshe a hade da Ghana Airways . [11] A wannan ranar, WAAC Nigeria ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta shekaru 15 tare da BOAC don daukar nauyin 'yan Stratocruisers da Bristol Britannias don yin hidimar jirage masu nisa tsakanin Najeriya da Ingila . Kwangilar ta kuma yi tunanin cewa za a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin yarjejeniyar tafki, inda za a iya ba da tikiti ta jirgin sama ɗaya don jiragen da ke ɗayan, tare da raba kudaden shiga. [11]
[[File:Vickers_VC-10_G-ARVL_Nigeria_Aws_Ikeja_1969_edited-2.jpg|left|thumb| A Nigeria Airways Vickers VC-10, an bayar da haya daga BOAC, a Filin jirgin saman Ikeja a shekara ta 1969. Wani kamfani na Forko.
A , rundunar ta kunshi de Havilland Dove, takwas na Havilland Herons da Douglas DC-3s takwas. A farkon shekarar 1961, Najeriya ta zama ita kadai ce mamallakin kamfanin ta hanyar sayen hannayen jarin da BOAC da Elder Dempster suka yi; kamfanin jirgin saman ya zama mai dauke da tutar kasar. [11] Dukkanin rundunar Heron an janye daga aiki a watan Maris na 1961 kamar yadda ya zama dole a iya buƙata ta tattalin arziki. Da nufin maye gurbin rundunar DC-3, an ba da umarnin Fokker Friendship 200s tare da ɗaukar zaɓuɓɓuka kan ƙarin biyu. [11] A BOAC Comet 4 ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan jigilar jirgi tsakanin Najeriya da Landan a ranar ; an yi aiki tare tare da kamfanin Nigeria Airways. Abota sun haɗu da rundunar tsakanin Janairu zuwa Mayu 1963, kuma an tura su kan hanyoyin yanki, gami da waɗanda suka yi hidimar Abidjan, Accra, Bathurst, Dakar, Freetown da Robertsfield . [11] An sake sabunta kwangila tare da BOAC kuma an sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya a watan Afrilun shekarar. A watan Yuni, an fara maye gurbin DC-3s da Abokai akan hanyoyin zuwa Gambiya, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Laberiya, Senegal, Saliyo, da Leopoldville . Koyaya, za a ci gaba da sanya nau'ikan a kan jigilar fasinjojin Kano - Cotonou - Lomé –Accra da kuma hanyar Lagos zuwa Kano. [11] Daga baya BOAC ta gudanar da ayyukan Vickers VC-10 a madadin kamfanin na Nigeria Airways daga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1964 har zuwa lokacin da aka samo wani nau'in jirgin sama daga kamfanin jirgin saman Burtaniya ; jirgin ya lalace a cikin hatsari a watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar. An fara jigilar jirgin sama tsakanin Najeriya da Amurka a farkon . An kira shi ″ Operation Fantastic ", ya danganta Lagos da New York kuma kamfanin Pan Am ke amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da Boeing 707s da Douglas DC-8s, amma yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta baiwa Nigeria Airways damar siyar da iyakantattun kujeru a wadannan jiragen.
Yawan ma'aikata ya kasance 2,191 a watan . A wannan lokacin, rundunar ta kunshi Piper Aztec daya, da Douglas DC-3 da Fokker F27 guda shida wadanda suka yi aiki a kan hanyar sadarwar cikin gida da kuma hanyoyin yankin da suka fadada yamma, har zuwa Dakar, suna aiki a yarjejeniyar kududdufin tare da Ghana Airways ; jerin kasashen turai sun hada da Frankfurt, London, Madrid da Rome, dukkansu sun yi aiki tare da VC10s da aka yi hayar daga BOAC. A ranar 22 ga Janairun shekara ta 1971, aka sake sunan kamfanin a matsayin Nigeria Airways . A wannan lokacin kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da haya ta jirgin sama a matsayin abin da aka saba: Boeing 707s da suka tashi daga Lagos zuwa London an ba su hayar daga Laker Airways da Ethiopian Airlines har zuwa lokacin da aka sanya sabon Boeing 707-320C a cikin rukunin jiragen da kuma tura su hanyar a cikin watan Agusta 1971, kuma a cikin Oktoba 1971 an ba da hayar Boeing 737 daga Aer Lingus . [25] Wani jirgin Boeing 707-320C an ba da umarnin a shekara ta 1972, tare da Boeing 737-200s biyu. An yi hayar jirgin kirar Boeing 707 daga kamfanin Aer Lingus a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1972 don turawa galibi akan hanyar Legas zuwa London, tare da samar da ma'aikata da kuma kulawa. [25] A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1972, wani Fokker F28 ya shiga rundunar a kan yarjejeniyar haya tare da Fokker, kuma daga baya aka ba da umarnin irin wannan jirgin. A ƙarshen 1972, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar taimakon gudanarwa tare da Trans World Airlines, tare da mai jigilar Ba'amurken ya ba da ƙwararru a fannoni daban-daban na gudanarwa, kasuwanci, da na kuɗi har tsawon shekaru biyar, amma kwangilar ba ta taɓa ɓacewa ba . [25] Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Nigeria Airways ya karbi jigilar Boeing 707s guda uku a watan Fabrairun 1973; an saka su cikin aikin Lagos – London nan da nan. An kawo Boeing 737s biyu, tare da rajista 5N-ANC da 5N-AND, a farkon 1970s..
Shekarun zinariya
A ma'aikata sun kasance 2,400 masu ƙarfi kuma rundunar ta ƙunshi Boeing 707-320Cs biyu, Boeing 737-200s biyu, Fokker F28s, Fokker F27s biyar, da Piper Aztec ɗaya, yayin da F28-2000s biyar ke kan tsari. Hanyar sadarwar hanyar a wannan lokacin ta ƙunshi ƙauyukan cikin gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su daga Kano da Lagos, da kuma hanyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Abidjan, Amsterdam, Accra, Bathurst, Beirut, Brussels, Dakar, Douala, Frankfurt, Freetown, London, Madrid, Monrovia, New York, Paris da Rome. A , kamfanin ya zama abokin ciniki na 83 na Boeing 727, lokacin da aka ba da oda ga Boeing 727-200s biyu da wani Boeing 707-320C; ya kuma mallaki Douglas DC-10-30 . Wannan DC-10 jirgi ne mai kujeru 300, wanda ya shafi tattalin arziki wanda ya yi aiki tsakanin Najeriya da Saudiyya. A wannan lokacin dako ya mallaki wasu 707s guda biyu. [25] An umarci DC-10-30 na biyu a farkon 1977. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1977 wani F-27, 5N-AAW, ya yi hadari a Sakkwato lokacin da ya mamaye titin jirgin, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 1978 an -28 (5N-ANA) ya yi mummunan hatsari a kusa da Kano, inda ya kashe duka mutane 16 da ke cikin jirgin tare da karin wasu mutane biyu a kasa. [25] Umarni na F28-4000s biyu, wanda zai dace da F28-2000s guda shida da kamfanin jirgin sama ke aiki, an sanya su a ƙarshen 1978. An sanya kwangila kwatankwacin wacce aka sa hannu tare da TWA a 1972 tare da KLM a , wannan lokacin na tsawon shekaru biyu. Galibi an shirya shi ne don horar da ma'aikatan kamfanin na Nigeria Airways a harkar kula da jiragen domin sa kamfanin ya zama mai amfani da riba. [25]
An ƙaddamar da sabis zuwa Jeddah a cikin 1980. [25] By , rundunar ta kunshi jirage 26, sun kasu kashi uku Boeing 707-320Cs, biyu Boeing 727-200s, biyu Boeing 737-200s, biyu DC-10-30s, F27-200s biyu, F27-400Ms, hudu F27-600s, shida F28-2000s, F28-4000s biyu, da Aztec daya. An sayi DC-10 guda biyu don tsabar kuɗi. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Nigeria Airways ya zama abokin ciniki na 40 na Airbus a cikin shekara ta 1981, lokacin da ya ba da oda don Airbus A310-200s huɗu. Sabbin Boeing 737-200s huɗu aka umarce su a farkon shekara ta 1981 akan gami da kayayyakin gyara, kuma a ƙarshen shekarar an ba da oda don ƙarin ƙarin jirgi huɗu na irin. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Boeing 747s an sami hayar jere daga kamfanin jirgin sama na Danish na Scanair da SAS ; an tura jirgin saman kan sabis zuwa Kingdomasar Ingila, yana ba da izinin amfani da DC-10s a kan sabbin hanyoyin zuwa Frankfurt, Paris, da Zurich . Kamfanin jirgin ya mallaki sababbin Boeing 737-200s guda hudu a farkon shekara ta 1983 wadanda zasu maye gurbin hayar jiragen sama iri daya; an same su ne tare da rancen miliyan da aka tsara tare da manyan bankuna bakwai. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamban shekara ta 1983, wani Fokker F28 (5N-ANF) ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kan hanyar sa ta zuwa Enugu, ya ci rayukan mutane guda 23 daga cikin mutane 72 da ke cikin jirgin. [25] Bayan wannan hatsarin kamfanin jigilar ya yanke shawarar janye jiragensa na Fokker daga aiki. Juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar karshe ta shekara ta 1983 ya sauya tsarin gwamnati da kamfanin jirgin sama: An nada Bernard Banfa manajan darakta kuma an kori yawancin ma'aikatan da KLM suka horar. [25] 225-seater A310-200s an saka su cikin rundunar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984 da farkon shekara ta 1985. Uku daga cikin wadannan jiragen sunada sunayen Rima River, River Ethiope da Lekki Peninsula . [25] Rundunar ta kasance mai ƙarfi 22 a cikin , wanda ya kunshi DC-10-30s biyu, Airbus A310s hudu, Boeing 707-320Cs, Boeing 727-200s, Boeing 737-200s, da Boeing 737-200C; Boeing 737-200s biyu suna kan tsari kuma kamfanin yana da ma'aikata mutane guda 9,096 a wannan lokacin.
Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru
Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya rubuta abubuwa guda 16 na kamfanin jirgin, guda takwas daga cikinsu sun haifar da asara. Hadari mafi munin da dakon jirgin ya fuskanta ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1991, lokacin da mutane guda 261 suka mutu a cikin wani hadari a Filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz International Airport . Jerin na gaba ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka ba da rahoton haɗari, akwai asarar jirgin sama da ke ciki, ko duka biyun.
Duba kuma
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Afirka
Sufuri a Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
- Flight International reporting inquiry in 1969 on Nigeria Airways
Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya
Filayen jirgin sama
Filayen jirgin sama a Cadi
Hadarin jiragen sama a najeriya
Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
16597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littattafan%20Hausa | Littattafan Hausa | Littatafan Hausawa, Hausawa sun kasan ce mutane ne masu al`ada, addini da tarihi, hakan ya bama Hausawa daman wallafe-wallafe na ilimi da kuma rubuce-rubuce tin karni na 19, wanda a wannan lokacin ne Hausawa suka tsunduma ka'in-da-na'in wajen rubuce-rubuce da wallafa littattafai, rubutu ga Hausawa a ƙarni na 19, yawancin malamai da sarakuna suna rubutu ne ta hanyar wallafa littattafai , amma a ƙarni na 20 a cikin ƙasar Hausa yawancin hausawa mata sun yi rubutu ne akan littattafan soyayya. Malaman zamani na ƙasar hausawa sun daina rubuta littattafai, sai dai kaɗan daga cikinsu, suma ba sosai ba, amman yawanci sunfi amfani da kaset wajen taskance karatunsu, da wa’azinsu, da huɗubansu. wanda zai amfana al’amuransu.
Tarihi da asali
Tin ƙarni na 19, Hausawa suna rubuta littattafai domin girke tarihinsu ko rubuta ilimi akan addininsu, Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo shine Sarkin Fulani na farko da ya kafa daular musulunci a ƙasar Hausawa, kafin zuwan Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo, sarakunan Haɓe sune ke mulki a ƙasar Hausa, a ƙasar Gobir akwai Sarkin Haɓe na Maguzawa mai suna Yunfa, a ƙasar zazzau akwai Makau, a wannan lokacin baza a iya tunawa ba cewa suna rubuta littatafai ba, amman zamanin sarakunan Fulani sun rubuta littafai daban-daban na addini da al'ada. Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, daga ciki akwai Wathiqat Ahl Al-Sudan, Alfarq, Bayan wujub al-hijra. A littafin wathiqat yace “ Samar da khalifa na musulunci wajibi ne akan al’umar musulmai, kuma yi masa biyayya dashi da muƙarrabansa ma wajibi ne.”
Littattafai
Jaddawalin littattafan Hausawa ya fara samo asali ne daga karni na 19, inda sarukanan Fulani suke wallafa littattafai, daga nan ne aka fara samun wallafa-wallafan littattafai a ƙasar Hausa. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo da Nana Asma’u da Bello sun taka rawar gani wajen samar da ilimi akan mata. Nana Asma’u tana tara mata tana karantar dasu addini.
Littattafan karni na 19
A rubuce-rubcen da Hausawa sukayi tun a ƙarni na 19, kama daga kan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo, da muƙarrabansa, iyalan gidansa, sun rubuta yawanci abubuwan rayuwa, Nana Asma'u ma tana da rubuce-rubuce da kuma waƙoƙi na musulunci da al’amuran da ya shafi rayuwar duniya da musulunci. Hakama Muhammadu Bello yana da littattafai da yawa, da Abdullahi Fodiyo da kuma Abubakar Gwandu, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littattafai kimanin 73. Abdullahi dan Fodiyo yana da littattafai kimanin 68, Muhammadu Bello nasa littattafan kimanin 81. Nana Asma’u nadakimanin littattafai 56. dukkan littattafan da ta rubuta tayisu ne da Hausa, Larabci, da Fulatanci.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littattafai kimanin 73.
Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littattafai kimanin 68.
Muhammadu Bello nasa littattafan kimanin 81.
Nana Asma’u na da kimanin littattafai 56.
Shehu Usman Danfodiyo
Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littattafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kuma ya umurta mutanensa da su rubuta littattafai, akan addini da kuma tarihin su. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari, daga shekarar 1804-1903, bayan turawan mulkin mallaka sun zo. A garin alƙalawa ne da masarautar gobir take, inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin bawa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtan mutanensa da su rubuta littattafai. A ƙarni na 20th musulman ƙasar hausa sun samu tsaiko da nakasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19th ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara jihadi akan neman karatu. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo yana cewa “ shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun san ilimi akan kawunansu ba harma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza”
Nana Asma'u
Nana Asma’u a kasafin ayyukan ta, kashi arba’in 40% ta rubuta ne akan al’amuran mata, sauran kashi sittin 60% din kuma ya ƙunsa sauran fannoni na rayuwa kamar siyasa (8%) da kuma aƙida. Nana Asma’u tana amfani da waƙe domin karantar da mutane da mata da kuma yara, kamar yanda akeyi a ƴan makarantun islamiyya a kasar Hausa.
Litattafan ta
Wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta, sun hada da:
Rubuta Alkur’ani Mai Girma
Fassara Alkur’ani Mai Girma
Tibb al-Nabawi
Wasu daga cikin kasafin yankunan da Nana Asma’u tayi rubuce rubuce Akai
Kiwon lahiya 4%
Ilimantar da Mata 7%.
Shari’a da kuma mata 4%.
Mata da Bori 4%.
Iyali 12%.
Mata a matsayin majiɓinta 12%.
Tarihi 18%.
Hikima18%.
Siyasa 8%.
Aƙida 8%.
Kalifanci da kuma tinai mai kyau 4%.
Muhammadu Bello
Muhammadu Bello Bayan an karya masarautar Gobir, yawancin mutanen Gobir suna anfani da Bori ne wajen yin magani, da aka karya Alƙalawa ne yasa Muhammadu Bello yayi tinani akan hanyoyin da yakamata abi domin yin magunguna ga al’umar musulmai ba tare yin Bori ba, domin ya zamzna cewa al’umarsa sun zama cikakkun musulmai. Yawancin Littatafan Muhammad Bello suna magana ne akan kiwon lafiya, addini, ilimantar , mata da sharia’ah.
Infaƙul maisur.
Littatafa Na Magungunan Hausawa Na Muhammadu Bello Da Nana Asma’u.
Abdullahi Fodio
Abdullahi Fodio yana da littafi mai suna Tazyinul Waraƙati..
Littattafan karni na 20
Nothern Privinces Newsheet ne kamfani na farko dake buga rubutun ajami a kasar hausa, wanda aka kafa a kano. Daga baya kuma an kafa Nothern Nigeria Publishing Company (NNPC) waɗanda suke wallafa litttatafai a cikinn harshen hausa.(p13) Sannan aka kafa gidan jarida ta farko mai suna “Gaskiya Tafi Kwabo”Ma’ana “ Truth is Worth More than a Penny” wacce aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1939, wanda a lokacin Abubakar Imam shine mai kula da harkokin rubutu a kamfanin.Abubakar Imam ne mutum na farko da yafara wallafa littafin labarin hausa a ƙasar hausa mai suna “Ruwan Bagaja” a shekarar 1934.(p20-21) a lokacin yana da shekara 23, sai Bello kagara, wanda yaya ne ga Abubakar Imam. wanda ya wallafa littafin Ganɗoki littafi mai shafi 45. Sai littafi mai suna “Idon Matambayi” na Muhammadu Gwarzo a shekarar (1911-1971). Littafi na biyar shine “Jiki Magayi”, amman littafain Magana Jari ce tafi kowanne littafi karbuwa a karnin.
Abubakar Imam yace ya dauke shi kimanin wata shida yana rubuta littafin magana jari ce. yawancin labaran dake cikin littafin magana jari ce ya samo ne daga labarun tatsuniya na Grimon, labarun larabawa da ƴan Indiya kuma kimanin labarai 80 ya samo su daga wasu littattafan da Rupert East ya ara mai, Shi kanshi Abubakar Imam Yave “shi kanshi Rupert East ya tattaro bayanai daga cikin littattafai daban-daban na turawa da tatsuniyan larabawa, domin yin amfani dasu a matsayin abun amfani na sharan fage”. Magana Jari ce ta kasance babban littafin da tafi kowanne a jadawalin tsarin rubuta littafi ga hausawa har ila yau..
Littattafan karni na 21
Kundin littattafan Hausa
Bibiliyo
Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. ISBN 978-135-166-7
Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9. OCLC 648578425.
Manazarta
Ilimi
. |
13337 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Montessori | Maria Montessori | Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori ( /ˌ m ɒ n t ɪ s ɔːr i / MON -tiss- OR -ee, Italian: ; an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta,a shekara ta alif 1870)miladiya - ta mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta alif 1952) Miladiyya. yar Italiya ce, kwararriyar likita ce kuma malama wacce akafi sani da falsafar ilimin da ake kira da sunan ta, kuma tayi rubuce-rubuce a kan kimiyya pedagogy . Tun tana ƙarama, Montessori ta karya shinge na jinsi da fata yayin da ta shiga aji a makarantar fasaha ta yara duka, tare da fatan zama injiniya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta canza zuciya kuma ta fara makarantar likita a Jami'ar Sapienza na Rome, inda ta sami digiri - tare da karramawa - a cikin shekarata alif 1896. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar koyarwarta a makarantu da yawa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya.
Maria Montessori.
Rayuwa da aiki
Haihuwa da iyali
An haifi Montessori a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1870 a Chiaravalle, Italiya. Mahaifinta, shine Alessandro Montessori, dan shekara 33 a lokacin, ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Kudi da ke aiki a masana'antar sarrafa taba. Mahaifiyarta, Renilde Stoppani, 'yar shekaru 25, ta sami ilimi sosai a lokutan kuma ita ce jikanyar masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar Italiyanci kuma masanin burbushin halittu Antonio Stoppani. Duk da cewa ba ta da wani mashawarta ta musamman, amma tana da kusanci da mahaifiyarta wacce take ƙarfafa ta. Hakanan tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahaifinta, duk da cewa ya ƙi yarda da zaɓin da ta yi don ci gaba da karatun ta.
1883–1896: Karatu
Farkon karatu
Iyalin Montessori sun koma Florence a cikin shekarar 1873 sannan Kuma sun koma zuwa Rome a 1875 saboda aikin mahaifinta. Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandaren gwamnati tun yana da shekara 6 a 1876. Rana ta farkon makaranta ba ta "da muhimmanci sosai", ko da yake an ba ta takaddun shaida don kyawawan halaye a aji na 1 da na "lavori donneschi", ko "akan aikin mata", a shekara mai zuwa.
Makarantar sakandare
A cikin shekarar 1883 ko 1884, tana da shekaru 13, Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandare na fasaha, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, inda ta karanci Italiyanci, da ilmin lissafi, algebra, lissafi, geometry, tarihin, labarin ƙasa, da kuma kimiyyar lissafi. . Ta yi digiri a shekarar 1886. tare da kyakkyawan maki da sakamakon jarrabawa. A waccan shekarar, tana da shekaru 16, ta ci gaba a makarantar horar da fasaha Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, tana karatun Italiyanci, lissafi, tarihi, labarin kasa, lissafi da kayan ado, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, Botany, zoology, da kuma harsunan waje guda biyu. Ta yi kokari sosai a kimiyya kuma musamman ma da a ilmin lissafi.
Tun da farko ta yi niyyar ta ci gaba da karatun injiniya ne bayan kammala karatu, wanda baƙon abu ne ga yarinya mace a lokacinta da inda take. Koyaya, har zuwa lokacin da ta kamala karatu a shekarar 1890. lokacin tana yar shekara 20, tare da takardar shedar digiri a kimiyyar lissafi, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likitanci, hakan shine mafi kyawun tsarin da aka bayar game da ka'idojin al'adu a lokacin.
Jami'ar Rome — makarantar likitanci
Montessori ta yi gaba tare da niyyar yin karatun likita. Ta yi bayyana ga Guido Baccelli, malamin farfesa na asibitin koyarwa a Jami’ar Rome, amma ansata karaya. Ban da haka, a shekarar 1890, ta shiga jami'ar Rome a karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar kere-kere, ta wuce jarrabawar digiri a fannin kere-kere, zoology, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin kimiya, ilimin dabi'a, ilmin kimiya da dabi'a, da kuma samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1892. . Wannan digiri, tare da ƙarin karatu a cikin Italiyanci da Latin, sun cancanci ta shiga ƙungiyar ilimin likita a Jami'ar a shekarar 1893.
Ta gamu da kiyayya da cin-zarafi daga wasu daliban likitoci da furofesoshi saboda jinsin ta amatsayin ya mace. Saboda kasancewarta aji tare da maza a gaban tsirara ana ganin bai dace ba, an sakasat ita kadai a inda ta aikin akan gawa a sirrin ta ita kadai, bayan awanni. Ta koma ga shan taba zuwa fuska da ma wari da formaldehyde . Montessori ta lashe lambar yabo ta ilimi a shekarar farko, kuma a shekarar 1895. ta sami matsayin mataimaki na asibiti, samun gogewar farko a asibiti. A cikin shekaru biyu da ta gabata ta karanci ilimin likitancin yara da kuma ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma ta yi aiki a ɗakin likitan yara da sabis na gaggawa, ta zama ƙwararre a fannin likitan yara. Montessori ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896. a matsayin likita na likita. An buga wannan rubutun a cikin shekarar 1897. a cikin mujallar Policlinico . Ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin jami’ar kuma ta fara gudanar da wani aiki mai zaman kansa.
1896-1901: Farkon aiki da iyali
Daga shekarar no1896 zuwa 1901, Montessori tayi aiki tare da bincike akan abin da ake kira "phrenasthenic" yara - a cikin magangar zamani, yara suna fuskantar wani nau'i na jinkiri na hankali, rashin lafiya, ko tawaya. Har ila yau, ta fara tafiya, karatu, magana, da kuma bugawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya, tana zuwa matsayin mashahurin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ilimi ga yara masu nakasa.
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1898, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya - ɗa mai suna Mario Montessori (Maris 31, 1898 - 1982).. Mario Montessori an haife sshine ne saboda kaunar da ke tsakaninta da Giuseppe Montesano, wani kwararren likita wanda ya kasance tare da ita a makarantar Orthophrenic na Rome. Idan Montessori ta yi aure, ana tsammanin ta daina aiki da fasaha; maimakon yin aure, Montessori ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da ayyukanta da karatunta. Montessori ta so ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mahaifin ɗanta a ɓoye a cikin yanayin cewa ko ɗayansu ba zai auri wani ba. Lokacin da mahaifin ɗanta ya ƙaunace ta kuma daga baya yayi aure, ya bar Montessori tana jin anya ci amanarta kuma ta yanke shawarar barin asibitin jami'ar kuma ta sanya ɗanta cikin kulawa tare da dangin da ke zaune a ƙauyen zaɓuka don rasa 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwarsa. Ta kuduri cewa nan gaba za ta sake saduwa da ɗanta a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, inda ta tabbatar da cewa shi babban mataimaki ne a binciken ta.
Aiki tare da yara masu nakasar kwakwalwa
Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896, Montessori ta ci gaba da bincikenta a asibitin likitocin na jami'ar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1897, an karbe ta a matsayin mataimakiya ta son rai a can. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta, ta ziyarci asylums a Rome inda ta lura da yara masu nakasa kwakwalwa, abubuwan lura waɗanda suke da asali ga aikinta na ilimi a nan gaba. Ta kuma karanta da kuma nazarin ayyukan likitocin ƙarni na 19 da masu ba da ilimi Jean Marc Gaspard Itard da Édouard Séguin, waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai ga aikinta. Maria ta sami sha'awar ra'ayoyin Itard kuma ta kirkiro wani tsari na musamman da aka tsara don amfani da su ga ilimin yau da kullun na yara masu nakasa. Lokacin da ta gano ayyukan Jean Itard da Édouard Séguin sun ba ta sabon shugabanci a cikin tunani kuma sun rinjaye ta ta mai da hankali kan yara masu matsalar ilmantarwa. Hakanan a cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ya bincika darussan Jami'a a cikin kayan koyarwa da karanta "duk manyan ayyuka akan ka'idar ilimi na shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata". An bayyana Montessori amatsayin mace mai kamar maza wacce keda kokari da jajircewa
Jawabin ga jama'a
A cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ta yi magana game da alhakin jama'a game da ɓacin rayuwar yara a Majalisar ofasa ta Medicine a Turin. A shekara ta 1898, ta rubuta kasidu da yawa kuma ta sake yin magana a Taron Farko na Turin, inda ta bukaci da a samar da ajujuuwa na musamman a makarantu ga yara masu matsalar nakasassu, da kuma horar da malamai ga masu koyar da su. A shekara ta 1899, Montessori an nada shi a matsayin mai bada shawara ga majalissar kasa da aka kafa don kare 'Ya'yan da aka yi ritaya, sannan aka gayyace shi zuwa lacca kan hanyoyin musamman na ilimi ga yaran da ke da nakasassu na ilimi a makarantar horar da malamai na Kwalejin Rome. A waccan shekarar, Montessori ta yi rangadin karatun ba da ilimi, na makonni biyu, ga manyan masu sauraro, a gaban manyan jama'a. Ta shiga cikin kwamitin kungiyar na kasa kuma an nada ta a matsayin malama a fagen tsabta da ilmin dabbobi a daya daga cikin kwalejojin horar da malamai na mata a Italiya.
Makarantar Orthophrenic
A 1900 Leagueungiyar openedasa ta buɗe Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, ko Makarantar Orthophrenic, wani "makaranta na medico-pedagogical Institute" don horar da malamai a ilmantar da yara masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da aji mai haɗe da ɗakin karatun. An nada Montessori a matsayin babban darakta. malamai 64 suka yi rajista a cikin aji na farko, suna nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilmin jikin mutum da ilimin halittar jiki na tsarin jijiya, ma'aunin cututtukan dabbobi, abubuwan da ke haifar da halaye na rashin hankali, da kuma hanyoyin musamman na koyarwa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ta yi a makarantar, Montessori ta kirkiro hanyoyin da kayan aiki, wanda da suke iya karba daga baya don amfani da su tare da manyan yara.
Makarantar ta kasance nasara ce nan da nan, inda ta jawo hankalin jami’an gwamnati daga sassan ilimi da lafiya, da shugabannin al’umma, da kuma manyan mutane a fannonin ilimi, ilimin halin kwakwalwa, da kuma ilmin dabbobi na Jami’ar Rome. Yaran da ke cikin dakin karatun an jawo su ne daga makarantun talakawa amma ana daukar su “marasa-ilimi” saboda rashi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yaran daga baya sun wuce gwaje-gwaje na jama'a waɗanda aka ba wa abin da ake kira a '' al'ada '' da yara kamar kowa.
A cikin shekarar 1901, Montessori ta bar Makarantar Orthophrenic da ayyukanta na sirri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1902, ta shiga makarantar digiri na Falsafa a Jami'ar Rome. (Falsafa a wancan lokacin wanda ya hada da yawancin abin da ake tunanin yanzu shine ilimin halin dan adam. ) Ta karanci ilimin falsafa da ilimin halin kirki, tarihin falsafa, da ilimin halin dan Adam irin wannan, amma ba ta sauke karatu ba. Ta kuma ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi a cikin ilmin kimiya na mutumtaka da falsafar ilimi, da gudanar da lura da binciken gwaji a makarantun firamare, sannan ta sake nazarin aikin Itard da Séguin, tare da fassara littattafansu zuwa Italiyanci na rubutun hannu. A wannan lokacin ta fara tunanin daidaita hanyoyin ta na ilimantar da yara masu nakasassu ga ilimin duniya, ta kasance mace mai kula sosai martabar mutane.
Aikin Montessori yana haɓaka abin da ta kira daga baya "kimiyyar pedagogy" ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Har yanzu a cikin shekarar 1902, Montessori ta gabatar da rahoto a babban taron koyarwa na kasa na biyu a Naples. Ta buga labarai biyu a kan hanyar koyarwa a cikin shekarar 1903, kuma biyu a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1903 da 1904, ta yi binciken ilimin ɗan adam tare da yaran childrenan makarantar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, ta sami digiri a matsayin malami mai ƙwaƙwalwa a fannin ilimin alaƙa na Jami'ar Rome. An nada ta don yin karatu a cikin makarantar Pedagogic a Jami'ar kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1908. An buga jawabinta amatsayin littafi mai suna Pedagogical Anthropology a 1910.
1906-1911: Casa dei Bambini da yaduwar ra'ayoyin Montessori
A cikin shekarar 1906 aka gayyaci Montessori data kula da kulawa akan ilimin kungiyar gungun yara na iyayen da ke aiki a wani sabon ginin gidaje don iyalai masu karamin karfi a gundumar San Lorenzo a Rome. Montessori ta kasance mai sha'awar amfani da ayyukanta da hanyoyin ta don yara masu tunani a cikin al'ada, kuma ta yarda. Sunan Casa dei Bambini, ko Gidan Yara, an ba da shine ga Montessori, kuma Casa ta farko an buɗe e a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1907, tana rajistar yara 50 ko 60 tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa uku da shida ko bakwai.
A farko, an shirya aji mai dauke da teburin malami da allo, da murhu, da kananan kujeru, da kujeru, da teburin rukunin yara, tare da akwatin kulle dakin kula da kayan da Montessori ta kirkira a Makarantar Orthophrenic. Ayyukan yara sun haɗa da kulawa ta mutum kamar sutura da sanya rigar ciki, kula da yanayi kamar ƙura da sharewa, da kuma kula da lambun. Hakanan an nuna wa yaran amfani da kayan da Montessori ta bunkasa. Montessori da kanta, sun yi aiki da koyarwa, bincike, da sauran ayyukan ƙwararru, ta kula da lura da aikin aji, amma ba koyar da yara kai tsaye. An ba da koyarwar yau da kullun da kulawa, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Montessori, ta hannun mai ginin gidan.
A cikin wannan aji na farko, Montessori ta lura da halayen ɗalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yara waɗanda suka kafa tushen tsarin karatun ta. Ta lura da jerin abubuwan da ta lakanci maida hankali da zurfafawa da yawaitawa, da maimaituwa kan tsari a cikin muhalli. Da aka ba su zaɓi na ayyukan kyauta, yaran sun nuna sha'awar ayyuka masu kyau da kayan Montessori fiye da kayan wasan yara da aka tanada masu, kuma abin mamaki ba su da ɗanɗano da sauran lada. Da shigewar lokaci, ta ga wata dabara ta ba da kai.
Dangane da abubuwan da ta lura, Montessori ta aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa wadanda suka zama alamomin falsafar ilimi da kuma tsarinta. Ta maye gurbin manyan kayan daki da teburin kananan yara da kujeru masu haske wanda yaran zasu iya motsawa, tare da sanya kayan kananan yara a kanannan katako. Ta kara fadada ayyuka masu amfani kamar su shan ruwa da kuma kulawa ta mutum domin hadawa da wasu darussan motsa jiki don kula da yanayi da kai, gami da shirya fure, wanke hannu, motsa jiki, kula da dabbobi, da dafa abinci. Ta kuma hada manyan bangarorin bude kofa a cikin dakin karfafa yara su zo su tafi yadda suka ga dama a cikin bangarorin dakin daban-daban da kuma darussan da ke cikin dakin. A cikin littafinta ta baiyana misalin darajojin ranar hunturu da aka fara, wadanda suka fara daga 09:00 ni kuma na kammala a karfe 04:00 na yamma.
9-10. Entofar shiga. Gaisuwa. Dubawa game da tsabta na mutum. Darasi na rayuwa mai amfani; taimaka wa juna ya cire ya kuma sanya kayan maye. Haye saman ɗakin ganin duk abin da ke turɓaya kuma cikin tsari. Harshe: Lokacin tattaunawa: Yara suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru kafin ranar. Darasi na Addini.
10-11. Darasi na hankali. Manyan darussan da aka katse ta gajeren lokacin hutu. Nomenclature, Sense bada.
11–11: 30. Hanyoyin motsa jiki mai sauƙi: motsawa na yau da kullun an yi da alheri, matsayin al'ada na jiki, tafiya, tafiya a layi, gaisuwa, motsawa don kulawa, sanya abubuwa cikin ladabi.
11: 30-12. Luncheon: Sallar gajeru.
12-1. Wasannin kyauta.
1-2. Wasannin da aka jagoranta, idan zai yiwu, a cikin iska. A wannan lokacin yaran sun girma tare da ayyukan darussan rayuwa, tsabtace dakin, turbaya, sanya kayan cikin tsari. Janar dubawa don tsabta: Tattaunawa.
2-3. Aikin hannu. Yin kwaikwayo na Clay, ƙira, da sauransu.
3-4. Cikakken kayan motsa jiki da waƙoƙi, in ya yiwu a buɗe sararin samaniya. Darasi don bunkasa abubuwanda ake tunani: Ziyara, da kulawa, tsirrai da dabbobi.
Ta ji ajikinta cewa ta hanyar yin aiki da yara zaisa ukai ga iya isa ga sabon matakan samun mulkin kai kuma ya zama mai himma don kai sabon matakan fahimta. Montessori ta kuma yi imani da cewa sanin kowane ɗayan kowane mutum da kuma kula da su hakan zai samar da ingantaccen ilimi da ingantaccen damar a cikin kowane ɗan yaro. Ta ci gaba da daidaitawa da kuma gyara kayan da ta kirkira a baya, canza ko cire darussan da yaran da ba su zaɓa ba kdaoyaushe. Hakanan an danganta da abubuwan lura da ita, Montessori tayi gwaji tare da baiwa yara damar zaban kayan, aikin da bai katse ba, da kuma 'yancin motsi da aiki a cikin iyakokin da yankin ya tsara. Ta fara ganin 'yancin kai a matsayin manufar ilimi, da kuma matsayin malamin a matsayin mai sanya ido da kuma darektan ci gaban ilimin rayuwar yara.
Yada ilimin Montessori a Italiya
Casa dei Bambini na farko ya kasance nasara, sannan aka buɗe na biyu a watan Afrilu 7, shekarar 1907. Yaran da ke cikin shirye-shiryenta sun ci gaba da nuna natsuwa, kulawa, da kamun kai da kansu, kuma manyan makarantu sun fara jawo hankulan manyan malamai, 'yan jarida da kuma jama'a. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1907, Montessori ta fara gwajin kayan koyarwa don rubutu da karatu — haruffa da aka yanke daga sandpaper da aka hau kan allon, almakashi masu yanke ƙauna, da katunan hoto tare da alamomi. -A-an shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar suna aiki tare da kayan kuma cikin sauri suka sami ƙwarewa a rubuce da karatu fiye da abin da ake tsammani na shekarunsu. Wannan ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga aikin Montessori. Wasu ƙarin Case dei Bambini an buɗe su a cikin shekarar 1908, kuma a cikin shekarar 1909, Italiya da Switzerland sun fara maye gurbin hanyoyin Froebellian zuwa ta Montessori a cikin gidajen-marayu da kananan makarantu.
A cikin shekarar 1909, Montessori ta dauki darasi na farko na horar da malamai a sabuwar hanyar ta a Città di Castello, Italiya. A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana abubuwan lura da kuma hanyoyin ta a cikin wani littafi mai suna Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applyato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini ( Hanyar Ilimin Kimiyya na ilimin kimiyya da Aiwatar da Ilimin Ilimin Yara a Gidajen Yara ). An yi ƙarin horo na biyu a Rome a shekarar 1910, kuma na uku a Milan a shekarar 1911. Darajar Montessori da aikinta sun fara yaduwa a cikin ƙasashen duniya kuma, a kusa da wannan lokacin ta daina aikinta na likita don ba da lokaci mafi yawa ga aikinta na ilimi, da inganta hanyoyinta, da horar da malamai. A shekara ta 1919, ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Jami’ar Rome, saboda aikinta na ilimi yana ƙara karɓar dukkan lokacinta da sha'awarta.
1909-1915: Girmamawa a duniya da haɓakar ilimin Montessori
Tun daga farkon 1909, aikin Montessori ya fara jawo hankalin masu sa ido na duniya da baƙi. Ayyukanta suna yaduwa cikin ƙasashen duniya, kuma suna yaduwa cikin sauri. A karshen shekarar 1911, Montessori ta sami karɓar gudanar da ilimin Montessori a makarantun gwamnati a Italiya da Switzerland, kuma an shirya shi don ayi a Burtaniya. Ya zuwa 1912, makarantun Montessori sun buɗe a Paris da kuma sauran biranen Yammacin Turai, kuma ana shirin yi a Argentina, Australiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Koriya, Mexico, Switzerland, Syuriya, Amurka, da New Zealand. Shirye-shiryen jama'a a London, Johannesburg, Rome, da Stockholm sun karbi hanyar a tsarin tsarin makarantunsu. An kafa ƙungiyoyin Montessori a cikin Amurka (Kwamitin Montessori American) da United Kingdom (Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). A cikin 1913 aka gudanar da Koyar da horo na Kasa da Kasa na farko a Rome, tare da na biyu a shekara ta 1914.
An fassara ayyukan Montessori sosai kuma an buga su a wannan lokaci. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica an buga shi a Amurka amatsayin The Montessori Hanyar: Ilimin ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda aka Aiwatar da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (wato The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedogogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children Houses), inda ya zama mafi yawan siyarwa. Bugun Burtaniya da Switzerland suka biyo baya. An buga bita na Italiyanci wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 1913. Buga da Rashanci da Yaren mutanen Poland sun fito a cikin 1913 kuma fitowar Jaridun, Jafana, da Romaniyan a cikin 1914, sai kuma Spanish (1915), Dutch (1916), da kuma Danish (1917). An buga Pedagogical Anthropology a cikin Ingilishi a 1913. A shekara ta 1914, Montessori ta buga, cikin Ingilishi, Doctor Montessori's Handbook, jagorar mai amfani ga kayan aikin da ta bunkasa.
Montessori a Amurka
A cikin shekarar 1911 da 1912, Ayyukan Montessori aikin sun shahara kuma sunyadu a cikin Amurka, musamman a cikin jerin kasidu a cikin mujallar McClure, kuma an buɗe makarantar Montessori ta Arewa ta farko a watan Oktoba 1911, a Tarrytown, New York . Mawallafin Alexander Graham Bell da matarsa sun zama masu ba da izini ga hanyar kuma an buɗe makaranta ta biyu a gidansu Kanada. Hanyar Montessori ta sayar da sauri ta hanyar bugu shida. Montwararren Montessori na Amurka ne ya ɗauki nauyin ba da horo na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Rome a 1913, kuma 67 daga cikin ɗalibai 83 sun fito daga Amurka. Ya zuwa 1913 akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 100 a cikin ƙasar. Montessori ta tafi Amurka a cikin Disamba 1913 a cikin yawon shakatawa na makonni uku wanda ya haɗa da fina-finan ɗakunan karatun Turai, haɗuwa tare da manyan mutane masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ta yi tafiya.
Montessori ta dawo Amurka a 1915, wanda kungiyar Ilimi ta Nationalasa ta dauki nauyi kuma ta ba da sanarwar gudummawa don nuna ayyukanta ataron Bayanai na Panama-Pacific a San Francisco, California, kuma don ba da horo na uku na ƙasa. An saka aji a gilashin gilashin a yayin Exposition, kuma dubun dubatar masu kallo sun zo ganin aji na ɗalibai 21. mahaifin Montessori ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1915, kuma ta koma Italiya.
Kodayake Montessori da tsarinta na koyar da ilimi sun shahara sosai a Amurka, amma ba tare da hamayya da jayayya ba. William heard Kilpatrick, malamin Falsafa na Amurka kuma mai neman canji a fannin ilimi John Dewey, ya rubuta littafin suka ga tsarin da mahimmancin da aka yi wa lakabi da Motar Montessori, wanda ke da babban tasiri. Kungiyar Kan Rana ta wasan Kwando ta ƙasa ta kasance mai mahimmanci. Masu sukar sunyi zargin cewa hanyar Montessori ta wuce gona da iri, da tsauraran matakai, tawakkali kan koyar da hankali, kuma ya rage karancin tunani, mu'amala tsakanin mutane, da wasa. Bugu da kari, dagewar Montessori game da tsauraran matakan fadada tsarinta, horar da malamai, samarwa da kuma amfani da kayan, da kuma kafa makarantu ya zama sanadiyyar rikici da jayayya. Bayan da ta fita a shekarar 1915, tsarin Montessori a Amurka ya rarrabu, kuma Montessori ilimin ya kasance abin sakaci a cikin tsarin karatua a Amurka har zuwa 1952.
1915–1939: Kara ci gaba na ilimin Montessori
A shekara ta 1915, Montessori ta koma Turai inda ta zauna a Barcelona, Spaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa Montessori tayi balaguro da yin darussai a Turai kuma ta bada darussan koyar da malamai. Ilimin Montessori ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Italiya.
Spain (1915-1936)
Lokacin da ta dawo daga Amurka, Montessori ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a Barcelona, inda karamin shirin da gwamnatin ta Catalonia ta dauki nauyin farawa a 1915 ta ci gaba a cikin Escola Montessori, tana bauta wa yara daga shekaru uku zuwa goma, da kuma Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, bincike, horo, da kwalejin koyarwa. An ba da horo na huɗu na ƙasa a can a 1916, ciki har da kayan aiki da hanyoyi, ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, don koyar da ilimin nahawu, ilmin lissafi, da ilimin lissafi ga yara na makarantar firamare tun daga shekara shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A shekara ta 1917, Montessori ta buga littafinta na farko a L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Ilmi a cikin Makarantar Elementary), wanda ya fito a Turanci a matsayin Advanced Montessori Method . A kusan 1920, ƙungiyar 'yancin cin gashin kanta ta Catalan ta fara neman Montessori da ta ɗauki matakin siyasa kuma ta ba da sanarwa a bainar jama'a ta amince da' yancin Catalan, kuma ta ƙi. An cire tallafin hukuma daga shirye-shiryenta. A 1924, sabon mulkin kama karya na soja ya rufe makarantar model ta Montessori a Barcelona, kuma Montessori ilimin ya ragu a Spain, duk da cewa Barcelona ta kasance gidan Montessori na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1933, a karkashin Jamhuriyyar Sifen ta biyu, gwamnatin ta dauki nauyin sabon horo, sannan aka sake samun tallafin gwamnati. A shekara ta 1934, ta buga littattafai guda biyu a Spain, Psicogeometrica da Psicoarithemetica . Koyaya, tare da fara yakin basasa na Spain a 1936, yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa sun sa Montessori barin Spain dindindin.
Netherlands (1917-1919)
A cikin shekarar 1917, Montessori ta karantar a Amsterdam, kuma an kafa Netherlands Montessori Society. Ta dawo ne a shekarar 1920 don bayar da jawabai daban-daban a Jami'ar Amsterdam . Shirye-shiryen Montessori sun bunƙasa a cikin Netherlands, kuma zuwa tsakiyar 1930s akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 200 a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1935 hedkwatar Montungiyar Montessori Internationale, ko AMI, ta koma dindindin zuwa Amsterdam.
Kasar Burtaniya (1919-191936)
Karantarwar Montessori ya hadu tare da himma da jayayya a Ingila tsakanin 1912 da 1914. A shekara ta 1919, Montessori ta zo Ingila a karon farko kuma ta ba da horo na kasa da kasa wanda aka karbe shi da babbar sha'awa. Ilimin Montessori ya ci gaba da yaduwa a Burtaniya, kodayake ƙungiyar ta sami wasu gwagwarmaya game da amincin da rarrabuwa wanda ya gudana a Amurka. Montessori ya ci gaba da ba da horo a Ingila duk sauran shekara guda har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II. kuma
Italiya (1922-1934)
A cikin shekara ta 1922, an gayyaci Montessori zuwa Italiya a madadin gwamnati don ba da darussan laccoci kuma daga baya duba makarantun Montessori na Italiya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar gwamnatin Fasito ta Benito Mussolini ta hau kan mulki a Italiya. A watan Disamba, Montessori ta dawo Italiya don shirin jerin darussan horarwa na shekara-shekara a karkashin tallafin gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1923, ministan ilimi Giovanni Gentile ya bayyana cikakken goyon bayansa ga makarantun Montessori da horar da malamai. A cikin shekara ta 1924, Montessori ya sadu da Mussolini, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar goyon baya ga ilimin Montessori a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ƙasa. Preungiyoyin pre-war na magoya bayan Montessori, Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (kungiyar Abokan Montessori Method) ta zama kungiyar Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) tare da amintattun gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1926, Mussolini ya zama shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 1927, Mussolini ya kafa kwalejin horar da malamin Montessori, kuma ya zuwa 1929 gwamnatin Italiya ta tallafa wa cibiyoyin Montessori da yawa. Koyaya, daga shekarar 1930, Montessori da gwamnatin Italiya sun shiga rikici game da tallafin kudi da kuma akida, musamman bayan lafuzan Montessori kan Lafiya da Ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1932, ita da ɗanta Mario an sanya su a ƙarƙashin sa ido akan siyasa. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar 1933, ta yi murabus daga Opera Montessori, kuma a shekarar 1934, ta bar Italiya. Gwamnatin Italiya ta kawo karshen ayyukan Montessori a cikin kasar a cikin shekarar 1936. Montessori ta cigaba da karbuwa a kasashe da dama a fadin duniya inda ta rika zuwa kasashe tana karantar da mutane akan hayar karantarwar ta..
Sauran ƙasashe
Montessori ta karantar a Vienna a 1923, kuma an buga laccocin ta kamar Il Bambino a Famiglia, an buga shi a Turanci a 1936 a matsayin The Child in the Family . Tsakanin shekarar 1913 zuwa 1936 an kuma kafa makarantun Montessori da al'ummomi a Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Belgium, Rasha, Serbia, Kanada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, da New Zealand.
Kungiyar Montessori Internationale
A cikin shekarar 1929, an yi taron farko na Montessori na kasa da kasa a Elsinore, Denmark, tare da haɗin Fifth Conference na New Education Fellowship. A wannan taron, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun kafa Montungiyar Montessori Internationale ko AMI "don sa ido kan ayyukan makarantu da al'ummomi a duk faɗin duniya kuma su kula da horar da malamai." Har ila yau, AMI ta sarrafa haƙƙin wallafa ayyukan Montessori da kuma samar da kayan aikin Montessori didactic. Masu tallafawa na farkon na AMI sun haɗa da Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, da Rabindranath Tagore .
Zaman lafiya
A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi magana game da zaman lafiya da Ilimi a Babban Taro na Montessori na biyu a Nice, Faransa; Ofishin Kasa da Kasa ne, ya buga laccon shi a Geneva, Switzerland. A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi jawabi a taron kira kan Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, kan taken zaman lafiya da Ilimi. Montessori ta gudanar da taron zaman lafiya daga shekarar 1932 zuwa 1939, a Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, da Utrecht, wadanda daga baya aka buga su cikin Italiyanci kamar Educazione e Pace, kuma a Turanci a matsayin Education and Peace . A shekara ta 1949, da kuma sake sata a cikin shekarar 1950 da kuma a shekarar 1951, Montessori ta zama cikin wanda za'a ba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, inda aka karɓi jimlar mutane guda shida.
Laren, Netherlands (1936-1939)
A cikin shekarar 1936 Montessori da iyalinta sun bar Barcelona zuwa Ingila, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙaura zuwa Laren, kusa da Amsterdam. Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da sabbin kayan abubuwa a nan, gami da fasahar murƙushewa, alamomin nahawu, da katunan notanclature. Dangane da tashe tashen hankula na soja a cikin Turai, Montessori ta ƙara maida hankalinta ga taken zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1937, an gudanar da babban taro na kasa da kasa na Montessori na 6 a kan taken "Ilimi don Zaman Lafiya", kuma Montessori ta yi kira da "kimiyyar zaman lafiya" kuma ta yi magana game da matsayin ilimin yara kamar yadda mabuɗi don sake fasalin jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1938, theungiyar Theosophical Society ta gayyaci Montessori zuwa Indiya don ba da horo, kuma a 1939 ta bar Netherlands tare da ɗanta da abokin aiki Mario.
1939-1946: Montessori a Indiya
Sha'awar Montessori ta kasance a Indiya tun a shekarar 1913, lokacin da ɗalibin Indiya ya halarci karatun farko na ƙasa a Rome, kuma ɗalibai a cikin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 sun dawo Indiya don fara makarantu da inganta ilimin Montessori. An kafa Kungiyar Montessori ta Indiya a cikin shekarar 1926, kuma an fassara Il Metodo cikin Gujarati da Hindi a shekarar 1927. Ya zuwa 1929, mawakiyar Indiya Rabindranath Tagore ta kafa makarantu da yawa "Tagore-Montessori" a Indiya, kuma an ba da wakilci sosai a fannin ilimin Indiya a Montessori a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1929. Montessori ita da kanta tana da haɗin kai da ƙungiyar Theosophical Society tun daga shekarar 1907. Yunkurin Theosophical, wanda aka himmatu don ilimantar da talakawa na Indiya, an jawo shi zuwa ilimin Montessori a matsayin mafita guda.
Kwarewa a Indiya
Montessori ya ba da horo a Kungiyar Theosophical Society a Madras a cikin shekarar 1939, kuma ya yi niyyar ba da jawabai a jami'o'i daban-daban, sannan ya koma Turai. Koyaya, lokacin da Italiya ta shiga yakin duniya na II a gefen Jamusawa a cikin shekarar 1940, Burtaniya ta saka duk Italiyanci a Burtaniya da mulkinta a matsayin baƙon makiyi. A zahiri kawai Mario Montessori ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, yayin da Montessori kanta aka kulle ta da cibiyar ta Theosophical Society, kuma Mario ya sake saduwa da mahaifiyarsa bayan watanni biyu. Montessoris ya ci gaba da zama a Madras da Kodaikanal har zuwa shekarar 1946, kodayake an ba su damar yin tafiya dangane da laccoci da darussan.
Kayan karatun boko, ilimin kwalliya, da haihuwa zuwa uku
A cikin shekarun rayuwarta a Indiya, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da haɓaka hanyar karatun ta. Kalmar "ilimin ilimin halittar jiki" an gabatar dashi don bayyana tsarin kula da yara masu shekaru daga shida zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu wanda ya jaddada jituwa ga dukkanin abubuwan duniyar duniyar. Yara sunyi aiki kai tsaye tare da tsirrai da dabbobi a cikin mahallinsu na al'ada, kuma Montessoris ta haɓaka darussan, zane-zane, zane-zane, da samfuri don amfani tare da ƙananan yara na farko. An ƙirƙiri abu don ilmin dabbobi, da labarin ƙasa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1942 zuwa 1944 an haɗa waɗannan abubuwan a cikin babban tafarki don aiki tare da yara daga shekaru shida zuwa sha biyu. Wannan aikin ya haifar da littattafai guda biyu: Ilimi don Sabon Duniya da Don Ilmantar da Humanan Adam .
Yayin da yake cikin Indiya, Montessori ta lura da yara da matasa na kowane zamani, kuma sun juya zuwa karatun ƙuruciya. A cikin shekarar 1944, ta ba da laccoci iri-iri a kan shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa, da kuma makarantar horarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su a Sri Lanka. An tattara waɗannan laccoci ne a shekara ta 1949 a cikin littafin me Ya Kamata Ku Yi Game da Yaran ku .
A cikin shekarar 1944, an ba Monttorois wasu 'yanci motsi kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Sri Lanka. A cikin shekara ta 1945, Montessori ta halarci taron farko na Indiya Montessori a Jaipur, kuma a cikin shekarar 1946, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe, ita da iyalinta sun koma Turai.
1946-1952: Shekarun ƙarshe
A cikin shekarar 1946, lokacin tana da shekaru 76, Montessori ta dawo Amsterdam, amma ta kwashe shekaru shida masu zuwa tafiya Turai da Indiya. Ta ba da horo a Landan a cikin shekarar 1946, kuma a 1947, ta bude cibiyar koyar da horo a can, Cibiyar Montessori. Bayan 'yan shekaru wannan cibiyar ta sami' yancin kanta daga Montessori kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin Cibiyar Horarwa ta St. Nicholas . Hakanan a cikin 1947, ta koma Italiya don sake kafa Opera Montessori kuma ta ba wasu ƙarin horo biyu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta dawo Indiya inda ta ba da horo a Adyar da Ahmedabad . Wadannan darussan sun haifar da littafin The Absorbent Mind, wanda Montessori ya ba da bayanin ci gaban yaro tun daga haihuwa har zuwa gaba da gabatar da manufar Tsarin Haɓaka Goma na huɗu. A cikin shekarar 1948, an sake buga Il Metodo kuma aka buga shi cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda Discovery of the Yara . A cikin shekarar 1949, ta ba da horo a Pakistan kuma aka kafa essungiyar Montessori Pakistan.
A cikin shekarar 1949, Montessori ta dawo Turai kuma ta halarci Babban Taro na Montessori na 8 a Sanremo, Italiya, inda aka nuna salon aji. A wannan shekarar, an fara koyar da horo na farko don haihuwa zuwa shekaru uku, wanda ake kira Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy). An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel Peace Prize . An kuma bai wa Montessori lambar girmamawa ta Faransa, Darakta ta Dutch of Orange Nassau, kuma ya samu lambar girmamawa ta Jami’ar Amsterdam. A cikin shekarar 1950, ta ziyarci Scandinavia, wakilcin Italiya a taron UNESCO a Florence, wanda aka gabatar a yayin horo na 29 na kasa da kasa a Perugia, ya ba da horo na kasa a Rome, an buga bugu na biyar na Il Metodo tare da sabon taken La Scoperta del Bambino ( The Discovery na Yara ), kuma an sake nada shi don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. A cikin shekarar 1951, ta shiga cikin Taro na 9 na kasa da kasa na Montessori a London, ta ba da horo a Innsbruck, an zabe ta a karo na uku don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. Montessori ya mutu bayan cutar malali a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1952, yana da shekara 81 a Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands.
Legacy
An nuna makarantun Maria Montessori da Montessori akan tsabar kudi da banki na Italiya, sannan akan tambura na Netherlands, Indiya, Italiya, Maldives, Pakistan da Sri Lanka. A shekarata 2020, Lokaci ya zabi Montessori a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Mata 100 na shekarar, wani lamunin wanda ya baiwa kyautar Kyautar Shekara.
Hanyar karatu
Tasirin farko
Tunanin Jeaness Gaspard Itard, Édouard Séguin, Friedrich Fröbel, da Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, dukkansu sun ba da fifikon bincike da halayyar ilimi. Aiki na farko na Montessori tare da yara masu nakasa, a cikin School na Orthophrenic a cikin 1900-11901, sun yi amfani da hanyoyin Itard da Séguin, horar da yara a cikin ayyukan jiki kamar tafiya da kuma amfani da cokali, horar da hankalinsu ta hanyar bayyanar da gani, kamshi, da gogewa mai ban tsoro, da kuma gabatar da haruffa a sikelin tactile. Wadannan ayyukan sun haɓaka cikin kayan Montessori "Sensorial".
Ilimin kimiyya
Montessori ta dauki aikinta a cikin Makarantar Orthophrenic da kuma karatun ta na gaba-gaba da aikin bincike a makarantun firamare a matsayin "tsarin ilimin kimiyya", ra'ayi ne na yanzu a cikin karatun ilimi a lokacin. Ta yi kira ba wai kawai lura da auna dalibai ba, har ma da samar da sabbin hanyoyin da za su canza su. "Ilimin kimiya, sabili da haka, shine wanda, yayin da aka danganta da kimiyya, aka gyara da inganta mutum." Bugu da kari, ilimi kansa yakamata ya canza shi ta hanyar kimiyya: "Sabbin hanyoyin da idan ana tafiyar dasu akan layin kimiyya, yakamata su canza makarantar gaba daya da hanyoyin ta, yakamata su samar da sabon tsarin ilimi."
Casa dei Bambini
Aiki tare da yara marasa nakasassu a cikin Casa dei Bambini a cikin shekarar 1907, Montessori ta fara kirkirar karatun kanta. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci na ka'idodinta na ilimi sun samo asali daga wannan aikin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Hanyar The Montessori a cikin shekarar 1912, da kuma cikin Discovery of the Yara a shekarar 1948. An kafa tushenta ne bisa lura da yara a 'yanci don aiwatar da yardar kaina a cikin yankin da aka shirya don biyan bukatunsu. Montessori ya kammala da cewa aikin yara a cikin wannan yanayi ya nuna wani shiri na ciki na ci gaba, kuma matsayin da ya dace na malamin shine ya cire wani cikas ga wannan cigaban halitta tare da samar da damar hakan don ci gaba da bunkasa.
Don haka, an shigar da ɗakunan makarantar ɗakunan yara masu yara, "ayyukan rayuwa" masu amfani kamar su sharewa da teburin wanka, da kayan koyarwa waɗanda Montessori ta bunkasa kanta. An bai wa yara 'yancin zaɓan da kuma tafiyar da ayyukansu, a nasu wuraren da bin sha'awar kansu. A cikin waɗannan yanayin, Montessori ta sanya abubuwan lura da yawa waɗanda suka zama tushen aikinta. Da farko, ta lura da sanya hankali sosai a cikin yara da kuma maimaitawa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Har ila yau, ta lura da irin mummunan halin da yaran ke yi na yin odar yankin nasu, da daidaita tebur da shelves da yin odar kayayyakin. Yayinda yara suka zaɓi wasu ayyukan akan wasu, Montessori ta gyara kayan da ta basu. Bayan wani lokaci, yaran sun fara nuna abin da ta kira "ladabi mara lafiyan".
Karin ci gaba da ilimin Montessori a yau
Montessori ta ci gaba da bunkasa tsarinta da tsarinta na ci gaban ɗan adam yayin da take fadada ayyukanta tare da faɗaɗawa ga yara mazan. Ta ga halayen mutane kamar yadda kowa ke bi da shi, halaye na asali a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ɗanta da mai ba da gudummawa Mario Montessori ya bayyana a matsayin "sha'awar ɗan adam" a cikin 1957. Bugu da kari, ta lura lokuta daban-daban, ko "jirage", a cikin ci gaban mutum, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru shida, daga shida zuwa goma sha biyu, daga sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas, daga goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin da huɗu. Ta ga halaye daban-daban, yanayin koyo, da kuma ci gaban ci gaban da ke aiki a kowane daga cikin wadannan jirage, ta kuma yi kira da a samar da hanyoyin da suka shafi ilimi a kowane lokaci. A cikin tsawon rayuwarta, Montessori ta kirkiro da hanyoyin karatun da kayan kayan jirgi na jirgi biyu na farko, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma ta yi rubutu da lectures game da jirage uku da na huxu. Mariya ta kirkiro wasu aji 4000 na Montessori a duk faɗin duniya kuma an fassara littattafarta cikin yaruka da yawa don horar da sababbin masu ilimi. An shigar da hanyoyin nata a cikin daruruwan makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Amurka.
Hanyar Montessori
Daya daga cikin ayyukan Montessori dayawa shine hanyar Montessori . Wannan hanya ce ta ilimi ga yara masu karamin karfi wanda ke karfafa ci gaban shirin yaro da iyawar halitta, musamman ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan hanyar ta ba yara damar haɓaka yadda suke so kuma ya samar wa masu ilimi sabbin fahimtar ci gaban yara. Littafin Montessori, The Montessori Hanyar, ya gabatar da hanya daki-daki. Malamai masu bin wannan ƙirar sun kafa mahalli na musamman don biyan bukatun ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɓaka shekaru uku masu tasowa: shekaru 2-2.5, shekaru 2.5-6, da kuma shekaru 6-12. Studentsaliban suna koyo ta hanyar ayyukan da suka shafi bincike, jan hankali, tsari, maimaitawa, ƙauracewa, da sadarwa. Malamai suna ƙarfafa yara a cikin shekaru biyu na farko don amfani da hankalinsu don ganowa da sarrafa kayan a cikin yanayin da suke ciki. Yara a ƙarshen zamani sunyi ma'amala tare da tsararren ra'ayi dangane da sabon ikon tunani, hangen nesa, da kerawa.
Ayyuka
Montessori ta buga littattafai da kasidu da kasidu da dama a lokacin rayuwarta, galibi cikin Italiyanci, amma wani lokacin farko a Turanci. A cewar Kramer, "manyan ayyukan da aka buga kafin shekarar 1920 ( The Montessori Hanyar, Pedagogical Anthropology, Advanced Montessori Method — spontaneous Aiki a Ilimi da Montessori Elementary Material ), an rubuta ta cikin Italiyanci sannan kuma aka fassara ta ƙarƙashin kulawarta." Koyaya, da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta daga baya an rubuto su ne daga laccocin ta, galibi a fassara, kuma daga baya ne aka buga su a littafin littattafai.
An ba da manyan ayyukan Montessori a nan saboda tsarinsu na farko, tare da manyan bita da fassara.
(1909) Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini
bita a cikin 1913, 1926, da 1935; Bita da sake magana a cikin 1950 a matsayin La Scoperta del bambino
(1912) Ingilishi na Turanci: Hanyar Montessori: Harshen Ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda ake Amfani da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara
(1948) Bita da haɓaka Ingilishi wanda aka bayar azaman The Discovery of the Yara
(1950) Aka sake fasalta kuma aka sake bugawa cikin Italiyanci kamar La Scoperta del bambino
(1910) Antropologia Pedagogica
(1913) Buga na Ingilishi: Pedagogical Anthropology
(1914) Littafin Jagora na kansa Dr. Montessori
(1921) Itace Italiyanci: Manuale di pedagogia kimiya
(1916) L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari
(1917) Buga na Ingilishi: Hanyar Advanced Montessori, Vol. Ni: Aiki Na Zamani A Ilimi; Fitowa II: The Montessori Elementary Material.
(1922) I bambini viventi nella Chiesa
(1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaron a cikin Ikilisiya, littafin farko na Maria Montessori game da dokar Ka'aba ta Katolika tun daga matsayin yarinyar.
(1923) Das Kind in der Familie (Jamusanci)
(1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaro a Iyali
(1936) Buga na Italiyanci: Il bambino a cikin famiglia
(1934) Psico Geométria (Mutanen Espanya)
(2011) Ingilishi na Turanci: Psychogeometry
(1934) Psico Aritmética
(1971) Buga na Italiyanci: Psicoaritmetica
(1936) L'Enfant (Faransa)
(1936) Buga na Ingilishi: Asirin Childan Yara
(1938) Il segreto dell'infanzia
(1948) De l'enfant à l'adolescent
(1948) Buga na Ingilishi: Daga Yarinya Zuwa Jariri
(1949) Dall'infanzia all'adolescenza
(1949) Educazione e taki
(1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Salama da Ilimi
(1949) Formazione dell'uomo
(1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Tsarin Mutum
(1949) Rashin Ingantaccen Zuciya
(1952) La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente
(1947) Ilimi don Sabon Duniya
(1970) Buga na Italiya: Educazione per un mondo nuovo
(1947) Domin Ilmantar da Abubuwan Dan Adam
(1970) Buga na Italiyanci: Ku zo educare il potenziale umano
Manazarta
citations |
32930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Jeanvier | Julian Jeanvier | Julian Marc Jeanvier (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brentford Premier League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea. Ya tashi zuwa matsayi tare da Reims, kafin ya shiga Brentford a cikin shekarar 2018.
Aikin kulob
Shekaru na farko da Nancy
Dan wasan tsakiya, Jeanvier ya fara aikinsa a shekara ta 2000 tare da kulob din US Clichy-sur-Seine. Ya koma L'Entente SSG a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma ya horar da lokaci guda a Clairefontaine, kafin ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a Nancy a shekarar 2008. Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar ajiyar kuma ya buga wasanni 54 kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin Championnat de France Amateur tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2013. Nadin tsohon shugaban matasa Patrick Gabriel a matsayin manajan kungiyar farko a tsakiyar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013 Ligue 1 kakar ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 10 tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu shekara ta 2013. Ya ki amincewa da tayin sabon kwantiragin shekaru biyu kuma ya bar Stade Marcel Picot a ƙarshen kakar 2012 zuwa 2013.
Lille
Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 1 kulob din Lille kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a kakar wasa ta 2013. Bayan Simon Kjær, Marko Baša, David Rozehnal da Adama Soumaoro a cikin tsarin tsaron tsakiya na tsakiya, ya kasance gaba daya daga cikin kocin René Girard, wanda ya maye gurbin Rudi Garcia jim kadan bayan zuwan Jeanvier a Stade Pierre- Mauroy. A maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ajiyar kuma ya ciyar da lokutan 2014–15 da 2015–16 akan aro a Mouscron-Péruwelz da Red Star bi da bi. Ya kasa buga wasan farko na kungiyar kuma ya bar kungiyar a watan Agusta 2016.
Reims
A watan Agusta 2016, Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 2 don shiga Reims. Ya kafa kansa a cikin jerin farawa kuma an zabe shi a cikin UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year a ƙarshen lokutan 2016–17 da 2017–18. Jeanvier ya samu nasara a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar zuwa gasar Ligue 2 da ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1. Ya bar Stade Auguste-Delaune a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni 67 kuma ya ci wa kulob din kwallaye biyar.
Brentford
A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2018, Jeanvier ya koma Ingila don shiga kulob din Championship Brentford kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ana hasashen zai zama fam miliyan 1.8. Ya zura kwallo a raga a kowane wasa biyu na farko a kulob din, wanda ya zo a farkon zagaye na gasar cin kofin EFL, amma raunin kafar da ya ji a watan Oktoba 2018 ya sa ba zai yi jinyar watanni biyu ba. Rashin kasancewar Chris Mepham da sabon kocin Thomas Frank na 'yan wasan baya uku ya ga Jeanvier ya ci nasara a farkon dawowar sa a watan Disamba 2018 kuma ya kasance mai farawa na kusa har zuwa karshen kakar 2018-19.
Duk da kasancewarsa a bayan Pontus Jansson da Ethan Pinnock a cikin tsari lokacin da ko wanne ya kasance, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 27 kuma ya zira kwallo daya a kakar 2019–20, amma bai fito ba yayin yakin neman zaben Bees da bai yi nasara ba. Bayan sanya hannu kan Charlie Goode a lokacin bazara na 2020 ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba da raguwa a kan tsari, ya bar filin wasa na Community a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020. Ya sha fama da raunin ligament na gaba a cikin Oktoba 2020 kuma kodayake ba zai cancanci yin wasa ba idan ya dace, Brentford ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar Premier bayan nasara a gasar cin kofin zakarun gasar ta 2021.
An haɗa Jeanvier a cikin 'yan wasan 25 na Brentford na Premier League na kakar 2021-22 kuma zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba 2021, ya dawo horon da ba a tuntube shi ba. Ya dawo wasansa na rashin gasa tare da Brentford B a ƙarshen watan Maris 2022. A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2022, rashin lafiya da Pontus Jansson ya yi fama da shi ya ga Jeanvier mai suna a cikin tawagar ranar wasa a karon farko tun 2020 na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin nasarar Premier 2-0 a kan West Ham United. Ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin kara wasa biyar kafin karshen kakar wasannin Premier kuma an sake shi lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya kare. A tsawon shekaru hudu tare da Brentford, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 58 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida.
Kasımpaşa (Lamuni)
A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020, Jeanvier ya koma kungiyar Kasımpaşa ta Süper Lig ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar 2020-21 A ƙarshen Oktoba 2020, bayan ya yi bayyanuwa huɗu, ya sami raunin raunin jijiya na gaba mai ƙarewa.
Ayyukan kasa
Jeanvier ya kasance memba a tawagar Faransa U18 wadda ta zo ta biyu a gasar Copa del Atlántico ta 2010, amma ya kasa samun nasara. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da Gambia ta doke su da ci 1-0 a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 2019 kuma ya buga wasa daya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019. Masu bi shekaru daga gasar kasa da kasa, Jeanvier an sake kiransa cikin tawagar don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2023 a watan Yunin 2022.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Jeanvier a Faransa kuma dan asalin Guinea ne da kuma Guadeloupean. Mahaifinsa kuma dan kwallon kafa ne kuma ya buga wa Red Star wasa. Yana auren wata ‘yar kasar Guinea kuma yana da fasfo din kasar Guinea.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Reims
Ligue 2 : 2017-18
Mutum
Kungiyar UNFP ta Ligue 2 ta bana : 2016–17, 2017–18
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Julian Jeanvier a brentfordfc.com
Julian Jeanvier
Julian Jeanvier
Julian Jeanvier
Julian Jeanvier
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35768 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens%20County%2C%20South%20Carolina | Pickens County, South Carolina | Yankin Pickens yana yankin arewa maso yamma na jihar South Carolina ta Amurka. Yana cikin Upstate SC. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, yawanta ya kai 131,404. Wurin zama na gundumar Pickens. An ƙirƙiri gundumar a 1826. Yana daga cikin Greenville - Anderson - Mauldin, SC Metropolitan Area Statistical Area.
Tarihi
Pickens County wani yanki ne na yankin mahaifar Cherokee har sai bayan juyin juya halin Amurka. Cherokee ya yi kawance da Birtaniya, yana fatan samun korar turawa-Amurka mazauna daga ƙasashensu. Amma sun sha kaye a yakin cikin gida na juyin juya halin Musulunci tare da tilasta musu mika filayensu a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban.
Wannan tsohon yankin Cherokee an haɗa shi a cikin gundumar shari'a ta tasa'in da shida na sabuwar jiha. A cikin 1791 majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa gundumar Washington, yankin shari'a wanda ya ƙunshi gundumomin Greenville, Anderson, Pickens, da Oconee na yanzu (ba a shirya ƙarshen ba sai 1868); a lokacin kuma ya haɗa da gundumar Pendleton.
Tituna don kujerar gunduma da gidan kotu na Pickensville (kusa da Easley na yau) an kashe su. Sabbin gine-ginen ƙila sun haɗa da babban otal na katako, wanda ya zama wurin tsayawa koci . A cikin 1798 An raba gundumar Washington zuwa gundumomin Greenville da Pendleton. Ƙarshen ya haɗa da abin da ƙarshe ya zama gundumar Anderson, Oconee, da Pickens. Bayan da aka gina sabon gidan kotu a Pendleton don saukar da Kotun Janar Sessions da Pleas na gama-gari, Pickensville ya fara raguwa.
Dangane da karuwar yawan jama'a da ƙarancin wuraren sufuri a gundumar Pendleton, majalisa ta raba ta zuwa gundumomi a cikin 1826. Amma bayan shekara guda, an yanke shawarar kafa gundumomi na shari'a maimakon haka. Dokar ta fara aiki a 1828. Ƙarƙashin ɓangaren ya zama Anderson da Pickens na sama, mai suna don girmama Birgediya Janar Andrew Pickens na juyin juya halin Amurka. Gidansa, Hopewell, yana kan iyakar kudancin gundumar. An kafa kotuna a gabar yamma na Kogin Keowee, kuma wani karamin gari mai suna Pickens Court House nan da nan ya ci gaba a nan. Tun 1825, John C. Calhoun ya yi gidansa a cikin abin da ya zama Pickens County, a Fort Hill, wanda ya zama tushen abin da Jami'ar Clemson za ta girma daga baya.
Ya zuwa 1860 Gundumar Pickens tana da yawan mutane sama da 19,000, waɗanda kashi 22 cikin ɗari sun kasance bayi Baƙin Amurkawa . Gundumar ta kasance yankunan karkara da noma, tare da auduga mafi mahimmancin amfanin gona. Ƙananan masana'anta sun ƙunshi manyan injinan katako, kayan girki, da wasu ƴan shagunan da ke samar da kayayyaki don amfanin gida. Cocin Furotesta na gundumar suna da yawa, amma makarantu kaɗan ne. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Blue Ridge ta isa gundumar a cikin Satumba 1860. An sami 'yan gwagwarmayar dakaru kadan a lokacin yakin basasa, amma an yi wa gundumar ganima akai-akai ta hanyar 'yan fashi da 'yan gudun hijira wadanda ke gangarowa daga tsaunuka.
Bayan yakin basasa don gabatarwa
Bayan yakin, yankin ya kasance babu kowa. Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Kudancin Carolina na 1868, taron a lokacin shekarar farko na sake gina Majalisa, ya canza sunan "gundumar" zuwa "county" a ko'ina cikin jihar. Taron ya kuma shirya gundumar Oconee, daga wani yanki na gundumar Pickens da ke yamma da kogin Keowee da Seneca, da wani ƙaramin yanki da ke kusa da kadarori na Fort Hill wanda a da na ɗan majalisa ne John C. Calhoun . A cikin 1960s, wannan ƙaramin yanki na kusa da kadarar Calhoun an canza shi zuwa gundumar Pickens.
An gina sabon gidan kotu na gundumar Pickens a wurin da yake yanzu. Yawancin mazauna Old Pickens, a kan Kogin Keowee, sun ƙaura zuwa sabon garin da aka ƙirƙira, wasu sun ƙaura da gidajensu da aka rushe. Asarar yankin Oconee ya rage yawan jama'ar gundumar Pickens sosai. Bai sake kai 19,000 ba sai 1900.
An haɓaka haɓakar gundumar ta hanyar ginin layin dogo na Atlanta da Charlotte Air Line (daga baya ake kira Kudancin Railway ) a cikin 1870s. Garin Easley, mai suna Janar WK Easley, an yi hayarsa a cikin 1874. Garuruwan Liberty da Central sun taso tare da layin dogo kusan lokaci guda kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa su. Calhoun (yanzu wani ɓangare na Clemson ) an kafa shi a cikin 1890s, wanda za a bi shi a farkon 1900 ta shida Mile da Norris a matsayin yankunan da aka haɗa.
Babban abin da ya haifar da ci gaban gundumar Pickens shine haɓaka masana'antar masaku ta yanki, wanda tun da farko an kafa shi a New England da New York . An kafa injin auduga na zamani na farko na gundumar, wanda DK Norris da sauransu suka shirya, a Cateechee a cikin 1895. A shekara ta 1900 gundumar ta yi alfahari da masana'antar auduga uku, titin jirgin kasa guda biyu, bankuna uku, injinan nadi uku, injinan katako 37, injina guda goma, da bulo hudu.
Duk da haka har zuwa 1940, tare da yawan jama'a 37,000 (kashi 13.2 baƙar fata), gundumar ta kasance da farko ta karkara da noma. Kamar sauran kananan hukumomin Piedmont, Pickens yana da tattalin arzikin amfanin gona guda ɗaya. Jama'arta sun shagaltu sosai wajen noman auduga ko kera ta zuwa yadi. Wani gagarumin sauyi a yankin Pickens shine zuwan manyan tituna da aka shimfida; wanda aka kammala a fadin lardin, kimanin 1930, ya gudu daga Greenville zuwa Walhalla ta hanyar Easley, Liberty, da Tsakiya.
Abubuwan da suka fi girma a tarihin gundumar sun faru tun yakin duniya na biyu. Ya zuwa 1972 akwai masana'antun masana'antu 99 a cikin gundumar, suna ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 15,000 kuma suna samar da ba kawai kayan sakawa ba har ma da sauran kayayyaki iri-iri. Yawan jama'a a yau an kiyasta su zama mazauna 93,894. Sabbin mazauna yankin na ci gaba da samun sha'awar gundumar Pickens saboda yanayinta, damar masana'antu, kusancin kasuwar ƙwadago ta Greenville, da kyawun gani.
Geography
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, gundumar tana da jimillar yanki na , wanda ya ƙasa ce da (3.1%) ruwa ne. Gundumar kuma ta ƙunshi mafi girman yanayin yanayi a South Carolina, Dutsen Sassafras, tare da tsayin ƙafa 3560 (1085 m). Park Rock State Park (South Carolina) yana cikin gundumar Pickens.
Pickens County yana cikin kwandon kogin Savannah, kwarin kogin Saluda, da kuma babban kogin Faransa.
Jiha da yankuna / wuraren kariya
Point Cateechee: Wurin Lantarki na Pickens
Gidan Tarihi na Hagood Mill
Jocassee Gorge Wilderness Area
Keowee-Toxaway State Park
Long Shoals Roadside Park
Meadow Falls
Dajin Times tara
Ajiye sau tara
Dutsen Pinnacle
Poe Creek State Forest
Tashar Rock State Park
Wurin Nishaɗin Mile Goma Sha Biyu
Gundumomi masu kusa
Transylvania County, North Carolina – arewa
Yankin Greenville – gabas
Yankin Anderson – kudu
Yankin Oconee – yamma
Lake Hartwell
Lake Jocassee
Lake Keowee
Kogin Keowee
Kudancin Saluda River
Tafkin Dutsen Tebur
Manyan manyan hanyoyi
Sauran manyan abubuwan more rayuwa
Filin jirgin saman Pickens County
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 110,757, gidaje 41,306, da iyalai 28,459 da ke zaune a cikin gundumar. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 223 a kowace murabba'in mil (86/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 46,000 a matsakaicin yawa na 93 a kowace murabba'i mil (36/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na gundumar ya kasance 90.27% Fari, 6.82% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 0.16% Ba'amurke, 1.16% Asiya, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.70% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.85% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. 1.70% na yawan jama'ar Hispanic ne ko Latino na kowace kabila. 27.9% na Amurkawa ne, 11.8% Ingilishi, 11.6% Irish, 10.3% Jamusanci da 5.0% zuriyar Scotch-Irish bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2000 .
Akwai gidaje 41,306, daga cikinsu kashi 31.20% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 55.60% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.40% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 31.10% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 23.30% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 8.20% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.50 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.95.
A cikin gundumar, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 22.30% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 17.50% daga 18 zuwa 24, 27.60% daga 25 zuwa 44, 21.20% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 11.40% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 33. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 99.60. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 98.20.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin gundumar shine $36,214, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $44,507. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $31,795 sabanin $22,600 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na lardin shine $17,434. Kimanin kashi 7.80% na iyalai da 13.70% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 12.20% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 11.70% na waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka.
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar jama'ar Amurka ta 2010, akwai 119,224 mutane, 45,228 gidaje, da 29,540 iyalai da ke zaune a cikin gundumar. Yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 51,244 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na gundumar ya kasance 88.7% fari, 6.6% baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, 1.6% Asiya, 0.2% Indiyawan Amurka, 1.4% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.5% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Wadanda suka fito daga asalin Hispanic ko Latino sun kasance kashi 3.1% na yawan jama'a. Ta fuskar zuriya,
Daga cikin 45,228 gidaje, 30.0% suna da yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 suna zaune tare da su, 50.0% ma'auratan da ke zaune tare, 10.8% suna da mace mai gida da babu miji, 34.7% ba dangi bane, kuma kashi 25.2% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance. na daidaikun mutane. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.48 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.95. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 34.9.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin gundumar shine $41,898 kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $53,911. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $41,615 sabanin $31,464 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na lardin shine $20,647. Kimanin kashi 8.9% na iyalai da 16.6% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 18.3% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 7.8% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
ƙidayar 2020
Dangane da ƙidayar Amurka ta 2020, akwai mutane 131,404, gidaje 48,203, da iyalai 31,630 da ke zaune a cikin gundumar.
Ilimi
Gundumomin makaranta
Gundumar Makarantun Pickens ta sami matsayi mafi girma a cikin jihar tare da maƙiyan fayyace "A-" daga Binciken Sunshine .
Makarantu
Kwalejoji da jami'o'i
Jami'ar Clemson
Jami'ar Kudancin Wesleyan
Laburaren jama'a
Pickens County yana aiki ne ta Tsarin Laburare na gundumar Pickens, mai hedkwata a Easley, tare da dakunan karatu na reshe hudu a cikin gundumar.
Tsaron jama'a
'Yan sanda
Ofishin Sheriff na Pickens County shi ne mafi girman hukumar tabbatar da doka a cikin gundumar, kuma yana ba da sabis ga duk wuraren da ba a haɗa su ba na gundumar, ƙungiyoyin jama'a ba tare da sashen 'yan sanda ba, kuma yana iya taimakawa sashen 'yan sanda na birni ko na gari bisa buƙatar sashe. Ofishin sheriff ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan umarni, sashin tallafi na gudanarwa, sashin sintiri na uniform, sashin bincike, da sashin sabis na shari'a. A cikin wadannan rukunan akwai rukunin sintiri na uniform, limamin coci, na musamman wadanda abin ya shafa, sashin laifin jima'i, sashin bincike, sashin ayyuka na musamman, sashin bincike na gaba daya, sashin tilastawa dabbobi, sashin jami'an albarkatun makaranta, sashin sabis na wadanda aka azabtar, sashin sintiri na ruwa, jirgin sama. naúrar, K-9, ƙungiyar ma'auni na ƙwararru, sashin tsarin farar hula, sashin horo, sashin rikodin, sashin sadarwa, sashin tsarewa, sashin sufuri, sashin tsaro na kotu, ƙungiyar ayyukan al'umma, da ƙungiyar makamai da dabaru na musamman. Ofishin sheriff yana da hedikwata ne a cibiyar tilasta doka ta gundumar Pickens a Pickens. Wurin da ake tsare da mutane na gundumar Pickens wurin tsayawa ne shi kaɗai a cikin Pickens wanda kuma ofishin sheriff ke gudanarwa. Ofishin Sheriff yana da jimillar ma'aikata 199 na cikakken lokaci da na ɗan lokaci. Sheriff na yanzu shine Rick Clark.
Ofishin 'yan sanda na birnin Easley ita ce hukuma ta biyu mafi girma ta tilasta bin doka a cikin gundumar, kuma tana ba da ayyukanta ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin iyakokin garin Easley. Sashen ya ƙunshi sashin gudanarwa, sashin sintiri na uniform, da sashin bincike. Akwai jami’an ‘yan sanda 42 da farar hula 3 da ke aiki a sashen. Sashen yana da hedikwata a Cibiyar Tilasta Doka ta Easley a cikin garin Easley. Shugaban ‘yan sanda na yanzu Stan Whitten.
Ofishin 'yan sanda na birnin Pickens yana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin iyakar garin Pickens. Sashen yana da hedikwata a ofishin 'yan sanda na Pickens kusa da tashar kashe gobara ta Pickens. Shugaban 'yan sanda na yanzu shine Randall Beach.
Ofishin 'yan sanda na birnin Clemson yana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin iyakar Clemson. Sashen yana da hedikwata a Cibiyar Tilastawa Doka ta Clemson. Shugaban ‘yan sanda na yanzu Jimmy Dixon.
Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta birnin Liberty tana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin iyakokin birni na 'Yanci. Sashen yana da hedikwata a Liberty Town Hall a cikin garin Liberty. Shugaban ‘yan sandan na yanzu shi ne Adam Gilstrap.
Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Tsakiya tana ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin iyakar garin ta Tsakiya. Sashen ya ƙunshi babban jami'in 'yan sanda, sajan mai bincike, sajan horo, jami'ai biyar, da mai ba da shawara/mataimaki na gudanarwa. Babban hedkwatar sashen yana cikin tsakiyar gari.
Sashen 'yan sanda na Jami'ar Clemson yana ba da sabis ga harabar Jami'ar Clemson. Shugaban ‘yan sanda na yanzu Greg Mullen.
The South Carolina Highway Patrol yana ba da sabis a kan dukkan hanyoyi, manyan tituna, da manyan titunan jaha a cikin gundumar. Akwai bariki guda ɗaya na SCHP a cikin gundumar Pickens, Post B, waɗanda ke hidima ga gundumomin Oconee da Pickens. Post B yana ƙarƙashin SCHP Troop 3. (Yankin Oconee/Pickens/Anderson/Greenville/Spartanburg)
Tsaron wutab
Babu sashen kashe gobara a fadin lardin, amma al'ummomi da dama a cikin gundumar suna kula da nasu sashen kashe gobara.
Siyasa
Pickens County yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan farko na Kudancin Carolina don juya 'yan Republican . Ya tafi Republican duka amma sau biyu tun 1952, kuma a kowane lokaci tun 1980. Nasarar da Jimmy Carter ya samu a 1976 shine karo na karshe da dan Democrat ya samu ko da kashi 40 cikin dari na kuri'un gundumar. Duk da haka, 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun rike mafi yawan ofisoshin jihohi da na gida da kyau a cikin 1990s.
Tun daga 2000, ita ce mafi yawan lardin Republican a cikin jihar, tare da GOP yana ɗaukar kashi 70+ na kuri'un kowane lokaci. A shekarar 2008, ita ce karamar hukuma a jihar da ta bai wa John McCain sama da kashi 70% na kuri'un da aka kada.
Al'umma
Garuruwa
Clemson (wani sashi a gundumar Anderson )
Eastley (birni mafi girma, wani ɓangare a gundumar Anderson )
'Yanci
Pickens (wurin zama)
Garuruwa
Tsakiya
Norris
Shida Mile
Wuraren ƙidayar jama'a
Arial
Kateechee
Jami'ar Clemson
Dacusville
Al'ummomin da ba su da haɗin kai
Fitattun mutane
Bobby Baker, scandal-plagued Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate until 1963
Charles H. Barker, awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War
Benjy Bronk, in-studio joke writer and on-air persona for the Howard Stern Show
John C. Calhoun, influential politician of the first half of the nineteenth century
DeAndre Hopkins, wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL (suspended for banned use of PEDs)
Shoeless Joe Jackson, baseball player, born July 16, 1888; closely associated with the Black Sox Scandal in 1919
Stanley Morgan, former NFL wide receiver who played for the New England Patriots; was born in Easley on February 17, 1955; member of the New England Patriots Hall of Fame
Ray Robinson Williams, blind lawyer and state senator
Sam Wyche, former NFL football player and coach, resident
Duba kuma
Jerin kananan hukumomi a South Carolina
Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Pickens County, South Carolina
Kudancin Carolina State Parks
Jerin dazuzzukan jihar Carolina ta Kudu
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
I Economic Development Alliance of Pickens County
Geographic data related to Pickens County, South Carolina at OpenStreetMap
Pickens County Sheriff's Office
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e-ya%C6%99en%20Adamawa | Yaƙe-yaƙen Adamawa | Yaƙe-yaƙen na Adamawa a alif dari takwas da casa'in da tara (1899-zuwa alif dari tara da bakwai 1907) da kuma farko jerin balaguro ne na soja da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Schutztruppe na Jamusawa a Kamerun da jihohin Fula Sunni Musulmai da kabilun da ke wani yanki na Daular Sakkwato (Kalifancin da aka kafa a lokacin Jihadin Fulani). musamman Masarautar Adamawa da ke arewacin rabin yankin. Bayan waɗannan yankuna an haɗasu babban juriya ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru kuma tarzoma da yawa sun faru.
Yaƙi
Yankunan da ke arewacin ɓangaren Kamerun da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Jamusawa (German control) kai tsaye sun kasance ɗayan Daular Sakkwato ko ta Bornu, waɗanda tare da Daular Usmaniyya su ne ƙasashen da suka rage a zamanin Halifofin. Yayin da kuma karfin Bornu ya yi rauni bayan mamayar ta na wani lokaci da jagoran yakin Sudan din Rabih az-Zubayr, Sakkwato ta kasance tana nan daram. Sakkwato masarauta ce ta Musulunci wacce ke iko da masarautu masarautu kai tsaye, mafi girma shine Adamawa. A shekara ta 1890 Adamawa ta faɗi saboda saboda yadda ƙasashen waje suka haɗa kansu a gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar yadda wata ƙasa ta Mahdis ta ɓullo a cikin Masarautar, kuma tana da kan iyakokin da ke da alaƙa da iƙirarin mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa a yankin, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da bijirewa a yankin kiwo.
Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da siyasa Jamusawa sun himmatu don fadada mulkin mallaka zuwa Adamawa, don haka aka fara balaguron binciken yankin don fara binciken, da niyyar ƙarshe kwace shi da ƙarfi. Koyaya har zuwa shekarar 1898 har ilayau Jamusawa sun fi mai da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe na Bafut, suna ƙoƙarin cinyewa da sasanta sarakunan masarauta na tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Kamerun, maimakon yaɗuwa arewa maso gabas.
Balaguron Tibati
Balaguron soja na fadada Kamerun na Jamus zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sahel, a karkashin hujjar kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Musulunci a yankin, ya kuma fara ne cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1899, tare da Schutztruppe karkashin umarnin Kyaftin Oltwig von Kamptz ya bar Douala don arewa don subutar da masarautar Tibati a kudancin Adamawa. Tibati ya yi tsayin daka sosai, kuma ƙabilar Bulu da ke tsohuwar iyakar kudancin Adamawa ta tashi cikin tawaye, mayaƙan Bulu suka yi tattaki zuwa Kribi da ke bakin teku suka rusa aikin Katolika a can. Sai bayan da aka kara yawan sojoji a cikin yankin da kuma kamfe mai tsanani wanda ya kai har zuwa shekarar 1901 sannan aka sami kwanciyar hankali a yankin kuma aka kame Tibati Sultan, fada ta kama fadarsa.
Nasara da Filato na Adamawa
A lokacin rani na shekarar 1901 duk da rikice-rikicen da suka gabata tare da Masarautar, Laftanar Hans Dominik an umurce shi da ya sadu da Sarki don cimma yarjejeniya kan yankunan da ake fafatawa da su da kuma tunanin mayar da Adamawa ta zama kariyar mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa, kamar yadda Jamus ta yi ikirarin duk yankin tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma yin balaguro zuwa arewa mai nisa. Koyaya, yin watsi da umarni daga gwamna , Kanar kawo Schutztruppe nasa daga yamma ya mamaye Adamawa, ya mamaye garin Ngaoundéré a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta Ganin damar da suka samu na neman kasonsu na Masarautar, sai Turawan Ingila suka tura runduna karkashin Kanar Thomas Morland daga Najeriya don kai hari da mamaye Yola a watan Satumba, wanda ya sa Sarki Zubairu ya gudu daga babban birninta. Dominik tare da rundunarsa sun yi yaƙi a can hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Ngaoundéré inda suka haɗa kai da sojojin Clausbruch kafin su kai hari a ƙetaren Kogin Benuwe suka kame garin Garoua. Daya daga cikin masu mulkin Fula da ke adawa da ci gaban Jamusawa (kamar galibin sahabbansa) shi ne Mal Hammadou, wanda Jamusawan suka lalata sojojinsa. Laftanar Radke, wanda ke jagorantar runduna ta mutane 47, ya yi tattaki zuwa babban birnin Hammadou na Rei Buba a watan Nuwamba, kuma ya auka wa wata runduna mai ƙarfi ta Fulani a wani wuri da ke bayan garin, kusan rasa yaƙin, amma yana iya yin nasara da hanyar abokan gaba zuwa cajin bayoneti na ƙarshe kafin tafiya akan Rei Buba kanta. Harbe-harbe sun mamaye babban birnin Hammadou kafin a kamo shi, lamarin da ya sa ya gudu. Jamusawa sun maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban gida (mai riƙe da taken Ardo) da Bouba Djama.
Agaji
Zubairu ya kuma je neman tallafi a Sakkwato kuma ya dawo da dakaru masu yawa na Fulanin doki da na dakaru, sannan kuma ya nemi tallafi daga kungiyar Mahadist a Adamawa, ba abokin gaba ga Sarki ba tun bayan rasuwar Hayutu bn Said a shekarar 1892, kuma wanene tausayawa da kiran da Sarkin ya yi na jihadi a kan maharan na Jamus. Koyaya, masu ba da labari sun gaya wa Jamusawan shirin na Zubairu, duk da wannan, Jamusawan sun so yin tattaunawar sulhu a Garoua da amfani da Zubairu a matsayin yar tsana, suna ba shi damar ci gaba da mulki saboda taimakon da ya samu a kan sauran masarautu da masarautu a Sokoto. Maimakon haka sai Sarkin ya kaiwa Garoua hari da karfi sosai a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1901. Duk da haka an ci Zubairu da fatattaka, rundunarsa ta yi hasarar kusan mutum 300. Gudu ya yi zuwa Maroua, Zubairu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da wata runduna, amma Laftana Dominik ya jagoranci wasu ƙananan rundunonin Schutztruppe suna bi. A yanke hukunci wata rundunar fulanin dawakai ta Fulani karkashin jagorancin Zubairu da Ahmadou Rufai, tare da goyon bayan masu goyon bayan Mahadist, Schutztruppe ya sake kayar da su, duk da cewa Zubairu da Rufai sun sake tserewa.
Bayan yaki
Bayan Yaƙin a Maroua, Zubairu da magoya bayansa da yawa sun tsere zuwa cikin tsaunukan Mandara da ke zurfafa zuwa Daular Sakkwato. Hans Dominik ya sa aka kashe sarkin Fulanin yankin Bakari Yadji saboda taimakawa Zubairu tserewa a wannan yankin zuwa Madagali, kuma aka sanya ɗansa Hamman a matsayin mai mulkin yankin. Tare da fatattakar sojoji da kuma fitar da Zubairu a matsayin wanda ya mallaki Fulanin a siyasance da siyasa a Adamawa, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta hade yankin daga Sakkwato, ta katse dangantakar da ke tarihi da cibiyar Fulani a Yola sannan ta maye gurbinsu da alaka da kujerar ikon zama Garoua a matsayin sabuwar cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1902 Sultan Umar na Mandara ya yi mubaya'a ga Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II na kasar Jamus, kuma a farkon watan Mayun shekarar 1902 wani balaguro ya isa gefen kudancin tafkin Chadi. Duk da cewa yana gudun hijira Zubairu ya aika wakilai don ɗaukar fansa a kan Jamusawa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1903 daya daga cikin mukarrabansa, Yerima Mustapha, ya shirya haduwa sannan ya kashe Bajamushe mazaunin Maroua, Graf Fugger, da wata kwaryar guba, wanda ya sa Dominik tsunduma cikin tsananin mamayar garin. Zubairu da kansa an kashe shi a ƙarshen wannan shekarar ta hanyar abokan hamayyarsa na kabilanci a Biritaniya ta Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1903 Jamus da Birtaniyya suka raba yankin bisa hukuma, wanda ya biyo bayan yadda aka kawo karshen Khalifanci na Sakkwato. Wannan ya kafa cikakken ikon Jamusanci na arewacin Kamerun har zuwa gabar tafkin Chadi a cikin Bornu.
Tsagaitawa
Tsakanin shekarar 1903 da shekarar 1907 al'amura sun lafa a sassan tsohuwar Kalifancin Sokoto da Schutztruppe ya mamaye. Koyaya a karkashin mulkin Jamusawa Musulmai sun ga ta kansu a kan kare addininsu, kuma an sami gagarumar tawaye a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1907.
Bayan aikin hajji a Makka, Mal Alhadji ya dawo zuwa arewacin Kamerun, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Malam (masanin ilimin addinin Kur'ani) Liman Arabu, ya fara wa'azin Mahadiyya a ko'ina cikin Adamawa. A watan Yuni ya fara tawayen Mahdist da ke adawa da mulkin Jamusa a kusa da Maroua, yana mai cewa an nada shi ne don ya isar da su ga Mahadi daga mulkin mallaka da kuma daga sarakunan Musulmai masu biyayya ga daular Jamus, girka kansa a Goudoum- Goudoum, ƙungiya daga Fulani da Larabawa shuwa a cikin arewa mai nisa. A lokaci guda, Goni Waday, wani Mahdist wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi Makka, ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a Ngaoundéré bayan ya tattara goyon baya tare da huɗubarsa masu daɗin jihadi daga Masallatan garin don korar Kiristocin Jamusawa da maido da tsohuwar halifanci.
Mal Alhadji ya koma arewa don kayar da Schutztruppe, yana ƙona ƙauyukan da ake ganin masu haɗin gwiwa ne da Turawa a kan hanyar. A farkon watan Yulin da ya gabata sojojin Mahdist sun kai hari a sansanin Jamusawa da ke Malam-Petel (wanda Capt ya ba da umarnin. Zimmermann), amma nan da nan suka gamu da harbe-harbe, kuma bayan asara mai yawa dole su ja da baya. Zimarfin Zimmermann ya bi Alhadji, suka kama shi a Doumru. Jamusawan sun ba da Alhadji ga mai mulkin yankin Maroua, Lamido Soudi, kuma an fille kansa a bainar jama'a a cikin kasuwar Maroua tare da wasu abokan aikinsa. Jamusawan sun kashe Malam Arabu saboda ya taka rawar gani a tawayen Alhadji. A halin yanzu, mai mulkin Ngaoundéré, ya damu da ramuwar gayya daga Jamusanci, ya kori Waday da 'yan tawayen sa daga yankin sa. Waday da mabiyansa sun yanke shawarar zuwa arewa zuwa Garoua da nufin kame shi. Sun tsallaka Kogin Benuwe zuwa kudu maso gabashin garin Garoua, sai rundunar ta Fulani ta rufe. Schutztruppe sun tura runduna a karkashin Laftanar Nitschmann zuwa Guébaké, inda a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 1907, suka yi wa Fulanin kwanton bauna zuwa Garoua. An yiwa Gaday ruwan wuta da bindiga kuma an kashe shi, kuma Mahdists na baya ne kawai suka tsere wa kwanto. A watan Agusta shekarar 1907, an murkushe 'yan tawayen da ke arewacin Adamawa, wanda ya kawo karshen tawayen. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tawaye Jamusawa suka tara shugabannin Fulanin da suka goyi bayan Gaday suka rataye su a Garoua. Saboda Alhadji da Gaday sun dawo daga aikin Hajji kwanan nan, an sanya takunkumi kuma mahajjata zuwa Makka sun sami izini kafin.
Tare da kawo karshen rikicin Mahdist na Adamawa da dukkan Kamerun za su ga kwanciyar hankali har zuwa Kamerun Kamfen na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.
Majiya
Martin Njeuma: Tsarin Usmanuya, Tsattsauran ra'ayi da Kafuwar Mulkin Mallaka na Jamusawa a Arewacin Kamaru, 1890-1907, Frobenius 1994
Florian Hoffmann: Okkupation und Militärverwaltung a cikin Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891-1919, Göttingen 2007
Hans Dominik: Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee: Kriegs- und Forschungsfahrten a Kamerun, Harvard 1908
Holger Weiss: Cinikin Haramtacciyar Kasuwa a cikin bayi daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru ta Arewa zuwa Biritaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya, Wisconsin 2000
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
19045 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci na nufin zamantakewa - tattalin arziki siyasa da cigaba. Manufarta ita ce ta kafa tsarin zamantakewar jama'a inda masana'antu da gonaki ke raba mutane, kuma ba za su sami masu mulki ko kuɗi ba .
A cewar marubutan kwaminisanci da masu tunani, manufar kwaminisanci ita ce samar da al’umma marassa ƙasa, mara aji kuma kawo ƙarshen jari hujja . Masu tunanin kwaminisanci sun yi imanin cewa hakan na iya faruwa idan mutane suka karɓi ikon masu iko (rukunin masu mulki, waɗanda ke da masana'antu da gonaki) tare da kuma kafa ikon ma'aikaci na hanyoyin samarwa (masana'antu da gonaki).
Kwaminisanci ba ya ƙin son kai. Koyaya, ya kuma ce yanke shawara ya kamata ya zama mai kyau ga yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya, maimakon kawai ya kasance mai kyau ga ƙalilan mutane a cikin ƙasar.
Tun daga shekara ta 1992, akwai sauran ƙasashe guda biyar da suka rage bisa mulki bisa aƙidar gurguzu. Huɗu daga cikin waɗannan suna bin nau'ikan salon shugabanci daban-daban - Vietnam, China, Cuba da Laos . Na biyar, Koriya ta Arewa, yanzu a hukumance yana bin Juche, wanda ke iƙirarin zama mafi kyawun sigar Markisanci-Leniyanci. Koriya ta Arewa ta kira kanta Marxist-Leninist kafin 1991. Yawancin al'ummomi da yawa sun watsar da Markisanci a wancan lokacin saboda yawancin mutane suna tsammanin ya gaza. A lokuta da dama akidar Karl Marx gwamnatocin fadi zuwa mulkin, salla talauci, tattalin arziki auka da kuma tashin hankali, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, misali.
Wasu sanannun mutane waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwaminisanci sun haɗa da Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, da Leon Trotsky .
Tarihi
A cikin 1848, Karl H. Marx da Friedrich Engels ya rubuta Manifesto na Kwaminisanci . Ya kasance gajeren littafi ne mai mahimman ra'ayoyin kwaminisanci. Yawancin yawancin 'yan gurguzu da' yan gurguzu a yau suna amfani da wannan littafin don taimaka musu fahimtar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin wadanda ba 'yan kwaminis ba suna karanta shi, koda kuwa ba su yarda da duk abin da ke ciki ba.
Karl Marx ya ce idan har al'umma za ta canza zuwa tsarin rayuwar kwaminisanci, dole ne a samu wani lokaci na canji. A wannan lokacin, maaikatan zasu mulki al'umma. Marx ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar gogewar taron Paris na 1870, lokacin da ma'aikatan Paris suka mamaye garin biyo bayan fatattakar Sojojin Faransa da Sojojin Prussia . Ya zaci cewa wannan m gwaninta ya fi muhimmanci fiye da msar tambayar ra'ayoyi na daban-daban m kungiyoyin.
Ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa suna son ra'ayin Marx. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, akwai wata kungiyar gurguzu a duniya da ake kira Social Democracy . Ra'ayoyinsa ne suka rinjayi shi. Sun ce ma’aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban suna da kusanci da juna fiye da yadda ma’aikatan suke tare da shugabannin da ke cikin kasashensu. A cikin 1917, Vladimir Lenin da Leon Trotsky sun jagoranci wata ƙungiyar Rasha da ake kira Bolsheviks a cikin juyin juya halin Oktoba . Sun kawar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha, wacce aka kafa bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu akan Tsar ( Sarki ). Sun kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, wanda ake kira Taraiyar Sobiyat ko USSR.
Tarayyar Sobiyat ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke da'awar kafa ƙasar ma'aikata. A zahiri, ƙasar bata taɓa zama kwaminisanci ba kamar yadda Marx da Engels suka bayyana.
A cikin karni na 20, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa jihohin ma'aikata. A ƙarshen 1940s, China ma ta sami juyin juya hali kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Mao Zedong a matsayin shugaba. A cikin 1959, tsibirin Cuba ya sami juyin juya hali kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Fidel Castro a matsayin shugabanta. A wani lokaci, akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa, kuma ya zama kamar kwaminisanci zai ci nasara. Amma gwamnatocin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci ba su yi amfani da dimokiradiyya a cikin gwamnatocinsu ba, wani muhimmin bangare ne na gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Saboda wannan, gwamnatoci suka rabu da mutane, ya sa kwaminisanci yake da wahala. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rashin jituwa da rabuwar kai tsakanin ƙasashe.
Ya zuwa shekarun 1960, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duniya sun tumɓuke jari hujja kuma suna ƙoƙarin gina kwaminisanci. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun bi samfurin Tarayyar Sobiyat. Wasu sun bi samfurin China. Sauran kashi biyu cikin uku na duniya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin tsarin jari-hujja, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwa a duniya tsakanin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja da ƙasashen kwaminisanci. Ana kiran wannan " Yaƙin Cacar Baki " saboda ba a yi yaƙi da makami ko sojoji ba, amma ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Koyaya, wannan na iya juyawa zuwa babban yaƙi. A lokacin 1980s, Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiyat suna fafatawa don samun babbar runduna kuma suna da makamai masu haɗari. Wannan ana kiransa "Tseren Makamai". Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya kira ƙasashen kwaminisanci kamar Taraiyar Sobiyat da " Muguwar Daular " saboda bai yarda da ra'ayin kwaminisanci ba.
Tun daga 1989, lokacin da katangar Berlin ta ruguje, yawancin kasashen da suka kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun koma tsarin jari hujja. Kwaminisanci yanzu yana da ƙasa da tasiri a duniya. A 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta balle . Koyaya, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mutanen duniya har yanzu suna zaune a cikin jihohin da ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ke iko da su. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen suna cikin Sin. Sauran ƙasashen sun haɗa da Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, da Koriya ta Arewa . Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu .
Rigima
Mutane da yawa sun rubuta ra'ayoyinsu game da kwaminisanci. Vladimir Lenin na Rasha ya yi tunanin cewa dole ne a sami ƙungiyar masu neman sauyi (wanda ake kira vanguard ) don jagorantar juyin juya halin gurguzu a duk duniya da ƙirƙirar zamantakewar kwaminisanci a ko'ina. Leon Trotsky, shi ma daga Rasha ya yi iƙirarin cewa gurguzancin dole ne ya zama na duniya, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a fara faruwarsa a Rasha. Hakanan baya son Joseph Stalin, wanda ya zama shugaban USSR bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924. An sanya Trotsky ya bar Soviet Union ta Stalin a 1928, sannan a kashe shi a 1940 . Wannan ya tsoratar da mutane da yawa, kuma yawancin kwaminisanci sunyi jayayya game da ko wannan yayi daidai kuma wanda za'a bi ra'ayin sa.
Mao Zedong na China ya yi tunanin cewa sauran azuzuwan za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga juyin juya halin China da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa saboda azuzuwan aiki a waɗannan ƙasashen ba su da yawa. Mao ra'ayin Mao game da gurguzu galibi ana kiransa Maoism ko Tunanin Mao Zedong. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a 1953, Mao ya ga kansa a matsayin shugaban kwaminisanci na duniya har sai da ya mutu a 1976. A yau gwamnatin China tana karkashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ne, amma a zahiri suna da abin da ake kira cakuda tattalin arziki. Sun ari abubuwa da yawa daga jari-hujja . Gwamnati a China yau ba ta bin Maoism. Koyaya, kaɗan yan juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya da Nepal har yanzu suna son ra'ayinsa kuma suna ƙoƙarin amfani da su a cikin ƙasashensu.
Amfani da lokaci
Kalmar "kwaminisanci" ba takamaiman ƙungiiyoyin siyasa bane. Yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa da ke kiran kansu "kwaminisanci" na iya zama a zahiri sun fi masu kawo sauyi (masu goyon bayan sauye-sauye da jinkirin canji maimakon juyi) fiye da yadda wasu jam'iyyun ke kiran kansu "masu ra'ayin gurguzu". Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka sun rasa membobi da yawa saboda waɗannan jam'iyyun suna yin abubuwa daban-daban fiye da abin da suka yi alkawari da zarar sun hau mulki. A cikin Chile, tsakanin 1970-1973, a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar hagu (ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyun) na ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai , ƙarƙashin jagorancin Salvador Allende, Kwaminisancin Kwaminisancin na Chile yana hannun dama na Socialungiyar Socialist ta Chile. Wannan yana nufin ta fi jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu gyara.
Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci za su yi amfani da dabarun kawo canji . Sun ce mutane masu ajin aiki ba su da tsari sosai don yin canje-canje ga al'ummominsu. Sun gabatar da ‘yan takarar da za a zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Da zaran an zaɓi 'yan gurguzu a majalisa ko majalisar dattijai, to za su yi fada don ajin ma'aikata. Wannan zai ba mutane masu aiki damar canza tsarin jari hujjarsu zuwa tsarin gurguzu.
Alamu da al'adu
Launin ja alama ce ta gurguzu a duniya. Jan tauraruwa guda biyar a wani lokacin shima yana wakiltar kwaminisanci. Guduma da sikila sanannen alama ce ta kwaminisanci. Ya kasance akan tutocin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kamar Tarayyar Soviet (duba saman labarin). Wasu 'yan gurguzu kuma suna son amfani da hotunan shahararrun kwaminisanci daga tarihi, irin su Marx, Lenin, da Mao Zedong, a matsayin alamomin dukkanin falsafar gurguzu.
Waƙa da ake kira Internationale ita ce waƙar kwaminisanci ta duniya. Tana da kiɗa iri ɗaya a ko'ina, amma ana fassara kalmomin zuwa waƙar zuwa cikin harsuna da yawa. Harshen Rashanci shine taken ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 har zuwa 1944.
Launi a cikin tutar Tarayyar Sobiyat ya nuna gwagwarmayar manoma-manoma. Guduma a tuta wakiltar gwagwarmaya ga ma'aikata. Dukkansu tsallakawa suna nuna goyon bayansu ga junan su.
Hakanan akwai nau'in fasaha da gine-gine na musamman da aka samo su a yawancin kwaminisanci da tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Ana yin zane-zanen da aka yi da salon mulkin gurguzu na zahiri don farfaganda don nuna cikakkiyar sigar mutanen ƙasa da jagoran siyasa. Fasaha da aka yi cikin salon gurguzu na zahiri, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, littattafai, da zane-zane suna nuna aiki tuƙuru, da farin ciki, da ƙoshin ma'aikata da masana'antar masana'antu. Fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai a cikin wannan salon galibi suna ba da labarai ne game da ma'aikata ko sojoji waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don amfanin ƙasarsu. Zane-zane sukan nuna hotunan jaruntaka na shugaba, ko shimfidar wurare da ke nuna manyan filayen alkama . Tsarin gine-ginen Stalin yakamata ya wakilci ƙarfi da ɗaukakar jihar da jagoran siyasa. Wasu da ba 'yan kwaminisanci ba ma suna jin daɗin wannan fasahar.
Mutane sanannu
Fidel Castro
Nicolae Ceauşescu
Mikhail Gorbachev
Che Guevara
Erich Honecker
Vladimir Lenin
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Joseph Stalin
Ho Chi Minh
Mao Tse-Tung
Leon Trotsky
Josip Broz Tito
Kim Jong Un
Deng Xiaoping
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
Siyasa
Sin
Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21497 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Oron | Mutanen Oron | Mutanen Oron kabilu ne da ke a farko a kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru, a yankin Riverine na Akwa Ibom da Cross River . Mutanen Oron wanda kuma aka fi sani da tsohuwar mayaƙa suna yin magana da yaren Oro wanda dangin Cross River ne na yaren Benuwe-Congo . Kakanninsu suna da dangantaka da mutanen Efik a jihar Kuros Riba, Ibeno, Gabashin Obolo na Akwa Ibom da mutanen Andoni .
Ƙungiyar Oron, wanda aka fi sani da Oro Ukpabang ko Akpakip Oro ko Oro Ukpabang Okpo ta itsan asalin ƙasar, sun haɗu ne da dangi tara da aka fi sani da Afaha . Su ne: Afaha Okpo, Afaha Ukwong, Ebughu, Afaha Ibighi, Effiat, Afaha Ubodung, Etta, Afaha Oki-uso, da Afaha Idua (Iluhe).
Sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Jihohi da Ƙirƙirar Ƙananan Hukumomi a Najeriya ya ga Oron ana rarrabuwarta a siyasance zuwa jihohi biyu na Najeriya, wadanda suka hada da Kuros Riba da jihar Akwa Ibom . Tare da Ƙananan Hukumomi Oron guda biyar a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom wato Urue-Offong / Oruko, Oron, Akwa Ibom, Mbo, Akwa Ibom, Udung Uko da Okobo, Akwa Ibom tare da ƙaramar hukumar Bakassi a jihar Cross River.
Tarihi
Turawan farko da suka fara sanin mutanen Oron a matsayin mutanen Tom Shott kuma suna kiran mutanen Oron Nation a matsayin wuri kamar Tom Shotts Town.
Oron sun wanzu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya kuma ya kasance wani yanki ne na lardin da ake kira ƙasar Kudu maso Gabas . 'Yan asalin wannan yankin suna magana da yaren wanda aka fi sani da Oron. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma suna magana da fahimtar yaren Efik sosai. Hakanan Oron yana da kamanceceniya da mutanen Ibibio da mutanen Annang, saboda haka sadarwarsu cikin Ibibio da yarukan Annang suna da ƙwarewa sosai.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2370 BC Oron wanda aka fi sani da {Ƙasar Oron} an riga an riga an daidaita shi a wurin da yanzu ake kira Jihar Akwa Ibom ta Nijeriya a gabar Yammacin sashen Afirka, Hanyar Tekun Akwa Ibom zuwa Tekun Gini na Tekun Atlantika Kudu, bayan Ruwan Tsufana (ambaliyar Nuhu). Al'umma kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin har zuwa wannan lokacin har yanzu suna amfani da yarensu na yare wanda asalinsu ya samo asali tun shekaru 2370 BC.
Ƙungiyoyin jama'a da Bantus suka mamaye, cikin yawancin Al'ummomi ba ya nufin cewa mutanen Oron sun ƙaura daga Bantus, Kamaru ko Falasɗinawa. Babu tufafin Bantus ko wani kwatankwacin al'adu ko'ina yana nuna yaren Oron ko sunaye. Babu ɗayan al'adun al'ummar Oron ko sunaye da aka samo daga Bantu ko kowane yare a wani matsayin baƙi. Oron mutane ne na musamman, masu gwagwarmaya a yanayi a duk inda aka same su, tare da yabo 'Oron Ukpabang Okpo'. Fata mutumin Oron baya nuna wasu ƙabilu ko baƙin haure a wasu ƙauyuka na settleasar Oron. Fatarsu ba ta zama daidai ba kamar ta Falasdinawa ko Isra’ilawa haka kuma ba su da duhu kamar mutanen dutsen Kamaru daga lokacin da aka sami Oasar Oron; bayan halittar duniya, tun ma kafin mulkin mallaka ya wanzu, lokacin da Nijeriya da Kamaru ba su wanzu a matsayin kasa daya ba. Labarin gargajiya na Oron yana ba da labarin "Abang" wanda ya kasance jarumi mai ƙarfi kuma Babban mai kokawa da fasahar da ake kira `` Mbok ''. Gwagwarmayar da aka fi sani da (Mbok) ta samo asali ne daga Abang kuma daga baya ya zama sananne ga sabuwar duniya ta bayin Afirka. Abang jarumi da ƙungiyarsa sun yi fahariya da fatattakar fataken bayi a yankin. Wata rana, an ba shi iko kuma an kama shi tare da wasu 'yan ƙungiyarsa kuma an kai su Israila ta yau, wanda ke lokacin ƙasar Masar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya zama ba kawai daidaituwa ba cewa kawai al'ummomi biyu a duniya tare da wurare masu suna "Oron" su ne Isra'ila da Nijeriya.
Daga baya, ya tsere daga Misira a lokacin bikin Moslem tare da Kogin Nilu tare da 'yan maza kaɗan. Ya tashi zuwa Sudan, ya yi tafiya zuwa Tafkin Chadi kuma ya zauna a yankin da ake kira yanzu Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Abang ya sanyawa wannan yanki suna `` Oron '' wanda aka rubuta kuma aka kira shi da 'Oronny' daidai da hijirar sautunan Oros. Da yake bai ji daɗin Islama ba, sai ya tsere zuwa wani wuri da ake kira Usahadit a cikin Kamaru a yau. Can, Abang ya haifi Do, Do ya haifi Doni, Doni ya haifi Oro da Obolo. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa yawancin sunayen Kamaru kamar Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, da Etang a Oron a yau. Daga cikin Oroniyawa, akwai maganar cewa mafi nisan duniya shi ne Usahadit wanda ke cikin Kamaru. Bai san cewa an riga an kafa wasu mutane a wannan ƙasar ba kuma saboda takaddama kan ƙasar noma, daga baya ƙungiyar ta koma gida zuwa asalin ƙasar su ta Ƙasar Oron.
Wannan dawowar ta Abang ce ta sanya wasu masana tarihi suka yarda cewa Oron Nation yana daya daga cikin kabilun Falasdinawa da na Bantu da suka yi kaura daga wani wuri a kusa da Isra'ila ta hanyar Masar (Arewacin Afirka) zuwa Arewacin Gabashin Afirka ta Habasha (Abyssinia) zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya (a kusa da Jamhuriyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Kwango ta yau) kuma ta yankin Kudancin Kamaru har zuwa yankin Neja Delta da ke Kudancin-Kudancin Najeriya a yanzu. Bayan dawowar su, Doni ya koma ya kafa Andoni a yanzu a cikin jihar Ribas yayin da Obolo ya kafa yau Obolo ta Gabas ta jihar Akwa Ibom. Mutanen Oron sun mallaki gaskiyar cewa Ibeno, waɗanda ke zaune a tsakanin Ekids suna raba irin wannan tarihin kakanninsu tare da su.
Wata taƙaddama ta ce dangantakar Oron da Ekid an ce ta yi tsami lokacin da Eket karkashin mulkin Birgediya Janar UJ Esuene ya bayyana kuma ya yarda a kira shi karamin rukuni na al'ummar Ibibio don samun dacewa da siyasa. An kuma ce UJ Esuene ya hana mutanen Oron damar bude tashar farko ta Exxon Mobile a yankunan Mbo da Effiat Oron na Oron.
Wani taƙaddama da aka saba da ita wacce ke bayanin yadda dangantaka ta yi tsami tsakanin Oron da Eket shi ne zargin da ake yi wa Janar Esuene wanda ya ba da umarnin jefa bama-bamai a Urue Oruko, wani yanki da ke tsakiyar garin Oron inda aka kashe wasu ɗaruruwan mutanen Oron (galibi ‘yan kasuwa da mata). a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a karshen shekarun 1960. An lura da wannan taron na rashin sa'a a Oron wanda shine mafi munin tarihi a tarihin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya.
Yawan jama'a
Garin Oron shine gari na uku mafi girma a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom bayan Uyo da Eket . Tana da mutane marasa kyau sama da mutane 250,000 da ke zaune a cikin birni, waɗanda a al'adance masunta ne, 'yan kasuwa ne da mashahurai, tare da yawan baƙin haure da ke shigowa cikin garin a kowace rana tare da mutane sama da 400,000 da ke zaune a ƙasan Oron Nation .
Harshe
Mutanen Oron suna magana da yaren Oro da mutanen Oroni suka fi sani da "Örö", amma ana kiransa da yawa "Oron", lafazin fushin rubutu da furuci. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma sun ƙware a yaren Efik. Örö yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da mutanen Ibibio da na Annang, saboda haka yawancin Oronians zasu iya sadarwa cikin gwaninta cikin yarukan Ibibio da Annang.
Sashin sauti na Oron ya ƙunshi wasula bakwai na baka í, ε, e, a, o, σ, u, baƙaƙen magana huɗu b, kp, d, t, k, baƙaƙen hanci guda uku m, ŋ, n, baƙaƙe uku fric s, h, baƙaƙen wasalin wasali biyu w, y da baƙi ɗaya na gefe l . Baƙin bakin baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki na Oro kuma ba a samun shi a yawancin yawancin maƙwabta.
Harshen Oron bashi da wata alaƙa ko siffofin aiki don bayyana ayyukan wucewa ; 'an karbe shi' ya zama 'sun karbe shi'. Aƙarshe, za'a iya lura da cewa tsarin dangin hukuncin Oron mai sauki shine batun-fi'ili-abu.
Manazarta
Al'ada
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun ƙasashen
Pages with unreviewed translations |
21916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Anthony%20Kaye | Mark-Anthony Kaye | Mark-Anthony Kaye (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Desemban shekara ta 1994) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Canada wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasa na tsakiya a ƙungiya mai fafatawa a gasar Major league soccer, wato Los Angeles Fc da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Canada.
Shekarun farko
Na sirri
Kaye an haife shi a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada kuma ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a tare da Wexford SC a Scarborough . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare a Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute inda zai yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda aka sanya masa suna MVP sau biyu, tare da shiga cikin ƙetare ƙasa, da waƙa da filin .
Kwaleji da matasa
Kaye ya yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na shekaru biyu a Jami'ar York tsakanin shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013. A lokacin karatun sa na kwaleji ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya ci kwallaye 18. An kira shi OUA rookie na shekara bayan lokacinsa na Freshman kuma an zabe shi ga CIS duk-na biyu na Kanada da kungiyar farko ta OUA a matsayin Sophomore . York zai lashe gasar OUA a lokacin ka karsa ta karshe.
Kaye ya bar York ya shiga TFC Academy, makarantar kimiyya ta Major League Soccer ta Toronto FC a shekara ta 2013. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ya taka leda a League1 Ontario tare da kungiyar manyan makarantu wadanda suka bayyana a wasanni tara kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Klub din
Wilmington Hammerheads (aro)
Lokacin 2014
Kaye ya shiga <b>Wilmington Hammerheads</b> na <b>USL</b> <b>Pro</b> a matsayin aro daga TFC Academy a watan Agusta shekara ta 2014 a matsayin wani bangare na alaƙa tsakanin kulab ɗin biyu. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2014 a wasan league da Orange County Blues FC . Kashegari, Kaye ya zira kwallaye na farko a ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya taimaka yayin da Wilmington ya zana 3-3 tare da LA Galaxy II . A cikin duka, Kaye ya bayyana a wasan'ni 7 kuma ya zira kwallaye 2 da taimakawa 2 a lokacin rancensa tare da Hammerheads.
Toronto FC II
Lokacin 2015
A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015 Kaye da wasu 'yan wasa bakwai sun rattaba han'nu a han'nun kungiyar Toronto FC II ta USL gabanin farawar su ta farko. Ya fara wasan farko ne da Batirin Charleston a ranar 21 ga watan Maris kuma zai bayyana a wasanni 22 ba tare da jefa kwallo a raga ba.
Louisville City
Lokacin 2016
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun, shekara ta 2016 Kaye zai sanya hannu tare da kungiyar USL ta Louisville City FC kuma zai fara buga wasan farko a kakar wasa ta farko a wasan farko a ranar 26 ga watan Maris da Charlotte . Zai ci gaba da taka leda a 24 na wasanni na yau da kullun na Louisville na 28 wanda ya ci kwallo daya tare da taimakawa uku. Ya kuma taka leda a wasanni biyu na Louisville na USL Cup uku da suka tashi babu ci. Ya ci, duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye a bugun fanareti a wasan Kammalawar Gabas ta Gabas da New York Red Bulls II . Wasan New York zai ci gaba.
Lokacin 2017
Kaye ba zai buga wasanni biyu na farko ba na kakar shekara ta 2017 yayin da yake kan aikin kasa da kasa kuma zai fara buga wasan farko a ranar 8 gawatan Afrilu da Richmond . Zai ci gaba da taka leda a 19 daga wasanni 32 na yau da kullun na Louisville wanda yaci kwallaye hudu. Ya kuma taka leda a duka wasannin Louisville na US Open Cup ; cin kwallaye sau daya a kan Tartan Aljannu. A cikin wasannin cin Kofin USL Kaye zai fara dukkan wasannin hudu kamar yadda shi da Louisville za su ci gaba da cin Kofin USL na Karshe da Swope Park .
Los Angeles FC
Bayan yanayi biyu a Louisville, za a sauya Kaye zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta MLS ta Los Angeles FC don kakar wasan farko. Zai fara buga wasan farko na LAFC akan Seattle Sounders yayin buɗewar kakar shekara ta 2018. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shekarar ta 2018, Kaye ya samu karaya a wasan El Tráfico da LA Galaxy, inda koci Bob Bradley ya ce yana bukatar tiyata, tare da LAFC ba ta tsara lokacin da zai dawo ba; Wasannin NBC sun ruwaito cewa raunin zai sanya dan wasan gefe “na watanni 4-6”.
Ayyukan duniya
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016, an kira Kaye zuwa kungiyar U23 ta kasar Canada don yin wasan sada zumunci da Guyana da Grenada . Ya ga aiki a duka wasannin. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017 an sake kiran Kaye zuwa bangaren U23 don Gasar Aspire wanda ya hada da Qatar da Uzbekistan masu masaukin baki.
Kaye ya fara buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ne a karawar da suka yi da Curaçao a wasan sada zumunci a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2017. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, an lasafta shi cikin tawagar Kanada don gasar cin kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta shekarar 2017 . An saka shi cikin yan wasan da zasu buga gasar cin kofin zinare na CONCACAF na shekara ta 2019 a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2019.
Kaye ya ci wa Kanada kwallayen sa na farko a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2021, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da suka doke Tsibirin Cayman da ci 11-0.
Salon wasa
A lokacinsa a Louisville, Kaye ya taka leda a matsayin " dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare da dan wasan gefe ", amma bayan hawansa zuwa MLS, ya dauki matsayin " tsakiyar -akwatin zuwa-akwatin rawar tsakiya, wanda yake ci gaba". ya kuma yi wannan rawar a kan aikin kasa da kasa tare da Kanada. Kocin LAFC Bob Bradley ya ce game da Kaye: "Ya kawo wata 'yar dabara kaɗan, ƙarancin damar kusantowa da ƙwallo, ofarfin ikon rufewa, cin wasu ƙwallo a iska, shiga cikin akwatin a duka biyun tarnaƙi. Duk wadancan abubuwan sun sa ya dan bambanta kadan ”. A lokacin da yake tare da Toronto FC II, ana amfani da Kaye sau da yawa a hagu .
Statisticsididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Manufofin duniya
Daraja
Toronto FC III
League1 Ontario League Champions: 2014
L1O / PLSQ Gasar Cin Kofin Yanki na Yanki: 2014
Louisville City
Kofin USL : 2017
Los Angeles FC
Garkuwan Magoya baya : 2019
Kowane mutum
MLS All-Star : 2019
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mark-Anthony Kaye
Bayanin Kwallan Kanada
League 1 Ontario bayanin martaba
Bayanin York Lions
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1994
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23185 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Obi | Peter Obi | Peter Gregory Obi (An haifeshi a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, shekarata alif 1961A.C) Miladiyya. Sanannen ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen Nijeriya na shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar Democratic Party. Ya kasance tsohon gwamnan jihar Anambra, daga ranar 17 ga Maris shekarata 2006 zuwa ranar 2 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2006, lokacin da aka tsige shi kuma daga ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata 2007 zuwa ranar 29th ga watan Mayu shekarata 2007 bayan tsige shi. Kodayake an sake yin sabon zabe a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekarata 2007, amma an sake naɗa shi gwamna a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2007 bayan hukuncin kotu cewa a ba shi damar kammala wa’adin shekaru hudu. Ya yi nasara a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata 2010 a karo na biyu a matsayin gwamna. Yanzu shine ɗan takarar kujerar shugaban ƙasa ƙarƙashin jam'iyar LP. A zaɓen da za ai a wannan shekara ta 2023.
Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Peter Obi a ranar 19th na Yuli 1961 a Onitsha. Ya halarci kwalejin Christ the King, Onitsha, inda ya kammala karatun sakandare. An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka, a 1980, ya kammala karatunsa tare da BA (Hons) a falsafa a 1984.
Rayuwa da Ilimi
Ya halarci makarantar kasuwanci ta Legas, Nijeriya, inda ya yi babban shirinsa, makarantar kasuwanci ta Harvard, Boston, Amurka, inda ya yi shirye-shirye biyu, Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, makarantar kudu maso yamma ta Columbia, New York, Amurka, Cibiyar ci gaban gudanarwa, Switzerland inda kuma ya sami takaddun shaida guda biyu a cikin Babban Shirin Gudanarwa da kuma Babban Jami'in Manyan Jami'an shirin. Ya kuma halarci makarantar digiri ta Kellogg na Gudanarwa, Amurka, Jami'ar Oxford: Said business school da Cambridge University: George business school.
Aiki
Shine shugaban hukumar tsaro da musayar kudi ta Najeriya.
Obi shi ne shugaban kamfanin Next International Nigeria Ltd, sannan shugaba da kuma darakta na Guardian Express Mortgage Bank Ltd, Guardian Express Bank Plc, Future View Securities Ltd, Paymaster Nigeria Ltd, Chams Nigeria Ltd, Data Corp Ltd da Card Center Ltd. Ya kasance shugaban matasa mafi karancin shekaru na Fidelity Bank Plc. Kwanan nan ne tsohon Shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya nada shi Shugaban Hukumar tsaro da Musayar Kasuwanci (SEC) bayan babban zaben shekarar 2015.
Siyasa
Peter Obi ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Anambara a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) a 2003, amma abokin hamayyarsa, Chris Ngige na jam’iyyar People's Democratic Party, hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta (INEC) ta ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben.
Bayan kusan shekaru uku na shari’a, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta soke nasarar Ngige a ranar 15 ga Maris 2006. Obi ya hau mulki ne a ranar 17 ga Maris 2006. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2006, majalisar dokokin jihar ta tsige shi bayan ya kwashe watanni bakwai yana aiki sannan washegari ta maye gurbinsa da Virginia Etiaba, mataimakiyarsa, hakan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba zama gwamna a tarihin Najeriya. Obi ya yi nasarar kalubalantar tsige shi kuma aka sake sanya shi a matsayin gwamna a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2007 ta Kotun daukaka kara da ke zaune a Enugu. Etiaba ta mika masa mulki bayan hukuncin kotu.
Obi ya sake barin ofis a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007 bayan babban zaben, wanda Andy Uba ya ci. Obi ya sake komawa kotuna, a wannan karon yana mai kalubalantar cewa wa’adin shekaru hudu da ya ci a zaben 2003 ya fara tsayawa ne kawai lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki a watan Maris na 2006. A ranar 14 ga Yunin 2007 Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ta goyi bayan hujjar Obi kuma ta mayar da Obi kan mukaminsa. Wannan ya kawo karshen wa'adin mulkin magajin Obi, Andy Uba wanda zaben 14 ga Afrilu, 2007 Kotun Koli ta soke bisa hujjar cewa wa'adin shekaru hudu na Obi ya kamata ya kasance ba damuwa har zuwa Maris 2010.
Lashe Zabe
A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 2010, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ta bayyana Peter Obi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben gwamnan jihar Anambra na 2010, inda ya kayar da Farfesa Charles Chukwuma Soludo, tsohon gwamna, CBN . Wannan nasarar da aka samu a zaben ta karawa Gwamna Obi karin shekaru hudu a matsayin gwamnan jihar ta Anambra. A ranar 17 ga Maris din 2014 Peter Obi ya yi wa’adi na biyu kuma ya mika ragamar mulkin ga Willie Obiano.
Abokin takara
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2018, an zabi Peter Obi a matsayin abokin takarar Atiku Abubakar, dan takarar Shugaban kasa na Jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party a zaben Shugabancin Najeriya na 2019. Jam’iyyarsa ce ta zo ta biyu.
Zaben shugaban kasa na Dubu biyu da sha tara
A ranar 12 ga watan Oktoban 2018 ne aka nada Peter Obi a matsayin abokin takarar Atiku Abubakar, dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 . A matsayinsa na dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa, Obi ya yi adawa da shawarwarin daidaita tsarin mafi karancin albashi na kasa, yana mai cewa ya kamata jihohi daban-daban su sami mafi karancin albashi. Tikitin Abubakar/Obi ya zo na biyu.
Zaben shugaban kasa na Dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku
A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2022, Peter Obi ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya a karkashin jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, amma daga baya ya janye ya bayyana cewa zai tsaya takara a karkashin jam’iyyar Labour. Kamar yadda jaridar Peoples Gazette ta ruwaito, Peter Obi ya rubutawa shugabannin jam'iyyar PDP wasika a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu kan ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Obi ya koka kan yadda ake ba wa wakilai cin hanci da kuma sayen kuri’u a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar, yana mai nuni da cewa akwai ‘yan jam’iyyar da ke hada kai da shi. .
Asalin kasuwancin Obi da matsayinsa na babban dan takarar da ba shi da alaka da ko wanne daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun Najeriya biyu ya kwatanta da nasarar da Emmanuel Macron ya samu a zaben shugaban kasar Faransa a 2017 . Obi ya nuna jin dadinsa ga Macron kuma yana cikin jami’an da suka tarbi Macron a ziyarar da ya kai Legas.
Gamayyar goyon baya na Obidient
Matasa ‘yan kasa da shekaru 30 sun tabbatar da cewa sune manyan magoya bayan Obi, inda suka nuna goyon bayansu ta kafafen sada zumunta da zanga-zanga da tattakin tituna. Aisha Yesufu, fitacciyar ‘yar fafutuka da aka bayyana a matsayin wacce ta kafa kungiyar #BringBackOurGirls kuma mai goyon bayan yakin kawo karshen SARS, ta amince da Obi a karon farko na amincewa da dan takarar shugaban kasa. .
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1961 |
29869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20hanya | Haƙƙin hanya | Haƙƙin hanya shi ne "haƙƙin doka, wanda aka kafa ta amfani ko bayarwa, don wucewa ta wata hanya ta musamman ta filaye ko kadarorin wani", ko "hanya ko babbar hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin irin wannan haƙƙin". Hakanan akwai irin wannan haƙƙin samun na dama a ƙasar da gwamnati ke riƙe, filaye waɗanda galibi ana kiran su ƙasar jama'a, filayen jiha, ko kuma ƙasar Crown . Lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kan iyaka ta kowane bangare ta filayen mallakar wasu, ana iya samun sauƙi, ko kuma a ƙirƙira don fara haƙƙin shiga ƙasar da ke kan iyaka Ko ƙarshenta.
Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne a kan samun shiga ta ƙafa, da keke, doki, ko ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da Dama-na-hanyar (shiri) ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa don manyan tituna, layin dogo, da bututun mai.
Hanya ta ƙafa haƙƙin hanya ce wadda bisa doka kawai masu tafiya a ƙafa nebza su iya amfani da su. Titin bridle haƙƙin hanya ce wacce masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai, masu keke da dawaki za su iya amfani da su bisa doka, amma ba ta abubuwan hawa ba. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Arewacin Turai, inda 'yancin yin yawo a tarihi ya ɗauki nau'i na haƙƙin jama'a, ba za a iya taƙaita haƙƙin hanya zuwa takamaiman hanyoyi ko hanyoyi ba.
Madadin ma'anar
Ƙarin ma'anar haƙƙin hanya, musamman a cikin sufuri na ƙasar Amurka, shi ne nau'in sauƙi da aka ba shi ko aka tanada akan ƙasar don dalilai na sufuri, wannan na iya zama don babbar hanya, hanyar ƙafar jama'a, layin dogo, canal, da kuma watsa wutar lantarki. layuka, bututun mai da iskar gas.
Kalmar na iya bayyana fifikon zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, "haƙƙin doka na mai tafiya a ƙasa, abin hawa, ko jirgin ruwa don ci gaba da fifiko akan wasu a wani yanayi ko wuri". A cikin ladubban tafiye -tafiye, inda idan ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tuƙi suka haɗu a kan tudu, al'ada ta taso a wasu wuraren da ƙungiyar ta hau tudu tana da haƙƙin hanya Ko hanyoyi.
A duk duniya
New Zealand
Akwai fa'ida ga jama'a a ƙasar New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, to amma "sau da yawa ya rabu kuma yana da wahalar ganewa".
Jamhuriyar Ireland
A cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland, haƙƙin masu tafiya a ƙasa na hanyar zuwa coci, da aka sani da hanyoyin jama'a, sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A wasu lokuta, dokar zamani ba ta da tabbas; A gefe guda, dokokin zamanin Victorian kan sauƙi suna kare haƙƙin mai mallakar dukiya, wanda kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1937 ya inganta, wanda ya ayyana cewa haƙƙin hanya dole ne a keɓe musamman don amfanin jama'a. Ana adawa da waɗannan, waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin gama gari na hanya harkar zuwa ga wani matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya ƙare yakin Land na shekara ta 1880s zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ana iya tabbatar da haƙƙin hanya ta hanyar mallaka mara kyau, amma tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani na iya zama da wahala. Shari'ar da aka ji a cikin shekarar 2010 game da da'awar a kan gidan gidan Lissadell ya dogara ne akan dokokin tarihi, tun lokacin da Dokar Gyaran Kasa da Bayar da Doka, a shekara ta 2009 ta gyara .
Dokar ta shekarar 2009 ta kuma soke koyaswar bayar da tallafi na zamani, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru kusan 12 na amfani da shi a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa mallakar wani, shekaru 30 akan ƙasar jiha da shekaru 60 a kan gaba . Dole ne mai da’awar ya nemi kotuna, sannan a tabbatar da da’awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan a yi mata rajista da kyau kan takardun mallakar, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "jin daɗi ba tare da ƙarfi ba, ba tare da ɓoyewa ba kuma ba tare da izini na baki ko a rubuce na mai shi ba", sake bayyana ƙa'idar tsohuwar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario . Umarnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na sirri ne ga mai nema har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ba za a iya gadonsa ko sanya shi ba.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales
A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin gundumomi kimanin guda 12 na ciki na London da birnin Landan, haƙƙoƙin jama'a hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin Doka a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da na Scotland a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin hanya kawai suna kasancewa a inda aka keɓe su (ko kuma za a iya sanya su idan ba a rigaya ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanya da ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana shi a matsayin dama ta hanya., kuma ban da haka akwai babban zato na samun damar shiga karkara. Hakanan akwai haƙƙin masu zaman kansu na hanya ko sauƙi .
Hanyoyi na ƙafafu, bridleways da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a yawancin Ingila da Wales ana nuna su akan taswirori na musamman . Taswirar taswirar taswirar taswira ce ta haƙƙin jama'a na hanya a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shi ne tabbataccen rikodin inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumar manyan tituna (yawanci karamar hukumar gundumomi, ko kuma hukuma ta tarayya a yankunan da ke da tsarin bene daya) tana da aikin doka na kiyaye taswirar tabbatacce, kodayake a wuraren shakatawa na kasa hukumar kula da shakatawa ta kasa yawanci tana kula da taswira.
London
An tsara taswirorin taswirar haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga duk dan ƙasar Ingila da Wales a sakamakon Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya ta shekarar 2000, ban da gundumomi goma sha biyu na ciki na London waɗanda, tare da birnin London, ba a rufe su ba. ta Dokar.
Don kare haƙƙin da ake da su a Landan, Ramblers sun ƙaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a cikin shekara ta 2010 da nufin samun "kariyar doka iri ɗaya don hanyoyi a babban birnin kamar yadda aka riga aka samu don ƙafafu a wasu wurare a Ingila da Wales. A halin yanzu, doka ta baiwa gundumomin Inner London damar zaɓar samar da taswirorin taswira idan suna so, amma babu wanda ya yi haka.
An kaddamar da taron kaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a dakin karatu na Burtaniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin "Yankin Inner London na Ramblers yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan Babban Ofishin Ramblers don kokarin shawo kan kowane gundumomi na ciki na London a kan abin da ake so. na samar da tabbataccen taswirorin haƙƙin hanya".
A cikin shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Lambeth ta zartar da ƙuduri don yin aiki don ƙirƙirar taswirar taswira ga gundumarsu, amma har yanzu wannan bai wanzu ba. Birnin London ya samar da Taswirar Samun Jama'a. Taswirorin taswira sun wanzu don gundumomi na waje na London .
Hanyoyi masu izini
Wasu masu mallakar filaye suna ba da izinin shiga ƙasarsu ba tare da keɓe haƙƙin hanya ba. Waɗannan galibi ba a bambance su a zahiri da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma ana iya iyakance su. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin galibi ana rufe su aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yadda ba za a iya kafa haƙƙin hanya ta dindindin a cikin doka ba.
Scotland
A Scotland, haƙƙin hanya hanya ce da jama'a suka sami damar wucewa ba tare da tsangwama ba na akalla shekaru 20. Dole ne hanyar ta haɗu da "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, coci-coci ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba babu wani takalifi a kan ƙananan hukumomin Scotland don sanya hannu kan haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar agaji ta Scotways, wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rubutawa da sanya hannu kan hanyoyin.
Dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka na gargajiya, marasa motsi, hanyoyin samun damar ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar shekarar 2003 an buga bayanin haƙƙoƙin harshe bayyananne ta Ƙarƙashin Halitta na Scottish: Lambar Samun Waje ta Scotland . An cire wasu nau'ikan filaye daga wannan zato na samun damar shiga, kamar filin jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirage da lambuna masu zaman kansu.
Sashe na 4 na Code Access ya bayyana yadda aka ba masu kula da filaye damar neman jama'a su guji wasu wurare na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, duk da haka dole ne ƙaramar hukuma ta amince da ƙuntatawa na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da ikon hana isa ga jama'a na ɗan lokaci ba tare da sanarwa ba ta hanyar harbi, gandun daji ko masu sarrafa iska, amma baya ƙara zuwa Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na Jama'a. A Scotland jama'a suna da babban matakin 'yanci akan Haƙƙin Hanya fiye da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Toshe Haƙƙin Hanya a Scotland wani cikas ne na laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Manyan Hanyoyi, kamar yadda yake a Ingila da Wales, amma rashin samun damar taswirorin Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na jama'a a Scotland yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi.
Duk da yake a Ingila da Wales, hukumomin babbar hanya suna da alhakin kiyaye taswirar haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da su bisa doka, a cikin Scotland dokoki daban-daban sun shafi kuma babu wani rikodin haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da shi bisa doka. Duk da haka, akwai Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (CROW), wanda Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin hanya na Scotland da Access Society (Scotways) suka haɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'ikan haƙƙin hanya guda uku a cikin CROW:
tabbatarwa - hanyoyin da aka ayyana su a matsayin haƙƙin hanya ta wasu hanyoyin doka;
tabbatarwa – hanyoyin da mai gida ya yarda da su azaman haƙƙin hanya, ko kuma inda hukumomin gida suka shirya ɗaukar matakin doka don kare su;
da'awar - wasu haƙƙin hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko tabbatar da su, amma waɗanda ke da alama sun cika ka'idojin doka na gama gari kuma har yanzu ba a yi gardama a kan doka ba.
Ireland ta Arewa
Ireland ta Arewa tana da ƴancin haƙƙoƙin jama'a na hanya kuma samun damar shiga ƙasar a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Biritaniya, ta yadda a yawancin yankuna masu yawo ba za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyen ba kawai saboda yarda da haƙurin masu mallakar ƙasa. An samu izini daga duk masu mallakar filaye a duk fadin ƙasarsu Hanyar Waymarked da Ulster Way . Mafi yawan filayen jama'a na Arewacin Ireland ana iya samun dama, misali Ma'aikatar ruwa da filin sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar ke da kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su National Trust da Woodland Trust .
Ireland ta Arewa tana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da ikon mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma tana da tsarin kotuna, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokar samun dama.
Amurka
A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana ƙirƙiri hanyar dama ta hanya ta zama nau'i na sauƙi . Sauƙaƙe na iya zama mai fa'ida mai sauƙi, wanda ke amfanar kadarorin maƙwabta, ko sassauƙa gabaɗaya, wanda ke amfanar wani mutum ko mahaluƙi sabanin wani yanki na ƙasar. Duba kuma "Ma'anar Madadin" a sama, dangane da nau'ikan sauƙi da aka bayar ko aka tanada akan ƙasa don dalilai na sufuri,
Dama don yawo
'Yancin yin yawo, ko 'yancin kowane mutum shine haƙƙin jama'a na jama'a na samun damar shiga wani fili na jama'a ko na sirri don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. An ba da izinin shiga ko'ina cikin kowace buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, ban da hanyoyi da waƙoƙi da ake da su.
A Ingila da Wales haƙƙoƙin samun damar jama'a sun shafi wasu nau'ikan ƙasar da ba a noma ba musamman - "dutse, moor, zafi, ƙasa da ƙasa gama gari masu rijista". Ƙasar da aka bunƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna musamman an keɓe su daga haƙƙin shiga. Ana iya samun ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta a sama (Duba Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya 2000 ). Yawancin gandun daji na jama'a suna da irin wannan haƙƙin shiga ta hanyar sadaukar da kai na son rai da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta yi . Mutanen da ke amfani da haƙƙin samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na mutunta haƙƙin wasu mutane na gudanar da ƙasa, da kuma kare yanayi da yanci.
A cikin Scotland da ƙasashen Nordic na Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden da kuma ƙasashen Baltic na Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania 'yancin yin yawo na iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin jama'a na gama gari waɗanda wasu lokuta ana tsara su cikin doka. Samun damar tsoho ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin isasshe na asali wanda ba a tsara shi a cikin doka ba sai zamanin yau. Wannan haƙƙin kuma yakan haɗa da shiga tafkuna da koguna, don haka ayyuka kamar iyo, kwale-kwale, tuƙi da tuƙi. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasar (Scotland) ta shekarar 2003 tana ba kowa haƙƙin samun dama ga yawancin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a cikin Scotland (ban da ababen hawa), samar da cewa suna mutunta haƙƙin wasu.
Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga jama'a. BCU tana amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ba wai don wayar da kan al'amuran samun dama ba kawai, amma don ƙoƙarin kawo canje-canje a cikin doka.
Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi irin su Madagascar suna da manufofin tarihi na buɗe damar shiga gandun daji ko wuraren jeji.
Ƙasar jama'a
Wasu ƙasar da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar jama'a ko kambi na iya zama yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi na mulkin mallaka.
Ƙasar Crown a Kanada
Yawancin Kanada ƙasar Crown ce ta larduna . Wasu ana hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar gandun daji ko hakar ma'adinai, amma akan yawancinsu akwai damar shiga kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin tafiye-tafiye, keke, kwale-kwale, tseren kan iyaka, hawan doki, da farauta da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya ƙuntata ko iyakance damar shiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kare tsirrai da dabbobin daji). A cikin Yankunan Kanada Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada ce ke gudanar da ƙasar Crown. An ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasan Crown kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma ke gudanar da ita. Sannan kuma Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na larduna da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira makamancin haka. Mutanen ƙabilar Kanada na iya samun takamaiman hakki akan ƙasar Crown da aka kafa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu a lokacin da Kanada ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu ƙasar Crown.
Ƙasar Crown a Ostiraliya
Yawancin yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya shine Crown land, wanda jihohin Ostiraliya ke gudanarwa. Yawancin ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, ƙasar da mutanen Aborigin suka mallaka da kuma gudanarwa (misali Ƙasar APY ), da kuma "wanda ba a raba" Ƙasar Crown. Ana ba da izinin shiga na ƙarshe don dalilai na nishaɗi, kodayake ana buƙatar motoci masu motsi don bin hanyoyi.
Ƙasar jama'a a Amurka
Yawancin filayen jama'a na jihohi da na tarayya a buɗe suke don amfanin nishaɗi. Damar nishaɗi ta dogara ne akan hukumar gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da aikin daga faɗaɗɗen wuraren buɗe ido na kyauta ga kowa da kowa, waɗanda ba a buɗe su ba na Ofishin Kula da Filaye zuwa wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Amurka da ake sarrafawa sosai. Matsugunan namun daji da wuraren kula da namun daji na jihohi, waɗanda aka gudanar da farko don haɓaka wurin zama, gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kallon namun daji, tafiye-tafiye, da farauta, yawace-yawace sai dai rufewa don kare mace-mace da sheƙar gida, ko don rage damuwa kan dabbobin hunturu Ko sanyi.Dazuzzuka na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da cakuda hanyoyin da aka kiyaye da kuma tituna, jeji da wuraren da ba a bunƙasa ba, da wuraren raye-raye da wuraren zama.
Ruwa
Gaba
Hakkokin jama'a akai-akai suna wanzuwa a gaban rairayin bakin teku. A cikin tattaunawa ta shari'a ana kiran bakin teku sau da yawa a matsayin yanki mai yashi .
Don rairayin bakin teku masu zaman kansu a cikin Amurka, wasu jihohi kamar Massachusetts suna amfani da ƙaramin alamar ruwa azaman layin raba tsakanin kadarorin Jiha da na mai bakin teku. Sauran jihohi kamar California suna amfani da alamar ruwa mai tsayi.
A cikin Burtaniya, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan gandun daji mallakin Crown ne duk da cewa akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman ma abin da ake kira kamun kifi da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ayyukan tarihi don taken, tun daga zamanin Sarki John ko a baya, da kuma Dokar Udal., dukkan wanda ya shafi gabaɗaya a cikin Orkney da Shetland . Duk da yake a cikin sauran Biritaniya ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙare har zuwa babban alamar ruwa, kuma ana ganin Crown ya mallaki abin da ke ƙasa da shi, a Orkney da Shetland ya haɓaka zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin bazara. Inda yankin gaba ke mallakar Crown jama'a suna samun damar shiga ƙasa da layin da ke nuna babban tudun ruwa .
A Girka, bisa ga L. 2971/01, an ayyana yankin gabas a matsayin yanki na bakin teku wanda zai iya kaiwa ta iyakar hawan raƙuman ruwa a bakin tekun (mafi girman igiyar ruwa a bakin tekun) a cikin iyakar su. iya aiki (mafi girman magana zuwa "yawanci matsakaicin raƙuman hunturu" kuma ba shakka ba ga lokuta na musamman ba, kamar tsunami da sauransu. ). A Yankin bakin teku, baya ga keɓancewar doka, na jama'a ne, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin gine-gine na dindindin a kai ba.
Kamar yadda yake tare da busasshiyar yashi na bakin teku, takaddamar doka da ta siyasa na iya tasowa kan mallakar da kuma amfani da jama'a na gabar teku . Misali ɗaya na baya-bayan nan shi ne gardamar gaba da tekun New Zealand da ta shafi iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Māori . Koyaya, Dokar Ruwa da Yankin Teku (Takutai Moana) Dokar 2011 ta ba da garantin shiga jama'a kyauta.
Rivers
Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Ingila da Wales ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a.
Duba sauran abubuwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta
Hanyoyi na Gado (Haƙƙin haƙƙin Scotland)
Ci gaba da buɗe Ireland
Hakkokin jama'a na hanya (Naturenet)
Hakkokin jama'a na hanyar shiga teku a tsibirin Rhode, Amurka Archived
The Ramblers: Hakkoki na asali na doka
Scotsway: Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Wayyo & Access Society na Scotland
Hanya
Doka
Yanci
Hakki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18422 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenjin | Fenjin | Fenjin tsuntsayen teku ne a cikin dangin tsuntsaye rukunin Spheniscidae . Suna amfani da fikafikan su don yin tafiya a ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma ba za su iya tafiya cikin iska ba wato tashi sama. Suna cin kifi da sauran abincin teku . Penguins suna yin ƙwai kuma suna kiwon 'ya'yansu a ƙasa.
Fenjin suna zaune ne kawai a Kudancin Kasan duniya: Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia, Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Amurka . Yankin arewa mafi nisa da suka samu shine tsibirin Galapagos, inda sanyin Humboldt Current ke gudana a da.
Bayanin jiki
Duk Fenjin suna da farin ciki da duhu, galibi baƙi, baya. Wannan nau'ikan sake kamanni ne don kiyaye su lokacin da suke iyo, saboda hakan yana sa su haɗu da asalin su. Launi fari da baƙi suna yin tasirin da ake kira countershading . Lokacin da mai farauta yana kallon ƙasa ya ga farin ciki da fikafikan penguin na ninkaya, ba za su iya ganin penguin din da kyau ba saboda hasken yana zuwa daga sama. Koyaya, idan aka gani daga sama, baƙar fatar penguin yana haɗuwa da ruwan duhu a ƙasa, saboda haka suna da wahalar gani.
Manyan penguins na iya tsayawa kusan kafa 4 (110 cm) kuma yana iya ɗaukar kusan fam 100 (40 kg). Mafi ƙarancin nau'in ƙafa ɗaya ne kawai (32 cm) tsayi.
Penguins da farin ciki Layer na leɓe mai kumbura cewa yana taimaka musu wajen ci gaba da dumi, da kuma su gashinsa suna sosai tam cushe yin wani murfin. Har ila yau, suna da fuka-fukai na gashin ulu, a karkashin gashin gashin da ke waje wanda aka sanya shi da wani irin mai wanda yake sa su hana ruwa.
Penguins suna da ƙafafu masu faɗin taki waɗanda sukan yii
i amfani da su a cikin ruwa. Ba za su iya tafiya da kyau ba, saboda haka suna ci gaba. Penguins ba za su iya tashi ba, amma suna iya iyo sosai. Fukafukan su sun zama masu kauri da ƙananan flippers na ninkaya. Suna da kyau ji kuma suna iya gani a karkashin ruwa .
Rayuwa
Yawancin fenjin suna yin ƙwai biyu a kowace shekara amma fenjin na sarki suna sa ɗaya ne kawai. Bayan Fenjin ɗin sun haɗu, uwar za ta sa ƙwai ko ƙwai kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga cikin teku don cin abinci. Uba da uwa suna juyawa suna kula da ƙwan, kuma kajin suna da dumi bayan ƙyanƙyashe. Iyayen da ke kan aikin jariri ba su da abin da za su ci. Iyayen penguins suna kira don neman juna tsakanin dubban tsuntsaye lokacin da suka dawo daga filin ciyarwar. Lokacin da mahaifi daya ke kadai tare da qwai ko kajin da yunwa na iya kasancewa makonni ko watanni ya danganta da irin nau'in penguin da suke. Idan mahaifi daya bai dawo ba, dayan dole ne ya watsar da kwan ya je ya ci.
Fenjin suna cin kifi, da sauran ƙananan dabbobi daga cikin teku, wanda suke kamawa. Suna gida a cikin teku. Suna zuwa kan ƙasa ko kankara don yin ƙwai kuma su kiwon kaji. Ba sa cin abinci a wurin saboda suna zaune a wuraren da ƙasar ba ta da abinci. A yawancin jinsunan tsuntsayen duk suna gida tare a cikin wani babban rukuni, wanda ake kira rookery . Galibi suna yin gida gida da duwatsu ko laka.
Fenjin ba za su iya dandana kifi ba. An gano wannan lokacin da ƙungiyar bincike ta lura cewa sun ɓace wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin halitta don ɗanɗano. Bincike mafi kyau akan DNA na penguins ya nuna cewa duk nau'ikan basu da kwayoyin halitta masu aiki ga masu karban na zaki, umami, da dandano mai daci. Ba ruwan su, saboda sun haɗiye kifin baki ɗaya.
Ire Iren Su
Akwai 15-20 nau'in jinsin (nau'in) na penguins. Frenguin da aka zana fari-fata a yau ana ɗaukar saɓo na ƙananan penguin. Har yanzu ba a fayyace ba idan penguin na masarauta wani yanki ne na macaroni penguin . Masana kimiyya suma basu da tabbas kan ko penguins din dabbare daya ne, biyu, ko uku.
Jerin rarrabuwar Fenjin
Abun ciki
King penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus )
Sarkin penguuin ( Aptenodytes forsteri )
Pygoscoscelis
Adélie penguuin ( Pygoscelis adeliae )
Chinstrap penguin ( Pygoscelis Antarctica )
Gentoo penguin ( Pygoscelis papua )
Eudyptes ( guguwar penguins )
Rockhopper penguin ( Yarinyan chrysocome )
Fiordland penguin ( Eudyptes pachyrhynchus )
Tarkon penguin ( Eudyptes robustus )
Royal penguin ( Eudyptes schlegeli )
Kwancen penguin da ya dace da tsaka-tsakin ( Eudyptes sclateri )
Macaroni penguin ( Eudyptes chrysolophus )
Megadyptes
Penguin mai ruwan ido mai launin rawaya ( Magadyptes antipodes )
Cikakken
Little penguin ( Eudyptula karami )
Frenguin mai farin haske ( Eudyptula qananan albosignata )
Penguin na Afirka ( Spheniscus demersus )
Penguin Magellanic ( Spheniscus magellanicus )
Humboldt penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti )
Galápagos penguin ( Spheniscus mendiculus )
Hotuna
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo
Penguin a Citizendium
Tsuntsu
Halitta
Pages with unreviewed translations
Dabbobin ruwa |
15975 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oby%20Ezekwesili | Oby Ezekwesili | Obiageli Ezekwesili (an haife tane a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta1963), wanda aka fi sani da Oby Ezekwesili, wata kwararriyar akawun Najeriya ce daga jihar Anambra. Ta aka haife zuwa mahaifin Benjamin Ujubuonu wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1988 da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Cecilia Nwayiaka Ujubuonu wanda ya mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, na shekarar 2020. Tana auren Fasto Chinedu Ezekwesili na Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG). Ta kasance wacce ta kirkiro kungiyar Transparency International, tana aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan daraktocin hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya da ke zaune a Berlin, Jamus. Ta yi aiki ne a matsayin Ministan Tarayya na Ma'adanai masu Dadi sannan daga baya ta zama Ministan Ilimi na Tarayya a lokacin shugabancin Olusegun Obasanjo a karo na biyu. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya na Bankin Afirka daga watan Mayu shekarar 2007 zuwa watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, sannan daga baya kuma ta maye gurbin ta da Makhtar Diop. Ezekwesili ta kasance yar takarar neman lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya saboda aikinta na nuna gaskiya a bangaren hakar ma'adinai.
Ilimi
Ezekwesili ta yi digiri ta na biyu a fannin shari’a ta kasa da kasa da diflomasiyya daga jami’ar Legas, haka kuma ta yi digirin digir-gir na jami’ar mulki a makarantar gwamnati ta Kennedy, jami’ar Harvard. Ta yi horo tare da kamfanin Deloitte da Touche kuma ta cancanta a matsayin akawu da aka ƙayyade.
Kafin yin aiki da Gwamnatin Najeriya, Ezekwesiili tana aiki tare da Farfesa Jeffrey Sachs a Cibiyar Bunkasa Kasashen Duniya da ke Harvard.
Gwamnatin Obasanjo
Ezekwesili ta fara ne a gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo a matsayin jagora a sashen sa ido kan kasafin kudi da kuma sashin binciken sirri na farashin (wanda aka kira saboda Process Process Unit). A wannan matsayin ne ta samu kwarjinin "Madam Due Process" saboda rawar da ta taka na jagorancin tawagar kwararru don tsabtace ayyukan siyan jama'a da kwangila a matakin Tarayyar Najeriya. Ita ce maginin ofishin Ofishin dokar sayen kayayyaki, da Dokar Neman Karin Masana'antu ta Nijeriya (NEITI), da sabuwar dokar ma'adanai da hakar ma'adanai a lokacin da ta kwashe shekaru shida da rabi a cikin gwamnati.
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, an nada ta a matsayin Ministan Ma'adanai Masu Karafa (Ma'adinai da Karafa) a lokacin kuma ta jagoranci wani shirin sake fasalin da ya haifar da karbuwar a Najeriya a duniya a matsayin kyakkyawar hanyar hako ma'adinai. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Masana'antu ta Nijeriya (NEITI), kuma ta jagoranci aiwatar da kasa na farko game da ka'idojin duniya da ka'idojin nuna gaskiya a bangaren man fetur, gas da ma'adinai.
A watan Yunin shekarar 2006, an nada Ezekwesili a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Tarayya, mukamin da ta rike har sai da ta hau kan mukamin Bankin Duniya a watan Mayun shekarar 2007.
Aiki daga Baya
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, Shugaban Bankin Duniya Paul Wolfowitz, ya ba da sanarwar a nada Ezekwesili a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban yankin Nahiyar Afirka daga ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007.
A shekarar 2012, ta samu nasarar kammala aikinta a matsayinta na Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya (Afirka Division). A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Shugaban kasa, ita ce mai kula da ayyukan bankin na kasashe 48 a yankin Kudu da Saharar Afirka kuma ta kula da kundin lamuni na sama da dala biliyan 40.
Ezekwesili ta kasance tare da kafa Transparency International kuma ta kasance ɗayan daraktocin farko. A matsayinta na Babbar Mai ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki, kungiyar da hamshakin attajiri George Soros ya kafa, tana ba da shawara ga shugabannin kasashen Afirka tara da ke neman kawo sauyi ciki har da Paul Kagame na Ruwanda da Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf ta Laberiya.
A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a duniya, Bharti Airtel, wanda ke aiki a ƙasashe 20, ya sanya sunan Ezekwesili a matsayin darakta a hukumar. Har ila yau, tana cikin kwamitocin Asusun Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya (WWF), da Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a na Jami'ar Tsakiyar Turai, da Harold Hartog School of Government and Policy, mujallar New African, da Cibiyar Global Leadership @ Tufts University. An naɗa ta a cikin Kwamitin Amintattu na Ofishin Internationalasashen Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (IBFD), wanda ya fara daga 1st Afrilu 2020. A matsayinta na memba a kwamitin amintattu na IBFD, Dakta Ezekwesili za ta bayar da gudummawa wajen lura da fadada kamfanin na IBFD a kasashe masu tasowa.
A watan Mayu na shekarar 2012, Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Abeokuta a Najeriya ta bai wa Ezekwesili digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Science (DSC). An zabe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC a shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2014.
Zaben Shugaban Kasa na 2019
Ezekwesili ta yi takarar neman mukamin shugaban kasar Najeriya ne a karkashin jam'iyyar Allied Congress Party of Nigeria. Tsohon ministan ya nuna alamun tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar. A wani taron tunawa da cikar Najeriya shekaru 58 da samun ‘yancin kai, Fasto Tunde Bakare ya bayyana cewa za ta yi takarar ofishin shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin alkawuran da ta dauka yayin yakin neman zabe ita ce fitar da ‘yan Najeriya miliyan 80 daga kangin talauci.
A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Oby ta sauka daga takarar shugaban kasa saboda bambancin dabi'u da hangen nesa tare da jam'iyyarta ta siyasa, Allied Congress Party of Nigeria (ACPN). Sai dai kuma a ranar, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ce lokaci ya wuce da kowa zai janye daga takarar saboda an riga an shirya kayan zaben. A dalilin haka, har yanzu tasirin jam'iyyar zai bayyana. Fela Durotoye ya yabawa Oby kan yadda ya jagoranci kungiyar tare da yin kira ga hadin gwiwar kawo karshen mulkin # APC.
A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, Oby ya shirya taron manema labarai a NICON Luxury Hall, Abuja. Ta bude yayin tattaunawarta da manema labarai ne game da mummunan siyasarta yayin da take yakin neman ofishin Shugaban Najeriya a karkashin Jam’iyyar Allied Congress Party of Nigeria (ACPN). Ta kuma yi jawabi mai karfafa gwiwa yayin da ta sauka daga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2019.
A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019, Oby ta buga kudinta na kamfen. Rahoton ya nuna ta kashe naira miliyan 48 tsakanin 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2018 zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ganawa da Obiageli Ezekwesili, Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya na Afirka . Bankin Duniya, Nuwamba – Disamba 2007
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
2665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu%20Bello | Ahmadu Bello | Sir Ahmadu Bello an haife shi ne a ranar (12 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif dari tara da goma (1910) miladiyya a ƙaramar hukumar Raɓa dake jihar Sakkwato) KBE ko Sardauna shine tsohon Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya riƙe sarautar Sardauna a jihar Sakkwato. A shekarar 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin Arewa, yana kuma daga cikin mutum na uku da aka zaɓa acikin ƙungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.Sardauna ya kasance wani mutumi ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya ƙirƙiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Kamar jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Gidan Rediyo dake jihar Kaduna, da sauransu. Duk da cewa Sardaunan sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya.
Farkon Rayuwarsa
Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tara (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin Raba. kuma zuri'ar Usman Ɗan Fodio ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan Muhammad Bello kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba. Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da talatin da ɗaya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen turanci a Sokoto Middle School.
Siyasa
A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da huɗu (1934), an naɗa Ahmadu Bello hakimin garin Raba daga Sultan Hassan ɗan Mu'azu, inda yagaji ɗan uwansa. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), an masa Ƙarin girma a matsayin Shugaban Gusau dake jihar Zamfara a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi ƙoƙarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir Siddiq Abubakar II wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan Sokoto, sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Waɗannan muƙaman ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) daga alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da huɗu (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration).
Jam'iyya
A kuma shekarun alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa ƙasar Ingila Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa Ƙarin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati.
. Bayan dawowarsa daga Britain, an zaɓe shi ya wakilci yankin Sokoto a regional House of Assembly. A matsayinsa na member of the assembly, ya kasance dakare wajen kare
hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma haɗin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato Kano, Masarautar Borno da Sokoto. An zaɓeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee waɗanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a Ibadan. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zaɓe shi da yayi mulki a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa.
A zaɓukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional executive council as minister of works. Ahmadu Bello ya riƙe ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the Northern Region of Nigeria. A shekarar 1954, Bello yazama Premier na farko a Northern Nigeria. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zaɓukan ƴancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar ƙasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla ƙawance da jam'iyar Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from Britain. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the Nigeria, Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na Arewacin Nijeriya sannan ya bayar da matsayi.
Bibiliyo
Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. ISBN 978-34637-2-1. OCLC 44137937.
· Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366
· Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889
· Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0. OCLC 696220895.
Manazarta
Mutanen Najeriya
Hausawa |
18311 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebiba | Sebiba | Sebiba ( ) ita ce kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a Aljeriya don tsara biki da raye-rayen da Abzinawa ke yi a wannan lokacin tare da rakiyar mata masu kada ganguna a yankin Sahara na Djanet a yankin Tassili n’Ajjer da ke kudancin Algeria. Rawar ta samo asali ne daga zuriyar bayi bakar fata na Afirka kuma wani bangare ne na bikin Ashura na Musulunci .
Yanayin al'adu
Al’umar Tuareg a cikin Aljeriya da a yankin Sahel bisa al’ada sun kasu kashi biyu na azuzuwan zamantakewa.
Ana kiran babban aji na aristocrats Imajeghen ko Imuhagh a cikin harshen Tamasheq kuma yayi daidai da mayaƙa (hassan) daga cikin Moorish Bidhan .
A cikin ƙananan ƙarshen zaman jama'a aji ne Iklan, bayi ko Abid daga Bidhan ( ).
Bayin da aka sace daga yankin Sudan suna da 'yanci a yau kuma sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin al'umar Abzinawa.
Maƙerin maƙera, waɗanda suka yi duk kayan aiki, makamai da kayan ado, sun kafa ƙungiya ta daban wacce a baya ba ta cikin jama'a kuma an haramta ta.
Ana kiransu Inaden, a cewar Bidhan, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa waƙar Sebiba da kiɗan drum suke da asalin baƙar fata ta Afirka.
Wani rawa maza na baƙar fata na yawan Abzinawa, Tazanzareet, ya kasance tare da raira waƙoƙin mata da bushewa; da wuya aka taɓa yin sa.
A cikin wannan kyakkyawar rawar Abzinawa ba kasafai ake yin ta ba, matansu suna buga waƙar Imzad mai kaɗa ɗaya ko kuma buga Tendee turmi don rakiyar mawaƙa.
Halaye
Ranar farko zuwa rana ta goma ga watan farko na watan Muharram shine lokacin bukukuwan wucewa wanda ke shigowa da sabuwar shekara. A koli ne rana ta goma, da Ashura rana ( ), wanda ke da wasu ma'anoni na addini dangane da mazhabar Musulunci.
Sabuwar Shekarar Hijiriyya ita ce Muharram ta goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa. A cikin Djanet, ana kiran Sebiba rawa da kuma duk lokacin biki a ƙarshen shekara.
A Agadez da ke arewacin Nijar, Abzinawan suna bikin Bianu tare da raye-raye da kuma fareti a lokaci guda.
A Bianu da kuma a bikin Sebiba, an tsara hanyar gudanar da taron ne ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin jama'a biyu: Tare da Bianu, an raba garin Agadez zuwa gabas da yamma rabin lokacin taron, mazauna da Ksar zo ga Sebiba festival, Azellouaz da Ksar El Mihan da juna.
Bikin ya dawo da tunanin wani dogon rikici wanda yanzu aka warware shi tsakanin kauyukan biyu. Wurin Adjahil baya shiga cikin shagalin, mai yiwuwa haramcin addini ne daga Sufi Tariqa na Senusiyya, wanda ya kiyaye Zawiya a Adjahil a farkon karni na 20.
Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Sebiba sun haɗa da tunanin almara na ƙarshen shekara, sabon farawa da lokaci na rikon kwarya wanda ke cikin canji da narkewa yayin tsawon lokacin bikin. Wannan ra'ayi na gaba daya an wuce dashi ne kamar al'adun Abzinawa (Tagdudt) kuma ance ya san Abzinawa makiyaya a da.
Tunanin lokacin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa yana da alaƙa da sabuntawar yanayi na yanayi, amma kuma ana iya haɗuwa da tatsuniyoyi na ƙarfin ikon sarakunan bakar fata na Afirka. A can masarautar ta kan shiga wani lokaci na maimaita rikice-rikice na al'ada, inda dangantakar mulki ke juyewa kuma ana yin yaƙe-yaƙe har sai an tabbatar da mai mulkin yana da asalin Allah.
Daidaitawar lokaci tare da Ashura ya sanya ayyukan ibada, wadanda tun farko ake maganarsu a matsayin jahiliyya, wani bangare ne na al'adun musulinci na yau da kullun kuma saboda haka karbabbu ne ga yawancin Abzinawa Musulmi. Koyaya, akwai kungiyoyin musulmai da suka ƙi Sebiba a matsayin waɗanda ba musulmai bane saboda asalinsu da kuma yadda ake aiwatar dasu.
Al'adar baka ta bijiro da asalin Sebiba zuwa ga mutuwar Fir'auna, wanda ya nitse a cikin Bahar Maliya yayin tsananta wa Musa (Sidi Moussa) da yahudawa, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci ta Sunni kan asalin Ashura. A wancan lokacin, kyakkyawa ta yi nasara a kan mugunta, wanda aka bayyana a cikin sabon farkon yanayi a lokacin Ashura.
Don gode maka da nasarar da aka yi, ana cewa ƙirƙira Sebiba. Don rarrabe shi da raye-raye na Sebiba, wanda kuma ana iya yin sa a wasu ƙauyuka yayin bukukuwan aure da sauran shagulgulan biki, ana kiran bikin a ranar Ashura Sebiba n'Tililin (sauran rubutun Sebeiba ou Tillellin).
Sauran raye-raye na asalin bakar fata na Maghreb su ne Stambali, raye-rayen Tunusiya wanda wani ɓangare ne na shakuwa da takwararta ta Morocco Derdeba. Rawar Algeriya na matan Berber Abdaoui shima yana da ma'anar yanayi.
Kayan Duniya
An sanya bikin Sebiba a cikin Sahara na Algeriya a matsayin al'adun Abzinawa da al'adun gargajiya wadanda suka zama wani bangare na al'adun duniya na bil'adama, inda sutturar gargajiya da aka shirya don bikin ta kasance tana da matsakaici.
An rubuta al'adu da shagulgulan Sebiba a cikin yankin Djanet a cikin shekara ta 2014 a tsakanin jerin UNESCO na al'adun al'adu na Intangible na Humanan Adam .
Rawa a cikin wannan bikin rawa ce wacce take cikin jerin UNESCO na jerin al'adun gargajiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da raira waƙa, kiɗa da biki.
Sebiba ta hada da shagulgula, raye-raye na al'ada, waƙoƙin jama'a da kuma buga ganguna, raye-raye na jama'a waɗanda aka tsara kuma ana yin su musamman a Sahara ta Algeria.
Wannan nau'ikan rawar rawa an yarda da ita a hukumance a matsayin al'adun Aljeriya, kuma ana jin daɗin ta kuma ana jin daɗin ta a duk faɗin duniya, kuma suna da girman duniya da jan hankalin yawon shakatawa.
Rawar Sebiba wani lamari ne mai matukar rikitarwa, wanda ya shafi al'adu, al'adu, amfani da jikin mutane, kayan tarihi (kamar sutura da kayan tallafi), da kuma takamaiman amfani da kiɗa, sarari da hasken rana.
A sakamakon haka, an hada abubuwa da yawa wadanda ba za a iya gani ba a cikin rawar Sebiba, wanda hakan ya sanya ya zama kalubale amma mai matukar ban sha'awa irin na al'adun Aljeriya da Abzinawa don kiyayewa.
Hotuna
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
39131 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semuliki%20National%20Park | Semuliki National Park | Semuliki National Park wurin shakatawa ,na kasa a gundumar Bwamba, wani yanki mai nisa na gundumar Bundibugyo a Yankin Yamma na Uganda wanda aka kafa a watan Oktoba 1993. Ya ƙunshi 219 km2 na dajin dazuzzuka masu zafi na Gabashin Afirka tilo. Yana daya daga cikin wurare mafi wadata na fure-fure da na dabbobi, a Afirka, tare da tsuntsaye da nau'in malam buɗe ido sun bambanta musamman. Hukumar kula da namun daji na Uganda ce ke kula da wurin shakatawa.
Wuri
Semuliki National Park,yana kan iyakar Uganda, ne da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . Dutsen Rwenzori yana kudu-maso-gabas na wurin shakatawa, yayin da Lake Albert ke arewa da wurin shakatawa. Wurin shakatawa yana a cikin Albertine Rift, hannun yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift . Wurin shakatawa yana kan faffadar faffada a hankali wanda ya kai daga 670 to 760 m (2,200 zuwa 2,490 ft) sama da matakin teku .
Wurin shakatawa yana samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1,250 mm (49 in), tare da kololuwar ruwan sama daga Maris zuwa Mayu da kuma daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa suna fuskantar ambaliya a lokacin damina. Yanayin zafin jiki a wurin shakatawa ya bambanta daga 18 to 30 °C (64 zuwa 86 °F), tare da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yau da kullun.
Wurin shakatawa yana iyaka da kogin Semlikim da na Lamia, wuraren shayar da dabbobi da yawa. Wurin shakatawa yana da maɓuɓɓugan zafi guda biyu a cikin ma'adinan zafi mai cike da fadama . Ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa - Mumbuga spring - yayi kama da geyser ta hanyar samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsayi 0.5 m. Waɗannan maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi suna jan hankalin ɗimbin tsuntsayen bakin teku kuma suna ba da lasa gishiri ga dabbobi da yawa.
Daga 1932 zuwa 1993, yankin da Semuliki National Park ke kula da shi a matsayin gandun daji, da farko gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sannan kuma ta bangaren kula da gandun daji na gwamnatin Uganda. Gwamnati ta mai da shi wurin shakatawa na kasa a watan Oktoba 1993 don kare gandun daji a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na wuraren da aka karewa na Yammacin Rift Valley.
Wurin shakatawa wani yanki ne na hanyar sadarwa na yankuna masu kariya a cikin Albertine Rift Valley. Sauran wuraren kariya a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa sun haɗa da:
Dutsen Rwenzori - A Uganda
Bwindi Imperetrable National Park - A Uganda
Kibale National Park - A Uganda
Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park - A Uganda
Virunga National Park - A cikin DR Congo
Wurin shakatawa na Volcanoes - A Ruwanda
Maziyartan wurin shakatawa za su iya shiga kallon tsuntsaye, tafiya zuwa ciyayi na savannah, suna tafiya cikin 13 km (8.1 mi) Titin Kirumia, kuma ziyarci maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi inda ruwan ya yi zafi don dafa ƙwai da plantain.
Flora da fauna
Yankin Semuliki National Park wani yanki ne na musamman a cikin mafi girman yanayin yanayin Albertine Rift . Wurin shakatawa yana kusa da mahaɗin yankuna da yawa na yanayin yanayi da muhalli, kuma a sakamakon haka yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da yawa. Yawancin nau'in tsiro da dabbobin da ke cikin wurin shakatawa kuma ana samun su a cikin dazuzzukan kwarin gwiwar Kongo, tare da yawancin ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan sun kai iyakar gabashin iyakar su a dajin Semuliki. Tsire- tsire na wurin shakatawa galibi matsakaita ne mai ɗanɗano har abada har zuwa dajin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Babban nau'in tsire-tsire a cikin gandun daji shine Uganda ironwood ( Cynometra alexandri ). Haka kuma akwai nau'ikan bishiya na yanayin da ba a taɓa gani ba da kuma al'ummomin gandun daji na fadama.
Wurin shakatawa yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, gami da jagorar zuma mai leda . 216 na waɗannan nau'ikan (kashi 66 na jimillar nau'in tsuntsayen ƙasar) tsuntsayen gandun daji ne na gaske, ciki har da ƙwanƙwasa na ƙasa na Oberländer ( Geokichla oberlaenderi ), Sassi's olive greenbul ( Phyllastrephus lorenzi ) da nau'in hornbill tara. Wurin shakatawa yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da 60, gami da bauna na Afirka, damisa, hippopotamus, biri na biri, chevrotain ruwa, jariran daji, civet na Afirka, giwa na Afirka, da squirrel na Pygmy scaly-tailed tashi squirrel ( Idiurus zenkeri ). Ana samun nau'ikan duiker tara a cikin wurin shakatawa, gami da bay duiker, (Céphalophus dorsalis ). Wurin shakatawa yana da nau'ikan firamare guda takwas da kusan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido 460.
Yawan mutane
Dazuzzukan dajin na da matukar muhimmanci ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga al'ummomin bil'adama da ke zaune kusa da wurin shakatawa. Al’ummar yankin na noma ne na rayuwa, kuma suna amfani da dazuzzukan dajin don ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba. Wasu daga cikin kayayyakin da suke samu daga dazuzzuka sun hada da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, magungunan ganye, da kayan gini. Al'ummar yankin na karuwa da kashi 3.4 a kowace shekara. Yawan yawan jama'a da raguwar yawan amfanin gona tare da rashin samun madadin hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na nufin cewa al'ummar yankin sun dogara da albarkatun dajin. Dajin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta al'adu da ta ruhaniya a cikin rayuwar mutanen gida. Dazuzzuka kuma gida ne na mutane kusan 100 Great Lakes Twa, al'ummar ƴan asalin da har yanzu suna rayuwa a matsayin mafarauta . Domin yawon bude ido yana ba wa mutanen Basua ƙarin hanyar samun kudin shiga, masu ziyartar wurin shakatawa za su iya ƙarin koyo game da al'adu da tarihin mutanen Basua a wurin shakatawa kuma su ga sana'o'in hannu da suka yi.
Abubuwan da hukumomi suka yi a baya da suka ware mutanen yankin ya haifar da bacin rai a tsakaninsu. Wannan ya rage tasirin ayyukan kiyayewa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga faruwar ayyukan haram. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ta shiga cikin al'ummomin yankin wajen tsara wuraren shakatawa.
Rikicin jama'a ya faru a gundumar Bundibugyo tsakanin 1997 zuwa 2001. A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1997, 'yan tawayen Allied Democratic Forces sun kai hari tare da mamaye garin Bundibugyo tare da mamaye hedkwatar wurin shakatawa. An kai mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wurin shakatawa zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda - Semuliki National Park (wuri na hukuma).
UNEP-WCMC Database na Duniya akan Taskar Bayanan Yankunan Kare.
Herpetofauna na Afirka - Semuliki National Park a Yammacin Uganda.
Semallki national park
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeriya%20Baptist%20Convention | Najeriya Baptist Convention | Nijeriya Baptist Convention ne Baptist Kirista denomination, da yake da alaka da Baptist Duniya, Alliance, a Najeriya . Rev. Dr. Israel Adélaní Àkànjí MFA shine shugaban ƙasa. Hedikwatar ofishin tana Ibadan, Najeriya . Kungiyar tana da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa guda uku wadanda ke kula da ayyukan Minista Rev. Dr. Dickson Madoghwe, Gudanarwa da Albarkatun Jama'a, Deacon Emmanuel Musa Ubandoma, da Kudi & Zuba Jari, Deacon Joseph Abiodun Oloyede. Kungiyar kuma tana da Daraktoci da ke jagorantar sassa da dama a karkashin ta. Majalisar zartarwa ta kungiyar tana karkashin jagorancin Shugaban Taron. Shugaba mai ci shi ne Rev. Dr. Amos Achi Kunat.
Tarihi
Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya ta samo asali ne daga wata manufa ta ƙasashen waje na Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Kudancin Amurka a shekara ta 1849 tare da nadin Rev. Thomas Jefferson Bowen a matsayin mishan na farko zuwa ƙasar. Ya isa yankin Badagry na jihar Legas ta yanzu a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1850. An kafa Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1914. Ya fara wasu taron na Baptist a Yammacin Afirka musamman a Ghana (yanzu Ghana Baptist Convention ), da kuma a Saliyo, yanzu ( Baptist Convention of Saliyo ). Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙungiya da aka fitar a cikin shekara ta 2020, ta ɗauki majami'u guda 13,654 da mambobi guda 8,000,637.
Cibiyoyin Likita
Kungiyar Baptist ɗin ta Najeriya tana aiki da asibitoci da cibiyoyin koyar da kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Baptist Medical Center a Ogbomoso, wanda yanzu ake kira asibitin koyarwa na jami'ar Bowen, ya kasance ɗayan manyan asibitoci kuma ana amfani dashi azaman asibitin koyarwa na jami'a ta jami'ar Bowen dake Iwo, tun daga watan Disambar shekara ta 2009. Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya tana aiki da wasu manyan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Baptist (tare da Makarantun Nursing da Midwifery) da ke Eku da Saki; da sauran kananan asibitocin Baptist a fadin Najeriya. Sauran sun hada da asibitin Oliveth Baptist, tsaunin Oliveth, Oyo, jihar Oyo.
Cibiyoyin ilimi
Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya ta kafa da kuma sarrafa dubban makarantun firamare da na sakandare wadanda akasarin su an dauki su ne a lokacin mulkin kama karya na soja kuma ana aiki da su a matsayin cibiyoyin gwamnati. A cikin shekara ta 2001, an kafa Makarantun Ofishin Jakadancin Baptist don kula da makarantun da aka mayar da su ga Babban Taron. Gwamnatin Legas ta ba da makarantunta hudu (4) da aka karba a shekara ta 1976. Makarantun Baptist Baptist suna karkashin jagorancin Dr. Tide Olalere kuma a yanzu haka suna kula da Makarantun Sakandare goma sha biyar (15) da kuma makarantun firamare biyu (2). Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya yanzu tana aiki da Jami'ar Bowen, wanda aka yiwa lakabi don girmama Rev. Thomas Jefferson Bowen, Ba'amurke dan Ba'amurke dan mishan na farko daga Yarjejeniyar Kudancin Baptist. Jami'ar Bowen tana a Iwo a cikin jihar Osun, kuma tana cikin tsohuwar tsohuwar kadada 1,300 (5 km²) harabar Kwalejin Baptist, cibiyar koyar da malamai a kan wani kyakkyawan tsauni kusa da garin. Jami'ar Bowen ta buɗe a cikin shekara ta 2002 a matsayin cibiyar zama tare da ɗaliban 500 tare da kuma rajista na yanzu game da ɗalibai guda 3,000, da kuma ƙimar ƙarfin ɗalibai akalla guda 5,500. Tunanin jami'ar Baptist ta Najeriya an kirkireshi ne a shekara ta 1938, kuma aka amince dashi a shekara ta 1957 ta Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya. Bowen University ne "ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin cibiyar na koyo da kuma bincike na fifiko, hada ilimi kyau tare da soyayya na bil'adama, haifa daga wani mai tsoron Allah hali, daidai da Baptist hadisin na da'a hali, zamantakewa alhakin da mulkin demokra koyaswarsa hidima".
Cibiyoyin ilimin tauhidi
Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya tana da cibiyoyin koyar da ilimin tauhidi guda goma don fastoci, mafi girma shine makarantar koyar da ilimin tauhidin ta Baptist ta Nigeria da aka kafa a shekara ta 1898 a Ogbomoso, wanda ke ba da digiri na farko, masters da kuma digiri. A cikin shekara ta 1950s, wani binciken makarantun hauza na Afirka da Bishop Stephen Neill (na Asusun Ilimin tauhidin) ya sanya Seminary tauhidin na Najeriya a matsayin ɗayan manyan makarantun sakandare a Afirka. .
Cibiyoyin ilimin tauhidi sune:
Makarantar Tauhidin tauhidin tauhidin ta Najeriya, Ogbomoso
Baptist tauhidin Seminary, Kaduna
Makarantar Tauhidin tauhidin Baptist, Eku.
Baptist College of Theology, Legas
Kwalejin Baptist na tauhidin, Oyo
Baptist College of Theology, Owerri
Kwalejin Baptist na Tiyoloji, Benin City
Baptist College of Theology, Igede-Ekiti
Makarantar Fastocin Baptist, Jos
Makarantar Fastocin Baptist, Gombe.
Duba kuma
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Haihuwa
Hidimar bautar (bisharar bishara)
Yesu Kristi
Cocin Muminai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar Yanar Gizo
http://www.baptistcoftl.org
https://www.nigerianbaptist.org/about-us/policies-and-practices/
Najeriya
Cocin Najeriya
Coci
Kiristoci yan Najeriya
Kiristoci
Pages with unreviewed translations |
28389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin%20Tarihi%20na%20Ahmadabad | Birnin Tarihi na Ahmadabad | Birnin tarihi na Ahmadabad ko Tsohon Ahmedabad, birni mai katanga na Ahmedabad a Indiya, Ahmad Shah I na Gujarat Sultanate ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1411. Ya kasance babban birnin Sultanate Gujarat kuma daga baya muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci ta Gujarat. A yau, duk da kasancewar cunkoson jama'a da rugujewa, har yanzu tana zama alamar zuciyar ɗan birni Ahmedabad. UNESCO ta sanya shi a matsayin Garin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Yulin shekarar 2017.
Tarihi
Mazaunan farko sun kasance a kudancin tsohon birni na yanzu kuma a bakin kogin Sabarmati. An san shi da Ashaval ko Ashapalli. Asha Bhil ta kasance sarkin Ashaval. A ƙarni na sha ɗaya, Karna na daular Chaulukya da ke mulki daga Anhilwad Patan (1072-1094) ya mai da garin babban birnin kasar kuma ya sanya masa suna Karnavati (garin Karan) ko Shrinagar (birni mai wadata) da Rajnagar (garin sarki).
Ahmed Shah I ya aza harsashin ginin Bhadra Fort wanda ya fara daga Manek Burj, tushe na farko na birnin a shekara ta 1411 wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1413. Ya kuma kafa dandalin farko na birnin Manek Chowk, dukansu suna da alaƙa da almara na Hindu saint Maneknath. . Sultanatensa na Gujarat (1411-1573) ya yi mulki daga birnin har zuwa 1484. Jikansa Mahmud Begada ya canza sheka babban birnin kasar daga Ahmedabad zuwa Muhammadabad daga 1484 zuwa 1535 amma ya yi katanga na biyu na birnin. Daga baya Ahmedabad ya sake zama babban birnin sultan har sai da ya fada hannun Mughals a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin mulkin Mughal (1572-1707), Bhadra Fort ya zama kujerar Gwamnan Gujarat. Garin ya bunƙasa tare da ƙara ƙauyuka da dama a cikin birnin da kewaye. Daga cikin mutanen birnin ba a tantance kiyasin ba. Akwai wasu kiyasin girman birni a cikin ayyukan lokacin: Ferishta, Ain-i-Akbari, da Mirat-i-Ahmadi. A cewar Ain-i-Akbari (1580), akwai puras 360, daga cikinsu tamanin da huɗu ne kawai suke bunƙasa; A cewar Ferishta akwai, a cikin 1600, 360 mahalla, kowane kewaye da bango; Mirat-i-Ahmadi a wani nassi yana cewa, irin wannan ta kasance da yawan al'ummarta cewa tana dauke da puras 380, kowanne pura kwata ne kusan gari; A wani nassin kuma ya ambaci unguwanni goma sha biyu na gari da sauran su a waje, kuma a cikin cikakken bayanin birnin ya ambace su da sunaye 110 da 19 daga cikinsu suka zauna karkashin mulkin Mughal. Bajamushe matafiyi Mandelslo (1638) ya ambata ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu dogaro kusan wasannin lig guda bakwai. A lokacin gwagwarmayar Mughal da Maratha (1707-1753) don sarrafa birnin, an cutar da birnin kuma an lalatar da yankuna da dama. Ganuwar birnin ta lalace a fadace-fadace kuma cinikin ya shafa. An raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin sarakunan Mughal da Maratha. Daga baya a lokacin mulkin Maratha (1758-1817), an raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin Peshwa da Gaekwad. Wadannan sun shafi tattalin arzikin birnin saboda karin haraji. A cikin 1817, Ahmedabad ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin Kamfanin Burtaniya wanda ya daidaita birnin a siyasance kuma ya inganta kasuwancin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi daga 80,000 a 1817 zuwa kusan 88,000 a shekara ta 1824. A cikin shekaru takwas da suka biyo baya an ba da haraji na musamman kan man ghee da sauran kayayyaki kuma a kan £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) an gyara ganuwar birnin. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka kafa wani kantom a wani wuri da ke arewacin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi (1816) zuwa kusan 95,000. Sauran kudaden jama'a bayan an gama katangar an yi amfani da su don ayyukan gundumar. Tsohon birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar harkokin siyasa a lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya karkashin Mahatma Gandhi.
Garuruwa da kofofi
Garuruwa
Fada a cikin tsari, wanda ya rufe yanki mai girman eka arba'in da uku, Bhadra sansanin yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. An kammala ginin Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad a shekara ta 1423. Yayin da birnin ya fadada, an fadada katangar birnin. Don haka katanga na biyu Mahmud Begada ya yi shi a shekara ta 1486, jikan Ahmed Shah, wanda ke da katanga na waje mai tsawon kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) a kewayensa kuma ya kunshi kofofi 12, bassoshi 189 da kuma sama da fadace-fadace 6,000 kamar yadda aka bayyana a Mirat-i- Ahmadi. Ganuwar katangar birni na biyu, tana gudana a yamma na kusan mil mil da kwata uku tare da bankin Sabarmati, da kuma shimfida gabas a siffa mai madauwari, sun haɗa da yanki mai nisan mil biyu a baya.
Kofofi
Yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 12 amma wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar samun 16. Daga baya wani masanin ilimin halitta ya gano cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 21. Bhadra Fort yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. A cikin garun birni na kagara na biyu, akwai ƙofofi goma sha takwas, manya goma sha biyar, ƙanana uku. Daga cikin goma sha biyar, an rufe daya, kuma an kara biyu daga baya. Waɗannan ƙofofin sun fara ne daga kusurwar arewa maso yamma, uku a bangon arewa, Shahpur a arewa maso yamma, Delhi a arewa, da Dariyapur a arewa maso gabas; hudu a bangon gabas, Premabhai, kofa da Birtaniyya ta gina, a arewa maso gabas, da Kalupur a gabas, da Panchkuva, kofar da Birtaniya ta gina, a gabas, da Sarangpur a kudu maso gabas; hudu a bangon kudu, Raipur da Astodiya a kudu maso gabas, da Mahuda, rufaffiyar kofa, da Jamalpur a kudu; bakwai a bangon yamma, Khan Jahan, Raikhad da Manek a kudu maso yamma; Ƙofofi uku na kagara, Ganesh, da Ram, da Baradari a tsakiya. da kuma kofar Khanpur dake arewa maso yamma. Sabbin ƙofofi biyu, Prem Darwaja da Ƙofar Panchkuva da Birtaniyya ta ƙara bayan buɗe layin dogo a 1864.
Unguwa
A Pol shi ne irin rukunin gidaje na tsohon birni. Akwai kusan 356 pols da aka kwatanta a cikin ayyukan tarihi. An kafa tsarin rukunin gidaje a lokacin mulkin Mughal-Maratha da aka raba (1738-1753) saboda rikicin addini tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai. Bayan haka (1780-1832), lokacin da ganuwar birnin ta daina fakewa daga 'yan fashi, ƙofar pol da agogon ya zama kariya mai mahimmanci. Chabutro wani shinge ne na musamman kamar tsari don ciyar da tsuntsaye wanda za'a iya samuwa a cikin Pols da yawa.
Tafiya ta gado
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwar CRUTA Foundation, suna shirya yawo a cikin tsohon birni daga Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir da kuma ƙarewa a Jama Masjid kowace safiya. Tafiya ta ƙunshi wurare da yawa na zamantakewa, addini da gine-gine masu alaƙa da tarihi da al'adun Ahmedabad.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki |
29838 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20shara%20a%20ruwa | Maganin shara a ruwa | Maganin sharar ruwa wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga ruwan datti da kuma mayar da shi gurɓataccen ruwa wanda za'a iya mayar da shi cikin zagayowar ruwa. Da zarar an dawo da sake zagayowar ruwa, ƙazanta yana haifar da tasiri mai karɓuwa akan yanayi ko kuma an sake yin amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban (wanda ake kira reclamation ruwa). Tsarin jiyya yana faruwa a cikin injin tsabtace ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan ruwan sha da yawa waɗanda ake kula da su ta hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar sarrafa ruwan sha. Ga ruwan sharar gida (wanda kuma ake kira da ruwan sha na birni ko najasa ), ana kiran wurin sarrafa najasa wurin sarrafa najasa . Don ruwan sharar masana'antu, jiyya ko dai yana faruwa a cikin wani wurin sarrafa ruwan sharar masana'antu daban, ko kuma a cikin injin sarrafa najasa (yawanci bayan wani nau'i na riga-kafi). Sauran nau'ikan masana'antar sarrafa ruwan datti sun haɗa da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha da aikin gona da masana'antar sarrafa shara leach.
Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da rabuwa lokaci (kamar lalatawa), tsarin ilimin halitta da sinadarai (kamar oxidation) ko gogewa. Babban abin da ake samu daga masana'antar sarrafa ruwan datti shine nau'in sludge wanda galibi ana yin magani a cikin iri ɗaya ko wata masana'antar sarrafa ruwa. Biogas na iya zama wani samfurin idan aka yi amfani da hanyoyin jiyya na anaerobic. Wasu ruwan sharar gida na iya zama da amfani sosai kuma a sake amfani da su azaman ruwan da aka kwaso. Anan Babban manufar maganin ruwan datti shine don a sami damar zubar da ruwa ko sake amfani da shi cikin aminci. Duk da haka, kafin a yi amfani da shi, dole ne a yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan zubarwa ko sake amfani da su don haka ana amfani da tsarin jiyya daidai akan ruwan datti.
Kalmar "maganin shara" tana cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka saba amfani da su don nufin "maganin najasa". A taƙaice, maganin sharar gida ya fi na najasa girma da ƙarfi.
Nau'in tsire-tsire masu magani
Za a iya bambanta masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha da nau'in ruwan da za a kula da shi. Akwai matakai da yawa da za a iya amfani da su don magance ruwan sha ya danganta da nau'i da girman gurɓataccen abu. Matakan jiyya sun haɗa da hanyoyin jiyya ta jiki, sinadarai da halittu.
Nau'o'in masana'antar sarrafa ruwa sun haɗa da:
Tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa
Cibiyoyin kula da ruwan sharar gida na masana'antu
Cibiyoyin sarrafa ruwan sharar gona na noma
Tsire-tsire masu magani na Leachate
Tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa
Cibiyoyin kula da ruwan sharar gida na masana'antu
Cibiyoyin sarrafa ruwan sharar gona na noma
Tsire-tsire masu magani na Leachate
Ana amfani da tsire-tsire masu magani na leachate don magance leach daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa . Zaɓuɓɓukan jiyya sun haɗa da: jiyya na ilimin halitta, magani na inji ta ultrafiltration, jiyya tare da matatun carbon mai aiki, jiyya na electrochemical gami da electrocoagulation ta wasu fasahohin mallakar da juyawa osmosis membrane tacewa ta amfani da fasahar bututun diski.
Tsarin naúrar
Tsarin naúra mai ƙwakwalwa da ke cikin sharar ruwan sha sun haɗa da tafiyar matakai na zahiri kamar daidaitawa ko flotation da tsarin nazarin halittu kamar iskar oxygen ko jiyya anaerobic. Wasu ruwan sharar gida suna buƙatar hanyoyin magani na musamman. A mataki mafi sauƙi, ana gudanar da maganin yawancin ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar rabuwa da daskararru daga ruwa, yawanci ta hanyar lalatawa . Ta hanyar ci gaba da juyar da abubuwan da suka narkar da su zuwa daskararru, yawanci floc na halitta ko biofilm, wanda daga nan aka daidaita ko kuma a raba, ana samar da magudanar ruwa na ƙara tsaftar su.
Rabuwar mataki
Rabuwar mataki yana canza ƙazanta zuwa wani lokaci mara ruwa . Rabuwar lokaci na iya faruwa a kashi-kashi a cikin jerin jiyya don cire daskararrun da aka samar yayin iskar oxygen ko gogewa. Ana iya samun mai da mai don mai ko saponification . Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan sau da yawa yana buƙatar dewatering na sludge a cikin masana'antar sarrafa ruwan datti . Zaɓuɓɓukan zubar da daskararrun busassun sun bambanta da nau'in da tattarawar ƙazanta da aka cire daga ruwa.
Lalacewa
Za'a iya cire tsattsauran tsaunuka kamar duwatsu, datti, da yashi, tarkace daga ruwan sharar ƙasa ta wurin nauyi lokacin da bambance-bambancen yawa ya wadatar don shawo kan tarwatsewa ta tashin hankali . Ana samun wannan yawanci ta amfani da tashar grit da aka ƙera don samar da madaidaicin magudanar ruwa wanda ke ba da damar grit don daidaitawa da sauran ƙananan daskararrun da za a ɗauka gaba zuwa mataki na gaba na jiyya. Rarraba nauyi na daskararru shine jiyya na farko na najasa, inda ake kiran tsarin naúrar "tankuna na farko" ko "tankunan tankuna na farko." Hakanan ana amfani da shi sosai don maganin sauran nau'ikan ruwan sha. Daskararrun da suka fi ruwa yawa za su taru a kasan kwandon shara . Ƙarin hadaddun fayyace kuma suna da skimmers don cire mai mai yawa lokaci guda kamar sabulu da daskararru kamar fuka-fuki, guntun itace, ko kwaroron roba . Kwantena kamar API mai raba ruwa-ruwa an ƙera su musamman don raba ruwaye marasa iyaka.
Hanyoyin Halittu da sunadarai
Oxidation
Oxidation yana rage buƙatun iskar oxygen biochemical na ruwan sharar gida, kuma yana iya rage gubar wasu ƙazanta Ko tarkace, Magani na biyu yana jujjuya mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta zuwa carbon dioxide, ruwa, da biosolids ta hanyar iskar oxygen da rage halayen. Ana amfani da iskar oxygen da iskar shaka sosai don kashe kwayoyin cuta.
Biochemical oxidation (jiyya na biyu)
Chemical oxidation
Ana amfani da ingantattun matakai na iskar oxygen don cire wasu gurɓatattun kwayoyin halitta masu dagewa da yawa da suka rage bayan iskar oxygenation na biochemical. . Disinfection by chemical oxidation kills bacteria and microbial pathogens by adding hydroxyl radicals such as ozone, chlorine or hypochlorite to wastewater. Kashewa ta hanyar iskar oxygen da iskar shaka tana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ƙara radicals na hydroxyl kamar ozone, chlorine ko hypochlorite zuwa ruwan sharar gida. Wadannan hydroxyl radical sai su rushe hadaddun mahadi a cikin kwayoyin gurɓataccen yanayi zuwa mahalli masu sauƙi kamar ruwa, carbon dioxide, da gishiri .
Anaerobic magani
Ana amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa ruwan sharar anaerobic (misali UASB, EGSB ) kuma ana amfani da su sosai wajen kula da ruwan sharar masana'antu da sludge na halitta.
goge baki
Polishing yana nufin jayayya da aka yi a cikin ƙarin matakan jiyya na ci gaba bayan hanyoyin da ke sama (wanda kuma ake kira jiyya "mataki na huɗu"). Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan jiyya daban-daban don wasu ruwan sharar masana'antu. Rage sinadarai ko daidaita pH yana rage aikin sinadarai na ruwan sharar gida sakamakon iskar oxygen. Tace carbon yana kawar da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa da ƙazanta ta hanyar tsotse sinadarai zuwa carbon da aka kunna. Tace ta yashi (calcium carbonate) ko tace masana'anta ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen kula da ruwan sha na birni.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Jerin manyan wuraren sarrafa ruwan sharar gida
Jerin fasahar sarrafa ruwan sharar gida
Maganin ruwa
Manazarta
Shara
Yanayi
Muhallah
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
54820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviri | Oviri | Oviri (Tahitian don daji ko daji) wani zane-zane ne na yumbu na 1894 wanda ɗan wasan Faransa Paul Gauguin ya yi. A cikin tatsuniyoyin Tahitian, Oviri allahiya ce ta makoki kuma an nuna ta da dogon gashi mai laushi da idanu na daji, tana shanye kyarkeci da ƙafafunta yayin da take riƙe da jariri a hannunta. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun gabatar da fassarori da yawa - yawanci cewa Gauguin ya yi niyya da shi a matsayin ma'anar don karfafa siffarsa a matsayin "mai wayewa". Alloli mata na Tahitian na zamaninta sun wuce daga ƙwaƙwalwar jama'a a shekara ta 1894, duk da haka Gauguin ya nuna sha'awar tarihin tsibirin yayin da ya kai ga wasu tsoffin tushe, gami da taimakon Assuriya na nau'in "maigidan dabbobi", da kuma mummies na Majapahit. Sauran tasirin da za a iya samu sun haɗa da kwanyar da aka adana daga tsibirin Marquesas, adadi da aka samu a Borobudur, da kuma haikalin Buddha na Mahayana na ƙarni na 9 a tsakiyar Java.
Gauguin ya yi gyare-gyare uku, kowannensu a cikin wani bangare na dutse, kuma yayin da kwafi da yawa ke cikin gilashi ko tagulla, asalin gyare-garen yana cikin Musée d'Orsay. Tallace-tallace na kayan aikinsa ba su yi nasara ba, kuma a cikin ƙarancin kuɗi da na kansa ya nemi a sanya shi a kan kabarinsa. Akwai wasu maganganu guda uku kawai da suka tsira game da adadi: ya bayyana adadi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki da mugunta a kan wani gabatarwar 1895 na ra'ayoyi biyu na katako na Oviri ga Stéphane Mallarmé; ya kira shi La Tueuse ("The Murderess") a ikin wata wasika ta 1897 ga Ambroise Vollard; kuma ya kara wani rubutun da ke nuni da littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta a cikin zane na c. . An nuna Oviri a Salon d'Automne na 1906 (no. 57) inda ya rinjayi Pablo Picasso, wanda ya kafa daya daga cikin adadi a Les Demoiselles d'Avignon a ciki.
Tarihi
Gauguin ya kasance mafi mahimmanci mai zane; ya zo ga yumbu a kusa da 1886, lokacin da masanin zane-zane na Faransa da masanin yumbu Ernest Chaplet ya koya masa. Félix Bracquemond ne ya gabatar da su wanda, wanda sabon tukwane na fasahar Faransanci ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, yana gwaji tare da nau'in. A lokacin wannan hunturu na 1886-87, Gauguin ya ziyarci bitar Chaplet a Vaugirard, inda suka hada kai a kan tukwane na dutse tare da siffofi masu amfani ko raguwa masu ban sha'awa da hannaye da yawa.
Gauguin ya fara ziyartar Tahiti a shekara ta 1891 kuma, ya janyo hankalin kyawawan matan Tahitian, ya yi saiti na hotunan abin rufe fuska a kan takarda. Suna haifar da baƙin ciki da mutuwa, kuma suna haifar da yanayin faaturuma (ƙasa ko baƙin ciki); hotuna da yanayi daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin yumbu na Oviri. Gauguin na farko da aka zana a Tahiti ya kasance tare da itacen guava wanda ya rushe da sauri kuma bai tsira ba.
Ya kammala Oviri a cikin hunturu na 1894, yayin dawowarsa daga Tahiti, kuma ya gabatar da shi ga salon Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts 1895 wanda aka buɗe a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na abin da ya biyo baya: [fr] ya yi iƙirarin a cikin 1920 cewa an "kusa" Gauguin daga nune-nunen; a cikin 1937 Ambroise Vollard ya rubuta cewa an shigar da wannan yanki ne kawai lokacin da Chaplet ya yi barazanar janye ayyukansa don nuna rashin amincewa. A cewar Bengt Danielsson, Gauguin yana da sha'awar kara yawan bayyanarsa a fili kuma ya yi amfani da wannan damar ta hanyar rubuta wasika mai fushi ga Le Soir, yana kuka game da yanayin yumbu na zamani.
A farkon shekara ta 1897, Vollard ya rubuta wasika ga Gauguin game da yiwuwar jefa siffofinsa a tagulla. Amsar Gauguin ta mayar da hankali ne akan Oviri:Na yi imanin cewa babban mutum-mutumi na da aka yi da yumbu, Tueuse ("The Murderess"), wani abu ne na musamman kamar yadda babu wani yumbu da ya yi har zuwa yanzu kuma cewa, ban da haka, zai yi kama da kyau a cikin tagulla (ba tare da sakewa ba kuma ba tare da patina ba). Ta wannan hanyar mai siye ba kawai zai sami yumbu da kansa ba, har ma da bugu na tagulla wanda za a yi amfani da shi don samun kuɗi.Masanin tarihin fasaha Christopher Gray ya ambaci nau'ikan gyare-gyare guda uku, inda aka samo su daga zane-zane na katako wanda ba a rubuta shi ba. An ba da ɗaya ga Daniel Monfreid kuma yanzu yana cikin Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory" a Saint-Germain-en-Laye . Wani nau'i a cikin gyare-gyare, tare da farfajiyar itace, Gustave Fayet ne ya kiyaye shi, kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na tarin ɗansa, Léon. Mai zane wanda ya yi gyare-gyare ya adana nau'i na uku. An samar da tagulla da yawa, gami da sigar da aka sanya a kabarin Gauguin a Atuona, wanda Fondation Singer-Polignac [fr] ya jefa kuma ya gina 29 Maris 1973.
Bayyanawa da tushe
Oviri tana da dogon gashi mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka wanda ya kai ga gwiwoyi. Tushenta da idanunta suna da girma sosai, yayin da budewa a bayan kanta yayi kama da rami na farji. Tana riƙe da jaririn kyarkeci a cinyarta, alama ce ta rashin kulawa da ikonta. Ba a bayyana ko Oviri yana shanye ko rungumar jaririn ba, amma matsayinta yana kiran ra'ayoyin sadaukarwa, kisan jarirai da kuma nau'in mahaifiyar da ke ɗaukar fansa, wanda ya rinjayi zane na Eugène Delacroix na 1838, Medea About to Kill Her Children . Wani dabba na biyu, mai yiwuwa wani kyarkeci, yana kusa da ƙafafunta ko dai yana juyawa cikin biyayya ko ya mutu. Masana tarihi na fasaha ciki har da Sue Taylor sun ba da shawarar dabba ta biyu na iya wakiltar Gauguin.
Haɗin tsakanin mace da kyarkeci ya samo asali ne daga wata magana da Edgar Degas ya yi don kare aikin Gauguin a baje kolin Durand-Ruel na 1893 wanda ba a karɓa ba, lokacin da Degas ya nakalto tatsuniyar La Fontaine The Dog and the Wolf, wanda yawanci ana ɗauka a matsayin yana nuna cewa bai kamata a musayar 'yanci ba don ta'aziyya ko riba ta kuɗi: "Ganin, Gauguin shine kyarkefi. " A cikin Oviri, babban kyarkeci, Gauguin na Turai, ya hallaka yayin da mai taimakawa, Gauguan na Tahiti, ya tsira.
Labaran Tahitian sun ɓace sosai a lokacin Gauguin (ya kafa nasa asusun a kan wasu tushe ba tare da amincewa ba), kamar yadda yawancin kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da wannan al'ada. Wakilin da ya yi na Oviri yafi yawan aiki ne na tunanin, wanda aka sanar da shi ta hanyar tarin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙaramin duniyar abokai" kuma wanda ya tafi tare da shi zuwa Tahiti a ziyararsa ta farko. Wadannan sun hada da lithograph na Odilon Redon La Mort, hotuna na batutuwa kamar haikalin haikalin a Borobudur, Java, da kuma fresco na Masar daga kabarin daular 18 a Thebes. Sauran kafofin da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da taimakon Assuriya na Gilgamesh yana riƙe da jaririn zaki yanzu a cikin Louvre, da kuma adadi na Majapahit daga gidan kayan gargajiya na Djakarta.
Kan Oviri ya yi kama da ya dogara ne akan kwanyar da aka yi wa dattawa a tsibirin Marquesas, wanda idanunsu na al'ada an rufe su da mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u kuma ana bauta musu a matsayin allahntaka. Abubuwan jikinta na iya samo asali daga hotunan Borobudur na haihuwa. Ta haka ne aka gabatar da rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin wannan hoton. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Mallarmé da ke ƙoƙarin tara biyan kuɗi na jama'a don siyan aikin, Morice ya kira hoton Diane Chasseresse ("Diana the Huntress"), wanda ke nuni da allahiyar Girka ta dā Diana na farauta, wata da haihuwa. Ya yi irin wannan magana a cikin waƙoƙinsa game da Oviri . Barbara Landy ta fassara taken rayuwa da mutuwa kamar yadda yake nuna bukatar Gauguin ya watsar da son kai na wayewa a cikin komawa ga yanayin halitta na asali. Aikin yana da alaƙa da yumbu na Black Venus na 1889, wanda ke nuna mace tana durƙusa a kan wani kai da aka yanke kamar mai zane.
Nancy Mowll Mathews ta yi imanin cewa halittu a hannunta kuma a ƙafafunta ainihin raƙuman ruwa ne, dabbobi da Gauguin ya yi amfani da su a cikin zane-zanen itace na 1889 Be in Love, You Will Be Happy kuma a cikin zane mai na Pont-Aven na 1891 The Loss of Virginity . A cikin wata wasika ta 1889 zuwa ga Émile Bernard, ya bayyana Soyez amoureuses fox a matsayin "alama ce ta Indiya ta lalata". Akwai doguwar al'ada a cikin al'adun Asiya na kyarketai da ke da ikon canzawa zuwa mata (alal misali a cikin al-adun Yōkai ko Kitsune na Japan).
Gauguin ya nuna adadi na Oviri a kalla zane daya, nau'ikan canja wurin ruwa guda biyu da katako guda biyu. Yana yiwuwa cewa an halicci katako a Pont-Aven a lokacin rani na 1894; kafin yumbu. Na ƙarshe da ya bayyana tabbas shine zane a cikin abin da ya zama fitowar farko ta Gauguin's Papeete broadsheet Le Sourire " (The Smile: A Serious Newspaper) " wanda aka buga tsakanin Agusta 1899 da Afrilu 1900. An haɗa shi da rubutun "Et le monstre, entraînant sa créature, féconde de sa semence des flancs genéreux pour engendrer Séraphitus-Séraphita" (Kuma dodon, yana rungumar halittarsa, ya cika mahaifarta mai karimci da iri kuma ya haifi Séraphite-Sérafita). Séraphitus-Séraphita wani nuni ne ga littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta wanda ke nuna jarumi mai ban sha'awa. A cikin wannan fitowar farko ta Le Sourire, ya sake nazarin wasan kwaikwayon marubucin Maohi na gida wanda ya shafi jima'i (cikin sauran jigogi), kuma ya kira 'Séraphitus-Séraphita'. Binciken ya taya "marubucin" wasan kwaikwayon murna kuma ya ƙare da rokon 'yancin mata ta hanyar kawar da aure. Hoton da ke tare da shi yana da bambanci sosai.
Fassara
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |