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57550

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20E

Honda E

Honda e wani supermini ne na batirin lantarki wanda kamfanin kera motoci na Japan Honda ke ƙera, ana samunsa a kasuwannin Turai da Japan a cikin 2020. Ya dogara ne akan Ƙa'idar Urban EV wanda aka gabatar a 2017 International Motor Show Jamus a cikin Satumba 2017. An bayyana sigar samarwa a wannan nunin a cikin 2019. Ba kamar yadda aka tsara na Urban EV Concept ba, wanda ya kasance hatchback mai kofa 3, sigar samarwa tana samuwa ne kawai azaman ƙirar kofa 5. Honda ya tabbatar da sunanta a watan Mayu 2019. Motar tana da salo mai kama da na baya-bayan nan da ke tuno da Civic na ƙarni na farko . Manufar Honda ita ce ta ba da wutar lantarki kawai a cikin dukkan manyan samfuranta na Turai nan da 2022. Tarihi Tunanin Urban EV, wanda aka fara nunawa a cikin 2017, Yuki Terai (na waje) da Fumihiro Yaguchi (na ciki) ne suka tsara shi don haifar da abokantaka da kwantar da hankula a cikin masu zuwa. Rahoton manema labarai na salo na Urban EV Concept ya kira shi "abin ban sha'awa ga wasu ƙananan motoci na farko na Honda, kamar ƙananan Civic hatchbacks na 1970s" kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran motocin birane da aka fara gabatarwa a cikin 1970s da farkon 1980s., ciki har da Volkswagen Golf da Polo, Peugeot 205, Fiat 126 da 127, da kuma Honda N600, suna nuna kamanceceniya da salo na ra'ayi na abin hawa na gaba, manufar EV-N . Motar da aka fara samarwa (mai suna Honda e ) ya fara halarta na farko a duniya a Nunin Mota na Geneva a cikin Maris 2019. Salon sa shine juyin halitta na 2017 Urban EV Concept; Honda sanye take da samfurin 2019 tare da hannayen ƙofa da aka ɗora tare da ƙaramin kyamarorin duba baya a kowane gefe don sauƙaƙe bayanin martaba. Don sauƙaƙe caji daga kowane bangare, tashar caji tana cikin tsakiyar bonnet (hood). Sigar samarwa ta ƙarshe ta e ta fara halarta ta farko a duniya a IAA 2019 a cikin Satumba 2019, wanda aka gudanar a Frankfurt, Jamus. A kan 10 Satumba 2019, Honda ya sanar da farashin zai fara a € don ƙirar tushe tare da 100 kW motor (ciki har da tallafin karamar hukuma) a cikin Jamus da £ 26,160 tare da tallafi a Burtaniya. Makin "ci gaba" mafi ƙarfi zai fara akan €32,470 a Jamus da £28,660 a Burtaniya tare da haɓaka 113 kW motor. An shirya fara bayarwa a lokacin rani 2020. Zane Kohei Hitomi ne ya jagoranci aikin e; ƙungiyar salo ta waje Ken Sahara ce ke jagoranta kuma ƙungiyar salon cikin gida ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Akinori Myoui. A cewar Hitomi, e ya fuskanci gagarumin turjiya daga cikin kamfanin; wasu shuwagabannin, da suka damu da kewayon motar, sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar baturi mai girma, amma ƙungiyar aikin ta dage da yin amfani da ƙaramin baturi don dacewa da ƙananan girman motar da kuma amfani da birane. Kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga Urban EV Concept ya haifar da amincewar motar samarwa. Chassis Yana amfani da ƙwaƙƙwaran motar baya, dandamalin abin hawa na baya-baya, don sauƙaƙe ƙarfin aiki da ƙaƙƙarfan rabbai don kasuwancin birni da aka tsara. Ana ɗaukar fakitin baturi mai sanyaya ruwa a cikin ƙafafun motar, a ƙasan bene don samar da rarraba nauyin 50/50 da ƙananan cibiyar nauyi. Tuƙi ƙafafun baya yana kawar da tuƙi mai ƙarfi . Ana taimakon ƙarfi ta hanyar jujjuyawar ƙarfi. Har ila yau, motar ta baya tana ba da ƙafafun gaba don samun mafi girman sitiriyo, wanda ke haifar da jujjuyawar radius (a tsakiyar wheel) na kusan , ko a jiki, watau da'irar juyawa na , fadi fiye da jujjuya radius na sanannen baƙar fata na London . Dandalin yana fasalta MacPherson strut dakatarwa mai zaman kanta ga kowace dabaran. Jirgin wutar lantarki E yana da injin lantarki a baya, yana ba da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 100 or 113 kW (134 ko 152 hp) ; da duka bambance-bambancen suna bayar da 315 N⋅m (232 lb⋅ft) na juyi. Dangane da gwajin Honda, motar na iya haɓaka daga 0 to 100 km/h (0 zuwa 62 mph) a cikin dakika 8.3. e yana ba da 'Yanayin Wasanni' don faɗaɗa amsawar hanzari kuma ana iya tura shi a cikin yanayin 'Kwallon ƙafa ɗaya', inda sakin na'urar za ta shiga tsarin birki mai sabuntawa, yana rage motar ba tare da yin amfani da feda na daban ba. An yi watsi da jita-jita na yuwuwar bambance-bambancen aiki mafi girma a farkon farawar motar a Frankfurt. A 35.5An yi iƙirarin fakitin baturin lithium-ion kWh yana ba da kewayon kusan 220 km (140 mi) kamar yadda bayanan ciki na Honda. An sanye shi da mai haɗin CCS Combo 2, yana ba da damar cajin AC da caji mai sauri na DC. Tare da cajin DC da sauri, ana iya cajin motar zuwa ƙarfin 80% a cikin mintuna 30. Kamfanin Honda ya kuma sanar da samun na'urar cajin wutar lantarki da ke jira, wanda ke ba da damar cajin har zuwa 7.4.kW (lokaci ɗaya). Cajin mataki uku (22kW) ba samuwa. Tare da 7.4caja kW, abin hawa zai yi cajin zuwa 100% iya aiki a cikin kamar 4 hours. Siffofin Ƙungiyar kayan aiki, wanda ya shimfiɗa cikakken faɗin ciki, ya ƙunshi fuska biyar, ciki har da wanda aka keɓe 220 . nunin kayan aiki a gaban direba da manyan 310 guda biyu infotainment touchscreen nuni gefe guda biyu karami 150 mm (6 a) nuni ga abin da Honda ke kira Tsarin Madubin Kamara na Side. Nuna bayanan infotainment biyu na iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen daban daban kuma ana iya musanya su; suna tallafawa duka Android Auto da Apple CarPlay . Motar tana dauke da mataimakiyar Honda Personal Assistant, wacce ke amfani da koyon injin wajen horar da muryarta; umarnin murya ga mota an riga an sanya shi da "OK Honda". Tsaro Yuro NCAP Honda e a cikin daidaitaccen tsarinta na Turai ya sami taurari 4 daga Yuro NCAP a cikin 2020. liyafar liyafar, gabaɗaya, ta kasance mai inganci saboda salon retro da haɗar ƙira da aiki. Duk da haka, an soki shi saboda iyakantacce da farashi mai girma. Farawa daga 20 Mayu 2019, abokan ciniki a cikin Burtaniya da zaɓaɓɓun kasuwannin Turai: Jamus, Faransa da Norway, na iya ba da oda tare da ajiyar kuɗi na £ 800 (ko daidai) kuma Honda ta karɓi sama da 25,000 maganganun sha'awa a duk faɗin Turai, wanda 6,500 suka fito daga Burtaniya. A watan Satumba, Honda ya karbi 40,000 maganganu na sha'awa. Yin bita da e Prototype don <i id="mwvw">Mota</i>, Jake Groves ya rubuta cewa ya nuna "yadda motocin lantarki ya kamata su tuka" tare da gargadin cewa gwajin gwajin ya faru a kan hanyar gwaji a Jamus. The "ƙananan-ish samuwa kewayon da ake sa ran-za-za-za-lofty price tag" da aka sa ran sanya mota a wani hasara idan aka kwatanta da shigarwa-matakin EV kishiyoyinsu kamar Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Hyundai Kona Electric, da Kia e-Niro . James Attwood, yin bita ga Autocar, ya rubuta e Prototype yana da "kyakkyawan kulawa wanda ya dace da takardun shaidarsa a matsayin runaround na birane - yayin da yake ba da amsawar motsa jiki mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kamata ya sa duk wanda ya riga ya ci nasara ta hanyar salon mota." Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

37262

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camavinga

Camavinga

Eduardo Celmi Camavinga (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Real Madrid da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa . Rayuwar farko An haifi Camavinga a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Cabinda, Angola a cikin shey2002, ga iyayen Congo . Yana da yaya biyar. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Faransa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 2. Sun koma Fougères, inda ya girma. Ya yi judo na wani lokaci, kafin ya bar ta ya mai da hankali kawai ga kwallon kafa. A cikin 2013, an kona gidan Camavingas, wanda ya lalata yawancin dukiyar iyali; Camavinga ya bayyana cewa, wannan wani abin zaburarwa ne da ya zaburar da shi ya ci gaba da sana’ar kwallon kafa da kuma taimaka wa iyalinsa. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 2020, ya sami Baccalauréat ES (Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa) ba tare da ambaton . Aikin kulob Rennes Camavinga ya shiga tsarin matasa na Rennes lokacin yana ɗan shekara 11. Ya rattaba hannu a kwantiraginsa na kwararru na farko a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2018, yana da shekaru 16 da wata daya, ya zama kwararre mafi karancin shekaru a kungiyar. Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru don Rennes a wasan 3 – 3 Ligue 1 da Angers a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2019, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙaranci da ya taɓa bugawa ƙungiyar farko ta Rennes, yana ɗan shekara 16 da wata shida. A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2019, Camavinga ya rubuta taimako kuma an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan a wasan da suka ci Paris Saint-Germain da ci 2-1. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Rennes a ci 1-0 da Lyon a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2019, a cikin minti na 89 na wasan. A cikin shekarar 2020-21 UEFA Champions League, ya fito a wasanni hudu na Rennes da Krasnodar, Chelsea da Sevilla . Real Madrid A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2021, Real Madrid ta sanar da cewa Camavinga ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa 30 Yuni 2027 Daga Rennes . Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a wasan da suka doke Celta Vigo da ci 5–2 a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2021, inda ya zura kwallo a raga jim kadan bayan ya tashi daga benci. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2021, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a Real Madrid, ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Luka Modric a cikin minti na 80 kuma ya taimaka wa Rodrygo don cin nasara da Inter Milan . Camavinga ya canza sheka a cikin minti na 85 na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2022, inda ya taimaka wa Real Madrid ta ci Liverpool 1-0 don samun nasarar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 2021-22 tare da tawagarsa. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 2019, Camavinga ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Kwanaki shida bayan haka, an zabe shi domin ya wakilci tawagar ‘yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Faransa a wasannin da za su yi da Georgia da Switzerland, bayan da Matteo Guendouzi ya kira babban kungiyar. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2020, an kira Camavinga don taka leda a babbar kungiyar Faransa bayan da Paul Pogba ya yi jinyar cutar COVID-19 . Ya zama, a cikin wannan tsari, ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da aka kira zuwa babban ƙungiyar Faransa tun René Gérard a 1932, wanda yake ɗan shekara 17 kawai da watanni tara da kwanaki 17. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, ya yi muhawara a cikin nasara 4-2 da Croatia a gasar UEFA Nations League, ya maye gurbin N'Golo Kanté a tsakiyar tsakiyar rabi na biyu. A haka ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya buga wa tawagar kasar Faransa wasa tun Maurice Gastiger a shekarar 1914 yana da shekaru 17 da watanni tara da kuma kwanaki 29. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2020, Camavinga ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Faransa a ci 7-1 da Ukraine inda ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa, inda ya bude kwallon da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan da ya ci wa Faransa kwallo tun Maurice Gastiger a 1914. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, an saka sunan Camavinga a cikin 'yan wasa 18 na Sylvain Ripoll na Faransa don gasar Olympics ta bazara a 2021 . Sai dai daga baya an cire shi daga cikin tawagar bayan da kulob dinsa Rennes ya nuna rashin amincewarsa. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Faransa tally na farko, ginshiƙin ci yana nuna maki bayan kowace burin Camavinga . Girmamawa Real Madrid La Liga : 2021-22 Supercopa de España : 2021-22 UEFA Champions League : 2021-22 UEFA Super Cup : 2022 Mutum UNFP Gwarzon Dan Wasan Ligue 1 na Wata : Agusta 2019 IFFHS Matasan Maza (U20) Ƙungiyar Duniya : 2020, 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Real Madrid CF Eduardo Camavinga Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

58889

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20gajerun%20hanyoyin%20da%20suka%20shafi%20sauyin%20yanayi

Jerin gajerun hanyoyin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi

Wannan jerin takaitattu ne da ke da alaƙa da sanadin canjin yanayi, daidaitawa da ragewa. A ADP - Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Ad Hoc akan Dandalin Durban don Ƙarfafa Ayyuka AGN - Rukunin Masu Tattaunawa na Afirka APA - Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Ad Hoc akan Yarjejeniyar Paris APP - Haɗin kai na Asiya-Pacific akan Ci gaban Tsabta da Yanayi AR4 - Rahoton Kima na Hudu na IPCC (2007) AR5 - Rahoton Kima na Biyar na IPCC (2014) AR5 SYR - Rahoton Haɗin Kan AR5 AR6 - Rahoton Kima na Shida na IPCC (an buga shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2021) AWG-KP - Ƙungiya mai aiki na Ad Hoc akan ƙarin ƙaddamarwa don Ƙungiyoyin Annex I a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto AWG-LCA - Ƙungiyar Aiki na Ad Hoc akan Ayyukan Haɗin kai na Dogon lokaci AYCC - Ƙungiyar Matasan Yanayi na Australiya B BAP - Shirin Ayyukan Bali Nassoshi C&C - Contraction & Convergence, a global CO<sub id="mwKw">2</sub> emissions management model promoted by the Global Commons Institute CAIT - The World Resources Institute's Climate Data Explorer archive CAPP - Climate Action Pacific Partnership CAPP II - Climate Action Pacific Partnership (CAPP) Conference II – 2018 CAPP III - Third meeting of the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Conference (29-30 April 2019) CCA - Climate Change Agreement (UK) CCAFS - Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Research Program CCAF - Climate Change Action Fund (Australia) CCC - Committee on Climate Change (UK) CCCEP - Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy CCCR - Canada's Changing Climate Report CCCS - Centre for Climate Change Studies, University of Dar es Salaam CCF - The Scottish Government's Climate Challenge Fund CCIA - Climate Change in Australia CC:iNet - Climate Change Information Network CCL - Climate Change Levy (UK) CCl2F2 - Dichlorodifluoromethane (greenhouse gas) CCLS - Cambridge Climate Lecture Series CCRA - Climate Change Risk Assessment CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage CCUS - Carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CDP - Organisation formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project CDR - Carbon dioxide removal CER - Certified Emission Reduction CFC - Chlorofluorocarbon CFRF - Climate Financial Risk Forum (UK) CF4 - Carbon tetrafluoride or tetrafluoromethane (greenhouse gas) CGE - Consultative Group of Experts CHClF2 - Chlorodifluoromethane (greenhouse gas) CH4 - Methane CINC - Interdepartmental Committee of Climate Negotiators CLP - Carbon Literacy Project CMA - Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CMA1 - First meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (7-18 November 2016) CMA1.2 - The second part of the first session of the Conference of the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (6-17 November 2017) CMA1.3 - The third part of the first session of the Conference of the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (2-14 December 2018) CMA2 - Second meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (2–13 December 2019) CMA3 - Third meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (postponed to 1–12 December 2021) CMIP - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CMIP5 - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 CMP - Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol CMP9 - 9th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (11-23 November 2013) CMP10 - 10th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (1-12 December 2014) CMP11 - 11th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (30 November-12 December 2015) CMP12 - 12th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (7-18 November 2016) CMP13 - 13th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (6-17 November 2017) CMP14 - 14th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (2-15 December 2018) CMP15 - 15th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (2–13 December 2019) CMP16 - 16th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (postponed to 1–12 December 2021) CNZ - Carbon Net Zero CO2 - Carbon dioxide CO2-e - Carbon dioxide equivalent, also CO2-eq CoM - Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (Europe) COP - Conference of the Parties [to the UNFCCC] COP1 - First UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 March to 7 April 1995) COP2 - Second UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (8-18 July 1996) COP3 - Third UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-10 December 1997) COP4 - Fourth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (2-14 November 1998) COP5 - Fifth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (25 October to 5 November 1999) COP6 - Sixth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (13–25 November 2000) COP6-bis - Resumed Session of COP6 (16-27 July 2001) COP7 - Seventh UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (29 October - 10 November 2001) COP8 - Eighth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (23 October - 1 November 2002) COP9 - Ninth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2003) COP10 - Tenth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-14 December 2004) COP11 - Eleventh UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 November - 9 December 2005) COP12 - Twelfth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-17 November 2006) COP13 - 13th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (3-15 December 2007) COP14 - 14th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2008) COP15 - 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (7-18 December 2009) COP16 - 16th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (29 November - 10 December 2010) COP17 - 17th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 November - 11 December 2011) COP18 - 18th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (26 November - 6 December 2012) COP19 - 19th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (11-23 November 2013) COP20 - 20th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2014) COP21 - 21st UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (30 November-12 December 2015) COP22 - 22nd UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (7-18 November 2016) COP23 - 23rd UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-17 November 2017) COP24 - 24th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (2-15 December 2018) COP25 - 25th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (2-13 December 2019) COP26 - 26th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 November 2021) COP27 - 27th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-18 November 2022) COP28 - 28th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, scheduled for November 2023 in the United Arab Emirates COP29 - 29th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 2024, proposed venue is Australia COP30 - anticipated 2025 UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, to take place in Belém, Brazil. CORSIA - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CPA - Carbon Pricing Act (Singapore) CPRS - Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (Australia) CRC - CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, formerly Carbon Reduction Commitment (UK) CREWS - Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems CRU - Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia CRU TS - Climatic Research Unit Time Series datasets CSA - Climate-Smart Agriculture CVF - Climate Vulnerable Forum D DECC - Sashen Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi (Birtaniya), yanzu Sashen Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu E ECI - Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford ETC - Majalisar Canjin Makamashi ETS - Tsarin Kasuwancin Fitarwa ETSWAP - Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kayan Aiki Aiki Aiki wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa. F FAR - Rahoton Ƙimar Farko na IPCC (1990) F-gas - Fluorinated gas FICER - Asusun don Ƙirƙirar Yanayi da Binciken Makamashi FOLU - gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa FFF - Juma'a don Gaba G GCF - Asusun Yanayi na Green GCoM - Yarjejeniyar Duniya na Magajin Gari don Yanayi da Makamashi GHG - Gas na Gas GtC - Gigaton na carbon GWP - yuwuwar dumamar yanayi H HadCM3 - Samfurin Haɗaɗɗen Cibiyar Hadley, sigar 3 HadGEM - Samfurin Muhalli na Duniya na Cibiyar Hadley HadGEM1 - HCFC - Hydrochlorofluorocarbon HFC - Hydrofluorocarbon I ICLEI - Majalisar Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida IKI - Ƙaddamar yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya ( German ), wani shiri na Gwamnatin Tarayyar Jamus IPCC - Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi IPCC-50 - Taron IPCC na 50 (2019) IPCC-NGGIP - Shirye-shiryen Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Gas Gas na IPCC TS EN ISO 1406x Series - Matsayin ISO don rage canjin yanayi TS EN ISO 14090: 2019 Matsayin TS ISO don daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Ka'idoji, buƙatu da jagororin TS EN ISO 14091 Daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Sharuɗɗa game da rauni, tasiri da ƙimar haɗari TS EN ISO 14092 Daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Bukatu da jagora kan shirye-shiryen daidaitawa ga ƙananan hukumomi da al'ummomi J JI - Yin Haɗin gwiwa KLD - Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Muhalli ( Klima- og miljødepartementet ), Norway L LCDI - Ƙananan Ci gaban Carbon Indonesiya LDCF - Asusun Ƙasashe Mafi Ƙarfafa LECBP - Shirye-shiryen Gina Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa LEDS - Dabarun Ci Gaban Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa LSCE - Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, Faransa LULUCF - Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji M MCC - Cibiyar Nazarin Mercator akan Kasuwancin Duniya da Canjin Yanayi, Berlin MPGCA - Haɗin gwiwar Marrakech don Ayyukan Yanayi na Duniya MoCC - Ma'aikatar Sauyin Yanayi (Pakistan) MoEFCC - Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Daji da Sauyin yanayi (Indiya) MOP1 - Taro na farko na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (28 Nuwamba - 9 Disamba 2005) MOP2 - Taro na 2 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (6-17 Nuwamba 2006) MOP3 - Taro na 3 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (3-15 Disamba 2007) MOP4 - Taro na 4 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (1-12 Disamba 2008) MOP5 - Taro na 5 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (7-18 Disamba 2009) MWE/CCD - Sashen Canjin Yanayi na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli (Uganda) N NAMA - Ayyukan Rage Dace Na Ƙasa NAPA - Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa na Ayyuka NAZCA - Yankin Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Jiha don Ayyukan Yanayi NC - Sadarwa ta kasa (a karkashin yarjejeniyar Paris ) NDC - Gudunmawar Ƙirarriya ta Ƙasa NECIA - Ƙimar Tasirin Tasirin Yanayi (Amurka) N 2 O - Nitrous Oxide NRSP - Portal ƙaddamar da rahotanni na ƙasa O O3 - Ozone P PATPA - Haɗin gwiwa kan Bayyanawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris P-CAN - Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Yanayi na Yanayi, haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya tsakanin masu binciken jami'a da jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na uku a magance canjin yanayi, da nufin hanzarta da ci gaba da sauyawa zuwa ƙananan carbon, al'umma mai tsayayya da yanayi ta hanyar kirkirar kwamitocin yanayi na gida. PCD - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi PCD X - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi 10 (13-14 Mayu 2019) PCD XI - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi (27-28 Afrilu 2020) PFC - Perfluorocarbon PIK - Cibiyar Nazarin Tasirin Yanayi ta Potsdam (Jamusanci: ) S SAR - Rahoton Kima na Biyu na IPCC (1995) SB SB 56 - Taron Canjin Yanayi na Bonn, zama na 56 na ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 6 zuwa 16 Yuni 2022 SBI - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa SBI 46 - Taro na shida da shida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatar da (8-18 Mayu 2017) SBI 47 - Zaman Arba'in da Bakwai na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa (6-15 Nuwamba 2017) SBI 52 - Zama na hamsin da biyu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa (an jinkirta zuwa 2021) SBSTA - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Shawarar Kimiyya da Fasaha SBTi - Ƙirƙirar Maƙasudin Ƙirar Kimiyya SCCF - Asusun Canjin Yanayi na Musamman SDA - Hannun Ƙarfafawa na Sashe SDGs - Manufofin Ci gaba Mai Dorewa SECR - Tsarin Rahoton Makamashi da Ingantaccen Carbon (Birtaniya) SF 6 - Sulfur hexafluoride SRCCL - Rahoton Musamman akan Canjin Yanayi da Ƙasar IPCC SRES - Rahoto na Musamman akan Yanayin Fitowa na IPCC SR15 - Rahoton Musamman na IPCC akan Dumamar Duniya na 1.5 °C SSP - Tafarkin Tattalin Arziki na Rarraba T TACC - Hanyar yanki don Canjin Yanayi TAR - Rahoton Kima na Uku na IPCC (2001) TCCC - Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa TCFD - Rundunar Task Force akan Bayyanar Kuɗi masu alaƙa da yanayi tCO2 - Tonnes na carbon dioxide daidai TD - Tattaunawar Talanoa TFI - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories U UKCIP - Ƙungiyoyin ladabtarwa da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani da Shirin Tasirin Yanayi na Burtaniya, wanda ke tushen Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford UKCP - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya UKCP09 - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya 2009 UKCP18 - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya 2018 UKHACC - Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Burtaniya akan Canjin Yanayi UN CC: Koyi - Haɗin gwiwar Koyo Canjin Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNEP - Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNFCCC - Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi USCAP - Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Yanayi na Amurka W WCI - Ƙaddamar da Yanayin Yamma WCRP - Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya WGI - Rukunin Aiki na I na IPCC, wanda ke kimanta kimiyyar jiki na canjin yanayi WGII - Rukunin Aiki na II na IPCC, wanda ke kimanta raunin tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da na yanayi ga canjin yanayi. WGIII - Rukunin Aiki na III na IPCC, wanda "ya mayar da hankali kan rage sauyin yanayi, tantance hanyoyin da za a rage fitar da iskar gas, da kuma kawar da iskar gas daga sararin samaniya". WIM - Tsarin Warsaw na Duniya don Asara da Lalacewa mai alaƙa da Tasirin Canjin Yanayi WMO - Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya WRI - Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya 4CMR - Tsohuwar Cibiyar Cambridge don Binciken Rage Canjin Yanayi Abin lura Manazarta

38848

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uche%20Pedro

Uche Pedro

Uche Pedro (asalin sunan saUche Eze an haifeshi; 26 Yuli 1984) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Najeriya ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa da kuma Shugaba na BellaNaija, alamar fasahar watsa labaru da aka sani don nishaɗi da abubuwan rayuwa. Karkashin jagorancinta, sawun BellaNaija na zamantakewa ya karu ta hanyar hada-hadar sa - BellaNaija.com, BellaNaija Aure da BellaNaija Style - ya zama mafi girma a Nahiyar Afirka tare da abubuwan gani sama da miliyan 200 kowane wata. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Uche kuma ta tashi a Najeriya, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare. Uche tana da digirin digirgir na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Ivey, inda ta kammala karatun ta da bambanci a 2006. A cikin 2020, ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Harvard Kennedy tare da Masters a Gudanar da Jama'a. Sana'a Uche ya yi aiki a Shell Canada, Cadbury Middle East & Africa Unit a Burtaniya, da Cadbury a Najeriya. A cikin Yuli 2006, ta kafa BellaNaija. Ta yi ikirarin cewa manufar kafa BellaNaija ta zo ne a lokacin da take karatu a wata jami'a a kasar Canada, inda ta yi hutu na mako biyu kuma ba da jimawa ba ta gundura. An yi sha'awar fara wani abu da ke wakiltar wannan matashi mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙasar lokacin da ta zo Najeriya kuma ta lura da ci gaban da ake samu a salon, nishaɗi, da kasuwanci. Uche Aboki ne na TEDGlobal kuma Mataimakin Shugabancin Najeriya. Uche ta fahimci yuwuwar abin da ta ke ginawa sai ta ci gaba da tsara sana’ar. Ɗaukar mataki na tsara kasuwancin ta hanyar yin rijistar kamfani na iyaye, BainStone Limited . BainStone Limited yana mai da hankali kan haɓakawa da sarrafa sabbin abubuwan watsa labarai na kan layi masu kayatarwa ga 'yan Afirka. Kamfanin yana cikin manyan 50 na SMEs masu girma da aka zaɓa kuma aka ba da kyautar British Airways, Kyautar Dama. A shekarar 2013, an karrama Uche a matsayin gwarzon matashin dan kasuwan yada labarai na duniya na British Majalisar Najeriya. A cikin 2014 da 2015, Mujallar Forbes Online ta sanya Uche cikin matasa 30 da ke da alƙawarin ƴan kasuwa a Afirka. A cikin Disamba 2015, an jera ta a cikin Mafi Tasirin Shugabannin Gudanarwa na 2015 ta Ventures Afirka da kuma Sabuwar Matan Matan Afirka na 2015 kuma ta sanya jerin sunayen 30 na Afirka masu ƙirƙira na QUARTZ. A cikin 2016, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Blogger na shekara ta Afirka a lambar yabo ta Nickelodeon Yara Kyautar Zabi. A cikin 2017, an gayyaci Uche a matsayin shugaban jama'a wanda ya kawo canji a duniya don taron koli na Gidauniyar Obama na farko kuma ya shiga cikin Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford. A cikin Fabrairu 2018, Uche ya fito a cikin shekara-shekara na OkayAfrica100 Mata yaƙin neman zaɓe, bikin ban mamaki mata daga Afirka da kuma mazauna kasashen waje yin tãguwar ruwa a cikin wani fadi da kewayon masana'antu, yayin da suke da tasiri mai kyau a cikin al'ummominsu da duniya gaba ɗaya. An zabi Uche don shiga yakin neman zaben Bill da Melinda Gates na 2018. Uche Pedro ya sami gayyata zuwa Taron Gidauniyar Obama; taron kwanaki 2 na shugabannin al'umma kusan 500 daga sassan duniya. Ƙungiyar BellaNaija ta kammala shirin Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford a cikin 2017, wani shiri na watanni 12 inda ake kalubalantar manyan shugabannin da za su tantance hangen nesa na kamfanonin su da sake fasalin dabarun. Uche tana da sha'awar yin tasiri ga al'ummarta da kuma ciyar da tsararraki masu zuwa. Ita ce ta kafa #BNDoGood - wani shiri mai tasiri wanda ke tallafawa nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri da suka haɗa da LEAP Africa, Slum2School, Django Girls, Karamar Nasarar Najeriya da jerin jerin wasu. A cikin 2018, Uche ya kafa PVCitizen, wani shiri na ƙarfafa shekaru millennials da Generation Z su yi rajista don kada kuri'a kuma su zama ƴan ƙasa. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Uche ya sami lambar yabo ta ELOY don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira / Ƙirƙira, wanda aka keɓe don macen da ta yi amfani da basirarta don ƙirƙirar sababbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin da kuma kirkiro hanyoyin magance kalubale daban-daban. Bugu da kari UNFPA/UNICEF ta karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Frown Awards saboda kokarinta na kare hakkin kowane yarinya da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen kawar da kaciyar mata a Najeriya. Uche ya yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki don taron TEDxLagos Spotlight a watan Agusta 2018. Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2012, Uche ya auri Bode Pedro, dan tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Legas, Femi Pedro . Ta haifi wasu tagwaye a shekarar 2015. Ganewa 2020 Forbes : "Mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a Afirka" Wakilin BBC na 2019 "Maganin Labaran Karya". Mai magana 2018 "Bloomberg Business Media Innovators" Forum. Babban Magana #ADICOMDAYS2018 OkayAfrica100 Women campaign. Gates Foundation/Gates Africa #GatesLetter Campaign. Taron Obama na 2017 - "Shugaban Jama'a Yana Yin Bambanci a Duniya" Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford. Jerin SME 100 na 100 mafi sabbin masana'antu mallakar mata a Najeriya. Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards - Gwarzon Blogger na Afirka. Mata 100 da suka fi burgewa a Najeriya – #YWomen100 #LLA100Women 2016 Forbes 30 Mafi Kyawun Matasa 'Yan Kasuwa a Afirka- 2015 Jerin QUARTZ na Masu Ƙirƙirar Afirka 30. Ventures Africa - Mafi Tasirin Shugabanni na 2015 Tiffany Amber Mata na Vision Honouree - 2014 Forbes 30 Mafi Kyawun Matasa 'Yan Kasuwa a Afirka - 2014. Jerin Sabbin Mujallar Afirka ta "50 Trailblazers Under 50 Made in Africa" Jerin. Arba'in da Arba'in: Kundin Tatsuniyoyi na Matasan Afirka ta Ventures Africa. Sabuwar Mujallar Matan Afirka - Matasan Matasan Najeriya guda 10 da za su kalla. Taron karawa juna sani na Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI). TEDGlobal Fellow. Kyauta Duba kuma Jerin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Najeriya Jerin mutanen Igbo Magana Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

56617

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20Mark%20V

Jaguar Mark V

Jaguar Mark V ( lafazi 5 ) mota ce ta alfarma da Jaguar Cars Ltd na Coventry ta gina a Ingila daga 1948 zuwa 1951. Ya kasance a matsayin Saloon kofa huɗu (sedan) da mai iya canzawa mai kofa biyu da aka sani da Drop Head Coupé, duka nau'ikan wurin zama manya biyar. Shi ne Jaguar na farko tare da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta, na farko tare da birki na hydraulic, na farko tare da spats (siket ɗin fender), na farko da aka tsara musamman don samarwa a cikin saitunan Dama da Hagu na Drive, na farko tare da ƙafafun cibiyar diski, na farko tare da ƙaramin faffadan 16" Tayoyin balan-balan, wanda za a fara ba da shi tare da rufaffiyar fitilun kai da kuma sigina masu walƙiya don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, da kuma samfurin ƙarshe don amfani da injin turad Tarihi An gabatar da Mark V ga masu rarrabawa da manema labarai a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1948 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1948 a Nunin Mota na London a daidai lokacin da sanarwar XK120, tare da abin da ya raba tsaye. XK120, kodayake ba a shirye don samarwa ba, shine tauraruwar wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, Mark V ya sayar da XK120 da yawa ta kusan motoci 5,000 a kowace shekara idan aka kwatanta da motoci 2,000 a kowace shekara don XK120. An gina motoci uku a ƙarshen 1948 kuma samar da saloon ya yi nisa sosai a masana'antar da ke kan titin Swallow a Holbrook Lane a gundumar Foleshill na Coventry a watan Maris 1949, kodayake DHC ta yi jinkiri na wasu watanni, kuma an gina motocin na ƙarshe a tsakiyar tsakiyar. 1951. Siffofin Yayin da XK120 ke da sabon injin XK -camshaft na sama, Mark V ya riƙe layin 1946-48 ciki har da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi-6 2½L da injunan 3½L, yanzu tun 1946 wanda Jaguar ya samar, wanda kamfanin ya saya daga Standard Kamfanin Motoci kafin yakin duniya na biyu da akwatin gear mai sauri guda hudu wanda Jaguar da Kamfanin Moss Gear na Birmingham suka samar. Ba a samu watsawa ta atomatik ba a wannan lokacin. Ba a bayar da ingin 1½L da aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran da suka gabata ba a cikin Mark V. Fitar da wutar lantarki da ake da'awar a cikin wannan aikace-aikacen shine don 2664 cc Mark V da don ƙarin mashahurin 3485 cc ɗan uwanta. Firam ɗin chassis sabo ne tare da sassan akwatin zurfi da ƙetare takalmin gyaran kafa don ingantacciyar tauri a cikin sarrafawa da kusurwa, da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta ta kasusuwan buri biyu da sanduna, tsarin da Jaguar zai yi amfani da shi don yawancin abubuwan hawa na gaba. Yana da kayan walda da maƙallan da aka tanadar don birki na Hannun Dama da Hannun Dama da haɗin haɗin gwiwa, don haka za'a iya haɗa chassis cikin kowane tsari. Hakanan yana da birki na hydraulic, waɗanda suka zama dole tare da dakatarwa mai zaman kanta, kuma wanda Jaguar ya yi jinkirin ɗauka idan aka kwatanta da sauran masana'antun, da kuma duk jikin ƙarfe da aka matse akan salon, kodayake DHC har yanzu tana da katako a cikin kofofin. Wani sabon fasalin shi ne cewa baya na chassis ya mamaye gatari na baya don samar da mafi girman motsi don ingantacciyar ta'aziyya, yayin da a kan samfuran da suka gabata an yi watsi da shi. Salon motar ya biyo bayan layukan SS-Jaguar na prewar tare da grille chrome madaidaiciya kuma akwai mascot mai tsalle-tsalle na Jaguar a matsayin zaɓi. Motar ta Autocar ta kira shi mai arziki duk da haka tare da kamanni mara kyau, a cikin fayyace tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbi. Akwai keɓantaccen alama na yanayin zamani na Bentley a cikin salon gasa na gaba. Tayoyin sun kasance nau'in diski-karfe, mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙafafun MK IV. Daga gefe, taɓawar salo na musamman akan saloon ya kasance "ƙulla" lanƙwasa a gindin taga kwata na baya yana bin bayanin martabar gilashin gefe, fasalin da ke kan samfuran da yawa na gaba. Matsalolin baya sun kasance daidai. Akwai kuma juzu'in coupé drophead. Ga Burtaniya da galibin kasuwannin ketare, an yi amfani da fitilun fitilar 7.7 inci Lucas PF770, tare da jujjuyawar masu safarar safa. Don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, an yi amfani da fitilolin mota 7" da aka rufe, tare da sigina masu walƙiya da aka haɗa a cikin fitilun gefen gaba da na'urar fitilun wutsiya a madadin masu safara. Ana samun Mark V mai launin fenti guda 12, a hade daban-daban mai launuka 7, amma masana'antar ba ta ba da magani mai sautin biyu ba, kuma ba ta bayar da farar tayoyin bango ba. Motoci biyu da masana'antar ta yi masu nau'i-nau'i biyu, da kuma wasu 32 masu launi daban-daban na musamman, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba. Wasu ƙila dillalan Amurka sun yi musu fenti mai launi biyu kafin ko bayan siyar da su, da kuma tayoyin farar bango.

50564

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Raya%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu

Bankin Raya Raya Kudancin Afirka ( DBSA ) cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu gaba daya. Bankin yana da niyyar "hanzarta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai dorewa a cikin kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC) ta hanyar sanya jarin kudi da ba na kudi ba a bangarorin samar da ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arziki ". Tarihi, umarni da hangen nesa Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu bankin ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya bayyana ainihin manufarsa ita ce inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban, inganta rayuwar mutane da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa, kuɗi da ci gaba. Dokar DBSA ta mayar da hankali kan manufofin bankunan don taka rawar gani wajen isar da ababen more rayuwa a Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen Afirka. Aikin Bankin ya mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin makamashi, ruwa, sufuri da kuma harkokin sadarwa, tare da mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da ilimi . DBSA tana da hannu sosai a cikin dukkan matakai na sarkar darajar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a shirye-shiryen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, ba da tallafin ayyuka gami da aiwatar da ababen more rayuwa da bayarwa. Ƙarshen hangen nesa na DBSA shine a cimma wani yanki mai wadata da haɗin kai mai amfani da albarkatu, ci gaba ba tare da talauci da dogaro ba. Ta hanyar haɓaka ababen more rayuwa, Bankin yana ƙoƙarin ba da gudummawa ga hanyoyin rayuwar jama'a da tattalin arziki. Hakanan yana haɓaka amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu mai dorewa . Haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa shine mabuɗin a cikin ajandar ci gaban Afirka kuma DBSA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa wannan manufa. Misali tana shiga cikin shirye-shirye kamar su Shirin Samar da Wutar Lantarki mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka ta Kudu (REIPPPP) da Shirin Ayyukan Ci gaban Kayayyakin Gida a Afirka (PIDA). Haɗin gwiwa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga DBSA kuma Bankin ya kafa wasu manyan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyi na duniya da na yanki kamar Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IDFC), Cibiyar Albarkatun Kuɗi ta SADC (DFRC), Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Ci Gaban Afirka (AADFI) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (SDIP). Bankin yana da hannu sosai wajen sarrafawa da aiwatar da kudaden da ke tallafawa shirye-shirye da bunkasa ayyukan haɗin gwiwar yanki. Yana yin haka ne a madadin abokan tarayya na ƙasa da ƙasa. Misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan SADC (PPDF) da Shirin Zuba Jari na Afirka ta Kudu (IIPSA), wanda DBSA ke gudanarwa a madadin Tarayyar Turai . DBSA tana samun jagoranci ta hanyar manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, yanki da na gida, yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyin cika aikinta. Yana biyan maƙasudai da maƙasudai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ' Canza Duniyar mu: Tsarin 2030 don Ci gaba mai dorewa, an yarda da shi ga Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, kuma daidai da COP21, yana goyan bayan ƙirƙira kasuwanci da isarwa. sikelin zuwa tattalin arzikin kore mai tasowa. Ayyuka DBSA tana tallafawa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu wajen yin amfani da ƙwarewa da iyawa don haɓaka aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa a muhimman sassa na ilimi, kiwon lafiya da gidaje, da kuma shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa na birni daban-daban. DBSA ta kasance tare da Faransa DFI, AFD tun 1994. Kamfanoni na gari DBSA tana ba da tallafi na tsare-tsare, kudade da aiwatarwa ga ƙananan hukumomi a sassan da suka haɗa da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki, hanyoyi da gidaje. Shirye-shiryen gunduma da ke tallafawa sun haɗa da Tshwane Rapid Transit da ba da kuɗin tallafin ƙauyen ɗaliban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban (DUT). Kayayyakin Tattalin Arziki Tattalin Arziki ko ƙaƙƙarfan ababen more rayuwa duk ababen more rayuwa ne da suka wajaba don tafiyar da al'ummar masana'antu na zamani. DBSA na da niyya don magance iya aiki da matsalolin ƙullun don haɓaka yuwuwar haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar tallafawa sassa masu zuwa: Ruwa mai yawa Sufuri/hanyoyi Ƙarfi/makamashi Sadarwa Man fetur (mai / gas) Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da! Ka Xu Mai Tattaunawar Wutar Lantarki na Solar . Kayayyakin zamantakewa Kayan aiki na zamantakewa ko mai laushi duk cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da yanayin tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, al'adu da zamantakewar al-umma ko yanki. DBSA tana da niyyar magance matsalolin da suka faru da kuma hanzarta isar da muhimman ayyukan zamantakewa don tallafawa yanayin rayuwa mai ɗorewa da inganta ingancin rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar tallafa wa tsarawa, tallafawar kuɗi da tallafin aiwatarwa ga ayyukan ababen more rayuwa wadanda ba na gari ba ciki har da: Ilimi mafi girma masaukin dalibi Tallafin aiwatar da ayyuka don ginawa da kula da gidaje, makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren gaggawa da kulawa a wuraren kiwon lafiya a Limpopo, a Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP) da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamarwa Makarantu. Nassoshi Bankuna Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

42975

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/YeboTonyah

YeboTonyah

Anthony Yeboah (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1966) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallon a raga a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana da Afrika, kuma ya yi ƙaurin suna wajen zura ƙwallaye masu ban sha’awa waɗanda a lokuta da dama sukan fito a gasar Goal of the month ko Goal of the Season. taron jama'a. An fi sanin Yeboah a lokacinsa a ƙungiyoyin Turai 1. FC Saarbrücken, Eintracht Frankfurt, Leeds United da Hamburger SV a lokacin 1990s. Ya kuma buga wa Asante Kotoko, Cornerstones Kumasi, Okwawu United da Al-Ittihad Doha . Sau 59 ya buga wa Ghana wasa, inda ya ci ƙwallaye 29. Yanzu haka yana gudanar da hukumar wasanni ta kasa da kasa da jerin otal a Ghana. Ya lashe takalmin zinare na Bundesliga sau biyu a shekarun 1992–1993, 1993–1994 yana wasa da Eintracht Frankfurt . Aikin kulob An haifi Yeboah a Kumasi, Ghana . Bayan ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a Kumasi, Yeboah ya koma kulob din Jamus 1. FC Saarbrücken a shekarar 1988. Wannan motsi yana da wasu mahimmancin tarihi, saboda Yeboah ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan baƙar fata na farko da suka bayyana a Bundesliga . Yeboah yana da sannu a hankali a shekarar farko, amma sai ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar a shekararsa ta Saarbrücken ta biyu. Kulob ɗin Eintracht Frankfurt An canza shi zuwa Eintracht Frankfurt a cikin shekarar 1990, inda da farko wani sashe na magoya baya suka yi masa ihu kuma - kasancewarsa baƙar fata na farko da ƙungiyar ta taɓa sanyawa - yana fuskantar hayaniya ta biri da sauran zagi na wariyar launin fata. A cikin babban birnin Hesse, Yeboah da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan kisa, inda ya rufe baki ɗayan masu suka, kuma ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bundesliga na farko. Ya kasance babban dan wasan Bundesliga sau biyu tare da Eintracht, a cikin shekarar 1993 da 1994. Kulob ɗin Leeds United Yeboah ya koma kulob din Leeds United na Ingila daga Eintracht Frankfurt kan fan miliyan 3.4 a watan Janairun 1995. A kakarsa ta biyu a Elland Road an zabe shi dan wasan na shekara . Yeboah ya ci wa Leeds United jimillar kwallaye 32 a wasanni 66, kuma har yanzu ana girmama shi a matsayin gwarzon kungiyar asiri a kulob din Yorkshire saboda yawan kwallayen da ya ci. Wasan da ya yi a kan Liverpool da wasansa da Wimbledon a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995–1996 na daga cikin fitattun kwallayen da ya sa a gaba, kuma ya kasance mai taka rawar gani a Goal na Watan a gasar Premier . Ya shaida wa Team 33 na Newstalk a shekarar 2014 cewa burin da ya fi so shi ne wanda ya ci Liverpool. An ba da burin da aka buga da Wimbledon Goal of the Season a cikin shekarar 1995–1996. Har sai da Gareth Bale ya yi daidai da wasan a shekarar 2013, Yeboah ne kawai dan wasa da ya taba lashe gasar BBC Match of the Day Goal of the Month a jere, yana yin hakan a watan Satumba da Oktoba 1995. Ya kuma zura ƙwallaye uku a ragar Leeds; na farko da Ipswich Town a gasar Premier a Elland Road a ranar 5 ga Afrilu shekarar 1995, wanda ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na uku a waje da ya ci hat-trick ga Leeds (Cantona v Tottenham a watan Agustan shekarar 1992 shi ne na farko, kuma Phil Masinga watanni uku a baya). a gasar cin kofin FA ). Hat-trick na biyu na Yeboah ya zo ne da Monaco a gasar cin kofin Uefa na shekarar 1995–96 a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1995, da kuma kwana 11 na uku a wasan Premier da Wimbledon a Selhurst Park wanda ya hada da Goal of the Season da aka ambata. An fitar da wani bidiyo mai suna 'Yeboah - Shoot to Kill' yayin da yake Leeds. Raunin da aka samu (da dama da aka ɗauka yayin da yake kan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa) ya taƙaita wasansa lokacin da ya buga wasa kuma ya hana shi barin kungiyar Leeds a lokuta da yawa. Lokacin da George Graham ya zama koci, an yi taho-mu-gama tsakanin mutane kuma an sayar da Yeboah ga Hamburger SV a watan Satumbar shekarar1997, bayan ya buga wasa sau shida kacal a ƙarƙashin Graham. Daga baya aiki Yeboah ya koma ƙungiyar Hamburger SV ta Jamus kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa shekarar 2001, inda ya ci ƙwallaye 28. Ya tafi ne domin ya shiga Al Ittihad, inda ya taka leda a karkashin kocin Austria Josef Hickersberger .. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana sama da shekaru goma, kuma ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika uku a shekarun 1990. Yeboah ya zira ƙwallaye 29 a wasanni 59 da ya buga wa Ghana, wanda shi ne na huɗu mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin ƙasar bayan Asamoah Gyan, Edward Acquah da Kwasi Owusu . Bayan yin wasa A ranar 3 ga Nuwambar 2008, an naɗa shi a matsayin sabon shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Ghana Berekum Chelsea . Rayuwa ta sirri Yeboah tare da ɗan uwansa tsohon ɗan wasan Mainz Michael Osei suna gudanar da hukumar wasanni ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai suna Anthony Yeboah Sportpromotion kuma suna da jerin otal a Ghana (Accra, Kumasi) mai suna Yegoala . Yana da aure kuma yana da ’ya’ya biyu. Dan uwansa, Kelvin Yeboah, shi ma kwararren dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Kididdigar sana'a Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Premier League Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1966 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

35431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tteokbokki

Tteokbokki

( 떡볶이 ), ko Simmered rice cake, sanannen abincin Koriya ne da aka yi daga ƙaramin garae-tteok (dogayen, fari, waina mai siffar Silinda) wanda ake kira tteokmyeon (떡면; "noodles shinkafa") ko yawanci tteokbokki-tteok (떡볶이 떡; "teokbokki shinkafa kek"). Eomuk (cakulan kifi), dafaffen ƙwai, da scallions wasu sinadarai ne na gama gari waɗanda aka haɗa tare da tteokbokki a cikin jita-jita. Ana kuma iya dafa shi da ko dai gochujang mai yaji (manna chili) ko ganjang maras yaji (soya sauce) tushen miya; na farko shine nau'i na yau da kullum, yayin da na karshen ba shi da yawa kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa gungjung-tteokbokki (kotun sarki tteokbokki). A yau, bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da curry-tteokbokki, cream sauce-tteokbokki, jajang-tteokbokki, abincin teku-tteokbokki, rose-tteokbokki, galbi-tteokbokki da sauransu. Ana sayan Tteokbokki da cin abinci a bunsikjip (sandunan ciye-ciye) da kuma pojangmacha (kantunan titi). Akwai kuma gidajen cin abinci da aka keɓe don tteokbokki, inda ake kiransa da jeukseok tteokbokki (impromptu tteokbokki). Har ila yau, sanannen abinci ne na gida, kamar yadda za a iya siyan kek ɗin shinkafa (garae-tteok) a cikin kayan da aka riga aka shirya, sigar da ba ta da ruwa. Tarihi Rikodi na farko akan tteok-bokki ya bayyana a cikin Siuijeonseo, littafin dafa abinci na ƙarni na 19, inda aka jera tasa ta amfani da steokbokgi na zamani (복기). A cewar littafin, tteok-bokki an san shi da sunaye daban-daban da suka haɗa da tteokjjim (guraren shinkafa mai tuƙafi), tteok-japchae (cake-soyayyen shinkafa), da tteok-jeongol (cakulan shinkafa mai zafi). An yi sigar gidan sarauta ne daga farar tteok (kudin shinkafa), sirloin, man sesame, soya miya, scallions, rock tripe, pine nuts, da gasasshen tsaba na sesame, yayin da aka yi savory, tteok-bokki na tushen miya. a cikin babban gidan dangin Papyeong Yun, inda aka yi miya mai inganci. A cikin wannan sigar, sinadarai irin su gajeriyar hakarkarinsu sun kasance gama gari. Sunan tteok-bokki shima ya bayyana a cikin sabuntawar edition na Joseon Yori Jebeop, inda aka siffanta shi da abinci mai ɗanɗano na tushen soya. An yi imanin cewa bambance-bambancen yaji na tteok-bokki da aka yi da miya na gochujang ya fara bayyana a cikin 1953. Lokacin da Ma Bok-Lim ta halarci buɗaɗɗen wani gidan cin abinci na Koriya da China, da gangan ta jefar da tteok, ko kek ɗin shinkafa, da aka miƙa. lokacin budewa cikin jajangmyeon. Da sanin cewa yana da daɗi, sai ta haɓaka ra'ayin kayan yaji a cikin miya ta Koriya, gochujang. Bayan haka, ta fara sayar da shi a Sindang, wanda a yanzu ya zama mafi yawan bambancin tteok-bokki. Saboda haka, gundumar Sindang yanzu ta shahara da tteok-boki. A yau, tteok-bokki na yau da kullun da aka saya kuma ana ci a bunsikjip (sandunan ciye-ciye) da pojangmacha (kantunan titin) ja ne da yaji, yayin da tushen soya, sigar da ba ta da yaji ana kiranta gungjung-tteok-bokki (궁중떡볶이) ; "kotun sarki tteok-bokki"). Rice tteok ya tashi da shahara yayin da tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu ya haɓaka, kuma nau'ikan tasa daban-daban sun haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Da yake a da abinci ne mai ajin aiki, ana yawan maye gurbin alkama tteok da shinkafa. [ana bukatar bayani] Iri Kamar sauran shahararrun jita-jita na Koriya, tteok-bokki ya ga bambance-bambancen da yawa da haɗuwa. Dafaffen ƙwai da soyayyen <i id="mwfA">mandu</i> ( dumplings ) an saba haɗa su da tteok-bokki. Sinadaran irin su abincin teku, gajeriyar haƙarƙari, noodles nan take, noodles masu tauna suma ƙari ne na yau da kullun ga tasa. Bambance-bambance dangane da abubuwan da aka ƙara Haemul-tteok-bokki, (해물떡볶이; "abincin teku tteok-bokki ") yana da fasalin abincin teku a matsayin sinadaren sa na biyu. Galbi -tteok-bokki (갈비떡볶이; "gajeren haƙarƙari tteok-bokki ") yana da gajerun haƙarƙari azaman sinadarin sa na biyu. Ra-bokki (라볶이; "nan take noodle tteok-bokki ") da jol -bokki (쫄볶이; "chewy noodle tteok-bokki ") suna da bambance-bambancen iri ɗaya waɗanda ke ƙara noodles zuwa tteok-bokki . Ra-bokki yana ƙara ramyeon (ramen) noodles, kuma jjol-bokki yana ƙara chewy jjolmyeon noodles na alkama. Jeukseok-tteok-bokki Jeongol (tukun zafi) - nau'in tteok-bokki ana kiransa jeukseok-tteok-bokki ( ; "on-the-tabo tteok-bokki "), kuma ana dafa shi a kan murhu na saman tebur yayin cin abinci. Akwai nau'ikan kari daban-daban, kamar kayan lambu, mandu (dumplings), da ramyeon ko noodles na udong a gidajen cin abinci na jeukseok-tteok-bokki . Kamar yadda jeukseok-tteok-bokki yawanci abinci ne maimakon abun ciye-ciye, galibi ana haɗa shi da bokkeum-bap (soyayyen shinkafa). Bambanci bisa miya Gochujang tteok-bokki   Piquant, ja gochujang na tushen tteok-bokki ɗaya ne daga cikin shahararrun kayan ciye-ciye na Koriya. Yayin da nau'in miya guda biyu gungmul-tteok-bokki ( ; " miya tteok-bokki ") da bushe gireum-tteok-bokki ( ; "Oil tteok- bokki ") an fi jin daɗinsa, na farko ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin daidaitaccen salon. A cikin gungmul-tteok-bokki, ana amfani da kelp - anchovy stock sau da yawa don fitar da dandano mai daɗi. Ana ƙara Gochugaru (foda barkono) sau da yawa don ƙarin zafi da launi, yayin da mullyeot (shinkafa syrup) yana taimakawa tare da zaƙi da daidaito. Eomuk (cakulan kifi), dafaffen ƙwai, da yankakken yankakken scallions sune ƙari na kowa ga tasa. A cikin gireum-tteok-bokki, cakuda gochugaru (고춧가루; "Fuɗen barkono Koriya"), soya sauce, sugar ko syrup, da man sesame sau da yawa ya maye gurbin gochujang (manna chili). Ana yayyafa sanduna masu laushi masu laushi tare da cakuda miya, sannan a soya a cikin mai dafa abinci tare da dintsi na yankakken scallions a yi amfani da su. Kasuwar Tongin a Jongno, Seoul ta shahara da gireum-tteok-bokki . Hakanan akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin gochujang tteok-bokki, kamar sigar da aka yi da ganyen perilla . Ganjang tteok-bokki Mai dadi da mai daɗi, tteok-bokki na tushen soya mai launin ruwan kasa ana kiransa gungjung-tteok-bokki ( 궁중떡볶이 ; "kotun sarki tteok-bokki "). Tarihinsa ya samo asali ne daga tasa na kotun sarauta kafin gabatar da barkono barkono zuwa yankin Koriya a tsakiyar zamanin Joseon (ƙarni na 17 da 18). An samo farkon rikodin gungjung tteok-bokki a cikin littafin dafa abinci na 1800 mai suna Siuijeonseo . Samun ɗanɗano mai kama da japchae (noodles da kayan lambu da aka soyayyen gilashi), dangin sarauta suna jin daɗinsa a matsayin banchan kuma azaman abun ciye-ciye. Ko da yake an yi tteok-bokki na gargajiya tare da miya soya, wanda shine na gargajiya (kuma a lokacin, kadai) nau'in miya na soya a Koriya ta zamani, miya mai dadi na yau da kullum ya dauki wurinsa a zamanin yau. Sauran sinadaran gargajiya irin su sirloin ko gajeriyar hakarkarinsa, man sesame, scallions, rock tripe, Pine nuts, da gasassun tsaba da kuma tsaba na sesame har yanzu ana amfani da su a gungjung-tteok-bokki na zamani . Sauran sinadarai irin su tsiron wake, karas, albasa, busasshen zucchini na Koriya, tafarnuwa, da namomin kaza na shiitake su ma suna da yawa. Yawanci ana ba da tasa da kayan ado . Sauran bambancin Gungmul (miyan) tteok-bokki waɗanda ba a kan ko dai waken soya ko gochujang su ma sun sami karɓuwa. Akwai wasu sanannun bambance-bambance. Curry tteok-bokki yana amfani da tushe mai launin rawaya irin na Koriya. Cream sauce tteok-bokki yana amfani da tushe wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga carbonara . Ana amfani da miya da naman alade maimakon gochujang da wainar kifi. Rose tteok-bokki mai suna bayan fure taliya, a matsayin bambancin. Don wannan tteok-bokki, ana ƙara miya mai tsami zuwa ainihin tteok-bokki . <i id="mwARk">Jajang</i> -tteok-bokki yana nuna miya bisa jajang (manna wake mai zaki). Cuku tteok-bokki wani bambance-bambancen da tteok-bokki ake ko dai toshe ko cuku. Ana sayar da shi a mashaya na ciye-ciye kuma ana iya yin shi cikin sauƙi a gida. Dangane da abin da ake so, ana iya ci tare da kayan yaji kamar koren shayi, foda, sesame, ko faski. Shanghainese 炒年糕, chǎo nián gāo abinci ne mai soyayyen soyayyen da aka yi da kek ɗin shinkafa wanda aka yanka a cikin siffa mai laushi, scallions, naman sa, naman alade, da kabeji. Gireum and gyeran tteok-bokki Gireum tteok-bokki ( 기름떡볶이 ; "Oil tteok-bokki ") wani nau'in tteok-bokki ne da ake soyawa a cikin mai kuma a yi shi da miya ko kaɗan. Gyeran tteok-bokki (계란떡볶이; "kwai tteok-bokki") wani bambancin ne wanda ba shi da miya. Ana amfani da tteok (kudin shinkafa), qwai, kayan lambu, da kayan yaji (musamman gishiri). Ya bambanta da gireum tteok-bokki domin ba yaji.</br> Gallery Duba kuma Bunsik Gimbap Abincin Koriya Abincin gidan sarauta na Koriya Shinkafa cake Sundae Soyayya mai zurfi Nian gao Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma na Dongdaemoon Yeopgi Tteokbokki Yanar Gizo na hukuma na Sinjeon Tteokbokki Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na BaeDDuck Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

13978

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariyike%20Akinbobola

Ariyike Akinbobola

Ariyike Lawal-Akinbobola wacce akafi saninta da sunan Ariyike Akinbobola (An haife ta ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1982). ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan talabijin na Najeriya, a matsayin mai karanta labarai, mai koyar da ado, tana kuma rubuce-rubuce a yanar gizo, sannan kwararriyar lauya ce kana kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ke fitowa a cikin shiri lokaci-lokaci. Daga shekarar 2011, ta fara yin aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shiri a tashar Talabijin ta Spice TV wadda take kan dandamali na DSTV. Tana cikin fitaccen shirin da tashar Spice TV ke nunawa a kan couch kuma ban da haka tana samun damar gabatar da labarai sannan kuma tana gabatar da wasu shirye-shiryen TV waɗanda suka hada da shiri sukari da kayan yaji, Urban Spice, Instant Beauty Queen da kuma Project Swan. A yanzu haka kuma tana gabatar da kayan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon kayan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwalƙwalwa na Spice Toys. Ta kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun masa yada labarai a Najeriya. Kuruciya Akinbobola an haife ta ne a asibitin St. Nicholas da ke Legas, a Najeriya kuma ita ce 'ya ta biyar a cikin yara shida na Mojeed Adewale da Ladun Lawal (née Ojutalayo), wadda yar asalin ƙabilar Yarbawa ce suka haifa. Mahaifinta, Mojeed Adewale, ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. Ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnati tare da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki da dimbin iko a cikin ma'aikatun Gwamnatin Tarayya daban, ya yi ritaya a matsayin Daraktan Daraktan kasafin kudi na Ma’aikatar Tarayya. Mahaifiyarta Ladun Lawal, wacce ake wa lakabi da Cif a Najeriya tare da moniker 'The Yeye-oba na Iyanfoworogi-Ife', ita ce mai harhada magunguna kuma tana gudanar da karamin kamfanin kera magunguna a Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, tare da reshe a jihar Legas. Kaunar Akinbobola ga nishaɗi ta fara tun tana ƙarami. Ita da lingsan uwanta sun kasance suna shirya miya da kuma yin wasannin kiɗa cikin ayyukan gidan. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Federal Home Science Primary School, Ikoyi, Legas inda ta kasance memba a cikin kungiyar Brownies Society kuma lokacin da ta shiga makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Sarauniya, Legas, ta kasance a koyaushe a kan wasan kwaikwayo a bikin nuna wasannin da kuma lambar yabo ta makaranta. Saboda yanayin walwalarsa da abokantaka ta, ya ci kyautar 'Miss Friendly' ga ajin sa, a yayin karatunsu na shekarar 1998 na shekarar karshe na dare. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba zuwa Jami’ar Legas, Akoka don yin karatun Shari’a. A shekara ta 2006, ta sami lasisin koyar da lauya (Law) a inda daga nan ta tafi makarantar lauyan Najeriya, Legas inda ta samu BL a Law. Akinbobola wacce ke da kusanci da mahaifinta ta samu babbar asara lokacin da mahaifinta ya wuce a watan Janairun 2010 bayan ya yi fama da cutar ta Parkinson sama da shekaru 15.   A shekara ta 2011, bayan ta yi aiki na karancin shekaru, sai ta samu difloma a Tashar Talabijin a Makarantar Media, Media and Television. Aiki A shekara ta 2010, Akinbobola ta fara yin rikodin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kanta na TV Show 'Tunani tare da Ariyike wanda za'a iya kallon ta a shafinta na youtube "Ariyike mako-mako". A shekarar 2011 ta nemi izinin aiki a matsayinta na mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a kan sabon tashar Tauraron Dan Adam - Spice TV kuma a watan Yuni na 2011, Spice TV ta sami aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da Talabijin. A matsayinsa na mutumcin TV da Mai ba da izinin shiga mota, Akinbobola ya yi hira da wasu mashahuran 'yan Najeriya da na duniya da kuma jami'an diflomasiyya. Ta yi hira da Dr. Andrew Pocock, Babban kwamishinan Burtaniya a Najeriya, Mr. Mike Purves, Daraktan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Kasuwanci da Zuba jari na Burtaniya, Pauline Long, wanda ya kafa lambar yabo ta Beffta, Mrs. Bunmi Oke, Shugaban ofungiyar Tallafin genungiyar Tallace-tallace ta Nijeriya (AAAN), Mawaki Americanasar Amurika / son waka Carl Thomas, Otunba Niyi Babade na CNN da kuma entrepreneursan kasuwar Najeriya da yawa. A shekarar 2013, ta karbi bakuncin jan kafet a dakin shugaban Najeriya na Burtaniya da cinikin Shugaban Kasa. A shekarar 2013, Akinbobola ta fara fitowa a jerin finafinai na Najeriya "Lekki matan" tare da Kiki Omeili da Katherine Obiang, ita ma ta bayyana a cikin jerin "Aunty Caro's bar". Akinbobola co-bakuncin Lagos Kidaya crossover concert dab da Ikponmwosa Osakioduwa da FATAWA (a 2012), kazalika da Gbenga Adeyinka da kuma yã mũnanã-Rhymz (a 2013). Gwamnatin jihar Legas ce ta shirya taron kuma ana yada shi a duk fadin Afirka. Ya yi daidai da taron shekara-shekara na Dandalin Times, bikin Tunawa da Sabuwar Shekara. Akinbobola ita ma marubuci bako ce ga ɗaya daga cikin manyan shafukan yanar gizo a Najeriya "Bella Naija", inda ta rubuta labarun motsa jini / dangantaka game da batutuwan da suka shafi 'yan Afirka. Tana da nata bangaren da ake kira "Ariyike ya rubuta". Tana kuma gudanar da shafin ta na yanar gizo mai suna www.reflectionswithariyike.blogspot.com. Iyali Ariyike Akinbobola yana da aure tare da 'ya'ya maza guda uku. Aikin Agaji A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2013, Akinbobola ta shirya bikinta na Kirsimeti kyauta na shekara-shekara inda aka ba da gudummawa daga gare ta, abokanta, membobin dangin ta da wasu kwastomomi ga kungiyoyin agaji 9. Wakilai daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sanannun mutane da kuma kafofin watsa labaru suma sun halarci wurin taron. Chaungiyoyi 9 na agaji da suka amfana da su sune tushen ƙasa, ƙungiyar slumdwellers Liberation forum, Lots sadaka, Green garken yara, Haven ga Nigerianan Najeriya, Vocal Slender's Ghetto Love project, Arrows of God marayu, Al'umma don ƙauna da adalci na zamantakewa, Gangami akan Jahilci da jahilci. . Ariyike ya kuma kirkiro wayar da kan jama'a don rukunin yanar gizo wanda ke tallafawa da haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan agaji, ana kiran shafin yanar gizon www.234give.com. A watan Disamba na 2012, a wani bangare na yawon shakatawa na makarantar sakandaren Edutainment wacce Van Cliff da iCirculate suka shirya, Akinbobola da wasu masu zane sun ziyarci makarantun sakandare daban daban don zuga daliban tare da basu imani a Najeriya. Sun kuma fadakar da daliban game da fa'ida da rashin amfanin kafofin watsa labarun tare da karfafa daliban game da mahimmancin ilimi idan kuna aiki a masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin 2013, an shirya kakar biyu ta yawon shakatawa. A watan Satumbar 2013, Akinbobola ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da Vocal Slender's Back don shirin soyayya na don ba da gudummawa da tushen gudummawar jakunkuna na makaranta da kayan makaranta ga yara Ajegunle sama da 500 (wani yanki a jihar Legas, Najeriya) yaran da ke shirin sake komawa makaranta. . Akinbobola ya kuma yi hadin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Pink Heritage Company, kungiyar da ke da hannu wajen kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin yara mata da kuma ba da shawara ga daliban makarantar sakandare wadanda aka lalata da su. A watan Oktoba na 2012, Akinbobola ta fara shirya taron wata-wata wanda ake kira "Mafi kyawun ƙasashen biyu" aukuwa na BOBW, inda ta ke ba masu zanen kaya masu zuwa, masu fasaha / gwaninta, mawaƙa, mawaka, marubuta, bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, DJs da masu sha'awar dama ce ta nuna kwarewar su sannan kuma tana nuna goyon baya da kirkirar wayar da kan kungiyoyin agaji a kowane bugu na BOBW. Nasarori A shekarar 2012, an ba Akinbobola kyautar 'Mafi Alkawarin / Matasa TV Mai gabatarwa' na shekarar a gidan rediyo na Najeriya (NBMA), Legas, Najeriya, sannan kuma ya kara samun takara a shekarar 2012 da kuma 2013 ga 'Shahararren Mai gabatar da Talabijin. ' a Gidan Rediyon Najeriya Merit Awards, Lagos, Nigeria. Dangane da nasarorin da ta samu a cikin 2012, an nuna Akinbobola a cikin fitowar TW Magazine a watan Janairun 2013 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Youngan Matashiyoyi 13, Maƙasudin Hardarfafa aiki a cikin 2013. A shekarar 2013, Ankinbobola ya samu kyautar dan Adam don kyakyawan zato daga kungiyoyin Magic City's Flames Merit Awards 2013, Legas, Najeriya saboda ci gaba, goyan baya da kuma karfafa baiwa mai zuwa. A cikin shekarar 2014, an zabi Akinbobola don Taimako na Duniya na Duniya a cikin Women4Africa Awards, wanda aka gudanar a Landan. Hakanan an zabi Akinbobola ga gwarzon Mata na Mata na shekarar (ELOY), inda aka zaba ta ga Mai gabatar da TV na shekarar. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

60980

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layin%20Hastings

Layin Hastings

Layin Hastings layin dogo ne na biyu a Kent da Gabashin Sussex, Ingila, yana haɗa Hastings tare da babban garin Tunbridge Wells, da London ta hanyar Tonbridge da Sevenoaks . Ko da yake da farko yana ɗaukar fasinjoji, hanyar jirgin ƙasa kuma tana hidimar ma'adinan gypsum wanda shine tushen cunkoson ababen hawa. Jiragen Kudu maso Gabas suna tafiyar da jiragen kasan fasinja akan layin, kuma yana daya daga cikin layukan Titin jirgin kasa na Kudu maso Gabas ne ya gina titin jirgin a farkon shekarun 1850 a kan tsaka mai wuya na Babban Weald . Kulawa da ginin layin ya kasance mai rauni, yana baiwa 'yan kwangila damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan . Wadannan gazawar sun bayyana bayan an bude layin dogo. Gyaran baya ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ma'aunin lodi tare da layi, yana buƙatar amfani da kayan juzu'i na sadaukarwa. An yi amfani da motocin motsa jiki tun daga buɗewa har zuwa ƙarshen 1950s, sabis ɗin fasinja ya karɓe su ta hanyar rukunin rukunin lantarki da yawa da aka gina zuwa ma'aunin lodin layin. Motocin dizal suna sarrafa kaya, kuma an gina su don dacewa da ma'aunin lodi. Raka'o'in wutar lantarki na diesel da yawa sun yi aiki akan layin har zuwa 1986, lokacin da aka kunna layin kuma an rage ramukan da suka fi shafa daga hanya biyu zuwa guda ɗaya. Fage Injiniya mai kula da ginin shine Peter W. Barlow kuma yan kwangilar sune Messrs. Hoof & Son. A cikin Afrilu 1845 SER ta yanke shawarar cewa reshen zai kasance hanya rami ana buƙatar bayan barin Tunbridge. Ana kiran wannan sunan "Ramin Somerhill" bayan gidan da ke kusa . mil mil da sarƙoƙi 54 (2.70 km) bayan barin Somerhill Tunnel, ana buƙatar viaduct . Southborough Viaduct yana tsaye babba kuma yana da baka 26. An gina tashar wucin gadi a Tunbridge Wells a matsayin Tunnel na rijiyoyin yana ci gaba da ginawa. Ya kasance daga Tunbridge. Daga baya tashar ta wucin gadi ta zama tashar kaya . Jirgin kasa na farko, wanda ya kunshi motocin hawa hudu da motocin daukar kaya 26, ya isa Tunbridge Wells a ranar 19.Satumba. Jiragen ƙasa daga Tunbridge sai sun koma baya kafin su fara hawan Somerhill Tunnel, saboda babu wata mahadar fuska a Tunbridge. Wannan yanayin ya kasance har zuwa 1857, lokacin da aka gina hanyar haɗin kai tsaye akan farashin £ 5,700. An ci gaba da amfani da tsohuwar hanyar haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1913 An ba da izinin SER don gina layi daga Ashford a Kent zuwa St Leonards, Gabashin Sussex a 1845. LBSC ta isa St Leonards daga Lewes a shekara mai zuwa. Wannan ya bai wa LBSC gajeriyar hanya zuwa Hastings fiye da hanyar SERs, sannan har yanzu ana kan ginawa. SER sun nemi izini don tsawaita reshensu daga Tunbridge Wells a fadin High Weald don isa Hastings. Izinin gina layin zuwa Hastings an samu akan 18Yuni 1846, Majalisa ta ɗauki layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards yana da mahimmancin dabarun soja. Don haka, sun ba da shawarar cewa za a kammala wannan layin kafin a yi wani kari daga Rijiyoyin Tunbridge. An buɗe haɓaka zuwa Tunbridge Wells a ranar 25Nuwamba 1846 ba tare da wani taron jama'a ba. A cikin 1847, SER ba ta yi nasara ba ta kalubalanci yanayin cewa za a fara kammala layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards. An buɗe wannan layin a cikin 1851, yana wucewa ta Hastings da yin ƙarshen ƙarshen tare da layin LBSC daga Lewes. Gina An gina layin Hastings akan ƙasa mai wahala, gandun daji, da tudu a fadin High Weald da sandstone Hastings Bds, wanda ke buƙatar gina rami takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da bakin tekun kudu na Hastings . SER ya damu da gina layin a matsayin mai yiwuwa a fannin tattalin arziki, tunda yana cikin gasa tare da LBSC don samun shiga Hastings kuma ba ta cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi na kuɗi a tsakiyar 1840s. An ba da kwangilar gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Robertsbridge zuwa Messrs. Hoof & Wyths, an yi yarjejeniya da Messrs. H. Warden. Ya zuwa Maris 1851, an gina hanyar da aka gina har zuwa Whatlington, Gabashin Sussex, nisan . An kammala dukkan ramuka kuma an shimfida layin dogo guda daya na nisan daga Tunbridge Wells. Lokacin da an buɗe sashe daga Tunbridge Wells zuwa Robertsbridge akan 1Satumba, layin waƙa guda ɗaya ya ƙara ƙarin zuwa Whatlington. A kan yanki tsakanin Whatlington da St Leonards, daga an tono. Gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Bopeep Junction ya haura £500,000. gazawar gina magudanar ramuka Kulawar ginin ya kasance mai rauni, wanda ya baiwa ƴan kwangilar damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan. Wannan ya bayyana kansa a cikin Maris 1855 lokacin da wani ɓangare na bulo na Dutsen Mountfield ya rushe. Wani binciken da aka yi a tudun Grove Hill, Strawberry Hill da Wells tunnels ya nuna cewa su ma an yi su da ƴan bulo da yawa. An gina Tunnel na Grove Hill tare da zoben tubali guda ɗaya kawai kuma babu ciko sama da kambin bulo. SER ta kai 'yan kwangilar zuwa kotu kuma an ba su £3,500 a matsayin diyya. Duk da haka, gyara halin da ake ciki ya biya kamfanin £ 4,700. Ko da yake ’yan kwangilar sun biya kuɗin zoben tubali shida, sun yi amfani da guda huɗu kawai. Saboda tsadar sake fasalin ramukan, dole ne a gyara wannan ta ƙara ƙarin zobba biyu na aikin bulo, rage faɗin ramukan da . Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa an taƙaita ma'aunin lodi akan layin, kuma dole ne a gina na'urar na'ura ta musamman, daga baya ana kiranta Restriction 0 rolling stock. Wannan matsalar za ta shafi layin har zuwa 1986. Tunnel na Wadhurst ya rushe a cikin 1862 kuma SER ta gano cewa irin wannan yanayin ya kasance a can. Farashin gyarawa £10,231. A shekara ta 1877, jirgin ƙasa ɗaya kawai aka ba da izini a cikin Tunnel Bopeep a lokaci guda. An fadada rami a wani bangare a cikin 1934-35. A cikin Nuwamba 1949, an gano munanan lahani a cikin rami. An sanya aikin layi guda a kan 19Nuwamba, amma dole ne a rufe ramin gaba daya bayan mako guda. Ramin da aka dogara da wani yanki da sassa na simintin ƙarfe . An sake buɗewa don zirga-zirga akan 5Yuni 1950. An ƙaddamar da Tunnel na Mountfield a cikin 1938-39, wanda ya kasance a buɗe tare da layi ɗaya yana aiki a cikin aiki. Ya ruguje wani bangare a ranar 17Nuwamba 1974, wanda ya haifar da aiki guda ɗaya har zuwa 31Janairu 1975. Daga nan aka rufe layin har zuwa 17Maris yayin da aka keɓe waƙa ta cikin rami. Mabudai SER ta buɗe layin a cikin manyan matakai guda uku: Tunbridge–Tunbridge Wells, Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge da Robertsbridge–Bopeep Junction. An bude tashar wucin gadi a Tunbridge Wells a ranar 19 ga watanSatumba 1845 yayin da Wells Tunnel ya kammala. Tashar ta wucin gadi daga baya ta zama wurin ajiyar kaya. Tunbridge Wells (daga baya Tunbridge Wells Central) tashar ta buɗe a ranar 25Nuwamba 1846. An buɗe sashin Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge akan 1. Satumba 1851, tare da sashin Robertsbridge-Battle ya buɗe akan 1 Janairu 1852. An buɗe sashin Junction Battle–Bopeep akan 1 Fabrairu 1852. Bayanin hanyar Layin yana hawa steep daga cikin Medway Valley a gradients tsakanin 1 a 47 [Note 3] da 1 a 300 zuwa wani taron kudu da Tunbridge Wells, layin ya ƙare har zuwa Wadhurst a gradients tsakanin 1 a 80 da 1 a 155 kafin. saukowa cikin kwarin Rother, wanda ya biyo baya har zuwa Robertsbridge a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 48 da 1 a cikin 485. Layin ya hau kan gradients tsakanin 1 a 86 da 1 a cikin 170 kafin a tsomawa inda ya ketare kogin Brede . Wannan yana biye da hawan zuwa yaƙi tare da gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 227 kafin layin ya faɗi zuwa Hastings a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 945. Bopeep Junction shine mahaɗin layin Hastings tare da layin Gabas ta Gabas . Ya ta'allaka ne a gabashin Bopeep Tunnel. Akwai mashaya a Bulverhythe mai suna The Bo Peep . Sunan ya kasance laƙabi ga mazajen Kwastam da Excise . Magudanun ruwa Akwai ramuka takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da Hastings. Domin daga arewa zuwa kudu sune: Tashoshi Tashoshin asali akan sashin Tunbridge Wells zuwa Hastings na layin galibi suna cikin salon Gothic ko Italiyanci . William Tress ne ya tsara su. An buɗe tashoshin Frant, Wadhurst, Witherenden, Etchingham da Robertsbridge akan 1Satumba 1851. Sauran buɗaɗɗen tashoshin an yi dalla-dalla a ƙasa. An jera tashoshin a ƙarƙashin sunayensu na asali. Tunbridge station opened in May 1842. Following the opening of the branch to Tunbridge Wells in 1845, it was renamed to Tunbridge Junction in January 1852, then Tonbridge Junction in 1893, and to its current name in July 1929.The original station stood to the east of the road bridge, whereas the current station, opened in 1864, stands to the west. Trains leaving Tonbridge had to reverse to reach Tunbridge Wells. This arrangement lasted until 1857, when a new section of line was constructed enabling trains to reach the Hastings line without reversal. The station is from Charing Cross via Orpington. An bude tashar Southborough a ranar 1Maris 1893. An sake masa suna High Brooms akan 21Satumba 1925 don guje wa rudani tare da tashar Southborough akan Babban Layin Chatham, wanda tuni aka sake masa suna Bickley. Tashar tana daga Charing Cross. Tasha ta farko a Tunbridge Wells ta wucin gadi ce kuma tana arewacin Wells Tunnel. An bude shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1845 kuma tashar Tunbridge Wells ta maye gurbinsa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1846. Daga baya ya zama tashar Tunbridge Wells Goods, daga baya aka sake masa suna Tunbridge Wells Central Kayayyakin tashar. An rufe tashar kayayyaki a cikin 1980, tare da riƙe siding don amfani da injiniyoyi. Asalin tashar ta kasance daga London Bridge ta hanyar Redhill. Manazarta

52890

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintou%20Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9

Bintou Dembélé

Bintou Dembélé ƙwararren mawakiya ce wadda aka santa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na raye- rayen Hip hop a Faransa . Bayan ta yi rawa sama da shekaru talatin a duniyar Hip Hop, Bintou Dembélé ta kasance daraktan fasaha na kamfanin rawa nata Rualité tun 2002. Ayyukanta sun bincika batun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki ta hanyar tarihin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Farko An haifi Bintou Dembélé a ranar 30 ga Maris shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975A.C) a cikin unguwannin Paris zuwa wani dangi da suka yi hijira zuwa Faransa bayan da aka raba yankin Saharar Afirka daga mulkin mallaka. Bintou ta fara rawa da ’yan’uwanta tun tana ’yar shekara goma kawai; Sha'awarta game da raye-rayen Hip Hop wani bangare ne ya rinjayi wasan kwaikwayon HIPHOP akan tashar TV ta Faransa TF1 . Kusan 1985, Bintou Dembélé da abokanta Gérard Léal et Anselme Terezo sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa Boogie Breakers kuma suka fara rawa tare a wuraren jama'a na unguwarsu. A cikin 1989, ta shiga ƙungiyar Concept of Art, wanda a ciki aka haife ƙungiyoyin rap da raye-raye da yawa. Yayin da take makarantar sakandare, Bintou Dembélé kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar rawa ta Aktuel Force (a cikin 1993 da 1997) da Ofishin Jakadancin Impossible (1994-1996) inda ta haɓaka rawa ta Hip Hop ta koyon Gidan Rawar, Sabon Salo, Break Dancing ... da dai sauransu. Ta ci gaba da samun dabarun rawanta da amincin tituna ta hanyar horon gama kai. Ta yi aiki a wuraren shakatawa na parisian don raye-rayen titin Faransa kamar a Châtelet les Halles, Place du Trocadéro-et-du-11-Nuwamba, Place Georges-Pompidou da La Défense. Baya ga halartar horon tattarawa daban-daban a Paris, tana shiga cikin nunin tituna, bukukuwa, fadace-fadace da gasar Hip Hop ta kasa. Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin wasanni daban-daban a wuraren shakatawa na dare a Belgium, a Le Palace (Paris), le Bataclan ko Le Divan du Monde . Sana'ar sana'a Aikin ƙwararrun Dembélé ya fara ne a cikin 1996 lokacin da Théâtre Contemporain de la Danse de Paris (TCD) ta ɗauke ta a matsayin ƴar rawa da mawaƙa. A cikin 1997, ta shiga ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Collectif Mouv''' inda ta ƙirƙira wasanta na farko mai suna Et si…! ( What if...! ) with the break dancer Rabah Mahfoufi. Yayin rawa don Collectif Mouv', Dembélé ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan wasan Jazz saxophonist na Faransa Julien Lourau da ƙungiyar kiɗan Groove Gang don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo mai taken Ku zo tashi tare da mu . A lokaci guda kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta Ykanji da ƙungiyar rawa Ladyside . Shigar da ta yi a cikin shahararrun shirye-shiryen talabijin na Faransa kamar Graines de stars ko Hit Machine ya ba Dembélé damar saduwa da mawakan rap na Faransa da masu rawa irin su MC Solaar da Bambi Cruz . A cikin 1998, ta yi rawa don wasan kwaikwayo na MC Solaar a cikin l' Olympia (Paris) a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Max-Laure Bourjolly da Bambi Cruz. A cikin 2002, a matsayin mai fassara na kamfanin rawa Käfig, Dembélé ya yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Joyce a Manhattan a lokacin New York New Europe '99 Festival. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma ƙirƙiri nata na raye-rayen raye-raye, mai suna Rualité . A cikin 2004 Dembélé ta ƙirƙira kuma ta gabatar da wasanta na uku mai suna L'Assise (Gidauniyar), wanda ya ba da labarin tafiye-tafiyen kirkire-kirkire na mutanen da suka bincika al'adun Hip Hop a Faransa. A cikin 2010, ta ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo mai suna Mon appart' en dit long ( Apartment na yana ba da labari da yawa game da shi ), wanda a ciki ta bincika ra'ayi na mace, sararin samaniya da dangantakar 'yar-uwa. A cikin 2011, ta zana bidiyon kiɗa na waƙar Roméo kiffe Juliette na mawaƙin Faransanci na Slam Grand Corps Malade . A cikin 2013, ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi a cikin ZH . (taƙaice ga 'zoo humains', wanda ke nufin a turance zoos na ɗan adam). ZH, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da Dembélé ya kirkira, an halicce shi ne don masu rawa shida kuma ya binciki ra'ayoyin tunawa, kallon sarakuna da yawon shakatawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma wulakanta mutane masu launi. A cikin 2016, ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi a cikin S/T/R/A/T/E/S - Quartet et le duo ( S/T/R/A/T/U/M-Duo quartet ), wasan rawa da kida. ga biyu duos hadawa improvisation, raye-rayen wasan kwaikwayo, gimmick da kuma 'corporeal shayari' don yin tambayoyi da ra'ayoyi na watsa da m memory, na mata da kuma na bayan mulkin mallaka. A matsayin ƙwararren ɗan rawa da ke da titi da ƙwararru, Dembélé yana shiga a matsayin alkali a yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da sauran gasa raye-raye na Hip Hop kuma yana horar da ƴan rawa kamar yadda ke fassara wasannin raye-raye a duk faɗin duniya. Bintou da ’yan raye-rayen rukunin raye-rayen Rualité sun yi wasan kwaikwayonsu a Faransa da kuma na duniya (a Sweden, a Burma, a Chile, a Macedonia, a Faransanci Guiana da kuma a Mali). Alkawari Manufar Rualité ita ce bincika sabbin hanyoyin shiga siyasa da wakilci ta hanyar tara masu fasaha da masu bincike daban-daban. Mai daukar hoto da mai yin bidiyo Denis Darzacq da masanin ilimin dan Adam na wakilcin mulkin mallaka Sylvie Chalaye na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Rualité . An tsara shi a kusa da ra'ayoyin halitta, watsawa da bincike, Rualité ba wai kawai yana samar da wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye ba amma yana aiki don haɓaka damar yin amfani da al'adu da kuma ayyukan al'adu a cikin babban birni na Faransa (kuma musamman a cikin mafi yawan al'ummomin da aka sani) da kuma a cikin yankunanta na ketare ( kuma musamman a cikin Guiana na Faransa). A cikin mahallin kamfaninta, Bintou Dembélé akai-akai tana raye-raye na ilmantarwa da/ko bitar bita da nufin tattara mutane daga wurare daban-daban da fuskantarwa don samar da sabbin fahimta kan abin da ake nufi da kasancewa ƙwararren mai fasaha. Haɗin gwiwar Bintou Dembélé ya sa ta yi aiki tare da ɗalibai da masana a makarantu da jami'o'i, tare da mawaƙa da raye-raye daga wurare daban-daban da kuma wasu daga cikin mazaunan birnin Paris. Bintou Dembélé ta sadaukar da kai ga ci gaban al'adun Hip Hop da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wuraren jama'a na Faransanci da kuma maganganun gama gari ya sa ta haɗa dakin gwaje-gwaje na SeFeA wanda Jami'ar Sorbonne Nouvelle ta shirya - Paris 3 a 2014. A cikin watan Satumba na 2016, sashen nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar California, Berkeley ya karbi bakuncinta a cikin wani taro don yin magana game da shirin bidiyo na aikinta na ZH . A cikin mahallin Faransanci da francophone, aikin Bintou Dembélé na iya zama alaƙa da ɗayan Maboula Soumahoro, Alice Diop ko Isabelle Boni-Claverie . Bintou Demélé yana ɗaya daga cikin mai magana da yawun malaman Mame-Fatou Niang da Kaytie Nielsen na kwanan nan na takardun shaida Mariannes Noires ( Black Mariannes'' ) wanda manufarsa ita ce ba da murya da kuma nuna alamun mata na Afro-Faransa. Duba kuma Hip Hop na Faransa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop Karya rawa Banlieues Wariyar launin fata a Faransa Manazarta Haihuwan 1975 Rayayyun mutane Bintou

24058

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29

Twinkle (mawaƙi)

Lynn Annette Ripley (15 ga Satan Yuli shekara ta 1948 – ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2015), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Twinkle, ta kasance mawaƙin Turanci-mawaƙa. Ta sami nasarorin ginshiƙi a shekarun 1960 tare da waƙoƙin ta " Terry " da "Hasken Haske". Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Surbiton, Surrey cikin dangin masu hannu da shuni, Ripley an san ta da suna "Twinkle". Ta halarci Makarantar Kofar Sarauniya tare da Camilla, Duchess na Cornwall, kuma ita ce mahaifiyar jaruma Fay Ripley . Sana'a Twinkle tana bin ta da sauri ta shiga ɗakin rikodin tun tana ɗan shekara ta 16 ga saurayinta na wancan lokacin, Dec Cluskey, na sanannen ƙungiyar mawaƙa The Bachelors, wanda 'yar uwarta, ɗan jaridar kiɗa Dawn James, ya gabatar da ita. manajansa demo wanda mahaifin Twinkle ya yi masa wasa. Waƙar ta "Terry" waƙa ce ta bala'i na matashiya game da mutuwar saurayi a hadarin babur. Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page da Bobby Graham suna cikin manyan mawaƙan zaman tauraro waɗanda suka taka rawa a rikodin, wanda ya haɗu da yanayin duhu tare da sautin goyon baya mai ƙarfi, gabobin ɓarna, guitar guda goma sha biyu 12-kirtani da jinkiri, mai ƙarfi rhythm wanda Phil Coulter ya shirya . Taken jigo ne na yau da kullun don zamanin, yana ɗauke da wasu kamanceceniya da Shangri-Las 'ɗan kaɗan a baya " Jagoran Kunshin " shekara ta (1964), amma rikodin ya haifar da tashin hankali, zarge-zarge na ɗanɗanon dandano wanda ke haifar da hani daga BBC . Mai biyo baya, "Hasken Haske", Twinkle ne kuma ya rubuta shi, tare da mai shirya Tommy Scott. A lokacin Cluskey ita ce tsohon saurayinta: Twinkle ya sadu da Peter Noone a shekara ta 1965. Waƙoƙin suna nuna ɓacin rai tare da kasuwancin pop: waƙar EP ɗin ta "A Dolon Singing Doll", sigar turanci ta Faransa Gall ta a shekara ta. 1965 ta lashe gasar Eurovision Song Contest na Luxembourg, " Poupée de cire, poupée de son ", asali an rubuta Serge Gainsbourg, ya dawo kan jigo mai kama da "Hasken Haske". "Johnny" ya ci gaba da bincika yanki mai haɗari, wannan lokacin na aboki na ƙuruciya wanda ya zama mai laifi, amma da alama matsin lamba don samar da "wani Terry" ya jagoranci masu kera ta su wuce kayan ta, don "Tommy", waƙar da aka rubuta don Reparata da Delrons da "Ƙarshen Duniya" waƙar da aka tsara don Skeeter Davis . Twinkle ya yi 'yan bayyanar rayuwa kaɗan amma ya yi "Terry" a bikin New Musical Express na shekara -shekara. Bayan yin rikodin waƙoƙi shida na Decca Records ta yi "ritaya" tana da shekara goma sha takwas a shekara ta 1966. A cikin shekara ta 1969 ta yi rikodin rubutacciyar waka guda ɗaya, Tamla Motown -ledled "Micky", wanda ke tallafawa "Darby da Joan", duka Mike d'Abo ya samar (shima daga cikin fewan kida mawaƙan mawaƙa da ke da gata a wancan zamanin) don lakabin nan take. Guda ɗaya ya ɓace, ba a watsa shi ba. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba tare da sanya hannu ba kuma tana aiki cikin kiɗa don talla, ta yi rikodin jerin waƙoƙin da dangantakarta da "Micky", ɗan wasan kwaikwayo/ƙirar Michael Hannah, wanda aka kashe a cikin hadarin jirgin sama a 1974. Waɗannan ba a sake su ba har sai an haɗa su a cikin faifan CD. Rikodin ta na baya sun bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan Twinkle Ripley . Ta yi rikodin guda ɗaya na shekara ta 1975, "Smoochie" tare da mahaifinta, Sidney Ripley a matsayin "Bill & Coo". A cikin 1980s The Smiths ya rufe "Hasken Haske" kuma ya bayyana a kan kundin tarin su Duniya Ba Za Ta Saurara da Ƙarar Bomb ba yayin da a shekara ta 1983 Cindy &amp; The Saffrons suka rufe "Terry". Ana nuna hotunan talla na Twinkle da aka ɗauka a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a cikin Gidan Hoton Ƙasa . Rayuwar mutum A cikin shekara ta 1972, ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Graham Rogers, wanda ya yi tauraro a tallan cakulan Milk Tray. Suna da yara biyu, Michael da Amber. Mutuwa A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2015, Twinkle ya mutu yana da shekara 66 a Tsibirin Wight, bayan yaƙin shekaru biyar da ciwon hanta . Binciken hoto Marasa aure don Records na Decca " Terry " (Twinkle) b/w "The Boy of My Dreams" (Tommy Scott) (1964) UK No. 4 "Golden Lights" (Twinkle) b/w "Ba kowa bane gida sai Ni" (Tommy Scott) (1965) UK No. 21 "Tommy" (Chip Taylor, Ted Daryll) b/w "So Sad" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Poor Old Johnny" (Twinkle) b/w "Ina Bukatar Hannunku a Cikina" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Ƙarshen Duniya" (Arthur Kent da Sylvia Dee ) b/w "Take Me to the Dance" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Me nake yi anan tare da kai?" (PF Sloan, Steve Barri) b/w "Yanzu Ina da Ku" (Tommy Scott) (1966) don Rikodin nan take "Micky" (Twinkle) b/w "Darby da Joan" (Twinkle) (1969) don Bradleys Records, kamar Twinkle Ripley "Kwanaki" (Twinkle Ripley) b/w "Caroline" (Twinkle Ripley) (1974) don Bradleys Records, a matsayin duo Bill & Coo "Smoochie" (Jim Jim) b/w "A koyaushe ina son ku" (Jim Jim) (1975) don EMI Records, kamar Twinkle " Ni Mumini ne " (Neil Diamond) b/w "Don Sayarwa" (Twinkle Ripley da Simon Darlow) (1982) EP Doll Singing Doll (Decca, DFE 8621, ga watan Mayu 1965) " A Doll Singing Doll " (Serge Gainsbourg, Tommy Scott, Bill Martin), "Unhappy Boy" (Twinkle), "Ba kowa bane gida sai Ni" (Tommy Scott) da "Hasken Haske" (Twinkle) Ƙaddamarwa Hasken Haske shekara ta (1993) Hasken Zinare: Buga na Musamman shekara ta (2001) Michael Hannah: Shekarun da Suka Rasa shekara ta (2003) Yarinya A Miliyan: Cikakken Rikodin shekara ta (2019) Duba kuma Jerin masu yin aiki a saman Pops Kulob-kulob Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Tarihin rayuwa da gano bayanai a gidan yanar gizon guda 45-rpm

38067

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran%20Shehu%20Usman%20Danfodiyo

Kiran Shehu Usman Danfodiyo

Shehu Usman Danfodiyo ya fara kiran jama’a zuwa ga bin haƙiƙanin addinin Musulunci da kuma watsar da dukkan wani abun sabo, ko wanda ba addini ba a garin Ɗagel, lokacin bai wuce shekaru 20 da haihuwa ba a cikin shekarar 1188 ta Hijirar Annabi Muhammadu (SAW) wanda kuma ya yi daidai da 1774 miladiyya. Wannan kira na Shehu ya yi shi a cikin shekaru 30 (1774 - 1804). Asali Buƙatar wannan kira na Shehu ta taso ne bayan da Shehu ya nazarci jama’ar Ƙasar Hausa ya kuma taras cewa, masu mulkin Ƙasar Hausa a wannan zamanin kafirai ne kai tsaye ko kuma fasiƙai, mafiya yawa daga cikin malamai kuma ma’abota bidi’a ne, saboda haka sai jama’a suka zamo suna kafircewa Allah a aƙida, sannan kuma suna saɓa masa. Saboda haka sai Shehu ya yi ƙoƙari wajen ilimantar da waɗannan jama’a. Wa’azi, da kuma rubuta waƙoƙi cikin harshen Fullanci da Larabci, su ne hanyoyin da Shehu ya riƙa bi wajen rushe gurɓatacciyar bauta, rushe bidi’a, kawar da tsafi, da kuma yaɗa sunna da ilimantar da jama’a. Yakan fita a duk daren Juma’a dan yin wa’azi. Sauran ranaku kuma (Asabar zuwa Laraba) yakan fita dan bayar da karatu a fannoni ilimin addinin da kuma ganawa da baƙi. Bayan la’asar kuma, yakan fita dan bayar da darasi a fannonin fassarar Alƙur’ani, hadisai, fiƙihu, da kuma sufanci. Bayan waɗannan lokuta da Shehu ke gudanar da waɗannan ayyuka a Ɗagel, yakan kuma samu wani lokaci ya fita zuwa wasu garuruwan dan yaɗa wannan kira nasa ta hanyar wa’azi. A wannan lokaci duk garuruwan da Shehu ya je, yakan koma gida; wato garin Ɗagel. Fadar Bawa A farkon kiran nasa, Shehu ya zamo mai nisantar sarakuna, baya zuwa fadodinsu, baya hulɗa da su. Daga baya kuma da jama’arsa suka yawaita, sai ya ga akwai buƙatar kiran sarakuna zuwa ga bin Allah tsantsa. Saboda haka sai ya je fadar sarkin Gobir Bawa, ya sanar da shi nagartaccen addinin Musulunci, ya kuma kira ye shi da bin wannan tafarkin da kuma tsayar da adalci a cikin mulkin sa. Daga nan sai Shehu ya koma gida. Yarjejeniyar Shehu Usman da Bawa Karɓuwar da wannan kira na Shehu ya samu a yankunan Hausawa ya matuƙar tayar da hankalin sarakunan Ƙasar Hausa. Da Bawa ya tambayi labarin Shehu aka gaya masa, sai ya aikawa dukkan malaman da ke ƙasar sa cewa yana neman su a cikin watan Zulhijja, da nufin idan suka je zai kashe su. A lokacin da Shehu ya isa Gobir, sarkin Gobir Bawa ya fita zuwa Sallar Idi. Haka nan ma Shehu ya fita tare da jama’ar Musulmi zuwa masallaci a kan raƙuminsa. Da jama’ar Bawa suka hangi Shehu, sai suka tafi zuwa gare shi suka bar sarki Bawa shi kaɗai. Faruwar wannan lamari ya yi matuƙar ƙona zuciyar Bawa. Da aka idar da salla, sai Bawa ya tara malamai, Shehu ma ya shiga cikin su. Bawa, ya ɗauki sama da awa guda ya kasa magana. Sai wani daga cikin aminan sa ya miƙe tsaye ya ce, ya wane, babu wani mutum da ya isa aikata wannan face da izinin Allah. Daga nan sai sarki Bawa ya yi umarni cewa a baiwa Shehu da almajiransa misƙalin zinare ɗari biyar. Daga nan sai Shehu ya miƙe tsaye ya ce da Bawa, “Ni da mutane na bama buƙatar dukiyarka, maimakon haka, ina buƙatar abubuwa biyar a wajenka: na farko, ka ƙyale ni na yi kira a ƙasarka; na biyu, kar a hana duk wanda ke son amsa kira na; na uku, a girmama duk wanda ke saka hula ko naɗa rawani; na huɗu, ka saki dukkan waɗanda ka tsare a kurkukunka; na biyar, kar a ɗorawa talakawa harajin da zai cutar da su”. Nan take bawa ya amince da waɗannan buƙatu na Shehu yana mai cewa, “Na yarje maka, sannan kuma na baka dukkan abin da ka roƙa. Kuma na yarje maka dukkan abubuwan da ka ke son aikatawa a waɗannan garuruwan namu”. Albarkacin Shehu aka saki sarkin Zamfara Abarshi daga kurkuku. Daga nan sai Bawa ya roƙi albarkar Shehu cewa ya buɗe masa Maraɗi, garin da ya gagari Bawa a fagen yaƙi. Sai Shehu ya amsa masa da cewa, da sannu za ka ci Maraɗi da yaƙi tun kafin ka sauka daga kan abin hawanka. Sannan Shehu ya gargaɗe shi da cewa, kar ya kuskura ya wuce Maraɗi bayan ya yi nasara. Daga nan sai Shehu ya hau raƙuminsa, ya yi bankwana da sarki. Bayan tafiyar Shehu, Bawa ya ƙura wa Shehu ido kamar na awa guda, sannan sai ya juya ga mutanensa, ya kiraye su har sau uku, yana mai cewa, “Ya ku mutanen Gobir, ku kalli wancan Bafilatanin mutumin, babu wani wanda ya fi shi ɗaukaka in banda manyan garin ku”. Daga nan kuma sai Bawa ya fara shirya rundunar yaƙi zuwa Maraɗi. Bayan sun gama shiri suka ɗauki hanya zuwa Maraɗi, da isar su Maraɗi, basu ko sauka daga kan abin hawansu ba suka ci Maraɗi da yaƙi. Bayan samun nasara, sai shi Bawa ya tsaya ya ce, mun ga aikin addu’ar Shehu, saura kuma mu ga aikin takkubanmu, saboda haka sai suka wuce zuwa gaba. Suna zuwa Dankish ko Dankeshi, sai aka tarwatsa rundunar tasa, aka kashe shi, shi da ɗansa. Yayin da Shehu ya samu gagarumar nasara a waɗannan garuruwa na Zamfara, sai ya koma gida Ɗagel. Kiran Shehu a Kogin Kwara (Ilorin) Bayan mutuwar sarkin Gobir Bawa, sai kuma ƙaninsa Yakubu ya gaje shi, wanda shi kuma ya tsananta ƙiyayyarsa da Shehu, ya riƙa shisshirya wa Shehu makirce-makirce. Bayan haka kuma sai ya shirya runduna ya tafi Dankish dan ya ɗauki fansar ɗan’uwansa. Sai Shehu ya aika masa cewa ya dawo, har ya kusa juyowa, sai jama’ar sa suka hana shi dawowa suka ci gaba da tafiya. Allah ya ƙaddara mutuwar sa a can bai dawo zuwa gidansa ba. Shehu ya ci gaba da kira, ya runtuma ya yi yankin Kabi har sai da ya dangana da Kogin Kwara, wanda shi ne babban kogi a wannan yankin, ya kai zuwa wani gari mai suna Ilo (Ilori). Duk gun da ya je jama’a suna amsa masa. Daga nan kuma sai ya dawo gida Ɗagel. ƙiyayyar Nafata Bayan mutuwar sarki Yakubu, sai ƙaninsa Nafata ya gaje shi, wanda shi ya fi tsananta ƙiyaya ga Shehu da kuma jama’arsa. Daga cikin irin ƙulle-ƙullen da ya ke yi wa Shehu, wata rana sai ya tara tsofaffin ƙasarsa, da sauran manyan mutanen ƙasar, ya saka kujera ya zauna a gaban su, sannan ya ce da Shehu ya shigo da nufin ya kunyata Shehu. Da Shehu ya shiga ciki, sai Shehu ya jefe shi da wani abu, sai ya bugi ɗagutu a wuya, nan take ya faɗi sumamme jama’arsa suka ɗauke shi zuwa gidansa. Daga nan kuma sai Shehu ya fita ya koma masaukin sa, ya yi shiri ya koma gida garin Ɗagel. ƙiyayyar Yunfa Mu Yunfa Bayan mutuwar sarki Nafata, sai Yunfa ya gaje shi, wanda shi kuma ƙiyayyarsa ga Shehu da kuma jama’arsa ta fi dukkan sarakunan da suka gabace shi. Daga cikin irin ƙulle-ƙulle da makirce-makircen da Yunfa ya ke yi wa Shehu, akwai wata rana da ya haƙa rami ya shimfiɗa tabarma a kan ramin sannan ya gayyaci Shehu da almajiransa cewa su zo a tattauna. Da Shehu ya isa wannan waje, sai ƙanin sa Abdullahi bn Fodiye ya yi nufin zama a kan wannan tabarma, sai Shehu ya ce da shi kar ya zauna. Haka Shehu ya zauna a kan wannan tabarma har aka kammala tattaunawa bai rufta ba. Daga nan sai hankalin Yunfa ya sake tashi. Haka Shehu ya ci gaba da yin kiransa ta hanyar wa’azi da karantarwa na tsawon shekaru 30 (1774 – 1804). Gawurtar wannan kira na Shehu shi ne abin da ya jefa barazana a cikin zuciyar Yunfa har ta kai ga kori Shehu da jama’arsa daga garin Ɗagel. Manazarta

40491

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Matsayin%20Duniya

Tsarin Matsayin Duniya

Tsarin Matsayin Duniya ( GPS ), asalin Navstar GPS, tsarin radiyo ne na tauraron dan adam mallakar gwamnatin Amurka kuma sojojin sararin samaniya na Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsarin tauraron dan adam na duniya (GNSS) wanda ke ba da bayanan ƙasa da lokaci zuwa mai karɓar GPS a ko'ina a duniya ko kusa da Duniya inda akwai layin gani mara shinge zuwa tauraron dan adam GPS huɗu ko fiye. Ba ya buƙatar mai amfani don watsa kowane bayanai, kuma yana aiki ba tare da kowane liyafar wayar tarho ko Intanet ba, koda yake waɗannan fasahohin na iya haɓaka amfanin bayanan saka GPS. Yana ba da damar matsayi mai mahimmanci ga sojoji, farar hula, da masu amfani da kasuwanci a duk duniya. Koda yake gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙirƙira, sarrafawa da kiyaye tsarin GPS, ana samun dama ga duk wanda ke da mai karɓar GPS. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ce ta fara aikin GPS a shekara ta 1973. An harba kumbon samfurin farko a shekarar 1978 kuma cikakken tauraron tauraron dan adam 24 ya fara aiki a shekarar 1993. Asalin asali don amfani da sojojin Amurka, an ba da izinin amfani da farar hula daga shekara ta 1980 biyo bayan umarnin zartarwa daga Shugaba Ronald Reagan bayan faruwar lamarin Jirgin Koriya ta Air Lines 007 . Ci gaban fasaha da sabbin buƙatu akan tsarin da ake da su yanzu sun haifar da ƙoƙarin sabunta GPS da aiwatar da ƙarni na gaba na GPS Block IIIA tauraron dan adam da Tsarin Kula da Ayyuka na gaba (OCX). wanda Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta ba da izini a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tun daga farkon shekara ta 1990s, gwamnatin Amurka ta lalata daidaiton matsayi na GPS ta hanyar wani shiri mai suna Selective Availability, wanda zai iya zaɓe ko kuma hana damar shiga tsarin a kowane lokaci, kamar yadda ya faru da sojojin Indiya a 1999 a lokacin Kargil . Yaki . Duk da haka, an daina wannan aikin a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2000, bisa ga wani lissafin da Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya wa hannu. Sakamakon haka, ƙasashe da yawa sun haɓaka ko kuma suna kan aiwatar da kafa wasu na'urorin kewaya tauraron dan adam na duniya ko na yanki. Tsarin Tauraron Dan Adam na Duniya na Duniya (GLONASS ) an haɓaka shi tare da GPS, amma ya sha wahala daga rashin cikar ɗaukar hoto na duniya har zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 2000s. Ana iya haɗa liyafar GLONASS ban da GPS a cikin mai karɓa ta haka yana ba da damar ƙarin tauraron dan adam da ke akwai don ba da damar gyare-gyaren matsayi da sauri da ingantaccen daidaito, zuwa tsakanin . Tsarin tauraron dan adam na BeiDou na ƙasar Sin ya fara hidimar duniya a shekarar 2018, kuma ya kammala aikinsa a shekarar 2020. Hakanan akwai tsarin tauraron dan adam na Tarayyar Turai Galileo, da NavIC na Indiya. Tsarin tauraron dan adam na Quasi-Zenith na Japan (QZSS) shine tsarin haɓaka tauraron dan adam na GPS don haɓaka daidaiton GPS a cikin Asiya-Oceania, tare da kewayawa tauraron ɗan adam ba tare da GPS wanda aka tsara don 2023. Lokacin da aka ɗaga zaɓin a cikin 2000, GPS yana da kusan daidaito. Masu karɓar GPS waɗanda ke amfani da rukunin L5 suna da daidaito mafi girma, suna nuni zuwa tsakanin , yayin da manyan masu amfani (yawanci aikin injiniya da aikace-aikacen binciken ƙasa) suna iya samun daidaito akan yawancin siginar bandwidth zuwa tsakanin santimita biyu, har ma da daidaiton ƙananan millimita don ma'auni na dogon lokaci. Na'urorin masu amfani, kamar wayowin komai da ruwan, na iya zama daidai kamar tsakanin 4.9 m (ko mafi kyau tare da sabis na taimako kamar saka Wi-Fi shima kunna). , 16 GPS tauraron dan adam suna watsa siginar L5, kuma ana ɗaukar siginar a matsayin riga-kafi, wanda aka tsara don isa tauraron dan adam 24 nan da kusan 2027. Tarihi   Articles with hAudio microformats An ƙaddamar da aikin GPS a Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1973 don shawo kan iyakokin tsarin kewayawa na baya, haɗa ra'ayoyi daga magabata da yawa, gami da nazarin ƙirar injiniyan ƙira daga 1960s. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ce ta kirkiri wannan tsarin, wanda tun da farko ya yi amfani da tauraron dan adam 24, don amfani da sojojin Amurka, kuma ya fara aiki gadan-gadan a shekarar 1995. An ba da izinin amfani da farar hula tun daga shekarun 1980. Roger L. Easton na Laboratory Research Naval, Ivan A. Samun Kamfanin Aerospace Corporation, da Bradford Parkinson na Laboratory Physics Laboratory ana yaba su da ƙirƙira shi. Aikin Gladys West an ƙididdige shi azaman kayan aiki don haɓaka dabarun ƙididdigewa don gano matsayi na tauraron dan adam tare da madaidaicin da ake buƙata don GPS. Tsarin GPS ya dogara ne akan tsarin kewaya rediyo na tushen ƙasa, irin su LORAN da Decca Navigator, waɗanda aka haɓaka a farkon 1940s. A cikin 1955, Friedwardt Winterberg ya ba da shawarar gwada alaƙar gabaɗaya—gano lokacin jinkiri a cikin wani fage mai ƙarfi ta amfani da ingantattun agogon atomic da aka sanya a cikin kewayawa cikin tauraron dan adam. Dangantaka na musamman da na gabaɗaya sun yi hasashen cewa agogon da ke kan tauraron dan adam na GPS, kamar yadda na duniya ke gani, suna tafiyar da microsecond 38 cikin sauri a kowace rana fiye da na duniya. Tsarin GPS yana gyara wannan bambanci; saboda ba tare da yin haka ba, wuraren da aka ƙididdige GPS zai tara kurakurai har zuwa . Kara karantawa Global Positioning System Open Courseware from MIT, 2012 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje FAA GPS FAQ GPS.gov - Gidan yanar gizon ilimin jama'a na gabaɗaya wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ta kirkira Manazarta Duniya Sararin samaniya Taurari

13557

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Omar

Don Omar

William Omar Landrón Rivera anfi saninsa da sunan Don Omar (an haife shi 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1978). mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican. Wani lokaci ana kiransa sunayensu El Rey, da kuma Sarkin Sarakunan Reggaeton Music. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi ritaya bayan wasu jerin wasannin kide kide da wake-wake a José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum a Puerto Rico, wanda aka shirya a ranar 15, 16 da 17 watan Disamba. Ya dawo waƙa a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu tare da waƙarsa Ramayama tare da Farruko . Farkon rayuwa Don Omar an haife shi ne a Santurce, dan asalin garin San Juan, Puerto Rico, inda aka haife shi, ɗan farin William Landrón da Luz Antonia Rivera. Daga farkon shekarunsa, ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan Vico C da Brewley MC. Lokacin da yake saurayi, ya zama memba mai aiki a majami'ar Furotesta, Iglesia Evangélica Returnuración en Cristo a Bayamón inda a wasu lokutan yake gabatar da wa'azin. Koyaya, bayan shekaru huɗu, ya bar cocin don keɓe kansa ga waƙoƙi. Aiki Wasansa na farko a cikin jama'a a cikin kulob din dare ya kasance tare da diski dan wasan baya Eliel Lind Osorio . Bayan haka ya fito a kai a kai kan kundin tattara bayanai daga shahararrun DJs da masu kera da suka hada da Luny Tunes, Noriega, da DJ Eric. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mawaki na Héctor &amp; Tito. Daya daga cikin membobin, Héctor Delgado, ya taimaka masa wajen samar da kundin wakoki na farko. Ayyukan Omar ya tashi don yin sakaci tare da sakin album ɗinsa na farko, The Last Don tare da Frankie Needles. Duk thean wasan kwaikwayon da fasalin rayuwarsu sun sami ingantaccen Platinum ta theungiyar Ma'aikatar Rikodi ta Amurka . A duk faɗin duniya, The Last Don: Live [CD & DVD] ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan ɗaya, bisa ga shafin yanar gizon sa. Ya sami lambobin yabo a Latin Pop Album of the Year da kuma New Artist & Latin Rap / Hip-Hop Album of the Year ta Billboard Latin Music Awards a shekarar 2003. Abin da ya gabata Don: Live [CD & DVD] an kuma zaɓa shi don kundin wajan kiɗa na Urban Music a lambar yabo ta Latin ta Grammy ta shekarar 2005 . Albam din Omar na watan Mayu shekara ta 2006 King of Kings, ya zama mafi daukaka a tarihin reggaeton LP a cikin manyan daloli 10 na Amurka, tare da halarta na farko a lambar # 1 akan taswirar tallace-tallace na Latin da kuma lambar 1 1 akan Babbar Tashoshin Latin Rhythm Radio tare da “ Angelito ” daya. . Omar ya sami damar doke rikodin tallace-tallace na cikin-shagon a shagon kiɗa na Disney World's Virgin wanda a baya wanda tauraron pop ɗin Britney Spears ya kafa . Tare da mafi girman zanewa ta mawallafin reggaeton, Sarkin Sarakuna Omar ya shiga cikin jerin lamba na 7 tare da 74,000, yana bugun lambar Yan Yankee 24 na 24 tare da "Barrio Fino En Directo" na 2005. A watan Afrilun 2007, Don Omar ya karɓi Kyautar Takaitacciyar Waƙoƙin Lissafi ta Latin don ggaarfin Reggaeton na shekarar don Sarkin Sarakuna . Billboard ya gane cewa Sarkin Sarakuna shine mafi kyawun album na shekaru goma a Latin Amurka, banda kasancewa mafi nasara a tarihin nau'in reggaeton. Billboard ya kiyasta cewa kundin ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 4.1 a ƙarshen 2009. Omar ya halarci gabatarwar Gilberto Santa Rosa a cikin wani taron da aka yi wa lakabi da "Concierto del Amor", wanda aka gabatar a Lambun Madison Square ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2008. Ya rufe taron kuma ya gabatar da jigogin reggaeton tare da Frankie Needles. An ba da album na uku na Omar, iDon, a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009. An sadaukar da wannan kundi ga dan uwansa Cordell Brown. "Virtual Diva" ya zama waƙar da aka fi nema a gidajen rediyo na Latin. Na biyu jami'in wanda ake wa lakabi da " Sexy Robotica ", an sake shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. The album Don Omar gabatarwa: Sadu da marayu da aka saki a 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Kundin ya ƙunshi masu fasaha a ƙarƙashin alamar Don Omar ta Orfanato Music Group alama da sauran masu fasahar reggaeton. A album hada da promotional guda " Hasta Abajo " da kuma album ta gubar guda " Danza Kuduro " featuring Portuguese-Faransa singer Lucenzo, kazalika da haɗin gwiwar da daga Orfanato Music Group artists ciki har da Kendo Kaponi, Lucenzo, Shirin B, Sihiyona &amp; Lennox, Yaga &amp; Mackie da Danny Fornaris. " Don Omar " ya bayyana a waƙar sauti na Fast Five kuma shi ne waƙar da aka yi a ƙarshen fim. An sanya hannu a shi zuwa VI Music da Machete Music ta hanyar Universal Music Latino . Kundi Don Omar Ya gabatar da MTO2: Sabuwar zuriya aka saki a 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012. Hoton yana dauke da sabbin shiga kungiyar Orfanato Music Group Natti Natasha da kuma wasu masu zane da suka sanya hannu da kuma wasu masu fasahar reggaeton kamar Zion Y Lennox . Kundin ya hada da waƙoƙin "Hasta Que Salga El Sol", wanda ya lashe kyautar don mafi kyawun Urban Song a gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 ta 2012, da "Dutty Love" wanda ke nuna Natti Natasha, wanda kuma aka zaba. Hakanan kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Juan Magan, Mims, Syko, Vinny el Vendito, da Yunel Cruz. An karɓi kundin don yana lashe kyautar don Mafi kyawun Musicaukakar banaukakar Gida a Gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 . Bayan doguwar takaddama tsakanin shekaru goma tare da abokiyar kawanta Daddy Yankee don taken "King of Reggaeton", a farkon shekarar v2016 Daddy Yankee da Don Omar sun sanar a wani taron 'yan jaridu na Billboard cewa za su yi tare a mataki a cikin jerin kide-kide da ake kira The World World Tour . Sanarwar yawon shakatawa ta bar magoya baya da yawa cikin kafirci, yayin sayarwa a cikin minti a cikin birane kamar Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York. Da yake magana game da yawon shakatawa da kishiyar da ya yi da Daddy Yankee, Don Omar ya ce "Bari in fayyace: Ni ba babban abokina ba ne, kuma ba shi ne babban abokina ba, amma muna girmama juna. Wannan muradin da ya fi zama mafi kyau shi ne abin da ya tura mu zama mafi kyau. ” Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2003, Omar yana da ɗan farinsa, Nicolas Valle Gomez. Omar ya auri yar jaridar nan Jackie Guerrido a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2008. A watan Maris din shekarar 2011, an bayyana cewa sun rabu. Korafin sharia A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, an tsare Omar a takaice a Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia saboda takaddama na shari'a. Wani dan wasan Bolivia mai gabatar da kara ya tuhume shi da wasu aikinsu bayan da ya soke yin wani wasa da aka shirya zaiyi a farkon shekara a La Paz a wani bangare na ziyarar kasa da kasa. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa ya ci kudi dalar Amurka kimanin dubu 70 na dala sakamakon sokewar. Omar ya amsa cewa ya soke kidan ne saboda kamfanin bai bayar da tikiti a cikin lokaci ba. Bayan gabatar da karar a gaban wani alkalin kotun, dukkan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. An ba Omar izinin barin kasar ne saboda ya bi ka'idodin da aka shirya a baya a Buenos Aires ta gidan talabijin na Argentina sannan ya dawo gobe don gudanar da kide kide a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Tatanichi Aguilera na Santa Cruz. Wkokin sa Albums na Studio Don The Don (2003) Sarkin Sarakuna (2006) iDon (2009) Sadu da marayu (2010) Duniyar Don 2 (2015) Album Na Karshe (2019) Albums na Live da Musamman Don Don Live Live (2004) Last Don: Jerin Gwal (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna: Shafin Armageddon (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna Live (2007) Kundin albums Los Bandoleros (2005) Da Hitman ya gabatar da sunan Reggaetón Latino (2005) Los Bandoleros Reloaded (2006) El Pentágono (2007) Haɗu da marayu 2: Sabon ƙarni (2012) Mafifitun albums An sake buga wa Los Bandoleros (2006) Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Fina-finai Duba kuma Haɗin waje Yanar gizon hukuma Yanar gizon hukuma don kundin iDon Shafin hukuma a MySpace Shafin hukuma a Facebook Don Omar Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

30111

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanar%20da%20Sharar%20Gida%20a%20Koriya%20ta%20Kudu

Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu

Gudanar da sharar gida a Koriya ta Kudu, ya ƙunshi rage samar da sharar, da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da magani, jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta Koriya ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar Kare Muhalli (1963) da Dokar Tsabtace da Tsaftacewa (1973). Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da Sharar ta ɗora tsarin biyan kuɗin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari). Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar ka'idoji na asali a cikin ayyukan sarrafa shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa. Gudanar da sharar gida Gudanar da shara mai ƙarfi Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar kasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan buƙatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta 1990s. Domin gamsar da jama'a, Seoul ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan rage sharar da amfani. Tun asali, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da haɗarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a ƙasaren sharar ƙasa Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin Koriya wanda ya haifar da haɓakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya ƙaru daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin sake yin amfani da su da ƙara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓatar muhalli . Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa sun ƙazantu. An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan ƙasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai haɗari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba. l Gudanar da ruwa Gurbacewar ruwa Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurɓatar kogin. Sharar masana'antu da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin. A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta, 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da kwararar abubuwa masu guba, wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya ƙaru. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol. A cikin shekara ta 1991, ɗigon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa. Maganin ruwa   Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe. Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa. Tsarin kuɗin sharar ƙima na tushen ƙara Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kuɗin sharar ƙima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a ƙoƙarin rage sharar gida da ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin ƴan ƙasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi. Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage haɓakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya ƙãra sha'awar 'yan ƙasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu Jongnyangje ( Hangul : 종량제) tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabaɗaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun ƙunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Waɗannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman waɗanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi. Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu ( Hangul : 음식물 쓰레기 봉투 ), kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kuɗaɗen kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo ( RFD ). Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. Ana ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa su haɗa da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba. Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin noman amfanin gona. Sharar gida Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda ɗaya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kuɗin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan China ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su ɗorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare. e-sharar gida e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaɗuwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana ɗaukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da ƙarfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba. Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a ƙasashe da yawa, amma ba a ƙaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin ƙasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Ƙarshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin waɗannan na'urorin lantarki. Doka Dokar sarrafa shara An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai ƙarin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da haɗe-haɗe a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar gine-gine da rushewa, da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don ɗaukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kuɗin sharar ƙarar tare da biyan kuɗi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga waɗanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara. Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don haɓaka ƙimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki . Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan ƙara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050. Ƙalubalen kwanan nan Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga ƙasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ƙi ya zama maƙwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta ƙunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida. Manazarta Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Doka Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan%20Brusov%20State%20University%20of%20Languages%20and%20Social%20Sciences

Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences

Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences () jami'a ce ta jama'a a Yerevan babban birnin Armenia, tana aiki tun 1935. An ba ta sunan mawaƙin Rasha kuma masanin tarihi Valery Bryusov tun 1962. Jami'ar tana yaye ƙwararrun masu magana da Yaren Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci da sauran harsuna da yawa, a fannikan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa, karatun yanki da sauran ɗan adam. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar hanyar Tumanyan da Moscow a tsakiyar Yerevan Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1936, an buɗe ɓangaren harshen Jamusanci, sannan sassan Faransanci da Ingilishi a cikin shekara ta 1937. A wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta samar da ɗaliban farko na malaman harshen Rashanci. A shekarar 1940, cibiyar ta zama sanannu a matsayin Yerevan State Russian Teachers 'Institute . A cikin shekarar 1955, an ba cibiyar matsayin malami a cikin Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan, a lokaci guda tana kiyaye 'yancinta na tsari da ilimi. Koyaya a cikin 1962, an ba ta 'yancin kai don zama sanannu a Jami'ar Yerevan State Pedagogical University of Rasha and Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov . A shekarar 1985, jami'ar ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship of Nations ta gwamnatin Soviet. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Armeniya, an sake fasalin jami'ar a shekarar 1993 don zama sanannu a matsayin Cibiyar Yerevan State Institute of Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov . A cikin shekarar 2001, Dangane da ƙudurin gwamnati, an ba da cibiyar matsayin jami'a kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University . A cikin shekarar 2014, an sake fasalin jami'ar don zama sanannu da Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences . A cikin tarihin ta, jami'ar ta samar da ɗalibai sama da 18,000 waɗanda suka kammala karatun Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, yaren Spanish, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa da karatun yanki. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye -sauyen tsarin kuma nan gaba kadan za su ba da damar horar da kwararrun da suka cika sabbin buƙatun jamhuriya. A cikin shekarar 2013, ma'aikatan jami'ar sun ƙunshi membobi 477, gami da ma'aikatan koyarwa na membobi 434, membobi 189 suna kan cikakken matsayi, 48 daga cikinsu suna riƙe da ofishi fiye da ɗaya, Likitoci 12 na Kimiyya, Furofesoshi 14, 'Yan takarar Kimiyya 102, da Mataimakan Farfesoshi 54. Ilimi Tun daga shekarar 2017, jami'ar tana da ikon tunani 3 da kuma na karatu. Ilimin Fassara da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu An kafa Faculty of Translation da Intercultural Communication a shekarar 2004, kuma an sake fasalta shi a shekarar 2013 don samar da ilimi mai sau biyu da shirye-shiryen bacci a fannoni masu zuwa: Lissafi da Sadarwa Nazarin Ingilishi da Yanki Turanci da Kimiyyar Siyasa Turanci da Jarida Turanci da Yawon shakatawa Turanci da Psychology Nazarin Jamusanci da Yanki Nazarin Faransanci da Yanki Nazarin Fassara/Linguistics Nazarin Fassarar Turanci-Armeniya Nazarin Fassarar Jamusanci-Armeniya Nazarin Fassarar Faransanci-Armeniya Faculty of Rasha da kasashen waje Harsuna da International sadarwa Asalin ilimin ya samo asali ne tun daga kafuwar jami'a a shekarar 1935. Koyaya, ci gaban kwanan nan na malamin ya faru a cikin shkarar 2013 lokacin da aka sake tsara shi don samar da shirye -shiryen bachelor a: Linguistics, harshen Rashanci Adabin Rasha Falsafa Pedagogy Lissafi da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu Nazarin Rasha da Yanki Kimiyyar Turanci da Siyasa Kimiyyar Siyasa A cikin layi daya, ana tunanin harshen waje na biyu a cikin malami daidai da zaɓin ɗaliban, gami da Ingilishi, Yaren mutanen Poland, Bulgarian, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Spanish, Italiyanci da Larabci. Faculty of Foreign Languages An kafa ilimin a shekarar 2004 kuma a halin yanzu yana ba da shirye -shiryen karatun digiri a fannonin: Pedagogy Turanci da Faransanci Turanci da Jamusanci Turanci da Spanish Turanci da Italiyanci Turanci da Farisanci Turanci da Girkanci Ingilishi da Koriya Faransanci da Ingilishi Jamusanci da Ingilishi Lissafi Turanci da Faransanci Turanci da Jamusanci Turanci da Spanish Turanci da Italiyanci Turanci da Farisanci Turanci da Girkanci Turanci da Koriya Ingilishi da Hindi Faransanci da Ingilishi Jamusanci da Ingilishi Italiyanci da Ingilishi Shirin Jagora A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2008-09, jami'ar ta ƙaddamar da tsarin digiri na biyu, gami da digiri na farko da na biyu. Nazarin Masters a Jami'ar Brusov yana ɗaukar zaɓin takamaiman ɓangaren ƙwarewa tare da manufar samun cikakken ilimin aiki da ka'idar. Fitattun Armeniya da kwararrun ƙasashen waje an haɗa su cikin tsarin binciken. Karatun matakin Jagora yana ba da fannoni masu zuwa: Digiri na Lissafi : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Linguistics da aka bayar: Kwatanta Harsunan Harsuna, Kwatanta Linguistics Semiotics Cancantar: Linguist (Typology, Semiotics) Digiri na Pedagogy : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Pedagogy da aka bayar: Ilimin Harsuna da yawa Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha Cancantar: Malamin harsuna da yawa (Ingilishi-Faransanci, Ingilishi-Jamusanci, Faransanci-Ingilishi, Jamusanci-Ingilishi, Rashanci-Ingilishi), Masanin Ilimin Makaranta Digiri na Falsafa : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar: Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, cancantar Falsafa na Rasha: Masanin Falsafa Digiri na Sadar da Harshe da Al'adu : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Sadarwar Harshe da Al'adu: Nazarin Turai Dangantaka ta Duniya Kimiyyar Siyasa Yawon shakatawa na duniya Anthropology na Al'adu Semiotics na Al'adu Digiri na Fassara/Fassara : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar: Turanci - Armeniya Faransanci - Armeniya Jamusanci - Armeniya Rashanci - Ingilishi - Armeniya Cancantar: Mai Fassara/ Mai Fassara (Ingilishi –Armeniyanci, Faransanci-Armeniya, Jamusanci-Armeniyanci, Rashanci-Ingilishi-Armeniya) Digiri na Aikin Jarida na Duniya : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Jarida na Duniya da aka bayar: cancantar aikin Jarida na Duniya: Dan Jarida Digiri na Gudanar da Ilimi : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Gudanar da Ilimi da aka bayar: cancantar Gudanar da Ilimi: Manajan Ilimi Shirye -shiryen Digiri Tsarin difloma na digiri na jami'a yana yin bambanci tsakanin digiri na kimiyya. Akwai digiri na biyu na digiri na biyu: Dan takarar Kimiyya (PhD) da Doctor of Science. An gabatar da shirin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1963 kuma tun daga lokacin yana da sama da masu digiri 300. A halin yanzu, shirye-shiryen suna yin rajistar ɗan takarar digiri na likita ɗaya, ɗaliban cikakken lokaci goma sha shida; ɗalibai arba'in da takwas na digiri na biyu suna ɗaukar darussan rubutu. Tun daga shekarar 2013, kwamitocin jarrabawar cancanta 14 suna aiki a jami'a: Hanyar Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje Harsunan Jamusanci (Ingilishi, Jamusanci) Harsunan Romance (Faransanci) Harsunan Slavonic Adabin Waje Adabin Rasha General and Applied Linguistics Kwatantawa da Aiwatar da Linguistics Harshen Armeniya Falsafa Kwarewa mai amfani a cikin Ingilishi Kwarewa mai amfani a Faransanci Kwarewar aiki a cikin Jamusanci Kwarewar kwamfuta Kwamitin Ba da Lamuni na Digiri yana aiki a cikin jami'a. Kwamitin cancantar Armenia ya ba da izini, Hukumar ta ba da lambar yabo ta 'Yan takarar Kimiyya, Doctor na Kimiyya a fannoni masu zuwa: Kwatantawa da Harsunan Harshe, Falsafa Harsunan Slavonic, Philology Hanyar Ilimi da Koyarwa (Harsunan Ƙasashen waje da Adabi) Bincike da wallafe -wallafe Babban tendencies da abun ciki na kimiyya bincike aikin da za'ayi da Jami'ar kujeru ne sharadi da tsarin peculiarities da kimiyya m na Jami'ar. Babban halayen ayyukan Jami'ar sune: Manufofin harshe Romance da Jamusanci philology Littattafan karatu da littattafan makarantu da manyan makarantun ilimi Ka'idar fassarar, matsalolin da ake amfani da su na ka'idar fassarar, aikin fassara Tattara kamus Gabaɗayan ilimin harshe, matsalolin gabaɗayan ilimin harshe da aka yi amfani da su, haruffan kwatancen (a cikin fannonin nahawu, lexicology, stylistics da haɗin rubutun) Matsalolin tunani da aiki na yaren Armeniya Matsalolin Adabin Armeniya da Tarihin Fasaha Matsalolin Tarihin zamani da na zamani na mutanen Armeniya Matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na al'umma mai sauyawa Tarihin tunanin falsafa Tarihin addini Ka'ida da Aiwatar da Ilimi da Hanyoyin Koyar da Harsuna Nazarin yanki na manyan harshe Ilimin halin ɗan adam, Ilimin halin mutum da haɓakawa, ilimin halin ɗabi'a, ilimin jima'i Adabin Turai da Amurka, Nazarin Adabi Ka'idar al'adu Matsalolin yanayi na gaggawa Dangantakar kasa da kasa Membobi da haɗin gwiwa Sashen Manufofin Harshe (Majalisar Turai, Strasbourg), Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani (Majalisar Turai, Graz, Austria), UNESCO International Association of Universities , Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Faransanci (AUF) , Cibiyar Jami'o'in Bahar Rum Majalisar Harshen Turai (ELC, Jamus) Membobin membobin CIS Majalisar Harsuna da Al'adu Ƙungiyoyin membobin CIS Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Harshe Ƙungiyar Malaman Ƙasa ta Harshen Rasha da Adabi. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta Duniya a Armeniya (IREX) Gidauniyar Taimakon Cibiyar Cibiyar Armeniya (OSIAFA) TEMPUS hadin gwiwa Turai Project Gidauniyar Kawancen Eurasia Gidauniyar Koriya DAAD (Sabis na Kasuwancin Ilimin Jamusanci) KOICA (Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasashen Koriya) Hedikwatar Cibiyar Confucius Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa Jami'ar Harshen Jihar Minsk, Belarus Jami'ar Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria Jami'ar Shanxi, China Jami'ar Dalian na Harsunan Waje, China Jami'ar Tallinn, Estonia G. Tsereteli Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas, Jojiya Tbilisi Ilia Chavchavadze Jami'ar Jihar, Georgia Jami'ar Siegen, Jamus Jami'ar Martin Luther na Halle-Wittenberg, Jamus Jami'ar Ferdowsi - Mashhad, Iran Jami'ar Perugia, Italiya Jami'ar Verona, Italiya Rondine Cittadella della Pace, Italiya Jami'ar Katolika ta Leuven, Belgium Jami'ar Kasa ta Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Ajou, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Hankuk na Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Koriya, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Vytautas Magnus, Lithuania Jami'ar Jihar Moldova, Moldova Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Moldova, Moldova Jami'ar Ovidius ta Constanta, Romania Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Harshe ta Jihar Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Jihar 'Yan Adam ta Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Lyatistic ta Jihar Pyatigorsk, Rasha Jami'ar Jihar Ryazan bayan S. Yesenin, Rashanci Cibiyar Jiha ta Harshen Rasha bayan A. Pushkin, Rashanci Jami'ar Jihar Tatar na 'Yan Adam da Ilimi, Rasha Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Jami'ar Pedagogical State, Ukraine Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001 shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Turai da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don haɓaka yaruka da yawa da ƙarfin harsuna a duk faɗin Turai. An zaɓi Jami'ar Jahar Yerevan ta Harsuna da Kimiyyar zamantakewa azaman abubuwan da suka faru na asali don shirya Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bikin ranar harsunan Turai a ranar 26 ga Satumba ya zama al'ada a Armenia. Tun shekarar 1998, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Turai Jami'ar ta fara taron shekara -shekara na kasa da kasa kan Manufofin Harshe da Ilimin Harshe. Taron bita da Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani da ke Graz, ana gudanar da su akai -akai a jami'a don aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman da shirye -shirye na musamman, da kuma taimaka wa ƙwararrun Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje su haɗa ayyukan ajujuwansu zuwa Tsarin Tarayyar Turai na Ingantaccen Harshe . Laburare An kafa Jami'ar Labarai a cikin shekarar 1935. A halin yanzu Laburaren yana riƙe da littattafai sama da 400,000 akan ilimin zamantakewa da siyasa, ilimi, labaran ilimi da ayyukan almara a cikin Armeniya, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Farisanci, da sauran yaruka, gami da tarin littattafai na musamman. Ana sabunta kayan ɗakin karatu koyaushe. Baya ga babban ɗakin karatu, akwai ɗakunan karatu na musamman a Kujeru. Sabon ginin babban ɗakin karatu na tsakiya yana da zauren karatu, zauren bincike, wurin ajiya, da gungu na kwamfuta tare da Intanet da samun damar buɗe cibiyar sadarwar ɗakin karatu ta hanyar sabon tsarin ICT. Asusun almara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren da ke ɗauke da mafi kyawun wallafe-wallafen litattafan Armeniyawa, Turai da Rasha na ƙarni na 19 zuwa 20. An gabatar da wallafe -wallafen ilimin harsuna gami da adabin ilimi a cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Czech, Romanian, Bulgarian da Persian a cikin asusun. Hakanan ya ƙunshi Laburaren Littattafan Yara na Duniya, kundin adabi na Duniya 200, "Britannica", "Littafin Duniya", "Mutane da wurare" ¨ "Manyan Littattafan Yammacin Duniya" encyclopedias, ƙamus na bayani, ƙamus, thesaurus, jagora da littattafai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sake cika asusun tare da ƙarin sabbin littattafai da ofisoshin Jakadancin da ke Armeniya suka gabatar da kuma gudummawar da aka karɓa daga ɗakunan karatu masu zaman kansu. Asusun littattafai na musamman da ba a saba gani ba - sun kai raka'a 2000- shine ƙimar ɗakin karatu na musamman. Lu'u-lu'u na tunanin ɗan adam da fasahar buga rubutu na ƙarni na 1 zuwa 20 suna wakiltar sa. Daliban jami'a suna gudanar da mulkin kansu ta hanyar majalisar ɗalibai, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1996. Majalisar tana da niyyar shiga cikin rayuwar jami'a da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka tattaunawa da ƙuduri na batutuwan gaggawa a cikin tsarin ilimi, da rayuwar ɗalibai. Majalisar tana ba da haɗin kai tare da Majalisar Dalibai na Jami'o'i daban -daban a Armenia da ƙasashen waje. Majalisar ta shirya bukukuwan kammala karatun, buga jaridar "Polyglot-New"; tattaunawar teburin zagaye, wasannin hankali, taro, bita da karawa juna sani, da dai sauransu. Dalibai suna aiki a matsayin masu sa kai a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban kuma suna ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyar aikin jami'a. Dalibai suna ziyartar gidajen marayu daban -daban a Yerevan da yankuna, suna shirya wasanni daban -daban, al'amuran kimiyya da al'adu. An kafa cibiyar aikin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, shehekarar 2007. Manyan manufofin cibiyar su ne inganta ɗalibai da masu kammala karatun gasa a kasuwar kwadago, kafa dangantakar kammala karatun jami'a, haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a tsakanin su, don warware matsalolin da aka kafa. Manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na kamfen ɗin sune ɗalibai da masu digiri. Don cimma burin da aka kafa Cibiyar tana shirin yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: Ma'aikatan ilimi da na koyarwa Dabbobi daban-daban a cikin Jami'a Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jihohi, ma’aikata da ‘yan kasuwa Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke sha'awar tsarin haɗin gwiwa Manazarta Jami'o'i a Armeniya

13134

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20miya

Kayan miya

Kayan lambu sune sassan tsire-tsire waɗanda mutane ko wasu dabbobi ke cinsu a matsayin abinci. Ana kuma amfani da ma'anar asali har yanzu ana amfani da shi ga tsire-tsire tare don alaqa da duk abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na tsire-tsire, ciki har da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, mai tushe, ganye, tushen da tsaba. Ana amfani da muhimmin ma'anar kalmar kayan lambu da yar tsaye ba bisa ka'ida ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya. Yana Kuma iya ware kayan abinci da aka samo daga wasu tsire-tsire wadanda suka kasance 'ya'yan itace, furanni, kwayoyi, da hatsi na hatsi, amma sun hada da' ya'yan itaciyar kamar tumatir da courgettes, furanni kamar su broccoli, da tsaba kamar su. Asalinsu, an tattara kayan lambu daga daji daga mafarautan kuma suka shiga namo a yawancin sassan duniya, watakila a cikin lokacin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC, lokacin da sabon hanyar aikin gona ya bunkasa. Da farko, za a iya shuka ciyawar da ta girma a cikin gida, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, ciniki ya kawo kayan amfanin gona daga wani wuri don kara wa nau'in gida. A zamanin yau, yawancin kayan lambu suna girma a duk duniya kamar yadda izinin yanayi, kuma ana iya noma amfanin gona a cikin wurare masu kariya a wurare marasa dacewa. Kasar Sin ita ce mafi girma wajen samar da kayan lambu, kuma kasuwancin duniya a cikin kayan aikin gona yana ba masu amfani damar sayen kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin kasashe masu nisa. Gwargwadon samarwa ya bambanta daga manoma mai wadatar abinci wanda ke wadatar da bukatun danginsu don abinci, zuwa matsanancin wahala na amfanin gona guda. Ya danganta da nau'in kayan lambu da ake damuwa, girbin amfanin gonar yana biyo bayan grading, adanawa, sarrafawa da tallatawa. Za'a iya cin kayan lambu ko dai a dafa shi ko a daka kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin dan adam, yana da yawanci mai mai yawa da kwayar carbohydrates, amma yana da yawa a cikin bitamin, ma'adanai da fiber na abin da ake ci. Yawancin masana ilimin abinci suna karfafa mutane don cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari da yawa, kashi biyar ko sama da haka a kullun ana ba da shawarar su. Tarihi Kafin zuwan noma, mutane 'yan farauta ne. Sun tsorata don 'ya'yan itace da ake ci, kwayoyi, mai tushe, ganyayyaki, corms, da kuma karar, sun tsoratar da dabbobin da suka mutu da wadanda ke rayuwa don neman abinci. Tsarin gandun daji a cikin share gandun dajin yana zaton shine farkon misalin aikin gona; An gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani kuma an ƙarfafa su don haɓaka yayin da aka cire nau'ikan da ba a ke so. Shuka shuka ta hanyar zaɓar nau'ikan kyawawan halaye kamar su 'ya'yan itace babba da hadaka mai ƙarfi nan da nan. Yayin da aka samo tabbaci na farko game da ciyawar ciyawa kamar alkama da sha'ir a cikin Tsarin Tsira a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da alama mutane da yawa a duniya sun fara shuka amfanin gona a cikin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC. Tallafin aikin gona ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, tare da manoma da yawa na karkara a Afirka, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, da sauran wurare suna amfani da filayen filayensu don samar da isasshen abinci ga iyalansu, yayin da kowane irin kayan abinci yake amfani da shi don musayar wasu kayayyaki. Dukkanin tarihin da aka rubuta, attajirai sun sami damar wadatar abinci da dama da suka haɗa da nama, kayan marmari da 'ya'yan itace, amma ga talakawa, nama ya kasance abin alatu kuma abincin da suka ci ya zama maras wahala, galibi yana kunshe da kayan abinci da aka yi da shinkafa, hatsin rai , sha'ir, alkama, gero ko masara. Additionarin kayan lambu ya samar da wasu iri-iri ga abincin. Babban abincin Aztecs da ke Amurka ta Tsakiya shine masara kuma sun noma tumatir, avocados, wake, barkono, kabewa, kabewa, gyada, da kuma ƙwayar amaranth don kara azama da kwayoyin su. A cikin Peru, Incas ya dogara da masara a kananan kwari da dankali a tsaunuka masu yawa. Sun kuma yi amfani da tsaba daga quinoa, suna inganta abincinsu da barkono, tumatir, da avocados. A tsohuwar kasar Sin, shinkafa ita ce babbar ciyawar a kudu kuma alkama a arewaci, ƙarshen da aka yi shi cikin magudanar abinci, noodles, da masara. Kayan lambu da ke biye da waɗannan sun haɗa da yummu, waken soya, wake da yawa, guna, albasa mai yadu, da tafarnuwa. Abincin tsohuwar Masarawa ta samo asali ne daga burodi, galibi yana gurɓata da yashi wanda yake hana haƙoransu. Nama ya kasance mai wadatarwa amma kifi ya fi yawa. Wadannan kayan sun hada da kayan marmari da dama da suka hada da marmara, wake mai yawa, lentil, albasa, leas, tafarnuwa, radishes, da letas. Babban abincin tsohuwar Girka shine gurasa, kuma wannan yana tattare da cukuwan akuya, zaitun, fig, kifi, da kuma lokaci-lokaci nama. kayan lambu sun hada da albasa, tafarnuwa, alkama, guna, da lentil. A cikin tsohuwar Roma, an sanya garin shinkafa mai kauri irin alkama ko wake, tare da kayan lambu amma kananan nama, da kifi ba su da daraja. Romawa sun girma wake masu yawa, gyada, albasa da toyaran ci kuma sun ci ganyen beets maimakon asalinsu. Wasu kayan marmari na yau da kullun Nutrition and health Kayan lambu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin mutane. Yawancinsu suna da ƙarancin mai da adadin kuzari amma sun yi yawa kuma suna cikewa. Suna samar da fiber na abinci kuma sune tushen mahimmancin bitamin, ma'adanai, da abubuwan da aka gano. Musamman mahimmanci sune bitamin antioxidant A, C, da E. Lokacin da aka hada kayan lambu a cikin abincin, an sami raguwar cutar kansa, bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya, da sauran cututtukan cututtukan fata. Bincike ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da mutane wadanda ke ci kasa da uku na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kowace rana, wadanda ke cin abinci sama da sau biyar, suna da kusan kashi ashirin cikin kananan hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya ko bugun jini. Abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai mahimmanci na kayan lambu sun bambanta da yawa; wasu suna dauke da kwayoyin furotin masu amfani kodayake yawanci suna dauke da mai mai yawa, da abubuwa masu yawa dabam dabam kamar su Vitamin A, Vitamin K, da Vitamin B6; maganin zalunci; ma'adinai na abinci; da kuma carbohydrates. Koyaya, kayan lambu sau da yawa ma suna da gubobi da antinutrients wadanda ke tsoma baki tare da daukar abubuwan gina jiki. Wadannan sun hada da α-solanine, α-chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (na cholinesterase, protease, amylase, da sauransu), cyanide da kuma abubuwan kirar cyanide, oxalic acid, tannins da sauransu. kwari, da masu farauta da fungi wadanda zasu iya kai hari ga shuka. Wasu wake suna dauke da phytohaemagglutinin, kuma tushen roba yana dauke da glycoside cyanogenic kamar yadda ake yin harbe-harbe. Wadannan gubobi ana iya kashe su ta hanyar girkin da ya dace. Ganyen dankali ya kunshi glycoalkaloids kuma ya kamata a guji shi. 'Ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman kayan lambu, an shanye su a cikin kusan rabin cututtukan gastrointestinal da ke haifar da noroirus a Amurka. Wadannan abinci ana cin abinci da yawa kankani ne kuma mai yiwuwa ya kazantu yayin shirye-shiryen abincin da ke dauke da cutar. Tsabtacewa yana da mahimmanci yayin sarrafa abinci da za a ci da shi, kuma irin wadannan samfuran suna bukatar tsabtace da kyau, sarrafa su, da adana su don iyakance gurbataccen aiki. Manazarta

35999

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius%20Lasisi%20Jimoh

Pius Lasisi Jimoh

Pius Lasisi Jimoh (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1950 - 29 Maris 2014) ɗan kasuwa ne haifaffen kabilar Ebira kuma sanata a Jamhuriya ta Biyu na Tarayyar Najeriya mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu (Okene/Okehi), yanzu Kogi ta tsakiya daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamba shekara ta, 1983. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye kuma dan majalisa mafi karancin shekaru da aka taba zaba a majalisar dattawa yana da shekaru 33. An haifi Jimoh a Ebira kuma ya fara aiki tare da Julius Berger PLC, a matsayin mai kula da albashi tsakanin shekarar, 1974 zuwa 1980. Asali An haifi Pius Jimoh a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1950 ga jinin sarauta na Ajemora na Upopuvete Clan a Adavi-Eba, karamar hukumar Adavi ta jihar Kogi - magaji ga sarautar Asema-Upopuvete na Adavi Land, babban basaraken gargajiya kuma sarkin gargajiya. Adavi. Mahaifinsa Jimoh Aliyu Simpa manomi ne, tsohon soja mai shukan kwakwa kuma mai sarrafa barasan ruwan kwakwa. Mahaifiyar Pius Jimoh Awawu Onyihiengu Jimoh ta kasance mai sana'ar hatsi da wake. Kakanni da kakannin Pius Jimoh wadanda suka yi hijira daga Jukuns na masarautar Kwararafa, arewacin kogin Benuwai da kuma jihar Taraba a yau, sun kasance na farkon mutanen farko na mazauna Adavi da Ebiraland a yau. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Kwararafa sun yi hijira ne daga Yaman na tsibirin Larabawa a farkon karni na shida miladiyya. Kabilar Pius Jimoh (Apasi-Upopuvete) sun kasance kabilar kasar Ebira wanda har yanzu ke rike da kada a matsayin tambarinsu - tambarin din da har yanzu ake alakanta shi da Jukuns na yau wadanda suma 'yan Kwararafan ne. Don haka, Gundumar Sanata Pius (Adavi) shine babban ɗa ga uban (Itaazi) kasar Ebira, yayin da danginsa (Upopuvete) shine ɗan fari ga mahaifin (Adaviruku) na Adavi. Sanata Pius ya fara karatunsa na firamare a St. Paul Anglican Primary School Adavi-Eba tsakanin shekarar, 1961 zuwa 1967. Daga bisani ya yi karatun gaba da firamare a Kwalejin Ebira Anglican ta lokacin a yanzu Lenon Memorial College Ageva, tsakanin shekarar 1970 zuwa 1974. 1983 Zaben Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu Pius Jimoh ya fara shiga siyasa ne a lokacin da ya tsaya takara a zaben sanatoci a yankin Kwara ta Kudu a shekarar, 1983 a karkashin jam'iyyar Great Nigeria People's Party (GNPP). Jam’iyyar NPN mai ci a Najeriya Sanata Isa Abonyi Obaro ya sha kayi a hannunshi don sake tsayawa takara bayan ya samu kuri’u 7,992 inda Pius Lasisi Jimoh ya samu kuri’u 147,175. Dan takarar jam’iyyar UPN a yankin, Mista Zubair Ogereva ya samu kuri’u 19, 311. Wasu masu sharhi kan harkokin siyasa a yankin sun danganta nasarar Pius Jimoh da rikicin cikin gida da aka fi sani da Atta-Saraki a cikin jam’iyyar NPN a yankin Sanatan Kwara ta Kudu. Sai dai Pius Jimoh ya yi ikirarin cewa nasarar da ya samu ba ta dogara ne kan wani tsarin jam'iyya ko rikicin jam'iyyar ba, sai dai kawai dalilin cewa mutanensa sun amince da shi. A lokacin da Pius Jimoh yake majalisar dattawa ya bayar da shawara cewaa kafa jihar Kogi domin ceto al’ummar da yake wakilta daga kangin da suke ciki a jihar Kwara domin babu abin da za su amfana da ci gaba da zama a can. Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan soke harajin zabe a duk fadin kasar yana mai cewa matakin soke harajin da wasu gwamnatocin jihohi suka yi bai haifar da sakamako ba saboda mutanen daga inda aka soke an tilasta musu biyan harajin a wasu jihohin yayin da sukayi bulaguro. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1983 juyin mulkin shugaba Janar Muhammadu Buhari yayi, ya gajarta wa'adin Pius Jimoh daga kujerarsa. Sanata Pius ya koma kasuwancinsa na man fetur, kamfanin da ya kafa bayan ya yi murabus daga Julius Berger PLC. Ya kasance jagora kuma Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Kings Oil Marketing Limited kafin rasuwarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2014 a wani hatsarin mota da ya rutsa da shi a hanyar Ageva-Magongo. Abin da ya bari Pius Jimoh ya yi hidima ga al'ummarsa - Adavi, Ebiraland da kuma kasa baki daya a fannoni daban-daban. Ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kungiyar Cigaban Adavi-Eba na tsawon shekaru goma sha daya inda ya gudanar da ayyukan raya kasa daban-daban a cikin al’umma da suka hada da kafa Kwalejin Mota ta Al’umma ta Adavi-Eba, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a ta Adavi-Eba da kuma fadada samar da ruwan sha a ko’ina. al'umma. Sanata Pius ya kasance mai taimako ga iyalai da yawa marasa galihu da daidaikun mutane tare da ba da fifiko na musamman kan ci gaban matasa. Ya kasance mai son zaman lafiya da aka wulakanta shi wanda ya kyamaci tashin hankali, kabilanci da kyamar kabilanci. Har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar Asabar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2014, ya kasance memba na majalisa mai daraja ta dattawan Ebira wato Ebira People Association Supreme Council of Elders" a lokacin yana da shekaru 64. Sanata Pius Kirista ne mai kishin addinin Anglican Communion. Ana iya bayyana Pius Jimoh a matsayin daya daga cikin ginshikan Cocin Anglican na St. Paul, Adavi-Eba wanda har ya rasu ya kasance memba na majalisar lardin Parish (PCC), Bishop Nominee, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ebira Anglican Diocese kuma shugaban kungiyar Church Fund Raising Committee. Mukamai Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na sarauta da martabawa da suka hada da: Mukamin Gargajiya na Oguriken (Mai Haɓaka) na Ƙasar Magongo. Mukamin Onoguvo Iragu (Mataimakin Coci) a St. Paul Anglican Church, Adavi-Eba. Manazarta Mutuwar 2014 Haihuwan 1950 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

57996

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20gwamnonin%20mulkin%20mallaka%20na%20Saint-Domingue

Jerin gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Saint-Domingue

Tun 1659,Saint-Domingue (yanzu Jumhuriyar Haiti ),ta kasance ƙasar Faransa,wanda Spain ta gane a ranar 20 ga Satumba,1697. Daga 20 ga Satumba,1793,zuwa Oktoba 1798 sassan tsibirin sun kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Gwamnoni (1691-1714) Oktoba 1,1691 - Yuli 1700 Jean du Casse Yuli 1700 - Disamba 16,1703 Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet (mai aiki) Disamba 16,1703 - Oktoba 13,1705 Charles Auger Oktoba 13,1705 - Disamba 28,1707 Jean-Pierre de Charit (mai aiki) Disamba 28,1707 - 1710 François-Joseph, comte de Choiseul-Beaupré 1710 - Fabrairu 7,1711 Jean-Pierre de Charit (lokaci na biyu) Fabrairu 7,1711 - Mayu 24,1711 Laurent de Valernod. Mayu 24,1711 - Agusta 29, 1712 Nicolas de Gabaret Agusta 29,1712 - 1713 Paul-François de La Grange, comte d'Arquian 1713 - 1714 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac Gwamnoni-Janar (1714-1803) 1714 - 11 Jan 1717 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac Janairu 11, 1717 - Yuli 10, 1719 Charles Joubert de La Bastide, Marquis de Châteaumorand 10 Yuli 1719 - 6 Dec 1723 Léon de Sorel Disamba 6, 1723 - Oktoba 8, 1731 Gaspard-Charles de Goussé, chevalier de La Rochalar Oktoba 8, 1731 - Fabrairu 4, 1732 Antoine-Gabriel, Marquis de Vienne de Busserolles Fabrairu 4, 1732 - Oktoba 8, 1732 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (mai aiki) Oktoba 8, 1732 - Yuli 1737 Pierre, Marquis de Fayet Yuli 1737 - Nuwamba 11, 1737 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (lokaci na biyu) (mai aiki) Nuwamba 11, 1737 - Nuwamba, 1746 Charles de Brunier, Marquis de Larnage Nuwamba 19, 1746 - Agusta 12, 1748 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (lokaci na uku) (mai aiki) Agusta 12, 1748 - Maris 29, 1751 Hubert de Brienne-Conflans, comte de Conflans Maris 29, 1751 - Mayu 31, 1753 Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideux du Bois de Lamothe Mayu 31 - Maris 24, 1757 Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil. Maris 24, 1757 - Yuli 30, 1762 Philippe-François Bart Yuli 30, 1762 - Maris 7, 1763 Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent Maris 7, 1763 - Agusta 4, 1763 Armand, vicomte de Belzunce Agusta 4, 1763 - Afrilu 23, 1764 Pierre-André de Gohin, comte de Montreuil (mai aiki) Afrilu 23, 1764 - Yuli 1, 1766 Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing Yuli 1, 1766 - Fabrairu 10, 1769 Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan, yarima de Montbazon Fabrairu 10, 1769 - Janairu 15, 1772 Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos Janairu 15, 1772 - Afrilu 30, 1772 De la Ferronay (mai aiki) Afrilu 30, 1772 - Afrilu 15, 1775 Louis-Florent de Vallière Mayu 12, 1775 - Agusta 16, 1775 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (mai aiki) Agusta 16, 1775 - Disamba 13, 1776 Victor-Thérèse Charpentier Disamba 28, 1776 - Mayu 22, 1777 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (aiki) Mayu 22, 1777 - Maris 7, 1780 Robert, comte d'Argout Maris 7, 1780 - Afrilu 25, 1780 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (lokaci na biyu) (mai aiki) Afrilu 25, 1780 - Yuli 28, 1781 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (lokaci na biyu) 28 ga Yuli, 1781 - Fabrairu 14, 1782 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (lokaci na uku) (aiki) Fabrairu 14, 1782 - Yuli 3, 1785 Guillaume de Bellecombe Yuli 3, 1785 - Afrilu 27, 1786 Gui-Pierre de Coustard (mai aiki) Afrilu 27, 1786 - Nuwamba 1787 César Henri, comte de La Luzerne Nuwamba 1787 - Disamba 22, 1788 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (mai aiki) Disamba 22, 1788 - 1789 Marie-Charles du Chilleau 1789 - Agusta 19, 1789 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (lokaci na biyu) (aiki) Agusta 19, 1789 - Nuwamba 1790 Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier Nuwamba 9, 1790 - 1792 Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande 1792 - Jun 1792 Adrien-Nicolas, Marquis de la Salle, comte d'Offémont Yuni 1792 - Oktoba 21, 1792 Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes Oktoba 21, 1792 - Janairu 2, 1793 Martin Louis Beaulieu Janairu 2, 1793 - Yuni 19, 1793 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (kwamishina) Yuni 19, 1793 - Oktoba 1793 François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Oktoba 1793 - Mayu 11, 1796 Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux Mayu 11, 1796 - Agusta 24, 1797 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (lokaci na biyu) (kwamishina) Afrilu 1, 1797 - Mayu 5, 1802 Toussaint Louverture Maris 27, 1798 - Oktoba 23, 1798 Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph Hédouville (kwamishina) Fabrairu 5, 1802 - Nuwamba 2, 1802 Charles Leclerc Nuwamba 2, 1802 - Nuwamba 30, 1803 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau (lokaci na biyu) Nuwamba 30, 1803 - Disamba 31, 1803 Jean-Jacques Dessalines

20865

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba%20Rahman

Baba Rahman

Abdul Rahman Baba (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli a shekarata alif 1994) wanda aka fi sani da Baba Rahman, ƙwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a gefen hagu a ƙungiyar PAOK ta kasar Girka, a matsayin dan wasan aro daga kungiyar Chelsea, da kuma ƙungiyarsa ta Ghana. Ya fara sana'ar kwallo kafa ne ga Dreams FC, ya buga gasar Firimiya ta Ghana tare da Asante Kotoko. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Greuther Fürth ta Bundesliga, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu. Sannan ya taka leda a FC Augsburg kafin ya koma Chta sea a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015) kan kudi £ 14 miliyan, mai yuwuwa ya tashi zuwa £ 22 miliyan. Rahman ya fara taka leda ne a duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar su waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar cin Kofin Afirka ta shekara ta 2015. Kundin Farko Ghana Rahman ya fara aiki ne a Dreams FC na Ghana Division Two. Bayan wasanni masu ban sha'awa da ya taka, an canza shi aro zuwa Asante Kotoko na Gasar Premier ta Ghana na tsawon kaka ɗaya. A kakar a shekara ta 2012, Rahman ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na gasar Gwarzon Shekara, daga karshe Joshua Oniku ya doke shi. Bayan zama ɗan wasan da ake nema a lokacinsa tare da kulob ɗin Kumasi, an yi bincike mai tsanani game da ɗan wasan daga Manchester City da Arsenal na Premier league a Parma na Serie A. Jamus Rahman ya sanya hannu ne tare da sabon kungiya Greuther Fürth a cikin gasar Bundesliga a 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012. Rahman ya yanke shawarar shiga Fürth ne saboda kulob ɗin ya ba da, "mafi kyawun yanayin da zan bunkasa sana'ata." A wasan tsere kan 1. FC Nürnberg a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya ci ƙwallayen sa biyu na farko ga Fürth a nasarar gida da ci 5-1. Kashegari ya sanya hannu tare da FC Augsburg na wannan rukunin. A kakar Rahman ta shekarar 2014–15 tare da Augsburg, ya yi fintinkau sau 108, fiye da kowane dan wasa a gasar Bundesliga a wancan kakar. Ta amfani da ɓangarorin ƙarfinsa da saurin sa, ya sami nasarar cin nasarar 90 daga waɗannan matsalolin, yana fitowa zuwa ƙimar nasara kashi 83%. A waccan lokacin, Rahman shima ya sami kutse har sau 83 kuma ya ci kwallaye 80 na iska. Chelsea Lokacin 2015-16 A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015, Rahman ya sanya hannu da kungiyar keallon kafa ta kasar Ingila Chelsea kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyar kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya zama na farko, ya tashi zuwa farashin kusan £ 22 miliyan. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba a karawar UEFA Champions League, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a gidan Maccabi Tel Aviv. Ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Firimiya Lig a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Stamford Bridge a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba. Ya taka leda a gefen hagu a wasannin ciki har da wasan da suka doke Dynamo Kyiv Champions League daci 2-1. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Rahman ya yi kuskure wanda ya ba Shane Long na Southampton damar zira ƙwallaye a minti na 42; an maye gurbinsa da Kenedy a rabin lokaci amma daga ƙarshe Chelsea ta ci 2-1 a St. Mary's . Schalke 04 (lamuni) A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, FC Schalke 04 ta tabbatar da cewa Rahman ya koma aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa ƙungiyar bayan ya gaza burge sabon kocin Chelsea Antonio Conte a lokacin shirin. An bai wa Rahman riga mai lamba 14 don kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsohon manajan Augsburg, Markus Weinzierl ne ya sanya hannu a kansa. Rahman ya fada wa jaridar yankin Ruhr Nachrichten cewa Conte ya ba shi shawarar ya bar aron domin ya fi son 'yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Rahman ya fara wasan farko ne a kungiyar Gelsenkirchen a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe maimakon mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka tashi 4-1 akan FC 08 Villingen a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal . Ya fara wasan farko a gasar ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa Sead Kolašinac a minti na 62 na rashin nasarar 0-0 a Eintracht Frankfurt a ranar farko ta kakar. Rahman ya ci wa Schalke 04 kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, wasan bai zame kololuwa ba a nasarar da Europa League ta doke OGC Nice. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Rahman ya koma Schalke 04 a matsayin aro a karo na biyu yana mai yarda da zaman wata 18 har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2019. Reims (aro) A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, ya dawo zuwa Chelsea kuma nan da nan aka ba shi lamuni ga Stade de Reims har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Mallorca (aro) A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa, aka sake ba da Rahman a matsayin aro na tsawon lokaci, a wannan karon ga sabuwar ƙungiyar ta La Liga da ta ci gaba Mallorca . PAOK (lamuni) A ranar 30 ga Janairu shekara ta 2021, aka kara bada aron Rahman zuwa PAOK don ragowar lokacin kakar shekarar 2021 . Ya fara wasan farko ne a ƙungiyar ta Girka a karawar da suka yi da Lamia a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya zira kwallon farko a wasan da aka tashi 4-0 wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar sa ta biyu a teburin gasar. Ayyukan duniya Rahman ya buga kowane minti na yaƙin Neman nasarar Ghana a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2015 a Equatorial Guinea, yana ba da giciye daga inda André Ayew ya ci kwallon da ya ci Afirka ta Kudu ya ci Rukunin C. A wasan karshe da Ivory Coast, Rahman ya ci kwallaye a bugun fenariti inda tawagarsa ta sha kashi 9-8. Rayuwar mutum Rahman yana da "Baba", mahaifinsa mai goyon bayan Chelsea ne. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, Rahman ya auri budurwarsa wacce suka daɗe tare tun suna yarinta, Selma, a garinsu na Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Manufofin duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallayen da Ghana ta fara. Daraja Kulab Asante Kotoko FC Gasar Premier ta Ghana : 2011–12 PAOK Kofin Girka : 2020–21 Ghana Gasar cin Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka : 2015 Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1994 Yan' Ghana Ƴan Wasa Mutanen Gana Yan kwallo Yan kwallon kafa Pages with unreviewed translations

33454

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Mauritius

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Mauritius

Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Mauritius, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata wacce ke wakiltar ƙasar Mauritius . Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Mauritius ce ke kula da ita kuma mambar FIFA ce, da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika (CAF), da kuma hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta kudancin Afrika (COSAFA). babban kocin shi ne Yves-Pierre Bodineau. Ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar da ma nahiyar Afirka baki daya na fuskantar kalubale da dama, inda ba a samar da wani shiri na wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar ba sai a shekarar 1997. FIFA na baiwa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Mauritius kudi, kashi 10% na shirin bunkasa kwallon kafa a kasar a fannonin da suka hada da kwallon kafa na mata, da magungunan wasanni da kuma futsal. Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata kuma Mauritius ba ta kasance ba tare da shirin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata kawai aka kafa a cikin ƙasar a cikin shekarar 1997. Tun daga watan Janairun shekarar 2013, kungiyar ba ta buga wasa ba, kuma ba ta shirya ba, ko wane irin wasannin da FIFA ta haramta. Wasansu kawai ya kasance da Réunion a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 a Saint-Denis. Wannan wasan dai ya kare ne da ci 3-0. An shirya wasan dawowa don Yuli na shekarar 2012 a Mauritius, amma an mayar da wannan zuwa Nuwamba na shekarar 2012. An buga wasan ne a Bamous a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2012, tare da Réunion ta sake yin nasara, a wannan karon da ci 2 da 1. An shirya Mauritius za ta fafata a gasa da dama, inda suka janye daga gasar kafin buga wasa daya. A cikin jerin sunayen akwai gasar mata ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kudancin Afrika a shekara ta 2002 a birnin Harare na kasar Zimbabwe da suka fice daga gasar. A shekara ta 2005, Zambia ya kamata ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta yankin Kudancin Afirka (COSAFA), tare da kasashe da yawa sun amince su aika da tawagogi ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho da Swaziland. A ƙarshe an gudanar da gasar a shekara ta 2006, amma Mauritius ba ta aika da tawagar ba. Bayan haka, an shirya za su halarci gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekara ta 2008, inda aka tsara za su kara da Zimbabwe a zagayen farko na gasar; Sai dai Zimbabwe ta fice daga gasar inda ta baiwa Mauritius damar shiga zagayen farko. A wannan zagaye ya kamata Mauritius ta buga da Afirka ta Kudu, amma ta fice daga gasar. Sun shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar 2019, inda suka yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin guda uku a rukuninsu. , the head coach was Alain Jules. As of March 2012, the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA, as it had not yet participated in any matches against other FIFA members. By June 2020, they were bottom of the FIFA rankings. Daukar ma'aikata da tsari Kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka gabaɗaya yana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaiton jinsi da ake samu a cikin al'umma wanda lokaci-lokaci ke ba da damar cin zarafin mata na musamman. Wata matsala da ci gaban tawagar kasar, da ake fuskanta a duk fadin nahiyar, shine idan an sami 'yan wasan kwallon kafa mata masu nagarta, da yawa suna barin kasar don neman dama a Arewacin Turai ko Amurka. An kafa ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a ƙasar Mauritius a shekara ta 1997. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, babu gasar mata ta kasa ko na yanki amma akwai gasar makaranta. Akwai kulake 17 na mata masu shekaru 16 da kuma kungiyoyin matasa hudu a ƙasar. Ƙasar tana da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata uku: babba, 'yan ƙasa da 15, da 'yan ƙasa da 19. A tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006, babu ko daya daga cikinsu da ya buga wasan kasa da kasa. 10% na kuɗin daga Shirin Taimakon Kuɗi na FIFA (FAP) an yi niyya ne don haɓaka fasaha na wasan, wanda ya haɗa da ƙwallon ƙafa na mata, magungunan wasanni da futsal. Wannan ya kwatanta da kashi 15% na gasar maza da kashi 4% na ci gaban kwallon kafa na matasa. Tsakanin shekarun 1991 zuwa 2010 a Mauritius, babu wani kwas na FIFA FUTURO III na yanki na horar da mata, babu wani taron karawa juna sani na kwallon kafa na mata da aka gudanar a kasar sannan kuma babu wani kwas na FIFA MA da aka gudanar na mata/matasan kwallon kafa. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara. 2022 Gyaran Mauritius da Sakamako - Soccerway.com Ma'aikatan koyarwa Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu Tarihin gudanarwa Yves-Pierre Bodineau (20? ? -) 'Yan wasa Tawagar ta yanzu An sanya sunayen 'yan wasa masu zuwa a ranar watan shekara don gasar xxx. gasa. Maƙasudin maƙasudi daidai kuma gami da 30 Oktoba 2021. Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa zuwa tawagar Mauritius a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. Rubuce-rubuce * 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin m, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 31 ga Agusta 2021. Most capped players Top goalscorers Rikodin gasa Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA Wasannin Olympics *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti . Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka Wasannin Afirka Yanki Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti . Duba kuma Wasanni a Mauritius Kwallon kafa a Mauritius Kwallon kafa na mata a Mauritius Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Mauritius ta kasa da shekaru 20 Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Mauritius ta ƙasa da shekaru 17 Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Mauritius Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mauritius at the FIFA.com Mauritius at CAFonline.com Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

51536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Tanzaniya

'Yancin Addini a Tanzaniya

'Yancin addini a Tanzaniya na nufin irin yadda mutane a Tanzaniya ke samun damar gudanar da akidarsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya da gwamnatin Zanzibar mai cin gashin kanta duk sun amince da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna ƙoƙarin kare shi. Gwamnatin Zanzibar ta nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin doka a Tanzaniya da Zanzibar ba addini ba ne, amma Musulmai suna da zaɓi na amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Laifukan daidaikun mutane na tashin hankali na addini sun faru a kan duka Kiristoci da Musulmai. Manufofi da akidun Ujamaa da gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta farko ta amince da su bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun jaddada hadin kan kasa kan rarrabuwar kawuna na addini ko kabilanci, kuma hakan na nuni da irin kakkausan kalamai na nuna kyama a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya, wanda har yanzu yana nan aiki kamar na shekarar 2019. Yayin da aka watsar da Ujamaa a matsayin aikin jiha a cikin 1985, kuma rikicin addini ya ɗan tashi tun daga lokacin, majiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun yaba wa Ujamaa don ba da gudummawa ga yanayin 'yancin addini da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa a Tanzaniya. Alkaluma Wani bincike na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta kusan kashi 61 na al’ummar kasar Kirista ne, kashi 35 cikin 100 Musulmi, da kuma kashi 4 cikin dari na sauran kungiyoyin addini. Wani rahoto daban na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da abubuwan addinan gargajiya na Afirka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu wani binciken gida da ya shafi alaƙar addini. A babban yankin, al'ummomin musulmi da yawa sun taru a yankunan bakin teku, tare da wasu tsiraru musulmi da ke cikin kasa a cikin birane. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Roman Katolika, Furotesta (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na Pentikostal), Masu Adventists na kwana bakwai, Cocin Yesu Kristi na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, da Shaidun Jehovah. Wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da mabiya addinin Buddha, Hindu, Sikhs, Bahaʼís, animists, da kuma waɗanda ba sa son addini. Mazauna Zanzibar miliyan 1.3 Musulmai ne kashi 99 bisa 100, a cewar wani kiyasi na gwamnatin Amurka, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na Sunni ne, a cewar rahoton Pew Forum na shekarar 2012. Ragowar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da dama, galibi 'yan asalin Asiya. Tarihi Fage Tanzaniya tana kunshe da yankuna biyu, yankin babban kasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tsibiran Zanzibar, wadanda suka hade a shekarun 1960. An fara keɓe yankin babban yankin Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabuwar Afirka a taron Berlin a shekarar 1884. Akasin haka, tarihin Zanzibar a matsayin yanki na musamman ya koma karni na 13, lokacin da yake gida ga jihohin Swahili. Ba a san takamaiman kwanakin shigar Musulunci zuwa Gabashin Afirka ba, amma shaidar farko da aka rubuta na kasancewar musulmi ta kasance a shekara ta 830 AZ, kuma an kafa wasu manyan biranen Islama a Zanzibar da bakin gabar teku a karni na 11. Waɗannan jahohin birni sun kai kololuwarsu a ƙarni na 14 da 15, bayan haka sai suka tabarbare sakamakon rikici da Portugal a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 17. Ikon Portuguese na Zanzibar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da Daular Omani ta kore su, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙaura babban birninta zuwa Zanzibar. A farkon karni na 19, Zanzibar ta zama babban kulli a cinikin bayi, wanda ba zai kare ba sai farkon karni na 20. Kiristanci ya isa Tanganyika a cikin karni na 19 a cikin nau'i na ayyukan turawa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda masu wa'azin Sufaye za su yada addinin Islama fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Duka ayyukan Kirista da Musulmi a Tanzaniya suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da tsofaffin al'adun addinan Afirka. A lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai, Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da haka, jawabai sun canza, kuma a wasu lokuta an gabatar da al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmai a matsayin masu adawa da siyasa. Farkon 'yancin kai da juyin juya halin Zanzibar (1961-1964) A shekara ta 1961, mulkin Birtaniyya ya ƙare a Tanganyika, tare da Julius Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1962, yayin da Zanzibar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kariyar Burtaniya wanda masarautar Larabawa ke mulka. A shekarar 1964, an hambarar da Sarkin Zanzibar a juyin juya halin Zanzibar. Juyin juya halin ya kasance tare da matsanancin tashin hankali da 'yan juyin juya hali na Afirka suka yi kan Larabawa da Asiya ta Kudu, wadanda akasarinsu musulmi ne ko kuma mabiya addinin Hindu kuma aka alakanta su da rukunin masu mulki na masarautar Zanzibar. An fafata ne da abin da ya gada daga wannan biki, yayin da wasu sassa na al'ummar Zanzibar ke kallon mummunan tashin hankalin da ya shafi kabilanci a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga zalunci da aka sha a karkashin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi a Afirka. Dakarun da suka tayar da tarzoma sun kasance karkashin jagorancin John Okello, Kirista wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin sa ne ya 'yantar da Zanzibar daga "Larabawa Musulmi", duk da cewa al'ummar Afirka a Zanzibar da jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP) na juyin juya hali. galibinsu musulmi kuma. Ayyukan Okello da akidar kiristoci masu tsatsauran ra'ayi sun raba wasu a cikin ASP, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka ware shi, aka cire shi daga mukaminsa kuma daga karshe aka kore shi. Haɗin kai da Ujamaa (1964-1985) Bayan juyin juya hali, Zanzibar ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya, tare da Nyerere a matsayin shugaban kasa. Manyan masu mulki a babban yankin, wadanda ke da bambancin addini, sun gwammace mulkin boko, yayin da Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kuma aiwatar da kasa mai zaman kanta. Yayin da Musulunci ba addinin kasa ba ne a hukumance, an ba shi matsayi na musamman da gata. A shekara ta 1967, Tanzaniya ta ƙara komawa hagu a siyasance, kuma ta fara haɓaka Ujamaa, akidar gurguzu wacce ta jaddada 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai a matsayin ka'idodinta na tsakiya. Kasar ta kuma amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kunshi sassa masu kakkausar murya na adawa da wariya, gami da nuna banbancin addini. Human Rights Watch ta yi la'akari da Ujamaa a matsayin ingantaccen abin koyi na haɗin kan ƙasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na Ujamaa da haɗin kai, tare da faɗar cewa mahimmancin haɗin kai shi ma ya sa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta bincikar cin zarafin ɗan adam. Tanzaniya ita ce kasa daya tilo a gabashin Afirka da ba ta ci gaba da fuskantar tashin hankalin kabilanci, addini ko siyasa ba tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Bayan Nyerere (1985-yanzu) Bayan da Nyerere ya yi ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi watsi da Ujamaa a matsayin akidarta, ko da yake ya zuwa shekarar 2019 kundin tsarin mulkin 1977 ya ci gaba da aiki. Tun bayan karshen mulkin Ujama’a, an samu takun saka tsakanin Musulmi da gwamnati, da ma kadan a tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. A shekarun 1993 da 1998, tashin hankali ya karu zuwa matakin tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da jami'an tsaron kasar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun danganta wannan koma bayan fahimtar addini da rugujewar Ujama’a a ma’anar dukkanin manufofinta na hadin kan kasa da kuma manufofinta na jin dadin jama’a, tasirin yakin duniya na karuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar addini a karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 20. Ranar 21 ga wata, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗowar addini a cikin Tanzaniya, da sake fasalin sansanonin siyasa biyo bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin da aka fara a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. An haramta sihiri a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ci gaba da samun rahotannin kashe-kashen da ake dangantawa da maita, inda ‘yan sanda suka kama wadanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Yayin da tashin hankali na addini ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa. A shekarar 2017, an sami alƙawura uku na ɓarna da lalata dukiyoyi, ciki har da kone-kone, akan gine-ginen addini da limamai. Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayya na Tanzaniya da kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Zanzibar duk sun haramta wariyar addini da kuma ba da yancin yin zaɓi na addini. Dokar ta hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta wa kowane mutum yin wani mataki ko yin magana da nufin cin mutuncin addinin wani. Duk wanda ya aikata irin wannan laifin yana da alhakin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari. Gwamnati ba ta sanya alaƙar addini akan fasfo ko bayanan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci. Rahoton 'yan sanda dole ne su bayyana alaƙar addini idan za a buƙaci mutum ya ba da shaidar rantsuwa. Aikace-aikacen neman magani dole ne a ƙayyade alaƙar addini don a iya kiyaye kowace takamaiman al'adun addini. Dokar ta bukaci gwamnati da ta rubuta addinin kowane fursuna tare da samar da wuraren ibada ga fursunoni. Jagorancin al'ummar musulmi A babban yankin, Majalisar Musulmi ta Tanzaniya ta zabi mufti. A Zanzibar, Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada mufti, wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagoran al'ummar Musulmi kuma a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati mai taimakawa a harkokin kananan hukumomi. Mufti na Zanzibar a sunansa ya amince da duk ayyukan Musulunci kuma yana kula da duk masallatan Zanzibar. Har ila yau, Muftin ya amince da laccoci na addini ta hanyar ziyartar malaman addinin Musulunci da kuma kula da shigo da littattafan Musulunci daga wajen Zanzibar. Kotunan duniya da na addini A babban yankin, dokokin da ba ruwansu da addini ne ke tafiyar da kiristoci da Musulmai a cikin laifuka da na farar hula. A cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi iyali da suka shafi gado, aure, saki, da riƙon yara ƙanana, dokar kuma ta amince da ayyukan al’ada, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da ayyukan addini. A irin wannan yanayi, wasu musulmi sukan zabi su tuntubi malaman addini maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu. Musulmai a Zanzibar suna da zabin gabatar da kararraki zuwa kotun farar hula ko ta Qadi (kotun Musulunci ko alkali) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, tarbiyyar yara, gado, da sauran batutuwan da shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada. Dukkan shari'o'in da aka yi shari'a a kotunan Zanzibar, sai dai wadanda suka shafi al'amuran tsarin mulki na Zanzibari da shari'a, ana iya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Turai da ke babban yankin. Za a iya daukaka karar hukuncin kotunan Qaadi na Zanzibar zuwa wata kotu ta musamman da ta kunshi babban alkalin Zanzibar da wasu shehunai biyar. Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada babban hafsan Qadi, wanda ke kula da kotunan qaddi kuma an san shi a matsayin babban malamin addinin musulunci da ke da alhakin tafsirin Al-Qur'ani. Babu kotunan qadi a kasar. Ilimi Makarantun gwamnati na iya koyar da addini, amma ba ya cikin tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa. Hukumomin makaranta ko ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai dole ne su amince da irin waɗannan azuzuwan, waɗanda iyaye ko masu sa kai ke koyarwa a lokaci-lokaci. Dole ne fom ɗin rajista na makarantun gwamnati su ƙayyade addinin yaro don haka masu gudanarwa za su iya sanya ɗalibai zuwa aji addinin da ya dace idan an ba da ɗayan. Dalibai kuma za su iya zaɓar ficewa daga karatun addini. A makarantun gwamnati, an ba wa dalibai damar sanya hijabi amma ba sanya nikabi ba. Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Afirka ta ƙasa Hakkin Dan Adam a Tanzaniya Addini a Tanzaniya Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20USC%20na%20Fasahar%20Sinima

Makarantar USC na Fasahar Sinima

Jami'ar Kudancin California wato makarantar horar da fasahar Sinima (School of Cinematic Art), tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun koyar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai a duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin makarantar da ta fi ko wacce a horar da harkokin fim a duniya. An kafa makarantar tare da haɗin gwiwar Academy of Motion Hoto Arts and Sciences a 1929, SCA ta haɓaka wajen samar da ababan nishaɗi a matsayin masana'antu da kumą nau'in fasaha. Bangare bakwai na Makarantar — Fim & Production; Cinema & Media Studies; John C. Hench Division of Animation + Digital Arts; John Wells Division na Rubutun don Allon & Talabijin; Kafofin watsa labarai masu hulɗa & Wasanni; Media Arts + Ayyuka; Shirin Samar da Peter Stark - yana kuma ba da cikakkun shirye-shirye a cikin duk fasahar fina-finai, duk suna goyan bayan ilimin fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma manyan kwararrun masana a kowane fage. Tana da tsofaffin ɗalibai sama da 16,000, waɗanda yawancinsu suna cikin fitattun ƴan wasan raye-raye na duniya, masana, malamai, marubuta, daraktoci, furodusoshi, masu daukar hoto, masu gyara, ƙwararrun sauti, masu zanen wasan bidiyo da shugabannin masana'antu. Tun daga shekarar 1973 ba shekara daya da ta wuce ba tare da an zaɓi tsohon ko wani dalibi don lambar yabo ta Academy ko Emmy ba. Makarantar Cinematic Arts ta USC tana karkashin jagorancin Dean Elizabeth Monk Daley, wanda ke rike da kujera Steven J. Ross/Time Warner kuma itace tefi kowacce Dean dadewa a Jami'ar Kudancin California, wanda wacce ke jagoranci Makarantar Cinema tun 1991. Articles using infobox university Pages using infobox university with the image name parameter Tarihi Lokacin da Douglas Fairbanks ya zama shugaban farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasahar Motsin Hoto (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences) a 1927, ɗayan mafi sabbin abubuwa akan ajandarsa shine cewa Kwalejin ta sami "makarantar horarwa." Kamar yadda Fairbanks da masu ba da damarsa suka yi tunanin cewa horo a cikin fasahar fina-finai ya kamata a duba a matsayin halaltaccen horo na ilimi a manyan jami'o'i, idan aka yi la'akari da digiri iri ɗaya da fannoni kamar likitanci da doka. Ko da yake shirye-shiryen karatun fina-finai a yanzu sun sami gindin zama a fannin ilimi, a wancan lokacin sabon ra'ayi ne kuma jami'o'i da yawa sun mayar da Fairbanks baya. Amma ya sami karbuwa sosai a Jami'ar Kudancin California wanda ya yarda ya ba da izinin aji ɗaya, wanda ake kira "Gabatarwa ga Photoplay" wanda aka yi muhawara a 1929, a daidai wannan shekarar da lambar yabo ta Academy. Ƙaddara don yin nasara, Fairbanks ya kawo manyan sunayen masana'antu na zamanin don lacca, ciki har da Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, DW Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, William C. DeMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, da Darryl Zanuck . Daga wannan aji ya girma Sashen Cinematography (1932) a Kwalejin Haruffa, Fasaha da Kimiyya, wanda aka sake masa suna Sashen Cinema (1940), wanda ya kai ga kafa USC School of Cinema-Television (1983), wanda ya kasance. an sake masa suna USC School of Cinematic Arts (2006) . Makarantar USC ta Cinematic Arts ita ce kadai makarantar horar da ilimin satsa labarai (media) a duniya wacce ke koyar da duk fannonin fasahar fina-finai. Kusan shekaru ɗari, SCA ta kasance mafi aminci da mafi cancantuwa wajen horo na Hollywood don 'yan wasanta na gaba su sama ƙwarewa da gwanintar zatarawa. Shirye-shiryen SCA suna jawo hankalin ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke zuwa harabarta ta Los Angeles don mashahurin manhaja, bincike mai zurfi da wuraren samar da fina-finai, babbar jami'a, da kuma kusanci mai zurfi zuwa Hollywood. Sunan SCA na duniya a matsayin cibiyar sabbin kafofin watsa labaru ya fito ne daga tsarin karatu mai da hankali a nan gaba wanda ke da darajar fasaha da hanyoyin sarrafawa tare da bincike da malanta. Manufar Makarantar ita ce ƙarfafa ɗalibai masu hazaka tare da hangen nesa da ƙarfin gwiwa don ci gaba da ɗaukar matsayin jagoranci a kowane fanni na kafofin watsa labarai na zamani. Daliban SCA masu yin watsa labarai ne, masana tarihi, da ƴan kasuwa. Sun kammala karatun digiri na "shirye-shiryen masana'antu," an shirya don sana'a a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru. A yau, USC School of Cinematic Arts Cinematic Arts tsofaffin ɗaliban za a iya samun su a kowane matsayi na kowane fanni na kafofin watsa labarai masu motsi. Su ne malamai, masu gudanarwa, masu yin fina-finai da talabijin, masu zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo, masu kirkiro masu kwarewa, masu zane-zane, da kuma shugabanni a cikin kafofin watsa labaru masu tasowa. Su ne kuma malamai a manyan cibiyoyi a fadin duniya. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2006, USC ta ba da sanarwar cewa tsohon dalibi George Lucas ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 175 don faɗaɗa makarantar fim tare da sabon kayan aiki. Wannan ya wakilci mafi girman gudummawar guda ɗaya ga USC kuma mafi girma ga kowace makarantar fim a duniya. Ba da gudummawar da ya bayar a baya ya haifar da sunan gine-gine biyu a cikin ginin makarantar da ta gabata, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1984, bayan shi da matarsa Marcia a lokacin, kodayake Lucas ba ya son gine-ginen Tarurrukan Mulkin Mulkin Sifen da aka yi amfani da su a waɗannan gine-gine. Wani masanin sha'awar gine-gine, Lucas ya ba da zane-zane na asali don aikin, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar Salon Farfaɗo na Rum wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsofaffin gine-ginen harabar da kuma yankin Los Angeles. Har ila yau, aikin ya sami ƙarin dala miliyan 50 a cikin gudunmawar daga Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox da Kamfanin Walt Disney. A cikin shekarata 2006, makarantar, tare da Royal Film Commission na Jordan, sun kirkiro Cibiyar Harkokin Fasahar Sinima ta Red Sea (RSICA) a Aqaba, dake birnin Jordan. An gudanar da azuzuwan farko a shekarar 2008, kuma ajin farko da aka yaye jami’a a shekarar 2010 ne. Makarantar Cinematic Arts ta USC ta sanar da cewa za ta cire wani talaafi da aka sadaukar ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon ɗalibin USC John Wayne, bayan shafe watanni na nacewa daga wasu ƙwararan ɗalibai da ke yin tir da ra'ayoyin tauraron na Hollywood da kuma yawan sanya ƴan asalin Amurkawa a cikin fina-finansa. An mayar da nunin zuwa ɗakin karatu na Cinematic Arts wanda ke da tarin tarin yawa don nazarin alkaluma waɗanda rayuwarsu da ayyukansu wani ɓangare ne na tarihin al'umma. An adana waɗannan kayan don zuriya kuma an sanya su don yin bincike da ƙwarewa kamar yadda kayan da ke cikin Tarin Wayne. Rarraba Fim & Samarwa a kafar Talabijin Shahararriyar sashin Makarantar, wacce ake kira da “makarantar fina-finai ta USC,” Sashen Fina-Finai da Ayyukan Talabijin na koya wa ɗalibai yadda ake yin fice, a abubuwan da ake buƙata don allon TV na kowane girma da fadi kama daga IMAX ko kuma na'urar wayar hannu. A SCA, ɗalibai da sauri suke ƙwarewa da kayan aikin kasuwanci, daga kyamarori, kayan haske, da software na gyar-gyare zuwa sabbin fasahohi da hanyayin sarrafawa waɗanda ke canza tsarin samar da shirye shirye. Kujerar yanzu: ita ce Gail Katz, mai rike da kujerar Mary Pickford Endowed kujera; Mataimakiyar shugabar ita ce Susan Arnold. https://cinema.usc.edu/production/index.cfm Cinema & Media Studies Sashen Cinema & Nazarin Watsa Labarai (Division of Cinema & Media Studies) tana ba da ilimi mai zurfin akan kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tushe don ayyuka a hukumomin baiwa, kamfanonin gudanarwa, kamfanoni masu samarwa, da ɗakunan karatu na duniya waɗanda ke haɓakawa da rarraba kafofin watsa labarai a duniya. Hakanan ita ce cibiyar cibiyar ka'idar fim a Makarantar Cinematic Arts ta USC. Shugabar yanzu ita ce Priya Jaikumar. https://cinema.usc.edu/mediastudies/index.cfm ] The John C. Hench Fannin + Fasahar Digital John C. Hench Division of Animation + Digital Arts yana koyar da darussa a kowane fanni na rayarwa da fasahar dijital. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, 2-D da 3-D ba da labari, ɗaukar wasan kwaikwayo, tasirin gani, zane-zanen motsi, tsayawa-motsi, yin fim na gwaji, shigarwa da multimedia, raye-rayen raye-raye, da hangen nesa binciken kimiyya. Shugabar na yanzu ita ce Teresa Cheng, wacce ke rike da kujerar John C. Hench Endowed Division. https://cinema.usc.edu/animation/index.cfm Sashen Watsa Labarai na Sadarwa & Wasanni Sashen Watsa Labarai da Wasanni na Interactive Media yana koyar da ƙwarewar wasa da ma'amala da suka haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga wasannin bidiyo ba, waɗanda ke haɓaka ɓangaren masana'antar nishaɗi cikin sauri. USC ta kasance majagaba wajen koyar da tushe na wasanni da kafofin watsa labarai masu mu'amala yayin da kuma ciyar da filin gaba tare da sabbin dabarun bincike. Binciken Princeton ya sanya USC # 1 Makarantar Design Game a Arewacin Amurka kowace shekara tun lokacin da tsarin martaba ya fara a 2009. Shugaban na yanzu shine Danny Bilson. https://cinema.usc.edu/interactive/index.cfm Media Arts + Ayyuka Media Arts + Practice Division (MA+P) wata al'umma ce ta masu ƙirƙirar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin dabaru da fasahohin fasaha da ƙira na dijital, kafofin watsa labarai na cinematic, da ba da labari. MA+P yana ƙirƙira da nazarin kafofin watsa labarai don fannoni daban-daban kamar kasuwanci, likitanci, ilimi, zanen gine-gine, doka, tsara birane, yin fim, da ƙari mai yawa. Shugaban na yanzu shine Holly Willis. https://cinema.usc.edu/imap/index.cfm ] Sashen John Wells na Rubutun don Allon & Talabijin Sashen Rubutu na John Wells don Allon & Talabijin (Division of Writing for Screen & Television) yana koya wa ɗalibai yadda ake ƙirƙirar nau'ikan rubutun da ke burge masu haɗin gwiwa, wakilai, manajoji, da masu saka hannun jari kuma su zama ayyukan gaske.Tsarin karatun yana nutsar da ɗalibai a cikin al'adar SCA na ƙirƙira labarai masu jan hankali da haɓaka illolin labarin ku ta hanyar ƙananan azuzuwan bita. Za ku koyi rubuta gajerun rubutun, wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon fasali, shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin wasan ban dariya da wasan kwaikwayo, jerin gidan yanar gizo, da rubutun wasanni da sauran kafofin watsa labarai masu zurfafa. Kujerar yanzu shine David Isaacs. https://cinema.usc.edu/writing/index.cfm Sashin Samar da Shirye-shirye na Peter Stark Sashin Samarwa na Peter Stark zai fallasa ƙwaƙƙwaran furodusa zuwa cikakken nau'in kasuwancin nishaɗi. Dalibai za su koyi kowane mataki na tsarin ƙirƙira, daga ci gaba ta hanyar rarrabawa. Starkies sun gano da haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙirƙira, kasuwanci, da ƙwarewar gudanarwa da ake buƙata don yin nasara a tafarkin sana'arsu ta hanyar azuzuwan ƙirƙira da haɓaka labarai, tarihin nishaɗi, tattalin arziƙi, sarrafa ɗakin studio, tsara kasafin kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da samarwa masu zaman kansu. Shugaban na yanzu shine Ed Saxon, wanda ke rike da kujerar Peter Stark Endowed. Shirye-shirye na musamman sun haɗa da USC na barkwanci wato Comedy, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarami a cikin Comedy, da kuma Bikin Barkwanci na shekara-shekara; Wasannin USC, haɗin gwiwa tare da USC Viterbi School of Engineering da gidan ƙungiyar masu jigilar kaya ta USC; da kuma John H. Mitchell Kasuwanci na Shirin Cinematic Arts, wanda ke kula da shirye-shirye a cikin kasuwancin nishaɗi tare da haɗin gwiwar Makarantar Kasuwancin USC Marshall. https://cinema.usc.edu/producing/index.cfm Fannuka Mashahuran ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru da masana media ne ke jagorantar Makarantar, waɗanda suka sami babban yabo a fannonin ƙwarewar su, gami da lambar yabo ta Academy, Emmys, Golden Globes, Pulitzer Prizes, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Haɓaka Game, Kyautar Humanitas, da sauransu. Suna tsarawa da ba da gudummawa sosai ga mujallu, tarurruka, abubuwan da suka faru, da tattaunawa waɗanda ke ƙara fahimtar al'ummar duniya da jin daɗin fasahar fina-finai. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin waɗannan malamai da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata, ɗalibai suna bunƙasa a cikin al'umma inda kowa ya mayar da hankali ga ƙirƙirar manyan kafofin watsa labaru da fahimtar ikonsa. Makarantar Cinematic Arts kuma tana da Kwamitin Majalissar Dokoki, wanda ya kunshi shugabanni daga ko'ina cikin masana'antar watsa shirye-shiryen fina-finai waɗanda ke taimakawa jagorar alkiblar Makarantar nan gaba tare da yin aiki tare da Dean don tabbatar da samar da makarantar yadda ya kamata. Kayayyakin aiki Gudunmawa daga kamfanonin masana'antar fina-finai da wasanni, abokai, da tsofaffin ɗalibai sun ba wa makarantar damar gina wurare kamar haka: Makarantar Cinematic Arts Complex, wanda aka kammala a 2010, wanda ya haɗa da: 20th Century Fox soundstage George Lucas da Steven Spielberg Gine-gine, wanda ke nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ray Stark, wanda aka tanadar don gabatarwar 3D, da kuma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na dijital guda biyu, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Albert da Dana Broccoli da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fanny Brice. Marcia Lucas Post-Production Center Marilyn & Jeffrey Katzenberg Cibiyar Animation Sumner Redstone Production Gine wanda ya ƙunshi matakai biyu Redstone 1 da Restone 2 Interactive gini (SCI), gida na USC Interactive Media &amp; Wasanni Division, da USC Division of Media Arts da Practice, da kuma da dama bincike dakunan gwaje-gwaje (The Game Innovation Lab, da Wayar hannu da Muhalli Media Lab , da Mixed Reality Lab da kuma m Media Media. & Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Hali, da sauransu) Robert Zemeckis Center for Digital Arts, gidan Trojan Vision, USC ta dalibi tashar talabijin Eileen Norris Cinema Theater Complex, wanda ke nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai kujeru 365 wanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin aji tare da memba na USC kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy Tomlinson Holman 's THX audiovisual reproduction standard da aka yi amfani da shi a wuraren fina-finai a duk duniya. Zauren Frank Sinatra, wanda aka keɓe a cikin 2002, yana baje kolin nunin jama'a da tarin manyan abubuwan tunawa da ke tunawa da rayuwar Sinatra da gudummawar ga shahararrun al'adun Amurka. David L. Wolper Cibiyar a Doheny Memorial Library Louis B. Mayer Cibiyar Nazarin shirye-shiryen Fina-finai da kuma Telebijin dake Doheny Memorial Library Hugh M. Hefner Taskar Hoton Motsawa A tsakiyar sabon gidan talabijin akwai mutum-mutumi na wanda ya kafata wato Douglas Fairbanks. A hannunasa yana rike da foil na wasan zorro a hannu daya kuma yana rike da rubutaccen shiri karfin alakarsa da kungiyar wasan kwallon kafa ta USC . Bambance-bambance Tun daga 1973, an zaɓi aƙalla tsofaffin ɗaliban SCA guda ɗaya don Kyautar Kwalejin a kowace shekara, jimlar zaɓe 256 da nasara 78. Tun daga 1973, aƙalla tsofaffin ɗaliban SCA ko tsofaffin ɗalibai an zaɓi su don lambar yabo ta Emmy kowace shekara, jimlar zaɓin 473 da nasara 119. Manyan fina-finai 17 da suka samu kuɗi a kowane lokaci sun sami digiri na SCA a cikin mahimmin matsayi na ƙirƙira. Bita na Princeton ya zaɓi shirin tsara wasan bidiyo na Interactive Media and Games Division mafi kyau a Arewacin Amurka shekaru da yawa a jere. Dukansu The Hollywood Reporter da USA A Yau sun sanya SCA lambar shirin fina-finai na ɗaya a duniya, tare da kayan aikin da ba su dace ba, kusanci da Hollywood, da kuma haɗin gwiwar masana'antu da yawa shine dalilin farko. Adadin karɓar dalibai na yanzu don Makarantar Cinematic Arts ta USC shine 8.8% na sabbin maza. Kyaututtukan don gajerun fina-finai na Cinema na USC A cikin 1956, furodusa Wilber T. Blume, wani malamin Cinema na USC a lokacin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award don mafi kyawun gajeren fim na rayuwa don fim ɗin da ya ƙirƙira mai suna The Face of Lincoln . Blume kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award a waccan shekarar don taƙaitaccen labari. A cikin 1968, George Lucas ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a cikin nau'in fina-finai masu ban sha'awa a bikin fina-finai na ɗalibai na ƙasa na uku da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Lincoln, New York don Labyrinth na Lantarki na gaba: THX 1138 4EB . A cikin 1970, furodusa John Longenecker ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy don mafi kyawun ɗan gajeren fim na rayuwa don fim ɗin da ya yi yayin halartar azuzuwan USC Cinema 480 a matsayin dalibi na digiri- The Resurrection of Broncho Billy . Ma'aikatan fim din da ƙwararrun ƙwararru sun haɗa da Nick Castle, mai daukar hoto; John Carpenter, editan fim da kiɗa na asali; James Rokos, darekta; Johnny Crawford, jagoran wasan kwaikwayo; da Kristin Nelson, jagorar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1973, Robert Zemeckis ya sami lambar yabo ta musamman na juri a Kwalejin Motion Hoto Arts & Sciences' gabatarwa na shekara-shekara na Fina-finai na Dalibai don Filin Daraja . A cikin 2001, ɗalibin MFA David Greenspan ya lashe kyautar Palme d'Or don ɗan gajeren fim a Cannes Film Festival don ɗalibin fim ɗin Bean Cake. A cikin 2006, darektan, marubuci, da furodusa Ari Sandel sun sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award don mafi kyawun gajeriyar fim ɗin rayuwa (" Labarin Yammacin Bankin ") wanda aka yi azaman aikin makarantar digiri na USC Cinema. A cikin 2009, an zaɓi ɗalibin MFA Gregg Helvey don lambar yabo ta Academy don fim ɗin littafinsa na MFA, Kavi. Sanannun tsofaffin ɗaliban SCA Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Kudancin California SCA tana da tsofaffin ɗalibai sama da 16,000. Daga cikinsu mafi shahara akwai: Sauran manyan malamai rassan makaranta (na baya da na yanzu) Danny Bilson Mitchell Block Mark Bolas Peter Bonerz Todd Boyd Trey Callaway Drew Casper Peter Chung Frank Daniel Edward Dmytryk John A. Ferraro Verna Fields Scott Fisher Rachel Feldman James Franco Robert L. Freedman Anne Friedberg Nina Foch Tracy Fullerton Maureen Furniss Eric Goldberg Dan Gordon Mark Jonathan Harris Ray Harryhausen Tomlinson Holman Gordy Hoffman Sean Hood Jerry Lewis Leonard Maltin Robert McKee Michael Naimark Christine Panushka Mark Pesce Gene Polito Abraham Polonsky Bill Prady Howard Rodman Howard Rosenberg Tom Sito Kathy Smith Chris Swain Larry Turman Jordan Weisman Paul Wolff Slavko Vorkapić Duba kuma Kamus na kalmomin motsi Dirty Dozen (fim), ƙungiyar ɗalibai a cikin 1960s Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kere-keren California a shekara ta 1929 Manyan Makarantun Ilimi da aka samar a 1929 Makarantun sanya hotuna mosti na kasar Amurka Makarantun Fina-finai na Amurka Jami'ar Kudancin California Kafar template na webarchive wayback Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20muller

Gerd muller

Gerhard " Gerd " Müller ( German pronunciation; 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 1945 zuwa 1915 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2021) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a kasar Jamus. Dan wasan da ya yi suna saboda kammala aikin sa na asibiti, musamman a ciki da wajen akwatin yadi shida, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka zura kwallaye a tarihin wasanni. Tare da nasara a matakin kulob da na duniya, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa tara da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA, UEFA Champions League da Ballon d'Or . A matakin kasa da kasa da yammacin kasar Jamus, ya zira kwallaye 68 a raga da kuma wasanni 62, kuma a matakin kulob din, a cikin shekaru 15 tare da Bayern Munich, inda ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na Bundesliga, ya zama - kuma har yanzu yana - mai rike da wannan kasar . A wasanni 74 na kungiyoyin Turai ya zura kwallaye 65. Matsakaicin burin da ya ci a wasa tare da Jamus ta Yamma, Müller ya kasance, tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2021, 21st a jerin masu cin kwallaye na duniya a duk lokacin, duk da wasa kaɗan fiye da kowane ɗan wasa a saman 48. Daga cikin manyan masu zura kwallaye, yana da matsayi na uku mafi girma-zuwa wasa. Ya kuma sami mafi girman rabo na 0.97 a raga a kowane wasa a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye 34 a wasanni 35. Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da " Bomber der Nation " ("Dan Bomber na kasar") ko kuma kawai " Der Bomber ", Müller ya kasance gwarzon dan kwallon kafa naTurai a shekara ta, 1970. Bayan nasarar kakar wasa a Bayern Munich, ya zira kwallaye goma a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shakara ta, 1970 na Jamus ta Yamma inda ya karbi kyautar Golden Boot a matsayin dan wasa wanda ya fi zira kwallaye, kafin ya lashe Ballon d'Or na 1970 . A shekara ta, 1972, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA kuma ya kasance mafi yawan kwallaye, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe . Bayan shekaru biyu, ya zira kwallaye hudu a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta, 1974, ciki har da burin da ya ci nasara a wasan karshe . Müller ya rike tarihin zura kwallo a raga a gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya zura kwallaye 14 tsawon shekaru 32. A shekara ta 1999, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na tara a cikin 'yan wasan Turai na zaɓen Ƙarni da Hukumar Kula da Tarihin Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (IFFHS) ta gudanar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayi na 13 a zaɓen IFFHS'Dan wasan Duniya na ƙarni . A cikin shekara ta, 2004, Pelé ya sanya sunan Müller a cikin jerin sunayen manyan 'yan wasa na duniya na FIFA 100 . Aikin kulob Bayern Munich Müller wanda ya samu damar jefa kwallo a raga, shi ma ya zama dan wasan Jamus na farko da ya fi zira kwallaye sau bakwai kuma ya fi zura kwallaye a Turai sau biyu. Müller ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na gasar cin kofin Bundesliga a Bayern Munich, kwallaye 53 a kan dan wasan da ya fi cin nasara a gasar Bundesliga, Robert Lewandowski . Ya rike tarihin Bundesliga na kakar wasa daya da kwallaye 40 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 1971 zuwa 1972, rikodin da za a yi har sai Lewandowski ya zira kwallaye 41 a kakar shekara ta, 2020 zuwa 2021 . Müller ya zura kwallaye a wasa daya ko mafi kyau a wasanni bakwai cikin 14 da ya yi. Ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 na kasar Jamus. Ya rike rikodin mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zira a cikin shekara ta kalanda, inda ya zira kwallaye 85 a cikin shekara ta, 1972, har sai jimlar sa ta wuce shekaru 40 daga baya a shekara ta, 2012 ta Lionel Messi . Sunan Kulob din Gerd Muller Yakoma Fort Lauderdale Strikers Bayan aikinsa a Bundesliga Müller ya tafi Amurka, inda ya shiga Fort Lauderdale Strikers (wanda ke a yankin Miami ) na Arewacin Amurka Soccer League (NASL) a shekara ta, 1979. Ya buga wasanni uku tare da wannan ƙungiyar, inda ya zira kwallaye 38 a raka, kuma ya kai, amma ya sha kashi, wasan karshe a gasar a shekara ta, 1980. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Müller ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 a yammacin Jamus . Ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a ragar Jamus kusan shekaru 40 har sai da Miroslav Klose ya zarce a shekarar 2014, kodayake Klose ya bukaci fiye da yawan wasannin da ya buga don yin hakan, inda ya ci kwallo ta 69 a wasansa na 132. Müller ya fara buga wasan kasa da kasa ne a shekarar ta, 1966 kuma ya kare a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 1974 tare da nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 1974 a filin wasa na gida a Munich. Ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka doke Johan Cruyff ta Netherlands da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe . Kwallaye hudu da ya ci a wannan gasa da kuma kwallaye goma da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar, 1970 sun hada da ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya a lokacin da kwallaye 14. Rikodinsa ya tsaya har zuwa gasar shekara ta, 2006, da aka yi a Jamus, lokacin da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldo ya karye, wanda kuma ya bukaci karin matches fiye da Müller don cimma burinsa. Müller kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekara ta, 1972, inda ya zama babban mai zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye hudu (ciki har da biyu a wasan karshe ) kuma ya lashe gasar tare da tawagar Jamus ta Yamma. Müller ya daina bugawa kasar Jamus ta Yamma bayan nasarar lashe kofin duniya a shekarar ta, 1974 bayan takaddama da hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasar Jamus a wajen bikin bayan gasar, inda aka ba matan jami'ai damar halarta amma matan 'yan wasa ba su samu ba. Rayuwa bayan kwallon kafa Bayan Müller ya ƙare aikinsa a shekara ta, 1982, ya fada cikin wani mawuyacin hali kuma ya sha wahala daga shaye-shaye . Duk da haka, tsohon sahabbai a Bayern Munich shawo shi ya tafi ta hanyar barasa gyara . Lokacin da ya fito, sun ba shi aiki a matsayin koci a kulob din na Bayern Munich II . Ya rike mukamin daga shekarar, 1992 har zuwa lokacin da yayi ritaya a shekarar, 2014 saboda matsalolin lafiya. Akwai kuma tarin tufafin da ’yan wasa Adidas suka fitar a karkashin sunan Gerd Müller. Yana daga cikin jerin asali na Adidas. A cikin watan Yuli shekara ta, 2008, Rieser Sportpark, a Nördlingen, inda Müller ya fara aikinsa, an sake masa suna Gerd-Müller-Stadion don girmama shi. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, an sanar da cewa Müller yana fama da cutar Alzheimer . Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2021 a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Wolfratshausen, yana da shekara 75 a duniya. Salon wasa A cikin littafinsa, Brilliant Orange: The Neurotic Genius of Dutch Football, marubucin David Winner ya rubuta, "Müller ya kasance gajere, squat, mai ban sha'awa kuma ba mai sauri ba; bai taba dacewa da ra'ayin al'adu na babban dan wasan kwallon kafa ba, amma yana da hanzari na mutuwa. kan gajeriyar tazara, wasan ban mamaki na iska, da ilhami na zura kwallo a raga. Ƙafafunsa gajere sun ba shi ƙananan tsakiya na nauyi, don haka zai iya juyawa da sauri kuma tare da cikakkiyar ma'auni a cikin sarari da kuma gudu wanda zai sa sauran 'yan wasa su fadi. Ya kuma kasance yana da gwanintar zura kwallo a cikin abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.” Müller ya yi amfani da matsananciyar hanzari da sauye-sauye na yaudara don fara kwance ƙwallo, da ketare masu tsaron gida. Abokin wasansa Franz Beckenbauer ya jaddada saurin da ba a saba gani ba na Müller: “Tafin sa ya yi ban mamaki. A horo na yi wasa da shi kuma ban taba samun dama ba.” <ref name=guardianobituary> <ref name="FIFA Muller"> <ref name=guardianobituary> Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Kwallaye da aka zura a raga sun nuna cewa Müller ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar ta jamus a wannan kakar. Ƙasashen Duniya Müller ya ci wa kasar Jamus ta Yamma kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62. Kwallaye 14 da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA ya kasance tarihi tsakanin shekara ta, 1974 da shekara ta, 2006. A shekarar, 2006 Ronaldo na Brazil ne ya ci wannan kwallo, sai kuma bayan shekaru takwas Bajamushe Miroslav Klose, wanda shi ma Müller ya kafa tarihin zura kwallo a ragar Jamus. Sai dai Müller ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye takwas a wasansa na kasa da kasa. Girmamawa Bayern Munich Bundesliga : 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74 DFB-Pokal : 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71 Regionalliga Sud : 1964-65 Kofin Turai : 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai : 1966–67 Intercontinental Cup : 1976 Jamus ta Yamma FIFA World Cup : 1974 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai : 1972 Mutum daya Ballon d'Or : 1970 ; mai gudu: 1972 ; Wuri na uku: 1969, 1973 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa (Jamus) : 1967, 1969 An Zabi Mafi kyawun Dan Wasa Shekaru 40 Bundesliga 1963–2003 Kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73 Eric Batty's World XI : 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978 Babban Mawaƙin Bundesliga (Kicker-Torjägerkanone) : 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978 Takalmin Zinare na Turai : 1969–70, 1971–72 Kofin Zinare na Duniya na FIFA : 1970 Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1970 FIFA Zaben Duniya XI: 1971, 1972, 1973 Mafi Girma a Duniya: 1970, 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai: 1972 Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA : 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai : 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977 Ranar ƙarshe : 1976 Hukumar FIFA : 1998 FIFA 100 : 2004 Golden Foot : 2007, a matsayin tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa Bravo Otto : Kyautar Zinariya: 1973, 1974; Kyautar Azurfa: 1975; Kyautar Bronze: 1972, 1976 Tatsuniyoyi na IFFHS Bayern Munich Mafi Girma XI IFFHS Mafarkin Mafarki na Duk lokaci : 2021 IFFHS Ko da yaushe Turai Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Mafarki: 2021 Nassoshi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Matattun 2021 Haifaffun 1945 Manazarta

26269

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondikandia

Tondikandia

Tondikandia yankunan karkara ne, na ƙungiya a Filingue Department, Tillabéri Region, Nijar . Babban wurinsa da cibiyar gudanarwa shine garin Damana. Geography Tondikania, wasu 120 kilomita arewa maso gabas da Yamai babban birnin kasar. Tana tsakiyar tsakiyar babban kwarin kogin Dallol Bosso, wanda ke tafiya kudu daga Saharan Mali, yana shiga kwarin Kogin Neja kudu da Yamai. Tondikania tana da iyaka da Dingazi da Filingué zuwa arewa maso yamma, Cibiyar Imanan da Kourfeye zuwa arewa maso gabas, Loga da Tagazar a kudu, da Simiri a gabas. Tarihi Sunan Tondikania ya fito ne daga tsohuwar jihar Zarma mai mulkin wannan sunan, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 19. Al'adar baka daga ƙauyen Shat, zuwa arewa maso gabas na Tondikania, ya bayyana mutanen Zarma da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin daga kudu maso yamma a farkon kwanan wata, sannan kuma suna ƙaura da ƙaramin yawan jama'ar Sudye, haɗe -haɗen al'ummomin da suka gabata wanda yanzu suna yaren Zarma. Prefix "Tondi-", "Mountain" a Zarma, an raba shi da yankuna da yawa a yankin. Nomadic Fula ( ; ) ya koma cikin Dallol Bosso a karni na 18, inda ya kafa kananan jihohi da cibiyoyin koyar da Musulmai tare da kwarin Kogin Neja zuwa kudu da yamma. Wani lokaci a kusa da 1830 Kel Gres Tuareg ya ƙaura zuwa arewacin Tondikania, wanda ya haifar da jerin rikice -rikice da maƙwabtansa na Zarma da Fula, amma kuma ya daidaita yawan al'ummomin da ke dogaro da zama ("Bellah") a yankin. Kafin faɗuwar Frech zuwa cikin kwarin Niger a ƙarshen 1890, Tondikania ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin mulkin jagoran yaƙi Karanta. A cikin 1901, Faransanci ya sanya sarautar sarauta ta "Canton na Tondikania", wanda shugabansa ya amsa ga mulkin Faransa na Tarayyar Nijar . An haifi Janar kuma Shugaban Nijar, Seyni Kountché (1931–1987) a ƙauyen Fandou Béri, Tondikania. Iyalin Kountché har yanzu suna da tasiri a yankin, yayin da ɗan'uwan marigayi shugaban ya kasance a cikin 2009 wanda ya daɗe yana aiki kuma ana girmama shugaban gwamnatin farar hula ta Tondikania. Yawan jama'a Duk da cewa Tondikania tana da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Zarma, ƙungiyar kuma ta haɗa da al'ummomin Tuareg, Fulbe, da Hausa . A cikin 2010, gwamnatin Nijar ta ba da rahoton cewa Commune na Tondikandia tana da mazauna mutane 111,459. An ba da rahoton yawan mutane 84,223 a 2001. Gudanarwa Tondikania Ƙungiya ce ta Karkara, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan hukumomi, waɗanda zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ke jagoranta a matakin Commune, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Damana. Ita kuma Hukumar Filingué ce, ƙarƙashin wani yanki na Yankin Tillabéri ke mulkin ta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kwamitin ya mallaki "Ƙananan Hukumomi" 210, wanda ya haɗa da ƙauyuka guda 118, garuruwa guda 89 da sarakunan gargajiya 3. Gari mafi girma da kujerar gudanarwa na gari ( chef-lieu ) shine garin Damana, wanda ke da yawan jama'a da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2010 na 3500. Agazol Fandou, Agazol Gorou, Alfa Kouara, Alfagaye, Alfari Kouara, Allabo (Allabo Koira Tegui), Alphagaye, Asko, Atchom, Atta Loga, Balle Kouara, Bambaka, Ban Kouara, Bangali, Bangou Banda Babitouri, Bangou Banda Gachi Kou Banda, Bangou Bi, Bangou Foumbo I, Bangou Foumbo (II), Bani Fandou, Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou, Banizounbou, Bardji Kouara, Birgui Kouara, Birki Kaina, Bomberi, Bongou Kouarey Bougara, Boukar Hima, Boukay Gorou, Bouki Bari, Boukou Zaweini Foulan, Boukou Zaweini, Boulkass, Bourgari, Bourtossi, Cahibou Kouara, Ciminti, Dagueye Deye, Damana Garia (I, II), Damana, Dani Fandou, Dankoukou, Darey Dey Tegui Fondabon, Dey Tegui Kouara, Deye Gorou, Deye Tegui, Deyguine, Dineyane, Dioula Kouara, Djiogo Kouara, Djole, Dolewa, El Kouara, Elh Fandobon Kouara, Elhadji Kouara, Fadi Foga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fantou Yan, Fare, Faria Beri, Faria Goubey (Faria Maourey), Farmas Beri, Farmas Keina, Fazi Hinka, Fin a Kouara, Folo, Foney Ganda, Foye Fandou, Gabda Fandou, Gabda Ganda, Gamsa Gorou, Ganda Bangou Alfaga Kouara, Ganda Bangou Simintodo, Gangamyan, Gani Damana, Garbey Taweye, Gatta Garbey Kouara Zeno, Gatta Gardey Kouara Tegui, Gatta Sogua, Gawaye, Gille Kouara (Hameau),Gonga, Gorma Fando Bon, Gorma Moussa, Gorou Banda, Gorou, Goumbi Banda, Gounize, Guile Koira Tegui, Haini Si Morou Belle (I), Haini Si Morou Belle (II), Haini Si Morou Goubeye, Haini Si Morou Maourey, Hari Gana, Hassoumi Kouara, Kabey Kougou, Kandabata, Kandirkoye, Kandoum Ganda, Kandoum, Karaga Moumssou, Karim Bawa, Katamba Kaina, Kirip Beri, Kirip Kaina, Kobe, Koberi, Kobi, Kofandou (Sixieme), Kofandou Talladje, Kofandou, Kogo, Kogorou Santche, Kokaina Kouara Tegui, Kokaina Kouara Zeno, Korgoni Zarma, Korombol, Kossey, Kouboutche, Koura, Kourega, Kourega, Kourega,, Ladan Kouara, Lassour, Loguery, Loki Damana, Malam Oumarou Kouara, Manzaka, Maourey, Maridoumbo, Matchi Zaley (Sindbey), Mobangou, Moribene, Moufa Tombo, Naguiz Kouara Zeno, Naguize Dabaga, Naguize Tondi Sanda, Namari Bello, Namarou Bangou, Sabarey Kaina, Sabarey, Sakdamna, Samari Kouara, Sansami, Sofani Djerma, Sofani Peul Korgom Foulan), Soley Damana, Soley Deye Djinde, Soley Deye Tegui, Soley Ganotondi, Soley Tanka, Soudje Mani Kouara, Soudjere, Soukoutou, Sourgo Kouara, Tadene Gao Beri, Tadene Kaina, Talibi Dey, Talifanta Beri, Talifanta Fando Goubey, Tamagueye, Tamara, Tanka Lamine, Tanka Lokoto, Tarifo, Tassi Kaina, Tchimori, Tebewa II, Tibawa I, Tiguiri Bellah (Tiguiri Zarma), Toka, Toke Yaw, Tolo Bango, Tombaize Kouara, Tombo, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondikouara, Toutou Fandou, Wadouka Peulh, Wadouka Z (Va), Wahadi, Wandilan, Yaragaberi, Zaley Kouara, Zanagane Koiratagui, Zaza, Zebane Fitti, Zouragane Kouara Zeno. Manazarta Garuruwa Gari Gine-gine Nijar

50828

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konga.com

Konga.com

Konga.com kamfani ne na kasuwancin e-commerce na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a watan Yuli 2012 mai hedikwata a Gbagada, jihar Legas . Yana ba da kasuwa na kan layi na ɓangare na uku, da kuma kantin sayar da kai tsaye na ɓangare na farko wanda ya mamaye nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da kayan lantarki na mabukaci, kayan kwalliya, kayan gida, littattafai, kayan yara, kwamfutoci & kayan haɗi, wayoyi da allunan, kula da lafiya da samfuran kulawa na sirri. Hakanan kamfani yana da sabis na dabaru (KXPRESS), wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayayyaki akan lokaci da isar da fakiti ga abokan ciniki. Tarihi An kafa Konga a cikin Yuli 2012 ta Sim Shagaya, tare da ma'aikata 20. Shafin ya fara aiki ne azaman dillalin kan layi na Legas-kawai yana mai da hankali kan kayayyaki a cikin nau'ikan Baby, Beauty, da Kulawa na Keɓaɓɓu, amma ya faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa duka Najeriya a cikin Disamba 2012 kuma a hankali ya faɗaɗa nau'ikan kayayyaki zuwa 2012 da 2013. Wannan faɗaɗa na iya zama martani ga babban mai fafatawa na Konga, Roket Intanet ya goyi bayan Jumia, wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokaci guda, A farkon 2013, Konga ya tara dala miliyan 10 Series A zagaye daga Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers . A cikin Q2 2013, Konga beta-gwajin 'Konga Mall,' buɗe dandalin Konga zuwa dillalai na ɓangare na uku da ƙaura daga samfurin kantin sayar da kan layi na ɓangare na farko. A ƙarshen 2013, Konga ya kammala zagaye na $ 25 miliyan Series B daga masu saka hannun jari na baya, Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye ɗaya mafi girma da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka a lokacin. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Konga.com ta fado kuma ta kasance a layi na tsawon mintuna 45 sakamakon zirga-zirgar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba daga tallata ta Black Friday. Konga ya sayar da ƙari a cikin sa'o'i shida na farkon haɓaka fiye da yadda ya yi a cikin watan da ya gabata. Konga a hukumance ya ƙaddamar da dandalin sayar da kayayyaki na ɓangare na uku a farkon rabin shekarar 2014, inda ya sake masa suna a matsayin 'Kasuwa' daga 'Konga Mall'; A karshen shekarar 2014, Kasuwar Konga ta fito da 'yan kasuwa 8,000, inda ta doke masu hari na cikin gida na 'yan kasuwa 1,000 sau takwas. Konga ya sami umarni na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 3.5 a lokacin tallan sa na Black Friday na 2014, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka 300,000 yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga ya haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2014 450% daga 2013. A ƙarshen 2014, Konga ya kammala zagaye na $ 40 miliyan Series C daga Zuba jari AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye mafi girma guda ɗaya da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka zuwa yau.   da ke cewa Naspers ya sami kashi 50% na Konga a cikin 2013, Naspers da aka yi ciniki a bainar jama'a ya bayyana cewa hannun jarinsa a Konga bayan saka hannun jari na Series C na Oktoba na 2014 ya kasance 40.22%. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga an kimanta kusan dala miliyan 200 a cikin jerin C. A cikin Janairu 2015, Konga an sanya shi a matsayin gidan yanar gizon da aka fi ziyarta a Najeriya ta hanyar Intanet Alexa . A cewar Shugaba Sim Shagaya, Konga "ya jagoranci filin a Najeriya a yau (farkon 2015) a cikin Babban darajar Kasuwanci," ma'auni na auna jimlar ƙimar hajojin da ake sayarwa ta wata kasuwa. Konga ya sanar da cewa ya mallaki kadarori da lasisin kuɗaɗen wayar hannu na Zinternet Nigeria Limited a watan Yunin 2015, wanda hakan ya sa ya cika sharuddan Babban Bankin Najeriya na samar da sabis na biyan kuɗin wayar hannu. Sayen zai tallafa wa KongaPay, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Agusta 2015, hanyar Konga don sauƙaƙe karɓar biyan kuɗi na lantarki. Tare da masu amfani da intanet na wayar hannu sama da miliyan 80 a Najeriya, Konga ya sanya biyan kuɗi ta hanyar yanar gizo cikin sauƙi tare da zaɓin biyan kuɗin da yawancin masu amfani da shi suka rungumi. Nau'in ayyuka KongaPay An ƙaddamar da KongaPay a matsayin samfurin gwaji a cikin 2015 tare da haɗin gwiwar bankunan kasuwancin Najeriya don yin aiki ga abokan ciniki kawai a cikin dandalin Konga.com. Kalubalen rashin amincewa da biyan kuɗi ta yanar gizo KongaPay ya ƙare wanda ya ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da dandalin Konga na kan layi. Wannan sabuwar dabara ta kare masu siyayya ta kan layi daga rahotannin zamba lokacin da suka fitar da bayanan bankin su akan layi. KongaPay yayi kama da abin da ake gani a dandalin Amazon tare da biyan kuɗin dannawa ɗaya. An kaddamar da shi ne a Lagos, Nigeria a wani taron KongaPay Demo. An haɗa zaɓin biyan kuɗi tare da Ecobank, Access bank, FCMB, Diamond Bank, Zenith Bank, Heritage Bank, UBA, First Bank da GTB. A cewar Sim Shagaya, KongaPay haɗin gwiwa ne da bankunan Najeriya. Mun yi imani da cewa tare, za mu iya canza fuskar sayayya ta yanar gizo a Nijeriya ta hanyar kawar da rashin tabbas da abokan ciniki ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi da kayayyaki da ayyukan da ba su samu ba tukuna.” KongaPay ya zama mai canza wasa a cikin siyayya ta kan layi a Najeriya. Wannan shi ne saboda ya ba da damar yin jigilar kayayyaki, ayyuka da biyan kuɗi mara kyau. Wannan ya haɓaka aminci da aminci tsakanin masu amfani da Konga. Tare da KongaPay, abokin ciniki yana karɓar lambar izini wacce ke amintaccen kuma an yi rajista zuwa lambar wayar hannu akan gidan yanar gizon. Babu buƙatar kwastomomi su yi rajista don yin banki ta lantarki idan abokin ciniki yana da lambar wayar hannu mai rijista da asusun banki. KongaPay ya kawar da amfani da mahimman bayanan sirri kamar kalmomin shiga na banki na Intanet ko bayanan katin tare da dannawa kawai. Konga Express Don sanya haɗin gwiwar ta kan layi tasiri sosai, Konga ya gabatar da Konga Express wanda ke mai da hankali kan siyar da samfuransa don isa ga mai siye da kowace hanya. Abokan ciniki na iya samun samfuran da aka ba da odar su a kai musu cikin kwanaki 1-3. Konga Express yana cika umarni waɗanda ake yin kullun tare da bin diddigin kan layi. Kasuwar Konga Konga ya fara fadada kasuwancinsa a Najeriya tare da Konga Mall, wanda zaɓi ne na juyin juya hali wanda ke ba 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya damar baje kolin kayayyakinsu ta yanar gizo. An bai wa masu kasuwanci sabis na bayarwa kyauta da sauƙi. Fakitin mai kasuwancin ya ba da oda wanda ke tare da cikakkun bayanai na SellerHQ da cikakkun bayanai na odar kafin a jefar da kunshin a cibiyar saukar Konga. Tare da nasarar Konga Mall, Kasuwar Konga ta zo wanda ya ba da damar hatta masu siyar da kan titi su shiga daga kowane yanki na ƙasar. An gano samfurori masu ban mamaki kuma ana yin tallace-tallace masu yawa a kowace rana ta wannan kasuwa. Masu siyarwa da masu siye suna hulɗa a wannan kasuwa mai juyi. An samar da damammaki marasa iyaka ta wannan kasuwa da ta kawo karshen habaka ayyukan yi da bunkasar tattalin arziki da ci gaban kasa. Tallace-tallacen haɗin gwiwa da kwatancen kantunan kan layi kamar mafi kyawun farashi shima ya zama mai yiwuwa tare da wannan kasuwa. Sim Shagaya ya ce; "Kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, mun fahimci cewa don ayyukanmu su kasance masu mahimmanci ga al'umma, dole ne mu gina wani dandali ga kowa, ba Konga kadai ba, don sayarwa da wadata. Mun ƙaddamar da wannan dandali ga ƙananan masu siyarwa kuma a wancan lokacin, mun koyi yadda ake gina kasuwar kan layi ta Najeriya mai juyi da gaske..." Samfurin Cika Kai na Konga Samfurin Cika Kai shine babban haɓakawa a cikin tayin kasuwar Konga. Wannan sabis ɗin ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa damar samun manyan yarjejeniyoyin jigilar kayayyaki da Konga suka yi shawarwari tare da amintattun abokan jigilar kayayyaki. Masu siyarwa suna sarrafa sarrafa kayan sa tun daga lokacin da aka yi oda har abokan ciniki sun karbe su. Ana biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga masu siyarwa daga masu siye lokacin da suka karɓi fakitin su. Masu siyayya suna tsammanin isar da sassauƙa da sauri na fakitin su ta hanyar Samfurin Cika Kai. Samfurin Cika Kai yana da zaɓi na ƙyale abokan ciniki ƙididdige masu siyarwa, samfuran da ƙwarewar gaba ɗaya. Zinox saye Watanni biyu bayan sallamar fiye da rabin ma'aikatansa, Konga ya samu Zinox, wani kamfani na Najeriya wanda ke kera da rarraba kwamfutoci. Bayan sayan, an yi ƴan canje-canje ga shugabancin Konga. A cikin Maris 2018, kamfanin ya nada Olusiji Ijogun, tsohon jami'in UAC Foods da Unilever a matsayin shugabansa. A wannan watan, Shola Adekoya, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban Konga, inda Nick Imudia, tsohon Darakta na yankin TCL/Alcatel da Prince Nnamdi Ekeh wanda ya kafa Yudala ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2018, Zinox ya haɗu Konga.com tare da kayyakin dillalan da ke fitowa, Yudala, zuwa sabon kamfani, babban kamfani, mai riƙe da sunan Konga, don zama babbar kamfani e-kasuwanci & dillali a Afirka. Sabuwar Konga ta haɗu da ƙarfin kasuwancin e-commerce ta kan layi na Konga.com da faɗuwar hanyar sadarwar reshe na Yudala don aiwatar da siyar da tashoshi mai tsafta a karon farko a Afirka. Jita-jita sun nuna cewa Zinox ya sayi Konga akan kusan dala miliyan 10 wanda ke nuna cewa Kinnevik da Naspers, masu saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci sun yi asarar haɗin 93% akan saka hannun jari. Gasa Konga yana fuskantar gasa daga sauran manyan dandamali na kasuwancin dijital na Afirka, irin su Jumia, Kilimall har ma da kafa dandamali na ecommerce kwanan nan, Cashless CF, Buzymart, Tradift, DayDone saboda samfuran da aka ƙera, wuri da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda waɗannan dandamali ke da su. Yakin yanki tare da Jumia A cikin 2014, Jumia ta yi rajistar wasu wuraren Konga a wajen Najeriya wanda ya haifar da babbar hayaniya a fagen fasahar. Konga ya kasance yana magana kan yiwuwar fadadawa a wajen Najeriya wanda tuni Jumia ke yi tare da Jumia tana gudanar da ayyuka a kasashe sama da 8 a fadin Afirka. Kyauta #1 - The Top 100 Companies For Nigerian Millennials (2015) E-Commerce Provider of the Year, Kalahari Awards (2015) #1 - Top Startups in Nigeria (2015) #2 - Most Innovative Companies of 2015 in Africa - Fast Company (2015) #12 - Most Respected Companies in Nigeria (2014) Online Retailer of the Year - Marketing World Awards (2014) Best Use of Social Media in Marketing - Marketing World Awards (2014) Most Innovative and Impactful Brand in the Retail Trade Sector - The Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2014) #5 - Most Innovative Companies of 2014 in Africa - Fast Company (2014) Online Retailer of the Year - Marketing World Awards (2013) Best Emerging Brand Of The Year - Marketing World Awards (2013) Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kasuwanci Kasuwanci a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

32234

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling%20Bank%20%28Nigeria%29

Sterling Bank (Nigeria)

Bankin Sterling Plc, wani babban bankin kasuwanci ne na ƙasa yana da lasisi daga Babban Bankin Najeriya . A kan tashoshin Reuters da Bloomberg, an gano shi da STERLNB. LG da STERLNBA: NL bi da bi. Bankin yana ba da sabis ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙananan kamfanoni (SMEs) da manyan kamfanoni. Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, cibiyar sadarwa ta reshen bankin ta kai 157, da aka rarraba a duk faɗin Najeriya tare da jimlar ƙadarorin da darajarsu ta haura tiriliyan NGN. Tarihi An kafa bankin Sterling Plc a shekarar 1960 a matsayin Nigeria Acceptances Limited (NAL). An baiwa bankin lasisin zama bankin kasuwanci na farko a Najeriya a shekarar 1969. Sakamakon dokar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta 1972, Bankin ya zama cikakken mallakar gwamnati kuma an gudanar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Grindlays Bank Limited, Continental International Finance Company Illinois da American Express Bank Limited tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1992. A cikin 1992, Bankin ya zama wani ɓangare na kamfani kuma an jera shi a matsayin kamfani na jama'a a kan kasuwar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE). Bayan shekaru takwas, a shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin tarayya ta sayar da sauran ribar da ta rage a bankin, inda ta mayar da shi cikakkiyar cibiya. A cikin watan Janairu na shekarar 2006, a wani ɓangare na bunkasa harkar hada-hadar banki ta Najeriya, NAL Bank ya kammala haɗewa da wasu bankunan Najeriya guda huɗu da suka haɗa da, Magnum Trust Bank, NBM Bank, Trust Bank of Africa da Indo-Nigeria Merchant Bank (INMB) sannan suka amince da tsarin bankin. Sunan 'Sterling Bank'. An yi nasarar haɗa ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗe kuma suna aiki azaman ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa tun daga lokacin. A daidai lokacin da babban bankin Najeriya ya soke tsarin hada-hadar banki na bai-ɗaya, bankin Sterling a yanzu yana aiki a matsayin bankin kasuwanci na ƙasa, inda yake zubar da hannayen jari a wasu rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. A tsakiyar 2011, Sterling Bank Plc ya sami ikon mallakar bankin Equatorial Trust na da. Ayyuka Ayyukan Bankin da samfuransa an haɗa su zuwa gungu huɗu: Retail & Bankin Mabukaci, Bankin Kasuwanci, Bankin Cibiyoyi da Bankin Kamfanoni. Sterling ya ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare da yawa a ƙarƙashin Retail & Banking Consumer kamar Bankin Agent (wanda aka ƙera don jawo hankalin marasa banki/mara banki), Micro-credit ga matasa da Specta (dandali na ba da lamuni mai sarrafa kansa). Bankin Kasuwancin sa yana huɗɗar da su a sassa da yawa ciki har da Noma wanda bankin ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da Babban Bankin sa yana ba da sabis na ƙara ƙima da sabis na tarawa ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati. Bankin Kamfanin Sterling ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa da suka haɗa da Sadarwa, Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, Abinci da Abin sha da sauransu. Bankin yana aiki daga: Babban Ofishin 20 Marina, Lagos rassa 157 a fadin kasar 10,667 Tashoshin POS tare da 'yan kasuwa da yawa 689 ATMs a fadin kasar Sama da masu amfani da USSD miliyan 1.5 a duk faɗin ƙasar Ayyuka na Musamman Banki Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Dukiya Har ila yau, Bankin yana ba da sabis na High Net Worth mutane ta hanyar Bankin Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Arziki suna ba da kayayyaki kamar Trust and Fiduciary Services, Gudanar da Philanthropy, Shawarar Zuba Jari, da sauransu. Sterling Alternative Finance (SAF) (Banki da Ban sha'awa) A shekarar 2013, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba bankin lasisin samar da ayyukan banki marasa riba bayan cika sharuddan da aka gindaya. Madadin samfuran banki sun kasu kashi uku: Kasuwanci, Zuba Jari, da Kuɗi. Bankin ya kafa wannan sashe na kasuwanci ne bisa tsarin da ya dace a duniya ta wannan fanni ta hanyar samun kwamitin kwararru na ba da shawara (ACE) wanda ya amince da duk wani tsari da tsari tare da tabbatar da cikakken bin ka'idojin fikihu na kasuwanci na Musulunci. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Bankin (ACE) ya haɗa da Sheikh Abdulƙadir Thomas (US/Kuwait); Sheikh Abubakar Musa (Minna); da Imam Abdur-Raheem Ahmad Sayi (Lagos). Babbar Haskakawa ta 2020 Rahoton kuɗi na baya-bayan nan game da kuɗin shiga na Sterling Bank Limited shine ranar 2020 Babban kuɗin da aka daidaita ta hanyar raguwar 12.4% na ribar riba yayin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya yi ƙasa. Kudin riba ya ƙi da 21.3%, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 160 bps a farashin kuɗi; haɓakar yoy 39.5% ne ya motsa wannan a cikin adibas ɗin abokin ciniki mai rahusa. Dangane da bala'in cutar da asarar kuɗi da ake tsammanin, Sterling ya karu da haɗarin haɗari da 10 bps zuwa 1.0% yayin da yake daidaita rabon NPL ƙasa da 30bps zuwa 1.9%. Adadin farashi-zuwa-shigo ya ƙi yoy zuwa 77.4%. Bankin ya sami raguwar kudaden aiki da kashi 2.5% duk da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Musamman ma, NIP (NIBBS Instant Payments) yawan ciniki ya karu da kashi 89.4% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata a bayan saka hannun jarin da aka yi a dandalinmu na dijital. Jimillar kadarorin ta karu da kashi 9.8% zuwa Naira biliyan 1,299.1 daga Naira biliyan 1,182.7 a watan Disambar 2019; Lamuni da ci gaba sun ragu da kashi 3.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 596.8 (FY 2019: Naira biliyan 618.7); Adadin abokan ciniki ya karu da kashi 6.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 950.8 (Dec. 2019: Naira biliyan 892.7); Matsakaicin wadatar babban birnin har zuwa 18%; da kyau sama da matakin tsari. Bankin ya samu karuwar riba da kashi 6.0% bayan harajin da ya kai Naira biliyan 11.2; a ranar 2020 sun canza zuwa +13.55%. Sauran abubuwan da ba na Kuɗi ba Sauran abubuwan da ba na kuɗi ba sun haɗa da: • Kamfanonin dijital da aka ƙaddamar a cikin wannan shekara sun haɗa da: OneBank ; sabon aikace-aikacen banki na lantarki, bayarwa (www.giving.ng); dandalin taron jama'a da Biya tare da Specta ; dandalin ba da lamuni don SMEs. • An Ba da Kyautar 2020 'Gabaɗaya Mafi kyawun Wurin Aiki a Najeriya' a cikin babban rukunin kamfanoni na Cibiyar Babban Wurin Aiki. Bankin yana gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa na kamfanoni a waɗannan fannoni: ilimi, muhalli, lafiya, ƙarfafawa, haɓaka wasanni, haɓaka iyawa, da sauransu. Ƴan kwamitin gudanarwa Asue Ighodalo – Shugaba Abubakar Suleiman – Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer Yemi Odubiyi - Babban Darakta Raheem Owodeyi - Babban Darakta Tunde Adeola- Babban Darakta Ankala Prasad - Darakta mara zartarwa Michael Jituboh - Darakta mara zartarwa Olaitan Kajero - Darakta mara zartarwa Tairat Tijani - Darakta mara zartarwa Folasade Kilaso - Babban Darakta Paritosh Tripathi - Darakta mara zartarwa Olatunji Mayaki - Darakta mara zartarwa Michael Ajukwu - Darakta mai zaman kansa Olusola Oworu - Darakta mai zaman kansa Malam Abubakar Suleiman shi ne Manajan Darakta/Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na yanzu, inda ya karɓi wannan mukamin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2018. Duba kuma Jerin bankunan Najeriya Babban Bankin Najeriya Tattalin arzikin Najeriya Manazarta Bankin Najeriya. Kamfani. Ma'ajin kuɗi. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka%20Akan%20Gurbataccen%20Mai%2C%20ta%201990

Doka Akan Gurbataccen Mai, ta 1990

Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990 (OPA) (101 HR1465, PL 101-380) ta zartar da Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Amurka ta 101 kuma Shugaba George HW Bush ya sanya hannu. Yana aiki don guje wa zubar da mai daga tasoshin ruwa da wurare ta hanyar aiwatar da cire man da ya zube da kuma ba da alhakin farashin tsaftacewa da lalacewa; yana buƙatar takamaiman hanyoyin aiki; ya bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da alhakin kuɗi; aiwatar da matakai don auna lalacewa; yana ƙayyadad da diyya wanda masu cin zarafi ke da alhakinsa; kuma ya kafa asusu don lalacewa, tsaftacewa, da kuma farashin cirewa. Wannan doka ta haifar da sauye-sauye na kayan aiki a cikin samar da man fetur, sufuri, da Kuma masana'antu. Tarihi/Baya Dokokin da ke tafiyar da zubewar mai a Amurka sun fara ne a shekara ta 1851 tare da Dokar Iyakan Laifin Laifi . Wannan mutum-mutumin, a wani yunƙuri na kare masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki, ya bayyana cewa masu jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin kashe kuɗin da suka shafi abin da ya faru har zuwa ƙimar jirgin ruwansu bayan faruwar lamarin. An kuma bayyana gazawar wannan doka a cikin shekarata 1967 tare da sakin sama da tan 100,000 na danyen mai a cikin tashar Turanci daga Torrey Canyon . Daga cikin dala miliyan 8 na kudaden da suka shafi tsaftacewa, masu mallakar Torrey Canyon suna da alhakin dala 50 kawai - ƙimar ragowar jirgin ruwan Torrey Canyon. A halin da ake ciki, dokar gurbacewar mai ta shekarar 1924 ta wuce, amma wannan mutum-mutumin kawai yana da iyakacin alhakin fitar da mai da gangan a cikin ruwan teku. Shekaru biyu bayan malalar Torrey Canyon, fashewar wani dandali na mai a tashar Santa Barbara ya sanya kanun labarai na kasa tare da sanya gurbacewar mai zuwa hasken wurin jama'a. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarata 1970, Majalisa ta sanya gurɓataccen mai a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya (FWPA) ta shekarar 1965, wacce daga baya ta zama Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta shekarar 1972 kuma a baya ta rufe najasa da fitarwar masana'antu. FWPA ta saita takamaiman iyakokin abin alhaki. Misali, jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar mai ana biyansu har dala kimanin 250,000 ko dala 150 kan kowace tan. Waɗannan iyakoki ba safai suke rufe farashin cirewa da tsaftacewa ba, balle barna. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an zartar da wasu dokoki da dama da suka shafi alhakin malalar man da kuma biyan diyya. Waɗannan mutum-mutumin sun haɗa da: Dokar Tsaro ta Tashoshi da Ruwa na shekarar 1972, Dokar Ba da izinin bututun mai na Trans-Alaska na 1973, Dokar Tashar Ruwa ta Deep Water na shekarar 1974, Dokar Filayen Shelf Lands na waje na shekarata 1978, da Hukumar Zuba Mai na Alaska na shekarata 1990. Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na dokokin tarayya da na jihohi sun ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya kawai daga haɗarin malalar mai. A cikin shekarata 1976, an gabatar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai aminci ga ƙazantar mai ga Majalisa. Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattawa ba za su iya amincewa da mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ba kuma dokar ta ɓace sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Maris din shekarata 1989, Exxon Valdez ya fado a cikin sautin Yarima Williams kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai - mafi girman zubewar mai a cikin ruwa a tarihi har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin Yunin shekarata 1989, ƙananan malalewa uku sun faru a cikin tekun Amurka. Wannan shaida ce akan lokaci cewa malalar man ba bakon abu ba ne. Gwamnan Alaska Steve Cowper ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kula da Mai na Alaska a shekarata 1989 don bincika musabbabin malalar mai na Exxon Valdez tare da ba da shawarwari kan yuwuwar sauye-sauyen manufofin. Cowper ya nada Walter B. Parker, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sufuri da kuma jami'in gwamnati, a matsayin shugaban hukumar. A karkashin Parker, Hukumar ta ba da shawarwari 52 don inganta masana'antu, jihohi, da dokokin tarayya. 50 daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin an yi aiki a cikin lissafin dokar gurɓataccen wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin doka a ranar 16 ga Maris, Na shekarar 1989 ta Walter B. Jones, Sr., ɗan majalissar jam'iyyar Democratic Party daga gundumar 1st Congress na North Carolina . Lokacin aiwatarwa Maris 16, 1989: An gabatar da dokar gurɓacewar mai a cikin tsarin doka don aiwatarwa. Yuni 21 na 1989: kwamitin ya ruwaito kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa duka majalisun biyu su yi la'akari da lissafin gaba. Kusan kashi 1 cikin 4 ne kawai aka bayar da rahoton ba sa cikin kwamitin. Nuwamba 9, 1989: An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'a a majalisar wakilai . Nuwamba 19, 1989: Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da dokar tare da bita . An mayar da kudirin dokar ga majalisar wakilai domin amincewa da sauye-sauyen da majalisar ta kara. Sai dai majalisar ba ta amince da sake fasalin ba. Agusta 2 na 1990: An kafa kwamitin taro, ciki har da 'yan Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai, don warware bambance-bambance da ba da shawara na karshe don amincewa. Da farko dai Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da rahoton karshe da kwamitin ya gabatar. Agusta 4 na 1990: duka majalisun biyu sun wuce lissafin a cikin tsari iri ɗaya. Matakin karshe a tsarin majalisar shi ne kudurin ya je gaban shugaban kasa ko dai ya amince da sa hannu ko kuma ya ki amincewa da shi. Agusta 18 na 1990: Shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu kan dokar kuma an kafa dokar gurbacewar mai a hukumance. Mabuɗin Abun ciki (Tittuna) Take I. Lamuni da Diyya da Gurbacewar Mai Take II. Daidaita Canje-canje Take III. Kariya da Kawar da Gurbacewar Mai ta Duniya Take IV. Rigakafi da CirewaSubtitle A - RigakafinSubtitle B – CireSubtitle C - Hukunci da Daban-dabanTake V. Yarima William Sauti Tanadi Take VI. Daban-daban Take VII. Shirin Bincike da Ci Gaban Gurbacewar Mai Take na VIII. Tsarin Pipeline na Trans-AlaskaSubtitle A - Ingantawa zuwa Tsarin Bututun AlaskaSubtitle B - HukunciSubtitle C - Sharuɗɗan da suka dace ga ƴan Asalin AlaskaTake IX. Canje-canje ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Mai, da dai sauransu. tilastawa Wanda ke da alhaki a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓacewar mai shine wanda aka same shi da alhakin fitar da mai ko kuma barazanar zubar da mai daga wani jirgin ruwa ko wurin aiki zuwa cikin ruwa masu tafiya, yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓantattu, ko gaɓar ruwan da aka rufe. Bangarorin da ke da alhakin fitar da man, suna da hakki, na hadin gwiwa, kuma suna da alhakin kashe kudin cire man baya ga duk wata barna da ke da alaka da fitar da man. Ba kamar abin alhaki na farashin cirewa wanda ba a cika shi ba, alhakin lalacewa yana iyakance kamar yadda aka tattauna dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari Kuma, Dokar Gurɓatar Mai ta ba da damar ƙarin alhakin da wasu dokokin jihar suka zartar. A karkashin dokar gurbacewar man fetur, tarayya, kabilanci, jiha, da kowane mutum na iya dawo da kudaden cirewa daga wanda ke da alhakin hakan muddin irin wannan mahallin ya ci karo da farashi daga gudanar da ayyukan kawar da mai kamar yadda Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Kasa ta tanada . Dole ne a fara da'awar biya ga wanda ke da alhakin. Idan mai yuwuwar wanda ke da alhakin ya musanta alhakin ko ya kasa rarraba kuɗin a cikin kwanaki 90 na da'awar, mai da'awar na iya shigar da kara a kotu ko kuma ya kawo da'awar ga Asusun Amincewa da Lamuni na Mai da aka bayyana a ƙasa. A wasu lokatai, ana iya fara kawo da'awar dawo da kuɗin zuwa Asusun Tallafawar Oil Spill Liability Trust don haka a kaucewa wanda ke da alhakin. Misali, masu da'awar da EPA suka ba da shawara, gwamnonin jihohin da abin ya shafa, da masu da'awar Amurka game da abubuwan da suka shafi jiragen ruwa ko kayan aiki na kasashen waje na iya gabatar da da'awarsu da farko ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Oil Spill. Lokacin da aka kawo iƙirarin biyan kuɗin cirewa a asusun, mai da'awar dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa an dawwama farashin cirewa daga ayyukan da ake buƙata don gujewa ko rage tasirin abin da ya faru kuma mai gudanar da fage na tarayya ya amince da dukkan irin waɗannan ayyukan. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama, ana iya dawo da kuɗin diyya daga wanda ke da alhakin. Koyaya, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta shafi wasu nau'ikan lalacewa kawai. Waɗannan nau'o'in sun haɗa da: lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa, lalacewa ga dukiya ko na mutum, asarar kayan abinci, asarar kudaden shiga na gwamnati, asarar riba ko gazawar samun riba, lalacewar ayyukan jama'a, da kuma lalacewar ƙima. Bugu da kari, ana iya dawo da wasu nau'ikan ga duk mutumin da lamarin ya shafa yayin da wasu kuma gwamnatocin tarayya, na kabilanci, da na jihohi ne kawai za a iya dawo dasu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta ƙayyade iyaka ga abin alhaki na lalacewa bisa ga wanda ke da alhakin, abin da ya faru, da nau'in jirgin ruwa ko kayan aikin da aka fitar da shi. Asusun Tallafawa Alkairi na Oil Spill Liability Trust, asusun amincewa ne da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da shi da kuma samun kudin shiga ta hanyar harajin kowace ganga kan danyen mai da ake hakowa a cikin gida a Amurka da kuma kan kayayyakin man fetur da ake shigowa da su Amurka domin ci. An ƙirƙiri asusun ne a cikin shekarata 1986, amma ba a ba da izinin amfani da asusun ba har sai da dokar gurɓacewar mai a shekarata 1990. Ana iya kiran kuɗaɗen don biyan kuɗin tarayya, kabilanci, jaha, da masu da'awar kawar da ayyukan kawar da malalar mai da kuma kimanta lalacewar da ba a biya ba da kuma lamuni. Ba za a iya fitar da fiye da dala biliyan ɗaya daga asusun a kowane abin da ya faru ba. Sama da shekaru ashirin na shari'o'in kotu sun nuna cewa samun kudade daga Asusun Lamuni na Zuba Jari na Mai na iya zama aiki mai wahala. Damuwa da martani Shugaba Bush ya amince da sauye-sauyen da duniya za ta iya fuskanta yayin sanya hannu kan dokar gurbacewar mai a sakamakon haka, ya matsawa majalisar dattijai da ta gaggauta amincewa da sabbin ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Abubuwan da aka samu daga masana'antu sun kasance mara kyau. Masana'antu sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai za ta kawo cikas ga harkokin cinikin man da ake shigowa da su cikin ruwan Amurka cikin 'yanci. Ba wai kawai OPA ta sanya takunkumi kan cinikin mai da ake shigo da shi zuwa ketare ba, har ma tana aiwatar da ka'idojin man fetur da kuma ka'idojin diyya, wanda suke kallo a matsayin kara takaita ciniki cikin 'yanci. Bayan kafa OPA, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta yi barazanar kauracewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka don nuna adawa da wannan sabon alhaki na masana'antu a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Musamman ma, masana'antun man fetur da na jigilar kayayyaki sun nuna adawa da rashin daidaito tsakanin OPA da dokokin kasa da kasa, Kuma tarayya da jihohi da abin ya shafa. Sakamakon dokar OPA, wasu kamfanonin inshora sun ƙi ba da takaddun shaida na kuɗin kuɗi a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓataccen mai don guje wa yuwuwar alhakin da kuma biyan diyya a yanayin bala'i. Shugaba Bush ya kuma yi hasashen cewa kafa OPA na iya haifar da manyan kamfanonin jigilar mai da kananan kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki su maye gurbinsu da su domin kaucewa wani abin alhaki. Musamman ma, ƙananan kamfanoni masu iyakacin albarkatu ba za su rasa kuɗin da za su magance bala'o'in malalar mai ba. Ba wai kawai masana'antar mai ba, har ma masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da masu gudanar da aikin za su kasance da alhakin malalar mai, suna fuskantar karuwar nauyin kudi. Ƙaruwar alhaki na OPA ga masu jirgin ruwa ya haifar da tsoro da damuwa daga yawancin masana'antar jigilar kaya. Masu mallakar jiragen ruwa sun ki amincewa da cewa ƙarin hukumcin malalar man da jihohi suka sanya ba su da iyaka daga iyakokin OPA na Dokar Ƙimar Lamuni na shekarar 1851 . A ƙarshe, barazanar rashin iyaka a ƙarƙashin OPA da sauran dokokin jihohi ya sa kamfanoni masu jigilar mai da yawa rage cinikin mai zuwa ko daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Amurka. Koyaya, an sami sakamako mai kyau daga masana'antar mai duk da sabbin ka'idoji da ka'idoji. A cikin shekarata 1990, masana'antar mai ta haɗu don samar da Marine Spill Response Corporation (MRSC), kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda masu kera mai da masu jigilar kayayyaki za su biya diyya. Babban alhakin MRSC shine samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na mayar da martani don tsaftace zubar da mai da kuma gyaran da OPA ke bukata. Kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki irin su Exxon Shipping sun mayar da martani mai kyau ga yunƙurin OPA na rage haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'in malalar mai. Don taimakawa tabbatar da bin ka'idodin OPA, Exxon Shipping ya tattara duk dokokin jihohi da tarayya waɗanda dole ne su bi su. Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na Amurka da ma'aikata, duk da haka, na iya guje wa ayyuka a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka saboda alhakin OPA. Ko da yake galibin martani da suka daga kafa OPA ba su da kyau, amma duk da haka ya haifar da kafawa da ƙirƙira mafi aminci ga jiragen ruwa da cinikin mai a duniya. Tasirin OPA na dogon lokaci Dokar gurɓacewar mai tana haifar da tasiri na dogon lokaci saboda yuwuwar haƙƙin masu inshora da masu inshora. Don haka, rashin iya samun tabbacin abin alhaki na kuɗi yana haifar da rashin samun damar jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na Amurka bisa doka. Tun da OPA ba ta keɓance masu ba da lamuni na jirgin ruwa shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, akwai rashin jin daɗi ga kowane mai ba da lamuni don ba da kuɗin sabuntar jiragen ruwa da maye gurbinsu. A ƙarshe, OPA tana da ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga masana'antar haƙon mai na cikin gida saboda tsayayyen tanadin kayan aikin a cikin teku gaba daya. Alhakin kudi: Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da tanade-tanaden jiragen ruwa da dokar gurbacewar mai ta tanada. A cewar OPA, masu jirgin ruwa suna buƙatar shaidar alhaki na kuɗi wanda ke ɗaukar cikakken alhakin bala'i idan jirginsu ya yi nauyi sama da tan 300. OPA na buƙatar masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da su nemi Guard Coast don samun "Takaddun Nauyin Kuɗi" wanda ke zama shaida na ikonsu na samun kuɗin kuɗi don tsaftacewa da lalacewar malalar mai. Idan aka yi la'akari da wani jirgin ruwa da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, za a kwace jirgin zuwa Amurka. Wannan ba sabuwar yarjejeniya ba ce saboda ko da yaushe ana ba wa masu jirgin ruwa izinin samun takaddun shaida a ƙarƙashin FWPCA 74 da Comprehensive Response Comprehensive Response Comprehensive and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) . Tun daga shekarata 2011, sama da jiragen ruwa 23,000 sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Kare Tekun don ba da damar shiga ruwan Amurka Abubuwan da suka dace don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa da kuma zamanantar da su: Tunda dokar gurbacewar mai ta daure masu ruwa da tsaki, hakan ya haifar da rashin jin dadi ga kamfanonin mai wajen safarar danyen mai a cikin tasoshinsu da kuma masu hayar mai su rika jigilar mai a cikin tasoshin da suka dace. Yawancin kamfanonin mai da suka yi nasara a fannin kuɗi suna zaɓar mafi ingancin jiragen ruwa don jigilar kayayyakinsu, duk da haka, wasu kamfanoni suna ci gaba da jigilar kayansu akan ƙarancin inganci, tsofaffin tasoshin saboda tsadar farashi. Yawancin masu haya sun ƙi biyan ƙarin kuɗi don manyan jiragen ruwa duk da alhakin abin alhaki da ka'idojin biyan diyya da OPA ke aiwatarwa. Sabbin jiragen ruwa masu aminci kuma mafi aminci ga manyan tankuna biyu sun fi kusan 15-20% tsada don aiki. A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 60% na jiragen ruwa na duniya sun kasance aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyar ko fiye. Manyan kamfanonin mai har yanzu suna jinkirta buƙatun maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ritayar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya da OPA ta umarta. Alal misali, Exxon da Texaco sun jinkirta maye gurbin jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don sababbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Duk da haka, kamfanoni kamar Chevron da Mobil sun ba da odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Jagoranci ta misali, sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jigilar kayayyaki don saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motocin dakon mai. Duk da canjin da aka samu daga jiragen ruwa guda zuwa biyu, har yanzu bai wadatar da isassun bukatu na masana'antar mai ba. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa za a yi mummunar rashin isasshen tonne don biyan buƙatun sabbin jiragen ruwa. An kiyasta cewa dole ne masana'antar mai ta duniya su zuba jari kusan dala biliyan 200-350 don biyan bukatun duniya na sabbin jiragen ruwa da muhalli. Samar da cikin gida: A cikin dokar gurɓacewar mai, Guard Coast Guard na Amurka ne ke da alhakin tantance tsarin aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Ofishin Kula da Makamashin Teku (BOEM) tana aiwatar da aiwatar da duk ƙa'idodin Dokar Gurɓacewar Mai na tekun. wuraren mai. A karkashin OPA, an ba wa masu alhakin alhakin bayar da shaida da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan kusan 150 don yuwuwar alhaki. Idan wata ƙungiya ba za ta iya ba da shaidar da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 150 ba, za a biya su hukuncin dala 25,000 a kowace rana wanda ya saba wa OPA kuma yana iya fuskantar hukuncin shari'a na dakatar da duk ayyukan. Kafin aiwatar da gurɓacewar mai, an buƙaci wuraren da ke cikin teku su ba da shaidar da ta bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 35. Bayan OPA, waɗannan wuraren da ke bakin teku dole ne su ƙara tabbatar da alhakin kuɗi da sau 4 kuma buƙatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi sun faɗaɗa don haɗa kayan aiki a cikin ruwan jihar ma. Wuraren da ke cikin ruwan jihar waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin abin da ake buƙata na dala miliyan 150 sun haɗa da bututun mai, tashar jiragen ruwa na marina, tankuna, da wuraren samar da mai waɗanda ke cikin, a kan, ko ƙarƙashin ruwan tekun jihar, kuma suna kusa da tashoshi na cikin gida, tafkuna, da wuraren dausayi . Mafi bayyanan tasirin dokar OPA, shine akan masu samar da mai a cikin Tekun Mexico . Yawancin wuraren da ke bakin teku suna cikin Tekun Fasha na Mexico da kuma a cikin marshes da wuraren dausayi na Louisiana . Manyan masu kera kayayyaki suna iya biyan bukatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi, duk da haka, manyan kamfanonin mai da ke cikin Tekun Mexico sun janye ayyukansu na ketare. Sakamakon matsin lamba na muhalli da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gwamnati da OPA ke aiwatarwa, an janye ƙwararrun shawarwari na bincike da samarwa a Amurka. Sakamakon yadda manyan kamfanoni suka janye shirinsu na hakowa, da yawa kanana, masu sana'a masu zaman kansu sun shiga don samun riba. Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 1993, kashi 93% na dukkan hako man fetur da iskar gas sun fito ne daga masu samar da zaman kansu. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan binciken, kusan kashi 85% na ayyukan hakowa na cikin Tekun Mexico. Masu samar da mai masu zaman kansu sun samar da kusan kashi 40% na danyen mai a ƙasar Amurka da kashi 60% na iskar gas na cikin gida. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Dangane da matsalar gurbatar man fetur da wasu kasashe (musamman jiragen ruwa) ke haddasawa, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa irinsu Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki kan Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki na Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur wadanda ke da irin wannan niyya kamar Dokar, sun Amurka ba ta sanya hannu ba, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai ta ba da isassun bayanai. Duba wasu abubuwan Deepwater Horizon hakowa na'urar fashewa Dokar muhalli Amurka Coast Guard Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Doka Mai Gurbataccen mai Majalissar donkin duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

20354

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuniyar%20Efik

Tatsuniyar Efik

Tarihin tatsuniyoyin Efik ya ƙunshi tarin tatsuniyoyi waɗanda mutanen Efik suka ruwaito, suka rera ko suka rubuta kuma suka sami labari daga tsara zuwa tsara. Tushen almara na Efik sun hada da waƙoƙin Bardik, Waƙoƙi, al'adun baka da Misalai. Labarai game da tatsuniyoyin Efik sun haɗa da tatsuniyoyin halitta, halittun allahntaka, halittun almara da kuma mayaƙa. Mutanen Efik ne suka ba da labarin tatsuniyoyin Efik da farko kuma aka ruwaito su a ƙarƙashin hasken wata. a Efik ana kiran su Mbre fffiọñ. Halittar tatsuniya Ana ɗaukar Abasi a matsayin Mahalicci Maɗaukaki (Allah). Matarsa, Atai, an kuma san ta da matsakanci . An yi imanin cewa Atai ya shawo kan Abasi don ya ba wa mutane biyu (mace ɗaya da mace ɗaya), wanda aka fi sani da 'ya'yan masara su zauna a Duniya, amma ya hana su aiki ko haifuwa. An buƙaci yaran su koma sama tare da Abasi duk lokacin da ya buga ƙararrawar abincin dare. An kafa waɗannan ƙa'idodin ne don kada mutanen Efik su wuce Abasi cikin hikima ko ƙarfi. Daga karshe yaran basuyi biyayya ba kuma Abasi ya kashe su duka. Abasi da Atai sun kasance masu ƙyama kuma sun ba wa mutane kyauta biyu, hargitsi da mutuwa. Allah Uku A cikin wasu tatsuniyoyi na Efik, akwai ma'anar allah-uku-cikin ɗaya. ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mahaifin Abasi wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da . Abasi Ibom yana wakiltar duniya kuma Inyang Ibom yana wakiltar ruwa. Halittun Almara Ana iya samun halittu da yawa na almara a cikin tatsuniyoyin Efik. Waɗannan halittu sun bambanta da Efik Ndem waɗanda suma suna da nasu bayanin na daban a cikin tatsuniya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halittun sun haɗa da Okukubarakpa (wanda aka fi sani da Ukara-akpa), Akaka Obu, Animana, Ikọñwọ, Unanim da sauransu. Ana ɗaukar Okukubarakpa a matsayin wani maciji mai ban tsoro wanda ya miƙa ƙetaren kogin yana ta da ruwa. Ana iya kamanta halitta da Leviathan ko Dodan . EU Aye ta bayyana Okukubarakpa da cewa, "wani babban macijin ruwa ya ce ya mallaki dutsen lu'u-lu'u a kansa kuma ya tsirar da tsefe a kansa kamar na zakara." Ana iya samun talifin a cikin tatsuniyoyi da yawa na mutanen ƙasan Kuros Riba da wasu yankuna na Kamaru. Talbot ya ba da labarin da aka ba shi game da Okukubarakpa:Garuruwa biyu, waɗanda suke kan kowane gefen rafin kunkuntar kogi, sun daɗe suna kan lamuran rashin aminci. Bayan wani lokaci mazaunan ɗayan waɗannan sun haye ta ƙanƙara kuma suka far wa ɗayan, suna tunanin samun nasara cikin sauƙi. Madadin wannan, bayan yaƙin da aka yi, da kansu aka mayar da su zuwa gefen ruwa, wanda ya kasance, a halin yanzu, ya tashi don haka, an yanke su daga tserewa. Yanzu, a cikin rafin ya rayu wani babban wasan tsere mai suna Kukubarakpa, kuma da sannu-sannu bai ga halin da maharan suke ciki ba sai ya sadda kansa gwanin-gwani a kan ruwan - kansa a ɗaya bankin kuma wutsiyarsa a ɗayan. A jikinsa ya gudu abin ya ɓace, kuma, lokacin da duk aka sauka lafiya a kan gaci mai nisa, majiƙan nasara suka yi ƙoƙari su bi. Kukubarakpa ya jira har sai da waɗannan sun tsallaka jikinsa, sannan ya nitse ba zato ba tsammani, yana jan su tare da shi, don haka duk suka nutsar. A cikin godiya, babu wani daga cikin mutanen da kakanninsu suka sami ceto saboda haka ya kashe ko ya ci abincin har zuwa yau. Wata halitta, Ikpun kpun kpun Ine wanda aka fi sani da ñkpọñ ọkpọñ ọkpọñ an bayyana shi a matsayin halitta mai kama-kama da ta fi giwa girma amma a cikin tatsuniya kawai. An bayyana Unanim a matsayin, "mummunan halittar da ta gabata ya mutu." An yi imanin Unanim na cikin ruwa kuma yana iya zama kakannin wani nau'in . An yi imani da cewa Ikọ to yana da alaƙa da nau'in kifayen kifayen amma yana da girman kai. Efik sun yi imani da cewa manyan kadoji biyu ( Efik ) maza da mata, sun tsare mashigar kogin Calabar kuma sun kare Tsohuwar Calabar. Wuraren Almara Za a iya samun wurare da yawa na almara a cikin ilimin sararin samaniya na Efik. Efik sun yi imani da cewa duniya ta zama haka, an san iyakar duniya da Ononkoni (Efik). Efik sun yi imani da wanzuwar daula da aka sani da inda ruhun matattu suke zaune. ọnɔsi an ce yana nan kusa da ƙauyen Usahadet kuma ya yi iyaka da masarautar Ndem (alloli na ruwa) da aka sani da Obio Ndem. An yi amannar Obio Ndem shine wurin haduwar al'umar da aka sani da Ekongeze. Mkposok ( Efik ) an ɗauke shi a matsayin mafi zurfin ɓangare na lahira inda mugaye ke rayuwa. Lafiya Da farko an yi imani cewa Abasi da Atai suna rayuwa a cikin Rana . Abasi shine ruhun lafiya. Sau da yawa 'yan ƙabilar suna rera waƙa da rana da fatan cewa Abasi zai ji kukansu kuma ya warkar da su. An yi amannar cewa Abasi ya ba wasu 'yan ƙabilu ikon warkar da marasa lafiya ta hanyar lalata su . A duk lokacin da wani a cikin kabilar da lafiya, sarki zai tara witchdoctor . A cikin bikin warkewa, 'yan ƙabilun za su kunna wuta. Ana buƙatar duk mutanen ƙabilar da su taru yayin da suke rera waƙoƙin sujada ga Abasi. Atai tayi bikin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya ga Mijinta. Ana yin bikin ne duk bayan shekaru biyu. Yanayi Da lokaci ya ci gaba, mutanen Efik sun fara gaskata cewa Abasi shine ruhu naɗabi'a . Daga ƙarshe wannan ya sa mutane suka fara bautar rana tare da imanin cewa Abasi ne da kansa. Imani na gari Hakanan an yi imanin cewa tagwaye sun tozarta Abasi. Anyi tunanin mugunta ne mace ta haifi tagwaye; za a kona matar da ranta sannan a dauki tagwayen a barsu a daji. Abasi yana iya samun abinci sau ɗaya kawai a kowane kwana biyu. Dole ne su yi addu'a suna fuskantar rana kowace rana. wasu mutanen gari sun yi imani kuma suna bautar ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake kira imani tana karewa da jin addu'arsu, duk da cewa wannan dabi'ar ba ta da yawa a tsakanin mazauna wannan yankin amma ana ganin cewa Anansa ya wanzu Babban tasiri Rabaran Hope Masterton Waddell ya zo tsakanin mutanen Efik a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1846. Mutanen Efik musamman sun nemi a yi musu bisharar masarautarsu a rubuce kuma wasiƙun suna ɗauke ne a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1842 da 4 Disamba 1842 daga Sarki Eyo Honesty II da Sarki Eyamba V bi da bi. Mary Mitchell Slessor ta zo Calabar a cikin 1876. Atai da ake kira matar Abasi ita ce ta uku Edidem na mutanen Efik. Shi ne sarki wanda ya jagoranci mutanen Efik daga ƙasar Aros zuwa ƙasar Uruan. Manazarta Al'adun Najeriya Mutane Kabila Tarihin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

57341

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20Roma

Ferrari Roma

Ferrari Roma (Nau'in F169) babbar motar yawon shakatawa ce ta kamfanin kera na Italiya Ferrari . Yana da injin tsakiyar injin gaba, shimfidar keken baya tare da injin V8 mai turbocharged da tsarin wurin zama 2+2. Dangane da Ferrari Portofino, an sanya motar tsakanin Portofino da F8 Tributo a cikin kewayon motocin wasanni na Ferrari. An sanya wa motar sunan babban birnin Italiya Rome. An fara ƙaddamar da shi akan layi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019 tare da salon salon kwalliya . Sai Ferrari ya buɗe motar washegari a Roma.   An gabatar da sigar Roma mai laushi mai sauƙi a cikin 2023. Zane Ferrari 250 GT Lusso da 250 GT 2+2 manyan motocin yawon shakatawa ne suka rinjayi ƙirar waje. Siffofin ƙira na Roma sun haɗa da hannayen ƙofa, siririyar fitilolin LED a gaba da bayanta, da kuma mai ɓarna na baya wanda ke zaune da ruwa lokacin da motar ke tuƙi a hankali. Tsarin motar ya sami lambar yabo ta Red Dot . [ Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata ] Ferrari ya kwatanta ciki a matsayin "2+" ciki tare da ƙaramin yanki na baya. Dashboard ɗin yana da kayan aikin dijital (allon taɓawa na 16.0-inch kusa da allon taɓawa) da injin tuƙi mai aiki da yawa (dukansu da aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale) don direba. Kayan datsa da ke gudana ta tsakiyar ciki yana raba direba da fasinja kuma an haɗa shi cikin dashboard. Allon taɓawa mai girman inci 8.4 da aka ɗora a tsakiya yana sarrafa yawancin ayyukan motar. Ana iya haɗa allon taɓawa a kwance a kwance na uku a cikin dashboard a gefen fasinja na kokfit. Wannan nuni yana ba fasinja damar samun damar zuwa HVAC, multimedia, da sarrafa kewayawa kuma yana ba su damar duba awo na aikin motar. Wani sabon maɓalli da aka ƙera yana bawa direba damar buɗe kofofin motar tare da danna maɓalli kusa da hannayen ƙofa. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai da aiki Injin da watsawa Romawa tana aiki da injin Ferrari wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta F154 . , turbocharged, 90 digiri V-8, dual overhead cam (DOHC) zane. Nau'in Romawa 154BH an ƙididdige shi a tsakanin 5,750 da 7,500 rpm da na juzu'i tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,750 rpm. Tsarin shigar da iska na tilastawa yana amfani da tagwayen ruwa masu sanyaya turbochargers da na'urori masu haɗa iska zuwa iska guda biyu. Tsarin lubrication na bushes yana taimakawa hana yunwar mai yayin babban aikin g-force. An haɗa injin ɗin zuwa sabon watsa F1 mai-gudun dual-clutch F1 wanda aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Wannan sabon rukunin yana fassara zuwa ƙarin haɓakawa a cikin ginshiƙan tsaka-tsaki tare da tsayin manyan kayan aiki don tafiye-tafiyen babbar hanya. Ferrari ya ce akwai karin kashi 15 cikin 100 na tsayin daka a cikin kayan aiki na uku idan aka kwatanta da na baya mai saurin sauri 7. The transaxle sanye take da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma na'ura mai jujjuya kayan aiki wanda ya bambanta da juzu'in motar lantarki ta SF90. Wannan zane yana da nauyin ƙasa da naúrar saurin 7 da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Portofino kuma ana iƙirarin samar da saurin sauyawa da santsi. Yawancin tanadin nauyi ya samo asali ne saboda ƙira busassun man fetur da harkashin mai na farko da ke hade da nannade su a kusa da sassan injin daban-daban. Dakatarwa Kashin fata mai ninki biyu, ƙirar bazara tare da sanduna na anti-roll shima yana da tsarin zaɓin MagneRide tsauri mai ɗaukar hankali wanda ke ba da ƙarin ƙaramin aiki da sarrafa abin hawa ta amfani da dampers na magnetorheological . Kayan lantarki Romawa ta zo daidaitaccen tsari tare da Ferrari's F1-Trac traction iko, fasahar 6.0 na gefe-slip, kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC), ikon ƙaddamarwa (Power Start), da Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer. Hakanan yana da bugun kira na Manettino mai matsayi biyar akan sitiyarin, yana ba da damar zaɓin yanayin tuki tsakanin jika, jin daɗi, wasanni, tsere, da kashe ESC. Na'urorin lantarki na cikin gida na Roma suma suna wakiltar babbar karkata daga motocin Ferrari na kwanan nan. Ƙwararrun na'ura na ɗan adam (HMI) shine tsarin sarrafa allo na dijital (ta amfani da fasahar Haptic ) wanda kuma aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Ikon allon taɓawa yana ƙara zuwa wasu ayyuka akan tuƙi. Wasu tsarin taimakon direba ( ADAS ), kamar radar gaba da na baya tare da sarrafa tafiye-tafiye masu dacewa, ana samun su azaman zaɓuɓɓuka don taimakawa yayin tuki mai tsayi. Nauyi An yi gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren Roma don nauyin kasa da Portofino yayin da ake dogara akan dandamali ɗaya. An cimma wannan ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin jiki da kuma yawan amfani da sassa masu sauƙi. Ferrari ya yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 70 na sassan da ake amfani da su akan Roma sababbi ne idan aka kwatanta da Portofino. Tare da sassauƙan nauyi, busasshen nauyin motar shine ku. Nauyin tsare shi (ba tare da direba ba) shine ku. Rarraba nauyin da aka buga shine 50% gaba zuwa 50% na baya. Aerodynamics Babban reshe na baya mai ƙarfi yana kunna kansa cikin babban sauri don taimakawa abin hawa ya haifar da ƙasa. Matsayi uku na reshe ƙananan ja ne (0-100 kph), matsakaicin ƙasa mai ƙarfi (100-300 kph), da babban ƙarfi (100-300 kph cornering da birki). An ƙididdige iyakar ƙaddamarwa a na ƙasa a . Mai ɓarna na baya yana cike da nau'ikan janareta na vortex na ƙarƙashin jiki waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin ƙasa da sarrafa farkawa na ƙafafun gaba don tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafa kaya. Dabarun, taya da birki 20-inch simintin aluminum ƙafafun daidaitattun, tare da ƙirƙira inci 20 a matsayin zaɓi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafar ƙafar gaba suna da faɗin inci takwas, kuma ta baya sun kai inci goma. Tayoyin da aka yi amfani da su akan ma'aunin Roma 285/35 ZR20s a baya da 245/35 ZR20s a gaba. An gabatar da samfurin tare da zaɓin da Ferrari ya amince da shi na tayoyin Pirelli, Michelin, ko Bridgestone. Romawa tana da 390mm gaba da 360mm na baya na carbon-ceramic ventilated diski. The Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer yana sarrafa kusurwar yaw ta hanyar kunna madaidaicin birki na motar, na farko don ƙirar Ferrari GT. Tsarin cirewa Tsarin shaye-shaye da aka sake fasalin yana amfani da masu tacewa (mai kama da tacewar dizal ) don ƙa'idojin fitar da hayaki. An cimma wannan ta hanyar cire masu yin shiru (mufflers) da ƙara bawul ɗin kewayawa. An ƙera shi don riƙewa, haɓakawa, da faɗaɗa bayanan sharar injin yayin rage fitar da ƙura. Ayyukan aiki Babban gudun Roma da aka buga shine> . Adadin ayyuka sun haɗa da lokacin hanzari na 3.4 seconds da 0- lokacin hanzari na 9.3 seconds. Matsakaicin busasshen nauyi-zuwa-ƙarfi na Roma ya fi kyau a aji a 2.37 kg/cv (5.3 lb/hp). Daban-daban Matsakaicin tsayin Romawa daga ƙasa shine a tsaye 4+34. Matsakaicin kusurwar gabanta shine digiri 11, kuma matsakaicin kusurwar ramp ɗin baya shine digiri 15 1/2. Motar ta zo da ƙafar cubic 10 na sararin taya a cikin akwati da ƙarin sararin ajiya a bayan kujerun gaba biyu. Wani zaɓi na madaidaitan kujera mai naɗewa yana faɗaɗa saitin ajiya zuwa ƙafafu 14 cubic. Tsayawa tare da babban jigon yawon buɗe ido na motar, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da wasu ƙarin samfura, ana iya ba da odar Romawa tare da tsararru na musamman, saitin kaya mai nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda suka dace da akwati na baya abin hawa. Kayan ya dace da fata na ciki. Ferrari Roma Spider A cikin Maris 2023, Ferrari ya bayyana Spider Roma. Ana nufin ya zama maye gurbin Ferrari Portofino . Bisa ga Ferrari Roma mai nasara, sabon bambance-bambancen Spider yana da saman mai laushi. Wannan yana nuna dawowar saman mai laushi don Ferrari na gaba bayan shekaru 54 tun daga 1969 365 GTS4. Na waje Ferrari Roma Spider yana riƙe da ƙirar coupe ɗin tare da saman mai laushi wanda ke aiki a cikin daƙiƙa 13.5 a cikin sauri zuwa 37 mph. Mai ɓarna na baya da aka sake fasalin yana daidaitawa don tuƙi zuwa sama, yayin da ƙarfafa chassis yana ƙara fam 185 kawai idan aka kwatanta da coupe. Cikin gida Gidan Ferrari Roma Spider's gidan yana riƙe da ainihin ƙirar Roma, yana nuna allon taɓawa mai inci 8.4 da zaɓin kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe kewaye da kayan alatu. An ƙara ingantattun maɓallan tutiya da maɓallin farawa mai haske don ingantaccen amfani. Don rage hayaniyar iska da hargitsi, an haɗa nau'in iska mai ƙarfi 5-mm da mai jujjuya kujerar baya. Mai jujjuyawar iska baya aiki tare da fasinjojin da ke zaune a baya, amma iyakacin sarari na baya yana sa wannan ƙaramar damuwa. Injin The Roma Spider gidaje wani turbocharged 3.9-lita V-8 engine, samar da 612 horsepower da 561 fam-feet na karfin juyi, tsĩrar da raya ƙafafun ta wani takwas-gudun dual-clutch atomatik watsa. Ferrari ya yi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga akwatin gear don ingantaccen ingantaccen man fetur, kuma Spider Spider yana fasalta sabon tsarin Sarrafa Slide Slip Control don ingantaccen juzu'i, kula da kwanciyar hankali, da iyawar zazzagewa. Kasuwa An fara gabatar da Romawa tare da farashin tushe na $218,670 (USD 2020). Yawancin saitin ginawa na ƙarshe na iya zuwa daga $270k zuwa $310k da sama. Ferrari ya kiyasta kashi 70 na masu siyayya za su zama abokan cinikin Ferrari na farko. Sun bayyana cewa an kai wa Roma hari sosai a kasuwannin Porsche 911 da Aston Martin. Jigon ƙira gabaɗaya shine "kyakkyawan ƙayatarwa" wanda ke da ɗan karkata daga motar titin Ferrari na gargajiya. Sadaukarwa da kyaututtuka An bayyana Roma a bainar jama'a a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019, yayin wani taron kasa da kasa a Stadio dei Marmi na Rome (Stadium of the Marbles). A cikin 2020 ta bayyana a bikin cika shekaru 150 na ayyana Rome a matsayin babban birnin hadaddiyar Italiya. An bai wa Ferrari Roma lambar Red Dot a cikin 2020, tare da sanin ƙirar motar. An nakalto Red Dot yana cewa, "Ta hanyar yin watsi da duk cikakkun bayanai, ƙirar Ferrari Roma ta cimma ƙaramin ƙaranci na yau da kullun wanda ke nuna kyawun kyawun wannan motar wasanni." Mujallar Auto&Design ta baiwa Romawa mafi kyawun ƙirar mota don 2020. Kwamitin ƴan jaridun motoci na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ce Romawa na sake fassara layukan mota na Gran Turismo tare da tsara su har cikin ƙarni na 21 tare da ƙirƙira ta na sha'awa, mai jan hankali, da kuma ƙirƙira. Kyautar Motar Esquire ta 2021 mai suna Ferrari Roma a matsayin Mafi kyawun Motar da aka ƙera na shekara. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

15135

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma%20Ekiyor

Thelma Ekiyor

Thelma Arimiebi Ekiyor 'yar gwagwarmayar neman zaman lafiya ce ta Najeriya,' yar kasuwa ta zamantakewar al'umma wacce ta yi aiki a mukamai masu karfi a tsakanin kungiyoyi da yawa, kuma lauya ne da ya kware a kan Yanayin Rigakafin Mutuwar. Ekiyor ta fi mai da hankali kan shigar da mata cikin gina zaman lafiya da karfafawa mata da matasa ta hanyar samun 'yancin kudi da kuma samun ilimin. Tana da gogewa game da ayyuka a cikin ƙasashen Afirka sama da 20. A shekarar 2006, ta kirkiro kungiyar Women Peace and Security Network Africa (WIPSEN-Africa) tare da Ecoma Bassey Alaga da kuma mai fafutukar samar da zaman lafiya a Liberia Leymah Gbowee. Ilimi Thelma Ekiyor ta karɓi MBA a fannin kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire daga kwalejin Imperial da ke London, a Burtaniya, kuma tana da digiri na lauya tare da girmamawa ta LLB daga Jami'ar Buckingham. Tsohuwar ce ta Cibiyar Shugabancin Matan Afirka, da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Zamani ta 2002 a Jami'ar Eastern Mennonite a Amurka, wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da WANEP da WISPEN-Afirka. Ekiyor shima ɗan jami'a ne na Jami'ar Stanford. Gina zaman lafiya Daga 2005 zuwa 2007, Ekiyor ta kasance Babban Manaja na Rikici-Rikicin da Tallafi (CIPS) a Cibiyar sasanta rikice-rikice (CCR) a Jami'ar Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. A wannan mukamin, ta taimaka wajen fadada karfin tashe-tashen hankula na kasashen Afirka da ke fuskantar sake gini. A shekara ta 2005, Ekiyor da Razaan Bailey sun rubuta rahoto kan aikin sauya fasalin gidan yari (PTP), wanda ake kira "Promoting Restorative Justice in South Africa's Correctional Services", wanda ya shafi ra'ayoyin kasa da kasa kan jigogin dawo da adalci. A shekara ta 2006, Ekiyor da Noria Mashumba sun rubuta rahoton taron karawa juna sani kan manufofin da ake kira "The Peace-building role of Civil Society in Central Africa". A wurin taron karawa juna sani, Ekiyor ya gabatar da jawabi a wurin zaman Mata da Tsarin Zaman Lafiya, mai taken "The Role of Civil Society in Implementing International and Regional Frameworks on Women, Peace and Security". Bayan ta yi aiki a CCR, Ekiyor ta zama Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Yammacin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka (WASCI), da ke Ghana. Ta taimaka ta kafa alaƙa tsakanin masu ba da tallafi da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ta ƙirƙiro da dabarun haɓaka civilungiyar farar hula ta WASCI da kuma dandalin Tasirin Manufofi. A wajen Afirka, Ekiyor tana zaune ne a kan Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Cibiyar Ba da Tallafin Mata (WEC) da kuma Rising Leadership Foundation. Ita ma a yanzu haka memba ce ta ALL ON, wanda kamfanin Shell ya kafa kuma asusun tallafi ne na sabunta makamashi a Afirka ta Yamma. Matan Afirka a cikin gina zaman lafiya Daga 2001 zuwa 2005, Ekiyor ya kasance Daraktan Shirye-shirye na Cibiyar Sadarwar Afirka ta Yamma (WANEP). Bayan yakin basasa da yawa a cikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma a cikin 1990s, an kafa WANEP a 1998. Kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar rigakafi da gina zaman lafiya, tana ba da kwasa-kwasan kan waɗannan batutuwan, da kawance da sauran 'yan wasan da fatan kafa "dandalin tattaunawa", da dorewar zaman lafiya da ci gaba a yankin. Ta hanyar alakarta da WANEP, Ekiyor ta sami tallafi da kudade don tunaninta na kirkirar kungiyar matan Afirka da za ta mai da hankali ga mata wadanda za su mayar da hankali kan sanya mata cikin zaman lafiya da shawarwari. Bin hanyar UNSC Resolution mai lamba 1325, Ekiyor ta yi fatan cewa wannan kungiyar za ta taimaka wajen samar da canji na hakika da kuma ba da damar jin muryoyin mata. A shekara ta 2001, ra'ayin Ekiyor ta zama kungiyar Mata masu gina zaman lafiya (WIPNET), wacce ta yi bikin kaddamar da ita a Accra, Ghana. WIPNET na aiki don inganta zaman lafiyar mata da kuma damar sake gina rikice-rikice a Afirka ta Yamma. A lokacin ƙaddamar da WIPNET, Ekiyor da kanta ta rubuta littafin horo na mai shiryawa wanda ya haɗa da atisayen da aka tsara don ƙarfafawa, shiga, da ilimantar da mata. A cikin tarihinta na shekarar 2011, Mighty Be Our Powers, Leymah Gbowee ta bayyana cewa "tun daga farko, WIPNET ta kasance jaririn Thelma. Ta kawo ra'ayin ga WANEP kuma ta haɗu da rukunin horo na farko, kuma littafin gina zaman lafiya da ta dogara da shi lokacin da ta koya mana - littafin da ke cike da darussan da ake amfani da su a yanzu a cikin duk lokacin sasanta rikici - wani abu ne da ta yi aiki a kai. na shekaru." A cikin 2006, Ekiyor ta kirkiro kungiyar Mata ta Peace and Security Network Africa (WIPSEN-A). Tare da Leymah Gbowee da Ecoma Alaga, ta yi fatan canza WIPNET zuwa wata kungiya wacce ke gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da kungiyar WANEP ba, ta yadda shirin ba zai zama "hanyar sadarwar mata ta maza ba". Sun kuma yi fatan fadadawa da kara dorewar shirin ta hanyar fadada hanyoyin sadarwa a duk fadin Afirka da kuma hada kan 'yan matan da ke kasa da su. Karfafawa mata kudi a Afirka Ekiyor ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Shugabar Kamfanin Afrigrants Resources, kungiyar da ke mayar da hankali kan nemo hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke magance matsalolin zamantakewa, tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban kasa da hada mata kudi. A Afrigrant, Ekiyor ya tsara Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Mata, shiri wanda ke ba da rance ga mata. A cikin 2017, Ekiyor ta kafa Funding Space, wanda ake nufi don taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa masu taimakon zamantakewar al'umma a Afirka ta Yamma su sami horo da kuma damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hadahadar kuɗi. A Funding Space, Ekiyor ta kirkiro asusun Ebi, wanda ta kebanci mata yan kasuwa.Ekiyor ta kuma kasance Manajan Darakta a SME.NG, Tsarin Tasirin Zuba Jarin Najeriyar, wanda kuma ke samar da kudade ga mata masu kasuwanci. Ekiyor ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan dabarun Siyasa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Matan Najeriya, sannan kuma babbar mai ba da shawara ga Tarayyar Afirka, ECA, IGAD, and ECOWAS. A shekarar 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta mata ta bukaci hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin farar hula, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da gwamnatoci domin cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) 5, wanda ke ingiza daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da kuma karfafa mata. Ekiyor ta yi magana game da mahimmancin dogon lokaci da maƙasudai masu ɗorewa, kamar yadda ta bayyana imanin ta cewa saka hannun jari a cikin mata yana taimakawa faɗaɗa ci gaban al'umma, tana mai cewa "saka hannun jari a SDG-5 zai saukaka aiwatar da dukkan SDGs a Najeriya, wanda kuma zai inganta kasuwanci da manufofin tattalin arziki". A wata ganawa tsakanin wakilai daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Tarayyar Afirka a shekarar 2017, Ekiyor ta bayyana cewa "[sun] samar da sila a cikin aminci da tsaro, amma 'yancin tattalin arziki alama ce ta zaman lafiya da tsaro," jawo hankali ga imanin ta game da mahimmancin saka mata a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma tattaunawa game da zaman lafiya da tsaro. Najeriya A shekarar 2010, an nada Ekiyor a matsayin Babban Darakta na farko na Gidauniyar TY Danjuma (TYDF), wacce ke mai da hankali kan inganta hanyoyin samun lafiya da ilimi ga wadanda ke zaune a jihar Taraba, wani yanki a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. A cikin 2011, TYDF ta ƙaddamar da aikin makarantar al'umma wanda zai kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Fulatara, wata al'umma a jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. A yayin kaddamarwar, Ekiyor ta bayyana cewa "za a iya samun ci gaban ilimi ne ta hanyar hadin kan al'umma tare da bayar da damar jagorancin gwamnati," sannan ta jaddada mahimmancin yin rajistar 'yan mata. A cikin shekarar 2020, Ekiyor ya zama shugaban kungiyar kanana, kanana da matsakaita-matsakaitan kasuwanci na Kungiyar ofungiyar Kasuwancin Nijeriya, Masana'antu, Ma'adanai da Noma (NACCIMA). A cikin wannan rawar, Ekiyor za ta yi aiki tare da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa da nufin inganta ƙwarewar su da kuma fa'idantar da tattalin arzikin Nijeriya gaba ɗaya. Laberiya A wani taron WANEP da aka yi a Ghana a shekarar 2000, Ekiyor ta hadu da Leymah Gbowee, wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ta shekarar 2011 wacce ita ce jigon tafiyar don sanya mata cikin sasantawar yakin basasa na biyu na Laberiya. Ekiyor ta ƙarfafa, ta ba da shawara, kuma ta yi aiki tare da Leymah Gbowee a yayin wannan aikin, kuma matan biyu sun kusanci juna. A cikin tarihinta na shekarar 2011, Gbowee ya rubuta cewa "Thelma ba abokina ba ne kawai; 'yar uwata ce, tagwaye na, inuwar kaina, kuma wani wanda ya fahimci bangaren siyasa na a cikin hanyar da ba wani ba." Bayan kafa WIPNET, sai Ekiyor ta nada Gbowee a matsayin mai kula da babin WIPNET na Laberiya. Matan biyu sun ci gaba da aiki tare daga baya lokacin da suka kafa WIPSEN-Afirka a 2006. Lambobin yabo A shekarar 2015, an zabe Ekiyor ne don lambar yabo ta Shugabannin Pan Afrika a matsayin mai kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro. lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara, wanda Cibiyar Dimokiradiyya ta Afirka (ADI) ta bayar, ta bi taken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don Ranar Taimako ta Duniya don zaɓar waɗanda ke ba da ƙarfin ɗan adam. Nassoshi

57519

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera%20Gamble

Sera Gamble

Articles with hCards Sera Gamble marubuciya ce ta talabijin kuma furodusa,wacce aka fi sani da aikinta a kan jerin Rayuwa/Netflix Kai, jerin Syfy The Magicians da CW jerin Supernatural. Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haife shi a Birnin New York,Gamble ya ɗan girma a Cincinnati kafin ya koma Redlands,California.Ta sauke karatu daga UCLA School of Theater,Film da Television. Gamble Bayahude ne,kuma a baya an yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Simon Glickman "Yahudawa Masu Zafafawa". Gamble ya auri Eric Weiss.An yi bikin aurensu a watan Satumbar 2019. A halin yanzu,suna zaune a Los Angeles, California. Sana'a Kafin ya juya zuwa fim da talabijin, Gamble ya yi tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen Will Strip don Abinci a Los Angeles da Dublin, Ireland. Ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin shirin Hauwa'u na Aljanna wanda Raelle Tucker ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Ta kuma taka rawa a wani gajeren fim wanda Tucker ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, mai suna The Clay Man ; fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan ɗan gajeren labari na Gamble. Gamble ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa na gajerun almara na wallafe-wallafe, ciki har da labarun da mujallar Washington Square ta buga, a kan jijiya.com, da kuma anthologyized a cikin 2006 da 2007 bugu na The Best American Erotica da "duhu, gothic"tarin Cizon . Talabijin Aikin Gamble a Hollywood ya fara ne lokacin da ta fito a matsayin ƴan wasan ƙarshe a kakar Greenlight na biyu a shekara ta 2003.An dauke ta a matsayin marubuci a jerin Ido na ABC na gajeren lokaci. Bayan sokewar jerin,an ɗauke ta a matsayin marubuciya kuma editan labari akan jerin CW Supernatural. Gamble ya kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar rubuce-rubuce akan Supernatural na farkon lokutan bakwai na farko.Ta ba da gudummawar wasu rubuce-rubuce talatin don jerin shirye-shiryen kuma an sanya ta a matsayin mai gabatarwa a kakar wasa ta biyar.A karshen kakar wasa ta biyar, mahalicci Eric Kripke ya sauka a matsayin shugaban marubucin jerin kuma Gamble aka zaba a matsayin magajinsa.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa na jerin shirye-shiryen farawa da kakar wasa ta shida, kuma ta ƙare da ƙarshen kakar na bakwai. Gamble ta zaɓi yin murabus daga matsayinta na mai gabatarwa kuma mai gabatarwa a kan Supernatural a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bakwai don"mayar da hankali kan haɓaka wasu kayan"don Warner Bros.Talabijin,gami da matukan jirgi na ABC da The CW talabijin cibiyoyin sadarwa.An maye gurbin ta da kasancewar ɗan adam mai zartarwa Jeremy Carver,wanda ya yi aiki akan Supernatural daga yanayi 3 zuwa 5. Gamble ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci kuma mai gabatarwa na lokaci biyu na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Aquarius.Ta fito a cikin rawar cameo a cikin episode 7 na kakar wasa daya.Yayin aiki tare a kan Aquarius,ita da John McNamara sun haɗa kai da kuma zartarwa sun samar da daidaitawar talabijin na Lev Grossman's New York Times bestselling novel The Magicians for the Syfy network.Tare da McNamara,tana aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirin.An sabunta masu sihiri don kakar wasa ta biyu a cikin 2016, yanayi na uku a cikin 2017,kakar wasa ta huɗu a cikin 2018 da kakar ta biyar wacce aka fara ranar 15 ga Janairu,2020. A cikin Maris 2020,Syfy ta sanar da cewa kakar wasa ta biyar za ta kasance kakar wasan karshe. Yayin aiki tare akan Aquarius,Gamble, John McNamara da Alexandra Cunningham sun kafa kamfanin samar da kayayyaki,Fabrication.Taswirar ci gaban kera na yanzu ya haɗa da daidaitawar Sarakunan Lizard da Masu Lallashi.q Gamble da Greg Berlanti sun haɗu tare da zartarwa suna samar da karbuwar talabijin na littafin Caroline Kepnes mafi kyawun ku.A halin yanzu,Gamble yana aiki a matsayin farkon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen.An fara sabunta ku don yanayi na biyu ta Rayuwa kafin lokacin farkon ya fito.Lokacin farkon ku ya fara watsa shirye-shirye akan Rayuwa a cikin Satumba 2018,yana samun ingantattun bita daga New York Times,New Yorker,da Los Angeles Times. A ranar 3 ga Disamba,2018,an ba da sanarwar cewa jerin za su ƙaura zuwa Netflix a matsayin taken"Netflix Original",gabanin farkon kakar wasa ta biyu,bayan Rayuwa ta sake komawa kan yarjejeniyar sabuntawa. An saki kakar ta biyu ta musamman akan Netflix a ranar 26 ga Disamba,2019. A ranar 14 ga Janairu,2020,Netflix ya sabunta ku na karo na uku.An sake kakar wasa ta uku a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2021. A cikin Oktoba 2021, gabanin farkon kakar wasa ta uku,an sabunta jerin shirye-shiryen na karo na hudu. A cikin Janairu 2021,an ba da sanarwar cewa Gamble da Berlanti za su sake haduwa don haɓaka jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin dangane da novel Providence ta Kepnes don Peacock. Filmography Fim Talabijin Lambobin da ke cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa suna nufin adadin abubuwan da aka yi. External links Haihuwan 1983 Rayayyun mutane

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminatou%20Haidar

Aminatou Haidar

Aminatou Haidar Ali Ahmed (Larabci; أحمد علي حيدر أميناتو‎, an haife ta 24 ga watan Yulin 1966), wani lokacin akan kira ta da Aminetou, Aminatu ko Aminetu, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ce kuma mai neman ganin samun 'yancin Yammacin Sahara. Mafi yawanci a na kiranta ne da lakabin "Sahrawi Gandhi" ko "Sahrawi Pariaaria " saboda zanga-zangar nuna kyama da take yi. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar Hadin gwiwar kare hakkin Dan Adam ta CODESA. An taba daure ta a shekarar ta 1987 zuwa 1991 sannan daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006 kan tuhumar ta da zaune tsaye. A shekara ta 2009, ta ja hankalin kasashen duniya lokacin da ta yi zanga zangar gama-gari a filin jirgin sama na Lanzarote bayan da aka hana ta shiga yankin yammacin Sahara. Haidar ta lambobin yabo a fannin kare hakkin dan Adam da dama a matakan kasa da kasa saboda ayyukanta, wadanda suka hada da Kyautar Robert F. Kennedy na 'yancin dan adam na shekara ta 2009, Kyautar bada kariya ga Jama'a na shekara ta 2009 da sauransu Abincin Rayuwa na Gaskiya ta 2019 . Tarihin rayuwa Yayin da iyayenta ke zaune a Laayoune, wani karamin gari ne a Yammacin Sahara dake da yawan Sahrawi (kuma tsohuwar kasar Sipaniya ce Juby ) inda ta girma a yarinyar ta, an haifi Aminatou a shekara ta 1966 a Laayoune, Sahara ta yamma, garin kakarta, saboda al'adar gado. . Ita ba memba bace a cikin yan Polisario Front, kodayake ta dauki wannan gwagwarmayar neman a zaman wakiliyar jama'ar Sahrawi kawai. An sake ta tare da ‘ya’ya biyu, Hayat da Mohammed. 1987-1991 tilasta bacewar A shekara ta 1987, Haidar ta shiga wata zanga-zangar nuna kyama ga cin amanar kasar Moroko ta yankin yammacin Sahara. Tare da sauran mahalarta taron, hukumomin Morocco sun tilasta ta bacewar ta kuma ba ta tsare ta ba sai a 1991, lokacin da aka sake ta. A cewar Kerry Kennedy na Robert F. Kennedy Cibiyar Adalci da 'Yancin Bil-Adama, Haidar ta shiga cikin da damuwa, matsananciyar bacci, an hana ta bacci, an girgiza ta da matsanancin wutar lantarki, an doke ta sosai - kuma ta munana" yayin da ake tsare da shi. Hukumomin Morocco ba su ba da wani bayani game da tsare ta ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International (AI) ta bayyana cewa da alama ta kasance an riƙe ta ne don bayar da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na neman yancin kai na yammacin Sahara. 2005-2006 ɗaurin kurkuku A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2005, 'yan sanda sun yi awon gaba da Haidar a kan hanyarta ta zuwa zanga-zanga a El Aaiún don ‘ yancin kai na Yammacin Sahara Intifada . Bayan shigar da ita a asibitin Belmehdi Hasan da karbar lambobi goma sha biyu don cutar kai, an kama ta bisa tuhumar "halartar zanga-zangar tashin hankali da tayar da hankali" da "kasancewar kungiyar ba tare da izini ba". Daga nan aka riƙe ta a Kurkukun Black A El Aaiún. An ba da rahoton cewa ta shiga yajin aikin daga 8 ga watan Agusta zuwa 29 a watan Satumba don neman bincike game da zargin azabtar da 'yan uwan Saharawi da ke tsare Houssein Lidri da Brahim Noumria da kuma ingantattun yanayin tsarewa. Ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, Kotun Appeaukakawar El Aaiún ta yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni bakwai a kurkuku. AI, wanda ya aiko da mai sa ido don rufe shari'ar, ya ba da sanarwar cewa "shari'ar ... watakila ba ta da gaskiya ba. A saboda haka ne kungiyar ta karfafa da imanin ta cewa masu kare 'yancin bil adama guda bakwai na iya zama fursunoni masu lamuni ". Majalisar Turai ta kuma yi kira da a sake ta kai tsaye tare da na Ali Salem Tamek da wasu “fursunonin siyasa” guda 37 a cikin kudurin 27 a watan Oktoba 2005. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2006, Aminatou Haidar ta sake shi a ƙarshen yanke hukuncin. Ta bayyana cewa "farin ciki bai cika ba tare da sakin dukkan fursunonin siyasa na Saharawi, kuma ba tare da kwato dukkan yankuna na kasar da har yanzu suke karkashin azzalumi ba". 2009 Filin Jirgin Sama Lanzarote yajin kincin abinci A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2009, hukumomin Maroko sun tsare Haidar a tashar jirgin sama a El-Aaiún lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin dawowa daga tafiya zuwa Lanzarote a cikin tsibirin Canary, Spain, don tara kyaututtukan. A karkashin zama dan kasa, ta ƙi ta bayyana asalin ƙasarta a matsayin "Moroccan". Hukumomin sun hana ta sake shiga, suka kwace fasfon nata, suka mayar da ita zuwa tsibirin na Canary ba tare da shi ba. An kuma tsare wasu ‘yan jaridar kasar Spain biyu da suka raka ta tare na tsawon awanni. Wani jami’in Moroccan ya kira kin amincewa da ta yi a kira kansa Morocco a matsayin "cin amana" kuma ya bayyana cewa ba za a yarda Haidar ta koma El-Aaiún ba har sai ta nemi afuwa. Daga baya jaridar Spain ta Pa Pa ta wallafa wasu takardu da ke nuna cewa gwamnatin Marokko ta yi wa Haidar filaye daban-daban har zuwa dawowar ta, wanda ke nuna cewa sun shirya fitar da ita a gaba. Lokacin da ta isa tashar jirgin sama ta Lanzarote, Haidar ya fara yajin aikin yunwa. Ta zargi jami'an gwamnatin Spain da rike ta ba tare da barin ta ba ta koma Yammacin Sahara ba tare da fasfo ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, kamfanin da ke kula da filin jirgin saman Aena ya shigar da kara a gabanta saboda ta keta umarnin jama'a. An bukaci ta halarci kotu a Arrecife kuma ta ci tarar Euro 180. Taimakon kasa da kasa Babban kwamishina na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Navi Pillay ya yi kira a ranar 9 ga Disamba ga Maroko don bai wa Haidar damar dawowa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce dole ne kasar Maroko ta "dakatar da korart a daga kungiyar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil adama Aminatou Haidar tare da ba ta damar shiga kasarta ta asali". yayin da Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da korar ta a wani bangare na tsarin "nuna rashin yarda" da gwamnatin Morocco. Da yawa daga cikin masu fafutuka da kuma masu yin bikin sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Haidar yayin yajin aikin. Marubucin Nobel na kyauta - marubuci José Saramago, wanda ya mallaki gida a Lanzarote, ya aika mata da wasiƙa a watan Nuwamba yana mai cewa "Idan ina Lanzarote, zan kasance tare da ke". A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya sadu da ita a tashar jirgin sama, yana mai cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da kasashen duniya za su matsawa kasar Morocco ta cika sharuddan game da Sahara". Wanda ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta Argentine Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ya nemi "ficewar dan adam da siyasa" ga Haidar, ya kuma yi kira ga gwamnatocin Spain da Moroko da su fara tattaunawa don ganin "ta wace hanya ce Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Turai ko ma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shiga tsakani don guje wa sakamako na masifa da ƙoƙarin ceton rayuwarta, amma ba ta kowane tsada ba. " 'Yan fim din Ingila Ken Loach da Paul La tala sun kwatanta Haidar da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka Rosa Parks, suna masu cewa, "Wane irin bala'i zai kasance ga tsaurin tashin hankali, da kuma yiwuwar samun mafita, mu kyale ta ta mutu." Hakanan an ba da sanarwar goyon baya daga dan jaridar kasar Uruguay Eduardo Galeano, dan wasan Spain Javier Bardem, Amurka Jim Jim Inhofe, Guatemalan Peace Prize wanda ya baiwa Rigoberta Menchú, mawakiyar Burtaniya Brian Eno, da Mawallafin marubuci dan ƙasar Spain Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa . A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, gungun mawaƙa da mawaƙa na ƙasar Sipaniya sun ba da waka ta kyauta don nuna goyon baya ga Haidar a Rivas-Vaciamadrid, a wajen ƙetaren Madrid. Masu gabatar da kara sun hada da Bebe, Kiko Veneno, Macaco, Amaral, Pedro Guerra, Mariem Hassan, Conchita, Miguel Ríos, da Ismael Serrano . A ranar 10 ga Disamba, da dama masu fasaha da masu fafutuka sun aika da wasika ga Juan Carlos Na I dan Spain, suna masu rokon ya roko ga Haidar da Maroko. Masu rattaba hannu sun hada da lambobin yabo uku na Nobel - Günter Grass, Dario Fo, da Saramago - da Pedro Almodóvar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Penélope Cruz, Antonio Gala, Almudena Grandes, Carlos Fuentes, da Ignacio Ramonet da sauransu daga Indiya, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Kolombiya, Brazil da Angola. Tsarin diflomasiyya Ministan Harkokin Waje na Spain Miguel ratngel Moratinos ya yi alkawarin shirya Fasfo din Spanish ga Haidar, amma ta ƙi tayin sa, tare da neman dawo da fasfon nata na asali. Wakilan Moroccan karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar dattijai na kasar, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, sun ziyarci Spain a farkon Disamba 2009. Biadillah ya bayyana cewa mutanen Sahrawi suna da cikakken haɗin kai ga al'ummar Marokko kuma suna mamaye wasu manyan ofisoshin a cikin cibiyoyin Marokko, kuma babu wata ƙasa da za ta amince da dawowar mutumin da ya “jefa fasfo ɗinsu" kuma "ya bar ƙasarsu". A ranar 7 ga Disamba, makonni uku da ta shiga yajin aikin, Haidar ya kasa rauni har ya iya tsinkewa cikin nutsuwa. Wata Likita Asibitin Lanzarote ta bayar da rahoton cewa watakila tana da awowi ne kawai su rayu. Spain ta sake yin ƙoƙarin sake neman takardar izinin shiga ƙasar, amma ta goyi bayan lokacin da Maroko ta yi barazanar kawo ƙarshen haɗin kai game da shige da fice, fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da sauran batutuwa. A ranar 11 ga Disamba, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ita ma ta tuntubi Ministan Harkokin Wajen Morocco Taieb Fassi Fihri don neman sake shigar da Haidar. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, bayan ta kasa hadiye ruwan sha na kwana biyu, an shigar da Haidar asibiti. Ta ci gaba da kin amincewa ta karya azumin ta. A daren ranar, hukumomin Moroko sun nuna juyayin su, sannan aka kyale Haidar a cikin jirgin sama ya koma El-Aaiún. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Spain ta danganta kudurin ne a “kokarin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Spain, Faransa da Amurka” don shawo kan gwamnatin Marokko cewa kin yarda ta sake amincewa da Haidar ya yi tasiri. Da yake bayyana a gaban taron jama'a a filin jirgin sama na El-Aaiún, Haidar ta ce, "Wannan wata nasara ce, nasara ce ga 'yancin ɗan adam, don adalci na ƙasa da kuma dalilin Sahara ta yamma. . . Kuma dukkan abin godiya ne saboda irin matsin lambar ku. " Jami'an na Marokko sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin "ta lashi takobin mutunta 'yancin dan adam a Yammacin Sahara da sauran wurare a kasar" amma ta ki yin tsokaci game da shari'ar Haidar. Bayan dawowar ta, 'yan sanda a Morocco sun sa Haidar a gidan, kuma an hana' yan jaridu damar yin magana da ita. Bayan yajin aiki-kin cin abinci A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2010, Haidar ya dawo Spain don yin gwaje-gwaje na likita a asibitin La Paz a Madrid. Haidar tana da katin zama dan asalin kasar Sipaniya tun bayan fitowar ta 2006. Haidar dai ba shi da koshin lafiya, saboda tana fama da cutar amai da gudawa, sakamakon ɗaurin kurkuku da yajin aikin abinci na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International ta bayar da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro na Marokko na sa ido sosai kan Haidar da iyalinta sannan kuma ta same su da tsoratarwa. A ranar 7 ga Maris, Haidar ya yi jawabi a wani taro a Jami’ar Granada yayin taron Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai-Morocco a cikin wannan birni. Haidar ya bayyana cewa taron kolin "ya musanta wahalar Sahrawis" kuma EU ta gabatar da karar "tsarin mulkin mallaka" na Morocco, yana sadaukar da 'yancin bil adama don goyon bayan tattalin arziki. A ranar 24 ga Maris, Haidar ya fara ne yayin wata ziyarar aiki a Washington, DC cewa "kafin a cimma matsaya ta karshe, hanyar siyasa, tilas ne mu matsa lamba kan Marokko don mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". A ganawarta da jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da wakilan Amurka, ta rokesu su matsawa kasar Morocco saboda 'yancin Sahrawi. Ranar 15 ga Oktoba, Haidar ta gurfana a gaban kotun Casablanca tare da da dama daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar masu fafutuka Sahrawi da masu sa ido 20 na kasashen waje, a yayin shari'ar masu fafutukar 'yan gwagwarmayar Sahrawi bakwai (da aka fi sani da "The Casablanca 7"). An tsare "Casablanca 7" watanni kafin daga bisani ya tafi sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi, kuma gwamnatin Morocco ta tuhume ta da yin barazanar tsaron jihar. dayansu shi ne Ali Salem Tamek, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil Adama CODESA. Ta ce zargin da gwamnatin Morocco ta yi ba ta da tushe balle makama, suna masu la'antar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma tafiye-tafiyen wadanda aka kame. Ta kuma soki gwamnatin Spain, wacce ta zarge ta da aikata laifi a cikin halin mutanen Sahrawi: "Gwamnatin Spain ta karya dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar hana mutanen Saharawi 'yancinsu na yanke hukunci'. A ranar 29 Oktoba 2011, ɗan Haidar ya yi barazanar cin zarafin jima'i da duka wanda hakan zai haifar masa da rauni na dindindin ta hanyar wasu couplean sandan Morocco a El Aaiun, in ji CODESA. A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2012, majiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Sahrawi sun bayyana cewa wasu Haidar 'yan wasan Hajara sun samu rauni a zahiri yayin da wasu fasinjoji na Morocco suka yi ta tafiya yayin da suke tafiya da bas daga Agadir zuwa El Aaiun. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a matsayin Sahrawi ASVDH da Cibiyar nan ta Amurka Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human rights sun yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika, tare da yin kira da a gudanar da bincike. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2012, a ranar da ta sadu da Kwamishinan Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Sahara Christopher Ross a El Aaiun MINURSO HQ, Haidar ya ce daga baya ‘yan sanda suka yi awon gaba da ita yayin zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar RFK Center, Defender Line Line da kuma jam’iyyun siyasa na Spain, Union, Progress da Demokiradiya sun yi Allah wadai da tsokanar. Kyautuka da bayyanawa Haidar ta samu lambobin yabo da dama na kasa da kasa saboda amincewa da aikinta na take hakkin Dan-Adam. A watan Disamba 2005, ta sami lambar yabo ta V Juan María Bandrés na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Spain (CEAR). Saboda ɗaurin kurkuku, ta kasa karɓar kyautar har sai Mayu 2006. A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar Solidar Silver Rose Award, wata cibiyar sadarwar Turai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kyautar shekara-shekara ta amince da "manyan nasarorin mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin adalci don tabbatar da adalci na zamantakewa." A shekarar 2008, Haidar ya lashe kyautar kare hakkin dan adam Robert F. Kennedy na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Robert F. Kennedy ta Amurka da ke hakkin bil'adama . Baya ga kyautar (wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren kuɗi), Cibiyar Tunawa da RFK tana ba da abokin tarayya tare da masu karɓa a cikin aikinsu. Wakilin Muryar Amurka Edward Kennedy ya bayyana cewa "duk wanda ya damu da dimokiradiyya, kare hakkin dan Adam, da kuma bin doka da oda ga kasashen Yammacin Sahara, an yi musu kwarin gwiwa ne ta karfin gwiwa, sadaukarwa da kuma kwarewar aiki a madadin su." Haidar aka kuma bayar da 2009 Civil Jaruntakan Prize na Train Foundation . Wanda ta kafa lambar yabo John Train ya ce, "ingantacciyar al'umma ta dogara da kwarjinin jama'a, kuma muna fatan cewa ta hanyar sanin ta a cikin mutane kamar Aminatou Haidar, za mu iya karfafa wasu su bi sawun ta kuma kare hakkokinsu na zaman lafiya cikin lumana." A shekara ta 2010, mambobi 40 na majalisar Turai sun zabi Haidar don lambar yabo ta Sakharov don ƙungiyar 'yancin tunani . Wani memba na EP Willy Meyer Pleite ya yi tir da kamfen da Maroko ta yi na nuna rashin amincewar ta ga Haidar. Daga baya ne aka baiwa kyautar dan kasar Cuba Guillermo Fariñas kyautar . Haidar an kuma sanya ta sunan yar ƙasa na girmamawa ko kuma in ba haka ba waɗanda cibiyoyin Spain da Italiyawa suka yi wa ado. A cikin Oktoba 2006, majalisar garin Naples ta kira ta da "Honorary Citizen" saboda ayyukanta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A watan Mayun 2008, majalisar garin Castelldefels ta Spain ta ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman. A cikin watan Janairun 2010, gundumar Sesto Fiorentino ta Italiya ta nada Haidar a matsayin "Mutumin gari" na ƙauyen, saboda "gwagwarmayar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ga 'yanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanenta". Kwanakin baya, wata karamar hukumar Italiya mai suna Campi Bisenzio, ta yanke hukunci da masu rinjaye suka yanke mata na "'Yan Kasa na Girmamawa". A watan Fabrairu, garin Tuscan na Signa ne ya yanke shawarar ba wa Haidar yar ƙasa. A watan Maris, garin Leganés, Spain, ya yi mata kyautar Dolores Ibárruri. A 13 Afrilu, da comune na Pontedera ya ba ta girmamawa dan kasa. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, wasu garuruwa goma daga lardin Lucca na Italiya sun ba Haidar lambar girmamawa. dayansu, Stazzema, ya ba ta ""wallon Zama na Resistance". Sauran biranen Italiya 20 daga baya sun sanar da Aminatou Haidar a matsayin "Citizabilar onoabi'a ta". A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2011, Haidar ta kasance yar kasa na girmamawa daga masarautar Montespertoli a matsayin "tabbacin nuna damuwa kan wannan tashin hankalin da hukumomin Morocco suka yi". Majalisar birni San San de de Henares ta Spain ta ba ta kyautar Jesús Andrés López Gallardo. Ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, aka ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yancin dan Adam ta René Cassin, wacce ma'aikatar shari'a ta gwamnatin Basque Country ta ba ta; kyautar ta zo tare da kyautar Euro 16,550. A ranar 4 Maris 2013, garin Italiya na Florence ya ba Haidar lambar girmamawa ta garin. Hakanan a cikin Maris, Haidar ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bremen Solidarity 13th, kyautar da aka ba wa mutane wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar sasantawa da 'yanci, dimokiradiyya da' yancin ɗan adam, da kuma mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata a duniya. Kyautar, wacce gwamnatin lardin Free Hanseatic ta Bremen ta bayar tare da bayar da kyautar kudi Euro 10,000, an ba Haidar ne saboda rawar da ta taka a gwagwarmayar lumana don warware rikicin Sahrawi, da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutanen Sahrawi a yankunan da aka mallaka. A watan Mayun 2013, Haidar ta yi tafiya zuwa Addis Ababa, kamar yadda aka gayyace ta a matsayin baƙon girmamawa ga Kungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Afirka ta Zina . Aminatou Haidar ta ci lambar yabo ta Hakkin zama a 2019 "saboda matsayinta akan kin yin rikici, duk da ɗaurin kurkuku da azabtarwa da ta sha, don neman adalci da yanke hukunci na kai ga jama'ar Yammacin Sahara." Duba kuma Shekarun jagora Mohamed Elmoutaoikil Mohammed Daddach Brahim Dahane Tarihin Yammacin Sahara Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aminatou Haidar, “Gandhi ta Yammacin Sahara,” ya sami lambar yabo ta Hanyar zama - dama daga bakin Amy Goodman a ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2019 Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1966 Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kula%20Da%20Lafiya%20Ta%20Kasa%20Dan%20Wa%27inda%20Aka%20Azabtar

Kungiyar Kula Da Lafiya Ta Kasa Dan Wa'inda Aka Azabtar

Reungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya don waɗanda aka azabtar (IRCT), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, ƙwararrun likitocin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke haɓakawa da goyan bayan sake ba da waɗanda aka azabtar da waɗanda ke aiki don rigakafin azabtarwa a duniya. Wanda aka kafa a cikin Denmark, (IRCT) ita ce laima don ƙungiyoyi sama da 160 masu rajin gyara azabtarwa a cikin ƙasashe 76 waɗanda ke kula da taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa da danginsu. Suna bayar da shawarar a gyara dukkan wadanda aka azabtar, wanda zai iya hada da samun adalci, fansa, da kuma kula da lafiya, halayyar dan adam da kuma kula da zamantakewar al'umma. (IRCT) na yin hakan ne ta hanyar karfafa karfin membobinsu, ba da damar ingantaccen yanayin siyasa ga wadanda ake azabtarwa, da samarwa da raba ilimi a kan batutuwan da suka shafi gyara wadanda aka azabtar. Masana a cibiyoyin gyaran (IRCT) da shirye-shirye suna ba da magani ga kimanin 100,000 waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa kowace shekara. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna samun tallafi na fannoni da yawa gami da likitanci da halayyar mutum da kuma taimakon shari'a. Manufar aikin gyara shine a baiwa wadanda suka tsira azaba su ci gaba da rayuwa kamar yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarar 1988, (IRCT), tare da wanda ya kirkiro Inge Genefke, an ba su Kyautar Kyautar Rayuwa "don taimaka wa waɗanda rayukansu suka lalace ta hanyar azabtarwa don dawo da lafiyarsu da halayensu." Tarihi Amsar magani ga matsalar azabtarwa ta fara ne a shekarar 1973 tare da ƙaddamar da kamfen da Amnesty International (AI) ta yi don taimakawa da kuma gano waɗanda aka azabtar. A wannan lokacin, abu kaɗan ne sananne game da hanyoyin azabtarwa ko sakamakon jiki ko halin ɗabi'a ga waɗanda aka azabtar. Kungiyar AI ta farko da ta fara wannan aikin an kafa ta a Denmark a cikin shekarata 1974 kuma ta ƙunshi likitocin sa kai guda huɗu. Wannan rukunin na daga cikin rukunin likitocin likitoci kimanin 4,000 daga kasashe 34 na duniya. Nan da nan ya bayyana cewa, banda yin rubuce-rubuce game da azabtarwa don amfani da su a cikin shari'a, yana da mahimmanci a gano hanyoyin da za a taimaka wajen bi da waɗanda aka azabtar da waɗanda aka azabtar. Wannan ya haifar da kafawa a cikin shekarata 1978 na rukuni na farko na rukunin likitocin kasa da kasa don magance farfado da wadanda aka azabtar, wanda ya gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na likitanci na kasa da kasa na farko kan take hakki, take hakkin Dan Adam - Azabtarwa da Kwararren Likita, a Athens, Girka . A cikin shekarar 1979, membobin kungiyar likitocin Denmark sun sami izini don shigar da bincika waɗanda aka azabtar a Asibitin Jami'ar Copenhagen, a Denmark. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike don Waɗanda Aka azabtar (RCT) an kafa ta a Copenhagen ta Dokta Inge Genefke, MD, a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tare da nata wuraren. Dangane da bukatar da ake da ita na neman tallafi da tallafi a duniya game da gyara wadanda aka azabtar da su, an kafa Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya don wadanda aka azabtar a shekarar 1985, da farko a matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa ta RCT, kuma, daga 1997, a matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta . A cikin 2010, IRCT ta yi bikin cika shekaru 25 da kafuwa. Membobi (IRCT) ta na da mambobi sama da 160 a cikin ƙasashe 76. Ana iya samun jerin membobi akan rukunin yanar gizon su . Aiki Za'a iya raba aikin (IRCT) zuwa yankuna uku: da aka tsara Bayar da ayyukan gyara ga waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa Magance hukunci ga masu laifi da inganta adalci ga waɗanda suka tsira Wayar da kan jama'a tsakanin masu tsara manufofi da 'yan kasa Ganin hangen nesa na (IRCT) "duniya ce da ke girmamawa tare da karɓar nauyin haɗin gwiwa don kawar da azabtarwa". Manufar kungiyar ita ce inganta samar da magunguna na musamman da ayyukan gyara ga wadanda aka azabtar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga rigakafin azabtarwa a duniya. Don ci gaba da waɗannan manufofin, (IRCT) yana neman tushen ƙasa da ƙasa: da aka dogara akan su. cigaba da kiyaye wani shirin bayar da shawarwari wanda yake tarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma watsa bayanai game da azabtarwa da kuma sakamakon da kuma gyara azabtarwa don kafa kuɗin ƙasa don ayyukan gyara da shirye-shirye don rigakafin azabtarwa don inganta ilimi da horar da ƙwararrun masanan a cikin likitanci har ma da zamantakewa, shari'a da ɗabi'a na azabtarwa don karfafa kafa da kuma kula da ayyukan gyarawa kafa da fadada alaƙar hukumomi a ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawar da al'adar azabtarwa don tallafawa duk wasu ayyukan da zasu iya taimakawa wajen rigakafin azabtarwa, kuma don inganta ilimi da amfani da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul don inganta damar yin amfani da waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa zuwa ingantaccen magani-doka, ko bincike, na azabtarwa don amfani da shi a cikin shari'a. IRCT tana da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Sashin Watsa Labarun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da matsayin shiga tare da Majalisar Turai . Antwararrun abokan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) Medicalungiyar Likitocin Duniya (WMA), Kungiyoyin Duniya na Lafiya ta Duniya (WCPT), Kungiyar Kwarru ya Duniya (WPA), Internationalungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Duniya (ICN), da Likitocin na Dan Adam Hakki (PHR) IRCT kuma tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwa da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwararru kan kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci. Littattafai TORTURE, mujallar kan gyara wadanda aka azabtar da su da kuma hana azabtarwa saboda halin da suka tsinci kan su. Tsarin IRCT ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Babban taron Majalisar, Kwamitin Zartarwa, da Babban Sakatariya. Babban taro Babban taron na (IRCT) yana haduwa duk bayan shekaru uku kuma ya ƙunshi cibiyoyin gyara da shirye-shirye a duk duniya. Babban taron yana samar da wani taro wanda wakilai na cibiyoyin gyara da shirye-shirye, da wasu da ke aiki a fannoni masu alaƙa, na iya sauƙaƙewa da turawa gaba ga aikin duniya game da azabtarwa. An gudanar da Babban Taron (IRCT) na farko a matsayin Rubutaccen Babban Taro a ranar 16 ga Yuni - 6 Yuli shekarata 2003. Duk cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye waɗanda aka yarda da su tare da IRCT sun cancanci shiga Babban Taro, wurin da aka zaɓi Majalisar (IRCT). Adadin cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye 94 da aka yarda da su sun halarci cikin shekarar 2003 (IRCT) Written General Assembly. Majalisar da kwamitin zartarwa Dangane da Ka’idoji na (IRCT), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zabi Majalisar (IRCT) kuma ta kunshi mambobi 30, 27 da ke wakiltar cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye a duk duniya, da kuma kwararru uku masu zaman kansu. Majalisar ita ce babban tsarin tsara manufofi da daidaitaccen tsari na kungiyar (IRCT), kuma ya hada da mambobi bakwai na Kwamitin Zartarwa. Rabon kujeru ga Majalisar (IRCT) ta yanki kamar haka: Turai - kujeru 7 Asia - kujeru 4 Arewacin Amurka - Kujeru 2 Latin Amurka - kujeru 4 Sub Sahara Africa - kujeru 4 Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka - kujeru 3 Pacific - kujeru 2 Masana masu zaman kansu - kujeru 3 Ofasar gidan babban sakatariyar (IRCT)(Denmark) - wurin zama 1. Babban sakatariya Babban sakatariyar majalissar, wanda ke zaune a Copenhagen, Denmark, ita ce ƙungiyar aiki ta (IRCT), da ke da alhakin kulawa da aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shiryen (IRCT) don tallafawa sake farfaɗo da waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma hana rigima a duniya. Babban sakatariyar ta ƙunshi Ofishin Sakatare-Janar, kungiyar Gudanarwa da Kuɗi, kungiyar Sadarwa, kungiyar Membobinsu na kungiyar Kiwan lafiya, Lauyoyi da kungiyar Shari’a da Ofisoshin Liaison a Brussels da Geneva . Duba kuma Jerin membobin (IRCT) Ranar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Tallafa wa Wadanda Aka Ci Wa Azaba - 26 Yuni Azabtarwa (mujallar) Inge Genefke Yarjejeniyar Istanbul 'Yanci daga Azaba Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Azabtarwa Zaɓin Proa'ida don Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, harancin Mutum ko Degarfafawa ko Hukunci (2006) Azaba Ilimin halin dan Adam na azabtarwa Sirrin rayuwar kalmomi - fim na 2005 Kwamitin Rigakafin Azabtarwa Yarjejeniyar Turai don rigakafin azabtarwa da wulakanta mutum ko ladabtarwa ko hukunci Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam Manazarta Tarihi Aiki Membobi Majiya Yanar Gizo na IRCT Duniya Ba tare da Azaba ba

51205

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Ivory%20Coast

Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast kasa ce da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara a yammacin Afirka. Wakiliyar dimokuradiyyar shugaban kasa ne inda ake kare hakki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, dokokin kasa da kasa, da kuma dokar gama-gari. A matsayinta na memba na Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, ƙungiya ce a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan yancin ɗan adam da jama'a kuma mai rattaba hannu kan manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. A cikin 2011, yakin basasa na biyu na Ivory Coast ya ga karuwar tashin hankali da cin zarafi. Ko da yake an samu ci gaba wajen sasantawa, shari'ar da aka yi wa uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar, Simone Gbagbo (wadda aka wanke ta a shekarar 2017) ta nuna cewa ba a magance tushen matsalolin ba; babu wanda aka samu da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama. A cewar rahoton na Human Rights Watch na 2018, "Ci gaba da rashin da'a daga jami'an tsaro da masu tayar da kayar baya na sojojin sun nuna rashin jin dadi na sabon zaman lafiyar kasar." Tushen hakkoki Tsarin Mulki Ana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2016 na Ivory Coast Title 1: Haƙƙin ɗan adam, 'yanci da ayyuka. Mataki na 3 yana kare hakkin rayuwa. Mataki na 4 yana kare hakki daga nuna wariya dangane da addini, kabila, launin fata, ra'ayi, matsayin zamantakewa ko jima'i. Mataki na 5 yana haramta bauta, azabtarwa, aikin tilastawa, kaciya da fataucin mutane. Mataki na 6 yana ba da kariya ga adalci da daidaito. Mataki na 7 yana kare hakkin yin shari'a ta gaskiya da adalci. Mataki na 9 yana kare hakkin ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Mataki na 11 yana kare hakkin mallaka. Mataki na 15 yana kare kyakkyawan yanayin aiki da albashi mai kyau. Mataki na 16 yana kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan yara. Mataki na 17 yana kare hakkin shiga cikin kungiyar kwadago. Mataki na 19 yana kare 'yancin yin tunani da magana. Mataki na ashirin da 20 yana kare 'yancin yin tarayya. Mataki na 23 yana kare hakkin samun mafaka ga duk wanda ke jin tsoron tsanantawa bisa dalilan addini, siyasa ko falsafa. Mataki na ashirin da hudu yana kare al'adu da fasaha. Dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya Ivory Coast ta amince da hurumin kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya a shekara ta 2003, inda ta mai da kasar alhakin laifukan kare hakkin dan adam da aka aikata bayan 19 ga Satumba 2002. Ya sanya hannu kuma ya amince da Dokar Rome ta shekarar 2002 na Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2013. Ko da yake Ivory Coast ta rattaba hannu kan wasu manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, har yanzu ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi 'yancin bakin haure-ma'aikata, wariyar launin fata da bacewar tilastawa ba (wanda ya bar shi ba tare da la'akari da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kasashe ba). Batutuwa 2010-2011 rikice-rikice Bayan zaben shekarar 2010, hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta mai samun goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da cewa Alassane Ouattara ne shugaban kasar Ivory Coast. Sai dai Laurent Gbagbo ya ki amincewa da sakamakon zaben inda ya kai kararsa ga majalisar tsarin mulkin Ivory Coast. Majalisar ta soke sakamakon; Gbagbo ya yi ikirarin shugabancin kasar, ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya da tashin hankali na siyasa. A cewar Guillaume Ngefa, mataimakin darektan sashin kare hakkin bil adama na aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar Ivory Coast, akalla mutane 462 ne suka mutu a tashin hankalin. Kusan 'yan Ivory Coast 700,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu. Sojojin Ouattara sun kama Gbagbo a shekara ta 2011 tare da mika shi ga kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa domin fuskantar tuhume-tuhume hudu da suka hada da kisan kai da fyade da kuma tsanantawa. Duk da cewa bangarorin biyu sun tafka cin zarafi da cin zarafi a lokacin rikicin, amma kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ce ta binciki laifukan Gbagbo. Fataucin mutane Fataucin mutane a Ivory Coast matsala ce da aka dade ana fama da ita. Duk da cewa ana amfani da kasar wajen safarar yara da manya a cikin gida da waje, amma fataucin yara a cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare. Gwamnatin Amurka ta gano manyan masana'antun da ake safarar yara maza da mata da manya; Ana fataucin mata da farko don lalata da aikin tilastawa. Yin aikin yara a masana'antar koko ya yaɗu, inda ake kawo yara daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye don yin aiki cikin yanayi mara kyau a gonakin. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 2016 ya tabbatar da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na kawar da fataucin mutane a kasar, tare da karin dokoki da kuma hukunta su. Gwamnati ta kafa wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu na yaki da safarar mutane, kuma ta fara kama su na farko a karkashin sabuwar dokar a shekarar 2018. UNICEF da sauran kungiyoyi suna aiki don taimakawa wajen ragewa da kawar da fataucin mutane daga Ivory Coast. Ma’aikatan UNICEF sun girke a kan iyakar kasar domin dakile masu safarar yara. Ita da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwarta suna aiki tare da gwamnati don taimakawa ƙarfafawa da aiwatar da dokokin da ake da su. Ayyukan yara a cikin masana'antar koko Ivory Coast, wacce ke samar da kashi 41 cikin 100 na koko a duniya, ita ce ta fi kowacce noma a duniya; masana'antu na samar da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kudaden shigar da kasar ke fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Aikin noman koko yana ɗaukar kusan mutane miliyan bakwai aiki a duk faɗin ƙasar. Kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta kiyasta cewa Ivory Coast tana da yara 378,000 masu aiki; a lokacin, ƙasar ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ƙarƙashin Shekaru ba. An ba da rahotanni da yawa game da bautar da yara masu haɗari a kan gonakin koko, kuma cibiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na duniya sun yi kira da a daidaita matsalar da ta shafi bayin yara kimanin 15,000 a gonakin. Gwamnatocin Ivory Coast da Ghana sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu a shekara ta 2016 don yaki da safarar kan iyaka da tilasta wa yara sana'a. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya Ivory Coast ta amince da hurumin kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) a shekara ta 2003, duk da cewa ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Rome ba a lokacin; ta amince da dokar a watan Fabrairun 2013. Kotun ta ICC ta bude bincike ne bayan rikicin da ya biyo bayan zaben 2011, wanda mai gabatar da kara na kotun ICC ya jagoranta, na dukkan laifuffukan da ake tuhuma daga ranar 19 ga watan Satumban 2002 zuwa yanzu. Binciken dai shi ne irinsa na farko da al'ummar kasar suka amince da hurumin kotun amma har yanzu ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Rome ba. Bayan binciken motu proprio da mai gabatar da kara na kotun ICC ya bude, an bayar da sammacin a shekarar 2011 na kama Laurent Gbagbo. Ana binciken Gbagbo da tsohon ministan matasa Charles Blé Goudé kan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama da suka hada da kisan kai, fyade, yunkurin kisan kai, da kuma tsanantawa. Ko da yake Gbagbo yana hannun kotun ICC, an sake duba tsare shi bisa la'akari da yiwuwar sakinsa na sauran shari'ar da ake yi masa. Gbagbo shi ne tsohon shugaban kasa na farko da kotun ICC za ta gurfanar da shi. Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Ivory Coast Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Ivory Coast (Ligue Ivoirienne des Droits de l'Homme, LIDHO) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta siyasa da addini tare da manufar tabbatar da tsarin shari'a na gaskiya da adalci. An kafa ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris 1987, ta dogara ne da gudummawar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Kungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan bincike da samar da kayan ilimi a matsayin zauren bin doka, da yin tir da take hakkin dan Adam da samar da dabarun shawo kan su. LIDHO tana aiki ne a fannoni da dama da suka hada da daidaiton jinsi da zaman lafiya. Ba a amince da gasar ba sai a shekarar 1990, bayan mulkin danniya na Félix Houphouët-Boigny ya ƙare da mutuwarsa. Tun lokacin da aka amince da su, LIDHO ya yi aiki tare da cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa don bincikar cin zarafin bil'adama a Ivory Coast kuma sun haɗu da ƙungiyoyi daga bangarori daban-daban na addini, zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Ivory Coast don yin aiki tare da samar da zaman lafiya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A cikin 2004, an kafa Operation na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Ivory Coast (ONUCI) don inganta zaman lafiya da 'yancin ɗan adam. An kafa shi yayin da rikici tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa na Ivory Coast ya karu, ta yi aiki don cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. ONUCI ta kuma yi aiki don halalta zabe da kuma rage tashe-tashen hankula daga bangarorin biyu. A lokacin rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2011, sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi aiki don tabbatar da tsaro da kare fararen hula da aka kama a yakin. An kara wa’adin ONUCI sau da dama domin nuna sauyin yanayin siyasar kasar. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya fada a watan Maris din shekarar 2013 cewa, ko da yake wannan aiki na iya rage yawan sojojinsa saboda karuwar zaman lafiyar da ake samu a siyasance, amma har yanzu ana bukatar samar da zaman lafiya da kuma tattaunawa ta kasa. An kawo karshen aikin ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2017, amma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyi masu tallafawa na ci gaba da bayar da kudade da taimako don wanzar da zaman lafiya da hada kai da gwamnati don tabbatar da zaman lafiya. Duba kuma Daidaiton jinsi a Ivory Coast Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25834

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Kamaru

Sinima a Kamaru

Sinima a Kamaru ya haɗa da yin fim na Faransanci da Turanci. Wani lokaci ana kiran masana'antar fim ɗin Anglophone da Collywood . Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1919, an saki fim ɗin Haut-Commissariat de la République française au Cameroun a cikin Kamarun Faransa . A 1960, Kamaru ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, kuma tarihin sinima na Kamaru ya fara ne a 1962. Thérèse Sita Bella da Jean Pierre Dikonguè Pipa sune farkon masu shirya fina -finan Kamaru. Sauran sunaye a farkon sinima na Kamaru sun haɗa da Alphonse Béni wanda ya yi karatun fasahar Fim a Conservatoire libre du cinéma français ( CLCF ), da Daniel Kamwa wanda ya yi karatun fim a Université de Paris 8-Vincennes. Fim ɗin farko da aka ɗauka a Kamaru bayan samun ƴancin kai shine Point de Vue No. 1, wanda Dia Moukouri ya jagoranta, wanda bai fito a kasuwa ba sai 1966. Kafin 1973, kusan fina -finai 15 na gajere da tsayi aka samar, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Hadin gwiwar Faransa, da tallafin fasaha daga Cibiyoyin Al'adun Faransa (CCF - cibiyoyin al'adun français). A cikin 1972, akwai gidajen silima 32 a duk faɗin Kamaru ta Asusun Raya Masana'antar Fina -Finan (FODIC - Fonds du développement de l'industrie cinématographique) wanda Gwamnatin Kamaru ta ɗauki nauyinsa a lokacin. A shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, an samar da fina-finai da yawa a Kamaru, ciki har da Muna Moto ta Jean-Pierre Dikonguè, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Stallion (The Étalon d'or de Yennenga ita ce babbar kyauta) a bikin Finafinai da Talabijin na Panafrican. na Ouagadougou (FESPACO - panafricain de cinéma et de télévision de Ouagadougou) a 1976. A cikin 1980s akwai gidajen sinima da yawa a Yaounde da Douala, waɗanda daga baya aka rufe su, kuma a maimakon haka ana nuna fina -finai a gidajen sinima na hannu. An samar da sadakin Ninah a Sabga Hills, a Bamenda  ] . Ya lashe kyaututtuka sama da 30.  Beleh wani fim ne wanda ya sami lambobin yabo sama da 10.  An fara gudanar da bikin Fim na kasa da kasa na Kamaru a shekarar 2016. Masana'antar Fim ta Kamaru-CFI Tarihin yin fim ɗin Kamaru ya koma 1962, shekaru biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai lokacin da babu fasahar dijital kuma samar da fim ya kasance analog kuma yana da tsada sosai, a lokacin manyan masu shirya fina -finai na Faransa masu zaman kansu kamar Jean Paul Ngassa, Dikonge Pipa, Sita Bella, Alphonse Benny da sauran manyan jarumai kamar Gerald Essomba wanda ya kirkiro ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina -finai a Kamaru sun sami ci gaba mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa don farfaɗo da fasaha ta bakwai yayin harbi akan fasahar fim mai tsada da ƙarancin lokaci. Wannan ya biyo bayan tsararraki na biyu na masu shirya fina -finai irin su Jean Marie Tenu, pouss pouss na Daniel Kamwa da finafinan Muna Moto na Dikongue Pipa a cikin 1972/1975 bi da bi sun haɓaka matakin masana'antar cikin gida a lokacin tare da sanin ƙasa da ƙasa. Jean père Bikolo, Baseck Bakobio da wasu fewan wasu su ne ƙarni na ƙarshe na masu shirya fina -finai waɗanda suka harbi fasahar fim ɗin analog kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba da shirye -shiryen fina -finai amma a wannan karon tare da kayan aikin bidiyo na lambobi na zamani wanda ya kawo babban canji a farkon shekarun 90 a Afirka . Wannan ƙarni wanda ya mamaye cikin shekarun fim na dijital har yanzu yana tasiri kan masana'antar fim ta ƙoƙarin su na kowa don a san su a masana'antar a gida da waje. Bayan ci gaba da ci gaba da juyin halitta da neman masu shirya fina -finai na cikin gida don yada fasahar yin fim tare da zuwan gidan talabijin na Kamaru (CTV) a 1985, ya karfafa sabbin masu shirya fina -finai ciki har da masu shirya fina -finan Ingilishi wadanda ta hanyar Victor Pungong na tunawa mai albarka a 1987 suka samar '' Gwaji na so '' fim ɗin Ingilishi na farko da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na ƙasa tare da sigar sa ta biyu (jerin) a cikin 2004 tare da tsoffin mayaƙa kamar Claude Henry Ndenge, Chinepoh Corson, Yijika Solange, Yimbu Emmanuel, Njoya Grace, Chi Anthony, Tita Ernestine ... akasarinsu sun sami shigarsu cikin manyan masana’antu a lokacin. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, bayan yawancin masu shirya fina -finai masu sha'awar nuna turanci kamar Nfuh ebenezer, Njiforti Victor, da Thomas Belton suna ci gaba da ciyar da wannan fim ɗin gaba. Tasirin masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a tsakiyar shekarun '90 kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai a tsarin ginin zane na 7 a yammacin mungo ta hanyar manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda masu shirya fina-finai na gida suka fara tare da Nollywood tare da babban niyyar haɓaka ayyukan gida. kuma ba masana'antar fim ta gida tururi. A cikin wannan lokacin furodusan fim/darekta na gida kamar Thomas Beltin na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai albarka ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin Aljanna ta hana (2000), canza zuciya (2002), Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Damunza (2003) wanda kuma ya haska taurarin jarumai na gida a lokacin kamar Moma Pascal (Bob), Fanny Fungong, Mbuta Sylvie, Chatoh Collins, and Lyno Lovet. Akonte Cyril na Splash network ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin fim na Kamaru-Najeriya, Kyautar Zaman Lafiya, wanda suka samar kuma Amayo Phillips ya jagoranta, tare da taurarin Nollywood/Kamaru kamar Patience Ozukwo, Fabien Adibe Nonso Diobi, Tangie suh Nfor, Menye Patra, Cy Wanki kuma jerin sun ci gaba. Wannan fim ɗin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sauran masu sha'awar fim kamar Agbor Gilbert Ebot da Felix Alote sun ƙaddamar da wani aikin Kamaru/Najeriyar a wannan shekarar tare da wani ɗan Najeriya wanda aka haifa/darekta Oscar Benson a cikin fim ɗin mai taken Dawowar Mbombo wanda ya ƙunshi Vugar Samson, Nsuh George, Ngeh Gerald, Agbor Gilbert, tare da Nguffo Serge N. Fim ɗin Ghis ya ƙare a cikin fiasco tare da koma baya da yawa da aka fuskanta yayin aiwatarwa ; munanan abubuwan da suka fuskanta sun tursasa su yin tunani a kan hanyar su ta dawo da halittar 'gabobin' wanda zai iya kula da muhimman batutuwa game da haƙƙin 'yan wasan da walwalar da aka samu bayan shekara guda a cikin 2004 yau da aka sani da suna National Actors Guild of Cameroon tare da shugabanta na kafa Vugar Samson. . A cikin wannan lokacin, wasu abubuwan samarwa na cikin gida sun kuma taso a yankin kudu maso yamma kafin babban fashewar Agbor Gilbert Ebot a 2005 tare da budurwar sa ta Kamaru/Najeriya mai taken Kafin fitowar rana wanda ya samar kuma Fred Amata ne ya jagoranci fim ɗin 'Giant' 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood kamar Clarion Chukwura, Olu Jacobs, Dakore da kuma nuna masu wasan kwaikwayo na gida a lokacin kamar Ivanne Namme, Quinta Eyoung Ashu, Agbor Magdalene, Jean Père Esome da Lyno lovet. Shekaru biyu akan daidai a cikin 2006, Joe Walkie na Gidauniyar Joe Walkie a Kumba shima ya samar da '' Sacrament '' 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na gida a lokacin kamar Alene Menget (wanda kwanan nan aka yi masa ado da lambar jarumta na babban jarumi ta shugaban jihar tare da Quinta Eyong Ashu) kuma Daraktan Najeriya ya bada umarni tunda masana'antar ba ta da daraktan gida wanda aikinsa zai iya gamsar da masu samar da gida a lokacin don ba da irin wannan babban alhakin. Yana da kyau a yarda cewa waɗannan ƙoƙarin na farko sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar cikin gida kamar yadda waɗannan majagaba suka yi niyya kuma a cikin 2008 bayan ziyarar tashar fim ɗin Afirka a lokacin African Magic bisa gayyatar Agbor Gilbert Ebot don ganowa da fallasa hazaƙar gida a cikin. masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin wannan lokacin ne masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda ba su sami damar haɗuwa tare da yin magana game da masana'antar fim mai kishi wanda ya kasance mafi ƙima a lokacin a makwabciyar Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fito da wani tsari wanda babu shi wanda zai iya zama a cikin gida ko bayan, magance yanayin rashin aiki, ƙarancin albashi, rashin ƙwarewar fasaha. Tudun duwatsun da suka wanzu na Yibain Emile Aime Chah an yi jana'izarsu don samar da wani tsari wanda zai haɗa kowa da kowa a cikin taron Buea na 2008. Ta hanyar tarurruka da manyan tarurruka daga Kumba, Bamenda, Yaounde inda aka karɓi sunan Collywood kuma a ƙarshe a Buea a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2008 lokacin da aka fara masana'antar Fina -Finan Kamaru Collywood. Ya zama tilas a ambaci cewa ƙalubalen ƙirƙirar masana'antar finafinai ta “Collywood” shine matsalar rushe NAGCAM (National actor Guild of Cameroon) wanda shine kawai tsarin da aka sani da aka kirkira a cikin 2004 don kare masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda galibi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne su fito. tare da guild guda ɗaya. An sami tsayayyiyar adawa a babban taron Bamenda a 2007 daga shugaban da ya kafa Vugar Samsom wanda ya firgita cewa NAGCAM ƙungiya ce ba ƙungiya ba kuma ba za a iya narkar da ita ba sai dai a haɗa sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke ciki. An kafa kwamitin rikon ƙwarya a Kumba a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar kuma aka ba Waa Nkeng Musi umarni don tsarawa da kafa guilds guda shida da aka gano wadanda suka hada da Guild Actors, Guild Producers, Guild Directors, Guild Technician, Guild Writers and Marketing and Distribution Guild . An umurce shi tare da masu kula da shiyya a yankuna daban -daban da aka gano kamar Bamenda, Kumba, Buea da Yaounde don ganowa da sanya membobin ƙungiyar cikin wadannan guilds cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Moma Pascal Gamih ya kafa CAMAG kuma ya haɗa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo cikin Guild na CFI a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufar da aka ba gwamnatin Musi a cikin babban taron Kumba. Wannan daga baya ya zama abin jayayya a cikin masana'antar wanda ya raba 'yan wasan a cikin rarrabuwa na NAGCAM/ CAMAG tare da NAGCAM wanda ke tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ƙungiya tare da takaddun halattattu waɗanda wata ƙungiya ba za ta iya rinjaye su ba don haka a watan Agusta na 2014 a cikin babban taron gama-gari na talakawa. /zabe a garin sada zumunci (Limbe ), NAGCAM ta hadiye CAMAG a cikin yarjejeniya baki daya tsakanin jam'iyyun don zama kungiya daya tilo da zata wakilci kungiyar yan wasan Kamaru a karkashin CFI kafin Moma Pascal ya zama mai nasara na CFI a gaban shugaban hukumar Otia Vitalis, wasu membobin hukumar ciki har da babban sakatare Alasambom Nyinchou, jami'in sadarwa Tanwie Elvis, Musing Derick da Vugar Samson uban kafa NAGCAM. Wannan kyakkyawar ƙungiyar 'yan wasan daga baya tsakanin ɓangarori sun rabu bayan rashin tsige Moma Pascal a matsayin shugaban masu shirya fina -finai tare da ƙiyayya mai ƙarfi a nasa ɓangaren ya yanke shawarar janye CAMAG daga ƙungiyar har zuwa yau, ya bar NAGCAM a matsayin ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin tantancewa, rajista da shigar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo cikin Guild of Actors of CFI. Duk abubuwan da suka gabata da sifofi sun kasance abubuwan da suka ƙera kuma suka gina kowane halayen hamayya a cikin '' sansanoni '' a cikin masana'antar kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Kwamitin rikon kwarya na Musi ya jagoranci gwamnatin wanda wa'adin ta ya kare a cikin shekaru uku a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ya kara zuwa 23 ga Maris, 2013 a babban dakin karatu na Yaounde lokacin da masu ruwa da tsaki suka yi farin ciki da canjin da wasu mutane ke nacewa game da gazawar ofishin wucin gadin. haɗu da wajibai. A gaban Akim Macaulay wakilin CFI na Amurka, Dr Fai Donatus da wakilin minista Amah Tutu Muna a lokacin. ; daraktan sinima wanda aka maye gurbin ofishin rikon kwarya na Musi tare da Otia Vitalis Suh wanda shine zababben shugaban kwamitin farko na masana'antar fina-finan Kamaru; wanda wa'adin aikinsa ya ƙare tun da wuri a ƙarshen mulkinsa na shekaru uku a watan Maris na 2016 don ba da dama ga Mbeaoh Alex wanda ya kasance 'yan watanni zuwa wa'adinsa na biyu tun daga Maris 2019. Ba a bar wasu masu ba da gudummawa masu mahimmanci ba kafin ci gaban masana'antar, akwai wasu ƙwararrun masu shirya fina -finai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa waɗanda gudummawar su kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta yaɗa masana'antar zuwa inda take a yau kamar mutane irin su Godlove Neba Nyambi Jr, Ngatou Noutossi Glaradip, Molimi Cletus, Zigoto Tchaya, Angu Elisabeth, Neba Lawrence, Waa Nkeng Musi, Chinepo Corsson, Tanwie Elvis De Dadies, Alenne Menget, Ashu Egbe, Njamsi Roland, Itambi Delphine, Amandy Alfred, Akim Macaulay, Awah Oliver, Claude Henry Ndegue, Yibain Emile Chah, Anurine Nwanembom, Ngouffo Serge N., Musing Derick, Elung Brenda Shay, Chatoh Collins, Billy Bob Ndive, Nkwah Kingsly, Princess Manka, Tanko Francoise, Chi Anthony, Enah John Scott, Nkanya Nkwai, Achile Brice, Asaba Ferdinand, Musing Derick, Keka Sylvester, Nsuh George, Elvis Smart, PD Cash, Esua Julius, Nkwah Kingsly, Nwanna Goffi, Ngongan Matheu/Joe Walkie/Glory M. of memory memory, Aisha Innoua, Kucha, Akuro Titus, Ala Leo, Agbor steeve (Big steev e), Syndy Emade, Asah Elvis, Akuro Rapheal, Godwin Nganah, Sylvanus Awae, Takong Delvis, Enow Tanjong, Agbor Obed Agbor, Awemu Pius, Ivanne Namme, Alfred Melo. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya daidai ne, watanni uku kwana goma sha ɗaya daga ranar da aka ƙirƙiri CFI wanda ya yi daidai da wannan ranar mai tarihi ta 14 ga Satumba 2019 inda ake shirin canza yanayin rayuwar masana'antar fim a Kamaru. Wuri mai mahimmanci kuma mai mahimmanci wanda shine tsohon shugaban Kamaru yana ba da haske game da mahimmancin bikin. Kaddamar da bikin fasaha da al'adu na ƙasa wanda aka yiwa lakabi da RECAN 2019 wani lokaci ne na sake tsara masana'antar Fina -Finan Kamaru (CFI) don biyan buƙatun masu shirya fina -finai na gida ta hanyar tsarin tarayya wanda ke nufin sauƙaƙe haɗin kai don sauƙaƙe watsa labarai., albarkatu, gina iya aiki da kuma tsarin sassan da ke mutuwa. Basseck Bakobio ne ya jagoranci wannan taro tare da taimakon Chop Samuel shugaban SCAAP na yanzu, daraktan Cinema a MINAC kuma shugaban kwamitin masana'antar Fina -Finan Kamaru CFI. A gefe guda kuma, ban da shugaban hukumar Mbeaoh Alex wanda ya binciki babi na CFI; Agbor Gilbert Ebot, Takum Fred, Musing Derick da Billy Bob sune muryoyin da suka halarta don bayyana motsi na CFI a cikin ƙarfin su a cikin masana'antar. Yanayin al'adu daban-daban na wannan yanki yana tabbatar da yuwuwar al'adu da yawa na Kamaru sun ƙi taron tare da masu shirya fina-finan Anglo-Saxon suna muhawara sabanin tsarin yankuna goma na haɗin kan sashin ta hanyar gamsar da masu shirya fina-finan Faransa game da buƙatar sashin ya ci gaba da riƙe al'adunsa biyu. halaye dangane da ƙungiya, al'adu, harshe da dabaru a hanyoyin da suka dace na yin fina -finai ; yana mai dagewa cewa tsarin bangarorin biyu ba zai yi kira ga ɓangarorin ba. Taron ya ƙare ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba sai aka gabatar da ƙarar wakilci daidai game da waɗanda za su shiga cikin kwamiti don ci gaba da ƙarin shawarwari game da hakan daga masu shirya fina -finan Ingilishi. Shugaban taron ya nuna rashin amincewa da kudirin wakilci daidai amma ya yanke shawarar cewa wadanda za su kafa kwamitin za su iya fitowa daga kowane yanki na kasar ba lallai ba ne kan daidaito. Taron ya ga mintina na ƙarshe a cikin fiasco tare da shugaban taron yana tabbatar da kiran gaggawa ga waɗanda za a zaɓa a cikin kwamitin don daidaita ajandar taron wanda ba za a iya gajiyawa a zama ɗaya ba. Wannan taron ya zo ne a lokacin da galibin masu fafutuka ko masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antar ko dai suna kan gaba ko kuma suna ja da junansu, wataƙila saboda wasu dalilai daban -daban amma yana da mahimmanci don yaba muryar haɗin kai da goyon baya da suka jure wa juna yayin da a cikin wannan muhimmin taro wanda aka hango a matsayin juyi na masana'antar fim a Kamaru. Yayin da ake fatan masu jagoranci da masu sahun gaba na masana’antu suna tattarawa da sasanta bambance -bambancen da ke tsakaninsu don shimfida hanya ga tsararrakin da suka gabata waɗanda ba sa tsammanin komai sai sawun abin koyi, ikon da ya kamata ya taimaka daidai wa waɗannan masu tafiya don cimma burinsu a cikin wannan masana'antar mai fa'ida sosai. wanda aka dade ana mayar da shi baya a ƙasar nan. A ƙarshe, yana da matukar mahimmanci a mai da hankali ga mummunan juyin halittar CFI tun lokacin da aka kirkiri hukumar a cikin Maris 2013; yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa masu inganci sun ƙaru sosai. Yana cikin tsarin CFI wanda aka hango da kuma samar da ƙarfin gwiwa don fara aiwatarwa kamar Tsarin TV mafi tsawo na Kamaru (Yanayin 312) Bad Angel wanda Godwin Nganah ya samar, Tanwie Elvis De Dadies ya jagoranta, Rhumble Series (156 episodes) wanda aka samar kuma ya jagoranta Billy Bob Lifongo jerin shiry-shiryen Talabijin ne da ake watsawa a gidan talabijin na ƙasa wanda ya kawo canji a masana'antar fim, ya ƙara sanduna mafi girma kuma ya haifar da wayewa game da haɓaka masana'antar. Bayan wannan babban ci gaba da sauran fina -finai kamar Samba, Life Point, A Man for the Weekend, Night in the grass field, A good Time to Divorce, Two Ways, Bridge of Trust sun sami karɓuwa. Wannan yanayin da ke tasowa ya kasance daidai gwargwado don haka yana ba da matsayi na musamman ga CFI wanda da fatan zai iya jagorantar Cinema ta Afirka dangane da ingancin samarwa. Tanwie Elvis De Dadies ne ya tattara kuma ya rubuta Masu shirya Finafinai Adela Elad Agbor Gilbert Ebot Asobo Desmond Daniel Kamwa Desiree Sanga chefor Leslie Ina Johnscot Kang Quintus Jean Pierre Dikonguè Pipa Nan Jean Nkanya Nkwai Stephanie Tum Syndy Emade Daraktoci Tanwie Elvis De baba Ina Scott Scott Neba Lawrence Billybob Ndive Paul Samba Victor Viyuoh Jarumai Victor Achiri Asobo Desmond Chu Eugene Chi Epule Jeffrey Kang Quintus Lucie Memba Onyama Laura Solange Yijika Sumbai Ekane Epie Adambi Mbango Masu rarrabawa Raba Labarin Ciné Kyautar allo - tun 1995 Manazarta http://parisartandmovieawards.com/2020-official-competition-5902/ https://www.betatinz.com/2020/08/prior-to-its-release-cameroonian-movie.html?m=1 https:/ /nexdimempire.com/film-updates-the-fishermans-diary-clasps-5-nominations-at-the-paris-art-and-movie-awards-pama2020.html/ Kamaru Pages with unreviewed translations

21574

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20Moledo

Rodrigo Moledo

Rodrigo Modesto da Silva Moledo (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarar 1987 a Rio de Janeiro) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil wanda ke taka leda a Internacional a matsayin ɗan baya . Klub din An haife shi a Rio de Janeiro, ya fara a farkon shekarar 2008 don buga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin rukuni na biyu na Campeonato Catarinense ya jawo hankalin União Esporte Clube, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil daga Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. A lokacin rani na 2009, sun aike shi a matsayin aro a ƙungiyar Poland ta Odra Wodzisław . A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya koma Brazil yana wasa a União Esporte Clube yana taimaka musu su lashe gasar 2010 ta Yankin. Wasansa ya jawo hankalin jami'an Internacional a wasan Copa do Brasil . A cikin 2011, ya sanya hannu tare da su. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 7 ga Satumbar 2011, a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan America Mineiro a Campeonato Brasileiro. A cikin shekarar 2013, Metalist Kharkiv ya sayi Rodrigo Moledo kan R $ 20.51 miliyan. A cikin Yukren, farkon ya kasance mai kayatarwa kuma Moledo ya fara buga wasanni masu mahimmanci, amma mummunan rauni a gwiwa ya hana shi daga yawan wasanni. A kakar 2013 zuwa 14, Moledo ya fara wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai da PAOK . Yana da muhimmiyar rawa ga kulob din a duk gasa. Mai tsaron baya na tsakiya na Brazil Rodrigo Moledo, bayan kwantiragin watanni shida tare da tsohuwar kungiyar sa ta Internacional, zai kasance memba na Panathinaikos har zuwa bazarar 2018. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da tsohon dan kwallon na duniya mai shekaru 28 a wata kungiyar Turai, bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Metalist Kharkiv . A ranar 19 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016, dan wasan bayan na Brazil ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Iraklis don wasan Super League kuma ya nuna farin cikin sa ga nasarar kungiyar tasa. Kyakkyawan aikin sa a rabin rabin kakar, ya jawo hankalin Fluminense FC da Peñarol don sa hannu kan Panathinaikos 'dan wasan tsakiya na Brazil. Duk da haka jami'an kungiyar ta Girka ba su da niyyar sayar da tsohon dan wasan na duniya mai shekara 28, tun da manajan Andrea Stramaccioni yana ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kungiyar ta yanzu. A ranar 28 Yuli 2016, ya zira kwallo daya a wasan UEFA Europa League da AIK a wasan farko na zagaye na uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar. Ya fara kakar 2016-17 a matsayin shugaban da ba za a iya takama da shi ba game da kare 'yan koren. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, an yi imanin cewa mai tsaron bayan Panathinaikos ba ya farin ciki da rashin sabunta kwantiragin nasa kamar yadda tsohon manajan Panathinaikos Andrea Stramaccioni ya yi masa alkawari. A cewar jaridu, Moledo ya amince da Stramaccioni kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya har zuwa 2020. Koyaya, manajan na Italiya ya bar Greens kuma an dakatar da tattaunawa da Panathinaikos. Kwantiraginsa ta kare a cikin 2018, amma duk da haka daraktan fasaha na Panathinaikos Nikos Lyberopoulos ya gaya masa cewa har yanzu yana daga cikin 'yan wasan da ba za su iya zama dole ba. Dan wasan baya na Panathinaikos Rodrigo Moledo na iya zama a kulob din duk da jita-jitar kwanan nan kan yiwuwar komawa Brazil. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, gwamnatin Panathinaikos ta yanke shawarar ba shi damar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da mafi kyawun sharuddan kudi kuma dan wasan bayan na Brazil yana da karfin gwiwa ya amince da tayin nasa, duk da Besiktas JK da Sport Club Internacional . A tsakiyar watan Disambar shekarar 2017, tsohuwar kungiyar Moledo, Internacional za ta iya dawowa a cikin watan Janairun canji, don siyan gogaggen mai tsaron gida na Panathinaikos. Kwantiragin tsohon dan asalin kasar Brazil mai shekaru 30 tare da 'yan koren masu matsakaicin kudi ya kare a lokacin bazarar 2018. A ƙarshe, a ranar 10 Janairu 2018, Moledo ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sport Club Internacional, yarjejeniyar da za a fara a ranar 1 ga Yuli bayan yarjejeniyar da yake yi da Panathinaikos ta ƙare. Wahayin ya zo ne a matsayin mummunan labari ga 'yan koren. La'akari da mummunan halin rashin kuɗi da ke tattare da faɗuwar henattafan Athen, Panathinaikos sun yi ɗokin sayar da Moledo a cikin hunturu don karɓar kuɗin da ake buƙata na ɗan shekaru 31. PAOK, wadanda ke bin Moledo a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, sun mai da hankali kan bada aron dan kasar Brazil din daga kungiyar' yan koren har zuwa karshen kakar 2017-2018 . PAOK suna ba wa Panathinaikos fan 300,000 don rancen Moledo, gami da ayyukan Ergys Kace da Dimitris Konstantinidis a rabin rabin wannan kakar. A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2018, Moledo zai canza sheka zuwa Internacional, saboda bashi tare da ɗan wasan kuma tare da tsoron shigar da ƙara akan Panathinaikos don jinkirin biyan kuɗi, ƙungiyar ba ta da wata hanya face ta karɓi tayin ,000 150,000 daga Colorados don fita nan da nan Ayyukan duniya A watan Afrilu ranar 19, shekarar 2013, Moledo aka kira up for Brazilian Team da kocin Scolari for Brazil ta Afrilu 24 sada zumunci da Chile a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Henrique, wanda aka wasa a wasan da kulob dinsa na gaba rana. Koyaya, CONMEBOL ya matsar da wasan Palmeiras zuwa mako mai zuwa, yana ba Scolari damar yin tuno da Henrique yayin da yake ajiye Moledo a cikin ƙungiyar. Daraja Na duniya Sanar da Sudamericana : 2011 Campeonato Gaúcho : 2012, 2013 Kowane mutum Leungiyar Gasar Superleague ta Gwarzo : 2015-16, 2016-17 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rodrigo Moledo at 90minut.pl (in Polish)

51605

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Yammacin%20Sahara

Sufuri a Yammacin Sahara

Harkokin sufuri a Yammacin Sahara yana da iyaka ta teku, hanya da iska tare da raƙuma su ne hanyoyin sufuri na farko a yankin hamada. Titin mota ta bas ya kasance babban hanyar sufuri. Mafi tsayin bel na jigilar kaya a duniya shine mai tsayi, daga ma'adinan phosphate na Bu Craa zuwa bakin tekun kudu da Laayoune. Belit ɗin yana motsa kusan tan metric ton 2,000 na dutse mai ɗauke da phosphate a kowace sa'a daga ma'adinan zuwa El-Aaiun, inda ake lodawa da jigilar su. Sassan Yammacin Sahara sun kasance Masarautar Ispaniya har zuwa shekara ta 1975 a matsayin lardin na ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yaki ya barke tsakanin wadancan kasashe da kungiyar 'yantar da kasa ta Sahrawi, wato kungiyar Polisario, wacce ta shelanta Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa Sahrawi (SADR) da gwamnati a gudun hijira a Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya. Mauritania ta janye a shekarar 1979, kuma a ƙarshe Maroko ta sami ikon mallakar yawancin yankunan, ciki har da dukan manyan biranen da albarkatun kasa. An aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar 1997 tsakanin sojojin Polisario da na Morocco. Jirgin kasan dakon kaya mafi tsayi a duniya, jirgin dakon kaya na jirgin kasa na kasar Mauritania, ya na ratsa kudu maso gabas na yammacin sahara na dan gajeren zango. An kuma dai katse hanyar wucewa ta yammacin Sahara a lokacin yakin da ake yi tsakanin Polisaro da sojojin Morocco kafin a aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a shekarar 1997. Fage Sassan Yammacin Sahara sun kasance Masarautar Ispaniya har zuwa shekara ta 1975 a matsayin lardin na ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yaki ya barke tsakanin wadancan kasashe da kungiyar 'yantar da kasa ta Sahrawi, wato kungiyar Polisario, wacce ta shelanta Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa Sahrawi (SADR) da gwamnati a gudun hijira a Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya. Mauritania ta janye a shekarar 1979, kuma a ƙarshe Maroko ta sami ikon mallakar yawancin yankunan, ciki har da dukan manyan biranen da albarkatun kasa. An kafa Polisario a shekara ta 1973 don yakar 'yancin Sahawari Larabawa Larabawa. Polisario ya kai hari kan wuraren Morocco sau da yawa kuma ya rama. An ci gaba da gwabza yaki tsakanin Polisario da Maroko kan shahara a yankin da Aljeriya ke marawa Polisario da Amurka da Faransa da Saudiyya ga Maroko. Polisario ya yi nasarar yanke jigilar Phosphorus ta Yammacin Sahara zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Abubuwan da suka shafi sufuri na yankin, ciki har da garuruwan kan iyaka na Maroko, ya shafa a lokacin yake-yake. Sufurin Jirgin sama Yammacin Sahara ba shi da sabis na jirgin ƙasa, ban da sashin layin dogo na Mauritania; wanda (tun bayan rufe Ramin Choum), ya ratsa iyakar kudu maso gabas na yankin. Ana ɗaukar hanyar dogo a matsayin jirgin dakon kaya mafi tsayi a duniya wanda ke da tazarar .Fasinjojin da ke da tikiti suna tafiya a cikin ƴan motoci yayin da yawancin ƙa'ida ba, wani lokacin da dabbobi, ke hawa saman motocin dakon kaya. Akwai na hanyoyi, wanda suna da ƙarfe. Ƙananan hanyar sadarwa na manyan tituna suna ba da iyakacin haɗin kai na ƙasa. Babban titin N1 babbar hanya ce da ke ratsa gabar tekun Atlantika a kasar. Akwai ƴan hanyoyi a arewa sai kuma hanyoyi guda biyu a kudu waɗanda ke kan N1. Duk sauran hanyoyin na gida ne a cikin garuruwa da garuruwa daban-daban. Ana ɗaukar tukin kan hanya mai haɗari tunda akwai "dubban nakiyoyin da ba a fashe ba" a yankin. An yi amfani da tsare-tsaren tituna a yankin da Aljeriya ta fara don kara tasirinta a yankin. Kamfanoni 4 ne kawai ke da lasisin amfani da motocin bas a Yammacin Sahara wadanda su ne: CTM, Supratours, Satas da Sat; Motocin CTM da Supratours suna da sabis na yau da kullun daga Dakhla zuwa Marrakech ta Laayoune da Agadir. Sufurin Jirgin kasa Tun bayan rufe Ramin Choum, a sashe na layin dogo na Mauritania ya ratsa ta Polisario Front yankin da ke iko da Yammacin Sahara (21.354867°N 13.012644°W ). Tashoshi Babban tashar jiragen ruwa a yammacin Sahara shine Ad Dakhla ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa (Port Marchand Lassarga/Port-Îlot) wanda ke a cikin tashar mafaka a kudancin filin jirgin sama, Cabo Bojador ƙananun tashar jiragen ruwa tare da jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa da Laayoune (El Aaiun) manyan tashoshin ruwa mai zurfi; amfani da tasoshin da ke dauke da phosphate, manyan jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi da jiragen sintiri na soja. Mafi tsayin belt na jigilar kaya a duniya shine mai tsayi, daga ma'adinan phosphate na Bu Craa zuwa bakin tekun kudu da Laayoune. Belt ɗin yana motsa kusan tan metric ton 2,000 na dutse mai ɗauke da phosphate a kowace sa'a daga ma'adinan zuwa El-Aaiun, inda ake lodawa da jigilar su. Filayen jiragen sama Akwai filayen saukar jiragen sama guda shida, uku tare da lallausan titin jirgi da filaye guda uku da ba a gama ba, sai kuma helipad daya (soja a Cape Bojador). Hassan I Airport, serving El Aaiún (Laâyoune), filin jirgin sama ne na kasa da kasa, amma masu jigilar kaya a filin jirgin sama suna haɗuwa kawai zuwa wuraren yanki (zuwa Maroko ko tsibirin Canary ). Filin jirgin saman Dakhla yana cikin Dakhla kuma yana da jiragen kasuwanci na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin sama na Smara a Smara da La Güera filin jirgin saman La Güera wasu ƙananan filayen jiragen sama ne a Yammacin Sahara. Duba kuma Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Yammacin Sahara Sources CIA World Factbook (2010). Manazarta

42537

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Diallo

Cheick Diallo

Cheick Diallo (an haife shi 13 ga watan Satumba, 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando kuma ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Mali ne na Kyoto Hannaryz na B.League . Diallo ya kasance mai daukar taurari biyar kuma MVP (Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa) na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game . Ya buga wasan kwando guda ɗaya na kwaleji don Kansas kafin ya ba da sanarwar daftarin 2016 NBA, inda aka zaɓi shi tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya ta Los Angeles Clippers . Rayuwar farko An haifi Diallo ne a kasar mali kuma ya girma a Kayes, Mali. An dauki kimanin sa'o'i 15 daga garinsu zuwa Bamako, babban birnin kasar. Shi ne auta a cikin iyalinsa kuma yana da 'yan'uwa biyar. Ya sha buga wasan ƙwallon kwando tare da manyan abokansa da danginsa wanda ya fitar da basirarsa. Diallo ya koma Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2012 don neman wasan kwallon kwando. Ba ya iya turanci a lokacin. Ya tuna lokacin, “Abin ya yi tauri. Na bar iyayena, abokaina, ’yan’uwana, komai, don kawai in zo nan.’” Diallo ya fara buga ƙwallon kwando a shekara ta 2010. Aikin makarantar sakandare Ta hanyar shirin sa na duniya, Diallo ya fara halartar Makarantar Mai Ceton Mu Sabuwar Amurka a Centereach, New York . Ya yi wasa da Chris Obekpa a kakar wasansa ta farko kuma, da farko, babban dan Afirka ne ya mamaye shi. Diallo ya ce, “Ban san abin da nake yi ba. Na kasa yin magana. [Obekpa] yana hana ni kowane lokaci." A cikin lokutan baya, ya zama mafi tasiri ga ƙungiyarsa kuma ya ja hankalin jama'a ta hanyar toshe harbi, sake dawowa, da haɓaka. An gayyaci Diallo zuwa sansanin NBPA Top 100 a shekarar 2013 kuma ya ci gaba da zama MVP na farko daga Afirka. A matsayinsa na ƙarami a cikin shekarar 2014, ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.5, 11.2 rebounds, da tubalan 4.0 a kowane wasa yayin da yake jagorantar ƙungiyarsa zuwa rikodin 28 – 3 da gasar rukuni-rukuni. A matsayinsa na babba, Diallo ya sami maki 17.5, 10.5 rebounds, da 2.5 tubalan kowane wasa. An nada Diallo MVP na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game bayan ya zira kwallaye 18 da sake dawowa 10 wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar Gabas zuwa nasara 111–91 akan Yamma. Diallo kuma an nada shi MVP na shekarar 2015 Jordan Brand Classic, yana da maki 26 da sake dawowa 11. An tantance Diallo a matsayin tauraro biyar da ya dauki ma’aikata kuma ya zama mai lamba 7 gaba daya da kuma mai lamba 3 a gaba a aji na sakandare na 2015. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 2015, Diallo ya himmatu zuwa Kansas . Aikin koleji Diallo ya rasa wasanni biyar na farko na kakar sa ta farko tare da Kansas bayan NCAA ta kasa share shi ya buga saboda matsalolin cancanta. A ranar 25 ga Nuwambar 2015, an ba shi damar buga wa Jayhawks wasa a wasansu da Loyola a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, bayan NCAA a ƙarshe ta yanke hukuncin Diallo ya sami ƙarancin fa'idodi marasa izini. A cikin lokacin shi kaɗai a Kansas, Diallo ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.0 da sake dawowa 2.5 a cikin mintuna 7.5 a kowane wasa. A cikin Afrilun 2016, Diallo ya ayyana don daftarin NBA, yana barin shekaru uku na ƙarshe na cancantar kwaleji. A cikin Mayu 2016, a NBA Draft Combine, Diallo ya yi rajista mai tsayin ƙafa 7, 4½-inch da tsayin ƙafa 8-11½. Ƙwarewar Aiki New Orleans Pelicans (2016-2019) A watan Yuni 23, shekarar 2016, Los Angeles Clippers ya zaɓi Diallo tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya a cikin daftarin NBA na shekarar 2016 . An sayar da Diallo zuwa New Orleans Pelicans daga baya a wannan dare. A ranar Yulin 22, 2016, ya sanya hannu tare da Pelicans bayan matsakaicin maki 10.2, 9.4 rebounds da 2.2 blocks a cikin wasanni biyar na bazara . Ya yi wasan sa na farko na NBA a ranar 29 ga watan Oktobar 2016, yana yin rikodi guda ɗaya da shinge guda a cikin mintuna shida daga benci a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 98–79 ga San Antonio Spurs . Diallo ya buga wasanni biyu kacal na tsawon mintuna bakwai akan wasanni 23 na farko na Pelicans na kakar wasa. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2016, ya taka leda a cikin mintuna 31 kawai daga benci kuma ya zira kwallaye 19 a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 133–105 ga Los Angeles Clippers . Ya kuma yi rikodin sake kunnawa 10 kuma ya harbe 8-na-15 daga filin. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2017, ya zira maki 19 a cikin asarar 108–96 ga Los Angeles Lakers . Washegari, a wasan karshe na kakar Pelicans, Diallo yana da maki 12 da sake komawa 16 a cikin nasara da ci 103–100 akan Portland Trail Blazers . A lokacin kakar wasansa, yana da ayyuka da yawa tare da Austin Spurs, Long Island Nets da Greensboro Swarm na NBA Development League, bisa ga ka'idar aiki mai sassauƙa. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2018, Diallo ya ci maki 14 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin asarar 116–97 ga Wizards Washington . A kan Maris 18, 2018, ya saita sabon yanayi mai girma tare da maki 17 a nasarar 108–89 akan Boston Celtics . A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Diallo ya ci maki 18 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin nasara 125–120 akan Chicago Bulls . A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, yana da maki 16 da babban aiki na sake komawa 18 a cikin asarar 126–111 ga Indiana Pacers . Diallo ya dace da kakarsa mai maki 18 tare da cikakken harbi a cikin nasara 128–115 akan Los Angeles Lakers a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu Phoenix Suns (2019-2020) A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, Phoenix Suns sun rattaba hannu kan Diallo zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. A ranar Nuwamba 24, Diallo ya zira kwallaye-mafi girman maki 22 a cikin asarar 114–102 zuwa Denver Nuggets . Avtodor Saratov (2021) A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Diallo ya sanya hannu tare da Avtodor Saratov na VTB United League . Fuenlabrada (2021) A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Fuenlabrada na La Liga ACB . Motoci City Cruise / Detroit Pistons (2021-2022) A ranar Nuwamba 8, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Jirgin Ruwa na Motoci na NBA G League . A cikin wasanni 13, ya sami maki 14.4 akan 71.4% harbi da 8.5 rebounds a cikin mintuna 21.7 a kowane wasa. A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da Detroit Pistons ta hanyar keɓewar wahala kuma bayan karewarsa, Motar City ta sake saye shi. Cangrejeros de Santurce (2022-yanzu) A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2022, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Cangrejeros de Santurce na BSN. Kididdigar sana'a NBA Lokaci na yau da kullun |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | 17 || 0 || 11.7 || .474 || – || .714 || 4.3 || .2 || .2 || .4 || 5.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | 52 || 0 || 11.2 || .580 || – || .758 || 4.1 || .4 || .2 || .4 || 4.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | 64 || 1 || 14.0 || .620 || .250 || .746 || 5.2 || .5 || .5 || .5 || 6.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix | 47 || 2 || 10.2 || .648 || .333 || .872 || 2.8 || .5 || .2 || .3 || 4.7 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit | 3 || 0 || 10.2 || .375 || – || .833 || 4.0 || .0 || .3 || .0 || 3.7 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 183 || 3 || 11.9 || .596 || .286 || .774 || 4.1 || .4 || .3 || .4 || 5.2 Wasan wasa |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2018 | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | 7 || 0 || 6.9 || .417 || – || – || 1.3 || .0 || .1 || .1 || 1.4 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 7 || 0 || 6.9 || .417 || – || – || 1.3 || .0 || .1 || .1 || 1.4 Kwalejin |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16 | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas | 27 || 1 || 7.5 || .569 || – || .556 || 2.5 || .0 || .3 || .9 || 3.0 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kansas Jayhawks bio Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1996 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

41273

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto

Suharto

Suharto (/suːˈhɑːrtoʊ/; Lafazin Indonesiya; 8 Yunin shekarar 1921-27 Janairu 2008) wani hafsan sojan Indonesiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Indonesia na biyu kuma mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Suharto wanda masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ke kallonsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya, Suharto ya jagoranci Indonesiya a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na tsawon shekaru 31, tun daga faduwar magabacinsa Sukarno a shekara ta 1967 har zuwa nasa yayi murabus a shekara ta 1998 bayan wani tashin hankali a fadin kasar. Har yanzu ana muhawara a kan gadon mulkinsa na shekaru 31, da dukiyarsa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 38 a gida da waje. An haifi Suharto a ƙaramin ƙauyen Kemusuk, a yankin Godean kusa da birnin Yogyakarta, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Holland. Ya girma cikin tawali’u. Iyayensa Musulmi 'yan Javan sun sake aure ba da dadewa da haihuwarsa ba, kuma ya zauna tare da iyayen da suka yi renonsa tsawon lokacin kuruciyarsa. A lokacin mulkin Jafananci, Suharto ya yi aiki a cikin jami'an tsaron Indonesiya da Japan ta tsara. A lokacin fafutukar samun yancin kai na Indonesiya ya shiga cikin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Indonesiya. A can, Suharto ya kai matsayin Major-General bayan samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Indonesiya. An yi yunkurin juyin mulki a ranakun 30 ga watan Satumba da 1 ga watan Oktoba 1965 da sojojin da Suharto ke jagoranta. Bisa tarihin hukuma da sojojin suka yi, wannan yunkurin ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya (PKI). Daga baya sojojin sun jagoranci wani tashin hankali na kawar da gurguzu a fadin kasar kuma Suharto ya kwace mulki daga hannun shugaban Indonesia wanda ya kafa Sukarno. An nada shi shugaban riko a shekarar 1967 kuma ya zabe shi a shekara mai zuwa. Sannan ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da aka fi sani da "de-Sukarnoization" don rage tasirin tsohon shugaban. Suharto ya ba da umarnin mamaye Gabashin Timor a cikin shekarar 1975, sannan wani mummunan mamayar shekaru 23 ya biyo baya. Taimakon shugabancin Suharto ya kasance yana aiki a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. A cikin shekarun 1990s, new order ya ƙara ƙarfin iko da cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance tushen rashin jin daɗi kuma, bayan rikicin kuɗin Asiya na 1997 wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai yawa, ya yi murabus a watan Mayu 1998. Suharto ya mutu a cikin watan Janairu 2008 kuma an yi jana'izar jiha. Karkashin gwamnatinsa ta "Sabuwar oda", Suharto ya gina gwamnati mai karfi, mai zaman kanta kuma wacce sojoji suka mamaye. Abin da ya fara a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na sojan oligarchic ya samo asali ne zuwa tsarin mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kewaye da Suharto. Ƙarfin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kan ƙasar Indonesiya dabam-dabam da kuma nuna adawa da gurguzu ya ba shi goyon bayan tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya na yammacin duniya a lokacin yakin cacar baka. Domin yawancin shugabancinsa, Indonesiya ta sami gagarumin masana'antu, haɓakar tattalin arziki, da ingantattun matakan samun ilimi. Gwamnatin Indonesiya tana la'akari da shirye-shiryen bayar da matsayin Gwarzon Jarumin Ƙasa ga Suharto kuma an yi ta muhawara sosai a Indonesia. A cewar Transparency International, Suharto ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi cin hanci da rashawa a tarihin zamani, bayan da ya yi almubazzaranci da dalar Amurka 15-35. biliyan a lokacin mulkinsa. Suna Kamar yawancin Javanese, Suharto suna da suna ɗaya kawai. Abubuwan da suka shafi addini a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wani lokaci suna kiransa da "Haji "ko "Al-Haj Mohammed Suharto", amma waɗannan sunaye ba sa cikin sunansa na yau da kullun kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. Rubutun "Suharto" yana nuna rubutun Indonesiya na zamani, ko da yake gaba ɗaya tsarin a Indonesia shine dogara ga rubutun da wanda abin ya shafa ya fi so. A lokacin haihuwarsa, daidaitaccen rubutun shine "Soeharto", kuma ya yi amfani da ainihin rubutun a duk rayuwarsa. Harshen Ingilishi na duniya gabaɗaya yana amfani da harafin 'Suharto' yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya da kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da 'Soeharto'. Ƙuruciya   An haifi Suharto a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1921 a cikin wani gida mai katangar bamboo a cikin hamlet na Kemusuk, wani yanki na babban ƙauyen Godean, sannan wani ɓangare na Indies Gabas ta Holland. Ƙauyen yana da yammacin Yogyakarta, cibiyar al'adu ta Javanese. An haife shi kuma iyayensa 'yan kabilar Java, shi ne ɗa tilo na auren mahaifinsa na biyu. Mahaifinsa, Kertosudiro, yana da ’ya’ya biyu daga auren da ya yi a baya kuma jami’in ban ruwa ne na kauye. Mahaifiyarsa, Sukirah, wata mace ta gari, tana da alaƙa da Hamengkubuwono V ta ƙwarƙwararsa ta farko. Makonni biyar bayan haihuwar Suharto, mahaifiyarsa ta sami raguwar damuwa; An sanya shi a cikin kulawar babban uwarsa, Kromodirjo a sakamakon haka. Kertosudiro da Sukirah sun sake aure tun farkon rayuwar Suharto kuma dukkansu sun sake yin aure. Yana da shekara uku aka mayar da Suharto wurin mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta auri wani manomi na gida wanda Suharto ke taimakawa a cikin kayan shinkafa. A cikin shekarar 1929, mahaifin Suharto ya kai shi ya zauna tare da 'yar uwarsa, wadda ta auri wani mai kula da aikin gona, Prawirowihardjo, a cikin garin Wuryantoro a cikin wani yanki mai talauci da rashin samun albarkatu kusa da Wonogiri. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, mahaifinsa ya mayar da shi wurin mahaifiyarsa da ke Kemusuk sannan mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi Wuryantoro. Prawirowihardjo ya dauki renon yaron a matsayin nasa, wanda ya samar wa Suharto siffar uba da kwanciyar hankali a Wuryantoro. A shekarar 1931, ya koma garin Wonogiri don halartar makarantar firamare, inda ya fara zama tare da ɗan Prawirohardjo Sulardi, daga baya kuma tare da dangin mahaifinsa Hardjowijono. Yayin da yake zaune tare da Hardjowijono, Suharto ya saba da Darjatmo, dukun ("shaman") na fasahar sufanci na Javanese da warkar da bangaskiya. Abin da ya faru ya shafe shi sosai kuma daga baya, a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Suharto ya kewaye kansa da harshe na alama mai ƙarfi. Matsalolin biyan kuɗin karatunsa a Wonogiri ya haifar da sake komawa ga mahaifinsa a Kemusuk, inda ya ci gaba da karatu a ƙananan kuɗi Schakel Muhammadiyah (makarantar tsakiya) a cikin birnin Yogyakarta har zuwa 1938. Tarbiyar Suharto ya bambanta da na manyan masu kishin Indonesiya irin su Sukarno a cikin abin da ake ganin ba shi da sha'awar adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma matsalolin siyasa fiye da kewayensa. Ba kamar Sukarno da da’irarsa ba, Suharto ba ta da wata alaka da Turawa ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Saboda haka, bai koyi yaren Dutch ko wasu harsunan Turai ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya koyi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland bayan shigarsa cikin sojan Dutch a 1940. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19697

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakki%20zuwa%20lafiyayyen%20muhalli

Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli

Haƙƙin lafiyayyen muhalli ko yancin samun yanayi mai dorewa da lafiya, haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli ke ba da shawara don kare tsarin muhallin da ke ba da lafiyar ɗan adam. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da wannan hakki yayin zamanta na 48 a watan Oktoban shekarar 2021, a cikin HRC/RES/48/13. Dama sau da yawa shine tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daga masu kare muhalli, kamar masu kare ƙasa, masu kare ruwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Haƙƙin yana da alaƙa da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da suka mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya, kamar haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin lafiya. Haƙƙin samun ingantaccen muhalli yana amfani da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare ingancin muhalli; wannan hanyar tana magance tasirin cutar da muhalli ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, sabanin tsarin al'ada na ka'idojin muhalli wanda ke mai da hankali kan tasirin wasu jihohi ko muhallin kansa. Har ila yau, wata hanya ta kare muhalli ita ce haƙƙoƙin yanayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙin da mutane da kamfanoni ke morewa ga yanayi. Matsayin jiha/Rawar da jiha take tawa a bangaren hakkin muhalli Haƙƙin yana haifar da wajibcin ƙasa don tsarawa da aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, sarrafa ƙazanta, da kuma samar da adalci da kariya ga al'ummomin da matsalolin muhalli suka cutar da su. Haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan yanayi ya kasance muhimmiyar haƙƙi don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin doka na muhalli don ƙarar canjin yanayi da sauran batutuwan muhalli. Hanyoyi Na Ƙasashen Duniya A tarihi, manyan kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kamar Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa ko Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ba su yarda da haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan yanayi ba. Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta amince da haƙƙin, amma ba takaddar doka ba ce. Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 ba ta amfani da yaren 'yancin ɗan adam, kodayake ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da al'amuran muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da samun adalci. Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a halin yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Duniya, idan aka amince da ita, zai zama kayan aikin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko da ya hada da ‘yancin samun kyakkyawan yanayi. Fiye da jihohi 150 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince da 'yancin kansu ta wata hanya ta hanyar doka, shari'a, dokar tsarin mulki, dokar yarjejeniya ko wata ikon doka. Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Escazu, Yarjejeniya ta Larabawa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, da sanarwar ASEAN kan 'yancin ɗan adam kowanne ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan yanayi. Sauran tsare-tsaren haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara suna magana game da batutuwan muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da tsarin da aka fi mayar da hankali, a wannan yanayin haƙƙin yara. Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli John H. Knox (2012–2018) da David R. Boyd (2018-) sun ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a tsara wadannan hakkoki a dokokin kasa da kasa. Kwamitoci da yawa sun amince da wannan a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma al'ummomin shari'a na gida kamar Bar New York City Bar, a cikin 2020. Haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan yanayi shine tushen tsarin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauyin yanayi na duniya. OHCHR ta gabatar da illolin sauyin yanayi a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin takaddar gaskiya tare da tambayoyin da aka fi yawan yi akan batun. Ƙudurin Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A cikin 2021 yayin zamanta na 48, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da wani kuduri (wanda babbar kungiyar da ta hada da Kosta Rika, Maroko, Slovenia, Switzerland da Maldives suka gabatar, tare da Kosta Rika mai rahusa), tare da sanin "Hakkin dan Adam na muhalli mai tsabta, lafiya da dorewa" wanda ke nuna alamar farko da jiki ya ayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kudurin dai ba ya kan ka'ida, amma zai je gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin karin nazari. Tasiri Yana da wahala a iya tantance tasirin tsarin mulki ko kariyar ƙasa da ƙasa na haƙƙin ingantaccen muhalli. Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman John Knox ya ba da shawarar cewa, daidaita haƙƙin samun yanayi mai kyau a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa ko kuma na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na iya yin tasiri ga ƙoƙarin kare muhalli ta hanyar ƙara harshen yancin ɗan adam; cike gibin dokokin kasa da kasa; ƙarfafa tushen aiwatar da ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa; da inganta ayyukan muhalli a matakin kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Knox ya ba da shawarar cewa kafa haƙƙin haƙƙin muhalli na iya yin tasiri ga fahimtarmu game da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam kanta, saboda haƙƙin ba shine aiwatar da akidar mulkin mallaka na Yamma ba (wanda shine suka ga koyarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake da su), amma shine a maimakon gudummuwar kasa zuwa ga dokar kare hakkin dan adam da ta samo asali daga Kudancin Duniya. Manazarta

19445

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Masterson

Dan Masterson

Dan Masterson (An haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1934), mawaƙi, Ba'amurke ne wanda aka haifa a Buffalo, New York, Amurka (US). Ya zama mawaƙi bayan ayyuka da yawa a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo wato dan pim, mai ba da labari, wasan motsa jiki (DJ), mai aikin mishan, mai rubutun talla, da kuma daraktan hulɗa da jama'a na wasan kwaikwayo. Tarihin rayuwa da Karatu Dan Masterson an haife shi a Stephen da Kathleen Masterson a shekara ta 1934, a lokacin ɓacin rai, kuma shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara uku. Ya halarci Makarantar Parochial ta St. Paul a yankin Buffalo da ke wajen Kenmore, sannan ya kammala makarantar sakandaren ta Kenmore a 1952; Masterson shi ne shugaban ajin karatunsa. Masterson yayi karatu a Kwalejin Canisius kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Syracuse a 1956, a cikin abin da daga baya ya zama SI Newhouse School of Public Communications. Bayan kwaleji, ya yi aiki azaman diski na jockey, ya dawo Buffalo, a WBNY, yana karɓar "Mystic Midnight," wani wasan jazz, daga tsakar dare zuwa 3 na safe Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin Signal Corps, ya yi hayar don inganta wasannin Broadway da kade-kade da ya shafi biranen 110, yayin da matarsa ta fara aiki a matsayin Madison Avenue marubucin rubutu. Sun koma gundumar Rockland inda Dan ya zama mai maye gurbin malamin makarantar sakandare, sannan ya zama cikakken malami, kafin ya shiga jami'ar Ingilishi a Rockland Community College, inda ya kasance tun a tsakiyar shekarun sittin. Shi da Janet sun raba lokacinsu tsakanin gidansu a cikin Pearl River da kuma gidansu a cikin babban yankin na Adirondacks. Aikin adabi Littafin farko na Dan Masterson, AKAN DUNIYA KAMAR YADDA YAKE, an buga shi ashekara ta1978, daga Jami'ar Illinois Press. Ya kasance tarihin rayuwa a cikin CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN AUTHORS, kuma an nuna shi sau biyu a cikin "The Writers Almanac" tare da Garrison Keillor, haka kuma a cikin jerin fina-finai da aka hada baki daya, The Christophers, wanda NBC-TV ta samar; jerin sun ba da shirye-shirye guda biyar a gare shi da aikinsa. A shekarar 1986, aka zabi Masterson ya zama memba a kungiyar Pen International saboda karnoninsa na farko guda biyu na ayoyi: A DUNIYA KAMAR YADDA TAKE- da kuma wadanda suka yi tawakkali. Ana samun cikakkun matani na waɗannan kundin guda biyu akan layi a cikin dindindin tarin The American American Poetry Archives ( http://capa.conncoll.edu ). Ya kasance alƙalin rubutun hannu na Associwararren Rubutun Shirye-shiryen 'gasar rubutun hannu na ƙasa, kuma ya ci gaba a matsayin edita mai ba da gudummawa ga shekara-shekara PUSHCART PRIZE ANTHOLOGY. Ya kuma kasance mai karɓar abokantaka biyu na rubutu daga Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, kuma shi ne Marubuci-farkon-Mazauna a The Chautauqua Writers Center. Shi ne editan jaridar ENSKYMENT POETRY ANTHOLOGY ( http://www.enskyment.org ) wacce ya kafa a 2005. A shekarar 2006, dakin karatun Bird na Jami'ar Syracuse ya zama jagorantar "The Dan Masterson Papers" don Cibiyar Bincike Ta Musamman. Koyarwa Mai karɓa na SUNY's Cansalar ta Gimamamawa na kwarewa da fice wajen koyarwa, Masterson ya koyar a Rockland Community College (RCC), Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, tun a tsakiyar shekarun sittin. A cikin shekaru goma sha takwas na waɗannan shekarun, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin farfesa a Kwalejin Manhattanville na Westchester County, yana jagorantar shirye-shiryen waƙa da rubutun rubutu. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Manhattanville, Kwamitin Amintattun kwalejin sun kafa Kyautar Dan Masterson a cikin Rubutun allo. Ayyuka Tarin Shayari A Duniya Kamar yadda yake - Jami'ar Illinois Latsa 1978 Wadanda suka yi kuskure - Jami'ar Arkansas Latsa 1985 Duniya Ba tare da Endarshe ba - Jami'ar Arkansas Latsa 1991 Duk Abubuwa, Gani da Gaibu - Jami'ar Arkansas Press 1997 Anthologies Wakoki na Zamani a Amurka - Gidan Bazuwar Mafi kyawun Wakoki na 1976 - Littattafan Fasifik The Pushcart Prize Anthology III - Pushcart Latsa Hasken Shekara - Bits Press Alamu na Shayari - LSU Press The Pushcart Priho Anthology XIII - Pushcart Latsa Alamomin Mahimmanci - Jami'ar Wisconsin Press Bayan Guguwar - Maisonneuve Press Sabon labarin kasa na Mawaka - Jami'ar Arkansas Press Interasar Al'adu daban-daban - McGraw Hill Zuciya Zuwa Zuciya: Sabbin Waƙoƙi waɗanda Hikimar Artarni na 20 Wahayi Abubuwan Adabi - Houghton-Mifflin Harshen Harshen Holt - Holt Mawaka game da Yaƙin - tarihin kan layi An kama a cikin Net - Kit ɗin Shayari UK Cikakke A Cikin Zanensu: Wakoki daga Homer zuwa Ali - Kudancin Illinois University Press Jagoran Mawaka ga Tsuntsayen - Anhinga Press Lambobin yabo Wakar Arewa maso yamma Bullis Prize Kyautar Waƙar Borestone Mountain Kyautar Pushcart 1978 Kyautar Pushcart 1988 Kyautar CCLM Fels Rockland County (NY) Mawaki Mawaki 2009-2011 Rockland County (NY) Mawaki Mawaki 2011-2013 Hanyoyin haɗin waje KYAUTA KYAUTA: Dan Masterson eratio WAKAR KITE ANTHOLOGY BayaninPress.com R.kv.ry lokacin hunturu / bazara 2007 "Ajiye kasusuwa ga Henry Jones" "Layin jini" Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations

22087

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Tuchman

Nancy Tuchman

Nancy Tuchman (an haife ta a ga watan Janairu 17, shekara ta 1958) Ba'amurkiya ce masanin kimiyar muhalli, mai ilmantarwa, kuma mai fafutuka. Tana ƙwarewa kan tasirin ɗan adam akan aikin halittu na cikin ruwa, tare da mai da hankali kan yanayin halittu na gabar tekun Great Lake. Tuchman ta kuma himmatu wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amuran canjin yanayin duniya da ilimi. An nuna kwazo a cikin shekaru talatin na ilmantar da dalibai a kimiyyar muhalli a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago. Ta kafa Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a harabar Jami'ar Loyola kuma direba ne na canjin muhalli da ci gaba a yankin Chicago. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Tuchman ta girma ne a Ann Arbor, Michigan inda aka tashe ta don son a waje daga iyayenta masu ilimin ƙarancin yanayi. Lokaci da aka shafe a cikin yanayi, bincika rafuka da tafkuna, ya haifar mata da sha'awar tsarin halittun ruwa wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar iliminta da aikinta. Tuchman ya cigaba da karatun ilmin halitta da ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Central Michigan don haka ya sami Kwalejin Kimiyya a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa. Daga nan ne ta halarci Jami'ar Louisville don samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa a cikin shekarar 1988 tare da mai ba da shawara, R. Jan Stevenson. Takardar karatun nata mai taken: “Tasirin abubuwa daban-daban da yawaitar hargitsi ta hanyar katantanwa na katantanwa akan maye gurbin periphyton.” Ayyuka da bincike Binciken Tuchman yana mai da hankali ne kan tasirin dan adam ga tsarin halittun ruwa tare da manyan layuka guda uku na bincike: tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa akan hanyoyin halittun bakin teku, tasirin gas din Greenhouse akan hanyoyin yanar gizo na kayan abinci, da kuma tasirin gurbatattun abubuwa da magunguna a rafuka da tafkuna. A halin yanzu tana nazarin tasirin tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa, Typha x glauca (matasan cattail) da Phragmites australis (sandar da ke kowa) a cikin manyan tafkuna masu dausayi. Herungiyar ta yanzu suna yin gwaji tare da hanyoyin girbi na tattalin arziƙi da ɗorewa don cire nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu haɗari da amfani da su azaman mashin, saboda cattail yana da yawa a cikin cellulose-carbon-mai girma don ƙonawa. A shekara ta 1988 ta zama malama a sashen nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago . Fiye da shekaru 30 na bincike, an ba Tuchman sama da dala miliyan $ 4.5 a cikin tallafin tarayya, ta yi rubuce-rubuce ko haɗin gwiwa a kan rubuce-rubuce 50 da babin littattafai, kuma ta jagoranci ko ta koyar da ɗalibai masu karatun digiri na 100 da na digiri a cikin lab. A cikin shekara ta 2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shirye-shirye don Tsarin Nazarin Yanayi a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) don kula da kasafin dala miliyan 13 da shirye-shirye guda biyu, Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi da Ma'aurata na Couasa da andan Adam. Bayan ta yi aiki a NSF, ta koma Loyola a matsayin Mataimakin Provost don Bincike da Cibiyoyi. Wannan matsayin ya ba ta damar tattaunawa da ba da shawarar samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa kuma a ƙarshe ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli. Tuchman ya kasance jagora a cikin ƙoƙari na sake yin tunanin harabar Loyola a matsayin ƙwararren kore, tare da haɗa ilimin ilimin muhalli a cikin babban tsarin karatun ɗaliban ɗalibai. A cikin shekara ta 2016, Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago an lasafta ta ɗayan ɗayan jami'o'i na bakwai mafi kore a cikin ƙasar a cewar Sanarwar Saliyo. Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a Loyola ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara kan Canjin Yanayi tun daga shekara ta 2015. Tuchman ta yi imanin cewa jami'o'in Jesuit na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban shigar da ilimin muhalli a cikin manyan makarantu saboda canjin yanayi yana da nasaba da batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2010, Tuchman tayi aiki azaman zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa sannan shugaban Society for Science na Freshwater Science . Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe Tasirin wasu nau'ikan cattail masu cin zali ( Typha × glauca ) a kan nitrogen da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki mai dausayi Atmospaƙƙarwar yanayin sararin samaniya CO2 yana rage ingancin kayan lambu na ganyayyaki don rafukan yanar gizan abinci na yanar gizo Canje-canje a cikin Tsarin Microdistribution na Diatoms a cikin Tattalin Periphyton Mat mai tasowa Banbancin amfani da yanayin heterotrophic na mahaukatan kwayoyin ta hanyar diatoms da bacteria karkashin yanayin haske da duhu Vatedaukaka Yanayin 2ananan CO2 Alters Soasar Microananan biananan biananan Associananan Associungiyoyi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Rawar Aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) Tushen Alamu na canjin muhalli masu alaƙa da mamayewar Typha x glauca a cikin babban tafkin gabar ruwa da ke gabar ruwa Littattafai sanannu, littattafan rubutu da mujallu waɗanda aka rubuta tare da shirya su tare Co-edita Warkarwa Duniya, kan layi, littafin karatun muhalli kyauta. Rubuta babi, "Zaɓin zaɓi na Duniya" a cikin Ra'ayoyin Addini akan Transhumanism. Op-ed: "Paparoma yana Magana da kai, Chicago" a cikin Chicago Sun-Times . (2015) Op-ed: "Gaskiya mai Sanyi: Lokaci yayi da za'ayi aiki kan Canjin Yanayi" a cikin Chicago Tribune. (2013) Tuchman, NC da MJ Schuck. 2014. "Wani zaɓi na fifiko ga Duniya." A cikin: 'Yan Adam a Thofar shiga: Ra'ayoyin Addini game da Transhumanism. Edds. JC Haughey da I. Delio. Majalisar bincike kan Dabi'u da Falsafa. Washington, DC 113-126. Kyauta da girmamawa Awardaddamar da Dalilin Dalili, Paparoma Benedict XVI Foundation (2017) Mai karɓar Digiri na girmamawa da Kakakin Magana, Jami'ar MI ta tsakiya (2014) Kyautar Kyauta ta Mujallar Chicago Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1958 Yanayi Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed translations

25055

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Koeman

Ronald Koeman

Ronald Koeman Yakasance dan kasar Holand ne kuma kwararren me koyar da yan wasa na kulob din Barcelona.Yakasnce dan wasa ne ta klobin sannan daga bisani ya jagoranci kungiyar kwallan kafa ta kulob din barcelona. Shekarun Haihuwa Ronald koeman (An haifa shi a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1963). Garin Haihuwa An haife shi a kasar Netherlands. Manazarta 1. ^ "Acta del Partido celebrado el 20 de abril de 2008, en Bilbao" [Minutes of the Match held on 20 April 2008, in Bilbao] (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Retrieved 18 June 2019. 2. ^ a b c "Koeman: Ronald Koeman: Manager" . BDFutbol. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017. 3. ^ "Ronald Koeman" . ESPN. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016. 4. ^ "King's Cup half empty for Koeman" . The Guardian . 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2016. 5. ^ "Zivkovic jongste debutant in clubgeschiedenis" . FC Groningen . 3 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. 6. ^ "Een zeldzaam stukje clubliefde van 'clubhoer' Koeman" . Algemeen Dagblad . 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016. 7. ^ "Hall of Fame: Ronald Koeman" . Football Oranje . 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016. 8. ^ Greg Evans (20 October 2016). "Bosh! The 10 best goals from defenders" . FourFourTwo . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 9. ^ "Benfica-coach Koeman hoopt op stunt tegen Barcelona" . NU.nl (in Dutch). 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2010. 10. ^ "Strikers' trademark goals: the Thierry Henry control-and-place, the Romario toe-poke and more" Archived 7 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine . The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 December 2013 11. ^ "Ronald Koeman: master of all he surveys" Archived 27 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . World Soccer . 28 July 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 12. ^ a b c "The World's most successful Top Division Goal Scorers of all time among defensive players" Archived 2 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine by the IFFHS. 13. ^ "Zo vierde Koeman de zege op Duitsland" Archived 17 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 8 May 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 14. ^ "PSV honour ´golden´ 1988 squad" . Philips Sport Vereniging . 14 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016. 15. ^ "Koeman quits Ajax" . The Guardian . 25 February 2005. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2008. 16. ^ "Benfica 2-1 Man Utd" . BBC. 7 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2019. 17. ^ "Liverpool 0-2 Benfica (agg 0-3)" . BBC. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2019. 18. ^ "PSV roept rampspoed over zich af" Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine . de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 23 April 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 19. ^ "Arsenal 1-1 PSV (agg 1-2)" . BBC. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2019. 20. ^ "Liverpool 1-0 PSV (agg 4-0)" . BBC. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2019. 21. ^ "Koeman agrees to join Valencia" . The Guardian . 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2008. 22. ^ a b Lowe, Sid (21 April 2008). "King's Cup half empty for Koeman" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2008. 23. ^ "Koeman succeeds Van Gaal at AZ" . UEFA.com . 17 May 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 24. ^ "Dutch champions AZ Alkmaar sack coach Koeman" . ESPN Soccernet . 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 25. ^ "Feyenoord appoint Ronald Koeman as new head coach" . The Guardian . 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 26. ^ "Unieke werkreeks Koeman bij traditionele top-drie" [Unique working stint for Koeman at traditional top-three]. Voetbal International. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 27. ^ "Coach Ronald Koeman to leave Dutch giants Feyenoord" . BBC . 1 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. 28. ^ "Ronald Koeman: Southampton name Dutchman as new manager" . BBC Sport. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 29. ^ "Southampton's Ronald Koeman is named manager of the month" . BBC Sport. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014. 30. ^ "Southampton stays 2nd in EPL with win over QPR" . USA Today . 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 31. ^ "Koeman scoops Manager of the Month award" . Southampton F.C. 13 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 32. ^ McNulty, Phil (25 May 2015). "Premier League 2014–15: End of season review" . BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2016. 33. ^ Thomas, Lyall (5 February 2016). "Ronald Koeman and Sergio Aguero named Premier League Manager and Player of the Month" . Sky Sports News. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. 34. ^ "Saints are back in Europe!" . Southampton F.C. 15 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. 35. ^ "Ronald Koeman: Everton appoint ex-Southampton boss as manager" . BBC Sport. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. 36. ^ Beesley, Chris (19 June 2016). "Everton's Koeman brothers have taken varied paths to glory" . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 37. ^ "Everton qualification for next season's Europa League confirmed" . Liverpool Echo . 29 April 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. 38. ^ Burt, Jason (23 October 2017). "Everton sack Ronald Koeman after defeat to Arsenal, with Sean Dyche identified as main target" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. "...a summer of spending the biggest transfer budget in Everton's history, has quickly evaporated during this disastrous campaign." 39. ^ Gorst, Paul (23 October 2017). "The damning goalscoring statistics that led to Ronald Koeman's Everton sacking" . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. "However, his true undoing was the club's failure to fill the Romelu Lukaku-shaped hole left by the Belgium international's summer departure to Manchester United. Speaking on the lack of a Lukaku successor back in September, Koeman wasn't shy in admitting Everton had ended the transfer window without completing their business – despite the historic outlay." 40. ^ "Ronald Koeman: Everton sack manager after Arsenal defeat" . BBC Sport. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017. 41. ^ Hunter, Andy (23 October 2017). "Ronald Koeman sacked by Everton after disastrous start to season" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017. 42. ^ "Ronald Koeman Ex-Everton manager says Olivier Giroud transfer failure costly" . BBC Sport. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. 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Retrieved 5 June 2021. 58. ^ "Filling the Boots: A case for Koeman" . totalbarca.com . 20 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. 59. ^ Richard Jolly (26 September 2013). "Scoring defenders, season-long leaders" . ESPN FC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 60. ^ a b c "Ronald Koeman" . barcelona.com . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. 61. ^ a b c "Cristiano Ronaldo equals Liga penalty record" . UEFA. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 62. ^ a b "Lionel Messi equals Ronald Koeman's Barcelona free-kick record" . ESPN FC. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 63. ^ a b Smyth, Rob (28 August 2009). "The Joy of Six: free-kick specialists" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020. 64. ^ "Barcelona thrash Athletic Club as Lionel Messi breaks yet another club record" . The Independent. 4 February 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017. 65. ^ "Spain » Primera División » All-time best penalty takers » rank 1 – 50" . worldfootball.net . Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 66. ^ "Sergio Ramos 4th highest scoring defender in La Liga history" . AS.com. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 67. ^ "110 facts about Real Madrid on their 110th anniversary" . Goal.com . 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. 68. ^ Keleman, Luci (15 January 2018). "In Ronald's shadow: The story of Erwin, the other Koeman" . These Football Times . Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019. 69. ^ a b Kirkbride, Phil (9 November 2016). "Everton boss Koeman reveals wife's cancer battle made him become anti-smoking campaigner" . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 70. ^ Kirkbride, Phil (22 September 2016). "Everton boss Ronald Koeman jets off to Holland to watch son play" . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 71. ^ "Ronald Koeman te zien in driedelige documentaire bij Videoland" . NU (in Dutch). 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021. 72. ^ Koeman é fanático pelo sol do Algarve ( Correio da Manhã ) https://www.cmjornal.pt/desporto/detalhe/koeman-e-fanatico-pelo-sol-do-algarve 73. ^ a b "Ronald Koeman" . Football Database.eu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 74. ^ Ronald Koeman Eredivisie stats Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ELF Voetbal . Retrieved 15 April 2013. 75. ^ "Spanish La Liga & Segunda stats" . LFP . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 76. ^ "Ronald Koeman – Matches in European Cups" . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 77. ^ Nederlof, Bert (2013). "Statistieken". Ronald Koeman (in Dutch). Gouda: Voetbal International / de Buitenspelers. 78. ^ "Ronald Koeman – International Appearances" . RSSSF. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 79. ^ Ronald Koeman Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . EU-Football.info. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 80. ^ "Ronald Koeman – Coach in European Cups" Archived 14 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . RSSSF. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ronald Koeman – the player" . Southampton . 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 82. ^ "1988 UEFA European Championship" . UEFA . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 83. ^ "Portugal defeat Netherlands to win first Nations League" . Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. 84. ^ "Manager profile: Ronald Koeman" . Premier League. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.

42482

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhissa%20Ag%20Boula

Rhissa Ag Boula

Rhissa Ag Boula ɗan siyasar Abzinawa ɗan Nijar ne kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyoyin tawaye a shekarar 1990 – 1995 da 2007 – 2009 Abzinawa na tawaye. Ya kasance ministan yawon buɗe ido na Nijar daga 1996-1999, da kuma daga 1999-2004. Kama shi da laifin kisan kai a shekara ta 2004 ya haifar da rikici tsakanin magoya bayansa da gwamnatin Nijar. Jagoran siyasa bayan zaman lafiya na 1995, ya sake shiga wani ɓangare na 'yan tawaye daga ƙasashen waje a 2007, ya ƙirƙiro nasa ɓangaren daga ƙasashen waje a 2008, kuma ya shiga shirin zaman lafiya a 2009. A shekarar 2010 an sake kama shi bayan ya koma Nijar. Tawayen shekarar 1990s da jagoran siyasa na 2000 Ag Boula shi ne shugaban 1990s Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak (FLA), ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye biyu a rikicin. Rhissa da Mano Dayak sun zama jagororin haɗin gwiwa na ɓangarorin da suka cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Nijar, ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Armed Resistance Organisation (ORA). Bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Ouagadougou a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1995 da kuma juyin mulkin Nijar a 1996, Ag Boula ya ci gaba da fafutukarsa na siyasa ƙarƙashin juyin mulkin Shugaba Ibrahim Bare Mainassara, kuma ya zama ministan yawon buɗe ido na Nijar daga 1997-Afrilu 1999. A cikin wannan rawar, ya ba da shawarar inganta yawon shaƙatawa na ƙasa da ƙasa a yankin Agadez. Bayan juyin mulkin 1999 da dawowar Dimokuraɗiyya, an sake naɗa shi (1999-2004) Ministan yawon buɗe ido ƙarƙashin Shugaba Mamadou Tandja. Ag Boula ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Union for Democracy and Social Progress-Amana daga kafa ta a 1990 har zuwa 2005, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar 2005-2008. 2004 kama A cikin 2004 an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke da hannu a kisan gillar da aka yi wa ɗan gwagwarmayar jam'iyyar MNSD Adam Amangue a Tchirozerine. ranar 26 ga watan Janairu. An kori Ag Boula a matsayin minista a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, kuma a ranar 14 ga Yuli aka same shi da laifin ba da umarnin kisan wasu mutane uku. Tun daga watan Yulin 2005, da dama daga cikin tsoffin ‘yan tawayen Abzinawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan’uwan Rhissa Mohamed Ag Boula, sun fara kai hare-hare a arewacin ƙasar, inda suka yi garkuwa da jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijar uku da soja ɗaya, inda suka buƙaci a sako tsohon Ministan. Tattaunawar Libya ta haifar da sakin Ag Boula na wucin gadi a watan Maris na 2005, wata guda bayan an sako mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su lafiya. 2007 – 2009 tawaye A shekara ta 2007 wani sabon tawaye ya sake ɓarkewa a arewacin Nijar, a wani ɓangare na iƙirarin cewa ba a girmama yarjejeniyar 1995 ba. Ag Boula da farko ya yi yunƙurin shiga tsakani a madadin 'yan tawaye daga gudun hijira a Turai. A cikin watan Janairun 2008 ya sanar da cewa zai shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen, lamarin da ya janyo suka ɗaga gwamnati a Yamai. An janye sakin Ag Boula na wucin gadi kan tuhume-tuhumen 2004, kuma kotu ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba ya nan. A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2008, wata kotu a Nijar ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A ƙarshen 2008 Ag Boula ya sanar da cewa yana kafa nasa ɓangaren ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye, FFR. A cikin 2009, FFR ta shiga cikin shirin zaman lafiya na Libya wanda ya haifar da ƙarshen Mayu 2009 na rikici da kuma yin afuwa ga laifuffukan da aka aikata a yayin da ake gudanar da tawaye. 2010 Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi wa gwamnatin Nijar a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2010, Ag Boula da wasu tsaffin shugabannin 'yan tawaye sun koma birnin Yamai, inda suka matsa wa gwamnatin ƙasar lamba wajen gaggauta dawo da tsoffin 'yan tawayen. A ranar 29 ga Maris an kama Ag Boula a Yamai, tare da Kindo Zada, Manjo na Sojoji wanda ya gudu zuwa ga 'yan tawaye a 2007. Dukansu biyun 'yan jaridu sun ɗauka don bincikar laifuffukan da ba su da alaƙa da tawayen 2007 – 2009. A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, 2010 ne kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Yamai ta yi watsi da tuhumar da ake masa, kuma ta wanke shi daga dukkan tuhuma. 2011 A watan Janairun 2011 aka zaɓi Ag Boulsa kansila na yankin Agadez na tsawon shekaru huɗu, kuma a watan Satumban 2011 ya naɗa mai ba shugaban ƙasar shawara, Mahamadou Issoufou. A cikin watan Satumba ne aka ce an ga Ag Boulsa yana jagorantar ayarin motocin da ke shiga Nijar daga Libya ɗauke da manyan motocin ɗaukar kaya fiye da 12 tare da sojojin Libya sanye da kayan yaƙi. Ag Boulsa ya musanta cewa yana cikin ayarin motocin. Yana adawa da tawayen da ake yi a Mali tun ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2012. Duba kuma Tawayen Abzinawa (2007-2009)#Rhissa Ag Boula da kuma FFR Manazarta Rayayyun mutane

33285

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Phillips

Alex Phillips

Articles with hCards Alexandra Lesley Phillips (an haife ta a ranar 26 Disamba 1983) 'yar jaridar Burtaniya ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Memba na Brexit Party na Majalisar Turai (MEP) na mazabar Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila daga 2019 zuwa 2020. Ita ce ta biyu a jerin sunayen jam'iyyar na mazabar bayan shugaban jam'iyyar Nigel Farage . A baya Phillips ta kasance shugabar yada labarai a jam'iyyar Independence Party ta UK (UKIP), wacce ta bar a watan Satumban 2016. A halin yanzu tana gabatar da nata nuni akan GB News . Kuruciya da aiki An haifi Alexandra Lesley Phillips a ranar 26 ga watan Disamban 1983 a Gloucester. Tana da babban wa. Iliminta na farko ya kasance a makarantun nahawu Denmark Road High School, da Makarantar Sir Thomas Rich a Gloucester. Ta karanci adabin turanci da falsafa a Jami'ar Durham ( St Mary's College ), da watsa labarai a jarida daga Jami'ar Cardiff. Phillips ta yi fim game da Jam'iyyar Independence Party ta Burtaniya (UKIP) a matsayin 'yar jarida yayin da yake ba da rahoto game da zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Wales na 2007. Ta ba da rahoton cewa, wannan gogewa ta kasance wani muhimmin al'amari da ya sa ta shiga jam'iyyar daga baya, saboda halin da shugaba Nigel Farage ya yi mata a lokacin ya burge ta, kuma ta goyi bayan matsayin jam'iyyar a fannin fadada makarantun nahawu, da goyon bayan fasa- kwauri, da kuma kishin Turai . Kafin shiga UKIP, Phillips ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida na gidan telebijin na ITV, kuma daga baya BBC Wales. Siyasa Phillips ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar yada labarai na UKIP na tsawon shekaru uku. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya ta 2016 inda ta zaɓi Brexit, ta bar UKIP, a daidai lokacin da Farage, kuma a watan Satumba ta shiga cikin Conservatives, 'yan makonni bayan da aka zaɓi Theresa May a matsayin shugaba. Ta zauna a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kafofin watsa labarai na Nathan Gill, MEP na UKIP da kuma dan majalisar Welsh wanda ya zama mai zaman kansa a Majalisar bayan da Neil Hamilton ya doke shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar a baya. Ta bayyana dalilanta na shiga jam'iyyar Conservative a matsayin sha'awarta ga matsayin Firayim Minista na lokacin Theresa May kan Brexit, makarantun nahawu, fracking, da kuma rikicin cikin UKIP. A watan Mayun 2019, an kaddamar da Phillips a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Brexit na mazabar Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Turai. Wata ‘yar takarar jam’iyyar Green mai suna Alexandra Phillips ta tsaya takara a wannan mazaba. Dukkansu an zabe su ne a zaben. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2019, kasa da mako guda da gudanar da zaben, Phillips ya bayyana a cikin shirin lokacin Tambaya na mako-mako na BBC . A watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, Phillips ta amince da yin aiki da SCL Group, kamfanin iyayen kamfanin Cambridge Analytica, kan nasarar yakin neman zaben shugaban kasar Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta na 2017. A baya dai ta musanta yin aiki da kamfanin Cambridge Analytica, amma ta ce aikin da ta yi wani kwantiragi ne daga SCL. Kamfanin Cambridge Analytica wani kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ne na Biritaniya da aka rufe a shekarar 2018 bayan an same shi da tattara bayanan miliyoyin masu amfani da Facebook ba tare da izininsu na tallan siyasa ba. A Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, Phillips ta kasance memba na kwamitin raya kasa, kuma yana cikin tawagar hulda da Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, an zaɓi Phillips a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki na Jam'iyyar Brexit (PPC) don Southampton Itchen. Koyaya, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2019, Jam'iyyar Brexit ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta tsaya a kujerun Conservative ba. Washegari, Phillips ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta kada kuri’a a babban zaben ba saboda ‘yan jam’iyyarta sun “sun tauye mata hakkinta na zabe”. Wa'adinta na MEP ya ƙare a cikin Janairu 2020 lokacin da Burtaniya ta fice daga EU. Aikin jarida Phillips ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na mako-mako sau biyu a gidan rediyon talkRADIO kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga Daily Telegraph. A farkon shekara ta 2021, an sanar da cewa za ta shirya wani shiri da rana a kan labaran GB, daga baya ta sanar da kasancewa tare da tsohon dan jaridar BBC Simon McCoy. Bayan McCoy ya koma wurin shirin karin kumallo, an ba ta nunin nata, Ajenda na yamma, a cikin Agusta 2021. McCoy tun daga lokacin ya bar cibiyar sadarwar. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihin rayuwar majalisar Turai Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1983 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

20080

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Yanayin%20Ireland

Halin Yanayin Ireland

Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland, wanda aka sani da Halin Yanayin Ireland, yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Kasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Koli ta umarci gwamnati da ta kirkiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015. Bayan fage Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na kasa). Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa". A cikin 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050. Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba. Kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland. FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000. Babban Kotun A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar Paris don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada. Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki. Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema. Kotun Koli Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin. Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya. An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba. Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba. Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba. Amsawa An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland" kuma "lokacin ruwa". Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki". Tasiri Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi. Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka. Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa. Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi". Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20mallakar%20fasaha

Dokar mallakar fasaha

Zane-zanen (topography) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori wani fanni ne a cikin kariyar mallakar fasaha . A cikin dokar mallakar fasaha ta ƙasar Amurka, "aikin abin rufe fuska" tsari ne mai girma biyu ko uku ko hoto na wani hadedde da'ira (IC ko "guntu"), watau tsari akan guntu na'urorin semiconductor kamar transistor da kayan aikin lantarki masu wucewa. kamar resistors da interconnections. Ana kiran shimfidar wuri aikin abin rufe fuska saboda, a cikin ayyukan photolithographic, yawancin etched yadudduka a cikin ainihin ICs an ƙirƙira su ta amfani da abin rufe fuska, wanda ake kira photomask, don ba da izini ko toshe haske a takamaiman wurare, wani lokacin don ɗaruruwan kwakwalwan kwamfuta akan wafer lokaci guda. Saboda yanayin aikin jumlolin abin rufe fuska, ƙirar da ba za a iya kiyaye su yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka (sai dai ƙila a matsayin kayan ado). Hakazalika, saboda aikin mashin lithographic na mutum ba abu ne mai kariya a sarari ba; Hakanan ba za a iya kiyaye su da kyau a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka ba, kodayake duk wani tsari da aka aiwatar a cikin aikin yana iya zama haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka tun daga shekarun 1990s, gwamnatocin ƙasa suna ba da haƙƙin mallaka-kamar keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da ke ba da keɓancewar lokaci mai iyaka don haifuwa na musamman. Matsakaicin haƙƙin haƙƙin kewayawa yawanci yakan gajarta fiye da haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke aiki akan hotuna. Dokokin kasa da kasa An gudanar da taron diflomasiyya a Washington, DC, a cikin 1989, wanda ya amince da Yarjejeniya kan Kaddarorin Ilimi game da Haɗin Kai, wanda kuma ake kira Yarjejeniyar Washington ko Yarjejeniyar IPIC. Yarjejeniyar, wacce aka sanya wa hannu a Washington a ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 1989, tana buɗe ne ga ƙasashe membobi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Hankali ta Duniya (WIPO) da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin da suka cika wasu sharudda. An shigar da yarjejeniyar ta hanyar yin la'akari da yarjejeniyar tafiye -tafiye na kungiyar ciniki ta duniya (WTO), bisa ga gyare-gyare masu zuwa: wa'adin kariya ya kasance akalla shekaru 10 (maimakon shekaru takwas) daga ranar shigar da aikace-aikacen ko na cin kasuwa na farko a duniya, amma Membobi na iya ba da wa'adin kariya na shekaru 15 daga ƙirƙirar shimfidar-tsarin; keɓantaccen haƙƙi na mai ƙaƙƙarfan tsare-tsare, in har ya ci gaba da ƙunsar ƙirar shimfidar wuri da aka sake bugawa ba bisa ka’ida ba; yanayin da za a iya amfani da zane-zane na shimfidawa ba tare da izinin masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba; wasu ayyukan da aka yi cikin rashin sani ba za su zama ƙeta ba. Yarjejeniyar IPIC ba ta aiki a halin yanzu, to Kuma amma an haɗa wani bangare cikin yarjejeniyar TAFIYA. Mataki na 35 na tafiye-tafiye dangane da yarjejeniyar IPIC ya ce:Membobi sun yarda da ba da kariya ga zane-zane-zane (topographies) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori (wanda ake magana da shi a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar a matsayin "tsari-tsari") daidai da Articles 2 zuwa 7 (ban da sakin layi na 3 na Mataki na 6), Mataki na 12 da sakin layi 3 na Mataki na ashirin da 16 na Yarjejeniya Ta Hanyar Hankali Game da Haɗin Kai, da kuma, a Bugu da kari, don biyan waɗannan tanadi. Takardun TAFIYA Mataki na 2 na yarjejeniyar IPIC yana ba da ma'anoni masu zuwa: Ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar IPIC, kowane Ƙungiya mai Kwangila ya wajaba don tabbatacciyar haƙƙin mallaka, Kuma a duk faɗin yankinta, ko a'a. Irin wannan wajibcin ya shafi zane-zane na asali ta ma'ana cewa sakamakon kokarin basirar mahaliccinsu ne kuma ba ruwan kowa ba ne a tsakanin masu yin shimfidar shimfidar wuri da masu kera na'urori masu hadewa a lokacin halittarsu. Ƙungiyoyin masu Kwangila dole ne, aƙalla, suyi la'akari da waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin haramun idan an yi su ba tare da izinin mai haƙƙin haƙƙin ba: haifuwa na ƙirar ƙira, da shigo da, siyarwa ko wasu rarraba don dalilai na kasuwanci. layout-tsarin ko haɗaɗɗen da'ira wanda aka haɗa ƙirar-tsarin. Koyaya, ana iya yin wasu ayyuka cikin 'yanci don dalilai masu zaman kansu ko don dalilai kawai na ƙima, bincike, bincike ko koyarwa. Dokokin kasa Amurka Lambar Amurka (USC) ta ayyana aikin abin rufe fuska a matsayin "jerin hotuna masu alaƙa, duk da haka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ko sanya su, suna da ko wakiltar ƙayyadaddun tsari, nau'i uku na ƙarfe, rufi, ko kayan semiconductor wanda ke nan ko cire su daga yadudduka na samfurin guntu na semiconductor, kuma a cikin abin da dangantakar hotuna da juna ya kasance kamar kowane hoto yana da tsarin saman nau'i ɗaya na samfurin guntu" [(17 USC § 901 (a) (2))]. An fara ba da haƙƙin keɓantaccen aikin abin rufe fuska a cikin Amurka ta Dokar Kariya ta Semiconductor Chip na shekarata 1984 . A cewar 17 USC § 904, hakkoki a cikin abin rufe fuska na semiconductor yana aiki na shekaru 10 na ƙarshe. Wannan ya bambanta da wa'adin shekaru 95 don ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka na zamani tare da marubucin kamfani; 17 _ 17 USC § 117 yana ba da software na kwamfuta . Duk da haka, kamar yadda shari'a ta amince da amfani da adalci a ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka fiye da ɗari ɗari kafin a tsara su a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin mallaka na shekarata 1976, yana yiwuwa kotunan su ma su sami irin wannan kariya ta shafi aikin rufe fuska. Alamar da ba ta wajaba ba da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin sanarwar kariyar aikin abin rufe fuska ita ce Ⓜ ( M an rufe shi a cikin da'ira; lambar lambar Unicode U+24C2 / U+1F1AD ko mahallin haruffa HTML & #9410; ) ko *M*. Haƙƙin keɓantaccen haƙƙin a cikin aikin abin rufe fuska sun ɗan yi kama da na haƙƙin mallaka : haƙƙin sake yin aikin abin rufe fuska ko (da farko) rarraba IC da aka yi ta amfani da aikin abin rufe fuska. Kamar koyaswar siyarwa ta farko, halaltaccen mai mallakar IC mai izini wanda ya ƙunshi aikin abin rufe fuska na iya shigo da shi, rarrabawa ko amfani da yardar rai, amma ba zai sake haifar guntu (ko abin rufe fuska ba). Kariyar aikin rufe fuska ana siffanta shi azaman haƙƙin sui generis, watau, wanda aka ƙirƙira don kare takamaiman haƙƙoƙin inda wasu (mafi yawan gama-gari) dokokin ba su isa ba ko kuma basu dace ba. Lura da cewa keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da aka bai wa masu aikin rufe fuska sun fi iyakancewa fiye da waɗanda aka baiwa masu haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin mallaka. Misali, gyare-gyare (ayyukan da aka samo asali) ba keɓantaccen haƙƙi bane na masu aikin abin rufe fuska. Hakazalika, keɓancewar haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka don "amfani" abin ƙirƙira ba zai hana aikin abin rufe fuska da aka ƙirƙira na joometry iri ɗaya ba. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakawa don aikin injiniya na baya na aikin abin rufe fuska doka ta ba da izini ta musamman. Kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin aikin rufe fuska suna wanzuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙira su, ba tare da la’akari da rajista ba, sabanin haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙoƙi kawai bayan aikace-aikacen, jarrabawa da bayarwa. Haƙƙoƙin aikin rufe fuska suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka fiye da sauran haƙƙoƙin keɓaɓɓen kamar haƙƙin mallaka ko alamun kasuwanci . To A gefe guda kuma, ana amfani da su tare da haƙƙin mallaka don kare abin da ake karantawa kawai (ROM) wanda ke ɗauke da software na kwamfuta. Mawallafin software don na'ura wasan bidiyo na tushen harsashi na iya neman kariya ta lokaci guda na kadarorinsa a ƙarƙashin gine-ginen doka da yawa: Rijistar alamar kasuwanci akan taken wasan da yuwuwar wasu alamomi kamar kyawawan sunayen duniya da haruffan da aka yi amfani da su a wasan (misali, PAC-MAN®); Rijistar haƙƙin mallaka akan shirin azaman aikin adabi ko akan nunin gani na kaset da aikin ya samar; kuma Rijistar aikin rufe fuska akan ROM wanda ya ƙunshi binary. Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta al'ada ta shafi software mai tushe (tushen, binary) da haruffa na asali da fasaha. To Amma ranar karewa na wa'adin ƙarin haƙƙin keɓantacce a cikin aikin da aka rarraba ta hanyar abin rufe fuska ROM zai dogara ne akan wani ɗan Fassarar da ba a gwada ainihin buƙatun § 902(b):(b) Kariya a ƙarƙashin wannan babin (watau, azaman aikin abin rufe fuska) ba zai kasance don aikin abin rufe fuska ba wanda - (1) ba na asali ba; ko (2) ya ƙunshi ƙira waɗanda ke da mahimmanci, na yau da kullun, ko kuma sanannun masana'antar semiconductor, ko bambancin irin waɗannan ƙira, waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar da, la'akari gabaɗaya, ba asali bane. ( 17 USC § 902, ).A ƙarƙashin fassarar guda ɗaya, aikin abin rufe fuska mai ɗauke da taken wasan gaba ɗaya ba na asali bane, saboda abin rufe fuska ROM gabaɗaya yana iya zama sanannen ƙira, ko ƙaramin bambancin aikin abin rufe fuska don kowane taken farko da aka saki don wasan bidiyo a yankin. Sauran kasashe Akwai makamantan doka a Ostiraliya, Indiya da Hong Kong . Dokar Ostiraliya tana nufin ayyukan abin rufe fuska a matsayin "shimfidu masu cancanta" ko ELs. A Kanada ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin [Haɗin gwiwar Dokokin Topography (a shekarata 1990, c. 37)]. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an gabatar da wani tsari na sui generis da ke kare ƙirar kayan da umarnin 87/54/EEC wanda aka watsa a duk ƙasashe membobin. Indiya tana da Dokar Tsare-tsaren Tsare-tsare na Semiconductor Integrated Circuits, shekarar 2000 don irin wannan kariyar. Japan ta dogara da "Dokar Game da Tsarin Da'irar Na'urar Haɗin Kan Semiconductor". Brazil ta kafa Doka No. 11484, na shekarata 2007, don tsara kariya da rajistar haɗe-haɗe da hotuna. Duba wasu abubuwan Yarjejeniyar kan Abubuwan da suka danganci ciniki na Haƙƙin mallaka na hankali (TRIPS) Semiconductor ginshiƙan mallakin hankali Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rubutun yarjejeniyar Washington akan kariyar IC Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwadago%20ta%20Najeriya

Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya

Nigeria Labour Congress (N.L.C) kungiya ce ta kungiyoyin kwadago a Najeriya. Abdulwaheed Ibrahim omar shi ma ya yi Shugabancin kungiyar.A yanzu kuma Comrade Ayuba Wabbah shi ne shugaban Kungiyar. Tarihi An kafa wannan kungiyar kwadagon ta Najeriya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, a matsayin hadewar kungiyoyi hudu daban-daban: kungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin Najeriya (NTUC), Kungiyar Kwadago ta Labour (LUF), United Labour Congress (ULC) da kuma Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Najeriya (NWC). Sai dai, Gwamnatin Sojan Tarayya da aka kafa kwanan nan, karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed, ta ki amincewa da sabuwar kungiyar, kuma a maimakon haka ta kafa Kotun Koli ta Adebiyi da za ta binciki ayyukan kungiyoyin kwadago da shugabanninsu. Kotun ta ba da rahoto a cikin shekara ta 1976 kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa duk cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadagon da ke akwai suna yada akidun Yakin Cacar Baki, sun dogara da kudade daga tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadagon duniya, da kudaden da ba su dace ba. An yi amfani da wannan a zaman hujja don dakatar da dukkan cibiyoyin guda huɗu, tare da MO Abiodun a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar ƙwadago. Ya yarda da kafa sabuwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya, bisa sharadin cewa an sake tsara kusan kungiyoyin kwadago 1,500 zuwa kungiyoyin kwadago na masana'antu guda 42, gami da kungiyoyi 19 masu wakiltar manyan ma'aikata. A shekara ta 1978, aka kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya, tare da kungiyoyin kwadago na masana'antu guda 42. Ya kasance kawai ƙungiyar tarayyar kwadagon doka. Shugabancinta ya hada da yawancin manyan mutane daga magabata hudu, inda Wahab Goodluck ya zama shugabanta na farko. A tarihinta, rikice-rikice da mulkin soja sau biyu ya kai ga rusa gabobin kungiyar NLC, na farko a shekara ta 1988 a karkashin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida da kuma karo na biyu a shekara ta 1994, a karkashin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha . A cikin shekara ta 1996, an haɗa ƙungiyoyi guda 42 na NLC zuwa guda 29, ta Dokar Majalisar. A karkashin gwamnatocin sojojin Najeriya, ana yawan kama shugabannin kwadago tare da tarwatsa taron kungiyar kwadago. Bayan sauye-sauyen dimokiradiyya a kasar, an soke wasu ka'idojin kin-kungiyar a watan Janairun shekara ta 1999. A wannan watan ne kuma aka zabi Adams Oshiomhole a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar da aka yiwa garambawul. A farkon shekara ta 2000, rikici tsakanin gwamnati da Kungiyar ta NLC ya ta'azzara saboda adawar kungiyar da karin farashin mai. farashin sakamakon yanke shawara da gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi don rage tallafi da kuma rage saye da sayarwar fue l. Kungiyar kwadago ta NLC ta jagoranci yajin aikin gama gari da dama don nuna adawa da manufofin gwamnati game da farashin mai. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, kungiyar kwadago ta NLC ta bai wa gwamnatin tarayya wani wa’adi na ta sauya shawarar sake dawo da batun harajin mai da ake ta ce-ce-ku-ce a kai ko kuma a shiga yajin aiki a duk fadin kasar. An yi barazanar yajin aikin ne duk da cewa hukuncin da wata Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta yanke a wata takaddama da ta gabata ta bayyana kungiyar ba ta da karfin doka na kiran yajin aikin gama gari kan manufofin gwamnati. Bayan sanarwar shirye-shiryen yajin aikin, NLC ta ce an kama Shugaba Adams Oshiomhole a ranar 9 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2004 a wata zanga-zanga a Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe. A cewar kungiyar, "wasu gungun jami'an tsaro na farin kaya (SSS) da yawansu ya kai goma sha biyar ne suka sace Oshiomhole, wadanda suka fi karfinsa, suka yi masa kokawa da shi a kasa sannan suka hada shi da wata motar daukar kaya kirar Peugeot 504, wacce ba ta da lasisi. faranti. " Hukumar Tsaron Jiha ta kira ikirarin da "sanarwa mara kyau kuma ba daidai ba", suna cewa shugaban NLC ya samu rashin fahimta tare da ma'aikatan filin, amma ba da jimawa ba aka shawo kan lamarin. Mai magana da yawun shugaban kasar ya yi ikirarin cewa an gayyaci Oshiomhole ne kawai don "tattaunawa" a filin jirgin sama, ba a kame kowa ba. A shekara ta 2005, an sauya dokar don baiwa sauran tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadago damar samun amincewar gwamnati, sannan kuma ta baiwa manyan kungiyoyin kwadago damar shiga NLC. A cikin shekara ta 2016, kusan rassa guda 25 suka bar kafa United Labour Congress, amma sun sake komawa cikin NLC a cikin shekara ta 2020. A ƙarshen shekara, tana da rassa guda 43, wanda ya zuwa shekara ta 2016 wakiltar mambobi sama da 4,000,000. Mata reshe Kwamitin mata na ƙasa shine reshen mata na ƙasa na NLC. An kirkireshi ne a shekara ta 2003 don ƙara shigar mata cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar. Farawa daga shekara ta 1983, neman karin daraja ga mata masu aiki ya haifar da kafa reshen mata a manyan biranen jihohi. A yanzu haka rassan kungiyar NLC na jihohi suna da kwamitin mata kuma shugaban kwamitin mambobi ne kai tsaye na majalisar gudanarwa ta NLC ta jihar. A matakin ƙasa, shugabar Hukumar Mata ta ƙasa kai tsaye Mataimakin Shugaban NLC ne. Shugabar hukumar mata ta kasa Kwamared Rita Goyit. Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na yanzu Unungiyoyin kwadagon masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da NLC: Kungiyoyin Noma Shuwagabanninta 1978: Wahab Goodluck 1979: Hassan Sunmonu 1984: Ali Chiroma 1988: Pascal Bafyau 1994: Matsayi babu kowa 1999: Adams Oshiomhole 2007: Abdulwaheed Omar 2015: Ayuba Wabba Janar Sakatarori 1978: Aliyu Dangiwa 1986: Lasisi Osunde 1992: Ba a sami matsayi ba 2001: John Odah 2014: Peter Ozo-Eson 2019: Emmanuel Ugboaja Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya Tattalin arzikin Najeriya Wahab Goodluck Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin farko na NLC Jaridar Nigerian Tribune: NLC tayi laccar shekaru 30 Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidauniyar%20Adalci%20ta%20Muhalli

Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli

Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli (EJF), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce Steve Trent da Juliette Williams suka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 wadda ke aiki dan tabbatar da duniya inda wuraren zama da mahalli na iya dorewa, kuma al'ummomin da suka dogara da su don bukatunsu na yau da kullun da kuma rayuwarsu. Yana haɓaka adalcin muhalli na duniya, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "daidaitaccen damar samun ingantaccen yanayi mai lafiya ga kowa, a cikin duniyar da namun daji za su iya bunƙasa tare da ɗan adam." EJF tana fallasa laifukan muhalli da lalata da kuma barazanar da ke da alaƙa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana ba da labarun waɗanda ke kan gaba, kuma tana ɗaukar faɗan cikin gida zuwa zuciyar gwamnatoci da kasuwanci a duk faɗin duniya don tabbatar da ɗorewar canji na duniya. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da bincike mai tsanani wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da kuma a cikin teku - yana kuma ba da shaida mara tabbas, cikakkun bayanai, da kuma shaidar shaidar farko - waɗannan an haɗa su da dabarun dabarun da suka kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin gwamnati don tabbatar da dorewa, canji na tsari. . Yawancin ayyukan EJF sun haɗa da horarwa da ba da kayan aiki ga al'ummomin da rashin adalcin muhalli ya shafa don yin bincike, yin rikodin da fallasa cin zarafi sannan kamfen yadda ya kamata don daidaito kan batutuwan. An ba da mahimmanci ga ikon fim, duka don rikodin shaidar da ba za a iya warwarewa ba na rashin adalci na muhalli da kuma haifar da saƙon yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya canza duniya. Ayyukan EJF sun shafi manyan wuraren yaƙin neman zaɓe guda biyar: teku, yanayi, gandun daji, namun daji da nau'in halittu, da auduga. Tarihi An kafa Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli a London, UK a cikin shekara ta 2000 kuma ta zama Sadaka mai rijista a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2001 ta Steve Trent da Juliette Williams. Ƙirƙirar EJF martani ne ga wahalar ɗan adam da lalata muhalli waɗanda suka kafa ta suka shaida a cikin aikinsu na masu fafutukar kare muhalli. Wannan gogewa ta sa duka waɗanda suka kafa biyu suka yanke shawarar cewa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya galibi ya dogara ne akan samun mutanen da suke samun ingantaccen muhalli don abinci, matsuguni da hanyar rayuwa. EJF ta fara kamfen ɗinta na farko a cikin 2001: kare haƙƙin kamun kifi na al'umma a Cambodia. Sakamakon shirye-shiryen horarwa da rubuce-rubuce, an kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa - Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kamun Kifi -. Tawagar Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Kifi, haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne da suka ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 12, na gida da na waje, wanda aka samo asali daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin. An gabatar da wani rahoton yakin neman zabe mai suna Idi ko Yunwa kuma aka gabatar da shi ga masu tsara manufofi a wani taro da jakadan Birtaniya a Cambodia ya shirya, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kawo wannan batu a ƙasar tare da samun goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa. EJF ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa aikinsa don haɗa magungunan kashe qwari, namun daji da nau'ikan halittu, fatalwar shrimp da noman shrimp, kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba a daidaita shi ba, samar da auduga, sauyin yanayi (tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi) da dazuzzuka. Yankunan aiki da tsarin EJF Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli tana bin manufofinta ta hanyar bincike da kamfen don kare mutane, namun daji, da wuraren daji a fadin duniya, suna kawo fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa don kiyaye tekun duniya, dazuzzuka da yanayi. Yana haɗa yunƙurin tushen tushe, yin fim, da bayar da shawarwari mai inganci don samun canji. Tana aika da nata ƴan jaridu domin su bincika, rubutawa da kuma tattara rahotanni na take hakkin muhalli da na ɗan adam. Har ila yau, yana aiki a ƙasa don taimakawa wajen horar da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin ingantattun dabarun bincike don tallata cin zarafi a yankinsu, tare da ba da gudummawar babban matakin siyasa kan waɗannan batutuwa na ƙasa da na duniya. EJF sau da yawa yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi na duniya, kasuwanci da kamfanoni. Har ila yau, yana aiki tare da jakadun mashahuran don tallata kamfen ɗinsa, ciki har da majiɓintansa - muhalli da mai fafutuka Tony Juniper, mai zane-zane Rachel Whiteread CBE, actress Emilia Fox, mai bincike Benedict Allen, mai yin fim din namun daji Gordon Buchanan, artist Antony Gormley, OBE, fashion designer Katherine Hamnett CBE, da kuma samfurin, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutuka Lily Cole . Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Harold Pinter, CH, CBE ya kasance Mataimaki na EJF daga 2003 zuwa 2008. Yakin teku Fiye da kifaye da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba na barin tekun mu a kan ƙarshen rugujewar gaba ɗaya, kuma yayin da masu aiki ke neman ƙara wawure tekun da suka gajiyar da mu, da yawa suna yin aikin bayi - wanda tashin hankali ya tilastawa - don rage tsada. EJF tana aiki don kare teku, kawo karshen kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma kawar da take hakkin bil'adama da wannan haramtaccen aiki ke haddasawa. Ta yin haka EJF na nufin kare miliyoyin mutanen da suka dogara da teku da kyawawan namun daji iri-iri da ke kiranta gida. An fara da manyan bincike kan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Afirka ta Yamma, tare da rahoton da 'yan fashin teku da masu cin riba suka kaddamar a shekara ta 2005, aikin EJF a cikin teku a yanzu yana mai da hankali kan muhimman wurare bakwai. Kawo ƙarshen annobar kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a duniya Binciken EJF ya haifar da matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba don magance kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Binciken da suka yi kan jiragen ruwa daga Panama, Thailand, Ghana da Koriya ta Kudu, da sauransu, sun shiga cikin tsarin 'carding' na EU don yin aiki tare da gwamnatoci don kawar da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin jiragen ruwa sanya musu takunkumi idan ba a dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da bincike na EJF na baya-bayan nan sun ba da haske kan kashe-kashen dolphin a cikin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Taiwan, cin zarafin dan Adam a kan jiragen ruwa mallakar kasar Sin a Ghana, alakar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a yammacin Afirka da cin abincin teku a Turai, kuma ya haifar da sanya baki a jerin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a duniya. Yayin da kifayen ke dab da karyewa da kuma buƙatun duniya a kowane lokaci, yanzu jiragen ruwa suna ci gaba da tafiya nesa ba kusa ba - galibi suna kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a wasu yankuna na sauran ƙasashe - da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a cikin teku, don dawo da kama masu raguwa. Wannan ya haifar da ɗumbin ma’aikatan da ake fataucinsu da aka tilastawa yin aikin bauta zuwa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, rage farashin kamfanoni, da wadata kasuwar abincin teku a duniya da kayayyaki masu arha. Rahoton EJF, fina-finai da bincike sun kori gwamnatoci don yin aiki da gabatar da dokoki na gaske don magance bautar zamani a teku. Kare bambancin halittun ruwa Yawancin halittun ruwa da na bakin teku suna gab da rugujewa: 90% na manyan kifin teku na duniya sun yi hasarar tun a shekarun 1950. EJF tana aiki don rubutawa da fallasa dabarun kamun kifin da ke lalata muhalli waɗanda ke jefa lafiyar tekunmu cikin haɗari da haramtacciyar fatauci da farautar nau'in ruwa da suka haɗa da sharks, haskoki da kunkuru waɗanda ke yin barazana ga makomar waɗannan halittu. A Yammacin Afirka, masu sintiri na kunkuru na EJF suna tafiya a bakin rairayin bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa kunkuru na iya dawowa cikin teku lafiya. A Laberiya, EJF ta gina wata al'umma ta masu kare namun daji, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Tsarin Ayyukan Ƙasa na Laberiya don kare sharks da haskoki. A Tailandia, EJF's Net Free Seas aikin yana ɗaukar ragamar kamun kifi da aka watsar, masu halakar da namun daji, daga cikin teku da cikin tattalin arzikin madauwari, yana samar da sabbin samfura masu ɗorewa gami da kayan kariya don yaƙi da COVID-19. Tabbatar da kamun kifi mai dorewa Tun daga shekara ta 2017, EJF ta yi aiki tare da abokin tarayya na gida Hen Mpoano don inganta rayuwar masunta da inganta wadatar abinci a fadin Ghana. Ta yi aiki tare da kusan al'ummomi 60 a fadin gundumomi 10 na Ghana ta Tsakiya da kuma a cikin Volta Estuary a wani yunƙuri na kiyaye albarkatun ruwa don na yanzu da na gaba na masunta na gida. A Yammacin Afirka, EJF yana ba wa al'ummomin gida damar su tashi tsaye kan ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da shaidar da ake buƙata don gwamnati ta ɗauki mataki kan waɗannan haramtattun ayyuka. Yana tallafawa masunta na gida don fahimta da kare haƙƙinsu a cikin sarrafa kamun kifi. Yana inganta yadda ake rarraba haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka don kare wuraren saukar masunta daga cin zarafi na yawon buɗe ido da sauran ayyukan masana'antu. Tana gudanar da bincike da shawarwarin siyasa wanda ke nuna tasirin kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da wuce gona da iri kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. A ƙarshe, tana ganowa da haɓaka wasu hanyoyin rayuwa don taimakawa faɗaɗa tushen tattalin arzikin al'ummomin masunta da tallafawa dorewar kifin na Ghana na dogon lokaci. Inganta gaskiya a cikin kamun kifi na duniya Kamun kifi ba bisa ka’ida ba da bautar zamani suna bunƙasa a cikin inuwa, tare da guje wa binciken gwamnati, masana’antu da masu amfani da su. Don dakatar da shi, dole ne kamun kifin duniya ya zama mai haske sosai. Ka'idoji Goma na EJF don Faɗin Duniya dalla-dalla kai tsaye, matakai masu amfani waɗanda jihohi za su iya ɗauka don kawo kamun kifi cikin haske. EJF ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin tare da gwamnatoci ɗaya da kuma cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Turai. EJF's Charter for Transparency yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a ya sami goyon bayan manyan dillalai a Burtaniya, waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samar da abinci mai ɗorewa, na gaskiya, da rahotannin sa sun wayar da kan dabarun da ma'aikatan da ba su da hankali ke amfani da su don guje wa takunkumi. don kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yakin yanayi EJF na kallon sauyin yanayi a matsayin barazana mai wanzuwa ga bil'adama. Kamar yadda yanayin zafi a duniya ya kai matakin da ba a gani ba tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, matsanancin yanayi na ci gaba da haifar da babbar matsala kuma hauhawar farashin aiki yana barin mafi talauci da mafi rauni a duniyarmu ta fi shafa. EJF ta yi imanin cewa matsalar sauyin yanayi lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da kuma kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma wadanda suka fara fuskantar matsalar rugujewar yanayi ya kamata a ji muryoyinsu. A cikin shekara ta 2021's COP26 a Glasgow, sun shirya abubuwan da suka faru, nune-nunen zane-zane kuma sun sadu da shugabannin siyasa don matsawa daukar matakin yanke hukunci kan rikicin yanayi. Sun goyi bayan matasa shida masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi tare da bursaries don halartar COP, suna ba su damar raba saƙonsu, kuma sun yi hira da ƙarin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin "Muryoyin da suka ɓace daga COP". Kamfen nasu na yanayi na nufin tabbatar da kariya ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga karuwar yawan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi a duniya, da kawo ƙarshen rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi, da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin duniya da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba. "Manifesto na yanayi" a cikin 2021 ya bayyana matakan da shugabannin duniya dole ne su ɗauka a yanzu don kyakkyawar makoma mai kyau, lafiya. Gangamin gandun daji Dazuzzuka su ne mafi bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin ƙasa, gida mai kusan kashi 80% na namun daji na duniya. Kusan mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara kai tsaye kan dazuzzuka don rayuwarsu, abinci, matsuguni, da mai. EJF na yin kamfen don dakatar da lalatar da waɗannan mahimman wuraren zama. Mangroves suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wuraren zama a duniyarmu amma ana saurin shafe su. EJF ya dade yana aiki don kare mangroves. Haɗa ƙwararrun abincin teku da na gandun daji a cikin bincike mai tsanani game da barnar mangroves don noman shrimp, EJF ta kasance muryar canji tun shekara ta 2003. Da yake tattara bayanan mutanen da sare dazuzzuka ya shafa kai tsaye a Bangladesh, EJF ta gina duka shari'ar muhalli game da noman shrimp da na 'yancin ɗan adam - wanda wannan masana'antar ta sanar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, EJF ya yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Brazil SOS Abrolhos don samun nasarar kare yankunan bakin teku daga tsare-tsaren gonar shrimp mai girman Heathrow. A baya can, horon da suka yi don Dandalin Tsaro na Ceara Coast ya haifar da nuna fim a gidan talabijin na Brazil da kuma a taron jama'a game da bunkasa gonar shrimp. Har ila yau, yana aiki don kare dazuzzuka na ƙasa, EJF wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu masu neman sauyi da kuma sa ido kan manufofi a Turai, kamar yadda 'yan majalisa suka fahimci cewa babu wani abu 'kore' game da dabino na dabino. Manufar EU na biofuels ta fara yin la'akari da hayaki da ke haifarwa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da magudanar ruwa na halittu masu arzikin carbon. Umarnin sabunta makamashin da aka sabunta - wanda Hukumar ta gabatar wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a cikin Maris na shekara ta 2019 - ta kori dabino daga maƙasudin makamashi na EU, tare da raguwa daga shekara ta 2023 da ƙarewar ƙarshe ta 2030. Gangamin namun daji da halittu EJF ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da NGO Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) a cikin shekara ta 2003 wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Vietnam ta farko da ta mai da hankali kan kiyaye yanayi da namun daji, don yaƙar noma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. EJF ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi kiyasin 4000 baƙar fata na Asiya da beyar rana ana ajiye su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gonakin bear na Vietnam. An fitar da berayen manya masu damfara akai-akai don amfani da su a magungunan gargajiya da tonics. Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da shekara ta2009, EJF ya ba ENV tare da bidiyo, kafofin watsa labaru, sadarwa da horar da shawarwari da kayan aiki. Ya taimaka wajen gudanar da bincike a asirce da jagorantar kamfen na jama'a a gidan talabijin na Vietnam, kuma ya ba da masu sarrafa kyamara da masu gyara da ƙarin horo. A cikin shekara ta 2003, EJF ta buga rahoton Cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cuta daga namun daji a China: Shin SARS za ta iya sake faruwa?, wanda ya gano kasuwannin namun daji na China a matsayin tushen yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan fata a nan gaba. Lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta tabbatar da hakan a cikin shekara ta 2020, EJF ta ƙaddamar da kamfen don hana kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci a duk duniya, tare da sanya hannu kan takardar koke a nahiyoyi shida da sabon rahoto, Me yasa Ban Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namun daji? Ƙuntatawa kan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci yana ƙara tsananta a faɗin duniya, kuma ra'ayin jama'a ya fara juya musu baya, hatta a ƙasashen da ke da manyan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci. EJF kuma yana aiki tare da masanan halittu na gida da ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin yankin Pantanal na Brazil, gida mai mahimmanci na duniya ga manyan mayaƙa, jaguars da ƙari, suna buga rahoton Paradise Lost? dalla-dalla yadda ake kare wannan yanayin a cikin 2020. yakin auduga EJF ya yi kamfen don rage tsadar ɗan adam da muhalli na samar da auduga, fallasa cin zarafin ɗan adam, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, karancin ruwa da yin kira ga nuna gaskiya ga sarkar. Ya yi bincike tare da fallasa ayyukan tilasta wa yara aiki da gwamnati ke yi a Uzbekistan wanda ya haifar da ci gaba nan take ga sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin dillalai. Fim ɗin lambar yabo ta EJF da rahoton White Gold, wanda ke rufe haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin masana'antar auduga ta Uzbek, an sake shi a cikin shekara ta 2005, tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na duniya kan "Gaskiya Kudin Cotton" a cikin haka shekara. An rufe wannan a BBC Newsnight, kuma manyan dillalai Marks da Spencer da Tesco nan da nan suka jefar da audugar Uzbek sakamakon haka. Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2006, EJF ya ƙaddamar da Just For, yana siyar da kayan auduga da aka ƙera cikin ɗabi'a tare da haɗin gwiwar manyan masu zanen kaya. Gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin aiki da yara a cikin shekara ta 2008 sakamakon kai tsaye sakamakon matsin lamba na EJF, da EJF na yaƙin auduga na duniya ya ci gaba da yin rahotanni kan rawar da masana'antar sutura ke takawa wajen haifar da canjin yanayi, kamar 2020's Moral Fibre. Kamfen na maganin kashe kwari Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko na EJF shine yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa kuma a ƙarshe hana duniya akan ƙira da amfani da endosulfan maganin kashe qwari. Wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta keɓe a matsayin abu mai 'matuƙar haɗari', endosulfan an kwatanta shi da DDT a cikin yuwuwar cutar da muhalli, kuma yana da haɗari sosai ga ɗan adam. EJF ta fara tattara bayanan amfani da endosulfan a cikin Cambodia a cikin shekara ta 2002 kuma ta buga rahoton da ake kira Mutuwa a cikin ƙananan allurai a wannan shekarar. Yin aiki tare da CEDAC (Centre d'Etude et de Développement Agricole Cambodgien), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Cambodia, EJF ta rubuta yawan amfani da endosulfan ta manoman Cambodia kuma an rubuta matsalolin tsaro da yawa, gami da rashin kayan kariya da fallasa yara, gidaje, dabbobi da dangi. amfanin gona na abinci. An yi amfani da ɗan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani mai taken Ƙarshen Hanya don Endosulfan don shawo kan Ministan Muhalli na Kambodiya don hana endosulfan a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya an kawo wannan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin shawarar Tarayyar Turai ta 2008 don haɗa endosulfan a cikin Maƙallan Yarjejeniyar Stockholm. A cikin shekara ta 2011, EJF ya sanar a kan shafin yanar gizon su cewa yana "muna farin cikin sanar da cewa, bayan nazari da muhawara mai zurfi, mun kai ƙarshen hanya don maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na endosulfan" biyo bayan labarai cewa ranar Juma'a 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2011, Wakilan kasa a taron jam'iyyu karo na biyar (COP5) sun amince da a jera endosulfan karkashin Annex A na yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurbatar gurbatar yanayi (POPs). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Muhalli Gine-gine Daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

60638

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami%20Sundaranand

Swami Sundaranand

Swami Sundaranand; (Afrilu 1926-23 Disamba 2020) ɗan Yogi ɗan Indiya ne, mai ɗaukar hoto, marubuci, kuma ɗan dutse wanda yayi jawabai a Indiya game da barazanar kogin Ganges da asarar dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalayan saboda ɗumamar duniya. Tarihin Rayuwa Swami Sundarananda dalibi ne na babban malamin yoga Swami Tapovan Maharaj (1889-1957), wanda ya rubuta a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20th game da rayuwar yogic a cikin Himalayas a cikin littafin yoga na gargajiya Wanderings acikin Himalayas (Himagiri Vihar). Sundaranand ya zauna tare da Swami Tapovan acikin yankin Gangotri wanda ba a iya isa ba, a tushen Ganges, wanda ake la'akari da daya daga cikin wurare masu tsarki na Indiya. Tun daga 1948, yana zaune kusa da Ganges a Gangotri, yana da ƙafa 10,400, acikin ƙauyen bukka (kuti) wanda ubangidansa Swami Tapovan Maharaj yayi masa wasici bayan rasuwarsa a 1957. A can, Swami Sundaranand ya rayu cikin kadaici kuma cikin mafi tsananin lokacin sanyi ba tareda jin daɗi ko jin daɗi ba. Ya shaida kusa da guguwar Gangotri Glacier daga inda Ganges ke fitowa, kuma ya ba da tarihin sadaukarwarsa ga kyawawan dabi'un Himalayas na Indiya a matsayin ƙwararren mai daukar hoto. Gidan kayan tarihi da aka keɓe don kariyar muhalli da jagorar ruhaniya, mai ɗauke da hoton Swami Sundaranand na Himalayan, yanzu yana cikin matakan tsarawa. Za a kasance a Gangotri akan kadarorin Sundaranand da ubangidansa. A matsayinsa na mai son zuciya, ya ɗauki alƙawarin brahmacharya sadhu acikin 1948 kuma yana sadaukar da rayuwarsa kullum ga zurfin tunani da sauran ayyuka na ruhaniya. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mai bada shawara don kiyaye muhalli na Himalayas, Ganges da tushen sa a Gangotri. Ya ɗauki hotuna sama da 100,000, sama da shekaru 50, na dusar ƙanƙara ta Gangotri acikin Himalaya ta Indiya. Ya bi ta Indiya don wayar da kan jama'a game da saurin raguwar Gangotri. Wanda akeyi masa lakabi da " Sadhu Who Clicks" saboda daukar hotonsa, shi ma fitaccen mai hawan dutse ne, wanda ya haura sama da kololuwar Himalayan 25, kuma ya haura sau biyu tare da Sir Edmund Hillary da Tenzing Norgay. Sir Edmund Hillary ya biya Swami Sundaranand a shekarun 1980 a bukkarsa ta Gangotri. Na Gangotri glacier, Swami Sundaranand ya ce:A shekara ta 1949, sa’ad da na fara ganin dusar ƙanƙara, naji kamar an kawar da dukan zunubana kuma na sami sake haifuwa da gaske. Amma yanzu, ba zai yiwu a fuskanci wannan Ganga na baya ba.Swami Sundaranand shine marubucin littafin Himalaya: Ta hanyar Lens of a Sadhu tare da hotuna sama da 425 da suka shafe shekaru 60 na aikinsa. Littafin ya kuma ƙunshi wasiƙar amincewa daga tsohon Firaministan Indiya Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Yayi ƙoƙari ya kama madawwami acikin yanayi da kuma rubuta yankin kamar yadda yake a da tare da kulawa ta musamman kan dasa shuki na bege da zaburarwa don magance matsalolin muhalli na yankin. An gina wurin duba da alluna daga Gangotri kuma an sadaukar da aikin Swami da ƙoƙarinsa. Swami Sundaranand shine batun wani fim ɗin da aka harba a gidansa da ke Gangotri mai taken Lokaci na Musamman tare da Swamiji. Cibiyar Nazarin Healing Arts ce ta shirya fim ɗin kuma Victor Demko ne ya bada umarni. Ra'ayi kan ɗumamar yanayi Acikin shekaru sittin da suka gabata, Swami Sundaranand yayi amfani da haɗin gwiwar bukatunsa don wayar da kan jama'a game da Ganga. "Lokacin da na fara zuwa wannan yanki, yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassa na Himalayas," in ji shi. “Yana da wuya ayi tunanin tsaftar Ganga da yawan ciyayi da namun daji na Himalayan da sukayi yawa a lokacin. Ba mu san abin da muka lalata ba." Swami Sundaranand ya zauna a Gangotri tun 1948, lokacin da ya zama mai murabus, kuma ya isa can daga Andhra Pradesh. A cikin kalamansa: “Da yawa sun canza tun daga lokacin. Ko da yake iska tana sanyi a nan, rana tana da zafi. Yana ƙara zafi kowace shekara. Mutane sun ce dumamar yanayi ce. Na ce gargadi ne na duniya." Gurbacewar Ganga a cikin filayen ta kasance abin da akayi ta maimaitawa, amma, a cewar Sundaranand, babbar barazana ita ce gurbatar muhalli a tushen. Ya alakanta hakan ne da yadda ba a kula da gine-ginen otal-otal da ashram a Gangotri da kuma zubar da shara daga wadannan wurare kamar najasa da shara acikin Ganga. A cewarsa, "babu masu son muhalli da aka bari a nan, sai masu son kudi". Kowace shekara, yayin da garin haikalin ke rufe a lokacin damina mai tsanani, gine-ginen da ba a kula da shi bada sare itatuwa yana kan ƙololuwar sa. A cewar sadhu, “An sare bishiyoyin bhoj da yawa acikin Bhojbasa, akan hanyar Gaumukh. Tun da farko, a kan tafiyata zuwa dusar ƙanƙara ta Gaumukh, na iya hango dabbobin da ba kasafai ba kamar damisar dusar ƙanƙara da barewa. Ba kasafai ake ganin su yanzu ba”. Sadhu kuma ya kasance mai hazaka mai hazaƙa - a lokacin da ya yi tattaki zuwa glacier a cikin shekaru 10-15 da suka wuce, ya ga dusar kankara tana ja da baya cikin sauri fiye da kowane lokaci. A cewarsa, Gaumukh bai kai 1 ba km daga Bhojbasa, amma yau, 4 ne km daga nesa kuma cewa kowace shekara, glacier yana ja da baya da akalla mita 10. Ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa gurbacewar ganga daga tushensa da kuma narkar da dusar kankara na Himalayan su ne ainihin batutuwan da masu kula da muhalli ke buƙata cikin gaggawa, maimakon adawa da gina madatsun ruwa. Rayuwa ta sirri Ya shagaltu da sa'o'i 3 na zuzzurfan tunani a rana, kuma wani lokaci yanayin zuzzurfan tunani da daddare har zuwa wayewar gari. Mafi mahimmancin sassan rayuwarsa sune tunani, japa da pranayama. Sa'ad da yake ƙarami ya kasance ƙwararren hatha yogi, yana ƙware a matsayi 300, kuma ya cigaba da aiwatar da shi kullun. Ya kasance mai himma sosai ga yanayin da ya rayu tsawon shekaru arba'in kuma ya gaskata cewa "Allah ba ya zama acikin temples ko masallatai - yana warwatse ko'ina acikin farfajiyar yanayi." Sundaranand ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2020 a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a Dehradun. Ya rasu yana da shekaru 96. An gano shi da COVID-19 kuma ya murmure a farkon Oktoba. Littafi Mai Tsarki Himalaya: Through the Lens of a sadhu. Tapovan kuti prakashan. August 2001. ISBN 978-81-901326-0-2. Filmography Lokacin Keɓaɓɓu tare da Swami-ji (157 mins, fim, 2008, Cibiyar Waraka Arts ) Manazarta Mutattun 2020 Haifaffun 1926 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25110

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak%20Omotoyossi

Razak Omotoyossi

Razak Omotoyossi (an haife she a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1985) dan asalin Nejeriya ne dan kwallon kafa na kasar Benin wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na JA Cotonou da kungiya kwallon kafa ta Benin Ya buga wasa a Najeriya, Masar, Sweden,Saudi Arabia da Faransa. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Legas Omotoyossi ya fara wasansa a mahaifarsa ta Najeriya, amma kusan ya baci lokacin da shi na tsawon shekara biyar saboda zargin cin zarafin alkalin wasa yayin wasan Firimiya tsakanin kungiyarsa, Sunshine Stars da ziyartar Enyimba ya riga ya bar wasa a kasar Benin a wannan shekarar. Ya fara aikinsa na kwararru a Benin tare da JS Pobe . FC Sheriff Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu a kulob din Moldove FC sheniff a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu bioyu da biyar 2005 . A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da shidda 2006, ya zira kwallaye daidai gwargwado na minti na chasain da biyu 92 ga Sheriff 2006 -07 UEFA Champions Leaque A watan Maris na shekara ta Dubu biyu da bakai 2007 aka yi masa shari'a tare da kungiyar Hapoel Kfar Saba ta Premier ta Isra'ila . Ya zira kwallaye a wasan Toto Cup, amma bai rattaba hannu a kansu ba yayin da ya ga ƙalubalen Swedish Allsvenskan ya fi samun tagomashi. Helsingborg Om 0motoyossi ya sanya hannu dan Helsinborgs IF a lokacin bazara shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. A cikin rawar da Henrik Larsson abokin aikin yayi aiki Omotoyissi ya gama kakar 20007 a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga bayan ya zura kwallaye goma sha hudu 14 a cikin wasanni 23 A cikin shekara ta 2007 - 08 UEFA Cup, ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen farko na cancantar shiga gasar . Kwallan sa na farko ya zo ne a wasan farko na zagaye na farko na neman cancantar shiga gida a kan Narva Trans na Estonian Meistriliiga a rana rshatara 19 gawatan Yulishekara ta 2007, sannan ya zira kwallaye a zagaye na biyu, wasan kafa na biyu, nasarar gida 3-0 kan League of Ireland Kungiyar Drogheda United . Ya kara wasu kwallaye hudu a matakin rukuni yayin da Helsingborg ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin H. Omotoyossi ya ci kwallaye shida cikin wasanni shida: kwallaye uku a kan SC Heerenveen, biyu a kan Austria Wien da guda daya a kan Galatasaray wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan gaba tare da abokin wasansa Henrik Larsson da Luca Toni na Bayern Munich . Manufofinsa shida sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin Helsingborgs suna yin rikodin wucewarsu zuwa talatin da biyu 32 na ƙarshe. Tare da kwallaye shida cikin jimlar wasanni takwas, Omotoyossi ya gama a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa cin ƙwallo a gasar. Duk da kasancewa babban dan wasa a Helsingborg. Ya kuma bayyana a waccan shekarar a Guerin Sportivo ta Italiya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan taurari guda hamsin 50 na duniya nan gaba kadan. Wannan rikodin ya dauki hankalin kulob din Eredivisie SC Heerenveen, kuma ana rade -radin cewa suna son dan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan Brazil Afonso Alves wanda aka shirya zai tafi zuwa Middlesbrough ta Ingila . Bayan an rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu, an bayyana cewa Omotoyossi ya ki komawa kungiyar Dutch Eredivisie, FC Groningen, a cikin yarjejeniyar da za ta ksi dala milliyan 2.5. Al-Nasiru Al-Nasiru A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008 Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan Al-nassr a Saudi Arabi akan dala miliyan uku. Yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a kulob ɗin Larabawa inda ya fito a wasanni tara, inda ya ci kwallaye huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2008-09 yayin da Al-Nassr ya gama 5th a Saudi Professional League . Metz A ranar 9 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, Omotoyoissi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da FC Metz na Ligue 2 na Faransa. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin farawa 8 da 14 a matsayin mai maye gurbin mai kunnawa yayin da Metz ya gama na huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2009-10, kawai ya rasa haɓaka zuwa Ligue 1 . GAIS A ranar 30 gawatan maris shekara ta 20011, kulob din GAIS na Sweden ya tabbatar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Omotoyossi, an sanya masa hannu kan kwangilar gajere har zuwa watan Yuli. Siriya FC A ranar 21 gawatan Yuli shekara ta 20011, Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar gajere tare da Syrianska FC in da ya buga wasanni 5 biyar kawai kafin ya tafi Zamalek SC ta Masar. Zamalek SC A ranar sha biya 15 gawatan Satumba shekara ta 2011, Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Zamalek SC na Masar. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a wasan da suka buga da El-Entag El-Harby. Union Sportive Seme Bayan barin kulob din Safiyya na Morocco a shekara ta 2015, Omotoyossi ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon shekaru hudu, kafin ya rattaba hannu kan USS Kraké a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019. Aikin duniya Omotoyossi ya wakilci Benin a 'yan kasa da shekara ashirin 20 da cikakkun matakan kasa da kasa. A ranar goma 10 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2005, ya zira kwallaye a rukunin A 1-1 da Australia a Gasar Matasan Duniya ta shekara ta 2005 a Netherlands . Ita ce kwallon farko da Benin ta ci a wasan karshe a duniya. "A koyaushe ina son in zura kwallaye, duk lokacin da zan fita filin wasa." yace a lokacin. A ranar bakwai 7 gawatan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, ya ci kwallo a wasan sada zumunta da ci 2-1 a Senegal a Rouen, Faransa. Ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008, inda ya ci kwallo daya a wasan share fage - a wasan da gida 4-1 ta doke Togo a ranar shatara 19 gawatan Yunin shekara ta 2007 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin tara 9 don tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe a Ghana . Sannan a wasan karshe, inda Benin ta kare a matsayi na karshe a rukunin B ya zira kwallaye a raga yayin da Benin ta sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Ivory Coast a ranar ashirin 25 gawatan Janairun shekara ta 2008. Ya zura kwallaye takwas cikin wasanni takwas a shekara ta 2008 ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa, abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da na kasashen Afirka tare da Samuel Eto'o . Ya zira kwallaye shida a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta 2010 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na uku 3. Kwallaye biyunsa na farko sun zo ne a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008 a wasan da suka ci Uganda 4-1. Bayan kwana shida ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 2-0. A ranar 7 gawatan Satumba, kwallaye biyun da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Angola da ci 3 - 2 ya taimaka wa Benin samun gurbin shiga zagaye na uku. Kwallonsa ta shida ta zo ne a wasan rukuni na ƙarshe, wanda aka doke Uganda da ci 2-1 ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba. A zagaye na uku kuma na karshe, ya zira kwallaye biyu yayin da Benin ta kammala ta biyu a rukunin D, kawai ta rasa samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya ci kwallon da Benin ta ci da Sudan a ranar 5 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, kuma ya ci fanareti a wasan su na karshe na rukuni, wanda ya ci Sudan 2-1 a ranar 10 gawatan Nuwamba. Manufofin duniya Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Benin ta fara zirawa, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Omotoyossi . Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Profile at hif.se at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-04-28) Just-Football.com - Good Player Guide #4: Razak Omotoyossi at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-05-01) Razak Omotoyossi at FootballDatabase.eu Haifaffun 1985 Rayayyun Mutane 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin Pages with unreviewed translations

31997

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona%20Jobarteh

Sona Jobarteh

Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards Sona Jobarteh (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983 ) ƴar Burtaniya ce mai yawan kayan aiki, mawaƙiya kuma ƴar asalin tushen Gambiya. Ta fito daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin kora biyar masu wasan griot na Yammacin Afirka, kuma ita ce ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kora mace ta farko da ta fito daga dangin griot. Ita ce kani ga fitaccen dan wasan kora Toumani Diabate, kuma kanwa ce ga ɗan wasan kora na kasashen waje Tunde Jegede. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta a Landan, Maya Sona Jobarteh memba ce ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai biyar na kora-play (griot) daga Yammacin Afirka, kuma mace ta farko a cikin irin wannan dangi da ta yi fice akan wannan wasa na wannan kiɗa mai sarƙaƙƙiya 21 mai kama da garaya. Kayan aikin wannan kiɗa wani muhimmin abu ne na al'ummar Mandingo a Yammacin Afirka kuma ana keɓance wasansu ga wasu iyalai kawai da ake kira griot. Ɗan uwanta shine sananne, mai kula da wasan kora Toumani Diabaté. Mahaifiyarta Galina Chester Baturiya ce. Tana da ɗa, Sidiki Jobarteh-Codjoe, an haife shi a 2010. Ta yi karatun kora tun tana ‘yar shekara uku, da farko dan’uwanta Tunde Jegede wanda ya girmi shekara 11 ne ya koyar da shi, kuma ta rika tafiya sau da yawa kuma a shekara tare da ita kasar Gambia tun tana karama, sannan kuma mahaifinta, Sanjaly Jobarteh. Ta halarci Royal College of Music, inda ta karanta cello, piano da kade-kade, kuma ba da da ewa ba ta tafi Purcell School of Music don nazarin hadawa. Ta kuma kammala digiri a SOAS, Jami'ar London . Tana iya magana da harshen Mandinka da kuma Turanci. Aikin kiɗa Ta ba da wasanta na farko a Jazz Café na London, tana da shekaru 4, kuma ta yi a bukukuwa sau da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Lokacin da har yanzu dalibar kiɗa ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan ƙungiyar kaɗe-kaɗe da yawa ciki har da "River of Sound" tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Irish Chamber, tare da Evelyn Glennie, da sauran ayyukan haɗin gwiwa ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Royal Philharmonic, Britten Sinfonia, Milton Keynes City Orchestra da Viva. Rukunin Makada. A cikin 2002 ta yi wasa a Vienna tare da mashahurin mawaƙin jazz Cleveland Watkiss, wanda kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tallafinsa ga Cassandra Wilson a Barbican a London. Ta kuma fito a shirin Damon Albarn na Mali Music Project wanda aka yi wa Jools Holland daga baya. Ta yi haɗin gwiwa a kan mataki tare da Oumou Sangaré, Toumani Diabaté, Kasse Made Diabaté da kuma BBC Symphony Orchestra . Jobarteh mamba ce ta yau da kullun na ɗan'uwanta Tunde Jegede's African Classical Music Consemble, wanda ya zagaya Ingila, Ireland, Afirka da sassan Caribbean. Ta ba da gudummawa ga albam ɗinsa na Malian Royal Court Music and Lamentations, wanda ta tsara guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu kuma yana cikin kundi na Trance Planet Vol. 5 (an sake shi akan bayanan Triloka, Budurwa a Amurka). Har ila yau, tana aiki tare da fitaccen mai fasahar magana HKB FiNN a matsayin mawallafin kayan aiki, marubuci, mawaƙa da furodusa. Don aikinta na solo, irin su wasan kwaikwayonta a 2014 Festival Internacional Cervantino, a Mexico, tana da ƙungiya tare da mambobi Kari Bannermann akan guitar lantarki, Kyazi Lugangira akan guitar guitar, Mamadou Sarr akan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka (kamar calabash ko djembe ), Alexander Boateng akan ganguna da Andi McLean akan bass. Kundin nata na farko shine Afro-Acoustic Soul, wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi game da ƙauna mai ɗaci da jigogi na zamantakewa. Tasirin wannan kundi yana gauraye da wasu waɗanda za a iya kunna su akan tsarin rediyo na Turai na yau da kullun. Na biyun ta shine Fasiya (2011). Ta yi baƙo fitowa a kan 2021 album Djourou ta Ballake Sissoko . Jobarteh kuma yana koyar da kora a Landan. Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta, Sanjaly Jobarteh, wajen kafa makarantar kiɗa na gargajiya a Gambia, mai suna sunan kakanta mai suna. Mawakin fim Sona Jobarteh ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a 2009 lokacin da aka ba ta izinin ƙirƙirar sautin sauti zuwa wani fim na gaskiya a Afirka mai suna Motherland . Makin ya kasance sabon bincike a cikin silimatin silima ta duniyar sauti ta Afirka ta gargajiya. Yayin da yawancin maki Jobarteh ya zana da farko akan al'adar griot ta Yammacin Afirka, ita ma dole ne ta sake ƙirƙira shi don biyan buƙatun yanayin gani. Don ƙirƙirar wannan fim ɗin Sona ta bincika kayan aikin ta hanyoyi daban-daban zuwa na al'adarsu. Ta yi amfani da kora a matsayin kayan aikin bass tare da daidaita shi zuwa ma'aunin "Larabci". Ta yi amfani da katar don yin koyi da sautin furucin Afirka, da kuma yadda salon wasan griot na Afirka ta Yamma ya rinjaye ta. Ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon kayan aiki mai suna Nkoni don amfani da shi a yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira don ɗaukar sauti na musamman. Wannan kayan aikin giciye ne tsakanin kora da Donso Ngoni, yana faɗaɗa sautin sauti da yanayi na sonic na kiɗan Afirka. Salon muryar Jobarteh ya zana salon griot na yammacin Afirka, ko da yake akwai al'amuran da su ma suka karkata ga tasirin gabashin Afirka. Babban abin da ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙayatacciyar ƙawa ta Afirka ita ce nisantar da Jobarteh ya yi na wasu muhimman abubuwa guda biyu; na farko, dogaro da sanin fina-finai na kayan kida na yammacin duniya, na biyu kuma ra'ayin da ake yi na yin ganga a matsayin sa hannun wakilcin kiɗan Afirka. Aikin fasaha Ita haifaffen Ingilishi ce daga al'adun Afirka, kuma tana da alaƙa da na ƙarshe. Tana kashe lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin Ingila da Gambiya, tana haɗa nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, daga al'adun Turai da Yammacin Afirka. Duk da haka, ba kamar na zamaninta ba, tana bincike da faɗaɗa tushen asalin Afirka na gargajiya maimakon ƙoƙarin haɗa su da hip-hop da jazz na zamani. Maimakon haka, tana neman sake fassara waƙar gargajiya. Ban da kora, tana kuma rera waƙa da kaɗa. Hotuna Furodusa kuma baƙo mai zane akan Gayen Magana - (2006) Kiɗa na Ƙasashen waje ( Shekaru 500 Daga baya Sautin Sauti) - Souljazzfunk (2006) Mawaƙin Baƙi akan Nu Beginin''' (Ty2) - (2007) Afro Acoustic Soul - Sona Soul Records (2008) Mai gabatarwa da baƙo mai fasaha akan Haske a cikin Inuwa na Duhu (HKB FiNN) - (2008) Ƙasar uwa: Maki - Rikodin Guild na Afirka (2010) Fasiya – Rikodin Guild na Afirka (2011) Kiredit na fim Bayan Shekaru 500 (Dan wasan Kora) The Idea (Yar wasan kwaikwayo) Broken Embraces (Kora player) Ɗalibin Farko (Mawaƙa) Ƙasar Mahaifiyar ( Mawaƙi'' ) Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1983 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

13114

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%20Allah%20dan%20Khazim%20al-Sulami

Abd Allah dan Khazim al-Sulami

Abd Allāh ibn Khāzim ibn Ẓabyān al-Sulamī (ya rasu shekara ta 692) shine gwamnan Umayyad na Khurasan a shekara ta 662-665 da kuma karshen shekara ta 683/84, kafin ya zama gwamnan Zubayrid na lardin guda daya tsakanin shekara ta 684 da rasuwarsa. Rayuwa Farkon Aiki Abd Allah dan Khazim ya kasance dan wani Khazim dan Zabyan na kabilar Banu Sulaym da matar marigayi Ajla. A shekara ta 651/52,lokacin yakin neman zaben musulmai na farko zuwa Khurasan, Abdallah dan Amir ya sanya Dan Khazim a matsayin shugaban rundunan sojojin kawancen kasashen larabawa kuma karshen ya ci garin Sarakhs. Daga baya Khalifa Uthman (r. 644-665) gwamnan Nishapur, tare da dan uwan mahaifin Dan Khazim Qays dan al-Haytham al-Sulami.A karshen zamanin mulkinsa, Uthman ya hade gundumomin tafiyar da gabashin gabashin Basra zuwa lardin Khurasan guda daya,duk da cewa ta kasance dogaron Basra, karkashin mulkin Qays. Daga baya ya sanya Dan Khazim wakilinsa ga gwamnan Basra, Dan Amir. Kamar yadda masanin tarihi al-Tabari ya ruwaito, Dan Khazim ya sami takarda daga Dan Amir wanda ya ayyana Dan Khazim gwamnan Khurasan ya kamata Qays ya tafi lardin. Tabbas,lokacin da aka kashe Uthman a cikin Janairu 656, Qays ya bar Khurasan don bincika halin da ake ciki a Iraki kuma an bashi Dan Khazim a lardin har sai Khalifa Ali (r. 656-661) ya sake shi daga baya. Aka sake yiwa Abdallah dan Amir matsayin gwamnan Basra a waccan shekarar, ya tura Dan Khazim da Abd al-Rahman dan Samura don maido da mulkin musulmai zuwa Balkh da Sijistan (Sistan), yayin da Qays ya zama gwamnan Khurasan. Lokacin da wancan ya gaza iya sarrafa lardin, sai Dan Khazim, wanda ya tayar da tawaye a Qarin a shekara ta 662. Ya ci gaba da zama a lardin har zuwa shekarar 665 daga Ziyad dan Abih,wanda ya maye gurbin Dan Amir a matsayin gwamnan Basra. Gwamnan Khurasan Daga baya Dan Khazim ya kasance daga cikin shugabannin kwamandojin larabawa wadanda suka raka Salm dan Ziyad zuwa Khurasan a shekara ta 681 daga Basra lokacin da Halifa Yazid I (r. 680-683) ya nada Salm a matsayin gwamnan Khurasan. Salm ya bar Dan Khazim a matsayin mai kula da lardin bayan ya gudu sakamakon mutuwar Khalifa Yazid da dansa Mu'awiya II a shekara ta 683 da 684, wanda ya haddasa rushe mulkin Umayyad. Dan Khazim ya ba da goyon baya ga kalifancin da ke Makka da ke zaune Abd Allah dan al-Zubayr. Tun da farko, ya ci karo da rikice-rikice da dakaru daga kabilar Rabi'a da gwamnonin sojoji na Herat da Marw al-Rudh, wadanda dukkansu suka yaba daga kabilar Banu Bakr. Sojojin Banu Tamim sun taimaka masa wajen murkushe su, wani babban rukuni na kabilanci wanda sojojin Khurasani na larabawa suka yaba da. Ya kafa dansa Muhammad a Herat yayin da ya fara aiki a Marw al-Rudh. Bayan haka, sai Tamim ya tayar, ya kama Herat kuma ya kashe Muhammad kafin ya mai da hankalinsu da Dan Khazim. Koyaya, kafin su iya motsawa da shi, rarrabuwa ya inganta a tsakanin su da sojojin 'yan tawaye suka watse. Matsayin Dan Khazim a Khurasan ya yi karfi lokacin da Umayyawa karkashin kalifa Abd al-Malik suka ci nasara suka kashe Dan al-Zubayr da dan uwansa Mus'ab a Makka da Iraki. Don haka, ya ki bai wa Abd al-Malik mubaya'a a lokacin da wannan ya bukaci hakan, duk da an ba shi mukamin gwamna na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A martanin, Abd al-Malik ya yi hadin gwiwa da wani shugaban kungiyar Tamim, Bukayr dan Wisha al-Sa'di, wanda ya amince da cire Dan Khazim a madadin gwamnatin Khurasan. A karshen shekara, an ci karo da Dan Khazim a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa sansanin dansa Musa da ke Tirmidh, amma sojojin Bukayr suka kama shi suka kashe shi. A cewar al-Tabari, sojojin wani abokin hamayyar Tamimi, kwamandan Bahir dan Warqa, sun kashe Dan Khazim a kauyen Shahmighad, arewacin Marw, amma Bukayr sun kame kanin Dan Khazim kuma suka aika shi zuwa ga Abd al-Malik suna karrama shi yanka. Kafin rasuwarsa, an ruwaito Dan Khazim ya kashe shi, wanda dan kabila ne wanda dan'uwansa Dan Khazim ya kashe a baya, yana mai nuna alhini cewa shi ne shugaban rikon kabilu na Mudar, yayin da dan uwansa mai kisan gilla ne. Wani mawaki daga kabilarsa ya yi kuka da asarar sa, yana mai ba da sanarwar "Yanzu dai karnuka masu haushi suna saura. Bayan ka babu zaki mai ruri a duniya". Tabbas, aikin Dan Khazim ya kasance mai rauni ne a cikin labarin da ya daukaka kwarewar aikin soja, wanda masanin tarihi H. A. R. Gibb yayi ikirarin "ya sanya ya zama da wahala a tsayar da cikakken bayanai dalla-dalla." Babban jikan Dan Khazim, Salim dan Sulayman, shi ne kwamandan runduna a rundunar Muslim dan Sa'id al-Kilabi, gwamnan Khurasan a shekara ta 722-724. Manazarta Bibliography

42879

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Earth%20is%20Blue%20as%20an%20Orange%20%28fim%29

The Earth is Blue as an Orange (fim)

The Earth Is Blue as an Orange shirin wassan kwaikwayo ne na labarin gaskiya na shekarar 2020, wanda Iryna Tsilyk ya jagoranta kuma ya rubuta, shirin ya lashe lambar yabo na Umurni na Musamman wato Directing Award a jerin "Wasannin gaskiya na Cinema ta Duniya" bikin shirye- shirye na Sundance na 2020. Takaitaccen bayani Bazawara mahaifiyar Hanna da ’ya’yanta huɗu suna rayuwa a yankin yaƙi na gaba na Donbas, Ukraine. Yayin da duniyar waje ke kunshe da tashin bama-bamai da hargitsi, iyalin suna kula da kiyaye gidansu a matsayin mafaka, mai cike da rayuwa da haske. Kowane daya daga cikin dan iyalin yana da sha'awar kallon fina-finai, wanda hakan ya kara masu karfin gwiwar shirya wasan kwaikwayo dangane da labarin rayuwarsu a lokacin yake-yaken. Abun tambayar anan shine, wani rawa gidajen sinima ke takawa a lokutan yakii? Ga Hanna da 'ya'yanta, mayar da rauni zuwa aikin fasaha ita ce babbar hanyar zama cikakken ɗan adam. Shiryawa An shirya fim din Anna Kapustina ("Albatros Communicos", Ukraine) da Giedrė Žickytė ("Moonmakers", Lithuania) tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Fim ta Jihar Ukraine, Cibiyar Fim ta Lithuania, IDFA Bertha Fund (Netherlands). Watsa shirin An zaɓe shi a matsayin shiri na hukumar 2020 Berlin International Film Festival (Generation 14+), 2020 International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (Best Fests), Zaɓabben Documentary ta Kwalejin Fina-Finan Turai ta 2020,2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, 2020 Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival Documentary Festival, 2020 Adelaide Film Festival da sauran sauran bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya guda 100. Fim rarraba shirin a Ukraine, Lithuania, Faransa, Italiya. 'Yan wasa Myroslava Trofymchuk Hanna Glada Stanislav Gladky Anastasia Trofymchuk Vladyslav Trofymchuk liyafa Guy Lodge, yayin rubuta a jaridar Variety, ya rubuta, "Abun burgewa ne na shirin gaskiya ya kunshi yan wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin wadanda suka ga abin a zahiri". Kyaututtuka da zaɓe WINNER: Kyautar Jagora: Takardun Cinema na Duniya na Bikin Fim na Sundance na 2020, Amurka 2020 WINNER: Mafi kyawun kyautar Cinematography na 2020 International Documentary Association Awards, Amurka WINNER: Kyautar Hasken Idon Cinema, Amurka 2021 NASARA: Gasar Documentary Gasar Jury Prize na Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Seattle, Amurka 2021 WINNER: Babbar lambar yabo ta Zinebi - Bilbao International Documentary and Short Film Festival, Spain 2020 WINNER: Grand Prix na Millennium Docs Against Gravity Film Festival, Poland 2020 WINNER: DOCU/ Kyautar Duniya ta Docudays UA International Documentary Film Festival, Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Kyautar DOCU/Ukraine na Docudays UA International Documentary Film Festival, Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Kyauta don Mafi kyawun Cinematography na Dokokin Millennium Against Gravity Film Festival, Poland 2020 MAI NASARA: Kyauta ta Musamman na Jury of Artdocfest /Riga, Latvia 2021 WINNER: Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim na Kyautar Fina-finan Yukren "Kinokolo", Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Mafi Kyawun halarta (Premia Hera "Nuovi Talenti") na Bikin Biography, Italiya 2020 MAI NASARA: Mafi kyawun Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Dokufest, Kosovo 2020 WINNER: Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Document na Bikin Fim ɗin Five Lakes, Jamus 2020 WINNER: Kyautar Jury don Mafi kyawun fim na Al Este Festival de Cine Peru, 2020 WINNER: Kyautar Jury na Latsa don Mafi kyawun fim na Al Este Festival de Cine Peru, 2020 WINNER: Kyautar DoXX na Tallgrass Film Festival, Amurka 2020 MAI NASARA: Bydgoszcz ART. Kyautar DOC, Poland 2020 WINNER: "Fina-finan da ke da mahimmanci" kyauta ta musamman na ZagrebDox, Croatia 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun fim ɗin Documentary" na lambobin yabo na Golden Dzyga, Ukraine 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Takardu" na MajorDocs, Spain 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa na shekara" na lambar yabo ta Lithuania National Film Award "Sidabrinė gervė", 2022 WINNER: Kyauta ta Musamman na Jury na bikin Fim na Ânûû-rû Âboro, 2022 Ambaton Musamman: Gasar kasa da kasa ta Underhill Fest, Montenegro 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: na CineDOC Tbilisi, Jojiya 2020 Ambaton Musamman: Daban-daban na Gobe a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Reykjavik, Iceland 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: Bikin Fim na Zurich, Switzerland 2020 Bayani na Musamman: Kyautar Fina-finan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Bikin Fim na Verzio, Hungary 2020 Bayani na Musamman: Minsk IFF Listapad, Belarus 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: Shirye-shiryen Premiers - Bikin Fim na Angers, Faransa 2021 Sharhi Duniya Yana Shudi A Matsayin Bita na Orange - Doc na dabara yana ba da labarin yakin dangin Ukrainian. Phil Hoad, The Guardian Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim. Guy Lodge, daban-daban Duniya Shudi Ne A Matsayin Orange: CPH: DOX bita. Amber Wilkinson, Screen International Bita: Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange (2020), na Iryna Tsilyk. Marko Stojiljković, Ubiquarian Bita: Duniya Shuɗi ce a matsayin Lemu. Teresa Vena, Cineuropa Orange shine Sabuwar Blue: Sharhin Fim. Zoe Aiano, EEFB Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim, Jamusanci. Lida Bach, Filmbreak Ikon warkarwa na cinema: Sharhin Fim. Lauren Wissot, Binciken Zamani na Zamani Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim. Davide Abbatescianni, Filmexplorer Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

34009

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar%20ibn%20Yasir

Ammar ibn Yasir

Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Abu 'l-Yaqẓān 'Ammar bn Yasir bn 'Amir bin Malik al-Ansīy al-Maḏḏḥiǧī ) wanda aka fi sani da Abū 'l-Yaqẓān 'Ammār ibn Sumayya ( ) ya kasance daya daga cikin Muhajirai a tarihin Musulunci kuma saboda sadaukarwar da ya yi ga tafarkin Musulunci, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kusancin sahabban Annabi Muhammad da Musulmai ; don haka yana da matsayi mafi girma a Musulunci. Dan kabilar Banu Makhzum ne, an haifi Ammar a shekara ta Ɗari biyar da sittin 567) bayan Hijira. ga Yasir bn Amir da Sumayyah bint Khayyat, wadanda aka kashe su duka. Ammar tun yana karami ya musulunta bisa gayyatar Abubakar, ya zama daya daga cikin farkon musulmi . Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun sahabban Annabi Muhammad ta hanyar shiga duk fadace-fadacen sojansa da yake-yakensa. A tarihi Ammar bn Yasir shi ne musulmi na farko da ya fara gina masallaci . Bayan mutuwar Annabi Muhammad, Ammar ya kasance mai biyayya ga Ali, kuma musulmi 'yan Shi'a suna kiransa daya daga cikin Sahabbai Hudu . Musulmai sun dauki karshen Ammar a matsayin abin da ya kebanta da shi a cikin kaddarorin sahabban Annabi Muhammad, domin sun fahimci mutuwarsa a yakin Siffin a matsayin babban mai bambancewa tsakanin salihai da masu zunubi a Fitina ta farko. Kafin Musulunci Ammar na kabilar Banu Makhzum ne a Hijaz ( Saudiyya a yau). An haife shi ne a shekarar giwaye wato shekarar da aka haifi Annabi Muhammad a Makka kuma yana daya daga cikin masu shiga tsakani a auren Annabi Muhammad da Khadijah bint Khuwaylid . Mahaifinsa Yasir bn Amir dan kabilar Qahtan ne a kasar Yaman ya yi hijira zuwa Makka ya zauna a can bayan ya auri Sumayyah bint Khayyat, kuyanga; Ammar da iyayensa, Yasir da Sumayyah, bayi ne ga Abu Huzaifa, amma bayan rasuwarsa, Abu Jahl - wanda daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan makiyan Musulunci, kuma fitaccen mai azabtar da Ammar da iyayensa - ya dauke su a matsayin bayinsa. Amincewar Ammar da sanin amincin Annabi Muhammadu, tun kafin Annabcinsa, sun ƙarfafa shi ya bi wahayin annabcin Annabi Muhammadu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu tuba. Bayan musulunta Ammar ya musulunta a shekara ta 614 ko 615. Wannan ya zo dai-dai da lokacin da kuraishawa suke muzgunawa musulmi masu karamin karfi. Kamar yadda Ammar ya gaya wa jikansa daga baya: “Na haɗu da Suhayb bn Sinan a ƙofar gidan Al-Arqam alhalin Manzon Allah yana cikinsa. Na tambaye shi, 'Me kake so?' Ya ce mini, 'Me kike so?' Na amsa, 'Ina so in je wurin Annabi Muhammad in ji abin da yake cewa.' Ya ce, 'Haka nake so.' Muka shiga ya gabatar mana da musulunci muka musulunta. Sai muka yini har yamma muka fita muna boye.” Mahaifin Ammar da mahaifiyarsa da kuma ɗan'uwansa su ma sun musulunta, duk da cewa ba bisa gayyatar Abubakar ba. A lokacin da Kuraishawa suka san musuluntar iyalan Yasir, suna cikin “Wadanda aka azabtar da su a Macca don su yi watsi da su”. Mutanen Makhzum sun kasance suna fitar da Ammar bn Yasir tare da mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa a cikin zafin rana suna fitar da su ga yanayin Makka da ya wuce kima suna azabtar da su a cikin wuta ta bude wuta, Annabi Muhammad ya kasance yana wucewa ta wajensu. Kuma ka ce: “Ku yi haƙuri, ya mutãnen Yasir! Wurin haduwarku Aljanna ce” da “Ya wuta! Ki kasance mai sanyi da cutarwa ga Ammar kamar yadda kika zama mai sanyi da rashin cutarwa ga Annabi Ibrahim. sakamakon haka Ammar ya samu tabo a jikinsa daga azabar da ake yi masa har tsawon rayuwarsa. An azabtar da Ammar “har bai san me yake cewa ba” kamar yadda abokinsa Suhayb ya yi; a cikin wannan hali, a ƙarshe ya zagi Annabi Muhammadu kuma ya yi magana mai kyau game da gumakan arna. Daga nan sai ya je wurin Annabi Muhammad ya yi furuci da renon sa. Annabi Muhammad ya ce, "Yaya kake samun zuciyarka?" Ammar ya amsa da cewa har yanzu musulmi ne a zuciyarsa, Annabi Muhammad yace komai lafiya. Ayar Kur'ani, " wani wanda aka tilasta masa ya aikata wanda zuciyarsa ta tsaya a kan imaninta " (16:106), tana nufin Ammar. Mahaifiyar Ammar Abu Jahl ne ya kashe ta saboda kin barin Musulunci: ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi shahada . An saukar da ayoyin farko na Suratul Ankabut (Babi na 29: gizo-gizo) a matsayin martani ga wannan lamari mai ban tausayi. Domin tsira daga azabar mutanen Makka a lokacin, ibn Saad da Ibn Ishaq sun ruwaito cewa Ammar ya tafi Abisiniya a shekara ta 616. Yaki a karkashin Muhammadu   Ammar ya kasance daya daga cikin mayaka kadan da suka halarci babban yakin farko na Musulunci, wato yakin Badar, duk da tsananin yanayi na ban mamaki a lokacin; da sadaukar da kai, ya ci gaba da shiga cikin yaqe-yaqe masu tsanani da musulmi ko da bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammad. Baya ga babbar rawar da ya taka a yakin Musulunci na soja, wannan lamari a rayuwar Annabi Muhammad ya kasance mafi muhimmanci -a tarihi- ga musulmi: yayin da ʻAmmār ke halartar ginin masallacin Annabi a Madina, (ya nakalto hadisi ) “[kuma ya] ya shigo. Sa'ad da suka cika masa tubali suna cewa, 'Suna kashe ni. Suna ɗora mini kaya waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar kansu ba.' Ummu Salama matar Annabi ta ce: “Na ga Manzon Allah yana gudu hannunsa yana da gashi-domin shi mai lankwasa ne – sai ya ce: “Kaito Ibn Sumayya! Bã su kashe ku ba, fãce ƙungiyar mutãne fasiƙanci ne. . . . Yanzu yana da sanda a hannunsa, sai manzon Allah ya fusata ya ce, 'Me ke tsakanin su da Ammar? Yana kiran su zuwa Aljanna, alhali kuwa suna kiran sa zuwa ga wuta.” Waɗannan rahotannin, waɗanda Ahlus-Sunnah da Shi'a suke ganin ingantattu, daga baya za su kasance masu mahimmanci yayin batun maye gurbi musamman wajen tafsirin mutuwar Ammar a yakin Siffin. Matsayin bayan rasuwar Muhammad </br>A karkashin Umar, ya zama gwamnan Kufa, amma daga baya aka cire shi daga mulki. A lokacin zaben Uthman bn Affan da shura suka yi, kafin daga bisani Ammar ya yi hasashen rikicin da ke tafe idan aka zabe wani sai Ali ya ce: “Idan ba ku son kawo sabani a tsakanin musulmi, to ku bayar da mubaya'a ga Ali". Dangantakar Ammar da Uthman bn Affan ta lalace; ko da yake an ce za a iya cece-ku-ce kan yadda suke yi da juna. Yakin Rakumi Kafin faruwar yaqin Rakumi, an kafa shura a yunqurin tantance wanda zai gaje shi bayan wafatin Usman; a wannan taron, mahalarta ba su amince ba game da ko ramuwar gayya ga kisan Usman ya zama wajibi ko a'a. Rahoton `Alqama b. Waqqas al-Laythi na Kinana ya nuna cewa ʻAmmār ya ce kada su nemi fansa. Madelung ya fassara halayen Ammar a wannan taron yana nuna muradinsa na hana Talha samun mulki saboda Talha yana goyon bayan neman ramuwar gayya. Ammar ba zai so haka ba tunda "ya kasance mafi himma wajen tunzura 'yan tawaye daukar mataki". Yayin da yakin ke ci gaba, Ammar ya ci gaba da nuna goyon bayansa ga Ali ta hanyoyi da dama. Ali ya fara tura shi tare da al-Hasan zuwa Kufa domin su yi kokarin hada kan Kufan domin su taimaka a yakin da ke tafe. A cewar wani rahoto da al-Tabari ya rubuta, ʻAmmār an tambayi Ammar lokacin da ya isa saboda ya halarci kisan Usman; duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan gwamna Abu Musa kan ya dauki matsaya maimakon ya ci gaba da nuna rashin son kai a rikicin. Al-Tabari ya ruwaito yadda Abu Musa ya kwadaitar da Kufan da su kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya saboda ba ya son shiga cikin fada tsakanin musulmi, sannan kuma ya yi imanin cewa har yanzu al’ummar musulmi suna bin Usman ne saboda ba a bayyana sunan wani sabon magaji ba. Ƙarin watsa wannan waki’ar bai faɗi abin da Ammār ya yi wa Usman ba, maimakon haka ya mayar da hankali ga aniyarsa ta tilastawa Abu Musa aiki. A lokacin yakin, Ammar ya yi yaki a bangaren Ali. Al-Tabari ya haxa a cikin tarihinsa wani kissa wanda a cikinsa aka gaya wa al-Zubayr cewa ʻAmmār yana yaƙi tare da Ali, kuma wannan ilimin ya sa al-Zubair ya ji tsoro domin ya kasance tare da Muhammad da ʻAmār lokacin da Muhammadu ya gaya wa ʻAmmār cewa. za a kashe shi da “mugayen gungun mutane”. Al-Tabari ya sake hada da rahotanni da yawa na wannan lamari, wanda a wannan yanayin wani lokaci ne a lokacin yakin da 'Ammār da al-Zubayr suka yi arangama da juna. A cikin duka bayanan ʻAmmār ya tunkari al-Zubayr don ya kai masa hari, lokacin da al-Zubayr ke magana. A cikin rahoton Umar b. Shabbah, al-Zubayr ya tambayi ʻAmmār, "Shin kana so ka kashe ni?" Amma a cikin haka daga Amir b. Hafs, al-Zubayr ya tambaya, "Shin za ka kashe ni, Abu al Yaqzan?" A cikin duka rahotannin, ʻAmmār ba ya da kyau. A karshen yakin da aka yi nasara a bangaren Ali, Ali ya umurci 'Ammar da Muhammad bn Abi Bakr da su cire Aisha daga rakuminta, su kai ta gidan Abdallah bn Khalaf al-Khuza I a Basrah ; saboda Al-Tabari ya nanata kawo rahotanni da yawa daga masu watsawa daban-daban, irin wannan bambance-bambance a daidaitattun bayanan abubuwan da suka faru -a wancan lokacin- ya sa ba a bayyana yanayin taron ʻAmmār da 'A'ishah da aka ruwaito ba. ʻA'ishah tana adawa da `Ammār, yayin da wani rahoto daga baya ya kwatanta su biyun da cewa sun fi dacewa da juna. Shahada a Yakin Siffin Yayin da yake yin dabarar yadda za a yi galaba a kan sojojin Muawiyah na I, Ali ya tara gungun manyan masu mulki na Musulunci da suka hada da ʻAmmār, Hashim ibn Utbah, da Qays ibn Sa’d, wanda gaba xaya, suka kwadaitar da Ali ya yi jihadi da gangan wanda suke ganin ya yi. zama cikin kuskure. Shi ma Malik Al-Ashtar ya fadi wannan ra'ayi (duk da haka a wani lamari na daban). Daga baya a yakin, an kawo sunan Ammār a lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin yin sulhu tsakanin Ali, wanda Shabath ibn Rib'i ya wakilta, da Mu'awiya. An ruwaito cewa Shabath ya tambayi Mu'awiya, "Shin zai faranta maka rai Ya Mu'awiya, idan aka ba ka iko a kan 'Ammar, ka kashe shi?" Martanin Mu’awiya ya ce, “Me zai hana? Amma wallahi da a ce an ba ni mulki a kan Ibn Sumayya, da ba zan kashe shi don daukar fansa ga Usman [kawai] ba face Natil maula Usman”. Martanin Shabath ya kasance na karewa da kare ʻAmmār. A yakin Siffin a Al-Sham, Ali ya nada ʻAmmar a matsayin shugaban sojojin kasan Kufan, kuma a rana ta uku na yakin ya yi kokarin kwadaitar da dakarunsa zuwa ga nasara ta hanyar tunatar da su irin ta'asar Mu'awiya da dakarunsa. Daga karshe ʻAmmār ya yi shahada a yakin da sojojin Mu’awiya bn Abi Sufyan suka yi a shekara ta 657. Hanzala bin Khawalid yana cewa: Ina zaune tare da Mu'awiya. Mutane biyu ne suka yi ta gwabzawa kan kan Ammar bin Yassar. Kowannensu yana cewa "Na kashe Ammar." Sai Abdullahi bn Amr ya ce: “Kowanenku yana farin ciki da kashe wannan mutum, hakika na ji daga Annabi yana cewa: Ya Ammar ‘yan tawaye za su yi shahada. Ikrima ya ruwaito cewa: Ibn Abbas ya ce masa da Ali binu Abdullahi su je wurin Abu Sa’id su saurari wasu ruwayoyinsa; Sai suka tafi (sai suka ga) Abu Sa'id da ɗan'uwansa suna ban ruwa a gonarsu. Da ya gansu sai ya nufo su ya zauna ya zare kafafunsa ya nannade cikin rigarsa ya ce: (Lokacin da ake aikin ginin masallacin Annabi) mun dauki ado na masallaci, bulo daya a daya. yayin da 'Ammar ya kasance yana ɗaukar biyu a lokaci ɗaya. Sai Manzon Allah (saww) ya wuce wajen Ammar ya cire masa kurar da ke kansa, ya ce: “Allah Ya yi wa Ammar Rahma. Ƙungiya mai tayar da hankali za ta kashe shi. Ammar zai kira su zuwa ga Allah, kuma su kira shi zuwa ga wuta. ( Sahihul Bukhari hadisi na 2812). Yayin da rahotanni suka bambanta dangane da ainihin shekarun Ammar, yawancin suna sanya shi shekaru casa'in ko fiye. Madelung ya sanya shi yana da shekaru sama da 90; yayin da Hasson ya ce yana wani wuri tsakanin 90 da 94. A cewar wani rahoto Tabari ya bayar, `Abdallah b. Amr ya tambayi mahaifinsa, ʻAmr b.al-As, game da kashe ʻAmmār. Abdallah ya ambaci hadisin da Muhammadu ya gaya wa ʻAmmār cewa “ƙungiyar masu cin zarafi” za su kashe shi. Amr ya kawo wannan damuwa ga Mu'awiya wanda martaninsa shine "Shin mu ne muka kashe 'Ammar? Sai dai wadanda suka kawo shi nan”. An ce Ali bn Abi Talib ya amsa cewa idan ya kashe Ammar to Muhammadu shi ne ya kashe Hamza bn Abdul-Muddalib . Muhammad ya nufi Ammar bn Yasir a matsayin daya daga cikin sahabbai hudu da ya kamata musulmi su kula da shiriyarsu da kuma kasancewarsu wadanda aka yi alkawarin aljanna . Lokacin da Ammar ya rasu, Mu'awiya ya kira shi da "ɗayan hannun dama Ali" da ɗayan kuma Malik al-Ashtar . Madelung ya nakalto Al-Tabari ta hanyar ruwaito abin da Mu’awiya ya gaya wa mabiyansa bayan ya kashe wani sahabi mai aminci ga Imam Ali, Malik al-Ashtar : “Ali b. Abi Talib yana da hannayen dama biyu. An yanke daya daga cikinsu a Siffin', ma'ana `Ammār b. Yasir, 'da sauran yau', ma'ana al-Ashtar" Duk da tsokanar Mu'awiya, ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, Halifa a lokacin, yana matuqar daraja goyon bayan Ammar bn Yasir da Malik al-Ashtar duk da haka. Ali ya yi jimamin rashin Ammar sosai. Haramin Ammar, kafin a ruguza shi, musulmi ne sukan kai ziyara tare da karrama shi. An yi wa tsohon shugaban Falasdinawa Yasser Arafat laqabi da "Abu Ammar" bayan Ammar bn Yasser. Wulakanta gidan ibada Musulmai sun wadai da rugujewar wurin ibadar Ammar kuma ya haifar da bacin rai a sassa daban-daban na duniyar musulmi . Duba kuma Rushewar wuraren tarihi na Musulunci na farko a Saudiyya Jerin zirga-zirgar Annabi Muhammad Uwais al-Qarani Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihin Ammar bin Yasir Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

37611

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Commons

Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons (ko kuma kawai Commons ) shi ne ma'ajin watsa labarai na buɗaɗɗen hotuna, sautuka, bidiyo da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. Ya kuma ƙunshi fayilolin JSON . Aiki ne na gudanarwar gidauniyar Wikimedia . Ana iya amfani da fayiloli daga Wikimedia Commons a duk faɗin ayyukan Wikimedia a cikin duk yaruka, gami da Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiquote, Wiktionary, Wikinews, Wikibooks, da Wikispecies, ko zazzagewa don amfani da waje. Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, ma'ajiyar ta ƙunshi sama da miliyan 87 fayilolin mai jarida kyauta don amfani, waɗanda masu sa kai masu rijista ke sarrafawa da daidaita su. Tarihi Tunanin aikin ya fito ne daga Erik Möller a cikin Maris 2004 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2004. A cikin 2012, Hukumar Kula da Rubuce-Rubuce ta Ƙasa ta ɗora hotuna 100,000 da aka ƙididdige su daga tarinsa. A cikin Yuli 2013, adadin gyara akan Commons ya kai 100,000,000. Tun 2018 yana yiwuwa a loda samfuran 3D zuwa rukunin yanar gizon. Ɗayan samfurin farko da aka ɗorawa zuwa Commons shine sake gina mutum-mutumin Asad Al-Lat wanda ISIL ta lalata a Palmyra a 2015. A cikin 2020, Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) ta fara loda tarin ta zuwa Commons. Tun daga 2022, DPLA ta loda fayiloli sama da miliyan 2 . Hakazalika Europeana, gidan yanar gizon da ke tattara al'adun Turai, yana raba hotunan sa na dijital ta hanyar Commons. A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Wikimedia, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ɗora bayananta na " Mythbusters " zuwa Commons. Dangantaka da ayyukan ƴar'uwa Manufar Wikimedia Commons ita ce samar da ma'ajiyar fayil ɗin kafofin watsa labarai "domin su zama na kyauta kuma masu lasisi kyauta ga kowa, kuma wannan yana aiki azaman ma'ajin gama gari don ayyuka daban-daban na Gidauniyar Wikimedia." Maganar "ilimi" ita ce a fahimce ta bisa ga faffadlɗan ma'anarsa ta "samar da ilimi, koyarwa ko ilimi". Yawancin ayyukan Wikimedia har yanzu suna ba da damar lodawa cikin gida waɗanda ba a iya gani ga wasu ayyuka ko harsuna, amma wannan zaɓin ana nufin amfani da shi ne da farko don kayan (kamar abun ciki na gaskiya ) waɗanda manufofin ayyukan gida ke ba da izini, amma waɗanda ba za a ba su izini ba bisa ga manufofin haƙƙin mallaka na Commons. Wikimedia Commons ita kanta ba ta ba da damar yin amfani da gaskiya ko lodawa a ƙarƙashin lasisin da ba kyauta ba, gami da lasisi waɗanda ke hana yin amfani da kayan kasuwanci ko hana ayyukan da aka samo asali. Saboda wannan dalili, Wikimedia Commons koyaushe tana karɓar kafofin watsa labarai masu lasisi kyauta kuma tana share take haƙƙin mallaka. Lasisin da aka yarda sun haɗa da Lasisi na Ƙarfafa Commons da Halaye/Shari'a na ShareAlike, sauran abun ciki kyauta da lasisin software kyauta, da yankin jama'a . Tsohuwar harshen na Commons Ingilishi ne, amma masu amfani da rajista za su iya keɓance mahallin su don amfani da kowane fassarorin fassarorin mai amfani da ke akwai. Shafukan abun ciki da yawa, musamman shafukan siyasa da hanyoyin sadarwa, an kuma fassara su zuwa harsuna daban-daban. Fayilolin Wikimedia Commons an karkasa su ta amfani da tsarin nau'in MediaWiki. Bugu da kari, ana yawan tattara su a kan shafukan yanar gizo na kan layi. Yayin da aka fara ba da shawarar cewa aikin ya ƙunshi fayilolin rubutu kyauta, ana ci gaba da gudanar da waɗannan a kan aikin 'yar'uwa, Wikisource . Abubuwan da ke da rikici An soki rukunin yanar gizon da ɗaukar nauyin batsa masu yawa, waɗanda galibi masu baje kolin ke sanyawa waɗanda ke amfani da shafin don gamsuwa da kansu, kuma waɗanda masu gudanarwa masu tausayawa suka kunna. A cikin 2012, BuzzFeed ya siffanta Wikimedia Commons a matsayin "mai cike da batsa". A cikin 2010, wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Larry Sanger ya ba da rahoton Wikimedia Commons ga FBI don ɗaukar nauyin hotunan yara da aka fi sani da " lolicon ". Bayan da aka ruwaito wannan a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, Jimmy Wales, wanda ya kafa Wikimedia Foundation wanda ke karɓar baƙuncin Commons, ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na gudanarwa don share hotuna da yawa ba tare da tattaunawa daga jama'ar Commons ba. Wales ta mayar da martani ga koma baya daga jama'ar Commons ta hanyar barin wasu gata na rukunin yanar gizon da son rai, gami da ikon share fayiloli. Abubuwan amfani A tsawon lokaci, an haɓaka ƙarin ayyuka don mu'amala da Wikimedia Commons tare da sauran ayyukan Wikimedia. Daniel Kinzler ya rubuta aikace-aikace don nemo nau'ikan da suka dace don fayilolin da aka ɗora ("CommonSense"), ƙayyadaddun amfani da fayiloli a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia ("CheckUsage"), gano hotuna tare da ɓacewar bayanan haƙƙin mallaka ("UntaggedImages"), da kuma isar da bayanai game da ayyukan gudanarwa. kamar gogewa zuwa wiki masu dacewa (" CommonsTicker "). An ƙirƙiri kayan aikin loda na musamman da rubutun kamar " Commonist " don sauƙaƙe aikin loda manyan fayiloli. A lokaci guda, don duba hotunan abun ciki kyauta da aka ɗora zuwa Flickr, masu amfani za su iya shiga cikin tsarin bita na waje na haɗin gwiwa da ba a gama ba (" FlickrLickr "), wanda ya haifar da loda sama da 10,000 zuwa Commons.   Akwai aikace-aikacen Wayar hannu na gama gari wanda ke ba da damar loda hotuna da ke tattara bayanan duniya, musamman manyan abubuwan da ake iya samu a taswira a cikin Jerin Kusa da ke cikin ƙa'idar (nuna abubuwan Wikidata tare da haɗin kai). An ƙaddamar da ƙa'idar a cikin 2012 a matsayin aikace-aikacen Wikimedia na hukuma kuma tun daga Mayu 2016, tana amfani da suna da tambarin Wikimedia Commons na hukuma. Bayanan Tsare-tsare akan Commons Bayanin Tsare-tsare akan Commons (SDC) shiri ne na haɓaka software na shekaru uku wanda Gidauniyar Sloan ta ba da tallafi don samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga masu sa kai na Wikimedia Commons don tsara bayanai game da fayilolin mai jarida daidai gwargwado. An tsara wannan bayanan da yawa kuma an sanya shi abin karantawa na inji . Maƙasudin ayyukan shine a sauƙaƙe bayar da gudummawa ga Commons ta hanyar samar da sabbin hanyoyin gyara, tsarawa, da rubuta software don Commons, da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da Commons gabaɗaya ta hanyar faɗaɗa iyawa a cikin bincike da sake amfani da su. inganci Akwai hanyoyi guda uku akan rukunin yanar gizon don gane ayyuka masu inganci. Daya ana kiransa " Hotunan da aka nuna", inda ake zaɓar ayyukan da sauran membobin al'umma suka kada ƙuri'ar karɓa ko kin amincewa da nadin. Wannan tsari ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2004. Wani tsari da aka fi sani da " Hotuna masu inganci " ya fara ne a watan Yuni 2006, kuma yana da tsari mafi sauƙi na zaɓi mai kama da "Hotunan da aka nuna". "Hotuna masu inganci" kawai suna karɓar ayyukan da masu amfani da Wikimedia suka ƙirƙira, yayin da "Hotunan da aka ba da kyauta" kuma suna karɓar nadin ayyuka na ɓangare na uku kamar NASA. Aikin tantance hoto na uku, wanda aka fi sani da " Hotuna masu daraja ", ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2008, tare da manufar gane "mafi kyawun kwatancen nau'insa", sabanin sauran matakai guda biyu waɗanda ke tantance hotuna galibi akan ingancin fasaha. Hanyoyi guda uku da aka ambata suna zaɓar ɗan ƙaramin sashi (kasa da 0.1%) daga jimlar adadin fayiloli. Koyaya, Commons yana tattara fayiloli na duk matakan inganci, daga mafi girman matakin ƙwararru a cikin sauƙaƙen takaddun takardu da fayilolin mai son har zuwa fayiloli marasa inganci sosai. Gabaɗaya, Commons ba gasa ba ce amma tarin; ingancin bayanin da tsarin fayiloli da fa'idodin bayanin su da fa'idodin bayanai galibi sun fi dacewa fiye da cikar fasaha ko fasaha na fayilolin. Fayilolin da ke da takamaiman lahani za a iya yiwa alama don ingantawa da faɗakarwa ko ma an ba da shawarar sharewa amma babu wani tsari na ƙima na tsari na duk fayiloli. Shafin ya gudanar da gasar "Hoton Shekarar" na farko, na 2006. Duk hotunan da aka yi Fitattun Hoto a shekarar 2006 sun cancanci, kuma mambobin ƙungiyar Wikimedia da suka cancanta suka zabe su yayin zagaye biyu na zaɓe. Hoton da ya ci nasara shine hoton Aurora Borealis a kan filayen dusar ƙanƙara, wanda wani jirgin sama daga Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ya ɗauka. Tun daga lokacin gasar ta zama taron shekara-shekara. Hotunan Gasar Wikimedia Commons Hoton Commons na Shekara (POTY) gasa ce da aka fara gudanarwa a cikin 2006. Yana nufin gano mafi kyawun hotuna masu lasisi kyauta daga waɗanda a cikin shekarar aka ba da Matsayin Hoto da aka ba da kyauta. Adadin abun ciki Source: Commons:Commons:Milestones Nuwamba 30, 2006: 1 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Satumba 2, 2009: 5 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Afrilu 15, 2011: 10 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 4 ga Disamba, 2012: 15 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Yuli 14, 2013: 100,000,000 gyara 25 ga Janairu, 2014: 20 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 13 ga Janairu, 2016: 30 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 21 ga Yuni, 2017: 40 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Oktoba 7, 2018: 50 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 18 ga Maris, 2020: 60 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Fabrairu 15, 2021: 70 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 11 ga Janairu, 2022: 80 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Lissafi na yanzu: gama gari:Special:Kididdiga Aikace-aikace EuroOffice Online Clipart tsawo don amfani da hotuna daga Wikimedia Commons Duba kuma Creative Commons – aikin samar da saitin lasisin abun ciki da kundin adireshi na ayyuka ta amfani da su Taskar Yanar gizo – tarin bidiyo, takardu da shafukan yanar gizo kan layi Project Gutenberg - mafi girman tarin takardu (ciki har da littattafai da kiɗan takarda) Rahoto na hotunan batsa na yara akan Wikimedia Commons Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mirror of Wikimedia Commons by WikiTeam Ƴan Uwan Wikipedia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40495

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkar%20Zamantakewa

Harkar Zamantakewa

Harkar zamantakewa wani ƙoƙari ne marar tsari daga babban rukuni na mutane don cimma wata manufa ta musamman ta zamantakewa ko siyasa. Wannan na iya zama don aiwatar da sauyi na zamantakewa, ko don tsayayya ko soke ɗaya. Wani nau'in aikin rukuni ne kuma yana iya haɗawa da daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi ko duka biyun. An bayyana ƙungiyoyin jama'a a matsayin "tsari da dabaru na ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su iya ƙarfafa al'ummomin da ake zalunta don haɓaka ƙalubale masu inganci da kuma yin tsayayya da masu ƙarfi da masu fa'ida". Suna wakiltar hanyar sauyin zamantakewa daga ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe. Kimiyyar siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa sun haɓaka ra'ayoyi iri-iri da bincike mai zurfi akan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Misali, wasu bincike kuma a kimiyyar siyasa sun nuna alakar da ke tsakanin jama'a da kafa sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma tattauna ayyukan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa dangane da tsara ajanda da tasiri a kan siyasa. Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan motsi na zamantakewa da yawa suna nazarin abubuwa kamar iyaka, nau'in canji, hanyar aiki, kewayo, da tsarin lokaci. Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar Yammacin Turai na zamani ya zama mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ilimi (yawan yada wallafe-wallafen) da kuma yawan motsin aiki saboda ci gaban masana'antu da birane na al'ummomin ƙarni na 19. Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ilimi da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziƙin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'adun Yammacin zamani suna da alhakin adadin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban na wannan zamani. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shekaru ɗari na ƙarshe sun girma, kamar Mau Mau a Kenya, don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Yamma. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya. Lokaci-lokaci, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya, amma galibi suna samun bunƙasa bayan an sami dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, sun zama wani ɓangare na shahararriyar furuci da rashin yarda a duniya. Ƙungiyoyin zamani sukan yi amfani da fasaha da intanet don tara mutane a duniya. Daidaita yanayin sadarwa jigo ne na gama gari tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu nasara. Bincike ya fara gano yadda ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin Amurka da Kanada suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar jama'a da ayyukan gama kai. Ma'anoni Mario Diani yayi jayayya cewa kusan dukkanin ma'anoni suna raba ma'auni guda uku: "Cibiyar sadarwa ta mu'amala ta yau da kullun tsakanin yawancin mutane, rukuni da/ko kungiyoyi, masu tsunduma cikin rikicin siyasa ko al'adu, bisa tushen asalin gama gari" Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Charles Tilly ya bayyana harkar zamantakewa a matsayin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, nuni da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda talakawa ke yin iƙirari ga wasu. Ga Tilly, ƙungiyoyin jama'a babbar hanya ce ta shigar talakawa cikin harkokin siyasar jama'a. Ya yi nuni da cewa akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku a cikin harkar zamantakewa: Yaƙin neman zaɓe: ci gaba mai dorewa, ƙoƙarin jama'a yana yin iƙirarin gamayya na hukumomin da aka yi niyya; Repertoire (repertoire na jayayya): aikin haɗe-haɗe daga cikin nau'ikan ayyukan siyasa masu zuwa: ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na musamman, tarurrukan jama'a, jerin gwano, fage, tarurruka, zanga-zangar, korafe-korafe, sanarwa zuwa ga kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a, da buga littattafai; kuma WUNC tana nuni : haɗe-haɗen wakilcin jama'a na mahalarta taron na w orthiness, u nity, n umbers, da nasu da kuma/ko mazaɓansu. Sidney Tarrow ya bayyana harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "kalubalen gama gari [ga manyan mutane, hukumomi, wasu kungiyoyi ko ka'idojin al'adu] ta mutanen da ke da manufa guda da hadin kai a ci gaba da mu'amala da manyan mutane, abokan adawa da hukumomi." Ya bambanta ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da masu fafutuka. Masana ilimin zamantakewa John McCarthy da Mayer Zald sun bayyana a matsayin harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "tsarin ra'ayi da imani a cikin yawan jama'a wanda ke wakiltar abubuwan da ake so don canza wasu abubuwa na tsarin zamantakewa da/ko rarraba lada na al'umma." A cewar Paul van Seeters da Paul James, ma'anar harkar zamantakewa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙananan yanayi na 'haɗuwa': Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50703

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20King%20%28marubuci%29

Sophia King (marubuci)

Sophia Fortnum (née King; b. 1781/2, d. a ciki ko bayan 1805) marubuciya ce ta Gothic ta Burtaniya, kuma mawaƙiya. Rayuwa Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na "babban mai ba da kuɗi na Bayahude mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" John King,haifaffen Yakubu Rey (c. 1753-1824), da matarsa Sarah King (née Lara). 'Yar'uwarta Charlotte, daga baya Charlotte Dacre (1771-1825), ita ma ta zama marubuci.Dan uwansu shine Charles. Shekarar haihuwar Sarki ba ta da tabbas kuma ta yiwu ta kasance kusa da 'yar'uwarta fiye da yadda kowa ya yarda. Yaran su ya kasance cikin tashin hankali saboda mahaifinsu ya shiga cikin jerin kararrakin da aka fi sani da matsalolin kuɗi. Sarki ya auri Charles Fortnum (1770-1860) a cikin 1801 kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku.An daure Charles Fortnum da kansa kuma ya bayyana fatarar kudi, a cikin 1804 a Faransa. Shekarun haihuwar Sarki da mutuwarsa ba su da tabbas. Rubutu Buga na farko na King tarin wakoki ne, Trifles of Helicon (1798), tare da 'yar uwarta Charlotte A cikin sadaukarwar, sun gode wa mahaifinsu da ya yi karatu a kan karatun da ya ba su, inda suka rubuta cewa sun aminta da cewa ayoyinsu sun nuna cewa "ilimin da kuka ba mu ba a rasa kwata-kwata ba." Sun yi aiki tare aƙalla sau ɗaya,lokacin da Charlotte ta ba da gudummawar waƙar soyayya ta Sarki na ƙarni na goma sha biyu The Fatal Secret; ko,Unknown Warrior (1801). Har ila yau, Sarki ya ba da gudummawar waƙa ga littattafai na lokaci-lokaci ta amfani da nom de plume "Sappho," kuma ya buga tarin solo, wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin waɗannan wakoki guda ɗaya,mai suna Wakoki, Legendary, Pathetic,and Descriptive,a cikin 1804. Mafi yawan fitowar ta adabin sun kunshi litattafai guda biyar ne. Mahimman ƙima Tarin wakokinta na farko,tare da haɗin gwiwa sun sami sake dubawa na "matsakaici", ko da yake yanayi - da sadaukar da kai ga mahaifinsu da aka wulakanta - watakila wani abu ne. Dukansu Sarki, da 'yar uwarta har ma da ma fi girma, sun haifar da wani mataki na jayayya duk da kansu,duk da haka.Wani mai bita don Binciken Mahimmanci yayi sharhi game da "hasken ɗanɗano" na Sarki, wanda ba lallai ba ne yabo da ma'anarsa na rashin lalacewa. Masu sharhi na ƙarni na ashirin sau da yawa sun yi watsi da su, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan,masu sukar adabi suna sake kimanta rubutun Gothic a matsayin wani nau'i na daban maimakon a matsayin nassosi na gaske. A cewar Orlando Project, "Sophia King, kamar 'yar'uwarta Charlotte Dacre,da alama tana amfani da abin sha'awa a cikin waƙarta da almara ... don gane ainihin ta,mai ban sha'awa na iyali.'Yanci na maza,na jima'i da na falsafa-ma, ana yin sa mai ban sha'awa da ɓarna." Sarki da kanta zata yi kama da yin la'akari da damar da za a samu ga marubutan nau'in,lokacin da, a cikin "Remarks" da ke gabatar da kundin waƙar ta na 1804,ta tattauna dangantakar da ke da kyau ga dandano mai kyautaba. Ayyuka Almara Waldorf; ko, Hatsarin Falsafa. Labari na falsafa. By Sopihia King, marubuciin "The Trifles from Helicon." London: GG da J. Robinson, 1798. Cordelia, ko soyayyar rayuwa ta gaske. A cikin juzu'i biyu. By Sophia King, marubucin Trifles daga Helicon; & Waldorf, ko Hatsarin Falsafa. London: Minerva Press, 1799. Sirrin Kisa; ko, Unknown Warrior. Ƙaunar Ƙarni na Sha Biyu, tare da Waƙoƙin Almara. Daga Sophia King, Mawallafin Waldorf, ko Hatsarin Falsafa; Cordelia, Romance na Rayuwa ta Gaskiya; da wanda aka azabtar da Abota, Romance na Jamus . An buga don Mawallafi, ta JG Barnard, Kotun George, Clerkenwell; kuma J. Fiske, Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, da sauran masu siyar da littattafai suka sayar, 1801. Wanda aka yiwa Zumunci; Romance na Jamus. By Sophia King, Mawallafin Trifles daga Helicon; Waldorf, ko Hatsarin Falsafa; da Cordelia, Romance of Real Life . London: R. Dutton, 1801 Adventures na Victor Allen. Ta Mrs. Fortnum, (Late Sophia King,), Mawallafin Waldorf, ko Hatsarin Falsafa; Cordelia, Ƙaunar Rayuwa ta Gaskiya; Wanda aka azabtar da Abota, Ƙauyen Jamusanci; Sirrin Kisa, ko Jarumi wanda ba a sani ba; &c. A Juzu'i Biyu . London: W. Hodgson, 1805. Waka Haɗin gwiwa tare da Charlotte Dacre . Matsakaicin Helicon. Daga Charlotte da Sophia King . London: James Ridgway, 1798. Wakoki, Almara, Tausayi, da Siffantawa. Ta Mrs. Fortnum (marigayi Sophia King) . London: Susannah Burchett ta buga, 1804. Nassoshi Albarkatu Baines, Paul. "Fortnum [née King], Sophia (b. 1781/2, d. a ciki ko bayan 1805), marubuci." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 08. Jami'ar Oxford Press. An shiga 2022-07-15. Clery, EJ Gothic Mata: daga Clara Reeve zuwa Mary Shelley . Tavistock, 2000. ( Taskar Intanet ) "King Fortnum, Sophia" Aikin Tarihin Buga na Mata, 2019, ID na mutum 2466. An shiga 2022-07-15. ( WPHP ) "Sophia King." Orlando: Rubutun Mata a Tsibirin Biritaniya daga Farko zuwa Yanzu. An shiga 2022-07-15. ( Orlando ) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Works by Sophia King at Open Library Corvey Women Writers on the Web Author's Page

51202

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinha%20Vaz

Zinha Vaz

Francisca Maria Monteira e Silva Vaz Turpin, wanda aka fi sani da Zinha Vaz (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 1952), 'yar fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata ne na Bissau-Guinean kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Jama'ar kasa na tsawon wa'adi da yawa da Resistance of Guinea-Bissau-Bafatá Movement, da kuma mai bawa shugaban kasa shawara. A 1999 ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci kaɗan a matsayin magajin garin Bissau babban birnin ƙasar. An daure ta ne saboda dalilai na siyasa na shekaru uku a cikin shekarun 1970s da kuma a cikin 2003 kuma na kwanaki da yawa. Kwanan nan ta kasance jakadiya a Gambia. Ƙuruciya An haifi Zinha Vaz a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 1952 a babban birnin kasar Bissau kuma ta yi karatu a kasar Portugal. Ta sami difloma a fannin ilimi daga Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas da kuma ilimin zamantakewa daga Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Malamar makarantar firamare a Portugal da Guinea-Bissau. Daga baya ta yi aiki da kamfanin iskar gas da man fetur na jihar DICOL a matsayin ma'ajin, shugabar ma'aikata da daraktan gudanarwa. Sana'ar siyasa A cikin shekarun 1970s Zinha Vaz ta yi suka kan tsarin jam'iyya daya da jam'iyyar Afirka ta kafa don 'yancin cin gashin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC) bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Guinea-Bissau daga Portugal a shekarar 1974. A lokacin mulkin shugaba Luís Cabral an daure ta tsakanin shekarun 1977 zuwa 1980. Bayan da aka sake ta daga kurkuku Zinha Vaz ta ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa. A shekara ta 1986 an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan wasu manyan jami'an siyasa guda shida, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko da ministan shari'a Paulo Correia da tsohon babban lauya Viriato Pã. An zargi mutanen shida da yunkurin juyin mulki. Zinha Vaz ta zama mutum mai kafa kungiyar Resistance of Guinea-Bissau-Bafatá Movement (RGB-MB). Resistance of Guinea-Bissau-Bafatá Movement Bayan zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1994, ta zama mamba a majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasa ta RGB-MB. Jam'iyyar RGB-MB ta zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda ta lashe kujeru 19 cikin 100. Zinha Vaz ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa mata goma. Biyu daga cikin danginta kuma sun ci kujerun RGB-MB, ɗan'uwanta Fernando Vaz da ɗan uwanta Hélder Vaz Lopes. A matsayinta na 'yar majalisar wakilai Zinha Vaz ta mayar da hankali kan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin jami'an gwamnati. Ta kuma yi kokarin kara inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'ummar Guinea-Bissau. A matsayinta na mamba na kwamitin dindindin na majalisar dokokin kasar Zinha Vaz tayi kokarin shiga tsakani tsakanin shugaba João Bernardo Vieira da Birgediya-Janar kuma jagoran juyin mulkin Ansumane Mane a yakin basasar Guinea-Bissau na shekarun 1998-1999. A cikin watan Afrilu 1999 an nada Zinha Vaz a matsayin magajiyar garin Bissau babban birnin kasar. Nadin da a ka yi a matsayin magajiyar gari ya haifar da tashin hankali a birnin na Bissau yayin da ake sa ran za a nada babban sakataren PAIGC Paulo Medina. Sojoji sun tare titi tare da kafa shingayen hanya. Tun da farko Medina ta kasance magajiyar garin. Bayan da aka nada Zinha Vaz a matsayin magajiyar gari, ta yi kokarin shiga gine-gine don karbo takardu. A lokacin da Zinha Vaz ta yi kokarin shiga zauren birnin ne wasu sojoji 24 dauke da na Uzi suka tare ta. Ta tarar a cikin hargitsi a cikin babban birnin kasar, na'urorin kwantar da tarzoma da magabata ya dauka, ba a biya albashin shekara guda ba, kuma duk babu kudi. Da yake karamar hukumar ba ta da komfutoci, ko kuma kudaden da za ta siya musu Zinha Vaz ta tambayi UNICEF ko za ta iya samun tsofaffin kwamfutoci daga gare su. A lokacin da ta ke kan karagar mulki ta kuma yi kokarin inganta tsarin tattara shara a birnin domin rage yiwuwar barkewar cutar kwalara. An sake zaben Zinha Vaz a Majalisar Dokokin kasar a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1999 kuma ta bar mukaminta na magajiyar gari. A yayin zabukan gama gari Kumba Ialá na jam'iyyar Social Renewal ya lashe zaben shekarar shugaban kasa. An kafa gwamnatin hadaka karkashin Firayim Minista Caetano N'Tchama a shekara ta 2000 tare da taimakon RGB-MB kuma Zinha Vaz ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin siyasa da diflomasiyya. Sai dai kuma gwamnatin hadin guiwa ta fadi bayan shekara guda a daidai lokacin da ‘yan siyasar RGB-MB a majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi nasarar zartar da kudurin rashin amincewa. Mambobin RGB-MB biyar na majalisar ministocin sun janye, ciki har da dan uwanta Hélder Vaz Lopes (Ministan tattalin arziki da ci gaban yanki) da ɗan'uwan Fernando Vaz (Sakataren Sufuri na Jiha). A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 2003 aka kama Zinha Vaz kuma aka tsare ta a ofishin 'yan sanda na Segunda Esquadra, saboda har yanzu tana 'yar majalisar dokokin kasar tana da kariya kuma kamawar ya sabawa doka. Ta mayar da martani kan batancin da Shugaba Kumba Ialá ya yi wa mahaifinta, João Vaz. Ialá ya kira Vaz mai cin amana na jagoran ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Bissau-Guinean, Amílcar Cabral, zuwa PIDE na Portuguese. Zinha Vaz ta mayar da martani da cewa, a lokacin da Kumba Ialá ke ci gaba da zama memba na PAIGC a shekarar 1986 ya yi tir da wadanda aka kashe a kisan da ya kai ga kafa RGB-MB. An saki Zinha Vaz daga gidan yari kwanaki biyu bayan kama ta, an kuma sanya mata dokar hana fita har zuwa watan Yuli. Ga Ialá lamarin ba shi da wani ƙarin sakamako yayin da yake son nada Zinha Vaz Ministar Harkokin Waje a ranar 31 ga watan Yuni 2003. Sai dai ta ki. Ƙungiyar Patriotic ta Guinea A shekarar 2003 RGB-MB ya rushe kuma Zinha Vaz ta bar jam'iyyar tare da 'yan uwanta. Tare suka kafa Plataforma Unida, wadda ta wargaje bayan shekaru biyar. Bayan zaben majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar ta shekarar 2004 ta kafa kungiyar Patriotic Union ta Guinea wadda ba ta shiga zaben shugaban kasa na 2005 ba, amma ta goyi bayan dan takarar PAIGC Malam Bacai Sanhá. Sai dai ta yi rashin nasara ga tsohon shugaban kasa João Bernardo Vieira wanda aka tsige shi a yakin basasa na shekarun 1999-2000. Jam'iyyar Patriotic Union ita ce jam'iyya ta farko a Guinea-Bissau da wata mace ta kafa. Kungiyar Patriotic Union ta kasar Guinea ta fafata a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar a shekara ta 2008 amma ba ta samu nasarar lashe kujeru ba, inda ta samu kashi 0,61% na kuri'un da aka kada. Zinha Vaz ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar don zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2009, ta ƙare tara na goma sha ɗaya. An nada Zinha Vaz jakada a Gambia ; ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 6 watan Nuwamba 2012. Manazarta Ƙarin tushe Karibe Mendy, Peter & Lobban Jr. (2013). Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Guinea-Bissau . Latsa Scarecrow. ISBN 9780810880276 . Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1952

22457

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Gabon

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Gabon

Gabon, kasa ce wanda aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Gabon ƙasa ce mai cikakken iko da ke tsakiyar Afirka tare da gabar Tekun Atlantika. Gabon ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960. 'Yancin dan adam hakki ne wanda yake na kowa ne kuma ya game kowa da kowa. Hakkokin dan adam na yau da kullun sun hada da, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki,' yanci kan bayi, 'yancin walwala da adalci,' yancin samun wadataccen tsarin rayuwa da kuma keɓe aikin yara. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da ƙari suna cikin Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam da na kasar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara wadda Jamhuriyar Gabon take ciki. Gabon ta sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyi da yawa kamar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kawar da Duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk nau'ikan nuna wariya Game da Mata, taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkokin Dukan Ma'aikata Masu Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu, da Taron Kan 'Yancin Nakasassu, duk wayanda suke wajabta musu. Koyaya, duk da cewa kasar Gabon ta amince da yawancin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokoki a cikin ƙasarsu mai ci gaba har yanzu akwai batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu ci gaba kamar fataucin mutane, fataucin yara, rashin 'yanci na siyasa da talauci. 'Yancin siyasa hakki ne na ɗan adam a cikin dukkanin al'ummomi da ƙasashe saboda yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsarin dimokiradiyya. Gwamnatocin kasar Gabon sun sami suka daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama irin su Freedom House da kuma hukumomin gwamnatocin kasashen waje, musamman Ma'aikatar kasar Amurka, saboda rashin bayyana tsarin siyasarsu. Bayani A cewar Freedom House, matsayin 'yanci na Gabon "bai kyauta ba". Gidan 'yanci, yana ba da ƙimar 1-7 na nau'ikan' yanci daban-daban, tare da 1 mafi yanci kuma 7 mafi ƙarancin yanci. Darajar haƙƙin siyasar kasar Gabon ita ce 7/7, mafi ƙarancin ƙima yayin da ƙimar 'yancin ɗan adam ta 5/7 ke haifar da ƙimar' yanci na 6/7. Haɗin waɗannan ƙididdigar suna haifar da jimlar 23/100 tare da 0 kasancewa kyauta na ƙarshe. 'Yancin siyasa Bayan samun 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960, kasar Gabon ta zama kasar demokradiyya wacce ke gudanar da zabukan siyasa. An kuma gabatar da tsarin jam'iyu da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990 don karfafa nuna gaskiya ga tsarin siyasarsu. Ko yaya, akwai cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa wanda ke da alaƙa da mahimmin tsarin gudanar da mulki ga ƙasashe masu mulkin demokraɗiyya, rarrabuwar powersan iko . Kuma a Gabon bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati na kula da bangaren shari'a, wanda ke ba wa Shugaba Ali Bongo Ondimba damar cin gashin kai. Wannan yana nufin cewa shugaban kasa yana da 'yanci ya nada tare da korar alkalai wadanda suka keta' yancin dan adam, 'yancin a yi wa jama'a adalci. Madugun adawar Bertrand Zibi Abeghe a shekarar 2016 ya yi kamfen din adawa da shugabancin Bongo an kama shi a watan Agusta kuma ya kasance a kurkuku har zuwa karshen shekarar 2017. Sauran fursunonin siyasa sun hada da mahalarta daga zanga-zangar lumana da Alain Djally wanda mataimaki ne ga Ping, wani dan adawar. A karkashin shugabancinsa, an yi ta dagewa da yawa na ayyukan zabe da na dokoki. Zaɓen Majalisar thatasa da ya kamata, an ɗaga shi sau biyu, daga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 2017 zuwa watan Afrilun shekarar 2018. 'Yancin taro ya iyakance saboda gwamnati ta hana izinin yin taro kuma galibi tana kama mutanen da ke yin zanga-zangar lumana da hana zanga-zangar ta hanyar amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. Majalisar ta kara takaita 'yancin gudanar da taro ta hanyar samar da doka da ta sanya masu shirya alhakin laifukan da aka aikata a zanga-zangar lumana. Hukumomi galibi suna amfani da ƙarfi don kashe abokan adawar siyasa da masu zanga-zangar kasar 'Yancin' yan jarida Ko da yake, babu takunkumi ga kafofin watsa labaru, 'yancin yan jarida yana da iyaka, saboda kafofin yada labaran da ke sukar gwamnati galibi suna fuskantar martani na doka. Majalisar sadarwa ta kasa ta kasar Gabon sau da yawa tana sanya ido tare da zargin kafafen yada labarai, dan jarida da daidaikun masu rahoto da bata suna. A shekarar 2016 Les Echos du Nord wata jaridar ta fuskanci matsalar shari'a ta hanyar dakatarwa na tsawon watanni 2 bayan suka da rashin nuna gaskiya game da yadda zaben yake da kuma dage su. Les Echos du Nord an sake dakatar da shi a karo na biyu saboda sukar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Pierre Claver Maganga Moussaou ya yi na sayan wata motar alfarma yayin da aka kame dan jaridar Juldas Biviga da shugaban kungiyar kwadagon Marcel Libama saboda bayyana ikon gwamnati a cikin kotu ta hanyar hira da rediyo. . Wani mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo mai fafutuka a intanet, Landry Amiang Washington, ya fuskanci daurin shekara daya daga shekarar 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2017 bayan irin wannan tuhumar. Azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, wulakanci da azaba Ko da yake, kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta ayyukan lalata da kamewa ba tare da sammaci ba tare da izini ba, wadanda ake tsare da su galibi ma suna karkashinsu. Bayan kamewa da tsare su Juldas Biviga da Marcel Libama bayan tattaunawar ta rediyo, dukkansu sun sha duka da karfi daga masu gadi, suna fama da rauni daga idon sawu zuwa kunnuwa. Dole ne aka kwantar da Juldas Biviga daga baya. Shugaban 'yan adawar Betrand Zbi Abeghe ya ba da rahoto cewa jami'an gidan yarin sun lakada masa duka da sanduna, igiyar daukar gatari da igiyoyin lantarki. Hakanan 'yan gudun hijirar galibi suna fuskantar irin wannan magani kamar yadda sojoji da' yan sanda galibi ke wulakanta su ta hanyar ba su umarni su cire kayansu su yi abin da bai dace ba a bainar jama'a. 'Yan gudun hijirar ma jami'an tsaro na tursasa su suna karbe su, galibi suna fuskantar duka idan ba a samu wata shaidar tantancewa a kansu ba. Fursunoni galibi ba su da tsaftar mahalli da kuma samun damar kula da lafiyarsu. An samu rahotannin yin lalata da wasu sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na kasar Gabon 20. Fataucin mutane Fataucin bil Adama ya keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam da yawa saboda hakan yana haifar da lalata da mata, bautar da su, girbin sassan jikin mutum, bautar da yara da kuma bautar cikin gida waɗanda duk ke Gabon. An ruwaito Gabon a matsayin kasar fataucin mutane zuwa wasu kasashe makwabta daga Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Dokar Kare Wadanda Aikin Fataucin Ya cika sharudda ne da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta tsara don kimanta matakin sadaukar da kai da gwamnati ke yi game da batun bautar zamani. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ba gwamnatin kasar Gabon mafi karancin daraja, mataki na 3 daga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka duk da cewa a baya tana kan mataki na 2. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sake nazarin Gabon don rashin kokarin da ya dace don cika ka'idar Dokar Kare Fataucin Mutane. Wasu matakan doka ba su wadatar ba domin kuwa kai tsaye ba su hukunta duk wani nau'i na fataucin mutane ba. Gwamnatin Gabon kuma ta gaza zartar da wani kwaskwarimar da aka gabatar a shekarar 2013 ga dokar 09/04 wacce take kai tsaye ga aikata fataucin jima'i na manya. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, gwamnatin kasar Gabon ta gudanar da safarar mutane musamman game da shirye-shiryen wayar da kai game da al'amuran manya, amma, ba su yi kokarin yin hakan a cikin shekarar 2018. Tun daga shekarar 2011-shekarar 2016 ba a sami wani mai fataucin ɗan adam da kotuna suka gurfanar ta hannun hukumomin tilasta yin doka ba. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna da zabin shigar da kara a kotu kan masu fataucinsu amma ba a san shari'ar da ke faruwa ba. Haka nan kuma akwai rahotannin da ke nuna yadda alkalai ke karbar cin hanci daga masu fataucin don sallamar ko kuma jinkirta lokuta masu yawa na fataucin mutane da kuma cin zarafinsu. Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar kasar Gabon da ke Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 2016 an ba da rahoton cewa ya ci zarafin wani ma'aikaci a cikin bautar cikin gida. Babu wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi wadanda ke ba da duk wani ayyukan jin dadin jama'a ga wadanda bala'in ya shafa kuma an samu rashin hadin kai da jami'an tsaro na kasashen waje kan shari'o'in ketare da na fataucin na duniya. Safarar yara Fataucin yara a kasar Gabon na wannan zamanin ya kunshi galibi aikin tilastawa, ko da yake har yanzu akwai wasu shari'o'in yara ƙanana da kuma lalata da su ta hanyar kasuwanci. Kusan 19.6% na ƙarfin aikin yi daga tilasta wa yara aiki. Gwamnatin Gabon ta mayar da martani ga wadannan batutuwan ta hanyar martani na doka kamar sanya hannu kan dokar kasa da kasa, Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin yara a shekarar 1990 sannan daga baya ta sake amincewa da shi a shekarar 1994. An sami raguwar jajircewa kan batun alamarin fataucin yara. Duk da cewa gwamnatin ta tsara wani shiri na shekaru 5 wanda ya maida hankali kan batun fataucin yara, amma basu inganta ba. Hakanan an samu karancin kudade ga kwamitin na fataucin yara wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin karfin binciken al'amuran da suka shafi hakan. Hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi lamuran yara ba su kai matsayin ƙasashe ba. Waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen sun haɗa da mafi girman tarar miliyan 20 na franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya wanda yake kusan US $ 35,220, da matsakaicin ɗaurin watanni 6. Haramcin fataucin yara ma ya ƙasa da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya kamar yadda ba a hana batutuwan da suka shafi lalata da yara ta hanyar kasuwanci ba. Abubuwan batsa da suka shafi yara, wanda ya hada da sayan su da kuma samar da su shima doka ba ta aikata laifi gaba daya. Koyaya, gwamnati ta ƙara ƙoƙari don kare ƙananan yara. An gano jimillar yara 65 da abin ya shafa a shekarar 2018 idan aka kwatanta da 15 a shekarar 2016. Wadanda abin ya shafa an basu kulawar likita, ta shari’a da ta kwakwalwa daga gidajen da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa wanda Gwamnati ke tallafawa. Koyaya, duk da waɗannan ƙarin ƙoƙari, tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin shekarar 2017 ya ragu, wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen wurin kwana ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da kuma ƙarancin ingancin ayyukan jin daɗin jama'a. Talauci Gabon ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1966, ta rattaba hannu a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1976. kasar Gabon tana da matsakaiciyar HDI na 0.702 a cikin darajar 2017 Gabon 110 cikin kasashe 186. Gabon kuma tana da matsakaicin Matsakaicin rashin daidaito na Gini na 42.2. Gabon GDP na kowane ɗan adam ya ninka sau 4 fiye da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka a dalar Amurka $ 7413.8, duk da wannan kashi 15.2% na jimillar aikin ana biyan su ƙasa da $ 3.10 a rana wanda ke ƙasa da ƙarancin aiki. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan matakan rashin daidaito da aka nuna a cikin Gini Coefficient da kuma dogaro kan fitar da mai wanda ya kai kashi tamanin 80% na kayan da suka fitar amma kashi 5% ne kawai na aikin su. Adadin talaucin ya kasance 32.7% a shekarar 2005 kuma ya karu zuwa 33.4% a shekarar 2017 yayin da 13.2% na yawan har yanzu ke rayuwa cikin tsananin talauci. Yawan marasa aikin yi a kasar Gabon shine 20% yayin da rashin aikin yi ga matasa ke faruwa musamman a 35.7%. Kiwon lafiya Har ila yau, kasar Gabon tana da babban matakin mutuwar yara saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki ƙasa da shekaru 5 na 17%. Gwamnatin Gabon ta mayar da martani ga wannan batun ta hanyar amincewa da Dokar I ta kasa da kasa ta masu maye gurbin madarar nono, domin inganta shayar da nono a kan wasu nau'ikan ciyar da jarirai. Ana yin wannan da farko ta hanyar ƙa'idar ayyukan kasuwanci da bayanan da aka bayar waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wa uwaye nono. Ko yaya, inshorar kiwon lafiyar zamantakewar da aka sani da Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie et de Garantie Sociale, (CNAMGS) da gwamnati ta gabatar ya amfanar da duk ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki. Kiwan lafiya na duniya yana nufin biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya na 80-90% yayin da lafiyar uwaye ke cike. Wannan yana nufin raguwar kamuwa da cutar HIV da kashi 50% yayin da mace-mace mai alaƙa da cutar AIDS ya ragu da 32% tun daga shekarar 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da CNAMGS. Malaria kuma ta kasance batun kiwon lafiya a cikin kasar Gabon yayin da mutane 206.2 cikin dubu daya 1000 wannan ya faru ne saboda kasa da kashi 50% na yawan mutanen da ke iya samun damar shiga gidajen sauro mai dorewa da kuma feshin cikin gida duka wanda ke hana yaduwar zazzabin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin cancantar kasar Gabon don Tallafin Asusun Duniya saboda ƙarancin kuɗaɗen tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke ba da gidan sauro mai ɗorewa da kuma fesa abubuwan dake cikin gida. Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99o%C6%99i%20Masu%20Kyau%20da%20Marasa%20Kyau

Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau

Hakkoki mara kyau da masu kyau, su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wajabta ko dai rashin aiki (munanan haƙƙoƙin) ko aiki ( haƙƙoƙi masu kyau ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga haƙƙin 'yanci da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya hana Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙi don x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka mara kyau na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, 'yancin yin addini, habeas corpus, shari'a ta gaskiya, da 'yancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da haƙƙin 'yan sanda na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma ikon tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, gidaje, ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa, shiga yanar gizo, da mafi ƙarancin rayuwa . A cikin lissafin "ƙarni uku" na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na kada a yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi watsi da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin yin aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ƙara ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau. Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: kariyar kai. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan sanda yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane — amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba — ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba — yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da prima facie. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai — babban wajibci na kare kai — amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro na prima facie. Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da farko ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa — amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a — fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa Anarchy, State, and Utopia . A cikin magani A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar zubar da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa Baxter v. Montana, Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". Suka Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta kowane hakki kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" don kada a hana su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " yancin kula da lafiya " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. Wasu abubuwan Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci - bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki Tsarin tsarin mulki Hakki 'Yanci da lasisi Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka Dokar Hakki na Biyu Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci - lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki Bayanai Manazarta Mawallafa bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji ,  . Nozick, Robert (1975). Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia . Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15680-1 Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi . Maldan, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) Hodgson, D. (1998). Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi . Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing Hakki Mutuwa Yanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19659

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi%20A%20Lokacin%20Ramadan

Azumi A Lokacin Ramadan

A lokacin daukan Azumin watan Ramadan, an wajabtawa musulmai, (Larabci صوم رمضان, sawm ; Farisanci : روزہ, rozeh ), a kowace rana daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faduwar rana (ko daga asuba zuwa dare a cewar wasu malamai). Azumi yana bukatar kamewa daga abinci da abin sha da kuma kusantar iyali. Azumin watan Ramadān an wajabta shi ne (wājib) a cikin watan Sha'aban, a cikin shekara ta biyu bayan da musulmai sun yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madīnah. Azumin watan Ramadana daya ne daga cikin manya-manyan Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar.. Alkur'ani An ambaci azumin watan Ramadhan a cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani guda uku a jere Kamar haka :Yã ku wadanda suka yi !imani! An wajabta azumi a kanku kamar yadda aka wajabta shi a kan wadanda suka gabaceku, tsammaninku (ku koyi) kamun kai. —Surah Baqarah 2: 183(Azumi) na adadin kwanaki; To, wanda ya kasance daga gare ku majinyaci, ko kuwa a kan tafiya, sai (adadin ya biya) daga kwanuka masu zuwa. Ga waɗanda suke iyawa (da wahala), fansa ce, ciyar da miskin. To, wanda ya yi kyauta, to, shi ne mafi alheri a gare shi. Kuma ku yi azumi (da alheri) a gare ku, idan kun kasance kuna sani. - Suratu Baqarah 2: 184. Abinda aka Haramta a lokacin Ramadan Ba a yarda da ci, da sha, da jima'i ba tsakanin alfijir ( Sallan Alfijiri ), da faɗuwar rana ( maghrib ). Ana ɗaukar azumi a matsayin ibada ta kashin kai wacce musulmai ke neman samun kusancin Allah. A lokacin Ramadan, ana sa ran Musulmai su kara himma wajen bin koyarwar Musulunci ta hanyar kauracewa tashin hankali, fushi, hassada, haɗama, muguwar sha'awa, zafin rai / gulma, kuma ana nufin su yi ƙoƙarin zama da junansu fiye da na al'ada. Duk abubuwan batsa da na rashin addini dole ne a guje su saboda tsarkin tunani da aiki suna da mahimmanci. Ko da yake azumi a watan Ramadan ne yake zama fard (wajibi), aka ware ake yi ga mutane musamman masu hali.   Azumin watan Ramadān ba farilla bane ga wasu mutane da yawa waɗanda zai iya zama matsala mai yawa a gare su, daga cikinsu akwai mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya da tsofaffi. Ba wajibi bane ga yara waɗanda basu balaga ba yin azumi, duk da cewa wasu sun zaɓi yin hakan, saidai an so su rinka jarabawa, kuma wasu ƙananan yara suna yin azumi na rabin yini don horar da kansu. Idan balaga ta yi jinkiri, azumi ya wajaba akan maza da mata bayan wani shekaru. Ciwon sukari da jinya ko mata masu ciki galibi ba a tsammanin su yi azumi. Kamar yadda yazo a wani hadisi, yin azumin Ramadana haramun ne ga mata masu haila. Sauran mutanen da galibi ana ganin karɓaɓɓu ne ga waɗanda suke cikin yaƙi, da matafiya waɗanda ko dai suka yi niyyar ɗaukar ƙasa da kwanaki biyar daga gida ko kuma yin tafiyar sama da mil 50. Idan halin da ake ciki na hana Azumi na wani lokaci ne, ana bukatar mutum ya rama kwanakin da aka rasa bayan watan Ramadana ya wuce kuma kafin Ramadan mai zuwa ya zo. Idan halin ya kasance na dindindin ne ko na tsawan lokaci, ana iya samun sakamako ta hanyar ciyar da wani mabukaci domin kowace rana da aka rasa. Idan mutum bai dace da kowane nau'i na kebewa ba kuma ya karya azumin saboda mantuwa, azumin har yanzu yana nan. Buya azumin da gangan yana tozarta shi, kuma dole ne mutum ya rama duk ranar daga baya. A yayin barkewar cutar shan-inna a shekarar ta 2013 a Somalia, an ba wa wasu kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji kebewar rigakafin cutar shan inna ta baki . Sauran kebewa sun haɗa da: Tsoho wanda baya iya azumi. Ya kamata su ba da gudummawar adadin abincin mutum na al'ada don kowace rana da aka rasa idan suna da ikon yin hakan. Tsanani mai tsanani; dole ne a rama kwanakin da suka bata don rashin lafiya bayan samun sauki. Wadanda suke da tabin hankali.  . Buda Bakin Azumi Masallatai da yawa za su bayar da buda baki (a zahiri: karin kumallo) bayan faduwar rana don al'umma su zo su kawo karshen azuminsu gaba daya. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun ga irin wannan abinci a wuraren dafa abinci na miya na musulmai.Azumi ya baci tare da kwanan wata (idan zai yiwu) bisa al'adar Muhammadu, ko kuma da ruwa. Addu'ar Buda Bakin Azumi Addu'ar buda baki zahabaz zama'u wabtallatil uruq wa sabbatal ajru insha Allah. ma'anar addu'ar buda baki shi ne: kishirwa ta tafi jijiyoyi sun yi danshi lada ya tabbata da izini Allah. Illoli masu cutarwa Sashen ilimi na Berlin da Ingila sun yi kokarin hana dalibai yin azumin watan Ramadana, saboda suna ikirarin cewa rashin ci ko sha na iya haifar da matsalar maida hankali da kuma maki mara kyau. Hakanan an danganta azumin Ramadana da asarar aikin yi da kashi 35 zuwa 50%. Da yawa daga cikin fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ake dangantawa da Azumin Ramadana kawai suna la'akari da ƙauracewa abinci yayin yin watsi da ƙarancin shan ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ko da a cikin lafiyayyun mutane. A cikin al'adu da yawa, ana danganta shi da abinci mai nauyi da shan ruwa a lokacin Suhur da lokutan buda baki, wanda hakan na iya yin lahani fiye da kyau. Azumin Ramadan lafiyayye ne ga masu lafiya in har da cewa yawan abinci da shan ruwa ya wadatar amma waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin lafiya ya kamata su nemi shawarar likita idan sun haɗu da matsalolin lafiya kafin ko lokacin azumi. Lokacin azumi yawanci ana haɗuwa da ƙananan nauyi, amma nauyi na iya dawowa daga baya. Binciken wallafe-wallafen da ƙungiyar Iran ta ba da shawarar yin azumi a lokacin Ramadan na iya haifar da rauni na koda ga marasa lafiya masu matsakaici (GFR < 60ml / min) ko cutar koda mai tsanani amma ba cutarwa ba ne ga marasa lafiyar dashen koda da aiki mai kyau ko mafi yawan marasa lafiya masu yin dutse . Har ila yau, an nuna cewa, Ramadan azumi na iya kara hadarin for salivary gland shine yake kumburi . Azumin Ramadana na iya zama da hadari ga mata masu juna biyu saboda yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haifar da nakuda da haifar da ciwon suga na ciki, kodayake bai bayyana yana shafar nauyin yaron ba. Ya halatta kada a yi azumi idan hakan yana barazana ga rayuwar mace ko na yaro, duk da haka, a wasu lokuta mata masu juna biyu na iya zama al'ada kafin ci gaban rikice-rikice. . Hukunce-hukunce ga mai azumi A lugga, kalmar azumi a harshen larabci na nufin 'kamewa' (imsak) mara iyaka daga kowane aiki ko magana a kowane lokaci. Dangane da Tsarkakakken Doka, azumi aiki ne na: kauracewa shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki. kauracewa shiga harkar jima'i; kauracewa ayyukan lalata kamar su gulma; daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi; tare da niyyar azumi; daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi. 'Kamewa daga yin jima'i' ya hada da ainihin yin jima'i da inzali sakamakon lalacewar gaba. 'Barin shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki' yana nufin ayyukan shigar da abinci, abin sha, ko magani a cikin rami na jiki, ba tare da la'akari da cewa wannan abu ne na yau da kullun wanda zai shiga cikin ramin jiki ba ko a'a. Shiga kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa a cikin ramin jiki yana nufin abin ya shiga cikin maƙogwaro, hanji, ciki, ko ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar hanci, maƙogwaro, ɓangrorin sirri, ko kuma raunuka masu buɗewa. 'Ko da gangan ko kuma bisa kuskure' ya cire ayyukan ci da sha, ko yin jima'i. 'Daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi' tana nufin shigar gaskiya na lokacin Fajr zuwa shigar da lokacin Maghrib.'Tare da niyyar azumi' yana nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya yi niyyar yin azumi domin ya bambanta idan da gaske yana yin wata ibada ko a'a yayin da mutum ya kauracewa ci, sha, ko yin jima'i.Misali,idan kawai za a nisanta daga abinci,ko abin sha, ko saduwa ba da niyyar yin azumi ba, to wannan azumin ba shi da inganci kuma ba ya kidaya. 'Daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi' na nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya sami 'yanci daga halin da zai hana ingancin azumin mutum, kamar haila ko biki (jinin haihuwa bayan haihuwa).[Shurunbulali, Maraqi al-Falah; Ala al-Din Abidin, al-Hadiyya al-Alaiyya; Shurunbulali Imdad al-Fattah]. Baya ga yin jima'i ko dai tare da mata ko kuma kowane mutum, an kuma hana al'aura yayin azumi. Wannan aikin zai karya azumi,kuma mutumin da ya aikata wannan zai tuba ga Allah kuma ya kamata ya rufe wannan azumin a wani lokaci na gaba. Bambancin Mazhaba Akasari, Sunni da Shi'a suna yin Ramadan dai-dai, amma akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Na daya, 'yan Sunni suna buda baki lokacin faduwar rana, da zarar rana bata sake gani ba, amma har yanzu da sauran haske a sama. Koyaya, ga yan Shia suna jira don karya bayan dare ya yi duhu. Musulmin Shi'a kuma suna yin wani biki wanda Ahlus-Sunnah ba sa yi. Suna yin biki na kwana uku (a ranakun 19, 20, da 21) don tunawa da Ali, surukin Manzon Allah Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) wanda 'yan tawaye suka yarda dashi. Sufi Musulmai suna da wasu bambance-bambance game da yadda suke azumtar watan Ramadan da abin da yake nufi a gare su. Suna bin qa'idodi iri daya yayin gudanar da azumi, amma suna karanta karin addu'o'i a tsakar dare. Aikin da suke yi ana kiransa Dhikr, inda suke rera sunan Allah sau 99. Ana yin hakan ne saboda suna son nuna kaunarsu ga Allah da neman alakar mutum da Allah, akasin tsoron fushin Allah. Idi babba A Addini hutu na Eid al-Fitr ( ) yana nuna karshen azumin Addinin Musulunci na watan Ramadan. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Azumi & Ramadhan: Kammalallen littafin kan layi Duk game da Ramadan: Tarihi, Dalili, Dalilai, Addu'a da Hadisai Azumi Watannin Musulunci Azumi a musulunci Watan Ramadan Pages with unreviewed translations

41202

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Nwawuba

Henry Nwawuba

Henry Nwawuba(an haifeshi ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa, ma'aikacin banki kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Mbaitoli / Ikeduru Federal Constituency na jihar Imo. A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya). An zabe shi a lokuta biyu a dandalin jam’iyyar PDP. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan yankin Neja Delta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Henry Nwawuba a Aba, jihar Abia jihar Abia (tsohuwar jihar Imo), Najeriya ga Cif Henry Nwawuba (Snr) da marigayiya Christiana Nwawuba Nee Meniru daga Nawfia a jihar Anambra. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Bayero Kano da Sakandare a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Aminu Kano da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kano. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato daga 1988 zuwa 1992 inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Daga nan sai ya wuce Ingila bayan hidimar matasa ta kasa a 1993, inda ya karanta Business Computing a digirin sa na biyu a Jami'ar Westminster. Sana'a da rayuwar siyasa Henry Nwawuba kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya samu bunkasuwar sana’a a matsayin ma’aikacin banki, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin manya-manyan bankunan masu karamin karfi a Najeriya, Fortis Micro Finance Banks Plc. Kasuwancin sa masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da harkar mai da iskar gas, yawon buɗe ido, sadarwa da sarrafa kayan gona. Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na NICNOC Nigeria Limited, wani kamfani mai kula da mai da iskar gas. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin Capital Meat Ltd, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sarrafa nama a Najeriya da ke tasowa. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gona na kwamfuta a City of London Colt Technology Services Telecommunications a London, Ingila. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 2006, Nwawuba ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan ayyuka na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Filato Mista Michael Botmang. Ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci har zuwa 2015 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Mbaitoli / Ikeduru na jihar Imo a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. An sake zaben shi don yin wa’adi na biyu a 2019. Bukatunsa na majalisa sun hada da Gyara da Ƙirƙiri a Tsarin Manufofi, Ci gaban Neja-Delta, abubuwan cikin gida, haɓaka jarin ɗan adam, mai da iskar gas, banki da fasahar sadarwa. Nwawuba ya jagoranci fafutuka da dama don ci gaban yankin Neja Delta wanda ke daukar nauyin ayyukan mai da iskar gas - babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga a Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Neja-Delta kuma Shugaba/Kodinetan Tattaunawar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta farko a kan Neja Delta. A cikin watan Maris 2020, ya jagoranci wasu 'yan majalisa daga Kudu maso Gabas (Nigeria) don neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta shigar da yankin cikin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da za a samu daga rancen dala biliyan 22 daga hukumomin kudi na kasa da kasa ya gabatar da koke-koke da ya gabatar daga Kudu maso Gabas Elite. A shekarar 2019, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan yankin Neja Delta. A Majalisar Dokoki ta 8 ya hada hannu da kudirin dokar kafa hukumar raya Kudu Maso Gabas wadda ta kai matakin karatu na daya da na biyu a zauren Green Chamber bayan da aka fara yi. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin fasaha kan zartar da dokar masana'antar man fetur (PIB) tsakanin 2018 da 2019. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da kudirin dokar a karshen shekarar 2019. An sake nada shi don yin aiki a kwamitin don nazarin amincewarsa a majalisa ta 9. A watan Mayu 2020, ya dauki nauyin kudirin "Bukatar Najeriya ta samar da hangen nesa na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci" wanda majalisar wakilai ta amince da shi gaba daya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta mayar da martani ta kaddamar da kwamitin gudanarwa karkashin jagorancin ministar kudi Zainab Ahmed da Atedo Peterside a watan Oktoban 2020 domin samar da wani tsari na ajandar Najeriya na 2050. Bayan barkewar cutar COVID-19, Majalisar Wakilai ta sake aiwatar da ajandarta na majalisa don daidaitawa da gaskiyar COVID-19. An tsara Henry Nwawuba don yin aiki a cikin kwamitin da ya sake rubuta takarda kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin wucin gadi kan aiwatar da ajandar majalisa na majalisa ta 9. Nwawuba ya kasance cikin tawagogin majalisar dokokin kasa da kasa da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da tawagar kwararrun da aka aika zuwa Afirka ta Kudu domin nuna adawa da kyamar baki da 'yan Najeriya suka fuskanta a kasar a shekarar 2017 tare da shugaban masu rinjaye na lokacin (yanzu shugaban majalisar wakilai Femi Gbajabiamila ). Rayuwa ta sirri Henry Nwawuba ya auri Mrs. Leton Nwawuba (née Idemyor) wanda ta fito daga jihar Rivers kuma sun sami albarkar ‘ya’ya uku, Denzel Nwawuba, Nwakaego Chloe Zina Nwawuba, da Somtochukwu Henry Tedum Nwawuba. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Matsayin sarauta: Ogbuhuruzo na Amaukwu Orodo - Yuli 2016 Jakadan Aminci Majiɓinci, Ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya Memba, Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria Grand Patron, Owerri Sports Club Kyautar Sabis na Zinare - Rotary Club Labarai Neja Delta: Lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki alhakin. Tafiya Zuwa Yanzu: Wasika zuwa ga Manyan Mambobina. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1969 Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Yan siyasan Najeriya Yan majalisan wakilai Yan jamiyyar PDP

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20mata%20ta%20Rwanda

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Rwanda

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Rwanda, tana wakiltar Rwanda a ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar mata kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rwanda ce ke kula da ita. Ya zuwa yanzu dai an shirya gudanar da gasar a wata babbar gasa, gasar cin kofin ƙalubalen mata na farko da aka gudanar a Zanzibar a watan Oktoban 2007, amma daga karshe aka soke taron. A ƙarshe dai an fafata da Kenya a watan Fabrairun 2014. Ana yiwa ƙungiyar laƙabi da The She-Amavubi (Kinyarwanda don The She-Wasps). Tarihi Fage Ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama, da suka hada da karancin damar samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da kuma rashin daidaito a tsakanin al'ummar da ke ba da damar cin zarafin mata musamman na 'yan Adam. Haka kuma, idan ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa mata suka fito, da yawa sun zaɓi fita ƙasashen waje don haɓaka damar buga wasanni. Rashin kuɗaɗe yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa na mata saboda yawancin kudaden da ake baiwa kungiyar mata ta kasa suna zuwa ne daga FIFA, ba kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ba. A cikin Ruwanda, an samar da shirin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na farko a shekara ta 2000. An ƙirƙiri "Kicking for Reconciliation" a ƙarshen shekarar 2000s, kuma ya haɗa da matasa 'yan wasa sama da 100 a ƙoƙarin "kawo waraka ga al'ummar da ta ga kisan kiyashi mafi muni tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu" ta hanyar wasanni. An buɗe shirin ga dukkan ' yan Tutsi da Hutus. A shekara ta 2008, wannan ya haɗa da makaranta da gasar jami'a. Ma’aikaciyar hukumar ta kasa guda daya ce ta tallafa wa kwallon kafa a shekarar 2006. Wasannin mata da suka hada da kwallon kafa, ba su samu labarin wasu 'yan jarida kadan ba a kafafen yada labarai na Ruwanda. An kafa gasar kwallon kafa ta mata a shekara ta 2008, kuma kasar ita ce kaɗai a yankin da ke da tsarin gasar, amma har yanzu tana fuskantar kalubale da suka shafi kudade ga kungiyoyi, inda akasarin kudaden da ta ke samu daga FIFA. Grace Nyinawumuntu ta zama alkalan wasa mace ta farko a matakin manya a ƙasar Rwanda a shekara ta 2004, kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara horar da kwararrun kungiyar a kasar a shekarar 2009. Ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ta mata ta ci gaba da lashe gasar lig a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. Rashin samun manyan matakan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Uganda ya sa wasu 'yan wasa ke fita daga can zuwa Rwanda domin samun damar buga gasar kwararrun kasar. Horon kasa da kasa da ya shafi mata yana da iyaka a Rwanda. Tsakanin shekarun 1991 zuwa ta 2010, babu wani kwas na FIFA FUTURO III na yankin na horar da mata, ba a gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani na kwallon kafa na mata a kasar, kuma babu wani kwas na FIFA MA da aka gudanar na mata da matasa. Bangaren kasa da kasa, a shekarar 2007, wakili daga kasar ya halarci taron hukumar kwallon kafa ta duniya FIFA da ta dauki nauyin shirya taron wasannin kwallon kafa na mata a kasar Sin. Felicite Rwemarika ita ce shugabar hukumar kwallon kafa ta mata a kasar. Ana yaba mata wajen bunkasa wasanni a kasar ta hanyar kafa kungiyar matan Kigali a fagen kwallon kafa da dai sauransu. An soke shiga ta 2007 Ya kamata a gudanar da gasar cin kofin kalubale na mata na farko na hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka (CECAFA) a Zanzibar a watan Oktoban 2007, wani taron da Rwanda ke shirin tura wata tawagar ƙasa da za ta fafata, amma gasar daga karshe aka soke. Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ne za ta dauki nauyin gasar. Sakataren hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka Nicholas Musonye ya ce game da taron, “CAF na son bunkasa kwallon kafa mata a wannan yanki saboda la’akari da irin nasarorin da CECAFA ta samu tsawon shekaru. CAF ta yaba da abin da CECAFA ta yi duk da wahalhalun da ƙungiyar ta shiga, tun daga matsalolin kudi da rashin zaman lafiya a kasashe mambobin kungiyar da kuma rashin tafiyar da kungiyoyin. Kasashe membobi a yankin CECAFA ba su dauki wasan kwallon kafa na mata da muhimmanci ba. CAF yanzu tana son daukar nauyin kamfen na dogon lokaci don jawo hankalin mata daga wannan yanki zuwa wasan." Filin wasa na gida Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Rwanda suna buga wasanninsu na gida a filin wasa na yankin Nyamirambo. Babban tawagar kasar Yayin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Rwanda ta ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta wanzu kuma tana buga wasanni a shekara ta 2009 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 2010 ta FIFA U-20, babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba ta yin gasa a wasanni a lokacin gasar 2010s. Babu wata babbar tawagar da ta fafata a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2010 a lokacin wasannin share fage ko kuma na 2011 All Africa Games. A cikin Maris 2012, FIFA ba ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ba a duniya kuma har yanzu babu wata babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa. Koyaya, babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta buga wasanta na farko a hukumance a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun 2014. She-Amavubi ta fafata ne a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2014, a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2014, a zagayen farko na neman cancantar shiga gasar, da Kenya a filin wasa na Stade Nyamirambo a Kigali . Sun samu nasara ne da ci 1-0 a ragar Alice Niyoyita a minti na 29 a wasan farko. A karawa ta biyu a filin wasa na Kenyatta da ke Machakos na kasar Kenya sun yi rashin nasara ne da ci 2-1 da ci daya mai ban haushi da Jeanne Nyirahatashima ya ci. Kasar Rwanda ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu bisa ka'idar wasan a waje bayan da ta tashi 2-2 da jimillar kwallaye sannan ta buga da Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2014 ne aka yi takaddama a kan wasansu na uku a kan Zambia, inda aka tashi da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya zama karo na uku da suka yi rashin nasara a tarihinsu. Sun yi kace-na-ce a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2014 da Najeriya a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2014, inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 4-1. Clementine Mukamana ne ya ci kwallon a minti na 53 da fara wasa. A karawa ta biyu da ta sake karawa da Najeriya a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 2014, She-Amavubi ta yi rashin nasara da ci 8-0, abin da ya sa ta fice daga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata na 2014 da ci 12-1. Gloria Nibagwire ta zama kyaftin na farko na She-Amavubi. Rwanda ta fafata a gasar cin kofin mata ta CECAFA ta 2016, inda ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin biyu da ci 3-2, a hannun Tanzania da Habasha. Hukumar kwallon kafar kasar Rwanda ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin mata ta CECAFA ta shekarar 2018 . Filin wasa na yankin Nyamirambo ya gudanar da dukkan wasanni 10 a gasar zagayen farko. Rwanda ta doke Tanzania da ci 1-0 amma ta kare da maki 4 a wasanni 4 da ta buga. Tawagar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Rwanda–‘She-Wasps’ ta fitar da Kenya a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2014 (AWC). Duba kuma Kwallon kafa a Rwanda Wasanni a Rwanda Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma Bayanan martaba na FIFA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21504

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giedrius%20Arlauskis

Giedrius Arlauskis

Giedrius Arlauskis (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1987) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lithuanian da ke wasa a matsayin mai tsaron raga. Klub din Aikin Farko a Lithuania da Romania Haihuwar Telšiai, Arlauskis ya fara aikin samartaka a Mastis Telšiai kafin ya wuce zuwa Šiauliai, ya fara aikinsa na ƙwarewa. A cikin yanayi biyu a Šiauliai, Arlauskis ya buga wasanni 34 a kungiyar. A watan Janairun shekarar 2008 ya koma Romania, ya koma Unirea Urziceni kan € 150K, a matsayin maye gurbin Bogdan Stelea . A 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008 ya fara zama na farko a League 1, yana wasa minti 90 a wasa 0-0 da Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț . A rabinsa na farko na kakar wasa a Unirea Urziceni, Arlauskis ya buga wasanni hudu a kulob din. Lokacin 2008-09 ya zama babbar nasarar Arlauskis a Unirea Urziceni kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 32 a duk gasa. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, tare da kungiyar data lashe gasar La Ligar I, an zabi Arlauskis a matsayin mai tsaron ragar kungiyar a kakar wasa kuma an saka shi cikin kungiyar Gwarzon shekara ta 2008-09. A kakar shekarar 2009 - 10, Arklauskis ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsaron raga na farko a Unirea Urziceni sannan kuma ya buga wasanni biyar daga shida a Gasar Zakarun Turai. Koyaya, Arlauskis yayi gwagwarmaya don riƙe matsayi a ƙungiyar farko, yana mai bayanin raunin da ya samu kuma wasanni 27 kawai ya bugawa ƙungiyar. Rubin Kazan Bayan buga wasanni uku a Unirea Urziceni a farkon kakar wasa, Arlauskis ya koma Rasha, yana tare da Rubin Kazan kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu akan pan miliyan 2. Arlauskis shima yana gab da komawa Dynamo Moscow . Arlauskis ya fara wasan Rubin Kazan ne a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Zenit Saint Petersburg . Arlauskis ya fara wasan farko a Turai a Rubin Kazan a wasan da aka tashi biyu da biyu a ragar Twente . A kakar shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2012, Arlauskis ya buga wa kungiyar wasanni uku, sannan ya buga wa kulob din wasanni uku a duk wasannin da ya yi a kakar shekarar 2012 da 2013 . Arlauskis bai iya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tsaron raga na farko ba kuma shine mai tsaron gida na biyu a bayan Sergey Ryzhikov . A karshen kaka ta shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 14, kungiyar ta fadawa Arlauskis cewa ba za a sabunta kwantiraginsa ba. Bayan barin Rubin Kazan, Arlauskis ya ce ya yi nadamar shiga kulob din, yana mai cewa zabi ne mara kyau wanda kudi ya sa shi. Steaua București Bayan shekaru hudu a Rasha, Arlauskis ya koma FC Steaua București a kan 10 Yunin shekarar 2014, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Ciprian Tătărușanu wanda ya bar Fiorentina . An gabatar da Arlauskis a taron manema labarai washegari kuma an bashi lambar riga ashirin da huɗu. Bayan an sanya shi cikin kungiyar a wasa shida a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, Arlauskis ya fara buga wasan Steaua București a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2014, a wasan da suka tashi 3-1 a kan Rapid București . Arlauskis yana cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai da Ludogorets Razgrad . Kulob din ya yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti bayan da Arlauskis ya ceci daya daga cikin fanareti bakwai a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, lamarin da ya sa kulob din ke buga gasar Europa League. A wasan tsere na har abada tsakanin Steaua da Dinamo București, Arlauskis yana cikin raga lokacin da magoya bayan abokan hamayya suka jefa masa wuta a cikin minti na 82. Bayan ya sami taimako daga likitan kulab din ya ci gaba da buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a nasarar 3-0. Kyakkyawan nunin da ya nuna a Steaua Bucure throughoutti a duk cikin shekarar 2014 ya ba shi kyautar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lithuanian na Shekara . Koyaya, Arlauskis ya ki amincewa da sabon kwantaragi da kungiyar, wanda hakan yasa aka alakanta shi da komawa Fiorentina da Roma, saboda kwantiragin nasa zai kare a karshen kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 15. A sakamakon haka, kulob din zai bar shi daga cikin kungiyar don muhimman wasanni, gami da Rapid București. Duk da wannan, Arlauskis ya kasance mai tsaron raga na farko a Steaua București, duk da cewa ya sanar da cewa zai bar kungiyar a karshen kaka. Arlauskis ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana ne tare da buga wasanni 25 bayan an sallame shi a minti na 47 na rashin nasara da ci 3-1 a kan CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015. Arlauskis bai buga sauran wasannin ba saboda raunin rauni da kasancewa a benci. Kulob din ya ci gaba da lashe La Liga I, Cupa României da Cupa Ligii, inda ya samu nasarar cin kofi uku. Watford Bayan kaka daya a FCSB, Arlauskis ya koma Watford akan musayar kyauta a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2015, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4. Bayan ya shiga kulob din, an ba shi riga mai lamba 34 gabanin sabon kakar wasa tare da sunan "Arla" a baya. Arlauskis ya fara buga wasan Watford ne da Preston North End a gasar League Cup a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2015. Arlauskis ya fara buga wasan Firimiya a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2015, ya maye gurbin Heurelho Gomes da ya ji rauni a minti na 67 a lokacin da Watford ta ci 3-2 a Aston Villa . Yayin da yake tunannin wasansa na farko, Arlauskis ya bayyana wasan da cewa "da gaske ne, mafi wahala minti goma a rayuwarsa. Ya ji ya fi minti goma tsayi. " Bayan dawowar Gomes zuwa kungiyar farko, Arlauskis ya koma bencin da ya maye gurbinsa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya rasa matsayinsa na farko bayan zuwan Costel Pantilimon . Koyaya, lokacin da ya dawo Watford a kakar shekarar 2016-17, Arlauskis ya kasance daga cikin rukunin farko na ƙungiyar a duk tsawon lokacin. Amma bayan raunin Pantilimon, an kira shi cikin tawagar 25, amma ya kasance a madadin benci. Bayan zuwan sabon manaja Marco Silva gabanin kakar shekarar 2017-18, ya bar Watford da yardar juna. Lamuni a Espanyol A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Arlauskis ya koma Espanyol na Spain a kan rancen watanni 5 daga Watford, tare da zabin sayan, kasancewar sa ga tsohon manajan Steaua, Constantin Gâlcă . Arlauskis ya buga wasan farko na La liga kwana biyu bayan haka, a wasan da suka sha kashi ci 0-6 a hannun Real Madrid . Daga baya ya jefa kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da suka biyo baya a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016, a wasan da suka sha kashi 5-0 a hannun Real Sociedad . Yayin wasan, ya yaga fashewar da ya yi a sashin a kafarsa ta dama, wanda hakan ya sa aka sauya shi kuma aka yi masa jinya a watan Fabrairu. Kodayake ya kasance a matsayin mai tsaron raga na biyu a bayan Pau López, Arlauskis ya sami damar sake fitowa a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, a karawar da aka tashi 4-0 a hannun Las Palmas a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2016. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, wasanni uku da kungiyar ta buga, kungiyar ta ki motsa jiki don amfani da damar siyen Arlauskis na dindindin, wanda hakan ya bashi damar komawa kungiyar iyayen shi. CFR Cluj Bayan ya bar Watford, Arlauskis ana ta rade-radin komawar sa zuwa Romania, ya koma CFR Cluj . An tabbatar da tafiyar a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2017. Ayyukan duniya A watan Agusta shekarar 2008, wasan kwaikwayon Arlauskis a Romania ya sa Lithuania ta kira shi a karon farko. Arlauskis ya fara buga wa kasarsa wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Moldova a wasan sada zumunci a ranar 19 Nuwamba shekarar 2008. Ya shiga wasan ne a minti 46 kuma an jefa masa kwallo bayan minti 67 yayin da Lithuania ta tashi canjaras da Moldova 1-1. Bayan ya buga karin iyakoki biyu a madadin, wasansa na farko na gasa sannan ya zo ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2010, lokacin da Lithuania ta buga kunnen doki babu ci tsakaninta da Latvia a Kofin Baltic . Rayuwar mutum Arlauskis ɗan'uwana, Davydas shima dan kwallon ne. Ban da yaren Lithuania, Arlauskis yana magana da Romaniya da Ingilishi. Ya girma a Telšiai, Lithuania, Arlauskis da farko ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya kafin kociyan nasa ya canza shi zuwa mai tsaron raga. Arlauskis masani ne mai son kamun kifi, tunda ya kama kifi mai nauyin 21.7 kg Kididdigar aiki Daraja Kulab Unirea Urziceni La Liga 1 : 2008-09 Steaua București La Liga 1 : 2014–15 Cupa României : 2014–15 Cupa Ligii : 2014-15 CFR Cluj La Liga 1 : 2017-18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 Supercupa României : 2018, 2019 Na duniya Lithuania Kofin Baltic : 2010 Kowane mutum Dan kwallon Lithuanian na Shekara : 2014 Liga I Team of Season: 2017–18, 2019–20 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Profile a LFF.lt Giedrius Arlauskis at Giedrius Arlauskis Giedrius Arlauskis Giedrius Arlauskis Haifaffun 1987 Rayayyun mutane Mazan karni na 21st Yan wasan kwallon kafa Pages with unreviewed translations

19912

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Jirgin%20Kasa%20Mai%20Saurin%20Tafiya%20ta%20Haramain

Hanyar Jirgin Kasa Mai Saurin Tafiya ta Haramain

Hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin tafiya ta Haramain (Haramain tana nufin Makka da biranen tsarkakakken Addinin Musulunci ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da layin dogo na Yammacin Turai ko kuma layin dogo mai saurin zuwa Makka-Madina, yana da layin dogo mai saurin tafiya a Saudi Arabia . Yana haɗar da tsarkakakkun garuruwan Musulmai na Madina da Makka ta hanyar Sarki Abdullah King City, yana amfani da na babban layi da haɗin reshe zuwa Filin jirgin saman Kingla Abdulaziz na Kasa da Kasa (KAIA), a Jeddah . An tsara layin don saurin . Gina kan aikin ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, an buɗe shi a hukumance a 25 Satumba 2018, kuma an buɗe shi ga jama'a a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018. Ana sa ran hanyar jirgin zata dauki fasinjoji miliyan 60 a shekara, gami da kimanin mahajjata miliyan 3 da rabi na aikin hajji da Umrah, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage cunkoson ababen hawa a kan hanyoyin. Bai haɗu da Jirgin Makka ba . A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2021 aka fara tafiya ta farko zuwa Madina kuma ayyukan da ke tsakanin Makka da Madina za su ci gaba bayan an dage su daga ranar 20 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2020 saboda annobar COVID-19. Tarihi Lokaci Na Kunshin 1 Riyal biliyan 6.79 (dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8) ne aka tsara da kuma kwangilar gine-gine don Kashi Na 1 - Ayyukan Jama'a don aikin an bayar da shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 ga Al Rajhi Alliance, wanda ya hada da China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC), Al Arrab Contracting Kamfanin Ltd, Kamfanin Al Suwailem da kamfanin gine-ginen Faransa na Bouygues . Yana yin aiki tare da mai ba da shawara na Kamfanin Ingantaccen Masarautar Saudiyya ( Khatib da Alami ). Wilsonungiyar Scott Wilson za ta ba da tallafin gudanar da aikin. In February 2011 the station construction contracts were awarded to Joint Venture between Saudi Oger Ltd & El Seif Engineering for (KAEC (Rabigh) & Jeddah Stations), Saudi Bin laden (Mecca Station) and a Turkish Company "Yapi Merkezi" for Medina Station. Kunshin 2 Kashi Na 1 Na 1 ya rufe gina tashoshi huɗu daga cikin tashoshi biyar. A Afrilu 2009, $ 38 miliyoyin kwangilar zane na tashoshin tashoshin a Makka, Madina, Jeddah da KAIA an bayar da su ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Foster + Abokan Hulɗa da Buro Happold. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011 an bayar da kwangilar gina tashar ga Kamfanin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Saudi Oger Ltd & El Seif Engineering na (KAEC (Rabigh) & Jeddah Stations), Saudi Bin laden (tashar Mecca) da wani Kamfanin Turkiyya "Yapi Merkezi" na tashar Madina. Lokaci na II Lokaci na 2 na aikin ya haɗa da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin Phase-1 ba: waƙa, sigina, sadarwa, wutar lantarki, wutan lantarki, da sauransu. Hakanan ya hada da sayan kayan jujjuya da ayyuka da kuma kulawa na tsawon shekaru 12 bayan kammalawa. Kngiyoyin da aka ƙayyade don HHR Phase 2 sun haɗa da Saudi Binladin Group, Badr Consortium, China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock, Al-Shoula Group da Al-Rajhi Alliance. A ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2011, a Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Saudi Arabiya ta sanar da cewa hadaddiyar kungiyar Saudiyya da Sipaniya Al-Shoula Group, wacce ta hada da Talgo, Renfe, Adif, Copasa, Imathia, Consultrans, Ineco, Cobra, Indra, Dimetronic, Inabensa, OHL, AL- Shoula da Al-Rosan, an zaba don kwantiragin. Talgo zai samar da jiragen kasa 35 na Talgo 350 kwatankwacin jerin 102/112 da aka yi amfani da su a layukan masu saurin gudu na Sifen don biliyan 1,257 (1,600 tare da kulawa) kuma zaɓi don ƙarin 23 don miliyan 800. Sun bambanta daga jerin 112 tare da motoci guda 13 zuwa kujeru gida 417 Renfe da Adif za su yi aiki da jiragen kuma za su gudanar da layin tsawon shekaru 12. An tsara shirin ne a farkon a buɗe a cikin shekara ta 2012, yana ɗaukar shekaru shida don kammalawa fiye da yadda aka zata. Jimlar darajar kwangila ita ce biliyan 6,736 (kusan dalar Amurka 9.4 biliyan). Wuta A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2019, kasa da shekara guda bayan buɗe layin, wata babbar wuta ta tashi a tashar Jeddah. Bangon rufin, wanda aka yi da filastik da aka ƙarfafa fiber, ya kama wuta saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. 'Yan kwana-kwana sun bukaci awanni 12 don shawo kan wutar. Mutane da yawa sun ji rauni sakamakon gobarar, wacce ta lalata tashar Jeddah baki daya. Don ba da damar hidimar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Makka da Madina don ci gaba, an gina hanyar kilomita 1,5 kewaye da tashar tashar. Zane Layin waƙa sau biyu lantarki ne kuma saurin ƙirar shi ne . Jiragen kasa suna aiki a , da kuma tafiyar tsakanin Jeddah da Makkah yana ɗaukar mintuna 43, yayin da tsakanin Makka da Madina yana ɗaukar awanni 2. An tsara waƙa, kayan juji da tashoshi don ɗaukar yanayin zafi wanda ya fara daga zuwa . Ana sa ran cewa tsarin zai yi jigilar fasinjoji miliyan 60 a shekara a kan jiragen kasa guda 35, tare da damar zama na 417 a kowace jirgin kasa. Injiniya Kungiyar Railways ta Saudi Arabia ta ba da umarnin Dar Al-handasah don shirya ƙirar ƙira da takaddun takaddama na aikin Haramain High Speed Rail (HHSR). Hakanan an sanya Dar Al-handasah zuwa kulawar gini da gudanar da ayyukan HHSR. Ayyukan Dar Al-handasah a kan HHSR sun haɗa da rami ɗaya da-murfi, da gadoji na dogo guda 46, da gadoji guda 9, da gadar ƙasa guda 5, da ƙananan motoci guda 53, da ƙananan motoci 30, da ƙetare raƙuma 12, da tashoshi 5, da kuma ɗoki uku don ba da damar layin dogo don biyan bukatun masu amfani da shi. Jiragen kasa An ba da odar jiragen kasa guda 36 na Spanish Talgo 350 SRO, ɗayan waɗannan ana tsammanin zai haɗa da mai horar da Dual (matasan) har zuwa VIP 20 ko 30; za su gudu a 300 km / h. An yi motsawar da bogi a masana'antar Bombardier a Spain . The propulsion and bogies were made at Bombardier factories in Spain. Gidaje Akwai tashoshi biyar akan layi sune kamar haka: Tashar Madina (Titin Sarki Abdulaziz-Gabas) Tashar Tattalin Arziki ta Sarki Abdullah a Rabigh Filin jirgin saman Kasa da Kasa na Sarki Abdulaziz - an buɗe 11 Disamba 2019 Tashar Jeddah (Naseem) - Ba ta aiki Tashar Makka (Rusaiyfah) Babban Filin Makkah yana kusa da Hanyar Zoben ta Uku, a Gundumar Rusaiyfah kusa da wurin shakatawa na Rusaiyfah kuma ya hau zuwa Babban Masallacin . Tashar Jeddah ta Tsakiya tana kan titin Haramain, a Gundumar Al-Naseem. Hanyar daidaita layin dogo tana kan tsakiyar hanyar Haramain. Madina tana da tashar fasinja. Tashar da aka haɗa ta layin reshe, an gina ta a cikin sabon Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Abdulaziz . A cewar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Saudiyyar tashoshin suna "kyawawa" gine-gine masu kayatarwa wadanda ke da la akari da al'adun gine-ginen Islama. Za su sami shaguna, gidajen abinci, masallatai, filin ajiye motoci, helipad da VIP wuraren zama. Buro Happold da Foster + Partners ne suka tsara tashoshi. Duba kuma Kungiyar Railways ta Saudi Arabia (SRO) Kamfanin Railway na Saudi (SAR) Sufuri a Saudi Arabia Railway Hejaz Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Yanar Gizo Railungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Saudiyya Haramain Saudi-Spanish Alliance Haramain Babban Jirgin Ruwa Mai Tsayi bidiyo Makarantar Babban Filin Makkah bidiyo Tashar jirgijin kasa Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Saudi Arebiyya Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerianisation

Nigerianisation

Najeriyar dai ita ce manufar horar da ‘yan Nijeriya da kuma tura ‘yan Nijeriya mukaman da ‘yan kasashen ketare ke rike da su a ma’aikatan gwamnatin Najeriya a baya. An aiwatar da tsarin sosai a cikin shekara ta 1950s. A hankali aka yi shi kuma ya haɗa da sake tsara hukumomin gwamnati da faɗaɗa wuraren ilimi a zaɓaɓɓun manyan makarantu da kwalejoji. Kasancewar Najeriya ya zama muhimmi yayin da Najeriya ke tafiya neman 'yancin kai, Majalisar Ministocin Najeriya da Majalisar Wakilai duk sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa Najeriya ta mallaki manyan mukaman ma'aikatan gwamnati kamar sakatarorin dindindin . Fage Sabis na mulkin mallaka A cikin 1930s, Hukumar Mulkin Mallaka ta zama haɗin kai tare da sarrafa shi daga London, yana mai da ita siffar daular haɗin kai . Sakamakon tsarin haɗin gwiwar shi ne ɗaukar ma'aikata da sanya hafsoshi cikin hidimar Najeriya ta hanyar ofishin London yayin da aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin shawara ga 'yan Afirka masu dacewa. A Najeriya tsarin na’urar ‘yan mulkin mallaka ya ba da muhimmanci ga mulkin kai tsaye da kuma sanya ’yan gudun hijira mazauna yankunan karkara, jami’an sashe da masu gudanar da mulki zuwa larduna inda suke hulɗa kai tsaye da ‘yan kasa. Haɗin kai tsarin ya kuma haifar da sakatariyar hukuma tare da sakatarorin ƴan ƙasashen waje da ke da alhakin sadarwa da London. Duk da cewa an cika ma’aikatu biyu da ma’aikata akai-akai da rashin kudi, yawancin mukaman da ke cikin sakatariyar sun cika da ‘yan kasashen waje daga wasu yankuna yayin da mafi yawan ayyukan gudanar da mulki mazauna larduna ne. A farkon yaƙin duniya na biyu, Najeriya na da babban aikin gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da 'yan ƙasashen waje ke gudanarwa. Amma ingancin hidimar da ’yan gudun hijirar ke bayarwa ya fara raguwa, lamarin da ya ta’azzara da wasu abubuwan da ba a biya su ba, da hana ’yan gudun hijira shiga fagen fama a yakin da ake yi, da musayar ra’ayi akai-akai, rabuwa da iyalai da karuwar sarkakiyar mulki da bai dace ba. cancantar. Bayan yakin, an kafa hukumar biyan albashi don duba jin daɗin ma'aikatan gwamnati. Hukumar ta karfafa amfani da kalmar ‘Senior Posts’ a matsayin mukaman gudanarwa a sakatariya da larduna da Turawa suka mamaye da a da ake kira ‘Policean Posts’. Sabon naɗin ya kuma zo da albashin ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma alawus-alawus yayin da ake kiran ‘post African’ a matsayin kananan mukamai amma ba shi da fa’ida. Tun daga 1930s, adadin ƴan Najeriya daga Kudancin ƙasar da suka kammala karatun mishan yana ƙaruwa. 'Yan Afirka da suka yi karatu ciki har da wasu kan ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa sun fara yunƙurin ganin an ƙara shigar 'yan Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na gwamnati. An siffata Nijeriya a matsayin yaƙi da wariya da mulkin mallaka . Kafin shekara ta 1948, manyan muƙamai sun kasance 'yan ƙasashen waje ne suka mamaye duk da cewa wasu 'yan Afirka kaɗan ne suka sami damar ci gaba. Jami’an mulkin mallaka a Landan da Najeriya sun takaita ci gaba da daukar ’yan Afirka masu ilimi zuwa manyan mukamai in ban da wasu kamar Henry Rawlingson Carr da Joseph McEwen. A tsakiyar 1948, daga cikin jimillar manyan mukamai 3,786, 245 'yan Afirka ne, 1,245 babu kowa da sauran 'yan kasashen waje. Don haɗa da ƙarin 'yan Afirka a cikin hidimar jama'a, matakin farko yakan fara ne tare da ƙaddamar da bincike game da yanayi da buƙatun sabis na jama'a. 1948-1952 Hukumar ta farko ita ce Hukumar Bincike ta ƙafafu, tana da aikin nemo hanyoyin da za a ɗauki ƴan Najeriya masu dacewa da ƙwararrun aiki don yin aikin gwamnati . Rahoton hukumar ya ba da shawarwari masu ci gaba. Hukumar ta Hugh Foot ta ba da shawarar kafa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a don yin aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata don aiwatar da shawarwarin ta. A cikin wannan shekarar, wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya kafa gwamnatin yanki a Najeriya wanda ya iyakance aiwatar da shawarwarin Foot. Sabon tsarin ya kuma ƙara yawan shiga harkar ci gaban siyasa ta ‘yan Najeriya masu ilimi wadanda suka zaɓi kin shiga aikin gwamnati. Bayan ‘yan shekaru da hukumar ta fitar da rahotonta, shugabannin siyasar yankin Kudancin Najeriya ba su gamsu da cewa ana daukar isassun ‘yan Najeriya da suka cancanta shiga aikin gwamnati ba. Wannan ra’ayi ya banbanta a Arewacin kasar da akasarin Islama inda mulkin kai tsaye ya kasance makamin mulki, ilimin Turawan Yamma yana da iyaka don haka ’yan Arewa da suka cancanta ba su da yawa. Gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta yi fargabar cewa ci gaba da ɗaukar ’yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati zai haifar da mayar da ‘yan Arewa saniyar ware. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarin Hukumar Kafa Cewa babu wani dan Najeriya da za a dauki aikin gwamnati idan dan Najeriya ya cancanta kuma ya dace. Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin kula da ayyukan gwamnati da ba na hukuma ba don zabar wadanda za su yi wa manyan mukaman hidima da neman tallafin karatu da tsarin horo. Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin sassan da za su ba da shawarwarin karin girma zuwa manyan ayyuka da kuma zabin horo tare da ra'ayin karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai. Cewa ya kamata a fadada tallafin karatu da lambar yabo ta horo Ya kamata a ba mata ƙarin tallafin karatu Yakamata a fadada wuraren horarwa na gida Samun Nijeriya: 1952-1960 Ci gaba a yankin Kudu A farkon shekara ta 1952 ne aka ƙaddamar da sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci, wadda ita ce ta farko a ƙasar da ‘yan Najeriya suka mamaye. Ministocin sun zabi mayar da Najeriya a matsayin wata babbar manufar da za su bi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1952, majalisar ta nada wani kwamiti da Simeon Adebo da Sydney Phillipson suka jagoranta domin su duba yadda ake ɗaukar karin ‘yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati. A cikin rahoton da hukumar ta fitar bayan shekara guda, ta yi nuni da cewa a tsakanin shekara ta 1948 zuwa shekara ta 1953, yawan ‘yan Afirka da ke rike da muƙamai ya karu daga shekara ta 245 zuwa shekara ta 685 amma kuma yawan ‘yan ƙasashen waje ya karu daga 2,296 zuwa 2,984. A ƙarshe, hukumar ta ba da shawarwari masu nisa. Taken rahoton shi ne "Nigerianisation of the Civil Service", wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi amfani da aikin Najeriya a bainar jama'a a kasar. Daga cikin shawarwarin da hukumar ta bayar sun hada da: tallata guraben aiki ga 'yan Najeriya a kasashen waje, karin girma bisa cancanta amma ban da wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba a matsayin wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba, cewa ba za a ba wa wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya shawarar cika sabbin mukamai ko mukamai a sabbin ma'aikatu, da sharuddan kwangila ya kamata su zama zabi na farko wajen daukar wadanda ba ‘yan Najeriya ba. Koyaya, kamar dai hukumar da ta gabata sabbin ci gaban siyasa sun yi tasiri ga cikakken aiwatar da shawarwari. A cikin 1954, Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton ya kori Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya sauya ma'aikatan gwamnati daga tsarin bai daya zuwa na yanki. Don haka ne gwamnatocin yankin Kudu guda biyu, karkashin jagorancin Awolowo ’s Action Group da Azikiwe ’s NCNC suka yi kakkausar suka wajen ciyar da ‘yan Nijeriya horo da daukar ma’aikata a yankin. Yawancin 'yan Afirka a cikin sabis na tarayya gwamnatocin yanki suna neman su sosai. Wannan ya haifar da samun ci gaba a Nijeriya a cikin gwamnatocin yankin Kudu maso Kudu amma an rasa ’yan Afirka a hidimar Tarayya. Ci gaba a cikin sabis na Tarayya Gwamnonin yankin kudancin kasar nan sun gagauta tsarin mayar da Najeriya, a shekara ta 1955, gwamnatin Yamma ta rage daukar ’yan gudun hijira masu karbar fansho yayin da aka naɗa sabbin ’yan Najeriya da suka samu horo daga kwalejojin kasashen waje a manyan mukamai. A matakin tarayya, an fara ci gaba daga baya. A watan Agustan 1955, Majalisar Wakilai ta yi kira ga Majalisar Ministoci da ta gabatar da shawarwari game da mayar da ma’aikatan gwamnati Najeriya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1956, majalisar ta gabatar a gaban majalisar, takardar zama mai lamba 4 ta shekarar 1956, manufar sanarwa kan mayar da Najeriya. Majalisar ta ba da shawarar cewa, a samar da wani sabon mukami, a samar da ofishin jami’in kula da ‘yan Najeriya da kuma kara wa ‘yan Nijeriya matakin horas da su gaba da sakandare domin biyan bukatun ma’aikatan gwamnati. Don tabbatar da nasarar shawarwarin an tsara shirye-shiryen horo uku. Babban Horo, Horon Matsakaici da Horon Farko. An tuhumi manyan hukumomin gwamnati guda uku da aiwatar da tsarin: Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a, Hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu da ofishin kafa. An umurci kowace ma’aikatar da ta ci gaba da bin diddigin bukatun sassan da ‘yan Najeriya wajen horar da su wadanda za su dace da bukatun ma’aikata. Haka kuma tsarin ya kunshi daukar dalibai ‘yan Najeriya a kasar Burtaniya aikin gudanar da mulki a gida. Yayin da adadin ‘yan Najeriya da ke rike da mukamai ya kai 786 a cikin jimillar 5,125, a shekarar 1961 adadin ya karu zuwa 3,030 daga cikin 5,133. A shekara ta 1965, an kusan kammala aikin mayar da Najeriya a ma'aikatar tarayya da kuma a matakin yanki. Hidimar waje Horar da jami'an diflomasiyya ga aikin mutum a ketare yana ƙunshe ne a cikin Takarda mai lamba 11 na shekara ta 1956. An tura wasu zababbun jami’an gudanarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje domin horar da ‘yan Najeriya ’yancin kai da kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Najeriya a ketare. Soja A wani bangare na sauye-sauyen samun ‘yancin kai, an mayar da iko da rundunonin sojoji daga majalisar sojoji zuwa ofishin Gwamna-Janar. Yanzu haka an sanya jami’an soji da ke kasashen waje a karkashin ikon ‘yan Najeriya kuma an ba su wa’adin shekaru 3 na karatun boko kafin su koma gida. A shekarar 1959, akwai hafsoshi 297 a cikin sojoji, 37 daga cikinsu ‘yan Najeriya ne. ’Yan sandan Najeriya a shekara ta 1959, sun kasance manya-manya 3, kyaftin 6 da kuma 28. A shekarar 1960, an yi shirin ba da karin hafsoshi da kuma kara wa wasu karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai da kyaftin. Daga 1956 zuwa 1961 an rage yawan hafsoshin Burtaniya da ba na ba da izini ba sannu a hankali kuma a lokacin sauran hafsoshin su ne masu fasaha. An kafa Cadetship a zaɓaɓɓun makarantun sakandare don gano masu yuwuwar daukar ma'aikata waɗanda za su iya cancantar matsayin jami'ai. Kimanin dalibai goma sha bakwai na shekara-shekara ana daukar su aikin horar da su a kasashen waje a matsayin hafsoshi. Arewaci Najeriya ta yi tafiyar hawainiya a yankin Arewa saboda karancin wadanda suka kammala karatu a yankin. Mulki a Arewa ya kasance ta hanyar mulkin kai tsaye kuma ba a la'akari da ilimin Yammacin Turai da muhimmanci sosai a sassa da yawa. Bayan an raba ma’aikatan gwamnati zuwa yanki, shugabannin siyasa a yankin suna ganin cewa yawan ‘yan Arewa da ke hidima ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Kudu. Bisa la’akari da siyasa, shugabannin yankin sun takaita daukar ’yan Kudu aikin yi wa yankin Arewa aiki, inda aka gano hanyoyin da za a bi wajen ganin an kara kaimi ga ’yan Arewa a kanana da manya. Shugabannin sun rike hidimar ’yan gudun hijira, saboda ’yan Arewa sun dauki ’yan gudun hijira a matsayin ’yan gudun hijira amma suna tsoron mamaye kudancin yankin na ma’aikatan gwamnati. An samar da matakan horar da ’yan Arewa; a shekarar 1949, hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu ta bayar da tallafi ga kusan dukkan ‘yan Arewa masu cancantar shiga jami’o’i. A cikin 1957, an koyar da darussan gudanarwa a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da ke Zariya . Baya ga kokarin cike mukamai a ma’aikatan gwamnati da ’yan Arewa, shugabannin siyasa na shiyyar sun ba da fifiko wajen tabbatar da wakilcin Arewa a manyan mukamai na ma’aikatan tarayya. Batutuwa 'Yan kasashen waje Don hana hasarar damar aiki, ƴan gudun hijirar da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta bukaci gwamnati ta biya su diyya. A cikin 1958, ofishin mulkin mallaka ya amince da shirin biyan diyya kafin tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ta haka ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta samar da ɗimbin kuɗi ga jami'an da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke son barin kafin a ba da 'yancin kai a 1960 kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adalci ga ƴan ƙasar da suka rage bayan samun 'yancin kai. An yi gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a cikin 1959. Bayanan kula Sources   Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa%20Gidan%20Yarin%20Bauchi

Fasa Gidan Yarin Bauchi

Fashewar gidan yarin na Bauchi hari ne kan gidan yarin na tarayya da ke garin Bauchi a arewacin Najeriya, inda mambobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram suka saki fursunoni guda 721. Harin ya afku ne a ranar 7 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2010, kuma kimanin 'yan bindiga 50 ne suka kai harin. Daga cikin fursunoni 721 da suka tsere, kusan 150 na da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Yanke gidan yarin na Bauchi wani bangare ne na fadada ayyukan kungiyar Boko Haram wanda ya kasance ramuwar gayya ne ga mutuwar daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar na farko. Kungiyar ta Boko Haram ta sha kai hare-hare a baya-bayan nan, a kan gwamnati da ma addinan, a jihar ta Bauchi. Bayan Fage Najeriya ta raba gari biyu tsakanin yankin kudu maso kudu kirista da musulmin arewa, kuma rikici ya kunno kai tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. An yi rikicin addini tun daga 1999. Fursunonin a Bauchi sun fi jiran shari'a saboda rikicin addini da ya faru a kasar a shekarar 2009. Ƙungiyar da ta gudanar da samame a kurkukun, Boko Haram, tana da hannu a cikin wannan rikicin na addini. Kungiyar na adawa da ilimin da ba na Musulunci ba a Najeriya. Harin ya zo ne a ranar da aka sanar da zaben shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. 'Yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram a baya sun kai wani hari a ofishin' yan sanda a cikin garin Bauchi a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2009 inda mutane 150 suka mutu. Hakan ya biyo bayan yawan hare-hare da aka hada kai a jihohin da yawa, ciki har da makwabtan jihar Borno. A yayin martani mai zafi na gwamnati, an kama shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram Mohammed Yusuf a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2009. 'Yan sanda sun kashe shi ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan an yi masa tambayoyi, duk da cewa wasu majiyoyi na cewa an kashe shi yayin da ake tsare da shi. Duka jami'ai sun yi imani kuma sun sanar cewa mutuwar Yusuf din za ta haifar da rugujewar kungiyar, amma a maimakon haka ya haifar da karin daukar ma'aikata da fadada, da kuma bunkasa ayyukan kungiyar. Kashe Yusuf din yayin da yake tsare yana daga cikin korafin kungiyar na farko kan gwamnatin Najeriya. Babban kwamanda na biyu, Yusuf Shekau, daga baya ya yi barazanar daukar fansa a kan gwamnati saboda mutuwar mambobin kungiyar Boko Haram. Abin da ya faru Boko Haram sun shirya kai harin ne a gidan yarin Bauchi da yamma, suna hasashen cewa masu gadin gidan yarin Musulmin za su halarci sallar magariba a watan Ramadan. Daga cikin fursunoni 759, 721 daga cikin ‘yan kungiyar ta Boko Haram. Duk da cewa asusun na da banbanci, an kiyasta cewa tsakanin fursunoni 105 zuwa 150 daga fursunonin da suka tsere na da alaka da Boko Haram. Sama da fursunoni talatin sun dawo gidan yarin don yi musu gajeren hukuncin da aka yanke musu. Bugu da ƙari an sake tsare fursunoni talatin da biyar. An kona sassan gidan yarin kuma an kashe mutane biyar; an kuma tura wasu mutane shida zuwa asibitin yankin. Akalla dan sanda guda ya rasa ransa, tare da wadanda suke wajen. Ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ta kuma yi amfani da harin da aka kai gidan yarin na tarayya a matsayin wata dama ta rarraba kayan daukar mutane da kuma farfaganda. Maharan sun bar wasu takardu a kusa da gidan yarin, inda suka yi bayani dalla-dalla game da kungiyar da kuma manufofinsu, sannan suka gargaɗi masu karatu su ma su dauki makami don abin da suka aikata. Yaren da ke cikin waɗannan takaddun sun kasance a matsayin sanarwar "yakin yaƙi" ta ƙungiya a kan gwamnati. Bayan haka Gwamnan jihar, Isa Yuguda, ya sanar a ranar 8 ga Satumbar 2010 cewa mambobin kungiyar Boko Haram su bar jihar ko kuma a fatattake su da karfi. Martanin gwamnati kan ayyukan Boko Haram ya dogara ne kacokam kan kayan sojoji da ‘yan sanda. Birnin na ɗan lokaci ya kara wuraren bincike na sojoji a manyan hanyoyi. A cewar kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar, Danlami Yar’Adua, an kame mutane goma sha daya da ake zargin‘ yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne yayin wannan kamfen. Gwamnatin Najeriyar ta kuma yi alkawarin tsaurara matakan tsaro a wasu gidajen yarin, musamman ma wadanda ake tunanin za su iya fuskantar rauni. Ministan cikin gida, Emmanuel Iheanacho, ya bayyana cewa "aminci da tsaron [mutanen Najeriya] na nan gaba a gare mu." Tun bayan harin da aka kai gidan yarin a shekarar 2010, kungiyar ta Boko Haram ta kuma fara kai hare-hare a kan ofishin ‘yan sanda da barikin sojoji da ke cikin garin na Bauchi. A shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta kai harin kunar bakin wake a wata coci da ke Bauchi. Yanke kurkuku a Bauchi ba shi kadai ba ne irin wannan harin da kungiyar Boko Haram ta shirya. Hutun gidan yarin na Kogi na 2012, wanda ya saki fursunoni 119, an danganta shi ga kungiyar ita ma. Daga baya kungiyar ta Boko Haram ta kara karfi a yankin tafkin Chadi, wanda kasashen yankin ciki har da Najeriya da Chadi suka yi magana da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta kasashe daban-daban. Manazarta Bauchi (jiha) Rikici Najeriya

38657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina%2C%20Queensland

Carina, Queensland

Carina yanki ne a cikin Birnin Brisbanie, Queensland, Ostiraliya. A cikin shekarata 2016 census, Carina tana da yawan mutane kimani11,019. Geography Carina yana da nisan gabas na CBD, da iyaka Carindale, Carina Heights, Cannon Hill da Camp Hill . Carina yanki ne da yawan ke zama. Tarihi Murris ne ke zaune a asali; mai yiwuwa ne Jagera . Turawa ne suka fara zama a yankin a cikin shekarun 1850, inda aka fi amfani da ƙasar wajen noma da yin katako. Ƙungiya ta ɗauki sunanta daga wani gida a kan titin Creek da aka gina a cikin 1850s. Wannan kadarar ta Ebenezer Thorne ce, kuma ita kanta an saka mata sunan diyar Thorne Kate Carina. Girma ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1880s da farkon 1900s, lokacin da shine babban wurin zama a Shire na Belmont . A cikin watan Mayu 1889, (a kan abin da aka fi sani da Coorparoo ), 275 kaso 275 na "Stanley Street Extended Estate" an tallata don yin gwanjon James R. Dickson & Kamfanin. Taswirar tallata gwanjon ta ambaci waggonettes kyauta daga Mart. Makarantar Jihar karina ta buɗe a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu 1917. Yanzu yana cikin iyakokin kewayen karindale . Yankin ya kasance galibi a karkara har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, bayan haka gina gidajen jama'a ya ba da gudummawar karuwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan gidaje na jama'a a 1952 ya haɗa da yin amfani da gidajen da aka riga aka gina daga Italiya. Sai dai abin takaicin an gano daya daga cikin kayan da aka yi da shi ya abkawa mashinan katako na sirex kuma duk katakon da ke cikin jirgin sai da aka fesa tare da fitar da hayaki kafin a yi amfani da shi. Tsakanin 1954 da 1969 yankin yana aiki ne ta trolleybuses wanda Majalisar Birni ta Brisbane ke sarrafawa, wanda ke tafiya tare da titin Stanley, yana ƙarewa a mahadar titin Creek. Trams suna tafiya tare da Old Cleveland Road tare da ƙare sabis a Carina. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1948, Archbishop James Duhig ya sayi gonar kiwon kaji a matsayin wurin coci da makarantar Ikklesiya. Tun farko ana kiran Ikklesiya "Our Lady of Graces and Albarkacin Martin de Porres, Belmont" amma yanzu Ikklesiya ana kiranta da sunan Uwargidanmu na Graces Parish yayin da St Martin's Catholic Primary School ake kiran sunan St Martin de Porres . An buɗe makarantar a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1954. An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Mayfield a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1956. An buɗe ɗakin karatu na karina a cikin 1966 tare da babban gyara a cikin 2016. Makarantar Katolika ta St Otteran ta buɗe a 1959 kuma ta rufe a 1978. An buɗe makarantar jarirai ta St Munchin a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1961 kuma an rufe a 1978. An kafa Kwalejin San Sisto a cikin 1961 ta Dominican Sisters tare da rajista na farko na 'yan mata tara tare da malamai Sister Josephine, Sister Callista da Sister Jude. Makarantar ta fara aiki a Makarantar St Martin har zuwa lokacin da aka gina sabon gidan zuhudu a watan Nuwamba 1961, wanda ya baiwa makarantar damar yin aiki daga tsohon ginin zuhudu. A cikin 1963 an fara gini akan azuzuwan da aka gina da niyya waɗanda aka buɗe a cikin Afrilu 1964. St fauls Katolika frimary School rufe a 1979. Ƙididdigar 2011 ta ƙididdige mazauna 10,301 a Carina, waɗanda 52.7% mata ne kuma 47.3% maza ne. Tsakanin shekarun jama'a shine 34; Shekaru 3 ƙasa da matsakaicin Ostiraliya. 71.6% na mutanen da ke zaune a Carina an haife su ne a Ostiraliya, tare da ƙasashen da aka fi sani da haihuwa sune New Zealand (4.8%), Ingila (3.3%), Indiya (1.3%), Afirka ta Kudu (0.9%), da Philippines (0.7%). 81.4% na mutane sun yi magana da Ingilishi a matsayin harshensu na farko, yayin da sauran martanin da aka fi sani shine Mutanen Espanya (1.3%), Cantonese (1%), Italiyanci (0.9%), Mandarin (0.8%), da Girkanci (0.6%). An buɗe ofishin 'yan sanda na farina a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 2011, ranar bayan rufe ofishin 'yan sanda na Camp Hill a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2011. A cikin 2016 ce, qarnini na tana da yawan mutane 11,019. Jerin abubuwan tarihi karina tana da wuraren da aka jera kayan gado masu zuwa: 40 Lunga Street: Flint's Cottage  Old Cleveland Road ( ): Tsohon Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks Ilimi Makarantar Jihar Mayfield makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati (Prep-6) ga yara maza da mata a Paget Street ( ). A cikin 2016, makarantar ta sami rajista na ɗalibai 315. A cikin 2018, makarantar tana da rajista na ɗalibai 284 tare da malamai 20 (17 na cikakken lokaci daidai) da ma'aikatan ba koyarwa 16 (10 daidai daidai). Makarantar St Martin makarantar firamare ce ta Katolika (Prep-6) don yara maza da mata a 66 Broadway Street ( ). A cikin 2018, makarantar tana da rajista na ɗalibai 716 tare da malamai 45 (daidai 39 daidai) da 24 waɗanda ba koyarwar ma'aikatan (14 cikakken lokaci daidai). Kwalejin San Sisto makarantar sakandare ce ta Katolika (7-12) ga 'yan mata a 97 Mayfield Road ( ). A cikin 2018, makarantar tana da rajista na ɗalibai 714 tare da malamai 55 (daidai 53 daidai) da ma'aikatan ba koyarwa 32 (daidai 22 daidai). Babu makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Carina. Makarantar sakandaren gwamnati mafi kusa ita ce Kwalejin Jihar Whites Hill a makwabciyar Camp Hill zuwa kudu maso yamma. Kayayyakin aiki ma'ajiyan ɗin motar bas na Majalisar Birni na Brisbane yana kan titin Creek Road Carina. Abubuwan more rayuwa Majalisar Birni ta Brisbane tana gudanar da ɗakin karatu na jama'a a Titin Mayfield 41. An buɗe wurin ɗakin karatu a cikin 1966, kuma yana da Wi-Fi ga jama'a. Cibiyar Clem Jones (babban hadaddun wasanni) tana cikin titin Zahel. karina tana da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa mai suna AC Carina. Babbar kungiya tana wasa a Vilic Law Capital League 1 kuma babbar kungiyar mata tana buga gasar Premier ta mata ta Brisbane. Wurin bayan gida gida ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carina Tigers Rugby League . Sufuri Babu tashar jirgin kasa a karina tun bayan rufe hanyar Belmont Tramway a 1926. Duk da haka, yankin yana aiki yadda ya kamata ta hanyoyin bas radial uku; Titin Richmond tare da iyakar arewa, Meadowlands Road-Stanley Road a tsakiya, da Old Cleveland Road tare da iyakar kudu. Richmond Gabas tasha bas ce mai fayyace akan titin Richmond wacce ake ba da sabis akai-akai ta hanyar madaidaitan hanyoyi guda biyu, kai tsaye tsakanin tashar motar Cannon Hill da yankin tsakiyar kasuwanci na Brisbane. Tasha da yawa akan Titin Stanley ana ba da sabis akai-akai ta hanyar musanya guda biyu, hanyoyin tsayawa kai tsaye tsakanin Fortitude Valley, da tashar motar Cannon Hill da tashar motar Carindale bi da bi. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun fi bin hanyar tsohuwar hanyar trolleybus da aka rufe a 1969. Hanya mafi ƙayyadaddun iyaka-tsayawa tana ba da sabis na Stanley Road. Old Cleveland Road yana da tashoshi da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine tashar motar Carina a filin cin kasuwa na Carina, wanda ke ba da sabis ta hanyar tsayawa ta yau da kullun wacce ke biye da titin tsohuwar hanyar tram wacce ta rufe a 1969, tare da madaidaicin biyu, babba. mitoci suna bayyana hanyoyin da ke tafiya tsakanin tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Brisbane da Carindale, da kuma hanyar da ke tafiya tsakanin Jami'ar Queensland da tashar motar Carindale . Ƙarin sabis na hanyoyin kololuwa-kawai Old Cleveland Road. Hakanan ana ba da sabis na karina ta hanyoyin bas masu iyaka guda uku tare da titin Creek Road, waɗanda ke haɗa dabarun manyan cibiyoyin birni a duk faɗin Brisbane gami da cibiyar siyayya ta Carindale da cibiyar siyayya ta Cannon Hill . Waɗannan hanyoyin sabis na Meadowlands, Carina Depot, Carina North, da Old Stockyards suna bayyana tsayawa. Hanya ɗaya tana aiki akai-akai, kwana bakwai a kowane mako tsakanin Brisbane ta arewa maso gabas da kewayen kudu maso gabas. Sauran biyun suna aiki da ƙasa akai-akai kuma ba kwata-kwata a ranar Lahadi ba, amma suna kewaya yankunan waje na Brisbane, ɗaya agogon agogo da ɗayan kuma na gaba da agogo. Ƙungiya ta ratsa TransLink Zones 2 da 3 daga yamma zuwa gabas. Yankin yamma na bayan gari ya fi sha'awa ga masu zirga-zirgar birni dangane da tafiye-tafiye mai inganci mai tsada. Yankin Carina ya bambanta daga lebur a kan Bulimba Creek ambaliya a yankin gabas, zuwa tudu a yankin yamma zuwa Dutsen Bakwai da Dutsen Camp. Yanayin zirga-zirga yana cike da manyan hanyoyinsa ciki har da Old Cleveland Road, Meadowlands Road da Stanley Road, Richmond Road, da Creek Road. Saboda haka an iyakance damar yin keken nishadi a gefen yamma na bayan gari. Koyaya, kasancewar wurin shakatawa na Minnippi Park gami da Bulimba Creek Cycleway yana ba da dama mai kyau a gefen gabas. Kamar yadda a watan Fabrairun 2016 da yawa a cikin birni, hanyoyin zagayowar kan hanya suna wucewa ta Carina. Old Cleveland Road hanya ce ta radial wacce ta haɗa da tsaka-tsaki, hanyoyin bike na yau da kullun. Titin Meadowlands hanya ce mai radial wacce ta ƙunshi kafaɗun kafaɗa waɗanda ke aiki azaman hanyoyin sake zagayowar na yau da kullun, yayin da Stanley Road ke da alamar layin a matsayin Yankin Fadakarwa na Keke (keke mai salo mai launin rawaya wanda aka yiwa alama a gefen layin tafiye-tafiyen abin hawa). Titin Richmond ya ƙunshi titin kekuna na yau da kullun zuwa yamma da yankin Fadakarwa na Keke gabas, yayin da sassan titin Creek suna da kafaɗun kafadu waɗanda ke aiki azaman hanyoyin kekuna na yau da kullun. Fakitin masu yin keke sun zama ruwan dare a kan Titin Old Cleveland a farkon safiya na karshen mako. Wurin tudu a gefen yamma na bayan gari da kuma cunkoson ababen hawa suma suna haifar da cikas ga damar tafiya cikin gida. Koyaya, tsarin grid na hanya da hanyoyin sadarwa na titi da kasancewar iyakokin birane (bangaro) akan kusan duk hanyoyin titi suna haɓaka yanayin tafiya kai tsaye da aminci. Manyan tituna na cikin gida da manyan tituna galibi suna da shimfidar ƙafafu a ɗaya ko bangarorin biyu. Manyan tituna sun ƙunshi mahaɗar sigina da yawa tare da kula da masu tafiya a ƙasa, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da tashoshin mota. Tsibirin 'yan gudun hijira suna tallafawa amintaccen ketare wasu hanyoyi da tituna. Baya ga wuraren shakatawa na aljihu na gida, abubuwan jan hankali na shakatawa na kusa sun haɗa da Reserve Seven Hills Bushland Reserve zuwa arewa maso yamma, da Meadowlands Picnic Ground da Minnippi Park Park a gabas na bayan gari. Duba kuma Jerin unguwannin bayan gari na Brisbane Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

36998

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Entertainment%20Awards

Nigeria Entertainment Awards

An kafa hukumar bada lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya a Birnin New York a cikin Janairu shekarata 2006. Kyaututtukan suna bada gudummawar masu nishadantarwa na Afirka tare da mai da hankali na musamman ga 'yan Najeriya. Jadawalin bukukuwa 2006 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2007 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2008 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards Rukunnai Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan na yanzu kamar na 2016. Rukuni na kiɗa Mafi kyawun Album/Kundi na Shekara Mafi cancanta na kundi mai waƙa ɗaya a Shekara Mafi kyawun ƙiɗan da aka inganta (promote). Mafi kyawun Sabon aikin a Shekara Mawaƙin Linjila na shekara Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara Mafi kyawun mawaƙin na salon Pop/R&B a Shekara Jarumar Mace wacce tayi fice a Shekara Namijin Mawaƙin da yayi fice a Shekara Mafi kyawun na salon Rap a Shekara Gwarzo Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mawaƙi da Darakta) Mafi kyawun Haɗin gwiwa/ haɗaka. Best promising act to watch Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasa Gwarzon Mawakin na Nahiyar Afrika (Banda yan Najeriya) Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ban da 'yar Najeriya) Rukunin fina-finai Best supporting actor Best actress in a Lead Role Best supporting actress Gwarzon Darakta na Shekara Hoto mafi kyawu a Shekara Gajeren Fim na Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara a ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwazuwar Jaruma a Shekara bangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwarzon TV show a Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ban da Ɗan Najeriya) Gwarzuwar Jarumar Shekara (Bands 'yar Najeriya) Mafi kyawun Hoto (wanda aka ɗauka wata kasar Banda Najeriya ) Sauran nau'ikan Entertainment Personality of the year Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara Mafi kyawun OAP Gwarzon ɗan Barkwanci Na Shekara Disk Jockey na Shekara (Namiji) Disk Jockey na Shekara (Mace) Haɗin gwiwar Disk Jockey na Shekarar Disk Jockey of the Year (Banda ɗan Najeriya ) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara (Salon Rayuwa) Model Fashion na Shekara 2006-2008 NEA Awards 2006 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na farko a Cibiyar Clarice Smith Performing Arts a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2006 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Michael Blackson ya shirya shi. Taron ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na Sauce Kid, Sammy Okposo, da Mike Okri. Tuface Idibia da Banky W na cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a bugun farko. 2007 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na biyu a cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU da ke birnin New York a watan Yunin 2007 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Julius Agwu ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Banky W, Iceberg Slim, Blak Jesus, da Mike Aremu. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara – Grass 2 Grace (Tuface Idibia) Hottest single of the year - "why Me" (Dbanj) Mafi kyawun sabon aikin shekara - Tosin Martin Mawaƙin Kasa na shekara – Lagbaja Mafi kyawun haɗin-gwiwa/haɗaka na shekara - P Square & Weird Mc (Bizzy Body Remix) Mafi kyawun wasan afro pop na shekara - Dbanj Mawaƙin Bishara na bana – Sammy Okposo Mawaƙin Neo afrobeat na shekara - Femi Kuti Mafi kyawun kundi na duniya na shekara - 'Return of the king' ta eLDee Mafi kyawun ƙundi (mai waƙa ɗaya) na shekara a duniya - "Capable" (Banky) Gwarzon furodusa na duniya na shekara - Mic Tunes Mafi kyawun mawakan bisharar duniya rccg - Jesus house, DC Gwarzon Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara - Don Jazzy Yaƙin DJS na Amurka - DJ Zimo Mai tallata nishadi na tushen Amurka na shekara - Big Moose Entertainment Gwarzon dan wasa na shekara – Obafemi Martins Mai zanen kayan sawa na shekarar Najeriya - Kayayyaki & Kayayyaki Mafi ban dariya na shekara - Julius Agwu Fitaccen jarumin wasan duniya – Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Fitacciyar jarumar duniya – Adetoro Makinde Mafi kyawun jarumin Nollywood - Ramsey Nouah ( Twins masu haɗari ) Jarumar Nollywood - Stella Damasus Aboderin ( Twins masu haɗari ) Daraktan Nollywood - Tade Ogidan ( Twins masu haɗari ) 2008 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na uku a NYU Skirball Centre for Performing Arts a birnin New York a watan Yunin 2008 kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Raz Adoti ( Amistad ) da Tatiana ne suka shirya shi daga lokacin 2007 na Big Brother Africa . Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Dekunle Fuji da Tosin Martin. Har ila yau, taron ya nuna Ramsey Noah da Supermodel Oluchi sun gabatar da lambar yabo mafi kyau ga jarumi Olu Jacobs . Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: ASA ta Asa Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Yahooze" na Olu Maintain Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: TY Bello Mafi kyawun Dokar Pop na Afro na shekara: 9ice Mafi kyawun Dokar Bishara ta Shekara: Dekunle Fuji Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Dr Frabs Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: "Ku Yi Ni" ta P Square Mafi kyawun Single na Duniya na Shekara: "Fsa Ni Kuɗi" Remix by Oladele ft. Eldee Mafi kyawun Kundin Duniya na Shekara: Babi na XIII na Keno Mafi kyawun Mai samarwa na Duniya na Shekara: T Money Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Duniya na Shekara: "Wetin Man Go Do" na Amplyd Crew Taron kasa da kasa na Shekara (wanda aka gabatar ga mai talla): Haɗuwar NRC Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Tawali'u Mafi kyawun barkwanci: Basorge Mafi kyawun Fim: Mai Albarka A Cikin Mata Mafi kyawun Jarumi: Olu Jacobs Mafi kyawun Jaruma: Kate Henshaw Babban Mai Tallafawa Na Shekarar Amurka: Kabilar X Nishaɗi 2009-na yanzu NEA Awards 2019 NEA Awards In 2009, the fourth edition of the NEA Awards was held at Howard University's Cramton Auditorium in DC. The event was hosted by comedian Basorge and co-hosted by actresses Omoni Oboli and Ebbe Bassey. The event also featured performances by YQ, Midnight Crew, Toba Gold, Bigiano and J Martins. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara - Nishaɗi (D'Banj) Mafi zafi guda na shekara - "mai kyau ko mara kyau" (J Martins) Mafi kyawun sabon aiki na shekara - MI Mawallafin Bishara na shekara - Tsakar dare Crew Mai shirya kiɗa na shekara - ID Cabasa Mafi kyawun rapper - MI Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara - Ba Yarinya ba (Darey) Mafi kyawun zane-zane na duniya - Iceberg Slim Mawaƙin ɗan asalin shekara - 9ICE Mafi kyawun furodusa na duniya na shekara - Dapo Torimiro Lamarin na shekara - Wannan rana/Tashi NY fashion mako ta Wannan Rana Mafi kyawun DJ na duniya - DJ Neptune Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci - Zan mutu Mafi kyawun jarumi - Jim Ikye Fitacciyar jaruma – Funke Akindele 2010 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na 2010 a bugu na uku a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011 a BMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center da ke New York kuma mawaki Omawumi ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Taron ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo daga Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia. Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia suma sun sami lambobin yabo a wannan bikin. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar – Wizkid Mafi zafi a cikin shekara - " Dami Duro ", Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara - Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara - Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara - Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara - Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara - Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya - Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara - "Nawti" (Olu Maintain) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo - Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara - Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara - Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara - "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) – Wale Ojo ( Swap Phone ) Best actress (fim) – Funke Akindele ( Troj ) Mafi kyawun hoto – Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV - Big Brother Africa Best director film – Kunle Afolayan ( Phone Swap ) Dan wasan Afrika - Majid Michel ( Wani wuri a Afirka ) Pan African actress - Yvonne Okoro ( Single Shida ) Duniya DJ – Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara - Eldee 2020 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid . Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar – Wizkid Mafi zafi a cikin shekara - " Dami Duro ", Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara - Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara - Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara - Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara - Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara - Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya - Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara - "Nawti" (Olu Maintain) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo - Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara - Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara - Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara - "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) – Wale Ojo ( Swap Phone ) Best actress (fim) – Funke Akindele ( Troj ) Mafi kyawun hoto – Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV - Big Brother Africa Best director film – Kunle Afolayan ( Phone Swap ) Dan wasan Afrika - Majid Michel ( Wani wuri a Afirka ) Pan African actress - Yvonne Okoro ( Single Shida ) Duniya DJ – Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara - Eldee 2012 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid . Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar – Wizkid Mafi zafi na shekara - " Dami Duro ", Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara - Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara - Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara - Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara - Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara - Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya - Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara - "Nawti" (Olu Kula) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo - Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara - Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara - Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara - "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) – Wale Ojo ( Swap Phone ) Best actress (fim) – Funke Akindele ( Troj ) Mafi kyawun hoto – Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV - Big Brother Africa Best director film – Kunle Afolayan ( Phone Swap ) Jarumin Pan African - Majid Michel ( Wani wuri a Afirka ) Pan African actress - Yvonne Okoro ( Single Shida ) Duniya DJ – Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara - Eldee 2013 NEA awards Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: YBNL – Olamide Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Kukere" - Iyanya Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Burna Boy Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin Shekara: Sammy Okposo Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara: Davido Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara: Ice Prince Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Spellz Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: Ghetto - "Shank" (Patrick Ellis) Dokar Maza Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Endia Mafi Alkawari Dokar Mata don Kallon: Emma Nyra Mawaƙin Gabashin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Navio Mawaƙin Yammacin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Sarkodie Mawaƙin Kudancin Afirka ko Ƙungiya ta Shekara: Zahara Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Duniya: JJC Skillz Mafi kyawun Ƙungiya / Ƙungiya: Olamide Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai: Yanayin fatalwa - Phyno ft. Olamide Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Fim: OC Ukeje ( Alan Poza ) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Fim: Rita Dominic ( Taron ) Jarumin da ya fi kowa Tallafawa a Fim: Ali Nuhu ( Blood and Henna ) Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa A Fim: Tunde Aladese (Rikicin Na Wa ) Best Director Film: Tunde Kelani ( Maami ) Mafi kyawun Hotuna (Mai Shirya Fim): Jirgin Karshe Zuwa Abuja (Obi Emelonye) Mafi kyawun Nunin TV: Big Brother Africa Mafi kyawun Jarumin Pan African: John Dumelo ( Wasika zuwa Mahaifiyata ) Mafi kyawun Jarumar Pan African: Nadia Buari ( Maɗaukaki da Aure ) Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Bayo (Birtaniya) Mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci: Basketmouth Mafi kyawun Mai Tallata Nishaɗi: Coko Bar Mafi kyawun Halin Rediyo/TV: Daskare na CoolFM Mafi kyawun halayen TV: Labi Layori Mafi kyawun Blog ɗin Nishaɗi: NotJustOk Mafi kyawun Gudanar da Nishaɗi: Ubi Franklin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Duniya: Dayo Okeniyi Mafi kyawun Jaruma ta Duniya: Hope Olaide Wilson 2014 NEA Awards Shekara ta 9 lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta yi bikin tare da karrama membobin masana'antar nishaɗi ta Najeriya a New York, a Cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU. Wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da na Wande Coal, Praiz, Oritsefemi, Master's 'Sekem' MCgalaxy, da kuma taron jama'a ShataWale. Har ila yau a kan dandalin akwai Patoranking, wanda ya yi shahararriyar wakarsa mai suna "Girlie O", da Skales tare da sabuwar wakarsa mai suna "Shake Body". Masu masaukin baki Bovi da Funke Akindele sun sanya ’yan kallo su nishadantar da su da barkwanci, yayin da Gbemi Olateru-Olagbegi ta yi aiki da ’yan kallo ta hanyar yin mu’amala da tambayoyi domin su sa su shiga cikin shirin fiye da shekarun baya. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Best Album of the Year - Baddest Boy Ever Liveth (Olamide) Mafi Kyau Na Shekarar - "Jago" (Kcee ft. Wizkid) / "Aye" (Davido) (tie) Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara - Patoranking Mawallafin Bishara na Shekara - Frank Edwards Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara - Oritshe Femi Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara - Tiwa Savage Jarumar Mace Na Shekara - Tiwa Savage Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara - Davido Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara - Ice Prince Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara - Del B Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mai fasaha & Darakta) - "Rands & Naira" (Emmy Gee & Nick) Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai - "Gallardo" ( Runtown Ft. Davido) Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo - Ayo Jay Mawaƙin Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara - LAX Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya ba) - Shata Wale Rukunin fina-finai Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora - Tope Tedela ( Mile daga Gida ) Mafi kyawun Jarumi - Yomi Fash Lanso ( Omo Elemosho ) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora - Funke Akindele a Agnetta ( O'Mpa ) Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa - Genevieve Nnaji ( Rabin Rawar Rana ) Mafi Darakta - Desmond Elliott ( Neman Rahama ) Mafi kyawun Hoto - Rabin Rana Rana Sauran nau'ikan Halin Nishaɗi Na Shekara - Denrele Edun (Channel O) Babban Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara - E Money (Kiɗan Tauraro Biyar) Mafi kyawun OAP - Yaw (Wazobia FM) Mafi Bakin Barkwanci Na Shekara - Bovi da baske bakin kunne Duniya DJ - DJ Spinall Mafi kyawun blog na nishaɗi - Bella Naija . . . 2015 NEA Awards A ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba, 2015 ne aka gudanar da bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishadi a Najeriya karo na 10 a Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta NYU da ke New York. Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Nollywood Osas Ighodaro da mai fasahar Chocolate City, Ice Prince, ne suka tsayar da bikin cikin nasara. Taron wanda aka siyar ya samu halartar manyan mashahuran mutane da suka hada da Pasuma, Jerry Wonder, Kevin Lyttle, Fally Ipupa, DJ Abass, Juliet Ibrahim, DJ Cuppy, Sunkanmi, Ayojay, Emma Nyra, Bimbo Thomas, Ruth Kadiri, Destiny Amaka, Sonia Ibrahim, Chiney Ogwumike, Gbenro Ajibade, Jimmie, Maria Okan, Swanky Jerry, Mimi Onalaja, Tjan, and Toby Grey. Ayyukan sun haɗa da Yemi Alade, Praiz, MC Galaxy, Eddie Kenzo, Sheyman, Jaywon, Niniola, Mr. 2Kay, KAVHS, da Simi. Nunin ya kuma sami halartar wasu shugabannin kasuwancin masana'antu, irin su Howie T (Baseline Records), Ayo Shonaiya, Jason Oshiokpekhai (Delta Airlines), Kobi Brew-Hammond (Arik Air), Dan Petruzzi (OkayPlayer), Abiola Oke (OkayAfrica), Chetachi Nwoga (Chibase), Jason Kpana (Tidal), Briant Biggs (Roc Nation), Roslin Ilori (Mtech), da Suilemana (Dama Ent). Haka zalika akwai fitattun ‘yan Najeriya daga ‘yan siyasa har zuwa ‘yan kasuwa ciki har da Hon. Demola Seriki, Comrad Timi Frank, Cif Terry Wayas, da Bankole Omishore. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album na Shekara: Godiya (Flavour) Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Ojuelegba" (Wizkid) Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara: Wizkid Mafi kyawun Kiɗa na Shekarar: Fredoo Perry Jarumar Mace ta Shekara: Yemi Alade Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop na Shekara: Davido Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin R&B na Shekara: Praiz Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Bad Girl Special" Remix (Mr. 2 Kay) Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rawa Live: MC Galaxy Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): Unlimited LA Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Kiss Daniel Fitacciyar Mawaƙin Ƙasar Shekara: Pasuma Mawaƙin Ƙasashen waje na Shekara: Styleez Mawakin Bishara Na Shekara: Tope Alabi Dokar da ta fi Alkawari: Simi Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Shizzi Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Eddie Kenzo Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afrobeat: 2face Idibia Rukunin fim/TV Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Adekola Odunlade Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nollywood): Gabriel Afolayan Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Toyin Aimakhu Johnson Jarumar shekarar (Nollywood): Ruth Kadri Gwarzon Jaruma (Nigeria in Hollywood): Adepero Oduye Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nigeria a Hollywood): Chiwetel Ejiofor Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Afirka): Majid Michel Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Afirka): Sonia Ibrahim Daraktan Fim na Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Olanrewaju Abiodun Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Nollywood): Kunle Afolayan ( Oktoba 1 ) Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Afirka): Alex Konstantaras Fim na Shekara (fim ɗin ƴan ƙasa): Alakada Fim na Shekara (producer, Nollywood): 1 ga Oktoba Fim na Shekara (Mai gabatarwa, Afirka): Rushe Ƙauna Sauran nau'ikan Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US ) Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat & Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole & Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2016 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2016 ita ce bugu na 11 na kyautar Nishadi ta Najeriya. Richard Mofe Damijo da Ebbe Bassey ne suka dauki nauyin taron, an gudanar da taron ne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba a dakin wasan kwaikwayo na BMCC Tribeca da ke birnin New York na Amurka. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album of the Year: Eyan Mayweather (Olamide) Mafi Kyau Na Shekara: "Mama" (Kizz Daniel) Waƙar Shekara: "Ɗauki" (Adekunle Gold) Mawallafin Afroop na Shekara: Kizz Daniel Mawaƙin R&B Na Shekara: Seyi Shay Mawaƙin Rap na Shekara: Olamide Bishara ta Shekara: Frank Edwards Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Ketchup Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Flavor Madadin Mawaƙin Shekara: Aramide Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Adekunle Gold Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo: Mista Eazi Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasashen Waje: Ayojay Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Mace ta, Komai na" Patoranking ft Wande Coal Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rayuwa na Shekara: 2Baba Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): " Unlimited LA " Gaggawa (Dbanj) Gwarzon Mawaƙin Nazari na Nahiyar Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Shata Wale Jarumar Mace Na Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Efya Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Masterkraft Rukunin fim/TV Jagoran Jarumin Shekara: Joseph Benjamin ( Rebecca ) Jarumar Jarumar Shekara: Fathia Balogun ( Ishanna ) Jarumin Tallafawa A Fim: Sambasa Nzeribe ( Labarin Soja ) Taimakon Jaruma a Fim: Osas Ighodaro ( Gbomo Gbomo Express ) Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Frankie Ogar ( Labarin Soja ) Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekara: Ishanna Mafi kyawun Gajeren Fim na Shekara: Taxi mai Jini ( Folasakin Iwajomo ) Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara (TV): Folarin Falana ( Diary Jenifa ) Mafi kyawun Jaruma na Shekara (TV): Abimbola Craig - ( Yarinya mai fatattaka da iska ) Nunin Talabijin Na Shekara: Yarinya Mai Fariya A Tafiya Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ba Dan Najeriya): Abraham Attah ( Beast of No Nation ) Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Nuong Faalong ( Freetown ) Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekarar (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Dabbar Babu Al'umma Sauran nau'ikan Female Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Mystelle Male Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Gravpop Disc Jockey Collaboration of the Year: DJ Kaywise ft. Oritse Femi – "Warn Dem" Disc Jockey of the Year (Non-Nigerian): DJ Gravpop DJ Slick Stuart & Roja Music Executive of the Year: Don Jazzy (Mavin Records) OAP of the Year: Tisan Jeremiah Bako (Raypower FM) TV Presenter of the Year (Lifestyle): Daala (Ovation) Comedy Act of the Year: Basketmouth Fashion Model of the Year: Mayowa Nicholas Online Comedy Act of the Year: Emmanuella Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US ) Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat & Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole & Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2017 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2017 ita ce bugu na 12 na lambar yabo ta Nishadi ta Najeriya. Singer Emma Nyra ne ya dauki nauyin shirya taron, an gudanar da shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Symphony Space Peter Sharp da ke birnin New York. Nunin ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Olamide aka Baddo sannan kuma Superstar Davido da mai kare shi Mayorkun sun halarta. Har ila yau, akwai sanannun sunaye da suka haɗa da Seyi Shay, Young Paris, Dremo, Sheyman, ID Cabasa, DJ Enimoney, Danagog, Dotman, D12, da dai sauransu. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album of the Year: Glory (Olamide) Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: Idan (Davido) Gwarzon Mawaƙin Namijin AfroPop: Davido Mawaƙin Mata na Shekarar AfroPop: Seyi Shay Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide Mafi kyawun Mai haɓaka Kiɗa & Blogger: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Patoranking Best Collabo of the Year: Iskaba ( Wande Coal & DJ Tunez ) Best Music Video of the Year (Director): Meji Alabi (Yolo, Seyi Shay) Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Mayorkun Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Phyno Mafi kyawun Dokar Alkawari Na Shekara: Kaptain Kush Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Jidenna Mawaƙin Ƙarfafawa na Shekara: Sinach Dokar Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Deshinor Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Krisbeatz Gwarzon Mawakin Namijin Nahiyar Afrika (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Toofan Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Becca Rukunin fim/TV Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara: Ransey Noauh (76) Mafi kyawun Jarumar Shekara: Funke Akindele (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica) Jarumin Goyan bayan Shekara: AY (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica) Jarumar Taimakawa Gwarzon Shekara: Kehinde Bankole (The Dinner) Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Steve Gukas (kwana 93) Mafi kyawun Hotuna na Shekara: Bikin Bikin aure Mafi kyawun Matsayin Jagora a TV: Oreka Godis (Bikin Bikin Abokinmu) Babban Matsayin Jagoranci a Fim (Ba Ba-Nijeriya / Afirka): Korto Davies Mafi kyawun Shirin Talabijin: Big Brother Naija Sauran nau'ikan Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US ) Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat & Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole & Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2018 NEA Awards A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2018 ne aka gudanar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2018 a UDC Performing Art Center, Washington, DC. 2019 NEA Awards Tun da farko an shirya bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya na 2019 a wajen Amurka a karon farko a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu a watan Nuwamba na 2019 amma an soke shi saboda karuwar lamurra na kyamar baki. 2020 NEA Awards An fara shirya kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2020 don Faɗuwar 2020 amma saboda cutar ta COVID19, an sake tsara lambobin yabo don 2021. Ƙungiyar gudanarwa Masu Gudanarwa na Yanzu: Tope Esan Cosmas Collins Azeem Jolasun Masu Gudanarwaran da suka gabata: Linda Ofukeme (2006-2006) Joy Tongo (2006-2008) Belinda Nosegbe (2006-2008) Seun Tagh (2006-2009) Dolapo OA (2006-2009) Martin Fayomi (2006-2015) Manazarta Hanyoyin waje http://www.neaawards.com Nigerian music awards Nigerian awards 2006 establishments Awards established in 2006

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfani%20da%20filaye%20a%20Oregon

Amfani da filaye a Oregon

Amfani da filaye a Oregon ya shafi sauye-sauyen dokokin da suka shafi mallakar filaye da kuma haninsa a jihar Oregon ta ƙasar Amurka. Tsarin lokaci 1822: Taswirar Henry Schenck Tanner na Amurka mai yiwuwa shine farkon wanda ya gano "Oregon Terry." </ref> 1878: Timber and Stone Act 1903: Southern Pacific Railroad, which acquired the O&C railroad, announces it will no longer sell land, in violation of terms of the land grant up to 1905: Abuse of land grant process results in Oregon land fraud scandal 1907: Three Arch Rocks first National Wildlife Refuge established west of Mississippi </ref> </ref> 2001: Northwest Coastal Forest Plan established, aimed to balance demands on forests in Tillamook and Clatsop counties. Largely regarded as a failure by 2008. 1851: Willamette Stone sited, ya zama tushen layin dukiya a cikin Oregon da Washington.</ref> 1862: Dokar Gida (har zuwa 1976, da 1986 a Alaska) Oktoba 27, 1868: Kwalejin Corvallis (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar Oregon ) an keɓe ta Oregon ta farko kuma Kwalejin Land Grant kawai a ƙarƙashin Dokar Morill Land-Grant Colleges .</ref> 1869: Oregon da California Railroad (O&C) sun sami tallafin ƙasa daga gwamnatin Amurka tare da wajabcin sayar wa mazauna a $2.50/acre 1878: Dokar katako da dutse 1903: Kudancin Pacific Railroad, wanda ya sami hanyar dogo na O&C, ya sanar da cewa ba zai ƙara sayar da ƙasa ba, wanda ya saba wa sharuɗɗan tallafin ƙasa har zuwa 1905: Cin zarafin sakamakon tsarin bayar da ƙasa a cikin abin kunya na ƙasar Oregon 1907: Uku Arch Rocks na farko na Gudun Gudun Namun daji na Ƙasa ya kafa yammacin Mississippi 1907: Walter Lafferty ya fara shari'a a madadin kananan hukumomin 18 na yammacin Oregon da abin kunya na kasa ya shafa. 1913: damar jama'a zuwa rairayin bakin teku an tsara su - asali don amfani da su azaman manyan hanyoyi - an daidaita fahimtar jama'a a ƙarƙashin Oswald West 1916: Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Chamberlain-Ferris, wadda ta kafa biyan kuɗi don sayar da katako a kan kadada miliyan 2.4 na filayen O&amp;C, dake cikin gundumomi 18 na Oregon; An gyara ta Dokar Stanfield na 1926 1937: Majalisa ta wuce Oregon da California Railroad da Coos Bay Wagon Road Grant Lands Act na 1937 ( O&amp;C Act ), wanda ya kara gyara sharuddan biyan katako ga gundumomin O&C; An rage biyan kuɗi a 1953. 1933-1951: Wuta ta lalata yawancin abin da ake kira dajin Tillamook a cikin Tillamook Burn 1961: Farkon harajin gona 1963: Keɓancewar Amfanin Farmaki (EFU). 1967: Dokar bakin teku ta Oregon ta kafa ikon mallakar jama'a a bakin Tekun Oregon Kogin Willamette Greenway 1969: Majalisar Dattijai Bill 10 yana buƙatar cikakken tsarin amfani da ƙasa don kowane birni da yanki. Murna v. Smith , tare da Hukuncin Boldt na Washington, an kafa haƙƙin kamun kifi ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka 1970: Auna 11 ya kasa (44%) 1971: Hukumar Kare Tekun Oregon (duba Wilbur Ternyik ) 1973: Yawancin gandun daji mallakar gundumomi, galibi mallakarsu ne sakamakon ɓarkewar kadarori, waɗanda aka keɓe azaman dajin Jihar Tillamook. 1981: Majalisar dattijai ta jefa kuri'a a Majalisar Dattawa Bill 945 1990: An jera mujiya da aka hange a arewa kamar yadda aka yi barazana a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kare Kare ; An dakatar da yin amfani da filayen tarayya da umarnin kotu 1993: Majalisa ta wuce Dokar sulhu ta Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act na 1993 wanda ya maye gurbin biyan kuɗin katako tare da biyan kuɗin "lafiya" zuwa yankunan karkara 72, ciki har da yankunan O & C. Biyan zai kasance har zuwa 2000. 1994: An aiwatar da Tsarin daji na Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya bayyana amfani da filaye akan filayen tarayya a Arewa maso Yamma wanda ke rage yawan girbin katako. 2000: Majalisa ta zartar da Amintattun Makarantun Karkara da Dokar Ƙaddamar Kai ta Al'umma ta 2000 (SRSCSDA) (wanda aka fi sani da tsarin biyan kuɗi na gundumomi ), wanda ke ba da izini ga ƙananan hukumomin yamma, ciki har da 18 O&amp;C County tare da 15 ƙarin gundumomin Oregon tare da sauran ƙasashen tarayya, zuwa sami biyan kuɗin tarayya don rama asarar kudaden shiga na katako na shekaru 6 2001: An kafa Tsarin daji na bakin teku na Arewa maso Yamma, da nufin daidaita buƙatun dazuzzuka a yankunan Tillamook da Clatsop. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin gazawar ta 2008. 2006: SRSCSDA ya ƙare kuma ba a sake izini ba; A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani lissafin, Shirye-shiryen Sojojin Amurka, Kulawar Tsohon Sojoji, Katrina Farfadowa, da Dokar Bayar da Lamuni ta Iraki, 2007, an ƙara biyan kuɗi wata shekara. 2007: Babu wani kari ga SRSCSDA da aka wuce kuma biyan kuɗin tarayya zuwa yankunan Oregon na karkara ya ƙare; fara Yuli 1, 2008 Oregon ya yi asarar dala miliyan 238 a cikin biyan kuɗin tarayya 2008: Tsawaita shekaru 4 zuwa SRSCSDA abin mamaki an haɗa shi cikin Dokar Tabbatar da Tattalin Arziƙi na Gaggawa na 2008 . Rep. DeFazio da Sen. Wyden, biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan tsawaita biyan kudaden zuwa gundumomin Oregon, sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da kudirin saboda adawar da suke yi da kudirin ceto baki daya. 2011: Tare da tsawaita wa SRSCSDA zai ƙare nan ba da jimawa ba, tare da goyan bayan Gwamna John Kitzhaber da dukan wakilan majalisar Oregon, Sanata Ron Wyden ya gabatar da doka don tsawaita biyan kuɗi na wasu shekaru biyar. Wakilan Republican da Democrat na wakilan majalisar Oregon sun ba da shawarar ware wasu filayen tarayya a Oregon a matsayin amintattun jama'a inda za a kebe rabin don girbi don samar da kudaden shiga ga gundumomin, rabin kuma a keɓe su a matsayin yankin kiyayewa. 2012: Tsawaita zuwa SRSCSDA zai ƙare a watan Janairu. Kasafin kudin Tarayyar Amurka na 2013 da Shugaba Obama ya gabatar ya hada da dala miliyan 294 don tsawaita shirin na shekarar kasafin kudi ta 2013 tare da shirin ci gaba da biyan kudi har tsawon shekaru hudu, tare da raguwar kashi 10% a kowace shekara. Majalisa ba ta ɗauki shawarar shugaban ƙasa ba, amma ta haɗa da tsawaita shekara ɗaya ga SRSCSDA a cikin lissafin sufurin ababen hawa, wanda shugaban ƙasa ya sa hannu. Ana sa ran wannan zai zama sabuntawa na ƙarshe na shirin. Majalisar Dattijai ta 100 1973: Kudi na 100 da 101 na Majalisar Dattijai sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Filayen Oregon, Ma'aikatar Kula da Filaye da Raya ƙasa ta Oregon, da dai sauransu. Ya haifar da amincewa da manufofin tsare-tsare guda 14 a fadin jihar tare da samar da kariya ga filayen noma a fadin jihar. 1976: Auna 10 ya kasa (39%) Auna 12 ya nemi soke SB 100. 60+% ya gaza. 1978: Auna 10 da aka nema don soke SB 100. Ya kasa (39% eh) 1979: An ƙirƙiri Hukumar Amfani da Ƙasa (LUBA). 1982: Auna 6 ya nemi soke SB 100. Ya kasa (45%) 1991: PAPA da sake fasalin PR 1993: Majalisa ta wuce HB 3661 kuma ta fadada ikon gina gidaje a kan gonaki da gandun daji. 1995: 'Yan Republican sun gabatar da kudade da yawa waɗanda ke cire SB 100. 'Yan Democrat sun hana su. 1997: 'Yan Republican sun gabatar da kudade da yawa waɗanda suka cire SB 100. 'Yan Democrat sun hana su. 1998: Auna 65 (neman sake jujjuya tsarin amfani da ƙasa, kasa) 1999: Auna 56 ya wuce 80% 2000: Auna 2 (neman sake jujjuya tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kasa, 47% eh) Auna 7 - gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Oregon wanda daga baya aka ayyana ba bisa ka'ida ba - an zartar. Harshen take mai kawo gardama amma mara gasa (? ) Kotun Koli ta Oregon ta soke. 2004: Auna 37 ya wuce (61%). rigima, harshen take mara gasa (? ) 2005-2009: Oregon Big Dagar aiki, kwamiti na citized Sb 82 na 2005, an tuhume shi da kawo shawarwari na ƙasa zuwa dokar 2009. 2007: Auna 49 sokewa/gyara mafi yawan Ma'auni 37. Duba sauran abunuwa Iyakar ci gaban birni Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka Ofishin Kula da Filaye na Amurka Sabis na gandun daji na Amurka Gifford Pinchot, Theodore Roosevelt Hukumar Landan Jihar Oregon Jerin matakan zaɓe na Oregon Oregonians In Action (wanda Dave Hunnicut ke jagoranta, masu goyon bayan "motsin haƙƙin mallaka" tun daga ƙarshen 90s? ) Abokan Oregon 1000 (masu adawa da 37, masu goyon bayan 49, masu haɗin gwiwar gonaki) Karɓar tsari - ra'ayin cewa tsara amfani da ƙasa ya ƙunshi "ɗaukar" ƙimar kadarorin, don haka yakamata a yi la'akari da aikin fitaccen yanki. Filayen Sashen Jihar Oregon (da Asusun Makarantu na gama -gari) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin amfani da ƙasa daga littafin Blue Blue na Oregon Ma'aikatar Kiyaye da Ci gaban ƙasa na Oregon (SB 100 ta kafa) Jerry O'Callaghan, Halin Domain Jama'a a Oregon, digiri na digiri (Jami'ar Stanford), 1951. Filaye America Hakki

59630

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Zaman%20Kankara

Cibiyar Zaman Kankara

Cibiyar Ice Age (Estonian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka sadaukar don fahimtar shekarun ƙanƙara, wanda ya ke acikin ƙauyen Äksi, Tartu County, Estonia. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana bada ilimi game da asali da haɓakar shekarun ƙanƙara daban-daban, gami da tasirin su akan yanayin ƙasa,rayuwar dabbobi, da mutane, tareda mai da hankali na musamman kan tasirin sabon lokacin ƙanƙara akan abin da yake a yau Estonia. An bawa cibiyar kyautar Mafi kyawun Sabon Wurin Yawon shakatawa a Estonia acikin 2012. Game da Cibiyar Wurin da yake Cibiyar tana cikin ƙauyen Aksi, abakin tekun Saadjärv, acikin gundumar Tartu,tafiyar awa biyu daga Tallinn,babban birnin Estonia. Ana zaune akan dukiyar tafki, ƙaramin gidan zoo da wurin shakatawa da ke kusa. Ɗaya daga cikin National Geographic "Yellow Windows" yana kusa da Cibiyar Ice Age,yana jaddada muhimmancin wannan yankin ga masu yawon buɗe ido,don gano Kudancin Estonia.An san yankin da zamanin kankara da tatsuniyoyin Kalevipoeg na Estonia. Nuni Cibiyar Ice Age nune-nunen mu'amala ne,yana amfani da bene uku na nishaɗin ilimi.Gaba ɗaya an tsara shine ga yara, amma akwai ayyukan ga baƙi na kowane zamani. A bene na farko,baƙi zasu koyi game da shekarun ƙanƙara da dabbobi da suka rayu a lokacin,gami da mammoth mai laushi. Da yake shiga zauren baje kolin,baƙo ya fara ganin mammoth na zamanin ƙanƙara. A kewaye da mammoths akwai diorama, wani yanki na yanayi wanda suka taɓa rayuwa acik. Irin wannan al'umma ta samo asaline a Estonia bayan narkewar ƙanƙara. A nan baƙi zasu iya sanin dabbobi masu girman rayuwa kuma su fuskanci hangen nesa game da yadda duniya da yanayin Estonia suka bunƙasa acikin dubban shekaru. Zaku kuma koyi yadda mutane suka saba a lokacin zamanin ƙanƙara. Yara zasu sami damar yin gwaji tare da ƙanƙara, gami da filin wasa wanda aka tsara a matsayin kogo na zamanin ƙanƙara. bene na biyu yana bincika tasirin shekarun kankara a kan shimfidar wurare na Estonia, gami da alamun su a cikin tatsuniyoyi. A nan za a gabatar da baƙo ga tarihin yanayin Estonia da mazaunin ɗan adam bayan zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Tsakanin wannan tarihin yanayi na bayan glacial shine labarun bincike na masana kimiyya, wanda "bayani" ke taimaka wa baƙo ya karanta da fahimtar alamun a cikin shimfidar wurare da al'adun al'adun gargajiya. Fasali na uku yana da ra'ayi game da makomar-za'a sami wani zamanin kankara? Shin mutane suna bada gudummawa ga hakan ta hanyar tasirin canjin yanayi? Menene sawun muhalli na mai halarta? Zasu kuma haɗu da wani beyar polar mai girman gaske, Franz. Shirye-shiryen Ilimi Ana bada shirye-shiryen nazarin muhalli daga kungiyoyin makarantar sakandare zuwa waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare. Bada baƙi ƙwarewar ƙwarewa na Saadjärv suna faruwa (akan jirgin ruwa alokacin rani, a kan ƙanƙara acikin hunturu), ana kama dabbobi masu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana gano su, kuma ana yin wasu ayyukan ban sha'awa da ilimi a waje da cikin gida. Darussan makarantar sakandare da makarantar farko suna maida hankali kan wasa.Misali: saba da yanayin ƙasa ("Ta yaya toboggan ya gudana?"), lura da daidaitawar dabbobi ga yanayi, sanin jihohin ruwa guda uku, dabbobi da wuraren zama, sanin dabbobin da suka rayu a zamanin kankara kuma su kwatanta su da da dabbobi na zamani ("Shin mammoth giwa ne mai gashi?"Rashin amfani da shi Ga tsofaffin ɗalibai, an mai da hankali kan ilmantarwa mai aiki, wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu zuwa: "Tsohon kankara - wani bangare ne na ci gaban Duniya" (tsarin kankara, tarihin ci gaban ƙasa, yanayin kankara da rayuwar ɗan adam), "Labarin yanayin Estonia - ci gaban halittu bayan zamanin kankara" (canjin yanayi, lokutan yanayi), "Heritage na kankara a saman Estonia" (babban duwatsu, siffofi), "Post-Ice Age Nature and Man in Estonia" (canjin yanayi a yankunan Estonia da yanayi, daidaitawa da kwayoyin halitta, kafa mazaunan mutane), "Shin kun san Vooremaa?" (tsarin ƙasa, muhalli, ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar wakilci a Turai, matsayi). Sauran Ayyuka Cibiyar kuma tana ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan Tafkin Saadjärv. Masu jagorantar da ke ba da labari game da yanayin Tafkin Saadjärv, kafa Vooremaa da kuma manyan ayyukan jarumin kasa Kalevipoeg ne ke sarrafa jirgin. Yin amfani da tabarau na gaskiya, baƙi na iya nutsewa cikin "Mystical Primitive Sea," na daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata kuma suna fuskantar rayuwar da ta taɓa zama a yankunan Estonia, kamar manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, trilobites masu ƙarfi, manyan masu cin nama, kunama na teku da nautiloids. Har ila yau, akwai shirin Kirsimeti na ilimi game da rayuwar dabbobi a cikin hunturu kuma, ba shakka, Santa Claus. Sauran abubuwan na musamman (taron, ranar haihuwar) za a iya shirya su ta hanyar tsari. Tarihi A shekara ta 2004, ra'ayin kirkirar cibiyar baƙi a cikin garin Tartu kusa da Saadjärv, wanda zai janyo hankalin baƙi zuwa yankin, amma kuma zai zama mai ba da ilimin yanayi. Tunanin ya fito ne daga Makarantar Halitta ta Saadjärv da darakta na lokacin, Asta Tuusti . "Nunawar ta gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wurarenmu da namun daji, kuma ta gabatar da yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi, "in ji Tuusti. "Äksi wuri ne mai dacewa da cibiyar zamanin kankara. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi tare da zagaye, tabkuna da duwatsu gado ne na zamanin kankara. " Al'ummar karkara ta Tartu da magajin gari, Aivar Soop, sun goyi bayan manufar kuma, tare da hadin gwiwar al'umma, an kirkiro baje kolin, gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wuraren Estonian da namun daji, da kuma yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi. "Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wata karamar hukuma ta yi alkawarin kafa irin wannan babban cibiyar ilimi ta musamman", in ji Tuusti. Dukan yankin yana amfana daga dubban masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Cibiyar a kowace shekara. Cibiyar ta kai kimanin Yuro miliyan 4, wasu daga cikinsu tallafi ne daga Asusun Ci gaban Yankin Turai. Manazarta Haɗin waje https://www.visitestonia.com/en/ice-age-centre-jaaaja-keskus- Shafin yanar gizon Ziyarar Estonia Gidan kayan gargajiya na Arctic - St Petersburg, Rasha ScienceMuseum.org.uk (SMG) - ƙungiyar gidajen tarihi na Burtaniya waɗanda suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya Cibiyar Ayyukan Volcanic - New Zealand Gidan Tarihi na Glacier da Canjin Yanayi - Norway Sauyin Yanayi

13663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofa%3AAdabi

Kofa:Adabi

TAƘAITACCEN TARIHIN WASAN KWAIKWAYO Danjuma (2004) ya ce, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a doron ƙasa ya faro ne tun zamanin Annabi Adam, Bayan da ‘ya’yansa biyu suka yi faɗa a kan mace, sai daya ya kashe daya. Wanda yayi kisanya shiga cikin damuwar yadda zai yi da gawar. A nan Allah ya turo da mala’iku a cikin siffar hankaka. Hankakin suka yi faɗa har daya ya kashe daya. A nan hankakan da yayi kisan ya tona rami ya bunne dan uwansa da ya kashe. Wanda daga nan ne ‘ya 'yan Adam suka kwaikwayi wannan qaramin wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar bunne ‘yan uwansu a duk lokacin da suka rasu. Samuwar Fim a Qasar Hausa Tarihin fara fina-finan Hausa (harkar da ta fi kafuwa a Kano) yana da dangantaka ta kai-tsaye da tarihin fara fina-finai a Najeriya baki daya . Fim kuwa a Nijeriya ya samu tun kafin samuwar Najeriya a matsayin qasa daya. An fara fim na farko a Najeriya Ƙarƙashin kulawar Herbert Macauly a shekarar 1903 A daya bangaren kuma, ba a hada Kudu da Arewa (a matsayin ƙasa daya – Najeriya) ba sai a shekarar 1914. Yayin da kuma aka ba wa Najeriya ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960 . Tsakanin shekara ta 1903 zuwa 1970 an samu yunkurin shirya fina-finai da dama. Ali, (2004) ya kira su da rukunin fina-finan farko na ‘yancin kai. Masu hannu a cikin wadannan fina-finai sun hada da Nuhu Ramalam da Adamu Halilu. Bayan nan kuma, kamfanoni sun dauki nauyin shirya wasu fina-finai. Daga cikin wadannan fina-finan akwai ‘Shehu Umar’ da ‘Amadi’ da ‘Salla Durba’ (Ali, 2004). Fina-finan Hausa kuwa kamar yadda ake kallon su yanzu, an fara su ne tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 1984 a Kano . Fage, (2011) ya ce, fina-finan Hausa wadanda aka fi sani da fina-finan Kanawa sun fara samun karbuwa ne wajen 1990. A wannan lokaci an sami ƙungiyoyin fim guda uku da suka hada da (i) Gwauron Dutse, da (ii) Karate, da kuma (iii) Gyaranya, wadanda kuma duka sun wanzu ne a Kano. Fina-finan farko da aka fara gudanarwa ƙarƙashin wadannan ƙungiyoyi su ne: ‘Hukuma Maganin ‘Yan Banza’ da ‘Yan Daukar Amarya’ da kuma ‘Baƙar Indiya’. Wadanda suka dauki nauyin wadannan fina-finai su ne masu daukar nauyi na farko (first producers); Alhaji Hamisu da Muhammad Gurgu da kuma Sani Lamma . Zagari Game da Fina-finan Hausa Idan aka yi la’akari da muhawarar masana da manazarta a kan alfanu da koma baya da fina-finai suke samar wa, za a iya cewa, fina-finan Hausa sun kasance hanjin jimina, akwai na ci a kwai na zubarwa. Haqiqa fina-finan suna taimakawa ta bangarori da dama. Ali, (2004) ya ce, a tsawon ƙarnuka biyu da suka wuce, samuwar fina-finan Hausa shi ne hanyar habaka tattalin arziki mafi girma da ya samu ga al’ummar Hausawa. Sai dai duk da haka, manazarta irin su; suna ganin samuwar fina-finan Hausa yana da illa ga al’ummar Hausawa. Wannan aiki ya kalli bangarorin biyu kamar haka: Amfanin Fina-finan Hausa Samuwar fina-finan Hausa ya zo da ci gaba ga al’ummar Hausawa ta fannoni da dama wadanda suka hada da: i. Samun Aikin Yi: Rukunin masu sana’o’i da dama suna cin gajiyar sana’ar shirya fina-finai. Wadannan rukunnai na masu sana’o’i sun hada da masana harkar fim, da marubuta da masu daukar hoto da masu shagon sayar da kaset da ma wasu masu sana’o’i daban-daban. Lallai ta nan za a iya cewa wannan ci gaba ne ga al’ummar Hausawa . ii. Bunqasa Al’adu da Adabi: Fim hanya ce da take taimakawa wajen bunqasa al’adu da adabin Hausa. Wani abin mai da hankali a nan shi ne, fim na taka rawar gani wurin tallata al’adu zuwa ga baren al’ummu. Fina-finan Hausa da dama sukan shiga hannun wasu al’ummu wadanda ba Hausawa ba da suke zaune a nan gida Nijeriya, har ma da na qasashen waje (Nwuneli in Ali, 2004). iii. Fadakarwa: Haqiqa fim hanya ce ta fadakar da al’umma game da lamura da dama. Akwai fina-finan Hausa da jigoginsu ke fadakarwa kan abubuwa kamar illar zafin kishi, ko qarshen mai munafurci, ko illar zato da zargi, ko cututtuka da ma wasu da dama makamantan wadannan . iv. Sada Zumunta: Fim din Hausa na taimakawa wajen qulla zumunci musamman tsakanin taurarin fim. Baya ga haka akwai fina-finai da suke jan hankali zuwa ga amfani da dacewa da buqatar sada zumunta . v. Koyar da Tarbiyya: Akwai fina-finan Hausa da dama da suke dauke da jigon tarbiyya. Irin wadannan fina-finai suna fadakarwa zuwa ga biyayya ga iyaye (kamar fim din Linzami da Wuta), ko bin miji (kamar fim din Aljannar Mace) da sauransu (Chamo; 2004; Yakub, 2004). vi. Nishadantarwa: Haqiqa ana nishadantuwa daga kallon fina-finan Hausa. Akwai fina-finan Hausa da dama da aka gina jigonsu kan nishadi. Babban tauraro a bangaren fina-finan Hausa na nishadi shi ne marigayi Rabilu Musa wanda aka fi sani da dan Ibro (Chamo, 2004; Yakub, 2004). Illolin Fina-finan Hausa Masu iya magana suna cewa: “Kowane allazi da nasa amanu!” Haka abin yake ga fina-finan Hausa. Manazarta da malaman addini sun dade suna nuni ga illoli da suke tattare ga fina-finan Hausa. Abubuwan da ake qorafin kansu sun hada da: i. Batar da Al’ada: Za a iya kwatanta fina-finan Hausa da maganar Bahaushe da ke cewa: “Ana yabonka salla ka kasa alwala.” Duk da ikirarin da ake yi na cewa fina-finan Hausa suna habaka al’ada, wasu na ganin ko kusa ba haka abin yake ba. Sun tafi kan cewa, a maimakon fina-finan su taimaka wajen habaka al’adun Hausawa, sai ma suna qara daqushe su ne kawai. Fina-finan Hausa na daqushe al’adun Hausawa ta hanyoyin da suka hada da: (a) Harshe: Wato yawan amfani da Ingausa tare da fifita harshen Ingilishi a kan na Hausa. (b) Sutura: Fifita suturun wasu al’ummu kamar Turawa da Indiyawa sama da na Hausa. (c) Muhalli: Watsi da muhallin Bahaushe tare da fifita na wasu al’ummu sama da na Hausawan (Chamo, 2004; Al-kanawy, 2004). ii. Shagaltarwa: Akwai manazarta da suke kallon fina-finan Hausa a matsayin hanya na shagaltar da al’umma daga wasu ayyuka da sha’anoni da suka fi dacewa. Wannan ya fi zama abin magana musamman idan aka kalle shi daga bangaren addini wanda bai zo da wasa ko shagala ba (Al-kanawy, 2004; Iyan-tama, 2004). iii. Fanxarewa: Akwai manazarta da suke kallon fina-finan Hausa a matsayin masu rudi zuwa ga fanxarewa. Wannan na faruwa ne musamman idan aka duba irin shigar taurarin fina-finan waxanda suka ci karo da addini da kuma al’ada. Sannan tsaurin ido ga na gaba da sauran halayen banza da ake nunawa a cikin fina-finan (Al-kanawy, 2004; Iyan-tama, 2004) iv. Cudanya Tsakanin Maza da mata: daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali, wadanda kuma suke jawo sukar fina-finan Hausa shi ne cudanya tsakanin maza da mata. Wannan ya kasance musamman idan aka kalli lamarin ta fuskar addini (Iyan-tama, 2004). v. Waqa: Waqa ta kasance a cikin fina-finan Hausa tamkar gishiri a cikin miya. Manazarta na kallon hakan qalubale ne musamman idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin waqa a Musulunci. Manazarta da dama bayan wadannan sun tafi kan cewa fina-finan Hausa suna taka rawar gani matuqa wajen gurbata al’adun Hausawa. Manazartan sun hada da: dangambo, (2013) wanda ya ce, a wani fim din idan da za a cire harshen da aka yi Magana a cikinsa (Hausa) to babu yadda za a iya danganta shi da Hausawa. Guibi da Bakori (2013) sun tafi kan cewa, telebishin na daya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi sauqi da suke bata tarbiyyar Hausawa. Kiyawa, (2013) ya kawo wasu hanyoyi wadanda yake ganin ta nan ne fina-fina Hausa suke ruguza al’adun Hausawa. Wadannan hanyoyi su ne: i. Sun ci karo da koyarwar addinin Musulunci ii. Rashin kyakkyawar wakilci ga al’adun Hausawa iii. Lalata tarbiyyar yara da matasa iv. Cusa baqin al’adu marasa nasaba da Addini da al’ada v. Nakasa ruhin auratayya vi. Samar da barna vii. Dogon buri . Yadda ake gudanar da Wasan Kwaikwayo Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna; Wasan Kwaikwayo wasa ne da ake kwaikwayar wani abu wanda ka iya zama hali, ko wani aiki da wani mutum, jama’a, ko wata al’umma ke yi. Masana da dama sun yi rubutu a wannan fage na wasan kwaikwayo. Yahaya I.Y., Zariya M.S., Gusau S.M., da ‘Yar’aduwa T.M (1992), sun fassara shi da cewa, “Wasan kwaikwayo kamance ne na halaye ko yanayin rayuwa da mutane masu hikima su ke shirya gudanar da shi don jama’a su gani da idonsu, su samu nishaɗi da jin daɗi”. Wato shi wasan kwaikwayo wasa ne da ake shirya shi ta hanyar kwaikwayar yadda wasu jama’a ke yin wani abu, ko dai da nufin shi wasan ya zama hanyar gargaɗar mutane dangane da wani abu da zai cutar da su, ko kuma ya nishaɗantar da su, ko kuma ya ilimantar da su game da wani abu. Misali, idan muka ɗauki littafin wasan marafa na Abubakar Tunau, za mu ga cewa yana karantar da tsafta ne; wanda a ciki aka bayyana muhimmancin tsafta da kuma hatsarin rashin tsafta. Rabe Raben Wasan Kwaikwayo A dunƙule, wasan kwaikwayo ya rabu gida biyu: Na gargajiya: Shi ne wasan kwaikwayon da aka gada tun kaka-da-kakanni. Ana gudanar da wasannin kwaikwayon gargajiya ta hanyoyi da yawa, daga ciki akwai kiɗan ‘yan’kama, wasan bori, wasannin tashe kamar wasan Mairama da Daudu, da sauransu. Na zamani: Wasan kwaikwayo na zamani shi ne wanda aka same shi bayan zuwan turawa. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ta hanyar radiyo, talabijin, da kuma yinsa a aikace a gaban jama’a a fili ko a kan dandamali (stage). Amfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo Wasan kwaikwayo yana da tarin fa’idoji. Daga cikinsu akwai: 1. Raya al’adu. 2. Nishaɗantarwa. 3. Ilimantarwa. 4. Gargaɗi. 5. Wayar da kan jama’a game da wani abu. 6. Fito da wasu abubuwa da ke damun jama’a a fili. Nazarin Wasan Kwaikwayo Manazarcin wasan kwaikwayo zai kula da abubuwa kamar haka: Jigo: Shi ne tushen labarin da aka gina wasan kwaikwayon a kansa. Misali, a littafin Wasan Marafa wanda Abubakar Tunau ya rubuta, jigon wasan shi ne Ilimantarwa. A wannan gaɓa ta jigo, Farfesa Ɗangambo (1984), ya jero wasu jiguna a littafinsa kamar haka: Gyaran hali, gargaɗi da nishaɗi. Misali, Uwar Gulma na Muhd. Sada, da kuma Matar Mutum Kabarinsa na Bashari Faruƙ. Wayar da kai. Misali, Wasan Marafa na Abubakar Tunau. Nishaɗi da Ban-dariya. misali, Tabarmar Kunya na Ɗangoggo da Dauda Kano. Raya al’adu, tarihi da halayyar lokaci. Misali, Shaihu Umar na Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa/Umar Ladan, ds. Sai kuma Wasannin Yara na Umaru Dembo. Bayyana matalolin al’umma. Misali, Auren tilas, almubazzaranci, cin hanci, mugunta, son kai, da sauransu. Kenan a taƙaice muna iya cewa jigon wasan kwaikwayo shi ne manufar wasan, wanda kuma shi ke fito da saƙon da wasan ke son isarwa a fili. Ta hanyar jigo ne ake iya gane saƙon da ke ƙunshe cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Warwarar Jigo: Warwar jigo na nufin yadda za a bi a warware saƙon da ke cikin wasan a fili kowa ya fahimce shi. Ko kuma ana iya cewa warwarar jigo ita ce bayani daki-daki da ake yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don saƙon ya fito fili, masu kallo su fahimce shi. In aka ce saƙo a nan ana nufin jigo. Misali, a littafin wasan Marafa, jigon wasan mun ce shi ne ilimantarwa. Saƙon da ake son isarwa kuma shi ne a cirewa Marafa duhun jahilcin da yake da shi game da asibiti. Saboda haka duk da jahilcin da Marafa yake da shi a nan, sai da marubucin ya yi ƙoƙari ya cire masa jahilcin asibiti, sannan ya ɗauke shi ya kai shi asibiti, aka kuma ɗura masa ilimin da ake da buƙata ya samu dangane da tsafta. Idan aka lura za a ga an warware jigon, kuma saƙon ya isa. Zubi da Tsari/Salo: Zubi da tsari ko salo a nan, yana nufin irin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, al’adu da kuma yadda aka shimfiɗa tsarin fitowa-fitowa ko gida-gida a cikin wasan. Idan muka nazarci Wasan Marafa, za mu taras cewa, marubucin littafin ya yi amfani da harshe mai sauƙi wajen rubuta wasan; abin nufi, ya yi amfani da kalmomin da masu karatu za su samu sauƙin karantawa tare kuma da ganewa. Haka nan ma ta fuskacin al’ada, ya yi amfani da asalin yadda al’adun Bahaushe suke kafin yaɗuwar ilimi; wato asalin yanayin zaman Bahaushe. Haka nan jejjera fitowa-fitowa ta wasan, an jejjera su yadda suka da ce. Idan aka lura za a ga cewa wasan ya fara ne daga gida, sai gona, sai kuma tafiya cikin gari inda ya haɗu da boka, haɗuwarsa da yara a cikin gari, zuwan ɗandoka, sai kuma makaranta, sai asibiti inda aka yi wa Marafa Magani, daga ƙarshe kuma wasan ya sake komawa gidan Marafa. Idan aka lura dukkan waɗannan gurare da suka fito a wannan wasa sun jone da junansu. Fita daga gida ita ta kai shi gamuwa da boka, da kuma gamuwa da yara wacce ta haifar da faɗan da ya sabauta zuwan ɗandoka. Zuwan ɗandoka kuma shi ne silar zuwan Marafa Makaranta, zuwan Marafa makaranta kuma shi ne silar saduwa da malamin asibiti, saduwa da malamin asibiti kuma ita ce silar ilimantar da Marafa da iyalansa game da muhimmanci tsafta da kuma illar zama da ƙazanta. Za mu ga salon wasan ya tsaru tsaf, ba bauɗiya. Tauraro: Tauraron wasan kwaikwayo shi ne wanda ya fi yawan fitowa a cikin wasan sannan kuma ya bayyanar da haƙiƙanin saƙon da ke cikin wasan. Misali, a cikin Wasan Marafa idan aka lura za a ga cewa Marafa shi ne tauraron wasan. Ya zama tauraron wasan ne saboda yawan fitowarsa a cikin wasan da kuma cewa shi ne ya karɓi saƙon. Ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gudana da shi aka fahimci jigon wasan. Saboda shi aka ilimantar a cikin wasan. Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakamakon%20sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Hong%20Kong

Sakamakon sauyin yanayi a Hong Kong

Sakamakon sauyin yanayi ya fi shafan yanayin muhallin Hong Kong. Yanayin Hong Kong yanayi ne na yanayi saboda canjin yanayin iska tsakanin lokacin sanyi da bazara. Hong Kong tana da kwanciyar hankali a yanayin ƙasa tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Flora da fauna a Hong Kong suna canzawa ta canjin yanayi, canjin yanayin teku, da tasirin ɗan adam. Yanayi Yanayin Hong Kong yana da yanayi mai zafi amma rabin shekara yana da zafi. Yankin yana Kudu da wurare masu zafi na Cancer wanda yayi daidai da Hawaii a latitude. To Sai dai A lokacin sanyi, iska mai ƙarfi da sanyi takan tashi daga Arewa zuwa Hong Kong; a lokacin rani, iska tana jujjuya alkibla kuma tana kawo iska mai dumi da ɗanɗano daga Kudu. Wannan yanayin zai tallafa wa gandun daji na wurare masu zafi . Abubuwan wadata a Hong Kong Ana ɗaukar Hong Kong mai wadatar nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Yawan nau'in tsuntsayen da ke Hong Kong ya kai kashi uku bisa uku na na kasar Sin yayin da adadin nau'in malam buɗe ido shi ma ya kasance kashi shida (6) na jimillar nau'in malam buɗe ido a kasar Sin bisa ga binciken da aka yi. Tsarin muhalli a Hong Kong Mangroves Mangroves mazauninsu ne na rufin laka mai ruɗe tare da rage tasirin igiyoyin ruwa, kusa da tushen ruwa mai daɗi. Sannan Kuma Shahararrun wuraren zama na mangrove a Hong Kong suna kusa da Deep Bay, irin su Pak Nai da Tsim Bei Tsui, inda gishiri ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwan da aka yi daga kogin Pearl, da kuma tare da wasu fakitin laka inda aka saukar da salinity ta kogunan da ke kewaye. irin su Fathoms Cove da Ting Kok . Bishiyoyin da ke zaune a wannan wurin ana kiran bishiyar mangrove. Waɗannan su ne wuraren wuraren mangroves a Hong Kong: Deep Bay Tolo Harbor Hoi Ha Wan Long Harbor Hebe Haven Tai O Tung Chung Tai Tam Harbor Pui O Kei Ling Ha Gashi mai duwatsu Nisan tekun Hong Kong yana da kusan mita 2.5 kuma rarraba nau'in nau'in da ke cikin wannan yanki dole ne ya kasance mai jurewa ga yanayin biyu cewa gabar tekun suna rufe da ruwan teku a lokacin da ake yawan ruwa da kuma bakin tekun suna fuskantar iska kai tsaye a lokacin ƙananan igiyar ruwa, domin awanni ko kwanaki. Wasu daga cikin Nau'o'in da suka dace da waɗannan yanayi daban-daban an kwatanta su da ƙwararru don samun nasarar yin amfani da ƴan ƴan ƴan wurare a tsaye a bakin gaɓar dutse . Nau'in da ke zaune a gaɓar dutsen Hong Kong sun bambanta daidai da faɗuwar tasirin igiyar ruwa daga teku. Kwayoyin ciyar da matattara na sessile suna zaune a bakin tekun da aka fallasa. Suna iya haɗawa a saman dutsen kuma suna cire barbashin abinci a cikin ruwa mai ruɗani yayin da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da namun daji ke zaune a cikin gaɓar matsuguni. Kuma Ire-iren halittun su ma sun sha bamban da na yanayi, musamman a Hong Kong inda magudanar ruwa ke canjawa da yanayi: kadan ne ake samun tsayayyen foliose macro-algae a lokacin rani saboda suna iya fama da zafi mai zafi; Yawancin foliose algae ana samun su a bakin teku a lokacin hunturu. Waɗannan su ne wuraren rairayin bakin teku masu a Hong Kong: Luk Ken Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve Rafukan ruwa Akwai nau'ikan wuraren zama na ruwa guda biyu: ruwan lenti, kamar tafkuna, tafkuna, ramuka, da ruwan magarya, kamar koguna, koguna. Sannan Rafuffuka misali ne na wurin zama na Hong Kong. Akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku don bambance wuraren zama a Hong Kong: bambancin halin yanzu, adadin detritus da madaidaicin abun ciki na oxygen. Wadannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawa don sa dabbobi su daidaita ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kuma Dole ne su haɗa kansu zuwa saman, zama masu ciyarwa na detritus galibi kuma suna da hanyar samun matsakaicin iskar oxygen. Ga jerin koguna a Hong Kong: Wa Mei Shan Lam Tsuen River Shing Mun River Yashi bakin teku Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sune wurin bakin tekun yashi a Hong Kong: Starfish Bay Matsaloli Gurbacewa Gabaɗaya A cikin Shekarata 1989, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta fahimci cewa Hong Kong na cikin haɗarin zama babban birni mai yawan jama'a. Sakamakon bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da sassan kasuwanci, ruwa, sharar gida da gurbacewar iska na haifar da illa ga ma'aunin muhalli a Hong Kong. Masana'antu, gonaki da gidajen cin abinci a cikin Sabon Territories suna zubar da najasa mai yawa har ma da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin rafuka da teku. Yana sa kogunan Sabbin Yankuna su kasance 'ba su fi buɗaɗɗen magudanun ruwa' ba. Wannan mummunan barna ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma halittun da ke cikin teku su ne wadanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye. Dolphin ruwan hoda na daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. A karkashin barazana daga gurbataccen sinadarai, karuwar zirga-zirgar teku da kuma lalata galibin bakin tekun don farfado da kasa, adadin dolphins masu ruwan hoda ya ragu matuka yayin da birnin ke ci gaba da bunkasa. Wurin ajiyar yanayi da tsuntsaye a Mai Po Marsh su ne sauran wadanda abin ya shafa. Ana barazanar ambaliyar ruwan alade da kuma karuwar gurbatar yanayi daga Shenzhen . To Amma duk da haka bisa ga Asusun World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong adadin masu baƙar fata cokali na hunturu a Mai Po ya karu daga kusan 35 a ƙarshen shekarar 1980 zuwa 152 bayan shekaru 10. Kimanin 400 ana hange bayan shekarata 2000 . Ƙididdiga kan yawan waɗannan tsuntsayen da suka rage a cikin daji ya bambanta daga 2,000 zuwa 1,000. An lalata gonakin kawa ta hanyar gurɓata yanayi da gasa daga noman kawa mai rahusa a kan iyakar China. Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska wata babbar matsala ce. Kamfanonin hayaki da ke kashe hayaki, gine-ginen da ba a daina aiki da kuma manyan motocin dizal sun yi wa matakan haɗari na ƙwayoyin cuta da nitrogen dioxide . Sannan Kuma Ba kawai flora da fauna abin ya shafa ba har ma da mutane. Al’amura na asma da cututtuka na burowa sun karu a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, kuma likitoci sun dora laifin a kan rashin ingancin iska. Gurbacewar yanayi A cewar wani binciken Jami'ar Baptist, matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun ya karu da digiri 0.02 (Celsius) a kowace shekara tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 2003, saboda "kumburi na kankara" wanda ke kama zafi da rana kuma ya sake shi da dare. Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya faɗi da digiri 0.014 kowace shekara, saboda gurɓataccen iska yana toshe hasken rana. Sakamakon karuwar lokacin sanyi yanayin yanayi ya sa iyalai su yi amfani da na'urar sanyaya iska a cikin gida, wanda ke daɗa haɗa matsalar. Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi a cikin birane na iya zama wasu 5 °C sama da wuraren da ba a gina su ba. Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hong Kong ta umurci NASA da ta dauki hoto mai tsananin zafi na birnin Hong Kong ta tauraron dan adam da karfe 22:40 ranar 4 ga Agusta, Na shekarata 2007, wanda ya nuna akalla bambancin digiri 4 tsakanin wurare mafi sanyi da " tsibirin zafi na birni ". Bambance-bambancen suna da alaƙa ga mafi girman ɗaukar kayan da mutum ya yi, da yawan gini wanda ke hana kwararar iska. Tsibirin zafi na birni ya faɗaɗa zuwa Hung Hom tun watan Janairu, lokacin da aka ɗauki hoton farko. "Tasirin bango" An sami karuwar damuwa tun shekarar 2006 game da "tasirin bango" da ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗabi'a waɗanda ke yin illa ga yanayin iska. Saboda yawan jama'ar Hong Kong da kuma tattalin arzikin da ya kai girman ci gaban jama'a, akwai ra'ayi na sabbin gine-ginen hasumiya masu zaman kansu tare da hasumiyai 10 zuwa sama da 100, masu tsayi daga cikin 30 zuwa 70 masu tsayi. Masu haɓaka gine-ginen gidaje suna da ƙwarin gwiwar kuɗi don haɓaka ra'ayi, tare da kashe kwararar iska kyauta. Yawancin gidaje masu kama da bango da ke gefen ruwa galibi ana yin su. Ƙananan ƙwararrun masu haɓakawa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jari za su yi abubuwan cigaba a cikin cikawa. Waɗannan za su kasance ƙarami a cikin sikelin, kuma ƙasa da ƙasa ga tasirin bango. Kungiyar kare muhalli ta Green Sense ta bayyana damuwa cewa binciken da suka yi kan gidaje 155 ya gano 104 suna da tsarin 'kamar bango'. Ya buga kadarori a cikin Tai Kok Tsui da Tseung Kwan O a matsayin "mafi kyawun misalai". A watan Mayun shekarata 2007, da yake ambaton abubuwan da ke faruwa a yammacin Kowloon, da kuma kusa da Tai Wai da Yuen Dogon tashoshin jiragen kasa, wasu 'yan majalisar sun yi kira da a kafa dokar hana masu gine-gine gina dogayen gine-gine da ke yin illa ga zirga-zirgar iska a wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, amma yunkurin ya ci tura. A shekara ta 2007, mazauna birnin Tai Kok Tsui, sun kara fahimtar matsalar, sun yi ta fafutukar ganin an ci gaba da yaduwa irin wadannan manyan tudu a yankinsu wanda ke yin barazana ga titin jirgin sama na karshe. Barazana ga flora da fauna Lalacewar muhalli Shigar da bel ɗin kore Tasirin Levy na Gine-gine Farautar nau'ikan ba bisa ka'ida ba ta kasar Sin Tare da karuwar wadatar Sinanci, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama masu jin daɗin wasu ciyayi da namun daji, kamar Podocarpus macrophyllus (羅漢松; Cantonese: lo hon chung) da Cuora trifasciata (金錢龜; Cantonese: kam chin kwai). Wasu nau'ikan kayan alatu suna ƙara zama da wuya a Kudancin China saboda karuwar farauta, kuma mafarauta suna komawa Hong Kong. Gabatarwar nau'ikan da ba na asali ba Yawancin nau'ikan da aka gabatar ba su cutar da yanayin Hong Kong ba. Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan suna mamayewa kuma suna haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli da/ko tattalin arzikin Hong Kong. Alal misali, pinewood nematode daga Arewacin ƙasar Amirka da pine-allura sikelin kwari daga Taiwan, wanda tare kusan kawar da Pinus massoniana na asali a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. Gallery Duba wasu abubuwan Geography na Hong Kong Kiyayewa a Hong Kong Muhalli na kasar Sin Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Jerin nau'ikan kariya a Hong Kong An fara gano nau'ikan a Hong Kong Jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa na Hong Kong Jerin tsuntsayen Hong Kong Jerin masu amphibians na Hong Kong Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society Hong Kong Bird Watching Society Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) a Hong Kong Sashen Kare Muhalli HKNature.net HKWildlife.net forum HK-Ecosite Waterfalls a Hong Kong Hong Kong - yadda ake numfashi cikin sauki Share Air Hong Kong Hong Kong Bird-Watching Society Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21538

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakar%20Najeriya%20da%20Indiya

Alakar Najeriya da Indiya

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jamhuriyar Indiya da Tarayyar Najeriya ta fadada sosai a 'yan shekarun nan tare da kasashen biyu na kulla alakar kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Indiya ta zama ta biyar mafi girman tattalin arzikin duniya a cikin shekara ta 2019 wacce ta wuce Ingila da Faransa. Indiya na da Babban Kwamiti a Abuja da kuma karamin ofishin jakadancin a Legas. Babban kwamishinan Indiya a Najeriya shine Mista Abhay Thakur. Nijeriya tana da Babban Kwamiti a New Delhi kuma Babban Kwamishinan Nijeriya a Indiya a yanzu shi ne Manjo Janar Chris Sunday Eze. Indiya ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce shigo da danyen mai daga Najeriya a shekarar (2012 - 2013) amma tare da habaka tattalin arzikin Indiya da ke matsayi na biyar bayan China, Amurka, Japan da Jamus wanda ya haifar da karin bukatar danyen mai. Indiya a yanzu ta shigo da man kusa da gida daga Saudi Arabiya, Iraki, Iran da UAE inda kason Najeriya ya kasance kaso 7.4% na shigo da mai a shekara ta 2019. Tun shekara ta 2018 Indiya ta sayi mai Basra mai rahusa daga Iraki da danyen mai da aka sayo daga Afirka ta Yamma ciki har da daga Najeriya ta kasance ta biyar a cikin shigar da danyen mai na Indiya. Bayan Fage Alakar Indiya da Afirka ta faro ne daga 30BCE lokacin da ake ciniki tsakanin Misira a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Rome na Augustus da Indiya. Har zuwa jiragen ruwan Roman guda 120 zasu tashi kowace shekara daga Myos Hormos (Al-Qusayr) a cikin Roman Misira zuwa Indiya. A daidai wannan lokacin din din Indiya ya yawaita zuwa gabar tekun Afirka ta Gabas suna siyar da kayan hannu na Indiya, kayan yaji da kayayyaki. Daga baya Burtaniya ta kawo Indiyawa zuwa Gabashin Afirka don gina titunan jirgin kasa na Gabashin Afirka. Indiya ta sami 'yencin kanta a shekara ta 1947. Najeriya ta bi ta kuma sami 'yencin kai a shekarar 1960. Indiya ta goyi bayan samun independenceancin kasashen Afirka daga mulkin mallaka kuma ta kafa ofishinta na diflomasiyya a 1958 - shekaru biyu kafin Nijeriya ta sami 'yanci daga mulkin mallakar Burtaniya a hukumance. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya gwamnatin Indiya ta shiga cikin taimakawa kafa sojoji da wasu ayyuka da dama a Najeriya. Indiya ta taimaka wa Nijeriya kan gina cibiyoyin soja kamar Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya (NDA) a Kaduna da Kwalejin Naval a Fatakwal da wasu wuraren horar da sojoji a Najeriya. Ara wa da yawa daga sojojin Najeriya sun halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC) a Wellington, Tamil Nadu, Indiya. Shugaban Najeriya na yanzu Muhammudu Buhari ya halarci Kwalejin Tsaro na Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC) a Wellington a cikin 1970s Sauran Shugabannin Nijeriya da suka halarci kwalejin guda ɗaya su ne Shugabannin Olusegun Obasanjo (1965) da Ibrahim Babangida (1964). Wasu manyan hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya kaɗan ne suka halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro ta Indiya. Hakanan kan Najeriya samun 'yancin kai manyan kasuwancin Indiya sun kafa shagonsu a Najeriya. Duk kasashen biyu suna da albarkatun kasa iri daban daban da na tattalin arziki kuma sune mafi karfin tattalin arziki a yankunansu. Dukansu mambobi ne na Tarayyar Kasashe . A halin yanzu layin bayar da lamuni na Indiya ga Afirka ya kusan dala biliyan 9, inda ayyukan yanzu ke ɗaukar dala biliyan 7.4. Fiye da daliban Afirka 25,000 ciki har da Najeriyar suka ba da tallafin karatun Indiya, ban da Indiya sun aika da tallafi na dala miliyan 10 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yaki da cutar Ebola da kuma wani dala miliyan biyu na hadin gwiwa zuwa Guinea don magance cutar. Bunkasar dangantakar ƙasashen biyu Firaminista na farko na Indiya Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1962 don ganawa da Firayim Ministan Najeriya na farko Tafawa Balewa. Shugabannin Najeriya biyu sun kasance Manyan Baƙi a Ranar Jamhuriya ta Indiya watau a shekara ta 1983 ta Shugaba Shehu Shagari sannan a shekara ta 2000 a bikin ranar Jamhuriya ta 50 da Shugaban Indiya Olusegun ya yi. Shugabannin Najeriya sun ziyarci Indiya tare da Shugaba Obasanjo a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Goodluck Jonathan a watan Nuwamba na 2007 sannan kuma a taron kolin Indiya da Afirka na farko da aka gudanar a New Delhi a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2008. Yayin ziyarar da Firayim Minista Dr. Manmohan Singh ya kawo Najeriya a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2007, Indiya da Najeriya sun amince da sanarwar Abuja don dabarun kawancen. Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya kasance a New Delhi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015 don shiga taron koli na Indiya da Afirka na uku (IAFS-III) wanda aka gudanar a New Delhi kuma ya samu halartar kasashen Afirka 50. Ganawar Firayim Minista Narendra Modi da Shugaba Buhari ya baiwa kasashen biyu damar yin nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin su. Firayim Minista Narendra Modi ya sanar da dala miliyan 600 (£ 393m) a matsayin tallafi don ayyukan ci gaba a Afirka a taron taron Indiya da Afirka a Delhi. Firayim Minista Modi ya ba da sanarwar rancen dala biliyan 10 ga Afirka wanda ya hada da Nijeriya da 50000 na tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Afirka a Taron Foruman Indiya da Afirka a shekara ta 2015. Mataimakin shugaban kasar Indiya Hamid Ansari ya kawo ziyara Najeriya daga 26 zuwa 29 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2016 kuma ya gana da shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari da mataimakinsa Prof. Yemi Osinbajo wanda ya baiwa bangarorin biyu wata dama ta zurfafa hadin gwiwar da ke tsakanin su da kawance. A shekara ta 2019 Sanata Hadi Abubakar Sirika, karamin Ministan (Jirgin Sama) na Nijeriya ya ziyarci Indiya daga 14 zuwa 15 ga Janairun 2019 don halartar Taron Jirgin Sama na Duniya, wanda aka gudanar a Mumbai, Indiya a ranar 15 ga Janairun shekara ta 2019. A gefen layin taron, Sanata Hadi Abubakar Sirika ya gana da Mista Suresh Prabhu, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu da Jirgin Sama na Indiya. A cewar Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Najeriya a wani bangare na shirin yaki da COVID-19 Indiya ta ba da gudummawar muhimman magunguna na dala miliyan 50 a watan Yulin shekara ta 2020 ga Najeriya da sauran kasashen Afirka. Tananan bakwai na jigilar kayayyaki na Indiya (zane-zanen 586) don Najeriya sun samu karbuwa daga Ministan Kiwan Lafiya na Nijeriya, Dokta Osagie Ehanire. Kasuwanci Indiya- Kasuwancin Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 2018-19 ya kai dala biliyan 13.89. Kamfanonin Indiya sune na biyu mafi girman ma'aikata a Najeriya bayan Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. Fiye da kamfanonin Indiya guda 135 ke aiki a Nijeriya. Kamfanin Indiya a Najeriya suna cikin fannoni daban-daban misali magunguna, kayayyakin injiniya, injunan lantarki da kayan aiki, robobi, sunadarai, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sun hada da Bharti Airtel, Tata, Bajaj Auto, Birla Group, Kirloskar, Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Skipper, Godrej, Simba Group, NIIT, Aptech, New India Assurance, Bhushan Karfe, KEC, Dabur, da dai sauransu. Zuba jarin Indiya a Najeriya ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 kuma ya tashi a cewar Babban Kwamitin Indiya a Abuja, Najeriya. Kayayyakin da Indiya ta fitar zuwa Najeriya a tsakanin shekarun 2018-19 sun kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3 kuma shigo da Indiya daga Najeriya a daidai wannan lokacin daga shekara ta 2018 zuwa 19 ya kai dala biliyan 10.88. Najeriya ta zama ta biyar a jerin masu samar da danyen mai kuma na biyu a jerin masu samar da LNG a shekara ta 2018. Kayayyakin da Indiya ke fitarwa zuwa Najeriya sun hada da magunguna, motoci, motoci, karafa da karafa, shinkafa, robobi, tufafi da yadudduka, kayan aikin injiniya, da bangarorin bangaren wutar lantarki kamar su masu canza wuta, insulators da circuit breaker da sauransu. Cinikin mai Najeriya ita ce kasar da ta fi kowace kasar Afirka samar da danyen mai zuwa Indiya a shekarar 2012–2013. Indiya a yanzu tana shigo da danyen mai kusa da gida daga Saudiyya, Iraki, Iran da Hadaddiyar da kason Najeriya ya kai kashi 7.4% a shekara ta 2019. Tun shekara ta 2018 Indiya ta sayi mai Basra mai rahusa daga Iraki da danyen mai da aka sayo daga Afirka ta Yamma ciki har da daga Najeriya ta kasance ta biyar a cikin shigar da danyen mai na Indiya. kowace shekara. Alakar al'adu Sama da ‘yan Nijeriya guda 55,000 ke zaune a Indiya, yayin da kimanin Indiyawa 35,000 ke zaune a Nijeriya. Indiya na da yawan mutane biliyan 1.3 yayin da Najeriya miliyan 190. Akwai yawan tuntuɓar juna da ziyarar tsakanin shugabannin ƙasashen biyu a matakin mafi girma. Studentsaliban Najeriya sun fara zuwa Indiya don neman ilimi mafi girma a shekara ta 1955 wanda daga baya kuma majalisar Indiya don shirye-shiryen al'adu suka ba da tallafin karatu wanda ya ba ɗalibai ɗalibai ɗari ɗari don yin karatu a Indiya daga 1960 zuwa gaba Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da tashar 'Nazari a Indiya' a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 don ƙarfafa ɗalibi mai cancanta da haƙiƙa yin karatu a Indiya. A tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1980 akwai malaman Indiya, likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da makamantansu ma'aikata da ke aiki a Najeriya. An gudanar da bikin al'adun Indiyawan 'Namaste Nigeria' a Abuja a ranar 5 ga Mayun shekara ta 2018 wanda Gimbiya 'yar Najeriya Ginika Nwafor-Orizu, Cif mai kula da al'adun gargajiya da Otunba Olusegun Runsewe, Darakta Janar na Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya su ne Manyan baki. Cungiyar Al’adun Indiya (ICA) tana gudanar da ayyuka a biranen Lagos, Abuja, Kaduna, Kano da Ibadan. Akwai Makarantar Yaren Indiya a Legas, don koyon yaren Indiya. Akwai 'yan Nijeriya sama da guda 55000 da ke zaune da aiki a Indiya. 'Yan Najeriya suna zaune a birane kamar New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Goa, Hyderabad da Jaipur. Babu 'yan sandan Indiya ko kuma Babban Kwamitin Najeriya a New Delhi da ke da adadin yawan' yan Najeriyar da ke zaune a Indiya a yau ko kuma kan ayyukan da 'yan Nijeriya ke yi a Indiya. 'Yan Nijeriya kalilan ne suka auri mazauna ƙasar kuma suka zauna a Indiya. Shige da fice ta haramtacciyar hanya zuwa Indiya da ayyukan aikata laifi manyan batutuwa ne. Manazarta Najeriya Indiya Kasashen waje Kasashe Alakar Najeriya da Indiya Pages with unreviewed translations

51422

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstRand

FirstRand

FirstRand Limited, wanda kuma ake kira FirstRand Group shine kamfanin riƙe Bankin FirstRand, kuma mai ba da sabis na kuɗi ne a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daya daga cikin masu ba da sabis na kuɗi da Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na ƙasa ya ba da lasisi. Bayani na gaba ɗaya An lissafa shi a kan JSE da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namibian, FirstRand Limited yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana ba da banki, inshora da samfuran saka hannun jari da sabis ga masu siyarwa, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da abokan ciniki na jama'a. Baya ga Afirka ta Kudu, kungiyar tana aiki a manyan kasashe takwas na Afirka, wato, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana da Najeriya. Bankin FirstRand yana da rassa a London, Guernsey da Indiya. FirstRand yana aiwatar da dabarun ta ta hanyar fayil na manyan kamfanonin sabis na kuɗi; Rand Merchant Bank (RMB), bankin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari; First National Bank (FNB), bankin tallace-tallace da kasuwanci; WesBank, mai ba da kuɗi; da Ashburton Investments, kasuwancin kula da kadarorin kungiyar. Kungiyar tana da hedikwatar ta a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. FirstRand na ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunin banki guda biyar a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu. Tarihi Tarihin kungiyar FirstRand ya koma shekarun 1970s a matsayin bankin saka hannun jari. Kungiyar kamar yadda aka kafa a halin yanzu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1998, ta hanyar haɗuwa da ayyukan kuɗi na Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited (yanzu Anglo American plc) da RMB Holdings (RMBH) don cimma burin haɗin gwiwar sabis na kuɗi. Wadannan ayyukan kudi sun kasance Bankin Kasa na Farko, Momentum Life Assurers Limited ("Momentum" yanzu wani ɓangare na MMI Holdings) da Southern Life Association Limited ("Southern Life") dukansu an jera su a kan JSE. An kafa FNB da Southern Life a matsayin cikakkun rassa na Momentum wanda shine abin hawa don shafar haɗuwa. Momentum ya canza sunansa zuwa FirstRand Limited kuma an jera shi a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1998 tare da Anglo American da RMB Holdings da ke riƙe da 20.43% da 25.03% na babban birnin da aka ba da izini na FirstRand bi da bi. Anglo American tun daga lokacin ya zubar da dukkan hannun jarinsa. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun ga haɗuwa da Bankin Rand Merchant da FNB don samar da Bankin FirstRand Limited, tare da raka'a biyu da suka rage don kasuwanci a matsayin bangarori na Bankin FirstLand Limited da kuma canja wurin kasuwancin inshora na Momentum zuwa na Southern Life, don samar da FirstRand Insurance Limited. FirstRand an jera shi a matsayin "banki mai sarrafawa" ta Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na kasa. Kungiyar tana da rassa a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kasashen Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Lesotho, Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia, Najeriya da Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba da lasisin banki na farko a cikin sama da shekaru goma ga RMB Najeriya da wani kamfani na gida. Kamfanoni membobin Kungiyar FirstRand tana riƙe da saka hannun jari ta hanyar manyan rassa biyar. Wadannan rassa da rassa don haka mambobi ne na FirstRand Group sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba: FirstRand Bank Limited - Afirka ta Kudu - yana ba da cikakken kewayon dillalai, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da ayyukan banki na saka hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana ba da samfuran ƙima a wasu kasuwannin duniya. : FirstRand Bank yana da manyan sassa guda uku waɗanda aka yi musu alama daban, watau: Bankin Kasa na Farko - FNB shine sashin dillali da bankin kasuwanci na FirstRand Bank. Rand Merchant Bank - RMB shine sashin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari na Bankin FirstRand. WesBank - Shine sashin kuɗin kuɗi na FirstRand Bank. WesBank shi ne babban mai ba da lamuni na motoci a Afirka ta Kudu. Baya ga sassan uku, FirstRand Bank yana da rassa a London, Indiya da Guernsey, da ofisoshin wakilai a Kenya, Angola, Dubai da Shanghai. FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FREMA) - 100% Shareholding - Afirka ta Kudu - Kamfanin riko da kamfanonin sabis na kudi na FirstRand Group a sauran Afirka da sauran kasuwanni masu tasowa. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FREMA sun haɗa da: FirstRand International (Mauritius) - Raba hannun jari 100% - Mauritius - Kamfani mai riƙe da hannun jari na Afirka. First National Bank Botswana Limited - 69% Raba hannun jari - Botswana - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan musayar hannun jarin Botswana . First National Bank of Ghana Limited - 100% Shareholding - Ghana - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da tallace-tallace da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Lesotho Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Lesotho - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Mozambique Limited - 90% Raba hannun jari - Mozambique - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Namibia Limited - 58% Shareholding - Namibia - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan Namibia Stock Exchange . OUTsurance Namibia - 51% Shareholding - Namibia - Kamfanin inshora a Namibia. An gudanar da shi ta hannun bankin First National Bank Namibiya yana bawa ƙungiyar gabaɗayan iko da kashi 30%. OUTsurance Holdings yana riƙe da 49% na kamfani. First National Bank Swaziland Limited - 100% Shareholding - Swaziland - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Tanzaniya Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Tanzaniya - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Zambia Limited - 100% Shareholding - Zambia - Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria - 100% - Shareholding - Nigeria - Bankin kamfanoni da zuba jari a Najeriya. FirstRand International Limited (Guernsey) - 100% Raba hannun jari - kamfani mai riƙe don kasuwancin banki na Burtaniya: Aldermore Bank Plc - 100% Raba hannun jari - Bankin ƙwararrun Burtaniya FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FRIHL) - 100% Shareholding - Afirka ta Kudu - Kamfanin mallakar FirstRand Group na sauran ayyukan da ba na banki ba. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FRIHL sun haɗa da: Direct Axis SA (Pty) Ltd - 100% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu - ƙwararrun sabis na kuɗi RMB Private Equity Holdings (Pty) Ltd - Kashi 96% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu RMB Private Equity (Pty) Ltd - Kashi 93% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu RMB Securities (Pty) Ltd - Raba hannun jari 100% - Afirka ta Kudu RMB Morgan Stanley (Pty) Ltd - 50% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu - Haɗin gwiwa tare da Morgan Stanley . RMB Australia Holdings Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Ostiraliya - Bankin saka hannun jari a Ostiraliya. FirstRand Investment Management Holdings Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu - Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da ayyukan sarrafa kadarorin ƙungiyar. Ashburton Fund Managers (Pty) Limited - Raba hannun jari 100% - Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investor Services (Pty) Limited - Raba hannun jari 100% - Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Ashburton (Pty) Limited - Raba hannun jari 100% - Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investments International Holdings Limited - 100% hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na RMB CIS (Pty) Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Insurance Holdings (Pty) Ltd - 100% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu - Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da kasuwancin inshora na FirstRand. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hannun FirstRand Insurance Holdings sun haɗa da: Tabbacin Rayuwa na FirstRand - Raba 100% - Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Short-Term Insurance Limited - 100% Raba hannun jari - Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Sabis na Assurance na FirstRand (FRISCOL) - Raba hannun jari 100% - Afirka ta Kudu Mallaka An jera FirstRand a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg da Kasuwancin Namibian. Manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da: 1→ RMB Holdings manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da Daraktoci da gudanarwa na RMBH tare da 10.4%, Remgro tare da 28.2% hannun jari a RMBH da Royal Bafokeng Holdings tare da 15% hannun jari a cikin RMBH. 2→ Dangane da hannun jari kai tsaye da kai tsaye a cikin FirstRand, tasirin Remgro na kungiyar shine 13.36% Kyaututtuka Mafi kyawun Mai Yin Bankin, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2016 ta Global Brands Magazine Award. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Haɗin waje Bankuna Bankuna a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

33110

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Krobo

Mutanen Krobo

Mutanen Krobo kabila ce a Ghana. An tattara su a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kabilanci ta Ga-Adangbe kuma su ne rukuni mafi girma na kabilun Dangme bakwai na Kudu maso Gabashin Ghana. Krobo mutane ne manoma da suka mamaye Accra Plains, Akuapem Mountains da Afram Basin. Tarihi Krobos (lafazi : krorbors) wasu ƴan zaɓaɓɓun mutane ne daga yankin Gabashin Ghana. An raba su zuwa Manya da Yilo. Ainihin kwanan watan da Krobos suka raba kansu zuwa Yilo da Manya ya kasance asiri. A shekarun baya Manya Krobo da gwamnatin Ghana ta kira Eastern Krobo, yayin da Yilo Krobo ake kira Western Krobo. Daga wannan ranar zuwa yau, an gudanar da Krobo a matsayin jihohi biyu daban-daban, wanda aka sanya wa suna a yau a matsayin Manya da Yilo Krobo. Wuraren gargajiya na Krobo guda biyu an san su da asali da "Nɔwe" wato Mănya, ma'ana "gidan su", da Nyέwe (Yilɔ). Sunan Manya ya fito ne daga kalmar "Maonya", a zahiri ma'ana "kare bakinka". Wannan yana tafiya tare da kalmar "nɔ bi nya me tee" - a zahiri yana nufin "ba ya buƙatar yin magana game da duk abin da ya gani". Yilo kuwa, ya fito ne daga furcin “wa yilɔ”, ma’ana “ba mu ci wannan ba”. Wasu al'adun baka sun nuna cewa, lokacin da Yilo ya dawo daga Krobo Denkyera, sun rasa yawancin al'adun Krobo na asali; a sakamakon haka, an ɗauke su ta hanyar jerin ayyukan al'adu don samun karɓuwa a cikin al'umma. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi daidaitawa don abincin da Krobos ya haramta. Yilo ya ci gaba da tabbatar da karbuwar abinci iri-iri da suka koya yayin da suke tare da Akan. Krobo mazaunin ya fara kiran su da kalmar wulakanci "Wa yilɔ", ma'ana "mun ce muku ba ma cin wannan". Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuni da cewa Krobos da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme sun fito ne daga arewa maso gabashin Afirka, musamman tsohuwar Masar da yankunan da ke kewaye da a yanzu ake kira Gabas ta Tsakiya. Krobos, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙaura daga arewa-maso-gabashin Afirka, sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da jerin hare-hare a Masar daga 600 BC zuwa karni na 14 AD wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daidai a kowane mamaya (2,3,4). An tura kakanninmu zuwa yankin Chadi na kasar Sudan kuma suna daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka koma bakin kogin Nijar da ke yammacin Sudan inda suke cikin dauloli da suka bunkasa da kuma rugujewa, na baya-bayan nan shi ne daular Songhai da ta kafa daular Songhai. ya fadi a karshen karni na 16 (1591)(4,5). Hijira a ƙarshen daular Songhai ta dawo da su yankin tafkin Chadi. Daga nan suka wuce kudu zuwa Nijar sannan suka ratsa yammacin Najeriya zuwa Sameh tsakanin Najeriya ta yanzu da Benin (Dahomeh), inda suka yi tasha a Widah (Ouidah) da Huatsi, inda suka ci gaba da tafiya tare da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme. Yayin da suke wucewa ta wadannan wurare, sun bar baya tare da daukar dabi'un al'adu na yankunan da suka yi zamansu kuma suka wuce. Krobos suna ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin Ewe na Dahomeh da Togo a matsayin abokai don haka suna kiran Ewes "Wa Huέhi", wanda ya lalatar zuwa "Ohuέli", ma'anar adabi na "abokanmu". Dole ne su ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a lokacin da suka tashi daga abokansu na Ewe ya bayyana akwai tashin hankali kuma suka kira wurin tashi Lorlorvor, ma'ana "ƙauna ta ƙare". Sun tsallaka kogin Volta ne kawai suka samu kansu a kewaye da mutanen Guans da Akan ta kowane bangare, don haka suke kiran mutanen Akan Ohieli, ma'ana mutane da yawa. Tsoron wannan sabon rukuni ya sa su haura wani katon dutsen da ke kan fili kusa da kogin Volta, wanda ake kira dutsen Krobo har zuwa yau. Sun isa Ghana ta yau a farkon karni na 17. Krobos sune suka fi yawa a cikin mutanen Ga-Adangme. Suna cikin tsaunukan da ke kusa da gabar teku kuma su ne kabila ta hudu mafi girma a kasar. A cikin karni na 19 sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jihohin Gold Coast a cikin matakai masu tasowa na ci gaban siyasa da al'adu. Bayan tsakiyar karni na 19 sun kasance a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kasance daya daga cikin muhimman kungiyoyi a kasar saboda rawar da suke takawa wajen kasuwanci na samar da amfanin gona da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare da kuma yin kwalliya. Tafiya zuwa Dutsen Krobo Mutanen Dangme sun yi tafiya ne a matsayin rukuni, kuma sai da suka isa Ghana suka rabu zuwa rukuni bakwai na Dangme da aka sani a yau. Wurin da suka rabu an sake masa suna "Lɔlɔvɔ", kalmar Ewe da ke nufin "Ƙauna ta ƙare (ƙarewa)". Har yanzu wurin yana nan kuma ana kiransa da Filin Tagologo. Kungiyoyin Dangme guda bakwai sune: Krobo, Ada, Prampram, Shai, Ningo, Osu-Doku, da Kpone. Mutanen Osudoku sun hau dutsen Osudoku, mutanen Ada sun tafi gabar tekun gabas, mutanen Shai, Prampram da Kpone sun yi tafiya cikin kasa. Mutanen Ningo kuma sun yi tafiya kudu zuwa bakin teku. Bayan rabuwar, mutanen Krobo suka matsa zuwa yamma har sai da suka ga wani dutse mai tsayin ƙafafu 1,108 tare da kwazazzabo (kwari) ya raba shi gida biyu marasa daidaito. Jama'a sun yi imanin cewa wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama, domin hawan dutsen zai yi wuya, ma'ana zai kasance wurin zaman lafiya da kuma tunkude hare-hare daga kabilu da makiya. Manyan mafarauta biyu - Aklo Muase (Aklo Natebi) da Madja - firistoci ne suka aike su don tabbatar da dacewar dutsen don zama. Rahoton da ya dawo ya tabbatar da cewa lallai wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama kuma daga baya dutsen ya zama sananne da sunan "Klo yo" (Tundun Krobo). A hakikanin gaskiya sunan "Krobo" ya fito ne daga asalin Akan kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Kro-obo-so-Foɔ", ma'ana "Garin na dutse / mazaunan dutse". Rayuwa akan Dutsen Krobo Dutsen ya zama cibiyar al'adu da al'ada ga mutanen Krobo. Gari ne na gidajen dutse, labarai da yawa da dakuna da yawa - wasu asusun sun ce akwai wasu gidaje masu dakuna 20-30. Hakika, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da suka ziyarci dutsen sun ce gine-ginen bai zama kamar wani abu da suka taɓa gani a Afirka ba. Krobo sun ɓullo da nasu tsarin shayarwa a kan dutsen don tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'ar su. Lokacin da yawan jama'a ya karu bayan dutsen, mutanen sun fara ba da lokaci mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye. A haƙiƙa, ta hanyar tsarin Krobo Huza na mallakar ƙasa mutanen Krobo sun sami nasarar mallakar filaye masu yawa a cikin yankunan da ke kewaye a cikin abin da Filin yake magana da shi a matsayin "mamaki marar jini". Dutsen Krobo ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar harkokin addini da al'adu har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su. Soja na Krobo Daga karni na 17, tsaunin Krobo ya zama wuri na hare-hare da dama daga kabilu da makiya masu mamaye. Duk da haka al'ummar Krobo a ko da yaushe suna iya yakar abokan gaba kuma ta hanyar shigar da makaman roka da bindiga da turawan Ingila suka yi ne aka samu nasarar fatattakar Krobo. Korar daga Dutsen Krobo Dutsen Krobo shine gidan ruhaniya da na zahiri na mutanen Krobo. Shi ne zama na farko da mutanen Krobo suka yi bayan rabuwa da sauran Ƙungiyoyin Dangme a Lɔlɔvɔ. An zabi dutsen ne saboda shi ne mafi kyawun kariya daga yakin da ake yi a lokacin. A gaskiya Krobos ya ci nasara da yawa yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar birgima duwatsu kawai - wanda zai hana abokan gaba su fito su kashe da yawa daga cikinsu. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, yawancin Krobos za su yi aiki a gonaki a yankunan da ke kewaye da dutsen. Dutsen, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar al'adu, inda dukkanin muhimman al'adu suka faru. 'Yan matan da ke gudanar da ibada ta Dipo za su shafe shekaru daya zuwa uku a kan dutsen suna tafiya ta kwastan Dipo. An haramta wa Djemli (firistoci) barin dutsen dare ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da aka binne kakanninsu a gidajen iyali a kan dutse, dutsen ya zama gidan kakanni ba kawai a ruhaniya ba amma a zahiri. Duk da haka, wannan ya zama matsala ga Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka saboda mutane suna da wuyar sa ido don haka suna da iko daga yankunansu na tsaunuka. Yawancin rahotanni sun dawo cewa keɓe dutsen ya ba da damar yin wasu ƙungiyoyin mayaka da kuma karya dokoki (misali binne gawarku kawai a cikin makabarta) ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na kallon dutsen a matsayin dutsen Fetish kuma lokacin da Gwamna Griffiths ya sami damar cire Krobo daga dutsen ya yi haka tare da Dokar Kwastam na 1892. Gwamnan ya baiwa mutanen kwana uku su bar dutsen. Yawancin mutanen Krobo suna zaune a yankunan da ke kewaye a gindin dutsen, suna aiki a gonakinsu, kuma, kamar yadda ake tsammani, ga waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dutsen da kuma nesa (wasu har ma da 'yan kwanaki). Yana da wuyar tafiya zuwa dutsen, tattara kayan a saukar da su cikin iyakar kwanaki uku. Don haka mutane suna iya ɗaukar abin da za su iya kawai kuma an bar sauran a kan dutsen kuma daga baya aka lalata su. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tura sojoji sun lalata komai, tun daga gidaje da wuraren ibada zuwa tukwane da ma tsofaffin bishiyoyi. Wannan lokaci ne na bakin ciki ga mutanen Krobo, kuma shi ya sa har wala yau, Manya da Yilo Krobos suke shirya aikin hajji a tsaunin a kowace shekara don tunawa da wannan rana. Wannan aikin hajji yakan auku ne a lokacin bukukuwan Ngmayem da Kloyosikplem. Hotuna Manazarta Kabilu a Ghana

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaitaccen%20Tarihin%20Ka%E2%80%99idojin%20Rubutun%20Hausa%20%28II%29

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka’idojin Rubutun Hausa (II)

Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai dai hukumar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka kafa Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa, (Hausa Language Board) wadda hukuma ce da ta yi kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka’idojin rubuta Hausar. Hukumar ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans Bischer ya yi domin daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da suka fi karbuwa. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga ‘yan gida a daidaita rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar Mali a shekarar 1966, karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a rubuta Hausa kamar haka: Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu. Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/. A kuma raba /su/ da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/ ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss. A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria inda aka sake kallon aikin da Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka: A dinga rubuta /ko’ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba /Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba. A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani taro a a jami’ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi kokarin daidaita ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da ‘yan gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk fadin duniyar Hausa. Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a wurin taron, kamar yadda Farfesa M.K.M.Galadanci ya kattaba: Universal nouns are written as one word: /komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba /kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba /koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba. Where the pre-berbal pronoun precedes the tense marker it is written as one word: /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba /yana/ ba /ya na/ ba. Where the tense marker precedes the pre-berbal pronoun it is written separately: /za mu/ ba /zamu/ ba. /za su/ ba /zasu ba. A short possessibe is joined to the preceding nominal: /dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba /rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba /zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba. But the long possessibe is written separately: /wani doki nawa/ ba /wani dokinawa/ ba /wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba /wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba. The pronoun object is written separately: /ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba. /mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba. Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/ ba da sauran su. Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a Niamey, a kasar Nijar a shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: Tabbatar da gajerun wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u. Tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa: ii,ee,aa,oo,uu. Da kuma bakaken Hausa kuda 33. Daga lokacin da aka rushe Hausa Language Board (Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da yawancin ayyukanta ga Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka’idoji da daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa da Fulfulde da Kanuri). Ta kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa cikin Hausa da ta buga a shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana bincike da nazari da bita. Haka batun Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya kasance a cikin tsawon tarihi, sai dai an gudanar da ‘yan kwarya-kwaryan tarurruka nan da can domin jawo hankali kan sake zama na musamman game da yadda za a sake bitar halin da ake ciki game da sababbin da tsofaffin matsaloli da ke jibge a tsawon zamani, sai dai da yake ba tarurrukan a-zo-a-gani ba ne ba a cimma matsaya a hukumance ba. Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan lamari, Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2019 ya shirya taron kasa da kasa domin sake bitar batutuwan da suka shafi daidaitacciyar Hausa da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa don sake samar da matsaya. Taron da ya samu halarcin masana daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, an kuma kawo batutuwa da ake ganin matsaloli ne aka tattauna su. An kuma gabatar da makaloli daban-daban da suka shafi lamurran da ke ci wa fagen tuwo a kwarya. Kamar yadda aka saba game da tarurruka irin wadannan, an sake zama na musamman a shekarar 2021 a NTI, Kaduna, karkashin jagorancin Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna, inda aka zakulo masana da malamai da dalibai daga sassa daban-daban domin yin matsaya bisa ga abubuwan da aka tattauna a taron Kaduna na 2019, game da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa a karni na 21. Taron ya yi armashi, domin Farfesoshi da Daktoci sama da 40 suka yi wa batutuwan da aka zo da su daga taron 2019 turgeza, aka samar da matsaya da za a iya kiran ta da matsayar taron KASU, KADUNA 2021! Inda muke ke nan a halin yanzu, sai dai abin da zan kara a nan shi ne, a wadannan tarurruka biyu na 2019 da 2021 da aka yi a Kaduna, kusan dukkan wadanda ke da ra’ayi da ya saba wanda ake da shi a hukumance ba wanda ya zo ko suka taro domin wakiltar su, don jin me ya jawo adawa da matsayar da ake da ita, da su, suke da ita. Duk da haka wannan bai hana an tattauna matsalolin da ra’ayoyin masu adawar da su, an kuma yi matsaya, a ilmance ba! Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20Yanayi%20a%20Kenya

Sauyin Yanayi a Kenya

Sauyin yanayi a Kenya, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rayuwar 'yan kasar Kenya da muhalli.Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da matsanancin yanayi akai-akai kamar fari da ya dade fiye da yadda aka saba, ruwan sama mara kyau da rashin tabbas, ambaliyan ruwa da hadaka yanayin zafi. Tasirin wadannan sauye-sauyen yanayi sun sa kalubalen da ake fuskanta a yanzu tare da tsaro na ruwa, samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki ma da wahala. Girbi da noman noma wanda ke da kusan kashi 33% na jimlar Babban Hadin Cikin Gida (GDP) suna cikin haɗari. Ƙaruwar yanayin zafi, daɗadɗen ruwan sama a cikin ɓangarorin da ba su da iska, da iska mai karfi da ke da alaqa da cyclones masu zafi sun hadu don haifar da yanayi mai kyau don kiwo da kaura na kwari. Kara yawan zafin jiki har zuwa 2.5 °C nan da shekara ta 2050 ana hasashen zai kara yawaitar munanan abubuwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari . Yanayin zafi da bushewa a Ƙ asar Aid da Semi-Arid ( ASALs) na sa fari ko ambaliya da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa ya fi hadari. Al'ummomin bakin teku sun riga sun fuskanci hawan teku da kalubalen da ke da alaqa kamar kutsawa ruwan gishiri, Tafkin Victoria, tafkin Turkana da sauran tafkunan sun karu sosai a girman tsakanin shekara ta 2010-2020 da ke ambaliya al'ummomin gefen tafkin. Duk wadannan abubuwan suna tasiri ga al'ummomin da ke cikin hadari kamar al'ummomin da aka ware, mata da matasa. Tushen gas na Greenhouse Rabin wutar lantarkin Kenya ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki . Koyaya, saboda kirkira da rarraba wutar lantarki ba abin dogaro ba ne, wasu kamfanonin kera suna samar da karin tare da tushen mai. Fari da hadaka kawancen ruwa suna rage karfin wutar lantarki, wanda hakan zai kara yawan amfani da makamashi mai gurbata muhalli. Tasiri kan yanayi Zazzabi da canjin yanayi Yanayin zafin jiki yana da inganci kowace shekara tun 2000 dangane da ma'anar yanayin yanayi na shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekara ta 2010 bisa ga bayanan tauraron dan adam. Binciken yanayi a yankunan Arid da Semi Aid (ASAL) na Kenya ya nuna karuwar zafin jiki da raguwar ruwan sama tsakanin shekara ta 1977 da shekara t 2014. Ana hasashen tasirin sauyin yanayi zai bayyana musamman a cikin ASALs inda tattalin arziki da rayuwar karkara suka dogara sosai kan ayyukan da suka shafi yanayi, kamar kiwo da noman ruwan sama. Hadaka yanayin zafi, canjin ruwan sama da iska mai karfi da ke da alaqa da cyclones na wurare masu zafi sun hadu don kirkirar yanayi mai kyau don kiwo na kwari da kwari. Misali, a farkon shekara ta 2020 wasu sassan Kenya da makwaftan kasashen Gabashin Afirka sun fuskanci tarin fara . Ko da kai tsaye danganta kayyadaddun cututtuka ga sauyin yanayi yana da wahala, an san canjin yanayi zai iya canza yanayin ciyarwa da bullar wasu nau'ikan kwari. Kimanin kashi 17% - - na Mombasa zai fuskanci barazanar hawan teku mai tsayin . Tasiri kan albarkatun ruwa Ana fuskantar barazanar sake dawo da tafkunan ruwan karkashin kasa, babban tushen ruwan sha a Afirka, sakamakon raguwar hazo. Matsakaicin ruwan sama tsakanin Maris da Mayu/Yuni ya ragu a gabashin Afirka daga aqalla shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba, kuma ruwan damina ya ragu tsakanin shekara ta 1948 zuwa shekara ta 2009 a Kahon Afirka. Ruwan ruwa na shekara-shekara daga koguna da ke ratsa Gabashin Afirka, kamar kogin Nilu, zai ragu sakamakon sauyin yanayi. Ana sa ran karuwar fari da kwararowar hamada zai haifar da karancin ruwan sha.Yayin da ka'idojin kasa da kasa suka nuna cewa 1,000 m na ruwa kasance a kowane mutum, kawai 586 m ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2010, kuma wannan na iya faduwa zuwa 293 m ta 2050. Guduwar glaciers na Dutsen Kenya ya ta'azzara karancin ruwa. Kogunan da a da suke gudana a duk shekara sakamakon ruwan dusar kankara a yanzu suna kwarara a kan kari, abin da ke kara ta'azzara rikici kan albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin halittu Canjin yanayi na zamani na iya rushe ayyukan ECosStEm wanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin gona, kamar ta hanyar rarraba halittar rarraba, dangantaka tsakanin dangantakar Inter, da kuma bambance da tasiri na gwamnatocin gudanarwa. Hakanan ana bukatar irin wadannan ayyuka ta fannin yawon bude ido dala biliyan 2.5. Ana sa ran cutar da nau'in namun daji na Kenya ta hanyoyi daban-daban yayin da yanayi ke canzawa, tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi da ruwan sama da ke shafar al'amuran yanayi. Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kashi 7.4 bisa dari na kasar Kenya, kuma suna samar da ayyuka da suka hada da inganta ingancin ruwa, hana zaizayar kasa, da shakar iskar gas, baya ga zama wurin zama ga sauran namun daji. Kusan hekta 5,000 na gandun daji ana asarar duk shekara . Daga shekara ta 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2015, gandun daji ya ragu da kashi 25% (kadada 824,115), wanda ya kai kadada 33,000 a kowace shekara. Wannan yana rage duka sabis na yanayin halittu da gandun daji ke bayarwa, gami da rage yawan amfanin itace da inganci, da nau'in halittun da suke tallafawa. Canjin yanayi na iya kawo cikas ga farfadowar wadannan dazuzzukan. Yana da illa yana shafar karfin sake hadaka gandun daji, yana iyakance hadakar bishiya da rayuwa, gami da hadaka kwaro da samun karin hadari da tsananin gobarar gandun daji yayin da yanayin zafi ke karuwa kuma fari yana karuwa da tsayi. Sauran wuraren da abin ya shafa su ne murjani reefs da mangroves, wadanda ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli sun hada da kariya daga guguwa, samar da damammaki na yawon bude ido, da korewar kamun kifi. Dukansu suna fuskantar kai tsaye ta hanyar hadaka yanayin zafi da hauhawar matakan teku. Tasiri kan mutane Tasirin tattalin arziki Kangarorin biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin Kenya, noma da yawon buɗe ido, duk suna cikin hadari sosai ga tasirin sauyin yanayi . Wani fari da ya kasance daga 2008 zuwa 2011 ya haifar da kimanin dala 12.1 biliyan a lalacewa. Matsalar karancin abinci ta haifar da fari daga shekara ta 2014-2022 ya shafi mutane kusan miliyan 3.4 yayin da a cikin 2018, kusan mutane 500,000 suka rasa ruwan sha. Tana da yawan mutane miliyan 48.5, Kenya ita ce mafi girman tattalin arziki a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar diflomasiyya, sadarwa, kudi da kasuwanci a cikin yankin. Lalacewar tattalin arziki sakamakon sauyin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi na iya yin daidai da 2.6% na GDP nan da 2030. Noma da kiwo   Canjin yanayi ya riga ya shafi fannin aikin gona na kasar, wanda ke da alhakin sama da kashi 33 na GDP na Kenya kuma shine tushen abinci na 60% na yawan jama'a. Kashi uku cikin hudu na noman Kenya na zuwa ne daga kananan manoma. A wasu yankuna na Kenya yanayin zafi na iya wuce , wanda zafi ke lalata masara, amfanin gona mai mahimmanci a Kenya. Kasar Kenya tana daya daga cikin manyan masu noman shayi a duniya, inda bangaren shayi ya kai kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na adadin kudaden da ake samu daga ƙasashen waje da kashi 4% na GDP. Masana'antar tana ba da ayyukan yi na karkara wadanda ke da mahimmanci don rage daura zuwa kauyuka, amma ana sa ran yankunan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu don noman shayi za su sami karin matsalolin yanayi. Ana kuma sa ran zazzabin zafi zai iya ƙara yawan kwari da cututtuka a cikin dabbobin gida, musamman a yankunan bushe da bushewa (ASALs). Halin kiwo a cikin ASAL tsakanin shekara ta 1977 da shekara ta 2016 ya nuna shanu sun ragu da kashi 26.5%, yayin da tumaki da awaki suka karu da kashi 76%, rakuma da kashi 13.3%. Canjin yanayi zai iya haifar da asarar 52% na yawan shanu na ASAL (ko shanu miliyan 1.7) a farashin dalar Amurka miliyan 340-680 ga tattalin arziki. Bangaren masana'anta bangaren masana'antu na Kenya, wanda ke samar da mai kyau don amfanin gida da fitarwa, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara . Ana lissafin kusan kashi 10% na GDP a cikin shekara ta 2010, da kuma ɗaukar kashi 13% na ma'aikata na yau da kullun a cikin shekara ta 2012, an kimar da abin da aka fitar a sama da Kshs 1 tiriliyan a 2014. Ana cinye kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a kasar, masana'anta na samar da kusan kashi 10% na hayakin da ake fitarwa a Kenya. Shirin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na Kenya (NCCAP) ya gano wasu tasirin sauyin yanayi a fannin masana'antu kamar haka: Sauye-sauyen makamashi ko katsewar wutar lantarki sakamakon katsewar samar da makamashin da ke tasowa sakamakon karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da kuma tsananin fari da ke sa ruwan da ke cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki ya ragu da hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki. Mafi girman karancin albarkatu kamar ruwa da albarkatun kasa saboda bambancin yanayi da kara karancin ruwa Babban haɗarin shuka, samfura da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da rushewar sarkar samarwa daga matsanancin yanayi kamar raƙuman zafi, iska da sauransu. ambaliya, fari, guguwa da guguwa . Hadaka farashin samarwa saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali samar da wutar lantarki, da karin kudin inshora Tasirin lafiya Illa iri-iri da sauyin yanayi ya haifar ko ya tsananta, kamar zafi, fari, da ambaliya, suna yin illa ga lafiyar dan adam. Hadarin vector da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa zai tashi. Ana sa ran mutane miliyan 83 za su fuskanci barazanar kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro kawai nan da shekarar 2070, Cutar da ta riga ta haifar da kashi 5% na mace-mace a yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar da kuma haifar da kudade masu yawa. Hakanan ana sa ran zazzabin Dengue zai karu nan da 2070. Daga cikin mutane masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama, ana sa ran mace-mace masu nasaba da zafin zafi zai karu daga mutuwar 2 a cikin 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1990 zuwa 45 a cikin 100,000 nan da 2080. A karkashin yanayin ƙarancin hayaki, wannan na iya iyakance ga mutuwar guda 7 kawai a cikin 100,000 a cikin shekara ta 2080. A karkashin wani babban yanayin hayaki, ana sa ran sauyin yanayi zai tsananta mutuwar zawo, wanda zai haifar da kusan kashi 9% na irin wannan mutuwar ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15 nan da shekara ta 2030, da kuma kashi 13% na irin wadannan mutuwar nan da shekara ta 2050. Tamowa na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 20% nan da 2050. A cikin shekara ta 2009, an yi rikodin a Kenya cewa yawan yawan tsagaita wuta a cikin yara, ƙananan yara da almubazzaranci a cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 shine 35.2%, 16.4% da 7.0%, bi da bi. Ragewa da daidaitawa Manufofi da dokoki Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa a Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ma'adanai (MEMR), kwamitin Gudanar da Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na kasa, da Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Kenya a Ma'aikatar Sufuri su ne manyan sassan tsare-tsaren hukumomin gwamnati da aka dora wa aikin yau da kullum. gina yanayin juriya . A cikin shekara ta 2010 gwamnatin Kenya ta buga dabarun ba da amsa ga sauyin yanayi na ƙasa. Dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekara ta 2016 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, wadda shugaban Kenya ke shugabanta, tare da Iƙon sa ido kan "ci gaba, gudanarwa, aiwatarwa da kuma tsara hanyoyin da za a inganta juriya na sauyin yanayi da ƙananan haɓakar carbon don ci gaba mai ɗorewa na ƙasar Kenya", ta gwamnatocin ƙasa da gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da dai sauransu. An aiwatar da shirin daidaitawa na ƙasa (NAP) a cikin 2015 don inganta juriyar yanayi. NAP ta ƙunshi Rahoton Nazarin Fasaha na Adafta (ATAR), wanda ke nazarin raunin tattalin arziƙin sassa, gano buƙatun daidaitawa, da kuma ba da shawarar ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin larduna daban-daban. Hukumar ta NAP tana goyan bayan ci gaban tsare-tsare na Haɗin Kan Gundumar (CIPDs), wanda ya haɗa da kafa Asusun Canjin Yanayi (CCCFs). Shirin Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa na yanzu (NCCAP 2018-2022) ya bi tsarin Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa na shekara ta 2013-2017. Shirin ya mayar da hankali ne kan daidaitawa da matakan sassauta matakan da ƙasar za ta ɗauka, da nufin "karancin ci gaban juriyar yanayin carbon". Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta ƙasa tana aiki a matsayin gungiyar da aka amince da ita ga gungiyoyin ba da kudaden yanayi na ƙasa da kasa kamar Asusun daidaitawa da Asusun Yanayi na Green . Al'umma da al'adu A cikin birane, karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma girman matsugunan da ba a saba gani ba yana jefa mutane da yawa ga zafi, ambaliya, da karancin ruwa. Sakamakon sauyin yanayi yana yin tasiri ga al'ummomin da aka ware, mata da matasa. Yankunan Arid da Semi Aid sun karbi kashi 38% na yawan jama'a, kuma suna samar da kashi 12% na GDP. Adadin talauci a arewacin ASALs ya kasance sama da kashi 80%, duk da raguwar talaucin kasa gaba daya. Duba kuma Daidaita canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi a Afirka Manazarta Hanyoyin hadi na waje Shafin Ilimin Canjin Yanayi na Kenya. Sauyin Yanayi Yanayi

53379

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja%20Muhammad%20Sarwar

Raja Muhammad Sarwar

Captain Raja Muhammad Sarwar Bhatti ( ; 10 Nuwamba 1910 - 27 Yuli 1948) , wanda aka fi sani da Muhammad Sarwar, jami'i ne a cikin sojojin Pakistan wanda aka ambace shi tare da Nishan-i-Haider na farko saboda kwazonsa da jarumtaka a lokacin yakin farko . tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan a 1947-48. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Raja Muhammad Sarwar Bhatti ga dangin Punjabi Muslim Rajput a wani ƙaramin ƙauye, Singhori, wanda ke kusa da Gujar Khan Tehsil, gundumar Rawalpindi, Punjab, Indiya ta Burtaniya a cikin Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1910. Jarumin soja ne wanda mahaifinsa, Raja Muhammad Hayat Khan Bhatti, ya yi rajista a cikin Sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya, ya yi ritaya a matsayin Havildar . Ya yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati a gundumar Rawalpindi kuma ya sami shaidar kammala karatunsa daga wata makaranta a Faisalabad a 1928. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya bi mahaifinsa, Havildar Muhammad Hyatt, hanya kuma ya shiga cikin Sojojin Indiya na Birtaniya a 1929 a matsayin Sepoy, inda aka buga shi tare da Bataliya ta 2 na 10th Baloch Regiment (2/10th Baloch Regiment) na Baloch Regiment . (Bataliya ta 7 a halin yanzu The Baloch Regiment (Steadfast Battalion)). Daga 1929 har zuwa 1939, ya yi aiki tuƙuru don mayar da martani ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matsayi kuma a ƙarshe an ƙara masa girma a matsayin Naib Subedar kuma an buga shi cikin wadata da harsashi tare da Rundunar Sojan Pakistan a 1939. A cikin 1939, an gayyaci Sarwar don halartar Makarantar Soja ta Indiya a Dehradun kuma ya kammala horon aikin soja kafin ya sami kwamishina a Bataliya ta 2 na Rundunar Punjab ta 1 (2/1st Punjab Regiment) na Sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya a 1943. A cikin 1944, 2nd-Lt. Sarwar ya yi aiki a ɗan gajeren lokaci a Burma, yana aiki tare da bambanci a ayyukan soja a 1944-45 wanda ya ba shi kyautar Burma Star ta gwamnatocin Burtaniya a Delhi a Indiya. A cikin 1944, 2nd-Lt. An buga Sarwar a matsayin gudanarwa a cikin Regiment na Punjab - an kara masa girma a matsayin Laftanar a 1945-46. A cikin asusun ma'aikatan sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya, Lt. Sarwar an san shi da cewa "mutumin mutum ne wanda ba shi da shirme kuma mai zurfin addini wanda zai yi addininsa, Musulunci, mai sadaukarwa kuma ya gabatar da salloli biyar a kowace rana, ya fara yin addu'a kafin fitowar rana kuma ya kammala da sallar tsakiyar dare sosai ." A cikin 1946-47, Lt. Sarwar ya sami matsayi a matsayin kyaftin na soja kuma ya yanke shawarar halartar karatun siginar kafin Capt. An sake ba da Sarwar aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan na Sigina a cikin 1947, kuma an umurce shi zuwa halartar Kwalejin Sigina na Soja . Bayan jin labarin yakin farko tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan kan Jammu da Kashmir, Capt. Nan da nan Sarwar ya so sa kai amma ya ki saboda jami’ansa sun so ya kammala karatunsa a kan siginar soja, wanda ya kammala bayan shekara guda. A cikin 1948, Capt. Sarwar ya karbi jagorancin bataliya ta 2 na reshen Punjab na sojojin Pakistan a matsayin kwamandan rundunar kuma an tura shi a fagen daga. An fara tattaki zuwa garin Uri na Jammu da Kashmir karkashin Capt. Sarwar, kuma ya jagoranci kai hari kan rundunar sojojin Indiya da aka shirya, wanda ya tilasta musu ja da baya daga Gilgit-Baltistan zuwa Ladakh a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1948. Kyaftin Kamfanin Sarwar ya bi sojojin Indiya da suka ja da baya zuwa yankin Uri inda rundunarsa ta fuskanci katafaren makiya da ke yankin Uri . Kamfanin nasa yana da nisan yadi 50 ne kawai daga katangar makiya yayin da sojojin Indiya suka fara luguden wuta a wuraren da yake rike da su, kuma suka samu umarnin jagorantar harin da aka kai a gefen hagu na rumbun ajiyar inda ake kai harin. Komawa zuwa sabon matsayi, an toshe hanyarsa saboda shingen wayoyi kuma ya yanke shawarar yanke wayoyi tare da daukar maza shida kawai. A lokacin tashin gobara, Capt. Sarwar ya yi amfani da na’urar yankan igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa da kuma saboda ruwan sama da ruwan harsasai, inda ya dauki harsashi da bindigar bindiga. A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1948, Capt. An kashe Sarwar a lokacin da yake share hanyar - yana da shekaru 38 a lokacin mutuwarsa. Asalin dangi da rayuwar sirri Mahaifin Muhammad Sarwar, Raja Muhammad Hayat Khan, ya yi aiki a Sojan Indiya na Burtaniya kuma an yi masa ado da lambar yabon Burtaniya saboda hidimarsa a yakin duniya na daya - Muhammad Hayat ya yi ritaya a matsayin Sajan Havildar kuma ya rasu a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1932. Muhammad Sarwar yana da kanne uku da kanwa daya. Raja Muhammad Sarwar ya yi aure a shekara ta 1936 kuma ya haifi ɗa da mace daga wannan auren. Nishan-e-Haider Jikin Capt. An binne Sarwar a tsaunin Tilpatra da ke kusa da Uri a Kashmir Indiya inda aka binne shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1948. A ranar 23 ga Maris 1956 ne gwamnatin Pakistan ta amince da ayyukansa kamar yadda Majalisar Pakistan ta ba da izinin ba da kyautar Nishan-E-Haider bayan mutuwa (Eng. lit. Alamar Zaki ) saboda kyawawan ayyukansa, wanda shugaban Pakistan ya ba shi. An rubuta rubutun Nishan-e-Haider na shugaban kasa a kan kabarinsa da Urdu ; kuma yana karantawa tare da fassarar kamar haka: ambato   A shekarar 1967, gwamnatin tarayya daga baya ta kafa kabarin marmara don tunawa da shi don tunawa da ayyukansa na soja da shahada ga kungiyoyin farar hula tare da karin kudade daga baya Imtiaz Warraich, dan majalisa a kan dandalin Muslim League na Pakistan ya samu. (N) don fadada wurin a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa a cikin 1990 - kabarin marmara yana kusa da yankinsa. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya A cikin 1968, an kaddamar da wani baje kolin zane-zane a birnin Lahore na Pakistan wanda ke nuna jaruman yakin Pakistan gami da hoton farko da aka zana na Capt. Muhammad Sarwar. A cikin 1991, an yi masa fim ɗin yaƙi na tarihin rayuwa, " Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed " wanda Qasim Jilali na PTV ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa kwalejin al'umma, kwalejin Sarwar Shahid, don girmama shi kusa da mahaifarsa a Gujar Khan . Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

15710

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Temitope%20Ajayi

Chief Temitope Ajayi

Amina Temitope Ajayi wacce aka sani da Mama Diaspora mazauniyar america yar Nijeriya. tana kasuwanci shawara wanda yake akawu da horo, a zaman yar kasuwa da kuma mabiyar al'umma himmar aiki. Temitope Ajayi itace tsohon Shugaban All Nigerian American Congress (ANAC). a koƙarinta da cigaba da ba da shawara game da al'amuran Diasporaan Diasporaasar Najeriya ya sa ta zama mai kira "Mama Diaspora" Cif Ajayi sananniyar sananniya ce don inganta ƙarfin mata da kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin Agri. Ta hanyar dandalin saka jari na Arkansas-Nigeria da sauran tarurrukan tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu a Amurka, tsayin daka da gaskiya na Cif Ajayi sun taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gamsar da kuma jawo manyan masu saka jari a harkar kasuwanci daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya. Ita ce Shugabar/Shugaba na Americanasar Amurkan ta Ba da Tallafin Noma (NAAEP), wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona na manoma, mata da Manya Manya a Nijeriya don haɓaka wadataccen abinci da ɗorewar aikin yi ga mata da matasa a cikin harkar noma. NAAEP kungiya ce ta asali wacce take horarwa da kuma baiwa manoma karfi a tsarin noman kanikanci, tare da saukaka rancen kasuwanci, samun dama ga kayan aikin gona, da girbi da tallata kayan amfanin su na gida da na duniya. A shekarar 2010, Cif Ajayi tayi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ta rage yawan kudin ruwa a rance ga manoma domin bunkasa bangaren noma da kuma rage talauci a kasar. Cif Temitope Ajayi shi ne Jakadan Goodaunar na jihar Arkansas da Maryland, Amurka. Cif Ms. Ajayi ta kasance fitacciyar wakiliya a taron kasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2014 da ta gabata inda ta wakilci Majalisar Mata ta ciungiyoyin Mata (NCWS) a Nijeriya kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Confab na Aikin Gona. Cif Temitope Ajayi a jawabinta a wajen taron shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, ta sanar da wakilai cewa “Mata injiniyoyi ne na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mata ne ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kowace kasa - saboda sun fi na maza kasuwanci. takwaransa, karfin kowane irin kudi yana cikin karfinsu don biyan bukata da samarwa ”. Rayuwar farko Amina Temitope Labinjo diyar marigayi Pa Hector Labinjo da Mrs. Elizabeth Labinjo ta Ita Garawu a Tsibirin Legas na Jihar Legas, Najeriya. Aiki a Siyasa Cif Ajayi itace ce tsohon Ko'odinetan Kasa na Goodluck Support Group (GSG) USA. Ta taya Mai Girma, Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR, wanda a yanzu shine Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya na yanzu saboda karen da ya nuna wajen lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2015; sannan kuma ya yaba wa tsohon shugaban, Mista Goodluck Jonathan saboda nuna halin kirkinsa, da tsoron Allah da kuma karfin gwiwa ya zama Shugaban kasa na farko mai ci a Najeriya da ya fadi zabe kuma da zuciya daya ya yarda da shan kaye cikin lumana don hana rikici da tashin hankali bayan zabe a Najeriya A matsayina na mai fafutuka na Al'umma, Cif Ajai ya kasance yana neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a madadin dukkan thean Najeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kamar ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma amincewa da shirin makirci ga mazaunan. Kyauta Alamun alheri na kyautatawa ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa makarantar Fashion / Fasaha don ɗaliban da ba su da galihu a cikin Ibadan, Nijeriya a cikin 1980-1985. Cif Ajayi daga baya ta zama zakara tare da ba da gudummawa ga shirin Gidaje Miliyan Daya na Goodluck don Daraktan tare da hadin gwiwar Babban Bankin Mortgage na Najeriya a karkashin DIASPORA HOUSING LOAN SCHEME. Tare da zartar da kudurin dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasashen Waje, Cif Ajayi ta yi kira ga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari da ya nada mutane masu gaskiya daga cikin mazauna cikin hukumar don tabbatar da nasarar ta. Ganewa Cif Temitope Ajayi ita ce wacce aka karrama da wasu manyan lambobin girmamawa na duniya da kyaututtuka: Saboda aikin da ta yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a Amurka, Cif Ajayi an ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na Agaji da Shugaba George W. Bush ya bayar, wanda kyauta ce ta kasa a karkashin goyon bayan Shugaban Amurka ya amince da sa kai. A shekarar 2013, Gwamna Mike Beebe ya bai wa Cif Madam Temitope Ajayi lambar girmamawa ta Dan Kasa ta Jihar Arkansas tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya: Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Shugaban Kamfanin Dangote; Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso na jihar Kano; Dakta Akinwunmi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara; Farfesa Tajudeen Gbadamosi, tsohon malamin jami’ar Legas; Farfesa Ade Adefuye, Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka; Farfesa Julius Okojie, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa; Mista Robert Brunner, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Arik Air International; da Mista Kester Ifeadi, Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Zamani na Kamfanin Ltd. Hanyoyin haɗin waje "GC4WOMEN. ORG " "GC4WOMEN. Kundin / labarai " "Bikin karramawa na GC4W karo na biyu" "SHUGABA JOYCE BANDA FOUNDATION" "Rayuwata: Cif Ajayi" Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya

50166

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozn%20Hassan

Mozn Hassan

Mozn Hassan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979) yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Masar. Wanda ya kafa Nazra don Nazarin Mata, ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar juyin juya halin Masar na 2011 kuma ta yi aiki don taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade a lokacin. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta yi nasarar samun shiga siyasa don yin sauye-sauye a Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Masar da kuma dokokin aikata laifukan jima'i don kare mata. Hassan an ba shi lambar yabo ta Global Fund for Women 's Charlotte Bunch Rights Award a 2013. Ta kuma sami Kyaututtukan Kyautar Rayuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "Ansamar da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel", a cikin 2016. A halin yanzu dai gwamnatin Masar na fuskantar tsaro ta hana zirga-zirga da kuma dakatar da dukiyanta saboda zargin ta da keta dokokin samar da kudade daga kasashen waje. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mozn Hassan a kasar Saudiyya a shekarar 1979 ga iyayen kasar Masar. Mahaifinta yana aiki a wata jami'a kuma mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai ilimi. Tun tana shekara 10 ne Hassan ta sanya mayafi a Saudiyya ba tare da son ranta ba, har sai da danginsu suka dawo kasar Masar tana da shekara 14. Tana da takardar shaidar difloma a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da Kuma takaddar shaidar late hakkin ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Alkahira sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya daga Jami'ar Amurka ta Alkahira . Mahaifiyar ta zaburar da ita ta zama mace Mai alkawari. Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata Hassan ta kafa Nazra for Feminist Studies, kungiyar kare hakkin mata, a cikin 2007 kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban darektan ta. Kungiyar na aiki don tattara bayanan kare hakkin dan adam a fadin kasar.Nazra ta taka rawa sosai a zanga-zangar da aka yi a dandalin Tahrir a lokacin juyin juya halin Masar na 2011 kuma ta taimaka wajen ba da amsa hade-hade game da cin zarafi da aka yi a wurin. Hakanan a cikin 2011 ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar masu siyar da burodi a Suez .Tun a 2012 Nazra ta taimaka wajen ƙaura 12 da suka tsira daga fyade tare da yin barazana ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Har ila yau,ta ba da taimakon likita da tunani ga fiye da mutum 60 da aka yi musu fyade tare da ba da shawarwarin shari'a ga mata fiye da 100 da aka yi wa lalata ko aka kama su saboda shiga zanga-zangar. Nazra karsashin da Hassan ta yi na nasarar yin amfani da kundin tsarin mulkin Masar a 2014 don magance 'yancin mata, don gabatar da dokoki game da cin zarafi,da fadada dokokin da ake da su don rufe ƙarin laifukan jima'i. Kungiyar tana gudanar da"makarantar mata" na shekara-shekara don gabatar da matasa game da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi tare da ba da shawara ga mata matasa daga bangarori daban-daban na siyasa a siyasa.Ta goyi bayan 'yan takara mata 16 a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2011-12, wanda aka zabi daya, da 'yan takara biyar a zaben 2015,wanda aka zaba daya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma samar da wasan kwaikwayo, littafin ban dariya, da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta dukan 'yan mata.Nazra a halin yanzu tana da ma'aikata 20, suna aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mata 12 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Hassan ta kafa mata masu kare hakkin bil'adama a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka don ba da amsa guda ɗaya game da take hakkin mata a yankin.Ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ‘yan siyasa a yankin Larabawa a shekarar 2016. Hassan ta sami lambar yabo ta Global Fund for Women's Charlotte Bunch Human Rights Award a 2013. Hassan da Nazra sun sami lambar yabo ta daya daga cikin Kyautar Rayuwar Rayuwa, wanda galibi ake kira"madaidaicin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel",a cikin 2016"saboda tabbatar da daidaito da 'yancin mata a cikin yanayin da suke fuskantar cin zarafi,cin zarafi da wariya". 2016 caji An yi wa Hassan tambayoyi a lokuta da dama saboda aikin da ta yi a matsayin mai fafutuka.Ta sami sammaci daga 'yan sandan Masar yayin da take magana a Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata a birnin New York a cikin Maris 2016. An tuhume ta ne a kan karsashin wata doka da ta haramta ba da kudade ko taimako (kowane iri) ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Masar kuma za ta fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Alkahira ta daskarar da kadarorinta da na Nazra a ranar 11 ga Janairu 2017 Tun bayan komawar ta Masar an hana ta fita daga kasar sakamakon dokar hana fita da kotu ta yi. An yi Allah-wadai da matakin da hukumar kasarMasar suka dauka a cikin wata sanarwar hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata 43 suka yi wanda suka bayyana Hassan a matsayin " fitacciyar mai rajin kare hakkin mata ... wacce ta shahara da dimbin ayyukan da ta ke yi kan gina motsin mata da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata a cikin jama'a".Wata sanarwa ta daban da malamai 130 suka sanya wa hannu ta bayyana cewa, "muna la'akari da binciken [a kan] Mozn Hassan a matsayin barazana kai tsaye ga shirin mata da kuma gwagwarmayar Nazra don Nazarin Mata, wanda aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaba da ci gaban motsin mata a ciki.Misira". Haramcin tafiye-tafiye ya hana ta tafiya zuwa Stockholm don neman kyautar ta Right Livelihood. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1979

39924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamoud%20Ali%20Shire

Mohamoud Ali Shire

Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, MBE ( Somali , ) dattijon Somaliya ne na ƙabilar Warsangali. Ya sami laƙabin Sultan (wanda kuma ake kira Senior Akil) na Warsangali. Ya kasance a tsakkiyar Las Khorey. Mulki Mohamoud Ali Shire yayi aiki a matsayin Sultan na dangin Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Dervish movement Shire shi ne surukin Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda ƙungiyarsa ta Derwish ta yi yaki na tsawon shekaru biyu da sojojin Birtaniya, Italiya da Habasha. 'Shire ya naɗa mata huɗu. Sai ya nemi ya auri ‘yar Hassan Faṭmah, inda ya bayar da farashin amarya ( yarad ) na rakuma goma makil da labule da siliki, amma Hassan yaƙi aurar da ita ga shire. A kai a kai shugabannin biyu sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa. A shekara ta 1886, Shire da wasu dattawan ƙabilar Warsangali sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da daular Biritaniya ta kafa wata hukuma a yankinsa. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da Daular Burtaniya da sauran dangin Somaliya suka sanya hannu ( Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis da Easa ). A lokacin fafatawar mulki da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Derwish na Hassan da sojojin Burtaniya, Shire ya yanke shawarar jefa kuri'ar Warsangali ga tsohuwar jam'iyyar shi. A cikin Janairu 1908, mutanensa sun buɗe wuta a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya da ke shirin sauka a kan jirginsu. Bayan riƙe sojojin Birtaniya na tsawon kashi 1 bisa huɗu na ƙarni, a bakin teku, a karshe dai dakarun Dervishes sun sha kaye a shekarar 1920 sakamakon tsarin sabuwar manufar Biritaniya ta kai hare-hare ta sama. Hijira zuwa Seychelles Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Dervishes suka sha kashi, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya ya yanke wa Shire hukuncin gudun hijira a Seychelles na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Dalilin korar shi shi ne, shire ya yi nasa nau'i na "ikon 'yan ƙasa". A cewar Wardheer News, "siyasa mai zaman kanta, ƙarfinsa da kuma halin ko in kula ga ikon da ke kewaye da shi, ciki har da Birtaniya [sun] yi wa London barazana kai ga kama shi da kuma fitar da shi". An kama shi kuma aka ɗauke shi cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Berbera, inda daga baya ya yi yunƙurin tserewa a ranar 5 ga Janairun shekarar 1920. A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1920, an aika da saƙon waya zuwa ga sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don korar Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire. Wasikar ta ce,Mai martaba zai lura cewa hukuncin korar ba ya dauke da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ya kamata a ɗauke tsohon Sultan a matsayin detenu na siyasa a Seychelles . . . Mai yiyuwa ne ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Seychelles kuma ya koma ƙasar Warsangeli . Idan ya yi nasara a kowane irin wannan yunƙurin, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na siyasa a nan; kuma ina da, saboda haka, in nemi cewa a sanya ido sosai kan motsinsa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1920, a cikin jirgin HMS Odin, an kai Sultan Shire ga hukumomin Biritaniya a Seychelles daga mulkin mallaka a Bombay, Indiya. A lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Seychelles, an kuma yi kai wasu fitattun shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a can, ciki har da Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, tsohon Firaministan Masar, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba Sultan Shire zai kulla wata alaƙa da shi. Shire ya zauna a wani gida a gundumar Anse Etoile a tsibirin Mahe, wanda ke zaune a kan wata hanya kusa da titi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hayar ƙasar daga Charles Mederic Savy. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar, an ba masu haya damar tattara kwakwa, tattara ruwa daga kogin, da kiwon kaji da alade. Shi ma sai da Shire ya riƙa shiga sau uku a kowace rana a ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da ke kan titi. Duk da cewa sharuɗɗan fitar da shi Shire ya ba shi damar kawo mata, amma ya yi zaman gudun hijira shi kaɗai, ba tare da dangi ko mabiyansa ba. Shire ya rubuta wasiƙu da dama zuwa ga gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na British Somaliland Protectorate da Seychelles, Waɗanda suka nemi a sake shi. Waɗannan wasiƙun sun kasance da son rai, wuce gona da iri da ƙetarewa daga ɓangaren Shire, waɗanda ke yin aiki don rufe dabarun juriya. A cikin irin wannan wasiƙar ta farko da aka aika a 1922, Shire ya roƙi Gwamnan Seychelles da ya bar shi ya koma ga iyalinsa: A matsayina na shugabana, mai girma, ka ji muryata mara kyau, bari in koma gida. Zan yi farin cikin ganin kasata a karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila, ban sake neman a ɗauke ni a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi ba, duk bindigogina da harsasai na turawa ne. Zan gamsu da zama bawa mai tawali'u na kasar Ingila; Abin da na fi so shi ne jin daɗin kasancewa cikin iyalina, ’ya’yana da matata, kuma wannan shi ne kawai burina. Afuwa nake tambaya, nayi alkawarin yin biyayya da mutuntawa turawan Ingila, ba zan kara son zama Sarkin Musulmi ba, abin da ya kamata in kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin Bature. Na rantse da abin da na faɗa a sama, na rantse da sake rantsuwa da shi. Bayan da ya jaddada cewa yana so ne kawai ya koma ma matarsa da ’ya’yansa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ya son zama Sarkin Musulmi, Shire ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya yi watsi da imaninsa na siyasa na farko kuma ya yi alƙawarin amincewa da ikon gwamnatin Birtaniya. Waɗannan tabbacin ba su da tasiri. Shire ya ci gaba da neman a mayar da shi gida, amma gwamnonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatu. Domin kaucewa haifar da kyamar mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya dokar da ke tantance wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga iyalansu da ’yan uwansu a gida. Shire akai-akai ya sami hanyar da za a kewaye da waɗannan ikon ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya a matsayin masu jigilar kaya, tare da ɗayan waɗannan makasudin sun isa Somaliland ta Ceylon. Shi da wasu fitattun ’yan gudun hijira sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa a matsayin manyan kayan aikin sadarwa na siyasa marasa tashin hankali, ta yadda suka sami damar bayyana lokacin da suke gudun hijira fiye da Seychelles. A farkon 1928, Shire ya kawo wata yarinya 'yar kasar Seychelles mai shekaru goma sha shida a matsayin kuyangarsa, wata budurwa 'yar asalin Indiya wacce ya gabatar da ita a cikin wuraren zamansa a ranar Sabuwar Shekara don biyan buƙatunsa. Jami’in ɗan sandan da ke kula da fursunonin siyasa ya yi gaggawar cire yarinyar daga harabar gidan. Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya ba shi mamaki. Fiennes, wanda ke da alhakin tsaron lafiyar sa, ya yi jayayya cewa Sultan zai fi zama idan matarsa tana tare da shi. A wani al’amari da ba a saba gani ba ga ɗan sandan, daga baya ɗan sandan ya rubuta wasika inda ya buƙaci Gwamnan da ya sake tunani, inda ya rubuta game da Shire cewa: “Wannan mutumi har yanzu matashi ne kuma cike da rayuwa. Abin baƙin ciki ne da aka aiko shi nan ba tare da ɗaya daga cikin matansa ba.” Gwamnan mai tsaron ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar ne bisa hujjar cewa ajiye Sarkin na gudun hijira ya riga ya ci wa hukuma asarar R.100 a kowane wata. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sarkin Musulmi zai iya “tsaro wa yaron da zai iya dafa abinci da kuma hidima idan ya so a yi mana hidima”. Shire bai gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma ya roƙi a maimakon abin da ya kira "mace mai mutunci". Komawa ga yankin Somaliland A watan Mayun 1928, bayan da Gwamna Byrne ya yi amfani da shi a madadin Shire, lokacin da Shire ya yi gudun hijira a Seychelles ya ƙare. An kai shi Aden akan jirgin SS Karapara. Shire ya koma yankin Kare na Somaliland, yana mai yin alkawarin yin biyayya ga gwamnati da kyawawan halaye na gaba. Har yanzu ya ba da umarnin amincin mutanensa. Sannu a hankali Shire ya isa masauki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fahimci tasirin da zai iya yi a kan danginsa, kuma a ƙarshe aka dawo da matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi. Daga baya an nuna Shire a bangon Tarihi a yau, yana fitowa a cikin fitowar 1960 na mujallar tarihi da aka wallafa kowane wata. A shekarar 1960, ya rasu yana tsaka da barcinsa. Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid Ali Yusuf Kenadid Majeerteen Sultanate Osman Mahamuud Sultanate of Hobyo Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website) Mutuwan 1960 Sarakunan Somaliya

30236

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Lyatoshinsky

Boris Lyatoshinsky

Borys Mykolayovych Lyatoshynsky (yaren Ukraine, Borys Mykolayovych Lyatoshyns′kyi; Janairu 3, 1895 – Afrilu 15, 1968) mawaki ne na Ukrainian, madugu, kuma malami. Babban memba na mawakan Ukrainian a ƙarni na ashirin, an ba shi lambar yabo da yawa, gami da taken girmamawa na "People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR" da kuma lambobin yabo na "Stalin State Prize". Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Borys Lyatoshynsky a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun, 1895 a Zhytomyr, Ukraine (sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Russia ). Wannan garin ya shahara da rayuwar al'adu. Wasu sanannun mutane sun samo asali a nan, ciki har da dan wasan pianist Svyatoslav Richter, masanin falsafa Mykola Berdiaev da mawaki Ignacy Jan Paderewski . Iyayen Lyatoshynsky sun kasance masu kida da ilimi sosai. Mahaifinsa, Mykola Leontiyovych Lyatoshynsky, malamin tarihi ne kuma mai fafutuka a cikin nazarin tarihi. Ya kuma kasance darektan wasannin motsa jiki daban-daban a Zhytomyr, Nemyriv, da Zlatopol . Mahaifiyar Lyatoshynsky ta buga piano kuma ta rera waƙa. Lyatoshynsky ya fara wasan piano da violin tun yana ɗan shekara 14, ya rubuta mazurka, waltz, da quartet don piano. Ya kuma halarci dakin motsa jiki na Zhytomyr, inda ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1913. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya halarci Jami'ar Kyiv kuma daga baya sabuwar kafa ta Kyiv Conservatory inda ya yi karatun hada da Reinhold Glière a 1914. Lyatoshynsky ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Kyiv a 1918 kuma daga Kyiv Conservatory a 1919. A wannan lokacin, ya hada da String Quartet No. 1, Op. 1, da Symphony No. 1, Op. 2. A lokacin da Lyatoshynsky ya rubuta Symphony No.1 (1918) a matsayin abin da ya kammala karatunsa, kiɗan Wagner da atonality suka rinjaye shi. Ana iya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ita ce Symphony ta farko da aka haɗa a cikin Ukraine. Reinhold Glière ne ya yi shi kuma ya gudanar da shi a cikin 1919 wanda ya koyar da marubucin mawaki kuma wanda ya tuna (rubutu a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 60 na Lyatoshynsky): 'Na yi farin cikin lura da alaƙar Quartet Quartet na farko ga al'adun gargajiya na Rasha. Irin wannan ingancin ya bayyana kansa har ma a cikin Symphony na farko, wanda shine aikin karshe na mawaki.' ‹duba wasiƙun L a Grecenko› A ra'ayinsa, Lyatoshynsky ɗalibi ne mai hazaka kuma ya yi aiki tuƙuru wajen haɓaka dabarun ƙira iri-iri. Glière ya siffanta ƙarin guntun kiɗan na mawaƙin a matsayin 'bincike mai zurfi' na mutum ɗaya. Lyatoshynsky yana da tasiri ta hanyar alamar alama da magana: ana iya gano wannan ga zaɓin rubutun waƙoƙin da ya kafa zuwa Romances; maganin waƙar, zaɓin kayan aiki; juzu'i masu jituwa, kamar rashin sanin sautin sauti, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙiyayya da hadaddun tsarin madaidaicin madaidaicin. A wannan lokacin na farkon ci gaban wakokinsa, ya zana wasu wahayi daga ayyukan kiɗa na Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Alexander Glazunov, da Alexander Scriabin . Matasa da yawa mawaƙa, kamar Lyatoshynsky, waɗanda ke zaune a sassa daban-daban na daular Rasha a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin, sun ɗauki gwajin Alexander Skriabin (1872-1915) a matsayin babban juyi na kiɗa. Ɗaukar wahayinsa na farko daga wasu fasahohin da Skriabin ke amfani da shi, matashin avant-garde na Ukrainian ya ɗauki tonality zuwa iyakarsa da kuma bayansa. A cikin 'Piano Trio No.1 (1920), Lyatoshynsky ya nuna bashi ga Scriabin, har yanzu yana neman sababbin hanyoyin kiɗa da tura iyakokin harshe masu jituwa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 25 (a 1922), Lyatoshynsky, wanda a lokacin yana marsayin farfesa kuma malami a cikin Kiev Music Conservatoire, ya jagoranci ci gaban Associazia Suchasnoi Musiki (The Society of Contemporary Music). (An shirya irin wannan cibiyoyi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. ) Daga 1922, ya koyar da rubutun . Ya bayyana cewa Lyatoshynsky, duk da samun ilimin kiɗa na ra'ayin mazan jiya, an ƙaddara don haɓaka ma'auni na abubuwan da ke cikin zamani; Ba wai kawai yana yin sabbin canje-canje game da waƙarsa ba, har ma yana jagorantar sauran matasa mawaƙa na zamani, yana taimaka musu wajen kafa sabbin hanyoyin rubutu. Zamani ba ya wanzu a matsayin jawabin waka a Ukraine; maimakon haka, ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan B. Yanovsky, F. Yakimenko, M. Verikivsky, da L. Revuzky. Ayyukan kiɗan su suna nuna tasiri na impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, da constructivism. Duk da haka, Lyatoshynsky ne wanda ya kama hanyoyin zamani na zamani a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara, yana mai da hankali kan yanayin rashin tausayi na rashin tausayi da canji mai motsawa. Daga 1922 zuwa 1925 ya kasance darektan kungiyar waka na zamani a cikin sunan Mykola Leontovych. Waɗannan su ne, za a iya cewa, shekaru ne mafi farin ciki a rayuwar marubucin, inda ya iya bayyana ra’ayinsa a ƙwazo kuma ya iya yin aiki tare da abokansa mawaƙa ba tare da wani sa hannun hukuma ba. Yana aiki da a yanayin zazzabi, yana rubuta kiɗa don murya, violin da piano. Lyatoshynsky ya hada suites, ballade da wakoki masu yawa (wasu daga cikinsu har ma sun kafa wasiƙar mawaƙan tsoffin mawaƙa na kasar Sin ). Zagayowar sa na guda bakwai na piano Vidobragennia (Wani tunani, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1925) ya kasance ɗayan ayyukan kiɗan da ya fi shahara. Waƙarsa tana nuna ƙarar yanayin melancholic da rashin tausayi. Lyatoshynsky ya cigaba da yin gwaji tare da kayan kiɗa daban-daban. A cikin 1920s ya ƙirƙiri 24 Romances (wanda ya rubuta tsakanin 1922-1924 kuma bisa ga matani ta mawaƙa-alama), Sonata don violin da fortepiano, da Quartet na Uku. Wasan opera nasa Zolotui Obruch (The Golden Hoop) wanda ya dogara da littafin marubucin Ukrainian I. Franko, ya bayyana gwagwarmayar da 'yan Ukrain suka yi da mahara Mongol a karni na goma sha uku. An yi wasan opera a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a Ukraine, duk da cewa ba a dade da yin ta ba. (Opera na biyu na Lyatoshynsky, Shchors, bisa labarin Kwamanda Nikolai Shchors, an gama shi a cikin 1930s. ) Lyatoshynsky na biyu na Piano Sonatas da Sonata na violin da piano sun bayyana tsakanin 1924 da 1926. Piano Sonata No.1 shine aikinsa na farko da aka buga, wanda aka buga a Moscow, a cikin 1926. Wannan aikin ya kasance sabon abu don lokacinsa. Yana nuna kyakkyawan ƙwarewar ɗan wasan piano da mawaƙi, wanda baya tsoron gwaji. Don haka, Lyatoshynsky yana canza tsarin tsarin yanki na Sonata na gargajiya, yana haifar da motsi ɗaya kawai kuma yana amfani da haɗuwar rhythmic kalubale. Sonata No2 (1925), wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Nikolai Myaskovsky, yana nuna fasaha na mawaƙa wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da siffofi na soyayya da kuma ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar. Wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin waƙoƙin waƙar da mawaƙin ya gabatar suna samun goyan bayan rakiyar ƙara, su biyun galibi suna aiki cikin raye-raye. Farkon shekara ta 1926 ya kasance wani juyi ga salon wakokin Lyatoshynsky; bayan haka ba za ta sake zama iri ɗaya ba. Ya zuwa wannan lokacin, waƙar jama'a ta kasance da ƙarfi a cikin 'taswirar' manufofin al'adu na gaba, tare da samar da cikakkiyar tushe don haɓaka kishin ƙasa. Don haka, Lyatoshynsky ya ƙunshi Overture bisa ga waƙoƙin Jama'a guda huɗu na Ukrainian, waɗanda suka yi amfani da tsare-tsare masu rikitarwa na jigogi na jama'a. Da alama waƙar Lyatoshynsky an ƙaddara shi ne don bin waƙar sanannen waƙar da abokan aikinsa suka yi. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da rubuta waƙa a cikin salon da ya fi so, yana canza ta kuma yana haɗawa da jigogi na jama'a don dacewa da bukatun hukumomin Soviet. A 1929, Lyatoshynsky ya rera sautin Ballade don piano, kama a cikin salonsa na baya Sonatas. Sau uku-uku da quintuplets sun bayyana babban sanyawa yayin da Lyatoshynsky ke yin amfani da shi, yana canzawa kuma yana kwaikwayi nakasar igiyar igiyar ruwa da aka ji a cikin rakiyar bass. Waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce sun bayyana ma'anar salon sa na 1920 da ƙarin ci gabansa. Daga cikin wasu ayyukan da aka rera a cikin 1930s akwai Piano Trio na Biyu da kuma shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin Ukrainian da yawa. Bayan hukumar daga jami'an Odessa Opera da Ballet Theater, Lyatoshynsky ya yi tafiya zuwa Tadzhikistan don nazarin kiɗan jama'a da kuma tsara ballet game da rayuwar mutanen gida. A sakamakon haka, Lyatoshynsky ya hada guda uku Musical Pieces ga violin da piano bisa ga jama'a music na Tadzhikistan (yankin da aka sani sosai ko ma ba a ji ba a gaban Stalin ta kasa ra'ayin). ‹duba haruffan L, a Grecenko› Daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara na Lyatoshynsky akwai tsari na waƙar jama'ar Yahudawa 'Genzelex' (Little Geese). A ciki, ya adana waƙa ta asali kuma ya ƙawata ta cikin jituwa, ta amfani da manyan sautin F da d ƙarami kuma ya ƙara hadaddun waƙoƙi a cikin jituwa. (Wannan abun ya kasance a cikin ma'ajiyar mawaƙin har sai an sake gano shi a cikin 2000. ) Daga 1935 zuwa 1938 da kuma daga 1941 zuwa 1944 Lyatoshynsky ya koyar a Moscow Conservatory . Lyatoshynsky ya rubuta Symphony na biyu a B flat (1936) a cikin salon zamani da ya fi so, a fili ya san cewa wannan ba daidai ba ne abin da ake tsammaninsa. Yana 'zanen' hotuna masu tayar da hankali na gaskiyar duhu na rayuwar Soviet, sau da yawa yana amfani da hanyar atonality . An rubuta a cikin nau'in motsi na al'ada uku, wasan kwaikwayo yana cike da sabanin yanayi da rikice-rikice masu ban mamaki. Lyatoshynsky, hakika, ya ɗauki babban haɗari. Symphony ya ƙare a lokacin da aka keɓe Dmitry Shostakovich da sauran mawaƙa don harin siyasa a lokacin taron da ake kira Musical Conference, wanda a rayuwa ta ainihi ya zama ji na siyasa. Shirin farko na Symphony Lyatoshynsky (a watan Fabrairu 1937) bai faru ba. Ba a bayyana cikakken dalilin da yasa aka jinkirta wannan aikin na Symphony No 2 har zuwa 1941 ba. Sai dai kawai a ce ya fuskanci wasu matsaloli kuma ba zai yiwu ya cimma hakan da wuri ba. Wakar Symphony ya riga ya tattara wasu ra'ayoyi mara kyau a cikin jaridu na gida (da Shostakovich's Fourth) game da ƙayyadaddun da ba dole ba da kuma rashin kyawawan hotuna na rayuwar Soviet. A cikin gwajin waƙoƙi, Lyatoshynsky ya lura cewa 'mambobin ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun rabu' ''duba wasiƙar Lyatoshynsky, a cikin M. Kopiza'; wasu sun yaba da ayyukansa, wasu kuma suna suka. Wasu mawakan "sun kasance masu rashin kunya" da cewa "ba kiɗa ba ne ko kaɗan", "shara ce" da "tabbataccen tsari 100%". Lyatoshynsky ya amsa cewa ya yi mamakin irin wannan liyafar kuma ba zai iya gaskata cewa 'mawakan Moscow za su iya ba da damar kai hari na rashin da'a' a gare shi ba. Ya yarda cewa abu ne mai wuyar fahimta cewa za a sami ra'ayi daban-daban game da abin da ya rubuta, amma ba aikin mai tsarawa ba ne. 'Na rubuta shi da gaske', wanda aka ɗauka akan Lyatoshynsky, 'ta amfani da yaren kida na'. Bayan jawabin nasa, mawakan kade-kade sun yi ta kururuwa kamar an kai wa wani hari a jiki da kuma 'hankali ya yi yawa'. Abin takaici ne ga Lyatoshynsky cewa wakilin jaridar Musica, D. Zhitomirsky shima ya halarci wannan atisayen na sama. Bayan kwana biyar ya rubuta wani sosai m labarin a cikin Sovetskaya Musica. Lyatoshynsky ya tuna cewa a duk rayuwarsa bai taba jin irin wannan zargi mai lalata ba. A shekara ta 1948 Lyatoshynsky ya halarci taron kasa na Mawaƙa a Moscow (19 Afrilu) ko da yake an riga an cire shi daga Ƙungiyar Mawaƙa ta USSR. Kamar yadda ya ambata a cikin wasiƙarsa, 'Zan kasance mahalarta wannan taron [mai zuwa], ba mawaki ba. Ba za a iya yin Symphony na 3 ba tukuna yayin da ayyukan 'tsohuwar' na suka ragu, kowa ya yi watsi da su kuma an hana su daga wasan kwaikwayo [ ].' ‹Wasiƙar L, M.Kopiza› A cikin watan Mayu 1948 ya amsa wasiƙar daga Reinhold Glière, 'Ina jin haka- sosai; a sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a baya, na "bace" gaba daya daga duk shirye-shiryen kide-kide da shirye-shiryen rediyo. Idan zan faɗi ta da kalma ɗaya, a yanzu, na mutu a matsayin mawaƙi [!], kuma lokacin da za a tashi tashin matattu, ban sani ba. An rubuta wannan wasiƙar bayan Lyatoshynsky ya sami wani 'kashi' na zargi mai tsanani na Symphony No.2. An yi watsi da wannan aikin kuma an hana yin wasan kwaikwayo; An lakafta Lyatoshynsky a matsayin 'mai bin doka' kuma waƙarsa a matsayin 'anti-mutane'. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Lyatoshynsky ya ƙirƙira wasu ayyukan chamba, 'kyakkyawan ƙa'idodi' (kamar yadda Glière ya lura) irin su Quintet na Ukrainian (na piano, violin, viola da cello ), Shevchenko's Suite don piano ( sadaukar da kai ga almara tsawon jimrewa. Mawaƙin Ukrainian), Quartet na huɗu na Quintet na Ukrainian (dangane da jigogi na Ukrainian), Suite don Quartet, Uku na Biyu don piano da shirye-shiryen solo da mawaƙa. Abin sha'awa, Lyatoshynsky yana zaɓar jigogi don abubuwan da ya tsara bisa ga waƙoƙin da ke da halayen melancholic, irin su Pechal za Pechaliu (Bakin ciki yana bin baƙin ciki). A cikin wadannan shekaru Lyatoshynsky ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ilimi da kuma mawaki. Tsakanin 1941-1943 yawancin sassan maarantan Moscow Conservatoire, ciki har da sashen kiɗa, an ƙaura zuwa Saratov, wani gari kusa da kogin Rasha Volga . Lyatoshynsky ana sa ran yin aiki ba kawai a matsayin mawaki ba amma a matsayin jama'a. A wannan lokacin, Lyatoshynsky ya kafa lambobin sadarwa kuma ya yi aiki tare tare da masu gudanar da zauren kide-kide na gida da kwamitin Rediyo; ya dauki nauyin gudanarwa kuma ya jagoranci ayyuka don adanawa da jigilar littattafan kiɗan Ukrainian zuwa wuraren da ba a sami rikici ba. A wannan lokacin Lyatoshynsky ya kusanci lokacin tsaka-tsaki a cikin kiɗan sa, yana samun daidaiton da ya dace tsakanin rashin tausayi da farfaɗowa. Yana da alaƙa da buƙatun sabuntawa ta fuskar tashin hankali da yanke kauna, sake farfado da ƙarfin tuƙi mai mahimmanci ta hanyar haɗaɗɗun karrarawa na zamani tare da fahimtar ma'anar waƙar jama'a, wanda aka lulluɓe a cikin rubutun polyphonic. A cikin 1946, Lyatoshynsky na Ukraine Quintet ya sami lambar yabo ta Stalin (a 1952 ya sami wata lambar yabo ta Stalin, wannan lokacin don kiɗan a cikin fim game da mawaƙin ƙasar Ukrainian da jarumin juyin juya hali Taras Shevchenko ). A 1951, mawakin ya sake gano kuzari duk da koma bayan da aka samu a baya kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta Symphony na uku wanda ke haɓaka jigogi na gwagwarmayar jaruntaka da aka sanya kan rashin tausayi wanda mutanen zamaninsa suka fassara a matsayin jigogin falsafar yaƙi da zaman lafiya. Lyatoshynsky ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai nuna al'ada na gargajiya, mai kula da rubutun kalmomi da al'adar ci gaban jigogi. Har ila yau, yana la'akari da tsarin lalacewa, nakasawa, ɗabi'a, nihilism, rashin lafiya da jin dadi. Symphony ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da sha'awar Lyatoshynsky game da salon salo wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar amfani da sigar gargajiya, haɓaka haɓakawa, atonality da primitivism na waƙar jama'a. Lyatoshynsky ya kasance yana nema kuma yana tsara shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Symphonies. Symphony na Hudu (a cikin ƙaramin B) an yi shi jim kaɗan bayan mawaƙin ya rubuta shi (a cikin Oktoba 1963 har yanzu yana kammala ƙungiyar makaɗa don wannan aikin kuma a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar an yi shi a cikin Conservatoire na Moscow. ). Daya more yi da aka shirya domin Congress na Composers na Ukraine, a watan Maris 1963 da kuma wani a Fabrairu 1966, wannan lokaci ga Congress na Rasha composers. A cikin wasiƙarsa zuwa A. Dmitriev, ya yarda cewa Symphony na huɗu ya ƙunshi 'siffar rayuwa' kuma yana da 'mai daraja' sosai a gare shi. ‹Wasiƙar L, a Grecenko› 'Ƙarar ƙararrawa da kuka ji', ya rubuta, 'yana nuna shuɗewar lokaci, abubuwan tunawa na ƙarni da suka wuce; ƙarni, an rufe ... tare da ƙurar dawwama da zoben karrarawa.' Bayan mutuwar Joseph Stalin, Lyatohynsky aƙalla yana da 'yanci don yin waka daga tunaninsa, yana yin amfani da ci gaban motivic kyauta, dissonances da harshen amo na atonal. A cikin Symphony na gaba da na ƙarshe na biyar (Slavonic) (a cikin manyan C), mawaƙin ya haɗa da waƙar al'ummar Rasha a matsayin babban jigon da waƙa daga Yugoslavia a matsayin jigon sakandare. Lyatoshynsky ya ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan jama'a a cikin waƙarsa, yana faɗaɗa jigogi na jama'a tare da yin magana game da jumhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet, kamar Rasha, da ƙasashen Slavic kamar Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia, da Slovakia . A tsakanin shekarun 1960s, an amince da Lyatoshynsky a matsayin memba na Composers' Union na Tarayyar Soviet. Daga cikin gata, ya ji daɗin tafiye-tafiye na 'al'adu' zuwa ƙasashen waje, inda ya sadu da sauran abokan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya tattauna ayyukansa. Irin wannan balaguron, wanda aka kammala tare da shirye-shiryen al'adu na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma taron mawaƙa suna ɗaukar aiki (musamman a lokacin yakin cacar -baki) a matsayin tallace-tallace da kuma jakadun alfahari na ƙasa da kwaminisanci ga waɗanda ba 'yan gurguzu ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fitattun an rubuta su a cikin haruffa Lyatoshynsky. Ya rubuta game da ziyartar Ingila na makonni biyu a matsayin dawowa bayan mawaƙan Birtaniya biyu (bai bayyana ko su wanene ba) sun zauna a Moscow watanni shida da suka wuce. Lyatoshynsky ya cigaba da tafiye-tafiyen al'adu na, tare da ziyartar Austria da Switzerland ; matarsa ta raka shi. Wannan lokacin dama ce ga mawaki don tallata ayyukansa kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin mawaki na duniya. Ba a san shi ba akwai ƙayyadaddun lokaci don cimma wannan buri. Bayan ya kammala ayyukan mawaka daban-daban da kuma Bikinsa na Mawakan Symphonic a 1968 ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, ya bar shirinsa na shirya Symphony na Shida. Lyatoshynsky ya kasance mai yawan kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo saboda nasarorin da ya samu. A cikin 1938 da 1955 an ba shi kyautar 'A sign of Honour', a 1946- 'For Heroic Achievement' da 'Labour Red Flag'. A cikin 50th na shekara ta Tarayyar Soviet ya samu lambar yabo na Lenin. Bayan mutuwarsa, Lyatoshynsky ya sami bambanci a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'ar Ukrainian USSR a 1968 kuma an karrama shi a matsayin babban mawaki na Ukrainian a 1971, yana karɓar lambar yabo ta Shevchenko bayan mutuwarsa. Lyatoshynsky ya rubuta ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo guda biyar, waƙoƙin zube, da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi da yawa na guntu da waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo biyu, kiɗa na ɗakin, da kuma ayyuka masu yawa don piano solo. Abubuwan da ya fara rubutawa sun yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar maganganun Scriabin da Sergei Rachmaninoff (Symphony No.1). Salon kiɗansa daga baya ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar da Shostakovich ya fi so, wanda ya haifar da manyan matsaloli tare da masu sukar Soviet na lokacin, kuma a sakamakon haka an zargi Lyatoshynsky (tare da Sergei Prokofiev da Shostakovich) na al'ada da ƙirƙirar fasahar degenerative. Yawancin waƙoƙin nasa ba a cika yin su ba ko kuma ba a taɓa yin su ba a lokacin rayuwarsa. 1993, rikodin waƙoƙin sa na jagorar Ba'amurke Theodore Kuchar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony ta Ukrainian (a kan lakabin Naxos/Marco Polo) ya kawo waƙarsa ga masu sauraron duniya. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Kyautar Stalin : second class (1946) - Quintet for Ukrainian first class (1952) - for the music for the film "Taras Shevchenko" (1951) Shevchenko National Prize (1971) ( posthumous ) - ga opera "The Golden Hoop" (1930). Jama'ar Artist na Ukrainian SSR (1968) Mawaƙi mai daraja na USSR (1945) Order of Lenin Ayyuka Mataki The Golden Ring, opera a cikin 4 ayyuka opus 23 (1929) (an sake dubawa a 1970) Shchors, opera game da Nikolay Shchors a cikin 5 ayyuka bayan I. Kocherha da M. Rylsky opus 29 (1937) Kwamandan opera (1970) Orchestral 5 wasan kwaikwayo Symphony No. 1 Babban opus 2 (1918-1919) Symphony No. 2 B small opus 26 (1935-1936) An sake dubawa a cikin 1940. Symphony No. 3 B ƙaramin opus 50 (1951) Symphony No. 4 B ♭ ƙaramin opus 63 (1963) Symphony No. 5 Babban "Slavonic" opus 67 (1965-1966) Fantastic Maris opus 3 (1920) Ƙarfafa kan jigogi huɗu na Jama'ar Ukrainian opus 20 (1927) Suite daga Opera "The Golden Taya" opus 23 (1928) Wakar Waka (1947) Song of the reunification of Russia opus 49 (1949-1950) Waltz (1951) Suite daga Music Music "Taras Shevchenko" opus 51 (1952) Concerto na Slavonic don Piano da Orchestra opus 54 (1953) Suite daga Play "Romeo da Juliet" opus 56 (1955) "A kan bankunan Vistula", waƙar waƙar opus 59 (1958) Ƙungiya na Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Lamba 2 Babban opus 4 (Lamba 2 Intermezzo) na ƙungiyar makada (1960) Yaren mutanen Poland Suite opus 60 (1961) Slavonic Overture opus 61 (1961) Waƙar Lyric "Zuwa Ƙwaƙwalwar Gliere" opus 66 (1964) Slavonic Suite opus 68 (1966) Festive Overture opus 70 (1967) "Grazyna", ballade bayan A. Mickiewicz opus 58 (1955) Sautin Vocal/Coral Orchestral Festive Cantata "Zuwa 60th Anniversary na Stalin" bayan Rilskov ga gauraye mawaƙa da makada (1938). "Gado", cantata bayan Shevtchenko (1939) Sautukan Chamber/instrumental 5 kirtani quartets Zauren Quartet No. 1 D ƙaramin opus 1 (1915) Kirtani Quartet No. 2 Babban opus 4 (1922) Zauren Quartet Na 3 opus 21 (1928) Kirtani Quartet No. 4 opus 43 (1943) Zauren Quartet Na 5 (1944-1951) Piano Trio No. 1 opus 7 (1922) (an sake dubawa a 1925) Sonata don violin da piano opus 19 (1926, Muzgiz (Gidan Bugawa na Jiha) ya buga da Buga na Duniya a 1928) Pieces guda uku bayan Folksong - Jigogi na violin da piano opus 25 (1932) Piano Trio No. 2 opus 41 (1942) Piano Quintet "Ukrainian Quintet" opus 42 (1942) Suite akan Folksong na Ukrainian - Jigogi don string quartet opus 45 (1944) Suite for Wind Quartet opus 46 (1944) Mazurka biyu akan Jigogi na Polonian don cello da piano (1953) Nocturne da Scherzino na viola da piano (1963) Piano Elegy-Prelude (1920) Piano Sonata No. 1 opus 13 (1924) Pieces Bakwai "Wasanni" opus 16 (1925) Piano Sonata No. 2 "Sonata Ballade" opus 18 (1925) Ballad opus 22 (1928-1929) Balad opus 24 (1929) Suite (1941) Uku Preludes opus 38 (1942) Biyu Preludes opus 38b (1942) Shevchenko-Suite (1942) Ba a gama ba. Five Preludes opus 44 (1943) Concerto Etude-Rondo (1962-1965) Concert-Etude (1962-1967) Murya "Moonshadow", waƙar bayan Verlaine, I.Severyanin, Balmont da Wilde opus 9 (1923) Wakoki guda biyu bayan Shelley opus 10 (1923) Wakoki Biyu Bayan Maeterlinck da Balmont opus 12 (1923) Wakoki Hudu Bayan Shelley opus 14 (1924) Wakoki don baritone da piano opus 15 (1924) Amshi Rana ta tashi a Horizon, waƙa bayan Shevtshenko don ƙungiyar mawaƙa Ruwa, Zuba cikin Tekun Blue!, Waƙar bayan Shevtshenko don ƙungiyar mawaƙa Seasons bayan Pushkin don mawaƙa Po negy kradetsya Luna bayan Pushkin ga mawaƙa Kto, volny, vas ostanovil bayan Pushkin don mawaƙa Abin mamaki da sautin fina-finai Wakar wasan "Optimistic Tragedy" (1932) Wakar wasan Fim "Taras Shevtshenko" (1950) Wakar wasan "Romeo and Julia" (1954) Wakar fim ɗin "The Hooked Pig's Snout" (1956) Wakar Film "Ivan Franko" (1956) Band Babban Maris na rukunin bindigogi na #99 - shahararren wanda ya yi nasara a gasar Olympics ta Musical ta Farko (1931) Maris No. 2 don ƙungiyar makaɗar iska (1932) Maris No. 3 don ƙungiyar makaɗar iska (1936) Tafsiri Orchestration na Lysenko's opera Taras Bulba (Haɗin kai tare da L. Revutsky) Orchestration na Gliere's Violin Concerto (Haɗin kai tare da KG Mostras) Duba kuma Jerin Ukrainian composers - duba sauran Ukrainian composers na lokaci guda Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Birukov, Sergei. Jubilee na Boris Lyatoshinsky. Melodia, 1/10, (1995), 9 10. Belza, Igor. Boris Lyatoshinsky: zacluszhenniy deyatel ucckustva v Ukraunskoi Sovetskoi Sozialisticheskoi Respublike. Boris Lyatoshinsky: girmama stateman na Arts na Ukrainian Soviet Social Jamhuriyar. Misteztvo, 1947. Grecenko, L. da Matusevich, N., ed. Boris Lyatoshinsky: Vospominaniya, Pisma, Materialu. Chast I. Boris Lyatoshinsky: Tunatarwa, Wasiƙun, Materials. Kashi na I: Tunatarwa. Kuiv, Muzichna Ukraina Press, 1985. Lyatoshinsky, Boris. Vospominaniya. Pisma. Materiali. Tunawa. Wasika. Kayayyaki. Sashe na I. Musichna Ukraina, 1985. Lyatoshinsky, Boris. Vospominaniya. Pisma. Materiali. Tunawa. Wasika. Kayayyaki. Kashi na II. Musichna Ukraina, 1986. Boris Lyatoshinsky: Tvorcheskie Portreti Sovetskih Compositorov. Boris Lyatoshinsky: Creative Hotuna na Soviet Composers. Kuiv: Musichna Ukraina, 1981. Zaporozshez, Nikolai. Boris Lyatoshinsky - Sovetskiy Kompositor. Boris Lyatoshinsky mawakin Soviet. Abin Press, 1960. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jami'ar Nottingham, sashen kiɗa, karatun N. Stevens 'Lyatoshinsky: Tafiya na mawallafin mawaƙa a cikin Stalin's sarrafawa Rasha' Mawakan karni na 20 Wanda suka lashe kyautar Stain priz Haihuwan 1895 Mutuwar 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili%20Rachel%20Scharf%20Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948)farfesa ce Ba'am tourke Ba'amurke ce ta harshen Ibrananci na zamani da wallafe-wallafe a cikin Sashen Harsunan Gabas da Wayewa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.Ɗaukar matakan tsaka-tsaki don nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci na zamani,ta zana a cikin bincikenta game da hanyoyin da za a bi daga psychoanalysis, tarihin birane,nazarin kasashen waje da ƙaura,da kuma nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na kowa.Ta buga litattafai masu kyaututtuka a kan mawaƙin Ibrananci na Isra'ila,Yehuda Amichai,da kuma al'adun al'adu,zamantakewa,da gine-gine na birnin Haifa.Ta haɓaka wayar da kan al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin taro game da,da kuma karatun jama'a da laccoci ta,yawancin marubutan Isra'ila da masu shirya fina-finai. Asalin, ilimi,da aiki An haifi Nili Rachel Scharf Gold a Haifeta, Isra'ila,a cikin 1948,ga iyaye masu jin Jamusanci. Ta sami digiri na BA a cikin adabin Ibrananci da Ilimi daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Urushalima.Ta zo Amurka a cikin 1972 kuma ta sami digiri na MA da PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Yahudawa (JTSA) da ke birnin New York.A karkashin kulawar Avraham Holtz,ta rubuta karatun digirinta a kan ka'idodin fasaha masu tasowa,ko kuma wakoki,na ayyukan marigayi Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000). Daga 1979 zuwa 1998,ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia,a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya.A lokacin shekarar ilimi ta 1998–99,ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Harshen Ibrananci a Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka.Ta shiga jami'ar Pennsylvania a 2000. Scholarship and publications Littafin farko na Zinariya ya bayyana a cikin Ibrananci a cikin 1994.Mai suna,Lo Kabrosh ("Ba Kamar Cypress"),wannan littafi yayi la'akari da sauye-sauyen hotuna da sifofi a cikin waƙar Yehuda Amichai.Wannan littafin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Littafin Farko a Adabin Ibrananci daga Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Al'adu ta ƙasar Isra'ila. Da take rubutu a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya rubuta cewa wannan littafin "ya buɗe sabbin kwatance a cikin nazarin Amichai." Littafi na biyu na Gold,wanda ya fito a cikin Turanci a cikin 2008,mai suna, Yehuda Amichai:The Making of Israel's National Poet,kuma ya bibiyi ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Amichai tun yana ƙuruciyarsa a Würzburg, Jamus, bayan ƙauran danginsa zuwa Falasdinu na tilas a. 1936,kuma daga baya,bayan 1948,a Isra'ila lokacin da ya girma a matsayin mawaƙin Ibrananci.A cikin haka ta yi la'akari da tasirin da Jamusanci ke da shi akan waƙarsa ta Ibrananci.Wannan littafi,wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation ta 2007 da kuma tallafin bugawa na Amurka-Isra'ila Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) na 2008,ya bayyana a cikin bugu na Ibrananci da aka sake dubawa a cikin 2018. Rubuta a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya kwatanta littafin Gold a matsayin aikin "biography of poetic". Littafi na uku na Zinariya,Haifa:Birnin Matakan ya bayyana a cikin 2017,kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation Publishing Award da 2017 Schusterman Center for Israel Studies Publication Grant.Wannan littafi ya bibiyi tarihin Haifa da mutanenta tun daga karshen mulkin Ottoman a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin,ta hanyar wa'adin mulkin Burtaniya a Falasdinu,da kuma bayan kafuwar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.Zinariya ta tsara labarinta a kusa da alamomin gine-gine guda biyar a unguwar Hadar HaCarmel,inda Yahudawa da Larabawa daban-daban na birnin suka zauna kuma suka haɗu.Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki,haɗaɗɗen adabi,gine-gine da tarihin siyasa,gami da abubuwan tunawa,Haifa: City of Steps yana amfani da tarihin wannan birni don haskaka tarihin al'adun gama gari na mazauna cikin ƙarni na canji. Gold has published articles in a wide range of journals, including Prooftexts, the Jewish Quarterly Review, Hebrew Studies, Middle Eastern Literatures, and more. Her publications reflect her work on the role of Mother Tongue in literature written in an acquired language, as illustrated in the poetry of Natan Zach; her analyses of the avant-garde Israeli author Yoel Hoffmann; and her attention to the works of Hebrew women writers, such as Lea Goldberg, Dahlia Ravikovitch, and Judith Katzir. Haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka Zinariya ta taka rawa wajen haɓaka ayyukan Ibrananci na zamani a cikin fassarar turanci.A Jami'ar Pennsylvania,ta shirya a cikin 2004 taron kasa da kasa wanda ke nuna aikin marubucin Isra'ila Amos Oz,wanda ya halarta kuma yayi magana. Ta shirya irin wannan taron kasa da kasa don murnar aikin Aharon Appelfeld a 2011. A cikin 2019,ta karbi bakuncin mai shirya fina-finan Isra'ila Amos Gitai,wanda ya tattauna fim ɗinsa na Ibrananci Tramway a Urushalima. Daga cikin sauran marubuta da masu shirya fina-finai da ta karbi bakuncin akwai Sami Michael,Amir Guttfreund,Meir Wiezeltier, Dahlia Ravikovitch, Yitzhak Gormezano Goren,da Judith Katsir.Ta ci gaba da wannan sha'awar don haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani ta hanyar fassara, da kuma shiga cikin nazarin adabi a cikin azuzuwan Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta koyar da adabin Ibrananci a cikin fassarar Ingilishi dangane da takwarorinsa na Larabci,Farisa, da Turkiyya. Inganta fina-finan Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka Tun daga shekara ta 2010,Zinariya ta haɓaka cinema ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a Philadelphia ta hanyar shirya bikin Fina-Finan Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekara-shekara tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Penn da sauran sassan harabar da shirye-shirye.Wannan biki ya nuna fina-finai daga kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, kamar Iran,Aljeriya,Masar, Falasdinu,Turkiyya, da Maroko. Tare da wannan jerin,Zinariya kuma ya gayyaci masu yin fina-finai na Isra'ila da dama,irin su Avi Nesher da Amos Gitai,don yin magana a kan harabar. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1948

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20356

Porsche 356

Porsche 356 mota ce ta wasanni wadda kamfanin kasar Ostiriya Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH (1948-1949) ya fara kera ta, sannan kuma kamfanin Jamus Dr. Ing. hc F. Porsche GmbH (1950-1965). Motar farko ce ta samar da Porsche. Motocin farko da kamfanin na Ostiriya ya kera sun hada da motar tseren tseren Cisitalia Grand Prix, da Volkswagen Beetle, da motocin Grand Prix na Auto Union . 356 mai nauyi ne mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa, injin baya, motar baya, kofa biyu akwai duka biyun a cikin babban coupé da buɗewa. Sabbin abubuwan injiniya sun ci gaba a cikin shekarun da aka yi, suna ba da gudummawa ga nasarar wasannin motsa jiki da shahararsa. An fara samarwa a cikin 1948 a Gmünd, Austria, inda Porsche ya gina kusan motoci 50. A cikin 1950 masana'antar ta koma Zuffenhausen, Jamus, kuma gabaɗayan samar da 356 ya ci gaba har zuwa Afrilu 1965, da kyau bayan samfurin maye gurbin 911 ya fara halarta a watan Satumba 1964. Daga cikin 76,000 da aka samar a asali, kusan rabin sun tsira. Tarihi Kafin yakin duniya na biyu Porsche ya tsara tare da gina motoci nau'i 64 guda uku don tseren Berlin zuwa Rome a 1939 wanda aka soke. A cikin 1948 an kammala tsakiyar injin, tubular chassis 356 samfuri mai suna " No. 1 ". Wannan ya haifar da wasu muhawara game da motar "Porsche" ta farko. Ko da yake ainihin naúrar Porsche 356 tana da wurin tsakiyar tsakiyar injin, 356 na baya-bayan nan yana ɗaukar Porsche a matsayin samfurin samarwa na farko. 356 Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche (ɗan Ferdinand Porsche, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Jamus), wanda ya kafa kamfanin Austrian tare da 'yar uwarsa, Louise . Kamar dan uwansa, Volkswagen Beetle (wanda Ferdinand Porsche Sr. ya tsara), 356 yana da silinda hudu, mai sanyaya iska, injin baya, motar motsa jiki tare da hadaddiyar kwanon rufi da ginin jiki. Chassis sabon zane ne, kamar yadda jikin 356 yake, wanda ma'aikacin Porsche Erwin Komenda ya tsara. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu kayan aikin injina, da suka haɗa da harsashin injin da wasu abubuwan dakatarwa, an samo su ne daga Volkswagen kuma da farko. Ferry Porsche ya bayyana tunanin da ke tattare da ci gaban 356 a cikin wata hira da editan "Panorama", mujallar PCA, a cikin Satumba 1972. ". . . A koyaushe ina tuka motoci masu sauri sosai. Ina da Alfa Romeo, da BMW, da sauransu. …. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ina da Volkswagen Cabriolet mai injina mai caji, kuma wannan shine ainihin ra'ayin. Na ga cewa idan kana da isasshen wutar lantarki a cikin karamar mota, ya fi kyau tuƙi fiye da idan kana da babbar mota wacce ita ma ta fi ƙarfin. Kuma ya fi nishadi. A kan wannan ainihin ra'ayin, mun fara samfurin Porsche na farko. Don sanya motar ta yi haske, don samun injin da ke da ƙarfin dawakai… wannan shine wurin zama na farko da muka gina a Carinthia ( Gmünd )”. Na farko 356 an tabbatar da hanya a Ostiriya a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1948, kuma an shiga cikin tseren a Innsbruck, inda ya ci nasara a aji. Porsche ya sake sabunta motar tare da mai da hankali kan aikin. Volkswagen da Porsche sun raba ƙananan sassa yayin da shekarun 1950 suka ci gaba. Porsche ya kera motocin farko na 356 da hannu a Gmünd a cikin aluminum, amma lokacin da aka ƙaura zuwa Zuffenhausen, Jamus, a cikin 1950, samfuran da aka samar akwai nau'ikan ƙarfe. Motocin da ke jikin aluminum daga wannan ƙaramin kamfani su ne abin da a yanzu ake kira "prototypes". Porsche ya ba wa kamfanin Reutter kwangilar gina jikin karfe kuma baya ya sayi kamfanin Reutter a shekarar 1963. Ba a lura da shi ba a farkonsa, galibi ta ƴan ƴan sha'awar tseren mota, 356 na farko da aka sayar a Austria da Jamus. Ya ɗauki Porsche shekaru biyu, farawa da samfurin farko a 1948, don kera motoci 50 na farko. A farkon shekarun 1950, 356 sun sami shahara a tsakanin masu sha'awar a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika saboda yanayin iska, kulawa, da ingantaccen ingancin gini. Nasarar aji a Le Mans a 1951 ya kasance dalili. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu su yi tseren mota tare da tuka su a kan tituna. Sun gabatar da injin tseren cam huɗu na " Carrera ", sabon ƙira kuma na musamman ga motocin wasanni na Porsche, a ƙarshen 1954. Ingantacciyar nasara tare da tseren motoci da motocinsa ya kawo odar Porsche sama da raka'a 10,000 a cikin 1964, kuma a lokacin da samar da 356 ya ƙare a 1965 an samar da kusan 76,000. An gina 356 a cikin jeri huɗu daban-daban, na asali ("pre-A"), sannan 356 ya biyo baya. A, 356 B, kuma a ƙarshe na 356 C. Don bambanta tsakanin manyan bita na ƙirar, 356s gabaɗaya ana rarraba su zuwa wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi. 356 coupés da "cabriolets" (mai laushi) da aka gina ta 1955 ana iya gane su da sauri ta hanyar rabuwar su (1948 zuwa 1952) ko lankwasa (tsakiyar-creased, 1953 zuwa 1955) gilashin iska. A ƙarshen 1955 356 A ya bayyana, mai lanƙwasa gilashin gilashi. Hanyar A ita ce hanya ta farko da za ta fara zuwa Porsche don ba da injin kyamara huɗu na Carrera a matsayin zaɓi. A ƙarshen 1959 T5 356 B ya bayyana; sai kuma jerin T6 da aka sake tsarawa 356 B a 1962. Sigar ƙarshe shine 356 C, kadan ya canza daga motocin marigayi T6 B amma birki na diski ya maye gurbin ganguna. Hotuna Manazarta

50938

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Amoo%20Addo

Elijah Amoo Addo

Elijah Amoo Addo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Agusta 1990) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne mai dafa abinci kuma mai salo na abinci wanda ya zama ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Food for all Africa. An kafa Food for all Africa a cikin 2014, kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke gudanar da cibiyar tallafin abinci ta farko ta yammacin Afirka. Bisa ga babban birnin Ghana, Accra, ƙungiyar tana amfani da shawarwari da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na raba abinci don ciyar da dubban yara masu rauni ta hanyar farfadowa da rarraba abinci. Aiki tare da gidajen cin abinci, manyan kantuna, kamfanoni masu rarraba abinci, da ƙananan manoma na karkara, ƙungiyar Addo tana tattara ragowar abinci ko abincin da ba a so wanda ya aka kusa dai naamfani da shi a sake rarraba shi ga yara marasa galihu a gidajen marayu, asibitoci da ƙananan makarantu. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana aiki kan matakin manufofin kasa don saukakawa masu samar da kayayyaki don ba da gudummawar abinci da neman haraji. Bugu da kari, bayan gano cewa kusan kashi 46% na abincin da ake nomawa a gonaki a Ghana yakan tafi a asara saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyi, manyan motocin dakon kaya da rashin ingantaccen kasuwanci, Food for All Africa na hada kai da masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar abinci ta Ghana da nemo hanyoyin da za a rage barnar abinci. A shekarar 2017, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Addo lambar yabo ta shugabannin matasa a fadar Buckingham, saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen sake fasalin tsarin rabon abinci a Ghana, domin rage almubazzaranci, da kawar da yunwa, da kawar da fatara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award daga Takeda Foundation a shekarar 2018. Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Addo a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1990 a Accra, Ghana amma ya fito daga Akuapem-Mampong. Yaro daya tilo a cikin ‘ya’yansa hudu, ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekara 12, ya tafi wurin innarsa a Legas, inda ya yi makaranta. Ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa karatu a makarantar sakandare ta St. Thomas Aquinas da ke Accra, Ghana sannan ya kammala kwas a fannin ilimin abinci a makarantar Sphinx Hospitality da hidimar abinci a Legas, Najeriya. Yana da takardar shedar kasuwanci da gudanarwa daga YALI West Africa RLC-GIMPA kuma ya sami takardar shaidar Canjin Jagora a Jami'ar Cambridge a 2017. Sana'ar dafa abinci da ƙwazo Tafiyar Addo a matsayin mai dafa abinci ta faro ne a birnin Lagos na Najeriya lokacin da ya fara aiki a gidan abinci a matsayin dan dako don tallafawa karatunsa. Watarana yana gaggawar komawa gida sai ya jefar da wani miya na zaitun da shugaban masu dafa abinci ya shirya, yana tunanin asara ce. Hakan ya sa mai dafa abinci ya fusata har ya zage shi. Kuka ya fara yi yana fadin "kana tunanin idan iyayena suna raye zan kasance a nan a matsayin mai tsaftacewa yayin da abokan aikina ke makaranta?" Wannan ya taba shugaban Chef wanda ya yanke shawarar ba shi shawara kuma ya tallafa masa ta hanyar karatun dafa abinci a makarantar koyon sana'a ta Sphinx da ke Legas. Bayan samun horo, ya samu aiki a gidan cin abinci na Marios, sannan daya daga cikin gidajen cin abinci mafi yawan jama'a a Legas, kuma a shekarar 2010 ya koma Ghana don taimakawa wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Lebanon wanda ya ga aikinsa a Legas don bude gidan cin abinci na Chase. Bayan shekara daya ya dawo Legas bisa gayyatar mai ba shi shawara ya yi aiki a otal din nasu har na tsawon wata shida, ya kuma tashi ya zama Sous Chef. Addo ya dawo Ghana kuma a shekarar 2011, ya hadu da wani mutum mai tabin hankali wanda ke kwato ragowar abinci daga masu sayar da kayayyaki a tituna domin ciyar da abokan aikinsa masu tabin hankali a kan tituna. Wannan ne ya ba shi kwarin gwiwar kafa gidauniyar Chefs for Change Ghana, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta kwato wuce gona da iri daga kamfanonin karbar baki don ciyar da marasa galihu da bayar da shawarwari kan almubazzaranci da yunwa. A shekarar 2015, Chefs for Change ya zama shirin Food for all Africa, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke gudanar da bankin abinci na farko a Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin abinci mai ɗorewa ga yara masu rauni, tsofaffi da masu tabin hankali ta hanyar banki abinci, noma da taron masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin samar da abinci na Ghana. A shekarar 2012, an zabe shi don jagorantar dafa abinci a +233 Jazz Bar a Accra kuma ya zama Sakataren kungiyar masu dafa abinci na Greater Accra, inda ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin kungiyar don sake fasalin tare da mai da hankali kan horar da masu dafa abinci na dalibai don inganta matakan bayarwa a cikin kasuwar aiki. Ya kuma yi aiki a Burger da Relish amma a shekarar 2015 ya yi murabus don mai da hankali kan jagorancin shirin Abinci ga Food for all Africa. A shekarar 2017, ya fara aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ta Okumkom ("It Ends Hunger") a matsayin dandamali don kawo kayan abinci na gida masu araha ga al'ummomin, tare da kantin sayar da al'umma na farko da ke Teshie, Accra. Kungiyarsa ta Food for All Africa ta dawo da abinci tsakanin dala 8,000 zuwa dala 10,000 duk shekara don tallafawa sama da masu cin gajiyar 5485 a fadin kasar Ghana kuma a shekarar 2014 an zabi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka na duniya 100 don kawo karshen yunwa da fatara a Ghana ta Dubai International Awards for Best practices. Tana fatan kaiwa da tasiri ga mutane masu karamin karfi miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2020. A cikin 2017, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kawo sauyi daga Afirka a cikin Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta Burtaniya a Fadar Buckingham don karrama ayyukansa na ci gaban zamantakewa a fadin Commonwealth, ciyar da marasa galihu da kuma gyara tsarin rarraba abinci na Ghana don shawo kan sharar abinci, yunwa, talauci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A shekarar 2018, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award a taron Takeda na shekara-shekara a Tokyo, Japan don aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Okumkom da shagunan abinci na al'umma, wanda ke kawo samfuran abinci masu araha da dacewa ga al'ummomin ta hanyar wayar hannu, gidan yanar gizo da al'umma shagunan manufa. Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2015, Wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Kyauta ta Afirka a Ayyukan Al'umma 2017, Kyautar Shugabannin Matasan Sarauniya 2017 100 Mafi Tasirin Matasan Afirka 2018, Takeda Foundation Young Entrepreneurship Award Delivered a pitch at the EuroAfrican Forum. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Elijah Amoo, Chef dan Ghana, mai shekaru 26, Mai gudanar da Bankin Abinci ga marasa galihu Sarauniyar ta karrama mai dafa abinci haifaffen Ghana ne saboda sha'awar dafa abinci Haihuwan 1990 Rayayyun mutane

20922

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Ghana

Mata a Ghana

Matsayin mata a Ghana da matsayinsu a cikin al'ummar Ghana ya canza a cikin yawan shekarun da suka gabata. An sami jinkiri a cikin shigar mata na Ghana cikin siyasa a tsawon tarihi. An kuma ba wa mata 'yanci daidai a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulkin Ghana, amma har yanzu akwai banbancin ilimi, aikin yi, da kiwon lafiya ga mata. Bugu da kyari, mata na da ƙarancin damar samun albarkatu fiye da maza a Ghana. Matan Ghana mazauna karkara da birane suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban. A duk faɗin Ghana, mata masu gidajan mata suna ƙaruwa. Yaƙe-yaƙe iri-iri na cin zarafin mata har yanzu ya wanzu a Ghana. A cikin 'yan shekaru, dandalin mata ƙungiyoyi da hakkin mata kungiyoyin sun karu. a koƙarin kawo daidaito tsakanin jinsi na ci gaba da ƙaruwa a Ghana. Gwamnatin Ghana ta rattaba hannu kan wasu manufofi da yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa don bunƙasa 'yancin mata a Ghana. Siyasa Kodayake an ba mata tabbaci game da haƙƙin shiga siyasa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulkin Gana na 1992, amma akwai rashin wakilcin mata a cikin gwamnati . Ba a taɓa samun shugaban ƙasa mace a Ghana ba . A shekarar 2012, mata 19 ne suka mamaye kujerun majalisar, yayin da maza 246 suka mamaye sauran kujerun. A shekarar 2017, yawan matan da aka zaba a Majalisar ya karu, kuma an zaɓi mata 37. Koyaya, har yanzu matan Ghana ba su wuce 13.5% na Majalisar Dokoki ba. A kotuna, Babban Alkalin ita ce Sophia Akuffo, mace ta biyu da aka nada a wannan matsayi. Mace ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin Babban Jojin ita ce Georgina Wood . Bugu da ƙari, mata kawai ke da ƙaramin kaso daga cikin jimlar manyan alƙalai a manyan kotuna . A cikin shekarar 2009, 23% na alƙalan Kotun ƙoli mata ne. An sami raguwar mata a hankali a Majalisar tun bayan da aka fara amfani da tsarin mata da yawa a shekarar 1992. Ghana ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don haɓaka daidaito a fagen siyasa. Misali, gwamnati ta rattaba hannu tare da tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan Kawar Da Duk Wani Nau'in Nuna Bambanci (CEDAW). Akwai cibiyoyi da yawa a Ghana waɗanda ke aiki don ciyar da haƙƙin mata da al'amuran walwala. Kungiyoyin mata da masu fafutuka a Ghana suna neman manufofin jinsi da shirye-shirye don inganta rayuwar mata. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati tana da ma'aikatar da aka keɓe ga mata kuma Ma'aikatar Jinsi, Yara da Kare Lafiyar Jama'a ta mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar siyasa kan al'amuran da suka shafi mata da yara ƙanana. Duk da kokarin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da jam’iyyun siyasa, shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa a Ghana ya rage. Rashin sa hannun mata daga harkokin siyasa a Ghana na iya danganta ga al'adun gargajiya da suka daɗe . Gaskiyar al'adar cewa mata a Ghana kada su sami wani nauyi a wajensu na taimakawa ga ƙarancin mata a harkokin siyasa. Shugabanci shima fasaha ce wacce a al'adance ake danganta ta da samari da maza. Lokacin da mata a Ghana suka ɗauki matsayin jagoranci, zasu iya fuskantar wariya . Tsarin iyali Aure Auren mace fiye da ɗaya na nufin aure wanda aka halatta wa maza su auri mata fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, an ƙarfafa auren mata fiye da ɗaya, musamman ga maza masu hannu da shuni. Auren mace fiye da ɗaya a al'adance ana ganinsa a matsayin tushen kwadago ga maza, kasancewar mata da yawa sun ba da damar ƙarin nakuda . A cikin al'ummomin uba, sadaki da aka karɓa daga aurar da 'ya'ya mata kuma wata hanya ce ta al'ada ga uba don tara ƙarin dukiya. Yau, da yawan mata a polygynous aure a yankunan karkara (23.9%) ne kusan biyu da na mata a birane (12.4%). Ageungiyar shekaru tare da mafi yawan mata a cikin auren polygynous shine 45-49, sannan ƙungiyar 15-19 da ƙungiyar 40-44 suka biyo baya. ƙididdigar aurarrakin auren mace fiye da ɗaya yana raguwa yayin da matakin ilimi da matakan wadata ke ƙaruwa. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, ana yin aure a ƙarƙashin dokar al'adu sau da yawa mahaifa da sauran manyan dangi na mai jiran gado da amarya. Irin wannan auren ya yi aiki ne don hada dangogi / kungiyoyi biyu a cikin zamantakewa ; Saboda haka, aure a cikin kabilar da kuma a nan da nan a al'adance aka karfafa. Shekarun da aka tsara yin aure ya bambanta tsakanin ƙabilun, amma maza gaba ɗaya suna aurar mata da ƙanana da shekaru. Wasu daga cikin auren ma sun kasance sun shirya su ne tun kafin yarinyar ta balaga . A cikin waɗannan al'amura, la'akari na iyali ya wuce na mutum - yanayin da ya ƙara ƙarfafa matsayin mai yin aiki na matar. Nisantar mata daga neman arziki, koda a cikin alaƙar aure, an ƙarfafa ta da tsarin rayuwar gargajiya. Daga cikin matrilineal kungiyoyin, kamar Akan, matan aure ci gaba da kasance a su masu juna biyu gidajensu. Za a kai wa mijinta abinci a gidan mahaifiyarsa. A cikin yanayin polygynous, za a tsara jadawalin ziyarar. Hanyoyin zama daban sun ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa kowane mata yana karkashin ikon wani shugaban gidansa daban, kuma saboda ma'aurata koyaushe membobi ne na jinsi daban-daban, kowannensu a karshe yana karkashin ikon manyan mazaje ne. Matar, a matsayinta na bare a cikin gidan miji, ba za ta gaji komai daga dukiyar sa ba, banda abin da mijinta ya ba ta a matsayin kyaututtuka don nuna godiyar shekaru na ibada. 'Ya'yan da zasu kasance daga wannan auren na miji ana sa ran su gaji daga dangin mahaifiyarsu. Dagomba kuwa, suna gado ne daga uba. A cikin wadannan al'ummomi na babba inda rukunin cikin gida suka haɗa da namiji, matarsa ko matansa, 'ya'yansu, kuma watakila dangi da yawa masu dogaro, an kawo matar kusancin ga mijinta da dangin mahaifinsa . 'Ya'yan nata maza sun tabbatar mata da samun damar kai tsaye ga dukiyar da aka tara a gidan aure da mijinta. A yau, tasirin aure ya bambanta tsakanin karkara da birane. Auren mata fiye da daya ya fi zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, kuma mace mai aure galibi tana samun goyon bayan manyan ƙungiyoyin dangi da kuma matan aure. Kabilun Gana gabaɗaya sun amince da al'adar auren "Yammacin Turai". Mace ta gari tana da alhaki mafi girma na zaɓar mijinta tunda ba ta da nasaba da nasaba ko sha'awar iyalinta. Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin mace 'yar birni a matsayin abokiyar zama fiye da ƙaramar yarinya, kamar yadda za ta kasance a cikin yankunan karkara da yawa. Idan aka faɗi haka, zai iya zama da wuya mace ta gari ta magance korafe-korafe ko ta bar mijinta saboda wannan nauyin da kuma rashin tallafi na iyali da matan karkara ke yawan samu. Dokar kare yara ta Ghana, dokar yara, ta hana auren kananan yara; amma duk da haka, bayanai daga 2011 sun nuna cewa kashi 6% na 'yan mata a duk ƙasar sun yi aure kafin su cika shekara 15. Tsakanin 2002 da 2012, 7% na matan samari (masu shekaru 15-19) a halin yanzu sun yi aure. Yawancin waɗannan mata suna zaune a cikin Volta, Yammaci, da yankuna na Arewa, kuma gabaɗaya suna zaune a ƙauyuka ba tare da la'akari da yanki ba. Matsayin iyali Mata a cikin al'ummomin Ghana na zamanin da sun kasance masu ɗaukar yara, manoma da 'yan kasuwa na kayan gona. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, an bayyana ikon haihuwa na mata a matsayin hanyar da ake ba da damar sake haihuwar kakannin zuriya. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar bakara ne a matsayin mafi girman masifa. Ganin yadda maza suka fi yawa a cikin al’adun gargajiya, wasu masana halayyar dan adam sun bayyana ikon mace na haifuwa a matsayin mafi mahimmiyar hanya da mata ke tabbatar da tsaron rayuwa da tattalin arƙiki ga kansu, musamman idan sun haifi ‘ya’ya maza. Kuɗaɗen gidaje masu mata na ƙaruwa a ƙasar Ghana. Adadin mata masu shugabanci mata ko waɗanda zawarawa ko sakakkun su ma sun tashi a lokaci. Sabanin binciken da aka yi a duk duniya cewa ana alakanta talaucin mata da yawan matan da ke shugabantar da mata, sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar a Ghana ya nuna cewa magidanta masu fama da mata ba za su iya fuskantar talauci fiye da na maza ba. Wannan saboda dalilai da yasa magidanta ke jagorancin mata sun banbanta a duk fadin kasar. Matsayin aure babban al'amari ne wajen fahimtar bambance-bambance a cikin yawan talauci. Misali, zawarawa rukuni ne na gidajen mata masu nuna talauci mafi yawa. Musamman a al'amuran polygynous, ba duk mata ne suke zama a gida ɗaya da mijinta ba. Saboda haka, gidajen mata masu zaman kansu da matan aure ke jagoranta sun fi kowa kyau ta fuskar talauci, sai kuma matan da aka sake su, da kuma matan da suka rasa mazajensu. Ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma da matsayin da aka ba mata shine ɗayan manyan batutuwan Ghana. Akwai matakan zamantakewar da dole ne mata a Afirka su bi, ya danganta da al'adunsu da addininsu. Akwai wasu abubuwan wadanda suke haifar da dabi'un mace na zamantakewa. Misali na wannan shi ne, ana buƙatar matan shugaban ƙasa a Afirka su kasance a ayyukan gwamnati, amma zai fi dacewa 'ya'ya maza. Tare da kasancewar akwai yiwuwar miji ya ɗauki wata matar idan ba su ci nasarar samar da ɗa ba. Hanya don gyara ƙa'idar zamantakewar jama'a ita ce ta sanya yawan mata shiga makaranta saboda ƙwarewar sanin maudu'in, da kuma matsayin mata mafi girma a cikin nahiyar. Samun damar sauya tsammanin da aka sanya wa mata da ƙa'idodin da al'adu ke da su, yana da wahala saboda samun damar canza tunanin ko wata al'ada, addini ko gwamnati. Gabaɗaya, mata a cikin gidajen mata suna ɗaukar aiki na gida da na kasuwa fiye da maza a gidajen maza, galibi saboda galibi shugabar mata ita ce babba wacce take da shekaru ko damar aiki. Maza yawanci suna iya rarraba aiki tare da mata a cikin gidajen maza, kamar yadda yawancin maza a gidajen maza ke da aure. Bugu da ƙari, yawan aikin gida da mata ke yi yayin zama tare ko ba tare da abokin aure ba ya bambanta, wanda ya kai ga yanke hukuncin cewa yawanci maza ba sa ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin gida. Bugu da kari, matan da suke shugabannin gidaje gaba daya suna da fadin kasa hekta 12 kasa da mazan mazajen. Bambancin mallakar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa yayin da dukiya ke ƙaruwa. Girman iyali A cikin Ra'ayoyin su bakwai na Mata: Tasirin Ilimi, ƙaura, da Aiki ga Uwar Ghana (Ofishin Laborasashen Duniya, 1987), Christine Oppong da Katherine Abu sun yi rikodin tattaunawa a Ghana wanda ya tabbatar da ra'ayin gargajiya game da haihuwa . Da suke ambaton alkalumma daga binciken haihuwa na Ghana a shekarar 1983, marubutan sun kammala da cewa kimanin kashi 60 na matan kasar sun fi son samun manyan iyalai na ‘ya’ya biyar ko fiye. Mafi yawan 'ya'ya mata da aka samu a yankunan karkara inda al'adun gargajiyar suka fi ƙarfi. Matan birni marasa ilimi suma suna da manyan iyalai. A matsakaita, matan birni, masu ilimi, da masu aiki ba su da yara ƙanana. Gabaɗaya, dukkan ƙungiyoyin da aka zanta da su sun ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa ga mata a cikin alumma, ko dai don fa'idodin da take bayarwa ga uwa ko kuma martabar da zai kawo wa dangin ta. Tsaron da haihuwa ya samar shine mafi girma a batun matan karkara da marasa ilimi. Sabanin haka, yawan yara ga kowace uwa sun ki yarda ga mata masu karatun gaba da firamare da kuma aikin yi a waje; tare da samun kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma ɗan lokaci kaɗan a hannunsu a matsayinsu na iyaye mata da ma'aikata, sha'awar haifuwa ta ƙi. Ilimi Canji zuwa cikin duniyar zamani ya kasance jinkiri ga mata a Ghana. Yawan haihuwar mace a Ghana a cikin shekarun 1980 ya nuna, a tarihance, cewa matsayin mata na farko shine na haihuwar yara . Wasu iyayen ba sa son tura yaransu mata makaranta saboda ana bukatar aikinsu a cikin gida ko gona. Rashin jituwa ga ilimin mata ya samo asali ne tun daga yakinin cewa mata za su tallafawa mazansu. A wasu yankuna, har ma akwai tsoron cewa rayuwar auren yarinya ta ragu lokacin da ta yi karatu. Inda 'yan mata ke zuwa makaranta, yawancinsu ba su ci gaba ba bayan sun karɓi takardar shaidar ilimi. Wasu kuma ba su kammala karatun firamare ba, duk da Dokar Ilimi ta 1960 wacce ta fadada kuma take buƙatar makarantar firamare . A bitoci da yawa da Majalisar Mata da Raya Kasa (NCWD) ta shirya tsakanin 1989 da 1990, karuwar yawan yara mata da ke cikin firamare ya haifar da damuwa. Ganin yadda yawan karatun ya ragu tsakanin ‘yan mata, sai NCWD ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta nemi hanyoyin magance lamarin. Bambancin tsakanin ilimin namiji da na mace a Ghana ya sake nunawa a cikin ƙidayar ƙasa ta 1984. Kodayake yawan maza da mata da ke rajistar a makarantun firamare ya kai 55 zuwa 45, amma yawan 'yan mata a matakin sakandare ya ragu sosai, kuma kusan kashi 17 daga cikinsu ne aka yi wa rajista a jami'o'in kasar a shekarar 1984. Dangane da alkaluman Hukumar Kula da Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) da aka buga a shekarar 1991, yawan adadin mata da aka yi wa rajista a matakai daban-daban na tsarin ilimin kasar a 1989 bai nuna wani ci gaba ba a kan wadanda aka rubuta a 1984. Aiki A lokacin zamantakewar Gana kafin zamani, a yankunan karkara na Ghana inda ba harkar kasuwanci ba harkar noma ita ce babbar sana'ar tattalin arziki, mata suna aikin gona. Kodayake mata sun yi kaso mai tsoka na aikin noma, amma a 1996 an bayar da rahoton cewa, mata ne ke da kashi 26.1% na masu gonaki ko manajoji. Matan da ke gabar teku ma sun sayar da kifin da maza suka kama. Yawancin fa'idodin kuɗi waɗanda aka ɗora wa waɗannan matan sun shiga kula da gida, yayin da na mutumin suka sake saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin da galibi ake ganin cewa na danginsa ne. Wannan rabe-raben arzikin na gargajiya ya sanya mata a mukaman da ke karkashin maza. Dagewa da irin wadannan dabi'u a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Ghana na iya bayyana wasu daga juriya ga ilimin mata a da. Manazarta Mata Mata 'Yan Ghana Mutanen Afirka

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq%20Al-Awsat

Asharq Al-Awsat

Asharq Al-Awsat ( , ma'ana "Gabas ta Tsakiya") jarida ce ta kasa da kasa ta Larabci mai hedikwata a London . Majagaba na samfurin "kashe-gishiri" a cikin larabci na Larabci, ana yawan lura da takardar don fitattun shafuka masu launin kore. Duk da cewa an buga wannan takarda da sunan wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), an kafa wannan takarda ne da amincewar iyalan gidan sarautar Saudiyya da ministocin gwamnatin kasar, kuma an santa da goyon bayan gwamnatin Saudiyya. Jaridar mallakar Faisal bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, dan gidan sarautar Saudiyya ne. Asharq Al-Awsat yana ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na ofisoshi da masu aiko da rahotanni a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, Turai, Amurka, da Asiya . Har ila yau, takardar tana da haɗin gwiwar haƙƙin mallaka tare da The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, da Ra'ayin Duniya, yana ba shi damar buga fassarar Larabci na masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kamar Thomas Friedman da David Ignatius . Tarihi An ƙaddamar da ita a Landan a cikin 1978, kuma an buga shi a nahiyoyi huɗu a cikin birane 14, ana yawan cajin takardar a matsayin "jararriyar jaridar Larabawa ta yau da kullun," kuma tana kiran kanta "jarida ta farko ta Pan-Arab kullum" bisa la’akari da cewa kiyasin da aka yi a baya na yawo ya ba shi mafi girma da ake yadawa a gidajen jaridun Pan-Arab, wani nau’i da ya hada da babban mai fafatawa a gasar Al-Hayat . Koyaya, ƙididdiga masu inganci ana samun su ne kawai daga farkon shekarun 2000, kafin abokin hamayyar Al-Hayat ya ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin yunƙuri na ƙara yaɗuwa a Saudi Arabiya. Babban editan jaridar na farko Jihad Khazen, yanzu mawallafi ne kuma edita ga abokin hamayyar Pan-Arab daily Al-Hayat, ya ba Hisham Hafiz daraja, tare da goyon bayan dan uwansa Mohammed Ali Hafez, don Tunanin farko na kafa jaridar Larabci a Landan. Sa'an nan kuma aka kaddamar da kullun a cikin 1978. Shi ma tsohon babban editan Othman Al Omeir ya ba 'yan'uwa Hisham da Mohammad Hafiz yabo saboda kafa takarda da kuma kula da ita. Tare da El Khazen, 'yan'uwa sun tashi don tabbatar da ƙimar ra'ayin ta hanyar batutuwa da dama na gwaji ga Yarima mai jiran gado na lokacin kuma daga baya sarki Fahd, wanda ya fara jin daɗin tunani amma sai ya rasa sha'awarsa. Khazen ya kuma yabawa jakadan Saudiyya na lokacin a Landan kuma mataimakin ministan yada labarai na lokacin da ya taimaka wajen samun amincewar Fahd a baki na fitar da jaridar a lokacin da yariman ke wata ziyarar aiki a Ingila. Rikici kan yarjejeniyar Camp David Bayan labarin babban taron jaridar na farko (dangane da kafa rundunar Amurka ta tsakiya a yankin gabas ta tsakiya), sabuwar jaridar da har yanzu ta yi suna ta hanyar cece-kuce game da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Masar da Isra'ila . A yayin da ake fuskantar suka daga masu ba da gudummawa da ma'aikata game da yarjejeniyar Camp David da shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat, shugaban ofishin Alkahira Salah al Din Hafez ya yi murabus. Sa'an nan Sadat ya gudanar da taron manema labarai tare da sabon shugaban ofishin Asharq Al Awsat da ke gefensa inda shugaban na Masar ya kai hari kan jaridar da kuma matsayar da take da shi kan shirin zaman lafiya gaba daya, yana mai nuni da zargin da yake yi na albashi mai tsoka na shugaban ofishin, da kuma zarginsa. Yarima Fahd na amfani da jaridar a matsayin makami ga Masar da shugaban Masar da kansa. Daga baya Khazen ya tuna da abubuwan da suka faru, yana mai cewa: “Ina tsammanin wannan taron manema labarai ya kai dala miliyan daya (a cikin darajarsa a lokacin) na tallata jaridar kyauta, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama abin sha'awa ga yawancin gwamnatocin kasashen waje da na kasashen waje. kafofin watsa labarai." Rahoton da aka yi muhawara 2004-08 An soki tsohon edita Alhomayed  don buga jerin labarai na cin zarafi game da ƙasar Qatar tsakanin 2004 da 2008, lokacin da ya ga tashin hankali a dangantakar Saudiyya/Katari. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a wancan lokaci shi ne lokacin da jaridar ta buga rahotanni guda uku game da ziyarar da firaministan Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani ya yi a taron ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen Larabawa a Beirut a lokacin rikicin Lebanon a watan Agustan 2006 . Asharq Al Awsat ya yi ikirarin a watan Agustan 2006 cewa ya tattauna da ministocin Isra'ila da ke kan hanyar zuwa taron, inda ya yi musu bayani kan matsayar Larabawa. Sheikh Hamad ya musanta zargin sannan Asharq Al Awsat ya buga labari na biyu yana zarginsa da karya. Wani yanki na uku a cikin Maris 2007, wani yanki na ra'ayi da Alhomayed ya rubuta, ya maimaita da'awar. nmnbjmguukugilede   Duk da haka, a cikin Yuli 2008, Alhomayed ya bayyana cewa zargin ba gaskiya ba ne kuma ya nemi gafara a babban kotun da ke Landan "don duk wani abin kunya" da ya haifar. A ta, wanda jaridar kuma ta buga a bugunta da kuma gidan yanar gizo, Alhomayed ya ce "Sheikh Hamad bai yi wata tattaunawa ta asirce da gwamnatin Isra'ila ba a kan hanyar zuwa taron Beirut". Lauyan Sheikh Hamad Cameron Doley ya ce: "Wannan nasara ce da babu shakka. Zarge-zargen da ake yi masa a wancan lokacin zai iya zama illa ga shi da Qatar. Takardar ta yarda cewa ta yi kuskure. Abokin cinikina ya yi farin ciki da hakan-babu wani abu da ya wuce samun wannan shigar." An tabbatar da wannan labarin a cikin jaridar Asharq Al Awsat yar uwarta, Arab News, wadda ta ruwaito cewa an cimma sulhu cikin lumana ba tare da kotu ba ba tare da biyan diyya ba . Sai dai kuma a wani lokaci an zargi Asharq Al Awsat  na buga wata hira ta ƙarya game da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portsmouth . Washegari The Guardian ya ambata cewa ainihin hirar gaskiya ce. Fitattun masu gyara Baya ga Jihad Khazen, sauran sanannun editocin baya sun hada da Erfan Nizameddine, Othman Al Omeir (wanda ya kafa Elaph ), da Abdul Rahman Al Rashed (babban manajan Al Arabiya tsakanin Afrilu 2004 da Nuwamba 2014). Tsohon edita shine Tariq Alhomayed wanda jagorancinsa ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban saboda yana da alaƙa da sukar Asharq Al-Awsat . A cikin Yuli 2012, Adel Al Toraifi, babban editan The Majalla, an nada mataimakin babban editan Asharq Al Awsat . A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2013, Al Toraifi ya maye gurbin Alhomayed a matsayin editan takarda. Wa'adin Al Toraifi ya ƙare a watan Yuli 2014. Sanannen ginshiƙai A shekara ta 2016, Asharq al-Awsat ta buga wani rahoto da ke zargin alhazan Iran da ke halartar taron tunawa da musulmi ‘yan Shi’a na Arbaeen a Iraki da yin lalata da mata, wanda aka tabbatar da cewa karya ce, a cewar Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Faransa ; Jaridar ta kori wakilinta na Bagadaza saboda rahoto. Labarin ya ce wani rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya bayyana " cikin da ba a shirya ba da kuma cutar da [...] Bisa labarin da aka bayar, an ce, mata 169 da ba su yi aure ba ne suka samu ciki daga mahajjatan Iran. Hukumar kula da lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce babu irin wannan rahoton da WHO ta buga, kuma ta yi Allah wadai da ambaton sunanta a cikin abin da ta kira labarai marasa tushe. A cewar Rana Sidani, mai magana da yawun hukumar ta WHO, kungiyar ta "kadu" da rahoton. Ta ce "suna tuntubar ma'aikatar lafiya ta Iraki kan yiwuwar daukar matakin shari'a kan takardar." Haider al-Abadi, firaministan Iraqi, da kuma "wasu manyan 'yan shi'a da dama" sun yi Allah wadai da rahoton Asharq al-Awsat da neman a ba su hakuri. A cikin watan Afrilun 2019, dan kasuwa dan kasar Saudiyya Hussein Shobakshi ya buga wani shafi a Asharq Al-Awsat inda ya yi Allah wadai da yawaitar kyamar Yahudawa a cikin al'adun Musulunci. Ya yi da'awar cewa wannan kyamar Yahudawa ce ta haifar da hijirar Yahudawa daga kasashen Larabawa da Musulmai . "Ƙarfin ƙiyayyar Bayahude," in ji shi, "wanda kafofin watsa labaru da fasaha, wallafe-wallafe, da zane-zane na siyasa ke yadawa ya kai matakin da ba za a yi watsi da shi ba." Ya ci gaba da cewa: “Kiyayya a kasashen Larabawa ya samo asali ne daga abin kyama, ilimi na wariyar launin fata wanda ya samo asali daga tunanin Larabawa da ake amfani da su wajen sanya wa mutane lakabi a kan kabilanci, dangi, da kabilanci, da kuma mazhabar addini da suke. Wannan ilimi ne ya sanya dubban Yahudawa ‘yan kasashen Larabawa yin hijira bayan kafa kasar Isra’ila.” Suna da gasa Ko da yake jaridar mallakar Faisal bin Salman ce, kuma ana ganin ta ta fi goyon bayan Saudiyya fiye da abokin hamayyarta Al-Hayat, Asharq Al-Awsat ta yi wa kanta lissafin "jararriyar takarda ta Larabci ta kasa da kasa," kamar yadda ita ce ta farko ta Larabci. kullum don amfani da watsa tauraron dan adam don bugu lokaci guda a yawancin shafuka a fadin duniya. Masanin harkokin yada labarai Marc Lynch ya kira Asharq al-Awsat "mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya" na manyan jaridun kasashen Larabawa. Jaridar New York Times a cikin 2005 ta kira Asharq Al-Awsat "daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi tasiri a yankin." Manyan masu fafatawa da jaridar a Saudiyya su ne Al Hayat da Okaz ; a duniya, babban mai fafatawa a gasar shi ne Al Hayat, ko da yake sau da yawa ana haɗe shi da Al-Quds Al-Arabi wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kishiyarsa. A cewar wannan dichotomy, Asharq Al Awsat tana wakiltar "sansanin matsakaici" idan aka kwatanta da "sansanin kin amincewa" na Al-Quds Al-Arabi . Matsayin edita Zargin haramtawa manyan marubuta 2006-2010 Masu sukar Alhomayed  da'awar ya haramtawa marubuta Asharq Al Awsat masu sukar Saudiyya ko kawayenta. Misali daya shine Mona Eltahawy, wacce ta rubuta wa jaridar daga Janairu 2004 zuwa farkon 2006, tana mai da hankali kan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Mubarak a Masar . Ta rubuta cewa sabon gidan yanar gizonsa na Ingilishi, wanda aka tsara don gabatar da fuska mai sassaucin ra'ayi ga duniya, ya fi sukar gwamnatocin Larabawa fiye da bugu na Larabci:Matsalar da Asharq al-Awsat ke da shi, fiye da yadda ta yarda da gwamnatocin Larabawa, ita ce ta da'awar sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya kasance karya ne ... jarida a cikin harshen Larabci za ta bi ka'idodin jajayen larabci da ke jagorantar sukar shugabannin Larabawa yayin da a Turanci take gudanar da aiki. roughshod a kan wadanda sosai guda Lines. Wani shafi da na rubuta yana yaga gwamnatin Masar saboda kyale jami’an tsaronta su doke masu zanga-zangar lumana da kuma cin zarafin mata ‘yan jarida da masu zanga-zanga daga jaridun Larabci da gidan yanar gizo amma ya bayyana gaba dayansa a gidan yanar gizon Ingilishi. . . Manyan layukan jajayen ja a Asharq al-Awsat na iya zama mai sauƙi - a cikin tsarin saukowa su ne dangin sarautar Saudiyya, ƙawayen Saudiyya a cikin Tekun Fasha (Katar, kishiya, ana ɗaukar wasan adalci) sannan sauran ƙawayen Larabawa na Saudiyya. A cikin irin wannan matsayi na jajayen layukan, da gaske gwamnatin Masar za ta iya ja da baya kuma ta bukaci Asharq al-Awsat ya rufe bakin mai suka. Duk da haka, ita ce ta sauka. Alhomayed ya amsa wa Eltahawy a cikin harshen Turanci da Larabci na Asharq Al Awsat . Eltahawy ya lura cewa a mafi yawan lokuta an bar marubuci don gano da kansu cewa an hana shi ko ita maimakon samun dalili ko hujja daga Alhomayed. An yi imani da Alhomayed  haramtawa wasu marubuta da dama da suka hada da manajan daraktan tashar labarai ta Al Arabiya da tsohon editan Asharq Al Awsat, Abdulrahman Al Rashed . Al Rashed ya haifar da rudani a duniya a tsakiyar Satumba 2010 kuma Alhomayed ya shaida wa AFP cewa jaridar ba ta taba haramta shi ba. da aka ruwaito game da lamarin har sai 16 ga Satumba 2010 lokacin da jaridar ta ruwaito Al Rashed yana cewa da son rai ya daina rubuta musu. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, Al Rashed ya koma rubutu a cikin Asharq Al Awsat . Tun daga 2021, ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun. Zargi Saudiya 2009-2012 Zamanin Alhomayed ya ga wasu manyan labaran da suka shafi Saudiyya da aka yi watsi da su, ko kuma a tace su. Misali, karkashin Alhomayed Asharq Al Awsat an yi watsi da shi gaba daya na gimbiya Saudiya wacce ta samu mafaka a Burtaniya bayan da ta fuskanci barazanar kisa a kasarta saboda ta haifi 'ya'ya 'yar kasar Burtaniya da kuma shari'ar yariman Saudiyya Saud bin a 2010. Abdulaziz Al Saud, wanda ya kashe bawansa Bandar Abdulaziz a 2010. Wani ma’aikacin jaridar Manal Lutfi Khalil ya fito fili ya soki hakan, wanda ya yi magana kan yadda jaridar Saudi Arabia ta yi watsi da labarin da gangan a BBC Larabci . Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20%C6%98asashe%20marasa%20cikakken%20%C6%B4anci

Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci

A cikin dokokin duniya a siyasance ƙasa tana buƙatar cika ƙa'idodi daban-daban don zama ƙasa. Ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin shi ne sauran ƙasashe dole ne su yarda da kuma ita a matsayin ƙasa. Idan dukkan ƙasashe suka amince da ita, zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko zai kasance mai sauki. Mafi yawan ƙasashen dake a wannan jerin ƙasashe ne waɗanda suka ɓalle (rabu da kansu) daga asalin ƙasashen su, kuma saboda haka ake kiransu ƙasashe masu neman ɓallewa ko marasa cikakken 'yanci ko iko. Suna iya samun wasu kariya ta soja da wakilcin diflomasiyya na yau da kullun a ƙasashen waje. Wata ƙasar na iya taimaka musu don guje wa sake yin rubutun dole cikin asalinta. Kwanciyar hankali ya dawo. Ƙasashe wadanda suka samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen. Abkhazia na a cikin Georgia ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta kuma ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Ta samu amincewar Ƙasar Rasha, Nicaragua, da Venezuela. Tana tsakanin Caucasus da Bahar Maliya, wanda gwamnatin Georgia ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Arewa Maso Yammacin Georgia . A lokacin Soviet an sake Abkhazia da Georgia a cikin 1931 a matsayin jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta tsakanin Sobiyat ta Georgia. Soviet na Abkhazian sun yi shelar samun 'yanci daga Georgia a cikin 1992, kuma an yi ɗan gajeren yaƙi daga 1992 zuwa 1994 . Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a watan Yunin 1994 ta kasance galibi, ta bar Abkhazia a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tsakiyar Georgia. Ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda kawai aka tantance su gaba daya sauran mambobin Majalisar ba a lissafa su a nan. (Misali, kasashe 39 ba su amince da Isra’ila ba . ) Jamhuriyar China ( ROC ), wacce ke iko da Taiwan kawai da wasu jerin tsibirai na Jamhuriyar China tun lokacin da aka rasa yakin basasa na Sin a 1949, ta rasa mafi yawan karfinta na diflomasiyya da kujerar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a 25 ga Oktoba, 1971 ta Babban ƙudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 2758 kuma yanzu jihohi 23 ne kawai suka amince da shi a hukumance . Tana gudanar da alaƙar zahiri (duk amma a cikin suna) tare da yawancin ƙasashe ta hanyar cibiyoyi kamar Ofisoshin Wakilan Tattalin Arziƙi da Al'adu. ( Duba matsayin siyasa na Taiwan ). An kafa Jamhuriyar Turkawan Arewacin Cyprus (TRNC) a arewacin Cyprus a shekarar 1975, biyo bayan shiga tsakani da Sojojin Turkiyya suka yi a shekarar 1974, a matsayin martani ga juyin mulkin da gwamnatin mulkin Girka ta yi da nufin "enosis" (wata yarjejeniya ta siyasa tsakanin ƙasashen). TRNC ta ayyana 'yanci ne a shekarar 1983 kuma Turkiyya ce kaɗai ke amincewa da ita. Shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hada kan jihohin biyu na Cyprus ya samu karbuwa daga kungiyar TRNC, amma ta ki amincewa da kuri’ar raba gardamar da al’ummar Cyprus din na Girka suka gabatar, saboda dalilan tsaro. Attemptsarin yunƙurin sake haɗuwa har yanzu bai yi nasara ba. Kudancin Ossetia a cikin Georgia yanki ne mai bayyana kansa kuma ƙarami ko ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta ba tare da amincewar duniya daga kowace ƙasa ba. Bayan mamayar Georgia mai cin gashin kanta da Bolshevist Rasha ta yi a 1921 ya zama Kudancin Ossetian mai ikon mallakar Oblast a cikin Soviet Georgia . Ta yi shelar samun 'yanci daga Georgia a 1991, sannan aka ayyana tsagaita wuta a 1992 . Nagorno-Karabakh a Azerbaijan ita ce (tun daga 1991 ) mai cin gashin kanta kuma mafi kusanci da ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta amma ba a yarda da ita a matsayin mai zaman kanta ba. An yarda da shi a duniya azaman ɓangare ne na Azerbaijan, amma yana da ƙabil- Armeniya rinjaye. Ƙasashen da basu samu amincewar koda ƙasa ɗaya ba Somaliland (tun 1991 ) 1 . Tana a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya . A watan Mayu na 1991, dangin arewa maso yamma suka ayyana Jamhuriya ta Somaliland mai cin gashin kanta wacce a yanzu ta haɗa da yankuna biyar daga cikin goma sha takwas na mulkin Somaliya, daidai da Somaliyar Birtaniya wanda ke tsakanin Ethiopia, Djibouti, Puntland da Gulf of Aden . Yankuna uku na arewacin Somalia da Somaliland, Sool, Sanaag da Cayn ke ikirarin ana jayayya da makwabciya Puntland a arewa maso gabas. Transnistria ( Pridnestrovie ), kuma ana furta Transdniestria, shi ne wani ɓangare na Moldova gabashin kogin Dniester kuma (tun 1990 ) a ka-ayyana da kuma fiye ko ƙasa da aiki zaman kanta a jihar ba tare da wani kasa da kasa fitarwa daga duk wani sarki jihar . Tana da yawancin Slavic, akasin yawancin Moldovan wanda Moldova ke da shi. Hakanan ana kiranta da Jamhuriyar Dniester, wannan haƙiƙanin jihar tana da 'yan sanda, sojoji da kuɗaɗe kuma tana da ayyuka a wajen ikon Moldova, kodayake babu wata alama da ta nuna har yanzu ta zama ƙasar da aka yarda da ita a duniya. Ƙasashen da aka yarda da su galibi ƙarƙashin aikin soja Yammacin Sahara yanki ne da ake da'awa kuma mafi yawan mallakin Morocco ne tun lokacin da Spain ta watsar da yankin a cikin 1976 . Jamhuriyar Dimokiradiyyar Arab ta Sahrawi tana iko da ragowar Yammacin Sahara ; Front Polisario ce ta ayyana shi a shekarar 1976, kuma kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 46 suka amince da shi, kuma cikakkiyar memba a Tarayyar Afirka . Ba a warware ikon mallaka ba kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ƙoƙarin gudanar da zab'ɓen raba gardama kan batun ta hanyar MINURSO . Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wutar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta jagoranta tana aiki tun daga watan Satumbar 1991 . Yammacin Sahara yana cikin jerin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yankunan Ba da Yankin Kai . Ƙasar da take da samun goyon bayan wasu ƙasashe masu cikakken iko da wanda basu da cikakken ƴanci Jamhuriyar Kosovo an yarda da ita a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta wanda ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 110 suka yi, gami da Amurka, 23 daga mambobin Taraiyar Turai 28, da sauransu Kotun kasa da kasa ta gano cewa ayyana 'yancin kan Kosovo bai sabawa dokokin kasa da kasa ba . Ƙasashen da suka wanzu a tarihi waɗanda ba'a amince da su ba Turai Jamhuriyar Banat (an ayyana ta a cikin 1918 ). Yanzu wani yanki na Romania, Serbia, da Hungary . Baranya-Baja Republic (wanda aka ayyana a 1921 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Hungary da Croatia . Carpatho-Ukraine ( 1939 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Ukraine . link= Chechnya ( 1996 - 1999 ). Yanzu sojojin Rasha ke sarrafawa. . link= Ƙasar Kuroshiyya mai 'yanci ( 1941 - 1945 ). Tsakanin 1945 da 1991, Croatia ta kasance jamhuriya / gurguzu a cikin Yugoslavia . Tun 1991, Croatia ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta. An gane shi tun 1992 . Jamhuriyar Ireland ( 1919 - 1922 ). Yanzu an raba shi zuwa Jamhuriyar Ireland da Arewacin Ireland . Jamhuriyar Ma'aikatan 'Yan Socialist na Finland ( 1918 ) Free Derry ( Agusta 14 1969 zuwa Yuli 31 1972 ) Yanzu ta zama ɓangare na Arewacin Ireland . Gagauzia ( 1990 - 1994 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Moldova . Jamhuriyar Croatia ta Herzeg-Bosnia ( 1992 - 1994 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Bosnia da Herzegovina . Jihar Lajtabansag ( 1921 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na kasar Austria . Limerick Soviet ( 1919 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Ireland . Montenegro ( 1941 - 1944 ). A baya yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Jamhuriyar Serbia a cikin Serbia da Montenegro . Sabiya ( 1941 - 1944 ). Da a cikin ƙungiya tare da Jamhuriyar Montenegro a Serbia da Montenegro . Jamhuriyar Serbia Frontier ( 1991 - 1995 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Croatia . Slovakia ( 1939 - 1945 ). Tsakanin 1945 da 1993, Slovakia wani ɓangare ne na Czechoslovakia . Tun daga 1993, Slovakia ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta. link= Jamhuriyar Serbia ta Bosnia da Herzegovina ( 1992 - 1995 ). Yanzu ɗayan ƙungiyoyi biyu na Bosnia da Herzegovina . link= Jihar Slovenes, Croats da Sabiyawa ( 1918 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia da Herzegovina da Serbia da Montenegro . Jamhuriyar Užice ( 1941 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Serbia da Montenegro . Jamhuriyar Yammacin Bosnia ( 1993 - 1995 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Bosnia da Herzegovina . Tekun Tekun Asiya link= Jihar Kachin ita ce jihar arewa mafi nisa a Myanmar, wacce ke ƙarƙashin ikonta daga shekarar 1962 ta ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Kachin amma ba wata ƙasar da ta amince da diflomasiyyar ta. A cikin 1994, KIO da theungiyar Myammar sun amince da tsara matsayin yadda ake a yanzu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar " Yankin Musamman Jihar Kachin 1 ", a hukumance har yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Unionungiyar ofungiyar Myanmar amma a zahiri take ƙarƙashin ikon KIO. " Wa State " jiha ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Union of Burma kuma gwamnatin Burma ba zata iya mallakar wannan yankin ba tun samun yanci. Rikicin de factto rulling ana kiranta da " Gwamnatin Jama'ar Jihar Wa '. Amma gwamnatin Burma ta amince da wannan jihar a matsayin wani bangare na jihar Shan kuma a hukumance tana kiranta " Wa Mai ikon mallakar kansa " kuma wani lokacin " Yankin Musamman na Shan Shan 2 ". link= Yankin Kurdawa mai cin gashin kansa ( 1991 - 2003 ). Haƙiƙanin ƙasa mai zaman kanta a Arewacin Iraq . Yanzu wani yanki ne na yankin kurdawa mai cin gashin kansa. link= Manchukuo ( 1932 - 1945 ). Daga cikin 80 sannan al'ummomin da ke akwai 23 suka amince da sabuwar jihar. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . link= Tatarstan ( 1990 - 1994 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Rasha link= Tuva ( 1921 - 1944 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Rasha Nakhichevan ( 1990 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Azerbaijan . Jamhuriyar Talysh-Mugan (an ayyana a cikin 1993 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Azerbaijan . Tamil Eelam ( 1983 - 2009 ). Wani ɓangare na Sri Lanka . Kimanin shekaru 20 ƙungiyar Tigers ta 'yanci ta Tamil Eelam ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zahiri a Arewa da Gabashin Sri Lanka har zuwa kayen da suka yi a 2009. Afirka Anjouan ( 1997 - 2002 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Comoros . link= Yankin Biafra da ke gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin ɓallewar ta a watan Mayun 1967 har zuwa rugujewar ta na ƙarshe a watan Janairun 1970 . Ƙasashe 12 ne suka yarda da ita. Katanga ya mallaki yanayin wannan suna a cikin tsohuwar Kongo ta Beljiyam bayan mulkin mallaka, tsakanin 1960 da 1964 . link= Mohéli ( 1997 - 1998 ). Yanzu wani ɓangare na Comoros . Rhodesia Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Burtaniya waɗanda suka ayyana ƴancin kai kai tsaye a cikin 1965 . Wannan dokar ba ta sauran ƙasashe ba ta yarda da shi ba, ko furucin Rhodesia a matsayin jamhuriya a cikin 1970. Wannan mahaɗan ya kasance har zuwa 1979, lokacin da ya zama Zimbabwe-Rhodesia . Zimbabwe-Rhodesia . An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1979 bayan tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatin tsirarun fararen fata da shugabannin baƙar fata masu matsakaici. Ya wanzu 1 Yuni zuwa 12 Disamba 1979, lokacin da ta sake zama mallakin Kudancin Rhodesia. A 1980 ta zama Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe . Ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta kirkiro ta daga yankin ta Bophuthatswana ( 1977 - 1994 ). Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Transkei, Ciskei, da Venda ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu . Ciskei ( 1981 - 1994 ). Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Transkei, da Venda ne kawai suka amince da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu . Transkei ( 1976 - 1994 ). Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, da Venda ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu . link= Venda ( 1979 - 1994 ). Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, da Transkei ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu . Amurka Yankin Acre mai zaman kansa ( 1899 - 1903 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Brazil . Jamhuriyar California ( 1846 - 1848 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka . Statesasashen Amurka ( 1861 - 1865 ). Asali an kirkireshi ne a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1861 ta jihohin bayi bakwai na Kudancin ( South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, da Louisiana ) bayan an tabbatar da zaben Abraham Lincoln a matsayin Shugaban Amurka . Jefferson Davis aka zaba a matsayin Shugabanta na farko washegari. Bayan yakin basasa na Amurka ya fara, jihohin Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, da North Carolina sun haɗu. Saxe-Coburg da Gotha ne kawai suka amince da su ta hanyar diflomasiyya, kodayake wasu al'ummomi sun amince da su a matsayin "ikon fada". Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka . Jamhuriyar Hawaii ( 1894 - 1898 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka . Jamhuriyar Texas ( 1836 - 1845 ). Kasashe biyar sun amince da wannan mahaɗan. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka . Jamhuriyar Vermont ( 1771 - 1791 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka . Jamhuriyar Piratini ( 1836 - 1845 ). Yau Rio Grande do Sul, wani ɓangare na ƙasar Brazil . Jamhuriyar Rio Grande 1840 . Yanzu wani ɓangare na Amurka. link= Jamhuriyar Yucatán 1841 - 1843 . Separaananan Shortan jihar statean aware; sake shiga cikin Mexico . Jamhuriyar Kanada ( 1837 - 1838 ). Yanzu wani yanki ne na Kanada. Osheniya Bougainville ( Jamhuriyar Arewacin Solomons ) ( 1990 - 1997 ). Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Papua New Guinea inda aka bai wa tsibirin 'yancin cin gashin kansa har sai an kada kuri'ar raba gardama ta ' yanci tsakanin shekaru goma. link= Rotuma ( 1987 - 1988 ). Wannan tsibirin da ke zaune a cikin Polynesia wanda (Melanesian) Fiji ke gudanarwa ya ayyana 'yancinta daga Fiji daga yan awaren bayan juyin mulkin soja a Fiji a 1987. ( Kanaky ) . Yarjejeniyar Nouméa ta 1998 ta ɗage raba gardamar neman 'yanci har sai bayan 2014. Ƙasashen ko hukumomin da suka gabata a tarihi waɗanda basu samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen ba Waɗannan ƙasashe sune aka samu kafa gwamnati biyu a cikin su. Waɗan nan suna da iko da yankin ƙasar da yawancin jihohi suka amince da wata gwamnatin daban a matsayin halattacciyar gwamnati: link= Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan ( 1996 - 2001 ). Jihohi uku ne kawai suka amince da wannan ƙungiyar wadda Taliban ke sarrafa ta. Duba: Tarihin Afghanistan . Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea ( 1979 - 1989 ). 'Yan Vietnam sun kafa ta bayan mamayewar su da lalata Khmer Rouge a cikin Kambodiya. Aan tsirarun ƙasashe na Soviet-Bloc ne suka amince da wannan ƙungiyar, yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, China, da yawancin sauran ƙasashe suka amince da gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta Democratic Kampuchea . Nasara daga byasar Kambodiya, sannan Masarautar Kambodiya. Shafuka masu alaƙa Jerin kasashen Manazarta Duniya Ƙasashe Ƙasashen Afirka Ƙasashen Turai Ƙasashen Asiya Ƙasashen Amurka Ƙasashen Oseaniya Ƙasa

51225

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenath%20Barzani

Asenath Barzani

Articles with hCards Asenath Barzani (,1590 – 1670),yar Kurdawa Bayahudiya ce ƙwararriyar malaman rabbini kuma mawaƙi wacce ta zauna kusa da Duhok,Kurdistan. Tarihin Rayuwa Tarihin iyali An haifi Asenath a cikin dangin Barzani,sanannen dangin Yahudawa a arewacin Kurdistan,a cikin shekarar 1590. Kakanta,Netanel Halevi,malami ne kuma shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa a Mosul,kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai tsarki a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa da kewaye.Saboda darajar koyarwarsa,an kira shi adoni (Ibrananci,"ubangijina"). Ɗansa kuma mahaifin Asenath,Rabbi Shemuel Barzani,malami kuma mai sihiri,ya damu da matsayin Attaura a tsakanin Yahudawa na Kurdistan,da kuma rashin shugabanni na ruhaniya da kuma masu yanke hukunci.Ya kafa yeshivas da yawa a Barzan,Akre,Amadiya da kuma a Mosul,don haɓaka ɗalibai masu hikima waɗanda za su iya yi wa jama'a hidima a matsayin malamai,malamai,da masu yankan kosher. An tallafa wa ilimin irin waɗannan ɗalibai ta hanyar gudummawa daga masu ba da taimako na Yahudawa. Rayuwa Da yake Shemuel ba shi da 'ya'ya maza,ya koya wa'yarsa Attaura da Talmud su shirya ta a matsayin magajinsa.Ita kanta Asenath ta ce ba ta koyi wani sana’a,ko sana’a,ko sana’a ba,domin ta shafe tsawon lokacinta na koyon Attaura.Ta bayyana tarbiyyar ta kamar haka: Barzani ta auri ɗan uwanta Rabbi Ya’aqov Mizrahi,wanda ya yi wa mahaifinta alkawarin cewa ba za ta yi wani aikin gida ba kuma za ta iya yin amfani da lokacinta a matsayin malamin Attaura.Barzani ne ya rubuta Bayan mutuwar mahaifin Barzani,mijinta ya zama shugaban yeshivah a Mosul.Ya tsunduma cikin karatun nasa sosai har ta koyar da daliban yeshivah kuma ta ba su horon rabbi da kanta.Bayan mutuwar Ya’aqov,shugabancin yeshivah ya shige mata,kuma daga baya ta zama babban malamin Attaura.Da yake mahaifinta da mijinta ba su yi nasara wajen tara kuɗi ba,yeshivah koyaushe tana cikin matsalolin kuɗi,kuma Barzani ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa yana neman kuɗi inda ta bayyana halin da take ciki da ’ya’yanta.An kwace gidanta da kayanta,har da littattafanta,amma tana jin cewa a matsayinta na mace ba zai dace ta yi balaguro don neman tallafi ba. Duk da matsalolin kudi,jagorancin Barzani na yeshivah ya yi nasara:ya ci gaba da samar da manyan malamai,ciki har da danta, wanda ta aika zuwa Bagadaza,inda ya ci gaba da daular malaman rabbi. Rubuce-rubucenta kaɗan sun nuna cikakkiyar ƙware na yaren Ibrananci,Attaura,Talmud,Midrash,da Kabbalah,kuma wasiƙunta suna nuna ba koyaswa kaɗai ba,har ma da fasaha na larabci. Bayan rasuwarta,yahudawa da dama sun yi tattaki zuwa kabarinta a Amadiyah a Arewacin Iraki, inda kuma aka binne mahaifinta. Take da Matsayi Taken Tanna'it,da matsayinta na shugabar yeshiva,bai yi daidai da zama malami ba,don haka ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin da ba kasafai ake yi ba na malama limamin limamin mata,maimakon malami a kowane ɗaya, ko siffa mai ikon rabbi kamar posek ko dayan.A lokacin da Barzani ya rayu, manufar naɗa rabbai (semikha) ta kasance cikin juye-juye kuma yarjejeniya ɗaya ce ta buƙatu da al'adu na semikha a duk faɗin duniyar Yahudawa ba su wanzu. Waka Baya ga karatun addini,Barzani kuma an san ta da mawaƙi. An ce ta rubuta piyyut (waƙar liturgical) a cikin Kurdish,mai suna Ga'agua L'Zion ("Keson Sihiyona",a cikin Ibrananci). Tatsuniyoyi Akwai labarai da tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da Barzani da mu'ujizar da ta yi ciki har da wanda aka kwatanta a cikin "Guruwan Mala'iku". A cikin labarun gida,jinsinta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa (ko da yake a ainihin rayuwarta,tana da alama ta sami 'yan cikas).Yawancin labaran da suka yi ishara da ikonta na allahntaka an same su a cikin segulot (layi masu kariya,laya,ko al'ada).Wadannan sun hada da yadda za ta takaita haihuwar ‘ya’yanta biyu ne domin ta sadaukar da kanta ga karatun ta,da kuma yadda za ta kau da mai kutse domin kada ya yi mata fyade da babbar murya. Garken Mala'iku A cewar almara,mahaifinta ya kan bayyana a mafarkin Barzani,yana bayyana mata hadura da kuma gaya mata yadda za ta kauce musu.A wani lokaci irin wannan,ta je wurin Amédi inda ta shawo kan Yahudawan yankin su yi bikin Rosh Hodesh (bikin sabon wata) a waje,kamar yadda al’adarsu ta kasance kafin ’yan al’ummai maƙiya su yi musu barazana. Suna ci gaba da biki,sai aka yi ta ihu,sai suka ga wuta ta harba zuwa sama.An cinna wa majami'ar wuta da dukan littattafai masu tsarki da littattafai a ciki.Bayan Barzani ya rada wa wani suna a asirce da ta koya daga wurin mahaifinta,sai mutanen suka ga garke mala’iku suna saukowa zuwa rufin majami’a.Mala'iku suka dukan harshen wuta da fikafikansu,har sai da aka kashe duk wani tartsatsi na ƙarshe.Sa'an nan suka tashi zuwa cikin sama kamar garken fararen tattabarai,suka tafi.Sa’ad da hayaƙin ya ɗauke,sai kowa ya ga cewa,ba Yahudawa kaɗai suka ji rauni ba tun da ikilisiyar tana waje,amma an yi wani abin al’ajabi:majami’a ba ta ƙone ba,wutar kuma ba ta taɓa ko ɗaya daga cikin littattafan Attaura ba..Bayan wannan mu’ujiza,al’ummai sun daɗe ba su tsananta wa Yahudawa na Amadi ba.Da godiya,sun sake suna majami'ar sunanta,kuma labarin ya ƙare da kalmomin"kuma yana tsaye har yau". Duba kuma Timeline na mata rabbi Nassoshi

61682

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah

Fatah

Fatah ( , ), tsohuwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa ta Falasdinu, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Falasɗinawa mai kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa . Wannan dai shi ne bangare mafi girma na jam'iyyu masu fafutukar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) kuma jam'iyya ta biyu mafi girma a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, shugaban hukumar Falasdinu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Fatah. An yi la'akari da cewa kungiyar Fatah ta kasance da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a baya kuma ta ci gaba da rike kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da dama . Fatah dai an san shi da shugabancin wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Yasser Arafat, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da Farouk Kaddoumi bisa tsarin mulki ya gaje shi zuwa mukamin shugaban Fatah, ya kuma ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2009, lokacin da aka zabi Abbas a matsayin shugaba. Tun bayan rasuwar Arafat, qungiyoyin bangaranci a cikin harkar aqida sun fara bayyana. A zaben 2006 na PLC, jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjaye a PLC a hannun Hamas . Nasarar majalisar dokokin Hamas ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, tare da Fatah ta ci gaba da rike ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun shugabanta. Har ila yau, Fatah na taka rawa wajen kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu . Asalin suna Cikakken sunan wannan yunkuri shi ne حركة التحرير الوطني الفلسطيني ḥa rakat al- ta ḥrīr al-waṭanī al- F ilasṭīnī, ma'ana "Falasdinawa National Liberation Movement". Daga wannan aka ƙirƙira juzu'i da juzu'i فتح Fatḥ (wanda aka fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin "Fatah") ma'ana "buɗe", "ci", ko "nasara". Ana amfani da kalmar “fatḥ” ko “fatah” a cikin jawaban addini don ma’anar fadada Musulunci a ƙarni na farko na tarihin Musulunci. – kamar yadda yake a cikin Fatḥ al-Sham, “Masarautar ‘ yan Shi’a ”. “Fatah” kuma yana da ma’ana ta addini domin ita ce sunan <i id="mwWQ">sura</i> ta 48 (babi) na Alqur’ani wanda a cewar manyan malaman tafsirin musulmi ya yi cikakken bayani kan labarin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah . A cikin shekaru biyu na zaman lafiya bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, da dama sun musulunta, wanda hakan ya kara wa bangaren musulmi karfi. Sabanin wannan yarjejeniya da kuraishawa suka yi ne ya jawo mamaye Makka . Yasser Arafat ya ba da misali da wannan kafa ta Musulunci a matsayin hujjar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da Isra'ila. Tarihi Kafuwa An kafa kungiyar Fatah a shekara ta 1959 daga wasu 'yan uwa na Palasdinawa, musamman kwararrun da ke aiki a kasashen Tekun Fasha wadanda suka yi karatu a Alkahira ko Beirut kuma suka kasance 'yan gudun hijira a Gaza . Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Yasser Arafat, sannan shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) a jami'ar Alkahira ; Salah Khalaf ; Khalil al-Wazirir ; da Khaled Yashruti, sannan GUPS shugaban a Beirut. Fatah ta amince da akidar kishin kasa ta Falasdinu wadda larabawan Falasdinawan za su sami 'yanci ta hanyar ayyukansu. 1967-93 Fatah ta zama mai karfi a siyasar Falasdinu bayan yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967. Fatah ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) a cikin 1967, kuma an kasafta kujeru 33 cikin 105 a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PLO . Yasser Arafat na Fatah ya zama Shugaban PLO a 1969, bayan Yahya Hammuda ya ba shi mukamin. A cewar BBC, "Mr Arafat ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin zartarwa na PLO a shekara ta 1969, a shekarar da aka ce Fatah ta kai hare- hare 2,432 a kan Isra'ila." Yaƙin Karameh A cikin 1968, Fatah da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa masu dauke da makamai sun kasance wani babban hari da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) suka kai a kauyen Karameh na Jordan, inda hedkwatar Fatah.da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu masu matsakaicin girmasun kasance. Sunan garin shi ne kalmar larabci da ake kira "daraja" wanda ya daga darajarsa ga al'ummar Larabawa, musamman bayan shan kayen da Larabawa suka yi a shekarar 1967. An kai harin ne a matsayin martani ga hare-haren da ake kai wa Isra'ila, ciki har da makaman roka da kungiyar Fatah da wasu mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba a yankin yammacin gabar kogin Jordan da ta mamaye. An samu ilimin aikin tun kafin lokaci, kuma gwamnatin Jordan (da kuma wasu kwamandojin Fatah) sun sanar da Arafat game da manyan shirye-shiryen soji na Isra'ila. Da jin wannan labari, kungiyoyin 'yan daba da dama a yankin da suka hada da sabuwar kungiyar George Habash da aka kafa ta Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) da kungiyar Nayef Hawatmeh ta ballewar kungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), sun janye dakarunsu daga garin. Wani kwamandan sashin da ke goyon bayan Fatah na Jordan ya shawarci shugabannin Fatah da su janye mutanensu da hedkwatarsu zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, amma bisa umarnin Arafat, Fatah ta ci gaba da zama, kuma Sojojin Jordan sun amince su mara musu baya idan aka yi kazamin fada. A daren ranar 21 ga Maris, IDF ta kai hari Karameh da manyan makamai, motoci masu sulke da jiragen yaki. Fatah dai ta rike madafun iko, tana ba sojojin Isra'ila mamaki. Yayin da sojojin Isra'ila ke kara kaimi, sojojin Jordan sun shiga hannu, lamarin da ya sa Isra'ilawa suka ja da baya domin gudun kada a gwabza yaki. A karshen yakin, an kashe mayakan Fatah kusan 150, da kuma sojojin Jordan 28 da sojojin Isra'ila ashirin da takwas. Duk da yawan mutuwar Larabawa, Fatah sun dauki kansu a matsayin masu nasara saboda saurin janyewar sojojin Isra'ila. Baƙar Satumba A karshen shekarun 1960, rikici tsakanin Palasdinawa da gwamnatin Jordan ya karu matuka; Ƙungiyoyin juriya na Larabawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da "kasa a cikin ƙasa" a cikin Jordan, wanda a ƙarshe ya mallaki wurare masu mahimmanci a wannan ƙasa. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Karameh, Fatah da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa sun fara mamaye harkokin rayuwar jama'a a Jordan. Sun kafa shingayen hanya, sun wulakanta jami'an 'yan sandan Jordan a bainar jama'a, suna lalata da mata da kuma karbar harajin da ba bisa ka'ida ba - wanda Arafat ya amince ko ya yi watsi da su. A cikin 1970, gwamnatin Jordan ta koma don dawo da ikon yankinta, kuma washegari.  Sarki Hussein ya ayyana dokar ta-baci . A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Jordan sun sami galaba a yakin, kuma bayan kwana biyu Arafat da Hussein sun amince da tsagaita wuta. Sojojin Jordan sun yi mummunar barna kan Falasdinawa - ciki har da fararen hula - wadanda suka yi asarar kusan 3,500. Mayakan Fatah dubu biyu ne suka yi nasarar shiga Syria . Sun tsallaka kan iyakar kasar ta Labanon ne domin hada kai da dakarun Fatah a kasar, inda suka kafa sabuwar hedikwatarsu. Wani babban gungun mayakan sa-kai karkashin jagorancin kwamandan yankin Fatah Abu Ali Iyad ne suka kaddamar da farmakin da sojojin Jordan suka kai a garin Ajlun da ke arewacin kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka fatattake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1971. An kashe Abu Ali Iyad tare da wasu daga cikin dakarunsa da suka tsira sun kafa kungiyar ta Fatah ta Black September . A watan Nuwamban 1971, kungiyar ta kashe firaministan kasar Jordan Wasfi al-Tal a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hukuncin kisa na Abu Ali Iyad. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, Fatah ta ba da horo ga kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka da dama, tare da kai hare-hare da dama kan wuraren da Isra'ila ta harba a yammacin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'addan da ke da alaka da Fatah, da wasu daga cikin ' yan ta'addan da ke cikin Fatah ita kanta, sun kai hare-haren ta'addanci na farar hula da hare-haren ta'addanci, tare da alakanta su da Black September, Majalisar Fatah-Revolutionary Council Abu Nidal, kungiyar Abu Musa, PFLP, da PFLP-GC. Fatah ta samu makamai da bama-bamai da horo daga Tarayyar Soviet da wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai. Kasashen Sin da Aljeriya su ma sun ba da kayan yaki. Fatah ta taimaka wa Uganda a lokacin Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzaniy. Mambobin kungiyar sun yi yaki tare da sojojin Uganda da na Libya da sojojin kasar Tanzaniya a lokacin yakin Lukaya da faduwar Kampala, amma daga karshe aka tilasta musu ja da baya daga kasar. Lebanon Tun bayan mutuwar Eljamal a shekara ta 1968, lamarin Falasdinu yana da babban sansanin magoya baya a Lebanon. Ko da yake da farko sun yi jinkirin shiga cikin rikicin, Arafat da Fatah sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasar Lebanon . Da yake mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin PLO irin su PFLP, DFLP da Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Fatah ta hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da Nasserist Lebanon National Movement (LNM). Ko da yake tun asali yana da alaka da Fatah, shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad na fargabar a rasa wani tasiri a Lebanon tare da sauya sheka. Ya aike da sojojinsa tare da kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na As-Sa’iqa da ke samun goyon bayan Siriya da kuma Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Jibril don su yi yaki tare da dakarun Kirista da ke yakar PLO da Farashin LNM. Babban bangaren mayakan kiristoci shine Maronite Phalangists . Sojojin Phalangist sun kashe masu horar da Fatah ashirin da shida a cikin wata motar safa a cikin watan Afrilun 1975, wanda ke nuna a hukumance fara yakin basasar Lebanon na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin wannan shekarar, kawancen mayakan sa-kai na Kirista sun mamaye sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinawa na Karantina inda suka kashe fararen hula sama da 1,000. PLO da LNM sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari a garin Damour, wani yanki na Phalangist da Tigers (Ahrar), inda suka kashe fararen hula 684. Yayin da yakin basasar ya ci gaba sama da shekaru 2 na yakin birane, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma yin amfani da sandunan sari-ka-noke, yayin da bangarorin biyu suka aikata ta'asa da laifukan yaki. A cikin 1976, tare da taimakon dabarun tsare-tsare daga Sojojin Labanon, kawancen mayakan sa kai na Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta National Liberal Party na tsohon shugaban kasa Cammille Chamoun reshen tsageru, noumour el ahrar (NLP Tigers), ya dauki wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabas. na Beirut, sansanin Tel al-Zaatar, bayan da aka shafe watanni shida ana yi masa kawanya, wanda aka fi sani da Tel al-Zaatar, inda daruruwan mutane suka halaka. Arafat da Abu Jihad sun zargi kansu da rashin nasarar shirya wani aikin ceto. Hare-haren wuce gona da iri na PLO kan Isra'ila ya dan yi girma a karshen shekarun 1970. mafi tsananiwanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin titin Coastal Roadya faru a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978. Dakarun mayakan na Fatah kusan goma ne suka sauka da kwale-kwalen su a kusa da wata babbar hanyar gabar teku da ta hada birnin Haifa da Tel Aviv-Yafo . A can ne suka yi awon gaba da wata motar safa tare da yin harbe-harbe a ciki da kuma kan motocin da ke wucewa, inda suka kashe fararen hula talatin da bakwai. Dangane da mayar da martani, dakarun na IDF sun kaddamar da Operation Litani bayan kwanaki uku, da nufin karbe ikon Kudancin Lebanon har zuwa kogin Litani . IDF ta cimma wannan buri, kuma Fatah ta koma arewa zuwa Beirut . Isra'ila ta sake mamaye Lebanon a 1982. Ba da daɗewa ba IDF ta yi wa Beirut kawanya tare da jefa bama-bamai; don kawo karshen kewayen, gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai sun kulla yarjejeniya da ke ba da tabbacin wucewa ga Arafat da Fatah.dakarun kasa da kasa ke gadinsudon gudun hijira a Tunis . Duk da gudun hijirar, kwamandoji da mayakan Fatah da dama sun kasance a Labanon, kuma sun fuskanci yakin sansanonin a shekarun 1980 a yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Shi'a Amal da ma alaka da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin bangarorin Palasdinawa. Bayan 1993 Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, Arafat ya jagoranci hukumar Falasdinawa ta Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance na wucin gadi da aka kirkira a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo. Jim kadan bayan rasuwar Arafat ne aka zabi Farouk Kaddoumi a matsayin wanda yake ci gaba da rikewa. Fatah ta zabi Mahmoud Abbas a zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu a shekara ta 2005 . A cikin 2005, Hamas ta yi nasara a kusan dukkanin gundumomin da ta yi takara . Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Salah Abdel-Shafi ya shaida wa BBC irin wahalhalun da shugabancin Fatah ke fuskanta: "Ina ganin abu ne mai matukar tsanani.a fili yake cewa ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan komai ba.” Ana ganin Fatah “yana matukar bukatar gyara,” kamar yadda “Ayyukan PA din ya kasance labarin cin hanci da rashawa da gazawa.kuma Fatah ta lalace.” Bangarorin da ke dauke da makamai Fatah dai na rike da kungiyoyi da dama tun kafuwarta. Babban reshensa na soja shine al-'Asifah . An yi la'akari da cewa Fatah yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci a baya, ko da yake ba kamar kungiyar Hamas mai kishin Islama ba, Fatah ba ta kasance a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ba a kowace gwamnati. Fatah ya kasance a matsayin dan ta'adda a karkashin dokokin Isra'ila kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun dauke ta a matsayin ta'addanci har sai da ta yi watsi da ta'addanci a 1988. Fatah dai tun kafuwarta, ta kirkiri, jagoranci ko daukar nauyin kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wani jami'i a matsayin reshen kungiyar, wasu kuma ba a san su a bainar jama'a ko a cikin gida ba. Kungiyar ta kuma mamaye dakaru daban-daban na PLO da dakarun gwamnatin Falasdinawa da jami'an tsaro wadanda ba su da alaka da Fatah a hukumance, amma a aikace sun kasance runfunan da ke goyon bayan Fatah gaba daya, kuma mambobin kungiyar ne ke da ma'aikata. Asalin sunan reshen Fatah da ke dauke da makamai shi ne al-'Asifah ("Guguwar Guguwa"), kuma wannan shi ne sunan da Fatah ta fara amfani da shi a cikin bayananta na wani lokaci na kokarin boye sunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana amfani da wannan sunan gabaɗaya ga dakarun Fatah, kuma bai dace da rukunin guda ɗaya a yau ba. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Fatah sun hada da: Karfi 17 . Yana taka rawa mai kama da Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ga manyan shugabannin Fatah. Kungiyar Black September . Kungiyar da aka kafa ta manyan mambobin Fatah a cikin 1971, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na " Bakar Satumba " a Jordan, don shirya hare-haren sirri da Fatah ba ta so a bayyana su a fili. Wadannan sun hada da yajin aikin da aka yi kan manyan ‘yan siyasar kasar Jordan a matsayin hanyar daukar fansa da kuma kara farashin kai wa yunkurin Palastinu hari; da kuma, mafi yawan cece-kuce, don "ayyukan kasa da kasa" (misali kisan gillar Olympics na Munich ), da nufin sanya matsin lamba kan Amurka, Turai da Isra'ila, don tada hangen nesa na Palasdinawa da kuma tayar da abokan hamayya kamar PFLP . Fatah dai ta fito fili ta ware kanta daga kungiyar, amma ana kyautata zaton tana jin dadin goyon bayan Arafat kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar da ta dace. An dakatar da shi a cikin 1973-1974, yayin da tsarin siyasar Fatah ya sake komawa baya, kuma ana ganin ayyukan Black September da dabarun da ke bayan su sun zama abin alhaki na siyasa, maimakon wata kadara. Fatah Hawks . Mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna aiki ne har zuwa tsakiyar 1990s. Tanzim . Wani reshe na Fatah a karkashin jagorancin Marwan Barghouti, mai tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Intifada ta farko, wadda ta kai hare-hare da makamai a farkon Intifada na biyu. Daga baya sojojin shahidai na al-Aqsa suka mamaye ko kuma suka koma gefe. Brigades Shahidai Al-Aqsa . An ƙirƙira a lokacin Intifada na biyu don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke tsaye ga ƙungiyar Hamas mai adawa, wacce ta jagoranci kai hare-hare a Isra'ila bayan 1993, kuma tana samun karbuwa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar Intifada. Birged din dai na cikin gida ne kuma an ce suna fama da rashin hadin kai da tarbiyyar cikin gida, a wasu lokutan kuma suna yin watsi da tsagaita bude wuta da sauran tsare-tsare da kungiyar ta Fatah ta tsakiya ta sanar. Gabaɗaya ana ganin sun ɗaure su da “matasan masu gadi” na siyasar Fatah, suna shirya matasa a matakin titi, amma ba a bayyana cewa suna kafa ƙungiya a cikin su cikin siyasar Fatah ba; a maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin Brigades daban-daban na iya ɗaure su da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Fatah daban-daban. Tsarin Mulki A watan Agustan 2009, a babban taron Fatah na shida a Baitalami, wakilan Fatah sun tsara sabuwar "yarjejeniya ta cikin gida". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19524

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%20Ibrahim%20Bayu

Malik Ibrahim Bayu

Malik Ibrahim Bayu Ya kasan ce Kuma wani shahararren malamin Sufi ne wanda ya kuma isa Kudu ta Bihar a cikin karni na 14 kuma ya kayar da manyan sarakunan Kol waɗanda ke zaluntar Musulmin yankin. Ya kuma kayar da Raja Birthal kuma ya zama farkon Musulmi mai nasara da gwamnan jihar Bihar. Kabarin Malik Ibrahim Baya an kare shi a karkashin Archaeological Survey na kasar Indiya kuma wuri ne na yawon bude ido a Bihar Sharif. Rayuwar farko Syed Ibrahim Mallick fitaccen janar ne na soja, kuma fitaccen Sufi (waliyi) shi ma. Ya kasance daga zuriyar Sayyidina Ali (Karrama'llah Wajhahu) kuma lokacin da Abbasyds suka tsananta wa kakanninsa, sai suka tsere zuwa Ghazni. An haifeshi kuma ya girma a Ghazni. Syed Ibrahim Mallick ya sami iliminsa da kuma horon soja a Ghazni sannan ya zo Delhi don yin aiki a karkashin kulawar Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, wanda ya shahara da kyakkyawar kulawa da masu ilimi, malamai, da hazikan hafsoshin soja na lokacinsa. Bayan Syed Ibrahim Mallick, Ibn Batuta, shahararren matafiyin nan kuma mai bincike na farko, da sauran mutane kamarsa sun zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yi wa Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq hidima. Tarihi Ibrahim Mallick Beya, ya kasance mutumin Hazrat Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani da kuma Sufi na babban tsari. Ya zo Indiya a lokacin Sul-tan Muhammad Tughlaq kuma ya zama babban-kwamanda a shekara ta 725 AH (1324 AD). Kalmar Bayu 'karkatacciya ce daga kalmar Farisa * Beya' ma'ana "Zo. ' Syed ibrahim, bayan nasarar farko da ya samu a kan Bihar, ya je ya sanar da lamarin ga Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq, wanda ya gamsu da wannan gagarumar nasarar da ya samu ya ce: "malik biya benashin '(Ya ChiefCome ka zauna) Mallick ya kasance taken da aka bayar akan mahimman mutane don aiki mai ban mamaki. Syed Ibrahim shima ya sami wannan take. Da shigewar lokaci aka karkatar da kalmar Beya ya zama Bayu. A lokacin Sultan Tughlaq a shekara ta (1290 AD- zuwa shekara ta 1351 AD), duk da cewa Jiha ta Bihar tana ƙarƙashin ikon Delhi, ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, masu mulkinta suna cin gashin kansu. Sultan din ya karbi korafe-korafe da yawa a kan Raja Bithal, Gwamna (Subedar) na Bihar, wanda ba kawai azzalumi ba ne har ma da dan tawaye ga Sarkin Delhi. Sarkin Musulmi ya tura janar dinsa, Syed Ibrahim Mallick, don hukunta Raja Bithal. Bayan gwabza kazamin fada, an kashe Raja kuma an ci sojojinsa da yaƙi. Mamayar Bihar babbar nasara ce, kuma a wannan lokacin, Sultan ya ba Syed Ibrahim Mallick taken "Madarul Mulk" na nufin Mallick ko Saif-o-Daulat (Mai Gudanarwa kuma Sarkin Takobi da Arziki). An rubuta cewa Sultan din ya yi matukar farin ciki da wannan nasarar, cewa a fadarsa shi da kansa ya sauko don tarba da gaishe da Syed Ibrahim Mallick. Bayan musayar gaishe-gaishe, Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq ya ce wa Syed Ibrahim Mallick da Farisanci (harshen hukuma a lokacin) "Mallicks Baya, Be-nashin" ma'ana "Ya Sarki zo ka zauna kusa da ni" kuma ya jagoranci Syed Ibrahim Mallick zuwa wurin zama. Sarkin Musulmi ya ba shi wannan babbar daraja. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana kiransa "Malliks Baya". Sarkin ya nada Syed Ibrahim Mallick a matsayin gwamnan jihar Bihar. Ya zaɓi zama tare da danginsa da danginsa a Bihar Sharif . A Bihar, Syed Ibrahim Mallick ya jagoranci balaguro da dama irin su Deora da Khatangi da sauransu, kuma ya kayar da Raja Baithal kuma Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq ya naɗa shi Gwamnan Bihar. Syed Ibrahim Mallick ya kuma yi gwamnan Bihar da janar na wasu fewan shekaru daga shekara ta 1351-1353 AD / 751-753 AH, a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Coan uwan Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad bin Tughluq . A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi gwagwarmaya ta ƙarshe da Raja Hans Kumar kuma ya ci Rohtasgarh Fort . Kisan kai Lokacin da fadan ya kare a karshe, Syed Ibrahim Mallick ya kafa doka da oda a yankin. Bayan zaman lafiya ya wanzu, wata rana da dare Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya ya bar sansanin, lokacin da wasu gungun sojojin abokan gaba, suka buya a cikin duhu a wajen sansanin, suka yi wa wani janar wani mummunan hari daga baya suka kashe shi. Syed Ibrahim Mallick ya rasu ranar Lahadi, 13 ga watan Dul Hajj shekara ta 753 AH dai-dai da ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1353 AD. An kawo gawarsa Bihar Sharif don binnewa, inda ya yi kusan rayuwarsa duka tare da danginsa, danginsa, da danginsa. Legacy Syed Ibrahim Mallick ko Bayyu na ɗaya daga cikin Manyan waliyyan Bihar. Zuriya daga 'ya'yan Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya guda takwas sun karu fiye da shekaru 600 kuma sun zama muhimmin yanki na al'ummar musulmai a Bihar. An ce Syed Daud Mallick ne ya gina kabarin, Babban cikin 'ya'yan bakwai na waliyin, wanda shi ma an binne shi a cikin kabarin. Kabarin Syed Ibrahim Mallick yana cikin Bihar Sharif, a tsaunin Pir Pahari, mil mil yamma da garin. Makhdum Jahan Bihari, Mukhdum Ahmed Chirampush da Makhdum Shah Ahmed Sistani ne suka aza tubalin kabarin Syed lbrahim. Mausoleum wani tsari ne na ban mamaki wanda bashi da ingancin tubali, wanda ya jimre da barnar lokaci da kuma lalacewar yanayi cikin shekaru 600 da suka gabata. Bayan shekaru 600, tsarin yana tsaye kamar an gina shi a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan. Duba kuma Bihar Sharif Manazarta Majiya Labarai kan sufancin Ibn Arabi daga Kungiyar Ibn Arabi Mysticism a cikin addinin Musulunci laccar da William Chittick ya gabatar Sufanci Daga wani rukunin yanar gizo wanda aka keɓe don tsarin isoteric daban-daban daga SUFIS NA INDIA PAKISTAN DA BANGLADESH: juz'i-1 NA Nagendra Kr Singh shafi na -256 daga ƙungiyoyin Sufi a gabashin Indiya daga Mohammad Yahya Tamizi.shafi na-199 daga BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCYCOPEDIA NA SUFIS SOUTH ASIA Na N.Hanif  A SHAFI NA-160. Mutuwan 1353 Tarihin Bihar Mutane Pages with unreviewed translations

52795

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakri%20Abdul%20Hamid

Zakri Abdul Hamid

Zakri bin Abdul Hamid (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 1948) ya yi aiki mai ban sha'awa a kimiyya a matsayin mai bincike, malami, mai gudanarwa da diflomasiyya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta tarayya "Tan Sri" daga shugaban kasar Malaysia a shekarar 2014, ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016 a matsayin Shugaban kafa a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Gwamnati kan Biodiversity da Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Kimiyya ga Firayim Minista na Malaysia, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 26 na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga cikin sauran mukamai, Zakri Co-Chairs of the Sakatariyar Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Kimiyya da Innovation ta Malaysia (GSIAC), da kuma Shugabannin Majalisar Farfesa ta Kasa, Kamfanin Biotechnology na Malaysia (BIOTECHCORP), Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa da Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Malaysia don Babban Fasaha (MIGHT). Matsayi na farko sun haɗa da Co-Chairman Kwamitin a Millennium Ecosystem Assessment daga watan Yuli 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2005, Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (IAS) na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2008, da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia (Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia) daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 2000. Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi Zakri ta sami difloma daga Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Malaya a Serdang, Malaysia, a shekarar 1969, sannan ta sami digiri na farko a kimiyyar amfanin gona daga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, Amurka (1972), da kuma digiri na biyu (1974) da Doctorate (1976) a fannin kiwon shuke-shuke daga Jami'a ta Jihar Michigan. Ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia (Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia) a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ya tashi da sauri ta hanyar matsayi zuwa Shugaban Sashen Genetics (1978-1981), Mataimakin Farfesa (1980), cikakken Farfesa (1986), Dean na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rayuwa (1987-1992), da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar (1992 zuwa 2000), wanda ya gudanar da ma'aikatan ilimi 1,500 a fadin jami'o'i da yawa a ɗayan manyan jami'o-yan jama'ar Malaysia, tare da dalibai 20,000 na digiri na farko da na biyu. Ayyuka 1981-1989: Sakatare Janar na Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania, 1994-1998: Shugaban ƙungiyar aiki don shirya Manufofin Kasa kan Bambancin Halitta, 1994-2000: Shugaban Kafa na Kungiyar Halitta ta Malaysia, da 1996-2000: Shugaban kafa na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gyaran Halitta na Kasa. 1990-1992: Babban wakilin Malaysia yayin tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Bambancin Halitta (CBD), daga baya ya jagoranci tawagar kasarsa zuwa Taron Yarjejeniyar (1993-2000). Ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Malaysia a farkon kwanakin tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatoci (1995-2000) na Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaro. 2000: An naɗa shi Darakta na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yokohama Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (UNU-IAS), ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin bincike da horo na Majalisar Dinkinobho. A lokacin shekaru takwas, ya canza UNU-IAS zuwa wata cibiyar da ake girmamawa a duniya da ke aiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar su binciken kwayoyin halitta, bio-diplomacy, shugabanci, gudanar da birane, manufofin kimiyya don ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kariya ga ilimin gargajiya da ilimi don ci gaba mara ɗorewa. 2000: Zaɓaɓɓen Co-Chairman Kwamitin Nazarin Tsarin Halitta na Millennium (MA), ɗaya daga cikin haɗin gwiwar kimiyya mafi girma a duniya. Fiye da shekaru biyar, MA ta haɗa da hadin gwiwar masana sama da 2,000 daga ƙasashe 95 a cikin hadin gwiwoyin kimiyya game da sakamakon canjin yanayin halittu ga jin daɗin ɗan adam da ayyukan da ake buƙata don magance waɗannan barazanar. Wakilan a cikin Kwamitin masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa: hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ilimi, kasuwanci da 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan, a cikin "Rahoton Shekaru" ya yaba da MA a matsayin "wani misali mai kyau na irin hadin gwiwar kimiyya da siyasa na kasa da kasa wanda ake buƙata don ci gaba da ci gaba mai ɗorewa". 2009: An nada shi Shugaban Tuanku a Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A wannan shekarar ya kafa Cibiyar USM don Nazarin Ci gaba da Duniya, wani tunani na digiri na biyu kan kalubalen canjin yanayi, lalacewar muhalli, yaduwar birane da sauran fannoni na canjin duniya. 2010: An nada shi mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Firayim Minista na Malaysia. 2011: An nada shi hadin gwiwar shugaban Sakatariyar Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Kimiyya da Innovation ta Duniya (GSIAC), wani taro na musamman na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasa da ƙasa da shugabannin da aka kirkira don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga Malaysia, wanda Firayim Minista Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak ke jagoranta. 2011: An nada shi a matsayin Shugaban hadin gwiwa na Kungiyar Masana'antu-Gwamnatin Malaysia don Babban Fasaha (MIGHT). MIGHT kamfani ne mai zaman kansa a karkashin ikon Firayim Minista na Malaysia wanda ke gina haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antu, gwamnati da ilimi don tallafawa yunkurin kasar don inganta ƙwarewar fasaha. 2012: Ya jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na Babban Taron Duniya kan Shari'a, Gudanarwa da Shari'a kan Muhalli, wanda aka gudanar tare da Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (Rio + 20). Har ila yau an nada shi a Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Babban Kwamitin Nazarin Albarka na Duniya don aiwatar da Shirin Dabarun Biodiversity na 2011-2020. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, a taron farko na kasashe mambobi 105, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kafa Cibiyar Tsaro ta Tsaro kan Biodiversity da Ayyukan Ecosystem, sabuwar kungiya ta tsakiya da aka sadaukar don hana hanzarta asarar halittu da lalacewar ayyukan muhalli a duniya. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da jiki mai kama da IPCC don bambancin halittu, IPBES za ta rufe rata tsakanin masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi, samar da bayanai masu kyau, daidai, marasa son kai da bayanan kimiyya don ba da damar samar da kyakkyawar amsawar manufofi wajen sarrafa bambancin halitte. Oktoba, 2013, daya daga cikin masana kimiyya 26 da aka nada zuwa Sakatare Janar na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya taru don taron farko a Berlin a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2014. A watan Satumbar 2018, an sanya shi a matsayin Pro Chancellor na Jami'ar Multimedia, Malaysia . Shuka shuke-shuke da Injiniyan Halitta (Editor), SABRAO (1988) Albarkatun Kwayar halitta na Tsire-tsire marasa amfani a Malaysia (Editor), MNCPGR (1989) Shuka Kwayoyin Shuka (a cikin Malay), DBP (1993) Binciken Biodiversity (Editor), GSM (1995) Ecosystems da jin daɗin ɗan adam (Synthesis) (memba na ƙungiyar rubuce-rubuce), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press (2005) Aikin noma, Tsaron Dan Adam, da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya: Hanyar Hanyar Halitta a Ci gaban Afirka (haɗin edita tare da M. Taeb) Purdue University Press (2008) Manazarta Haɗin waje Binciken Tsarin Halitta na Shekaru Ƙasa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya da Innovation na Duniya Kamfanin Biotechnology na Malaysia Cibiyar Kula da Haske ta Kasa Kungiyar Masana'antu-Gwamnatin Malaysia don Fasaha Kungiyar Ci Gaban Binciken Kiwo a Asiya da Oceania Jami'ar Sains Malaysia Taron Duniya kan Adalci, Gudanarwa da Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24258

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronics

STMicroelectronics

STMicroelectronics ne a Faransa-Italian manyan lantarki da kuma semiconductors manufacturer hedkwatarsa a Shirin-les-Ouates kusa Geneva, Switzerland sakamakon hadewar biyu mallakar gwamnati semiconductor kamfanoni a 1987: "Thomson Semiconducteurs" na Faransa da kuma "SGS Microelettronica" na Italiya . Ana kiranta da suna "ST", kuma ita ce mafi girma a Turai mai kera guntun semiconductor dangane da kudaden shiga. Yayin da hedikwatar kamfani na STMicroelectronics da hedkwatar yankin EMEA suke a Geneva, kamfanin riƙewa, STMicroelectronics NV an haɗa shi a cikin Netherlands. Hedikwatar kamfanin ta Amurka tana Coppell, Texas . Hedikwatar yankin Asiya-Pacific tana Singapore yayin da ayyukan Japan da Koriya ke hedikwata a Tokyo . Hedikwatar kamfanin na yankin China tana Shanghai . Tarihi An kafa ST a cikin 1987 ta hadewar kamfanonin semiconductor guda biyu na gwamnati: Italiyanci "SGS Microelettronica" (inda SGS ke nufin "Società Generale Semiconduttori", "Babban Kamfanin Kamfanoni"), da Faransanci "Thomson Semiconducteurs", hannun semiconductor. na Thomson : "SGS Microelettronica" ya samo asali ne a cikin 1972 daga haɗin haɗin kamfanoni biyu da suka gabata: ATES ("Aquila Tubi e Semiconduttori"), bututun injin da mai yin semiconductor mai hedikwata a L'Aquila, babban birnin Abruzzo, wanda a cikin 1961 ya canza sunansa zuwa Azienda Tecnica ed Elettronica del Sud kuma ya sake canza masana'antarsa a Yankin Masana'antu. na Catania, a Sicily ; "Società Generale Semiconduttori" (wanda Adriano Olivetti ya kafa a 1957). "Thomson Semiconducteurs" an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1982 ta hanyar bazuwar gwamnatin Faransa na masana'antu. Ya haɗa da: ayyukan semiconductor na kamfanin lantarki na Faransa Thomson ; a 1985 ta sayi Mostek, wani kamfani na Amurka wanda aka kafa a 1969 a matsayin karkatar da Texas Instruments, daga United Technologies ; Silec, wanda aka kafa a 1977; Eurotechnique, wanda aka kafa a 1979 a Rousset, Bouches-du-Rhône a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Saint-Gobain na Faransa da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Amurka ; EFCIS, wanda aka kafa a 1977; SESCOSEM, wanda aka kafa a 1969. A lokacin hadewar waɗannan kamfanoni biyu a cikin 1987, an sanya wa sabon kamfanin suna "SGS-THOMSON" amma ya ɗauki sunansa na yanzu a watan Mayu 1998 bayan sayar da hannun jarinsa na Thomson. Bayan kirkirar sa ST an sanya shi a matsayi na 14 a cikin manyan masu samar da semiconductor 20 tare da tallace -tallace kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 850. Kamfanin ya shiga cikin haɓaka masana'antar semiconductor tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, tare da saye da suka haɗa da: A cikin 1989, kamfanin Inmos na Burtaniya wanda aka sani da masu sarrafa injin microprocessors daga mahaifin Thorn EMI ; A shekarar 1994, Canada-tushen Nortel 's semiconductor ayyukan; A cikin 2000, WaferScale Integration Inc. (WSI, Fremont, California ), mai siyar da EPROM da tsarin shirye-shirye na tushen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; A cikin 2002, sashin Microelectronics na Alcatel, wanda tare da haɗa kananun kamfanoni kamar kamfanin UK, Synad Ltd, ya taimaka wa kamfanin ya faɗaɗa zuwa kasuwar Wireless-LAN; A cikin 2007, Farawa Microchip na Amurka . An san Genesis Microchip don ƙarfin su a cikin fasahar sarrafa bidiyo ( Faroudja ) kuma yana da cibiyoyin ƙira da ke Santa Clara, California, Toronto, Taipei City da Bangalore . A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1994, kamfanin ya kammala bayar da tayin jama'a na farko kan musayar hannayen jarin Paris da New York. Wanda ya mallaki Thomson SA ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a kamfanin a 1998 lokacin da kamfanin shima ya jera a kan Bourse na Italiya a Milan . A cikin 2002, Motorola da TSMC sun haɗu da ST da Philips a cikin sabon haɗin gwiwar fasaha. An ƙirƙiri Crolles 2 Alliance tare da sabon kayan aikin wafer 12 "da ke Crolles, Faransa. Ta hanyar 2005, ST ta kasance ta biyar, a bayan Intel, Samsung, Texas Instruments da Toshiba, amma gaba da Infineon, Renesas, NEC, NXP Semiconductors, da Freescale . Kamfanin shine babban mai samar da semiconductors na Turai, gaba da Infineon da NXP. A farkon 2007, "NXP Semiconductors" (tsohon "Philips Semiconductors") da "Freescale" (tsohon "Motorola Semiconductors") sun yanke shawarar dakatar da shiga Crolles 2 Alliance. A karkashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyar ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2007. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2007, ST da Intel sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwa a cikin aikace -aikacen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ake kira Numonyx: wannan sabon kamfani ya haɗu da ayyukan ST da "Intel Flash Memory". An ci gaba da haɓaka kasuwar semiconductor tare da sanar da ST da NXP a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2008, ƙirƙirar sabon haɗin gwiwa na ayyukan wayar tafi da gidanka, tare da ST mallakar 80% na sabon kamfani da NXP 20%. An fara wannan haɗin gwiwa a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2008. Ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an kafa ST Ericsson, haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa tare da "ST-NXP Wireless" da "Ericsson Mobile Platforms". "ST Ericsson" ya kasance masana'antun ƙasashe da yawa na samfuran mara waya da semiconductors, yana samarwa ga masana'antun na'urorin hannu. ST-Ericsson ya kasance haɗin gwiwa na 50/50 na STMicroelectronics da Ericsson wanda aka kafa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2009, kuma ya narke a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2013. Babban hedkwatarsa a Geneva, Switzerland, kamfani ne mai tatsuniyoyi, yana fitar da masana'antar semiconductor ga kamfanonin masana'antar. A cikin 2011, ST ta ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar ɗakin haɗin gwiwa tare da Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies . Lab din zai mai da hankali kan bincike da kirkire-kirkire a cikin kere-kere na kere-kere, tsarin wayo da na'urorin lantarki. Hadin gwiwar da suka gabata tare da Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies sun hada da DustBot, wani dandamali wanda ya hada da "robots na sabis" masu sarrafa kansu don tattara shara. Masu hannun jari Tun daga ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, masu hannun jari sune: 68.4% na jama'a ( New York Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris, Borsa Italiana Milano ) 4.1% hannun jari 27.6% STMicroelectronics Holding BV 50% FT1CI ( Bpifrance 79.2% da Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Faransanci da Hukumar Makamashin Atomic (CEA) 20.8%; a baya Areva da CEA ) 50% Ministero dell'Economia da delle Finanze na Italiya (Finmeccanica har 2004, Cassa Depositi e Prestiti har 2010, duka tsakanin 2004-2009) Kayan masana'antu Ba kamar kamfanonin fmicss semikondoktor ba, STMicroelectronics ya mallaki kuma yana sarrafa nasa wafer fabs . Kamfanin ya mallaki guda biyar 8 inci (200 mm) wafer fabs da ɗaya 12 inci (300 mm) wafer fab a cikin 2006. Yawancin kayan aikin ana ƙimar su a 0.18 ,m, 0.13 ku, 90 nm da 65 nm (ma'aunin tsayin ƙofar transistor). STMicroelectronics kuma ya mallaki tsirrai na ƙarshen, inda silicon ya mutu ana haɗuwa kuma ana haɗa su cikin filastik ko fakitin yumbu. Manyan shafuka sun haɗa da: Grenoble, Faransa Grenoble yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman cibiyoyin R&D na kamfanin, yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 4,000. Shafin Polygone yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 2,200 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tushen tarihin kamfanin (tsohon SGS). All tarihi wafer Fab Lines yanzu rufe amma da shafin Runduna hedkwatar yawa rarrabuwa (marketing, zane, masana'antu) da kuma wani muhimmin R & D cibiyar, mayar da hankali a kan silicon da software zane da kuma Fab aiwatar ci gaba. Gidan yanar gizon Crolles yana karbar bakuncin da fab kuma asali an gina shi azaman cibiyar R&D ta gama gari don fasahar submicrometre a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar 1990 Grenoble 92 tsakanin SGS-Thomson da CNET, cibiyar R&D ta kamfanin sadarwar Faransa Faransa Telecom . Na fab, wanda aka sani da Crolles 1, shine farkon kamfanin kuma an gina shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar 1991 tsakanin SGS-Thomson da Philips don haɓaka sabbin fasahohin masana'antu. Gérard Longuet, ministan masana'antu na Faransa, da Alain Carignon, magajin Grenoble sun buɗe Crolles 1 a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1993. fab wanda shugaban Faransa Jacques Chirac ya kaddamar, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2003. Ya haɗa da cibiyar R&D wacce ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin fasahar nanometric don 90 nm zuwa 32 nm sikelin ta amfani da wafers kuma an haɓaka shi don The Crolles 2 Alliance . Wannan ƙawancen STMicroelectronics, TSMC, Semiconductors NXP (tsohon semiconductor na Philips ) da Freescale (tsohon Motorola semiconductor) sun yi haɗin gwiwa a cikin 2002 don haɓaka ginin da yin aiki tare akan haɓaka ci gaba. A fasahar raya a da makaman da aka kuma yi amfani da duniya semiconductor foundry TSMC na Taiwan, kyale TSMC gina kayayyakin ci gaba a Crolles a madadin na Alliance abõkan tãrayya waɗanda suka bukata irin foundry iya aiki. Ana kan gina sabuwar masana'anta tun shekarar 2015. Rousset, Faransa Da yake ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 3,000, Rousset yana karɓar bakuncin hedikwatar rarrabuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da smartcards, microcontrollers, da EEPROM har ma da cibiyoyin R&D da yawa. Rousset kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin inci 8 (200 mm) fab wanda Firayim Ministan Faransa Lionel Jospin ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2000. Wannan sashen an bude ta a shekara ta 1979 a matsayin fab wanda Eurotechnique ya gudanar, wata hadaka Saint-Gobain ta kasar Faransa da National Semiconductor of the US. Rousset was sold to Thomson-CSF a shekara ta 1982 a matsayin bangare na gwamnatin Faransa 1981-82 nationalization of several industries. A matsain bangaren game-gari, tsohon shukan Thomson na tsakiyar Aix-en-Provence yake gudana tun 1960s aka kulle shi sannan anyi wa ma aikata sauyi zuwa sashen Rousset. Mil fab an sauya su zuwa sannan daga baya zuwa mil fab in 1996. Amman a hallin yanzu ya durkushe. A cikin 1988, ƙaramin rukuni na ma'aikata daga masana'antar Thomson Rousset (gami da darekta, Marc Lassus) sun kafa kamfani na farawa, Gemalto (wanda aka fi sani da Gemplus ) wanda ya zama jagora a masana'antar smartcard. Tours, Faransa Daukar ma'aikata 1,500, wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana ɗaukar bakuncin cibiyoyin R&D. Milan, Italiya Daukar ma'aikata 6,000, wuraren Milan sun dace da Grenoble da mahimmanci. Agrate Brianza, yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 4,000 kuma tushe ne na kamfanin (tsohon SGS). The site yana da dama Fab Lines (ciki har da wani fab) da cibiyar R&D. Castelletto, yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 300 zuwa 400 kuma yana ɗaukar bakuncin wasu ɓangarori da cibiyoyin R&D. Updateaukaka-2012: Numonyx JV (tare da Intel) Micron ya samu Kamar haka, R2 Fab (Agrate R&D 200mm Fab na yanzu) a halin yanzu Micron mahalu currentlyi ne Catania, Italiya A Catania shuka a Sicily ma'aikata 5,000 ma'aikata da runduna da dama R &amp; D cibiyoyin da kuma rarrabuwa, mayar da hankali kan flash memory fasahar, kazalika da biyu fabs . ATES ta ƙaddamar da shuka a 1961 don ba da lasisi ga RCA na Amurka kuma da farko ta amfani da germanium . Shafukan manyan wafer guda biyu na rukunin yanar gizon fab, Firayim Minista Romano Prodi na Italiya ya buɗe a watan Afrilu 1997, da fab wanda ba a kammala ba kuma wanda aka canza shi a halin da ake ciki zuwa "Numonyx" a 2008. Caserta, Italiya Stmicro esim da kayan samar da sim don saka esim form factor esim. Ita ce cibiyar fifiko a fagen don kamfanin. Kirkop, Malta Tun daga 2010, ST ta ɗauki wasu mutane 1,500 aiki a Kirkop, wanda hakan ya zama babban ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa mafi girma, kuma babban mai fitar da ƙasar . Singapore A cikin 1970, SGS ya kirkiro masana'anta ta ƙarshe ta ƙarshe a Singapore, a yankin Toa Payoh . Sa'an nan a shekarar 1981, SGS yanke shawarar gina wani wafer Fab a Singapore. An horar da injiniyoyin fasaha na Singapore a Italiya kuma masana'antar Ang Mo Kio ta fara samar da wafers na farko a 1984. An canza zuwa fab, wannan yanzu yana da mahimmanci wafer fab na ƙungiyar. Ang Mo Kio kuma yana ɗaukar bakuncin wasu cibiyoyin ƙira. A halin yanzu shafin yana daukar ma'aikata 6000. Updateaukaka-2012: Micronx JV (tare da Intel) Micron ne ya samo shi a 2010. Don haka, AMK8 Fab (200mm HVM Fab) a halin yanzu ƙungiyar Micron ce. AMK5 da AMK6 sun rage su zama ƙungiyoyin STM. Sabuntawa-2019: STM daga Micron ya sake dawo da AMK8. Tunis, Tunisiya Aikace -aikace, ƙira da tallafi. kimanin ma'aikata 110. Rarraba: MCD Sauran shafuka Hedikwatar gudanarwa Geneva, Switzerland: Babban hedkwatar kamfani wanda ke ɗaukar mafi yawan gudanarwa na ST. Yana jimlar wasu ɗari na ma'aikata. Saint-Genis-Pouilly, Faransa, kusa da Geneva: fewan ma'aikata ɗari. Hedikwatar Ma'aikata. Paris : Tallace -tallace da tallafi. Shuke -shuken majalisa Malta : A cikin 1981, SGS-Thomson (yanzu STMicroelectronics) ya gina masana'anta ta farko a Malta. STMicroelectronics shine, kamar na 2008, babban ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa a tsibirin, yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 1,800. Muar, Malaysia : kusan ma'aikata 4000. Thomson ne ya gina wannan rukunin yanar gizon a 1974 kuma yanzu shine masana'antar taro. Shenzhen, lardin Guangdong, China, kusa da Hong Kong : A cikin 1994, ST da Shenzhen Electronics Group sun rattaba hannu kan haɗin gwiwa don ginawa da gudanar da aikin haɗin ginin (ST yana da rinjaye tare da 60%). Kamfanin yana cikin yankin Futian Free Trade Zone kuma ya fara aiki a 1996. Yana da ma'aikata kusan 3,300. An gina sabon ginin taro a Longgang tun 2008, kuma an rufe shi har zuwa 2014. R&D, ƙira, ofis da tallace-tallace yana cikin filin masana'antu na Hi-tech a gundumar Nanshan. Birnin Calamba, a lardin Laguna, Philippines ,: A 2008, ST ta sami wannan shuka daga NXP Semiconductors . Da farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da NXP amma daga baya ya sami rabon gaba ɗaya yana mai da shi cikakken STMicroelectronics Assembly da Gidan Gwaji. A halin yanzu yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 2,000. Cibiyoyin ƙira Rabat, Maroko : Cibiyar ƙira ce da ke ɗauke da mutane 160. Naples, Italiya: Cibiyar Zane tana ɗaukar mutane 300. Lecce, Italiya: Cibiyar ƙirar HW & SW wacce ke karɓar bakuncin masu bincike 20 a cikin ƙungiyar Fasahar Fasaha ta Ci gaba. Ang Mo Kio, Singapore : A cikin 1970, SGS ta ƙirƙiri masana'anta ta ƙarshe ta ƙarshe a Singapore, a yankin Toa Payoh. Sannan a cikin 1981, SGS ta yanke shawarar gina wafer a Singapore. An horar da injiniyoyin fasaha na Singapore a Italiya kuma masana'antar Ang Mo Kio ta fara samar da wafers na farko a 1984. An canza zuwa 8 inci (200 mm) fab, wannan yanzu yana da mahimmanci 8 inci (200 mm) wafer fab na ƙungiyar ST. Ang Mo Kio kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin cibiyoyin ƙira don ƙungiyoyi daban -daban. Greater Noida, India: An ƙaddamar da shafin Noida a 1992 don gudanar da ayyukan injiniyan software. An ƙaddamar da cibiyar ƙirar silicon a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1995. Tare da ma'aikata 120, ita ce babbar cibiyar ƙirar kamfanin a wajen Turai a lokacin. A cikin 2006, an canza rukunin yanar gizon zuwa Greater Noida don ƙarin faɗaɗawa. Shafin yana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin ƙira mafi yawa. Yanzu yana da alaƙa da ƙirar samfuran bidiyo na gida ( Set-Top Box, DVD ), kwakwalwan kwamfuta na GPS da Wireless LAN, da software mai rakiya. Hakanan ana tura tallafin cibiyar bayanai ta Duniya zuwa Greater Noida a 2004. Ƙarfin ma'aikaci a Greater Noida yana kusan 2000. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da ma'aikatan ST-Ericsson. Santa Clara, California, ( Silicon Valley ), Amurka: Ma'aikata 120 a talla, ƙira da aikace -aikace. La Jolla, California, ( San Diego, Amurka): Ma'aikata 80 a ƙira da aikace -aikace. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Amurka: Aikace -aikace, tallafi, da talla. Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech: ma'aikata 100 zuwa 200. Aikace -aikace, ƙira da tallafi. Tunis, Tunisia : Ma'aikata 110. Aikace -aikace, ƙira da tallafi. Sophia Antipolis, kusa da Nice, Faransa: Cibiyar zane tare da fewan ma'aikata ɗari. Edinburgh, Scotland: Ma'aikata 200 sun mai da hankali a fagen hoto. Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada: A cikin 1993, SGS-Thomson ya sayi ayyukan semiconductor na Nortel wanda ya mallaki Ottawa cibiyar R&D da masana'anta. An rufe masana'anta a cikin 2000, duk da haka, ƙirar, cibiyar R&D da ofishin tallace -tallace suna aiki a cikin birni. Toronto, Ontario, Kanada: Cibiyar ƙirar HW & SW da farko tana da hannu tare da ƙirar ICs mai sarrafa bidiyo a zaman wani ɓangare na ST's TVM Division. Palermo, Sicily, Italiya: Cibiyar Zane. Bangalore, Indiya: Cibiyar ƙirar HW da SW tana ɗaukar mutane sama da 250 (Ciki har da ma'aikatan ST Ericsson da Genesis Microchip ). Zaventem, Belgium: Ma'aikata 100. Cibiyar Zane & Aikace -aikace. An rufe a 2013 Helsinki, Finland: Cibiyar Zane. Turku, Finland: Cibiyar Zane. Oulu, Finland: Cibiyar Zane. Tampere, Finland: Cibiyar Zane. Longmont, Colorado Amurka: Cibiyar Zane. Graz, Austria: Cibiyar Kwarewar NFC. Shafukan rufewa Phoenix, Arizona 8 inci (200 mm) fab, Carrollton, Texas 6 inci (150 mm) fab, da Ain Sebaa, Morocco fab suna fara shirye -shiryen tarwatsewa, kuma an ƙaddara su rufe ta 2010. Shafin Casablanca, na Morocco ya ƙunshi ɓangarori biyu na taro (Bouskoura da Aïn Sebaâ) kuma jimillar ma'aikata kusan 4000 ne. Thomson ne ya buɗe ta a shekarun 1960. Gidan yanar gizon Bristol, United Kingdom yana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 300 a ƙwanƙolin sa (a cikin 2001/2) amma an rushe shi zuwa kusan. Ma'aikata 150 a kusa da farkon 2014. Ginin Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada (kimanin ma'aikata 450) zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2013. Shafukan da aka rufe Rennes, Faransa ta dauki bakuncin inci 6 (150 mm) fab kuma an rufe shi a 2004 Rancho Bernardo, California, mai inci 4 (100 mm) fab wanda Nortel ya kirkira kuma SGS-Thomson ya saya a 1994, bayan haka an canza shi zuwa inci 6 (150) mm) a cikin 1996. Kasancewar SGS na farko a Amurka shine ofishin tallace -tallace da ke Phoenix a farkon 1980s. Daga baya, a ƙarƙashin SGS-Thomson, mai inci 8 (200 mm) fab an kammala shi a Phoenix a 1995. Kamfanin na 8 " fab na biyu na kamfanin bayan Crolles 1, an fara sadaukar da shafin ne don samar da microprocessors don Cyrix . A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2007, ST ta ce za ta rufe wannan rukunin yanar gizon, kuma a cikin Yuli 2010 Western Western Corporation ta sayi harsashin Phoenix PF1 FAB. An gina shafin Carrollton, Texas a 1969 ta Mostek, wani kamfanin Amurka ne wanda tsoffin ma'aikatan Texas Instruments suka kafa . A cikin 1979, United Technologies ta sami Mostek wanda ya siyar da ita ga Thomson Semiconducteurs a 1985. Da farko sanye take da inci 4 (100 mm) fab, an canza shi zuwa 6-inch (150 mm) Fab a shekarar 1988. Ayyukan Colorado Springs na kamfanin INMOS na Burtaniya an canza su zuwa Carrollton a cikin 1989 bayan SGS Thomson ya saye shi. Tun daga nan aka sake mayar da shafin don gwajin wafer. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2007, ST ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta rufe wannan masana'anta, kuma a ƙarshe an rufe ta a 2010. Bristol, UK Wannan rukunin R&D ya ƙunshi kamfanin Inmos na Biritaniya wanda a cikin 1978 ya fara haɓaka sanannen microprocessor Transputer. An samo shafin tare da Inmos a cikin 1989, kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙirar bidiyon gida da samfuran nishaɗi (misali Set-Top Box ), kwakwalwan GPS, da software mai rakiya. A mafi girman shafin yana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 250. An rufe shafin a hukumance a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2014. Wurare na gaba A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2007, ST ya sayi ƙungiyar ci gaban microchip na Nokia kuma yana shirin saka hannun jari sosai wajen haɓaka aikace -aikacen salula na ASIC. Sayen ya haɗa da ƙungiyar ASIC ta Nokia a Southwood (UK) kuma kamfanin yana shirya shafuka da yawa a Finland. Duba kuma Altitude SEE Test Platform Turai (ASTEP) Cibiyar Microelectronics Interuniversity (IMEC) Numonyx ST-Ericsson Jerin tsirrai na kirkirar semiconductor STM8 Saukewa: STM32 STMicroelectronics Ƙananan masu hannun jari (STM. SSG ) Collectif Autonome et Démocratique de STMicroelectronics (CAD-ST) Mazanarta Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Aluko

Sam Aluko

Samuel Aluko (Agusta 18, 1929 - Fabrairu 7, 2012) masanin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Najeriya ne kuma masani wanda ya rubuta labarai da kasidu da suka yi nazari kan manufofin gwamnati na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Aluko ya kuma taka rawar ba da shawara ga wasu shugabannin siyasa kamar Obafemi Awolowo da Sani Abacha . An yi la'akari da damar ta ƙarshe ba sabon abu ba saboda matakin farko na Aluko na adawa da wuce gona da iri na gwamnati. Tunanin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Aluko yana da alamar sukar ɗimbin jama'a a fagen siyasa da kuma ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga gwamnati a matsayin hanyar samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ya kasance sanannen mai sharhi kan harkokin kudi na gwamnati kuma ya yi tsokaci game da gine-ginen bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da manufofi game da yanayin tattalin arzikin Najeriya da hanyoyin warware matsalolin tattalin arziki. Rayuwa An haife shi a Ode-Ekiti ga dangin Aluko Fagbohun, ya yi karatu a makarantar Emmanuel da Christ's School Ado Ekiti, inda ya kasance dalibi a karkashin fitattun malaman Ekiti irin su Nathaniel Adamolekun wanda daga baya ya zama magatakarda na Jami'ar Ibadan da JE Babatola, tsohon Ministan yankin. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki a matsayin malami, inda ya zama shugaban makarantar Zik's College of commerce, Sapele da mataimakin shugaban makarantar kwalejin birnin Legas. Yayin da yake koyarwa, ya ɗauki kwasa-kwasan wasiƙa a Jami'ar London a fannin tattalin arziki inda ya sami digiri a fannin. 1950-1960s Aluko ya tsunduma cikin siyasar Ado-Ekiti tun kafin samun yancin kai, kuma ya kasance mabiyin falsafar kin jinin mulkin mallaka na Zikist . A 1953, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, jam’iyyar Ekiti People’s Party wadda ta fitar da sunayen ‘yan takarar da za su fafata a zaben kananan hukumomi a Ado-Ekiti, bayan shekara guda ya zama shugaban karamar hukumar Ado Ekiti. Alamar manufofin tattalin arziki na Aluko ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga kashe kashen gwamnati. Lokacin da ya dawo daga Landan, ya zama mai ba da shawara na yau da kullun ga Action Group. An nada shi shugaban kwamitin tsuke bakin aljihun da aka kafa domin lalubo hanyoyin ceto kudi. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar yanke alawus-alawus da ake baiwa ministoci da masu rike da mukaman siyasa, ra’ayin da wasu masu fada aji a jam’iyyar ba su goyi bayan hakan ba. A cikin 1962, an tuntubi Aluko don ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na yankin yammacin yankin. Albashinsa zai kasance £2,942, a lokacin, malami ne a jami'ar Ife, yanzu jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo yana samun albashin £1000 duk shekara. Ya karbi tayin ne da sharadin a rage masa sabon albashin da ake biyansa a Ife inda ya bayyana cewa ba zai fi yin aiki a sabon aikin ba fiye da yadda yake yi a Ife. Amma gwamnati ta yi watsi da wannan sharadi. Yayin da Aluko ya kasance a Ile-Ife, ya kasance memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na AG, tare da Wole Soyinka, Victor Oyenuga, Dr Odumosu da kuma wasu malamai 'yan kasashen waje. Wannan kungiya ta yi matukar goyon bayan jam'iyya mai kishin kasa, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya wacce ta yi imani da dakile wuce gona da iri, kungiyar ta kuma raba gari da wasu 'yan siyasa dangane da yadda za a yi hulda da gwamnatin kasa da kuma ficewa daga yankin Yamma. . Awolowo ya samu wasu shawarwarin wannan kungiya amma mataimakinsa wanda yanzu ya zama firimiya a yankin bai ji dadin yawancin manufofin da aka ba su ba. A cikin 1965, lokacin da Saburi Biobaku, mataimakin shugaban UNIFE ya shawarci dukkanin malamai su goyi bayan jam'iyyar ta lokacin, wadda ta kasance NNDP, kungiyar Action Group karkashin jagorancin Samuel Akintola, Aluko ya goyi bayan Awolowo na Action Group. wadanda suka yi na'am da shawarwarin da kungiyar Ife ta bayar. Aluko ya bayar da sanarwar murabus din na wata 3, nan take aka amince da murabus din sannan aka umarce shi da ya bar ofishin da wuri, ya bar jami’ar ya shiga sashen tattalin arziki na Jami’ar Najeriya . Kafin juyin mulkin watan Janairun 1966, Aluko da yake jawabi a wani taron matasa, ya dora wa matasa aikin rage kabilanci da hada kai domin hada kan yankunan. Ra'ayin Aluko game da bunkasar tattalin arziki da kudaden jama'a ba shi da kima don haka ya kamata a tunkari yanke shawara ta hanyar amfani da hukumomin tarayya, jihohi da kananan hukumomi a matsayin wani makami na bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa. Ra'ayin Aluko na jawo kudade ta hanyar yawan kudaden haraji da kuma bin diddigin wadanda suka kasa biyan haraji don samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati. Ya kuma goyi bayan matakan kara yawan ma’aikata ta hanyar sa ido sosai da yanke sharar gida kamar tallafin haya da alawus-alawus ga ma’aikatan gwamnati. Wannan matakin na iya kara yawan kudaden shiga na gwamnati wanda zai iya samar da manufofi don rage rashin aikin yi da ci gaban karkara. 1970-1990 Yayin da yawan man fetur ya karu a Najeriya a shekarun 1970, Aluko har yanzu yana da ra'ayin goyon bayan tunanin cewa jihar za ta iya zama injin bunkasa masana'antu ta hanyar samar da kudade na ilimin fasaha, fadada aikin gona da bunkasa ababen more rayuwa. Tare da yawan jama'a masu ilimin fasaha, karɓowa da haɓakar fasaha na gida zai yiwu. Bugu da kari, bullo da aikin noma na injiniyoyi zai kara yawan kudin shiga na manoman kasuwanci da kuma kudaden shiga na harajin gwamnati. Tallafin Aluko ga noman injiniyoyi yana nufin daidaitaccen taimako ga rarar manoman kasuwanci da taimakon fasaha da ilimi ga ƙananan manoma don zama rarar noma. Kananann manoma masu rayuwa waɗanda galibi ke zaune a yankunan karkara za su yi amfani da wasu ƙarin kuɗin shiga don siyan kayan aiki masu araha. Mai tsananin imani da tsare-tsare, ya zama muhimmi wajen tsara aikin noma don bunƙasa masana'antun kayan aikin gona da aka fara a cikin gida don ceton kuɗin waje da samar da kayan aiki masu araha ga ƙananan manoma. A zamanin gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida, Aluko har yanzu ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen ganin cewa matakan gwamnati na da muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar. Ya yi suka kan ka'idojin 'yanci na shirin daidaita tsarin da gwamnati ta dauka. Har ila yau, matsalar Aluko da SAP ta kai ga cibiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka ba da shawarwari da masana tattalin arzikin Najeriya waɗanda suka bi ka'idodin tunanin jari hujja na yamma. Aluko ya caccaki fa'idar rage darajar kudin kasuwa kyauta da kuma yawan kudin ruwa da ya biyo bayan aiwatar da shirin. Rayuwa ta sirri Sam Aluko da matarsa Joyce Aluko suna da 'ya'ya shida, ciki har da Bolaji Aluko, ɗan fari da Gbenga Aluko, tsohon Sanata. da Esther Morenike Jaiyesimi. Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa na ilimi a Jami'ar Ife kuma ya yi ritaya a 1980. Ya rasu a shekara ta 2012. Nassoshi Matattun 2012 Haifaffun 1929

36659

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halima%20Begum

Halima Begum

Dr Halima Begum ta kasan ce ita ce shugabar zartarwa kuma Darakta na Runnymede Trust, babbar cibiyar nazarin daidaiton launin fata ta kasar Burtaniya. Begum ta rike manyan mukamai na jagoranci tare da gwamnati,da wadansu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, masu ba da agaji da ƙungiyoyin jama'a na duniya ciki har da Sashen Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Burtaniya, Majalisar Burtaniya da Gidauniyar LEGO A cikin shekarar 2021 Shaw Trust Disability Power 100 mai suna Begum daya daga cikin nakasassu masu tasiri a kasar Burtaniya. Wannan ya biyo bayan shigar da ita cikin jerin sunayen masu tasiri na kasar Burtaniya-Bangladesh. Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi An haifi Begum a Sylhet, Bangladesh bayan yakin 'Yanci . Ta girma a Brick Lane a cikin gundumar London na Tower Hamlets inda ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Thomas Buxton da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Tsakiya . Lokacin da take matashiya, ta haɗu da Haɗin kan Mata masu Yaƙi da Wariyar launin fata don yaƙar karuwar wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama a Gabashin kasar London, gami da Millwall da tsibirin Kare . Wannan lokacin a farkon shekarar alif 1990s ya gan ta musamman a cikin yaki da matsananci hakkin National Front da Derek Beackon, jam'iyyar ta farko zaba kansila, tare da Begum fama da yawa hari a cikin tsari. Ta yi digirinta na farko a fannin Gwamnati da Tarihi, sannan ta yi digirinta na biyu a fannin hulda da kasa da kasa a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta kasar Landan, kafin ta kammala digiri na uku a Jami’ar Queen Mary ta kasar Landan . Nakasa Tun tana karama Begum tana da wani yanayi na rashin lafiya da ba kasafai ba wanda ya kai ga cire mata ido na hagu. A cikin shirin BBC World Service na Emotional Baggage, wanda aka sadaukar don rayuwarta da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙaura, Begum ta ba da labarin karbar bakuncin Farfesa Henrietta Bowden-Jones yadda NHS da farko suka ƙi ba iyayenta damar samun magani ga yarsu, duk da matsayin iyali. a matsayin 'yan kasar Birtaniya . A lokacin an yi bayanin wannan ta hanyar kuskure amma ɗan jinkirin yaduwa don ba wa baƙi baƙi damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a ciki har da kiwon lafiya saboda ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare a cikin doka, gami da Dokar Shige da Fice ta shekarar alif 1971 . Begum ta bayyana wa BBC yadda mahaifinta da ya yanke kauna, ma'aikacin masana'antar masaku, ya mika wa Limamin Masallacin Brick Lane rikon diyarsa 'yar shekara biyu. Limamin da jama'ar masallacin da kuma al'ummar Bangaladash na Landan da har yanzu ba a san su ba sun shirya gangamin farar hula don tabbatar da Begum irin jinyar da ta bukata. Ko da yake likitocin tiyata a asibitin St Bartholomew sun kasa ceto idonta na hagu, Begum na da sauran hangen nesa a bangaren dama kuma har yau tana karkashin kulawar sanannen asibitin ido na Moorfields na duniya. Sana'a A cikin Shekarar Alif ta1998 an nada Begum a matsayin Manazarta Siyasa tare da Hukumar kan makomar Biritaniya mai yawan kabilu . Shugaban Hukumar Lord Parekh, Hukumar ta ba wa gwamnatin Kasar Burtaniya shawarwari Guda 130 don kalubalantar rashin daidaiton launin fata a cikin al'umma. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki don Action Aid, yana taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiya ta Duniya don Ilimi, kuma ta rubuta rahoton Social Capital a Action na LSE Center for Civil Society. A cikin Shekarar 2003 Begum ya shiga Sashen Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Burtaniya. Daga cikin manyan ayyuka, ta tsara shirin aiwatar da shirin Sin da Burtaniya kan matsalar karancin abinci, da yin aiki tare da gwamnatin kasar Sin karkashin firaministan kasar Wen Jiabao, kuma ta goyi bayan sake gina kasar Nepal bayan rikice-rikice, yayin da yakin basasa ya ragu daga shekarar 2006. A Pakistan ta jagoranci tayin ilimi na Burtaniya, inda aka kashe fam miliyan 600 kuma ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka hada da ilimin 'ya'ya mata. A matsayinsa na babban jami'in kasar Biritaniya, Begum ya wakilci Birtaniya a wasu manyan tarurrukan kasashen biyu da suka hada da UNESCO EFA a birnin Alkahira, da dandalin raya zaman jama'a na Sin da ASEAN, da shirin rage fatara da ASEAN+3. A cikin Shekarar2012 an nada Begum Daraktan Ilimi a Majalisar Biritaniya, mai alhakin tsara dabarun ilimi a gabashin Asiya. A cikin shekara ta 2017 an ɗauke ta zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Gidauniyar LEGO kuma a cikin shekarar 2020 an nada ta Shugabar Runnymede Trust. Kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da cibiyoyin koyo suna neman ra'ayin Begum akai-akai game da 'yancin jama'a da daidaito tsakanin Financial Times, New York Times da Harvard 's Kennedy School of Government . Martanin Gaggawa na Covid Ta hanyar cutar ta Covid Begum ta kasance sananiyar mai ba da shawara don faɗaɗa matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a don tallafawa tsirarun ƙabilanci da al'ummomin masu aiki. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon adadi mai yawa da rashin daidaituwar adadin mutuwar Covid tsakanin waɗancan ƙungiyoyin. Shawarwari na Begum sun haɗa da haɓaka gwajin Covid, fifikon rigakafin da ƙaddamar da rigakafin rigakafin ga ƙungiyoyin BAME . Ta kuma ba da tallafi mai yawa ga saƙon gwamnati game da shirin rigakafin a cikin jinkirin da wuri da ƙarancin ɗauka tsakanin al'ummomin Baƙar fata da Asiya. Bukatun bincikenta a lokacin bala'in ya kai ga gwajin tasirin Covid akan majinyatan musulmi masu azumi a cikin watan Ramadan, da wajibcin hada kabilanci a matsayin wani abu mai zaman kansa na hadarin Covid a cikin tsara manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A cikin Watan Fabrairun shekara ta2021, Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya Chris Witty ya tabbatar da cewa za a dauki kabilanci a matsayin abin hadarin Covid a cikin Burtaniya, tare da rashi na zamantakewa da kididdigar jiki. Wannan matakin ya ga ƙarin 'yan Birtaniyya miliyan biyu an ƙarfafa su don yin garkuwa da ƙarin 800,000 da aka sa ido don yin rigakafin. A cikin watan Satumba shekara ta 2020, an kira Begum zuwa Majalisa don ba da shaida na ƙwararru game da mummunan tasirin Covid akan yaran ƙananan makarantu, gami da rashin daidaituwa game da samun damar IT da koyo daga nesa . A cikin New York Times a cikin watan Maris shekarata 2021 Begum ya yi tambaya kan shawarwari don karɓar fasfo na dijital na dijital ta Amurka, Burtaniya da EU. Da take magana game da yuwuwar fasfo din Covid na haifar da "wariya, wariya da kyama", ta yi nuni da kwarewar samarin kananan kabilu a Burtaniya wadanda tuni suka fuskanci matsalar tsayawa da bincike da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi sakamakon tsauraran ka'idojin kulle -kulle. farkon annoba. Yayin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fara tunanin kawo karshen kulle-kullen a karshen shekarar 2021, Begum ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar bullo da shirin rigakafin gida-gida na kasa don tabbatar da cewa an kare kungiyoyin marasa galihu daga Covid, musamman a cikin biranen ciki. Board da Shawara Begum ta kasance mai ba da shawara ne ga kungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Kwalejin Burtaniya, Nuffield Foundation, Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, ITV da Gwamnatin Scotland . Ta zauna a Hukumar NHS Race and Health Observatory, da Toynbee Hall . Tare da tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli Baroness Hale da tsohon Sakataren Shari'a Robert Buckland, Begum ƙwararre ne mai ba da shawara ga Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Biritaniya wanda Cibiyar Gwamnati da Cibiyar Bennett ta Jami'ar Cambridge ta kira. A da, ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Muhalli ta Mata ta Burtaniya, mai kula da Tower Hamlets Environment Trust da kuma gwamnan Kwalejin Tower Hamlets. Rayuwa ta sirri Begum ta girma a layin Brick a cikin babban al'ummar Bangladesh, Ita ce diya ta uku cikin yara shida. Mahaifiyarta mai yin gida ce. Mahaifinta, Mohammed Abdul Kadir, ma'aikacin East End ne ma'aikacin yadin da ya yi gwagwarmaya a gwagwarmayar Bangladesh a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci . An yi imanin sunan Kadir yana cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu a kan hayar Masallacin Layin Brick, wani wurin tarihi wanda a da ake kira Masallacin Jamme da kuma, a cikin abubuwan da suka gabata tun daga gininsa a Shekarar alif 1743, duka coci da majami'a. Begum ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da rashin matsuguni na iyayenta a lokacin ƙuruciyarta da kuma shigarsu daga baya a cikin ƴan ƴan sandan Bangladesh a cikin shekara ta1970s a kasar London. A cikin wata hira da BBC da Robert Carlyle, Begum ta bayyana babban cin zarafi na launin fata da ta jiki wanda kungiyar National Front ta yi mata tun tana karama, wanda ke rike da kantin sayar da littattafai a wajen gidan iyayenta a Brick Lane. A cikin tattaunawa daban-daban a gidan rediyon BBC 4 tare da masu hira da suka hada da Farfesa Henrietta Bowden-Jones da Samira Ahmed, Begum ta bayyana cewa an kai ta makaranta tare da mahaifiyarta da ’yan’uwanta, sanye da rigar riga kuma ta tura ta cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Neo-nazi a wajen gidan iyali. . Ta kira wannan tafiya, "Ayyukan juriya na yau da kullum na kananan yara hudu na Birtaniya-Bangladesh". Kazalika da Ingilishi, Begum kuma yana jin Bengali-Sylheti, Hindi da Urdu. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane

57692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Ben%20Bella%20Airport

Ahmed Ben Bella Airport

Tarihi A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,Sojojin saman Faransa sun yi amfani da filin jirgin saman La Senia a matsayin filin jirgin sama na soja,na farko ta Armée de l'Air, kuma bayan Yuni 1940,ta Rundunar Sojan Sama( ) na gwamnatin Vichy. A lokacin saukar Operation Torch a cikin 1942, La Sénia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makasudin harin Oran a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba. Rundunar sojojin da ke sa ido a kai za ta kama La Senia,tare da runduna masu sulke don tura cikin kasa don tabbatar da kama filin. Bayan hasken rana, wasu bama-bamai takwas Albacore sun nutse daga HMS Furious da mayaƙan Hurricane guda shida daga kowane daga cikin manyan jiragen biyu masu ɗaukar kaya sun taso a kan filin jirgin saman La Senia da tsakar rana don samun tarba daga manyan bindigogi masu saukar ungulu da mayaƙan Vichy.An kai wa filin jirgin hari a matsayin mayar da martani da bama-bamai guda shida masu nauyin kilo 250 da suka yi da su daidai inda suka farfasa rataye da babu kowa a yankin arewa maso yammacin jirgin,inda suka yi barna wanda daga baya za a yi nadama.A fafatawar da aka yi ta kare,an ce an kashe mayakan Dewoitine 520 na Faransa 5 tare da jikkata wasu. An kai hari na biyu a filin jirgin saman La Senia bayan 'yan mintoci goma daga hannun Seafires goma daga HMS Furious a cikin ƙananan matakan da ke tafiya da jiragen sama da batura masu saukar ungulu.Har ila yau mayakan Vichy na Faransa sun yi adawa da matakin. Mayakan Vichy,duk da haka sun kare yankin filin jirgin ne kawai kuma ba su adawa da sojojin kasa da suka sauka a Oran Harbor.An karkata akalar harin da aka shirya kai wa filin jirgin,kuma Kamfanin B,na runduna ta farko ta Makamai kimanin 1000,ya kama filin jirgin,bayan da jirgin Vichy da yawa ya tashi,mai yiwuwa zuwa Maroko na Faransa.Wasu kaɗan sun tarwatse a ƙasa ko a cikin rataye. Bayan kama shi,Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta yi amfani da filin jirgin a matsayin filin yaki a lokacin yakin Arewacin Afirka.An sanya raka'a masu zuwa ga tushe a cikin 1942 da 1943: HQ, XII Fighter Command, 12 Nuwamba – Disamba 1942; 12 ga Janairu - 20 Maris 1943 HQ, 51st Troop Carrier Wing, 28 Maris - 13 Mayu 1943 3d Reconnaissance Group, 10-25 Disamba 1942 (Jigilar Leken asiri iri-iri) Ƙungiya ta 31st Fighter, 12 Nuwamba 1942 - 7 Fabrairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire 52d Fighter Group, 14 Nuwamba 1942 - 1 Janairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire Rukunin Bama-bamai na 86, 12 ga Mayu - 3 ga Yuni 1943, A-36 Apache Rukunin Bama-bamai na 320, 2 Disamba 1942 - 28 Janairu 1943, B-26 Marauder Da zarar yaƙin raka'a ya koma gabas zuwa wasu filayen saukar jiragen sama a Aljeriya da Tunisiya a ƙarshen bazara na 1943,filin jirgin saman ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Sufurin Jiragen Sama,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa yake aiki a matsayin tasha a kan hanyar zuwa tashar jirgin sama na Algiers ko zuwa tashar jiragen sama na Port Lyautey,a cikin Maroko na Faransa a arewacin Afirka Alkahira-Dakar hanyar sufuri don kaya, jigilar jiragen sama da ma'aikata. Fadadawa Andrade Gutierrez,wani kamfani na Brazil ya lashe kwangilar gina sabuwar titin jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama na Oran,dake birni na biyu mafi girma a Aljeriya.An kiyasta kudin ginin zai ci Yuro miliyan 20.Oran tana da yawan jama'a kusan 650,000.Da yake shi ne birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar,Oran muhimmin cibiyar masana'antu,ilimi da al'adu.Aikin gine-gine a filin jirgin sama na Oran shi ne kwangila na biyu da kamfanin ya samu a Aljeriya.Sabuwar mai tsawon ƙafa 9,843 07R/25L yana aiki tun 12 ga Fabrairu 2009. A halin yanzu,filin jirgin ya kunshi tashoshi biyu,daya na jiragen cikin gida,daya kuma na jiragen sama na kasa da kasa.Filin tashar jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa shine filin jirgin sama da ya gabata,yayin da tashar gida ta kasance"babbar tanti"na baya-bayan nan kamar yadda Aljeriya ke kiranta. An gina sabon tasha ta kasa da kasa; Terminal 3 yana da sararin sama na 41,000 m2,wanda ya kamata ya ba da damar karɓar fasinjoji miliyan 3.5,wanda zai iya kaiwa fasinjoji miliyan 6 a kowace shekara, wanda zai kawo jimlar ƙarfin tare da tashar ta yanzu zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 5.5.Yana da gangways 6 telescopic da kuma rataye kaya guda biyu tare da sararin sama na 2,000 m2 da damar 15,000 t / shekara.Hakanan an sanye shi da bangarori na hotovoltaic don bukatun makamashin lantarki.Shugaba Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya kaddamar da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2022. Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna yin jigilar fasinja na yau da kullun a Filin jirgin saman Oran Ahmed Ben Bella: Kididdiga Nassoshi  This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency. Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma An Fassara Filin Jirgin Sama na Oran Es Sénia zuwa HAUSA Current weather for DAOO Accident history for ORN CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)