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49290 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius%20rupee | Mauritius rupee | Mauritius rupee ( alamar : Re (maɗaukaki) da Rs (jam'i); ISO code : MUR ; pronounced [ʁupi] ) kudin kasar Mauritius . Rupi ɗaya yana rarraba zuwa cents 100. Ana kuma kiran wasu kudade da yawa rupee .
Tsabar kuɗi
A cikin 1877, an gabatar da tsabar kudi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku a cikin tagulla, biyu mafi girma a azurfa. Samar da tsabar kudin ya ƙare a cikin 1899 kuma bai sake farawa ba har zuwa 1911, tare da tsabar azurfa ba a sake samar da su ba har zuwa 1934, lokacin da Re. Re. Re. 1/- an gabatar da tsabar kudi. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da cents 10 na cupro-nickel, tare da cupro-nickel ya maye gurbin azurfa a 1950.
A cikin 1971 an gabatar da sabon saitin tsabar kudi da takardun banki ta Royal Mint. Wannan saitin yana da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan faifai da kewayon dalilai na sheda a baya. Christopher Ironside OBE ne ya tsara wasu daga cikin ƙirar baya na wannan saitin wanda ya haɗa da Rs. 10/-, Rs. 200/- da Rs. 250/- (fitar 1988).
A cikin 1987, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi wanda, a karon farko, bai nuna hoton sarki ba (Mauritius bai zama jamhuriya ba sai 1992) amma na Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam . Wannan tsabar kudin ta ƙunshi ƙarfe-plated-karfe 1c da 5c (5c ya ragu sosai a girman), nickel-plated-steel 20c da Re. da kuma kofi-nickel Re. 1/- da Rs. 5/- . Cupro-nickel Rs. 10/- an gabatar da su a cikin 1997. Tsabar kudi a halin yanzu suna yawo sune 5c, 20c, Re. , Re. 1/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 20/-. Tsabar kudi a kasa Re. 1/- a cikin ƙimar ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙarami-canji. Ba a ganin tsabar kuɗin 1c a cikin yawo shekaru da yawa, kuma jerin ƙarshe na 1 cent tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1987 ana ganin su ne kawai a matsayin kayan tattarawa.
A shekarar 2007, wani bi-metallic Rs. 20/- an fitar da tsabar kuɗi don tunawa da cika shekaru 40 na Bankin Mauritius, kuma wannan ya zama tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya.
Takardun kuɗi
Gwamnati ta ba da takardun banki na farko mai kwanan wata 1876 a cikin ƙungiyoyin Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 50/-. Re. 1/- An ƙara takardun banki a cikin 1919. A cikin 1940, an yi abubuwan gaggawa na 25c da 50c da Re. 1/-. A 1954, Rs. 25/- da Rs. 1,000/- an gabatar da su.
An kafa bankin kasar Mauritius ne a watan Satumban 1967 a matsayin babban bankin kasar kuma shi ne ke da alhakin samar da takardun kudi da tsabar kudi tun lokacin. Bankin ya ba da bayanansa na farko a cikin 1967, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 25/-, da Rs. 50/-, duk ba su daɗe ba kuma suna nuna hoton Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan ƙetare. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an yi wa wasu majami'u kwaskwarima da sabbin sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin da Manajan Darakta amma ba a canza su ba.
A cikin 1985, Bankin Mauritius ya fitar da sabon saitin takardun banki na Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 20/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/- da Rs. 1,000/-. Binciken kud da kud na waɗannan takardun kuɗi yana nuna ɗimbin ɓangarori masu ban sha'awa waɗanda kamfanoni biyu na bugu na banki (Bradbury Wilkinson da Thomas de La Rue) suka buga. An kuma tsara takardun banki a lokuta daban-daban saboda akwai wasu ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma daidaitattun fasalulluka waɗanda ke bayyana akan duk ƙungiyoyin. Daban-daban tsarin ƙididdige adadin kuɗin banki, nau'ikan zaren tsaro daban-daban, bambancin ƙira da girman Coat of Arms na Mauritius, bugu na latent ultraviolet daban-daban, bambance-bambancen da ba su dace ba a cikin girman haɓaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin bambance-bambancen. . Wannan batu ya kasance har zuwa 1998.
A cikin 1998, Bankin Mauritius ya yi wani sabon batu na takardun kudi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 7, wato. Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- da Rs. 2,000/-. Waɗannan takardun kuɗi suna da daidaitaccen tsari kuma an ba su duka a lokaci ɗaya a cikin Nuwamba 1998. Thomas de la Rue Limited ne ya buga duk takardun kuɗin wannan fitowar a Ingila. An cire waɗannan takardun banki na farko daga rarrabawa a cikin watan Yuni 1999 bayan takaddama saboda odar rubutun (Turanci, Sanskrit, Tamil) kamar yadda aka ce al'ummar Tamil sun isa Mauritius kafin al'ummar Indiya ta Arewa masu alaƙa da Hindi.
Bankin na Mauritius ya yi sabon fitowar sa na takardun kudi, wanda har yanzu yana nan, bayan Yuni 1999.
A halin yanzu ana yawo da takardun banki
Zane-zane mai ban mamaki
Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoton wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Mauritius da aka zana hannu, wanda ya bayyana a hagu.
Babban bayanin kula ya ce " Bankin Mauritius ". Hoton yana tsakiyar hagu na bayanin kula kuma a ƙasan hoton akwai sunan mutumin da ke cikin hoton da shekarar haihuwarsu zuwa shekara ta mutuwa. A kasa-hagu akwai rigar makamai na Mauritius . Akwai kuma zanen ginin Bankin Mauritius da kuma hoton mutum-mutumin adalci a bayan kowace darika a tsakiyar littafin. Darajar bayanin kula yana cikin kusurwar sama-dama tare da alamar "Rs" a gaban ƙimar. Ƙarƙashin ƙima a kusurwar sama-dama akwai fasalin don taimakon nakasassu. Wannan ƙari ne ga bambance-bambancen masu girma dabam tsakanin takardun banki na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Gefen hagu na bayanin kula yana faɗi ƙimar lambobi na bayanin kula, tare da alamar "Rs" zuwa hagu na ƙimar, an rubuta ta gefen hagu zuwa sama. A saman ƙimar lambobi a gefen hagu shine lambar serial na bayanin kula. Serial number kuma tana kan tsakiyar dama na bayanin kula. A saman tsakiya na bayanin akwai jihohi "Wannan bayanin kula Ne Legal Tender For", sannan ta bayyana ƙimar bayanin da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci (misali: "Dari ɗaya"), kuma a ƙasan ta an rubuta "Rupees". A ƙasa cewa yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a Tamil, kuma ƙasa da haka yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a cikin Bhojpuri - Hindi . A ƙasa akwai sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin Mauritius kuma a gefensa akwai sa hannun Manajan Darakta, ko kuma yana iya samun sa hannun Mataimakin Gwamna na ɗaya, sannan Gwamna, sai Mataimakin Gwamna na biyu. A ƙasa wancan shine shekarar da aka buga takardar.
Sake tsarawa
A saman hagu na bayanin kula a baya ya ce "Bankin Mauritius". Yankin hagu na bayanin kula ya ce darajar lambobi na bayanan, tare da alamar "Rs" a gefen hagu, an rubuta shi a gefe hagu. A saman dama na bayanin kula yana da darajar lambobi na bayanan tare da alamar "Rs" a hagu na darajojin. Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoto daban-daban, wanda ke nuna fannoni daban na Mauritius. Ana iya samun darajar rubutun Devanagari na bayanin kula a gefen hagu na ƙasan vignette, tare da raguwar Devangari ta rupee, " Sino" ("ru") a gaban darajojin. Ana iya samun darajar lambobi na Tamil da Gujarati na bayanin kula a gefen dama na kasan vignette. Darajar Tamil tana sama da darajar Gujarati.
Siffofin don tabbatar da sahihanci
Jin takardan banki
Alamar ruwa mai girma uku a cikin nau'i na dodo : Lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske ana iya kallon kan dodo a fili.
Duba-ta cikin nau'in harsashi: wannan hoton yana cika lokacin da aka duba shi da hasken kai tsaye.
Zaren tsaro na taga yana karanta "Bankin Mauritius" lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske, ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ƙungiyar ci gaba da ke gudana ta cikin takarda. Idan aka duba lebur, ana iya ganin wuraren ƙarfe a saman takardar.
Hoton da aka zana a cikin tawada Intaglio .
Hoton sirri: idan aka duba a matakin ido, hoton "BM" ya zama bayyane.
Karan rubutu "BM": ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girma, waɗannan haruffa a bayyane suke don gani.
Ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet: alkaluman da suka dace da ƙimar fuskar banki sun bayyana.
Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/-, Rs. 2,000/- takardun banki
Iridescent band a cikin zinariya: lokacin da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin haske, wannan rukunin yana hangowa kuma yana ɓacewa lokacin da aka canza kusurwar kallo.
Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/- takardun kudi
Azurfa ƙarfe tawada: Ƙarfa mara nauyi ta azurfa tana gudana daga sama zuwa ƙasa a gaba, hagu na bayanin kula. Har ila yau, tsiri mai ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙimar ƙimar dama na sama.
Rs 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki
Foil na Azurfa: hotuna daban-daban guda biyu, adadi mai ƙima ko siffar geometric, ana iya gani idan an duba su ta kusurwoyi daban-daban.
Rs 2,000/- takardar kudi
Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ƙimar "2000"
Rs 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki
Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ɗarika akan Rs. 200/- takardar kuɗi, barewa da maƙasudin akan Rs. 500/- bayanin banki da Hasumiyar Bankin Mauritius da maƙasudin akan Rs. 1,000/- takardar kudi.
Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 500/- takardun kudi
Siffofin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin kayan daga takarda zuwa polymer.
Rs 2,000/- bayanin kula Fasalolin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin abu daga takarda zuwa polymer.
Nassoshi
Webarchive template wayback links
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60992 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Ladipo%20Oluwole | Isaac Ladipo Oluwole | Isaac Ladipo Oluwole (1892 – 1953) wani likita ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kawo muhimman ci gaba ga ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya.
Shekarun farko
Isaac Ladipo Oluwole an haife shi a kusa da shekarar 1892, ɗan Bishop na Anglican Isaac Oluwole da Abigal Johnson, malamin kiɗa. Mahaifinsa shi ne shugaban makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a lokacin da aka haife shi. Ya taso ne a gidan kiristoci wanda kuma salon Victorian na Legas ya rinjayi shi a ƙarni na sha takwas. Ya yi karatun Grammar School a takaice kafin ya koma King's College. Shi da James Churchill Vaughan dukansu suna cikin ɗaliban farko a Kwalejin King, Legas lokacin da aka buɗe ta a cikin watan Satumba 1909. Oluwole shi ne Babban Shugaban Makarantar na farko.
Later Oluwole and Vaughan both went to the University of Glasgow in 1913 to study Medicine.
The two students were conspicuous by their colour, and were subject to racial prejudice. Oluwole was called "Darkness visible" after the phrase from Milton's Paradise Lost. Daga baya Oluwole da Vaughan dukansu sun tafi Jami'ar Glasgow a shekarar 1913 don yin karatun likitanci. Daliban biyu sun yi fice ta launinsu, kuma sun kasance ana nuna musu wariyar launin fata. An kira Oluwole "Duhu a bayyane" bayan kalmar Milton 's Paradise Lost.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a matsayin MB, ChB a shekarar 1918, Oluwole ya dawo Najeriya. Ya tafi aikin gama-gari a Abeokuta na wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma Glasgow ya dauki DPH dinsa. Yayin da yake Abeokuta, ya kafa tsarin aikin likita na gama-gari inda ya karbi marasa lafiya a ofishinsa ko kuma ya ziyarce su a gidansu. A lokacin zamansa a Abeokuta, ya tsunduma cikin wasu ayyukan al’umma. Ya kafa rundunonin sa ido na maza a shekarar 1923; sojojin sun tarbi Yariman Wales a lokacin da ya ziyarci Abeokuta.
Jami'in lafiya
A shekarar 1922, Majalisar Garin Legas wacce a baya Turawa ke mamaye da ita ta buɗe kofa ga sabbin zababbun mambobin Afirka. Sabbin mambobin sun fara yunkurin daukar wani jami’in kiwon lafiya na Afirka aiki a hukumar lafiya ta karamar hukumar Legas. A shekara ta 1924, majalisar ta yanke shawarar daukar wani ɗan Afirka da zai iya jin yaren gida; Oluwole da wasu biyu ne suka nemi wannan matsayi. Oluwole ya samu nasara amma kafin ya fara aiki sai da ya kara samun horo kan harkokin kula da lafiyar jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1925, ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin jami'in lafiya na farko na Afirka a Legas.
A cikin shekarar 1917, Legas ta zartar da dokar kula da lafiyar jama'a, jerin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya don inganta tsafta a cikin birni. Duk da haka, aiwatar da dokokin ya sami cikas saboda ƙarancin adadin ma'aikatan da aka horar da su. Daga nan Oluwole ya kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta farko a Najeriya, a Yaba, Legas, yana ba da horo ga masu sa ido na tsafta daga sassan Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatun sun sami Diploma na Royal Institute of Public Health, London. Ya sake shirya hanyoyin duba tsaftar muhalli a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas domin dakile yaduwar cutar bubonic. Ya kuma kafa hukumar kula da lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka ta Royal Society of Health wacce ta zama ginshikin ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya.
Annobar da ta barke a garuruwan da ba su da tsafta a Legas, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama a tsakanin shekarun 1924 zuwa 1930. An ruguje da yawa daga cikin guraren marasa galihu, lamarin da ya tilastawa mazaunan su sake tsugunar da su cikin unguwannin da ba su da tsari.
Ilimin lafiyar jama'a
Daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu, Oluwole ya buɗe ma'aikatar kula da titin Massey, ya kwato tsibiran fadama don taimakawa wajen yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma gina sabon mahauta domin inganta tsaftar abinci. Oluwole ya fara aikin kula da lafiya na makaranta a Legas a 1925. Ya gabatar da duba tsafta da kuma allurar rigakafin yara akai-akai. An naɗa Oluwole Jami’in Lafiya a 1936.
Maganin haihuwa da kula da yara
Ta hanyar kokarin Oluwole, Majalisar Garin Legas ta kafa Cibiyar Massey a shekarar 1926. An ƙirƙiri sashin sabis na kula da mata masu juna biyu da jin daɗin yara don zama wani ɓangare na sabon sashin. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a cikin birnin don samar da wani shiri na musamman na kula da haihuwa da kuma yara a cikin sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a na Legas. Babban makasudin sabon asibitin mata masu juna biyu shi ne rage yawan mace-macen yara da mata masu juna biyu a Legas. Daga shekarun 1926 zuwa 1930, Massey dispensary ya kirkiro shirye-shirye irin wadannan asibitocin jin dadin jarirai wadanda ake gudanar da su sau uku a mako-mako da kuma shirya sashen yara. Sakamakon nasarar asibitin Massey an kafa wani asibitin ga mazauna babban yankin Legas a Ebute Metta. Asibitin ya kuma shirya shirye-shirye don kula da maziyartan lafiya da kuma matan aure wadanda ke ba marasa lafiya shawara a lokutan asibiti. Maziyartan lafiyar sun kuma ziyarci marasa lafiyan da aka sallame su domin duba lafiyarsu da inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya.
Makarantar Sabis na Lafiya
Oluwole ya kuma maida hankalinsa kan yaran da suka kai makaranta. Ko da yake, ana koyar da tsafta a makarantu da yawa, galibi na ka'ida ne kuma ba shi da fa'ida mai amfani da gani. A shekarar 1927 ya ziyarci makarantu kusan 57 a yankin Legas inda ya duba yanayin tsaftar makarantun; Bayan shekara guda ya yi irin wannan tafiye-tafiye. Oluwole ya ga wasu nakasu a yanayin tsaftar makarantun sannan ya ba da shawarar wasu magunguna. A cikin shekarar 1930, an kafa dokoki waɗanda suka wajaba don duba tsaftar makarantu na wajibi da kuma duba lafiyar ɗalibai a duk bayan shekaru uku. Babban makasudin shine gano cututtukan da wasu yara suka kamu da su, don ba da magani don rage cututtuka da kuma ilmantar da malaman makaranta game da ingantattun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da tsafta.
A cikin shekarar 1940 an ba Oluwole lambar yabo ta Daular Birtaniya (OBE). Lokacin da ya rasu a shekarar 1953 an san shi a matsayin uban kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
38814 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys%20Asmah | Gladys Asmah | Gladys Asmah (an haife ta 16 Oktoban shekarar 1939 - ya mutu 24 Yuni 2014) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Ghana kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar kamun kifi sannan kuma ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Takoradi. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar harkokin mata a zamanin tsohuwar gwamnatin Kufuor.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Mrs. Gladys Asmah (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1939), a Cape Coast, a yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Wesley don karatun firamare kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana, duka a Cape Coast.
Ta yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Railway Corporation na Ghana kuma daga baya ta zama mai kulawa a Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Kamfanin Taba Sigari (PTC), na tsawon shekaru shida.
Misis Asmah ta bar Ghana a watan Yuni 1963 don ci gaba da karatu a kasar Ingila. Ta halarci Jami'ar Middlesex, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hendon, da Kwalejin Ilimi da Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Leeds kuma ta cancanci zama Memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta London.
Sana'ar kasuwanci
Bayan horar da ita, ta yi aiki tare da British Council a matsayin mataimakiyar manaja a Cibiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasashen waje, Portland Palace, London, Yayin da take dalibi a London, ta yanke shawarar ƙware a fannin yin sutura don haka ta san kanta da ƙungiyoyin kayan ado. Malama Asmah ta tattara wasu injina ta fara yin rigar bacci da rigar bacci a Birmingham.
A karshe ta zo ta zauna a Ghana, kuma ta yi rijistar wata masana'anta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya a cikin 1975 ta haɗa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakancewa A matsayin mai ba da shawara kan 'yantar da mata, Misis Asmah ta tallafa wa ƙungiyar Matan Tarkwa (TWIGA) don samun tallafin kuɗi. yin dabino.
Lokacin da Sashen Jin Dadin Jama’a ya kafa Cibiyar Horar da Mata a Cibiyar Takoradi domin horar da ‘ya’ya mata sana’o’in hannu, ta amince kuma ta ba da wani taron bitar don horar da mata a yankin.
Misis Asmah tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da na jama'a da dama; ita ce shugabar hukumar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar horar da mata ta Takoradi; mamban kwamitin, Ahantaman Rural Bank-, mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu, kungiyar masana'antun Ghana; da shugaban kwamitin aiwatarwa na yanki, mata masu ci gaba.
Sauran - membobin hukumar ne, Makarantar Sakandare ta Fijai; memban hukumar, Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana; Memba, Majalisar Tuntuba ta Yanki ta Yamma kuma shugaban kwamitin sassan, kwamitin harkokin mata, Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic (NPP). Dan Majalisar Takoradi ya halarci taruka da dama a kasashen ketare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taron karawa juna sani kan Sabbin Trends a Masana'antar Yada da Tufafi, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1994; taron karawa juna sani kan Taimako ga Masu Sana'o'i, Hartford, Connecticut, Amurka da Taro kan Fitar da Kudaden Fitarwa, Babban taron 'yan kasuwa na USAID na 'yan kasuwa mata, New Delhi, Indiya a 1981.
Siyasa
Ta kasance mamba a sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Ta zama 'yar majalisa Takoradi daga 7 ga Janairu 1997 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2009, ministar harkokin mata da yara tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2005 kuma ministar kamun kifi daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Asmah ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 2, 3, 4th da 5th a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.
A lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996, ta samu kuri'u 25,579 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 38,036 da aka kada wanda ya nuna kashi 56.80 cikin 100 na abokin hamayyarsa Esther Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 10,342, Alex Fosu Blankson wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,323 da Timothy Nor kuma ya samu kuri'u 7.
Ta samu kuri'u 26,431 daga cikin 35,949 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 73.50% akan abokin hamayyarsa Crosby Mochia dan jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,853 wanda ke wakiltar 19.10%, Eustace Haizel dan jam'iyyar CPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,510 mai wakiltar 4.20% na Comfort 7, da Comfort 8. kuri'u mai wakiltar 2.40% da Samuel Ekow Renner dan jam'iyyar PNC wanda ya samu kuri'u 277 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.80%.
A lokacin Zaben 2004, ta samu kuri'u 25,714 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 36,392 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 66.80% akan abokin hamayyarta Esthher Lily Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 7,894 da ke wakiltar 20.50%, Francis Kobina Eghanst memba 1, Eghan dan jam'iyyar CPP ya samu kuri'u 1,004. Ya samu kuri’u 1,296 mai wakiltar kashi 3.40%, Godwill Abakah dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 220 mai wakiltar 0.60%, Ivor Tackie Adams dan jam’iyyar PNC ya samu kuri’u 191 mai wakiltar 0.50% da Johannes Kojo Scheck dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 62 mai wakiltar 0.20%.
Mutuwa
Gladys Asmah ta rasu ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2014, a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke birnin Accra inda ta shafe makonni biyu tana jinya. An binne ta a Takoradi bayan jana'izar ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2014.
Manazarta
Matattu |
49177 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalar%20Liberia | Dalar Liberia | Dala (lambar kudin LRD ) ita ce kudin Laberiya tun 1943. Hakanan kudin kasar ne tsakanin 1847 zuwa 1907. Yawancin lokaci ana taƙaita shi da alamar $, ko kuma L$ ko LD$ don bambanta shi da sauran kuɗaɗen dala . An raba shi zuwa cents 100 .
Amfani na farko
An ba da dalar Liberia ta farko a cikin 1847. An daidaita shi zuwa dalar Amurka daidai kuma ana yaɗa shi tare da dalar Amurka har zuwa 1907, lokacin da Laberiya ta karɓi fam na Afirka ta Yamma na Birtaniyya, wanda aka danganta zuwa Sterling .
Tsabar kudi
A cikin 1847 da 1862, an fitar da tsabar tagulla 1 da centi 2 kuma su ne kawai tsabar Laberiya har zuwa 1896, lokacin da aka gabatar da cikakken tsabar kudin da ya kunshi 1, 2, 10, 25 da 50 cents. An yi al'amurra na ƙarshe a cikin 1906.
Bayanan kudi
Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta ba da bayanin kula tsakanin 1857 zuwa 1880 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 10 da 50 cents, 1, 2, 3, 5 da 10 daloli.
Sake gabatarwa
Kudin Amurka ya maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Yamma a Laberiya a cikin 1935. Tun daga shekarar 1937, Laberiya ta fitar da nata tsabar kudi da ke yawo tare da kudin Amurka.
Jirgin da akwatunan kaya na takardar dalar Amurka ta Americo-Liberians biyo bayan juyin mulkin ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1980 ya haifar da karancin kudi. An gyara wannan ta hanyar kera tsabar $5 na Laberiya. Tsabar da ke gefe 7 girmansu da nauyi daidai yake da dala ɗaya; hakan ya hana masu cin hanci da rashawa ficewa daga kasar da kudaden Laberiya.
A ƙarshen 1980s an maye gurbin su da tsabar kudi da sabuwar tsararriyar bayanin kula $5 da aka kera akan Greenback na Amurka ("bayanin kula JJ Roberts "). An yi gyare-gyaren zane a lokacin yakin basasar 1990-2004 don kawar da bayanan da aka sace daga babban bankin kasar Laberiya. Wannan ya haifar da yankunan kuɗi guda biyu yadda ya kamata-sabbin "Liberty" bayanin kula sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi a yankunan da gwamnati ke rike da su (musamman Monrovia ), yayin da tsofaffin bayanan kula sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi a yankunan da ba na gwamnati ba. Ba a yi la'akari da kowannensu na doka ba a wani yanki. Bayan zuwan Charles Taylor Monrovia a cikin 1995, an karɓi takardun banki na JJ Robert bisa doka a yawancin sassan Monrovia don sayayya. Banki da wasu manyan cibiyoyi ba su karɓi bayanin bankin JJ Robert a matsayin ɗan takara na doka ba a wannan lokacin.
Bayan zaben gwamnatin Charles Taylor a 1997 an gabatar da sabon jerin takardun kudi masu kwanan wata 1999 a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2000.
Tsabar kudi
A 1937, tsabar kudi da aka bayar a cikin denominations na 1 da 2 cents. An ƙara waɗannan a cikin 1960 tare da tsabar kudi don 1, 5, 10, 25 da 50 cents. An fitar da tsabar $1 a shekara mai zuwa. An bayar da tsabar kudi dala biyar a 1982 da 1985 (duba sama). Bisa ga kasida ta 2009 Standard Catalog of World Coins (Krause Publications, Iola, WI), tsabar kudi na tunawa da yawa (wanda ke nuna shugabannin Amurka, dinosaur, dabbobin Lunar-Zodiac na kasar Sin, da dai sauransu) a cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 2500 an fara ba da su a farkon. shekarun 1970 zuwa yanzu.
Takardun kuɗi
An gabatar da bayanan dala biyar a cikin 1989 waɗanda ke ɗauke da hoton JJ Roberts . Waɗannan an san su da bayanin kula na "JJ". A cikin 1991, an fitar da irin wannan bayanin (duba sama) wanda ya maye gurbin hoton da makamai na Laberiya. Waɗannan an san su da bayanin kula "Liberty".
A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2000, Babban Bankin Laberiya ya gabatar da wani sabon “haɗin kai” kudin, wanda aka yi musanya daidai da bayanan “JJ” kuma a cikin rabo na 1:2 don bayanin kula na “Liberty”. Sabbin takardun kudi kowanne yana dauke da hoton tsohon shugaban kasa. Waɗannan bayanan kula suna ci gaba da amfani da su a halin yanzu, kodayake sun ɗan sake yin gyare-gyare a cikin 2003, tare da sabbin ranaku, sa hannun hannu, da tutar CENTRAL BANK OF LIBERIA a baya.
A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2016, Babban Bankin Laberiya ya sanar da cewa za a gabatar da sabbin takardun kudi tare da ingantattun fasalulluka na tsaro. Dukkanin ƙungiyoyin daidai suke da batutuwan da suka gabata, tare da ƙaddamar da takardar kuɗin L$500 a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan jerin. A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2016, Babban Bankin Laberiya ya gabatar da sabbin takardun kudi, kamar yadda aka sanar.
A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Babban Bankin Laberiya ya ba da sanarwar wani sabon jerin takardun kudi, tare da barin L$5 da L$10 na banki waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi, tare da sabuwar ƙungiya, L$1000.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Liberian banknotes
Liberian banknotes on BanknoteNews
Webarchive template wayback links
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Depression | Great Depression | GreaDepression (1929 1939) ya kasance girgizar tattalin arziki da ta shafi yawancin ƙasashe a duniya. Lokaci ne na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki wanda ya bayyana bayan faduwar farashin hannayen jari a Amurka. Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta fara ne a cikin watan Satumba kuma ta kai ga faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari ta Wall Street a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba (Black Thursday). Shi ne mafi tsayi, zurfi, kuma mafi yaɗuwar bakin ciki na ƙarni na 20.
Tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1932, jimillar GDP na duniya ya faɗi da kusan kashi 15%. Idan aka kwatanta, GDP na duniya ya faɗi ƙasa da 1% daga 2008 zuwa 2009 yayin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki. Wasu tattalin arzikin sun fara farfadowa a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, mummunan tasirin Babban Mawuyacin ya kasance har zuwa farkon yakin duniya na biyu. An ga mummunan tasiri a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta tare da faɗuwar kuɗin shiga na mutum, farashi, kudaden haraji, da ribar riba. Kasuwancin kasa da kasa ya fadi da fiye da kashi 50%, rashin aikin yi a Amurka ya karu zuwa kashi 23% kuma a wasu kasashe ya karu da kashi 33%.
Garuruwa a duniya sun fuskanci mummunan rauni, musamman wadanda suka dogara da masana'antu masu nauyi. An kusan dakatar da gine-gine a kasashe da dama. Al’ummar noma da yankunan karkara sun sha wahala yayin da farashin amfanin gona ya fadi da kusan kashi 60%. Fuskantar ƙarancin buƙatu da ƴan hanyoyin aiki, yankunan da suka dogara da masana'antu na farko sun fi shan wahala.
Masana tarihi na tattalin arziki yawanci suna la'akari da abin da ke haifar da Great depression a matsayin mummunan faduwar farashin hannayen jari na Amurka, wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, 1929. Duk da haka, wasu suna jayayya da wannan ƙaddamarwa, ganin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ya rage a matsayin abin da ke haifar da Bacin rai kuma fiye da haka alama ce ta tashin hankalin masu zuba jari a wani bangare saboda raguwar farashin sannu a hankali sakamakon faduwar tallace-tallace na kayan masarufi (sakamakon yawan samar da kayayyaki saboda sabbin fasahohin samar da kayayyaki, faduwar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da rashin daidaiton kudin shiga, da dai sauransu) wadanda tuni aka fara aiwatar da su a matsayin wani bangare na gradual Depression.
Overview
Bayan Crash na Wall Street na 1929, inda Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones ya ragu daga 381 zuwa 198 a cikin watanni biyu, kyakkyawan fata ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. Kasuwar hannun jari ta tashi a farkon 1930, tare da Dow ya koma 294 (pre-depre ssion levels) a cikin watan Afrilu 1930, kafin a ci gaba da raguwa har tsawon shekaru, zuwa ƙarancin 41 a cikin shekarar 1932.
Da farko, gwamnatoci da kasuwanci sun kashe fiye da rabin farkon shekarar 1930 fiye da daidai lokacin shekarar da ta gabata. A gefe guda kuma, masu amfani, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi asara mai tsanani a kasuwannin hannayen jari a shekarar da ta gabata, sun yanke kashe kuɗin da kashi 10%. Bugu da kari, tun daga tsakiyar 1930s, wani mummunan fari ya mamaye yankin noma na Amurka
Adadin riba ya ragu zuwa ƙananan matakan ta tsakiyar 1930, amma ana sa ran raguwa da ci gaba da rashin son mutane don rance yana nufin cewa kashe kuɗin masu amfani da zuba jari ya ragu. A watan Mayu 1930, tallace-tallacen motoci ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da matakan 1928. Farashin, gabaɗaya, ya fara raguwa, kodayake albashin ya tsaya tsayin daka a cikin 1930. Sa'an nan kuma an fara karkatar da hankali a cikin shekarar 1931. Manoma sun fuskanci mummunan yanayi; raguwar farashin amfanin gona da Babban Fari ya gurgunta tunanin tattalin arzikinsu. A kololuwar sa, Great depression ya ga kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk manyan gonaki na filayen filayen suna canza hannu duk da taimakon tarayya.
Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Amurka shi ne abin da ya durkusar da mafi yawan sauran kasashe da farko; to, raunin cikin gida ko ƙarfi a kowace ƙasa ya sa yanayi ya yi muni ko mafi kyau. ƙasashe ɗaya ke yi don haɓaka tattalin arziƙinsu ta hanyar manufofin kariya irin su 1930 US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act da ramuwar gayya a wasu ƙasashe ya tsananta rugujewar kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa ga depression. A shekara ta 1933, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tura kasuwancin duniya zuwa kashi daya bisa uku na matakinsa idan aka kwatanta da shekaru hudu da suka gabata.
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihem%20Bensedrine | Sihem Bensedrine | Sihem Bensedrine () (an haife ta ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, 1950) 'yar jarida 'yar Tunisiya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2005, an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a La Marsa, kusa da Tunis kuma ta tafi Faransa don yin karatu a Jami'ar Toulouse, inda ta sami digiri a fannin falsafa.
A shekara ta 1980, ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar Le Phare mai zaman kanta. Lokacin da mujallar ta daina bugawa, ta zama shugabar siyasa a Maghreb, sannan a Réalités . Lokacin da Maghreb ya daina bugawa saboda tarzomar abinci a shekarar 1983, ta zama babban editan Gazette Touristique kuma ta kafa l'Hebdo Touristique. A lokaci guda kuma, tana kula da jaridar adawa El Mawkif.
Ta kafa gidan buga littattafai na Arcs a shekarar 1988, amma ta yi fatara a shekarar 1992 saboda rikicin kare hakkin dan Adam. A shekara ta 1998, ta zama shugabar adabi na gidan wallafe-wallafen Noir sur Blanc.
A shekara ta 1998, ta kafa Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie (CNLT), wanda ta zama mai magana da yawun farko.
Daga shekarar 1999, ita da kasuwancinta sun fuskanci 'yan sanda da yawa da ayyukan shari'a, da suka hada da kwace da lalata dukiya da kuma yakin cin mutuncin kanta da aka nuna mata a matsayin karuwa, saboda 'yancinta na 'yan jarida da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama.
A cikin 2000, ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar mujallar kan layi ta Kalima tare da Naziha Réjiba. A shekara ta 2001, Réjiba da Bensedrine sun kafa ƙungiyar Observatoire de la Liberté de la Presse, de L'Edition et de la Création (OLPEC), wacce ke haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida.
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001, Bensedrine ya bayyana a kan "Le Grand Maghreb", Al Mustaquilla tashar talabijin, tushen a London. Ta fito fili tana sukar cin hanci da rashawa a Tunisia da gwamnatinta. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2001, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tunis Carthage bayan wata hira da aka yi da gidan talabijin inda ta yi tir da cin zarafin bil adama, ciki har da yin amfani da tsari na azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a. An zarge ta da yada "labaran karya da nufin kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar jama'a", "lalata" da "rasa cibiyar shari'a". An dai samu rudani game da ko an kama ta ko a'a saboda ba a bi ka'idojin shari'a na Tunisiya ba. Daga baya mambobin kungiyar lauyoyin da ba su da iyaka sun tabbatar da cewa an kama ta kuma an bi hanyoyin da suka dace na doka.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2001, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman don aikin jarida na kare hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Barazana a Kyautar Watsa Labarai ta Amnesty International UK. Mijinta da diyarta sun sami kyautar a madadinta. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta an sake Bensedrine saboda goyon baya da yawa, duka a Tunisia da kasashen waje, musamman a Faransa. Kamun Bensedrine yana da alaƙa da fitowar ta a gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla kuma gwamnatin Tunisiya ta ba da misali da bayyanarta a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001 a matsayin shaida a cikin shari'ar batanci da suka bi a kan gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla.
A shekara ta 2004, Bensedrine ta sami karramawa daga 'yan jarida na Kanada don faɗin 'Yanci tare da lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Jarida ta Duniya don karramawa da jajircewarta wajen karewa da haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida.
A shekara ta 2005, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN.
A shekara ta 2008, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta asusun zaman lafiya na Danish a matsayin amincewa da jajircewarta na jajircewa wajen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da bin doka a kasarta ta haihuwa da kuma kokarinta na tsara hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama a kasashen Larabawa.
A shekarar 2011 kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Alison Des Forges don karramata shekaru ashirin da ta yi tana aikin fallasa take hakkin dan Adam karkashin tsohon shugaban kasar Tunisiya Ben Ali. Kyautar "yana murna da bajintar daidaikun mutane da suka sanya rayuwarsu kan layi don kare mutunci da hakkokin wasu". Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ta IPI Free Media Pioneer Award.
Rediyo Kalima na daga cikin gidajen rediyo guda 12 da suka samu shawarar Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarai ta Kasa (NAICR) na a ba ta lasisi, amma har zuwa watan Satumba na ci gaba da jiran albarkar gwamnatin wucin gadi.
Tun daga shekarar 2014, Ben Sidrine ta jagoranci Hukumar Gaskiya da Mutunci a Tunisiya, kwamitin tsarin mulki da ke da alhakin sauraron shaidu daga wadanda gwamnati ta amince da azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa tsakanin shekarun 1955 da 2011. Hukumar ta gudanar da zamanta na farko na jin ra’ayin jama’a a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba.
Kyauta
Kyautar Ibn Rushd don 'Yancin Tunani na shekara ta 2011 a Berlin.
A ƙarshen 1970s Bensedrine da sauran membobin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Tunisiya sun sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel tare a shekarar 2015.
Duba kuma
Tunisiya Monitoring Group
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie at the Wayback Machine (archived October 26, 2009)
Sihem Bensedrine Freedom Collection interview
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1950
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30128 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola%20Leontovych | Mykola Leontovych | Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych ( 13 December 1877 23 ga Janairu 1921; ɗan Ukraine ne; Har ila yau, Leontovich ) ɗan Ukraine mawaki ne, jagora, ethnomusicologist kuma malami. Mykola Lysenko da Makarantar Kiɗa ta Ƙasar Yukren sun yi wahayi zuwa ga kiɗansa. Leontovych ya ƙware a cikin waƙar cappella choral, kama daga abubuwan ƙirƙira na asali, zuwa kiɗan coci, don fayyace shirye-shiryen kiɗan jama'a .
An haife shi kuma ya girma a lardin Podolia na Daular Rasha (yanzu a Ukraine ). Ya sami ilimi a matsayin firist a makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi sannan ya ci gaba da karatun kiɗan sa a Kotun Saint Petersburg Capella da darussa na sirri tare da Boleslav Yavorsky . Tare da 'yancin kai na kasar Ukrainian a cikin juyin juya halin 1917, Leontovych ya koma Kyiv inda ya yi aiki a Kyiv Conservatory da Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama . An san shi don <i id="mwKA">tsara Shchedryk</i> a cikin 1904 (wanda aka fara a 1916), wanda aka sani da Ingilishi a duniya kamar Carol of the Bells ko Ring, Kirsimeti Karrarawa . An san shi a matsayin shahidi a cikin Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian Church, inda ya kuma tuna da liturgy, na farko liturgy hada a cikin vernacular, musamman a cikin zamani Ukrainian harshen . Wani wakilin Soviet ne ya kashe shi a shekara ta 1921.
A lokacin rayuwarsa, da tsare-tsaren Leonovych da kuma shirye-shirye sun shahara tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da masu koyo na yankin masarautar Russia. Ayyukan da ya yi a yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amirka ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Ukrainian Bach " a Faransa . Baya ga shahararsa Shchedryk, Leontovych's music ana yin shi da farko a cikin Ukraine da kuma Ukrainian waje .
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Mykola Leontovych a December 13 [ 1877 a cikin al'ummar Monastyrok, kusa da ƙauyen Selevyntsi, a cikin lardin Podolia na Ukraine (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha ). Mahaifinsa, kakansa, da kakansa limaman ƙauye ne. Mahaifinsa, Dmytro Feofanovych Leontovych, ya ƙware wajen rera waƙa da wasa cello, biyu bass, harmonium, violin, da guitar, ban da jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makaranta. Leontovych ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga gare shi. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya Yosypivna Leontovych, ta kasance mawaƙiya.
Sauran 'yan uwa sa na dangi sun girma har sun sami sana'ar kiɗa. Kanensa ya zama ƙwararren mawaƙa, 'yar uwarsa Mariya ta yi karatun rera waƙa a Odesa, 'yar uwarsa Olena ta yi karatun fortepiano a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma 'yar uwarsa Victoria ta san yadda ake kunna kayan kida da yawa.
A lokacin rani na 1879, Dmytro Leontovych an maida wani sabon Ikklesiya a kauyen Shershni a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na Bar, Ukraine a cikin gundumar Bar, inda zai ciyar da yarantaka. Sa'an nan, a 1887, Leontovych aka shigar a Nemyriv gymnasium. Saboda matsalolin kudi bayan shekara guda, mahaifinsa ya tura shi zuwa Makarantar Mafarin Ruhaniya ta Sharhorod, wanda ɗalibansa suka sami cikakken tallafin kuɗi. A makaranta, Leontovych ya ƙware a rera waƙa, kuma ya sami damar karanta ayoyi masu wuyar gaske daga ayoyin addini na mawaƙa.
Makarantar tiyoloji
A cikin shekara ta 1892, Leontovych ya fara karatunsa a makarantar tauhidi a Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda mahaifinsa da kakansa suka halarta. Kanensa Oleksandr shima ya shiga makarantan, ya kammala karatunsa shekaru biyu bayan Mykola.
A lokacin yana karatu a can, Leontovych ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa a kan na'urar violin kuma ya koyi wasa da sauran kayan kida iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta hauhawa, kuma lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin shekara ta uku na karatu, Leontovych ya shiga, yana buga violin har zuwa kammala karatunsa. Leontovych yayi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa kuma ya fara rubuta shirye-shiryen choral a matsayin dalibi a makarantar hauza.
Lokacin da darektan mawaƙa na makarantan ya mutu, hukumar makarantar ta bukaci Leontovych ya karɓi wannan matsayi. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Leontovych ya ƙara kiɗan da ba na addini ba a cikin repertore na kiɗan cocin gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da waƙoƙin mutanen Yukren wanda Mykola Lysenko ya shirya, Porfyriy Demutskiy, da kansa. Leontovych ya sauke karatu daga Kamianets-Podilskiy Theological Seminary a 1899 kuma ya karya al'adar iyali ta zama malamin kiɗa maimakon firist.
Farkon sana'ar Waƙa da iyali
A lokacin, sana'ar sa waka a Ukraine yana nufin samun kudin da basu isarsa, wanda ya sa Leontovych ya nemi aikin yi a duk inda ya samu. Leontovych ya yi aiki a Kyiv, Yekaterinoslav, da Podolia gwamna a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa domin ya ci gaba da samun aikin yi. Matsayinsa na farko bayan kammala karatunsa shine a makarantar sakandare a kauyen Chukiv (yanzu Vinnytsia Oblast ) a matsayin malamin murya da lissafi. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya ci gaba da rubutawa da shirya waƙoƙin jama'a. Ya kammala Haɗin Wakokinsa na Farko daga Podolia kuma ya fara aiki akan harhadawa ta biyu. Ya kuma zaburar da yaran makarantar da su yi waka a cikin mawaka da wasa a cikin makada. Daga baya zai rubuta littafi game da wannan a matsayin farfesa a Kyiv Conservatory, mai suna Як я організував оркестр у сільській школі ( Yadda na Shirya Orchestra a Makarantar Kauye).
Bayan rikice-rikice da dama da yayi da jagororin makarantar, Leontovych ya sami sabon aiki a matsayin malamin waka aa coci da kuma kiraigraphy a Kwalejin tauhidi a Tyvriv . Bayan yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kwaleji, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son wanda sau da yawa yakan yi a taron koleji. Kamar yadda ya yi a baya tare da mawaƙa, Leontovych ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a a cikin ayyukan addini da aka saba rera a makarantun tauhidi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsare-tsare na Mykola Lysenko, nasa shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin waƙoƙin jama'a, da kuma gabaɗayan ayyukan asali. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan wata waƙa ta Taras Shevchenko mai suna Зоре моя вечірняя ( Oh My Evening Star ).
A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya hadu da wata yarinya Volynhia mai suna Claudia Feropontivna Zhovtevych, wanda ya aura a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1902. An haifi 'yar sa ta farko, Halyna a shekarar 1903. Daga baya suka haifi 'ya ta biyu mai suna Yevheniya.
Matsalar kuɗi ya sa Leontovych ya karɓi tayin ƙaura zuwa birnin Vinnytsia don koyarwa a Kwalejin Church-Educators' College. Bugu da ƙari, ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma, daga baya, ƙungiyar kiɗa, tare da abin da ya yi kiɗa na duniya da na ruhaniya . A cikin 1903, ya buga Rubutun Waƙoƙi na Biyu daga Podolia wanda ya keɓe ga Mykola Lysenko.
A tsakanin shekarar 1903 da 1904, a lokacin hutunsa daga Kwalejin Coci-Educators' College, Leontovych ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg . A can, ya halarci laccoci da aka gudanar a St. Petersburg Kotun Capella, wanda aka hade da mawaki Maksym Berezovsky, Dmytro Bortniansky, da Mikhail Glinka . Ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa, da polyphony tare da Semen Barmotin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da Aleksey Puzyrevskiy, dukansu sun kasance sanannun a lokacin. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1904, ya sami shaidar shaidarsa a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa na mawakan coci.
Har ila yau, jayayya dangane da gudanarwa na kwalejin ya haifar da neman Leontovych don neman sabon aiki. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1904, ya bar Podolia ya koma lardin Donbas a gabashin Ukraine, inda ya zama malamin koyar da kade-kade da kade-kade a makarantar yaran ma'aikatan jirgin kasa. A lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi a tarurruka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukrainian, Bayahude, Armenian, Rashanci, da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland. Ayyukan Leontovych sun ja hankalin hukumomin gida, kuma a cikin bazara na 1908, an tilasta masa komawa zuwa lardin Podolia na asali zuwa birnin Tulchyn.
Lokacin Tulcyn
Yunkurin Leontovych don komawa Tulchyn alama ce ta farkon na karin basira da samun nasara dangane da fasaha a rayuwarsa na mawaki. A Tulchyn, Leontovych ya koyar da waka a Kwalejin Mata ta Tulchyn Eparchy ga 'ya'yan limaman ƙauye. A can, ya sadu da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko wanda dalibin Mykola Lysenko ne kuma ya kware a wakokin choral. Stetsenko ya zauna a wani ƙauye kusa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin firist, kuma saninsu ya zama abokantaka mai ɗorewa wanda ya shafi kiɗan Leontovych. Stetsenko shi ne ya fara sukar waƙar Leontovych, yana mai cewa, “Leontovych sanannen ƙwararren masani ne daga Podolia. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin jama'a da yawa. . . An daidaita waɗannan waƙoƙin don gauraya mawaƙa. Wadannan jita-jita sun bayyana marubucin a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙar waƙa da kuma nazarce-nazarce.” Har ila yau Leontovych ya canza zuwa ga fitattun kide-kide a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonsa na mawaka, irin su mawakan Rasha Mikhail Glinka, Alexey Verstovsky, da Peter Tchaikovsky ban da mawallafin Ukrainian Mykola Lysenko, Kyrylo Stetsenko, da Petro Nishchynskyi.
Daga shekara ta 1909, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ka'idar waka na Boleslav Yavorsky, wanda ya ziyarta lokaci-lokaci a Moscow da Kyiv a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Har ila yau Leontovych ya shiga cikin kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Tulchyn da rayuwar al'ummarta ta hanyar kula da wata ƙungiya ta gida mai suna Prosvita, ma'ana "haske".
Wannan lokacin a rayuwarsa na mawaki yana daga cikin mafi inganci, saboda ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da waƙoƙi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shahararren Shchedryk, da kuma Піють півні ( The Roosters are Singing ), ( Wata Uwa tana da 'ya Daya ), ( Ƙan wasan Dudka ), ( O, Tauraro ya tashi ), da sauransu. A cikin 1914, Stetsenko ya shawo kan Leontovych don yin waƙarsa ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Jami'ar Kyiv a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Koshetz . A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1916, aikin da ya shirya na Shchedryk ya kawo babban nasara ga Leontovych daga jama'a a Kyiv kuma ya tada sha'awar masana.
Aiki a Kyiv
A lokacin juyin tsarin mulki na Oktoba da kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ukraine a 1918, Leontovych ya ƙaura ba tare da iyalinsa ba zuwa Kyiv babban birnin Ukraine, inda ya kasance mai jagoranci da kuma mawaki. Da yawa daga cikin yanki ya sami jama'a a tsakanin ƙwararru da masu aure, gungun kungiyoyin aure, wanda ya kara da su zuwa sauƙin. A farkon 1919, sauran danginsa kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych kuma ya fara koyar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa tare da Hryhoriy Veryovka a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ta Mykola Lysenko . Leontovych na ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko ta Ukrainian State Orchestra. Ya halarci kafa Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella wanda ya kasance kwamishinansa.
Komawa zuwa Tulchyn da kisan kai
A lokacin da aka kwace birnin Kyiv a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1919, sojojin Denikin sun tsananta wa masu hankali na Ukrainian. Gudun zalunci, Leontovych ya koma Tulchyn tare da iyalinsa. A can, ya fara makarantar kiɗa na farko na birnin, tun lokacin da Bolsheviks ya rufe kwalejin da ya yi aiki. Ya kuma fara aiki a kan babban aikinsa na farko, wasan opera (A kan ruwa nymph 's Great Day).
A cikin daren 22-23 ga Janairu 1921, Chekist (mai tsaron Sobiet) Afanasy Grishchenko ya kashe Mykola Leontovych. Leontovych ya kasance a gidan iyayensa, wanda ya ziyarce su don bikin Eastern Orthodox na Nativity (25 Disamba a cikin kalandar Julian, wanda, a cikin kalandar Gregorian, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓa kawai a 1918, ya fado a cikin watan Janairu). Jami'in na sirri wato Chekist ya nemi ya kwana a gidan shima a daki daya da Mykola. Da asuba tayi sai ya harbe mawakin (wanda ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini bayan ‘yan sa’o’i) daga baya kuma ya yi wa iyalinsa fashi.
Bayanai da dama na nuni da wata manufa ta siyasa ne dalilin da ya haddasa kisan. Shiga Leontovych a cikin motsi na 'yancin kai, kamar ƙaddamar da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella, da nufin inganta Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ya ba shi abokan gaba da yawa. Babbar 'yarsa Halyna daga baya ta tuno da mahaifinta yana cewa, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, yana da takaddun da zai bar ƙasar zuwa Romania, kuma yana da waɗannan takaddun tare da shi a cikin waƙar sa a yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, bayan dawowa daga shayi bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych ya lura cewa wani ya shiga cikin takardunsa. Shirye-shiryensa na barin ƙasar, tare da cewa wani jami'in Soviet ya kashe shi, ya kuma nuna dalilan siyasa na mutuwarsa.
Hali
Mykola Leontovych ya soki kansa sosai. A cewar mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa na farko Oles' Chapkivskyi, wanda ya yi zamani da mawaƙin, Leontovych wani lokaci yakan yi aiki a kan tsarin waƙoƙi ɗaya ba tare da barin wani ya gan shi har tsawon shekaru huɗu ba. Bayan buga wakokinsa na biyu daga Podolia, ya canja ra’ayinsa kuma bai gamsu da wakokin ba, haka yasa ya saye duka faya-fayen wakokin 300 kuma ya lalata su.
Chapkivskyi ya kuma bayyana Leontоvych a matsayin mutum mai al-kunya, yana mai cewa "Ya kaurace wa shahara, yana jin tsoron jawo hankulan mutane zuwa kansa da tallace-tallace." A gefe guda kuma, Chapkivskyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa kishin Leontovych, tsoron gasa, da kuma tsoron rashin karɓuwa daga ƙungiyar kiɗan da aka kafa, ya sa ba a san kidan Leontovych ba.
Zynoviy Yaropud na Jami'ar Pedagogical ta Jihar Kamianets-Podilskyi ya rubuta cewa "dukkanin mutanen zamanin [Leontovych] sun kira shi mutum mai shiru, mai taushin hali. Ba shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na juyin juya hali na kasa ba, wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1917-1921 da yawa daga cikin fitattun mayaka ga jamhuriyar Ukrainian," yana nuna cewa mawakin ya yi shiru a siyasance, amma ba ruwan sha.
Abokin Leontovych, O. Buzhanskiy, ya tuna cewa mawaƙin ya kasance "koyaushe cike da ban dariya; yana magana don kowa yayi dariya da hawaye, amma ya kasance da gaske kuma ya natsu." Stetsenko ya kuma bayyana Leontovych a matsayin "mai ba da labari mai wayo" kuma dalibansa a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Coci da ke Tulchyn "suna son shi" saboda labaran da ya rubuta.
Ra'ayin addini
Mykola Leontovych ya girma a cikin karkashin shiriyar addini sosai. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, ya fito daga layin limaman ƙauye. Ya kuma sauke karatu a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia da ke Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta, ya horar da limaman Kirista na Orthodox.
A matsayinsa na mutumin da ke da ƙwararren ilimin tauhidi, Leontovych ya ci gaba da motsi na kafawa da kuma amincewa da Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Autocephalous, wanda aka sake kafa a 1918. Fitar da mawaki a wannan lokacin ya zama mai arziki a cikin sababbin kiɗa na tsarki, bin misalin Kyrylo Stetsenko (aboki na kusa da Leontovych, kuma firist na Orthodox da mawaki ) da Alexander Koshetz . Ayyukan Leontovych sun kasance a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da ( Akan Tashin Kiristi ), ( Ku yabi sunan Ubangiji ), da kuma ( Oh Quiet Light ), da sauransu. Wani ci gaba a cikin ci gaban kiɗan ruhaniya na Ukrainian shine tsarin liturgy, wanda aka fara yi a cikin Cathedral na St. Nicholas na Soja a Kyiv, Pechersk a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1919.
Tunawa da shi
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1921, kwanaki tara bayan mutuwar Leontovych, manyan mawaka da dama, furofesoshi, da ɗaliban Cibiyar Kiɗa da Watsa Labarai ta Mykola Lysenko a Kyiv sun taru don tunawa da shi, kamar yadda ake sa ran bisa ga al'adar Kirista . Sun kafa kwamitin tunawa da Mykola Leontovych, wanda daga baya ya zama All-Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych Music Society, da kuma inganta Ukrainian music har 1928.
Marubuci dan kasar Ukraine kuma dan siyasa na jamhuriyar Socialist Socialist ta Ukrainian, Pavlo Tychyna, ya kasance mai sha'awar Leontovych kuma ya rubuta game da mutuwar mawaki a cikin litattafai . Mawaƙa Maksym Rylskyi da Mykola Bazhan su ma sun sadaukar da waƙa gare shi.
ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da dama suna amfani da sunan Leontovych, irin su Leontovych Bandurist Capella, da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Vinnytsia College of Arts and Culture. An sanya wa titunan Kyiv da sauran garuruwan sunan sa. Akwai gidan tarihi na tunawa da aka keɓe masa a birnin Tulchyn, kuma an kafa wani a 1977 a ƙauyen Markivka inda aka binne shi.
A cikin shekara ta 2002, don bikin cika shekaru 125 na haihuwar mawakin, birnin Kamianets-Podilskyi ya gudanar da taron kimiyya na Ukraine mai suna "Mykola Leontovych da Ilimin Zamani da Kimiyya," tare da baƙi daga ma'aikatar ilimi da kimiyya ta Ukrainian, Ukrainian. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. A yayin wannan taron, birnin ya gudanar da bikin buɗe wani allo na tunawa da mawaƙin, wanda aka sanya kusa da tsohon ginin da Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia ke amfani da ita a da.
Waka
Mykola Leontovych ya kware a waƙar cappella choral. Ana tunawa da shi a yau galibi ta hanyar ayyukan wakokin da ya bari, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi sama da 150. Wadannan kewayon daga m shirye-shirye na jama'a songs, addini ayyuka (ciki har da liturgy ), cantatas, da choral qagaggun saita zuwa kalmomi na daban-daban Ukrainian mawaƙa. Shahararrun ayyukansa guda biyu su ne ƴan wasan choral <i id="mwAZU">Schedryk</i> da Dudaryk .
Har ila yau Leontovych ya fara aiki a kan wasannin opera ( Na rusalchyn velykden''' - Akan Ista na Ruwa Nymph) bisa tatsuniyoyi na Ukrainian da ayyukan Borys Hrinchenko . A karshen 1920, ya gama na farko na uku ayyuka. Duk da haka, an kashe Leontovych kafin ya iya kammala wasan opera. Yukren mawaki Mykhailo Verykivsky ne ya yi ƙoƙarin kammalawa da gyara wasan opera. Mawaƙin Myroslav Skoryk da mawaki Diodor Bobyr sun yi amfani da kayan kida na wasan opera da ba a gama ba don yin wasan operetta guda ɗaya; An fara wannan a 1977 a Kyiv State Opera da Ballet Theater, shekara ɗari bayan haihuwar Leontovych. An gudanar da wasan farko na Arewacin Amurka a Toronto a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2003.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasirin a wakokin Mykola Leontovych shine na Mykola Lysenko, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin kiɗan gargajiya na Ukrainian". Leontovych ya sha'awar kiɗan Lysenko tun yana ɗalibi a Makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi, lokacin da ya sa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar hauza ta yi waƙar mawakin. Tun daga nan, zai yi waƙar Lysenko a cikin kide-kide a duk inda ya yi aiki.
Shchedryk/Carol na Karrarawa
Mykola Leontovych's Shchedryk shine sanannen aikin sa. A cikin Turanci version a matsayin Kirsimeti carol, an san shi da biki fi so Carol of the Bells . Ya shahara don motif ɗin bayanin kula huɗu na ostinato kuma an shirya shi sama da sau 150 tun 2004. Rubutun asali na Ukrainian Shchedryk yayi amfani da hemiola, canzawar lafazin a cikin kowane ma'auni tsakanin 6/8 da 3/4, wanda ya ɓace a cikin fassarar Turanci. Mafi shaharar gyare-gyaren Ingilishi shi ne Peter J Wilhousky ya tsara shi a cikin 1936 wanda al'adun iyayensa na Gabashin Turai suka rinjayi shi da kuma tarihin Kiristanci na gargajiya na waƙoƙin da aka yi a lokacin haihuwar Yesu, ko da yake an yi wasu nau'in Turanci na waƙar a cikin 1947 ta ML Holman, 1957, da 1972. ]a
Ana amfani da waƙar sa sau da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin sauti don fina-finai da talabijin. Alal misali, an yi amfani da shi a cikin akwatin ofishin buga The Santa Clause da Home Alone, Will Vinton 's award-winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration, kuma a matsayin parody da ake kira Carol of the Meows in The OC 's episode " Chrismukkah Wanda Bai Kusa Ba ". An buga wani sabon salo na Carol of the Bells a cikin Ofishin . Hakanan an tsara shi kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun tsara shi, ba tare da la'akari da salon waƙa ko salon waƙa ba, kama daga na gargajiya ( Vienna Boys Choir ), zuwa ƙungiyoyin kiɗan gargajiya ( Mace Celtic ), zuwa mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi ( Jessica Simpson ) da Ɗan Ƙaddara ).
Salon waka
Leontovych yana da salon sa na asali. Yawancin ayyukansa suna da "yin amfani da ƙima da daidaituwar ra'ayi ." Ya yi matukar sha’awar wakarsa ta tada hankali, musamman ganin ido, yana mai cewa, “Ina sha’awar irin kalar da kuka yi amfani da su wajen yin sauti mai girma, da kuma na masu karamin karfi. Ni kaina na kan yi tunani game da hakan, don haɗa sauti da launi."
Ƙungiyoyin waƙoƙinsa sun ƙunshi jituwa mai kyau, yawan sautin murya, da amo. Shirye-shiryen waƙoƙinsa na farko na waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance na musamman shirye-shiryen waƙar. Yayin da mawaƙin ya ƙara samun gogewa, tsarin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa da kuma shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance suna haɗuwa da rubutu akai-akai.
Leontovych ya shirya waƙoƙin mutanen Ukrainian da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin mawaƙa masu zaman kansu bisa ga waƙoƙin waƙa da waƙoƙi. Ya bi hadisai na inganta kobzars na Ukrainian, wanda zai fassara kowane sabon strophe daban. Ya kuma yi amfani da humming da sauye-sauye a cikin muryoyin mawaƙa a matsayin dabarun kaiwa ga abin da ake so na motsin rai ko sha'awa.
Babban zance dangane da da ayyukan Leontovych shine kiɗan choral game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Kiɗarsa akai-akai yana nuna ainihin ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru. Misalin wannan shi ne shchedrivka Ой там за горою ( Oh can bayan Dutsen ) wanda a farkon tenor ya fara waƙar da solo kuma sauran muryoyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna shigowa a hankali, yana nuna rawar jiki lokacin da sababbin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suka shiga. in. Sa'an nan kuma, sauyawar sassa yana farawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, suna sake haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro na Sabuwar Shekara .
liyafar da farin jini
Domin yawancin aikinsa, Leontovych yayi wakokinsa ne ga kansa, kawai yana yin ta a lokacin nasa kide-kide. Hakan ya faru ne saboda irin halin da mawaƙin yake da shi sosai. Leontovych na farko mai sukar shi ne abokinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa firist da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙa da kuma nazarin ka'idoji". Ya kuma shawo kan Leontovych ya buga waƙarsa kuma Jami'ar Kyiv ta yi ta.
Nasarar halarta a karon na farko na "Shchedryk" ya sa Leontovych ya shahara a tsakanin kwararru da masu sha'awar kidan choral a Kyiv . Leontovych mai ba da shawara-ya juya-abokin aiki a Kyiv Conservatory, Boleslav Yavorsky, Har ila yau, ya kimanta sababbin ayyukan da aka rubuta. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych's Lehenda, wanda Mykola Voronyi ya kafa wa waƙa, ya sami babban shahara.
Bayan nazarin Leontovych na Second Compilation na Waƙoƙi daga Podolia, Lysenko ya rubuta: "Leontovych yana da asali, kyauta mai ban sha'awa. A cikin shirye-shiryensa na sami sassa daban-daban, motsi na muryoyin, wanda daga baya ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar sadarwar kiɗan da aka saƙa."
Ƙaruwar shaharar kiɗan Leontovych ya sami taimakon daga shugaban jamhuriyar ƙasar Ukraine Symon Petliura, wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa guda biyu waɗanda za su haɓaka wayewar kai da al'adun Ukraine . Wata kungiyar mawaka da Kyrylo Stetsenko ke jagoranta ta zagaya a duk fadin kasar Ukraine, yayin da Capella na kasar Ukraine karkashin Alexander Koshetz ya zagaya kasashen Turai da Amurka. Ayyukan da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella ta yi sun sa Leontovych ya san shi a ko'ina cikin yammacin duniya. A Faransa, Leontovych ya sami sunan barkwanci, "Ukrainian Bach ". A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1921, Capella ta yi Shchedryk a cikin Carnegie Hall a birnin New York . A cikin 1936, dan kabilar Ukrainian Peter J. Wilhousky, wanda ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon NBC, ya rubuta waƙarsa don waƙar, wanda aka sani da Carol of the Bells.''
Baya ga Shchedryk, ko Carol of the Bells, a halin yanzu ana jin waokin Leontovych galibi a Ukraine kuma an sadaukar da faifai kaɗan gare shi kaɗai. Mutanen Ukrainian sun tuna da shi kuma suna yin ayyukansa. Misali, Olexander Koshetz Choir da ke Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada, yana yin kiɗan mawaƙa na Ukrainian ciki har da Leontovych kuma sun yi rikodin kiɗan sa.
Duba kuma
Jerin Ukrainian composers - duba sauran Ukrainian composers na lokaci guda
Kiɗa kida
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Free scores by Mykola Leontovych
Works by or about Mykola Leontovych
Works by Mykola Leontovych
Leontovych Mykola, Intanet Encyclopedia na Ukraine
Gidan kayan gargajiya-Apartment na MDLeontovych a Tulchyn
Masu koyar da waka a Ukraine
Wadanda aka kashe yan Ukraine
Mutanen da aka kashe a Ukraine
Haihuwan 1877
Mutuwar 1921
Mawakan gargajiya na Ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29848 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Daji | Dokokin Daji | Dokokin daji: Manifesto don Adalci na Duniya littafi ne na Cormac Cullinan wanda ke ba da shawarar amincewa da al'ummomi da tsarin halittu a matsayin masu shari'a masu haƙƙin doka. Littafin ya bayyana manufar dokar daji, wato dokokin ’yan Adam da suka yi dai-dai da fikihu . Thomas Berry ya riga ya bayyana, littafin Green Books ya buga a watan Nuwambar shekara t 2003 tare da Gidauniyar Gaia, London. An fara buga shi a Afirka ta Kudu, ƙasar marubucin, a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2002 ta Siber Ink.
An tattauna yuwuwar haɓaka sabon nau'i na shari'a a wani taro a Washington wanda Thomas Berry ya halarta a Afrilu 2001, wanda Gidauniyar Gaia ta shirya. Ƙungiyar mutanen da ke da hannu da doka da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun halarci daga Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Colombia, Kanada da Amurka.
Tun daga lokacin Dokar daji ta kasance a tsakiyar yawancin tarurrukan taro da bita na zama kamar haka:
An gudanar da wani taro bisa manufar dokar daji a watan Nuwamba 2005 a Jami'ar Brighton . Tsohon Ministan Muhalli Michael Meacher MP ya jagoranci taron kuma masu magana sun hada da Jacqueline McGlade, shugabar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai da Lynda Warren na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli .
A cikin Nuwamba 2006, an gudanar da wani taro bisa littafin a Jami'ar Brighton da ke Burtaniya kuma UKELA da ELF suka shirya tare. 'A Walk on the Wild Side: Change Environmental Law' kuma John Elkington (na SustainAbility da ELF Advisory Council) ya jagoranci shi tare da masu magana da baƙi, Cormac Cullinan, Norman Baker MP (tsohon Kakakin Muhalli na Liberal Democrat), Satish Kumar (Resurgence) da Begonia Filgueira (Gaia Law Ltd).
An gudanar da taron bita na ''Dokar daji' game da sauyin yanayi' a watan Satumba na 2007 don samar da ingantacciyar hanya don amfani da ka'idojin Dokar daji wanda tuni ke taimakawa wajen sauya tsarin shari'a a Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu. UKELA ce ta shirya, tare da tallafi daga ELF da Gidauniyar Gaia, London kuma Shagon Jiki ne ke ɗaukar nauyi. An gudanar da shi a wata cibiyar taro a Derbyshire a Birtaniya, tare da mashahuran masu magana na duniya Cormac Cullinan, marubucin Dokar Wild, Farfesa Brian Goodwin, masanin ziyara kuma malami a kan MSc a Kimiyyar Kimiyya, a Kwalejin Schumacher, Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Duniya, Devon, Andrew Kimbrell, babban darektan Cibiyar Tsaron Abinci a Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Duniya, Peter Roderick, darektan Shirin Adalci na Yanayi kuma ya kasance Abokan Lauyan Duniya a London daga 1996.
An tattauna Dokar daji a cikin Afrilu 2007 a wani taro, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Duniya ta shirya, wani shiri na hadin gwiwa na Jami'ar Barry & St. Thomas, Florida, Amurka, kan filin da ke tasowa na Shari'a na Duniya.
Za a gudanar da taron zaman zaman "'Dokar daji' - Ideas into Action" a watan Satumba na 2008, don ƙaddamar da kashi na farko na bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa ta UKELA da Gidauniyar Gaia don gano Dokar daji a aikace tare da samar da kayan aikin Dokar Daji don yanke shawara. masu yi da masu yin aiki. Wanda aka gudanar a wata cibiyar taro a Derbyshire a Burtaniya, jagororin bitar sun hada da: Mellese Damtie, lauya dan kasar Habasha kuma masanin ilmin halitta, tsohon shugaban sashen shari'a a Kwalejin da'ar ma'aikata ta Habasha, Andrew Kimbrell, lauya mai ra'ayin jama'a, mai fafutuka kuma marubuci, babban darektan The The Cibiyar Kare Abinci a Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Duniya; da Farfesa Lynda Warren, farfesa na farko a Jami'ar Aberystwyth, mai ba da shawara kan muhalli da mai kula da bincike. Har ila yau, mahalarta, masu gudanar da takarda na bincike, Begonia Filgueira, na Gaia Law Ltd da ERIC Ltd, da Ian Mason, lauya mai aiki da kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Albarkatun Shari'a ta Duniya; Cormac Cullinan, lauyan muhalli wanda ke zaune a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, marubucin Wild Law, darektan babban kamfanin lauyoyin muhalli na Afirka ta Kudu, Cullinan da Associates Inc., da Shugaba na EnAct International, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin mulki; da Ng'anga Thiong'o, mashawarcin shari'a da siyasa na Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'ummar Kenya, Porini, kuma wanda ya taba lashe kyautar Nobel ta Green Belt, Wangari Maathai. Elizabeth Rivers, tsohon lauyan kasuwanci kuma ƙwararriyar mai gudanarwa, da Vicki Elcoate, babban darektan UKELA ne suka sauƙaƙe wannan taron.
Dokar Tamaqua Borough Sewage Sludge Dokar da aka kafa a cikin shekara t 2006 ta mazaunan 7,000 na al'ummar Tamaqua, PA ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin shekara ta 2002 da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Wild kuma an duba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru na 2006. Dokar Tamaqua ba wai kawai ta musanta yancin kamfanoni na yada tarkacen najasa a matsayin taki a filayen noma ba, koda kuwa manomi ya yarda, dokar ta amince da al'ummomi da muhallin halittu a matsayin mutane na doka da ke da haƙƙin doka. Wannan doka tana cikin "dokokin daji" na farko da za a zartar a ko'ina cikin duniya.
Manazarta
Gabaɗaya
Stephen Harding, 'Hakkokin Duniya', The Guardian, Afrilu 2007.
Simon Boyle, 'A kan kankara mai bakin ciki', The Guardian, Nuwamba 2006
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya
EnAct International, wani mashawarcin dokar muhalli da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda Cullinan ya kafa
Siber Ink , ainihin mawallafin Dokar Wild.
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata |
35321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27oin%20%C6%99asar%20Hausa | Sana'oin ƙasar Hausa | Duk wanda ya tashi ƙasar Hausa to akwai wata sana'a da ya ke yi domin dogaro dakai irin wadannan sana'o'in hausa su kanyi tasiri matuƙa a ɓangarorin al'umman HAUSAWA dama sauran ƙabilu awannan Nahiya.
Ire-iren sana'o'in Hausa
Noma
Kasuwanci
kiwo
Dillanci
ƙodago
Jima
Dukanci
Fawa
Wanzamci.
Noma
“Noma na duke tsohon ciniki, kowa yazo duniya kai ya tarar”.. wannan shine taken Noma.
Noma sana'ace wacce ta bambanta da sana'o'in Hausawa, ba kasafai ake samun kowane al'umma acikin taba musamman mutanan birni, sai dai mutanen karkara suka fi yinta. sana'ar Noma sana'ace da ba a gadonta kowa da kowa kan iya fadawa cikin ta, kuma akwai Riba ga masu gudanar da ita, Malami da ba sarake, attajiri da talaka sukan gudanar da ita.
Ire-iren Noma
Noma da ya kasu kashi biyu, akwai na Noman Rani, akwai na Damina, wanda akeyi bayan Damina ta sauka, Damina takan yi a ƙalla wata biyar ko Shida, a wannan lokacin ake yin aikace aikace gona, wato yin shuka ya fito har takai damar an girbe ta, sannan akai amfanin Gida domin aci ko a sayar.
Noman Rani
shine akeyi yayin da Damina ta dauke, ko ayayin da ruwa ya dauke, akanyi Noma Rani a wuraren masu dausayi da ƙoramu, irin wannan noma akan yi shi ta fuskan ban Ruwa ne ga ita shukar, a wannan shi ake kira da Noman Rani kuma akwai alfanu gaya musamman mutanen da sukayi makwabtaka da Ruwa.
Noma Don ci
Kowane manomi babban burinsa ya Noma kayan hatsi wanda akalla zai kai shi har ƙarshen shekara byi awo ba, Gazawa ce ga monomi ace baya iya noma ta kai shi shekara.
manomi yakan yi noman kamar su Gero
Dawa
Maiwa,
Wake
Masara
Doya
Dan kali... da sauransu.
Bayan manomi ya ware wadataccen abincin sa domin iyalinsa a wasu lokutan yakan ware wanda zai sayar domin takin Gona.
Noma domin sayarwa
Manomi yakan Noma kayan sayarwa kamar su;
Tumaturi
Albasa
Attarugu
Alaiyaho
Kabewa
Tattasai
Gyada
Ridi
Barkono
Auduga... da sauransu.
Irin wannan noma manomi yakan yi shine ba Don yaci ba a'a sai dan ya biya buƙatar sa ko don amfanin shi ko hidima da take jiran sa na bukukuwan ƴaƴan sa.
kayan aikin Gona
kayan aikin gona sun hada da Magirbi, da fartanya, da [[sungumi]], da gatari, da [[galma]] da [[lauje]] har dama manjagara da sauransu.
Kasuwanci
kasuwa hanya ce ta saye da sayarwa, mai irin wannan harka shine ake kira da ɗan kasuwa idan mace ce ana mata kirari da ƴar kasuwa.
kasuwanci yana wuya idan babu jari, jari shine kasuwanci, domin da jari ake cinikai ya. dole mai harkan kasuwanci sai yayi yun kurin jari da shine zai jujjuya domin ya siya kaddara yaci riba.
ire-iren kayan cinikayya
itadai kasuwa wuri ne da ake gudanar da saye da sayarwa, kusan kowane abin sayarwa zaka iya samu a kasuwa.
kasuwa ta hada da ma'aunar hatsi da harkan kayan wato taguwa, da harkar sai da kayan wutan lantarnki da harkan wayoyin hannu da sauran su.
Hakama akan samu wani bangare a kasuwa inda suke sai da dabbobi irinsu tumakai, awakai, shanu har dama Rakuma da tsuntsaye.
kiwo
ita dai sana'ar kiwo kamar sana'ar noma ce.kiwo na kowa da kowane, matukar kana da sha'awa zaka iya yinshi. shi dai kiwo ba yaro ba tsoho, kowa kan iya yinshi. kiwo ba maza kadai aka sani ba har mata sukan taka rawa acikin sa.
Dillanci
Dillanci sana'a ce ta [[Dattijai]] ta hanyar karban kayan mutane asayar masa, sannan shi me kayan ya biya mai sayarwa ladan aiki ko dawainiyya da yayi da kaya wurin sayar wa.
yadda akeyin Dillanci
idan Mallam bahaushe yana da kaya ko abin sayarwa yakanyi tallar kayan zuwa ga dillalai idan an samu mai siya sai a biya shi lada.a Wannan fannin dillali yakan wakilta mai kaya ta hanyan saida kayan sa.
===Kwadago===
Kwadago na nufin ayi aiki abiya  shine ake kira da kwadago. Kwadago aiki ake biya kadan anan take, ba kamar sauran ayyuka bane. kwadago aiki ne na yarjejeniya yin wani aiki na karfi sanan abiya kadan aikin da aka gudanar. aikin kwadago ya shafe aikin Gona , Gini, da aikin albashi.
Ire-iren Aikin Ƙodago
Akwai ayyukan Gona kamar misalin sharan  gona, ko shuka har dama Noma, a wani bangare Akwai ayyukan na Gida kamar su Gini, da sauran su.
Masu aikin ƙwadago==
Mafi yawancin masu aikin ƙwadago babu kamar [[Almajirai]] ko yan [[ci rani]] sune sukafi yin wannan aiki.
Aikatuta
Aikatau da kwadago duk tafiyar su daya ne, sai dai bamban cin su kadan ne, maza suke kwadago mata su kan yi aikatau a gidaje .
Ire-iren aikatau
Aikatau a gida ake yi musamman matar karkara da ake dauko su daga ƙauye domin taya mutanen birni aiki sannan a biya su ladan wannan aiki, aikatau na gida bai wuce [[wanke-wanke]]da shara, ko surfe, ko aike na yau da kullum, ko [[sukola]], ko renon ƴaƴan.
Jima
Me ake kira da jima, aiki ne na sarrafa fatu dabbobin ta yadda masu sana'ar dukanci suke buƙatar, majemi yakan fitar da gashin dabbobin ya gyara har takai da yayi laushi awurin gudanar da aiki.
Kayan aikin jima
Sun hada da [[gabaruwa]] da Ruwa da rika, san nan akwai [[kwatanta]] da awartaki da dutse har da gungume eche, da sauran su.
Fawa
Fawa sana'a ce ta gado ga irin gida na mahauta, sana'ar fawa ta samo asali tun zamanin Annabawa da manzannin, sannan akwai alfanu  sosai cikin wannan sana'a, mahauci ya kan tafi kasuwa domin sayar dabba da zai yanka domin sayarwa al'umma Nama . mahauci yakan tanaji jallin sa da zai ishe shi yin wannan sana'a, yakan sayi dabba kamar su tumakai, ko awakai, ko saniya domin al'umma su ci.
Al'adu mahauci
A al'adar mahauci akwai su da karamci, sanan suna da al'ada idan sun samu ƙaruwa su kanyi bukukuwan su na hawan ƙaho saniya da dai sauransu.
Wanzamci
Sana'ar wanzamci sana'ar kasar Hausa ce tun tale-tale, wanzami ya kanyi aski ga manjya dattijai ko saraki kai har ma da jarirai idan an samu ƙaruwar, san nan yana cire belu-belu da shayi wato kachiya da Ƙaho har ma da ɓalli-ɓalli.
Manazarta |
15905 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Maja | Lola Maja | Lola Maja (an haife Omolola Maja ; ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1978),ta kasan ce wanda anfi saninta da Lola Maja-Okojevoh, ƙwararriyar mai zane-zane ne a Nijeriya; fannoni na musamman sun hada da tasiri na musamman, girar ido da gashin ido. Har ila yau, ita ma masaniyar tausa ce, mai koyar da kyan gani, da Spa da Cosmetics Brand Consultant. Ita ce ta kirkiro kuma Babban Darakta na "Kyakkyawan Alfarma"; an san ta da yin aiki a kan manyan al'amuran zamani da manyan fina-finai kamar su Figurine da Oktoba 1, da kuma bidiyon kiɗa da yawa. Ta yi kwalliya don shahararru kamar su Genevieve Nnaji da Tiwa Savage . Ta kuma yi aiki tare da manyan mujallu na zamani, kamar su Style Mania da FAB, da kuma samfura kamar Iman da Tyson Beckford . A shekarar 2015, ta lashe kyautar "Mafi kyaun kayan kwalliya" Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award na 1 ga Oktoba .
Fage da farkon rayuwa
An haifi Lola Maja a Najeriya, ga mahaifin asalin Yarbawa kuma uwa ce wacce take da zuriyar Itsekiri, Lebanon, Italia, Indiya da Scotland . A shekara 2, ita da iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa United Kingdom inda ta girma. Ta koma gida ne a shekarar 2010, bayan ta yi aure.
Ayyuka
Lola Maja ta fara aiki a matsayin mai kwalliyar kayan kwalliya a lokacin da take 'yar shekara 14; yayin da har yanzu tana cikin makarantar sakandare, da zuwa kwaleji. A shekara 18, dole ne ta zabi ko ta ci gaba da digirinta ko barin aiki kuma ta dauki rawar a matsayin mai fasahar zane-zane na kungiyar ta asali don kaddamar da kayan kwalliyar Iman a filin wasan su na Landan; ta bi zuciyarta kuma ta ƙaddamar da Iman Kayan shafawa a 1997. Ta ƙaddamar da nata zangon Lashes, "Tsararran Lashes", a cikin shekarar 2010. An fara layin ne musamman don samar da kayayyaki masu inganci ga daliban kayan kwalliya da sauran masu sana'ar kayan kwalliya a Najeriya, amma abokan huldar suna matukar kaunarsu, cewa kamfanin ya yanke shawarar fara tallata su a shagunan bouti da yanar gizo. Alamar daga ƙarshe ta girma ta sami abubuwa da yawa.
Maja ta koma makaranta don samun cancantar aiki a cikin "Magunguna mai kyau". Ta kammala karatun ta ne daga kwalejin koyon ilimin kwalliya ta Landan, daga nan ta wuce Kwalejin St Mary's University, Twickenham. Bayan haka, ta sami difloma na koyarwa, daga nan kuma ta ci gaba da ƙaddamar da kwalejin ƙwarewa a shekarar 2013. "Tsararran Lashes" daga ƙarshe sun shiga cikin "Groupungiyoyin Tsararru na Kamfanoni", waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan yawancin ayyukan da suka shafi kayan shafa, kamar su: edita, catwalk, ɗaukar hoto, talabijin, fim, bidiyo na kiɗa, maganin kyau da horo.
Maja tana da fannoni daban-daban a cikin kayan kwalliyarta, daga tasiri na musamman zuwa na amarya, daga kyakkyawa zuwa salon zamani . Ta yi aiki a bidiyon kidan My Darlin na Tiwa Savage, wanda ta rikida ta zama tsohuwa a cikin bidiyon. Ta yi Genevieve Nnaji ta sanya hoton hoton layin suturar ta St.Genevieve . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita na Kyau don manyan mujallu na zamani kamar Style Mania, FAB da Noir . Ayyukanta na yin kwalliya sun bayyana a shahararrun mujallu, kamar: TW, Mujallar Genevieve, Loveauna ta Gaskiya, Elan, Baƙin Gashi & Kyau, Launuka, Alfahari, Sideview, da Trendsetter . Ta yi aiki tare da kyawawan ɗabi'u kamar Iman da Tyson Beckford . Sauran shahararrun da ta yi aiki da su sun hada da: Alek Wek, Ernie Hudson, Joe Estevez, Joe, Dru Hill, Ojy Okpe, Fifi Ejindu, Genevieve Nnaji, Omotola Jalade, Rita Dominic, Kate Henshaw, Tiwa Savage, Omawumi, Waje, Toolz, Toke Makinwa, Eku Edewor da sauransu.
Maja ta yi kwalliya don fina-finai biyu na Kunle Afolayan : The Figurine (2009) da kuma Oktoba 1 (2014); na biyun, saboda wannan, ta ci lambar yabo na Zaman Afirika na Masu Kallo na Sihiri na 2015 don "Mafi Kyawun Gyara". Ta kuma kasance mai yin zane-zane a karo na uku da na huɗu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin Shuga . Maja ya kuma yi aiki a kan bidiyon kide-kide da yawa, kamar: Wizkid 's " Teas Me ", Banky W 's "Lagos Party", Omawumi 's "Yau na Yau" da Dr SID "Wani abu game da ku". Har ila yau Maja baƙo ne na yau da kullun kan shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo, don magana game da kyan gani, kayan kwalliya da shawarar kayan shafa, yayin yin sharhi game da sabbin abubuwa na zamani.
Rayuwar mutum
Maja ta hadu da mijinta, Tonio Okojevoh a bikin auren dan uwanta, yayin da har yanzu ta kasance da wani; alkawari wanda bai yi aiki ba. Ta zama abokai tare da Tonio kuma bayan shekaru shida, ya ba da shawara, ba tare da ƙawancen farko ba. Maja ya bayyana cewa, ita da mijinta sun celibate kafin su yi aure, a yanke shawara wadda mijinta qaddamar, kamar yadda alkawarin da ya yi wa Allah. Tonio da Lola sun yi aure a shekarar 2010; tare, suna da yara biyu, Tega da Tallulah, waɗanda aka haifa a 2011 da 2013 bi da bi. Ta taɓa raba wannan yayin da take nakuda tare da ɗanta na fari, sauraron " Bumper to Bumper " daga Wande Coal ya taimaka mata don sauƙaƙe mata wahalar nakuda. Ta kuma sanar da ita cewa ba za ta sake samun yara ba.
Filmography
Fim da talabijin
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Lola Maja on IMDb
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya |
30033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial%20Kansa | Endometrial Kansa | Ciwon daji na endometrial ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga endometrium ( rufin mahaifa ko mahaifa). Sakamakon rashin girma na sel wanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamar farko ita ce mafi yawan zubar jinin al'ada ba tare da haɗuwa da haila ba . Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da jin zafi tare da fitsari, jin zafi yayin jima'i, ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu . Ciwon daji na endometrial yana faruwa mafi yawanci bayan menopause(Bayan daukewar jinin alada).
Kusan 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba . Ciwon daji na endometrial kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan bayyanar isrogen, hawan jini da ciwon sukari . Ganin cewa shan estrogen kadai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, shan duka estrogen da progestogen a hade, kamar yadda a yawancin kwayoyin hana haihuwa, yana rage haɗarin. Tsakanin kashi biyu zuwa biyar na al'amuran suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye. Ciwon daji na endometrial wani lokaci ana kiransa da “ Cancer mahaifa ” ko da yake ya bambanta da sauran nau'in kansar mahaifa kamar kansar mahaifa, sarcoma na mahaifa, da cututtukan trophoblastic . Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na endometrial shine ciwon daji na endometrioid, wanda ke da fiye da 80% na lokuta. Ciwon daji na endometrial yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar biopsy endometrial ko ta hanyar ɗaukar samfura yayin hanyar da aka sani da dilation da curettage . Binciken Pap ba yawanci isa ya nuna ciwon daji na endometrial ba. Ba a buƙatar yin bincike na yau da kullun a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin al'ada ba.
Babban zaɓin magani don ciwon daji na endometrial shine hysterectomy na ciki (jimlar cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na mahaifa), tare da cire tubes na Fallopian da ovaries a bangarorin biyu, wanda ake kira salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu. A cikin lokuta masu ci gaba, ana iya ba da shawarar maganin radiation, chemotherapy ko maganin hormone . Idan an gano cutar a farkon matakin, sakamakon yana da kyau, kuma jimlar shekaru biyar na rayuwa a Amurka ya fi 80%.
A cikin 2012, ciwon daji na endometrial ya faru a cikin 320,000 mata kuma ya haifar da 76,000 mutuwa. Wannan ya sa ya zama na uku mafi yawan sanadin mutuwa a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke shafar mata kawai, bayan ciwon daji na ovarian da mahaifa. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma shi ne cutar kansar da aka fi sani da bangaren haihuwa na mata a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Adadin ciwon daji na endometrial ya karu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2010. An yi imanin hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar yawan tsofaffi da karuwar yawan kiba.
Alamomi
Zubar da jini ko tabo a cikin mata bayan menopause yana faruwa a kashi 90% na ciwon daji na endometrial. Jini yana da yawa musamman tare da adenocarcinoma, yana faruwa a kashi biyu bisa uku na duk lokuta. Rashin hawan hawan haila ko tsayi mai tsayi, nauyi, ko yawan zubar jini a cikin mata kafin lokacin al'ada yana iya zama alamar ciwon daji na endometrial.
Alamun da banda zubar jini ba a saba gani ba. Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da bakin ciki fari ko bayyananniyar fitar farji a cikin matan da suka shude. Ciwon da ya ci gaba yana nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko alamun da za a iya gano su akan gwajin jiki . Mahaifa na iya kara girma ko ciwon daji na iya yaduwa, yana haifar da ciwon ciki na ƙasa ko ƙumburi. Jima'i mai radadi ko fitsari mai radadi ko wahalar fitsari ba su da yawa alamun ciwon daji na endometrial. Haka kuma mahaifar na iya cika da majina (pyometrea ) . Daga cikin matan da ke da waɗannan ƙananan alamun bayyanar cututtuka (fitowar farji, ciwon ƙwai, da maƙarƙashiya), 10-15% suna da ciwon daji.
Abubuwan haɗari
Abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da kiba, ciwon sukari mellitus, ciwon nono, amfani da tamoxifen, ba tare da haihuwa ba, marigayi menopause, babban matakan estrogen, da karuwar shekaru. Nazarin shige-da-fice (nazarin ƙaura), waɗanda ke nazarin canjin haɗarin cutar kansa a cikin yawan jama'a da ke motsawa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke fama da cutar kansa daban-daban, ya nuna cewa akwai wasu abubuwan muhalli don ciwon daji na endometrial. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗari na muhalli ba su da kyau sosai.
Hormones
Yawancin abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da manyan matakan estrogens. An kiyasta kashi 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba. A cikin kiba, yawan adadin adipose nama yana haɓaka jujjuyawar androstenedione zuwa estrone, estrogen. Matsayin mafi girma na estrone a cikin jini yana haifar da ƙasa ko babu ovulation kuma yana fallasa endometrium zuwa ci gaba da manyan matakan estrogens. Kiba kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin cire isrogen daga jini. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa ko rashin daidaituwa, yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ciwon daji na endometrial saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da kiba. Musamman, kiba, nau'in Ciwon sukari na II, da juriya na insulin sune abubuwan haɗari ga Nau'in Na ciwon daji na endometrial. Kiba yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da 300-400%.
Maganin maye gurbin estrogen a lokacin menopause lokacin da ba daidai ba (ko "masu adawa") tare da progestin wani abu ne mai haɗari. Mafi girma allurai ko tsawon lokaci na maganin isrogen yana da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu ƙananan nauyi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma daga isrogen mara nauyi. Tsawon lokacin haihuwa-ko dai daga farkon hailar farko ko kuma ƙarshen menopause - shima yana da haɗari. Estrogen ba tare da hamayya ba yana haɓaka haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na endometrial da 2-10 ninka, dangane da nauyi da tsawon jiyya. A cikin maza waɗanda suka ɗauki testosterone kuma ba su sami hysterectomy ba, canzawar testosterone zuwa estrogen ta hanyar androstenedione na iya haifar da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial.
Genetics
Hakanan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan gado suna ba da gudummawa ga 2-10% na cututtukan daji na endometrial. Lynch ciwo, wani autosomal rinjaye kwayoyin cuta wanda yafi haifar da ciwon daji na colorectal, kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, musamman ma kafin menopause. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna da 40-60% hadarin tasowa ciwon daji na endometrial, fiye da hadarin bunkasa launin launi (hanji) ko ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji na Ovarian da endometrial suna haɓaka lokaci guda a cikin 20% na mutane. Ciwon daji na endometrial kusan koyaushe yana tasowa kafin ciwon hanji, a matsakaici, 11 shekaru kafin. Carcinogenesis a cikin ciwo na Lynch ya fito ne daga maye gurbi a cikin MLH1 ko MLH2 : kwayoyin halittar da ke shiga cikin tsarin gyaran gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, wanda ke ba da damar tantanin halitta don gyara kuskure a cikin DNA. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da suka rikide a cikin cutar Lynch sun hada da MSH2, MSH6, da PMS2, wadanda kuma kwayoyin halittar da ba su dace ba ne. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna wakiltar 2-3% na ciwon daji na endometrial; Wasu kafofin sun sanya wannan har zuwa 5%. Dangane da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta, matan da ke fama da cutar Lynch suna da haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji na endometrial. Tare da maye gurbin MLH1, haɗarin shine 54%; tare da MSH2, 21%; kuma tare da MSH6, 16%.
Mata masu tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da aka fi danganta su da wasu ciwon daji na mata, BRCA1 da BRCA2, ba sa haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Akwai wata alaka a fili da wadannan kwayoyin halitta amma ana danganta ta da amfani da tamoxifen, maganin da kansa zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, a cikin nono da kuma ciwon daji na ovarian. Halin halittar da aka gada Cowden ciwo kuma na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu wannan cuta suna da kashi 5-10% Hadarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na endometrial, idan aka kwatanta da 2-3% kasadar ga matan da ba su shafa ba.
An kuma gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun don shafar haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin manyan nazarin ƙungiyar genome-fadi . An danganta yankuna goma sha shida na genomic tare da ciwon daji na endometrial kuma bambance-bambancen gama gari suna bayyana kusan kashi 7% na haɗarin dangi.
Sauran matsalolin lafiya
Wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna ƙara haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon daji na endometrial, wanda shine tushen 2-3%. Tamoxifen, maganin da ake amfani da shi don magance ciwon nono na estrogen-tabbatacce, an danganta shi da ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin kusan 0.1% na masu amfani, musamman tsofaffi mata, amma fa'idodin rayuwa daga tamoxifen gabaɗaya ya fi haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial. Kwas ɗin tamoxifen na shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu yana kusan ninka haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, kuma tsarin jiyya na shekaru biyar yana ninka haɗarin. Raloxifene, irin wannan magani, bai tada haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial ba. A baya can ciwon daji na kwai yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial, kamar yadda ake yi na rediyo a baya zuwa ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman, ciwace-ciwacen kwayar halitta na ovarian granulosa da thecomas sune ciwace-ciwacen da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na endometrial.
Ƙananan aikin rigakafi kuma yana da tasiri a cikin ciwon daji na endometrial. Hawan jini kuma abu ne mai haɗari, amma wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda alaƙarsa da kiba. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na endometrial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi.
Tarihi da al'adu
Ciwon daji na endometrial ba a san shi sosai a wurin jama'a ba, duk da yawansa. Akwai ƙananan fahimtar alamun, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da kuma rayuwa mafi muni.
Manazarta
Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
45956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallolin%20Nafila | Sallolin Nafila | Sallolin Nafila
a. Hikimar shar’anta ta.
Daga cikin ni’mar Allah da ya yi akan bayin sa shi ne ya sanya musu ibada wace za ta kewaye dukan jikin su, kuma ta tabbatar musu da abun da suke nufi wajan ba da ayyuka ta fuskoki ingantattu, kuma har mutum kuskure ko kazawa za ta gitta masa to sai Allah maigirma da daukaka ya Shar’anta wani abu zai cika hakan ya zama makwafinsa, sallar nafila kuwa tana daga cikin haka, domin hakika ya tabbata daga Ma’aikin Allah ﷺ cewa lalle sallar nafila nata cika sallar farillla, idan mai sallar bai kasance cika ta ba.
b. Abinda ya fi da za’a yi nafila da shi.
Shi ne kokarin daukaka Kalmar Allah, sa’annan ilimi da ilmantarwa na shari’ah, Allah ta’ala ya ce;
﴿يَأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُم تَفَسَّحُواْ فِي ٱلمَجَلِسِ فَٱفسَحُواْ يَفسَحِ ٱللَّهُ لَكُم وَإِذَا قِيلَ ٱنشُزُواْ فَٱنشُزُواْ يَرفَعِ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مِنكُم وَٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُواْ ٱلعِلمَ دَرَجَت وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعمَلُونَ خَبِير١١﴾
Ma’ana: “Allah na daukaka wadanda suka yi imani daga cikinku da kuma wadanada aka bai wa ilimi da darajoji”. (Mujadalah: 11).
Sa’annan sai sallah ita ce mafificiyar ibadar jiki, domin fadin Manzon Allah ﷺ: “Ku tsayu kuma kada ku gaji, ku sani da cewa mafi alherin ayyukan ku ita ce sallah”. (Ibnu-Majah).
Daga cikin salloli na nafilfili akwai: -
a. Sallar dare:
Sallar dare ita ce mafi girman lada akan sallar yini (sallar rana), kuma sallah a rabin dare na karshe ya fi (a rabin dare na farko) domin fadin Manzon Allah ﷺ: “Ubangijin mu wanda albarkarsa ta daukaka, yana sauka zuwa saman duniya a kowanne karshen rabin dare da ya wuce”. (Muslim ne ya ruwaito).
Ita kuma sallar tahajjud wacce ake yin ta bayan an yi bacci an tashi, Sayyida Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda ta ce “Abunda ake nufi da: “Annashi’a”. ita ce tsayuwa bayan bacci”.
b. Sallar duha (Walaha).
An sunnata yin sallar duha a wasu kwanaki banda wasu kwanakin, domin hadisin Abi said; “Manzon Allah ﷺ ya kasance yana sallar duha har sai mun ce; baya barinta. Kuma wata rana zai barta har sai mun ce; baya sallah tar ta”. (Ahmad da Tirmizi suka ruwaito.) Kuma (Tirmizi) ya ce hadisin Gharibi ne.
Karancin ta (ita sallar walaha) shi ne raka’a biyu, kuma Manzon Allah ﷺ ya sallaceta raka’a hudu kuma ya sallaceta raka’a shida, mafi yawan ta shi ne raka’o’i takwas, ba’a sharadanta yin ta kulum ba.
c. Sallar gaisuwan masallaci. (Idan an shiga masallaci).
An sunnan ta sallar gaisuwar masallaci, domin hadisin Abi Mikdad lalle Annabi ﷺ ya ce: “Idan dayan ku ya shiga masallaci to kar ya zauna har sai ya yi sallah raka’a biyu”. (Malaman Hadisi suka ruwaito).
d. Sujudar Tilawa.
An sunnan ta yin sujjudar tilawa ga mai karanta Alkur’ani da kuma mai sauraro, zai yi kabbara lokacin yin sujjudar, kuma ya yi sallama idan ya dago, kuma zai fada ne a cikin sujjudar ta shi:
سبحان ربي الأعلى.
Ma’ana: “Tsarki ya tabbata ga Ubangiji na madaukaki.” Ko kuma duk abinda ruwaito.
e. Sujudus – Shukur. (Sujjadar godiya).
An sunnanta sujudus-shukur lokacin da mutum ya samu wata sabuwar ni’ma ko kaucewa wani bala’i, saboda hadisin Abibakata t ‘‘Lalle Annabi ﷺ ya kasance idan wani lamari mai farhanta masa rai ya zo sai ya fadi yana mai sujjada”. (Abu dawud, Tirmiz, Ibn majah suka ruwaito).
“Kuma Sayyidina Aliyu t ya yi sujjadar a lokacin da ya samu Zul Sudayya wanda ke cikin Kawarijawa”. (Ahmad ne ya ruwaito). Kuma “Ka’ab bin Malik ya yi sujjadar lokacin da aka yi mishi bushara ta karbar tubansa ga Allah”. Kuma kissarsa tabbatacciyace. Siffar sujjadar godiya ga Allah da hukunce-hukuncenta kamar na sujjudar tilawa ne.
f. Sallar Tarawih. (Asham).
Tarawihi Sunnah ce mai karfi, wace Annabi ﷺ ya sunnan ta, ana yin ta a jam’i a cikin massalaci bayan sallar isha’i a watan Ramadan. Hakika Manzon ﷺ ya sunnan ta ta, kuma Umar dan Khatah t ya rayar da ita a zamanin halifancin sa. Abunda ya fi mutum ya yi ta raka’a goma sha daya (11), amma ba laifi in ya kara akan haka, duk abunda ya kara ya zama kokarinn sa ne, kuma ya kara a goman karshe na Ramadan ya kara abubuwa kamar kara salloli da zikiri da addu’o’i.
g. Sallar Wutiri.
Wutiri Sunnna ne mai karfi manzon Allah ﷺ, ya aikata shi kuma ya yi umurni da yin shi, mafi karancinsa raka’a ta uku ne, kuma ma fi yawansa raka’a goma sha daya (11).
Lokacinsa: Tsakanin sallar isha’i da fitowar alfijir, ana kunutu a cikin sa bayan an dago daga ruku’I amma mustahabi ne.
Siffofin sa.
1. Mutum ya sallace shi (shi wuturin) gaba-daya ba tare da ya zauna yin tahiya ba har sai ya kawo raka’ar karshe.
2. Ya zauna a raka’ar kusa da karshe ya yi tahiya ba tare da sallama ba, sai ya mike ya kawo raka’a daya ya yi tahiya sai ya sallame.
3. Ya sallame bayan ya kawo raka’a biyu, sa’annan ya cika da karo raka’a daya, ya yi tahiya ya salllame. Wannan siffar ita ce mafificiya daga sauran siffofin, domin ita ce Manzon Allah ﷺ ya aikata kuma yafi yawan aikata ta.
h. Sunanu Rawatib.
Mafifici a cikin sui ta ce ta alfijiri (wato raka’o’i biyu kafin sallah asuba), domin hadisin Sayyidah Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda, wanda ya kai ga manzon Allah: “Ya ce: Raka’o’i biyu na alfijir sun fi duniya da abin da ke cikin ta”.(Muslim, tirmizi kuma ya ingantashi).
Kuma Rawatib masu karfi raka’o’i goma sha biyu ne: Hudu kafin azahar biyu bayanta, da biyu bayan magariba, da kuma biyu bayan isha’i sai kuma raka’atal fijir (wato biyu kafin asuba).
Kuma an sunnanta rama wadannan nafilfilin (wato sunanu rawatib) idan suka kubucewa mutum, haka kuma rankon wutiri tare da sha’i, saidai idan ya kubuce tare da faralinsa kuma ya yi yawa, to abinda ya fi sai a barshi saboda samuwar kuntata idan akce za a yi shi, saboda haka sai ayi raka’oi biyu na nafilar alfijir ita zai biya bashin ta kai tsaiye, domin karfatata. Kuma yin wadanan a gida yafi falala ba kamar sallar farilla ba, da kuma duk sallar da aka
Manazarta |
52245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20gargajiya | Maganin gargajiya | Magungunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma akafi sani da likitan ƴan ƙasa ko likitancin jama'a ). Ya kasance wan nan ya ƙunshi fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa ana bambanta da likitan ilimin kimiyya.
A wasu kasashen Asiya da Afirka, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya . Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani . Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá . Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam .
WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma " ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsire-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. A sakamakon haka, WHO ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.
Amfani da tarihi
Tarihi na gargajiya
A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar Sumerians, waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d ¯ a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. Tsohon Alkawari kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut.
Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne Shennong Bencao Jing, wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin Yaoxing Lun ( Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna ) a lokacin daular Tang . Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen .
Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Pliny da Celsus 's De Medicina . Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don De Materia Medica, yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen Turkawa, Larabci da Ibrananci a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na De Materia Medica an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus ( Herbarium Apuleii Platonici ) kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon Cotton Vitellius C.III.Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian Rhazes (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su.
An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da.
Medieval kuma daga baya
Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic . Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari da Ibn al-Baitar sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti . An fassara Canon zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan Canon .
Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa Kreuter Buch . An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman Pemptades ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Turanci ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin A Nievve Herball . Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai . Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari.
Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa Amurka inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka.
Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a Mexico sannan ya rubuta Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Juan de Esteyneffer 's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35.
Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa Latin kamar Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ko Codex Barberini, Latin 241 kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España, wanda aka buga a 1793. Castore Durante ya buga Herbario Nuovo a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya . An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba.
Mallakar Amurka
A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi . Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani.
Amfanin zamani
Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo ".
watsa ilimi da halitta
Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma . Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa - akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi - waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.
Ma'ana da kalmomi
Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye lafiyar da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi.
Maganin jama'a
Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu.
Magungunan daji na Australiya
Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a Ostiraliya ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka.
Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka
Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga Arum maculatum don saran maciji. An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. An zaɓi dangin Asteraceae da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in Achillea da Artemisia . Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa Asteraceae ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani.
Natuvaidyam
Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda.
Maganin gida
Maganin gida (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa maganin kaka ) magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda Intanet ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo .
Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar mura. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka ; da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. Ana amfani da kayan aikin aloe don magance cututtukan fata. Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya.
Suka
Damuwar tsaro
Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau zoonosis, musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba ). Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye.
Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari
Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya.
Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su.
Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin . Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye.
Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya.
Duba kuma
Ayurveda
Bioprospecting
Maganin jama'a
Maganin ganye
Jarrah (likita)
Tsire-tsire masu magani
Asalin kabilanci na Amurka
Labarin Tsofaffin Mata
Pharmacognosy
Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin
Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya
Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani
Manazarta
Maganin Gargajiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Gemmell | Neil Gemmell | Neil John Gemmell masani ne na New Zealand. Yankunan bincikensa sun haɗa da ilimin halittar ɗan adam da genomics, ilimin halittu, da ilimin halittun kiyayewa. Asalinsa daga Lower Hutt, ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar La Trobe da ke Melbourne, Australia. Tun daga 2008, Gemmell ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Otago kuma tun daga 2019 yana riƙe ɗaya daga cikin kujerun Sesquicentennial Sesquicentennial bakwai (Poutoko Taiea). Muhimmiyar aikin ya haɗa da binciken Loch Ness Monster (2018) da jerin abubuwan halittar tuatara (an buga a cikin 2020). A cikin 2020, Gemmell ya karɓi Medal Hutton ta Royal Society Te Apārangi .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Gemmell ya sami ilimi a Kwalejin Taita da ke Lower Hutt ; Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar a matsayin dux a 1984. Malaminsa na kimiyya, Saty Candasamy, ya zaburar da shi don neman wannan sha'awar kuma da farko ya yi niyyar nazarin ilimin dabbobi. Lokacin da ya gano cewa ilimin dabbobi ya shahara sosai a wurin abokan karatunsa, ya canza mayar da hankalinsa zuwa "wani abu maras farin jini" don ingantacciyar damar aiki. Gemmell ya tafi Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington, inda ya kammala karatunsa a fannin ilimin halittu da kwayoyin halitta. A 1988, ya tafi Jami'ar La Trobe a Melbourne, Australia, inda ya sami digiri na uku a 1994. Taken rubutunsa shine yawan jama'a da binciken juyin halitta a cikin platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) : tsarin kwayoyin halitta .
Sana'ar
A cikin 1994, Gemmell ya tafi Ingila don binciken digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Cambridge (1994-1997) da Jami'ar Leicester (1997 - Fabrairu 1998). A cikin Fabrairu 1998, ya ɗauki matsayi tare da Jami'ar Canterbury, inda ya kasance har zuwa 2008. A wannan shekarar, ya koma wani matsayi a Jami'ar Otago inda ya ci gaba da zama tun daga lokacin. Tun daga 2011, Gemmell ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta tsara genome na tuatara . Sha'awar kimiyya a cikin kwayoyin halittar tuatara yana da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da tsawon rayuwar nau'in (tuatara na iya rayuwa har tsawon shekaru 100) da ƙarancin kamuwa da cututtuka. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin mujallar kimiyya Nature a watan Agusta 2020.
A cikin 2018, Gemmell ya kasance jagoran ƙungiyar don balaguro don samfurin DNA muhalli (eDNA) a Loch Ness . Manufar bincike ita ce tabbatar da wanzuwar Loch Ness Monster, ko kuma akasin haka, kuma an ba da cewa an yi muhawara game da wanzuwar halittar tun shekarun 1930, aikinsu ya ba da hankali sosai. Babban manufar ita ce a nuna wa jama'a yadda kimiyya ke aiki. An bayyana binciken ne a watan Satumba na 2019 kuma ƙungiyar ba ta sami eDNA da ba su zata ba (watau babu wata shaida ga dodo mai rarrafe). Akwai mahimman DNA na eels kuma ƙungiyar bincike sun kammala cewa abubuwan da aka gani na iya zama na eels waɗanda suka girma zuwa babban girma. Gemmell ya kammala da cewa "watakila akwai wani dodo na Loch Ness, ba mu sani ba, ba mu same shi ba."
A cikin 2020, Gemmell ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da tsarin kula da ruwan sha don gano ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) a matsayin hanyar gano cututtuka tare da COVID-19 . Dangane da bincike na kasashen waje, Gemmell ya kiyasta cewa za a iya gano sabbin lokuta kwana biyu zuwa uku cikin sauri fiye da amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin. Ya ba da misali da yanayin Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, inda samfurin ruwan sha daga kwalejin zama tare da mutane 300 ya nuna sakamako mai kyau. Lokacin da aka gwada yawan jama'a, an gano wasu cututtukan asymptomatic guda biyu waɗanda wataƙila sun haifar da barkewar ba tare da gwajin ruwan datti a wurin ba. Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Bincike (ESR) ce ke jagorantar binciken ruwa na New Zealand.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin 2017, an zaɓi Gemmell ɗan'uwan Linnean Society of London . A cikin Disamba 2017, an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malamai shida na New Zealand waɗanda suka karɓi malanta na Fulbright don 2018. Gemmell ya gudanar da bincike a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kan korar kwayoyin halitta don magance kwari. Gemmell ya sami kyaututtuka daga Genetics Society of AustralAsia ( MJD White Medal - 2018) da New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NZSBMB Award for Research Excellence - 2019).
A cikin 2019, Jami'ar Otago ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kujeru bakwai masu ban sha'awa na Sesquicentennial (Poutoko Taiea). An ba da waɗannan ga manyan malamai masu nasara kuma an ba Gemmell ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mukamai.
A cikin Nuwamba 2020, Gemmell ya sami lambar yabo ta Hutton, lambar yabo mafi tsufa da Royal Society Te Apārangi ta bayar. Alkaluman da al'ummar ta bayar ta ce kyautar ta kasance "saboda canza fahimtarmu game da ilimin halittar dabbobi da juyin halitta da kuma haifar da sabbin hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba su da yawa a duniya". An zaɓi Gemmell a matsayin ɗan ƙungiyar Royal Society Te Apārangi a cikin Maris 2021.
Manazarta |
42188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M%C3%BCller | Thomas Müller | Thomas Müller (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Bundesliga na Bayern Munich da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus . Müller an tura shi a cikin iri-iri na kai hari – a matsayin mai kai hari a tsakiya, na biyu dan wasan gaba, tsakiyar gaba, kuma a kan kowane reshe . An yaba wa Müller saboda matsayinsa, aiki tare, juriya, da kuma yawan aiki, kuma ya nuna daidaito a duka biyun zura kwallo da samar da raga. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kowane lokaci saboda sanin matsayinsa. Müller ne ke rike da tarihin wanda ya fi taimakawa a Bundesliga, inda ya ci kwallaye 168.
Wani samfurin tsarin matasa na Bayern, Müller ya wakilci kulob din tun lokacin baya. Ya yi nasara a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 bayan an nada Louis van Gaal a matsayin babban koci; ya buga kusan kowane wasa yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar lig da kofin sau biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai . Müller ya zira kwallaye 23 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofin tarihi ; gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, gasar zakarun Turai . Ya karya rikodin Bundesliga na taimakawa ta hanyar samar da 21 a cikin kakar wasa (rakodin a cikin manyan lig-lig guda biyar tare da Lionel Messi a La Liga ) kuma ya zira kwallaye 14 a raga yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofi na biyu a kakar shekarar, 2019zuwa 2020 .
Müller ya samu kira zuwa ga bugawa tawagar kasar Jamus agasa rkofin duniya na shekarar, 2010. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2010 ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida da ya buga yayin da Jamus ta kare a matsayi na uku . An nada shi mafi kyawun matashin dan wasan gasar kuma ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar, tare da kwallaye biyar da taimako uku . A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe kofin, inda ya zura kwallaye biyar tare da karbar kyautar Azurfa a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a gasar da kuma Boot Silver a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye na biyu, kuma an sanya sunan shi a cikin gasar. Kofin Duniya All-Star XI kuma a cikin Mafarki Team . A cikin shekara ta, 2014, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na biyar mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya ta The Guardian . Müller shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Jamus da ya fi kowa ado a tarihi, inda ya lashe kofuna 32.
Wassani a kulob
Müller ya taka leda a matsayin matashi ga tawagar TSV Pähl, kuma yana da shekaru 10 ya tafiya mai nisan kilomita 50 don shiga cikin gida na Bundesliga Bayern Munich a shekara ta, 2000. Ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin matasa kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙare ta biyu a gasar Bundesliga ta ƙasa da 19 a shekara ta, 2007.
Tawagar Bayern Munich
Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga kungiyar ajiyar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2008 lokacin da ya maye gurbin Stephan Fürstner a wasan Regionalliga da SpVgg Unterhaching, wanda ya zira kwallaye. Ya sake buga wasanni biyu na Regionalliga a cikin kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, yayin da yake ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar 'yan kasa-19. A kakar wasa ta gaba, tazarar ta biyu ta Bayern ta cancanci shiga sabbin 3 da aka kafa. Liga, kuma Müller ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban dan wasa - ya taka leda a cikin wasanni 32 cikin 38 kuma ya zira kwallaye 15 sau don sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyar a gasar.
Kakar 2010-11
Müller ya dawo ne daga hutun da ya yi bayan yaci gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya sake rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, a wannan karon ya tsawaita zamansa a Bayern har zuwa shekara ta, 2015. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk mahalarta gasar cin kofin duniya na Bayern, ya rasa yawancin wasannin pre-season, kuma wasansa na farko shine Supercup da Schalke 04 a ranar 7 ga Agusta. An sanya sunan shi a farkon 11, kuma ya zura kwallon farko a ci 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan da suka doke VfL Wolfsburg da ci 2-1 a gida.
Kakar 2013-14
Müller ya fara wasa a kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 karkashin jagorancin sabon koci Pep Guardiola ta hanyar buga gasar cin kofin Jamus. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, Müller ya ci hat-trick yayin da Bayern ta ci 5–0 a wasan zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 da Schwarz-Weiß Rehden . A wasan farko na Bayern na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 na Bundesliga, Müller ya yi rashin nasara a bugun fanariti a karon farko. Bayan dakika guda, ceton bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya yi hannun Álvaro Domínguez wanda hakan ya haifar da wani bugun fanareti wanda David Alaba ya rama. Bayan haka, Müller ya ce, "Har yanzu ina farin cikin shan bugun fanareti, amma ina ganin David Alaba ne babban wanda ya kai bugun tazara a yanzu." Ya buga gasar UEFA Super Cup .
Kakar 2014-15
Bayan kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 ta wuce, Müller ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi da zai ci gaba da zama a Bayern har zuwa shekarar, 2019 kuma ya ki amincewa da tayin kwangila daga Manchester United . Müller ya taka leda a DFL-Supercup, wanda shine wasan farko na Bayern a kakar shekarar, 2014 zuwa 2015 . Bayern ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 2-0. Burinsa na farko na kakar wasa shine a kan Preußen Münster a cikin DFB-Pokal a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2014. Sai kuma a wasan farko na Bundesliga, a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2014, Müller ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg. Bayern ta ci wasan da ci 2-1.
Salon wasa
Ana iya kwatanta rawar da Müller ke takawa a matsayin mai kai hare-hare a cikin wasa , ƙwararren ɗan wasa wanda ke da ikon taka rawa a wurare daban-daban. Yayin da ya zo ta tsarin matasa, ana ganinsa da farko a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, amma tun lokacin da ya shiga cikin rukuni na farko an yi amfani da shi a cikin karin hare-hare. Bayern Munich yawanci taka a 4–2–3–1 samuwar, kuma Müller ne mafi sau da yawa wani ɓangare na uku kai hare-haren tsakiya a baya na tsakiya dan wasan . Zai iya taka rawa a kowane matsayi na tsakiya na kai hare-hare amma yawanci yana bugawa tsakiya a Bayern, amma kuma ya taka leda a bangaren dama, musamman ma Jamus. An yi amfani da shi a tsakiyar kai hari a matsayin dan wasan gaba da waje a wani lokaci, ko ma a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Müller a Weilheim a Oberbayern, a kasar Bavaria. Ya girma a ƙauyen Pähl da ke kusa, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da kafofin watsa labaru a lokacin cin kofin duniya. Iyayensa su ne Klaudia da Gerhard, kuma yana da ɗan’uwa Simon, wanda yake ɗan shekara biyu da rabi.
Müller ya auri budurwarsa Lisa Trede, ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar dawaki wacce ke aiki a gona, a watan Disamba 2009 bayan an ɗaure shi tsawon shekaru biyu. A watan Yuni shekara ta 2011, ya zama jakada na YoungWings, sadaka da ke taimaka wa yaran da suka sha wahala ko rauni.
Hotuna
Kididdigar Wasanni
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19653 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Seghir%20Boushaki | Mohamed Seghir Boushaki | Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (larabci: [محمد الصغير بوسحاقي]), (an haife shi 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1869, a Thénia, Lardin Boumerdès, Kabylie, Algeria; ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1959, a Thenia, Algeria) ɗan siyasar Abzinawa ne na Aljeriya bayan Faransa ta mamaye Algeriya.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a shekara ta alif 1869, a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Kabyle: ⵟⵀⴰⵍⴰ O ⵓⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰ) ana kiransa Soumâa (ana kiransa Larabci: الصومعة) saboda kango na Benian ntâa Soumâa.
Wannan tsohuwar katanga ta Berber ta Benian ntâa Soumâa ta Sarki Nubel [fr] ne ya gina ta lokacin da yankin na thenia ya kasance babban birnin Kabylie da Mitidja a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin tsufa.
Kasashen da suka fara daga Oued Boumerdès da Oued Meraldene a yamma zuwa Oued Isser zuwa gabashin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" na toabilar "Aïth Aïcha" wanda Mohamed ya kasance Seghir Boushaki kafin Faransa ta mamaye Algeria.
Shekaru biyu kacal da haihuwar Mohamecd Seghir, duk Kabylie sun yi gangami zuwa "Tawayen Mokrani" a ranar 16 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1871, don korar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga filin da tudu.
Bayan kayar da 'yan uwantaka ta Rahmaniya a wannan rikici na Kabyle, an tura shugabannin kabilun zuwa New Caledonia, daga cikinsu Cheikh Boumerdassi da "Ahmed Ben Belkacem" shugaban "Aïth Aïcha" wanda kuma ke kusa da Mohamed Seghir.
"Ahmed Ben Belkacem", an haife shi a shekarar alif 1837, kuma ɗan Ahmed ne, an tasa keyarsa ƙarƙashin "Lambar 18744".
Iyali
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya girma a cikin babban iyali inda babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya kasance abin koyi.
Mahaifinsu "Mohamed Boushaki" (1834-1889), wanda aka fi sani da "Moh Ouaâli" (Larabci: موح واعلي}, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron Faransawa zuwa garin Dellys daga 7 zuwa 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1844 kuma wanda ya lalace garuruwa da yawa na Kabylie, gami da "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)".
Don haka, kakan Mohamed Seghir, "Ali Boushaki" (1823-1846) wanda ya auri "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene na Souk El-Had, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahidan Kabyle a lokacin yaƙi da Frenchasar Faransa na Kabylie, ya bar nasa ɗa "Moh Ouaâli" maraya.
Kisan gillar da aka yiwa Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud ya cika kuma ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" ya lalace, kaka mai takaba "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" kawai zata iya kiyaye ɗanta "Moh Ouaâli" ta ɗauke shi tare da iyayenta a ƙauyen Gueraïchene (Larabci: إيقرعيشن) a Souk El-Had har zuwa balagarta da sake gina garinsa na asali a cikin "Aïth Aïcha" kabilar.
Bayan dawowarsa zuwa "Thala Oufella" a cikin shekarar 1852 yana da shekara 18, "Mohamed Boushaki (Moh Ouaâli)" ya auri ɗan uwansa "Aïcha Ishak-Boushaki" daga ƙauyen Meraldene wanda ya haifa "Ali Boushaki" a shekarar 1855 sannan kuma daga "Mohamed Seghir Boushaki "a cikin shekarar 1869.
Karatu
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara karatun Alkur'ani ne a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki da aka sake ginawa a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella" kusa da kabarin kakan kakansa Sidi Boushaki (1394–1453) wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin masanan da masu ilimin tauhidi kafin isowar Ottomans a Aljeriya.
A halin yanzu, filayen tsaunin Dutsen "Aïth Aïcha", arewacin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella", an mallake shi tun farkon shekarar 1871 ta hannun manoman Alsatian da Lorraine waɗanda suka zo daga Faransa don gano garin Ménerville..
Don haka, daga 1874 zuwa 1881, Mohamed Seghir ya yi kiwon garken garin tare da dan uwansa Ali da kuma dan uwan nasa yayin da yake ci gaba da karantarwar Musulmi a kauyensu.
Bayan kirkirar ofisoshin Larabawa a Kabylie da kuma kafa rajistar fararen hula da gwamna Louis Tirman ya yi, an jingina sabbin alamomin ga dangin "Aïth Aïcha", kuma an mika wa mazauna kauyukan takardun shaida, wanda ya ba Mohamed damar Seghir Boushaki don ci gaba da karatu a Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, da kuma a Tizi Ouzou a cikin "Zawiya na Sheikh Mohand Ameziane" inda ya saba da yawancin mashahuran masu zuwa na Babban Kabylie.
Karatu mai zurfi da tafsirin da Mohamed Seghir ya karba a cikin Tizi Ouzou Zawiyas, da kuma yawan halartar baƙi na Faransawa, sun ba shi damar yin tsokaci a cikin al'adun Berber-Arab a gefe guda, kuma ya buɗe kan gaskiyar gaskiyar Kasancewar Turawa a Kabylie na wani gabar teku, saboda haka ba shi babban jari mai amfani da harsuna uku don neman tafiyarsa ta siyasa da zamantakewa.
Aiki
Bayan shekaru goma na karatun addinin Islama a Great Kabylie, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya zauna a ƙauyensa "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin 1891 kuma ya fara aiki a harkar noma da kasuwanci.
Ya kware a fannin noman bishiyar carob ta hanyar sakar wata cibiyar sadarwar danyar wake ta sayarwa a cikin jihar da kuma sarrafa shi cikin danko da kuma wake na moro.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami shahararrun riba wanda ya ba shi damar yin hayar gida a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Ménerville (Thénia) da ke iyaka da "Oued Arbia" inda ya yi aure a shekarar 1898 yana da shekara 29 tare da Fatma Cherifi, ɗiyar wani dangi mai arziki da ke zaune kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif a Sidi Daoud tare da Kogin Sebaou.
Mohamed Seghir ya sauya tsarin tattara danyen wake a Kabylie zuwa wani hadadden kawance tsakanin kauyuka ta hanyar aure a tsohuwar Sashin Algiers wanda ya sake hada wilayan Algiers, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bouira, Blida da Tipaza.
Yayin da yake kasancewa mai cikakken goyon bayan Sufi Tariqa na Rahmaniyya, ya yawaita zuwa masallatai biyu na Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine a Bounouh (Boghni) da Hamma (Algiers), kuma da zaran ya haifi ɗa na farko a shekarar 1907, shi sanya masa suna "M'Hamed Boushaki" don tunawa da masanin ilimin kabyle "M'Hamed Ben Abderrahmane El Azhari".
Babban kasuwancin sa ya ba shi damar halartar kasuwannin mako a duk cikin Kabylie inda ake tattaunawa kan ma'amaloli da yarjejeniyar aure.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya rasa matarsa ta farko "Fatma Cherifi" a shekara ta 1914 jim kadan kafin barkewar yakin duniya na daya lokacin da ya kai shekaru 45, ya bar masa yara marayu da dama a kansa.
Sannan ya sake yin aure da sauri tare da "Khdaouedj Tafat Bouzid" daga ƙauyen "Aïth Thafath" a cikin Chabet el Ameur, wanda ke kula da marayu sannan kuma ta haifa masa wasu sabbin yaran.
Faransawan da suka yi mulkin mallaka, wadanda sojojin Jamus da Stormtrooper suka kewaye shi, sun yi kira ga matasan Aljeriya da ke cikin rukunin dakarunta a cikin babban birni tare da alkawarin ba su a musayar wasu 'yan kasa da ke cikin Aljeriya kuma me zai hana a ba su cikakken' yanci.
Yawancin yara da yawa na Khachna da Great Kabylie an dauke su aiki a gaban Faransa a Turai, daga cikinsu akwai dangin Mohamed Seghir.
Daya daga cikin wadannan sojojin kabyle shine dan dan uwansa "Ali Boushaki", dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda ya kasance kofur a cikin "runduna ta 1 ta masu sharpshooters ta Algeria" daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1918.
Bambancin da kayan adon bayan dawowar dan dan uwan "Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda aka yanka daga Faransa ya ba shi tare da danginsa da danginsa karin girma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Algeria bayan 1918.
Hanyar 'yan bindiga
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a siyasa a matsayin wani bangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga shekarar 1918 zuwa..
Manufar siyasa ta Mohamed Seghir ba ta koma Algiers don zama a can ba saboda ana samun jigilar kaya ta layin dogo da ya hada Tizi Ouzou zuwa Algiers wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1888 bayan an hade Bouira da Algiers a shekarar 1886.
Shekaru 49 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya tare da yara kusan goma a cikin kulawarsa da alhakinsa, Mohamed Seghir bai iya yunƙurin zama a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin Algiers ba ta hanyar ɗaukar kasada na manta kansa da narkewa a cikin cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar birni mulkin mallaka nesa da tsammanin mutanen ƙauyen Kabylian sun hau kan tsaunukan su kuma suna tunani game da Turawan zama waɗanda suka ɓata musu gonakinsu da makiyayarsu.
Sabon matsayin gatan dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" a matsayinsa na tsohon soja ya ba wa "Arch of Aïth Aïcha" damar sake gina "Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki", wanda aka lalata a shekarar 1844 a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)", tare da addu'a daki, makarantar koranta, ginshiki mai kyau, da gida ga malamin kur'ani. Wani magidanci dan kasar Faransa ya tsara Zawiya ta kauye cikin salon Berber-Moorish.
Zuwan attajirin mai gidan "Mohamed Naïth Saïdi" daga yankin Larbaâ Nath Irathen don ya zauna a garin Ménerville (Thenia) na mulkin mallaka ya kasance wani mahimmin juyi a yankin "Aïth Aïcha", saboda ya auri wani dan uwan Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, Kuma ya gina dukkan gundumomi a cikin salon Moorish a tsakiyar wanda aka gina masallaci na farko a Lower Kabylia bayan mulkin mallakar Faransa.
Hakan ya biyo bayan zuwan iyalai da yawa na Kabylian daga Djurdjura, kamar "Redjouani" da "Djennadi", don sasantawa tsakanin baƙi na Turai a Ménerville (Thenia) kuma don haka inganta bayyanar wayewar kai na ƙasa tsakanin Tizi Ouzou da Algiers.
Dokar Jonnart
Babban labarin: Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919
Duba kuma: Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920
Theaddamar da tsarin sake tura jama'a, cibiyoyi da zamantakewar jama'a a Kabylie ta asalin mazauna sun sami keta doka ta hanyar Dokar Jonnart da Charles Jonnart ya yi shela a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1919 kuma ya ba wa 'yan Aljeriya damar zaɓa da zaɓaɓɓu a majalisun dokokin birni.
Don haka, zaɓen birni na farko bayan yaƙin bayan gari ya gudana a Algeria a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1919, wanda Mohamed Seghir Boushaki da Sarki Khaled suka halarci.
Gwagwarmayar Mohamed Seghir bayan shekara ta 1919 ta ta'allaka ne game da gwagwarmayar halaccin mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake kasancewa mai ƙiyayya ga ikon mallakar ƙasa amma har ila yau yana gwagwarmayar daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin Algeria da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
An gudanar da zaben Magajin garin Ménerville (Thenia) da mataimakansa a ranar Lahadi, 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1919, a zabukan Karamar Hukumar inda "César Boniface" a matsayin magajin gari, da mataimakansa "Auguste Schneider", "Georges Egrot" Da "Samuel Juvin ", an zabe su duka da kuri'u 23 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 24.
An zabi Mohamed Seghir a matsayin kansilan gari mai wakiltar Douar na "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin Municipal na Ménerville a cikin ƙungiyar "César Boniface" na tsawon shekaru 5 daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalissar Aljeriya sun zauna a zauren Ménerville Town Hall kusa da Mohamed Seghir kuma sun wakilci Douars daban-daban da suka kewaye garin mulkin mallaka.
Shigarwa
Tun a shekarar 1920, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki tare da Sarki Khaled suka hada dabarun siyasa na kutsawa cikin tsarin mulki da al'adun mulkin mallaka, tare da kariyar da za ta ba su damar zuwa Sashin Algiers ba tare da wata matsala ba don saduwa da manyan masu kishin kasa. gefuna.
Wannan hukumar zaben ta baiwa Mohamed Seghir damar cin gajiyar dama da dama na matsayin kansila na gari kamar samun sassauci don gudanar da gonar hekta 70 da ke kudu maso gabashin birnin Merverville a gefen kauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa) "da kuma 'yar tazara daga Oued Isser.
"Sarki Khaled" ya yi amfani da wannan shigarwar da kutsawa ya kuma ziyarci kauyuka da kauyukan Sashin Algiers, kamar yadda kakansa sarki Abdelkader shi ma ya kasance yana wa'azin 'yanci ga' yan Aljeriya fiye da wadanda dokar Jonnart ta bayar.
Yawancin ayyukan siyasa na Mohamed Seghir tare da Sarki Khaled ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da wannan mulkin na shekarar 1923 ya yi ƙaura zuwa mulkin Misira zuwa Masar don ƙoƙari ya fusata haɓakar eancin Algeria da Kabyle.
A shekarar 1924, Mohamed Seghir ya sami izini don bude "Moorish Café" a cikin garin Ménerville wanda ke kallon titin Avenue de la Republique, inda dansa M'Hamed Boushaki (1907 - 1995) ya tafi Don yin aiki tare da 'yan uwansa har zuwa barkewar cutar Aljeriya juyin juya halin 'yanci a 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1954.
Kaɗan kadan Mohamed Seghir ya zama ɓangare na wasan siyasa na mulkin mallaka kuma ya fara sanya coan uwansa da danginsa a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa da sabis a cikin "Canton of Alma (Boudouaou)" da kuma cikin Algiers don ƙarfafa kasancewar Kabyle a babban birnin su lalatar da kakannin kakanni.
Sufanci
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki bai fasa dangantakarsa ta ruhaniya da dangi ba tare da mabiyan Zawiyas Rahmaniyya na Tizi Ouzou wadanda sukan ziyarce shi a gidansa da ke Ménerville, suka yi hanya zuwa "Moorish Café" yayin motsinsu kuma suka zauna kamar shi a cikin Zagaye na 27 na Tizi Ouzou kamar shi a mazaba ta 29 na Alma (Boudouaou).
Yayin bukukuwan addini, ayarin motocin mutane na Kabyle Sufis sun haɗu da ƙauyukan "Aïth Aïcha" da na "Aïth Guechtoula" na Boghni tare da zabura, karatun da intonations duk a hanyar da ta kai kusan kilomita 40. Mahajjata da almajiran Kabyle sun fara daga Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki don isa Bounouh Zaouiya domin yin Maulidin kowace shekara. Bayan haka Mohamed Seghir ya gina gidan fasinjoji na sa kai a "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" don maraba da wadannan almajiran Sufayen a lokacin da suke yawo a addini.
Ya taba tura dansa "M'Hamed Boushaki" tare da sauran 'yan uwansa don yin karatu a "Boumerdassi Zawiya" kudu da Tidjelabine. A halin yanzu, babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya bi hanyar tauhidi don zama ɗayan muftin na Lower Kabylie bisa ga al'adar Maliki kuma an kira shi Mokaddem na tarika Rahmaniyya a yankin tsakanin Mitidja da Djurdjura , da kuma matsayinsa na Limamin wa'azi a Masallacin Ménerville.
Amincewa
Kansila Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya yi fice daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925 a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa da addinai a yayin aikinsa na siyasa na farko bayan fitar da Dokar Jonnart.
Ta haka ne Mohamed Seghir ya tattara goyon bayan 'yan majalisun Aljeriya da yawa don yin da kuma sanya hannu a "Takardar Namba 30" mai kwanan wata 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1920, inda ya yi zanga-zanga tare da takwarorinsa da yawa zuwa Majalisar Dattawa game da tanadin wani kudirin doka da Gwamnatin Faransa game da tsara tsarin Indigénat a Aljeriya da karɓar asalin Aljeriya zuwa haƙƙin siyasa.
Wannan "Takaddama mai lamba 30" ta Mohamed Seghir da abokan aikin sa an binciki ta ne Sanatan Landes na lokacin wanda yake Charles Cadilhon a matsayin mai rubuta rahoton zaman majalisar dattijai a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa.
Mohamed Seghir ya yi karatun ta natsu game da yadda ake zartar da shawarwarin kwamitocin koke-koke a karkashin doka ta 100 ta dokokin aikin majalisar dattijan Faransa wanda ya tanadi cewa kowane sanata na iya neman rahoton a bainar jama'a a gaban koke ko wane irin rarrabuwa ne wanda Kwamitin ya ba shi a kan bukatarsa, ya rubuta a rubuce zuwa ga Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan, don a gabatar da wannan rahoton a zaman Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan ƙarewar lokacin da aka tsara don aiwatar da ƙararraki, ƙudurin Kwamitin zai zama na ƙarshe game da buƙatun waɗanda ba batun batun jama'a ba ne kuma za a ambata su a cikin Journal officiel de la République française.
Don haka "Takardar Noma 30" ta kasance kuma an tattauna sosai kafin a buga ta a cikin Jaridar Jaridar 20 watan Mayu shekarar 1921.
"Majalisar dattijai ta Jamhuriya ta Uku" ce ta yi muhawara game da wannan koke ƙarƙashin shugabancin Léon Bourgeois.
Sharuɗɗan ofis
Duba kuma
Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919
Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920
Sidi Boushaki
Brahim Boushaki
Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Majiya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia
Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Haihuwan 1869
Mutuwan 1959
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/IslamQA.info | IslamQA.info | Tambaya da Amsa na muslunci shafin yanar gizo ne na ilimi, ilimi, da'awa wacce ke da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da amsoshin ilimi bisa hujjoji daga ayoyin addini cikin isasshen kuma mai sauƙin fahimta. Shafin yanar gizo ne wanda ke ba da bayanai game da Musulunci. Shahararren malamin nan Muhammad Al-Munajjid ne ya kafa shi kuma shine gidan yanar gizon da aka fi sani a duniyar Musulmi musamman na Larabawa.
Tarihi
Sabis ɗin yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan fatawa na kan layi na farko, idan ba farkon ba. Ƙaddamar da IslamQA.info a cikin 1997 ta Muhammad Al-Munajjid shine farkon yunƙurin amsa tambayoyi bisa ga fassarar mazhabar Salafiyya ta Alƙur'ani da Hadisi. Shafin yanar gizon ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan tambayoyi da amsoshi akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid, mai kula da wannan rukunin ya shirya, yarda, gyara, gyara, gyara ko gyara."
Taken
Don yada musulunci da kiran mutane zuwa gare shi.
Don yada ilimin musulunci da kore jahilci tsakanin musulmi.
Don amsa buƙatun mutane ta hanyar ba da shawara da amsoshi bisa hujjoji daga ayoyin addini.
Don karyata jayayyar hujjojin masu shakka game da Musulunci.
Don ba da shawara ga mutane game da al'amuran yau da kullun, ta hanyar ba da ilimi, shawarwarin ilimi game da zamantakewa da sauran al'amuran.
Shahara
Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Similarweb, islamqa.info ya kai ziyara miliyan 13.66 a cikin Maris 2021, karuwa daga kusan ziyartar miliyan 10 a kowane wata a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2020. Similarweb ya kasance mai matsayi na 6 a duniya a cikin rukunin "Community and Society> Faith and Shafukan yanar gizo na imani (mafi girman gidan yanar gizon Musulunci), amma 6181 ne kawai tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon gaba ɗaya.
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Ana samun IslamQA cikin yaruka 16, da suka haɗa da Ingilishi, Larabci, Urdu, Hindi, Baturke, Jamusanci, Bangla, Sinanci, Rashanci, Faransanci, da Spanish, gidan yanar gizon yana ba da fatawa da ta ƙunshi rukunan imani na asali, da'a da ɗabi'a, tarihin Musulunci, da na siyasar Musulunci.
Shafin yana bayyana kansa ta wannan hanyar:
Ganin shafin shine ya zama "Encyclopaedia game da Musulunci". Manufofinsa (kamar yadda aka bayyana akan gidan yanar gizon) sune:
Hanyar hanya
Shafin yana bayyana hanyoyin sa kamar haka:
Fatawoyi a kafafen yada labarai
An lura da fatawoyin gidan yanar gizon a cikin kafofin labarai na Yammacin Ingilishi.
Luwadi
Al-Munajjid ya wallafa fatawa kan luwadi, wanda ya kira "daya daga cikin manyan laifuka, mafi munin zunubai kuma abin kyama ga ayyuka".
Houri
IslamQA ta amsa tambaya, "Shin maza a Aljanna za su sadu da al-hoor aliyn? Agoravox ya soki wannan amsar wanda ya ce wannan na iya ƙarfafa waɗanda," suna tunanin idan sun mutu kuma suka tafi aljanna za a sami kyawawan mata budurwa. . wanda zai jira su su rayu har abada cikin farin ciki”.
Bauta
Dangane da batun maza da suke saduwa da bayi mata, IslamQA ta fitar da fatawoyi da ke bayyana cewa mace musulma "ba ta da ikon hana mijinta mallakar bayin mata ko kuma saduwa da su [...] Malamai sun yi ijma'i a cikin wannan kimantawa, kuma ba wanda aka yarda ya kalli wannan aikin a matsayin haramun, ko ya hana shi. Duk wanda ya aikata haka mai zunubi ne, kuma yana aikata abin da ya saba wa ijma’in malamai. ”Wannan yana daga cikin fatawoyi masu kama da yawa da malaman Musulunci suka buga kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci.
Mata
Shafin yanar gizo na bincike na gaskiya Punditfact ya ambaci hujjar Al-Munajjid kan dalilin da ya sa mata ba za su yi tuƙi ba, kamar yadda aka buga a IslamQA.info, lokacin yanke hukunci kan sahihancin da'awar cewa Saudi Arabiya ce kawai al'ummar da Musulmai suka fi yawa da ba ta yarda mata su tuka mota ba. An nakalto fatawa yana cewa: "Sanannen abu ne (tuki) yana haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda sanannu ne ga waɗanda ke inganta ta, kamar kasancewa ita kaɗai da mace mara muharramai (mai aure), bayyanawa, haɗaɗɗen rashin hankali tare da maza, da aikata ayyukan haram (na zunubi) wanda saboda haka aka haramta wadannan abubuwan”. An cire labarin daga gidan yanar gizon. An dage haramcin tuki a Saudiyya.
Rigima a Saudiyya
An dakatar da gidan yanar gizon a Saudiyya saboda yana fitar da fatawoyi masu zaman kansu. A Saudi Arabiya, Majalisar Manyan Malamai ta masarautar tana da alhaki ɗaya kawai na bayar da fatawa. An ba Majalisar wannan ikon na musamman don ba da fatawa ta hanyar dokar sarauta da aka bayar a watan Agusta na 2010 (yayin da aka yi takunkumi tun 2005, ba safai ake aiwatar da su ba); Christopher Boucek ya bayyana wannan matakin a matsayin "sabon misalin yadda jihar ke aiki don tabbatar da fifikon ta kan tsarin addinin kasar."
Manazarta |
31186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokan%20Duniya | Abokan Duniya | Abokan Duniya ( FoEI ) cibiyar sadarwar kasa da kasa ce ta kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin kasashe 73. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1969 a San Francisco ta David Brower, Donald Aitken da Gary Soucie bayan Brower ta raba tare da Saliyo Club saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kula da makamashin nukiliya.
Robert Orville Anderson, mai kamfanin mai na Atlantic Richfield ne ya bayar da gudummawar da aka kafa na $500,000 (a cikin USD 2019). Ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a cikin 1971 tare da taron wakilai daga ƙasashe huɗu: Amurka, Sweden, Birtaniya da Faransa.
FoEI a halin yanzu yana da sakatariya (wanda yake a Amsterdam, Netherlands ) wanda ke ba da tallafi ga cibiyar sadarwa da manyan yakin da aka amince da shi. Kwamitin zartarwa na zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ya tsara manufofi da kula da ayyukan sakatariyar. A cikin 2016, an zaɓi ɗan gwagwarmayar Uruguay Karin Nansen don zama shugabar ƙungiyar.
Matsalolin yaƙin neman zaɓe
Abokan Duniya (International) ƙungiyar memba ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da membobi waɗanda ke bazu cikin duniya. Shirye-shiryenta na ba da shawara suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli, suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Reshen ƙasa da ƙasa na Abokan Duniya yana da hedikwata a Amsterdam, Netherlands, saboda dalilai na haraji.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa, abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na kamfen na Abokan Duniya a duniya sune: adalcin tattalin arziki da kuma tsayayya da tsarin mulkin neoliberalism ; gandun daji da halittu ; ikon abinci ; da yanayin adalci da makamashi. An saita mahimman abubuwan yaƙin neman zaɓe na FOEI a babban taronta na shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari, FOEI kuma tana shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu fagage, kamar kwararowar hamada ; Antarctica ; Maritime, ma'adinai da kuma haƙar masana'antu ; da makamashin nukiliya . A cikin 2016, FOEI kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan cin abinci da kuma samar da nama mai ƙarfi ( Meat Atlas ).
FOEI ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami nasara yayin da ta kawar da biliyoyin tallafin masu biyan haraji ga masu gurɓata muhalli, sake fasalin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tura muhawara kan ɗumamar yanayi don matsawa Amurka lamba don ƙoƙarin yin mafi kyawun doka mai yiwuwa, dakatar da ƙari. Fiye da madatsun ruwa 150 masu lalata da ayyukan ruwa a duk duniya, an matsa su kuma sun ci nasara kan ƙa'idojin ma'adinai da tankokin mai da kuma hana kifin kifin na ƙasa da ƙasa. Masu sukar ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙari ne kawai don samun hankalin kafofin watsa labaru (kamar yadda ta fitar da waƙar "Ƙauna zuwa Duniya"), amma ba ta zauna tare da 'yan gida don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma suna hana ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Sun kuma yi suka kan manufofinta na karbar manyan kudade daga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu alaka da mai da iskar gas.
Mai
A watan Oktoban 2018, an sanar da cewa, Aliko Dangote, hamshaƙin attajirin Afrika, na shirin gina matatar mai na dala biliyan 12 a kan kadada 6,180 na fadama a Najeriya. Wannan zai sa ta zama matatar mai mafi girma a duniya. Nan da shekarar 2022, matatar za ta rika sarrafa gangar danyen mai 650,000 a kullum. Tuni dai Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka, duk da cewa matatun da ake da su ba su da inganci, don haka ana shigo da mafi yawan man da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasar. Domin za a gina matatar mai nisa daga yankin Neja Delta, inda ake hako mafi yawan man Najeriya, za a yi amfani da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa guda biyu wajen jigilar mai mai nisan mil 240 zuwa matatar mai da ke Legas . Bututun da dama a Najeriya na karkashin tsaro, wasu kuma fusatattun ‘yan kasa da kuma ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan tawaye mai suna Delta Avengers, wadanda ke fusata da gurbatar yanayi da talauci da ke tattare da su da kuma samo asali daga harkar mai. Bugu da kari, da alama wannan matatar man za ta baiwa Dangote damar mallakar man Najeriya.
A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2018, FOE Afirka ta fara zanga-zangar a wajen wani taron da kamfanin Shell ya shirya. Masu fafutuka sun gano cewa Shell ya taimaka wajen tsara wani yanki na yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2015. Shell, kamfanin haƙar mai, ya rinjayi ka'idojin kan alawus-alawus na iskar gas da hani. A wajen zanga-zangar, Rita Uwaka ta kungiyar FOE reshen Najeriya ta ce: “Kamar wuta ce a doron kasa. Ina wakiltar al'ummomin yankin Neja Delta wadanda wadannan manyan gurbatattun gurbataccen yanayi ke shafa. . . Samun waɗannan manyan masu gurɓatawa sun shigo nan a matsayin waliyyi ba kawai mari ba ne a kan mu a matsayin wakilai na COP . Har ila yau, mari ne a kan Uwar Duniya."
Tsarin hanyar sadarwa
Ƙungiyar memba a wata ƙasa na iya kiran kanta Abokan Duniya ko kuma daidai da fassarar jumla a cikin harshen ƙasa, misali, Abokan Duniya (US), Abokan Duniya (EWNI) (England Wales da Arewacin Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain da Argentina). Duk da haka, kusan rabin ƙungiyoyin membobin suna aiki ƙarƙashin sunayensu, wani lokaci suna nuna asali mai zaman kanta da shigar da hanyar sadarwa ta gaba, kamar Pro Natura (Switzerland), Ƙungiyar Koriya ta Ƙwararrun Muhalli, Ayyukan Haƙƙin Muhalli (FOE Nigeria) da WALHI (FOE Indonesia).
Abokan Duniya na Duniya (FoEI) suna goyan bayan wata sakatariya da ke Amsterdam, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da aka sani da ExCom. Duk ƙungiyoyin mambobi ne ke zaɓen ExCom a babban taron da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, kuma ita ce ExCom wacce ke ɗaukar sakatariya. A daidai wannan babban taron, an amince da manufofin gaba ɗaya da ayyukan fifiko.
Baya ga aikin da aka haɗa a matakin FoEI, ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa suna da yancin gudanar da nasu kamfen da yin aiki bi- ko da yawa kamar yadda suka ga dama, muddin hakan bai saba wa manufofin da aka amince da su ba a duniya. matakin.
Labarai
Meat Atlas rahoto ne na shekara-shekara kan hanyoyin da tasirin aikin noma na masana'antu . Littafin ya ƙunshi gajerun kasidu 27 kuma, tare da taimakon jadawali, yana hango gaskiya game da samarwa da cin nama. Abokan Duniya da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ne suka buga Meat Atlas tare.
Sanannen magoya baya
Mawaƙin Rock George Harrison ya sami alaƙa da Abokan Duniya bayan halartar zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya a London a cikin 1980. Ya sadaukar da kundin sa mafi girma na 1989, Mafi kyawun Dokin Duhu, ga Abokan Duniya, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli.
Jay Kay, frontman na funk/acid jazz group Jamiroquai, an san shi don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen album ɗinsa ga Abokan Duniya da Oxfam, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.
Dominique Voynet, wanda ya tsaya takara a zabukan shugaban kasar Faransa a 1995 da 2007 a jam'iyyar "les verts" jam'iyyar Green Party, memba ne.
Thom Yorke, jagoran mawaƙin Radiohead, ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Abokan Duniya da yawa a bainar jama'a.
Mawaƙa na fitattun muryoyin muryoyin akan "Ƙauna Zuwa Duniya" -ciki har da Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Fergie, Sean Paul, da Colbie Caillat - sun haɗu da sojoji a kan wannan waƙar pop mai ban sha'awa. Duk abin da aka samu daga kowane siyar da guda ɗaya za a ba da gudummawa ga Abokan Duniya na Amurka da Gidauniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Taimakawa ga Babban Tambaya
Daga cikin wadanda suka halarta a ƙaddamar da yakin neman sauyin yanayi na Abokan Duniya (EWNI) Babban Tambaya shine Dokar Jude, Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, da Emily Eavis.
Ƙungiyoyin membobi
Asiya
Dandalin Indonesiya don Muhalli, Indonesia
Ƙungiyar Koriya don Ƙwararrun Muhalli
Abokan Duniya Gabas ta Tsakiya
Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center - Kasama sa Kalikasan
Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli, Sri Lanka
Sahabat Alam Malaysia
Turai
Abokan Duniya na Turai, Brussels
Abokan Matasa na Duniyar Turai, Brussels
Abokan Duniya - Faransa
Abokan Duniya na Scotland
Pro Natura (Switzerland)
Amigos de la tierra, Spain
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Jamus
Abokan Duniya (EWNI), Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa
Birmingham Abokan Duniya
GLOBAL 2000, Austria
Abokan Duniya Malta
Abokan Duniya Finland
Magyar Természetvedok Szövetsége / Abokan Duniya Hungary
Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Abokan Duniya Slovakia)
Abokan Duniya (EWNI), (Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland)
Manchester Abokan Duniya
Green Action, Croatia
Hnutí DUHA, Jamhuriyar Czech
Milieudefensie, Netherlands
Ƙungiyar Norwegian don Kiyaye Halitta, Norway
Abokan Duniya (Malta)
NOAH, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1969 a Denmark, ƙungiyar maƙiya ta ƙasa tun 1988, Denmark
Amirka ta Arewa
Abokan Duniya Kanada
Les AmiEs de la Terre de Québec, Kanada
Abokan Duniya (US)
Oceania
Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya
Manazarta
Littattafan bibiya
Brian Doherty da Timothy Doyle, Muhalli, Juriya da Haɗin kai. Siyasar Abokan Duniya na Duniya (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013).
Jan-Henrik Meyer, "'A ina za mu je daga Wyhl?' Zanga-zangar Anti-Nuclear ta Juyin Juya Hali da ke niyya ga Ƙungiyoyin Turai da na Duniya a cikin 1970s, " Binciken Tarihi na Zamantakewa 39: 1 (2014): 212-235.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Labarin Abokan Duniya Faransa "Multinationals : Masana ilimin halittu suna duba ja"
Abokan Duniya na YouTube tashar YouTube
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29900 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliya%20da%20ha%C9%93aka%20kogin%20Tulsa | Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa | Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin Oklahoma sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, musamman a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin Arkansas. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata a wurin . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su.
Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa .
Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi.
Manyan ambaliyar ruwa
Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar.
1923 ambaliya
A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa.
1943 ambaliya
Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace.
1970 ambaliya
Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowace shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali.
1974 ambaliya
Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.
1976 ambaliya
Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000.
1984 ambaliya
Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38). cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman.
1986 ambaliya
A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61). cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).
2019 ambaliya
A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas .
A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama.
Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara.
Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa.
Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse.
A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa.
Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo .
Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga kananan hukumomi guda 66.
Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe.
A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986.
A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan.
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. Shugaba Trump ya amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida.
Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa.
Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba.
Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe.
A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas.
A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita.
Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata.
Ragewa da kariya
Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.
Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya.
Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana.
a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa.
Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa.
Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5 cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa.
Gane ci gaba
A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa.
FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3.
Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha."
Bayanan kula
Ci gaba da karatu
Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a. "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa." Mayu, 1994. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017.
Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed." (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014
"Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi." Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014.
Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli. "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma." USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017.
Manazarta
Ruwa
Kogi
Ambaliya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48008 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habo | Habo | Habo, wanda kuma aka sani da epistaxis, misali ne na zubar jini daga hanci . Jini na iya gangara zuwa cikin ciki, kuma yana haifar da tashin zuciya da amai . A lokutan da yayi tsanani, jini na iya fitowa daga cikin hanci biyu. Bai cika faruwa ba, amma zubda jini na iya saka karfin hawan jini ya ragu. Hakanan jini na iya fitowa daga duct na nasolacrimal kuma ya fita daga ido.
Abubuwan daka iya kawoshi sun hada da sun haɗa da rauni, ciki har da sanya yatsa a cikin hanci, masu ba da jini, hawan jini, shan barasa, rashin lafiyar yanayi, yanayin bushewa . habo ya kasu gida biyu: na daya shine na gaba, wanda ya fi kowane yawa ; da na baya, wanda ba shi da yawa amma ya fi tsanani. Jinin na gaba gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga plexus Kiesselbach yayin da jini na baya gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga jijiya sphenopalatine . Sakamakon ganewar asali shine ta hanyar kallo kai tsaye.
kariya daga faruwar hakan na iya haɗawa da amfani da jelly na man fetur a cikin hanci. Da farko, magani gabaɗaya shine aikace-aikacen matsa lamba na akalla mintuna biyar akan ƙasan rabin hanci. Idan wannan bai wadatar ba, ana iya amfani da tattarawar hanci . Tranexamic acid kuma na iya taimakawa. Idan zubar jini ya ci gaba, ana ba da shawarar endoscopy .
Kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na mutane sun taba yin habo a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Kusan kashi 10% na jinin hanci suna da tsanani. Jinin hanci ba kasafai yake yin kisa ba, wanda ya kai 4 kawai daga cikin miliyan 2.4 da suka mutu a Amurka a shekarar 1999. Ciwon hanci ya fi shafar wadanda ke kasa da shekara 10 zuwa sama da 50.
Abubuwan da ke kawo habo
Habo na iya faruwa saboda dalilai da dama. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da rauni daga tsokalar hanci, rauni wanda ya tsananta (kamar haɗarin abin hawa), ko shigar da wani abu a cikin hanci (mafi yawa a yara). Dangantakar zafi na muhalli (ciki har da gine-gine masu zafi na tsakiya), cututtuka na hanyoyin iska, , mura, rhinitis ko abubuwan da zasu iya canzawar hanci na iya haifar da kumburi da kaurarawar na fata din dake a cikin hanci, haifar da yiwuwar zubar da jini daga hanci.
Yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar habo da suna iya warkewa da kansu sannan kuma ba sa buƙatar kulawar likita., saidai kuma idan jini na hanci yana zowa bayan lokaci zuwa lokaci ko kuma bai amsa maganin gida ba,irin wannan yana buƙatar bincike. An jera wasu daga cikin dalilan dake kawo habo kamar haka
Thrombocytopenia ( thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ).
Cutar von Willebrand
Hemophilia
Cutar sankarar bargo
HIV
Ciwon hanta na yau da kullun -cirrhosis yana haifar da rashi na factor II, VII, IX, & X
Abincin abinci
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide) E220 (a matsayin abinci mai kiyayewa da ake amfani dashi musamman a cikin giya, busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, da sauransu. )
Sulfites a matsayin masu kiyaye abinci
Salicylates da ke faruwa a cikin wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan
dalilin kumburi
granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis
Tsarin lupus erythematosus
Magunguna
Anticoagulation ( warfarin, heparin, aspirin, da dai sauransu). )
Magunguna masu lalacewa (musamman cocaine )
Nasal sprays (musamman tsawaitawa ko rashin amfani da kwayoyin steroids na hanci)
Dalilin ciwon daji
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Melanoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Zubar da hanci na iya zama alamar ciwon daji a yankin sinus, wanda ba kasafai ba ne, ko ciwace-ciwacen da ke farawa daga gindin kwakwalwa, kamar meningioma . Saboda wuri mai mahimmanci, zubar jinin hanci da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke haifarwa yawanci yana da alaƙa da wasu alamomi, kamar matsalolin ji ko hangen nesa.
Mai rauni
Nakasar jiki ( misali septal spurs)
Ciwon kai (yawanci bugun fuska kamar naushi, wani lokacin yana rakiyar karayar hanci )
Jiki na waje (kamar yatsu yayin ɗaukar hanci )
Dijital rauni
Barotrauma na kunne na tsakiya (kamar daga zuriya a cikin jirgin sama ko hawan hawan ruwa)
Karyewar kashi na hanci
Karya/katsewa
Tiyata ( misali septoplasty da aikin endoscopic sinus tiyata )
Jinin hanci na iya kasancewa saboda karyewar kasusuwan fuska wato maxilla da zygoma.Mai rauni
Jijiyoyin jini
Hemorrhagic telangiectasia (cutar Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Angioma
Aneurysm na carotid artery
Pathophysiology
Mucosa na hanci yana dauke da wadataccen jini wanda zai iya rushewa cikin sauƙi kuma ya haifar da zubar jini. Fashewa na iya zama na kai tsaye ko kuma ya fara ta ta hanyar rauni. An ba da rahoton zubar da jini a cikin kashi 60% na yawan jama'a tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekaru goma ba da kuma sama da shekaru 50 kuma suna bayyana a cikin maza fiye da mata.
Manazarta |
30506 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20haske%20a%20Hong%20Kong | Gurbataccen haske a Hong Kong | An bayyana Hong Kong a matsayin birni mafi muni a duniya wajen gurɓatar haske . Yankunan kasuwanci da na zama Mong Kok, Tsim Sha Tsui da Causeway Bay an gano su ne wuraren da suka fi fuskantar ƙazamin haske. Sakamakon haskoki da Kuma allunan tallace-tallace na LED, sararin Hong Kong ya ninka fiye da sauran biranen.
Fage
Batun gurbacewar haske a Hong Kong ya yi fice a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 2008, kuma gwamnati ta fara nazarin manufofin shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekarata 2011-2015 "Task Force on External Lighting" don duba matsalar., ciki har da zagaye biyu na shawarwarin jama'a a cikin shekarar 2013. an ba da shawarar cewa kada a gabatar da ka'idoji ko doka, saboda babu ra'ayin 'mafi rinjaye' kan batun. A cikin watan Afrilun shekarata 2016, gwamnati ta bi shawarar rundunar gabatar da yanayin hasken ta "Charter on External Lighting" na son rai kawai wanda 'yan kasuwa za su yarda su kashe hasken waje tsakanin 11:00 PM zuwa 6:00 AM.
Na dabam, batun kuma ya sami sha'awar ilimi. Sashen Physics na Jami'ar Hong Kong ya ɗauki ma'auni daga wurare da yawa a Hong Kong inda ya sanya su a kan ma'auni na "sama mai duhu", kuma ya gano cewa mafi girman matakin gurɓataccen haske shine Hong Kong Tsim Sha Tsui . a matsakaita sau 1000 mafi haske fiye da ma'auni, kuma mafi munin haske a duniya. Baya ga haka, wani bincike da wasu dalibai hudu daga cibiyar Worcester Polytechnic da ke Massachusetts suka gudanar ya gano cewa hasken alamun neon daga gine-gine a Causeway Bay yana da haske 176 lux kuma Mong Kok yana da kusan kashi 150 zuwa 500 lux, wanda ya fi girma fiye da yadda hukumomin Burtaniya suka bayar da shawarar. Ko da a filin shakatawa na Wetland a cikin Tin Shui Wai, hasken ya ninka sau 130 fiye da ma'aunin Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya . Har ila yau karuwar korafe-korafe ya bayyana munin matsalar. Yawan korafin ya karu daga 87 a shekarata 2007 zuwa 377 a 2009. A takaice dai, matsalar gurbacewar hasken ba wai kawai ta bayyana a yankunan kasuwanci kamar Mong Kok da Causeway Bay ba, har ma a wuraren zama da ke wajen tsakiyar birane. Cheng Sze-ling, jami'in kula da muhalli na Abokan Duniya, ya ce " gurɓacewar haske ba ta zama annoba ba amma ta rikide zuwa wata cuta mai yaduwa a cikin birni."
A Symphony of Lights, nuni ga masu yawon bude ido, an soki saboda bayar da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen haske.
Tasiri
A kan unguwanni
A cikin cigaban gidaje masu gauraya kamar Mong Kok da Sham Shui Po, wasu mazauna garin suna fuskantar matsalar barci saboda suna da fitilun neon masu ƙarfi da ke haskaka ta tagogin ɗakin kwana, wanda allunan talla suke fitarwa. Kuma An bayyana wasu wuraren da ake haskawa kamar filayen wasan kwallon kafa.
Akan mutane
Yawan haske mai yawa na iya rushe agogon nazarin halittu ( Circadian rhythm ) na mutane kuma ya shafi kwakwalwarsu da ayyukan hormone.
Akan muhalli
A cikin karkarar Sai Kung mai nisa, hasken da ke fitowa daga manyan allunan tallace-tallace na LED a cikin birni na iya shafar haifuwar gobara, kwarin da ke dogaro da alamun haske don saduwa da juna. Kuma A cewar shugaban kungiyar mahalli ta Hong Kong Yiu Vor, ba sa fitar da siginar su akai-akai, yana shafar rayuwarsu.
Jagororin son rai kan hasken waje
Kasancewar yankunan kasuwanci da na Hong Kong ba su rabu sosai ba, yana da wahala a magance gurɓacewar haske, saboda ba za a iya aiwatar da ƙa'ida mai sauƙi ga waɗannan yankuna da suka haɗa kai ba. Sannan Kuma A halin yanzu gwamnati ba ta sanya wata doka don daidaita yawan hasken wuta. Madadin haka, Task Force on External Lighting wanda Ofishin Muhalli ya kafa ya ba da "Sharuɗɗa kan Mafi kyawun Ayyuka na Masana'antu don Shigar da Hasken Waje". Duk da haka, ana aiwatar da shi bisa son rai ta hanyar masana'antu don haka ana sukar shi da "marasa haƙori."’ Yan majalisa na ci gaba da bincike takamaiman dokoki wajen daidaita hasken wutar lantarki na waje. Duk da haka, an raba ra'ayoyi. Sannan Yayin da mazauna gabaɗaya suna maraba da ra'ayin, yawon shakatawa da masana'antar talla duk sun dogara da hasken wuta don haɓaka kasuwanci. Wasu masu adawa da "hasken wuta" suna jayayya cewa kallon dare na birni wani abu ne na musamman na Hong Kong wanda bai kamata a rasa ta hanyar doka ba.
A shekara ta 2015, shawarar da Task Force on External Lighting ta bayar da shawarar cewa za a magance gurbacewar haske a Hongkong ta wata yarjejeniya ta sa kai, tana mai bayyana cewa, Hong Kong ba ta riga ta shirya don warware matsalar ba, sannan ya gamu da babban takaici daga majalisar dokoki. kwamitin kula da harkokin muhalli. Rundunar ta ba da shawarar wani tsari na shekaru biyu inda za a nemi 'yan kasuwa su kashe fitulun waje da son rai da karfe 11:00 na dare. Shugaban kwamitin Kenneth Chan, ya ce gwamnati ta yi watsi da matsin lamba daga bangaren kasuwanci, wanda ke adawa da duk wani matakin dakile hasken wuta a waje.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Haske Daga Hong Kong
Manazarta |
50312 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey%20Basson | Whitey Basson | James Wellwood " Whitey " Basson (an haife shi 8 ga Janairun shekarar 1946) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma hamshakin attajiri wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka ƙaramar kasuwanci da ake kira Shoprite daga sarkar shago 8 mai ƙima a R1. miliyan cikin wani kamfani na dillalai na duniya tare da kudaden shiga a cikin shekarar 2019 na R150 biliyan, jarin kasuwa ya kai R114 biliyan, fiye da 2 300 Stores da 140 Ma'aikata 000 a cikin kasashen Afirka 15. Deloitte's Global Powers of Retailing 2019 ya zaba The Shoprite Group a matsayin 86th mafi girma di dillalai a duniya.
Basson ya yi ritaya a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Babban Kamfanin Shoprite Holdings Ltd a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2016.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Basson a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1946 a gonar iyali Dasbosch a cikin Porterville, gundumar Western Cape zuwa Jack da Maude Basson. Yana daya daga cikin yara uku.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wata hira da Bruce Whitfield game da asalin sunan laƙabinsa, "Whitey", Basson ya ce sunayen da aka ba shi, James Wellwood, "sun fito ne daga wani ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ba shi da 'ya'ya kuma mahaifina ya yanke shawarar sanya mani suna. shi ... kuma bai yi kyau ba a Porterville, don haka dole ne su sami guntun suna. Don haka ina tsammanin sun ajiye 'W' don 'Whitey'. . . Ina da, a wancan lokacin gashi mai gashi ba fari gashi ba, amma ba su san bambanci ba a wancan matakin a Porterville." Ya tafi makaranta a Porterville kuma ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Rondebosch Boys' High School a Cape Town, inda ya yi digiri a 1963. Basson ya fara nazarin karatun likitanci. "Ina so in zama dalibin likitanci, amma mahaifiyata ta ce ina tsoron jini, don haka ban yi ba." Basson ya ce, "A gaskiya an shigar da ni UCT, amma ban taba zuwa wurin ba."
Ya sami BCom CTA daga Jami'ar Stellenbosch kuma ya kammala CA (SA) a 1970 bayan labaransa a ER Syfret & Co (yanzu Ernst & Young ). Yayinda yake karatu a Stellenbosch ya zauna a mazaunin Wilgenhof maza. ya tafi aiki a Brink, Roos & Du Toit (yanzu PricewaterhouseCoopers ) kuma daga tsakiyar 1970 kuma a cikin 1971 ya yi aiki a matsayin akawu mai haya.
Sana'a
Pep Stores Ltd. girma
A cikin 1971 Basson ya tuntubi Renier van Rooyen, wanda ya auri dan uwan Christo Wiese, ya zama darektan kudi na sarkar tufafin da van Rooyen ya kafa mai suna Pep Stores Ltd (ko kuma kamar yadda aka sani a gida "Pep"). . Van Rooyen yana shirin jera kamfanin a JSE a matsayin Pepkor . Basson ya amince ya shiga kamfanin a matsayin darektan kudi kuma a 1974 ya zama shugaban gudanarwa. Basson ya ce "A lokacin da nake da shekaru 28 ya kamata in zama darektan kasuwanci, ko duk abin da muka kira shi a wancan lokacin." A 1974 aka nada shi a hukumar kuma ya kasance memba har zuwa 2004.
A 1981, Pep ya girma zuwa shaguna 500, masana'antu 10, 12. Ma'aikata 000 da kuma canjin kusan R300 miliyan. A wannan lokacin Christo Wiese ya sayi hannun jarin van Rooyen a Pepkor kuma ya zama babban mai hannun jari. Wiese ya zama shugaban Pepkor. A cikin 2014 Wiese ya sayar da Pepkor ga Steinhoff International a musayar kusan kashi 20% na hannun jarin Steinhoff.
Rukunin Half Price
Ɗaya daga cikin masu fafatawa da Pep a Afirka ta Kudu shine Rukunin Half Price, wanda Sam Stupple ke gudanarwa. Stupple ya kasance yana hulɗa da Basson akai-akai game da ƙididdigar tallace-tallace na kantin sayar da Pep kuma Basson ya gane cewa an ba da lissafin tallace-tallacen sa zuwa Stupple. A cikin ramawa Basson ya yi tunani: "Zan kama shi kuma na aika da da'ira cewa mu shiga abinci sannan ya fara neman lasisin abinci!" Wannan ya haifar da Rukunin Half Price cikin matsalar kuɗi kuma Basson ya siye su a matsayin babban sayayya na farko.
Shoprite
A cikin 1979 Basson ya so ya matsa don yin ciniki da kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya kuma ya cimma yarjejeniya da hukumar Pep Stores wanda ya ba shi damar ko dai ya gano damammaki na siyan dillalin abinci ko kuma fara sabon kamfani a cikin siyar da abinci. Ya samo wata karamar sarkar kayan abinci ta takwas a Western Cape mai suna Shoprite, wanda har yanzu mallakar dangin Rogut ne, wanda ya samu. Basson ya ce "Barney Rogut kuma ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don koya mini abinci sannan ya koya mani yadda ake gudanar da babban kanti."
Basson ya sake fasalin Shoprite don haɓaka haɓakarsa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan mafi girman ɓangaren tattalin arziƙi na al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, kasuwar LSM na tsakiya zuwa ƙasa. Saye da jujjuyawar kamfanoni masu fafutuka suma sun zama fifiko.
A cikin 1986, an jera Shoprite akan JSE kodayake ƙimar kadarar sa shine R1 miliyan sun biya ainihin shaguna takwas da duk wani ribar da aka tara. A cikin 2019 Shoprite yana da jeri na biyu akan musayar hannun jari na Namibia (tun 2002) da musayar hannun jari na Zambia (tun 2003).
Karkashin jagorancin Basson, daga 2010 Shoprite ya zama babban dillalin kayan miya na Afirka ta Kudu tare da kashi 34% na kasuwa.
A cikin 2019 Shoprite ya sami kudin shiga R150 biliyan, jarin kasuwa ya kai R114 biliyan, fiye da 2 300 Stores da 140 Ma'aikata 000 a cikin kasashen Afirka 15. Deloitte 's Global Powers of Retailing 2019 binciken (wanda ya rufe shekarar kuɗi ta 2017) ya zaɓi Ƙungiyar Shoprite a matsayin 86th mafi girma dillalai a duniya.
Ackermans
A cikin 1984, Basson na farko da ya samu shine shagunan abinci na Ackermans guda shida, waɗanda a wancan lokacin ke mallakar rukunin Edgars . Wannan shi ne mashigar da kamfanin ya shiga kasuwar karkara. Basson da Raymond Ackerman (wanda mahaifinsa ya fara Ackermans) sun kasance abokan hamayya kuma sun ketare hanyoyi shekaru da yawa. Basson ya sayi kasuwancin abinci a shagunan abinci na Ackermans a cikin 1980s. Ackerman ya gudanar da Checkers kuma ya "samu an kori shi sosai" sannan ya tafi ya fara Pickn Pay .
Grand Bazaar
A cikin 1990 Basson ya tuntubi Carlos Dos Santos kuma ya sayi Grand Bazaars akan abin da ake la'akari da mafi kyawun farashi fiye da yarjejeniyar ta asali.
Basson ya ce, “Na bi ta cikin firjinsa wata rana sai na gani, amma wasu firij din a kashe suke. Sun tanadi Coke kawai da wasu kayan sanyi na Gerald, wanda baya buƙatar sanyaya. Don haka na buga masa waya na ce, ‘Carlos, na ga ba ku da kuɗi kaɗan. Ba za mu iya magana game da Babban Bazaar ku ba?' Kuma ya ce ku zo ku ganni a Jo'burg. Don haka muka yi yarjejeniyar musafiha kuma shi ke nan. Ban tabbata ba, amma ina tsammanin mun biya kadan fiye da abin da ya biya."
Shagunan Dubawa
A shekara ta 1998 Shoprite yana da rassa a cikin lardunan Arewa maso yamma da Mpumalanga, amma har yanzu ana la'akari da shi ya yi ƙanƙanta don zama gasa ga manyan manyan kantunan Afirka ta Kudu, Pick n Pay Stores, Ok Bazaars da Checkers .
Koyaya, Checkers sun fada cikin matsalolin kuɗi. Yana da shaguna 169 kuma yana yin asara wanda yayi daidai da cinikin Shoprite da fiye da 16. Ayyuka 000 sun kasance cikin haɗari. Shoprite ya zo ya mamaye kasuwar Western Cape kuma ya tunkari Checkers sau biyu. A karon farko ma'abota Checkers "sun yi hasashe na rashin gaskiya game da darajar shagunan da ba a mayar da hankali ba kuma marasa inganci," a cewar Basson. "Bai taɓa zama mummunan kasuwanci ba. An mai da hankali sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu."
A karo na biyu an kulla yarjejeniya, tare da taimakon dangantakar Basson na sirri tare da shugaban Sanlam, Marinus Darling, wanda ya haifar da jujjuya jerin sunayen Shoprite zuwa kamfanin Checkers a matsayin Shoprite Checkers Group . Ya ɗauki Basson watanni tara don farfado da dukiyar Checkers. Masu duba "suna da al'adu daban-daban kuma," in ji Basson. "Kuma lokacin da na isa wurin Checkers ya yi kyau sosai, domin sun ce da misalin karfe 1 na rana dole ne in ci abincin rana a cikin wannan kyakkyawan ɗakin cin abinci tare da masu jiran aiki masu farin safar hannu. Yayi kyau sosai... kwasa-kwasai uku daban-daban da komai. Sai na kalli mutanen da ke zagaye da teburin na ce 'Kun san mutane muna asarar rand miliyan 45 a shekara. Wannan abincin rana ya ci karo da abin da nake ganin ya kamata mu yi da kuma inda ya kamata mu je.' Sai na ce, 'Shin kun ji labarin jibin ƙarshe? To wannan shine abincin rana na ƙarshe', kuma ba mu sake cin abincin rana a can ba." Bugu da kari na Checkers ya kawo Rukunin Shoprite Checkers zuwa shaguna 241 tare da isassun kaya don yin gasa don samun ingantacciyar ƙima a cibiyoyin sayayya na zamani waɗanda ake haɓakawa a Afirka ta Kudu a wancan lokacin. "A gaskiya, yawancin masu gidaje ba sa son mu a manyan kantunan," in ji Basson. "Masu gidaje sun fara daukar mu da gaske a matakin lokacin da muka sayi Checkers, saboda ba su da sauran zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa."
Stephan le Roux na kamfanin sarrafa kadarorin Growthpoint ya ce: "Ba su ne mutane mafi sauƙi don mu'amala da su ba." “Su ne masu yin sulhu mai tsauri. Ina son aiki tare da wannan abokin ciniki. Akwai gardama a kan hanya, amma suna buga katunan buɗewa."
Akwai wasu suka daga masu nazarin harkokin kuɗi game da ci gaba da ciniki a ƙarƙashin sunaye biyu amma Basson ya gan shi a matsayin rarrabuwar kasuwa .
Ok Bazaar
An ƙirƙiri alamar OK a titin Eloff Street, Johannesburg a cikin 1927 amma ta hanyar 1997 arzikin OK Bazaars ya ragu sosai har mai hannun jarin SA Breweries, ya zubar da hannun jarinsa na OK Bazaars zuwa Shoprite don R1, duk da hauhawar kasuwar . na Ok Bazaars yana da girma fiye da na Shoprite. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da shagunan Shoprite 139 'Ok', 18 'Hyperamas' da 21 'Gida & Gidaje' tare da adana 14 000 aiki.
Basson ya mayar da OK Bazaars zuwa riba ta hanyar mai da hankali kan samfuran kantin sayar da kayayyaki a wasu yankuna da kasuwanni: 'Ok Bazaars' an mayar da su OK Bazaars zuwa ribar kuɗi; 'Ok Furniture' da 'Gida da Gida' an haɗa su zuwa 'OK Furniture'; Shagunan 'Hyperama' sun zama 'Checkers Hyper' kuma an sabunta shagunan abinci sama da 150.
Zabi n Biya
A cikin 2001, Basson ya ƙirƙira dabara don sake sanya alamar Checker kusa da babban abokin hamayyarsa na LSM, Pick n Pay. Shagunan Shoprite daga nan za a mai da hankali kan LSM na tsakiya kuma an ƙirƙiri sabuwar sarkar da ake kira USave don mai da hankali kan LSM mafi ƙasƙanci. USave yana da tsarin farashi wanda zai ba shi damar rage babban gibin sa da kashi 50% yayin da yake ba da kyakkyawar riba kan saka hannun jari .
Wannan sake fasalin ya haifar da Rukunin Shoprite Checkers ya haɓaka zuwa kusan kashi 30% na kason kasuwa na kasuwar abinci ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Basson yayi mafarkin fadada Shoprite a fadin nahiyar Afirka. A cikin 1995, an buɗe Shoprite na farko a Lusaka, Zambia . A cikin 2019 kungiyar tana da shaguna a Angola, Botswana, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Uganda da Zambia. Shaguna a Masar, Indiya da Tanzaniya ba su yi nasara ba kuma dole ne a rufe su.
Kyauta
2010 - DComm ( Honouris causa ) Jami'ar Stellenbosch ta ba da kyauta.
2016 - Kyautar Majagaba "don gudummawa ga masana'antu" daga Majalisar SA na Cibiyoyin Siyayya
Ritaya
Basson ya yi ritaya a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Babban Kamfanin Shoprite Holdings Ltd a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2016. Bayan ritayarsa, Basson ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni tara a hukumar Shoprite Holdings a matsayin mataimakin shugaba mara zartarwa don tabbatar da canjin shugabanci mai tsari. Pieter Engelbrecht, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa ne ya gaje shi.
Albashin Basson na 2016 shine R100,1 miliyan ciki har da R50 miliyan bonus. Wannan shi ne batun wani mataki na zanga-zangar da COSATU ta yi a Ranar Duniya don Aiki Mai Kyau 2016.
A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2017, Shoprite ya sanar da cewa Basson yana siyar da 8,58 miliyan Shoprite hannun jari tare da darajar R1,8 biliyan biliyan wanda kamfanin ya wajaba ya saya dangane da yarjejeniyar aiki da aka kammala a 2003. Wannan adadi yana wakiltar ƙasa da 2% na ƙimar Shoprite. Basson ya ce "Ba ni da burin siyan babban jirgin ruwa ko in yi mata ta biyu ko fitar da kudin waje."
Basson ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin sauran ayyukan kasuwanci. A cikin 2017 an nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu zaman kansu, daraktoci marasa zartarwa na Clover Afirka ta Kudu .
Rayuwa ta sirri
Basson yana zaune tare da danginsa a gidan giya na Klein DasBosch a bakin kogin Blaauwklippen a Yammacin Cape. A cikin 2004 ya shiga cikin Kalubalen Bucket na Ice kuma ya ba da gudummawar R100 000 darajar boerewors zuwa makarantu domin su yi amfani da su wajen tara kudade. “Muna bukatar samar da ayyukan yi a Afirka ta Kudu Amma kuma na yi imanin cewa muna bukatar mu koya wa yaranmu yadda za su zama ’yan kasuwa da samar da guraben ayyukan yi tun suna kanana,” in ji Basson.
Azanci
A lokacin bayarwa: “Masu sayar da abinci za su kasance cikin aminci a yanzu, a ganina, saboda wahalar isar da kayayyaki. Amma duk abin da aka kawo daga rumbun ajiya zai kasance cikin barazana saboda fasaha."
A kan manyan kantuna: "Matsalar dillali ita ce duniyar da take aiki a cikinta tana canzawa kuma tana haifar da ƙarancin murabba'in murabba'in da ake buƙata don siyarwa. Ina tsammanin cibiyoyin siyayya da ke mai da hankali kan nishaɗi za su yi kyau.”
Dangane da bunkasa kasuwanci a Afirka: "Yin tafiyar hawainiyar bunkasa dukiya a Afirka da kuma rashin wuraren da suka dace da masu haya na iya haifar da cikas ga kowane shiri na fadada."
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1946
Yan kasuwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
21953 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafkin%20Makgadikgadi | Tafkin Makgadikgadi | Tafkin Makgadikgadi (məˈkɑːdiˈkɑːdi) ya kasance wani paleolake wanda ya wanzu a inda yanzu yake Hamadar Kalahari a Botswana daga shekaru 2,000,000 BP zuwa 10,000 years BP. Wataƙila ya taɓa rufe yanki daga 80,000 zuwa 275,000 km2 (30,888 zuwa 106,178 sq mi) kuma zurfin 30m. Kogunan Okavango, Upper Zambezi, da Cuando duk sun kaɓu cikin kogin. Ana ganin burbushin sa a cikin kwanon gishirin Makgadikgadi, ɗayan manyan kwanukan gishiri a duniya.
Binciken DNA ya nuna yankin tafkin shine mahaifar Homo sapiens, inda suka fara juyewa zuwa wani jinsi na daban kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, sannan suka fadada zuwa wasu sassan Afirka kimanin shekaru 70,000 daga baya.
Asali da tarihi
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata, iska mai karfi ta gabas ta kafa dogayen dunes, wanda ya tashi daga gabas zuwa yamma a ƙetaren tsakiyar Hamada Kalahari. A lokacin damina, wadannan dunes suna haɗa manyan rafuka na yankin, da Okavango, Chobe, da Upper Zambezi, kudu maso gabas don haɗuwa da Kogin Limpopo kuma suna malala zuwa Tekun Indiya.
Botswana ta Arewa tana da jerin layuka masu zurfin gudana a ƙarƙashin rairayinta. Wadannan kuskuren ana tsammanin su ne mafi girma na kudu na tsarin guda na layukan masu layi daya wadanda suke kawar da juna kuma suka samar da babbar kwarin gabashin Afirka. Bangarorin kwasa-kwasan Kogin Linyanti da Kogin Chobe, suna nuna layin waɗannan laifofin a yau.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata, kuskuren da aka sani da layin Ovamboland-Kalahari-Zimbabwe (wanda ya tashi daga NE zuwa SW daga Harare zuwa Bulawayo kuma ya ƙare a gabashin gabashin Hamadar Kalahari) ya motsa a cikin juzu'i na igiya, kuma ya yanke magudanan ruwa hanya zuwa cikin Limpopo. Fitowar fitowar ta ba da izinin ƙirƙirar Tafkin Makgadikgadi.
Babban an Sand ɗin Magwikwe tsakanin Savuti da probablyofar Arewa tabbas an bayyana ɗayan manyan yankuna kudu maso yamma. Wani kuma ana tsammanin shine Gidikwe Sand Ridge wanda ba a bayyane yake ba wanda yake kwance yamma da iyakar yamma na Filin shakatawa na Makgadikgadi na yanzu.
Za a iya samun abubuwan da aka wanke da kujeru a wurare da yawa na manyan tsaffin Kalahari a cikin wannan yankin. Gabashin gabashin tsaunin Ghoha, arewacin Savuti, babban misali ne na wannan. Hakanan ana iya samun duwatsu masu narkewar ruwa.
Yayinda shekaru dubu suka shude, tabkin ya cika iya karfinsa. Ya fara malalawa kimanin shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata, yana ɗaukar mafi ƙanƙanci a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a arewa maso gabas a matsayin sabon mashigarsa. Wannan ya sa Tsakiya da ƙananan Zambezi suka haɗu, suka zama Victoria Falls. Tare da ruwan da yanzu zai iya zubowa daga tafkin, Tafkin Makgadikgadi ya malale wani bangare kuma matsakaicin matakinsa ya ragu.
Wani yanayi mai bushewa ya biyo baya, wanda ya haɓaka ƙarancin ruwa da rage rafin kogunan da ke ciyar da tabkin. Zuwa kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata bushewar Tafkin Makgadikgadi ya kasance a mataki na ci gaba. Mararraki da tarkace daga Kogin Okavango da yashi mai iska a hankali suna cika tafkin.
Laifin Gumare ya kafa kuma ya saukar da ƙasar. A sakamakon haka, ruwan Kogin Okavango ya bazu a kan wani yanki mai girman gaske fiye da yadda yake a da, inda ya zama halin halayyar mai fankar a yanzu a cikin yankin Okavango, wanda ya kara rage ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Makgadikgadi kuma ya hanzarta rasuwa.
Ka'idar asalin mutum
A watan Oktoba 2019 wata tawaga karkashin jagorancin Vanessa Hayes ta gabatar da cewa filayen da ke kusa da Tafkin Makgadikgadi shine yankin da yan Adam na zamani (homo sapiens) suka fara kirkira. Abubuwan da aka samo sun dogara ne akan samfurin 1,217 na mitochondrial DNA, wanda aka ɗauka daga alƙarya a Kudancin Afirka. Masu binciken sun iya gano inda asalin mahaifar Homo Sapiens na zamani ya fito, kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata. Sun kammala wannan a yankin da ke kudu da Kogin Zambezi, wanda ya haɗa da wasu sassan da a yanzu ake kira Botswana, Namibia, da Zimbabwe. Wannan yayi daidai da gabar tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi.
Chris Stringer, shugaban asalin mutum a gidan tarihin tarihin da ke Landan, da kuma Sarah Tishkoff, masaniyar kwayar halitta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ba su yarda da batun ba.
An samo rarar ayyukan homo sapiens na farko a tsaunin Ga-Mohana a Arewacin Cape mai kwanan wata zuwa shekaru dubu 105 da suka gabata.
Ilimin Lafiya
Tafkin Makgadikgadi an kaddara cewa shine asalin mahaifar yawancin cichlids wadanda suka taba yin ambaliyar Kogin Congo, Kogin Zambezi, Kogin Okavango da Kogin Limpopo-kusan sabbin nau'in 100 zuwa 400, wanda kusan 25 suka rayu a yau. Girman tafkin na iya samar wa kakannin waɗannan kifaye da kewayon keɓaɓɓun mahalli don amfani da su kuma don haka zai iya kasancewa ya zama abin motsawa ga haɓakar sabon nau'in, wanda watakila sun yi a cikin rikodin lokaci kafin tafkin. drained gaba daya. Ka'idar ta ci gaba da cewa sabbin halittun, bayan sun canza cikin iyakokin tabkin, suna iya tserewa da ruwan tafkin yayin da yake malala, kuma sun mamaye kogunan yankin don zama cichlids da suke a yau.
A wannan lokaci na wannan ƙasar ana lalata shi mafi yawan shekara kuma lokaci ne mai dausayi a cikin watannin bazara mai damina.
Legacy
A yau ragowar tafkin Makgadikgadi su ne: Delta Okavango, Nxai Pan, Tafkin Ngami, Tafkin Xau, Mababe Depression, da kuma manyan Makgadikgadi biyu: Sua Pan da Nwetwe Pan.
Gandunan Gishirin Makgadikgadi suna daga cikin manya a duniya kuma an samar dasu ne daga ragowar karshen wannan babban tafki. Kogin Okavango yana da matukar girma, fadama a cikin gaci mai nisa wanda kogin Okavango ya isa tsohon gadon tabkin. Yanzu ya zama babban kwandon ruwa wanda duk ruwan dake isa gareshi daga karshe ya bushe kuma ya gudana.
Sauran kogunan da ke malala daga kudu wadanda a da suke ciyar da tabkin a yanzu duk Zambezi ya kama su.
Manazarta |
26734 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20ibn%20Kayghalagh | Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh | Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (Larabci: أحمد بن كيغلغ) hafsan sojan Abbasiyawa ne dan asalin Turkiya wanda yayi gwamna a kasashen Siriya da Masar. Muhammad bn Tughj ya hambarar da shi a matsayin gwamnan Masar a shekara ta 935.
Rayuwa
A watan Nuwamba 903 ya halarci yakin Hama da aka yi da Qarmatiyawa tare da dan uwansa Ibrahim, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad bn Sulayman al-Katib, inda 'yan'uwan biyu, da sauran hafsoshin sojojin suka samu riguna. Halifa al-Muktafi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 904.
Bayan Abbasiyawa sun kwato Siriya da Masar daga Tulunids a shekara ta 904-905, an nada Ibn Kayghalagh gwamnan lardunan Damascus da Jordan. Ba da da ewa ba sai aka tura shi ya fuskanci tawayen Tulunid na Muhammad bn Ali al-Khalanji. Na karshen ya yi nasarar kama Fustat tare da shelanta maido da Tulunids, yayin da kwamandan Abbasiyawa na yankin ya koma Alexandria. Al-Khalanji ya tabbatar da nasara a karon farko da Ibn Kayghalagh ya yi a al-Arish a watan Disamba 905, amma a karshe aka ci nasara da shi aka kama shi a watan Mayun 906 aka kai shi Bagadaza. A lokacin da Ibn Kayghalagh ba ya nan, sai mutanen Qarmatiyawa suka kai farmaki a kasar Jordan suka yi galaba a kan Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Bughamardi mataimakin Ibn Kayghalagh, suka kuma kashe su, suka janye kawai a lokacin da suke gabatowa da dakarun Bagadaza karkashin al-Husayn bn Hamdan.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 906, ya jagoranci farmakin shekara-shekara kan daular Rumawa daga Tarsus, tare da gwamna Rustam ibn Baradu. A cewar al-Tabari, sun yi galaba a kan Rumawa a "Salandu" inda suka kai har zuwa kogin Halys, inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane 4,000 ko 5,000 da dawakai da shanu da dama a matsayin ganima. Bugu da kari, an bayar da rahoton cewa daya daga cikin kwamandojin Rumawa na yankin ya mika kansa ya kuma musulunta.
Bayan tawayen Hamdanid Husayn bn Hamdan a shekara ta 914/5, Ibn Kayghalagh yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin da aka ba wa yakin daular Hussaini da dawo da zaman lafiya a Jazira. Sai dai Hussaini ya gana ya fatattaki sojojin halifa da aka tilasta masa janyewa, ya kuma ci gaba da kaurace wa gwamnati har sai da Janar Mu’nis al-Muzaffar ya kama shi.
A cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 923, aka nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayin gwamnan Masar, amma nan da nan ya fuskanci tawaye daga dakarun sojojin, wadanda ba a biya su albashi ba, aka maye gurbinsa da Takin al-Khazari a watan Afrilun 924. Bayan shekaru hudu sai aka tura shi birnin Qasr. ibn Hubayra ya biyo bayan harin da Qarmatiya ya kai wa garin, amma a lokacin da ya isa Qarmatiyawa sun janye, sojojin kuma suka koma Bagadaza ba tare da sun shiga ba. A shekara ta 931 yana aiki a matsayin gwamnan Isfahan lokacin da Dalamite Lashkari suka kai masa hari, wanda ya ci Ibn Kayghalagh ya mamaye birnin. An ruwaito Ibn Kayghalagh ya ceci lamarin, duk da haka, ta hanyar hada kai da jagoran ‘yan tawayen a fada guda tare da kashe shi, inda mabiyan Lashkari suka gudu aka kwato birnin.
A cikin Maris 933 Takin ya mutu a Misira, amma dansa kuma wanda aka zaba, Muhammad, ya kasa kafa ikonsa a lardin. A watan Agusta ne aka nada gwamnan Damascus Muhammad ibn Tughj a matsayin sabon gwamna amma an soke nadin bayan wata guda kafin ya isa Masar. An sake nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayinsa, yayin da aka aika wani bābā mai suna Bushri don maye gurbin Ibn Tughj a Damascus ma. Ibn Tughj ya bijirewa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya ci nasara ya kama Bushri. Daga nan ne Halifan ya tuhumi Ibn Kayghalagh da cewa ya tilastawa Ibn Tughj mika wuya, amma duk da cewa na farko ya yi tattaki a kan Ibn Tughj, amma duk sun kaucewa fada kai tsaye. A maimakon haka mutanen biyu sun gana kuma suka cimma yarjejeniya na taimakon juna, tare da tabbatar da halin da ake ciki.
Nan da nan Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai iya maido da oda a Masar da ke dada tashe-tashen hankula ba. A shekara ta 935, sojojin sun yi bore saboda rashin albashi, kuma an fara kai hare-hare na Bedouin. A lokaci guda kuma, ɗan Takin Muhammad da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi, Abu Bakr Muhammad bn Ali al-Madhara'i, suka yi wa Ibn Kayghalagh zagon ƙasa, suna kwaɗayin matsayinsa. Rikicin ya barke tsakanin sojojin Gabas (Mashariqa), manyan sojojin Turkiyya, wadanda suka goyi bayan Muhammad ibn Takin, da Turawan Yamma (Maghariba), watakila Berbers da Bakar fata, wadanda suka goyi bayan Ibn Kayghalagh. Tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a Bagadaza, Ibn Tughj ya taɓa zama gwamnan Masar. Ba tare da wata dama ba, Ibn Tughj ya shirya mamaye kasar ta kasa da ruwa. Ko da yake Ibn Kayghalagh ya iya jinkirta ci gaban sojojin Ibn Tughj, amma rundunar sojojin ta dauki Tinnis da Kogin Nilu suka wuce Fustat babban birnin kasar. Ahmad bn Kayghalagh ya fice ya kuma ci nasara a yakin, sai ya gudu zuwa wajen Fatimidu. Mai nasara Muhammad bn Tughj ya shiga Fustat ne a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 935. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da Ibn Kayghalagh bayan haka, sai dai a takaice ambatonsa a shekara ta 936.
Manazarta
Sources |
17632 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar%20Mace | Kalmar Mace | Mace (alama ce: ♀), wadda ta kasance jinsin kwayar halitta, ko kuma a ce wani sashi na kwayar halitta, wacce ke samar da kwayar halittar da ba ta hannu ba (kwayayen kwai). Haramtawa yanayin rashin lafiya, mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane mata, suna da chromosomes guda biyu. Halayen mata sun banbanta tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban tare da wasu nau'in da ke dauke da cikakkun siffofin halayyar mata, kamar kasancewar gagarar mammary . Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu .
Kalmar mace dai ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana " mace "; bashi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji . Mace kuma za a iya amfani da su koma zuwa jinsi .
Bayyana halaye
Mãtan nuna ova, da ya fi girma gametes a heterogamous haifuwa tsarin, yayin da karami da kuma yawanci motile gamete, da spermatozoon, an samar da namiji . Mace ba za ta iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da samun damar saduwar namiji ba, kuma akasin haka, amma a wasu jinsunan mata na iya hayayyafa da kansu ta hanyar da ba daidai ba, misali ta hanyar parthenogenesis .
Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu . Hanyoyin haifuwa na jima'i sun hada da:
Jinsi iri-iri tare da nau'i biyu ko fiye da na ma'aurata tare da gametes na kamannin tsari da halaye (amma daban-daban a matakin kwayoyin),
Anisogamous jinsuna tare da gametes na namiji da mace,
Jinsunan Oogamous, wadanda suka hada da mutane, a inda mace gamete ta fi namiji girma kuma bata da ikon motsawa . Oogamy wani nau'i ne na lalata mata . Akwai wata hujja cewa wannan ƙirar ta haifar da ƙuntatawa na zahiri akan hanyoyin da gametes biyu ke haɗuwa kamar yadda ake buƙata don haifuwa ta jima'i .
Baya ga tabbataccen bambanci a cikin nau'in gamete da aka samar, bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata a cikin jinsi ɗaya koyaushe ba za'a iya yin hasashen ta banbancin wani ba. Batun bai takaita ga dabbobi ba; ƙwayoyin ƙwai suna samarwa ne ta hanyar chytrids, diatoms, molds na ruwa da tsire-tsire na ƙasa, da sauransu. A ƙasar shuke-shuke, mace da namiji designate ba kawai egg- da maniyyi-samar da kwayoyin da kuma Tsarin, amma kuma Tsarin daga cikin sporophytes cewa ba Yunƙurin ga namiji da mace shuke-shuke .
Mammalian mace
Hali mai rarrabe na ajin Mammalia shine kasancewar mammary gland . Kwayoyin mammary sune gyarar gumi da ke samar da madara, wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da matasa na wani lokaci bayan haihuwa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa ne kawai ke samar da madara . Mammary gland shine mafi bayyane a cikin mutane, saboda jikin ɗan adam yana adana kayan mai mai yawa kusa da nono, wanda ke haifar da shahararrun nono . Kwayoyin mammary suna cikin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kodayake ba safai maza daga cikin jinsin ke amfani da su ba.
Yawancin mata masu shayarwa suna da kwafi biyu na X chromosome sabanin maza waɗanda ke da X guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Y chromosome ; wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar su platypus, suna da hadewa daban-daban. Don rama bambancin girma, ɗayan chromosomes na mata ba shi da aiki a cikin kowace kwayar halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa yayin da X ɗin da aka samu daga mahaifinsa yake aiki a marsupials. A cikin tsuntsaye da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, akasin haka, mace ce wacce take da karfin jiki kuma tana ɗauke da kwayar Z da W yayin da namiji yake ɗaukar chromosomes biyu na Z. Hakanan yanayin Intersex zai iya haifar da wasu haɗuwa, kamar XO ko XXX a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda har yanzu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mata matuƙar ba su ƙunshi Y chromosome ba, sai dai takamaiman yanayin maye gurbi a cikin jinsin mutanen XY yayin da a cikin mahaifar Koyaya, waɗannan yanayi yakan haifar da rashin ƙarfi.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa mãtã kai live matasa, tare da banda monotreme mãtã, wanda sa qwai. Wasu nau'ikan halittun da ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su guppies, suna da siffofin haihuwa kamar yadda suke; da wasu wadanda ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su sharks, wadanda kwayayensu ke kyankyashe a cikin jikinsu, su ma suna da haihuwar samari masu rai.
Etymology da amfani
Kalmar mace ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana " mace "; ba shi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji, amma a ƙarshen karni na 14 an canza rubutun a Turanci don yin daidai da na namiji . Mace na iya koma zuwa ga ko dai jinsi ko jinsi ko siffar masu haɗawa .
Alamar
Alamar ♀ ( Unicode : U + 2640 Alt codes : Alt + 12), da'ira tare da ƙaramar gicciye a ƙasa, ana amfani da ita don wakiltar mata. Joseph Justus Scaliger ya taɓa yin hasashen cewa alamar tana da alaƙa da Venus, allahiya ta kyakkyawa saboda tana kama da madubin tagulla tare da abin hannu, amma masana na zamani suna ganin cewa abin son zuciya ne, kuma mafi ingancin ra'ayi shi ne cewa alamomin mata da na miji sun samo asali ne daga ƙuntatawa a cikin rubutun Girka na sunayen Girkawa na duniyoyin Thouros (Mars) da Phosphoros (Venus).
Yin jima'i
Jima'i na wata kwayar halitta na iya ƙayyade ta dalilai da yawa. Waɗannan na iya zama na asali ne ko na muhalli, ko kuma canzawa ta yanayi yayin rayuwar wata kwayar halitta. Kodayake yawancin jinsin suna da jinsi biyu ne (mace ko namiji), dabbobin hermaphroditic suna da gabobin haihuwa na mata da na maza.
Jima'i na mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane, ana danganta su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙayyade jima'i na XY inda maza ke da X da Y (akasin X da X) chromosomes na jima'i. A yayin haihuwa, namiji yana bayar da gudummawar ko dai maniyyin X ko na M, yayin da mace ke bayar da gudummawar kwan kwai. Maniyyin AY da kwai na X suna haifar da namiji, yayin da kwayar X da kwayar X ke samar da mace. Tsarin ZW game da jima'i, inda maza suke da ZZ (akasin ZW) chromosomes na jima'i, ana samunsu a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da wasu kwari da sauran kwayoyin. Members na Hymenoptera, kamar tururuwa da ƙudan zuma, an ƙaddara da haplodiploidy, inda mafi maza ne haploid da mãtã, kuma wasu bakararre maza ne diploid .
Kudurin muhalli
Kananan wasu jinsunan suna zama cikin jinsi ɗaya ko ɗayan dangane da yanayin mahalli na gida, misali zafin jikin ƙwai da yawa yana shafar jima'i na can ƙabilar. Sauran nau'ikan (kamar goby ) na iya canzawa, a matsayin manya, daga jinsi ɗaya zuwa wancan dangane da yanayin haihuwa na cikin gida (kamar taƙaitaccen karancin maza).
Duba kuma
Bangaren mata
Mata
Ciki
Jinsi
Yarinya
Uwargida
Mace
Womyn
Manazarta
Mata
Mata yan kwallan kafa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
11203 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Omeruo | Kenneth Omeruo | Kenneth Josiah Omeruo (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta alif 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Leganés a cikin Segunda División da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Omeruo ya sanya hannu a Chelsea daga Standard Liège a cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 2012 kuma a kan sanya hannu ya tafi a kan aro zuwa Dutch saman-jirgin ADO Den Haag. Sai kawai 19, ya burge sosai a Eredivisie don samun kira zuwa tawagar Najeriya.
A yanzu dai Omeruo ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi da aka yi a Brazil a shekarar 2013. Omeruo ya tabbatar da samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka inda ta zama gasa mai ban mamaki ga Super Eagles kuma ta samu nasara a gasar. A shekarar 2019 ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika da kasar Guinea,Ya kasance muhimmin bangare na tawagar Super Eagles da ta lashe lambar tagulla a shekarar 2019.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
Omeruo ya yi wasa a Sunshine Stars da Anderlecht a matsayin mai gwadawa kafin ya sanya hannu daga makarantar Anderlecht ta Standard Liège.
Chelsea
A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Chelsea ta sanya hannu kan Omeruo daga Liège kuma nan da nan ta ba da shi rancensa zuwa kulob din Eredivisie ADO Den Haag. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2014 Najeriya Omeruo mai daure a gasar cin kofin duniya ya amince da sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku da Chelsea.
Lamuni zuwa ADO Den Haag
Omeruo ya koma ADO Den Haag a matsayin aro na watanni 18 wanda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya fara buga wa ADO Den Haag wasa da SC Heerenveen wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2012, a wasan da suka buga da FC Groningen Omeruo ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar ADO Den Haag.
A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya zura kwallo a ragar VVV-Venlo a minti na 19. Shi ne dan wasa daya tilo da ya taba zura kwallo a raga a gasar ta Holland sannan kuma ya samu jan kati a wasa daya.
Lamuni zuwa Middlesbrough
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya koma Middlesbrough a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya fara bugawa Middlesbrough a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2014, an kori Omeruo a minti na 82 bayan ya dauko rawaya ta biyu. Ko da yake Boro ya gama wasan da 9-maza (An kuma kori Ben Gibson a karshen wasan), har yanzu sun sami nasarar cin nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City.
Ya koma Middlesbrough don kakar a shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, ya fara bayyanarsa da Birmingham a ci 2-0.
Lamuni zuwa Kasımpaşa
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya shiga Kasımpaşa akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da zaɓi don siyan ɗan wasan a ƙarshen sihiri. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya fara buga wa Kasımpaşa wasa a karawar da suka yi da Gaziantepspor, wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Bayan kwanaki biyar, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida da İstanbul Başakşehir FK inda aka tashi da ci 1-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa.
Omeruo ya yi sama da kasa, yana fama da raunuka biyu, amma ya fara duk lokacin da ya samu lafiya. Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar rancen tana da zabin siya, Kasımpaşa ya yanke shawarar bayar da zabin ne saboda rashin kudi, wanda hakan ya sa Omeruo ya koma Chelsea domin tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana.
Lamu zuwa ga Alanyaspor
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na shekara guda har zuwa shekara ta 2019, kafin ya sake barin aro. Ya koma Alanyaspor ne a matsayin aro na tsawon kaka. An ba shi lamba 44. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a 0-0 da Gençlerbirliği. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, Omeruo ya ci wa Alanyaspor kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Adanaspor da ci 4-1 a gida, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 37.
A watan Mayun shekara ta 2017, Omeruo ya ce mai yiwuwa ya bar Chelsea don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da kullun.
Komawa Kasımpaşa
A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2017, bayan sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a Chelsea, Omeruo ya koma Kasımpaşa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa.
Leganes
A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Omeruo ya shiga CD Leganés akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2018 ya bayyana cewa yana jin daɗin yin wasa a Spain, kuma a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2019 ya ce yana son shiga Leganés na dindindin.
A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2019, Omeruo ya koma Leganés, a wannan karon kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, wanda ya kawo karshen zamansa na shekara bakwai a Chelsea.
Ayyukan kasa
Omeruo ya buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya wasa da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekara ta 2011 a Colombia.
A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2013, yana da shekaru 19 ya taka leda a babban kungiyar a karon farko a wasan da Cape Verde ba ta yi nasara ba. Daga nan ya ci gaba da buga dukkan wasannin da Najeriya ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2013 inda Najeriya ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na uku.
A waccan shekarar aka zabe shi a tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2013 kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da Najeriya ta zo ta uku a rukuninta.
Omeuro ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan karshe na Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2014 kuma ya fara ne a dukkan wasanni hudu da Najeriya ta yi a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu kuma Faransa ta fitar da ita a zagaye na 16.
Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta 2016, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe ba.
A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a Rasha.
Salon wasa
An siffanta Omeruo a matsayin "dogo, mai tsayi amma mai karfi na tsakiya" da "matashi mai kanshi kuma mai kishin kasa".
Rayuwa ta sirri
Kanensa Lucky Omeruo shima dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa CD Leganés B. a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 .
Omeruo da matarsa Chioma sun tarbi yaronsu na farko a Landan, wata yarinya mai suna Chairein.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manufar kasa da kasa
Girmamawa
Najeriya
Gasar cin kofin Afrika : 2013
Gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a matsayi na uku: 2019
Manazarta
1. ^ a b "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – List of
Players" (PDF). FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale
de Football Association. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 19
June 2018.
2. ^ "News | C.D. Leganés - Web Oficial" .
3. ^ Eredivisie. "Kenneth Omeruo, ADO Den Haag" .
Eredivisielive.nl. Archived from the original on 14
May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
4. ^ "Kenneth Omeruo" . Worldfootball.net. 17 October
1993. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
5. ^ a b "Is Nigeria's Kenneth Omeruo Chelsea's best
kept secret?" . BBC Sport. 4 December 2013.
Retrieved 6 January 2014.
6. ^ "Nigeria vs Guinea: Kenneth Omeruo Voted Man Of
The Match" . For latest Sports news in Nigeria &
World . 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
7. ^ "AFCON 2019: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze" .
Punch Newspapers . 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July
2019.
8. ^ a b "Meet Kenneth Omeruo, the best Chelsea player
you've never heard of" . FourFourTwo. 6 January
2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
9. ^ "Chelsea linked with move for Standard defender
Kenneth Omeruo" . ESPN Soccernet. 7 January
2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
10. ^ "Chelsea Sign Nigerian Youngster Kenneth
Omeruo" . Goal.com. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8
January 2012.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kenneth Omeruo at BDFutbol
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20ministocin%20Najeriya | Majalisar ministocin Najeriya | Majalisar Ministocin Najeriyaani bangare ne na bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin Najeriya. Matsayin Majalisar Ministoci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Dokokin Mulki da Ayyuka na Ministoci (MISELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) Dokar ita ce ta zama hukumar ba da shawara ga shugaban Najeriya. Ana nada ‘yan majalisar zartaswa kuma masu kai rahoto ga shugaban kasa, wanda zai iya korar su idan ya ga dama. Majalisar ministocin a halin yanzu tana kula da ma'aikatun tarayya guda 24, kowannensu yana da alhakin wani al'amari na samar da ayyukan gwamnati, da kuma wasu ma'aikatu (kungiyoyin mallakar gwamnati ).
Dangantaka da aikin gwamnati
Ma’aikatu da ma’aikata suna da ma’aikatan gwamnati masu aiki. Kowanne yana karkashin jagorancin Babban Sakatare, babban ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda shugaban ma'aikata ya nada. Babban Sakatare yana da alhakin wani Minista, wanda ke zaune a cikin majalisar ministoci yana ba da rahoto ga shugaban kasa. Shugaban kasa ne ya nada Ministan bisa ga amincewar Majalisar Dattawa kuma shi ke da alhakin manufofin, kuma yayin da Sakatare na dindindin ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin.
Tsarin zartarwa
Shugabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa ne shugaban kasa ya nada su sannan ya mika su ga majalisar dattawa. Sashe na 147 (6) yana ba Majalisar Dattawa kwanaki 21 don kammala tantancewa don tabbatarwa ko kin amincewa da rinjaye mai sauƙi. A cewar sashe na 147 (5) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa, cancantar wanda za a nada a matsayin Minista shi ne cewa dole ne mutum ya zama "mai cancantar zabe a majalisar wakilai". Idan an amince da su, za su karɓi littafin hukumar, za a rantsar da su sannan su fara ayyukansu.
Albashi
Shuwagabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa da sauran manyan jami’an gwamnatin tarayya a matakin majalisar ministoci ko kuma kananan hukumomi na karbar albashin su a karkashin wani tsayayyen tsarin albashi kamar yadda hukumar tattara kudaden shiga da kasafi (RMAFC) ta duba. Babban albashi na shekara-shekara na babban minista shine ₦2,026,400 (₦ 168,866:66 a kowane wata).
Ministoci da Ministoci
Bisa ga babban taron, dole ne a samu akalla mamba daya daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, duk da cewa ma’aikatu 28 ne kawai, kuma a wasu lokutan Shugaban kasa ya kan rike wata muhimmiyar ma’aikatar kamar albarkatun mai. Don tabbatar da wakilci daga kowace jiha, Minista ɗaya ko sama da haka yana taimaka wa Minista.
majalisar ministocin yanzu
Current cabinet
Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party
The Presidency
President Muhammadu Buhari[a] 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC
Vice President Yemi Osinbajo 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC
Chief of Staff to the President Abba Kyari 5 June 2019[7] 17 April 2020[b][8] APC
Ibrahim Gambari 13 May 2020[9] Incumbent APC
Secretary to the Government of the Federation Boss Mustapha 5 June 2019[7] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Sabo Nanono 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[c][11] APC
Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 1 September 2021[11] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development Mustapha Baba Shehuri 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Aviation
Minister of Aviation Hadi Sirika 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy
Minister of Communications and Digital Economy Isa Ali Pantami 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Defence
Minister of Defence Bashir Salihi Magashi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Education
Minister of Education Adamu Adamu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Education Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Environment
Minister of Environment Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 21 August 2019[10] 10 September 2021[d][12] APC
Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 6 April 2022[13] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Environment Sharon Ikeazor 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Federal Capital Territory Administration
Minister of the Federal Capital Territory Mohammed Musa Bello 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for the Federal Capital Territory Ramatu Tijani Aliyu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Finance, Budget and National Planning
Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning Zainab Ahmed 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Minister of State for Budget and National Planning Clement Agba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs Geoffrey Onyeama 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Zubairu Dada 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Health
Minister of Health Osagie Ehanire 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Health Adeleke Mamora 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development
Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development Sadiya Umar Farouq 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment
Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment Niyi Adebayo 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment Mariam Yalwaji Katagum 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Information and Culture
Minister of Information and Culture Lai Mohammed 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of the Interior
Minister of the Interior Rauf Aregbesola 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Justice
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation Abubakar Malami 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Labour and Employment
Minister of Labour and Employment Chris Ngige 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Labour and Employment Tayo Alasoadura 21 August 2019[10] 24 September 2019[e][14] APC
Festus Keyamo 24 September 2019[14] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Mines and Steel Development
Minister of Mines and Steel Development Olamilekan Adegbite 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Mines and Steel Development Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs
Minister of Niger Delta Affairs Godswill Akpabio 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs Festus Keyamo 21 August 2019[10] 24 September 2019[f][14] APC
Tayo Alasoadura 24 September 2019[14] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Petroleum Resources
Minister of Petroleum Resources Muhammadu Buhari[a] 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Petroleum Resources Timipre Sylva 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Police Affairs
Minister of Police Affairs Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Power
Minister of Power Saleh Mamman 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[c][11] APC
Abubakar Aliyu 1 September 2021[11] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Power Goddy Jedy Agba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation[g]
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Ogbonnaya Onu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Science, Technology and Innovation Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 21 August 2019[10] 6 April 2022[h][13] APC
Ministry of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs
Minister of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs George Akume 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Transportation
Minister of Transportation Rotimi Amaechi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Transportation Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Water Resources
Minister of Water Resources Suleiman Adamu Kazaure 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Women Affairs
Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development Pauline Tallen 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Works and Housing
Minister of Works and Housing Babatunde Fashola 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Works and Housing Abubakar Aliyu 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[i][11] APC
Mu'azu Sambo 24 December 2021[17] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Youth and Sports Development
Minister of Youth and Sports Development Sunday Dare 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Reference
Ma'aikatan Najeriya
Ma'aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya
manazarta |
16146 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monicazation | Monicazation | Monica Omorodion Swaida (an haifeta ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, ) wanda aka fi sani da Monicazation, mawaƙiya ce ’yar Najeriya/Amurka,’ yar fim, furodusa kuma shugabar kamfanin inshora.
Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Swaida a Ingila kuma ya tashi a Warri, Nigeria . Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Nana, Warri, da makarantar sakandare a Mount Wachusett Community College a Gardner, Massachusetts.
Ta fara waka tun tana budurwa kuma, tun tana ‘yar shekara 14, ta lashe gasar rubuta waka tare da Jaridun Punch, wanda ya dauke ta zuwa Legas inda sana’ar waka ta fara.
Yayinda take a Jami'ar Massachusetts Lowell, Monica ita ce jagorar rawa a ƙungiyar Alumni. Ta jagoranci rukuninta kuma suka yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye a jami'a kuma ta rubuta waka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da aka buga. Ta saurara kuma ta koya daga masu koya mata irin su Majek Fashek don inganta waƙarta.
Ayyuka
Mawaƙa
Omrorodion ya fara waka ne tun yana saurayi kuma Sam Morris na Otto ya gabatar da shi a dakin kide kide kuma wannan ya kai ta zuwa Aibtonia studio, inda ta hadu da mambobinta na farko Sound on Sound kuma sanya hannun Poligram. Ta kuma sadu da Majek Fashek da sauran ma'aikata da yawa kuma ta kasance a cikin ɗakunan motsa jiki yayin hutun makaranta. Ta buɗe wa Majek Fashek, Onyenka, Christie Essien da sauran masu fasaha da yawa, kuma ta ci gaba da yawon buɗe ido tare da Majek Fashek. Monicazation ta fitar da cikakken kundin wakenta mai taken Monicazation a watan Satumbar 2014 kuma ta ci gaba da rangadi tare da masu fasaha daban-daban.
Yayinda take budurwa, ta hadu da Majek Fashek a Aibitonia Studios a Anthony a Legas. A waccan lokacin, tana cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira 'Sound on Sound' tare da Ba'amurke mai suna Scratch da wasu mawaƙa guda uku waɗanda suka saki kundi na farko da Poligram Records. Majek Fashek ya koya mata abubuwa da yawa game da rubutun waƙa kuma ya kawar da tsoranta. Ta hadu da Sunny Okosun yayin yawon shakatawa na 'MAMSER' tare da Majek kuma ta zama abokai tare da mawaƙan da ke ajiye shi. Lokacin da Majek ke hutu daga doguwar tafiya, sai ta yanke shawarar tafiya tare da Sunny Okosun . Kowane lokaci tana kan hutu tare da Majek, tana tafiya tare da Okosun kuma ta koya daga wurinsa.
'Yar wasa
Omorodion ya yi fina-finai daban-daban da suka hada da, Harkokin Zuciya tare da Joseph Benjamin, Stella Damasus a shekarar 2014, sannan kuma ya buga fim a wani fim da darakta Obed Joe ya rubuta mai taken Kone Kauna a 2014. Daga baya ta shirya fim dinta wanda ya samu lambar yabo mai taken Fuskokin soyayya tare da Robert Peters wanda Razaaq Adoti, Syr Law, John Dumelo da sauran su suka fito. Swaida, mai kasuwancin inshora, ta koma asalin nishaɗinta bayan shekaru huɗu. Fuskokin isauna fim ne na biyu da ta shirya kuma ta farko da ta fara samun lambar yabo. Ta kuma yi aiki tare a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa kuma ta rubuta waƙar. Ta yanke shawarar daukar nauyin inganta fasaha wanda zai iya isar da "gaskiya" hotunan mutanen Afirka.
Rayuwar Mutum
Monica ta fara rubuta wakoki da kiɗa tun tana saurayi. Yayinda take cikin makarantar firamare ta Nana Warri, Monica tana rubuta waƙoƙi tare da ƙanwarta. Sun kasance suna raira waƙa da fyade tun kafin ta san komai game da fyade. Ta fara soyayya da wasan kwaikwayo ne yayin da take Hussey College Warri . Ta shiga kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Silver Line Productions tare da Felix Okwelum a matsayin daraktan wasan kwaikwayo a Warri. Ta yi rawar gani a fagen waka tana ba da waka kamar Abiku da sauransu. Ta kuma taka rawa a wasannin kwaikwayo kamar The Gods Are not To Lame, House Asunder da sauran su. Ta yi rangadi tare da samar da Layin Azurfa na shekaru kafin ta mai da hankali kan kiɗa. Ta yi waƙa ta bango don taurari ciki har da: Majek Fashek, Sunny Okosun da Evi Edna. Ta kuma yi jingles da yawa da aikin murya-kan aiki. Ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai tare da ƙungiyar Majek Fashek a duk faɗin Nijeriya da Afirka kuma abin da ta fi so shi ne lokacin da suka yi wasa a Fadar Oba a Benin. Monica Omorodion Swaida sananniya ce a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da irin su Evi Edna, Majek Fashek da marigayi Sunny Okosun.
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Lambobin yabo
ACADEMIA MUSIC AWARD CALIFORNIA 2015,
KYAUTATA KARATUN KARATUN FINA-FINAI FILM
LANFA FILM DA WAKAR WAKA
ZABAR JIKIN MUTANE TARE DA NAFCA, 2015 (FASOKIN KAUNA)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Official website
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane |
22030 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Zambezi | Kogin Zambezi | Kogin Zambezi (kuma ana rubuta shi da Zambeze da Zambesi) shine kogi na huɗu a tsayi a Afirka, kogi mafi tsayi mai kwarara ta gabas a Afirka sannan kuma shine kogi mafi girma da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya daga Afirka.,Yankin tafkinsa ya kai arabba'in kilomita 1,390,000 (540,000 sq mi), kaɗan ya rage ya kai rabin girman Kogin Nil. Kogin mai tsawon kilomita 2,574 (1,599 mi) ya taso a daga Zambiya kuma ya ratsa gabashin Angola, tare da iyakoki a arewa maso gabashin Namibia da arewacin Botswana, sannan kuma kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe zuwa Mozambique, inda ya ratsa ta. tashar da za ta shiga cikin Tekun Indiya.
Yankin da ya shahara na daga Kogin Zambezi shine Victoria Falls. Sauran fitattun Waterfall dinta sun hada da Chavuma Waterfall da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Angola, da Ngonye Waterfall, kusa da,Sioma a Yammacin Zambiya.
Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na samar da wutar lantarki a kogin, Kariba Dam, wanda ke ba da damar Zambiya da Zimbabwe, da kuma Cahora Bassa Dam a Mozambique, wanda ke ba da damar ga Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai ƙarin ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki biyu tare da Kogin Zambezi a kasar Zambiya, ɗaya a Fadar ruwan Victoria ɗayan kuma kusa da Kalene Hill a Gundumar Ikelenge.
Hanyar kogi
Tushen
Kogin ya tashi a cikin dambo mai duhu mai fari a cikin gandun dajin miombo mai nisan kilomita 50 (mil 3) a arewacin Mwinilunga da kilomita 20 (mil 12) kudu da Ikelenge a gundumar Ikelenge ta Lardin Arewa maso Yamma, Zambiya da kimanin mita 1,524 (5,000 ft ) sama da matakin teku. Yankin da ke kusa da asalin abin tunawa ne na kasa, wurin ajiyar gandun daji da kuma Yankin Tsuntsaye Mai Mahimmanci.
Gabas ta asalin, magudanar ruwan da ke tsakanin Kongo da Zambezi ya zama kyakkyawan bel na babban ƙasa, yana tafiya kusan gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya faɗi kwatsam zuwa arewa da kudu. Wannan ya yanke wannan kwatancen na Lualaba (babban reshe na babban Kwango) daga na Zambezi. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ba a bayyana take a sarari ba, amma tsarin kogin biyu bai haɗu ba.
Yankin da Zambezi ya malale shi tsauni ne mai fadi mai tsayi 900-1200 m, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin nesa da gadajen metamorphic kuma an haɗa shi da duwatsu masu banƙyama na Fadar ruwan Victoria. A Shupanga, a kan ƙananan Zambezi, siraran duwatsu masu launin ruwan toka da rawaya, tare da rukuni na lokaci-lokaci, suna fitowa akan gadon kogin a lokacin rani, kuma waɗannan sun ci gaba har bayan Tete, inda suke haɗuwa da ɗakunan ruwa mai yawa kwal. Hakanan ana samun kwal a gundumar da ke ƙasa da Fadar ruwan Victoria. Duwatsu masu dauke da zinare suna faruwa a wurare da yawa.
Babban Zambezi
Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Angola na kimanin kilomita 240 (150 mi), sannan kuma ya haɗu da manya-manyan mashigai kamar su Luena da Chifumage da ke kwararowa daga tsaunuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. Ya juya kudu kuma ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa, tare da bambancin nisa tsakanin rani da damina. Yana shiga daskararren gandun daji na Cryptosepalum, kodayake ta gefen yamma, filayen yammacin Zambezian suma suna faruwa. Inda ya sake shiga Zambiya yana da kusan mita 400 (1,300 ft) faɗi a lokacin damina kuma yana gudana cikin hanzari, tare da saurin gudu zuwa ƙarewar Chavuma, inda kogin ke bi ta wani dutse mai ƙyama. Kogin ya sauke kimanin mita 400 (1,300 ft) a daga daga asalinsa a mita 1,500 (4,900 ft) zuwa Fadar Chavuma a mita 1,100 (3,600 ft), a tazarar kusan kilomita 400 (250 mi). Daga wannan lokacin zuwa Victoria Falls, matakin basin yana da kyau sosai, yana sauka kawai ta wani mitoci 180 (590 ft) a tazarar kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi).
Na farko daga cikin manyan rafuka wadanda suka shiga Zambezi ita ce Kogin Kabompo a lardin arewa maso yammacin lardin Zambiya. Babban fa'idar Kogin Kabompo shine ban ruwa. Savanna wanda kogin ya gudana ya ba da damar zuwa babban malalen ambaliyar ruwa, wanda aka cika shi da dabinon Borassus. Southan nisa kudu akwai haɗuwa da Kogin Lungwebungu. Wannan ita ce farkon Tsarin Ruwa na Barotse, sanannen fasalin babba na Zambezi, amma wannan ɓangaren na arewa ba ya ambaliya sosai kuma ya haɗa da tsibirai na ƙasa mafi tsayi a tsakiya.
Kimanin kilomita talatin a ƙasa da mahadar Lungwebungu ƙasar ta zama mai faɗi sosai, kuma yanayin filin Barotse na ambaliyar ruwa ya bayyana, tare da ambaliyar da ta kai faɗi 25 kilomita a lokacin damina. Fiye da nisan kilomita 200 a ƙarshen shekara ambaliyar ruwan tana mamaye yanayin ɗabi'a da rayuwar ɗan adam, al'umma da al'ada.
Kusan kilomita tamanin da ke ƙasa, Luanginga, wanda tare da raƙuman ruwa take malale babban yanki zuwa yamma, ya haɗu da Zambezi. 'Yan kilomitoci sama sama da gabas babban rafin yana haɗuwa a lokacin damina ta ambaliyar tsarin Luampa/Luena.
Gajeriyar hanya mai nisa ta haduwa da Luanginga ita ce Lealui, ɗayan manyan biranen Lozi waɗanda ke da yawa a yankin Zambiya na Barotseland a lardin Yammaci. Shugaban Lozi yana kula da ɗayan mahadi biyu a Lealui; ɗayan yana a Limulunga, wanda yake kan dogaye kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban birni yayin damina. Matsayi na shekara-shekara daga Lealui zuwa Limulunga babban biki ne, wanda akeyi a matsayin ɗayan sanannun bukukuwan Zambiya, Kuomboka.
Bayan Lealui, kogin ya juya zuwa kudu maso kudu-gabas. Daga gabas yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙananan rafuka da yawa, amma a yamma ba tare da manyan kwastomomi na kilomita 240 ba. Kafin wannan, Ngonye Falls da rapids na gaba suna katse maɓallin kewayawa. Kudancin Fadar ruwan Ngonye, kogin yayi iyaka da Namibia ta Caprivi Strip. Ayyukan tsiri daga babban jikin Namibia, kuma sakamakonsa ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka: an kara shi ne zuwa yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka na Jamus don bawa Jamus damar zuwa Zambezi.
A ƙasa da mahadar Kogin Cuando da Zambezi kogin ya kusan kusan gabas. A nan, kogin yana da fadi da zurfi, kuma yana gudana a hankali, amma yayin da yake kwarara gabas zuwa iyakar babban filin tsaunin tsakiyar Afirka sai ya isa wani rami wanda Fadar ruwan Victoria ta fada.
Tsakiyar Zambezi
Bikin Fadar ruwan Victoria ana ɗaukarsa iyaka tsakanin babba da tsakiyar Zambezi. A ƙasa da su kogin ya cigaba da malalawa saboda gabas na kimanin kilomita 200 (mi 120), yana yankan katangar bankwana na mita 20 zuwa 60 (66 zuwa 200 ft) baya ga tsaunuka 200 zuwa mita 250 (660 zuwa 820 ft) mai tsayi. Kogin yana gudana cikin hanzari ta cikin Ruwa na Batoka, raƙuman ruwa suna katsewa na yanzu. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan ɗayan tafiye tafiye na farin ruwa a duniya, babban ƙalubale ga masu tuƙin kaya da raƙuman ruwa iri ɗaya. A bayan kwazazzaben akwai jerin gwanon gudu wanda ya kare kilomita 240 (150 mi) a kasa Victoria Falls. A wannan nisan, kogin ya faɗi da mita 250 (820 ft).
A wannan gaba, kogin ya shiga Tafkin Kariba, wanda aka kirkira a 1959 biyo bayan kammala Dam din Kariba. Tabkin na daya daga cikin manya manyan tabkuna da ake yi a duniya, kuma wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a madatsar ruwan na samar da wutar lantarki ga yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe.
Luangwa da Kafue sune manya-manyan rairayin hagu na Zambezi. Kafue ya haɗu da babban kogi a cikin wani rafin mai zurfin nutsuwa kimanin mita 180 (ƙafa 590). Daga wannan lokacin an duba lanƙwar arewa ta Zambezi kuma rafin ya cigaba saboda gabas. A haɗuwa da Luangwa (15°37'S) ya shiga Mozambique.
Tsakiyar Zambezi ya ƙare inda kogin ya shiga Tafkin Cahora Bassa (shima an rubuta shi Cabora Bassa). A da wurin da ake saurin afkuwar hatsari da ake kira Kebrabassa, an kirkiro tafkin ne a shekarar 1974 ta hanyar gina Madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa.
Kananan Zambezi
Kasan kilomita 4750 na Zambezi daga Cahora Bassa zuwa Tekun Indiya ana iya zirga-zirga, kodayake kogin ba shi da zurfi a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. Wannan rashin zurfin zurfin yana tasowa yayin da kogin ya shiga cikin kwari mai fadi kuma ya bazu a wani babban yanki. Kawai a wani lokaci, Lupata Ruwa, kilomita 320 daga bakinsa, an tsare kogin tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Anan yana da kusan faɗi 200 m. Wani wuri kuma daga 5 zuwa 8 kilomita faɗi, yana gudana a hankali cikin rafuka da yawa. Gadon kogin yashi ne, kuma bankunan sun yi ƙasa kuma sun yi ja-gora. A wurare, duk da haka, kuma musamman a lokacin damina, rafukan sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya kogi mai faɗi da sauri.
Kusan kilomita 160 daga teku Zambezi ya karɓi malalar Tafkin Malawi ta cikin Kogin Shire. Lokacin da ya kusanci Tekun Indiya, sai kogin ya rabe zuwa cikin wani yanki. Kowane ɗayan manyan masu rarraba huɗun, Kongone, Luabo da Timbwe, sandar yashi ta toshe su. Wani reshe mafi kusa da arewa, wanda ake kira da bakin Chinde, yana da ƙarami mai zurfi a ƙaramin ruwa na 2m a ƙofar kuma 4m kara ciki, kuma shine reshe da ake amfani dashi don kewayawa. 100 kilomita gabar arewa akwai wani kogi da ake kira Quelimane, bayan garin a bakinsa. Wannan rafin, wanda ke yin siliki, yana karɓar ambaliyar Zambezi a lokacin damina.
Yankin
Yankin tafkin Zambezi ya kai kusan rabin fadinsa kamar yadda yake gabanin gina madatsun ruwa na Kariba da Cahora Bassa suna sarrafa bambancin yanayi na yawan kwararar kogin.
Kafin a gina madatsun ruwan na Zambezi suna da tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittar yankin daga yau tunda ya kawo ruwan sha mai gina jiki zuwa tekun Indiya na gabar teku. Kananan Zambezi sun sami ƙaramar ambaliyar ruwa a farkon lokacin rani yayin da ruwan sama a cikin rafin Gwembe da arewa maso gabashin Zimbabwe suka bi ta ciki yayin da ruwan sama a cikin manyan Zambezi, Kafue, da tafkin Malawi, da kuma Luangwa zuwa wani ƙarami, an hana shi ta fadama da magudanan ruwa. Fitar da wadannan tsarin ya ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta fi girma a watan Maris ko Afrilu, tare da matsakaicin matsakaici a kowane wata na Afrilu na mita 6,700 cubic (240,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika a Delta. Rikodin ya ninka sau uku girma, mita dubu 22,500 (790,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika ana yin rikodin a shekarar 1958. Sabanin haka, fitar da aka yi a karshen lokacin rani ya kai kimanin cubic mita 500 (18,000 cu ft) a sakan daya.
A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s ginin madatsun ruwa ya canza wannan salon kwata-kwata. A can kasan ma'anar mafi karancin wata-mafi-yawa ya kasance mita mai siffar sukari 500 (18,000 cu ft) zuwa mita 6,000 na cubic mita (210,000 cu ft) a sakan daya; yanzu yakai mita dubu 3 (35,000 cu ft) zuwa mita dubu uku da dari tara (140,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. Ambaliyar-matsakaici musamman, irin wanda yanayin yanayin Zambezi ya dace da shi, yakan faru sau da yawa kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kamar yadda tasirin Itezhi-Tezhi Dam yake a cikin Kaffun Flats, wannan yana da sakamako masu zuwa:
kifi, tsuntsaye da sauran hanyoyin ciyar da namun daji da tsarin kiwo ya lalace
ƙasa da ciyawa bayan ambaliyar ruwa don kiwo da shanu
al'adun gargajiya da tsarin kamun kifi sun tabarbare.
Lafiyar Qasa na Yankin
Yankin Zambezi yana da filaye da yawa, da kuma dausayi na dindin, savannas, da gandun daji na fadama. Tare da magudanan ruwa na Buzi, Pungwe, da Save koguna, kogin Zambezi ya kasance asusun Asusun Kula da dabbobin duniya na Zambezian da ke bakin ruwa savanna ecoregion a Mozambique. Savannas da ambaliyar ta yi ambaliya suna kusa da gabar Tekun Indiya. Mangroves yana gefen bakin tekun Delta.
Kodayake madatsun ruwa sun hana wasu daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta ƙananan Zambezi kuma sun sa yankin da ambaliyar ta ragu sosai ba su cire ambaliyar kwata-kwata ba. Ba za su iya sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa ba, kawai sun sanya ambaliyar matsakaiciyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi a ƙasan Zambezi ya haɗu tare da kyakkyawan kwararar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa har yanzu tana faruwa kuma yankuna masu dauƙi har yanzu wuri ne mai mahimmanci. Ko yaya, haka kuma ƙarancin gandun dajin na ƙara yin mummunan lahani ga dabbobin daji ya samo asali ne daga farautar dabbobi marasa ƙarfi kamar buffalo da buckbu a lokacin Yakin Basasa na Mozambique kuma yanzu rikicin ya ƙare da alama wuraren da za a yi ambaliyar za su fi yawan jama'a, kuma gaba An kuma tattauna batun lalatawa. Yankin da aka kiyaye shi kawai shine filin wasan Marromeu kusa da garin Beira.
Koday ake yankin ya ga raguwar yawan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, har yanzu yana gida ga wasu ciki har da reedbuck da ƙaura mai zuwa. Naman dabbobi da aka samo a nan sun hada da zaki (Panthera leo), damisa (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), hyena mai hangowa (Crocuta crocuta) da jackal mai taguwar gefe (Canis adustus). Wuraren ambaliyar sun zama matattarar tsuntsayen masu ƙaura da suka hada da pintails, garganey, African openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus), stork-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), da kuma babban farin feshin (Pelecanus onocrotalus).
Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da kada (Crocodylus niloticus), kadangaren saka idanu na Nile (Varanus niloticus) da kuma dutsen Python na Afirka (Python sebae), da macijin tsutsar ciki na Pungwe (Leptotyphlops pungwensis) da wasu macizan guda uku wadanda kusan suke da jini; macijin ruwa mai ambaliyar ruwa (Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris), dodon kerkuku maciji (Lycophidion nanus) da maciji mai dausayi (Proatheris).
Akwai da yawa daga malam buɗe ido.
Yanayi
Arewacin tafkin Zambezi yana nufin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 1100 zuwa 1400mm wanda ke sauka zuwa kudu, ya kai kusan rabin wannan adadi a kudu maso yamma. Ruwan sama yana sauka a lokacin damina mai tsawon watanni 4 zuwa 6 lokacin da Yankin Haɓaka tsakanin Yankin ke motsawa daga ƙasan arewa daga tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris. Yawan kumburin ruwa yana da yawa (1600 mm-2300 mm) kuma an rasa ruwa da yawa ta wannan hanyar a cikin gulbi da koguna, musamman a kudu maso yamma na kwarin.
Dabbobin daji
Kogin yana tallafawa ɗimbin ɗumbin dabbobi. Dorinan-ruwa (Hippopotamuses) suna da yawa tare da yawancin sassan kwanciyar hankali na kogin, da kuma kadarorin Nilu. Ana samun kadangaru masu sa ido a wurare da yawa. Tsuntsaye suna da yawa, tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da heron, pelican, egret, ƙananan flamingo da gaggafa kifin Afirka da ke da yawa. Itacen kogin kuma yana tallafawa manyan dabbobi da yawa, kamar bauna, jakunan daji, rakumin dawa, giwaye.
Zambezi kuma yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da rafin kogi. Muhimmin nau'ikan sun hada da cichlids wadanda ake kifi da yawa don abinci, da kifayen kifi, tigerfish, kifi mai launin rawaya da sauran manyan halittu. Wani lokacin ana kiran sa da shark da sunan Zambezi shark bayan kogi, amma ana samun sa a duk duniya.
Igiyoyin ruwa
Babban Zambezi: 507,200 km2, ya sauke 1044 m3/s a Fadar ruwan Victoria, wanda ya ƙunshi:
Ruwan Arewacin, 222,570 km2, 850 m3/s a Lukulu:
Kogin Chifumage: Yankin tsakiyar Angola
Kogin Luena: Yankin tsakiyar Angola
Kogin Kabompo: 72,200 km2, NW tsaunukan NW na Zambiya
Kogin Lungwebungu: 47,400 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola
Yankin tsakiyar filayen, 284,630 km2, 196 m3/s (Fadar ruwan Victoria – Lukulu):
Kogin Luanginga: 34,600 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola
Kogin Luampa/Luena River, Zambiya: 20,500 km2, gabashin gabashin Zambezi
Cuando/Linyanti/Kogin Chobe: 133,200 km2, Angolan S plateau & Caprivi
Tsakiyar Zambezi wanda aka ƙididdige 1,050,000 km2, 2442 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Cahora Bassa Ruwa
(Yankin tsakiyar ta kanta: 542,800 km2, fitarwa 1398 m3/s (C. Bassa – Fadar ruwan Victoria)
Gwembe Kamawa, 156,600 km2, 232 m3/s (Kariba Gorge – Fadar ruwan Vic):
Kogin Gwayi: 54,610 km2, NW Zimbabwe
Kogin Sengwa: 25,000 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe
Kogin Sanyati: 43,500 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe
Kariba Ruwa zuwa C. Bassa mai kamawa, 386200 km2, 1166 m3/s (C. Bassa – Kariba Ruwa):
Kogin Kafue: 154,200 km2, 285 m3 / s, Yammacin tsakiyar Zambiya & Copperbelt
Kogin Luangwa: 151,400 km2, 547 m3 / s, Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW da shi
Kogin Panhane: 23,897 km2, yankin tsakiyar Arewacin Zimbabwe
Kananan Zambezi ya cika yawa, 1,378,000 km2, 3424 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Marromeu
(Kananan sashe da kanta: 328,000 km2, 982 m3 / s (Marromeu-C. Bassa))
Kogin Luia: 28,000 km2, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N na Zambezi
Kogin Luenha/Kogin Mazoe: 54,144 km2, 152 m3/s, Tsaunin Manica, NE Zimbabwe
Kogin Shire, 154,000 km2, 539 m3/s, Tafkin Malawi
Delta na Zambezi, 12,000 km2
Adadin kogin Zambezi: 1,390,000 km2, 3424 m3/s aka sallamar da ita zuwa yankin Delta
Bayanai: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001) Ba a haɗa Kogin Okavango cikin waɗannan adadi saboda kawai lokaci-lokaci yana malalowa ta kowane fanni zuwa cikin Zambezi.
Saboda rabon ruwan sama, yankuna na arewa suna bayar da ruwa mai yawa fiye da na kudu, misali: yankunan arewacin tsaunuka na sama na Zambezi suna bada kashi 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa da Shire Rivers 16% kowane, jimlar 65% na ruwan Zambezi. Babban tafkin Cuando da ke kudu maso yamma a gefe guda yana ba da gudummawa kusan 2 m3/s saboda yawancinsu sun ɓace ta hanyar ɓarna a cikin tsarin fadamar. Shekarun 1940 da 1950 sun kasance shekaru masu yawa musamman a cikin kwandon ruwa. Tun daga 1975, ya fi bushewa, matsakaicin fitarwa ya zama kashi 70% kawai na wannan daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1958.
Tarihin kasa
Har zuwa Late Pliocene ko Pleistocene (sama da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce), kogin Babban Zambezi ya kasance yana kwarara kudu ta inda yake yanzu Makgadikgadi Pan zuwa Kogin Limpopo. Canjin hanyar kogin sakamakon motsawar epeirogenic ne wanda ya daukaka saman a rabe-raben ruwa na yau tsakanin kogunan biyu.
A halin yanzu, kilomita 1,000 (620 mi) gabas, yankin yamma na Kogin Shire a gabashin Rift ta gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Malawi ya lalata wani kwari mai zurfin kan rakiyar yamma. Dangane da kimar peran cm a kowace shekara, wannan kogin, Tsakiyar Zambezi, ya fara yanke gadon kogin nasa zuwa yamma, tare da taimakon riƙo (rift valleys) da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar gabas zuwa yamma. Kamar yadda ta yi haka ta kame wasu koguna da ke kwarara ta kudu kamar su Luangwa da Kafue.
Daga ƙarshe sai babban Zambezi ya kama babban kogin da ya makale a Makgadikgadi (ko kuma wani yanki daga gare shi) yana yankan baya zuwa gareshi, kuma ya wofintar da shi zuwa gabas. Hakanan an kame Babban Zambezi. Tsakiyar Zambezi ya kai kimanin mita 300 (ƙafa 980) ƙasa da Upper Zambezi, kuma wata ƙatuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kafa a gefen ƙauyen mashigar da ƙoshin babban kogin yake gudana. Wannan shi ne Fadar ruwan Victoria na Farko, a wani wuri zuwa Ruwa na Batoka kusa da inda Tafkin Kariba yake yanzu.
Tarihi
Bayanin Lantarki
Bature na farko da yazo ketaren kogin Zambezi shine Vasco da Gama, a cikin Janairu 1498, wanda ya kafa abin da ya kira Rio dos Bons Sinais ("Kogin Kyakkyawan Omens"), yanzu Quelimane ko Quá-Qua, ƙaramin kogi a kan ƙarshen ƙarshen Delta, wanda a wancan lokacin ya haɗu da tashoshi masu amfani da shi zuwa rafin Zambezi daidai (haɗin da aka ƙulla da shi a cikin 1830s). A cikin fewan kaɗan daga cikin tsoffin taswirori, an fassara kogin duka kamar haka. Amma tuni zuwa farkon 1500s, sabon suna ya fito, kogin Cuama (wani lokacin "Quama" ko "Zuama"). Cuama shine sunan yankin da mazaunan Tudun Swahili suka ba shi don matsugunin da yake kan ɗayan tsibirai na kudu maso yamma (kusa da tashar Luabo). Mafi yawan tsofaffin taswirar jiragen ruwa suna nuna shigar Luabo a matsayin Cuama, duka yankin kamar "kogunan Cuama" da kogin Zambezi sun dace da "Kogin Cuama".
Duk da haka, tuni a cikin 1552, marubucin tarihin Fotigal João de Barros ya lura cewa mutanen wannan birni na Monomatapa suna kiran wannan kogin Cuama Zembere. Friar Fotigal Dominican João dos Santos, ta ziyarci Monomatapa a 1597, ta ba da rahoton as Zambeze (Harsunan Bantu suna canzawa tsakanin z da r) kuma sun bincika asalin sunan; an gaya masa an sa masa sunan mutane.
Don haka kalmar "Zambezi" ta kasance bayan mutanen da ke zaune a gefen babban tafki zuwa arewa. 'Yan takarar da ake ganin sun fi dacewa su ne "M'biza", ko mutanen Bisa (a tsofaffin rubutun da aka bayar a matsayin Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios da sauran bambance-bambancen), mutanen Bantu ne da ke zaune a yankin da ke tsakiyar gabashin Zambiya a yanzu, tsakanin Kogin Zambezi da Tafkin Bangweolo (a lokacin, kafin mamayewar Lunda, da alama Bisa zai kara fadada arewa, mai yiwuwa zuwa Lake Tanganyika). Bisa ya yi suna a matsayin manyan dillalan yadi a duk yankin.
A cikin sanarwa mai ban sha'awa, ɗan asalin Goas ɗin nan dan asalin ƙasar Portugal Manuel Caetano Pereira, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen Bisa a cikin 1796 ya yi mamakin nuna shi na biyu, keɓaɓɓen kogi da ake kira "Zambezi". Wannan "sauran Zambezi" wanda ya ba da mamaki ga Pereira shine wataƙila abin da majiyoyin zamani ke rubutawa na Kogin Chambeshi a arewacin Zambiya.
Maganar Monomatapa (Santos ta ruwaito) cewa Zambezi ya samo asali ne daga wani babban tafki na ciki yana iya zama ishara ga ɗayan Manyan tabkuna na Afirka. Ofayan sunayen da masu bincike na farko suka bayar da rahoto game da Tafkin Malawi shine "Lake Zambre" (wataƙila ɓarna ce ta "Zambezi"), mai yiwuwa saboda Tafkin Malawi ya haɗu da ƙananan Zambezi ta Kogin Malawi. Labarin Monomatapa ya yi daidai da tsohuwar tunanin Turai, wanda aka samo daga tsohuwar tarihi, cewa duk manyan kogunan Afirka-Kogin Nilu, da Senegal, da Kwango, yanzu ma Zambezi, duk an same su ne daga babban babban tafkin. Haka kuma an gaya wa Fotigal din cewa "kogin" na Mozambican Espirito Santo (a zahiri an gina shi ne daga kogin Umbeluzi, Matola da Tembe) daga wani tafki (saboda haka aka san hanyar da ake kira Delagoa Bay). A sakamakon haka, tsoffin taswirori da yawa suna nuna Zambezi da kogunan "Espirito Santo" suna haɗewa cikin zurfin ciki, a tafki ɗaya.
Koyaya, tushen asalin Bisa ba tare da jayayya ba. A 1845, WD Cooley, yana nazarin bayanan Pereira, ya kammala kalmar "Zambezi" ba daga mutanen Bisa bane, a'a daga kalmar Bantu "mbege"/"mbeze" ("kifi"), saboda haka yana iya nufin kawai "kogi" na kifi". David Livingstone, wanda ya isa Zambezi na sama a cikin 1853, yana kiranta da "Zambesi" amma kuma ya lura da sunan yankin "Leeambye" da mutanen Lozi ke amfani da shi, wanda ya ce yana nufin "babban kogi ko kogi daidai da kyau". Livingstone ya rubuta wasu sunaye na Zambezi - Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi da Zambesi - waɗanda mutane daban-daban suka yi amfani da su a yayin tafiyarta, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "dukkansu suna da irin wannan mahimmancin ra'ayi kuma suna bayyana ra'ayin asalin ƙasar na wannan kyakkyawan rafin kasancewar babban magudanar ruwa. ƙasa ".
A cikin bayanan Fotigal, lokacin "Kogin Cuama" ya ɓace kuma ya ba da kalmar zuwa "Kogin Sena" (Rio de Sena), wanda yake nuni ga tashar kasuwanci ta Swahili (kuma daga baya Portuguese) a Sena. A shekarar 1752, yankin Zambezi Delta, da sunan "Kogin Sena" (Rios de Sena) ya kafa gundumar mulkin mallaka ta Fotigal Mozambique. Amma amfani da yau da kullun na "Zambezi" ya haifar da zartar da hukunci a cikin 1858 a hukumance ya sauya sunan yankin "Zambézia".
Binciken kogin
Yankin Zambezi ya kasance sananne ne ga masanan tarihin zamanin da daular Monomotapa, kuma tafkin kogin, da kuma matsayin tabkuna Ngami da Nyasa, an ba su sosai daidai a farkon taswira. Waɗannan an gina su ne daga bayanan Larabawa.
Bature na farko da ya ziyarci rafin Zambezi shi ne yaren Portuguese da ke António Fernandes a cikin 1511 da kuma a cikin 1513, tare da manufar bayar da rahoto game da yanayin kasuwanci da ayyukan cikin tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Rahoton ƙarshe na waɗannan binciken ya bayyana mahimmancin tashoshin jiragen ruwan Zambezi na sama ga tsarin kasuwancin cikin gida, musamman cinikin gwal na Gabashin Afirka.
David Livingstone ne ya fara binciken farko na Zambezi na sama a bincikensa daga Bechuanaland tsakanin 1851 da 1853. Bayan shekara biyu ko uku sai ya sauko da Zambezi a bakinta kuma a cikin wannan tafiya ya sami Fadar ruwan Victoria. A tsakanin 1858-60, tare da John Kirk, Livingstone ya hau kogin ta bakin Kongone har zuwa Falls, sannan kuma ya bi tafkin ɗan kwali na Shire har ya isa Tafkin Malawi.
Domin shekaru 35 masu zuwa kadan binciken kogin ya faru. Wani ɗan Burtaniya mai bincike Serpa Pinto ya binciki wasu daga cikin yammacin rafin kogin kuma ya auna ma'aunin Fadar ruwan Victoria a 1878. A cikin 1884 ɗan mishan mission ɗan asalin Scotland wanda yake ɗan mishan mai suna Frederick Stanley Arnot ya yi tattaki a tsayin ƙasa tsakanin kogunan Zambezi da Kongo, kuma ya gano tushen Zambezi. Ya yi la'akari da cewa tsaunin da ke kusa da kuma Kalene Hill wuri ne da ya dace da manufa. Arnot ya kasance tare da ɗan kasuwar Fotigal da hafsan sojan António da Silva Porto. A cikin 1889 an ga tashar Chinde a arewacin manyan bakin kogin. Tafiya biyu da Manjo A. St Hill Gibbons ya jagoranta a shekarar 1895 zuwa 1896 da 1898 zuwa 1900 sun ci gaba da aikin binciken da Livingstone ya fara a cikin babban kwarin da tsakiyar kogin.
Tattalin arziki
Yawan kwarin kogin Zambezi ya kai kimanin miliyan 32. Kimanin kashi 80% na yawan kwarin sun dogara ne da aikin gona, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na sama suna ba da ƙasar noma mai kyau.
Al’ummomin da ke bakin kogin suna kama shi sosai, kuma mutane da yawa suna yin tafiya daga nesa zuwa kifi. Wasu garuruwan Zambiya a kan hanyoyi da ke zuwa kogin suna karbar harajin da ba na hukuma ba 'harajin kifi' kan mutanen da ke daukar kifin Zambezi zuwa wasu sassan kasar. Hakanan kamun kifi don abinci, kamun kifi wasa muhimmin aiki ne akan wasu sassan kogin. Tsakanin Mongu da Livingstone, gidajen shakatawa na safari da yawa suna ba da baƙi don yawon buɗe ido waɗanda ke son kamun kifi don nau'ikan jinsuna, kuma da yawa kuma suna kama kifin don sayar wa aquaria.
Kwarin kogin yana da wadatattun ma'adanai da burbushin halittu, kuma hakar kwal na da mahimmanci a wurare. Hakanan madatsun ruwa tare da tsawonsu suna samar da aikin yi ga mutane da yawa da ke kusa da su, wajen kula da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma madatsun da kansu. Yankunan kogin da yawa kuma shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido ne. Fadar ruwan Victoria tana karɓar baƙi sama da 100,000 a kowace shekara, tare da baƙi 141,929 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2015. Mana Pools da Tafkin Kariba kuma suna zana adadi masu yawa na yawon bude ido.
Sufuri
Ana saurin katse kogin da hanzari saboda haka bai taba kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar jigila ba. Tafiyar Zambezi ta David Livingstone ta yi ƙoƙari ta buɗe kogin don kewaya ta jirgin ruwa, amma Cahora Bassa Rapids ya ci shi. Tare da wasu shimfidawa, sau da yawa ya fi dacewa don tafiya ta kwale-kwale tare da kogin maimakon kan hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba wadanda galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali saboda ambaliyar ruwa a kai a kai, kuma yawancin ƙauyuka da yawa da ke gefen kogin suna kawayawa ta jirgin ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1930s da 40s wani sabis na jigilar kaya ya yi aiki a kan hanyar tsakanin Katombora Rapids, kimanin kilomita 50 (31 mi) daga daga Livingstone, kuma masu saurin gudu daga Katima Mulilo. Koyaya, ya danganta da matakin ruwa, ana iya shiga kwale-kwale ta hanyar-Lozi paddlers, dozin ko fiye a cikin jirgin ruwa, na iya ma'amala da yawancin su - ko kuma a ja su zuwa gaɓar tekun ko a ɗauke su a kusa da hanzari, da ƙungiyar shanu ya jawo jiragen ruwa masu nisan kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) a kan ƙasar da ke kusa da Fadar ruwan Ngonye.
Hanya, layin dogo da sauran mashigan kogin, sau ɗaya ne kaɗan da kuma nesa, suna ta ƙaruwa. Su ne, domin daga asalin kogin:
Gadar hanyar Cazombo, Angola, ta jefa bam cikin yaƙin basasa kuma har yanzu ba a sake gina ta ba
Chinyingi ya dakatar da dutsen kusa da garin Zambezi, wani dusar ƙafa mai tsawon mita 300 (ƙafa 980) wanda aka gina a matsayin aikin al'umma
Gadar Lubosi Imwiko II da ta hada garuruwan Mongu da Kalabo, sabuwar gada ce mai tsawon mita 1,005 da karafa wacce ta hada da kilomita 38.5 na babbar hanyar da ta bi ta hanyar Barotse Floodplain da kamfanin kasar Sin ya gina tsakanin 2011 da 2016 (yunkurin na 2) na tiriliyan 1.2 na kwacha.
Gadar Sioma kusa da Ngonye Falls, sabuwar hanyar gada mai tsawon mita 260 (K 108 miliyan), an buɗe ta a 2016 a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar Sesheke - Senanga
Gadar Katima Mulilo, mai nisan mita 900 (kafa 3,000), tsakanin Namibia da Sesheke a Zambiya, an bude ta 2004, an kammala babbar hanyar Trans – Caprivi da ta hada Lusaka a Zambiya da Walvis Bay a gabar tekun Atlantika
Gadar Kazungula - a cikin watan Agusta na 2007 an ba da sanarwar maye gurbin Kazungula Ferry, ɗayan manyan jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Afirka, da gada ta hanyar inda kogin ya kai mita 430 (1,410 ft) faɗi
Gadar Fadar ruwan Victoria (hanya da layin dogo), wanda aka fara ginawa, an kammala shi a watan Afrilu 1905 kuma an fara niyyarsa azaman hanyar haɗi a cikin shirin Cecil Rhodes don gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Alkahira: mita 250 (ƙafa 820)
Dam din Kariba yana dauke da babbar hanyar Kariba / Siavonga a hayin kogin
Otto Beit Bridge a Chirundu, hanya, mita 382 (1,253 ft), 1939
Na biyu gadar Chirundu, hanya, mita 400 (1,300 ft), 2002
Cahora Bassa Dam yana cikin yanki mai nisa kuma baya ɗaukar babbar hanya a ƙetaren kogin
Gadar dakatarwar Tete, gada mai nisan kilomita 1 (1,000 m) (1970s)
Gadar Dona Ana, hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta asali amma aka canza ta zuwa hanya daya, (1935), mafi tsayi a kilomita 3 (1.9 mi), tun a ƙarshen 2009 ya zama gada ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, fasinjoji da jiragen ƙasa masu jigilar kayayyaki suna sake tsallakawa ta ƙetaren kuma daga 2011 akan layin dogo akan wannan gadar na iya isar da miliyoyin tan na kwal na Tete zuwa tashar jirgin ruwan Beira.
Gadar Caia - an fara aikinta ne a cikin 2007 na babbar gada mai tsawon kilomita 2.3 (1.4 mi) don maye gurbin jirgin Caia, wanda, tare da Kazungula, shine jirgi mafi girma a ƙetaren kogin
Akwai wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa da ke ƙetare kogin a Angola, yammacin Zambiya, da Mozambique, musamman tsakanin Mongu da Kalabo. Sama da Mongu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa bayan damuna masu ƙarancin ruwa ana iya yin rijistar kogin a wuri ɗaya ko biyu. A yankuna masu yawon bude ido, kamar su Fadar ruwan Victoria da Kariba, jiragen ruwan yawon bude ido na daukar ‘yan baƙi tare da kogin.
Ilimin Lafiya
Gurɓatarwa
Magudanar ruwa na daga cikin manyan abubuwan dake haifar da gurbacewar ruwa a kusa da biranen, saboda rashin wadatattun wuraren kula da ruwa a duk manyan biranen yankin ya tilasta musu sakin najasa da ba a kula da ita a cikin kogin. Wannan ya haifar da lalata ruwan kogin kuma ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar cututtukan rashin tsabta kamar kwalara, zazzaɓi da zazzaɓin cizon sauro .
Illar madatsun ruwa
Gina wasu manyan madatsun ruwa biyu da ke tsara yadda kogin ke gudana ya yi babban tasiri a kan namun daji da kuma yawan mutanen da ke ƙasan yankin Zambezi. Lokacin da aka kammala madatsar Cahora Bassa a shekarar 1973, manajojinta suka ba ta damar cikawa a cikin lokaci guda na ambaliyar ruwa, suna cin karo da shawarwarin cika akalla shekaru biyu. Rage raguwar kwararar kogin ya haifar da raguwar kashi 40 cikin ɗari a cikin bishiyar mangroves, ya ƙaru ƙwarai da zaizayar yankin bakin ruwa da raguwar kashi 60% na kamun kifin daga bakin saboda raguwar sanya dusar ƙanƙara da hade da gina jiki. Tsarin ruwa na Wetland da ke gabar ruwa ya ragu sosai. An kara fuskantar barazanar namun daji a cikin yankin ta hanyar farauta mara kan gado a lokacin yakin basasa a Mozambique.
Matakan kiyayewa
Yankin Kavango – Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation zai mamaye wasu sassan Zambiya, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe da Botswana, gami da mashahurin Okavango Delta a cikin Botswana da Mosi-oa-Tunya (Hayakin da ke Damuwa, ko Fadar ruwan Victoria). Ana tunanin cewa wurin shakatawar zai iya taimakawa tare da hanyoyin yin hijirar dabbobi da kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa wanda yake da tsaftataccen ruwa, kasancewar ruwan da najasa ga al'uma matsala ce.
An inganta kudaden don kiyaye iyakokin kan iyaka tare da Zambezi a shekarar 2008. Kavango – Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project - wanda ke bin Kogin Zambezi kuma ya tsallaka zuwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambiya da Zimbabwe - ya sami tallafin €8 miliyan daga Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta Jamusawa. Za'a yi amfani da wani ɓangare na kuɗin don bincike a wuraren da aikin ya ƙunsa. Koyaya, Angola ta yi gargadin cewa nakiyoyi daga yakin basasar su na iya kawo cikas ga aikin.
Kogin a halin yanzu ya ratsa ta Ngonye Falls National Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, da Lower Zambezi National Park (a Zambiya), da Zambezi National Park, Victoria Falls National Park, Matusadona National Park, Mana Pools National Park, da kuma Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve (a Zimbabwe).
Gudanar da hannun jari na kifi
Tun daga shekara ta 2017 halin da ake ciki na tsananin kamun kifi a cikin manyan Zambezi da raƙuman ruwa an ɗauke shi mai wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda raunin aiwatar da ƙa'idojin kamun kifi. An gano kamun kifin na tabkin Liambezi da ke gabashin Caprivi ya kare gaba daya, kuma binciken ya nuna raguwar tsarin ruwan kogin Zambezi-Kwando-Chobe. Yin kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba (i.a. daga baƙi waɗanda Namibiya ke aiki da su) da kuma mutane masu ra'ayin kasuwanci, suna amfani da albarkatun don cutar da kasuwannin cikin gida da al'ummomin da al'adunsu da tattalin arzikinsu suka dogara da waɗannan albarkatun.
Sakamakon haka ne jami'an Namibia suka hana gidajen sauro, kuma suka sanya lokacin rufewa na kimanin watanni 3 a kowace shekara don ba kifin damar yin kiwo. Sun kuma nada masu gadin kifi na kauye kuma an bayyana tashar Kayasa a cikin yankin masarautar Impalila a matsayin ajiyar kamun kifi. Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ta Namibia ta inganta kiwon kifi da niyyar raba dubban yatsu ga kananan manoman kifi da ke rajista a yankin.
Ɓarkewa ta EUS
A ranar 14 ga Satumbar 2007, cututtukan fuka (EUS) sun kashe ɗaruruwan kifaye masu rauni a cikin kogin. Ministan aikin gona na Zambiya Ben Kapita ya nemi masana da su binciki barkewar cutar don bincika musababbin don gano ko za a iya yada cutar ga mutane
Manyan garuruwa
Tare da yawancin tsafin kogin, yawan jama'a ba su da yawa, amma manyan birane da tare da hanyarta sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
Mongu, Lukulu, Livingstone da Sesheke (Zambiya)
Fadar ruwan Victoria da Kariba (Zimbabwe)
Songo da Tete (Mozambique)
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Bento C.M., Beilfuss R. (2003), Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique, report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project.
Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), Case study: Zambezi river basin, ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04
Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), "Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River," Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 27, 1–9
Dunham KM (1994), The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526
Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). World reference atlas. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
Wynn S. (2002), "The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism", International Journal of Wilderness, 8, 34H. C. N. Ridley: "Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia", The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora.
Funding boost for cross-border conservation project
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed
Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the "River of Life"
The Zambezi Society
Map of Africa's river basins
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River |
59658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Alpine | Yanayin Alpine | Sauyin yanayi mai tsayi shine yanayi na yau da kullum don hawa sama da layin bishiyar,inda bishiyoyi suka kasa girma saboda sanyi. Ana kuma kiran wannan yanayi da yanayin tsaunuka ko yanayin tsaunuka.
Ma'anarsa
Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na yanayi mai tsayi.
Acikin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen,yanayin tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna cikin rukuni na E,tare da yanayin polar,inda babu wata yana da ma'anar zafin jiki sama da .
Dangane da tsarin yankin rayuwa na Holdridge,akwai yanayin tsaunuka guda biyu waɗanda ke hana haɓɓakar bishiyoyi :
a) yanayi mai tsayi,wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da ma'anar yanayin yanayin yanayi ya kasance tsakanin . Yanayin tsayin daka acikin tsarin Holdridge yayi kusan dai-dai da yanayin tundra mafi zafi (ET) acikin tsarin Köppen.
b) yanayin alvar, yanayin tsaunuka mafi sanyi tun lokacin da yanayin zafin jiki ke tsakanin 0 °C da 1.5 °C (biotemperature bazai taɓa zama ƙasa da 0 ba °C). Yayi dai-dai fiye ko žasa da yanayin tundra mafi sanyi da kuma yanayin ƙanƙara(EF) kuma.
Holdrige yayi tunanin cewa shuke-shuken kayan aikin farko sun daina aiki tare da tsire-tsire suna barci a yanayin zafi ƙasa da sama da . Saboda haka, ya ayyana biotemperature a matsayin ma'anar duk yanayin zafi amma tare da duk yanayin da ke ƙasa da daskarewa kuma sama da 30. °C ya dai-daita zuwa 0 °C; wato jimlar yanayin zafi da ba a daidaita ba an raba ta da adadin duk yanayin zafi(ciki har da waɗanda aka dai-daita da waɗanda ba a dai-daita su ba).
Bambance-bambancen yanayi mai tsayi a duk shekara ya dogara da latitude na wurin.Don wurare masu zafi na teku, irin su koli na Mauna Loa, zafin jiki yana da tsayi a cikin shekara.Don wuraren tsakiyar latitude, irin su Dutsen Washington a New Hampshire, zafin jiki yana bambanta lokaci-lokaci, amma baya samun ɗumi sosai.
Dalili
Bayanin yanayi shine sakamakon hulɗa tsakanin radiation da convection. Hasken rana acikin bakan da ake iya gani yana bugi ƙasa yana ɗumama shi. Sannan ƙasa tana ɗumama iska a saman. Idan radiation ita ce hanya daya tilo don canja wurin zafi daga ƙasa zulwa sararin samaniya, tasirin iskar gas a cikin yanayi zai kiyaye ƙasa a kusan , kuma zafin jiki zai lalace sosai tare da tsayi.
Duk da haka, lokacin da iska ya yi zafi,yakan yi girma, wanda ya rage yawan nauyinsa.Don haka,iska mai zafi tana ƙoƙarin tashi da canja zafi zuwa sama. Wannan shine tsarin convection. Convection yana zuwa ga dai-daito lokacin da gunkin iska a wani tsayin da aka ba shi yana da yawa iri ɗaya da kewayensa.Iskar zafi ce mara kyau,don haka gunkin iska zai tashi ya faɗi ba tare da musayar zafi ba. Ansan wannan a matsayin tsarin adiabatic,wanda ke da yanayin yanayin matsa lamba-zazzabi.Yayin da matsa lamba ya ragu,zafin jiki yana raguwa.Adadin raguwar zafin jiki tare da haɓɓaka ana san shi da ƙimar lapse adiabatic,wanda shine kusan 9.8 °C a kowace kilomita (ko 5.4 °F akan 1000 ƙafa) na tsayi.
Kasancewar ruwa a cikin yanayi yana rikitar da tsarin convection. Turin ruwa yana ƙunshe da latent zafi na vaporization . Yayin da iska ke tashi da sanyi, a ƙarshe ya zama cikakke kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar yawan tururin ruwa ba. Turin ruwa yana takushe (farar gajimare ), kuma yana fitar da zafi, wanda ke canza adadin lapse daga busasshen adadin adiabatic busasshen zuwa madaidaicin ƙarancin adiabatic (5.5). °C a kowace kilomita ko 3 °F akan 1000 ƙafa). Matsakaicin raguwa na ainihi, wanda ake kira ƙimar ƙarancin muhalli, ba koyaushe ba ne (zai iya canzawa cikin yini ko yanayi da kuma yanki), amma ƙimar al'ada ita ce 5.5. °C da 1,000 m (3.57 °F akan 1,000 ft). Don haka, motsi sama da akan dutse yayi daidai da motsi 80 kilomita (50 mil ko 0.75 ° na latitude ) zuwa sandar sanda. Wannan dangantakar kusan kusan ce kawai, duk da haka, tunda abubuwan gida, kamar kusancin tekuna, na iya canza yanayin sosai. Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, babban nau'i na hazo ya zama dusar ƙanƙara kuma iskoki suna karuwa. Zazzabi yana ci gaba da faɗuwa har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe, a , inda ba ya kara raguwa. Wannan ya fi koli mafi girma .
Rarrabawa
Ko da yake wannan rarrabuwar yanayi ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin yanki na saman duniya, yanayin tsaunukan tsaunuka suna yaduwa sosai. Sun kasance a cikin Himalayas, Tibet Plateau, Gansu, Qinghai, Alps, Pyrenees, Cantabrian tsaunin da Saliyo Nevada a cikin Eurasia, Andes a Kudancin Amirka, Saliyo Nevada, Cascade Mountains, Dutsen Rocky, da arewacin Appalachian Mountains (Adirondacks da White Mountains), da kuma Trans-Mexican volcanic bel a Arewacin Amirka, Kudancin Alps a New Zealand, dusar ƙanƙara a Ostiraliya, manyan tuddai a cikin tsaunukan Atlas da Gabashin tsaunukan Afirka, da tsakiyar tsakiyar Afirka. sassa na Borneo da New Guinea da koli na Dutsen Pico a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Mauna Loa a cikin Pacific .
Mafi ƙanƙancin tsayin yanayin tsaunuka ya bambanta sosai ta wurin latitude. Idan an ayyana yanayin yanayi mai tsayi ta layin bishiyar, to yana faruwa a ƙasan a 68°N a Sweden, yayin da yake kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro a Tanzaniya, layin bishiyar yana kan .
Duba kuma
Alpine shuka
Yanayi na Alps
Jerin wuraren yanayi mai tsayi
Manazarta |
43476 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Ya%C6%99i%20da%20Cin%20Hanci%20da%20Rashawa | Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa | Hukumar da ke yaƙi da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasa zagon ƙasa (EFCC) wata hukuma ce mai tabbatar da doka a Najeriya da ke binciken laifukan kuɗi, kamar zamba (damfara 419) da kuma karkatar da kuɗaɗe, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. An kafa hukumar EFCC ne a shekarar 2003, a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin matsin lamba daga
Hukumar Yaƙi da Safarar Kuɗaɗen Haram (FATF), wadda ta bayyana Najeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 23 da ba su da haɗin kai a ƙoƙarin da ƙasashen duniya ke yi na yaƙi da safarar kuɗaɗen haram. Hukumar tana da babban ofishinta a Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya.
Jami’an rundunar shiyyar Benin na hukumar yaƙi da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasa zagon ƙasa, EFCC, sun kama wani Irabor Kennedy Osasogie bisa zargin zamba.
Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin ƙasar, zagon ƙasa, EFCC, ta jera abubuwan da ake buƙata don samun nasarar shiga kasuwar gwanjon kadarorin da ke faɗin ƙasar nan, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokar hana almundahana.
Tarihi
A ƙarƙashin tsohon shugaban hukumar EFCC Nuhu Ribadu, hukumar ta yi maganin almundahanar kudi ta hanyar gurfanar da wasu manyan mutane da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa, tun daga tsohon babban jami’in tsaro na Najeriya zuwa wasu shugabannin bankuna da dama. A shekarar 2005, EFCC ta kama jami’an gwamnati da suka hada da, Diepreye Alamieyeseigha.
A watan Satumban 2006, EFCC na binciken gwamnoni 31 daga cikin gwamnonin jihohi 36 dake a tarayyar Najeriya akan zargin almundahana. A watan Disambar 2007, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, bayan bincike mai zurfi da EFCC da wasu ƙungiyoyi suka yi, ta wanke ƴan’uwan Vaswani daga duk wani laifi kuma ta gayyace su su dawo cikin ƙasar. Jaridun Najeriya mai suna "This Day" da wasu manyan jaridun ƙasar sun ruwaito gaskiyar takardar amincewarsu inda suke nakalto rubutu daga umarnin da FG ta bayar. A watan Afrilun 2008 ne hukumar EFCC ta fara bincike kan ƴar tsohon shugaban Sanatoci a Najeriya, Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello kan karɓar Naira miliyan 10 (dala 100,000), da aka sace daga ma’aikatar lafiya. An gurfanar da tsohuwar ministar lafiya ( Farfesa Adenike Grange ) da mataimakinta da laifin satar sama da Naira miliyan 30,000 (dalar Amurka 300,000) daga cikin kuɗaɗen da ma’aikatar ta ke kashewa tun shekara guda da ta gabata.
A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 2008 ne aka rantsar da Cif (Mrs) Farida Mzamber Waziri a matsayin sabuwar shugabar hukumar ta EFCC. Sai kuma a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2008, tsohon shugaban hukumar Nuhu Ribadu ya samu muƙamin mataimakin sufeto Janar (AIG) zuwa mataimakin kwamishinan ƴan sanda (DCP).
A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, 2010, an kashe shugaban sashen binciken laifuka na EFCC, Abdullahi Muazu a Kaduna. Ya kasance mai himma wajen yin gwajin shugabannin bankuna da dama.
Shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan ya sallami Waziri a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2011 sannan ya maye gurbin Ibrahim Lamorde a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban wanda majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2012.
Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kori Ibrahim Lamorde ne a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2015, sannan ya maye gurbinsa da Ibrahim Magu. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta ƙi amincewa da tabbatar da Magu a matsayin shugaban hukumar har sau biyu saboda rahotannin tsaro da jami’an tsaron ƙasar suka bayar a ƙasar.
A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2020, jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin gwamnati da na ƴan sandan Najeriya sun kama Magu, suka kai shi fadar shugaban ƙasa, inda ake so ya amsa wasu tambayoyi game da zargin almundahanar da ake yi masa. An tsare shi ne da daddare, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli aka dakatar da shi daga muƙaminsa na shugaban hukumar har sai an kammala bincike.
A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2020, Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya amince da dakatar da Ibrahim Magu nan take a matsayin shugaban riƙo na Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki Tu’annati (EFCC) a wata sanarwa da ofishin babban mai shigar da ƙara na ƙasa Abubakar Malami ya fitar. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kuma amince da cewa daraktan ayyuka na hukumar EFCC Mohammed Umar Abba ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukan hukumar har sai an kammala bincike da kuma ƙarin umarni. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021 Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Abdulrasheed Bawa a matsayin shugaban hukumar ta EFCC.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafin yanar gizo na EFCC
Hukumar EFCC Alternative Aiki Portal
Cin hanci da rashawa a kan gwaji?
Labarai
Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, wanda shugaban hukumar EFCC ya gabatar wa kwamitin majalisar dokokin Amurka mai kula da ci gaban kasa da kasa
Bankunan suna shan iska mai daɗi yayin da FATF ke ba da lissafin lafiya mai tsabta
Najeriya: EFCC ta tsananta binciken ma'aikatar lafiya, jaridar ThisDay, Maris 2008 |
51717 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20Broomberg | Elias Broomberg | Elias "Elly" Broomberg MLM (23 Disamba 1915 - 4 Nuwamba 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Rhodesia haifaffen Afirka ta Kudu. An haife shi kuma ya girma a Johannesburg, ya yi hijira zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia a 1956 kuma ya kafa kamfanin masaka a Bulawayo. Da farko an zabe shi zama dan majalisa a 1970, Firayim Minista Ian Smith ya nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a shekarar 1974. Bayan shekaru biyu, an nada shi ministan yada labarai, shige da fice, da yawon bude ido. Ya zaɓi kada ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1977, kuma bayan ya bar majalisa da majalisar ministoci, ya mutu a wannan shekara.
Ƙuruciya da aiki
An haifi Broomberg a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba 1915 a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Ɗan Joseph Louis da Fanny Broomberg, ya girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa. Ya yi karatu a Forest High School a Johannesburg. Ya yi aiki a yakin duniya na biyu tare da Brigade na Sojojin sa kai na Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu.
Bayan yakin, Broomberg ya shiga kasuwanci, kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da dama. Daga shekarun 1946 zuwa 1956, ya kasance Shugaban Cotlands Babies Sanctuary. Daga shekarun 1948 zuwa 1956, ya kasance Shugaban Asusun Gina Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Kudancin, daga shekarun 1954 zuwa 1956 ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyoyin Vigilance na Kudancin Suburbs, kuma daga shekarun 1955 zuwa 1956 ya kasance Shugaban Gidauniyar Queenshaven Coronation (Kwamitin Kudu). . A shekarar 1956, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban asibitin South Rand a Johannesburg, amma jim kadan bayan ya yanke shawarar yin hijira.
A shekara ta 1956, Broomberg ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia, yana zaune a Bulawayo. A cikin 1956, tare da abokan kasuwanci, ya kafa Sentex Weaving Mills, ƙaramin kamfanin masaku mai masana'anta guda takwas da ma'aikatan 14. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan wasu kamfanoni da yawa: Coys, Merlin Limited the Trans-Ocean Import Corporation, UDC na Rhodesia, Freecor Limited, da United Refineries. Daga shekarun 1958 zuwa 1960, da kuma daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1969, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar masu masana'anta na Afirka ta Tsakiya. A Rhodesia, ya kuma rike mukaman jagoranci na ƙungiyoyin jama'a da dama: a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Lions na Bulawayo, a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Makafi na kasa, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Rhodesia na Makafi da Nakasassun Jiki, da kuma a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Farfadowa ta Sarki George VI da Makafi da Nakasassu na Jiki.
Aikin siyasa
A cikin 1970, Broomberg ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a matsayin dan takarar Rhodesian Front na mazabar Bulawayo Gabas. Ya doke abokin hamayyarsa mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Centerparti Arthur Sarif da kashi 65 cikin dari na kuri'un da aka kada. A shekara ta 1974, Broomberg ya sake lashe zaben da kashi 67 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a kan abokin hamayyarsa na jam'iyyar Rhodesia Jurick Goldwasser da kashi 33 cikin dari. Bayan zaben 1974, Firayim Minista Ian Smith ya nada Broomberg a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu. A matsayinsa na ministan kasuwanci, Broomberg ya zama babban jigo a cikin ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarcen takunkumi na Rhodesia. Ya kuma nemi gabatar da matakan sarrafa farashi, wanda ya haifar da adawa mai ƙarfi daga ƙungiyar kasuwancin Rhodesian. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, 1974, an girmama Broomberg a matsayin Memba na Legion of Merit.
A shekara ta 1976, Smith ya sake tsara majalisar ministocinsa, kuma ya nada Broomberg a matsayin Ministan Yada Labarai, Shige da Fice, da Yawon shakatawa. Nadin Broomberg ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani, domin a lokuta da yawa ana sukar aikinsa na ministan kasuwanci a cikin tsarin siyasar Rhodesia kuma ana kyautata zaton za a fidda shi daga majalisar ministocin ta gaba. A matsayinsa na ministan yada labarai, Broomberg ya kula da gidan rediyon Rhodesian, babban mai magana da yawun gwamnatin kasar. A matsayinsa na ministan shige da fice, ya nemi, akasarin yin nasara, don dakile kwararar bakin haure daga Rhodesia. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da ya bi shi ne samar da wani sashe na sashen inganta shige da fice na ma’aikatar wanda ma’aikatansa za su rubuta wasika ga duk wani bature da ya tashi domin su tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa suke tafiya, kuma su yi kokarin canza shawara. A matsayinsa na ministan yawon bude ido, ya yi kokari wajen dawo da koma bayan harkokin yawon bude ido zuwa kasar Rhodesia, musamman ta hanyar tallata kasar a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga turawan Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 1976, ya bude ofishin yawon bude ido na Rhodesian a Johannesburg, kuma ya lura da kamfen wanda ya ga "'yan mata na hutu" na Rhodesian suna tafiya a cikin Afirka ta Kudu a cikin manyan motoci masu haske don inganta yawon bude ido a Rhodesia.
Broomberg ya bar majalisar ministoci a shekara mai zuwa bayan yanke shawarar kada ya sake tsayawa takara a majalisar dokoki a zaben shekarar 1977. Ministan Harkokin Waje PK van der Byl ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Ministan Yada Labarai, Shige da Fice da Yawon bude ido. Ya rasu a wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 1977, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Yahudawa da ke Bulawayo.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Broomberg ya auri Fay Golub a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1939. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. Sun zauna a Titin Clark, daga baya kuma a Selbourne Avenue, a Bulawayo. A cikin lokacinsa na kyauta, ya ji daɗin wasan golf, wasan tennis, da zane-zane, kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi da yawa: Bulawayo Golf Club, Parkview Sports Club, da Wietzman da kulab ɗin sa na Reading. Broomberg Bayahude ne mai aiki da Sihiyoniya, [ kuma memba mai ƙwazo na Ikilisiyar Ibrananci Bulawayo.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Memba na Legion of Merit of Rhodesia, Civil Division (wanda aka ba lambar yabo a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1974)
Duba kuma
Tarihin Yahudawa a Zimbabwe
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1915 |
50589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Mattson | Ingrid Mattson | Ingrid Mattson (an haife ta a watan Agusta 24,1963)yan gwagwarmayar Kanada ne kuma masani.Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci,a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar al'ummar London da Windsor a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Huron a Jami'ar Western Ontario da ke London,Ontario,Canada.Mattson tsohowar shugaban kungiyar Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)ne kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin"Wataƙila wanda aka fi sani da matan musulmin Amurka"a cikin labarin New York Times na 2010.
Rayuwar kuruciya da asali
Ingrid Mattson,ta shida cikin yara bakwai,an haife ta a1963 aKingston,Ontario,inda ta yi kuruciyarta kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Ta yaba wa matan Katolika da suka ba ta ilimi da samar da"ilimi mai ban sha'awa"da "wuri don bincika da haɓaka wannan farkon,ruhaniyar matasa". Ta karanta Falsafa da Fine Arts a Jami'ar Waterloo da ke Kanada daga 1982– 87.A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunta,ta yi lokacin ashekara ta 1986 a matsayin ɗaliba mai ziyara a Paris,Faransa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi abokantaka da daliban Afirka ta Yamma daga al'ummar Musulmi Sufi. Lokacin karatun Alkur'ani,ta sami,"sanin Allah,a karon farko tun Tana karama." Bayan ta koma Waterloo,ta musulunta a shekarar 1987.Ta kammala karatunta a Waterloo kuma ta sami digiri na digiri a cikin Falsafa da Fine Arts a 1987.
Babban ilimi da farkon Aiki
Ingrid Mattson ta sami digirin digirgir a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Gabas da wayewa daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1999. Sannan ta zama Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi daga 1998– 2012 a Makarantar Hartford da ke Connecticut.A wannan lokacin,ta kafa shirin digiri na farko na malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka.Shekaru da dama kuma ta kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da Kirista da Musulmi ta MacDonald a Makarantar Hartford.
Yayin da takezama mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kungiyar Islama ta Arewacin Amurka,Mattson ta yi aiki a lokuta da dama tare da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka.Ta ba da shawarwari a lokacin gwamnatocin shugabannin Amurka George W.Bush da Barack Obama.Wannan aikin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manufofin da suka shafi tsattsauran ra'ayi,aikin soja na musulmi da Amurka,da kuma kare haƙƙin jama'a ga musulmi-Amurkawa. John O.Brennan,daraktan hukumar ta CIA,a lokacin da yake mataimakin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro da yaki da ta'addanci,kuma mai taimakawa shugaba Obama ya godewa Mattson bisa jagorancinta a wani taron jama'a a jami'ar New York.
Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai daban-daban.Ita ce mai bayar da shawara ga cudanya tsakanin addinai da fafutuka masu yawan gaske domin amfanin jama'a. Ta shafe aikinta na ilimi tana karantar da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci da huldar addinai a cibiyoyin kiristoci na tarihi.A matsayinsa na shugaban ISNA,Mattson ta kafa ofishin alakar addinai na kasa a Washington,DC a shekara ta 2006.Ta gayyaci Rabbi Eric Yoffie,Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya don Gyara Addinin Yahudanci, don yin magana a taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar a Chicago a 2006.Mattson ta yi magana a shekara mai zuwa a Biennial na kungiyar inda ta sami babban yabo tare da sanar da "sabon haɗin gwiwar da ke inganta tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da sauran ayyukan gina dangantaka" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ta kuma kafa shirye-shirye tare da sauran kungiyoyin Yahudawa."Shirin Twinning" tare da Gidauniyar Fahimtar Kabilanci ɗaya ce irin wannan shirin. Wani shi ne shirin shekaru uku na "Yahudawa da Musulmai a Amurka" wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Yahudawa da Cibiyar Carnegie ta tallafa.
Mattson ta ba da shawarar samun fahimtar juna da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Musulmai da mabiya addinin Buda kuma.Ta raba matakin tare da Dalai Lama a lokuta da yawa,ciki har da shirin "Seeds of Peace" a Seattle a 2008,a Indiana a 2010, da kuma a Chicago a 2011.
Mattson asali itace mai rattaba hannu kan " Kalmar gama-gari" kuma ta halarci tarurrukan Kirista da Musulmi da yawa da tattaunawa tare da Cibiyar Royal Aal al-Bayt ta Jordan don Tunanin Musulunci. Burt Visotzsky na Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ta amince da shugabancinta a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin addinai. An kuma ba ta digirin girmamawa na girmamawa a cikin 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Chicago saboda hidimarta ga al'ummar bangaskiya.
Ra'ayi kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci
Mattson tana ba da shawarar ba da gudummawar jama'a ga mata musulmi a matsayin shugabannin addini.Lokacin da ta kafa shirin farko na digiri na farko ga malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka, ta dage cewa a bude wa mata. Mattson tana sanye da hijabi, amma yana jayayya cewa bai kamata gwamnatoci su sami ikon tilasta sanya tufafin addini ko hana shi ba. Mattson ta yi aiki da wata hukumar kula da zamantakewar musulmi mai suna Peaceful Families. Kungiyar ta yi kira ga al'ummar musulmi da su guji cin zarafi a cikin gida da kuma jayayya da tafsirin Alkur'ani da ke ba da damar cin zarafi ko wariya ga mata.
Mattson kuma ita ce Wanda ta kafa da Darakta na The Hurma Project - wani shiri na taimaka wa al'ummomin musulmi su hana su yin aiki da cin zarafi na ruhaniya da jima'i daga wadanda ke da matsayi na addini da tasiri. Ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da mujallar Haute Hijab cewa ta yi hakan ne bayan ta shaida a lokuta da dama yadda al’umma ba su iya gane yadda ya kamata da tunkarar irin wannan yanayi.Ta ce, "Na gane cewa muna bukatar wani abu mai fadi kuma na da'a don nazarin iyakar matsalar,mu fahimci dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma bunkasa kayan ilimi da matakai da za mu iya kawowa ga al'umma."
Adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci
Mattson ta kasance mai sukar tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama tun lokacin da ta fara haduwa da Taliban a lokacin da take kokarin ilmantar da 'yan matan Afganistan 'yan gudun hijira a Pakistan. Bayan harin na Satumba 11,Mattson ta buga labarin intanet mai suna "Musulman Amurka suna da wani wajibi na musamman." A cikin labarin,ta bayyana cewa, “Ni a matsayina na shugabar musulman Amurka,ba wai kawai ‘yan kunar bakin wake da Taliban ba ne,amma shugabannin sauran kasashen musulmi da ke dakile dimokuradiyya, da murkushe mata,suna amfani da Alkur’ani wajen tabbatar da halayya da ba ta dace da Musulunci ba da karfafa tashin hankali." Tun hare-haren na Satumba 11,an yi hira da Mattson sau da yawa a rediyo.Ta gabatar da lacca a bainar jama'a don yin tir da tashe-tashen hankula da sunan Musulunci tare da yin kira da a warware rikici da bambance-bambancen cikin lumana. A cikin wata makala ta 2007,Mattson ta yi Allah wadai da "Masu banbance-banbance,masu cin nasara,na al'umma (addini ko siyasa)" wadanda ke tabbatar da munanan hare-hare kan wasu kungiyoyi. Mattson tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan sakon Amman wanda ya kasance martani da sunan musulunci.
Wallafawa
Littafin nata mai suna “Labarin Kur’ani: tarihinsa da matsayinsa a rayuwar musulmi (yanzu a bugu na biyu) a shekarar 2012 ne kungiyar ‘National Endowment for the Humanities’ ta zaba domin shigar da ita cikin shirinta na “Bridging Cultures”.
Tambayoyi h
Akan ME YA SA "Fresh Air" tare da Terry Gross "Mai Musulunta Ya Daukar Jagoranci," Satumba 28, 2006;
A kan "Maganar Imani" na APM tare da Krista Tippett "Sabuwar Muryar Musulunci," Maris 6, 2008;
Faɗuwar Ruhaniya ta 9/11," Satumba 5, 2002;
A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Kiristoci da Musulmai," Fabrairu 13, 2008:
A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Neman Tushen Addini," Janairu 27, 2009:
A kan "Bugu na Lahadi" na CBC tare da Michael Enright "Don Neman Musulmai Matsakaici," Janairu 4, 2010:
A kan WBEZ's Worldview" tare da Jerome McDonnell "Jagorancin Mata Musulmai," Mayu 4, 2010:
Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Waterloo
Nassoshi
Rayayyun mutane |
9289 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaure | Kazaure | Kazaure Masarautar ce kuma Karamar Hukuma ce a Jihar Jigawa ta Najeriya . Hedkwatarsa tana cikin tsohon birnin garin Kazaure.
Tarihin farko
Kwarin da zai zama zamani Kazaure yana da dogon tarihi. An ce an fara zama ne da wata gungun mafarautan Hausawa (wacce aka fi sani da Habe) karkashin jagorancin wani jarumi mai suna Kutumbi. Ya kasance kusan shekara ta 1300 CE. Bisa ga al'adar Baka da Griots ya yi a cikin shekaru aru-aru, an ce Kutumbi da jama'arsa sun yi hijira ne daga matsugunin maƙeran da ke zaune a tsaunin Dala, masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa su ne mutanen farko a ƙasar da aka fi sani da Kano .
Labarin kafuwar Kazaure ya ba da labarin yadda Kutumbi a daya daga cikin balaguron farautarsa ya samu wani kwari da ke kewaye da shi da katafaren tudun tsaro da ke cike da koguna da kananan koguna. Ya dade a unguwar har sai da danginsa suka damu da rashin zuwansa na tsawon lokaci wanda ya sabawa dabi'ar farauta da ya saba, suka bi sawunsa na tsawon kwanaki. Bayan tafiya mai nisa da wahala, sai suka tarar da Kutumbi a cikin wani kyakkyawan kwari. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka shigo ya kalli yanayin kasar ya ce da wani "Wannan Wajen Kamar Zaure !" ( Fassarar kalmar Hausa ita ce "Wannan wuri kamar daki ne na ciki"). Wannan furci na " Kamar Zaure " ya koma Kazaure tsawon shekaru aru-aru don haka ya zama sunan mazauni da mafarautan Habe suka kafa a wurin. Kabilar Kutumbi sun zauna a yankin na tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, sun bar shaidar archaeological na al'adar Hunter/Gatherer. Sun kuma yi noma kanana. Mafi dadewar abubuwan da suka samu na kasancewarsu shi ne addininsu; sun bauta wa wata baiwar Allah da ake kira Tsumburbura wadda suke yi mata hadaya ta dabba a saman tsaunin Kazaure. Ayyukansu suna rayuwa a yau a cikin waƙoƙin ruhaniya da raye-raye na Bori . Sai da zuwan Fulanin Yarimawan aka kafa tsarin gudanar da mulki a yankin.
Birnin Kazaure ya kasance hedikwatar masarautar tun 1819. Dan Tunku, jarumin Bafulatani ne ya assasa shi, wanda yana daya daga cikin masu rike da tuta guda 14 na shugaban Fulanin jihadi Usman dan Fodio . Dan Tunku ya zo ne daga garin Dambatta da ke kusa a wani kauye mai tarin yawa wanda ya sanya wa suna Kazaure ya kafa masarauta wadda aka sassaka daga masarautun Kano da Katsina da Daura .
Dan Tunku, shi ne shugaban Fulani, wanda tun a farkon jihadi ya hana hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Sarakunan Hausawan Kano, Katsina, da Daura. Don wannan bajinta ya samu tuta daga Shehu. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen kafa daular Fulani a Daura, amma daga baya bai taka rawar gani ba a jihadi, kuma bai bayar da gudumawa kadan ba wajen cin nasarar Kano. A karshen yakin matsayinsa a arewacin Kano yana da karfi amma ba a bayyana shi ba. A matsayinsa na mai rike da tuta yana da ‘yancin yin mubaya’a kai tsaye ga Shehu, daga baya kuma ga Bello, amma duk da haka an gane cewa ya kasance a karkashin Kano. Da dai har Sulaimanu marar duniya ya zama Sarkin Kano wannan sako-sako da ga dukkan alamu ya yi aiki mai gamsarwa, amma lokacin da Ibrahim Dabo mai karfi ya gaje shi sai ya lalace. Ibrahim ya bukaci Dan Tunku ya yi masa mubaya’a aka ki. Daga nan sai ya ba wa daya daga cikin hadimansa, Sarkin Bai na kabilar Dambazawa fulani, wanda ya kunshi daukacin Arewacin Kano ciki har da yankunan da Dan Tunku da mabiyansa suka samu a jihadi. Wannan matakin ya haifar da tashin hankali a fili.
Fadan, ko da yake ba a kai ga cimma ruwa ba, ya kai kimanin shekaru biyar. Da farko Dan Tunku. yana da mafi kyawunsa kuma ya kai hari har ga bangon birnin. Sannu a hankali majin Kano ya fara bayyani aka danne shi. Amma duk da haka, ya ci gaba da yi wa duk yankin Arewacin Masarautar Kano hari. Lokacin da Clapperton ya ratsa kasar a shekarar 1824 ya tarar da sarki Ibrahim a sansanin yakinsa, yana shirin gudanar da yakin neman zabe na shekara-shekara, kuma a kauyuka da dama da suka lalace da babu kowa, ya ga shaida irin barnar da Dan Tunku ya yi a baya. A wannan shekarar ne Ibrahim Dabo ya yi yunƙurin kawo Dan Tunku, a dunƙule. Ya dauki runduna har zuwa tudun Kazaure, ya mamaye sansanin da Dan Tunku ya yi hedkwatarsa. Sai dai ba da jimawa ba Dan Tunku ya kai wani harin ba-zata inda ya sake fatattakar sojojin Kano.
Yayin da fadan ya kare ba tare da tsangwama ba, bangarorin biyu sun amince a mayar da rikicin zuwa ga sulhu na Sarkin Musulmi . Da aka kawo masa shari’ar Bello ya yanke hukunci a kan Dan Tunku, ya kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin Dan Tunku ga Sarkin Kano. Da haka aka gane Kazaure a matsayin masarauta daban kuma aka shata iyakokinta. Wannan shawarar ta kawo karshen tashin hankalin, bayan haka Kano da Kazaure suka zauna tare a matsayin makwabta nagari. Amma gaskiyar magana ita ce, ko a zamanin Sultan Bello Fulani sun fara fada da Fulani. Abin takaici, yayin da karni ya ci gaba, wannan al'amari ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Sarautar Ibrahim Dambo
A zamanin Sarki Dambo (1824-57) dan Dan Tunku kuma magajinsa, masarautar ta kara girma (wani bangare na kudin makwabta, wadanda akasarinsu sun yarda da cewa ya wuce gona da iri kuma suka yarda da zama karkashin kulawar masarautarsa). . Dambo shi ne kila shi ne basarake mafi girma da masarautar ta taba samu, duk saboda hikima da jagoranci mai karfi ya sa masarautar ta samu ‘yancin kai da karfinta, a lokacin da ake yawan mamayewa).
Sai dai an kashe sarkin yaki ne a wata arangama da rundunar Damagarawa karkashin jagorancin sarkinsu Tanimu. Ya kasance a cikin 1857. Mutuwar Dambo ta kasance wani abin takaici ga sabuwar masarauta da aka kafa. An shafe kusan shekaru 50 kafin a dauki fansa a kan mutuwarsa. Amma ya rama, daga hannun jikansa Yarima Gagarau- fitaccen basaraken da ya yi kaca-kaca daga kofar Kazaure zuwa garuruwan da ke kan iyaka da Daular Damagaram a Jamhuriyar Nijar ta wannan zamani. Wani rikici da ya dace a ba da labari shi ne harin da Sarkin Damagaram Yakudima ya yi - wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba wanda ya kai wa Kazaure hari a zamanin Sarki Mayaki, jikan Sarki Dambo. Aka kwashe kwanaki 9 ana gwabza fada, daga karshe dai Yakudima ya yi murabus a wulakance. Bayan wannan arangama, an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da amincewa da masarautun biyu ya haifar da zaman lafiya da wadata ga masarautun biyu. A zamanin Sarki Mayaki ne aka fara wani babi na tarihin Kazaure, shi ne ya kawo zaman lafiya na zamani da mutanen Kazaure suke ciki.
Zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Burtaniya
A taron Berlin na 1884, an raba Afirka tsakanin manyan masu mulkin mallaka. Kudanci da Arewacin Najeriya na zamani sun fada karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila. A shekarar 1906, akasarin arewacin Najeriya aka hade da kuma sanya shi karkashin wata kariyar tsaro, amma sai a shekarar 1912 turawan Ingila suka isa Kazaure. An riga an kori Sakkwato da Kano duka kuma daular ta ruguje, an raba ta tsakanin Faransa da Ingila. Don haka Sarkin Kazaure Muhammad Mayaki cikin hikima ya mika wuya ga Turawa, Kazaure ya zama wani bangare na sabuwar Najeriya ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Mayaki shine na ƙarshe na sarakunan jarumai. Babban jikansa (marubuci) ne ya mutu a cikin wani gagarumin wasan kwaikwayo game da mamayewar Damagaram (Mayaki: The Warrior King, Anwar Hussaini Adamu, UCP Press Nigeria).
Babi na gaba a cikin labarin wannan masarauta ba wani tarihi ne na musamman ba, labari ne da akasarin masarautun Arewacin Najeriya ke yadawa. Vis; Mulkin Kai tsaye, Gudanar da Hukumomin Ƙasa, 'Yancin Nijeriya da sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi na 1976.
Sarakuna
Ibrahim Dantunku 1819/1824- Ya rasu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a lokacin da yake aikin bindiga.
Dambo dan Dantunku 1824/1857, kashe a 1857.
Muhamman Zangi dan Dambo 1857/1886, ya rasu 1886.
Muhamman Mayaki dan Dambo 1886/1914, yayi ritaya a 1914 saboda tsufa.
Muhammadu Tura dan Muhamman Mayaki 1914/1922, yayi aure kuma ya samu fitowa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1922.
Ummaru Na'uka dan Muhammadu Tura 1922/1941, ya rasu 1941.
Adamu dan Abdul-Mumini 1941/1968, Hakimin Roni -/1941
Ibrahim dan Adamu 1968/1994
Hussaini Adamu 1994/ 3 Oktoba 1998. Ya auri mata 3, ya haifi ‘ya’ya 16 (2 daga cikinsu an haife su ‘yan watanni bayan rasuwarsa) da jikoki 25 a lokacin rasuwarsa.
Najib Hussaini Adamu- 1998- zuwa yau.
Zamani Kazaure
Kazaure dai har yanzu masarautar ce a jihar Jigawa ta Najeriya. Kasa ce mai fadin kilomita murabba'i 1780, kuma tana da yawan jama'a kusan dubu dari biyar.(kimanin. ) Masarautar ta kunshi kananan hukumomi hudu, wato; Kazaure, Roni, Gwiwa da Yankwashi. Tsohuwar birnin Kazaure, kasa ce mai tsaunuka masu yawa, da tsaunuka da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Ayuba. Gada ta zamani ta hade sassan birnin biyu wuri guda.
A Kazaure na zamani, hakimai da hakimai da masu unguwanni da masu unguwanni ne ke taimaka wa sarki. Sarakuna da hakimai, ba kamar sauran masu rike da madafun iko ba, ba sa amfani da karfin siyasa sai dai su kasance masu kula da al’adu da masu ba gwamnati shawara kan al’amuran gargajiya. Suna da tasiri sosai wajen tara jama'a a masarautu da gundumomi daban-daban.
Tattalin Arzikin Kazaure yana da alaƙa da ayyukan sassa na yau da kullun tare da aikin noma a matsayin babban aikin tattalin arziki. Sama da kashi 80% na al'ummar kasar suna yin noma na rayuwa da kuma kiwon dabbobi. Ana gudanar da ciniki da kasuwanci a masarautar kanana da matsakaita, musamman a harkar noma, kiwo da sauran kayayyakin masarufi. A halin yanzu akwai kananan masana'antu da yawa da suka warwatse ko'ina cikin masarautu kamar ayyukan fata, masana'antun masaku, masu sarrafa shinkafa da gidajen burodi. Bisa la'akari da sha'awar jihar na hanzarta ci gaban masana'antu, an gabatar da wani cikakken tsarin samar da masana'antu.
Abubuwan ma'adinai da ake samu a Kazaure sun hada da kaolin, tourmaline, marl stones, potash, white quartz, yumbu mai hana ruwa da kuma antimony.
Ci gaban hanyoyin mota, wutar lantarki, sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa sun sami ci gaba mai yawa a baya-bayan nan ta hanyar gyare-gyare da fadada ayyukan. Wadannan tsare-tsare suna ba Kazaure kyakkyawan hangen nesa na saka hannun jari.
A shafin Instagram, wani mutum dan Dabaza, wani karamin kauye a Kazaure, mai suna Yahaya Abdullahi (Wanda aka fi sani da "Yahaya Abdullahi Dabaza"), ya samu gagarumar karbuwa a shekarar 2021, inda ya samu mabiya 13,000 a yau. Shafin sa na Instagram sune kawai sanannun hotuna da bayanai da suka fito daga wannan karamin kauye.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Anwar Hussaini Adamu (2004), The Hilly Land, Kano [Nigeria].
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51395 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Thomas%20Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan (an haife shi a watan Satumba 5, 1962) masanin ilimin halitta ɗan Amurka ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma likita a Jami'ar Harvard da Babban Asibitin Massachusetts . Ryan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Magungunan Magunguna da Tsafta ta Amurka daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010. Ryan Farfesa ne na Immunology da Cututtuka masu Yaduwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan, Farfesa na Magunguna a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, da kuma Daraktan Cututtukan Cutar Duniya a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Binciken Ryan da na asibiti ya kasance akan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zama a ciki, ƙaura daga, ko tafiya ta wuraren da ba su da iyaka.
Aikin binciken na Ryan ya mayar da hankali ne kan cututtuka masu saurin yanayi, masu tasowa da cututtuka na duniya, musamman fahimtar hulɗar masu kamuwa da cuta, da kuma danganta wannan ilimin ga ganowa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da manyan bincike da alluran rigakafi. Musamman wuraren da aka mai da hankali sun hada da kwalara, typhoid, shigella, COVID-19 da yada cututtukan da mutane ke ketare kan iyakokin kasa da kasa.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki da horo
An haifi Ryan a birnin New York kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann . Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar biochemical a Jami'ar Princeton . Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ya yi aikin zama na likita da horar da zumunci kan cututtukan cututtuka a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Ryan ya sami ƙarin horo a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London da Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Cutar Zawo ta Duniya (ICDDRB) a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ryan kuma ɗan ƙetare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma da Magunguna, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia . Bayan horar da shi, Ryan ya shiga jami'ar Harvard da ma'aikatan babban asibitin Massachusetts. An nada shi Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard a watan Afrilu, 2012. Ryan yana zaune a Wellesley, Massachusetts .
Cutar Zawo na Kwalara
Tare da Dr. Stephen Calderwood, Dr. Jason Harris, Dr. Regina LaRocque, Dr. Daniel Leung, Dr. Richelle Charles da abokan aiki a Harvard, da Dr. Firdausi Qadri da abokan aiki a ICDDRB, Ryan ya mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da fahimtar mai watsa shiri. -maganin kamuwa da cuta da na rigakafi a lokacin kwalara, cutar da ɗan adam ke takurawa wanda ya fi addabar talakawa a yankunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka tana tallafawa aikin binciken Ryan. Mahimman gudumawa sun haɗa da gano cewa sabanin tsarin da aka kafa a baya, cutar kwalara tana haifar da martani mai saurin kumburi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar, kuma wannan martanin yana da alaƙa da girma da tsawon lokacin rigakafin cutar kwalara. Ryan ya mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin martanin rigakafi akan murfin polysaccharide na kwayoyin Vibrio cholerae, O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), yana aiki tare da Dr. Paul Kovac na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. Martanin rigakafi ga OSP yana shiga tsakani kariya daga kwalara a cikin mutane, da Ryan et al sun nuna cewa wannan kariyar tana da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke niyya V. cholerae OSP don hana ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na wayar hannu daga yin iyo a cikin lumen na hanji. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin. An ba Ryan lambar yabo ta MERIT daga NIH don tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin.
Typhoid
Ƙoƙarin da Ryan ya yi a kan typhoid ya fi mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don tantance martanin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin zazzaɓin typhoid, gami da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, da kuma martanin rigakafin ɗan adam ga kamuwa da cuta. Wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa tare da Charles da Qadri sun gano wani ma'aunin kwayar halitta na kwayar cutar bacillus wanda ke haifar da zazzaɓin typhoid (YncE; STY1479), kuma ya haɗa da nazarin rubutun farko (bayanin kwayar halitta) na kwayar cutar kwayan cuta kai tsaye a cikin jini na wata cuta. kamuwa da mutum; aikin da aka yi a cikin mutane masu fama da typhoid da zazzabin paratyphoid a Bangladesh. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban tantancewar bincike.
Shigella
Ƙoƙarin Ryan akan shigellosis ya mai da hankali kan haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da hulɗar masu cutar. A shekara ta 2006, Ryan ya nuna cewa gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga yara masu shigellosis a Bangladesh bai kara yawan samar da guba daga kwayoyin ba. Wannan binciken yana tallafawa maganin rigakafi da aka yi niyya na mutane tare da shigellosis. Irin wannan maganin yawanci ana hana shi a cikin mutane masu kamuwa da Shiga-toxin da ke bayyana E. coli kamuwa da cuta (STEC/EHEC: enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli ), wanda irin wannan magani yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar koda.
Manazarta |
29638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaki%20da%20kuma%20Dokar%20Muhalli | Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli | Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma kasashen da ke fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban matsalolin muhalli na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan cutarwar muhalli.
Yaki da ayyukan soji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar lalata ko amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai. daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan soji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci da guba rijiya misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun a shekarar 2101.
Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi.
Tushen dokoki
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954).
“Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26 sanarwar Stockholm 1972 Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta shekarar 1982 "Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya."
“Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace" Ka'ida ta 24 1992 Sanarwar Rio → sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: "Ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. don magance, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli mai yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa".
Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi: gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su."
Dokar yarjejeniya
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja.
Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon mamayewa da mamaye Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991).
"Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su." Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992).
A Shekarar 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance iyaka kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar lalata, lalacewa ko rauni' ga kowace ƙungiya ← Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam.
Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace
1925 Geneva Gas Protocol
1949 Geneva Yarjejeniyar ta hudu art. 53 (4) ← Dokokin Hague art. 23(g): haramcin lalacewa ta hanyar mamaye iko sai cikakkiyar buƙatun soji
1972 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Na Halittu
Yarjejeniyar 1980 akan Wasu Makamai na Al'ada da ka'idoji guda 5: Protocol III (makamai masu ƙonewa) art. 2 (4) (rufin daji da shuka); 2003 Protocol V (clearance of explosive remnants) ← 1997 Anti-Personnel Mines Convention (Ottawa Treaty) ; → 2008 Yarjejeniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi
1972 Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya
1993 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba Ba rufe maganin herbicides ko tasiri akan flora ba.
Aiwatar da doka
Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya
Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna "ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a": ' Martens Sashe '( Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba.
Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. "A haɗe, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don kare yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar lalacewar muhalli haramcin hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar ramuwar gayya para 31, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ Yugoslavia v UK 1999, DR Congo da Rwanda 2002.
"Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa": Hukuncin ICJ DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo) 2005.
“Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dike da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na soji, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula." art. 15 na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya.
“Da gangan kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani" laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar "mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa" art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya.
A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta" ICRC Customary IHL Rule 43 (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi sun dage irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi makaman nukiliya ba. Duba kuma Dokoki 44 (saboda la'akari) da 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani).
Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai : Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da wasu daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekarata 2019, wasu ka'idoji 28 (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa - Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya - Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami - Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami.
Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai
Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga rebus sic stantibus (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi → 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties : Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi.
Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war)
Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba.
"Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka kuma, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa para 30, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya 1996 .
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
47412 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason-Pfizer%20monkey%20virus | Mason-Pfizer monkey virus | Mason-Pfizer virus (M-PMV), tsohon Simian retrovirus ( SRV ), wani nau'i ne na virus me saka kanjamau ma'ana kwayar cuta wanda yawanci yana haifar da cutar dake karya garkuwar jiki mai tsanani a cikin macaques na Asiya.. Kwayar cutar ssRNA tana fitowa ne a lokaci-lokaci a ciwon daji da maman na macaques na fursunoni a wuraren kiwo waɗanda ake tsammanin za su zama wanda cutar zata iya kamawa, amma har yanzu ba a san yawan wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin macaques ba. Ana yada M-PMV ta dabi'a ta hanyar ruwan jiki mai dauke da kwayar cuta ( yawu, fitsari, jini , da sauransu), ta hanyar cizo, karcewa, gyaran fuska, da fada. Ketare gurɓatattun kayan aiki ko kayan aiki na iya yada wannan ƙwayar cuta tsakanin dabbobi.
Wasu cututtuka na asibiti da cututtuka na M-PMV-cututtukan jariran rhesus macaques sune zawo, ramewa/rage nauyi, girman sefa , lymphadenopathy, rashin jini , neutropenia, da cututtukan neoplastic (retroperitoneal fibromatosis ko rare B-cell lymphomas). Sabbin birai na Rhesus da suka kamu da cutar na iya haifar da cutar rashin isasshen garkuwar jiki rigakafi tare da cututtuka masu dama.
M-PMV-based vector shine ɗan takara don isar da kwayoyin halitta na warkewa a cikin canja wurin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Dangane da M-PMV 1) yankin mai talla yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin sel na ɗan adam kuma 2) ma'anar jigilar jigilar kayayyaki (CTE) a cikin sel masu manufa yana taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe fitar da makaman nukiliya don maganin kwayoyin halitta.
Tarihi
Mason-Pfizer kwayar cutar biri (M-PMV) da aka samo daga maman birin rhesus macaque mai shekaru 8. a cikin 1970 ta Dr. Harish C. Chopra da Marcus M. Mason. Farkon ganowa ana zargin ƙwayoyin cutar virus din su zama kwayar cutar da zasu iya saka ciwon daji. saboda kamanceceniya da ƙwayar cutar wadda itama takan kawo ciwon daji. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gano shi, anyi tunanin cewa M-PMV y hana haifar i da simian AIDS (SAIDs). Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa M-PMV ba tada alaka da simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV), wanda a halin yanzu an gane shi a matsayin simian takwarar kwayar cutar ta mutum.
M-PMV yanzu na SRV-3 ne. An gano SRV-1 iri na farko a 1980s a cikin rhesus macaque,m.cyclobis, da m. fascicularis a cibiyar nazarin farko na kasa. (NPRC)a California da New England. An samo SRV serotype-2 a cikin wani nau'i na alade (M. nemestrina), (cynomolgus macaques), (macaque na Japan) a Washington NPRC, da kuma a cikin rhesus da Celebes black macaques ( M. nigra ) a. Oregon NPRC.
SRV-3 yana nan a Wisconsin Primate Center, yayin da SRV-4 da SRV-5 aka gano a jamia'r california da Beijing Primate Center. A cikin 2010, ƙungiyar bincike ta Jafananci ta ba da rahoton warewar SRV guda biyu daga macaques na cynomolgus na seropositive kuma aka sanya su a matsayin SRV/D-Tsukuba (SRV/DT).
A cikin 2011, 'yan wasan foldit sun taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da tsarin crystal na M-PMV protease retroviral. Yayin da wasan wasan ya kasance don yin wasa na makonni uku, 'yan wasa sun samar da ingantaccen samfurin 3D na enzyme a cikin kwanaki goma kawai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don warware tsarin tare da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta. yadda za a daidaita tsarin enzyme ya zamamma masana kimiyya matsala har tsawon shekaru 15. Har zuwa 2015, an gano nau'in M-PMV guda bakwai.
Rabe rabe
Mason-Pfizer ƙwayoyin birai rukuni ne na VI retrovirus na asalin betaretrovirus na dangin orthoretroviridae . An rarraba M-PMV dangane da kwayar cutar serotype kamar simian retrovirus type 3 (SRV-3).
Ya bambanta da sauran orthoretroviruses don tarawa na nau'in A-na a cikin cytoplasm da spherical nucleocapsid. Da zarar an gama haɗuwa a cikin cytosol, sannan ana jigilar barbashi zuwa membrane na plasma don kammala aikin maturation ta hanyar samar da barbashi balagagge (nau'in halittar halittar D). nau'in D sun ƙunshi ƙananan spikes masu yawa kuma sun ƙunshi capsids na icosahedral.
Ilimin tsarin kwayoyin halitta
Ilimin ilmin halitta da tsarin kwayoyin halitta
M-PMV wani retrovirus ne na RNA a lullube tare da malullubi (fuskokin triangular 20 da madaidaitan 12). "nucleic aci" yana lullube a cikin tsakiya mai siffar zobe. Kwayar cutar da ke lullube ta ƙunshi bilayer na lipid wanda aka samo daga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da takamaiman sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta.sinadaran matrix yana ɗaure tare da nucleocapsid yayin da yake rufe saman ciki na ambulaf don sauƙaƙe haɗuwar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta da tsarin bullowar. Matakan tsarin kwafi na retroviral sun haɗa da samuwar Gag barbashi, kai zuwa membrane (abin da aka makala), shiga cikin tantanin halitta, cirewar capsid na viral, sakin kwayoyin halitta, haɓakar sabbin sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin nucleic, haɗuwar zuriyar virions, budding, da sake zagayowar hoto.
Kimanin kashi 60% na gaba daya nauyin kwayar cutar virus din ya ƙunshi sunadarai, 35% na lipids, kusan 3% carbohydrate. Reverse transcriptase wanda ya ƙunshi furotin amino acid 1771, gp70 surface 586 aa protein, Pr95 911 aa protein, da kuma furotin Pr78 657 aa. Dangane da tsarinsa, M-PMV yana kula da formaldehyde, zazzabi mai zafi (zafi), da kuma kayan wanka.
M-PMV ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta iri biyu. Daya samu a cikin cytoplasm da kuma sauran an samu extracellular. Barbashi na intracytoplasmic (A-type) ƙanana ne, sifofin zobe, kuma 70 mµ a diamita. virions da aka fi samu a cikin tari a cikin cytoplasm kuma an lulluɓe da membrane na plasma a saman tantanin halitta. . Kwayoyin da ba su balaga ba suna toho a cikin salula kuma ba a ɗaukar su masu kamuwa da cuta. Bayan kammala budding, ɓangarorin da ba su balaga ba suna jurewa tsarin maturation (nau'in D) don samun kamuwa da cuta. Abubuwan da balagagge balagaggu sun kai 125 nm a diamita, yayin da nucleoid da core-harsashi ne tsakiyar cylindrical Tsarin rabu da sarari na kusan 8-10 nm.
Tsarin kwayoyin Halitta
M-PMV genome ya ƙunshi dimer na linzamin mike , RNA mai madauri ɗaya. Haɗe-haɗen provirus mai cikakken jerin kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi 8,557 nucleotides a tsayi, 349 bp LTRs guda biyu, da rubutun kwayoyin halittar suna haifar da kwayar halittar RNA na 7,943 nucleotides.
Manazarta |
15949 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%27in%20ki%C9%97a | Nau'in kiɗa | Nau'in kida yanki ne na yau da kullun wanda ke nuna wasu wakokin kida kamar na al'adar raba gari ko tsarin taron, ko kuma wanda mata zasu ke banta suyi a lokacin buku kuwa ko lokacin sallah a musulun ce. Shi ne da za a bambanta daga m siffar da kuma m style, ko da yake a yi da wadannan sharuddan wani lokaci ana amfani interchangeably,
Za'a kuma iya raba kiɗa zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar cikin kiɗan da aka fi sani da kiɗan fasaha, ko kiɗan addini da kiɗan duniya . Yanayin fasaha na kiɗa yana nufin cewa waɗannan rabe-raben galibi suna da ma'ana da rikice-rikice, kuma wasu nau'ikan na iya cikawa. Ma'anar ilimi game da kalmar jinsi kanta ya bambanta.
Ma'anoni
A cikin littafinsa Form in Tonal Music, Douglass M. Green ya bambance tsakanin jinsi da sifa . Ya kuma jera madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, da rawa a matsayin misalai na jinsi daga lokacin Renaissance . Don kara bayyana ma'anar jinsi, Green ya rubuta, "Opet na Beethoven. 61 da Mendelssohn's Op. 64 iri daya ne a jinsi-duka gwanayen goge ne-amma sun sha bamban a sigar. Koyaya, Ronart na Rondo na Piano, K. 511, da Agnus Dei daga Mass ɗinsa, K. 317, sun sha bamban da nau'ikan jinsi amma sun zama kamannin su ta sigar. " Wasu, kamar Peter van der Merwe, bi da sharuddan Salo da kuma style kamar guda, yana mai cewa Genre ya kamata a bayyana a matsayin guda na music da cewa rabo a wasu style ko "na asali m harshe."
Sauran, kamar su Allan F. Moore, sun bayyana cewa nau'in da salon kalmomi ne mabambanta guda biyu, kuma halaye na sakandare kamar su batun ma na iya bambance tsakanin nau'o'in. Hakanan ana iya bayyana nau'ikan kiɗa ko dabara ta hanyar fasahar kiɗa, mahallin al'adu, da abun ciki da ruhun jigogi. A wasu lokuta ana amfani da asalin asalin ƙasa don gano nau'in kiɗa, kodayake rukunin yanki guda ɗaya sau da yawa zai ƙunshi nau'ikan ɓarna daban-daban. Timothy Laurie ya bayar da hujjar cewa, tun a farkon shekarun 1980, "salo ya kammala karatunsa daga kasancewa rukunin shahararrun karatun kide-kide da zama kusan duk wani wuri da za a iya tsarawa da kimanta abubuwan bincike na kide-kide".
Masana kimiyyar kade kade wasu lokuta sun kasafta kide kide da sharadi irin na trichotomous kamar su Philip Tagg "axiomatic triangle wanda ya kunshi 'jama'a', 'art' da 'mashahurin' kida". Ya bayyana cewa kowane ɗayan waɗannan uku ana rarrabe su da sauran bisa wasu ƙa'idodi.
A madadin haka, ana iya tantance kiɗa a kan girma uku na "arousal", "valence", da "zurfin". Arousal yana nuna tsarin ilimin lissafi kamar motsawa da shakatawa (mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi, mai zafin rai, mai ban sha'awa, mai raɗaɗi, mai laushi, mai laushi, mai raɗaɗi), nuna alfahari yana nuna halaye na motsa rai da yanayi (nishaɗi, farin ciki, mai rai, mai himma, farin ciki da rashin damuwa, baƙin ciki), da kuma zurfin yana nuna matakai na fahimta (mai hankali, mai wayewa, mai ban sha'awa, mai rikitarwa, mai ba da labari, mai zurfin ciki, mai motsin rai, mai tunani game da kiɗan jam’iyya, mai rawa) Waɗannan suna taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa mutane da yawa suke son waƙoƙi iri ɗaya daga nau'ikan keɓaɓɓu na al'ada.
Kiɗan fasaha
Kiɗan kiɗa da farko ya haɗa da al'adun gargajiya, gami da nau'ikan kiɗan zamani da na gargajiya. Akwai waƙar fasaha a sassa da yawa na duniya. Yana jaddada salo na yau da kullun wanda ke kiran fasaha da cikakken lalata da zargi, da buƙatar mai da hankali ga mai sauraro. A al'adar Yammacin Turai, ana ɗaukan kiɗan fasaha da farko rubutacciyar al'adar kiɗa, aka adana ta wata hanyar sanarwa ta kiɗa maimakon a watsa ta da baki, ta hanyar magana, ko a cikin rikodin, kamar yadda mashahurin kiɗan gargajiya ya saba. Tarihi, mafi yammacin art music an rubuta saukar da yin amfani da daidaitattun siffofin music tsarin rubutu cewa samo asali a Turai, tun da kyau kafin Renaissance da kuma kai ta balaga a cikin Romantic lokaci.
Bayanin "aiki" ko "yanki" na kiɗan fasaha galibi ana bayyana shi ne da sananniyar sigar maimakon ta wani aiki na musamman kuma yana da alaƙa da farko da mawaƙin maimakon mai yi (duk da cewa mawaƙa na iya barin mawaƙa da wasu dama don fassarawa ko ingantawa). Wannan haka yake musamman dangane da kiɗan gargajiya na yamma. Kiɗan fasaha na iya haɗawa da wasu nau'ikan jazz, kodayake wasu suna jin cewa jazz da farko nau'i ne na kiɗan mashahuri. Shekarun 1960s sun ga guguwar gwaji a cikin jazz kyauta, wanda masu zane-zane irin su Ornette Coleman, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Archie Shepp da Don Cherry suka wakilta. Kuma masu zane-zane irin su Frank Zappa, Kyaftin Beefheart, da Mazauna sun fitar da fayafayen kiɗan fasaha.
Mashahurin kiɗa
Shahararren kiɗa kowane salon kiɗa ne wanda jama'a ke amfani dashi kuma kafofin watsa labarai ke watsa shi . Masanin ilimin kida da shahararren masanin kida Philip Tagg ya bayyana ma'anar ta fuskar yanayin zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki:Mashahurin kiɗa, ba kamar kiɗan fasaha ba, ana yin (1) don rarraba taro ga manyan masu sauraro daban-daban da sau da yawa, (2) adanawa da rarraba su ta hanyar da ba rubutacciya ba, (3) mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziƙin masana'antu inda ya zama kayayyaki da (4) a cikin al'ummomin jari hujja, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokokin 'yanci' kyauta ... yakamata yakamata a sayar sosai gwargwadon iko.
Shahararrun kiɗa ana samun su a mafi yawan gidajen rediyo na kasuwanci da sabis na jama'a, a yawancin yan kasuwar kiɗa na kasuwanci da manyan shaguna, da waƙoƙin silima da talabijin. An lura da shi a kan <i id="mwcA">jadawalin</i> talla kuma, ban da mawaƙa-marubucin waƙoƙi da mawaƙa, ya ƙunshi masu kera kiɗan fiye da sauran nau'ikan.Bambanci tsakanin na gargajiya da sanannen kiɗa wani lokacin yakan dusashe a yankuna masu iyaka kamar ƙaramar kiɗa da litattafan haske. Kidan baya don fina-finai / fina-finai galibi yakan jawo al'adun biyu ne. Ta wannan fuskar, waƙa kamar tatsuniya ce, wanda hakan ke nuna bambanci tsakanin almara na adabi da kuma shahararren labarin da ba koyaushe yake zama daidai ba.
Salon Kida na Rock
Shi Salon kidan Rock wani nau'in nau'ine na shahararren kidan da ya samo asali kamar " rock and roll " a kasar Amurka a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma ya bunkasa zuwa wasu nau'ikan salo daban daban a shekarun 1960s da kuma daga baya, musamman a Burtaniya da Amurka. .
Kidan raye-raye na lantarki ya ga ƙarin tashi a farkon al'adun gargajiya na karni na 21 saboda DJs kamar Avicii, Calvin Harris, Daft Punk, David Guetta, Deadmau5, Marshmello, Martin Garrix, Skrillex, Alan Walker da ƙari.
Kiɗa na ruhu / R & B
Kiɗan ruhu ya zama nau'in kiɗa wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan R & B daga ayyukan R&B na pop a Motown Records a Detroit, kamar su The Temptations, Marvin Gaye da Four Tops, ga mawaƙan " mai zurfin rai " kamar Percy Sledge da James Carr .
Funk
Waƙar ƙasa
Kiɗan ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da ƙasa da yamma (ko ƙasa kawai) da kiɗan tuddai, nau'ikan sanannen kiɗa ne wanda ya samo asali daga kudancin Amurka a farkon 1920s.
Reggae
Kiɗan Reggae, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 na Jamaica, nau'ine na kiɗa wanda asalinsa Jamaicans ke amfani dashi don ayyana kansu da salon rayuwarsu da zamantakewar su. Ma'anar bayan waƙoƙin reggae sun kasance game da soyayya, imani ko iko mafi girma, da 'yanci. Kiɗan Reggae yana da mahimmanci ga al'adun Jamaica kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wahayi ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin kwato 'yanci na duniya. Bob Marley, ɗan zane-zane da aka fi sani da kiɗan reggae, an girmama shi ne a bikin Independancin Zimbabwe na 1980 saboda waƙarsa da ke ba da kwarin gwiwa ga masu gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Nau'in kiɗa na reggae sananne ne don haɗawa da dabarun salo iri daban-daban don samar da kari da rudani, jazz, Afirka, Caribbean, da sauran nau'ikan kuma amma abin da ke sa reggae ya zama na musamman shine waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi. Ana yin waƙoƙin a cikin Jamaican Patois, Jamusanci Ingilishi, da yarukan Iyaric . Baitukan waƙar reggae galibi suna ɗaga da wayewar siyasa ne da ra'ayoyin al'adu.
Hip hop kiɗa
Kiɗan Hip Hop, wanda kuma ake kira da hip hop ko kiɗan rap, nau'ikan kiɗa ne da aka fara shi a Amurka, musamman South Bronx a cikin New York City da samarin Ba-Amurke daga ƙauyuka na ciki a shekarun 1970s. Ana iya bayyana shi a sarari azaman salon kiɗan kiɗa wanda aka kera wanda yawanci yana rayewa da raɗawa, mai daɗi da amo da ake rerawa. Kiɗan Hip hop ya samo asali ne daga al'adun hip hop kanta, gami da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda huɗu: emceeing ( MCing ) / rapping, Disc jockeying ( DJing ) with turntablism, breakdancing and graffiti art .
Polka
Polka asalinta rawa ce ta Czech da kuma nau'ikan kiɗan raye-raye da aka sani ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka.
Wakar addini
Kiɗan addini (har ila yau) waƙa ce da ake yinta ko aka tsara don amfani da addini ko ta tasirin addini. Bishara, ta ruhaniya, da kiɗan Kirista misalai ne na kiɗan addini.
Gargajiya da ta gargajiya suna da kamanni iri daya. Kodayake kiɗan gargajiya yanki ne mai fa'ida sosai kuma yana iya haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban, an yarda da shi cewa kiɗan gargajiya ya ƙunshi kiɗan jama'a. Dangane da ICTM (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kiɗan Gargajiya), kiɗan gargajiya waƙoƙi ne da waƙoƙin da aka yi su cikin dogon lokaci (galibi yawancin ƙarni) .
An rarraba nau'ikan waƙoƙin jama'a a matsayin kiɗan da ake magana da shi ta baki daga tsara zuwa wani. Yawancin lokaci ba a san mai fasaha ba, kuma akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙa iri ɗaya. Ana watsa nau'ikan ta hanyar raira waƙa, sauraro da rawa ga shahararrun waƙoƙi. Wannan nau'ikan sadarwar yana bawa al'adu damar yada salo (filaye da karen aiki) da kuma yanayin da aka inganta shi.
Waƙoƙin gargajiya na watsa al'adun gargajiya suna riƙe da cikakkiyar shaida game da lokacin tarihi lokacin da aka halicce su da kuma zamantakewar zamantakewar da suka ɓullo da ita. Ana iya ganin wasu misalan al'adun gargajiya a cikin waƙar gargajiya ta Ingila da kuma waƙoƙin gargajiya ta Turkiyya . Kiɗan al'adun Ingilishi ya haɓaka tun zamanin da kuma ana watsa shi daga wancan lokacin har zuwa yau. Hakanan, waƙar gargajiya ta Turkiyya tana da alaƙa da duk wayewar da ta taɓa wucewa ta Turkiyya, don haka ya zama abin tunatarwa a duniya tun daga rikice-rikicen gabas da yamma a zamanin Zamani na Farko .
Kiɗan al'adun gargajiya yawanci yana nufin waƙoƙin da aka kirkira a ƙarni na ashirin, waɗanda ake rubuta su a matsayin gaskiyar duniya da manyan batutuwan lokacin da aka tsara su. Masu fasaha ciki har da Bob Dylan ; Bitrus, Bulus da Maryamu ; James Taylor ; da Leonard Cohen sun sauya waƙoƙin jama'a zuwa abin da aka sani a yau. Sabbin mawaka kamar su Ed Sheeran (mutanen gargajiya) da The Lumineers (jama'ar Amurka) misalai ne na waƙar gargajiya ta zamani, wacce aka rikodin ta kuma dace da sabuwar hanyar sauraren kiɗa (ta yanar gizo) - ba kamar hanyar gargajiya ta watsa kida da baka ba. .
Kowace ƙasa a duniya, a wasu lokuta kowane yanki, yanki da al'umma, suna da nasu salon waƙoƙin jama'a. Bangarorin daban-daban na al'adun gargajiya suna haɓaka ta kowane wuri, asalin al'adu da tarihi. Saboda kiɗan da aka haɓaka a wurare daban-daban, yawancin kayan kiɗan suna da halaye ga wuri da yawan mutane-amma ana amfani da wasu ko'ina: maballin ko piano accordion, nau'ikan sarewa ko ƙaho, banjo, da ukulele . Duk kiɗan Faransanci da na mutanen Scotland suna amfani da kayan alaƙa masu alaƙa kamar su abin ɗoki, garaya da bambancin jakar bututu .</br>
Rarraba na atomatik
Hanyoyi na atomatik na gano kamanceceniya, dangane da haƙa bayanai da nazarin abubuwan da suka faru tare, an haɓaka don rarraba taken taken don rarraba kiɗan lantarki.
Fitowar sababbin nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da nau'ikan halittu
Sabbin nau'ikan na iya bayyana ta hanyar haɓaka sababbin sifofi da salon kiɗa da kuma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon rarrabuwa. Kodayake abin tunani ne don ƙirƙirar salon kida ba tare da alaƙa da nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke akwai ba, sabbin salo galibi suna bayyana ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin nau'o'in da suka gabata.
Tsarin asalin nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa yana bayyana, sau da yawa a cikin tsarin jadawalin rubutu, yadda sababbin nau'ikan suka samo asali a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tsofaffi. Idan nau'uka biyu ko sama da haka da ke akwai suka haifar da sabon sabo, za a iya cewa haɗuwa a tsakanin su ya faru. Yawaitar shahararrun kiɗa a ƙarni na 20 ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan nau'ikan mawaƙa 1,200. Misalan nau'ikan fusion sun hada da jazz fusion, wanda shine haduwar jazz da kidan kade, da kuma kasar rock wanda yake hade da kidan kasar da kidan rock .
Tallace-tallace na kasuwanci
Ilimin halin dan Adam na fifita kiɗa
Tasirin zamantakewar al'umma akan zabar kiɗa
Tun da kida ya zama cikin sauki ( Spotify, iTunes, YouTube, da sauransu), mutane da yawa sun fara sauraron salon kida da fadi da fadi. Kari akan haka, asalin zamantakewar jama'a shima yana taka rawa babba cikin fifikon kiɗa. Hali shine babban mai ba da gudummawa don zaɓar kiɗa. Wani da ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin "ɗan tawaye" zai zaɓi salon waƙoƙi masu nauyi kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi ko dutse mai ƙarfi, yayin da wani kuma wanda yake ganin cewa sun fi “annashuwa” ko “hutawa” zai zaɓi salon waƙoƙi masu sauƙi kamar jazz ko kiɗan gargajiya . Akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyar waɗanda suke wanzu waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin fifikon kiɗa waɗanda ba su da jinsi, kuma yana nuna martani / motsin rai / tasiri. Wadannan dalilai guda biyar sune:
Matsakaicin Mellow wanda ya ƙunshi salo mai kyau da shakatawa (jazz, na gargajiya, da dai sauransu. ).
Factora'idar Urban da aka ayyana mafi akasari ta hanyar raɗaɗa da raɗaɗi (rap, hip-hop, funk, da sauransu ).
Matsayi mai mahimmanci ( operatic, duniya, da dai sauransu.) )
Intarin ƙarfi wanda aka ayyana ta da ƙarfi, da ƙarfi, da kuma kuzari mai ƙarfi (dutsen, ƙarfe, da dai sauransu.) ).
Yankin sansanin, wanda ke nufin nau'ikan mawaƙa-waƙoƙi da ƙasa.
Tasirin mutum da halin da yake ciki
Jinsi
Nazarin ya nuna cewa yayin da mata suka fi son kiɗan da ke da fa'ida, maza sun fi son sauraren kiɗa mai nauyi. Wannan wani lokaci ana haɗa shi tare da kan iyaka da mutane masu adawa da zamantakewa .
Shekaru
Shekaru wani mahimmin abu ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga fifiko na kiɗa. Akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa zaɓi na kiɗa na iya canzawa yayin da mutum ya tsufa. Nazarin Kanada ya nuna cewa matasa suna nuna sha'awar mawaƙa masu kida yayin da manya da tsofaffi suka fi son nau'ikan gargajiya irin su rock, opera, da jazz .
Duba wasu abubuwan
Makarantar haɗuwa
Tarihin nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa
Jerin salon kiɗa
Jerin shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗa
Jerin tsarin rediyo
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Holt, Fabian (2007). Genre in Popular Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Negus, Keith (1999). Music Genres and Corporate Cultures. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17399-5.
Starr, Larry; Waterman, Christopher Alan (2010). American popular music from minstrelsy to MP3. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539630-0.
Kiɗa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30825 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauren%20yanci | Zauren yanci | Zauren 'Yanci filin ne ko fage ne mai matuƙar fa'ida da yawa a cikin Louisville, Kentucky, akan harabar Cibiyar baje kolin Kentucky, wacce ƙasashwn Commonwealth na Kentucky ke da mallakin ta. An san filin sosai don amfani da shi azaman filin wasan ƙwallon kwando, a baya yana aiki a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Louisville Cardinals kuma, tun Nuwamba shekarata 2020, a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights . Ya shirya Kiss, AC / DC, abubuwan WWE, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, The Doors, Janis Joplin, Creed, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen da yawa. Kazalika kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Louisville Cardinals daga shekarata 1956 zuwa 2010, masu haya a fagen sun hada da Kentucky Colonels na kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa hadewar ABA-NBA a watan Yuni shekarar 1976, da kuma kungiyar mata Cardinals ta Louisville tun farkon ta a shekarar 1975 zuwa 2010. Kentucky Stickhorses na Lacrosse League na Arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da Zauren 'Yanci daga shekarata 2011 har sai da ƙungiyar ta ninka a shekarar 2013. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ta karbi bakuncin VEX Robotics Competition Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya kowace shekara a tsakiyar Afrilu.
Filin wasan ya rasa matsayinsa na babban wasan cikin gida na Kentuckiana da wurin kide kide a lokacin da ke cikin garin KFC Yum! An buɗe cibiyar a cikin shekarata 2010. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi akai-akai, duk da haka, shirya kide-kide, nunin dawakai, taron gunduma, da wasannin kwando.
Tarihi
An kammala Zauren 'Yanci a cikin 1956 a cikin sabuwar Cibiyar Baje kolin Kentucky da aka buɗe wacce ke kudu da Downtown Louisville . An samu sunanta ne sakamakon wata gasa ta rubutu a faɗin jihar wadda Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Jiha da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Amurka suka dauki nauyinta . Charlotte Owens, babban jami'a a DuPont Manual High School, ya Kuma ƙaddamar da shigarwar nasara akan 6,500 wasu. An ƙera shi don gasar tseren dawaki na farko na ƙasar, wasan tseren doki na Jihar Kentucky na Duniya, tsayin bene da wurin zama na dindindin an tsara su musamman don kusan - tsayin nunin zobe (a kwatanta, tsarin wasan hockey na ƙa'ida shine tsayi, kuma filin kwando yana da ƙafa 94 kawai). Hakanan ana yin baje kolin Dabbobin Duniya na Arewacin Amurka a kowace Nuwamba. Muhammad Ali ya yi gwagwarmayar ƙwararrun sa na farko a zauren Freedom lokacin da ya ci nasara a zagaye shida na yanke shawara kan Tunney Hunsaker .Zauren 'Yanci kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasha akan Motortown (daga baya kiɗan balaguro a farkon da tsakiyar shekarata 1960s.
Haka kuma an gudanar da ranar shari’a (2000) a zauren ‘Yanci. An gudanar da gasar kokawa ta jami'a a filin wasa a shekarar 2019.
Tarihin haya
Kentucky Colonels sun kafa ƙungiyoyi masu neman nasara a lokacin da suke aiki a Zauren 'Yanci, inda suka lashe Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Amurka (ABA) a cikin lokacin shekarata 1974 – 75 kuma sun kai ga ABA Finals sau biyu. Ƙungiyar 1970-71 ta buga wasan karshe na ABA Championship, ta sha kashi a hannun Utah Stars a wasanni 7. Kungiyar ta shekarar 1972-73 ta sake tsallakewa zuwa Gasar Karshe, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Indiana Pacers a wasanni 7. An wargaza Colonels lokacin da ABA ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1976. 'Yan wasan Hall of Fame Dan Issel da Artis Gilmore sun yi wa Colonels wasa a lokacin nasarar da suka yi. Hall of Fame Coach Hube Brown ya horar da tawagar Colonels Championship.
A cikin shekarata 1984 an sake gyara wurin, gami da rage ƙasa don ba da damar mafi girman ƙarfin haɓaka daga 16,664 zuwa 18,865 don ƙwallon kwando. Gidan cikakken lokaci ne na ƙwallon kwando na maza na Cardinal daga kakar shekarata 1957–58 zuwa 2010, tare da ƙungiyar ta lashe kashi 82% na wasannin gida a cikin yanayi 50+. U na L ya kasance a cikin Manyan 5 da ke halarta a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, tare da 16 na shekaru 19 na ƙarshe da ya wuce 100% na iya aiki.
Baya ga zama gidan Cardinals, Freedom Hall ya karbi bakuncin wasannin NCAA har sau goma, gami da hudu na karshe tsakanin shekarar 1958 da 1969. Filin wasan ya kuma karbi bakuncin gasa na taro guda 11, Gasar Taro na Metro tara da gasa guda biyu na taron Amurka —2001 da 2003. Hakanan ta karbi bakuncin gasar Kwando ta Jihar Kentucky Boys' High School (wanda kuma aka sani da Sweet 16) sau 23, gami da kowace shekara daga shekarata 1965 zuwa 1978. A cikin 1984, an saukar da ƙasan filin wasan kusan don ƙara ƙarfin filin daga 16,613 zuwa adadi na yanzu. A cikin lokacin 1996-97 Freedom Hall ya sami yawan halartar 19,590 wuce gona da iri. Zauren 'Yanci yana karbar bakuncin tarakta na gasar Championship duk watan Fabrairu yayin Nunin Kayan Aikin Noma na Kasa.
Daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2008, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Louisville Fire of the af2 ta buga a Freedom Hall kafin ta daina aiki.
A ƙasan matakin shine Gidan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kentucky inda wani zanen tagulla da aka zana ya karrama kowane ɗan wasa.
Kungiyar kwando ta maza ta Jami'ar Louisville ta buga wasansu na karshe a Freedom Hall a gaban tarin tarin mutane 20,138 a ranar 6 ga Maris, Na shekarata 2010, da Jami'ar Syracuse, kungiya ta #1 a kasar. Louisville ya yi nasara a cikin tashin hankali 78–68.
Fage ya fara samun sabbin masu haya a cikin shekarata 2012 tare da ƙari na Kentucky Stickhorses, kuma a cikin 2013, tare da ƙari na Kentucky Xtreme . Koyaya, Kentucky Stickhorses ya ninka a cikin 2014 bayan rashin nasara da rashin halarta. An dakatar da Kentucky Xtreme a tsakiyar kakar wasa tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke buga sauran wasanninsu. A cikin shekarata 2020, Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights sun zaɓi Zauren 'Yanci a matsayin gidansu don ƙwallon kwando na maza da mata.
Hotuna
Duba wasu abubuwan
Jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Zauren 'Yanci
KFC ku! Cibiyar
Wasanni a Louisville, Kentucky
Jerin abubuwan jan hankali da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin babban birni na Louisville
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan yanar gizon wasannin motsa jiki na Jami'ar Louisville akan Freedom Hall
Shafin hukuma na Dandalin 'Yanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32181 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulay%20Diaby | Abdoulay Diaby | Abdoulay Diaby (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu na Al Jazira. An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar Mali a matakin kasa da kasa.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Sedan
An haife shi a Nanterre, Faransa, Diaby ya fara aikinsa a Sedan, bayan INF Clairefontaine (Cibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa ta wuce). Bayan ya ci gaba da wasa a Sedan, Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010 a Dijon, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lossémy Karaboué a cikin minti na 73rd, a cikin rashin nasarar daci 3-1. Ya sake fitowa a gefen bayan kwana uku a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2010, ya kuma sake zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AC Arles-Avignon. Ya kuma ci gaba da buga wasanni biyu a cikin kakar shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010.
A cikin kakar shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, Diaby ya fara bayyana da tawagarsa a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010, inda ya fara wasan, a cikin nasara 2-0 a kan FC Steinseltz a zagaye na bakwai na Coupe de France. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2011, Diaby ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na ƙwararru na farko tare da kulob ɗin, yana riƙe shi har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar kuma ya kafa daya daga cikin kwallayen, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 5–3 da FC Istres a ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekarar 2011. Bayan kwana bakwai, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2011, ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka biyo baya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Le Havre. A karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2010 zuwa 2011, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha daya kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa.
A cikin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara 2–1 da Clermont Foot a 12 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2011. Bayan wata daya, a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2011, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke Le Havre da ci 3-0. Sannan ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin watan Oktoba, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Angers SCO (sau biyu) da Lille. Ya kawo karshen fari na tsawon watanni biyu a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2012, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da US Boulogne. Ya kasance a cikin wani fari lokacin da a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2012, ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 2-1 akan Nantes. Duk da raunin da ya samu a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa.
A cikin kakar shekarar, 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013, Diaby ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3–2 da Nîmes Olympique a 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2012. Yayi nasara da ci 2–0 akan Clermont Foot a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2012, an kore shi da jan kati kai tsaye a cikin mintuna na 80. Bayan yin aiki da dakatarwar wasa, Diaby ya koma cikin farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasarar 3–1 da Stade Lavallois a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2012. Bayan da aka fitar da shi daga tawagar farko saboda "dalilai na ladabtarwa" a farkon Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2012, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Gazélec Ajaccio. A wasan da suka yi da Auxerre a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, ya ci kwallo ta bakwai a kakar wasa ta bana, a ci 1-0. Duk da fama da rauni da dakatarwa zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013, Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye bakwai a duk gasa. Duk da haka, bin kulob ta relegation zuwa Championnat de France Amateur.
Lille
An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2013 cewa Diaby ya koma Lille a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din.
Bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz ya ƙare a kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015, Diaby ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da Lille, ya mai da shi har zuwa shekarar 2019. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Lille a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2015, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Divock Origi, a wasan da suka doke Lyon da ci 2-1. Ya ci gaba da kara buga wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana, duka sun zo ne a madadin.
Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (lamuni)
Nan da nan bayan ya shiga Lille, Diaby ya koma Belgium, inda ya shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz.
Diaby ya fara buga wasansa na Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Antonio Jakoliš a cikin mintuna na 74, a cikin nasara da ci 2–1 akan RWS Bruxelles a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2013. A ranar 4 ga Watan Satumba shekarar, 2013, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din, a cikin nasara 3–2 a kan Eendracht Aalst. Bayan bai nuna wasan farko a cikin watanni biyu ba, ya dawo a ranar 29 ga Watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2013, yana farawa a 2-0 nasara akan KSV Roeselare. Bayan ya rasa wasanni biyu a tsakiyar-Janairu, ya zira kwallaye a dawowar sa, a cikin nasara 2–1 akan Eendracht Aalst a ranar 25 ga Watan Janairu shekarar, 2014. Daga baya a cikin lokacin shekara ta, 2013 zuwa 2014, Diaby ya taimaka wa gefen samun haɓaka zuwa Jupiler Pro League kakar wasa mai zuwa. Ya kammala kakar wasan bana, inda ya buga wasanni 20 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a dukkan gasa.
An sanar a ranar 12 ga Watan Yuli shekarar, 2014 cewa Diaby ya sake shiga Mouscron-Péruwelz a karo na biyu akan lamuni. A cikin kakarsa ta biyu, tare da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz a cikin Jupiler Pro League, Diaby ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Waasland-Beveren, Standard Liège (sau biyu), Zulte Waregem da Cercle Brugge (sau biyu). Daga baya ya kara kwallo ta goma da goma sha daya a karawar da suka yi da Lierse da Waasland-Beveren. A cikin Watan Janairu shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A lokacin tafiyarsa, ya buga wasanni 22 kuma ya zura kwallaye 12 sau (wanda shine ya fi zura kwallaye a lokacin kuma har yanzu yana karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015) a duk gasa.
Club Brugge
Bayan ya bayyana aniyarsa ta komawa Belgium, an sanar da shi a ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu shekarar, 2015 cewa Diaby ya shiga kungiyar Jupiler Pro League Club Brugge, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. An bayar da rahoton cewa tafiyar canja wuri ya ci Yuro miliyan biyu. Bayan ya koma kungiyar, ya ce burinsa a kakar wasa ta farko a Club Brugge shine ya zura akalla kwallaye 20.
Diaby ya fara buga wasa a Club Brugge a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2015, inda ya fara wasan gabaɗaya, a 1-0 da Gent a gasar cin kofin Belgian. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2015, ya fara buga gasar lig na Club Brugge, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 da Sint-Truidense. A wasan na biye da KV Mechelen a ranar 1 ga watan agusta shekara ta, 2015, Diaby ya ci wa kulob din kwallonsa ta farko, a ci 3-0. A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2015, ya zira kwallaye hudu, a cikin nasara da ci 7–1 akan Standard Liège. Bayan watanni biyu burin fari, ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015 a cikin nasara daci 2-0 akan OH Leuven, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar zira kwallaye a 2-0 nasara akan Westerlo. A lokacin Disamba, ya kara da ciwa hudu a raga, da suka kasance a kan Charleroi, Westerlo (sau biyu) da kuma KV Kortrijk. Bayan haka Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gent a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda suka doke su da ci 1-0 ya sa suka kai wasan karshe ta hanyar waje. Duk da raunin da ya samu, a ƙarshe ya taka leda a wasan karshe da Standard Liege, amma an kore shi saboda ƙwararrun ƙwararren Giannis Maniatis, yayin da Club Brugge ya yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1. Bayan dakatarwar wasa daya, ya dawo fagen daga ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2016 da Gent, wanda ya ga Club Brugge ya ci 2-0. Daga nan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta, 2015 zuwa 2016, gami da zira kwallaye biyu, a cikin nasara da ci 4–0 akan Anderlecht ya lashe kofin gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru goma sha daya. Duk da fuskantar gasa daga Jelle Vossen, Leandro Pereira, Wesley Moraes, Bernie Ibini-Isei da José Izquierdo a ko'ina cikin shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 kakar, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin 47 bayyanuwa kuma ya zira kwallaye 20 sau (13 daga cikinsu shi ne babban haɗin gwiwa tare da Vossen). a duk gasa.
A cikin kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da dawo da matsayinsa na farko a gefe, yana wasa a matsayin dan wasan. Sai dai ya yi fama da zura kwallaye kamar yadda ya yi a kakar wasan da ta wuce. mafi muni, ba da daɗewa ba Diaby ya sami damuwa game da raunin da ya samu a sakamakon. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017, ya dawo daga rauni, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka doke Waasland-Beveren da ci 2–1 Duk da haka, kuma, ya sake fama da Osteitis pubis wanda ya gan shi yana jinkiri na sauran kakar wasa. A ƙarshen kakar shekara ta, 2016 zuwa 2017, Diaby ya ci gaba da yin bayyana 20 a duk gasa.
A farkon kakar shekara ta, 2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya dawo daga rauni a farkon kakar wasa kuma bai fara bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ba a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Champions League da İstanbul Başakşehir. abin da ya sa suka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0, kuma an fitar da su daga gasar. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2017, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Eupen da ci 3–1. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2017, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, a wasan da suka doke KV Kortrijk da ci 2–1. A cikin watan Disamba, Diaby ya samar da hanyar zira kwallaye a ragar Lokeren, Anderlecht (sau biyu), KV Mechelen da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz (sau biyu). A watan Disamba, ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta bana. A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Diaby ya zira kwallaye hudu a gefe, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar RSC Charleroi, Standard Liège (sau biyu) da Anderlecht. Sai dai kuma ya samu rauni a idon sawun sa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinya har karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ba da jimawa ba, kulob din ya ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na biyu a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce, saboda yana cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka taka rawa a kakar wasa ta bana don lashe gasar zakarun Turai. Duk da cewa ba ya cikin tawagar farko, saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta bana, Diaby ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tawagar farko duk da fuskantar gasa daga Vossen da Wesley. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, Diaby ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye 16 a duk gasa.
Sporting CP
An sanar da shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018 cewa Diaby ya shiga kulob din Portuguese Sporting CP, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar a kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ko da yake an bayar da rahoton cewa ya kashe €4 miliyan. Kulob din ya kuma shigar da batun sakin dalar Amurka miliyan 70 kan Diaby. Da shiga kulob din, Diaby ya ce game da tafiyar: "Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan. Sporting CP babban kulob ne kuma da zarar na ji labarin yiwuwar zuwa nan ban yi kasa a gwiwa ba, na san cewa kwallon kafa ta Portugal tana da manyan kungiyoyi, wadanda a kodayaushe suke shiga gasar Turai." Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar La Liga a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Nemanja Gudelj a minti na 86 a wasan da suka doke Braga da ci 1-0.
A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020, bayan kashe duk kamfen na shekara ta, 2019 zuwa 2020 akan lamuni a Beşiktaş JK, Diaby an ba shi rancen zuwa Getafe CF na La Liga na tsawon shekara guda.
A ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021 Sporting CP ta dawo da Diaby daga Getafe bayan wasanni 3 kawai kuma daga baya aka bada aronsa ga kulob din RSC Anderlecht na Belgium har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.
Lamuni zuwa ga Anderlecht
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2021, Diaby ya koma elgium First Division A kulob, Anderlecht a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Lamunin ya haɗa da zaɓi don siye.
Ayyukan kasa
A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar, 2014, Mali ta kira Diaby a karon farko; sannan ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko, a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Habasha a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014. Daga karshe Mali ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar, 2015 bayan ta lallasa Algeria da ci 2-0 a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta, 2014.
A ƙarshen watan Disamba shekarar, 2014, an jera Diaby a cikin ƙungiyar maza ta wucin gadi 35 ta ƙasa. Bayan ya bayyana sau biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasanni biyu na farko a gasar, ya fara bayyanarsa a gasar, inda ya fara wasan kafin a sauya shi, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guinea a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015.
Kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar, 2015, Diaby ya ci kwallonsa ta farko cikin watanni goma sha daya, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Benin . A gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika, Diaby ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2016 da 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2016 da Sudan ta Kudu da Benin . Daga nan ya kawo karshen fari na shekaru biyu na fari lokacin da ya zura bugun fanareti na rabin-farko, a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Japan a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Shekara ta , 2018.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Mali.
Girmamawa
Club Brugge
Belgian Pro League : 2015–16, 2017–18
Belgium Super Cup : 2016
Wasanni CP
Taça de Portugal : 2018-19
Taca da Liga : 2018-19
Al-Jazira
UAE Super Cup : 2021
Manazarta
Abdoulay Diaby at BDFutbol
Abdoulay Diaby at ForaDeJogo
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53730 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumi%20Arimura | Kasumi Arimura | Kasumi Arimura (有村 架純, Arimura Kasumi, born February 13, 1993) is a Japanese actress. Her television roles have included the young Haruko Amano in the 2013 NHK asadora Amachan and the lead role in the 2017 asadora Hiyokko. She has also appeared in several films, including Flying Colors, for which she won a 39th Japan Academy Film Prize for Newcomer of the Year, and We Made A Beautiful Bouquet, for which she won the 45th Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Actress.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Arimura a ranar 13 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1993, a gundumar Hyōgo, Japan. Tana kuma da kanwa babba, Airi Arimura, wacce ita ma ta zama ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi.
Sana'a
A cikin Disamban shekara ta 2009, yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Hyogo Prefectural Itami Nishi, Arimura ya nemi FlaMme kuma ya wuce. A cikin Mayu 2010, ta yi fitowar jerin shirye-shiryenta na farko a Hagane no Onna . Arimura ya samu karbuwa ta hanyar fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na safe Amachan a shekarar 2013. Daga nan sai Arimura ta fito a matsayin jagorar jarumar fim din Flying Colours inda aka jefa ta a matsayin matashiya mai cike da damuwa wacce ke zuwa makarantar boko bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta don samun shiga Jami’a. Fim ɗin ya kasance babban nasara a ofishin akwatin kuma shine fim na 8th mafi girma a Japan a cikin 2015. An zabi Arimura a matsayin Babban Fitacciyar Wakar Da Wata Jaruma Ta Yi A Matsayin Jagora A Matsayin Jagora da Sabbin Kyau Na Shekara a Kyautar Fina-Fina ta 39th Japan Academy Prize saboda rawar da ta taka a fim. An ba ta kyautar Gwarzon Sabuwar Shekara.
An zabi Arimura a matsayin jagorar yar wasan Asadora Hiyokko a shekarar 2017. Don rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo, an zabe ta a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin na 94th (2017), lambar yabo da wata shahararriyar mujallar Jafananci, The Television ta bayar a kowane wata, kuma an dogara ne akan haɗakar sakamakon kuri'u daga masu karanta mujallu, juri, da 'yan jaridar TV a Japan. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na talabijin da fina-finai kamar Chūgakusei Nikki, Ni Jarumi ne, Cafe Funiculi Funicula da Sekigahara . A cikin fim din Sekigahara, Arimura ya taka rawar wani ninja mai suna Hatsume wanda fitaccen jarumi samurai Ishida Mitsunari ya dauka. An zabi fim din don lambar yabo ta Hotuna na shekara a lambar yabo ta 41st Japan Academy Film Prize .
Arimura ya kuma ɗauki matsayin aiki a cikin ayyukan da ake ɗauka a matsayin rigima a yanayi. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo Chūgakusei Nikki, Arimura ta ɗauki nauyin ƙalubale na wata matashiyar malamin da ta ƙare soyayya da ɗalibarta mai shekaru 15. Duk da yanayin sa na cece-kuce, an sanya wa wasan kwaikwayon sunan Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo a cikin lambar yabo ta 99th Japan Television Drama Academy Awards.
Shekarar 2021 ta zama shekarar nasara sosai ga Arimura. Ta fito a cikin fim din Mun Yi Kyawun Bouquet, wanda shine fim na 8 mafi girma na 2021 a Japan. An ba Arimura lambar yabo ta Best Actress a lambar yabo ta 45th Japan Academy Film Prize saboda rawar da ta taka a fim. Haka kuma Arimura ya fito a cikin fina-finan da suka yi fice a fina-finan Rurouni Kenshin: The Final and Rurouni Kenshin: The Beginning, fina-finai 2 na karshe na fitaccen fim din Rurouni Kenshin wanda ya kunshi fina-finai da aka saba da su daga jerin shirye-shiryen Rurouni Kenshin . Dukkan fina-finan biyu sun sami gagarumar nasara a ofishin akwatin a shekarar 2021 a Japan, inda suka samu sama da yen biliyan 6.5. Arimura ya zana Yukishiro Tomoe, matar da ta mutu ta mai suna Himura Kenshin . Rurouni Kenshin: Fim na ƙarshe shine fim na 6 mafi girma da aka samu yayin da Rurouni Kenshin: Farkon shine fim na 13 mafi girma da aka samu na shekara ta 2021 a Japan.
A bangaren wasan kwaikwayo, Arimura ya yi tauraro a matsayin budurwa mai fama da aikin yi, wacce ta samu dama ga gungun gungun mawakan barkwanci masu fafutuka a cikin 2021 na wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa Life's Punchline (Konto Ga Hajimaru) . Don rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo, an zabe ta a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa a Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin na 108, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mata da suka ci nasara duka biyu mafi kyawun Jaruma ( Hiyokko ) da Kyautar Kyautar Tauraron Watsa Labarai ( Life's Punchline ) a cikin Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin.
Arimura ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Zenkamono (wanda aka fi sani da Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a ) inda ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar gwaji ta son rai wacce aka ba wa alhakin kula da wasu masu laifi 3 daban-daban. An fitar da sigar fim ɗin Zenkamono mai tauraro Arimura a cikin 2022. Hakanan A cikin 2022, Arimura ya fito tare da Ninomiya Kazunari a cikin Kasadar Musamman ta TV na Comandante Cappellini (Sensuikan Cappellini-go no Bouken) kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Ishiko da Haneo . Arimura ya fito a cikin fim din Phases of the Moon a watan Disamba 2022.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1993 |
36943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20mawakan%20Najeriya | Jerin mawakan Najeriya | Wannan jerin mawakan Najeriya ne .
Fitattun mutane ne kawai aka jera sunayen su a nan; domin sanin ƙungiyoyi, duba Jerin List of Nigerian musical groups. Sunaye an jera su ta hanyar bin tsarin harafin (A) har i zuwa (Z) harafin farko na sunan kowane daga cikinsu da ya fara zuwa shine farkon zuwan sunan na sa domin saukakawa mai bincike.
Abubuwan da ke ciki : 0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Duba kuma
0–9
2face Idibia - mawakin hip hop da R&B
9ice - mawakin hip hop da afroop
A
AQ - mawakin hip hop
Abiodun Koya (an haife shi 1980), mawaƙin bishara, mawaƙin opera
Ada Ehi - Linjila Artist kuma marubuci
Adé Bantu - Mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya-Jamus, furodusa, ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar BANTU guda 13
Adekunle Gold - mawaki, mawaki
Adewale Ayuba - mawakin fuji
Ado Gwanja - mawakin hausa
Afrikan Boy - rapper
Afro Candy - pop singer
Alamu Atatalo - mawakin sekere, nau'in wakokin Yarbawa na gargajiya
Ali Jita - mawaki kuma marubucin waka
Amarachi - mawaki, dan rawa, violinist
Andre Blaze - rapper
Aramide - Mawaƙin Afro-Jazz
Ara - mawaƙi kuma mai magana da ganga
Asuquomo - mawaki
Aṣa - R&B, ƙasa kuma mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi
Ayinde Bakare - Yoruba jùjú and highlife musician
Ayinla Kollington - Fuji mawaki
Ayinla Omowura - apala musician
Ayra Starr - Mawaƙin Afropop & R&B
B
Babatunde Olatunji - mai ganga
Bella Shmurda
Banky W - pop da R&B mawaƙa-marubuci
Blackface Naija - mawakin reggae
Blackmagic - rapper, mawaƙa, mawaƙa
Blaqbonez - rapper
Brymo - singer
Burna Boy - reggae-dancehall mawaki
C
CDQ - rapper, mawaki
Celestine Ukwu - highlife musician
Chidinma - pop singer
Chike - singer, songwriter kuma actor
Chinko Ekun – rapper, mawaki
Charly Boy
Cobhams Asuquo - rai singer
Cynthia Morgan - pop, hip hop da dancehall mawaƙa
D
D'banj - pop singer
Daddy Showkey - Galala Singer
Da Emperor - ɗan asalin rapper
Da Grin - rapper
Dammy Krane - mawaƙa, mawaki
Darey - Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya
Dauda Epo-Akara - mawakin Yarbawa
Davido - pop singer
Dekumzy - R&B da mawaƙin highlife
Dele Ojo - mawaƙin juju kuma mawaki
Dice Ailes - pop singer
Di'Ja - singer
DJ AB - rapper, mawaki kuma mai shirya rikodi
DJ Lambo - mawaki
Don Jazzy - mai yin rikodi kuma mai yin rikodin
D'Prince - Mawaƙin Afro-pop
Dr Sir Warrior - mawakin Igbo da mawaka
Dr. Alban - Mawaƙin Najeriya-Sweden mai yin rikodin kuma furodusa
Dr SID - pop singer
Duncan Mighty - reggae singer
E
Ebenezer Obey - mawakin jujú
Echezonachukwu Nduka - pianist kuma masanin kiɗa
Eddy Wata - Eurodance singer
Edris Abdulkareem
Ego Ogbaro
eLDee - rapper, mawaƙa, furodusa
Emeka Nwokedi – madugu da daraktan waka
Emma Nyra – mawaƙin R&B
Emmy Gee - rapper
Eva Alordiah - rapper da singer
Evi Edna Ogholi - Mawaƙin Reggae
F
Falz - mawaki, mawaki
Faze - mawaƙin R&B
Fela Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Fela Sowande
Femi Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Fireboy DML - mawaƙa
Flavor N'abania - highlife and hip hop mawaki
Frank Edwards - mawaƙin bishara
G
Genevieve Nnaji - pop singer
H
Helen Parker-Jayne Isibor - opera singer kuma mawaki
Harrysong - singer da songwriter
Haruna Ishola
Humblesmith - mawaƙa afroop
I
IK Dairo
Ice Prince - rapper
Idahams - Singer kuma marubucin waƙa
Iyanya - pop singer
Ikechukwu - Singer, rapper kuma actor
J
J. Martins - mawaƙi mai girma-mawaƙiya kuma mai tsara rikodin
Jamopyper - Mawaƙi
Jaywon
Jesse Jagz - rapper
Jasën Blu - Mawaƙin R&B-mawaƙiya kuma mai yin rikodin
Joeboy - singer
Joe El - singer
Johnny Drille - singer
Juiceslf - rapper
K
K1 De Ultimate - Mawakin Fuji
Kce
Kefee - Mawakin Bishara
King Wadada - Reggae singer
Kizz Daniel
Koker
Bello Bello
Kheengz
L
Ladipoe
Lagbaja
Lara George
Laycon
Lil Kash
Lyta
M
MI - rapper
M Trill - rapper
Made Kuti - mawaƙin afrobeat
Majek Fashek - mawaki-marubuci
Mayu 7 wata
[[May D mawaki-mawaƙiya
[[Mayorkun Mawaki-marubuci
Maud Meyer - jazz singer
Mercy Chinwo - Bishara Artiste
Mike Ejeagha - Highlife mawaki
Miraboi - mawaƙa-marubuci
Mo'Cheddah - mawakiyar hip hop
Yanayin 9 - rapper
Monica Ogah - pop singer-marubuci
Mr 2 Kayi
Mr Eazi - mawaki-marubuci
Mr Raw
Mr Real -gidan mawaki
Muma Gee - pop singer-songwriter
Muna - rapper
N
Naeto C
Naira Marley – mawaki kuma marubuci
Niniola - Afro-gidan artist
Niyola - rai da jazz singer
Nneka - mawakin hip hop da rai
Nonso Amadi
Nonso Bassey - Mawaƙi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi
Nosa - bishara artist
O
Obongjayar - Singer
Obesere - mawaƙin fuji
Obiwon - R&B da mawaƙin bishara
Olamide - mawakin rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Oliver De Coque
Omawumi - mawaƙin rai
Ummah Layi
Omotola Jalade Ekeinde – R&B da mawaƙin pop
Onyeka Onwenu - pop singer
Orezi - reggae singer
Yan'uwan Gabas
Oritse Femi
Orits Williki - Reggae singer
Orlando Julius
Osita Osadebe
Orlando Owoh
Muraina Oyelami]] - dùndún da Batá drummer
P
Patience Ozokwor - highlife singer
[[Patoranking - reggae da dancehall singer
[[Paul Play Dairo - R&B Singer
Pepenazi - rapper, mawakin hip hop kuma mai yin rikodin
Pericoma Okoye
Peruzzi
Peter King
Phyno - rapper kuma mai shirya rikodin
Pheels - Singer kuma mai rikodin rikodin
Praiz - Mawaƙin R&B kuma marubuci
Prince Nico Mbarga
R
Ras Kimono - Reggae artist
Reekado Banks - mawakin hip hop
Rema - Afrobeats da Tarko
Tunawa - Rapper
Rex Lawson
Ric Hassani
Ruby Gyang]]
Ruger (Mawaki)
Ruggedman - rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Runtown - mawaki kuma mawakin hip hop
S
Sade Adu
Safin De Coque - rapper kuma mawakin hip hop
Saheed Osupa - Mawakin Fuji
Salawa Abeni - Waka singer
Samsong - mawaƙin bishara
Sarz - Furodusa kuma mawaki
Sasha P - rapper da singer
Sean Tizzle - Afroop
Seun Kuti - afrobeat, mawaƙin Jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki
Seyi Shay - pop singer da songwriter
Slimcase (mawaƙa) - mai yin rikodi da mawaƙa
Shina Peters - juju singer
Simi
Sinach - mawaƙin bishara
Skales - rapper da singer
Shola Allynson - Mawaƙin Bishara
Small Doctor - afrobeat
Sonny Okosuns
Sauti Sultan
Stella Damasus - R&B da mawaƙin rai
Sunny Ade - jùjú singer
T
Tamara Jones - R&B mawaƙa-marubuci
Tekno Miles - Mawaƙin Afropop-mawaƙiya kuma furodusa
Tems - singer
Teni - mawaƙa kuma mawaki
Terry G
The Cavemen - highlife band
Timaya - reggae singer
Tiwa Savage - R&B da mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi
Timi Dakolo - mawaki kuma wanda ya lashe Idol West Africa (2007)
Toby Foyeh - guitarist
Tonto Dikeh - pop singer
Tony Allen
Tony Tetuila
Tonye Garrick - Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya
Tope Alabi - mawakin bishara
Tunde King
Tunde Nightingale
TY Bello - mawaƙin bishara
V
Victor Olaiya - mawaki
Victor Uwaifo
Vict0ny - mawaki
W
Waconzy - pop singer
Waje
Wasiu Alabi Pasuma - film actor and Fuji musician
Weird MC]]- rapper
William Onyeabor
Wizkid - pop singer
Wurld (mawaki) - Electro fusion
Y
Yce - rapper
Yemi Alade - R&B da pop singer
Yinka Ayefele - mawaƙin bishara
Yinka Davies - jazz singer
Yung6ix - rapper
Yusuf Olatunji
Z
Zlatan - singer
Zayn Africa - R&B da mawaƙin pop
Zoro African Rapper
Duba kuma
Music of Nigeria
Manazarta
Nigerian |
24259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Charles%20Quist | Emmanuel Charles Quist | Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Quist (21 ga Mayu 1880, a garin Christiansborg, Accra - 30 ga Maris 1959) ya kasan d lauya, malami kuma alkali, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast na farko da Kakakin Majalisa na farko a majalisar dokokin kasar Ghana.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da zuriya
An haifi Emmanuel Charles Quist a shekarar 1880 a garin Christiansborg, Accra. Shi ne ɗan Rev. Carl Quist (1843 - 99), ministan Ofishin Jakadancin Basel daga Osu, Accra. Mahaifiyarsa Ga-Danish, Paulina Richter, ta fito daga gidan sarautar Anomabo. Mahaifin Richter shine Heinrich Richter (1785–1849), fitaccen ɗan Yuro-Afirka daga Osu. Zuriyar Richter kuma sun haɗa da Philip Christian Richter (haihuwa 1903), masanin ilimi da ministan Presbyterian da Ernest Richter (haihuwa 1922), jami'in diflomasiyya. Carl Quist shima dan asalin Ga-Danish ne kuma ɗayan ɗayan 'yan uwan Kvist uku (anglicised to Quist) wanda ya zo Gold Coast ta Holland a 1840. 'Yan uwan, duk' yan asalin Danes, sun zauna daban a Cape Coast, Christiansborg da Keta. E. C. Quist kuma yana da alaƙa da sanannen magatakarda na Ma'aikata na Accra, ta hanyar ɗan uwansa, Anna Alice Meyer (1873 - 1934) wanda mijinta shine malamin addini da Basel, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 - 1961).
Ilimi da aiki
Daga 1889 zuwa 1896, E. C. Quist yana da ilimin firamare da na tsakiya a Makarantar Grammar Basel da makarantar kwana ta maza, Makarantar Salem bi da bi. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Taron Basel, makarantar tauhidi da kwalejin koyar da malamai a Akropong, Gundumar Akwapim inda ya sami horo a fannin ilimin addini da tauhidi sannan ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin malamin koyarwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar almajiransa, Makarantar Salem, Osu daga 1899 zuwa 1902. Quist ya yi murabus daga aikin koyarwa don neman sana’ar kasuwanci. A takaice ya shiga kasuwanci tare da Kamfanin Sadarwar Ofishin Jakadancin Basel, ya shiga Haikali na Tsakiya a Ingila a cikin 1910 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1913, tare da Sir James Henley Coussey wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki da aka kafa a watan Disamba 1949 don yin zane sabon Tsarin Mulki don Kogin Zinariya.
Bayan dawowarsa daga Landan, Quist ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin sirri a Gold Coast Bar, inda ya kafa dakunansa a Accra. Quist ya zama Lauyan Afirka na farko a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast, daidai da matsayin Lauyan Jiha. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na mai ba da shawara a cikin shekara guda don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa na lauya mai kare kansa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Accra daga 1919 zuwa 1929. Ya kasance memba na musamman na Majalisar Dokoki a 1925, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Sarakunan lardin Gabas. An zabe shi memba na Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar lardin Gabas, daga 1934 zuwa 1948. An nada shi memba na Majalisar Kwalejin Achimota.
Alkalin puisne a shari'ar Cape Coast daga 1948 zuwa 1949, E. C. Quist shine Shugaban Afirka na farko na Majalisar Dokoki daga Mayu 1949 zuwa 1951, Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Kasa na Gold Coast daga 1951 zuwa 1957, da Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. na Ghana daga Maris 1957 har zuwa ritayarsa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1957. A cikin wannan lokacin, abokan aikinsa a majalisar sun sake zaɓensa a matsayin Kakakin Majalisa a lokacin babban zaɓen 1954 da 1956. Haɓaka Quist a 1949 ya faru ne bayan Gwamnan ƙarshe na yankin bakin tekun Gold Coast, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ɗaya. Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki. Quist ya ziyarci Majalisar Wakilan Birtaniyya a 1950. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1950, ya shiga Tsarin Shugaban Majalisar a Fadar Westminster, a matsayin babban bako na Kakakin Majalisar na wancan lokacin, Douglas Clifton Brown, Viscount Ruffside na farko, yayin buɗe sabon zaman wannan shekarar. A cikin 1957, ya jagoranci bude majalisar dokoki ta musamman a ranar 'yancin kai ta Ghana, 6 ga Maris, wanda manyan mutane na duniya da suka ziyarta suka halarta ciki har da Gimbiya Marina, Duchess na Kent, wakiliyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II don bikin da kuma Amurka ta wancan lokacin. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Richard Nixon da dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka, Martin Luther King Jr.
Rayuwa
A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1929, Quist ya auri Dinah Nita Bruce na Christiansborg, Accra. Dinah Bruce ya kasance daga fitaccen dangin Bruce na Accra wanda membobinta sun haɗa da likitan Gold Coast da ɗan jarida, Frederick Nanka-Bruce da mawaƙin Ghana, King Bruce. Quist tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu Paulina Quist (Ma’aikacin Ma'aikata) da Dinah Quist (Uwargida Annang). Emmanuel Quist ya kasance majiɓinci wasu kungiyoyin kula da zamantakewa: Accra Turf Club, Rodger Club da Boy Scouts Movement.
Mutuwa
Bayan rasuwar Quist a shekarar 1959, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar ƙasa tare da cikakkiyar karrama sojoji. Bayan bikin a Cocin Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu, an kai gawarsa a makabartar Osu da ke Accra.
Lamban girma
An halicci Quist O.B.E. a cikin 1942, "don ayyukan jama'a a cikin Gold Coast," da Knighted a 1952. "Zauren Taro na Masu Magana" a Gidan Majalisar an sanya masa sunan Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist. An kafa wani abin tunawa, wanda uwargidansa, Lady Dinah Quist ta dauki nauyinsa, don tunawa da shi a cikin haikalin Ikilisiyar Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu inda ya kasance mai taro. An ba wa sunan "Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist Street" da ke Accra don girmama shi.
Manazarta |
32601 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onismor%20Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da shida 1986A.c) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu don Super Sport United a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya taba taka leda a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu a Bidvest Wits, Maritzburg United da Kaizer Chiefs, da kuma Kwallon kafa na Plymouth Argyle. Bhasera ya lashe kofuna a matakin kasa da kasa a Zimbabwe.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Bhasera a ranar (7) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (1986) a Mutare, wani birni a lardin Manicaland na kasar Zimbabwe. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Lord Marlvern High School da ta lashe Coca-Cola Nash sau uku a jere tsakshekarar ( A shekarar 2001 da) kuma shi ne shugaban makaranta a wannan lokacin.Ya kasance yana wasa a makarantar matasa ta horar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lord Marlvern, kafin ya shiga Harare United, kulob din da ya fafata a rukunin farko na Zimbabwe, gasar daya kasa da gasar Premier. Ayyukan da ya yi wa tawagar sun sa shi kula da kulob din Tembisa Classic na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga su don kakar a shekara ta 2004-05, yana haɗi tare da dan uwansa zuwa Sadomba. Bhasera ya bayyana sau 14 a cikin National First Division, yayin da suka ci nasara a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Kulob din, da kwangilolin 'yan wasansa, sai masu mallakar Maritzburg United suka saya. Kakarsa ta farko a matakin kololuwar wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka ta Kudu ya nuna matukar amfani; ya buga wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma kulob din ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a rukunin na shekara ta biyu. Ya sake fitowa akai-akai a kulob din a cikin kakar shekara ta 2006–07, ya buga wasannin gasar 26. Burinsa na farko a gasar ƙwararru ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga Afrilu a shekara ta 2007, a wasan waje da Moroka Swallows. Kulob din Bhasera sun tashi 3-0 lokacin da ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna 32. Wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi yayin da suka koma rukunin farko, inda suka sami nasarar lashe gasar lig huɗu kawai daga wasanni 30.
Kaiser Chiefs
Ayyukansa a cikin fafitika sun kama Kaizer Chiefs, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kulab ɗin ƙasar, kuma ya shiga gabanin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2007–08. Bhasera ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2007, a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Telkom a gida da Moroka Swallows. Bhasera ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 wanda Amakhosi suka ci da ci uku da biyu bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar bayan wata daya a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2007, a kan Free State Stars, inda ya zira kwallaye na biyu na Chiefs bayan mintuna 77 a cikin nasara 3-0 a gida. Ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasanni 26 yayin da kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na shida a gasar Premier.
Bhasera ya karbi lambar yabo na farko da ya yi nasara tare da sabon kulob din a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 2007, lokacin da aka nada shi a Kaizer Chiefs a matsayin zakaran gasar cin kofin Telkom na shekarar 2007. Kungiyar Amakhosi ta buga kunnen doki 0-0 da Mamelodi Sundowns a wasan karshe a filin wasa na Loftus Versfeld wanda hakan ya sa aka bukaci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida domin raba kungiyoyin biyu. Bhasera ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, kuma abokin wasansa Iumeleng Khune ya karyata Sundowns sau uku yayin da shugabannin suka ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ci uku da biyu.
Gabanin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, Shugabannin Kaizer sun shiga cikin bugu na shekarar 2008, na Kalubalen Vodacom, tare da Manchester United da Orlando Pirates. Bhasera ya fito a cikin 11 na farko a cikin dukkan wasanni uku na shugabannin. A lokacin farko, kunnen doki 1-1 da Manchester United, ya shiga cikin wani lamari da Wayne Rooney ya faru. Dan wasan na Ingila ya bayyana yana zura kwallo a ragar Bhasera bayan da ya fafata daga bangaren hagu na baya, amma alkalin wasa bai gano ta ba. Bhasera ya samu lambar yabo ta na biyu a gasar bayan da aka doke shugabannin da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe.
Kungiyar ta lashe kambun MTN 8 a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a gasar shekara-shekara da ta kunshi kungiyoyi 8 da ke kan gaba a gasar Premier a kakar wasan da ta gabata. A wannan karon Bhasera bai samu bugun fanareti ba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da suka yi da Mamelodi Sundowns, bayan da aka tashi wasan 0-0, amma kulob din ya yi nasara da ci hudu da uku a filin wasa na Kings Park. Bhasera ya fito a wasanni 25 na gasar a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, yayin da Amakhosi ya gama na uku a teburin, maki biyar a bayan Supersport United, wanda ya ci taken gasar akan bambancin manufa. Ba za a sake yin wasan a gasar cin Kofin Telkom ba, yayin da shugabannin suka sha kashi da ci 4-1 a zagayen farko da Golden Arrows.
Rikicin kwangila
Bhasera ya tafi Ingila a lokacin rani a shekara ta 2009, don horar da Portsmouth kafin kakar wasa, a karkashin imani cewa shi wakili ne na kyauta. Ya burge kulob din da har suka ba shi kwantiragi a watan Agustan a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki, kafin Kaizer Chiefs ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu an ba shi kwangilar wata shekara. Portsmouth ta musanta cewa jinkirin da aka samu na sayen dan wasan shi ne saboda ba za su iya biyan kudin saye ba, maimakon haka ba sa son biyan fan 300,000, da kulob din Afirka ta Kudu ya nema. Hafsoshin sun mayar da martani da cewa, dalilin da ya sa ba a gudanar da aikin ba shi ne saboda Pompey na fama da matsalar kudi.
Bobby Motaung, manajan kungiyar Kaizer Chiefs ya ce "Portsmouth na da matsalar kudi, kuma ina da wata takarda daga gare su, kuma sun ce suna bin Chelsea, suna bin wannan bashin, kuma matsalarsu ce ba tamu ba." “Ba za su iya biyan mu ‘yan canji ba, mun ce diyya ce ba kudin canja wuri ba. Har ma mun ce za mu ba su kyauta na watanni shida domin su rike dan wasan su biya mu a watan Janairu, ba tare da samun nasara ba.” Ya kara da cewa. Ba a warware komai ba a watan Janairun a shekarar 2010, amma Portsmouth har yanzu tana da begen kulla yarjejeniya.
Bayan 'yan makonni baya ga alama Bhasera zai shiga Queens Park Rangers, bayan da Paul Hart ya gayyace shi don horar da kulob din, mutumin da ya fara kokarin shiga Bhasera don Portsmouth a farkon kakar wasa. Sagarin canja wuri ya sake daukar wani sabon salo yayin da ya bayyana cewa Sheffield Wednesday ya shiga gasar neman sa hannun sa. Owls sun kasance a fili suna son biyan kuɗin canja wuri zuwa Kaizer Chiefs, amma matsalar gwiwa ta nuna cewa Bhasera ya kasa yin gwajin likita a ƙarshen Janairu a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya fara horo tare da Plymouth Argyle a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, bayan FIFA ta yanke hukuncin cewa Bhasera wakili ne na kyauta don haka ya cancanci shiga kulob a wajen taga canja wuri. Kulob din ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2010, amma canja wurin yanzu ya dangana ga dan wasan ya sami takardar bizar aiki a Burtaniya, gami da jarrabawar Ingilishi, da kuma samun izinin kasa da kasa.
Plymouth Argyle
An kammala canja wurin bayan mako guda lokacin da Bhasera ya ci jarrabawar Ingilishi, kuma ya sami izini na duniya daga SAFA. Manajan mahajjata, Paul Mariner, ya cika da yabon sabon sa hannun sa. "Bayan kallon sa yana aiki a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, ya gan shi yana hulɗa da 'yan wasan, kuma ya ga kwarewar fasaha, ya zama mataki mai mahimmanci ga kulob din ya sanya hannu kan wannan matashin dan wasan," in ji tsohon dan wasan na Ingila. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga Maris a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 da Barnsley, ya dawo kasar daga Afirka ta Kudu sa'o'i goma sha biyu da suka wuce. Bhasera ta ce "Lokaci ne mai yawan aiki, amma sunan wasan ke nan." "Na dan gaji bayan wasan, amma aikina kenan". Bayan buga wasan karshe a gasar fafatawa a ranar 9 ga Mayu a shekara ta 2009, Bhasera ya yi farin cikin sake sasantawa. "Gaskiya abin takaici ne," in ji shi. “Ban san abin da zai faru da ni ba, amma dole ne in ci gaba da yin karfi da kuma fatan cewa komai zai daidaita. Yanzu na yi nasarar daidaita abubuwa kuma na dawo wasa a ƙarshe. Na yi farin ciki da na zo nan." A wasansa na gaba, na biyu a cikin kwanaki hudu, Bhasera ya kafa dan wasan gaba Bradley Wright-Phillips don zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a Doncaster Rovers da ci 2-1. Argyle ya kasa kaucewa komawa zuwa League One, wanda ya haifar da wata sanarwa daga kulob din wanda ya bayyana shirin su na sake ginawa; kuma an ambaci Bhasera a cikin manyan ƴan wasan matasa waɗanda ke da "hanzari mai ban sha'awa".
Zuwan Peter Reid a matsayin sabon manajan kulob din ya ga Bhasera ya koma matsayi mafi ci gaba kuma ya fara kakar shekara ta 2010-11, a gefen hagu na tsakiya. Ya sanya hannu a sabon kwantiragi a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, wanda ya danganta shi da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kwallon kafa ta Ingila a wasan da suka doke Milton Keynes Dons da ci 3-1 a guje ta yadi 40 kafin ya doke mai tsaron gida. Ayyukan Bhasera a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2012–13, sun sa magoya bayan kungiyar suka zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar. Manajan Argyle John Sheridan ya ba shi kwangilar tsawaita shi a karshen kamfen, amma ya kasa komawa horon tunkarar kakar wasanni a watan Yuni kuma ba a yi wata tuntuba da shi ba kafin ya kare a karshen wata.
Ayyukan kasa
Bhasera ya fara buga wa Zimbabwe wasa a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin a shekara ta 2006, da Malawi a wani bangare na gasar sada zumunta a Mozambique. Ya samu kofuna biyar a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 17, goma sha tara na bangaren ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, daya kuma a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 kafin ya samu kocinsa na farko a babban matakin. Ya shiga cikin dukkan wasanni shida na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekara ta 2010, da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekara ta 2008 da 2010. Jaruman sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku na gida, ciki har da nasarar da suka yi da Namibia da ci 2–0, amma sakamakon wasanninsu na waje yana nufin ba su cancanci zuwa matakin zagaye na uku ba.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Aikin kulob
Ayyukan kasa
Girmamawa
Tembisa Classic
Gasar wasannin Premier League : 2005
Shugaban Kaiser
Telkom Knockout Cup : 2007
Super Takwas Cup : 2008
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Onismor Bhasera at Soccerbase
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22050 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Mallakar%20Gidaje | Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje | Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje Hakkin gida shine hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu na wadatar gidaje ko matsuguni. An san shi a cikin wasu kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa da kuma cikin Sanarwar kofan Adam na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu daban daban.
Gida Hakki ne Na Dan Adam
Hakkin mallakar gidaje an yarda da shi a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa. Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ta amince da hakkin mallakar gidaje a matsayin wani bangare na ‘yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. Ya ce:
Kowane mutum na da hakkin rayuwa, da zamantowa cikin lafiyar sa da ta iyalin sa, da suka hada da abinci, suttura, mahalli da kula da lafiya da hidimomin zamantakewar da ake bukata, da kuma ‘yancin samun tsaro yayin rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko wasu rashi na rayuwa a yanayin da ya fi karfinsa.
Barci, yara marasa gida a farkon karni na 20 a New York City da Jacob Riis ya ɗauka
Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ita ma ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin zama a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa.
A dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya ana daukar haƙƙin mahalli a matsayin haƙƙin 'yanci. An bayyana wannan a cikin 1991 General Comment no 4 akan Cikakken Gidaje ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Yanci da Al'adu. [2] Jawabin na gaba ɗaya yana ba da fassarar ikon haƙƙin gidaje a cikin lamuran doka a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Ka'idodin Yogyakarta game da aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya tabbatar da cewa:
kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida, gami da kariya daga kora, ba tare da nuna wariya ba kuma Jihohin za su) auki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan tabbatar da tsaron wa'adin mulkinsu da samun dammar zama mai sauki, zama, mai sauki, dacewa da al'adu da aminci, ba tare da matsugunai da sauran masaukin gaggawa ba, ba tare da nuna wariya ba dangane da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi ko kayan aiki ko matsayin iyali; b) ɗauki duk matakan doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan da suka dace don hana aiwatar da fitinar waɗanda ba su dace da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasashen ƙetare ba, da kuma tabbatar da wadatar da ingantacciyar doka ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dace ga kowane mutum da ke iƙirarin cewa haƙƙin kariya daga korar tilastawa an keta shi ko kuma yana fuskantar barazanar take hakki, gami da 'yancin sake tsugunar da shi, wanda ya hada da' yancin samar da wata kasa ta daban mafi inganci ko daidai da kuma samar da wadataccen gidaje, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.
Hakkin mallakar gidaje an kuma sanya shi a cikin Mataki na 28 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin 'Yancin Nakasassu, Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (Mataki na 31 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai da Aka Gyara) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da Jama'a. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, bangarorin haƙƙin zama a ƙarƙashin ICESCR sun haɗa da: tsaron doka na lokacin aiki; samuwar ayyuka, kayan aiki, kayan aiki da kayan more rayuwa; iyawa; zama; isa; wuri da cancantar al'adu. A matsayinta na burin siyasa, an ayyana haƙƙin zama a cikin jawabin F. D. Roosevelt na 1944 akan Dokar haƙƙoƙin doka ta biyu.
Aikin TENLAW ya samar da ingantacciyar dama ga ƙasashen duniya da bincike daban-daban a cikin gidaje da kadarorin ƙasa. Ya kirkiro kujerar farko ta gidaje a Jami'ar Rovira i Virgili (Spain) a ranar 11 ga Yulin, 2013, wanda ya buɗe hanyoyin bincike da yaɗawa a wannan yankin.
UN Habitat
Alamar da aka sauƙaƙa ta UN Habitat
Hakkin samun isassun gidaje ya kasance muhimmiyar magana a taron Habitat na 1996 a Istanbul kuma babban jigo ne a Yarjejeniyar Istanbul da Tsarin Habitat. Sakin layi na 61 na ajanda ya nuna matakan da gwamnatoci ke buƙata don "inganta, karewa da tabbatar da cikakken ci gaba da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje". Taron gidan Habitat na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Istanbul +5, ya sake tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul ta 1996 da Agitat Agenda kuma ya kafa shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tsara hakkin dan Adam don inganta haƙƙin zama tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Shirin wanda aka fi sani da UN – HABITAT, shirin shine mafi mahimmin taro na duniya don haƙƙin mahalli. An ɗora mata alhakin inganta haƙƙin gidaje ta hanyar kamfen ɗin faɗakarwa, da haɓaka ƙididdiga da tsarin sa ido.
Aiwatarwa
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Wannan bangare yana bukatar fadadawa. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara da shi. (Janairu 2019)
Kanada
A Kanada, haƙƙin gidaje ya zama doka tare da zartar da Stratea'idar dabarun Gidaje ta [asa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Yulin, 2019.
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, sashi na 26 a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kafa hujja da cewa "kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida". Ma'aikatar Mazaunan Humanan Adam an ɗora mata alhakin aiwatar da wannan ƙa'idar. Dangane da bayanan kwanan nan, kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 3.6 har yanzu suna zaune a cikin shinge ko ƙauyuka mara kyau (bayanan 2013), yayin da aka kiyasta cewa kusan 200,000 ba su da gida ko zaune a kan tituna (bayanan 2015).
Amurka
Zanga-zangar 2020 game da korar mutane a Minneapolis, Minnesota
Informationarin bayani: Gidajen bada tallafi a Amurka
Yawancin yankuna da ke cikin Amurka ba su da ikon mafaka. Exceptionaya daga cikin abubuwan banbanci shine Massachusetts, inda iyalai (amma ba marasa gida ba) suna da 'yancin mafaka. A cikin Kalifoniya, yaran da suka gudu suna da 'yancin a shigar da su gidajen gaggawa ba tare da izinin iyayensu ba. Birnin New York kuma ya amince da haƙƙin bautar gaggawa.
Manazarta |
20270 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Affleck | Ben Affleck | Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekararta alif 1972),Ba'amurke ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, furodusa, marubucin rubutu, da kuma taimakon jama'a. Kyaututtukan da ya samu sun hada da kyaututtuka biyu na Kwalejin da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Globe sau uku. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana yaro lokacin da ya haska a cikin jerin ilimantarwa na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (a shekarata alif 1984, 1988). Daga baya ya fito a fim na ban dariya mai zaman kansa mai zuwa da zamani mai suna Dazed and Confused (a shekarata alif 1993) da fina-finai daban-daban na Kevin Smith, ciki har da Mallrats (a shekarata alif 1995), Chasing Amy (a shekarata alif 1997) da Dogma (a shekarata alif 1999). Affleck ya sami karbuwa sosai lokacin da shi da abokinsa na yaronta Matt Damon suka sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Kwalejin Karatu don Mafi Kyawun Allon fim don rubuta Kyakkyawan Farauta (1997), wanda su ma suka yi fice a ciki. Daga nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban mutum a fina-finai na studio, ciki har da fim na bala'i Armageddon (a shekarata alif 1998), wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙi Pearl Harbor (a shekarata 2001), da masu ban sha'awa The Sum of All Fears da Changing Lanes (duka 2002).
Bayan koma baya na aiki, a lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin Daredevil da Gigli (duka a shekarar 2003), Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don nuna George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland ( a shekarar 2006). Farkon daraktansa, Gone Baby Gone (a shekarar 2007), wanda shi ma ya rubuta tare, ya samu karbuwa sosai. Sannan ya bada umarni, tare da rubutawa tare da taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi (The Town ( a shekarar 2010)) sannan ya bada umarni kuma ya haskaka a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Argo (a shekarar 2012); dukansu sun kasance masu mahimmanci da nasarorin kasuwanci. Ga na biyun, Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da BAFTA don Babban Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe, BAFTA, da kuma Academy Award don Kyakkyawar Hoto. Ya yi fice a cikin fitaccen fim mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (a shekarar 2014), a cikin fitattun fina-finai Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (a shekarar 2016), Justice League (a shekarar 2017), Zack Snyder's Justice League (a shekarar 2021) da The Flash (a shekarar 2022) kuma a cikin aikin masu ban sha'awa Akawun (a shekarar 2016) da Triple Frontier (a shekarar 2019). Ya sami yabo don aikinsa a matsayin mai horar da kwando a wasan kwaikwayo na Way Way Back ( a shekarar 2020).
Affleck shine wanda ya kirkiro da shirin na Gabashin Kwango, bayar da tallafi da kuma bayar da tallafi ga kungiyar ba da agaji. Shi ma babban mai goyon bayan Jam’iyyar Democrat ne. Affleck da Damon sune mamallakan kamfanin samar da fina-finai na Pearl Street Films.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1972 a Berkeley, California. Iyalinsa sun koma Massachusetts lokacin da yake shekara uku, suna zaune a Falmouth, inda aka haife ɗan'uwansa Casey, kafin su zauna a Cambridge. Mahaifiyarsa, Christopher Anne "Chris" Boldt, ta kasance malamin makarantar firamare ne da ya yi karatu a Harvard. Mahaifinsa, Timothy Byers Affleck, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai son wasan kwaikwayo wanda "galibi ba shi da aikin yi." Ya yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin masassaƙi, injiniyan motoci, littattafai, masanin lantarki, mashayi, da mai kula da aikin Harvard. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da manajan tsere tare da Kamfanin Theater na Boston. A lokacin yarinta na Affleck, mahaifinsa ya bayyana kansa "mai tsanani, matsala mai wahala game da shaye-shaye", kuma Affleck ya tunatar da shi yana shan "duk rana ... kowace rana". Mahaifinsa ya kasance "mai matukar wahalar gaske" zama tare kuma yana jin wata '' annashuwa '' yana da shekara 11 lokacin da iyayensa suka sake shi, kuma mahaifinsa ya bar gidan danginsa. Mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da shan giya mai yawa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama ba shi da gida, ya kwashe shekara biyu yana zaune a titunan Cambridge. Lokacin da Affleck ya kasance ɗan shekara 16, mahaifinsa ya shiga wurin gyara a Indio, California. Ya zauna a wurin har tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu don kula da larurar sa, kuma yayi aiki a can a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da jaraba.
Affleck ya girma ne a cikin masu siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Shi da ɗan'uwansa, Casey, sun kasance kewaye da mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin zane-zane, suna halartar wasan kwaikwayo a kai a kai tare da mahaifiyarsu, kuma ana ƙarfafa su su yi nasu fim na gida. David Wheeler, wani aboki na dangi, daga baya ya tuna da Affleck a matsayin "yaro mai tsananin haske da son sha'awa". 'Yan uwan sun nemi matsayi a cikin tallace-tallace na gida da kuma shirya fina-finai saboda ƙawancen mahaifiyarsu tare da daraktan fim ɗin yankin Cambridge, kuma Affleck ya fara aiki da ƙwarewa yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Mahaifiyarsa ta adana ladansa a cikin asusun amintar da kwaleji, kuma tana fatan ɗanta daga ƙarshe zai zama malami, yana damuwa da cewa wasan kwaikwayo ba shi da tsaro kuma "aikin banza". Lokacin da Affleck yakai shekaru 13, yayi fim a shirin talabijin na yara a Meziko. Ya koyi yin magana da Sifaniyanci a cikin shekara ɗaya da ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙasar tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa.
A matsayin Cambridge Rindge da ɗalibin makarantar sakandaren Latin, Affleck ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sami ilhamar malamin wasan kwaikwayo Gerry Speca. Ya zama abokai na kusa da ɗan’uwa dalibi Matt Damon, wanda ya san shi tun yana ɗan shekara takwas. Kodayake Damon ya girmi shekaru biyu, su biyun suna da "sha'awa iri ɗaya" kuma dukansu suna so su bi aiki. Sun yi tafiya zuwa New York tare don yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma adana kuɗi don tikitin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama a cikin asusun banki na haɗin gwiwa. Duk da yake Affleck yana da babban maki na SAT, ya kasance ɗalibin da ba a mai da hankali ba tare da rashin halartan taro. Ya shafe 'yan watanni yana karatun Sifaniyanci a Jami'ar Vermont, wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinsa da budurwarsa ta lokacin, amma ya tafi bayan ya karye kwanyarsa yayin wasan kwallon kwando. A lokacin 18, Affleck ya koma Los Angeles, yana nazarin al'amuran Gabas ta Tsakiya a Kwalejin Occidental na shekara guda da rabi.
Ayyuka
1981–1997: Wasan yara da Farauta Mai Kyau
Affleck ya yi aiki a matsayin sana'a a lokacin yarinta amma, a cikin nasa kalmomin, "ba wai a ma'ana ina da mahaifiya da ke son ɗauke ni zuwa Hollywood ko dangin da ke son samun kuɗi daga wurina ba ... Na yi wani irin abu. "Ya fara fitowa, yana dan shekara bakwai, a wani fim mai zaman kansa da ake kira The Dark End of the Street (1981), wanda Jan Egleson, wani aboki dangi ya ba da umarni. Babbar nasarar da ya samu a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin tauraro na jerin yara na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (1984) da The Second Voyage of the Mimi (1988), wanda aka samar don karatun aji shida na kimiyya. Affleck ya yi aiki a kan Mimi daga shekara takwas zuwa goma sha biyar a duka Massachusetts da Mexico. Tun yana saurayi, ya fito a cikin ABC bayan makaranta Musamman da ake So: Cikakken Mutum (1986), fim din talabijin na Hannu na Baƙo (1987), da kuma tallan Burger King na 1989.
Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare, Affleck ya koma New York a takaice don neman aiki. Daga baya, yayin karatu a Kwalejin Occidental da ke Los Angeles, Affleck ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin ɗalibai. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da jerin "bangarorin buga-buga, daya zuwa na gaba". Ya buga dan Patrick Duffy a cikin fim din talabijin na Daddy (1991), ba a bayyana shi ba a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kwando a fim din Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992), kuma yana da rawar tallafi a matsayin dalibin makarantar firamare a Makarantar Makaranta (1992). Ya taka leda a makarantar sakandare a cikin gidan talabijin na NBC Against the Grain (1993), da kuma dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare a cikin Jiki don Mutu don: Labarin Aaron Henry (1994). Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a wannan lokacin shine fitinannen makarantar sakandare a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Richard Linklater Dazed and Confused (1993). Linklater ya so wani dan wasa mai son gaske don mummunan aiki kuma, yayin da Affleck ya kasance "babba kuma mai son zartarwa," ya kasance "mai wayo ne kuma cike da rayuwa ... na dai so shi." Daga baya Affleck ya ce Linklater ya taimaka a cikin lalata tsarin shirya fim a gare shi.
Rawar da fim din Affleck ya fara takawa a matsayin dalibi mara fasaha a kwalejin wasan kwaleji Glory Daze (1995), tare da Stephen Holden na The New York Times yana mai cewa "aikinsa mai kyau ya samu daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin mugunta da bakin ciki buhu". Sannan ya taka rawa a fim din fim din Kevin Smith mai suna Mallrats (1995), kuma ya zama abokai da Smith yayin daukar fim din. Affleck ya fara fargabar cewa za a mayar da shi wani aiki na "jefa mutane a cikin akwatunan su", amma Smith ya rubuta masa jagora a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Chasing Amy (1997). Fim din ya kasance nasarar Affleck. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yaba da kyakyawan sauƙin da Affleck ta taka, inda ta haɗu da “kyawun sua tare da sanadin wasan barkwanci”. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi na mako-mako ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai kyau da sauri-wayo" wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin da Affleck ya zama tauraron dan wasan Koriya na baya-bayan nan da ya dawo cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani mai zuwa Go All Way (1997), Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai kyau", yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta lura cewa nasa "flair don comic kai-shakku sanya karfin ra'ayi."
Nasarar 1997 na Kyakkyawan Farauta, wanda Affleck ya rubuta tare da aiki da shi, ya nuna alama mai sauyawa a cikin aikin sa. Nunin allo ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Damon ya rubuta rubutu mai shafi 40 don ajin koyar da wasan kwaikwayo a jami'ar Harvard. Ya nemi Affleck ya yi wasan kwaikwayon tare da shi a gaban aji kuma, lokacin da Damon daga baya ya koma gidan da ke Los Angeles na Affleck, sai suka fara aiki da rubutun sosai. Fim ɗin, wanda suka rubuta galibi a lokacin da ba a inganta shi, an saita shi ne a garinsu na Cambridge, kuma an ɗauko shi ne daga abubuwan da suka samu. Sun sayar da fim din ga Castle Rock a 1994 lokacin da Affleck ke da shekaru 22. A yayin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba, sun karbi bayanai daga mutanen masana'antar da suka hada da Rob Reiner da William Goldman. Bayan doguwar takaddama da Castle Rock game da daraktan da ya dace, Affleck da Damon sun lallashi Miramax da ta sayi fim din. Abokan biyu sun koma Boston na tsawon shekara guda kafin daga karshe fim din ya fara aiki, wanda Gus Van Sant ya bada umarni, kuma suka hada da Damon, Affleck, Minnie Driver, da Robin Williams. Bayan fitowar ta, Janet Maslin ta jaridar The New York Times ta yaba da "fim mai kaifin hankali da tabawa", yayin da Emanuel Levy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai ban dariya, mara son jiki, mai motsi da fushi". Jay Carr na The Boston Globe ya rubuta cewa Affleck ya kawo “kyakkyawar tausasawa” zuwa ga matsayinsa na babban aboki mai aiki da halayen Damon na halayen lissafi. Affleck da Damon a ƙarshe sun sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Hoton Allo. Affleck ya bayyana wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa a matsayin "mai kamar mafarki": "Ya kasance kamar ɗayan waɗannan al'amuran a cikin tsohuwar fim lokacin da wata jarida ta zo tana jujjuya baki daga allon zuwa allon. Ka sani, '$ 100 Million Box Office! Awards! '' "Shi ne saurayi mafi karancin shekaru (yana da shekara 25) da ya taba cin lambar Oscar don rubutun allo.
1998–2002: Matsayin mutum mai jagoranci
Armageddon, wanda aka fito dashi a 1998, ya kafa Affleck a matsayin jagora mai haƙiƙa don fina-finan studio na Hollywood. Har yanzu ba a saki Good Will Hunting ba yayin aikin jefa simintin kuma, bayan gwajin allon na Affleck, darekta Michael Bay ya kore shi a matsayin "gwanin birgewa". Wanda ya shirya shi Jerry Bruckheimer ya gamsu da cewa Affleck zai zama tauraruwa, amma ana bukatar mai wasan ya rage kiba, ya zama mai rauni, kuma ya toshe haƙora kafin a fara fim. Fim din, inda ya haskaka a gaban Bruce Willis a matsayin mai zane-zane mai zane-zane wanda NASA ta ɗora masa tare da dakatar da maganin tauraron sama daga yin karo da Duniya, nasarar nasarar ofishin ce. Daphne Merkin ta The New Yorker ta ce: "Affleck ya nuna kyakkyawar ƙawa ta Paul Newmanish kuma a bayyane yake ga tauraro." tauraruwarsa ta lokacin-budurwarsa Gwyneth Paltrow. Lael Loewenstein na Iri-iri ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana yin wasu kyawawan ayyukansa, yana nuna cewa wasan kwaikwayo na iya zama ainihin kiransa," yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta same shi "mai ban dariya". Shakespeare a cikin Love ya lashe kyaututtuka bakwai na Kwalejin, gami da Mafi kyawun hoto, yayin da thean wasan suka sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na Awararrun forwararru don standingwarewar Ayyuka ta aan wasa. Bayan haka Affleck ya fito a matsayin karamin sheriff a cikin fim mai ban tsoro na Phantoms. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa 'yan wasa kamar Affleck da Peter O'Toole suka yarda suka fito a fim din "junky": "Damben da Affleck ya nuna ya nuna yana karanta hirar tasa a karon farko, kai tsaye daga katin da aka nuna."
Affleck da Damon sun sake haduwa ta fuskar allo a fim din Kevin Smith wanda yake Dogma (bayan sun fito a fina-finan Smith da suka gabata, Mallrats da Chasing Amy), wanda aka fara a 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yi nuni da cewa su biyun, suna wasa da mala'iku da suka faɗi, "sun kawo babbar fahimta mai ma'ana ga wayayyun maganganun Mista Smith da tunanin dabbobin daji". Affleck ya kasance tare da Sandra Bullock a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Force of Nature (1999), yana wasa da ango wanda ƙoƙarin sa zuwa bikin auren sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar abokin tafiya mai kyauta. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi Mako-mako ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana da saurin lalacewa da kuke so a cikin gwarzo mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya yaba da "nasarar da ya samu na taka rawa a kan kyawawan halayensa a cikin wasan motsa jiki mai ban dariya" . Bayan haka sai Affleck ya bayyana a gaban Courtney Love a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ba a gani ba a cikin wasan Cigarettes 200 (1999).
Yana da sha'awar aikin shugabanci, Affleck ya yi inuwar John Frankenheimer a duk lokacin da aka gabatar da wasannin Reindeer Games (2000). Frankenheimer, wanda yake jagorantar fim dinsa na karshe, ya bayyana Affleck da cewa "yana da matukar nasara, kyakkyawar dabi'a game da shi. Na dade ina yin hakan kuma da gaske yana daya daga cikin masu kyau." Ya fito a gaban Charlize Theron kamar Laifi mai taurin kai, tare da Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times da ke jin daɗin zaɓin jefa ƙuri'a wanda ba zato ba tsammani: "Affleck yakan ba da shawarar ɗaya daga cikin Kennedys da ke wasa Clark Kent ... Yana kama da bai taɓa rasa wata liyafa ba ko barcin dare. Yana wasa, Kodayake, kuma ɗan sauƙaƙinsa ya yi amfani da Wasannin Reindeer. " A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji cewa Affleck ya "gano" wasan kwaikwayon Alec Baldwin a Glengarry Glen Ross, yayin da Peter Rainer na mujallar New York ya ce "yana yin jerin gwano a kan Baldwin na aria, kuma kowannensu yana da dariya da zalunci fiye da na gaba ". Sannan ya gabatar da muryar Yusufu a cikin rai mai rai: Sarkin Mafarki. A fim dinsa na karshe na 2000, Affleck ya fito a gaba da budurwarsa Paltrow a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bounce. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da “tsananin bayanin da kuma cikakken bayani” game da aikin nasa: “Hotonsa na wani saurayi, wanda ya bayyana kansa da izgili da‘ mutum mutumin ’wanda ba shi da rabi kamar yadda yake so ya bayyana ya kusa to tabbatacce. "
Affleck ya sake haɗuwa tare da darekta Michael Bay saboda wasan kwaikwayon yaƙi da ake yiwa Pearl Harbor (2001). A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji Affleck da Kate Beckinsale "sun yi abin da za su iya da layinsu, kuma su haskaka tare da haskakawar taurarin fina-finai na gaskiya". Koyaya, Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya rubuta "kyakkyawa kyakkyawa Affleck ba zai iya gamsar da shi cewa zai taɓa yin abin da aka ƙi ba na kwanan wata, da yawa ya rasa ƙaunar rayuwarsa ga babban amininsa". Bayan haka Affleck ya sanya kyakkyawar farauta tare da Damon da Van Sant a cikin Kevin Smith's Jay da Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasan barkwanci na Daddy da Them (2001), kuma suna da rawar tallafi a cikin ba a gani ba Dabba Na Uku (2002). Ya nuna mai nazarin CIA Jack Ryan a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Babban Taron Duk Fargaba (2002). Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya ji an bata masa suna a rawar da Harrison Ford da Alec Baldwin suka taka a baya: "Duk da cewa Mista Affleck na iya yin kira a lokacin da yake taka rawa ga samari masu kwazo zuwa ga balaga, kawai bai rasa gravitas na rawar ba. "Affleck ya sami" gogewa mai ban mamaki "wanda ya zama mai ban sha'awa Canza Lanes (2002), sannan daga baya ya ambaci Roger Michell a matsayin wanda ya koya daga matsayin darakta. Robert Koehler na Iri-iri ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon da “aka yi sosai”: “Tafiya cikin hazo na ɗabi’a ya tilasta masa yin wasa cikin ciki da tunani fiye da yadda ya taɓa yi.”
Affleck ya kara shiga harkar telebijin da fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a cikin 2007.Affleck ya ƙara shiga cikin harkar talabijin da shirya fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a 2007.
2003–2005: Faduwar aiki da sanannen tabloid
Duk da yake Affleck ya kasance tabloid adadi mai yawa na aikinsa, ya kasance batun karuwar kula da kafofin watsa labarai a 2003 saboda dangantakarsa da Jennifer Lopez. A ƙarshen shekara, Affleck ya zama, a cikin maganganun GQ, "ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa fallasa duniya". Sanannen sanannen tabloid dinsa yayi daidai da jerin finafinan da basu samu karbuwa ba.
Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Daredevil (2003), wanda Affleck ya zama tauraron jarumi makaho. Affleck ya kasance mai son yin littafin barkwanci, kuma, a cikin 1999, ya rubuta wani jigo na kare Shaidan Kevin Smith game da soyayyarsa da halayen Daredevil. Fim ɗin ya kasance cikin nasara ta kasuwanci, amma ya sami gauraye martani daga masu sukar. Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times ya ce Affleck "ya ɓace" a cikin rawar: "Babban mutum, Mista Affleck ya firgita da rawar da yake da shi ta fuska ɗaya ... Mista Affleck don nuna karimcinsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo. " A shekarar 2014, Affleck ya bayyana Daredevil a matsayin fim daya tilo da ya yi nadamar yinsa. Nan gaba ya zama ɗan ƙaramin rukuni a cikin wasan barkwanci Gigli (2003), tare da Lopez. Fim din ya kusan nuna tsoro, tare da Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times yana mai cewa "Affleck ba shi da sara ko laya da zai iya jujjuya abubuwan da suka gabata (ko abin da ya gabata)." darekta Marty Brest tun bayan fitowar fim din, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗayan manyan daraktoci na gaske". A fim dinsa na karshe na 2003, Affleck ya yi fice a matsayin injiniyan da ya juya baya a fim din Paycheck (2003). Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya yi tsokaci game da "layin lalata da kai" na Affleck kuma yana mamakin dalilin da yasa ya kasa samun ingantattun rubutun. Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya ga cewa "ba daidai ba ne" don a soki Affleck, ganin cewa "yana da irin wannan shekarar mai wahala".
Bayanin sanarwa mara kyau na Affleck ya ci gaba a cikin 2004 lokacin da ya yi fice a matsayin mijinta wanda aka yi masa rasuwa a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Jersey Girl, wanda mai haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci Smith ya jagoranta. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo "wanda hazakarsa ta dusashe yayin da sanannen labarinsa ya yadu," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya sami matsayinsa na asali a matsayin uba "yana shafar". Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya fara fitowa a gaban James Gandolfini a cikin wasan barkwanci mai tsira da Kirsimeti. Holden ya lura a cikin jaridar The New York Times cewa fim din "ya samo wata dabara ta amfani da halayen rashin yarda na Ben Affleck. Murmushi irin na mai wasan kwaikwayo, farin ciki mai kyau da kuma zagin frat-boy swagger ya dace da halayensa." A wannan lokacin, da ingancin rubutun da aka baiwa Affleck "yana ta kara tabarbarewa" kuma ya yanke shawarar yin hutun aiki. Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta wallafa wani yanki a kan faduwar aikin kamfanin na Affleck a karshen shekarar 2004. Labarin ya lura da cewa, ba kamar masu sukar fina-finai da 'yan jaridu na tabloid ba, "kwararrun masana masana'antu kadan ne ke yin murna saboda wahalar da Affleck ya sha".
2006–2015: Fitowa a matsayin darakta
Bayan ya auri ’yar fim Jennifer Garner a 2005, kuma ya yi wa ɗansu na farko maraba, Affleck ya fara dawowa cikin aiki a shekara ta 2006. Bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin mutumin da ba a gani sosai game da Town da kuma ƙaramin rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Smokin 'Aces, Affleck ya sami yabo saboda aikin sa kamar George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya yaba da "aikin gwargwadon gudummawa ... Wannan ana jinsa ne, aikin nishaɗi daga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wasunmu sun yi saurin rubutawa." Geoffrey Macnab na The Guardian ya ce "da kyau" an kama mutumin cakuda mai ni'ima, laulayi da kuma kaddara ". An ba shi Kofin Volpi a bikin Fina Finai na Venice kuma an zabe shi don Gwanin Zinare don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi. Hakanan a cikin 2006, ya yi fice a cikin Smith's Clerks II.
A cikin 2007, Affleck ya fara gabatar da fim dinsa na farko tare da Gone Baby Gone, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi a cikin wata unguwar masu aiki a cikin garin Boston, tare da dan uwansa Casey a matsayin mai binciken sirri na neman wani matashi da aka sace. Affleck co ‑ ya rubuta labarin fim din, wanda ya danganta da littafin Dennis Lehane, tare da abokinsa na yarinta Aaron Stockard, tun da farko ya ambaci aniyarsa ta daidaita labarin a 2003. Ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai ban sha'awa. Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya yaba da fim ɗin "ƙwarewa ga gwagwarmayar gaske", yayin da Stephen Farber na The Hollywood Reporter ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tunani, mai daɗaɗa rai, [kuma] an kashe shi da kyau".
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi niyyar "ci gaba da ba da fifiko kan bayar da umarni" ci gaba a cikin aikinsa, ya yi fim a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin 2009. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai suna He Just Not That Into You, sunadarai tsakanin Affleck da Jennifer Aniston an yaba Affleck ya taka rawar gani a majalisa a wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya same shi "yana da kyau a cikin rawar rawar fim ɗin," amma David Edelstein na New York Magazine ya yi tsokaci game da Affleck: "Yana iya zama mai hankali da tunani a rayuwa [amma] a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ƙafafunsa suna juyawa a hankali kuma. "Yana da rawar tallatawa a matsayin mashaya a fim din ban dariya mai ban mamaki wanda aka cire. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya bayyana aikinsa da cewa "abin farin ciki ne", yayin da Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya bayyana shi "aikin gaske". A cikin 2010, Affleck ya fito a cikin Kamfanin Kamfanin Maza a matsayin babban daraktan tallace-tallace wanda aka ba shi aiki ba a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008. David Denby na The New Yorker ya bayyana cewa Affleck "ya ba da mafi kyaun aikinsa tukuna", yayin da Richard Corliss na Time ya gano cewa "ya fare faifan Bobby daga hubris zuwa wulakanci"
Bayan nasarar nasarar kasuwanci ta Gone Baby Gone, Warner Bros. ya kulla kyakkyawar alakar aiki da Affleck kuma ya bashi zabin rubutun Studio. Ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi Garin (2010), wanda ya dace da littafin Chuck Hogan na Yariman ɓarayi. Ya kuma sake rubuta fim din kuma ya fito a fim din a matsayin dan fashin banki. Fim ɗin ya zama abin ban mamaki a ofisoshin ofishi, kuma ya sami babban yabo ga Affleck. A.O. Scott na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da "kwarewarsa da yarda da kai a matsayinsa na babban darakta," yayin da Roger Ebert na Chicago Sun-Times ya ce: "Affleck yana da kayan babban darakta. Komai yana nan. mai birgewa, yana aiki kafada da kafada da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da natsuwa. "Har ila yau a 2010, Affleck da kamfanin samar da Damon, Pearl Street Films, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da kayan farko a Warner Bros.
Ba da daɗewa ba Affleck ya fara aiki a kan aikinsa na darektansa na gaba, Argo (2012), don Warner Bros. Wanda Chris Terrio ya rubuta kuma ya fito da Affleck a matsayin jami'in CIA, fim ɗin ya ba da labarin shirin CIA don ceton jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka shida a lokacin da Iran ta yi garkuwa da 1979. rikici ta hanyar ƙirƙirar samarwa don babban fim ɗin almara na kimiyya. Anthony Lane na The New Yorker ya ce fim din ya ba da "karin hujja cewa ba mu yi kuskure game da Ben Affleck ba". Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya ce: "Affleck yana ɗaukar mataki na gaba a cikin abin da ya zama kamar babban aikin jagorantar ... Yana jagorantar jahannama daga gare ta, yana ƙusoshin saurin hanzari, dariyar ɓatacciyar hanya, rashin jin daɗin jijiya." Babban nasarar da aka samu mai matukar muhimmanci da kasuwanci, Argo ya sami lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da kuma lambar yabo ta BAFTA don mafi kyawun hoto. Castan wasan sun sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na allo don rawar gani da Outan wasa. Affleck da kansa ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, Directors Guild of America Award, da BAFTA Award for Best Director, ya zama darakta na farko da ya lashe wadannan kyaututtukan ba tare da gabatar da lambar yabo ga Kwalejin Karatu ba don Darakta Mafi Kyawu.
Shekarar da ta gabata Affleck ya taka rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayon gwaji na Terrence Malick Zuwa Abin mamaki. Malick, babban aminin mahaifin Affleck ne, ya fara haduwa da jarumin a shekarun 1990 domin bashi shawara game da makircin Good Will Hunting. Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya ji daɗin "aikin nuna mutunci da sanin ya kamata," yayin da The New Yorker's Richard Brody ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin "mai kwazo kuma mai kwazon aiki" wanda "ke gabatar da ma'anar tunani da son rai". ] Ayyukan da Affleck ya yi a matsayin mai gidan karta an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin haskakawa game da yadda aka kayatar da Runner Runner (2013). Betsy Sharkey na jaridar Los Angeles Times ta nuna cewa "an kashe mutum daya ne kawai, kuma Affleck ya taka shi kamar Bach kontrato - duk bayanin da aka buga da kyau." Daga nan sai ya mayar da aikinsa a shirinsa na darekta don zama tauraro mijin da ake zargi da kisan kai a cikin tarihin David Fincher mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (2014). Fincher ya jefa shi wani bangare saboda ya fahimci yadda yake ji idan aka yada shi ta hanyar kafofin yada labarai na tabloid: "Abin da mutane da yawa ba su sani ba shi ne mahaukaci ne, amma tunda ba ya son hakan ya zama mara dadi, sai ya yi kasa-kasa da shi. Ina tsammanin ya koyi yadda ake yin wasan tsere a kan laya. "David Edelstein na Mujallar New York ya lura cewa salon jagorancin Fincher yana da" tasiri "ga aikin Affleck:" Ban taba tunanin zan rubuta wadannan kalmomin ba, amma yana dauke da fim. Yana da ban tsoro. "Justin Chang na Iri-iri ya sami Affleck" wanda aka tsara shi da kyau ":" Wannan juzu'i ne na juyawa, yana buƙatar gwargwadon taka tsantsan da nuna jin daɗi, kuma ya ƙusance shi gaba ɗaya. "A cikin 2015, Affleck kuma Damon's Project Greenlight ya farfado da HBO na tsawon lokaci ɗaya.
2016 – present: Rawar da ya taka a Batman da cigaba da jagorancin
Ganin yadda sunan Affleck ya karu a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, sai ya yanke hukuncin zama Batman a fim din jarumai na 2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Dave Itzkoff na The New York Times ya dauke shi a matsayin "wani abu ne mai rikitarwa". [154] Kodayake zaɓen 'yan wasan ya gamu da fushin magoya baya sosai, Ayyukan Affleck a ƙarshe ya sami kyakkyawan liyafar Andrew Barker na Iri-iri sun same shi "mai cike da nasara, mai kwarjini," yayin da Brian Truitt na Amurka A yau ya ji daɗin "ƙarfinsa" da "abin mamakin motsin rai" game da halin. Affleck ya sake maimaita matsayinsa na Batman sau biyu, yana yin fito-na-fito a cikin Kungiyoyin Kashe Kan Su (2016) da tauraro a cikin Justice League (2017). Justiceungiyar Adalci ta jawo ra'ayoyi mabanbanta daga masu sukar; Todd McCarthy na Hollywood Reporter ya rubuta cewa Affleck "ya yi kama da ya fi son zama kusan ko ina amma a nan.
Baya ga alkawurran Batman da dama, Affleck ya fito a wasu fina-finai guda biyu a shekarar 2016. Ya fito a matsayin akanta mai taka-tsantsan a cikin shirin mai kayatarwa The Accountant (2016), wanda ya kasance nasarar kasuwancin da ba a zata ba. Peter Debruge na Iri-iri ya ji halin "yaro-na gaba-gaba" halin - "don haka ya zama al'ada kuma ba mai wasan kwaikwayo ba cewa yawancin wasan kwaikwayon nasa suna jin kallon ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayen ku ne a kan allo" - ya kasance "mai matukar dacewa" ga rawar. Stephen Holden na jaridar New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa Affleck, "yana mai gani matacce kuma mai bakin ciki," ya sadaukar da kansa ga fim din. Live by Night, wanda Affleck ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya shirya, kuma ya yi tauraro a ciki, an sake shi a ƙarshen 2016. An samo asali ne daga littafin Dennis Lehane mai suna iri daya, wasan kwaikwayon zamanin haramtacciyar kungiya ya samu karbuwa sosai ba tare da an dawo da dala miliyan 65 ba. David Sims na The Atlantic ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rikici mai ban sha'awa na fim" kuma ya soki wasan kwaikwayon "tsayayye, mara dadi" na Affleck. Ya lura cewa ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon na ƙarshe "an shirya shi da ban mamaki, aikinsa mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi a bi, wanda ke tunatar da ku irin ƙwarewar da Affleck ke da kyamara". A watan Oktoba 2016, Affleck da Damon sun yi fito-na-fito sau daya don karatun raye-raye na Kyakkyawan farauta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Skirball da ke New York.
A yayin sake buguwa da shaye-shaye, Affleck bai yi aiki a shekarar 2017. Ya sauka daga matsayin darakta kuma marubucin jaridar The Batman, yana mai cewa "ba zai iya fasawa ba." Shekaru daga baya, ya ce shi yanzu ba shi da "sha'awar" labarin kuma aboki ne sun shawarce shi da ya sauka domin lafiyar sa. Wasaukar fim ɗin mai fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi mai suna Triple Frontier an dage shi da watanni shida don karɓar jinyar sa game da "al'amuran kiwon lafiya". Bayan da aka saki Triple Frontier a cikin 2019, Rodrigo Perez na Lissafin waƙa ya nuna cewa darekta JC Chandor "yana samun nisan miloli da yawa daga labarin Sad Affleck kuma wataƙila daraktan da ɗan wasan sun jingina da ra'ayin." Daga baya a cikin 2019, Affleck ya yi wani kamannin kamanni a cikin Jay da Silent Bob Reboot, kasancewar ba su da dangantaka da Kevin Smith tun lokacin da aka yi Clerks II a 2006. Affleck ya taka rawar tallafi a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a cikin Dee Rees mai ban sha'awa na siyasa Abubuwan Lastarshe da yake So (2020). Fim din Netflix, wanda aka yi fim a tsakiyar shekarar 2018, ya samu korafe-korafe marasa kyau daga masu suka, with Tomris Laffly of Variety yana bayanin ayyukan Affleck a matsayin "an cire mara kyau"
Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a matsayin mai shan giya a cikin wasannin motsa jiki mai suna The Way Back (2020) ya sami yabo sosai. Jigogin fim ɗin sun kasance "kusa da gida" don Affleck. Ya sake koma baya yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar 2018 kuma an dauki fim din a kwanakin bayan da ya baro lafiyarsa; Affleck ya yarda ya sanya albashin sa a rakiya kuma ya kasance tare da mai horarwa mai hankali. Richard Lawson na Vanity Fair ya ce yana da wuya a guji fim din "meta angle": "Affleck yana gudanar da aikinsa na san kai tare da tawali'u na karimci - yana ba da aikin da aka gina ba daga tarihi ba ko kuma lokacin babban mai wasan kwaikwayo, amma maimakon daga rikitattun bayanai na wani mutum a cikin wani plateaued wahala ". David Sims na The Atlantic ya yaba da "dabara", "yanayin rauni" da "katako na zahiri" na aikinsa, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin kuma mafi yanayin" aikinsa. Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an rufe gidajen sinima a sati na biyu na fitowar fim ɗin kuma Warner Bros. Ya karɓi kyautar nominan wasa mafi kyau a iceabi'ar ritabi'ar Masu Canta
A watan Oktoba 2021, Affleck zai sami rawar tallafi a fim ɗin leyarshen Duel wanda Ridley Scott ya jagoranta; ya kuma rubuta zane-zane na fim din tare da Matt Damon da Nicole Holofcener. Affleck ya yi fim don nuna goyon baya a cikin wani abin da ya dace da littafin The Tender Bar, wanda George Clooney ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, Affleck zai kasance tauraruwa a gaban Ana de Armas a cikin shirin mai ban sha'awa na Adrian Lyne mai suna Deep Water, wanda ya dace da littafin Patricia Highsmith. Bugu da kari, duka Affleck da Michael Keaton sun yarda su rama matsayinsu kamar Batman a cikin Flash (2022).
Affleck yana da ayyuka da dama na bada umarnin jagorantar ci gaba, gami da karbuwa na "The Big Goodbye: Chinatown and the last Years of Hollywood", karbuwa daga "King Leopold's Ghost", fim na Yaƙin Duniya na II wanda yake mai da hankali a kan Sojan Fatalwowi, da wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi game da shari'ar ta mallakar zamba da akayi wa McDonald.
Ayyukan jin kai
Gabatarwar Kwango
Bayan tafiye-tafiye a yankin tsakanin 2007 da farkon 2010, Affleck da Whitney Williams sun haɗu da organizationungiyar ba da agaji ta Gabashin Kongo Initiative a 2010. ECI tana matsayin mai bayar da tallafi ga kasar Congo, da kungiyoyin bada agaji. Tana bayar da horo da kayan aiki ga hadin gwiwar manoma na Kwango yayin bayar da hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni wadanda suka hada da Theo Chocolate da Starbucks. ECI kuma tana da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kawo canjin manufofi a Amurka.
Affleck ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da matsalolin da ke fuskantar gabashin Congo don jaridar Washington Post, Politico, the Huffington Post, Time, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Lokaci. Ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattaunawar tattaunawa a lokuta da dama, gami da Cibiyar Nazari da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, the Global Philanthropy Forum, and the Clinton Global Initiative. Yayin ziyarar Washington DC, Affleck ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Afirka, Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Makamai, Kwamitin Hulda da Kasashen Waje na Majalisar Dattawa, da kuma Kwamitin Kasa na Kudaden Majalisar Dattawa kan Jiha. , Ayyuka na Foreignasashen Waje, da kuma Ayyuka Masu Alaƙa.
Sauran Dalilan Sadaka
Affleck mai tallafawa ne ga A-T Yara na Yara. Yayin daukar fim din Force of Nature a 1998, Affleck ya yi abota da dan shekaru goma Joe Kindregan (1988–2015), wanda ke da cutar da ba kasafai ake samu ba ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), da danginsa. Ya tsunduma cikin neman kudi don AT, kuma shi da Kindregan sun ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Daidaitawa kan Ayyuka na Majalisar, kan Kiwon Lafiya & Ayyukan Dan Adam, da Ilimi a 2001, suna neman sanatoci su goyi bayan binciken kwayar halitta da kuma ninka ta kasafin kudin na Cibiyoyin Kiwan Lafiya na Kasa. A 2007, Affleck shine babban mai jawabi a bikin kammala karatun sakandare na Kindregan a Fairfax, Virginia. Kindregan ya fito a matsayin kari a cikin Argo (2012). A cikin 2013, don bikin ranar haihuwar Kindregan na 25 da "shekaru 15 na abota tare da Joe da danginsa," Affleck da Garner sun dace da gudummawar da aka bayar don A-T Yara Project. Affleck ya fito a cikin CinemAbility (2013), fim din fim wanda ke binciko hotunan Hollywood na nakasassu.
A wani bangare na rangadin da USO ta dauki nauyi, Affleck ya ziyarci jiragen ruwan da aka girka a Tekun Fasha a shekarar 2003, da sojoji a sansanin Ramstein na Jamus a shekarar 2017. Shi mai goyon bayan gurguntattun Sojojin Amurka ne. Ya dauki fim din sanarwa ta sanarwa ga kungiyar a cikin shekarar 2009 da 2014. Ya kuma ba da kansa a madadin Operation godiya.
Affleck memba ne na Ciyar da Majalisar Nishaɗin Amurka. Ya bayyana a Babban Bankin Abincin Boston a 2007, da kuma a bankin abinci na Denver a 2008. Affleck ya yi magana a taron ciyar da Amurka a Washington D.C. a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi fim ɗin sanarwar sanarwar jama'a game da sadaka a 2010. Affleck da Ellen DeGeneres sun ƙaddamar da Ciyar da Smallananan Changean Yakin Amurka Kamfen a 2011. Har ila yau, a waccan shekarar, shi da Howard Graham Buffett sun sake rubuta wani labari a jaridar The Huffington Post, inda suka nuna "karuwar karuwar yawan mutanen da ke fama da matsalar abinci wadanda ba su cancanci shirin abinci mai gina jiki na tarayya ba". A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Affleck ya shirya gasa ta shahararre ta yanar gizo don cin gajiyar sadaka, ya ba da gudummawar kai tsaye kuma ya bukaci wasu su tallafa wa "mawuyacin halinmu - yara sun rasa damar cin abincin da suka dogara da shi, abokai da danginsu fuskantar matsaloli na aiki, tsofaffi, da iyalai masu karamin karfi. "
Affleck babban mai tallafi ne ga kungiyar bada agaji ta rashin gida marassa matsakaiciya na Midnight Mission, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin sadaka da ke "taimaka wa wadanda ke cikin bukata da gidaje, horo, ci gaba da kuma murmurewa". Ya ba da kansa a ciki kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sadaka. Ya kuma ba da kansa a Manufar Atlanta.
Siyasa
Ra'ayin Siyasa
Affleck ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi." Ya girma ne a cikin "dangin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi". A cikin 2000, ya yi magana a wani taron gangami a Jami'ar Harvard don tallafawa karin albashin rayuwa ga dukkan ma'aikata a harabar; mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jami'a. Daga baya ya ba da labarin wani shirin fim, mai suna (2002), game da zama-da aka shirya ta Harvard Campaign Living Wage Campaign. Affleck da Sanata Ted Kennedy sun yi taron manema labarai a kan Capitol Hill a 2004, suna matsawa kan ƙarin mafi ƙarancin albashi. Ya yi magana ne a wani taron manema labarai na 2007 a Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Boston don nuna goyon baya ga kokarin hadewar SEIU ga ma’aikatan asibiti masu karamin albashi. Yayin Yajin Marubuta a 2008, Affleck ya nuna goyon baya ga masu zaba.
Affleck zaɓi ne na zaɓi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2000, ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin "yana da matukar karfi a cikin yancin mace na zabi". A shekarar 2012, ya goyi bayan yakin Zane-Layi, yana mai bayyana hakkokin haihuwa kamar "na asali". Affleck ya daɗe yana goyon bayan halatta auren 'yan luwadi, yana mai cewa a 2004 cewa yana fatan yin waiwaye game da batun auren "tare da wani abin kunya game da yadda abin ya kasance a da." Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, ya nuna cewa "abin takaici ne da ban haushi" a nuna cewa mambobin al'umman da ba su da 'yanci daidai. Ya bayyana tare da dan uwansa na gay a cikin yakin Iyaye da Abokan 'Yan Madigo da' Yan Luwadi na 2005.
Affleck ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai tare da Sanata mai wakiltar New York Chuck Schumer a shekarar 2002, don nuna goyon baya ga wani kudurin dokar hana yaduwar ta’addancin Nukiliya. A cikin 2003, ya soki yadda ake amfani da Dokar 'Yan kishin Kasa "abin tambaya da karfi" da kuma sakamakon hakan "cin zarafi kan' yancin jama'a". Wani mai rahoto a jaridar Washington Post ya ji Affleck yana Allah wadai da mamayar da Isra’ila ta yi wa Gaza a wajen taron Washington a shekarar 2009. Steven Clemons, wanda ya halarci tattaunawar, ya ce Affleck ya saurara "ga wani abin da aka dauka ... Abin da Affleck ya yi magana game da wannan daren yana da hankali, mai sarkakiya kuma yana da ma'ana sosai." Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a wata hira da New York Times , Affleck ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun fi kusanci da na jam'iyyar Labour ta Isra'ila fiye da Likud.
Affleck ya soki rage harajin Bush a lokuta da dama. A shekarar 2007, ya dauki fim din sanarwar baje kolin jama'a don Rarraba Mun Kasa, wani kamfen na AARP maras bangaranci da ke neman araha, ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ga dukkan Amurkawa.
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2008, Affleck ya nuna damuwarsa game da tunanin makircin da ke nuna cewa Barack Obama Balarabe ne ko kuma Musulmi: matsala. "A shekarar 2012, ya yaba wa shugabancin Sanata John McCain kan kare Huma Abedin daga hare-haren kin jinin Musulmi. Affleck ya shiga tattaunawa game da alakar ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Musulunci yayin bayyanar 2014 a Real Time tare da Bill Maher. A cikin hirar da jaridar Guardian ta yi da shi a shekarar 2017, ya ce: "Na yi imani sosai da cewa babu wanda ya kamata a nuna wa wariyar launin fata ko addininsa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi."
Affleck na goyon bayan Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu, kuma ya ce a cikin 2012 cewa ya mallaki bindigogi da yawa, duka don harbi da kwarangwal da kuma danginsa. A shekarar 2020, ya ce tafiye-tafiye zuwa jeren bindigogi tun yana saurayi ya sanya shi "ba shi da dadi idan ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru, idan aka yi la’akari da masifun da ke tafe da matasa da bindigogi.”
Affleck ya bayyana tare da Sanata Barack Obama a wani taron gangami a 2006 don nuna goyon baya ga Shawara ta 87, wacce ke kokarin rage amfani da mai a madadin makamashi. Ya bayyana a wani bidiyon fadakarwa kan dumamar yanayi wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ci gaban Amurka ta Asusun ta samar a 2007. Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, Affleck ya yarda cewa shi "ba ya da kyau sosai game da zama kore" alhali, a shekarar 2014, ya sanya sunan "Chevelle na shekarar 1966" a matsayin yardarsa ta laifi. A cikin 2016, Affleck yayi fim don amincewa don Rezpect Our Water, takardar koke akan layi don dakatar da aikin Dakota Access Pipeline.
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic
Affleck ya yi rijista don yin zabe a matsayin dan Democrat a shekarar 1992, kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe a madadin wasu ‘yan takarar shugabancin Democrat da dama. Ya goyi bayan Al Gore a makonnin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin shugabancin 2000, yana halartar taruka a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida. Koyaya, Affleck bai sami damar kada kuri'a ba saboda batun rajista a New York, inda yake zaune a lokacin, sannan daga baya ya yi barkwanci, "Zan kada kuri'a sau biyu a gaba, cikin yanayin gaskiya na Boston."
Affleck ya yi wa Shugaba Barack Obama yakin neman zabe. Ya bayyana tare da Sanatan na wancan lokacin a wani taron gangami a shekara ta 2006, inda ya gabatar da shi a matsayin "shugaban da ya fi dacewa ya fito daga kowane bangare, a ganina, a kalla shekaru goma". Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Obama a 2007, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga dan takarar a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008. Affleck ya bukaci masu jefa kuri'a da su "taimaka wajen kafa tarihi" a cikin yakin MoveOn.org, kuma ya bayyana sau da yawa yayin Babban Taron Demokuradiyya na 2008. A cikin makon zaben shugaban kasa, ya fito ne a daren Asabar din don nuna goyon baya ga Sanata John McCain cikin raha. Affleck bai yi yakin neman sake zaben Obama a 2012 ba, duk da cewa har yanzu yana goyon bayan sa.
Affleck ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Hillary Clinton a 2016. Ya fara haduwa da Clinton a Camp David a 1998 kuma, a lokacin da take ‘yar takarar majalisar dattijai a 2000, ya gabatar da ita a wani taron gangami na jami’ar Cornell kuma ya taimaka wajen tara kudi don kamfen dinta. Affleck ya nuna aikin da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa take yi tare da yara, mata da “iyalai masu aiki”. Ya goyi bayan Obama a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008, yana mai lura da cewa, Clinton ta "matsa zuwa tsakiyar" a yayin yakin neman zaben. Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Clinton a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na 2016. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016, Affleck ya yi rikodin sanarwar ba da sanarwa ga masu kada kuri'a a New Hampshire, kuma kamfen din Clinton ya kira shi a matsayin "Hillblazer" - daya daga cikin mutane 1,100 da suka ba da gudummawa ko suka tara akalla dala 100,000. Cibiyar Siyasa mai da martani ta ba da rahoton cewa ya tara dala 149,028.
A lokacin karshen matakan zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020, Affleck ya ce yayin wata hira da aka yi da Sifen: “Ina son Bernie, ina son Biden, ina son Warren amma abin da ya fi yawa; Ba na son Trump.” A lokacin da Biden ya zama dan takarar Democrat, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun yakin neman zabensa.
A 2002, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Dick Gephardt, kuma ya bayyana a cikin litattafan kamfen din tsohuwar abokiyar karawarta Marjorie Decker, tana takara a matsayin kansila na gari a Massachusetts. Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na duka Dennis Kucinich da Wesley Clark a 2003. A cikin 2005, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Deval Patrick, dan takarar Gwamnan Massachusetts. A 2006, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din magajin garin Cark Booker na Newark, kuma ya gabatar da dan majalisa Joe Courtney da Chris Murphy a taruka a Connecticut. Ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na 2008 na Patrick Murphy na Pennsylvania, da kuma kamfen na Sanatocin 2010 na Kirsten Gillibrand. Affleck ta dauki nauyin karbar kudi a 2012 ga dan takarar majalisar dattijai Elizabeth Warren, ta amince da ita a wani bidiyo na Kamfen Kamfen din Kamfen Canjin, kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kamfen. A shekarar 2013, ya dauki nauyin karbar kudi ga Cory Booker, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din Majalisar Dattawa na duka Booker da Alison Lundergan Grimes. Ya bayar da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben dan takarar majalisar dattijai Kamala Harris a 2015 da kamfen din majalisa na Melissa Gilbert a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din sake zaben sanata na Elizabeth Warren da Chris Coons, da kuma yakin neman zaben Adam Schiff. A cikin 2018, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na majalisa na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sharice Davids da Leann Jacobsen, da kuma ga dan takarar gwamna na Michigan Abdul El-Sayed. A shekarar 2019, Affleck ya ba da gudummawar kudaden yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Cory Booker da Kamala Harris, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga Booker. Haka kuma a cikin 2019, ya ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen yakin neman zaɓe na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez da Ilhan Omar. A cikin 2020, ya yi magana a wani taron nuna goyon baya ga Whitney Williams, 'yar takara a zaben gwamnan Montana na 2020.
A farkon shekarun 2000, sau da yawa Affleck ya nuna sha'awar tsayawa takarar siyasa, wata rana, amma tun 2007, ya musanta duk wani buri na siyasa kuma ya yi ta maimaita magana game da bukatar sake fasalin kudin kamfen. A shekarar 2005, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa Virginia Democrats na kokarin shawo kan Affleck ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dattijai. Mai yada labaransa ya yi watsi da jita-jitar. A shekarar 2012, masana siyasa da masana dabarun Democrat da suka hada da Bob Shrum da Tad Devine sun yi hasashen cewa Affleck na tunanin tsayawa takarar kujerar sanata a Massachusetts. Affleck ya musanta jita-jitar, kuma ya yi barkwanci cewa "shi ma ba zai jefa hular ta a cikin zobe don gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba."
Rayuwar mutum
Aure da yara
Affleck ya auri yar fim Jennifer Garner daga 2005 zuwa 2018, kuma suna da yara uku tare. Sun fara soyayya ne a tsakiyar 2004, bayan sun kulla abota a tashar Pearl Harbor (2001) da Daredevil (2003). Sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2005, a wani bikin Turkawa da Caicos masu zaman kansu. Victor Garber, wanda ya jagoranci bikin, da abokin aikinsa, Rainer Andreesen, su ne kadai baƙi. Sun sanar da rabuwarsu a watan Yunin 2015, tare da Affleck wanda ke ci gaba da zama a masaukin baki a gidan har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2017. Sun hada kai sun raba aure a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba 2018. A shekarar 2020, Affleck ya bayyana kisan a matsayin "babban nadamar rayuwata" da kuma "wani abin da ya faru mai zafi, koda kuwa kana kan mafi kyawun sharadi kuma ka yarda shine mafi kyawun zabi."
Affleck da Garner suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:' ya'ya mata Violet Anne (an haife ta a watan Disambar 2005) da Seraphina Rose Elizabeth (an haife shi a Janairu 2009), da ɗa Samuel Garner (an haife shi a Fabrairu 2012). A cikin takaddun saki, Affleck da Garner sun nemi haɗin kan 'ya'yansu na zahiri da na doka.
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi imanin cewa hankalin paparazzi "wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar" na taurari, ya yi magana game da hotunan da aka dauka a gidansa na musamman da kuma sha'awar paparazzi ga yaransa musamman, wanda ya ce ya zama "babban kudi" don masu daukar hoto suna jira a wajen gidansa. A shekarar 2013, Affleck da Garner sun shirya wa ‘yan majalisa wani biki a gidansu don nuna goyon baya ga kudirin dokar da za ta kare‘ ya’yan shahararrun daga masu daukar hoto; diyar su mai shekaru shida tayi wani jawabi game da abubuwan da suka faru da ita. Garner ya kuma ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Shari’ar Majalisar California don goyon bayan kudirin, wanda daga baya ya zama doka. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya daukar hotunan yara, halayyar da ke "firgitawa, damuwa, azaba, ko firgita" yara haramun ne, kamar yadda '' kwanto ke kwanto '' a wajen ayyukansu daban-daban. Duk da dokar, masu daukar hoto suna jira koyaushe a wajen makarantar 'ya'yansu kuma ana bukatar taimakon' yan sanda wani lokacin idan sun matso sosai. A cikin 2014, Affleck yayi jayayya don nuna goyon baya ga tsarin salon mulkin Burtaniya wanda ke buƙatar kafofin watsa labarai su ɓata fuskokin yara a cikin hotunan da aka buga.
Affleck, Garner da 'yarsu Violet sun sami umarnin hana su a shekarar 2008 a kan Steven Burky, Garner wanda ya dade yana bin sahun. An kama Burky a cikin Disamba 2009 a gaban makarantar sakandaren 'yarsu. An tuhume shi da aikata laifuka biyu na sa-in-sa, wanda ya ki amsa laifinsa saboda hauka. A watan Maris na 2010, aka yanke masa hukunci cewa mahaukaci ne, an tura shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata na jihar California, kuma an umurce shi da ya kaurace wa dangin Affleck na tsawon shekaru 10 idan an sake shi.
Dangantaka da Jennifer Lopez
Affleck yana da dangantaka ta watanni 18 tare da Jennifer Lopez daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Bayan haduwa a kan saitin Gigli a ƙarshen 2001, sun fara farawa ne a watan Yulin 2002 lokacin da Lopez ya nemi saki daga mijinta na biyu Cris Judd. Daga baya suka yi aiki tare kan bidiyon kide-kide "Jenny daga Block" da fim din Jersey Girl (2004). Dangantakar su ta sami yaduwar yada labarai sosai. Tabloids suna kiran ma'auratan da "Bennifer", wani hoto mai kyau wanda Vanity Fair ya bayyana a matsayin "farkon irin wannan alamar tabloid". Sun shiga shaƙatawa a watan Nuwamba na 2002 amma an daga ɗaurin aurensu a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2003 tare da sanarwar kwana huɗu saboda "kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa". Sun ƙare yarjejeniyar su a cikin Janairu 2004.
Watanni daga baya, Affleck ya nuna wasu maganganun kafofin watsa labaru suna da tushe a cikin wariyar launin fata, aji da wariyar launin fata: "Ana tunaninmu da mutane iri biyu ne." A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya tura baya ga "ra'ayin ban sha'awa" cewa shi ya kamata a kalli dangantakar a matsayin kuskure, kuma ta waiwaya kan al'adun tabloid a lokacin "inda ya shafi mutum daya kuma kowa ya mai da hankali a kansu ... Me Britney Spears ta yi? Ban da samun mutane da damewa. Amma ina tsammani haka ne muna yin shi a al'adance. Yana da tsauri. "Affleck ya yarda cewa" akwai hanyoyin da na bayar da gudummawa a kai ", yana ambaton bidiyon kide-kide da hirar neman talla tare da Gigli. Ya ce ɗayansu "ba da tsammanin" irin kulawar da za a ba su ba: "Ina tsammanin ni da Jen mun yi kuskure a cikin cewa mun ƙaunaci juna, muna cikin farin ciki kuma wataƙila ma za a iya samunsa."
A cikin 2010, Lopez ya ce rashin jin daɗin Affleck tare da bincikar kafofin watsa labaru shine dalili ɗaya da ya raba kuma, a cikin 2020, ya tuna "wasu manyan alaƙar gaske waɗanda ke da ma'ana da yawa a gare ni waɗanda da gaske ba za su iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin hasken ba. A shekarar 2016, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "farkon zuciyarta ta farko": "Ina ganin lokaci daban, daban, wa ya san abin da ka iya faruwa." Affleck da Lopez sun ci gaba da hulɗa a cikin shekarun bayan sun rabu sun yi magana mai kyau game da juna a cikin manema labarai. A watan Afrilu na 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa ma'auratan sun sake saduwa.
Sauran dangantaka
Affleck ya fara haduwa da 'yar fim Gwyneth Paltrow a watan Oktoba 1997 bayan haduwa da su a wani abincin dare na Miramax, kuma daga baya sun yi aiki tare a kan Shakespeare a cikin Love (1998). Kodayake sun fara watsewa ne a watan Janairun 1999, watanni bayan haka, Paltrow ya shawo kan Affleck ya hada gwiwa da ita a Bounce (2000) kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ci gaba da dangantaka. Sun sake rabuwa a cikin Oktoba 2000. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, Paltrow ta ce ita da Affleck sun kasance abokai.
Affleck yana da dangantaka mai nisa tare da mai samar da talabijin a New York Lindsay Shookus daga tsakiyar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018; sun sake yin kwanan wata a farkon 2019. Shookus shi ne shugaban sashen ba da tallafi na daren Asabar, wasan kwaikwayo wanda Affleck ya dauki bakunci sau biyar tun 2000. Affleck wacce take kwanan wata 'yar Cuban Ana de Armas, wacce ta sadu da ita a cikin ruwan zurfin a farkon shekarar 2019, daga farkon 2020 zuwa farkon 2021.
Lafiya
Akwai tarihin jaraba da tabin hankali a cikin dangin Affleck. Kakanninsa biyu ‘yan giya ne. Kakarsa ta wajen uba, wacce ke yawan shaye-shaye da mashaya, ta kashe kanta tana da shekara 46. Kawun mahaifinsa ya kasance mashayi ne wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin harbin kansa. Goggonsa ta kasance mashawariyar jarumar mata. Affleck ya halarci tarurrukan tallafawa Al-Anon tun yana yaro saboda lamuran jarabawar mahaifinsa. Hisan uwansa mai maye ne.
Abin shan kansa na Affleck ya zama damuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. Mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi zuwa wani sansanin jeji na waje don matasa masu hatsarin gaske, tun da farko sun yi la’akari da shirin dawo da zama. Affleck ya zama mai hankali a cikin shekarunsa na ashirin, yana bayyana a cikin hira ta 1998 cewa giya ta kasance "mai hadari" a gare shi. Ya karɓi maganin zama don jaraba a 2001 kuma ya kula da laulayin sa na '' shekaru '' daga baya. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya ƙi tattauna giyar sa dalla-dalla [7] sannan daga baya ya bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da yake "shan giya daidai gwargwado". "Na yi tunani, 'Ina so ne kawai in sha kamar mutum na al'ada. Ina so in sha giya a abincin dare.' Kuma na sami damar yin kusan shekara takwas. ”Affleck a hankali ya fara shan“ ƙari kuma mafi yawa ”kuma, a ƙarshe, yana shan har sai da ya“ mutu ”a kan dare. Garner ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Affleck game da shaye-shaye a lokacin da bayan aurensu sannan ya ce a shekarar 2020 cewa halartar tarurrukan Al-Anon ya ba ta ikon canza "rawa" na dangantakar su. Affleck ya dawo cikin jinyar zama a shekarar 2017 and, following a public document relaback and intervention, again in 2018. A ƙarshen 2019, TMZ ta yi fim da shi yana tuntube kan titin Los Angeles; ya yarda washegari cewa yana da "taqaitaccen bayani" bayan sama da shekara daya da nutsuwa. Daga baya ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin abin kunya: "Ina ma dai hakan ba ta faru ba. Ina matukar fatan da ba a yanar gizo ba ne yarana za su gani."
Affleck yana fama da damuwa da kunchin rayuwa, kuma ya sha magungunan rage damuwa tun yana shekara 26. Ya ce ya yi amfani da barasa don sauƙaƙa jin daɗin "rashin jin daɗi" a koyaushe kuma ya faɗi cewa "ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don asali, ba tare da wata alamar shakka ba, na yarda da kaina cewa ni mashayi ne." Ya bi shiri mai matakai goma sha biyu. A lokacin da ake buga jaridu don Hanyar Baya a 2020, Affleck ya bude baki game da jarabar sa amma ya ci gaba da cewa yana jin "mai rauni ne" kuma ba ya nufin "ci gaba da magana game da wannan batun har abada", yana cewa, "Ina ganin darajar , idan akwai daraja a wurina magana game da kasancewa mai shan giya, shine wannan bai kamata ya zama kai waye ba. Wannan ba lallai ne ya zama tambarin a kanka ba.
Gwarewan Caca
Affleck ya lashe Gasar Poker ta Jihar California ta 2004, inda ya dauki kyautar farko ta $ 356,400 kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar karshe ta World Poker Tour 2004. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun mutane, tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Tobey Maguire, wadanda suka halarci wasannin caca na Molly Bloom a tsakiyar shekarun 2000. A shekara ta 2014, an nemi Affleck da ya guji yin blackjack a Hard Rock Hotel a Las Vegas, bayan jerin nasarori da aka samu ya haifar da shakku kan cewa yana kirga katuna, wanda wannan wata doka ce ta caca da cacar baki ta cinye. Affleck ya sha musanta rahotannin tabloid na jarabar caca.
Addini
Affleck ya fito ne daga mabiyan Furotesta, amma dangin sa ba su da addini. Yayinda yake jarirai, kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansa uku sunyi baftisma a matsayin membobin Cocin Hadaddiyar Methodist. A shekara ta 2008, ya lissafa Linjilar Matta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kawo sauyi a rayuwarsa kuma, a shekarar 2012, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da imani. A shekarar 2015, Affleck ya fara halartar hidiman cocin Methodist mako-mako a Los Angeles tare da danginsa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da imaninsa a cikin 2020, Affleck ya ce "ya kasance mini gwagwarmaya": "Ba ni da wata ma'anar wani mutum mai hazo daga can yana tura maballin, wannan yana da wuya a gare ni, amma shirin mai matakai goma sha biyu shine tushen bangaskiya ... Bangaskiya tayi min kyakkyawan aiki a murmurewa
Tarihin Magabata
Yawancin kakannin Affleck Ingilishi ne, Irish, Scottish da Jamusanci. Babban kakan mahaifin Affleck, Heinrich Boldt, wanda, yana da shekaru 12, ba da gangan ya gano Curmsun Disc ba, wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Prussia a ƙarshen 1840s. Affleck ya fito ne a cikin jerin tarihin asalin PBS na Neman Tushen ku a shekarar 2014. Lokacin da aka gaya ma sa cewa wani magabaci ya kasance mai mallakar bayi a Georgia, Affleck ya amsa: "Allah. Yana ba ni wani irin yanayi mai ban tsoro don ganin alaƙar halittu da hakan. Amma, ka sani, akwai shi, wani bangare ne na tarihinmu ... Mun fi son ware kanmu daga wadannan abubuwan ta hanyar tafiya kamar, 'Tarihin bushewa ne kawai, kuma yanzu an gama shi'. ”Wasikun imel da aka bankado daga imel din Sony na 2015 badakalar satar bayanai ta nuna cewa, bayan daukar fim din, wakilin kamfanin na Affleck ya yi wa imel wasika a fim din inda ya ce jarumin ya ji "ba shi da dadi" game da bangaren, wanda ba a saka shi cikin watsa labarai na karshe ba. PBS ta ƙaryata game da ƙididdigar wasan kwaikwayon da umarnin Affleck, kuma mai gabatar da shirin, farfesa Henry Louis Gates Jr., ya ce: "Mun mai da hankali kan abin da muke jin cewa su ne abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa a cikin kakanninsa".
Zargin Nima Haka
Yayin motsin Me Too a cikin 2017, mata biyu sun zargi Affleck da halayen da bai dace ba. Jaruma Hilarie Burton ta bayyana cewa, a lokacin da aka nuna a iska a TRL Uncensored a 2003, Affleck "ya nade hannunsa a kusa da ni, kuma ya zo ya gyara tsalle na hagu". Affleck ya ba da amsa a kan Twitter: "Na yi wa Ms. Burton rashin dacewa kuma ina neman afuwa da gaske." kamar dai cikin ladabi ne yake kore ni daga hanya. "
Dangane da badakalar Harvey Weinstein, Affleck ya yi alƙawarin ba da gudummawar duk wata fa'ida ta gaba daga fim dinsa na farko na Miramax ga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke tallafa wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata kuma ya ce ya sani kawai cewa Weinstein "mara hankali ne kuma mai yawan zalunci." A cikin wani sakon Tweeter, 'yar fim Rose McGowan ta amsa: "Ka yi karya." Ta ce ta hadu da Affleck ne bayan Weinstein ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata lokacin bikin Fim din Sundance a 1997 kuma ta gaya masa, yayin da take kuka, cewa ta "ta fito ne daga Harvey's kuma ya ce, 'Goddamnit, na ce masa ya daina yin hakan.' "A cikin imel ɗin da ya fallasa game da shari'ar McGowan, Affleck ya ce:" Ban taɓa ganin Rose a kowane otal a Sundance ba. Ba ta taɓa gaya mini ba kuma ban taɓa taɓa ba ya nuna cewa wani ne ya kai mata hari. "A cikin hirar 2019, Affleck ya ce:" Ba na son shiga cikin labarin wasu mutane saboda ina jin kamar wadannan labaransu ne kuma suna da damar fada kamar yadda dayawa ko kadan daga wadanda suke so na yarda da Rose na goyi bayanta ina matukar son an d na yaba da jajircewarta kuma ina yi mata fatan alheri. "A shekarar 2020, McGowan ya yi karin haske game da kalaman nata:" Ba kamar na yi ruri a Ben Affleck bane. Ban taba ce masa, 'Fyade kawai aka yi min ba.' Wannan kawai ya fi dacewa a nuna ma'anar wannan ci gaba na kowa ya sani kuma kowa yana cikin ta, ba da sani ba ko kuma ba da himma. "
Filmography da kyaututtuka
Affleck ya fito a fina-finai sama da 50, kuma ya sami yabo da yawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma darakta. Ya fara samun yabo ne a matsayin marubuci a lokacin da ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kwalejin da aka fi sani da fim mai kyau don farauta mai kyau (1997), wanda ya rubuta tare da Matt Damon. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sami kyautar zinare ta duniya don wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a Hollywoodland (2006). Fim din Argo (2012), wanda ya shirya, ya shirya tare, ya kuma haska shi, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Directors Guild Award don Gwarzon Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Masu Shirya Kungiyoyi. , da kuma Kyautar Karatu domin Kyakkyawan Hoto.
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ben Affleck on Facebook
Ben Affleck at AllMovie |
29117 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Mulkin%20Mallaka%20na%20Arewacin%20Najeriya | Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya | TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
Arewacin Nigeria ( Hausa : Arewacin Najeriya ) ta kasance wani yanki na Biritaniya wanda ya wanzu daga shekarar 1900 har zuwa shekarar 1914 kuma ta mamaye yankin arewacin kasar da yanzu ake kira Najeriya .
Yankin yana da fadin kuma ya hada da masarautun Daular Sokoto da wasu sassa na tsohuwar daular Bornu, wadda aka ci a shekarar 1902. Babban Kwamishina na farko na yankin shi ne Frederick Lugard, wanda ya kori cinikayyar bayi da hare-hare na kabilanci kuma ya kawo tsarin gudanarwa da aka kafa ta da hukumomin gargajiya na yankin.
An kawo karshen yankin na mulkin mallakan turawa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1914, lokacin da aka hade yankin da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma Legas, ta zamo lardin Arewa na Mulkin Mallakan na Najeriya.
Asali
Taron Berlin na 1884 da 1885 ya samar da yankin da zai zama karkashin Kariyar Burtaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya. An kafa kamfanin Royal Niger Company a 1886 tare da George Taubman Goldie a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. Kamfanin ya koma cikin ƙasa kuma ya yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyin siyasa, wani lokacin tilastawa, tare da sarakunan cikin gida da yawa. A cikin shekarar 1897, Frederick Lugard shi ne aka nada shi shugaban rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma wanda aka dora wa alhakin dakile tsayin daka da fulani da yuwuwar kutsawa Faransawa a yankin arewa maso yamma.
A ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 1900, an soke hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karbe iko, a wani bikin da Lugard ya karanta sanarwar. An biya Kamfanin Royal Niger Fam 865,000 kuma an ba shi haƙƙin rabin duk kuɗin da ake samu na hakar ma'adinai a wani yanki mai yawa na yankunan tsawon shekaru 99 don musayar yankin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. An nada Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Hukumar Kare Arewacin Najeriya da aka kirkiro. Lokoja ita ce babban birni daga shekarar 1900, amma Zungeru ya zama hedkwatar tsaro a 1902 saboda ita ce ke arewacin birnin wacce za'a iya shiga ta rafi.
Siyasan soji
Ayyukan soji sun fara ne a shekara ta 1902 kuma sun ci gaba har na tsawon shekaru biyar ana gwabza kazamin fada. An ci ragowar Daular Bornu a shekarar 1902 da Daular Sokoto aka ci nasara a yakin Kano . An ci gaba da gwabza fada a shekarar 1904 a Bassa . A cikin 1906, tawayen Mahdist ya barke a wajen birnin Sakkwato a kauyen Satiru. An aike da wasu gungun Sojojin Gabar Yammacin Afirka don murkushe tawayen; Da jin labarin abin da ya faru, sai Muhammadu Attahiru II ya aike da gaurayawan runduna guda 300 na sojan doki na Sokoto da na kasa karkashin jagorancin Malam Isa. Rundunar hadin guiwa ta yi nasarar murkushe ‘yan tawayen, wanda ya zama misali na karshe na juriya da makami ga mulkin Birtaniya a yankin. Bayan 1907 an sami raguwar tawaye da amfani da karfin soja daga Burtaniya kuma babban kwamishinan ya karkata ga haraji da gudanarwa.
Gudanarwa
Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fara da Frederick Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Farko. A cikin 1907, Lugard ya bar Najeriya zuwa Hong Kong kuma Percy Girouard ya zama sabon Babban Kwamishina. Girouard yana da dogon tarihin kera titin jirgi a Canada da Afirka kuma an ba shi aikin gina layin dogo mai yawa a cikin Kariya. A cikin 1909, Henry Hesketh Bell, gwamnan Uganda Protectorate an nada babban kwamishina. A cikin 1912, an kiyasta cewa yankin Arewacin Najeriya ya kai kusan kuma yana da kusan mutane miliyan 10. Charles Lindsay Temple ya zama babban kwamishinan riko a 1911 da 1912 kuma ya fara sa ido, tare da hadin gwiwa ta kut-da-kut da Lugard, samar da Mallaka da Kare Najeriya.
Daya daga cikin muhimman mulkin gudanarwa na yankin shine sanya hakimai da sarakai a matsayin masu hanu da shuni na gargajiya a cikin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya.
Wadannan kalubalen kudi da na gudanarwa sun haifar da tattaunawa karkashin jagorancin Lugard don hadewar yankin mulkin mallaka na Legas Colony, Kudancin kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Ya kamata a gyara banbance-banbancen da ke tsakanin hukumomin tsaro ta hanyar samar da gwamnati ta tsakiya a Legas, inda kudaden shigar da kwastam daga kudu ke biyan ayyukan da ake yi a arewa. Hadaddiyar Mallaka da Mallaka ta Najeriya ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 kuma tana da hakimai biyu da daya ke kula da yankin lardin kudu daya kuma ke kula da lardin arewa. Gwamnati a arewa ta kasance daban kuma ta haɗa da zurfafa amfani da hukumomin ƙasa. An gano cewa wadannan rarrabuwa sun dawwama ta fuskoki da dama har zuwa yau.
Duba kuma
Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka
Jaridar Arewacin Najeriya
Scramble don Afirka
Sunan mahaifi Richmond Palmer
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Daular Burtaniya – Arewacin Najeriya
Tsaffin yankunan mulkin mallakan Burtaniya/
Shekarun 1910s a Najeriya
Mulkin Mallakan Turawa na Najeriya
Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya
Mulkin mallakan Turawa na Afurka |
24899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackichand%20Singh | Jackichand Singh | Telem Jackichand Singh (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A cikin gida yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob ɗin Indian Super League, na East Bengal, a matsayin aro daga Mumbai City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Indiya .
Sana'a
Royal Wahingdoh
Jackichand ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa don Royal Wahingdoh, sannan a cikin I-League 2nd Division, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2011 a Gasar Cin Kofin Federation da Churchill Brothers . Wahingdoh ya ci wasan da ci 2-1 inda Jacki ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 53 don kammala tashin hankali a kofin. Jackichand zai sake yin wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin tarayya, ya sake zira kwallaye, amma ba zai iya taimakawa kungiyarsa fice daga rukunin ba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Royal Wahingdoh a lokacin kamfen ɗin su na 2011 I-League 2nd Division kuma zai zira kwallaye uku a lokacin rukunin, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta cancanci zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta 2 na shekarar 2011 a matsayin masu nasara a rukuni, amma Wahingdoh ya gama na 6. kuma ya kasa samun ci gaba. Jackichand ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar a lokacin gasar I-League ta shekarar 2012, inda Wahingdoh ya sake samun cancantar shiga rukuninsu a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar a zagayen karshe, inda Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu. A lokacin zagaye na ƙarshe, za mu iya lissafin wasanni 10 da ya yi, ya zira kwallaye 8 amma ba zai iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta sami ci gaba zuwa I-League ba. Jackichand ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Royal Wahingdoh na rukunin I-League na shekarar 2013 amma a wannan karon, Wahingdoh ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe daga rukuninsu yayin da suka gama na uku. A ƙarshe, yana cikin rukunin I-League na shekarar 2014 lokacin da Wahingdoh ya lashe gasar don haka ya sami ci gaba, bayan samun cancantar zama masu nasara a rukunin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe na I-League 2nd Division shekara ta 2014, lokacin da Jackichand ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen ƙarshe.
2014 zuwa 2015
Jackichand ya fara wasan farko na sabuwar kakar don Royal Wahingdoh bayan samun ci gaba, a kan Mumbai a gasar cin kofin Federation na shekarun 2014 da 15 a cikin nasarar 2-1 inda ya zira duka ƙwallon ƙungiyarsa a kowane ɓangaren rabin lokaci. Ya zira kwallon sa ta uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayya da Sporting Goa ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a raunin 2-1.
Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar I-league a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu da Shillong Lajong a farkon Shillong Derby a cikin I-league kuma ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh don Kwallo na Biyu a cikin nasara 2-1. Jackichand ya zira kwallon sa ta farko I-League a kan Salgaocar . Ya ci kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bharat FC a ranar 21 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015. Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Pune a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. Ya taimaki Godwin Franco a wasan da suka ci 1-0 a gida da Gabashin Bengal a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015. Jackichand ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh sau uku don hat-trick da ya yi da Salgaocar a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a nasarar 4-2 ga tawagarsa. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand an ba shi mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.
Super League na Indiya
Pune City
A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2015, an yi gwanjon Jackichand don yin wasa da FC Pune City akan ₹ 45 lakhs (€ 58.2k) a cikin Super Indian na 2015 . Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a lokacin Delhi Dynamos na ISL a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ɗauki wasanni biyu kacal ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye a kan ATK a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ci kwallon a cikin minti 1 da dakika 15. Ita ce ƙwallo mafi sauri da aka ci a bugun ISL na biyu. Ya buga wasansa na karshe a kulob din da NorthEast United a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015. Ya kammala kakar wasa tare da wasanni 9, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin tsari.
I-League
Salgaocar (aro)
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016, Jackichand ya rattaba hannu kan Salgaocar yayin da Royal Wahingdoh ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga I-League, a matsayin aro daga Pune City don I-League na 2015-16. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a cikin 2015–16 I-League da Bengaluru FC . 9 Janairu 2016. Jackichand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Salgaocar a kan Mumbai a I-League a cikin rashin nasara 2-1. Ya buga wasan karshe na kulob din da Sporting Goa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016.
Komawa zuwa ISL
Mumbai City
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Mumbai City ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Jackichand a karo na uku na ISL. Ya fara wasansa na farko ranar 3 ga Oktoba a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Pune City, inda ya maye gurbin Léo Costa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka ci 1-0. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko da nasara, a minti na 45 a kan NorthEast United bayan mai tsaron ragar NorthEast Lima Gomes ya yi kuskure. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na kulob din da ATK a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2016, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 (raunin 3-2) a wasan zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe.
Komawa I-League
Gabashin Bengal (aro)
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2017, Singh ya rattaba hannu don kulob din I-League na gabas Bengal don kakar I-League ta 2016-17. Ya fara wasan farko da zakarun zakarun Aizawl a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Amma bayyanar da wahalar zuwa Singh kamar yadda babban kocin Gabashin Bengal Trevor Morgan baya buƙatar masu yawo a cikin tsarin sa. Ya buga wasanni 7 ne kawai a kulob din wanda daga ciki wasanni 4 suka fito daga benci. Wasansa na karshe na kulob din ya zo ne da Punjab a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017.
Komawa zuwa ISL (x2)
Kerala Blasters
A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekara 2017, an zaɓi Singh a zagaye na 8th na 2017-18 'Yan wasan ISL na Kerala Blasters don kakar 2017 - 18 na Indian Super League . Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ATK . Ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Courage Pekuson na minti na 81 yayin da Kerala Blasters ya yi canjaras 0-0. Daga nan Singh ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Goa . Ya zira kwallaye daidai wa Kerala Blasters a minti na 30 don yin 2-2 amma abin takaici kulob din zai ci gaba da yin rashin nasara 5-2. Daga nan ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018 a kan Pune City . Kwallon da ya zura a minti na 58 shine farkon fara wasan a nasarar 2-1 ga Blasters. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye 2 cikin wasanni 17 da ya bugawa kungiyar yayin da Kerala Blasters ya kare a matsayi na 6 a jadawalin gasar .
FC Goa
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara 2018, ya sanya hannu kan Goa daga Kerala Blasters . A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu ya ci kwallo daga yadi 22 wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwallo mafi sauri a cikin 18-19 ISL kakar wanda ya haifar da nasarar 3-0 ga FC Goa a kan masu nasara ISL sau biyu ATK . Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi burge Gaurs a kakar wasa ta farko tare da su, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 sannan ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 21 yayin da ya taimaki Goa ya kai wasan karshe na ISL. Ya ci gaba da wannan tsari ta hanyar zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din yayin da Goa ya kare a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin gasar, kuma ta haka ne ya zama kulob din Indiya na farko da ya cancanci shiga rukunin rukunin Champions League na AFC.
Jamshedpur
A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2020, Singh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 tare da Jamshedpur don kakar ISL mai zuwa. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 12. Ya taimaka a wasansa na farko da Chennaiyin a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.
Mumbai City FC
Mumbai City FC ta tabbatar da sa hannun Jackichand Singh daga Jamshedpur FC a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021 don ragowar kakar ISL a shekarar 2020-2021. Dan wasan gefe na Manipur ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 12 da ya yi wa Jamshedpur FC a gasar Super League ta Indiya 2020-2021.
Kasashen duniya
Jackichand ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa wasa da Nepal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Lalrindika Ralte . A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar 2019 da Laos, ya taimaka sau uku bayan ya maye gurbinsa a farkon rabin nasarar da Indiya ta ci 6-1. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Jacki ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Udanta Kumam a minti na 44 a wasan gida da Laos a filin wasa na Indira Gandhi Athletic, Guwahati inda ya ba da taimako uku kuma ya taimaka wa Indiya ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na uku na wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Jackichand ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko ga Indiya a nasarar 4 - 1 akan Puerto Rico a Andheri Sports Complex, Mumbai.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya
Indiya da aka jera da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Jackichand.
Gasar Super League ta Indiya : 2018–19
Super Cup na Indiya : 2019
Na ɗaya
I-League : 2014-15 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa na kakar
Rayuwar mutum
Babban wahayi na Singh shine ɗan wasan Manipuri Renedy Singh, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jackie Chan, wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ya fito ne daga ƙasƙantar da kai kuma abokan wasan sa da abokan sa sun san shi da Jacki. Ya auri Beauty kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru uku mai suna Civic. An saka sunayen matarsa da dansa a hannunsa na dama.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1992
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Tunani | 'Yancin Tunani | Ƴancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira ƴancin ra'ayi) shine 'yancin mutum wajen amincewa ko kuma yarda da wata ra'ayi, hujja, ko kuma tunani, nasa na kansa ba tare da ra'ayoyin wasu ba.
Bayani
Kowane mutum na ƙoƙarin samun ƙwarewar fahimta ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi, ƙa'idoji da tantance su dangane da muhallin sa. Wannan ƙwarewar fahimta yana ba da jin daɗi kuma yana maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauƙi ga kishin mutum, sabon ilimi da tunani kuma suna kawo sa rai a na gaba.
'Yancin ra'ayi shine mafari kuma magabanci - don haka yana da alaƙa da - wasu 'yanci, game da 'yancin addini, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin nuna ra'ayi. Ko da yake 'yancin ra'ayi tsayayye ne dangane da sauran 'yanci da yawa, ba a buƙatar su ta wata hanya don aiki da wanzuwar su. Ka'idar 'yanci ko hakki baya bada damar haɗa shi, halalcinsa, ko kariya ta hanyar faɗakarwa ta falsafa. Haƙƙi ne mai matukar muhimmanci a yammacin duniya kuma kusan dukkanin kundin tsarin mulkin damokuradiyya suna kare wadannan haƙƙoƙi.
Misali, Kudirin Haƙƙoƙin ya ƙunshi sanannen dama a cikin Gyara na Farko da akayi mai cewa ba za a sanya dokokin da zasu katsalandan ga addini "ko haramta 'yanci ba." Alkalin Kotun Kolin Amurka Benjamin Cardozo ya yi bayani a Palko v. Connecticut (1937) cewa:
'Yancin ra'ayii shine mafi inganci daga mutane kuma hakki ne wanda ba'a iya kauce masa kuma wani muhimmin sashi ne na dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Ba tare da wani gyaran fuska ba, alamomin da zasu tabbatar da gaskiyan wannan bayani na nan kunshe cikin tarihinmu, tsarin mulkinmu da kuma shari'ar mu.
An lissafo 'Yancin tunani a a karkashin Mataki na 18; a wajen Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ta ke daure bisa ka'ida kan kasashe membobi na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) cewa:
Kowani mutum yana da 'yancin yin tunani da fadin ra'ayoyinsa da yin addininsa daya hada da 'yancin canja addini yayi hakan shi kadai ko acikin mutane da 'yancin bayyana addininsa da karantarwarsa da bayyana ibadarsa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, “yana bambanta ‘yancin tunani, addini ko imani da ’yancin bayyana addini ko imani." Ba ya ƙyale kowane iyaka ko mene ne kan yancin tunani da lamiri ko kan ƴancin samun ko ɗaukar addini ko imani na zaɓin da mutum ya zaɓa. Ana kiyaye waɗannan 'yanci ba tare da wani sharadi ba." Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na UDHR ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowanne mutum yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, wannan hakkin ya hada da 'yancin rike ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba."
Tarihin ci gaba da danniya
Yana da wuyan gaske a tabbatar da abinda wani mutum yake tunani, hakan na sanya danniya mawuyaci. An bunƙasa manufar a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, a cikin littafin Bulus na Tarsus (misali, “Mai yasa ra'ayin wani zai rika takure nawa ra'ayin [ sunaideseos ]?” 1 Korinthiyawa 10:29).
Duk da cewa masana falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna 'Yancin Tunani a takaice, har wayau dokokin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 BC) an kiran dokar na farko da 'Yancin ra'ayi ko tunani. A cikin al'adar Turawa, baya ga dokar yarda da addini ta Constantine I a Milan a shekara ta 313, masana falsafa Themistus, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masana tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan magoya bayan ra'ayin 'Yancin Tunani (ko 'yanci na ruhi a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams).
Sarauniya Elizabeth ta I ta soke dokar tauye tunani a ƙarshen karni na goma sha shida, domin, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta son bada wata kafa a cikin rayukan maza da tunaninsu na sirri. A lokacin mulkinta, masanin falsafa, masanin lissafi, falaki, kuma masanin ilimin taurari "Giordano Bruno" ya sami mafaka a Ingila daga dokar yanke haddi na Italiya, inda ya buga littattafansa da yawa game da sararin samaniya da dama har ma da darussan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan ya fita daga kariyar Ingila, an ƙone a raye Bruno a Roma a matsayin wanda ya kafurce don ya ƙi yin watsi da ra'ayoyinsa. Don haka ne wasu ke ganin shi a matsayin shahidi na 'yancin tunani ko ra'ayi.
Ignaz von Döllinger ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin “mutum na farko daga cikin shahararrun mutanen duniya da suka kafa ƙa’idar addini guda ɗaya ta musamman, kuma ya tilasta ta har zuw aiya rayuwar sa: . . . Ka’idar ‘yancin kai da qin tilastawa acikin addini.”
Haka zaika, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar watsi da ra'ayi, tsare mutum, ko kona littattafai, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana hana 'yancin ra'ayi. Misalai masu tasiri na yakar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki su ne yunkurin Soviet na binciken kwayoyin halitta don goyon bayan ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, wani gangami na kona littafi da mutanen Nazi na Jamus suka yi, da tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi a Cambodia a karkashin Pol Pot, iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancin furuci da gwamnatocin gurguzu na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba ko kuma na kama-karya irin na Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain suka kafa.
Hasashen Sapir-Whorf, wanda ya bayyana cewa tunani yana cikin harshe, zai goyi bayan da'awar cewa ƙoƙari na iyakance amfani da kalmomin harshe shine ainihin nau'i na ƙuntata 'yancin tunani.An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin nau'i na yaren Ingilishi da aka yi wanda ake zargi da rashin ikon kwatanta iyakance bayyana ra'ayoyin asali.
Haɓaka fasahohin neuroimaging na kwanan nan sun kara tayar da damuwa game da ƙungiyoyin da za su iya karantawa da kuma tauye tunani. Ko da yake batun yana da rikitarwa dangane da lamarin jiki da zuciya, waɗannan damuwowin sun zama sashin bincike da ke tasowa na neuroethics da neuroprivacy.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35528 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonduel%2C%20Wisconsin | Bonduel, Wisconsin | Bonduel ƙauye ne a gundumar Shawano, Wisconsin, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 1,478 a ƙidayar 2010 .
Tarihi
Kamar yadda aka kafa, al'ummar ba ta da wani suna a hukumance. Wasu rahotanni na farko sun kira shi Hartland Corners, mai yiwuwa dangane da garin da ke kewaye, mai suna Hartland . Ba a kafa sunan Bonduel ga al'umma ba har sai an gabatar da aikace-aikacen gidan waya a cikin 1864, a lokacin an ƙi "Hartland" kamar yadda ake amfani da shi azaman sunan ƙauye a Wisconsin. Saboda haka, ana kiran ƙauyen Bonduel lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gidan waya. Sunan ƙauyen ne bayan wani ɗan mishan na Jesuit, Rev. Florimond Bonduel, wanda ya bauta wa Ikklesiya na Wisconsin kuma wanda ya yi aiki tare da Indiyawan Menominee, yana taimaka musu su daidaita kan sabon ajiyar da aka ƙirƙira a 1853.
Bonduel an haɗa shi azaman ƙauye a cikin 1916. Kafin wannan lokacin, garin Hartland da ke kewaye ne ke gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa na al'umma.
A shekarar 1964 da kungiyar manoma ta kasa ta yi kokarin ganin manoma su hana amfanin gonakinsu da nono da dabbobinsu a kasuwa domin kara farashi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar wasu ma’aikatan NFO guda biyu da wata motar shanu ta rutsa da su a garin Bonduel.
Geography
Bonduel yana nan a (44.740388, -88.445291).
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da , duk ta kasa.
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 1,478, gidaje 601, da iyalai 405 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 645 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 95.4% Fari, 0.8% Ba'amurke, 1.6% Ba'amurke, 0.4% Asiya, 0.8% daga sauran jinsi, da 1.0% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.7% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 601, wanda kashi 34.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 51.7% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.2% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 32.6% ba dangi bane. Kashi 28.0% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 11.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.43 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.96.
Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 37.2. 26.2% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 7.8% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 27.3% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 22.5% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 16.2% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 49.7% na maza da 50.3% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 1,416, gidaje 581, da iyalai 392 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 645.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (248.5/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 598 a matsakaicin yawa na 272.4 a kowace murabba'in mil (104.9/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 96.68% Fari, 0.14% Ba'amurke, 1.20% Ba'amurke, 1.13% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.85% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.91% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 581, daga cikinsu kashi 33.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 55.9% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 7.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 32.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 27.5% na duk gidaje sun kasance na mutane ne, kuma 13.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.42 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.94.
A ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 26.2% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 8.0% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.2% daga 25 zuwa 44, 18.3% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 17.3% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 34. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 96.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 92.8.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $39,625, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $48,264. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $34,632 sabanin $21,741 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $20,482. Kusan 2.3% na iyalai da 4.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 3.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 2.3% na waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko sama da haka.
Hotuna
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kauyen gidan yanar gizon Bonduel
Makarantar Makarantar Bonduel
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18984 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyar%20Musulunci | Duniyar Musulunci | Duniyar Musulunci ta ƙunshi dukkan mutanen da suke cikin Musulunci. Ba wuri ne na ainihi ba, amma dai al'umma ne.Lokacin da suke yin abubuwa tare a matsayinsu na musulmai, sune "umma", wanda ke nufin "al'umma" wanda ke nufin dukkan masu imani. Bangaskiyar tana jaddada hadin kai da kare 'yan uwa musulmai, don haka abu ne na gama gari wadannan al'ummomin su bada hadin kai. Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan a cikin Duniyar Musulmai wani lokaci sun yadu saboda wannan sha'awar na hada kai (duba kasa). Hakanan yana yiwuwa wasu an sanya su gajeru kuma ba su da lahani saboda shi. Wasu ma ba su fara ba.
Yawan jama'a
Musulmai suna cikin kasyashe da yawa. A cikin ƙasashe 52, Musulmai sun fi yawa. Kusan dukkansu 'yan Sunna ne. Suna magana game da yaruka 60 kuma sun fito ne daga kowane ƙabila.
Musulmai miliyan 10.4 a Kanada da Amurka
Musulmai miliyan 2.2 a Latin da Amurka ta Tsakiya
Musulmai miliyan 10.0 a Tarayyar Turai haɗe da Bosnia-Herzegovina da Albania
kaɗan ko kaɗan a Gabashin Turai, Norway
Musulmai miliyan 62.4 a Turkiyya
Musulmai miliyan 284.4 a cikin Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa gami da Iraki (tare da 'yan Shi'a miliyan 15, kashi 60% na yawan jama'ar)
254.0 Musulmai a Yankin Saharar Afirka
Musulmai miliyan 65.4 (90% Shi'a ) a Iran
Musulmai miliyan 48.5 a Asiya ta Tsakiya - a Azerbaijan, Uzebekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan - tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Tarayyar Sobiyat'
Musulmai miliyan 26.7 a Rasha
Musulmai miliyan 22.7 a Afghanistan
Musulmai miliyan 230.0 a Pakistan da Bangladesh (a da can yankin gabashin Bengal ne ).
Musulmai miliyan 133.3 a Indiya (waɗanda suka haɗa da Jammu da Kashmir ) - mafi yawan tsiraru a duniya
Musulmai miliyan 133.1 a China - kusan na biyu kenan
Musulmai miliyan 34.6 a Somaliya
Musulmai miliyan 196.3 a Indonesia
Musulmai miliyan 30.0 a sauran yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, musamman Malesiya
kaɗan ko kaɗan a Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Mongolia, ko South Pacific
1.5 biliyan duka
A kafafen sadarwa
Gidan talabijin na tauraron ɗan adam na Al-Jazeera a cikin harshen larabci shine tushen labarai da yawa musulmai ke kallo.
A galibin ƙasashen Musulmi, gwamnati ita ce babbar hanyar samun labarai. Wannan wani lokaci yakan sanya ya zama da wahala ko haɗari sosai don yin maganganun adawa da gwamnati.
Duk da haka, akwai wasu shirye-shiryen labarai da yanar gizo da yawa a duniyar musulmai.
Musulunci a shari’a da da’a
Shari'ar Musulunci ta wanzu a cikin bambance-bambancen da yawa - a larabci ana kiranta shariah- makarantu biyar waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su ƙarni da suka gabata. Waɗannan su ne na gargajiya fiqh: da Hanafi makaranta daga Indiya, Pakistan da kuma Bangaladesh, Yammacin Afrika, Misira, da Maliki a arewacin Afirka da kuma yankin yammacin Afirka, da Shafi a Malaysia da kuma Indonesia, da Hanbali a Arabia, da kuma Jaferi a Iran da kuma kasar Iraki-inda mafiya yawansu yan Shia ne. Duk biyar din sun tsufa kuma Musulmai da yawa suna jin cewa dole ne a ƙirƙiri sabon fiqhu don zamantakewar zamani. Musulunci yana da hanyar yin hakan, al-urf da ijtihadi kalmomi ne da za su bayyana wannan hanyar, amma ba a yi amfani da su cikin dogon lokaci ba, kuma mutane kalilan ne aka aminta da su don amfani da su don yin sabbin dokoki.
Don haka, a galibin ƙasashen musulmai, mutane suna da ra'ayin mazan jiya, musamman game da shaye-shaye, zina, zubar da ciki da kuma mata da ke aiki a wuraren da ake amfani da su don yaudarar kwastomomi.
Mata musulmai galibi suna yin suturar da ta dace, kuma da yawa suna yin hakan ta zaɓa. Amma a wasu kasashen an tilasta musu yin hakan ba da son ransu ba. Wannan na daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Yammacin Duniya da na Musulmai.
Tattalin arzikin musulunci ya hana bashi amma a yawancin ƙasashen musulmai an yarda da bankunan yamma. Wannan wani batun ne da musulmai da yawa suke da shi da kasashen yamma.
Musulunci a siyasa
Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan mutanen duniya suna raba addinin Islama a matsayin al'adar ɗabi'a.
Mutane da yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe kuma suna ganin Musulunci a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin ƙasashen dimokiradiyya galibi akwai aƙalla jam’iyya daya ta Musulunci.
Addinin Musulunci na siyasa yana da ƙarfi a duk ƙasashen da Musulmai suka fi yawa. Jam’iyyun Islama a Pakistan da Algeria sun karbi mulki.
Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna kiran kansu masu kishin Islama,wanda kuma wani lokacin ke bayyana ƙungiyoyin Islama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan rukunin da ra'ayoyinsu na dimokiraɗiyya suna da rikitarwa.
Wasu daga cikin wadannan ƙungiyoyin ana kiransu 'yan ta'adda saboda suna afkawa fararen hular wasu kasashen da ba musulmai ba,don yin batun siyasa.
Rikici da Isra’ila da Amurka
Isra’ila ba ta da matukar farin jini a duniyar Musulmi, saboda rikicin Isra’ila da Falasdinu da kuma yadda kasar Isra’ila ta samu kanta a shekarar 1948 wanda Larabawa da yawa suke ganin bai dace ba.
Wasu Musulmai na ganin wannan a matsayin yakar yahudawa ko yahudawa, amma ba duka ba. Misali a Maroko, a kwanan nan masu kishin Islama sun gayyaci yahudawa zuwa jam'iyyar.Kungiyoyin yahudawa kuma suna hada kai da Larabawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan,inda Neturei Karta (shugaban yahudawan da ke kyamar yahudawa) Rabbi Mosche Hirsch ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Yahudawa a Fatah kafin a sami Hukumar Falasdinawa. Kamar Larabawa, wannan ƙaramin rukuni na yahudawa suna ganin yadda aka halicci Isra'ila ba daidai bane. Koyaya, Yahudawa ƙalilan ne suka gaskata wannan, kuma mafi yawansu suna goyon bayan Isra'ila a matsayin kasa.
A cikin shekarar 1979 an sami babban canji game da yadda duniyar Musulmai take mu'amala da sauran ƙasashen duniya. A waccan shekarar, Masar ta yi sulhu da Isra’ila, Iran ta zama kasar Musulunci bayan juyin juya hali, sannan akwai mamayar Afganistan ta Tarayyar Soviet . Abubuwa da yawa sun canza a waccan shekarar. Zuwa 2001 Tarayyar Soviet ta tafi, Jodan ma sun yi sulhu da Isra’ila, kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar, 2001 an kai wasu manyan hare-hare kan Amurka wanda galibin mutane suka yi imanin cewa an yi su ne don korar Amurka daga duniyar Musulmi, musamman Saudiyya. Ta hanyoyi da yawa al'amuran 1979 suka haifar da abubuwan 2001.
Mamayewar Afghanistan a 2001 da mamayewar 2003 a Iraq ana kiranta wani ɓangare na Yaƙi da Ta’addanci da Amurka. Da yawa ko mafi yawan musulmai suna ganin kamar Yaki ne akan Musulunci . Bayan mamayar, jam'iyyun Islama sun sami karin kujeru, kuma akasarin musulmin da aka zaba a kasashe da dama sun nuna goyon baya ga Osama bin Laden kuma sun ce zai "yi abin da ya dace". Olivier Roy wani malamin Faransa ne wanda ke ganin cewa wannan ba ya nuna goyon baya ga al-Qaeda ko Islama mai gwagwarmaya amma yana adawa da mulkin mallaka da abin da Musulmai da yawa ke kira wariyar launin fata kyakkyawar kulawa ga yahudawa musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan Yammacin Kogin Jordan, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da Amurka ko Ingila. fasfo, kuma wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce ba su da ikon zama a wurin.
Yanayin yana da rikitarwa kuma akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da shi.
Ungiya
Ƙungiyar Taron Musulunci wanda aka kafa a 1969 ya bar ƙasashen musulmai suyi aiki a matsayin ƙungiya. Rasha ta shiga cikin 2003.
Ƙungiyar Larabawa ƙaramin rukuni ne na ƙasashen Larabawa kawai.
OPEC wani dandali ne inda ake samun matsala tsakanin kasashen musulmai da wadanda ba musulmi ba. A cikin shekarar 1973 dan nuna rashin amincewa da goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila akwai takunkumin mai wanda ya haifar da rikicin makamashi a shekarar 1973.
Shafuka masu alaƙa
Tarihin Musulunci
Hajji
Musulunci
Musulmai
Addini
Pages with unreviewed translations |
45896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfanin%20Man%20Habbatussauda | Amfanin Man Habbatussauda |
Gabatarwa
habbatussauda tana da amfani sosai don manzon Allah
(s.a.w) yace nahore ku da habbatussauda, don tana
magance kowace irin cuta in banda tsufa ko mutuwa,haka kuma
malaman duniya sun tabbatar,da cewa tana maganin
kowace irin cuta.
Maganin Ciwon Hanta
Cokali guda na Man Habbatus sauda, Cokali uku na
Zuma, Cokali guda na garin ‘bawon rumman, ahadasu
waje guda asha. Bayan kuma an sha sai kuma asha kofi
guda na Nono (tsala ko Kindirmo) ko kuma Madara
Gwangwani guda. In sha Allahu za’a samu lafiya daga
chutar Olsa, Basur, da kuma ciwon Hanta.
Hawan Jini
Ga mai fama da hawan jini, a kullum za
ka zuba rabin cokali na man Habbatus-
Sauda a ruwan zafi daidai yadda za a
iya sha, bayan ya huce kaɗan sai a sha.
Sannan a kasance masu yawan amfani
da tafarnuwa, a abinci, ko shayi , motsa jikin
musamman lokacin da rana
ta fara fitowa kafin tayi zafi sosai.
Tari
Rabin cokali na man Habbatus -Sauda za a
zuba a cikin kofi daya na shayin kofi (Coffee) za a yi
haka sau biyu a rana, sannan ka shafa man Habbatus-
Sauda a kirjin ka da kuma gadon
bayanka.
Inganta Lafiyar Fata
Habbatus- Sauda za ki
samu sai ki hada da man zaitun , sai ki wanke fuskar ,
wannan hadin za ki shafa a fuska , bayan awa daya
sai ki wanke.
Zubewar Gashin Kai
Ga mata masu fama da
matsalar zubewar gashi, sai su hada man
Habbatus_Sauda da man Zaitun, bayan su tsefe
gashin sai su bi layi-layi na gashin suna sa masa man
tare da yiwa kan tausa.
Ciwon Kunne
Irin kwayar Habbatus-Sauda za ka
gasa shi sama-sama, sannan ka ni ka shi , sai ka sa
man Habbatus- sauda rabin cokali, man Zaitun rabin
cokali, sai ka hadesu a mazubi mai kyau, sirinji zaka
samu sai ka dure wannan hadin maganai aciki, zaka
diga akunne sau biyu a rana.
zafin Jiki
Aduk sanda ka samu kanka a cikin yanayi
na zafin jiki, sai ka zuba rabin cokali na man
Habbatus-Sauda a cikin shayi mara madara, sai ka
sha. Zaka iya cigaba dayi har sai zafin jikin yayi sanyi.
Kurajen Fuska
Ga masu fama da matsalolin
kurajen fuska sai ki samu abarba ki markadata sannan
ki tace ruwan abarba a kofi, sai ki dauko man
Habbatus-Sauda ki sa rabin cokali na man Habbatus-
Sauda, in kuma baki da abarba sai kiyi amfani da
lemun tsami mai manya-manya a maimakon abarba.
Za ki sha kafin kici abinci da kuma da daddare kafin
ki kwanta barci har na tsawon wata 1, sannan za ki
iya amfani (Kalonji pimple cream) na fuska. Yana da
kyau ki daina cin abincin da zafi sosai.
Wandanna sune akdan daga cikin
amfani ko tasirin Mai da kwayar irin
Habbatus-Sauda ke samarwa ga lafiyar
jikinmu.
Amma abinda hankulan mu anan shi ne , in kazo
siyan man Hbbatus-Sauda ko irin yana da kyau ka kula
sosai , don wasu ana siyar masu da “ black caraway”
amatsayin Man Habbatus-Sauda wanda kowanen su
abu ne mabambanta. Sannan yana da kyau ka kula da
iya adadin da za kayi amfani da shi , domin amfanin
da shi har yar zarta, ma’ana ya wuce misali na iya
illatar da kai.
Man Habbatus-Sauda, ana kiran sa da suna daban-
daban, aduk inda ka ga an rubuta suna kamar haka “
Kalonji, Black
cumin, Habal-al-baraka.” To shi ne black
seed oil wato Habbatus-Sauda.
Lafiyarka jarinka.
Mura Da Sanyi
Ga mai fama da mura sai ya samu
zuma su hada da Man Habbatus-Sauda, sai ya sha
rabin cokali a kullum sannan su diga man kadan a
cikin hanci.
Matsalar da ta Shafi Hanci Da Makogwaro
Ga mai fama da irin wannan
matsalolin, sai ya samu lemun tsami mai kyau, ya
matse ruwan a kofi
sannan ya zuba ruwan zafi sosai akai,
rabin cokali na man habbatus- Sauda,
sannan sai ya shaki wannan tiririn ruwan zafin. Haka
zai yi sau biyu a rana.
Gurbacewar Ciki
Ga mai fama da, gurbacewa ciki
, sai ya sa rabin cokali na man Habbatus- Sauda a
cikin kofi daya kindirmo daya. Za ka sha sau biya a
rana.
Ciwon Baya
Ga amasu fama matsalolin ciwon baya
sai su , samu kamar cokali 1-2 na man Habbatus-
Sauda sai ya dora akan wuta yayi dan dumi, wannan
man zasu shafa a bayan su tare da yiwa wajen tausa ,
a hankali. Sannan su sha man Habbatus- Sauda,
karamin cokali sau uku a rana.
Rage Damuwa
Ga masu fama da yawan damuwa ,
ko kuma su ji duk sun takura , sai su sa rabin cokali
na man Habbatus- Sauda a shayi ko kuma a kofe
( coffee).
Ciwon Kirji
Ga masu fama da ciwon kirji, sai ya
samu, man Habbatus-Sauda ya hada da zuma a waje
daya, bayan su hada, sai su shafa a daidai inda yake
ciwon tare da lailaya man sosai ta yadda zai ratsa
cikin jikin sosai, sannan a sha cokali daya da safe da
kuma yamma a kullum.
Tsutsar Ciki
Ga mai fama da tsutsar ciki, sai ya
nika irin kwayar Habbatus-Sauda guda 14 , sai ya
hada da rabin karamin cokali na man Habbatus-Sauda
tare da rabin- rabi karamin cokali na ruwan kal ( apple
cider vinegar) sai a hada da ¼ litar ruwa. In shaa
Allahu za’a samu sauki.
Matsalolin Al'ada
Ga mace mai fama da
matsalolin da suka shafi al’ada sai ta samu zuma
cokali daya ta zuba a kofin ruwan dumi, sannan ta sa
karami cokali na man Habbatus-Sauda, sai ki sha sau
biyu a rana, har na tsawon kwana 40
Hasken Fata
Man Habbatus-Sauda na da amfani
wajen haskaka fata, ba tare da ya haifar da wata illa
ba. Abinda za ki yi, shi ne ki samu gram 50 na Man
Habbatus-Sauda da gram 50 na Man
Zaitun sai ki hada waje guda, za ki sha karamin cokali
daya a kullum kafin cin
abincin safe.
Amosarin Gashin Kai
Man Habbatus-Sauda 10
grams za ki
hada da 30 grams na man Zaitu sannan
ki zuba 30 grams na lalle na gargajiya
a ciki, kwabasu za kiyi sannan ki dan
dumama shi akan wuta, bayan ya dan
huce sai ki shafa wannan kwabin akan, sannan ki sa
hular lede bayan minti
15-30 sai ki wanke, za ki iya yin haka
sau biyu a sati.
Kuturta (Leprosy)
Ga mai fama da ciwon kuturta
sai su matse lemun zaki a kofi daya sannan ya sa
rabin cokali na man Habbatus- Sauda ya juya sosai,
za ya sha sau biyu a rana. In shaa Allahu za’a samu
waraka.
Manazarta |
30430 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Mata%20a%20Papua%20New%20Guinea | Haƙƙin Mata a Papua New Guinea | Haƙƙoƙin mata a Papua New Guinea na da matukar tauyewa saboda talauci, tashin hankali, karancin samun ilimi da kula da lafiya, da al'adun uba, musamman farautar mayu . An ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG, saboda yawanci saboda cin zarafin da aka yi da jinsi da aka halatta a cikin jama'a. Akwai kuma rashin hidima ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Akwai rahotannin cin zarafin da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi, game da kama su da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takaddun shaida ko bincike, saboda haka, ba a cika gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya ko hukunta su ba. Gwamnatin Papua New Guinea (PNG) ta bullo da wata doka don yakar wadannan batutuwa, ko da yake ba a samu nasara ba.
PNG ita ce ta biyu mafi girman adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pasifik, tare da 930 cikin Guda 100,000 da ake haifuwa da ke haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari, wanda ya kai mata zuwa ɓoye, kuma sau da yawa zubar da ciki mara kyau.
Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya, da irin aikin da aka ba maza da mata. Wadannan al'adu na al'adu suna nuna zurfafan halayen ubangida wanda ke ƙarfafa rashin daidaiton matsayi na mata a wurare da yawa. Ana ci gaba da waɗannan ayyuka saboda rashin dorewar matakan da gwamnati ta ɗauka.
Cin zarafin mata
Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i da Cikin Gida
An kiyasta cewa kashi 67% na mata a PNG sun fuskanci cin zarafi a gida kuma sama da kashi 50% na mata an yi musu fyade. An ba da rahoton cewa wannan yana ƙaruwa zuwa 100% a cikin Highlands. Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa kashi 86% na mata an yi musu duka a lokacin da suke da juna biyu. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na maza sun shiga cikin wani gungun fyaɗe. Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2014 ya nuna cewa yayin da ake shiga safarar jama'a fiye da kashi 90% na mata da 'yan mata sun fuskanci wani irin tashin hankali.
Ana ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG. Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare na cin zarafin jinsi da aka halasta a cikin al'umma da kuma al'adun shiru. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarancin sabis ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Waɗannan sabis ɗin sun haɗa da matsuguni, ba da shawara da gidajen aminci. PNG ta kuma fuskanci rahotannin cin zarafin mata da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi. Waɗannan cin zarafi sun faru a lokacin kamawa da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. An bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an ‘yan sanda da maza da ake tsare da su ne suka kai wadannan hare-hare. Akwai kuma rahotannin fyaden gama-gari. Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takardu ko bincike. Don haka, ba a gurfanar da masu laifi ko kuma a hukunta su.
Rahoton Amnesty International
Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana batun cin zarafin jinsi a cikin rahoton kare hakkin bil'adama na shekara ta 2016-2017 a Papua New Guinea. Wannan rahoto ya yi nuni da yawaitar tashe-tashen hankula da mata da kananan yara ke fuskanta. Ba kasafai ake tuhumar laifukan tashin hankali ba. Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna muhimman ayyukan al'adu waɗanda ake ganin suna ci gaba da tauye haƙƙin mata. Wadannan al'adu sun hada da farashin amarya da auren mata fiye da daya .
Lafiya
Lafiyar uwa
Samun dama ga kulawar lafiya mai araha da dacewa shine batun da mata ke fuskanta a PNG, musamman ga matan da ke cikin tsibiran waje. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa tsawon rayuwar mata bai kai na maza ba. Hakan na da nasaba da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. PNG yana da matsayi na biyu mafi girma na mutuwar mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pacific. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na mata ne ke haihuwa tare da taimakon cibiyar lafiya ko ƙwararrun ma’aikaci. Alkaluman kididdiga sun nuna cewa kashi 930 cikin 100,000 da ake haihuwa suna haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki haramun ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari. Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari. Laifin zubar da ciki ya sa mata ke neman a boye, kuma galibi zubar da cikin da bai dace ba. Wadannan zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sukan haifar da babbar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar mata. Akwai ƙarancin bayanai kan illar zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kan adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a PNG.
Bayanin kula da lafiya
Kwamitin CEDAW ya kuma tada damuwa game da bayanan kula da lafiya da ayyukan da ake samu ga mata a cikin PNG. Musamman bayanin kula da lafiya na rigakafi a fagen lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. PNG kuma yana da ƙananan ƙimar amfani da rigakafin hana haihuwa wanda ke haifar da yawan masu juna biyu na samari da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i. Gwamnatin PNG ce ke ba da tallafi ga duniya baki ɗaya. Duk da haka, an kiyasta cewa kashi uku na mata ne kawai ke samun damar hana haihuwa.
Hakanan akwai iyakantaccen sabis da ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali da walwala. Musamman ga matan da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.
Ayyuka na al'ada
Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya (dava), ayyuka masu ma'ana da aka ba maza da mata, da kuma ci gaba da al'adar cewa biyan diyya na iya haɗawa da mata. Wadannan ayyuka na al'adu suna nuna tushen ra'ayi mai zurfi da dabi'un ubanni. Kwamitin CEDAW ya yi tsokaci cewa, wadannan al'adu na yin barazana ga ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata, saboda suna karfafa rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a ɓangarori da dama. A wannan mataki waɗannan dabi'u masu ma'ana da ayyukan al'adu suna ci gaba da ci gaba saboda rashin ci gaba da aiwatar da tsari na PNG don gyara ko kawar da waɗannan ayyuka.
Aure
Abubuwan al’adu dangane da aure sun hada da auren mace fiye da daya, farashin amarya da auren wuri. Ana iya yin auren dole ko kuma a shirya su. A yankunan karkara da lungu da sako na al'adun gargajiya sun kasance. Waɗannan ayyuka sun hada da aure, rabuwa, gado da zumunta.
Gwamnatin PNG ta sanar a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 cewa za a gabatar da gyara don sauya dokokin aure da saki na kasar. Kudirin Aure (gyara) na 2015 da na Matrimonial (Clauses) Bill 2015, mai yiyuwa ne su gyara Dokar Ma'aurata (Clauses) 1963 da Dokar Aure 1963. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su sanya sabon mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure ga maza da mata. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su gabatar da tarar tsakanin K10,000[US$3200] zuwa K20,000 [US$6400] ga masu laifin da suka tilasta wa yara ƙanana aure kafin su kai shekaru 17.
Mayya farauta
Kisan matsafa wani lamari ne da ke ci gaba da faruwa a PNG, musamman a tsaunuka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa kashe-kashen matsafa 200 na faruwa a duk shekara. Gwamnati ta fahimci duka "farin sihiri", wanda ya shafi warkarwa da haihuwa, da sihiri. Bokanci ko "sihiri baƙar fata" yana da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Kashe-kashen bokaye yakan faru ne ta hanyar gungun maza kuma galibi al'umma suna da hannu a ciki. Ana zargin mata da ‘yan mata da aikata maita. Sau da yawa mutanen da aka yi wa hari su ne mata matasa masu rauni, ko kuma gwauraye marasa ’ya’ya maza.
A shekara ta 2014, an tuhumi mutane 122 bayan mutuwar fiye da mutane bakwai da ake zargi da yin sihiri.
Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana yadda ake samun karuwar rahotannin azabtarwa da kashe-kashen mata da ‘yan mata da ake zargi da maita. Wadannan mata da 'yan mata an bayyana su a matsayin wadanda suka kasance masu rauni a cikin al'umma, musamman ma tsofaffin mata ba tare da 'ya'ya maza ba. Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa game da rashin samun bayanai kan wannan al'ada. Don fahimtar wannan lamarin da kyau bincike, ana buƙatar gabatar da kara da hukunce-hukuncen waɗannan lamuran.
Leniata Legacy
Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin mata Leniata Legacy an kafa ta ne sakamakon kisan gillar da aka yi wa Kepari Leniata a cikin 2013. An azabtar da Leniata a bainar jama'a tare da kona shi har lahira bayan an zarge shi da yin sihiri.
Shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya
Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata
PNG ya zama memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1975. A cikin 1995 PNG ta amince da CEDAW ba tare da ajiyar wuri ba. Duk da amincewa da CEDAW, PNG har yanzu bai sanya shi cikin dokar cikin gida na PNG ba. Don haka, ba ta da matsayin dokar cikin gida a ƙarƙashin waccan Dokar ta Majalisa ko Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shekara ta 2010 kammala lura da kwamitin a kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata mayar da hankali a kan PNG, kwamitin ya bukaci PNG da cikakken shigar da CEDAW a cikin gida doka tsarin. Kwamitin ya kuma damu da wayar da kan mazauna PNG dangane da Yarjejeniyar. Wannan damuwa ta taso saboda ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar zuwa manyan harsunan zamantakewa na PNG ba.
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) yana aiki tare da tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da jinsi don taimakawa wajen bunkasa manufofin daidaita jinsi da karfafa mata a Papua New Guinea. UNDP tana da muhimman fannoni guda uku: 1) Tallafawa mata ta yadda za su iya shiga da wakilci wajen yanke shawara, a matakin kasa da na kasa; 2) Ba da tallafi ga shirye-shiryen da ke magance cin zarafi na jinsi; 3)Don inganta tattalin arzikin mata.
Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sakamakon cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata, Tsarin Dabarun Mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya mai da hankali kan PNG a matsayin kasa mai fifiko. Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna mai da hankali kan rikice-rikicen da suka danganci jinsi a PNG, rawar da mata za su taka a ci gaban siyasa, hanyoyin daidaita tsakanin hukumomi, karfafa tattalin arzikin mata da ciyar da ajandar daidaiton jinsi. Daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan "PNG National Public Service Male Advocacy Network for Women's Human Rights da Kawar da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata" ita ce Jane Kesno .
Ilimi
Abubuwan al'adu da halayen gargajiya galibi suna zama shinge ga mata da 'yan mata masu kokarin samun ilimi. Ana yawan cin zarafi da cin zarafi da 'yan mata ke fuskanta a wuraren ilimi. Wadanda suka aikata laifin sun hada da malamai maza. Wadannan hare-haren da suka hada da fitar da su saboda juna biyu, sun haifar da raguwar adadin 'yan mata idan aka kwatanta da maza. Hakanan akwai ƙarancin bayanai game da adadin waɗanda suka daina karatu, yawan karatun karatu da ƙimar karatun ilimi. Wannan rashin bayanan yana sa haɗar nazarin kwatanta ƙalubale.
A cikin 2002, PNG ta ƙaddamar da daidaiton jinsi a cikin Manufar Ilimi. Manufar wannan manufar ita ce magance tazarar jinsi da ke faruwa a kowane mataki na ilimi. Bayan wannan shine 2005, PNG ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi na shekaru 10. Har yanzu akwai rashin gaskiya game da kasafin kudin bangarorin ilimi.
Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana ilimi a matsayin ginshiki don ci gaban 'yan mata da mata. An gano takaita samun ilimi a matsayin wani shingen cin gajiyar ‘yancin ‘yan mata da mata.
Samun damar yin adalci
PNG tana aiki da tsarin jam'i na doka. Doka ta al'ada tana ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da ka'idar doka. PNG ba ta da ingantaccen tsari don magance korafe-korafen da suka taso daga tsarin doka. Haka kuma akwai gazawa wajen adana bayanan korafe-korafen da mata suka shigar da sakamakonsu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da uzuri na gargajiya a matsayin nau'i na ƙuduri don laifukan da aka aikata. Har yanzu ana yin wannan al'adar a yanayin kotunan ƙauye.
Doka
A cikin shekara ta 2013 an gabatar da Dokar Kariyar Iyali. Wannan Dokar ta haramta tashin hankalin gida. Rashin karya wannan Dokar na iya haifar da tarar har zuwa k5,000 (US $1,650) da kuma daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Tun bayan gabatar da wannan kudiri babu wani mataki da gwamnatin PNG ta dauka, kuma har yanzu yawan tashin hankalin bai canza ba. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kare dangi a shekarar 2013, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da shi ba.
A cikin shekara ta 2014 an gabatar da gyara ga PNG Code Criminal Code. Dokar Laifukan (gyara) ta 2014 ta haramta kashe-kashe da tashin hankali masu alaka da sihiri. Manufar wannan doka ita ce kare mata da ake zargi da sihiri.
PNG a baya ta shirya Dokar Daidaita da Haɗin Kai. Wannan ƙuduri na nufin ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin kasar ta hanyar samun kujeru 22 da aka ware wa mata. Koyaya, wannan Ƙudirin ya gaza zartarwa a cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma har yanzu ba a sake duba shi ba.
Duba kuma
Hakkin Dan Adam a Papua New Guinea
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Rahoton: PNG Dokokin Aure da za a gyara a zaman wani ɓangare na bundle gyara
Human Rights Watch: Rahoton Duniya PNG
Ƙarshe abubuwan lura na CEDAW: PNG
Shirin Dabarun Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2014-2017
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokar Najeriya
Dokoki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
52947 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson%20Kidd | Tyson Kidd | Dio
odorie Jameas, “TJ” Wilson an haife shi a watan Yuli, 11, 198 ƙwararren ɗan kokawa, ne mai ritaya wanda aka fi sani da sunan zobe Tyson Kidd . A halin yanzu an sanya hannu a WWE, inda yake aiki a matsayin furodusa .
Wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na karshe na Hart Dungeon, Wilson ya yi kokawa a duniya a fannoni da dama kamar Stampede Wrestling tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2007, inda ya ci gasar Stampede International Tag Team Championship a lokuta biyu tare da Bruce Hart da Juggernaut, Stampede British Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyin Nauyi na Commonwealth, da Stampede North America Championship a lokuta biyu. Kafin shiga tare da WWE, Wilson ya yi takara a Prairie Wrestling Alliance, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All Star Wrestling, da AWA Superstars na Wrestling
A cikin watan Nuwamba 2006, Wilson sanya hannu a kwangilar ci gaba tare da World Wrestling Entertainment, kuma an sanya shi zuwa daban-daban WWE ta ci gaban ƙasa, kamar Deep South Wrestling (DSW), da Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). Kafin ya fara halarta na farko a cikin babban jerin gwano a cikin 2009, Wilson ya kafa daular Hart tare da David Hart Smith da Natalya, inda ya lashe Gasar Unified Tag Team Championship, tare da Smith a cikin Afrilu 2010. Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2017 saboda raunin kashin baya .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Wilson a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, 1980, a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada, ɗan Cheryl Wilson. Shi dan kasar Ingila, ne ta hanyar kakanninsa.
Kwararren sana'ar kokawa
Horo da Kokawa (1995-2007)
Wilson ya horar da shi a Stu Hart 's Dungeon a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada. Wilson ya ci gaba da horar da wasan kokawa a karkashin kulawar Tokyo Joe, wanda daga baya ya taimaka masa ya yi rajista a New J,g (NJPW) da kuma Ingila. Ya yi kokawa a wasansa na farko a Stampede Wrestling, a Calgary yana da shekaru goma sha biyar a 1995. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha shida, ya yi kokawa a wasan farko na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na World Wrestling a Calgary, tare da Andrew Picarnic da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith . A shekara mai zuwa, Wilson ya fara horo tare da Bret Hart .
A matsayin wani ɓangare na Stampede Wrestling, Wilson ana yi masa lakabi da " Kid Stampede ". Ya gudanar da gasarsa ta farko a cikin haɓakawa a cikin Fabrairu 2004, lokacin da Wilson ya zama sabon abokin haɗin gwiwar tag na Bruce Hart kuma mai riƙe da Gasar Kokawa ta Duniya ta Stampede Wrestling don maye gurbin Teddy Hart wanda ya ji rauni. Ya ci gasar Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2004 ta hanyar doke Duke Durrango. A cikin Oktoba 2005, Wilson da Durrango sun kasance masu yin lissafin Stampede Wrestling. Ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2006, Wilson ya ci Apocalypse don kama Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship a wasan da ya faru a rabin lokaci na Calgary Stampeders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada a filin wasa na McMahon . Ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Wilson ya maye gurbin rabin rabi na Tag Team Champions Pete Wilson, wanda ya ji rauni, kuma ya zama abokin tarayya na Juggernaut. Wilson yana da wasansa na ƙarshe na Stampede a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2007, inda abokin hamayyarsa Apocalypse ya doke shi. Ya dawo a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2007, don wasansa na ƙarshe tare da haɓakawa, yana kare Gasar Tagungiyar Tag ta Duniya, da A-Team ( Michael Avery da Dusty Adonis). Shi da Juggernaut sun yi nasara a wasan, duk da haka, bayan haka, Wilson ya ba da Gasar ga A-Team, yayin da yake barin kuma ya kasa kare gasar. Har ila yau, ya kasance da hannu sosai tare da horar da ƙananan taurari na haɓakawa a wani sansanin da ake kira BJ's Gym.
Matsayi daban-daban (2002-2006)
Kamar yadda Stampede Kid, ya kammala yawon shakatawa da yawa na Japan, yana fafatawa a New Japan Pro-Wrestling, . Ya fafata a wasan tag na mutum shida a watan Nuwamba inda ya hada kai da GOKU-DO da Super Crazy kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Heat, Masahito Kakihara da Masayuki Naruse . Nasarar farko ta zo ne bayan 'yan kwanaki, lokacin da ya haɗu tare da Super Crazy don kayar da El Samurai da Jushin Thunder Liger, kuma ya gama rangadinsa a ƙarshen Disamba. Ya dawo a cikin Maris 2003, kuma galibi ya haɗu tare da Dodon Amurka . Tsakanin watannin Mayu da Yuni ya fafata a cikin mafi kyawun Super Juniors, yawanci ya yi rashin nasara a wasanninsa duk da haka ya doke El Samurai da Jado, wanda ya ba shi maki hudu gaba daya. Ya dawo a 2004 don wani yawon shakatawa na tsawon wata guda. A cikin 2005, ya shiga cikin Mafi kyawun Super Juniors, kuma ya sake rasa yawancin wasanninsa, amma ya doke Jado da Minoru Tanaka don samun maki huɗu gabaɗaya. Na karshe a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2005 inda ya hada kai da Hirooki Goto inda suka sha kashi a hannun Akiya Anzawa da El Samurai.
A cikin shekara ta 2005 ya fara yawon shakatawa na Turai kuma galibi ya yi kokawa don kokawa ta All Star, . Ya doke Five Star Flash a wasansa na farko a ASW. Ya halarci Gasar Dare Daya kuma Douglas Williams, ya fitar da shi daga gasar. Yayin da yake nahiyar turai ya yi kokawa a ko'ina cikin kasar Ingila amma kuma ya yi kokawa a wasu kasashe kamar Jamus da Netherlands . Ya dauki GSW Breakthrough Champion Murat Bosporus, don gasar kuma ya sha kashi.
Wilson ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a Kanada a AWA Superstars of Wrestling , Ya hada kai da Harry Smith don shiga gasar cin kofin Grapple inda suka doke Cadillac Caliss da WildCard a wasan karshe. A cikin 2006 ya doke Harry Smith don gasar AWA Pinnacle Heavyweight Championship kuma ya rike ta tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya rasa ta a hannun Laramie Lexow.
Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
Yankuna masu tasowa (2006-2008)
Wilson ya sanya hannu tare da Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya, a cikin Nuwamba 2006 bayan ya karɓi bita mai ban sha'awa daga tsohon mai horar da WWE Bill DeMott . Ya koma WWE yankin ci gaba Deep South Wrestling (DSW) a cikin Fabrairu 2007 tare da abokin sa hannu da budurwa Nattie Neidhart .
Lokacin da DSW da WWE suka rabu, Wilson ya ƙaura zuwa Tampa, Florida don horar da su a cikin WWE na ci gaba a gasar Kokawa ta Florida . A ƙarshen 2007, ya yi aiki tare da Harry Smith, Nattie Neidhart, Teddy Hart, da Ted DiBiase Jr. a matsayin Gidauniyar Hart na gaba .
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2007, ya ci gasar FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship ta hanyar doke Afa Jr. a wasan tsani . Ya rasa shi ga Ted DiBiase Jr. a ranar 18 ga Disamba. A tsakiyar 2008, ya sake fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Smith, kuma Natalya (Nattie Neidhart) ya sarrafa su biyun. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, sun ci FCW Florida Tag Team Championship, amma sun rasa ta ga Tyler Reks da Johnny Curtis a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2008 a taping talabijin na FCW.
Daular Hart (2009-2010)
Wilson ya fara wasansa na farko a gidan talabijin na,,
WWE a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 200, shirin ECW wanda budurwar budurwa Natalya ke gudanarwa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Tyson Kidd, ta doke ɗan kokawa na gida, Bao Nguyen, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin diddige . Kodayake Natalya tana sarrafa Kidd akan ECW, har yanzu tana matsayin memba na alamar SmackDown har zuwa Afrilu 15, 2009, lokacin da aka tsara ta zuwa ECW a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2009 Supplement Draft don shiga Kidd. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu bugu na ECW, Kidd ya ci Fit Finlay, a ranar 5 ga Mayu na ECW, Kidd ya sha kashi a hannun Evan Bourne ,A ranar 12 ga Mayu ECW, DH Smith ya katse wasan Kidd tare da Finlay, yanzu yana amfani da sunan David Hart Smith, wanda ya kai hari ga Finlay don taimakawa Kidd. Kidd, Smith da Neidhart sun kafa The Hart Trilogy, wanda daga baya aka canza zuwa Daular Hart a kan Mayu 26 ECW . A bugu na Mayu 26 na ECW, Kidd, Jack Swagger & David Hart Smith sun doke Tommy Dreamer & Christian a wasan nakasassu 3 akan 2. A bugu na Yuni 2 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Kirista. A ranar 9 ga Yuni na ECW, Daular Hart ta ci Kirista da Jack Swagger. A bugu na Yuni 23 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Evan Bourne a wasan karshe na Kidd a matsayin wani bangare na jerin sunayen ECW .
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, an sayar da Daular Hart zuwa alamar SmackDown . Sun fara rikici da Cryme Tyme a watan Yuli kuma rikicin ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. A Bragging Rights pay-per-view a watan Oktoba, Kidd da Smith sun yi takara a cikin wasa bakwai-on-bakwai tare da Chris Jericho, Kane, Finlay, Matt Hardy da R-Gaskiya a matsayin Team SmackDown don kayar da Team Raw . Daular Hart ta sami wasa mai taken Unified WWE Tag Team Championship a kan Disamba 25 SmackDown da D-Generation X, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Sun fara rikici tare da Matt Hardy da Babban Khali a kan Janairu 22, 2010 SmackDown . Rikicin ya ƙare tare da kowace ƙungiya ta cinikin nasara da juna.
Daular Hart ta juya fuska a WrestleMania XXVI, yana taimaka wa Bret Hart a lokacin wasansa da Vince McMahon, kuma a daren da ya biyo baya a Raw sun ci nasara da Unified WWE Tag Team Champions ShoMiz ( Big Show da The Miz ) a cikin wasan da ba na lakabi ba bayan The Miz zagi Hart. Sun sami Gasar Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ) ta yi ta hanyar kayar da ShoMiz a wasan gauntlet na tag (wanda ya hada da tawagar John Morrison da R-Truth da tawagar Montel Vontavious Porter da Mark Henry ) . A 2010 WWE Draft a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, Daular Hart, tare da Natalya da Hart, sun ci ShoMiz don lashe Gasar Tagungiyar Tagungiyar Haɗin Kai, lokacin da Kidd ya ba da Miz Miz ga Sharpshooter .
Washegari, duk membobi uku na Daular Hart an ƙaura zuwa alamar Raw a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙarin Daftarin . A ranar 10 ga Mayu Raw, ya doke The Miz don samun Bret Hart a wasa don Gasar Amurka ta Miz ta WWE, kuma mako mai zuwa Daular Hart ta taimaka wa Hart don lashe gasar. A Over the Limit, sun riƙe Haɗin kai WWE Tag Team Championship da Chris Jericho da The Miz. Dare mai zuwa, a ranar 24 ga Mayu, Raw, an kai musu hari ta hanyar fafatawar biyu na The Usos (Jimmy Uso da Jey Uso) da Tamina Snuka bayan wasa, wanda ya haifar da jayayya tsakanin 'yan wasan biyu. A Fatal 4-Way, sun doke The Usos da Tamina a wasa shida-mutum mix tag tawagar wasa a lokacin da Natalya pinned Tamina, da Smith da Kidd doke The Usos a Money a Bank don rike gasar. A daren gasar zakarun Turai, Daular Hart ta rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Cody Rhodes da Drew McIntyre a cikin Tag Team Turmoil wasa wanda ya hada da Usos, Vladimir Kozlov da Santino Marella da tawagar Evan Bourne da Mark Henry .
Bayan wani yunƙuri na sake samun gasar, inda Kidd ya ture ma'auni yayin tafiyar ƙungiyarsu ta Hart Attack biyu, Kidd da DH Smith sun fara samun sabani da juna. Wannan ya ƙare a kan Nuwamba 15 episode na Raw, lokacin da Kidd ya sake komawa diddige, bayan ya ƙi yin alama kuma ya kai hari ga Smith a lokacin wasa na WWE Tag Team Championship da Nexus ( Justin Gabriel da Heath Slater ). A mako mai zuwa, Kidd ya fuskanci John Morrison a wasan share fage na King of the Ring, amma bai yi nasara ba. A kan Disamba 2 WWE Superstars, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ga Smith a cikin wasan guda ɗaya. Bayan haka, Smith ya ba da musafaha, amma Kidd ya mari Smith a maimakon haka. A Raw na gaba, Kidd ya ci Smith a cikin sakewa, a lokacin da ya kasance tare da mai gadi, daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin Jackson Andrews . Andrews ya daina fitowa a matsayin mai tsaron lafiyar Kidd bayan Mark Henry ya yi nasa na ƙarshe, Slam Mafi ƙarfi a Duniya, akan Andrews a lokacin Raw 27 ga watan Disamba.
NXT (2011-2012)
A Royal Rumble, Kidd ya kasance dan takara a wasan Rumble inda John Cena ya kawar da shi. A WrestleMania XXVII, Kidd ya kasance mai fafatawa a cikin wani wasa mai duhu na mutum ashirin da uku wanda Babban Khali ya lashe. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, Kidd ya koma alamar SmackDown a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarin daftarin 2011 . Ya dawo wasansa na farko don alamar a ranar 6 ga Mayu SmackDown, amma ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Sin Cara . A ranar 12 ga Mayu Superstars, Kidd debuted Michael Hayes a matsayin manaja yayin da ya ci Trent Barreta . Ƙawancen su ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci duk da haka, kamar yadda a kan Superstars masu zuwa, Hayes ya buge Kidd bayan Kidd ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. Armando Estrada da Matt Striker sun gudanar da Kidd a ranar 26 ga Mayu da Yuni 2 na shirye- shiryen Superstars bi da bi, kuma Kidd ya ci Barreta a lokuta biyun. A kan Yuni 9 Superstars, Kidd ya bayyana tare da mai sarrafa na hudu a cikin makonni masu yawa, Vickie Guerrero amma ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. A kan Superstars na gaba, Kidd ya karbi wani manajan a JTG, amma ya sake rasa, wannan lokacin zuwa Kane
Kidd shine Lucky Cannon 's Pro akan NXT Redemption . An kawar da Cannon a kan Yuni 14 NXT, Rookie na uku ya shafe. Mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya aske gashin sa hannun sa. Kidd sa'an nan feuded da Yoshi Tatsu a kan NXT, wanda ya samo asali daga wata gardama ta bayan fage lokacin da Kidd ya karya siffar wasan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Tatsu na kansa kuma ya sace ƙafar wani. A lokacin jerin matches na su, ma'auratan sun yi nasara, kuma Tatsu ya yi ikirarin mayar da ƙafar siffa ta sata ta hanyar lashe abin wuya a kan Pole a kan Yuli 26 NXT . Bayan wasan, Kidd ya kai hari ga kafar dama ta Tatsu; mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sauran Yoshi Tatsu a WWE. Tatsu ya dawo fiye da wata guda a kan Satumba 6 NXT don kayar da Kidd kuma ya kawo karshen rikici. A kan SmackDown na Oktoba 14, Kidd ya kasance a cikin mafi girma a cikin Battle Royal a tarihi, wanda mai nasara zai sami lakabin lakabi, amma ya kasa samun nasarar.
A cikin Janairu 2012, Kidd ya fara juyowar fuska a karon farko tun 2010. Bayan kayar da Trent Barreta sau biyu akan NXT, Kidd ya ba da shawarar cewa su sanya ƙungiyar tare. A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2012, Kidd ya fara jayayya da Michael McGillicutty bayan McGillicutty ya yi ba'a game da rashin gadonsa na kokawa. Kidd sannan ya yi rashin nasara a hannun McGillicutty a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu NXT . Bayan McGillicutty ya zagi Kidd ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa Kidd ba zai taɓa zama gaskiya ba ' Hart ', Kidd ya sami rematch a kan Maris 21 NXT, inda ya ci McGillicutty har ma da maki a nasara daya. Kidd da McGillicutty sun fuskanci wasa na uku a kan Afrilu 11 NXT, wanda ya haifar da Kidd nasara akan McGillicutty. Kidd ya karfafa rinjayen 'yan uwansa a cikin NXT ta hanyar doke Johnny Curtis na farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, sannan ya doke McGillicutty da Derrick Bateman a wasan barazana sau uku a ranar 16 ga Mayu.
Ƙwallon ƙafa na (2012-2014)
A kan Maris 29 Superstars, Kidd ya fuskanci Justin Gabriel amma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan, bayan haka Duo ya nuna girmamawa ga juna kuma sun yarda su kafa ƙungiyar tag don kalubalanci Primo & Epico don gasar WWE Tag Team Championship a cikin duhu Triple Threat tag tawagar wasan WrestleMania . XXVIII, kuma ya haɗa da Usos, . Sai dai ba su yi nasara ba yayin da Primo & Epico suka yi nasarar cin wasan tare da rike kambunsu. A yayin wasan, Gabriel ya kara kaimi tare da murza masa gwiwar gwiwarsa, lamarin da ya sa ba ya taka leda na tsawon makonni. A Over the Limit Pay-per-view, Kidd ya shiga cikin yaƙin mutum 20 na sarauta tare da wanda ya yi nasara ya sami zaɓi na wasan Amurka ko Intercontinental Championship amma David Otunga ya kawar da shi. Kidd ya sake haɗuwa da Jibra'ilu a kan Yuni 6 NXT Redemption, inda suka ci nasara da duo na Johnny Curtis da Heath Slater. Tyson ya kuma doke PAC a fadar da ke Las Vegas. A No Way Out Pay-per-view, Kidd da Gabriel sun ci nasara da The Prime Time Players ( Titus O'Neil da Darren Young ) a lamba daya contender Fatal Four-Way tag tawagar wasan, kuma ya shafi Primo & Epico da The Usos.
A kan Yuni 29 SmackDown, Kidd ya ci Jack Swagger don samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya mai nauyi a wasan tsani na Bankin. Dan wasan cancantar Tensai daga nan ya fara rikici da Kidd bayan Kidd ya lika shi a cikin dakika 19 a ranar 2 ga Yuli Raw, wanda ya jagoranci Tensai ya kai hari ga Kidd a harin bayan wasa. A Kudi a cikin Bankin, Dolp Ziggler ya lashe wasan tsani na Kidd. A ranar 30 ga Yuli Raw, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Tensai, amma bayan Tensai ya ci gaba da kai wa Kidd hari bayan wasan, alkalin wasa ya sauya shawararsa kuma ya bai wa Kidd nasara.
A daren farko na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 16 ga Satumba, Kidd yana cikin #1 Contender Battle Royal don harbi a gasar cin kofin Amurka inda Tensai ya kawar da shi. Kidd da Gabriel sa'an nan kuma sun fafata a cikin jerin wasannin tag a kan Superstars da Curt Hawkins da Tyler Reks, suna cin nasara kowane wasa. A karon farko na Babban Event a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Kidd da Gabriel, wanda yanzu ake kira International Airstrike ba bisa ka'ida ba, sun sha kashi a hannun Santino Marella da Zack Ryder a zagayen kusa da na karshe na gasar don yanke hukunci na daya daga cikin masu neman shiga gasar zakarun kungiyar. . A ranar 31 ga Oktoba NXT, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ya kalubalanci Antonio Cesaro don gasar WWE ta Amurka . A Survivor Series pay-per-view, Kidd ya yi nasara a wasan 10 na kawar da tag wasan tare da Justin Gabriel, Rey Mysterio, Sin Cara, da Brodus Clay da Titus O'Neil, Darren Young, Primo, Epico, da Tensai; tare da Kidd pinning O'Neil da Epico. A cikin Janairu 2013, Kidd yaga meniscus na gwiwa kuma an kiyasta yana buƙatar hutun watanni 6-12 don murmurewa. Duk da raunin da ya samu, Kidd ya bayyana a bikin " Bret Hart Appreciation Night " na Mayu 27.
A ƙarƙashin abin rufe fuska don ɓoye ainihin sa, ya koma talabijin a kan Oktoba 11 SmackDown a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar tag na Los Locales tare da El Local (Ricardo Rodriguez) tare da asarar Los Matadores . Wani Kidd wanda ba a rufe shi ya koma Raw a ranar Nuwamba 4, tare da matarsa Natalya tare da nasara akan Fandango da Summer Rae . Duk da haka, Kidd nan da nan ya ci gaba da rasa matches zuwa Fandango, Jack Swagger da tsohon abokin tarayya Justin Gabriel a kan Babban taron da Superstars na sauran 2013. A Wrestlemania XXX, Kidd ya kasance a cikin André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal wanda Cesaro ya lashe.
Bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, Kidd ya fara bayyana akai-akai akan NXT, wanda yanzu shine reshe na ci gaba na WWE. Ya fara cin nasara a cikin NXT a cikin Disamba 2013 ciki har da nasara akan Leo Kruger da Mason Ryan . A ranar 1 ga Mayu na NXT, Kidd ya ci Bo Dallas . A kan May 8, 2014 episode na NXT, Kidd ya shiga cikin yakin basasa na 20-man don harbin gasar NXT Championship, tare da shi yana shiga cikin taye uku. A sakamakon haka, Kidd ya fuskanci sauran masu nasara biyu, Tyler Breeze da Sami Zayn a cikin wasa uku-barazana a kan gaba na NXT, inda Kidd ya ci nasara don zama # 1 dan takara don wasa a NXT TakeOver . A TakeOver, Kidd ya kasa lashe taken da Adrian Neville . A cikin watan Yuni 12 na NXT, Kidd ya fuskanci Adrian Neville a cikin sake dawowa don taken NXT amma ya kasa cin nasara a matsayin bayan da ya ba da hankali daga Natalya. A ranar 19 ga Yuni na NXT, Kidd ya haɗu tare da Sami Zayn don kalubalanci hawan hawan zuwa NXT Tag Team Championship, sun yi rashin nasara a wasan lokacin da Kidd ya fita a kan Zayn a tsakiyar wasan, yana juya diddige a cikin tsari na farko. tun 2012. A NXT TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way, Kidd ya fafata a wasan Fatal 4-Way don gasar NXT, wanda Adrian Neville ya samu nasarar rike shi.
Haɗin kai tare da Cesaro (2014-2015)
Daga ƙarshen Satumba 2014, Kidd ya fara cin nasara mafi yawan matches masu mahimmanci, yayin da Natalya ke gefensa, ya ci nasara akan Babban Event da Superstars a kan irin su Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, R-Gaskiya, da Sin Cara . An sami tashin hankali tsakanin Kidd da Natalya, saboda Kidd a wasu lokuta ya yi watsi da matarsa, kuma a wasu lokuta yana amfani da Natalya a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ko kuma tsammanin ta yi kutse ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasanninsa. A kan Nuwamba 3 episode na Raw, Kidd ya sake amfani da Natalya don cin nasara wata nasara, wannan lokacin ta hanyar kirgawa a wasan da ba na take ba da Sheamus na Amurka. A cikin watan Nuwamba 14 na SmackDown, Kidd ya sami damar samun dama ga WWE Intercontinental Championship a wasan kawar da Cesaro da kuma mai tsaron gida Dolph Ziggler, duk da haka bai yi nasara ba.
Kidd ya fara ƙungiyar tag tare da Cesaro a ranar 1 ga Disamba na Raw kuma an kawar da su daga wasan gauntlet don taken taken da Usos ya harba. Sun sami nasara a kan Los Matadores, kuma sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Adam Rose a cikin rikici da Sabuwar Rana ( Big E, Kofi Kingston, da Xavier Woods ) a cikin Janairu. A kan Royal Rumble pre-show, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Sabuwar Rana. Daga baya a wannan dare, Kidd ya shiga wasan Rumble a lamba 12, duk da haka Daniel Bryan ya kawar da shi. A Fastlane a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Usos don kama WWE Tag Team Championship, taken da bai yi kusan shekaru 5 ba. Sun ci gaba da rike kambunsu a karawar da suka yi a daren jiya a Raw bayan Natalya ta haifar da rashin cancantar. Kidd da Cesaro sun yi nasarar rike kambunsu a gasar WrestleMania 31 da suka gabata a wasan da ya hada da wasu kungiyoyi uku. Kidd kuma ya yi takara a cikin André the Giant memorial Battle Royal, amma Mark Henry ya kawar da shi. A cikin Afrilu, Kidd da Cesaro sun yi mulki a kan Sabuwar Rana, inda aka yi sau biyu; Kidd da Cesaro sun zama fuskar jarirai ta hanyar nuna ruhin fada, yayin da Sabuwar Rana ta juya diddige ta hanyar amfani da dabarar da ba ta dace ba yayin wasansu. A Extreme Dokokin, Kidd da Cesaro sun rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Sabuwar Rana (Big E da Kofi Kingston), suna kawo karshen mulkin su a makonni tara. Sun kasa sake samun gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 30 ga Afrilu na SmackDown, da kuma a Payback a cikin 2-out-of-3 falls match, tare da Xavier Woods yana tsoma baki a cikin wasanni biyu. A Elimination Chamber, Kidd da Cesaro sun fafata a wasan farko na tag Team Elimination Chamber wasan amma sun kasa lashe taken. Wannan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe na WWE a talabijin.
Rauni mai ƙarewar aiki da rawar mai samarwa (2015-yanzu)
A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2015, Kidd ya sami rauni na kashin baya daga Samoa Joe 's "Muscle Buster" na kammala aikin motsa jiki yayin wasan duhu akan Raw . Makonni da yawa bayan haka, WWE ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi aiki ba fiye da shekara guda. a shafinsa na twitter cewa kashi 5% na mutane ne kawai ke tsira daga raunin da ya samu kuma yana da 16 screws, screws hudu, da kuma sanda a wuyansa. Da yake magana game da raunin, dan jarida Dave Meltzer ya ce "Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Tyson Kidd ya zo kamar yadda ya yi", kuma ya lura cewa yawancin mutanen da suka tsira daga raunin sun ƙare har zuwa quadriplegic, kwatanta shi da raunin Christopher Reeve .
A Yuni 29, 2017, Kidd an hayar a matsayin cikakken ma'aikaci don WWE a matsayin mai samarwa, don haka ya ƙare aikinsa na zobe. WWE ta motsa Kidd zuwa sashin tsofaffin ɗalibai na gidan yanar gizon su.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Wilson ya yi abokantaka da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith yana da shekaru goma; ta hanyar su, ya zama kusa da sauran dangin Hart kokawa, waɗanda ya zauna tare da su shekaru da yawa.
A cikin watan Yuni 2013, Wilson ya auri ɗan gidan Hart kuma ɗan ƙwararren ɗan kokawa Natalya, wanda ya kasance tare da zama tun Nuwamba 2001. An nuna dangantakar su da bikin aure a kan WWE ta gaskiya jerin talabijin Total Divas .
Wilson da abokin aikinsa Claudio Castagnoli (wanda aka fi sani da Cesaro) ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa WWE ta hada su da asali ba tare da shigar da su ba, sun danna kansu kuma daga baya sun zama abokai na gaske na rayuwa.
Gasar da nasarori
AWA Pinnacle Wrestling
Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Pinnacle (lokaci 1)
Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Washington (Sau 1)
Wrestling na Florida Championship
FCW Florida Tag Championship Championship ( lokaci 1 ) - tare da DH Smith
Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Kudancin FCW ( sau 2 )
Babban kokawar Kanada
GCW National Championship (lokaci 1)
Wrestling Major League
Gasar Carnival GTC (2004) - tare da Harry Smith
Prairie Wrestling Alliance
Gasar PWA (sau biyu)
PWA Tag Team Championship (lokaci 1) - tare da Harry Smith
An kwatanta Pro Wrestling
Matsayi na 53 daga cikin manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2015
Kokawar Stampede
Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyi Tsakanin Nauyi na Ƙasar Commonwealth na Burtaniya ( lokaci 1 )
Stampede International Tag Team Championship ( sau 2 ) - tare da Bruce Hart (1) da Juggernaut (1)
Stampede Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Arewacin Amurka ( sau 2 )
Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
Gasar Ƙungiyar Tag ta Duniya ( lokaci 1, ƙarshe ) - tare da David Hart Smith
WWE Tag Team Championship ( sau 2 ) - tare da David Hart Smith (1) da Cesaro (1)
Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa (2009) - tare da Ƙungiyar SmackDown ( Chris Jericho, Kane, Matt Hardy, R-Gaskiya, Finlay da David Hart Smith )
Jaridar Wrestling Observer
Mafrancin ƙarancin (2012)
Zauren kokawa ta Kanada
Darasi na 2016
Duba kuma
Dungeon Hart
Daular Hart
Hart Foundation
Tyson Kidd da Cesaro
manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tyson Kidd on WWE.com
T.J. Wilson at IMDb
Tyson Kidd's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980 |
51194 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Ma%27aikatan%20Ma%27adinai%20ta%20%C6%98asa%20%28Afirka%20ta%20Kudu%29 | Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Ƙasa (Afirka ta Kudu) | Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Kasa (NUM) galibi ƙungiya ce mai alaƙa da masana'antar ma'adinai, ƙungiyar ma'aikata tare da manufofi ta hanyar ma'aikata, a Afirka ta Kudu. Tare da mambobi 300,000 a shekarar 2014, ita ce babbar ƙungiya ta Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
Tarihi
An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1982 a matsayin kungiyar ma'aikatan ma'adinai, a kan shirin Majalisar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu. Shugabansu na farko shi ne Cyril Ramaphosa, a ƙarƙashinsa ya girma cikin sauri, ya sami karbuwa daga Chamber of Mines a 1983.
NUM ta yi nasarar kamfen a cikin shekarun 1980s don ƙarshen tsarin ajiyar aiki, tsarin da ya tabbatar da cewa an ba da ayyukan da aka fi biyan kuɗi ga fararen fata. Kungiyar ta kasance mai kafa kungiyar Congress of South African Trade Unions a shekarar 1985. A shekara ta 2001, ta shagaltar da Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Ginin da Allied, yayin da a cikin 2021 ta shagamar da Kungiyar 'Yancin Metalworkers ta Afirka ta Kudu.An kammala hadewar a cikin 2021.
NUM tana da alaƙa da duniya tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Chemical, Energy, Mine da Janar Workers' Unions.
Yajin aikin 2007
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kungiyar ta shiga yajin aiki don nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin aiki a ma'adinan Afirka ta Kudu. Yajin aikin ya samo asali ne daga hauhawar mutuwar ma'aikata daga 2006 zuwa 2007, duk da shirin gwamnati a watan Oktoba don rage mutuwar. Kasa da kashi 5% na ma'aikatan ma'adinai sun zo aiki a wannan rana.
Yunkurin yajin aiki na 2012
A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, dubban mambobin NUM sun fara jerin yajin aiki a ma'adinan Lonmin na Marikana da ke da alaƙa da buƙatun kara albashi. Kashegari, shugabannin NUM sun yi zargin sun bude wuta a kan mambobin NUM da ke tafiya zuwa ofisoshin su don neman tallafi daga ƙungiyarsu - abin da ya faru yanzu ya zama abin tashin hankali na farko a lokacin yajin aikin. An ce a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa kisan ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai biyu ya kasance babban dalilin rushewar amincewa a cikin ƙungiyar tsakanin ma'aikata. A cikin gabatarwar ga Hukumar Farlam, NUM ta ce an tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da karfi mai kisa a wannan rana.
An kiyasta cewa tsakanin 12 da 14 ga watan Agusta kimanin mutane tara (akalla ma'aikata hudu, jami'an 'yan sanda biyu da masu tsaro biyu) an kashe su a yankin da ke kusa da Marikana - kodayake akwai rahotanni masu rikitarwa game da wanda ya kashe a lokacin waɗannan kwanakin.
A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 'yan sanda sun bude wuta a kan wani rukuni na masu hakar ma'adinai da suka taru a kan tudu kusa da Nkaneng, akalla mutane 34 ne suka mutu a Marikana, 78 sun ji rauni kuma an kama 259. Masu hakar ma'adinai suna ɗauke da machetes kuma sun ki amincewa da bukatar da za a yi wa su kwashe makamai. A cewar Majalisa ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu, 'yan sanda sun fara amfani da iskar hawaye, bindigogi na ruwa sannan suka yi amfani da "harsashi masu rai". An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a ko'ina cikin kafofin watsa labarai tare da 'yan sanda, Lonmin da NUM kanta ana zargin su.
Ru'ya ta Yohanna game da abin da ya faru wanda ya fara da bincike na ilimi sannan ya biyo bayan rahoto na Greg Marinovich ya nuna cewa yawancin kashe-kashen sun faru ne daga kyamara mintuna da yawa bayan an rubuta wasu kashe-kisan a talabijin.
A cewar New York Times, "Frans Baleni, babban sakatare na National Union of Mineworkers, ya kare 'yan sanda a wata hira da Kaya FM, tashar rediyo" yana cewa "' yan sanda sun yi haƙuri, amma waɗannan mutane suna da makamai masu haɗari sosai".
Harbin ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin da hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu suka yi tun ƙarshen zamanin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Baleni da sauran jami'an NUM sun kuma zargi 'dakarun uku' da kasancewa a bayan yajin aikin Marikana.
Rashin goyon baya
An yi jayayya cewa an yi fice daga NUM. A cewar Mai Shari'a Malala, a rubuce a cikin The Guardian, "NUM ta rasa duk abin da za a iya gaskatawa kuma tana zubar da jini. Sakataren da aka riga aka biya shi, Baleni, an ba shi karin albashi sama da 40% a shekarar da ta gabata kuma jimlar albashi ya fi R105 000 a wata. Shugabannin NUM sun ki fita daga motocin 'yan sanda don yin magana da ma'aikata. Wasu kuma sun yi jayayya cewa lambobin membobin NUM sun karu kuma, yanzu, sakamakon yajin aiki a Arewa maso Yamma, membobinta na iya tsayawa a kusa da 150,000.
Wasu sun yaba da kungiyar. Wani edita a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ya ce "NUM shine mai tunani, wanda ake la'akari da zuciyar ƙungiyar a nan... Yana godiya da kuma darajar masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu karfi. "
Kungiyar masu adawa da kungiyar ma'aikata da gine-gine (AMCU) ta karu da mambobi tun bayan harbe-harbe na Marikana kuma yanzu tana wakiltar sama da 40% na ma'aikata a Amplats da 70% a Lonmin.
Jagoranci
Sakatare Janar
1982: Cyril Ramaphosa
1991: Kgalema Motlanthe
1998: Gwede Mantashe
2006: Frans Baleni
2015: David Sipunzi
2022: William Mabapa
Shugabannin
1982: James Motlatsi
2000: Senzeni Zokwana
2014: Piet Matosa
2018: Joseph Montisetse
2022: Daniel Balepile
Ƙarin karantawa
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Shafin yanar gizon NUM.
Afrika
Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afrika
Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Cripps | Peggy Cripps | Enid Margaret “Peggy” Appiah (née Cripps), MBE (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1921 ta kuma mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrerun shekarata ta 2006), marubuciyar littattafan yara ce 'yar Biritaniya, mai taimakon al'umma kuma mai son mu'amalantar mutane. Ta kuma kasance diya ga Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps da kuma Dame Isobel Cripps, kuma mata ga lauya dan Ghana kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Nana Joe Appiah.
Farkon Rayuwa
Enid Margaret Cripps itace auta acikin 'ya'ya hudu, an kuuma haife ta ne a Goodfellows a Gloucestershire, kusa da iyakar gundumar da aka haifi iyayenta wato Stafford Cripps da Isobel (née) Swithinbank, a ƙauyen Filkins, Oxfordshire.
Iyalin sunyi ƙaura kwanan nan zuwa Goodfellows, gidan da Peggy ta girma a Filkins, wanda adonsa da ci gabansa ke nasaba da Sir Lawrence Weaver, masanin gine-ginen, wanda ke tare da matarsa Kathleen, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan Cripps. Lady Weaver ta mutu a cikin shekarar 1927, daga ciwon huhu. Lokacin da Sir Lawrence kuma ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1930, 'ya'yansu biyu, Purcell da Toby, a zahiri, iyalan Cripps sun cigaba da kula da su. Daga bisani kuma, Peggy ko ta cigaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin ƴan uwanta.
ƙuruciyarta
Ta girma a karkara, ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarta, mai rainonta Elsie Lawrence, tare da abokiyarta kuma 'yar'uwarta Theresa, ta shafe tsawon yarintar ta wajen nazartar gefen garin Ingila, ta tattara furannin daji, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da ganyen mushroom waɗanda suke girma a gona mai fadin eka na mahaifinta da dazuzzukan gefe da kuma filaye. A matsayinta na memba na Ƙungiyar British Wildflower Society, ita da 'yar uwarta sun koyi yadda ake gane tsirrai kuma sun san sunaye na gama gari da na Latin na tsairrai da dama. Za ta kuma ci gaba da wanzar da wannan sha'awar a cikin 'yan shekarunta na gaba a dazukan kasar Ghana. Wannan sha'awar na tsirrai ne ya haɗe kan iyalinta. Ɗan’uwanta, Sir John Cripps, ba kawai ya yi noma a Filkins ba, amma ya buga ‘The Countryman’ kuma daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Ƙarshen Turai.
Iyali
A bangaren mahaifinta, dangin sun dade suna zaune a Gloucestershire: sun kasance dangi ne na sama-tsakiyar da ke da'awar zuriyar kai tsaye daga William the Conqueror. Kakan mahaifinta, Lord Parmoor, lauya ne wanda aka ba shi kyauta a 1914, lokacin da ya zama memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu. Kakan kakan mahaifinta, Joseph Cripps, ya kasance dan majalisar Cirencester. Lord Parmoor ya wakilci Stroud a cikin House of Commons.
Dangantakar siyasar bangaren ubanta ya kayatar. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwan kakarta sun auri 'yan majalisar wakilai Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse da Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney. Wata babbar inna, Beatrice, ta auri Sidney Webb, wanda ya yi aiki tare da kakanta Lord Parmoor a gwamnatin Labour ta farko, a 1924, kuma shi ne Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a gwamnatin Labour ta biyu a 1929, inda ya yi aiki a majalisar ministoci. tare da Lord Parmoor, a matsayin Ubangiji Shugaban Majalisar, kuma Stafford ya haɗa shi daga baya, a matsayin Lauyan Janar. (A wannan lokacin ne aka yiwa mahaifinta jaki.). Ta wurin kakanta na uwa Admiral George Winthrop, ta fito daga zuriyar Winthrop na Boston Brahmins a Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya.
Iyalin Cripps sun kasance mabiya tafarkin Anglican ne. Lord Parmoor lauya ne na majami'a, memba - kuma a cikin 1911 shugaban - na gidan Laymen a lardin Canterbury, Vicar Janar na lardunan Ingilishi daban-daban, kuma marubucin Cripps on Church and Clergy. An ce Stafford Cripps shine mutum na farko da ya fara wa'azi a cocin St Paul's Cathedral. Lokacin da Peggy Cripps ke shirin tabbatar da ita, ta gaya wa iyayenta cewa tana da shakka game da wasu batutuwa 39 na bangaskiya na Cocin Ingila, kuma mahaifinta ya shirya ta ta tattauna da abokinsa, William Temple, Archbishop na York. (daga baya Archbishop na Canterbury). Peggy ta kasance tana jin daɗin gaya wa mutane cewa yayin da suka bi ta cikin talifofin 39, duk lokacin da ta bayyana shakka, Archbishop ya ce, “I, na ga wannan yana da wahala kuma!
Ilimi
Ta samu ilimin da ya dace da ita a matsayinta na budurwa. Ta fara karatu a makarantar kwana na Queen's College, London, da ke a Harley Street, daga baya kuma a Maltman's Green, makarantar kwana a Buckinghamshire, inda ita da gungun abokai suka halarci Gidan Taron Quaker. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar iyayenta, ta kuma fara koyon wani abu na duniya a wajen Ingila. A cikin 1938 ita da danginta sun yi watanni da dama a Jamaica, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ne Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda Stafford ya fara rubuta wasiƙa mai yawa tare da shi, sakamakon sha'awar da yake da shi na ci gaban mulkin demokraɗiyya a ƙasashen Burtaniya, ya ziyarci Goodfellows tare da 'yarsa Indira.
"Tafiyarta karatu"
Bayan kammala makaranta, ta nemi Jami'ar Edinburgh, amma ta fara tafiya Italiya don nazarin tarihin fasaha a Florence. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu yana gabatowa, wanda ya tilasta mata cikin gaggawa gida zuwa Ingila. Ta ki amincewa da matsayinta a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta shiga makarantar Sakatariyar Sakatariyar Whitehall, wadda aka kwashe zuwa Dorset tare da tashin bom a London, don haka za ta iya fara aiki nan da nan.
Bayan ta kammala horon ta, ta sami damar tafiya tare da mahaifinta zuwa Moscow, inda ya kasance jakadan Birtaniya kuma ta sami damar zama matsayin sakatariya a ofishin jakadancin. Domin hanyar zuwa Moscow kai tsaye zai buƙaci bi ta yankin Turai da Jamus ta mamaye, ita da mahaifiyarta da ƙanwarta Theresa, sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ta kasar Canada, suka tsallaka nahiyar ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Kanada na Pacific, sannan suka wuce Japan da China kafin su tsallaka Tarayyar Soviet ta titin jirgin kasa.
A birnin Moscow, Peggy ta yi aiki da mahaifinta sakatare kuma ta kulla abokantaka da 'ya'yan jakadun Yugoslavia da na kasar Sin, da kuma 'yar wani jami'in diplomasiyyar Iran, wacce ta zamo abokiyarta na har abada. A cshekarar 1941, a lokacin tana da shekaru 20, tare da iyayenta a Landan, da kuma 'yar uwarta a Iran, an bar ta a matsayin mai kula da tasowa daga ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya, dangane da mamayewar Jamus na Rasha. Tun da yake ita sakatariya ce a Ma’aikatar Waje a hukumance, ta sami kanta tana aiki da wani mutum mai suna Mista Cook a sashen ofishin jakadancin da ke Tehran. Daga baya, a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka karbe tsarin titin jirgin kasa na Iran, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya ga Birgediya da ke rike da mukamin.
A 1942, ta koma Ingila tare da mahaifinta, wanda ke dawowa daga ziyarar Indiya. Sun bi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin jirgin ruwa, suka sauka a tafkin Galili na Isra'ila da kuma kogin Nilu a Masar, inda ta iya ganin dala na Masar. Wannan kuma ita ce ziyararta ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. A sauran yakin ta yi aiki a ma’aikatar yada labarai, da farko a sashin Indiya sannan kuma a sashin hulda da Soviet, inda ta yi amfani da iliminta na yaren Rasha wajen aikinta. Kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sadaukar da kansa na cikakken lokaci a siyasa. Rage kudin shiga wanda ya zo tare da asarar aikinsa na doka, dangi sun bar Goodfellows kuma suka koma wani ƙaramin gida a Frith Hill, Gloucestershire, kodayake ɗan'uwanta John ya karɓi aikin gona a Filkins.
A ƙarshen yaƙin, Peggy ta sami raguwar tashin hankali. Ta bar matsayinta a jami'a don ta kasance mai amfani a lokacin yakin; yanzu ta tsinci kanta da gogewa amma bata cancanci aikin da take yi ba. An tura ta zuwa Switzerland don ta warke a asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner da ke Zurich, ta yi lokacin rani a Lugano tana nazarin zane-zane, kuma ta koma Landan don yin karatun cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Anglo-Faransa a St John's Wood. , arewacin London. Daga nan sai ta ɗauki zanen a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin studio a cikin gidan mai zane Feliks Topolski kuma ta halarci karatun rayuwa a Makarantar Hammersmith Art, ƙarƙashin kulawar Carel Weight.
A tsawon wannan lokacin ta kasance cikin kusanci da iyayenta akai-akai, duk da cewa mahaifinta ya kara shagaltuwa da siyasa. Tare da nasarar jam'iyyar Labour a zaben 1945, Stafford ya shiga majalisar ministoci a matsayin shugaban hukumar kasuwanci, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki don yin shawarwari tare da shugabannin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Indiya, ciki har da Gandhi, Nehru da Jinnah. A watan Nuwamba 1947, ya zama Chancellor na Exchequer da kuma mafi yawan sauran rayuwarsa ya taimaka wajen gudanar da farkon farfadowar Birtaniya bayan yakin da kuma samar da zamani jin dadin jama'a.
A shekara ta 1942, mahaifiyarta ta amince ta jagoranci wani kamfen na tara kudaden taimako ga jama'ar kasar Sin, wadanda ke fama da matsananciyar wahala sakamakon mamayar kasar Japan, da ambaliyar ruwa, da cututtuka da kuma yunwa. Bayan shekaru 6, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gayyaci Lady Cripps da ta ziyarci kasarsu, domin ta ga irin yadda ake yi da wadannan kudade, da kuma nuna jin dadinsu ga aikin taimakon da Birtaniyar United ta yi wa kasar Sin. Peggy ta tafi tare a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abokan tafiyar mahaifiyarta. Da yake an so a yi amfani da kuɗin don a taimaka wa Sinawa duka, dukansu biyu sun zauna tare da Janar da Madame Chiang Kai-shek a gidansu. Ta ziyarci 'Yancin Kwaminisanci' a Yenan, inda Peggy ya sadu da Chou En Lai da Madame Mao. A hanyarsu ta dawowa daga China ita da mahaifiyarta sun bi ta Burma da Indiya.
Shiga
Sakamakon abubuwan da ta samu a Jamaica, Rasha, Iran, China, Burma da Indiya, da kuma abokantakar danginta da mutane irin su Nehrus, Peggy, wacce ke da shekaru kusan ashirin da haihuwa, ta san mutane da yawa daga kasashe da yawa kuma sun sani. da yawa game da rayuwa a wajen Ingila, haƙiƙa a wajen Turai, fiye da yawancin mutanen zamaninta. Wannan gogewa, tare da zurfin alkawurranta na Kirista, ya kai ta yin aiki don haɗin kai tsakanin mutane; kuma a karshen shekarun 1940 ta fara aiki da wata kungiya mai suna Racial Unity, wacce Miss Attlee, 'yar uwar Firayim Minista ce ta fara aiki, tare da zama mai aiki a Sashen Matasa na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya (WCC). Ta hanyar aikinta na Racial Unity, wanda ta kasance sakatariya a 1952, ta fara haduwa da Joseph Emmanuel Appiah, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Yamma. Abokantakar su ta girma cikin sauri kuma a cikin Janairu 1952, ya ba da shawara kuma ta yarda.
A lokacin, duk da haka, Stafford Cripps ba shi da lafiya sosai. A watan Mayun 1951 an kai shi asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner a Zurich (inda Peggy ya murmure shekaru da yawa a baya) kuma a ƙarshe an yi tunanin isa ya koma gida zuwa gidan iyali a Frith Hill. Amma a farkon watan Janairun 1952 aka mayar da shi birnin Zurich, inda ya rasu kusan watanni hudu bayan haka. A sakamakon wannan rashin lafiya, Isobel ta yanke shawarar cewa zai fi kyau idan a ɓoye auren. Sa'an nan kuma, da zarar ya mutu, al'ada ta bukaci kada a sanar da alkawari na wata shekara. A halin da ake ciki, mahaifiyar Peggy ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ta ziyarci Gold Coast da kanta, ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ruwa don ganin ƙasar da mijinta ya yi niyya.
Ghana
Abin da ya ba ta mamaki, tuni Joe ya kasance a gida a Kumasi lokacin da ta isa, bayan da ya yi gaggawar dawowa bayan rasuwar kakansa, Yaw Antony, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin shugaban reshensa na manyan mutanen Ashanti. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Kumasi a jajibirin Kirsimeti na 1952, inda ta sake haduwa da angonta, kuma ta hadu da danginsa, a karon farko, tare da shi, a ranar Kirsimeti. A jajibirin sabuwar shekara ta halarci taron Watch Night Service a cocin Wesley Methodist da ke Kumasi, inda ta yi ibada a karon farko a cocin wanda zai yi bikin jana’izarta fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan haka. Ta kuma ziyarci harabar jami'ar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, wacce ta kasance kwalejin horar da malamai mai shekara daya, a karon farko; Jami’ar da za ta tura ‘ya’yanta zuwa makarantar firamare, kuma tana da shekaru 84 a duniya, a shekarar karshe ta rayuwa, ta samu digirin girmamawa na likitan wasiƙa, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki.
A gida
A tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Afirka, ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Navrongo, ta haye Volta ta shiga Faransa Togoland, a gabas, kuma ta tafi Elmina a yamma. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan abin da take yi a Ghana, kuma da yake ba a sanar da auren ba, ta kasa bayyana ainihin dalilin ziyarar tata. Ta fadawa jaridar Daily Graphic cewa: "[A matsayina na] memba na dangin siyasa a Biritaniya, ina sha'awar mutanen Gold Coast da kuma ci gaban siyasarsu." Tare da dangin mijinta na gaba ta sadu da fitattun 'yan Ghana da yawa, ciki har da Asantehene, Misis Rose Aggrey (matar wanda ya kafa makarantar Achimota Dr James Aggrey), mai zane Kofi Antubam, babban shugaba Nene Mate Kole, da kuma irin wadannan shugabanni. na yunkurin 'yancin kai kamar Kwame Nkrumah, Komla Gbedemah, Kojo Botsio, da Krobo Edusei.
Sanarwa da haɗin gwiwar ma'auratan a 1953 ya haifar da tashin hankali na tsokaci a Biritaniya da kuma a duniya; da kuma lokacin da Peggy Cripps da Joe Appiah suka yi aure a Cocin St John's Wood, arewacin London, a watan Yuni 1953, bikin ya kasance labarai na farko a Burtaniya, a Ghana, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa kuma taron na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma. shekara. George Padmore, ɗan Afirka ta Yamma na Indiya ya kasance mafi kyawun mutum, wanda ya wakilci Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya shagaltu da zama sabon shugaban Kasuwancin Gwamnati don halartar kansa. Hugh Gaitskell, magajin Stafford a matsayin Chancellor ya kasance a wurin, kamar yadda Michael Foot, shugaban jam'iyyar Labour na gaba, Aneurin Bevan, Lady Quist, matar kakakin majalisar dokokin Gold Coast, da Krishna Menon, jakadan Indiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wata jarida a Jamaica ta yi sharhi cewa akwai "masu kiyayya da rigunan riguna na Biritaniya ... tsoffin ministocin majalisar ministocin ... da kuma wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki na Tory da Socialist." Babban abin jan hankali, duk da haka, shine rigar kente ba kawai ango ba amma da yawa daga cikin danginsa da abokansa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a jaridu a duniya sun bambanta daga maƙiya zuwa masu shakka zuwa abin sha'awa.
Peggy da Joe Appiah sun yi hutun gudun amarci a Faransa kuma suka koma Ingila, inda Joe zai kammala horon shari'a a Temple ta Tsakiya. A cikin Mayu 1954 an haifi ɗansu na farko, Kwame Anthony Appiah, (a cikin wani bugu na tallan jarida) kuma a watan Nuwamba matasan dangin sun isa Gold Coast don fara sabuwar rayuwarsu. A wannan lokacin, yayin da Joe ke haɓaka aikin shari'a kuma ya fara rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa, Peggy ya mayar da hankali kan mafi yawan kuzarinta ga danginta na matasa - An haifi Ama a 1955, Adwoa a 1960 da Abena a 1962 - kuma akan aiki azaman sakatariya kuma mataimaki a fannin shari'a a ofishinsa na shari'a da na mazabarsa, tana tallafawa mijinta kamar yadda ta tallafa wa mahaifinta. Ta koyi saka tufafi, ta fara halartar jana'iza, kuma ta san dangin mijinta da dangin mahaifinsa ma. Sun gina wa kansu gida a Mbrom (wani yanki na Kumasi), inda maƙwabtansu su ne Victor Owusu, wani babban ɗan siyasan NLM, John Brew, da kuma, a gefen titi, mahaifin Joe Appiah, J.W.K. Appiah da matarsa, Aunty Jane.
Fiye da shekaru 30, tun daga ƙarshen 1950s, babban ɗakin karatu na Peggy Appiah da ke Mbrom ya kasance yana samuwa ga yaran unguwar, waɗanda za su iya zuwa su karanta littattafan yara, kuma, yayin da suke girma, litattafai da waƙoƙin da ta tattara. . Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi daraja akwai da yawa daga cikin kundin jerin Marubuta na Heinemann na Afirka. Sauran masu ziyartar gidan sun hada da ’yan kasuwar da suka kawo mata gwal da suka samu a tafiye-tafiyen da suke yi ta kauyuka da garuruwan Ghana. Ta kuma yi sha'awar ilimi da jin dadin wasu matasa, wadanda suka zama bangaren danginta, ciki har da Isobel Kusi-Obodom, wanda mahaifinsa ya rasu a gidan yarin Nkrumah, da kuma Dr Joe Appiah-Kusi na Seattle.
Siyasa
Bayan da aka zabi Joe Appiah a Majalisa a 1956, kafin samun 'yancin kai, Peggy Appiah ta ci gaba da samar da gida mai tsaro wanda zai iya dawowa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa, manta da siyasa, kuma ya huta a cikin kirjin iyalinsa. Peggy ta zabi shiga Cocin St. George da ke Kumasi. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Dr. Alex Kyerematen don bunkasa Cibiyar Al'adu a Kumasi. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin kula da yara, ta yi aiki tare da gidan marasa galihu a Bekwai, kuma a shekarun baya ta zama majiɓincin Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ghana. A lokacin da aka tsare mijinta bisa umarnin Kwame Nkrumah a watan Oktoban 1961, ta ki barin kasar, kuma aka janye umarnin korar ta sa’ad da wata kasida ta farko ta bayyana a cikin jaridun Burtaniya da ke bayyana halin da take ciki.
A wannan lokacin danta Kwame ya yi rashin lafiya sosai. A wata mai zuwa, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta kai ziyararta ta farko a Ghana. Yayin da suke duba asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi, Sarauniya, Sarkin Edinburgh da Shugaba Nkrumah suka wuce gadon yaron. Tunda hoton iyayensa ya nuno akan teburinsa na gado, Duke na Edinburgh, wanda ya ziyarci Kumasi a baya kuma ya hadu da Peggy Appiah, ya dawo, yana tafiya, don aika gaisuwa. An ba da rahoton bacin ran da shugaba Nkrumah ya yi na jin kunya ta wannan hanya - wannan shi ne mijin wani shugaban kasar waje da ya aika gaisuwa ga matar wani mutum Nkrumah da ke tsare a siyasance - na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka kori likitan Kwame Appiah.
Haɗuwa da damuwarta akan mijinta da ɗanta ya sa ta shiga wani yanayi mai matuƙar wahala, wanda hakan ya ƙaru saboda kasancewarta a lokacin tana da juna biyu tare da ƙaramin ɗanta Abena, wadda ta yi fama da rashin lafiya a yawancin ƙarurinta. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da kwanciyar hankali ga 'ya'yanta da kuma yin aiki a hankali don a saki mijinta, tare da taimakon mahaifiyarta, Lady Cripps, wadda ta iya ziyartar surukinta a Ussher Fort a 1962.
Lady Cripps ta koma Ingila tare da jikanta mara lafiya. Kafin Kirsimeti 1962, an sake Joe daga kurkuku kuma an ba shi izinin komawa aikin shari'a. An sami sassauci a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin Nkrumah a 1966, ta hanyar juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Nkrumah. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, yayin da ‘ya’yanta ke kasashen waje a makarantun kwana da jami’o’i, kuma mijin nata ya sake taka rawar gani a siyasar kasar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na jakadiyar kasa, ta kasance mafi yawa a Kumasi, inda ya samar da tushe da zai iya fita daga ciki. cikin duniya, amintaccen sanin cewa Peggy tana kula da abubuwa a gaban gida. Ta sa ido a kan dukiyoyin da ya gada a wurin kakansa. Duk da yawan shigar da danginta ke yi a siyasance, Peggy kanta ba ta da sha'awar siyasar jam'iyya musamman. Ta tallafa wa mijinta, tabbas. Amma gudummawar da ta bayar ta hanyar ayyukan zamantakewa da yawa da ta shiga. Bayan ta koyi Twi, harshen Asante, ta zama mai sha'awar kuma ta san game da fasahar Akan da al'adun gargajiya, yayin da ta sami babban tarin zinariya, ta fara tattarawa da fassarawa. karin magana, kuma ta koyi labarun Ananse, yawancin su daga mijinta. Shekaru 30 da suka wuce, ziyarar gidanta da tarin gwal dinta na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a ziyarar Ashanti ga maziyartan masu sha'awar fasaharta.
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ta fara buga jerin jerin labaran Ananse, wanda aka sake rubutawa ga yara, wanda ya zama sananne a Afirka, Ingila da Amurka da kuma duk duniya masu magana da Ingilishi. Farawa da Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti Village in 1966, and followed by Tales of an Ashanti Father, she went on to publish the Children of Ananse in 1968, The Pineapple Child and Other Tales from Asante in 1969, Why There are So Many Roads in 1972, da Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and Other Tales from the Ashanti Gold Weights a 1977. Ta kuma wallafa jerin masu karatu don taimaka wa yaran Ghana su koyi Turanci: The Lost Earring, Yao and the Python, Abena and the Python, Afua and the Mouse and Kofi and the Crow, da jerin littattafan yara da manya. ciki har da Gift of the Mmoatia da Ring of Gold, da juzu'i biyu na waƙoƙi. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta ana amfani da su azaman rubutu a makarantun firamare da sakandare a Yammacin Afirka. Wataƙila, mafi mahimmancin littafinta, duk da haka, wanda ya kasance sakamakon aikin kusan shekaru biyar, shine Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan, tarin karin magana na Twi fiye da 7,000 da aka kaddamar a Accra a 2001.
A shekarar 1985 ita da Joe Appiah sun yi balaguro zuwa kasashen waje tare don ziyartar abokinsu Kamuzu Banda, shugaban kasar Malawi, wanda suka san shi a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ghana, domin murnar cika shekaru ashirin da daya da samun 'yancin kai. Sun zagaya ko'ina a ƙasar kafin su tafi tare da 'yarsu Abena, wadda take zaune a Zimbabwe a lokacin, da Ama, wadda ke aiki a Angola. Daga baya a cikin shekaru goma, sun ziyarci Ama a Norway, inda aka gano Joe yana da ciwon daji da ya kashe rayuwarsa a 1990.
Gwauruwa
A cikin 1990, wata gwauruwa, Peggy Appiah, ba ta taɓa tunanin barin Ghana ba, tana gaya wa duk wanda ya tambaye ta lokacin da za ta “tafi gida,” cewa ta riga ta isa gida. Ta koma wani ƙaramin gida, wanda ta gina a cikin wani fili mai gida ga ɗiyarta Abena, ta ci gaba da aiki a cocinta, kuma ta ci gaba da nazarin tarihin Akan. Ta ziyarci danta da 'ya'yanta mata a Amurka, Namibiya da Najeriya, kuma 'ya'yanta da surukanta sun ziyarce ta, da jikokinta shida, Kristian, Anthony da Kojo, 'ya'yan Ama (Isobel) da Klaus. Endresen; da Tomiwa, Lamide da Tobi, 'ya'yan Adwoa da Olawale Edun. A gidan da ke kusa da ita, ita da yarta Abena, akwai jikokinta guda biyu, Mimi da Mame Yaa.
Kyaututtuka
A cikin 1996, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Peggy Appiah lambar yabo ta MBE "don ayyuka ga dangantakar Burtaniya/Ghana da jindadin al'umma".
Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta ba ta digirin girmamawa a shekarar 2005.
Shekarun baya
A shekara ta 2001, Peggy Appiah ta ziyarci Ingila a karo na ƙarshe don bikin cikarta shekaru 80 da haihuwa tare da sauran waɗanda suka tsira a cikin danginta da ƴaƴanta da jikokinta, tare da ƴaƴanta da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴan uwa da ƴan uwa da yawa.
A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, yayin da ta ƙara ƙaranci a cikin motsinta, ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar cibiyar sadarwar dangi da abokai, da kuma gidan kulawa karkashin jagorancin maigidanta, Ma Rose. Kamar yadda ta rubuta a ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta, wanda aka buga a 1995: "Na gode wa Allah saboda dukan abin da ya ba ni da farin cikin da ya kawo ni."
Mutuwa
Peggy Appiah ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2006, tana da shekaru 84, daga dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, a asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi. An binne ta ne a makabartar Tafo da ke Kumasi, inda ta saya wa kanta fili a gefen kabarin mijinta.
Labarai
Bu Me Be: Akan Proverbs. Africa World Press, 2006.
Busy body. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Rattletat. New Namibia Books, 1995.
The Rubbish Heap. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Kyekyekulee, Grandmother's Tales. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1993.
Kofi and the Crow. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Afua and the Mouse. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Abena and the Python. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
The Twins. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Tales of an Ashanti Father. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
A Dirge too Soon. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1976.
Ring of Gold. London: Deutsch, 1976.
Why There are So Many Roads. Lagos: African University Press, 1972.
Gift of the Mmoatia. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1972.
Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and other tales from the Ashanti gold weights. London: Deutsch, 1971.
A Smell of Onions. London: Longman, 1971.
The Lost Earring. London: Evans, 1971.
Yao and the Python. London: Evans, 1971.
The Pineapple Child and other tales from Ashanti. London: Evans, 1969.
The Children of Ananse. London: Evans, 1968.
Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti village. New York: Pantheon, 1966.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu
An ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da Appiahs suka fuskanta, da kuma wani ɗan lokaci na ɗan littafin marubucin Lloyd Ruth Williams da auren ɗan Afirka Kgosi Seretse Khama, ya rinjayi rubutun fim ɗin da ya lashe Oscar, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. (1967).
Manazarta
Kafofin
Brozan, Nadine. "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies." New York Times, "International," Fabrairu 16, 2006.
Tucker, Nicholas. "Peggy Appiah: Daughter of Stafford Cripps who dedicated herself to creating a children's literature for Ghana" (obituary). The Independent, 17 Fabrairu 2006.
Addai-Sebo, Akyaaba. "The Legacy Of Peggy Appiah—A Tribute." The New Times Online. Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 2006.
Akosah, Kwabena Sarpong. "Tribute for Peggy Appiah". Homepage Ghana, 19 Fabrairu 2006. |
51852 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Ferber | Edna Ferber |
Rayuwa da aiki
Shekarun farko
An haifi Ferber a watan Agusta 15,1885,a Kalamazoo,Michigan,ga wani ma'ajiyar Bayahude haifaffen Hungarian,Jacob Charles Ferber,da Milwaukee,haifaffen Wisconsin matarsa,Julia (Neumann) Ferber,wanda ya kasance daga zuriyar Bayahude Bajamushe.Ferbers sun ƙaura zuwa Kalamazoo daga Chicago,Illinois don buɗe kantin sayar da busassun kayayyaki,kuma an haifi 'yar uwarta Fannie a can shekaru uku da suka wuce. Mahaifin Ferber bai ƙware a harkokin kasuwanci ba, kuma dangi suna motsawa sau da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyar Ferber.Daga Kalamazoo,sun dawo Chicago na tsawon shekara guda, sannan suka koma Ottumwa,Iowa inda suka zauna daga 1890 zuwa 1897 (shekaru 5 zuwa 12 don Ferber).A Ottumwa,Ferber da danginta sun fuskanci mummunar kyamar Yahudawa,ciki har da manya maza suna zaginta, ba'a da tofa mata a ranakun da ta kawo abincin rana ga mahaifinta,galibi suna yi mata ba'a cikin lafazin Yadish. A cewar Ferber,shekarunta a Ottumwa "dole ne a yi la'akari da duk wani abu a cikina da ke gaba da duniya." A wannan lokacin,mahaifin Ferber ya fara rasa ganinsa, yana buƙatar jiyya masu tsada da kuma rashin nasara. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 12,Ferber da danginta sun koma Appleton, Wisconsin, inda ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Lawrence a takaice.
Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun,Ferber ta yi shirin yin nazarin ilimin balaga,tare da tunani mara kyau na wata rana ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo,amma danginta ba za su iya samun damar tura ta zuwa jami'a ba.A lokacin,ta ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a Appleton Daily Crescent kuma daga baya ta koma Milwaukee Journal. A farkon 1909 Ferber ya sha fama da anemia kuma ya koma Appleton don murmurewa. Ba ta taɓa ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ba,kodayake daga baya ta rufe Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1920 da Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1920 na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta United.
Yayin da Ferber ke murmurewa,ta fara rubutawa da sayar da gajerun labarai zuwa mujallu daban-daban,kuma a cikin 1911 ta buga littafinta na farko, Dawn O'Hara, Yarinyar da ta yi dariya.A cikin 1912,an buga tarin gajerun labarunta a cikin kundin mai suna Buttered Side Down.A cikin tarihin rayuwarta,Ferber ya rubuta:
Ferber never Imarried, had no children, and is not known to have engaged in a romance or sexual relationship.
In her early novel Dawn O'Hara, the title character's aunt even remarks, "Being an old maid was a great deal like death by drowning – a really delightful sensation when you ceased struggling." Ferber did take a maternal interest in the career of her niece Janet Fox, an actress who performed in the original Broadway casts of Ferber's plays Dinner at Eight (1932) and Stage Door (1936).
An san Ferber don yin furuci da kuma saurin wayo.A wani lokaci,ta ja-goranci sauran baƙi Yahudawa wajen barin liyafar gida bayan ta san mai masaukin baki yana adawa da Yahudawa. Wata rana bayan wani mutum ya yi ba'a game da yadda kwat dinta ya yi kama da namiji,sai ta amsa da cewa, "Haka ma naku."
Muhimmancin shaidar Yahudawa
Tun daga 1922,Ferber ta fara ziyartar Turai sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara don shekaru goma sha uku ko goma sha huɗu. A wannan lokacin kuma ba kamar yawancin Amurkawa ba,ta shiga cikin damuwa saboda hayewar jam'iyyar Nazi da kuma yada kyamar baki da ta fuskanta a lokacin kuruciyarta.Ta yi tsokaci game da wannan na cewa, “Abu ne mai ban tsoro ka ga wata nahiya–wayewa–tana rugujewa a idon mutum.Tsari ne mai sauri kuma da alama babu makawa wanda babu wanda ya ba da wata kulawa ta musamman.” Tsoronta ya yi tasiri sosai a aikinta, wanda galibi yana nuna jigogi na wariyar launin fata da al'adu. Tarihin tarihinta na 1938, A Peculiar Treasure,asali ya haɗa da sadaukarwa ga Adolf Hitler wanda ya ce:Ga Adolf Hitler, wanda ya sanya ni zama Bayahude mafi kyau kuma mutum mai fahimta, kamar yadda yake da miliyoyin sauran Yahudawa, wannan littafin an keɓe shi cikin ƙiyayya da raini. Yayin da aka canja wannan sa’ad da aka buga littafin,har yanzu yana nuni ga barazanar Nazi. Ta yawaita ambaton nasarar Yahudawa a cikin littafinta,tana ishara da kuma son nuna ba kawai nasarar yahudawa ba,amma Yahudawa suna iya amfani da hakan kuma suna yin nasara.
Algonquin Round Table
Ferber lta ta kasance memba na Algonquin Round Table,ƙungiyar masu hankali da suka hadu da abincin rana kowace rana a Algonquin Hotel a New York.Ferber da wani memba na Round Table, Alexander Woolcott,sun kasance abokan gaba na dogon lokaci,rashin amincewarsu har zuwa mutuwar Woolcott a 1943,ko da yake Howard Teichmann ya bayyana a cikin tarihinsa na Woolcott cewa rashin fahimtar juna ya kasance saboda rashin fahimta.A cewar Teichmann,Ferber ta taɓa kwatanta Woolcott a matsayin " Nero na New Jersey wanda ya yi kuskuren pinafore na toga ".
Ferber ta haɗu tare da memba na Round Table George S.Kaufman akan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa da aka gabatar akan Broadway:Minick (1924), The Royal Family (1927), Dinner At takwas (1932),The Land Is Bright (1941), Stage Door (1936),da Bravo! (1948).
Ra'ayin Siyasa
A wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da wata jaridar ta Asabar Review of Literature ta gudanar,inda ta tambayi marubutan Amurka wane dan takarar shugaban kasa ne suka goyi bayan zaben 1940,Ferber yana cikin marubutan da suka amince da Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Halayen ayyuka
Litattafan litattafan Ferber gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙwararrun jarumai mata, tare da ɗimbin arziki da tarin haruffa masu goyan baya. Ta kan bayyana aƙalla ƙaƙƙarfan hali guda ɗaya wanda ya fuskanci wariya, ƙabila ko waninsa.
Ayyukan Ferber sukan shafi ƙananan al'adun Amurkawa,kuma wani lokaci suna faruwa a wurare masu ban sha'awa da ta ziyarta amma ba ta saba da su ba,kamar Texas ko Alaska.Ta haka ta taimaka wajen nuna bambancin al'adun Amurka ga waɗanda ba su da damar dandana shi.An saita wasu litattafai a wuraren da ba ta ziyarta ba.
Legacy
Art, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
Jarumar Lili Taylor ce ta bayyana Ferber a cikin fim din Mrs. Parker da Muguwar Circle (1994).
A cikin 2008, Laburare na Amurka ya zaɓi labarin Ferber "Miss Ferber Views 'Vultures' at Trial" don haɗawa a cikin abubuwan da ya faru na karni na biyu na Laifukan Gaskiya na Amurka.
A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2002, a garinsu na Appleton, Wisconsin, Ma'aikatar Wasikun Amurka ta fitar da tambarin buga tambarin 83 ¢ Distinguished Americans na girmama ta. Mawallafin Mark Summers, sananne ne don fasaha na katako, ya ƙirƙiri wannan hoton don tambarin da ke nuna hoton Ferber baƙar fata da fari da aka ɗauka a 1927.
Sigar almara ta Edna Ferber ta bayyana a taƙaice azaman hali a littafin Philipp Meyer 's The Son (2013).
Wani ƙarin ƙagaggen sigar Edna Ferber, tare da ita a matsayin jarumar, ya bayyana a cikin jerin litattafai masu ban mamaki ta Ed Ifkovic kuma ta buga Poisoned Pen Press, gami da Downtown Strut: An Edna Ferber Mystery, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 2013.
A cikin 2013, an shigar da Ferber a cikin Zauren Adabin Adabin Chicago na Fame.
Mutuwan 1968
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22413 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Al%27adu | Yancin Kimiyya da Al'adu | Yancin kimiyya da al'adu na ɗaya daga cikin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu da ake da'awa a cikin sanarwar Rightsan Adam ta Duniya da takardun da ke da nasaba da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya . Ta fahiimtar cewa kowa na da 'yancin shiga cikin al'adu, cikin' yanci (ya shiga tare da cin gajiyar hakan) kimiyya da fasaha, da kuma kariya ga marubuta .
Ganewa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa
An bayyana haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu a cikin Mataki na 27 na Sanarwar ofan Adam na Duniya :
Hakkin kimiyya da al'adu ya bayyana a cikin Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu :
Abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayoyi da rarrabawa
Hakkin mallakar kimiyya da al'adu galibi ana raba shi zuwa hakkoki kamar su "haƙƙin shiga al'adun gargajiya" ko "haƙƙin shiga al'adu" ko "haƙƙin al'adu," da "'yancin cin gajiyar kimiyya da aikace-aikace "ko" 'yancin cin gajiyar kimiyya "ko"' yancin ilimin kimiyya "ko" 'yancin rabawa a cikin kimiyya ".
Ana iya amfani da kalmar "haƙƙin al'adu" a ƙalla a hanyoyi uku. Mafi yawancin su ana amfani dasu don komawa ga manufar da aka kiyaye ta Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya akan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, wanda ke tabbatarwa da tsirarun thean tsirarun toancin yin aiki da kiyaye yarukan su, addinan su, hanyoyin fasaha, da hanyoyin rayuwa. Kuma a madadin haka, ana iya amfani da kalmar "haƙƙin al'adu" don haɗa dukan haƙƙin tsiraru da haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu, waɗanda ke da asali guda ɗaya a cikin Mataki na ashirin da bakwai 27 na Sanarwar Duniya. Har ma a fili, "haƙƙin al'adu" na iya nufin babban rukuni na haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, wanda za a iya fahimtar ma'anar haƙƙin kimiyya da al'ada da haƙƙin ilimi da sauran haƙƙoƙi, kamar kariya na marubuta.
'' Hakkin ilimin kimiyya '' ya hada dukan 'yancin shiga cikin kimiyya (aikin) da kuma' yancin isa ga bangaren ilimi ('fa'ida' ko 'ci gaba') wannan sakamakon kimiyya ne.
Fassarar malamai da bayar da shawarwari
Duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da aka samo a cikin sanarwar Jami'ar Adam na Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam suna buƙatar aiwatar da fassara don manyan ka'idoji zuwa takamaiman wajibai na ƙasa. Wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar aiwatar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kotunan kasa. Tsarin yana da tasiri sosai daga masana haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam .
Hakkokin da aka samo a cikin Mataki na ashirin da bakwai 27 a wasu hanyoyi sun kasance a wani ɗan matakin na farko a wannan aikin, sabanin sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam kamar haƙƙin lafiya ko haƙƙin neman ilimi wanda tuni aka gabatar da shi a ƙarin bayani da kai ƙara. Hakkin mallakar marubuta ya ci gajiyar ci gaban ƙaƙƙarfan doka.
Ka'idojin gama gari na duniya don amfani da hakkin ilimin kimiyya an tsara su ta wata yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ake kira domin Shawarwarin akan wasu Masana Kimiyya, wanda wasu gwamnatocin 195 da suka hadu a Paris suka amince da shi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2017, bayan shekaru hudu da yij wasu shawarwarin duniya.
Wasu mawallafa musamman masu aiki a wannan yankin sun haɗa da: Samantha Besson, Audrey R. Chapman, Yvonne Donders, Laurence Helfer, Lea Shaver, William Schabas, Jessica Wyndham, da Peter Yu.
Kungiyar kasar amruka (kasar Amirka don Ci Gaban Kimiyyar tana aiki cikin bayar da shawarwari game da 'yancin kimiyya da al'adu, tare da mai da hankali kan hakkokin da nauyin masanan kimiyya.
Fassara ta hukuma
Kwamitin kan Hakkoki na Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya ba da Babban Magana guda biyu wanda ke fassara wasu ɓangarori na haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) Janar Sharhi 17 da Janar Sharhi 21. Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman a Fannin Hakkokin Al'adu, Farida Shaheed, ta yi magana a kan haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu a cikin rahotanni da yawa tsakanin shekaru na 2010 da 2015.
A Babban Taron UNESCO a shekarar 2017, wasu jihohin 195 sun amince da yarjejeniya ba tare da kauracewa ka'idojin duniya da suka shafi hakkin kimiyya ba, a cikin Shawarwarin kan Masana Kimiyya da Masana Kimiyya, wanda ke fassara 'yancin kimiyya kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin jami'ar Sanarwa game da 'Yancin Dan Adam.
Dangantaka da dukiyar ilimi
A shekarar 2000 karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki a kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ya ba da shawarar cewa Yarjejeniyar kan Abubuwan da Ke da Alaƙa da Kasuwanci na' Yancin Properancin Ilimin na Ilimin na iya keta haƙƙin ilimin kimiyya don haka ya saɓa da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya .
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed translations |
59445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bano%20Qudsiya | Bano Qudsiya | Bano Qudsia ( ashirin da rakwas 28 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara 1928zuwa hudu ga watan 4 Fabrairu shekara 2017), wanda kuma aka sani da Bano Aapa, marubuci ɗan Pakistan ne, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ruhi. Ta rubuta adabi a Urdu, tana samar da litattafai, wasan kwaikwayo da gajerun labarai. An fi sanin Qudsia a littafinta mai suna Raja Gidh . Qudsia kuma ta yi rubutu don talabijin da mataki a cikin harsunan Urdu da Punjabi. An kira wasanta Aadhi Baat "wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya". Bano Qudsia ya rasu a Lahore a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Bano Qudsia ranar ashirin da takwas 28 ga watan Nuwamba shekara 1928 a Firozpur, Indiya ta Burtaniya, a matsayin Qudsia Chattha a cikin dangin Jat Musulmi. Mahaifinta ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin aikin gona mahaifiyarta ita ma ta kammala digiri kuma mai duba makaranta a indiya ta Burtaniya kuma ɗan'uwanta Pervaiz Chattha mai zane ne. Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Lahore tare da danginta bayan rabuwar Indiya. Ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Kinnaird da ke Lahore sannan ta shiga Jami'ar Kwalejin Gwamnati (Lahore) (GCU) don samun digiri na biyu a cikin adabin Urdu wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1951.
Qudsia ta auri marubuci Ashfaq Ahmed wadda ta hadu da ita a Jami'ar Kwalejin Gwamnati (Lahore) Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku Aneeque, Anees da Aseer. An yi la'akari da ma'auratan ba za su iya rabuwa ba a rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa.
Aikin adabi
Littafin labari na Qudsia Raja Gidh (The King Vulture) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin na zamani na Urdu. Daga cikin fitattun rubuce-rubucenta akwai Aatish-i-zer-i-paa, Aik Din, Asay Pasay, Chahar Chaman, Chhotaa Sheher Baray Log, Footpath ki Ghaas, Haasil Ghaat da Hawa Kay Naam. Shahararrun wasannin kwaikwayo da ta rubuta sun hada da Tamasil, Hawa ke Naam, Seharay da Khaleej.
Wasanta mai ban sha'awa Aadhi Baat game da wani shugaban makaranta mai ritaya. Wasan ya yi nazari kan matsalolin rayuwa na yau da kullum na shugaban makarantar kuma ya sa Qavi Khan ya zama jagora. Daraktan wasan shine Agha Nasir kuma Tauqeer Nasir ne ya shirya shi. An yi Aadhi Baat ne a watan Mayun shekara 2010 a Islamabad a wani taron kwanaki uku wanda Majalisar Fasaha ta Pakistan ta shirya. Tarihin rayuwar Ashfaq Ahmed Baba Saheba bai cika ba a lokacin mutuwarsa a watan Satumban shekara 2004. Qudsiya ta kammala tarihin rayuwarta kuma aka buga kashi na biyu a matsayin Rah-i-Rawaan. Bambance-bambance a cikin salon ba da labari na ma'aurata ya bayyana a cikin waɗannan littattafai guda biyu; yayin da rabi na farko ana ɗaukarsa "mai tsokana, lucid da cikakkiyar ma'ana" ta masu sukar, rabi na biyu yana ɗaukar jin daɗin baƙin ciki. Qudsia ta yabawa Ahmed da canza mata bayan aurensu kuma a karshe ya ba ta damar sadaukar da kanta wajen rubutu. Qudsia's novel Raah-e-Rawaan an buga shi a cikin 2011. Kallo ne na nazari akan tunanin falsafar Ashfaq Ahmed da yadda zai iya alaka da wasu al'amuran rayuwa ita kanta. Qudsiya ta kasance mafi girman daraja ga mijinta kuma ta dora Ashfaq Ahmed a kan wani matsayi mai girma. Duk da haka, ba ta ko da'awar fahimtar mutumin da ta rayu da shi fiye da shekaru hamsin. Don haka, yunƙurin rubuta tarihin Ashfaq Ahmed ya ɗauke ta fiye da wannan 'mutum ɗaya' - kuma ta fara rubuta labarin zuriyarsa, dangin da suka haɗa da kakansa, mahaifinsa, kawunsa, yayyensa, yayyensa da 'ya'yansu don fahimtar cikakkiyar fahimta. Abin mamaki shine Ashfaq Ahmed.
An buga littafin novel na Qudsia Haasil Ghaat a cikin shekara 2005 kuma an lura da shi don ƙamus ɗinsa amma kuma an soki shi saboda amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi fiye da labarin Urdu na al'ada. Harshen ya zama sananne a tsakanin sauran marubuta a nan gaba.
Bano Qudsia ya kuma rubuta littafi game da Qudrat Ullah Shahab mai suna "Mard-e-Abresham" .Littafin ya fi kwatanta rayuwar Shahab da yadda aka haɗa ta da Ashfaq Ahmed da iyalinsa a matakin zamantakewa da na ruhaniya. Baba Mohammad Yahya Khan was much wahayi daga Maa jee Bano Qudsia and Baba jee Ashfaq Ahmed.
Mutuwa
Bano Qudsia ya rasu ne a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara 2017 a Asibitin Ittefaq da ke Lahore yana da shekaru tamanin da takwas 88 a duniya. Danta Aseer Ahmed ya sanar da cewa ta rasu ne a daidai lokacin sallar magrib (bayan faduwar rana). An binne ta a Lahore a ranar biyar 5 ga Fabrairu kuma an gudanar da ayyukan addu'a a Model Town, Lahore.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
cikin shekara 1983, Gwamnatin Pakistan ta ba Qudsia lambar yabo ta Sitara-i-Imtiaz ( Star of Excellence ). A cikin shekara 1986 ta sami lambar yabo ta PTV Best Writer Award. A cikin shekara 2010, gwamnatin Pakistan ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Hilal-i-Imtiaz ( Crescent of Excellence ) saboda ayyukanta na adabi. A cikin shekara 2012, Cibiyar Nazarin Wasiƙa ta Pakistan (PAL) ta ba Qudsia lambar yabo ta Kamal-e-Fun, lambar yabo ce ta nasara a rayuwa. A cikin shekara 2016, GCU's Old Ravians Union (GCU-ORU) a taronta na shekara-shekara ta ba ta lambar yabo ta ci gaba ta rayuwa. A wannan shekarar kuma, Pakistan Life Care Foundation (PLCF) ta kuma ba da lambar yabo ga Qudsia.
A ranar ashirin da takwas 28 ga watan Nuwamba shekara 2020, Google ta yi bikin cikarta shekaru chasa'in da biyu 92 tare da Google Doodle.
Littattafai
Haifaffun 1928
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34297 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Fisher | Jeff Fisher | Jeffrey Michael Fisher (an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 1958). kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda shine babban koci kuma babban manaja na Michigan Panthers na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL). Shi tsohon kwararre ne kuma kwararre na dawowa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban koci a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) na lokutan 22, da farko tare da ikon amfani da sunan Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans. Ya horar da Oilers / Titans daga 1994 zuwa 2010 da St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams daga 2012 zuwa 2016.
Bayan buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Kudancin California, an tsara shi a zagaye na bakwai na 1981 NFL Draft ta Chicago Bears, kuma ya taka leda tare da Bears na yanayi biyar.
Fisher ya zama kocin Titans zuwa ƙarshen lokacin 1994 a lokacin da suke aiki a matsayin Houston Oilers kuma shine kocin farko na ƙungiyar lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tennessee. Ya ci gaba da horar da Titans har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin 2010 lokacin da Titans da Fisher suka yarda da juna don rabuwa. Bayan kakar wasa daga kwallon kafa, Fisher ya hayar a matsayin babban kocin Rams a 2012 kuma ya horar da tawagar a cikin shekaru hudu na karshe a St. Louis. Ya kasance babban kocin Rams a lokacin dawowar ikon mallakar kamfani zuwa Los Angeles a cikin 2016, amma an kore shi kusa da ƙarshen kakar wasa.
Lokacin mafi nasara na Fisher shine a cikin 1999, lokacin da ya jagoranci Titans zuwa fitowar farko ta Super Bowl a cikin XXXIV, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da cin nasara ta St. Louis Rams don taken Super Bowl na farko. Koyaya, duk da tattara rikodin cin nasara a matsayin babban koci, an lura da aikin Fisher don ƙarancin nasara gabaɗaya, bayan samun nasarar wasanni shida kawai da bayyanar bayan kakar wasanni sama da shekaru ashirin a cikin NFL. Yana riƙe da rikodin don mafi yawan asarar-lokaci na yau da kullum ta hanyar wani kocin NFL a 165, daura da Dan Reeves.
Rayuwar farko
Ɗan asalin Kudancin California, Fisher ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Pop Warner a matsayin memba na Reseda Rams kuma ya kasance mai farawa ta 2 a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1972. Sannan ya yi tauraro a matsayin babban mai karɓar duk Ba-Amurke a makarantar sakandare ta Taft a Woodland Hills.
Sana'ar wasa
Fisher ya ci gaba da taka leda a USC, karkashin koci John Robinson. A lokacin aikinsa na kwalejin (1977–80), ya taka leda tare da irin waɗannan taurarin tsaro kamar Ronnie Lott, Dennis Smith, da Joey Browner. Fisher's USC takwarorinsu kuma sun hada da star m lineman Bruce Matthews, wanda zai horar da shekaru daga baya tare da Oilers da Titans. Fisher da Trojans sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa a lokacin kakar 1978, kuma a cikin 1980 an karrama shi a matsayin zaɓin Pac-10 All-Academic.
An tsara Fisher a zagaye na bakwai na 1981 NFL Draft ta Chicago Bears. Ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 49 a matsayin mai tsaron baya da dawowar ƙwararren a cikin lokutansa biyar tare da Bears.
Fisher yana da babban aiki a gasar Chicago Bears 'Mako 14 da Minnesota Vikings. Tare da 7-6 Vikings suna gwagwarmaya don taken NFC Central, Bears sun shiga wasan a 3-10. A cikin kwata na 4th, Fisher ya yi tsalle-tsalle mai tsalle-tsalle a layin tsaga sannan ya ci nasarar Chicago ta hanyar dawo da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da gangan da Bears suka yi, inda suka yi nasara da ci 10-9.
A cikin 1983, Fisher ya sami karyewar ƙafa a kan dawowarsa lokacin da ɗan wasan Philadelphia Eagles Bill Cowher ya tunkare shi. Kwatsam su biyun sun zama abokan hamayya a matsayin manyan kociyan da suka fara a AFC Central a 1995; Tawagar Fisher's Oilers/Titans sun fito da rikodin 11-7 akan Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers. A cikin 1984, ya kafa rikodin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Bears tare da dawowar punt takwas a wasa ɗaya da Detroit, yana taimaka masa ya ɗaure tare da rikodin kulob na Lew Barnes na dawowar 57 a cikin kaka ɗaya. Fisher ya sami zoben Super Bowl bayan Chicago's 1985 Super Bowl kakar, duk da kashe shekara a wurin da ya ji rauni tare da raunin idon sawun wanda ya ƙare da taka leda. Fisher ya zauna tare da Bears a matsayin mataimaki na tsaro yayin da yake wurin ajiyar rauni don kakar wasa.
Aikin horarwa na farko
A lokacin 1985, Fisher ya yi amfani da lokacinsa akan ajiyar Bears da suka ji rauni don taimakawa mai gudanarwa Buddy Ryan. Bayan Bears sun lashe Super Bowl a waccan kakar, an dauki Ryan a matsayin kocin kungiyar Philadelphia Eagles kuma Fisher ya koma matsayin kocin masu tsaron baya. A cikin 1988, an ƙara Fisher zuwa mai gudanarwa na tsaro yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin kocin a cikin gasar. Tsaron Eagles na 1989 ya jagoranci NFL a cikin tsaka-tsaki (30) da buhu (62). Tawagar ta 1990 ta jagoranci gasar cikin gaggawar tsaro kuma ta kare a matsayi na biyu a buhu.
A cikin 1991, an ɗauki Fisher a matsayin mai kula da tsaro na Los Angeles Rams, wanda ya sake haɗa shi da kocin kwalejinsa John Robinson. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da masu tsaron baya na San Francisco 49ers. Waɗannan shekarun a matsayin mataimaki ga George Seifert ya sanya Fisher a cikin bishiyar koyawa ta Bill Walsh. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1994, Fisher ya sake zama mai gudanarwa na tsaro, wannan lokacin ga Houston Oilers karkashin Jack Pardee. Fisher ya gaji Ryan, wanda ya bar mukamin ya zama babban kocin Cardinal Arizona.
Shugaban koci
Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans (1994-2010)
Ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1994, an kori Pardee, kuma an ciyar da Fisher don maye gurbinsa a wasanni shida na karshe na kakar wasa. Masu Oilers sun riƙe Fisher a matsayin babban koci, kuma Oilers sun tsara kwata-kwata Steve McNair a cikin 1995 NFL Draft . Sabon kocin bai yi takaici ba, yana jagorantar kungiyar zuwa rikodin 7-9 a 1995, wanda aka daura zuwa matsayi na biyu a cikin rukuni. A shekara mai zuwa, Oilers sun kara da Heisman Trophy wanda ya lashe Eddie George, kuma sun sami rikodin 8-8. Duk da haka, rashin samun sabon yarjejeniyar filin wasa a Houston ya sa mai shi Bud Adams ya sake mayar da tawagar zuwa Tennessee don kakar 1997.
A cikin yanayi biyu na farko na ƙungiyar a Tennessee Oilers sun tattara rikodin 16–16. A cikin 1998, wasannin gida na ƙungiyar sun tashi daga Memphis zuwa Nashville.
A cikin 1999 kakar, sabon sake suna Tennessee Titans ya ƙare tare da rikodin 13-3 na yau da kullum, yana tafiya har zuwa Super Bowl XXXIV, a wani ɓangare saboda Mu'ujiza na Music City . Titans sun fadi ga St. Louis Rams, 23–16; Fadi Kevin Dyson ya fuskanci yadi daya ga karshen yankin ba tare da sauran lokaci ba, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da " The Tackle ". Tennessee ta samu irin wannan rikodin a shekara mai zuwa, amma Baltimore Ravens ta ci nasara a gasar AFC da za ta ci gaba da lashe Super Bowl XXXV.
Lokacin 2001 ya kasance abin takaici ga Titans, saboda kawai suna iya tattara nunin 7-9. Farkon kakar wasa ta gaba ya zama mafi muni, tare da ikon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani wanda ya fara da rikodin 1-4. Bayan asarar gida guda daya, mai shi Bud Adams ya yi tsokaci ga manema labarai cewa watakila Titans "ana samun kwarewa." Wannan ya ba da haske da ƙungiyar ke buƙata, kuma sun gama kakar tare da rikodin 11–5 kuma sun sanya shi zuwa Wasan Gasar AFC.
Lokaci na 2003 ya sami ƙarin nasara, tare da wani tafiya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da McNair tying don kyautar MVP League (tare da Peyton Manning ). Bugu da ƙari, sun yi rashin nasara ga zakarun Super Bowl na ƙarshe, New England Patriots, amma ci gaban tawagar bai tafi ba a sani ba. Duk da haka, lokacin 2004, yana fama da raunuka daga farkon, kuma sun ƙare a 5-11. Bayan kakar wasa, an yanke 'yan wasa da yawa (irin su Samari Rolle da Derrick Mason ) a ƙoƙarin biyan albashi mai tsauri. Matasan dangi na ƙungiyar sun haifar da yanayi mara kyau na 2005 kuma. Kafin lokacin 2005, Fisher ya yi hayar Norm Chow daga USC don zama mai gudanar da ayyukan sa.
A cikin 2006, Titans sun gama mafi kyau fiye da yadda ake tsammani 8-8. Quarterback Steve McNair an yi ciniki da Baltimore Ravens kuma an tsara Vince Young, amma ya fara kakar a matsayin madadin Billy Volek da Kerry Collins . Lokacin ya fara sannu a hankali a 0 – 3 kafin Kerry Collins ya maye gurbin Volek kuma, daga baya, Young. A ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta fara 2 – 7, amma bayan asarar 27 – 26 ga Baltimore Ravens da McNair, Titans sun fashe don lashe wasanni shida madaidaiciya a ƙarƙashin Matasa, gami da taron maki 24 don doke New York Giants . Tare da wannan rikodi mai ban sha'awa, Titans sun yi amfani da haƙƙin su don tsawaita kwangilarsa ta shekara guda, suna riƙe shi a matsayin kocin kocin ta hanyar 2007 NFL kakar .
A cikin 2007, ya jagoranci Titans zuwa rikodin 10 – 6 kuma ya sanya wasannin AFC a matsayin iri na 6, amma ya ɓace a zagayen buɗewa zuwa San Diego Chargers.
A cikin 2008, Fisher ya jagoranci Titans zuwa 10 – 0 da ba a ci nasara ba kawai don jin haushin Brett Favre da Jets na New York a tsakiyar lokacin 2008. Titans sun gama 13–3 kuma sun sami lambar lamba 1 a cikin AFC, duk da haka sun yi rashin nasara a zagaye na biyu na 2008 NFL Playoffs zuwa Baltimore Ravens.
A cikin 2009 Titans sun yi rashin nasara a kan kari ga Pittsburgh Steelers a farkon wasan kakar. Asarar ta fara zane-zanen wasanni shida wanda ya kai nadir a cikin wani kisa da ci 59-0 da New England Patriots suka yi. Collins, a shawarwarin jama'a na mai shi Titans Bud Adams, an benci kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Young; Titans sun amsa ta hanyar cin nasara takwas daga cikin wasanni goma na gaba, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar nasara mai ban mamaki a kan Cardinal Arizona, dawowar kakar wasa a kan Seattle Seahawks, da kuma nasara mai tsanani a kan Miami Dolphins. Haskakawa wannan kakar shine wasan tsere na baya Chris Johnson ; a cikin shekararsa ta biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa (an zana shi na 24th a cikin 2008 NFL Draft) Johnson ya karya rikodin Marshall Faulk 's NFL don jimlar yadudduka daga scrimmage tare da 2,509 kuma ya zama na shida baya a tarihin NFL don yin gaggawar yadi 2,000.
A cikin 2010, dangantaka tsakanin Fisher da Vince Young ta ƙara yin tsami. A cikin wasan gida da Washington Redskins, An cire matashin bayan raunin da ya samu a babban yatsansa kuma daga baya ba a yarda ya sake shiga wasan ba. Cikin bacin rai ya fara cire kayan aikin sa yana can gefe, daga karshe ya jefar da kafadarsa a cikin tasoshin. Ya fice daga filin yayin da ake ci gaba da fafatawa. Matashi bai taba fitowa a wani wasa na Titans ba kuma an sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa.
Da farko ya bayyana cewa zaman Fisher tare da Titans zai tsira daga wannan yanayin; duk da haka, a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2011, kusan makonni huɗu bayan ƙarshen lokacin 2010 na yau da kullun, an sanar da shi a hukumance cewa Fisher da Titans sun amince da juna don raba hanya bayan siyan sauran lokacin da ya rage kan kwangilar Fisher. A fiye da cikakkun lokutan 16, Fisher ya kasance kocin NFL mafi dadewa tare da ƙungiya ɗaya tsakanin manyan masu horarwa.
Louis / Los Angeles Rams (2012-2016)
Bayan hutu a cikin 2011, Fisher ya amince ya zama babban kocin St. Louis Rams a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2012.
A kakar farko ta Fisher a St. Louis, ƙungiyar ta ƙare da rikodi 7–8–1, ci gaban nasara-biyar daga shekarar da ta gabata.
A cikin 2013, Rams sun ƙare da rikodin 7-9.
A lokacin kakar 2014, Rams sun tafi 6-10. Ya kasance mafi munin rikodin ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin Fisher, da kuma rashin nasara na 4 a jere na Fisher a matsayin koci. A kakar wasan karshe na kungiyar a St. Louis a shekarar 2015 sun kammala da ci 7–9.
Rams sun fara kakar 2016 3-1 amma sun rasa 6 daga cikin wasanni 7 na gaba wanda ya kai ga sanarwar Rams, a ranar 4 ga Disamba, cewa sun sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu zuwa 2018; duk da haka, sama da mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, Rams sun kori Fisher sakamakon rashin nasarar 42 – 14 ga zakaran NFC na Atlanta Falcons wanda aka gudanar da su ba tare da ci ba har sai sun zura kwallaye 2 marasa ma'ana a cikin kwata na 4. Wannan asarar ya taimaka masa ya ɗaure rikodin don asarar mafi yawan lokuta na yau da kullum na kowane Kocin NFL na kowane lokaci.
Michigan Panthers
A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2022, an sanar da cewa Fisher zai zama Babban koci kuma Janar Manaja na Michigan Panthers na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka, ya zama aikin horaswa na farko na Fisher cikin shekaru shida. Hi
Rikodin koyawa shugaban
NFL
* – Kocin riko
USFL
Kwamitin gasar
Fisher ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gasar NFL tare da Shugaban Atlanta Falcons Rich McKay har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Agusta 2016.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Fisher yana da yara uku. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗa, Brandon, ya taka leda a Jami'ar Montana kuma ya kasance kocin baya na baya ga Rams a kan ma'aikatan mahaifinsa. Wani ɗa, Trent, ya kasance mai tsaron baya a Jami'ar Auburn.
Duba kuma
Jerin sunayen masu horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa tare da nasara 50
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Los Angeles Rams bio
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
18548 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinin%20Haida | Jinin Haida | Jinin Haida((حيض)) to muna farawa Da sunan Allah Mai
rahma mai jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah
Annabin tsira Annabi Muhammad, da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki ɗaya. Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara
ɗaya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza..
Menene Jinin Al'ada
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
ɗaukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Waɗannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.
Mafi Karancin sa
Malamai sun ƙarawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne ɗugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.
Mafi Yawansa
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
Kasa da shekara tara Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
Tara Zuwa Sama Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50 Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
Daga 50 - 69 Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
Daga 70 Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin abinci da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.
Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
Alkur'ani mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shiɗinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
.
Karkasuwar Mata
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku
dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: Wacce Ta Fara Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi. Wacce Ta Saba' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin waɗancan ƙare-ƙaren kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta ƙara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya ɗauke a kwana na
ɗaya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki) Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita .
Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
Bushewar Gaba: Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
Farar Kumfa: wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:
1. Sallah: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.
2. Saki: Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.
3. Dawafi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.
4. Zama A Masallaci: mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.
5. Azumi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.
6. Daukaa Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.
7. Karatun Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.
8. Saduwa: Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.
9. Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki: Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.
10. Wajabta Wanka: Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro.
Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.
Manazarta |
47624 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinfection | Coinfection | Coinfection shine kamuwa da cuta a lokaci guda na runduna ta nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta masu yawa. A cikin ilimin kwayar cutar virus , tagwayen cuta ya haɗa da kamuwa da rashin lapiya guda daya ta dalilin kwayar cuta guda biyu ko fiye da hakan. Misali shi ne haduwar kwayar cutar hanta B da cutar hanta C a cikin hanta, wanda zai iya tasowa da yawa ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta farko.
Ba a san yawan yaduwar wannan yanayin a duniya ba. ko abin yafaru ne a rashin daidaituwa tsakanin mutane, amma ana tunanin ya zama ruwan dare, wani lokacin ya fi yawa da cuta guda ɗaya. Haɗuwa da helminths yana shafar kusan mutane miliyan 800 a duka fadin duniya.
Coinfection yana da bukatar abashi matukar mahimmancin lafiyar ɗan adam musamman saboda nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haduwa da juna su cutar da dan adam . Ana tunanin tasirin kwarin gwiwa akan lafiyar ɗan adam mara kyau. Ma'amala na iya yin tasiri mai kyau ko mara kyau akan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. ingantacciyar hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta, yana iya haɓakar cututtukGyaraa da kuma ci gabanta, wannan shine ake kira da syndemism . Mu'amala mai cutarwa tsakanin kwayoyin cuta ta haɗa da tsangwama na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya ke danne wasu. misali shinePseudomonas aeruginosa (nau'in kwayar cuta) yana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na Staphylococcus aureus colony . Ba a san cikakken tsarin mu'amular tsakanin nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta ba, oyin cuta ba. har ma a tsakanin waɗanda ke tsakanin cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Koyaya, nazarin hanyar samun abinci a ɗan adam yana nuni da cewa akwai yuwuwar yin hulɗa ta hanyar hanyoyin abinci fiye da karyewar garkuwar jiki.
tarin fuka da cutar sida sune cututtukan da sukafi kowane . A wasu ƙasashe, kusan kashi 80% na masu cutar tarin fuka suma suna ɗauke da cutar HIV. An san yuwuwar habaka waɗannan cututtukan guda biyu masu yaduwa da za a danganta su shekaru da yawa.Sauran misalan gama-gari na tsabar kuɗi sune cuta mai karya garkuwar jiki, wanda ya haɗa da haɗakar da kwayar cutar HIV ta ƙarshen zamani tare da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani da cututtukan polymicrobial kamar cutar Lyme tare da wasu cututtuka. Haduwar kwayar cuta a lokuta da dama yakan goge alamun ko kuma yawan daya daga cikin kwayoyin cututtuka. misalin hakan shine: rhinovirus da syncytial virus ta numfashi, da kuma metapneumovirus ko parainfluenza cutar.a wadannan kwayoyin cutar suna nuna saka makon awo marar yawa akan wadanda sukeda da wadanda ke da rhinovirus kadai.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus Kwayar cutar RNA ce wanda tsarin halittar ta yakeda dauri daya. day ce daga cikin dangin Picornaviridae .Haduwa da wasu Kwayoyin cuta da takeyi sun bayyana sannan sun zama gama gari. wadannan hanyoyin sun hada da watsa virions da kuma yada tantanin halittarta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da watsawa ta hanyar tattarawar virion, watsa kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta a cikin vesicles na membrane, da kuma watsuwa wadda bacteria take sakawa.
Drake ya nuna cewa cutar poliovirus tana iya sake dawowa bayan ta warke. da yawa. wannan ze iya faruwa ne lokacin da aka haske cutar ta poliovirus tare da hasken UV. da kuma aka bata damar shiga acikin jiki,cutar polio zata iya samun za a iya samar da zuriya masu yawa na UV koda kuwa yakai yawan wanda yake hana kwayar cutar kara yawa da yaduwa.
Poliovirus na iya fuskantar sake haɗewar kwayoyin halitta da wata virus din lokacin da aƙalla nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta guda biyu suka kasance a cikin tantanin halitta ɗaya. Kirkegaard da Baltimore(mutane masana kimiya) sun gabatar da shaidar cewa RNA polymerase mai dogaro da RNA yana haɓaka haɓakawa ta hanyar zaɓin kwafi wanda RdRP ke canzawa tsakanin (+) samfuran ssRNA yayin haɗakar mara kyau. Sake haɗawa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na RNA ya bayyana cewa hanyace ta saka kwayar halittarta wadanda ba lalatattu ba zuwa ga yayanta.
Misali
Anaplasmosis
Bacteriophage coinfection
GB Virus C
Kwayar cutar HIV-HCV
Cutar HIV-TB (yana haɓaka watsa tarin fuka da mutuwa)
Hepatitis D
Hooworm-malaria cofection
Mansonella perstans
Trichuriasis
Chikungunya da Dengue coinfection
Dengue da kwayar cutar HIV (yana hana HIV)
Chagas da kwayar cutar HIV
Mafi yawan cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da HIV (ƙarfafa watsa kwayar cutar HIV)
Wasu marasa lafiya na COVID-19, ko waɗanda ba su da lafiya tare da wasu coronaviruses, suna iya kamuwa da cututtukan mura na yanayi (mura), wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da mura na gama gari, ko kuma suna iya kamuwa da su tare da mashako ko ciwon huhu na wasu kwayoyin cutar. mafi haɗari, wasu daga cikinsu zaya iya yiyuwa dama sun taba kamuwa da yanayi kamar tarin fuka ko cuta mai karya garkuwar jiki. Wanda wadannan sune wadanda zasu iya sa marar lapiya kamuwa.
Manazarta |
22020 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Babbage | Charles Babbage | Charles Babbage (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1791). Bature ne kuma shahararren mai ilimi ne. Ya kasance masanin lissafi, mahikayanci, mai kirkire-kirkire, injiniya, kuma shine ya kirkiro dabarar 'digital programmable computer'.
Charles Babbage KH FRS (/ ˈbæbɪdʒ/; 26 Disamba 1791 - 18 Oktoba 1871) ilimin lissafi ne na Ingilishi.[1] Masanin lissafi, philosopher, mai ƙirƙira kuma injiniyan injiniya, Babbage ya samo asali ne daga tsarin kwamfuta mai shirye-shirye na dijital.
Wasu suna kallon Babbage a matsayin “uban kwamfuta”[2][3][4][5] Babbage an lasafta shi ne ya ƙirƙiro na'urar kwamfuta ta farko, Injin Difference, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙarin ƙira na lantarki, duk da cewa duk mahimman ra'ayoyin kwamfutoci na zamani ana samun su a cikin Injin Analytical Engine na Babbage, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idar da aka aro a fili daga Jacquard loom. Babbage yana da bukatu iri-iri ban da aikin da ya yi kan kwamfutoci da aka rufe a cikin littafinsa Tattalin Arziki na Masana'antu da Mashinna a 1832. Ayyukansa iri-iri a wasu fagage sun sa aka kwatanta shi a matsayin “mafi-fita” a cikin ɗimbin ilimin lissafi na ƙarni nasa
Babbage, wanda ya mutu kafin cikakken nasarar aikin injiniya na yawancin zane-zanensa, ciki har da Injin Difference da Injin Analytical, ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin tunanin kwamfuta. Ana baje kolin sassan hanyoyin Babbage da ba su cika ba a gidan tarihin kimiyya da ke Landan. A cikin 1991, an gina ingin bambanci mai aiki daga ainihin tsare-tsaren Babbage. An gina shi da juriya da za a iya samu a cikin karni na 19, nasarar injin da aka gama ya nuna cewa injin Babbage zai yi aiki.
FARKON RAYUWA
An sami sabani game da wurin haifuwar Babbage, amma bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography yana yiwuwa an haife shi a 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London, Ingila.[8] Alamar shuɗi a mahadar Larcom Street da Walworth Road tana tunawa da taron.
An ba da ranar haihuwarsa a cikin tarihin mutuwarsa a cikin The Times kamar 26 Disamba 1792; amma sai wani ɗan’uwa ya rubuta cewa an haifi Babbage shekara ɗaya da ta gabata, a shekara ta 1791. Littafin rajista na coci na St. Mary’s, Newington, London, ya nuna cewa Babbage ya yi baftisma a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1792, yana goyon bayan shekara ta haifuwa ta 1791.
Babban c. 1850
Babbage yana ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu na Benjamin Babbage da Betsy Plumleigh Teape. Mahaifinsa abokin aikin banki ne na William Praed a kafa Praed's & Co. na Fleet Street, London, a cikin 1801.. A cikin 1808, dangin Babbage sun ƙaura zuwa tsohon gidan Rowdens a Gabashin Teignmouth. Yayin da yake da shekaru takwas, an aika Babbage zuwa makarantar ƙasa a Alphington kusa da Exeter don murmurewa daga zazzabi mai barazanar rai. Na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ya halarci Makarantar Grammar King Edward VI a Totnes, South Devon, amma lafiyarsa ta tilasta masa komawa zuwa masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu na ɗan lokaci.
Daga nan Babbage ya shiga makarantar Holmwood mai ɗalibi 30, a Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex, ƙarƙashin Reverend Stephen Freeman.[15] Makarantar tana da ɗakin karatu wanda ya sa Babbage yana son ilimin lissafi. Ya yi karatu da wasu malamai masu zaman kansu guda biyu bayan ya bar makarantar. Na farko wani malami ne a kusa da Cambridge; Ta wurinsa Babbage ya ci karo da Charles Saminu da mabiyansa na bishara, amma karatun ba abin da yake bukata ba ne. An kawo shi gida, don yin karatu a makarantar Totnes: wannan yana da shekaru 16 ko 17. Na biyu kuma wani malami ne na Oxford, wanda a karkashinsa Babbage ya kai matakin Classics wanda jami'ar Cambridge ta samu karbuwa.
Yin Karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge
Babbage ya isa Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, a cikin Oktoba 1810. An riga an koyar da shi da kansa a wasu sassan ilimin lissafi na zamani; ya karanta Robert Woodhouse, Joseph Louis Lagrange, da Marie Agnesi. A sakamakon haka, ya ji kunya game da daidaitattun koyarwar lissafin da ake samu a jami'a.
Babbage, John Herschel, George Peacock, da wasu abokai da yawa sun kafa Ƙungiyar Analytical a 1812; sun kuma kasance kusa da Edward Ryan. A matsayinsa na ɗalibi, Babbage ya kasance memba na wasu al'ummomi kamar su The Ghost Club, wanda ya damu da binciken al'amuran allahntaka, da kuma Extractors Club, sadaukar da kai don 'yantar da membobinta daga gidan hauka, idan wani ya himmatu ga ɗayan.
A cikin 1812, Babbage ya koma Peterhouse, Cambridge.Shi ne babban masanin lissafi a can, amma bai kammala karatunsa da daraja ba. A maimakon haka ya sami digiri ba tare da jarrabawa ba a 1814. Ya kare wani kasida da aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin takaddamar farko na jama'a, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan hujja tana da alaka da rashin zama jarrabawar.
Bayan Cambridge
Bisa la'akari da sunansa, Babbage ya yi sauri ya ci gaba. Ya yi lacca ga Cibiyar Sarauta kan ilmin taurari a shekara ta 1815, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society a 1816.. Bayan kammala karatunsa kuwa, ya nemi mukamai bai yi nasara ba, kuma ba ya da wata sana’a. A cikin 1816 ya kasance ɗan takara don aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin Haileybury; yana da shawarwari daga James Ivory da John Playfair, amma ya sha kashi a hannun Henry Walter. A cikin 1819, Babbage da Herschel sun ziyarci Paris da Ƙungiyar Arcueil, inda suka gana da manyan malaman lissafi da physic na Faransa.A waccan shekarar Babbage ya nemi zama farfesa a Jami’ar Edinburgh, tare da shawarar Pierre Simon Laplace; sakon ya tafi ga William Wallace.
Tare da Herschel, Babbage ya yi aiki a kan electrodynamics na juyawa Arago, ya buga a 1825. Bayanin su na wucin gadi ne kawai, Michael Faraday ya dauka kuma ya fadada shi. Abubuwan al'amura yanzu sun kasance wani ɓangare na ka'idar igiyar ruwa, kuma Babbage da Herschel sun rasa wasu alamu na haɗin kai na ka'idar lantarki, kasancewa kusa da dokar ƙarfin Ampère.
Babbage ya sayi teburan wasan kwaikwayo na George Barrett, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1821 ya bar aikin da ba a buga ba, kuma ya bincika filin a cikin 1826 a cikin Kwatanta Ra'ayin Cibiyoyin Daban-daban don Tabbatar da Rayuwa.[30] Wannan sha'awar ta biyo bayan wani aiki na kafa kamfanin inshora, wanda Francis Baily ya jagoranta kuma aka yi ta a 1824, amma ba a aiwatar da shi ba.[31] Babbage ya lissafta allunan aiki don wannan makirci, ta yin amfani da bayanan mace-macen Al'umma masu Adalci daga 1762 zuwa gaba.
A cikin wannan lokacin duka, Babbage ya dogara da goyon bayan mahaifinsa, ya ba da halin mahaifinsa ga farkon aurensa, na 1814: shi da Edward Ryan sun auri 'yan'uwan Whitmore. Ya yi gida a Marylebone a Landan kuma ya kafa iyali mai yawa[33]. A rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1827, Babbage ya gaji babban kadara (kimanin kusan fam 100,000, kwatankwacin fam miliyan 9.21 ko kuma dala miliyan 12.6 a yau), ya mai da shi arziƙi mai zaman kansa.. Bayan rasuwar matarsa a wannan shekarar ya dauki lokaci yana tafiya. A Italiya ya sadu da Leopold II, Grand Duke na Tuscany, yana misalta ziyarar Piedmont daga baya A cikin Afrilu 1828 ya kasance a Roma, kuma yana dogara ga Herschel don gudanar da aikin injiniya na bambanci, lokacin da ya ji cewa ya zama farfesa a Cambridge, matsayin da ya kasa samu sau uku (a 1820, 1823 da 1826).
Mutuwa
Ya mutu ne ranar 18 ga watan octoban shekara ta 1871.
Ayyukan kimiya
Babbage yayi ayyukan kimiyya kaman haka, Mathematics, Engineering, Political economic, Cumputer Science.
Ilimi
Babbage yayi makaran ta kwalegi a , Trinity kwalege, Cambridge.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1791 |
24124 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi%20Nakamoto | Satoshi Nakamoto | Satoshi Nakamoto suna ne da presumed pseudonymous suke amfani dashi wanda ya kirkiri bitcoin, sannan ya samar da ita bitcoin din white paper, reference implementation. A matsayin sashen kirkira, sanna shina wanda ya fara kirkiran blockchain database. A wannan mataki, shine wanda ya fara bada shawara akan kawar da matsalolin double-spending a digital currency tare da amfani da peer-to-peer network. ya tsaya tsayin daka domin samar da bitcoin har ya zuwa watan Disemba 2010. Dayawan mutane sun yi ikirari akan cewa sune .
Ci gaban bitcoin
ya baiyana code na bitcoin wanda ya fara a 2007. zuwa 18 August 2008, shi ko abokin aikin sa yayi mata rigiista da domain mai suna bitcoin.org, sannan ya kirkiri shafin yanar gizo da sunan wato bitcoin. On 31 October, ya gaba white paper a cryptography mailing list a metzdowd.com domin faiyace digital cryptocurrency, mai suna "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".
A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2009, ya saki sigar 0.1 na software na bitcoin akan SourceForge, kuma ya ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwar ne ta hanyar ayyana asalin toshewar bitcoin (lambar toshe 0), wanda ke da lada na bitcoins 50. An saka shi a cikin ma'amala ta musayar wannan shinge shine rubutun: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor a gab da bayar da belin yana ambaton kanun labarai a jaridar The Times ta Burtaniya da aka buga a wannan ranar. An kuma fassara wannan bayanin a matsayin duka timestamp da tsokaci mai tsoka game da rashin kwanciyar hankali da bankin keɓaɓɓe ya haifar.
ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da hadaka akan bitcoin har zuwa tsakiyar 2010, yana gudanar da dukkan tsare-tsare na source code da kansa. sannan ya tsarin source code repository da mabudin sanarwa na yana gizo ga Gavin Andresen, sannan ya raba domain ma bambamta ga mukarraban bitcoin.
Halaye da ainihi
Wasu sun ɗauki na iya zama ƙungiyar mutane: Dan Kaminsky, mai binciken tsaro wanda ya karanta lambar bitcoin, ce yana iya zama “ƙungiyar mutane” ko kuma “haziƙi”; Laszlo Hanyecz, mai haɓakawa wanda ya aika wa , yana da jin lambar an tsara ta sosai don mutum ɗaya; John McAfee ya yi da'awar ya kasance "ƙungiyar mutane goma sha ɗaya". Gavin Andresen ya ce game da Lambar code: "Ya kasance ƙwararre mai kodin, amma yana da ban tsoro."
Amfani da Ingilishi na Ingilishi a cikin tsokaci na lambar tushe da rubuce - rubuce na dandalin tattaunawa - kamar furucin '' mai tsananin jini '', sharuddan kamar '' lebur '' da '' lissafi '', da kuma rubutun "launin toka" da "launi" - ya haifar da hasashe cewa , ko aƙalla mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar da ke da'awar cewa shi ne, ya kasance asalin Commonwealth. Maganar jaridar Times ta London a farkon toshe bitcoin na ya ba da shawara ga wasu sha'awa ta musamman ga gwamnatin Burtaniya.
Stefan Thomas, injiniyan software na Switzerland kuma memba na al'umma mai aiki, ya zayyana timetamps na kowane sakonnin dandalin bitcoin (sama da 500); ginshiƙi ya nuna raguwar kusan zuwa kusan babu rubutu tsakanin awanni 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe Lokaci Ma'anar Greenwich . Wannan ya kasance tsakanin 2 na yamma zuwa 8 na yamma Lokaci na Japan, yana ba da shawarar yanayin bacci mai ban mamaki ga wanda ake tsammanin yana zaune a Japan. Kamar yadda wannan tsarin ya kasance gaskiya koda a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi, ya ba da shawarar cewa akai -akai yana bacci a wannan lokacin.
Asalin ne ba a sani ba, amma baki sun focussed a kan daban-daban cryptography da kwamfuta kimiyya masana, mafi yawa na wadanda ba Japanese lõkacin saukarsa.
Hal Finney
Hal Finney (4 ga Mayu 1956-28 ga Agusta 2014) ya kasance majagaba na crypto kafin bitcoin kuma mutum na farko (ban da da kansa) don amfani da software, rahotannin bug na fayil, da ingantawa. Ya kuma rayu 'yan tubalan daga wani mutum mai suna' Dorian Satoshi ', a cewar ɗan jaridar Forbes Andy Greenberg. Greenberg ya tambayi mai ba da shawara kan nazarin rubutu Juola & Associates don kwatanta samfurin rubutun Finney da '', kuma sun same shi kamannin mafi kusanci wanda har yanzu suka gamu da su, gami da idan aka kwatanta da 'yan takarar da Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson da Skye Gray suka ba da shawara. Greenberg ya yi hasashen cewa wataƙila Finney ya kasance mawallafi ne a madadin , ko kuma kawai ya yi amfani da maƙwabcinsa Dorian a matsayin "digo" ko "patsy wanda ake amfani da bayanansa na sirri don ɓoye ayyukan kan layi". Koyaya, bayan haduwa da Finney, ganin imel tsakanin sa da da tarihin walat ɗin bitcoin (gami da farkon ma'amalar bitcoin daga zuwa gare shi, wanda ya manta ya biya) kuma da jin musun sa, Greenberg ya kammala da cewa Finney yana faɗin gaskiya. Juola & Associates sun kuma gano cewa Imel ɗin Finney ya yi kama da sauran rubuce -rubuce fiye da na Finney. Finney ta 'yan'uwanmu extropian da kuma wani lokacin co-blogger Robin Hanson sanya wani kayadadden Yiwuwar "a kalla" 15% cewa "Hal aka fi hannu fiye da ya ta ce", kafin ƙarin shaidun da shawarar cewa ba haka al'amarin.
Dorian
A cikin babban labarin 6 Maris 2014 a cikin mujallar Newsweek, 'yar jarida Leah McGrath Goodman ta gano Dorian Prentice , wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ne da ke zaune a California, wanda sunan haihuwarsa , a matsayin cikin tambaya. Bayan sunansa, Goodman ya yi nuni da wasu hujjoji da dama da ke nuna cewa shi mai ƙirƙira bitcoin ne. An koyar da shi azaman masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Cal Poly a Pomona, yayi aiki a matsayin injiniyan injiniya akan ayyukan tsaro na musamman da injiniyan kwamfuta don fasaha da kamfanonin sabis na bayanan kuɗi. an sallame shi sau biyu a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar 'yarsa, kuma ya karfafa mata gwiwar fara kasuwancin nata "ba a karkashin babban yatsa na gwamnati ba." A cikin labarin mafi girman shaidar, Goodman ya rubuta cewa lokacin da ta tambaye shi game da bitcoin yayin ɗan gajeren hirar mutum, Da alama ya tabbatar da asalinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa bitcoin ta hanyar furta: “Ban shiga cikin hakan ba kuma ba zan iya tattauna shi ba. An ba da shi ga wasu mutane. Su ke kula da shi yanzu. Ba ni da wata alaƙa. ”
Buga labarin ya haifar da sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai, gami da manema labarai da ke sansani kusa da Dorian gidansu da dabara suna binsa da mota lokacin da yayi tuƙi don yin hira. Koyaya, yayin hirar mai cikakken tsawon lokaci, Dorian ya musanta duk wata alaƙa da bitcoin, yana mai cewa bai taɓa jin labarin kuɗin ba a da, kuma ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa game da aikin da ya gabata ne na 'yan kwangila na soja, yawancinsu an rarrabasu. A cikin hirar Reddit "tambaya-ni-komai", ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa yana da alaƙa da aikinsa na Citibank . Daga baya a wannan rana, da pseudonymous Asusun P2P Foundation ya buga saƙo na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa: "Ni ba Dorian . " A watan Satumba, asusun ya sake buga wani sako yana cewa an yi masa kutse, inda ya haifar da tambayoyi kan sahihancin sakon da ya gabata.
A watan Disamba na 2013, blogger Skye Gray ya haɗa Nick Szabo da farar takarda ta bitcoin ta amfani da hanyar da ya bayyana a matsayin bincike na salo . Szabo mai son kuɗi ne mai rarrabawa, kuma ya buga takarda akan "bit zinariya", ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fara bitcoin. An san cewa yana da sha'awar yin amfani da sunaye a cikin shekarun 1990. A cikin labarin Mayu 2011, Szabo ya faɗi game da mahaliccin bitcoin: "Ni kaina, , da Hal Finney sune kawai mutanen da na sani waɗanda ke son ra'ayin (ko a cikin idan har ra'ayinsa mai alaƙa) ya isa ya bi shi har zuwa (dauka ba Finney bane ko ). "
Marubucin kuɗi Dominic Frisby yana ba da shaidu da yawa amma, kamar yadda ya yarda, babu wata hujja cewa shine Sabo. Koyaya, Szabo ya musanta kasancewa . A cikin imel na Yuli 2014 zuwa Frisby, ya ce: “Na gode don sanar da ni. Ina tsoron kada ku yi kuskure doxing ni a matsayin , amma na saba da shi. ” Nathaniel Popper ya rubuta a cikin New York Times cewa "hujja mafi gamsarwa ta nuna wani ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Hungary mai suna Nick Szabo."
Craig Wright
A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, Wired ya rubuta cewa Craig Steven Wright, masanin ilimin Australiya, "ko dai ya ƙirƙira bitcoin ko kuma ƙwararren mahaukaci ne wanda ke matukar son mu yarda cewa ya yi". Craig Wright ya saukar da asusun sa na Twitter kuma shi ko tsohuwar matar sa ba ta amsa tambayoyin manema labarai ba. A wannan ranar, Gizmodo ya buga labari tare da shaidar da ake zargin wani dan gwanin kwamfuta ya shiga cikin asusun imel na Wright, yana mai cewa sunaye ne na haɗin gwiwa na Craig Steven Wright da kuma masanin binciken kwakwaf na kwamfuta David Kleiman, wanda ya mutu a 2013. Jon Matonis (tsohon darektan Gidauniyar Bitcoin ) da mai haɓaka bitcoin Gavin Andresen da kuma masanin kimiyyar Ian Grigg sun goyi bayan da'awar Wright.
Yawancin shahararrun masu tallata bitcoin sun kasance ba su gamsu da rahotannin ba. Rahotannin da suka biyo baya kuma sun tayar da yuwuwar shaidar da aka bayar ta zama ƙarara, wanda Wired ya yarda da "jefa shakku" akan shawarar su cewa Wright shine . Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Bitrus Todd ya ce post ɗin blog ɗin Wright, wanda ya bayyana yana ƙunshe da hujjojin ɓoye, a zahiri bai ƙunshi komai ba. Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Jeff Garzik ya yarda cewa shaidar da Wright ya bayar a bainar jama'a ba ta tabbatar da komai ba, kuma mai binciken tsaro Dan Kaminsky ya kammala da'awar Wright da cewa "zamba ce da gangan".
A cikin 2019 Wright yayi rijistar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fararen takarda bitcoin da lambar don Bitcoin 0.1. Teamungiyar Wright sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan "amincewar hukumar gwamnati ce ta Craig Wright a matsayin "; Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai da ke fayyace cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba.
Sauran 'yan takara
A cikin labarin 2011 a cikin New Yorker, Joshua Davis ya yi iƙirarin taƙaita asalin ga mutane da dama da za su yiwu, ciki har da masanin tattalin arziƙin Finnish Dokta Vili Lehdonvirta da ɗalibin Irish Michael Clear, wanda a cikin 2008 dalibi ne mai karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin . Clear ya musanta cewa shi , kamar yadda Lehdonvirta yayi.
A cikin Oktoba 2011, rubutawa ga Fast Company, ɗan jarida mai bincike Adam Penenberg ya kawo shaidu da ke nuna cewa Neal King, Vladimir Oksman da Charles Bry na iya zama . Sun haɗu tare da aikace -aikacen patent wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar "ƙididdigar da ba ta dace ba don juyawa" a cikin 2008, wanda kuma . An yi rijistar sunan yankin bitcoin.org kwanaki uku bayan an shigar da patent. Duk mutanen uku sun musanta kasancewa lokacin da Penenberg ta tuntube shi.
A watan Mayu 2013, Ted Nelson yayi hasashen cewa dan kasar Japan ne . Daga baya, an buga wata kasida a jaridar The Age da ta yi ikirarin cewa ya musanta wadannan hasashe, amma ba tare da danganta tushen musun ba.
Labarin 2013 a cikin Mataimakin ya lissafa Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, ko wata hukumar gwamnati a matsayin 'yan takarar zama .
A cikin 2013, masanan ilmin lissafi na Isra’ila biyu, Dorit Ron da Adi Shamir, sun buga wata takarda da ke ikirarin haɗi tsakanin da Ross Ulbricht . Su biyun sun dogara da tuhumarsu akan nazarin cibiyar sadarwar ma'amaloli na bitcoin, amma daga baya sun janye da'awarsu.
A cikin 2016, Financial Times ta ce wataƙila ƙungiyar mutane ce da ke ambaton Hal Finney, Nick Szabo, Cyrano Jones da Adam Back a matsayin membobi masu yuwuwa. A cikin 2020, tashar YouTube Barely Sociable ta yi iƙirarin cewa Adam Back, wanda ya ƙirƙira magabacin bitcoin Hashcash, shine . Baya baya musanta wannan.
Elon Musk musanta cewa shi Nakamoto a tweet a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2017, amsa hasashe baya mako a wani medium.com post da wani tsohon SpaceX ɗalibin kwalejin likita.
A cikin jaridar 2019 Evan Ratliff ya yi iƙirarin dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi Paul Le Roux na iya zama .
Manazarta
[./Satoshi_Nakamoto#cite_ref-79 Ƙari] "Shin wannan mai siyar da magunguna na duniya ne ya ƙirƙira Bitcoin? Baka! " . AUREN .
Hanyoyin waje
Alamar Satoshi . Andrew O'Hagan akan rayuwar Satoshi Nakamoto da yawa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50444 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot%20Adler | Margot Adler | Articles with hCards
Margot Susanna Adler (Afrilu 16, shekara ta 1946 - Yuli 28, shekara ta 2014) marubuciyar Ba'amurka ce, 'yar jarida, malama, firist Wiccan, kuma wakiliyar New York na Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa (NPR).
Rayuwarta ta farko
An haifeta a Little Rock, Arkansas, Adler ta girma galibi acikin New York City. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare na Kiɗa & Art (daga baya ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare na Yin Arts don zama Makarantar Kiɗa na LaGuardia da Fasaha da Fasaha ) acikin New York City. Kakanta, Alfred Adler, sanannen masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yahudawa ne, mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Sigmund Freud kuma wanda ta kafa makarantar ilimin halin ɗan adam .
Iliminta
Adler ta sami digiri na farko na fasaha a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley da digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Graduate na Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia a New York a shekara ta 1970. Ta kasance ' yar Nieman a Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta 1982.
Aikin jarida da rediyo
A tsakiyar shekara ta 1960s, Adler tayi aiki a matsayin mai bada rahoto nasa kai na KPFA-FM, Gidan Rediyon Pacifica a Berkeley, California . Bayan ta koma New York City, tayi aiki a tashar 'yar'uwarta, WBAI-FM, inda, acikin shekara ta 1972, ta ƙirƙira wasan kwaikwayo na Hour na Wolf (har yanzu a cikin iska kamar yadda Jim Freund ta shirya), kuma daga baya wani nunin magana, ake kira Unstuck in Time .
Adler ta shiga NPR acikin shekararb 1979 a matsayin babbar mai bada rahoto, bayan ta kwashe shekara guda a matsayin mai bada rahoto mai zaman kanta na NPR wanda ke rufe birnin New York, kuma daga baya tayi aiki akan abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi batutuwa daban-daban kamar hukuncin kisa, ' yancin mutuwa motsi, da mayar da martani ga yaki a Kosovo, wasan kwamfuta, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ecstasy, geek al'adu, yara da fasaha da kuma Pokémon . Bayan 9/11, ta mayar da hankali ga yawancin ayyukanta akan labarun binciken abubuwan da suka shafi ɗan adam a birnin New York, daga asarar ƙaunatattun, gidaje da ayyuka, don yin aiki acikin aikin agaji. Itace mai masaukin baki na Justice Talking har sai wasan kwaikwayon ta daina samarwa a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2008. Ta kasance murya ta yau da kullum akan Bugawar Safiya da Duk Abubuwan da aka La'akari . Har ila yau, ta kasance mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo mai lambar yabo, Ranar Yaki .
Neopaganism
Adler ya rubuta Drawing Down Moon, littafi na shekara ta 1979 game da Neopaganism wanda aka sake dubawa acikin shekararb 2006. Wasu matsugunan ruwa suna ɗaukar littafin a cikin da'irar Neopagan na Amurka, kamar yadda ya bada cikakkiyar kallo na farko game da addinai na zamani acikin Amurka. Shekaru da yawa shine kawai aikin gabatarwa game da al'ummomin Neopagan na Amurka.
Littafinta na biyu, Zuciyar Heretic: Tafiya ta Ruhu da Juyin Juyi, Beacon Press ne ta buga a shekara ta 1997. Adler ta kasance firist Wiccan, dattijo acikin Alkawari na baiwar Allah, kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bangaskiya ta Unitarian Universalist .
Mutuwarta
A farkon shekara ta2011, an gano Adler tana tare da ciwon daji na endometrial, wanda ya daidaita acikin shekaru uku masu zuwa. Adler ta mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2014 tana da shekaru 68. Ta kasance kusan batada wata alama har tsakiyar shekara ta 2014. An kula da Adler acikin watanninta na ƙarshe ɗanta.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
1979 - Zane Ƙarƙashin Wata: Bokaye, Maguzawa, Masu bautar Allah, da sauran Maguzawa a Amurka a yau
1997 - Zuciyar Bidi'a: Tafiya ta Ruhi da Juyin Juya Hali (Beacon Press)
2000 - Hanyarmu zuwa Taurari ta Margot Adler & John Gliedman - Injin Motoci Intl ,
2013 – Fita don Kindle Single
2014 - Vampires Ne Mu (Littattafan Weiser) ,
Gudunmawarta zuwa
1989 – Warkar da raunuka: Alkawari na Ecofeminism - Judith Plant (edita) (New Society Pub)
1994 - Komawar babbar baiwar Allah ta Burleigh Muten ( Shambhala )
1995 - Mutanen Duniya: Sabbin Maguzawa suna Magana ta Ellen Evert Hopman, Lawrence Bond ( Hadisai na ciki )
2001 – Maguzawan Zamani: Bincike na Zamani (Sake/Bincike)
2002 - Motsin Magana na Kyauta: Tunani akan Berkeley a cikin 1960s Robert Cohen da Reginald E. Zelnik ne suka gyara ( Jami'ar California Press )
2003 ' Yar'uwa ta Har abada: Littattafan Mata na Sabuwar Millennium (Adler ya rubuta "Sararin Ciki: Farkon Ruhaniya") - edita daga Robin Morgan ( Washington Square Press )
2005 - Cakes da Ale don Ruhin Maguzawa: Tafsiri, Recipes, da Tunani daga Dattawan Neopagan da Malamai - Patricia Telesco ( Cibiyar Fasahar Sama )
Hotunanta
1986 - Daga Boka zuwa Likita-Likita: Masu warkarwa, masu warkarwa da Shamans ACE - Lacca akan kaset
1986 - The Magickal Movement: Present and Future (tare da Isaac Bonewits, Selena Fox, da Robert Anton Wilson ) ACE - Tattaunawar panel akan kaset
Duba kuma
Maggie Shayne
Murry Hope
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Vale, V. da John Sulak (2001). Maguzawan Zamani . San Francisco: Sake/Bincike wallafe-wallafe. ISBN 1-889307-10-6
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Appearances on C-SPAN
Haifaffun 1946 |
50438 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20Higgins | Polly Higgins | Pauline Helène "Polly" Higgins FRSGS (4 Yuli 1968 - 21 Afrilu 2019) 'yar asalin Scotland ce, marubuciya, kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli, wanda Jonathan Watts ya bayyana a cikin tarihin mutuwarta a cikin The Guardian a matsayin, "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin green movement". Ta bar aikinta na lauya don mai da hankali kan fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma ba ta yi nasara ba ta nemi Hukumar Doka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa. Higgins ta rubuta littattafai guda uku, ciki har da Eradicating Ecocide, kuma ta fara ƙungiyar masu kare duniya don tara kuɗi don tallafawa lamarin.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Higgins ta girma a Blanefield kudu da Highland Boundary Fault a gindin Dutsen Campsie a Scotland. Mahaifinta masanin yanayi ne a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai fasaha. iyalan sun yi aiki game da yanayi da al'amuran kore (climate and green) sun yi tasiri a farkon shekarunta. Bayan ta halarci makarantar Glasgow Jesuit St Aloysius' College (1986) ta kammala digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Aberdeen (1990) sannan ta sami Diploma ajin Farko daga Jami'ar Utrecht da Jami'ar Glasgow bayan kammala karatun digiri (1991). A lokacin shekarunta na jami'a, ta yi aiki tare da Friedensreich Hundertwasser, mai fasaha kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli daga Austria. Daga baya suka tafi Vienna, inda ta sami tasirantu a kan motsin halittu na Turai. A cikin 2013, ta sami Doctor Honoris Causa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci Lausanne, Switzerland.
Ta sami horo a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar City da Inns of Court School of Law a London; a 1998, an kira ta zuwa Bar (a Ingila). Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya da ke Landan, ta kware a fannin shari'ar kamfanoni da aiki.
Shawara (Advocacy)
A ƙarshen shari'ar shekaru uku da ke wakiltar mutumin da ya ji rauni a wurin aiki, Higgins ta bayyana kallon taga a Kotun daukaka kara kuma tana tunanin "Ana raunata da kuma cutar da ƙasa kuma ba a yin komai a kai." da kuma "ƙasa na bukatar lauya nagari". Bayan haka, ta daina aiki a matsayin lauya don mai da hankali kan bayar da shawarar kafa dokar kasa da kasa da za ta hukunta shugabannin kasuwanci da gwamnatoci ta hanyar sanya su da laifi kan cutar da muhalli da suke haifarwa. George Monbiot ya bayyana irin tasirin da wannan zai iya yi.
An gabatar da Ecocide a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin laifuffukan yaƙi da zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin 1996, amma ba a haɗa su cikin ƙa'idar Rome ta ƙarshe ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya. Higgins ta fara kamfen don haɗa shi a kusan 2009. Ta bayyana a cikin 2010 cewa ecocide "yana haifar da raguwar albarkatu, kuma inda aka sami raguwar albarkatu, yaƙi yana zuwa a baya. Inda irin wannan halaka ta taso daga ayyukan ɗan adam, ana iya ɗaukar ecocide a matsayin laifi ga zaman lafiya.” Ta yi kira ga Hukumar Doka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa, amma a lokacin mutuwarta, ba a cimma wannan buri ba.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗinta, Higgins ta rubuta Eradicating Ecocide kuma ta fara ƙungiyar tara kuɗi ta Kare Duniya. Ta kasance wacce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Dokar Duniya. A cikin 2009, mujallar Ecologist ta bayyana Higgins a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani goma a duniya". An sanya ta lamba 35 a cikin jerin mata 100 masu jan hankali na duniya na 2016 Salt magazine.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Bayan barin Scotland, Higgins ta zauna a London kuma daga baya ta zauna kusa da Stroud, Gloucestershire. Ta auri Ian Lawrie, alkali da QC.
A cikin watan Maris 2019, George Monbiot ya bayyana cewa an gano Higgins da ciwon daji na ƙarshe. Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, tana da shekaru 50. An binne ta a Slad, Gloucestershire.
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
Littattafai
Kawar da Ecocide: Dokoki da Mulki don Hana Lalacewar Duniyar Mu (2010)
Duniya Kasuwancinmu ne: Canja Dokokin Wasan (2012) )
I Dare you to be Great (2014) )
Dare to be Great (2020) ( (sake bugawa tare da sabon gabatarwa & appendices)
Takardu
Higgins, Polly; Short, Damien; Kudu, Nigel (2013). "Kare duniya: A tsari na dokar ecocide". Laifuka, Doka da Canjin Jama'a. 59 (3): 251-266. doi: 10.1007/ s10611-013-9413-6. S2CID 145471989.
Daraja da Karramawa
1998 - Kira zuwa Bar
2009 - Masanin ilimin halittu - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani na hangen nesa goma na duniya wanda "ta nuna kyakkyawan hangen nesa don kyakkyawar duniya"
2010-11 - Kyautar Littafin Jama'a - Ban da almara - Kawar da Ecocide ta Polly Higgins
2012 - Rachel Carson 50th Anniversary Memorial Lecture 2012 (London da Netherlands) - "Ending the Era of Ecocide" (Ecocide - Laifi na Biyar Against Aminci)
2013-14 - Arne Naess Shugaban Farfesa (non-educated) a cikin Adalci na Duniya da Muhalli a Jami'ar Oslo, Norway
2016 - Salt magazine: - Salt da Diageo Manyan Mata 100 masu jan hankali na Duniya, #35 Polly Higgins
2017 - Daraja na Ekotopfilm, Slovakia, "Shawarwarinta na tsawaita ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa za ta ayyana ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa tare da kisan kare dangi, laifukan yaki, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama da laifuka na zalunci."
2019 - Ekotopfilm, Slovakia - Kyautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Polly Higgins
Kayan ado na Scotland
Royal Scottish Geographical Society: - Shackleton Medal, 2018
Kyauta
An zabi kawar da Ecocide wanda ba na almara ba wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Jama'a na kasa a cikin 2011. Higgins ta gabatar da Laccar Tunawa da Rachel Carson a cikin 2012. Ta gudanar da digiri na girmamawa (non-academic) Arne Naess Farfesa a Jami'ar Oslo (2013-14) kuma ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci Lausanne, Switzerland (2013). An ba ta kyautar zumunci na Royal Scottish Geographical Society a cikin 2018. Sauran lambobin yabonta sun haɗa da Polarbröd 's Utstickarpriset for Future Leadership (2016) da lambar yabo ta Ekotopfilm ta Slovakian (2017).
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2019
Haihuwan 1968 |
46581 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Rundunar%20Soji%20da%20Ma%E2%80%99aikata%2C%20Jaji | Kwalejin Rundunar Soji da Ma’aikata, Jaji | Kwalejin Rundunar Soji da Ma’aikata, Jaji wurin horar da sojojin Najeriya ne da suka haɗa da sojoji da na sama da na ruwa. Yana kusa da ƙauyen Jaji, Nigeria, kusan 35 km (22 mi) daga arewa maso gabashin Kaduna a karamar hukumar Igabi (LGA) ta jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin Air Vice Marshal OA TUWASE.
Tarihi
An bude Kwalejin Runduna da Ma’aikata a Jaji a watan Mayun na shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da shida 1976A.c, inda aka ba da kwasa-kwasan manyan hafsoshi biyu. A watan Afrilu na Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978, an faɗaɗa kwalejin a lokacin da aka kafa karamar hukumar soji don gudanar da kwasa-kwasan Masu shugabanci-(Captains) a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. Bataliyar Muzaharar, Makarantar Makarantu ta Sojoji, da tallafin sulke daga wata bataliyar masu sulke a Kaduna su ma sun kasance a Jaji. A cikin watan Satumba na Shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978, tare da bude jami'o'in sojan sama, Jaji, an sake fasalin Kwalejin Command and Staff College. An kafa Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa a cikin watan Satumba shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981, tare da tattara duk manyan sassan soja a cikin harabar jami'a guda. A shekarar alif dari tara da tamarin da shida 1986, jami’ai 1,172 ne suka kammala karatu daga manyan sassan fannoni a makarantar da ke Jaji, sannan 1,320 daga kananan sassan fannoni.
Asalin kwasa-kwasan manyan hafsoshi sun dogara ne akan tsarin karatu da aka samo daga na Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Sojan Biritaniya, Camberley, kuma ƙungiyar ba da shawara daga Sojojin Burtaniya ta taimaka wajen kafa kwalejin. Wanda zai gaje ƙungiyar shawara, Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarar Yaƙi ta Haɗin gwiwa, ta kasance har zuwa Oktoba 1988.
A watan Satumban 2005, Ministan Sojin Burtaniya Adam Ingram ya ziyarci Jaji inda ya sanar da cewa za a ware karin fam 200,000 na Burtaniya don taimaka wa wajen horar da sojojin Najeriya sama da 17,000 a matsayin dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya a Afirka.
A watan Nuwamba 2006, Yariman Wales na Burtaniya ya ziyarci Najeriya inda ya duba sojoji a Jaji.
Darussa da Makarantu
Domin cimma manufarta, kwalejin tana gudanar da darussa guda uku, wato:
Babban Course na Majors da makamancin su,
Junior Course na Captains da makamancin su, da
Koyarwar Ayyukan Ma'aikata don Manyan NCOs ( Jami'an da ba a ba da izini ba ) na Sabis 3. Manyan Sassan Kasa, Ruwa da Yakin Sama suna gudanar da kwas na hadin gwiwa na shekara guda a kowace shekara ga jami'an manyan jami'ai ko makamancinsa.
Karatuttukan na ƙananan sassan uku suna gudanar da kwasa-kwasan makonni 20 ga jami’an a matsayin kyaftin a cikin Sojoji ko makamancinsa a kowace shekara ta ilimi. Daliban da suka yi nasara ana ba su lambar yabo ta Pass Staff Course (psc) da Pass Junior Staff Course (pjsc) a ƙarshen manyan darussan kanana.
Sanannen ma'aikata
Abdulmumini Aminu, gwamnan jihar Borno
Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon hafsan hafsan soji
Dan Archibong, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Cross River
Dele Joseph Ezeoba, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan ruwa
Emmanuel Acholonu, daga baya gwamnan jihar Katsina
Gideon Orkar, jagoran juyin mulkin Afrilu 1990
John Mark Inienger, kwamandan ECOMOG a Laberiya
John Nanzip Shagaya, daga baya Sanata
Joshua Anaja, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Filato
Martin Luther Agwai, Babban Hafsan Sojoji
Tukur Yusuf Buratai, Chief of Army Staff
Sani Bello, Gwamnan Jihar Kano
Suraj Abdurrahman, Kwamandan Rundunar Sojin Laberiya
Alwali Kazir, Chief of Army Staff
Oladipo Philip Ayeni, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Bayelsa
Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai
Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon hafsan hafsan soji
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Mai mulkin Najeriya
Owoye Andrew Azazi, babban hafsan soji kuma babban hafsan tsaro
Emmanuel Ukaegbu, daga baya shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Anambra
Jonah Wuyep, hafsan hafsoshin sojojin sama
Femi John Femi, shugaban hafsan sojin sama
Olagunsoye Oyinlola, gwamnan jihar Osun
Paul Obi, gwamnan jihar Bayelsa
Abubakar Tanko Ayuba, Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna kuma Sanata
Dominic Oneya, mai kula da jihar Kano da jihar Benue
Amadi Ikwechegh, gwamnan jihar Imo
Tunji Olurin, gwamnan jihar Oyo, mai gudanarwa na jihar Ekiti
Lawan Gwadabe, Gwamnan Jihar Neja
Oladipo Philip Ayeni, shugaban mulkin soja na farko na jihar Bayelsa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje |
32534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fenner | Peggy Fenner | Dame Peggy Edith Fenner, DBE (rayuwa, 12 Nuwamba 1922 - 15 Satumba 2014) 'yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya.
Siyasa
Ta shiga jam'iyyar Conservative Party a 1952, an zabe ta a majalisar Sevenoaks shekaru biyar bayan haka, ta yi jagoranci a tsakanin shekarun 1962 da 1963; ta kuma yi aiki a babban jami'in ilimi na West Kent. Ta yi tasiri mai karfi a tsakanin Kentish Tories, kuma a cikin shekarar 1964 aka zaba a gaban masu neman 104, kusan dukkanin maza, don maye gurbin Harold Macmillan a Bromley. Ta rasa a zaben karshe, sannan kuma a Brighton Kemptown inda jam'iyyar ke nema kuma ba za ta gaza ta soke rinjayen Labour bakwai ba.
Bayan rashin nasarar ta yakin neman kujerar Newcastle-karkashin Lyme a shekara ta 1966, an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na Rochester da Chatham a babban zaben 1970. Rochester da Chatham Conservatives sun zabe ta don yin takarar MP Anne Kerr na Left-wing Labour, kuma a cikin 1970 ta inganta rawar kasa don kama kujerar da kuri'u 5,341. Dukkan 'yan takarar biyu sun yi nadama kan cewa dayar ba za ta iya samun mutumin da zai kayar da shi a wani wuri ba, kuma lokacin da Peggy Fenner ta isa zauren majalisar, batutuwan mata ne ta dauka.
Nasarar da ta samu ta farko ita ce ta tilastawa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da su yi watsi da shirin "dial a sailor" don jama'a don abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin da ke tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na gida, bayan matan sojojin ruwa sun koka. Ta shiga cikin wasu matan Tory wajen ƙoƙarin gyara dokokin saki na kwanan nan wanda ya kawo karshen 'yancin "jam'iyyar da ba ta da laifi" ta hana saki bayan shekaru biyar. Ayyukanta a kan Kwamitin Zaɓar Kuɗi sun burge, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1972 Heath ta nada Mataimakin Sakatare na Aikin Noma na Majalisar Dokoki tare da alhakin farashin, wanda ya zama batun kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya ya tashi. Peggy Fenner ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Majalisar a Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci, tare da alhakin abinci, daga Nuwamba 1972 zuwa Fabrairu 1974 a karkashin Edward Heath, kuma daga Satumba 1981 zuwa Satumba 1986 a karkashin Margaret Thatcher. Bayan barin gwamnati a 1986 an nada ta Dame Kwamanda na Order of the British Empire.
A maiakatar MAFF ta tabbatar dokar da ta tilasta wa masu sana'ar abinci da su sanya ranakun sayar da kayayyaki, amma ta shafe mafi yawan lokutanta don magance hauhawar farashin nama, wanda ya haifar da karanci a duniya, tare da bayyana karin kashi 48 cikin 100. a farashin abinci a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin da Willie Hamilton na Labour ya yi korafin an caje shi 5p na ayaba, ta gaya masa a hankali: “Hakika za ku iya yin wani taimako da siyayyar ku. Na sayi ayaba shida akan 17p kwanan nan, kuma ba ni da lokacin yin siyayya.” Hamilton ya dawo mako mai zuwa yana mai cewa yanzu an caje shi 16½p na ayaba uku.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1974 zaben da Heath ya kira kan yajin aikin masu hakar ma'adinai, Peggy Fenner ta yi yaki da Roger Kenward, Labour, kuma rinjayenta ya ragu zuwa 843. A bangaren adawa, ta shiga cikin tawagar Birtaniyya a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da aka zaba a lokacin. Ta halarci zaman kadan ne kawai kafin Harold Wilson ya kira wani zabe kuma Bob Bean na Labour ya kore ta da kuri'u 2,418. Ta fita daga Commons don hambarar da Mrs Thatcher na Heath, kuma yayin da Tories ke taruwa don komawa gwamnati. Ta lashe kujerar Rochester da Chatham a shekarar 1979, da kuri'u 2,688.
Shawarar da John Nott ya yanke na rufe tashar jirgin ruwa ta Chatham ta yi armashi ga mazabar Peggy Fenner, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka dauka kan dan majalisarsu. Kuma kafin ta iya kaddamar da kamfen na adawa da rufewar, Mrs Thatcher, a watan Satumbar 1981, ta mayar mata da tsohon aikinta a MAFF. Farashin yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da batu, don haka ta iya magance damuwa game da inganci: yanayin da ake ajiye maruƙan maraƙi da kajin batir, adadin mai a cikin mince da ruwa a cikin tsiran alade, dyes a cikin abincin dabbobi, tsauraran matakan kashe kwari, magungunan kashe qwari. ragowar kan lemukan da ke gurbata gin-and-tonics, da rashin dacewa da fim ɗin abinci don dafa abinci na microwave. Ta kuma jagoranci ayyukan farko na Thames Barrier.
A zaben 1983 an soke kujerar Rochester da Chatham kuma an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na sabuwar mazabar Medway . Ta ci gaba da rike kujerar na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu masu zuwa, inda aka sake zabar ta a zabukan 1987 da 1992, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaben 1997 ga Bob Marshall-Andrews na Labour. A kan mutuwar Baroness Jeger a shekara ta 2007, Fenner ta zama mace mafi tsufa da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a Birtaniya.
Misis Thatcher ta kore ta da a watan Satumba na 1986 a jerin kananun ministoci, inda ta biya ta da DBE. Dame Peggy ta zama babban mai fafutukar adawa da babban hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kent zuwa Ramin Channel. Tsawon shekaru goma daga 1987 ta koma Strasbourg a matsayin wakiliyar Majalisar Turai da Tarayyar Turai ta Yammacin Turai.
Zaɓen 1997 ya kawo sauye-sauyen iyakoki da gagarumin rinjaye na ƙasa zuwa Labour. Dame Peggy, tana gab da cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa, ta fadi a zaben da kuri'u 5,354 ga barrister Bob Marshall-Andrews.
Rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1922 a Lewisham, London, a matsayin Peggy Edith Bennett, kakanninta sun kula da ita tun tana karama. Iyayenta sun rabu, tun tana da shekara uku bata sake ganin mahaifinta ba. An yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Majalisar gundumar London a Brockley, Kent ta ci gaba da zuwa makarantar Ide Hill a Sevenoaks amma ta bar shekara 14 tana hidima. A shekarar 1940 tana da shekaru 18 ta auri m Bernard Fenner kuma ta shiga aikin masana'antar yaƙi. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya daya.
Mijinta Bernard Fenner da 'yarsu sun riga ta rasuwa. Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbn, 2014.
Manazarta
"Jagorancin Lokaci ga House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, 1979 da 1997 bugu.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Peggy Fenner
Portraits of Peggy Fenner at the National Portrait Gallery, London
MEP na Ingila mata a karni na 20
Haihuwan 1962
Mutuwar 2014
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel%20Welch | Raquel Welch | Articles with hCards
Jo Raquel Welch (an haifeta 5 ga Satumba shekara ta 1940 - Fabrairu 15, 2023) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma abin koyi ga mutanen Amurka.
Welch ta fara samun kulawa ga rawar da ta taka a cikin Fantastic Voyage (1966), bayan haka ta sami kwangila tare da Fox na 20th Century . Sun ba da rancen kwangilarta zuwa ɗakin studio Hammer Film Productions na Burtaniya, wanda ta yi Shekaru Miliyan Daya BC (1966). Kodayake Welch tana da layuka uku kawai na tattaunawa a cikin fim ɗin, hotunanta a cikin bikini-skin bikini sun zama fitattun fastoci waɗanda suka mayar da ita alamar jima'i ta duniya. Daga baya tazama tauraruwa a cikin Bedazzled (1967), Bandolero! (1968), 100 Bindigogi (1969), Myra Breckinridge (1970), da Hannie Caulder (1971). Ta yi na musamman na talabijin iri-iri.
Ta hanyar hotonta na mata masu karfi, wanda ya taimaka wajen karya tsarin alamar jima'i na al'ada, Welch ta kirkiro wani fim na musamman wanda ya sanya ta alamar 1960s da 1970s. Yunƙurin ta zuwa matsayin tauraruwa a tsakiyar 1960s an yi la'akari da wani bangare tare da kawo ƙarshen haɓakar Hollywood mai ƙarfi na bam ɗin bam . Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun Jarumar Hotunan Motsi a cikin Musical ko Comedy a shekarar 1974 saboda rawar da ta yi a cikin Musketeers uku . An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Fim ɗin Talabijin saboda rawar da ta yi a cikin fim ɗin Right to Die (1987). A cikin 1995, Mujallar Empire ta zaɓi Welch a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Stars Sexiest 100 in History Film". Playboy ya zama Welch No.3 akan jerin sunayensu "100 Sexiest Stars of the Twentieth Century".
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Welch Jo Raquel Tejada a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1940, a Chicago, Illinois. Ita ce ɗiyar fari na Armando Carlos Tejada Urquizo da Josephine Sarah Hall. Mahaifinta, Armando Tejada, injiniyan jirgin sama ne daga La Paz, Bolivia, ɗan Agustin Tejada da Raquel Urquizo. A cikin 2010, yayin da ake yin hira da ita a kan Tavis Smiley, Welch ta ce, "Mahaifina ya fito ne daga wata ƙasa mai suna Bolivia. Ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya." 'yar uwarta, 'yar siyasar Bolivia Lidia Gueiler Tejada, ta zama shugabar kasa mace ta farko a Bolivia kuma mace ta biyu wacce ba 'yar sarauta ba a Amurka. An ba wa Welch sunan kakar mahaifinta. Mahaifiyarta, Josephine Hall, ita ce 'yar magini Emery Stanford Hall da matarsa Clara Louise Adams; Ta kasance zuriyar Ingila. Welch tana da ƙane, James "Jim" Tejada, da ƙanwarsa, Gayle Tejada.
Iyalin sun ƙaura daga Illinois zuwa San Diego, California, lokacin da Welch tana 'yar shekaru biyu. Welch tana halartar Cocin Presbyterian Tekun Pacific kowace Lahadi tare da mahaifiyarta. A matsayin yarinya, Welch tana da sha'awar zama mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da nishaɗi. Ta fara karatun wasan ballet tun tana shekara bakwai, amma bayan ta yi karatu na tsawon shekaru goma, ta bar sana’ar tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai lokacin da malaminta ya gaya mata cewa ba ta da nau’in jikin da ya dace na ƙwararrun kamfanonin ƙwallon ƙafa. Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, ta ci taken kyau kamar Miss Photogenic da Miss Contour. Yayin da ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta La Jolla ta lashe taken Miss La Jolla da taken Miss San Diego – Mafi Kyawun Baje koli – a San Diego County Fair . Wannan dogon layi na gasa kyakkyawa a ƙarshe ya haifar da taken jihar Maid of California. Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da ta gama karatunta.
Welch ta kammala karatunta da girmamawa daga makarantar sakandare a 1958. Neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo, ta shiga Kwalejin San Diego State College akan ƙwararren 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta auri masoyinta na makarantar sakandare, James Welch. Ta ɗauki sunansa na ƙarshe kuma ta kiyaye shi a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta lashe sassa da yawa a cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na gida. A cikin 1959, ta taka rawa a cikin The Ramona Pageant, wasan waje na shekara-shekara a Hemet, California, wanda ya dogara da labari Ramona na Helen Hunt Jackson .
A cikin 1960, Welch ta sami aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da yanayi a KFMB, gidan talabijin na San Diego na gida. Domin rayuwar danginta da ayyukan talabijin suna da matukar bukata sai ta yanke shawarar daina karatun wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan rabuwarta da James Welch, ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta biyu zuwa Dallas, Texas, inda ta yi "rayuwa mai mahimmanci" a matsayin abin koyi ga Neiman Marcus kuma a matsayin ma'aikaciyar hadaddiyar giyar .
Sana'a
1963-1966: Ayyukan farko da ci gaba
Welch da farko ta yi niyyar ƙaura zuwa New York City daga Dallas, amma ta koma Los Angeles a cikin 1963 kuma ta fara neman aiki tare da ɗakunan fina-finai. A wannan lokacin, ta sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan lokaci guda ɗaya da wakilin Hollywood Patrick Curtis wanda ya zama mai sarrafa kansa da kasuwanci. Sun kirkiro wani shiri don juya Welch zuwa alamar jima'i . Don guje wa buga rubutu a matsayin Latina, ya shawo kan ta ta yi amfani da sunan sunan tsohon mijinta.
An jefa ta a cikin ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai biyu, Gidan Ba Gida ba ne (1964) da kuma Roustabout na kiɗa (1964), fim ɗin Elvis Presley . Har ila yau, ta sami ƙananan matsayi a jerin talabijin na Bewitched, McHale's Navy da The Virginian kuma ta fito a kan jerin nau'o'in mako-mako The Hollywood Palace a matsayin yarinya da kuma mai gabatarwa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa waɗanda suka kalli rawar Mary Ann Summers a wasan kwaikwayo mai dogon zango mai taken Gilligan's Island .
Matsayin farko na Welch shine a cikin fim ɗin bakin teku A Swingin' Summer (1965). A wannan shekarar, ta lashe Deb Star yayin da hotonta a cikin shimfidar mujallar Life mai suna "Ƙarshen Babban Farin Yarinya!" ta haifar da hayaniya a kewayen garin. An yi la'akari da ita sosai don rawar Domino a cikin Thunderball kuma an lura da ita daga matar mai samarwa Saul David, wanda ya ba da shawarar ta zuwa Fox Century na 20, inda tare da taimakon Curtis ta sami kwangila. Ta amince da kwangilar shekaru bakwai ba tare da keɓancewa ba, hotuna biyar a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, da masu iyo biyu. Masu gudanarwa na Studio sunyi magana game da canza sunanta zuwa "Debbie". Suna tsammanin "Raquel" zai yi wuya a furta. Ta ki amincewa da bukatarsu. Tana son ainihin sunanta, don haka ta makale da "Raquel Welch". Bayan gwajin allo don Mutuminmu na Saul Dauda Flint, an jefa ta a cikin babban matsayi a cikin fim ɗin sci-fi na David Fantastic Voyage (1966), wanda a ciki ta nuna wani memba na ƙungiyar likitocin da aka ƙarasa da allura a cikin jiki. na wani masanin kimiyya da ya ji rauni tare da manufar ceton rayuwarsa. Fim din ya shahara kuma ya sanya ta zama tauraruwa.
Fox ta ba da rancen Welch zuwa Hammer Studios a Biritaniya inda tazama tauraruwa a cikin Shekaru Miliyan Daya BC (1966), sake yin fim ɗin Hal Roach Miliyoyin BC (1940). Tufafinta kawai shine bikini na fata barewa guda biyu . An kwatanta ta a "sanye da bikini na farko na ɗan adam" kuma an kwatanta bikini na fur a matsayin "tabbataccen yanayin shekarun 1960". Jaridar New York Times ta yaba mata a cikin nazarinta na fim ɗin (wanda aka fitar a Burtaniya a cikin 1966 da kuma a Amurka a cikin 1967), "abin ban mamaki na numfashi ga 'yan mata". Wani marubucin ya ce, "ko da yake tana da layi uku ne kawai a cikin fim ɗin, amma sha'awarta a cikin bikini adon ya sa ta zama tauraruwa kuma budurwar miliyoyin matasa masu kallon fina-finai". Wani tallan da aka yi mata a bikini ya zama fosta mai kayatarwa kuma ya mayar da ita yarinyar nan take . Fim ɗin ya ɗaga girman Welch a matsayin babban alamar jima'i na zamanin. A cikin 2011, mujallar Time ta jera bikini na Welch's BC a cikin "Top Ten Bikinis in Pop Culture".
A cikin 1966, Welch ta zama taurararuwa tare da Marcello Mastroianni a cikin fim ɗin Italiyanci Shoot Loud, Louder. . . Ban gane ba don Joseph E. Levine . A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana a cikin fim Sex Quartet kamar yadda Elena a cikin kashi "Fata Elena". Ita ce kawai Ba’amurkiya a cikin ɗimbin tarihi na fim ɗin The Oldest Profession (1967); Michael Pfleghar ne ya jagoranci sashinta. A Italiya, ta kuma fito a cikin wani fim na heist don MGM, The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968). An haɗa shi tare da Edward G. Robinson, wanda ya ce game da Welch, "Dole ne in ce tana da jiki sosai. Ta kasance sakamakon kyakkyawan kamfen na talla. Ina fatan ta rayu da shi domin jiki kawai zai kai ku zuwa gaba." .
1967–1979: Tauraruwar Duniya
Motarta ta farko mai tauraro, Fim ɗin leƙen asiri salon salon salon Blaise na Burtaniya Fathom (1967), an yi fim ɗin a Spain don Fox na 20th Century. Darektan rukunin na biyu Peter Medak ya ce Welch "a wancan lokacin ba shi da kwarewa sosai, daidai da daya daga cikin wadannan manyan ganguna na Amurka. Amma ta yi ƙoƙari sosai kuma ta je duba gaggarumar kowace rana, a hankali ta inganta. 'Wane ne wannan bebe mai fadi?' mutane sun kasance suna cewa. Amma na ce: 'Ku jira. Zan ci amanar ta.' Ina son ta sosai domin ita mutum ce ta gaske. Kuma tana da kyakykyawan jiki wanda koyaushe yana taimakawa.” Welch ta ce rawar da ta taka shine " Barbie yar tsana ce da ta fashe". Da take bitar ayyukanta, mai sukar fim ɗin Los Angeles Times ta ce "kowane sabon hoto na Raquel Welch yana kawo ƙarin tabbaci cewa lokacin da Maria Montez ta mutu ba su karya tsarin ba. Kamar Maria, Raquel ba zai iya yin aiki daga nan zuwa can ba, amma mata biyu da alama an haife su don ɗaukar hoto. ... wannan mafi kyawun hotuna na leken asiri."
A wannan mataki, Welch ta biyo Fox fina-finai hudu, a shekara guda. Ita da Curtis kuma sun kafa kamfanin samar da nasu, Curtwel. Fox ya so Welch ya buga Jennifer a cikin karbuwar su na Valley of Dolls amma ta ki, tana son ta taka rawar Neely O'Hara. Gidan studio ba shi da sha'awar, yana jefa Patty Duke ; Sharon Tate ta buga Jennifer North.
A Ingila, ta bayyana a matsayin Lust incarnate a cikin Peter Cook - Dudley Moore comedy, Bedazzled (1967), wani Swinging Sixties na sake ba da labari na Faust . Ya shahara, kamar yadda Yamma ya kasance, Bandolero! (1968), wanda aka harbe a Del Rio, Texas, a ƙauyen Alamo . Ta haɗu tare da James Stewart da Dean Martin . "Ina tsammanin za ta tattara komai," in ji Stewart game da Welch. "Ba wanda zai yi ihu, 'Wow yana da Anne Bancroft kuma'," in ji Welch game da aikinta, "amma aƙalla ni ba Miss Sexpot ke gudana a kusa da rabin tsirara a kowane lokaci."
A cikin 1968, Welch ya bayyana tare da Frank Sinatra a cikin fim ɗin binciken Lady a Cement, wani mabiyi na fim ɗin Tony Rome (1967). Ta buga Kit Forrest na zamantakewa, sha'awar Tony Rome. Daga baya Welch ta ce da hankali cewa ta ɗauki fim ɗin lokaci zuwa lokaci kuma ta gane cewa Kit Forrest ɗan giya ne: "Ina kallon wannan fim ɗin kuma ina tunanin, 'Menene jahannama ta samu?' A wani lokaci, ina da wannan almara: 'Oh, ita 'yar giya ce!' Ban san haka ba. Yaya zan yi kewar hakan?" An ba da rahoton cewa ta ji haushi da Sinatra har ta manta da cewa: "Ina tsammanin ina sha'awar Frank Sinatra, ka sani. Yana da hypnotic."
Welch ta yi tauraro a matsayin jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci a cikin 100 Rifles, yammacin 1969 wanda Tom Gries ya jagoranta kuma an yi fim a Almería, Spain. Har ila yau, tauraro ya buga Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds, da Fernando Lamas . Fim ɗin ya jawo jama'a da cece-kuce a lokacin saboda ya haɗa da wani yanayi na soyayya tsakanin Welch da Brown wanda ya keta haramtacciyar Hollywood game da cudanya tsakanin kabilanci. Ana tunawa da fim din don "Shower Scene" mai ban mamaki wanda Welch ya ba da hankali ga sojojin da ke cikin jirgin ta hanyar yin wanka a hasumiya na ruwa tare da waƙoƙi. Daraktan, Gries, yayi ƙoƙari sosai don shawo kan Welch ya yi wurin tsirara, amma ta ƙi. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lokuta da yawa Welch ya ƙi yin tsirara akan allo kuma yana turawa tsawon shekaru akan furodusoshi waɗanda ke son ta ta yi ko ta fito tsirara. A cikin 1969, Welch kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin Flareup mai ban sha'awa kuma yana da rawar tallafi a cikin duhu mai ban dariya The Magic Kirista .
Matsayin mafi yawan rigima na Welch ya zo a cikin Myra Breckinridge (1970). Ta dauki matsayin jarumar fim din a kokarin ta na daukar mata da muhimmanci a matsayin jarumar. Ayyukan da aka yi sun kasance da ƙiyayya tsakanin Welch da Mae West, wanda ya fita daga fim din har kwana uku. Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan fitaccen mai siyar da Gore Vidal akan mutumin da ya zama mace ta hanyar tiyata. Furodusan fim din Robert Fryer ya ce: “Idan mutum zai zama mace, zai so ya zama mace mafi kyau a duniya. Zai zama Raquel Welch."
Kallonta da shahararta sun sa Playboy ya yi mata lakabi da "Mace da aka fi so" a shekarun 1970. An gabatar da Welch a bikin Awards Academy sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970 saboda shahararta. Ta karɓi Oscar mafi kyawun Tallafi a madadin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Goldie Hawn lokacin da Hawn ya kasa kasancewa a wurin don karɓe shi.
On April 26, 1970, CBS released her television special Raquel!. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51 percent share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen rating of 58 percent share. Also that year Welch starred in The Beloved, which she co-produced and filmed in Cyprus.
A cikin 1971, Welch tana da jagoranci a Hannie Caulder, wani fim na Yamma wanda Tigon da Curtwel suka yi, wanda aka harbe a Spain. Welch ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗaya daga cikin na farko, wanda ke da jagoranci a cikin fim ɗin Yamma. Hannie Caulder ya kasance babban tasiri a kan fina-finai na fansa daga baya, tare da darekta Quentin Tarantino yana ambaton shi a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa ga fim dinsa na 2003, Kill Bill: Volume 1 .
A shekara ta gaba, a cikin 1972, Welch ya buga fim a cikin fim din Kansas City Bomber, inda ta taka uwa daya da tauraruwar derby da ke kokarin daidaita rayuwarta da kuma burinta na kwararru. Ta kuma yi taho a cikin Bluebeard . Ayyukan Welch a Kansas City Bomber ya jawo hankali, tare da mujallar Life tana magana da ita a matsayin "abin da ya fi zafi akan ƙafafun". Koyaya, an dakatar da samarwa har tsawon makonni shida lokacin da Welch ta karya wuyan hannu yayin da take yin wasu abubuwan nata. A lokacin hutun, ta yi tafiya zuwa Budapest don yin fim ɗin Bluebeard na tsawon mako guda, kuma an ɗauki hotonta a wurin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwa da Richard Burton ya yi na bikin cika shekaru arba'in na matar sa Elizabeth Taylor . Duk da cewa ba a yi la'akari da babban nasara ba, Kansas City Bomber an lura da shi don nuna alaƙar jinsi a farkon 1970s.
GHA cikin 1973, Welch ta yi fim a cikin fina-finai biyu: The Last of Sheila da The Three Musketeers . A shekara mai zuwa, ta bayyana a cikin The Four Musketeers . A cikin 1975, Welch ya fito a cikin The Wild Party kuma ya yi duet tare da Cher, yana rera waƙa " Ni Mace ce " akan wani shiri na The Cher Show .
1980–2023: Ayyukan da suka biyo baya da kuma shekarun baya
Talabijin
A cikin 1982, Welch ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na Yamma The Legend of Walks Far Woman . An ba da lissafinta a matsayin "fim ɗinta na farko mai ban mamaki na TV", Welch ta buga wata 'yar ƙasar Amurka a ƙarni na 19 a Montana. A lokacin rani na 1982, Welch yana cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi la'akari da matsayin Alexis Carrington a daular ABC na farko, tare da Elizabeth Taylor da Sophia Loren, kafin masu samarwa su zauna kan Joan Collins .
A cikin 1997, Welch ya yi tauraro a Broadway a cikin Victor/Victoria, yana bin Julie Andrews da Liza Minnelli a cikin rawar take. Mai sukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo Jamie Portman ta rubuta cewa kyawunta ya sanya Welch "da kyar a yarda da ita a matsayin Victoria mai rauni kuma ba za a iya yarda da ita a matsayin swaggering tuxedoed Victor", amma cewa ta aƙalla "ta sami manyan alamomi don jarumta" don ƙoƙarin numfasawa cikin "sigar kiɗan da ba ta dace ba". na Victor/Victoria ".
Nasarorin da kyaututtuka
A cikin 1975, Welch ta sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun hotunan jarumar a cikin Musical ko Comedy don Musketeers Uku . Hakanan an zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Golden Globe saboda rawar da ta yi a wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Right to Die (1987). A cikin 1996, Welch ta sami tauraro akan Walk of Fame na Hollywood a 7021 Hollywood Boulevard . A cikin 2001, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Imagen Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award saboda ingantaccen haɓakar da ta yi na Amurkawa na al'adun Latin a duk lokacin aikinta. A cikin 2012, Ƙungiyar Fim ta Cibiyar Lincoln ta gabatar da wani bita na musamman na fina-finai na Welch a Walter Reade Theater.
Mutuwa
Welch ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2023, a gidanta da ke Los Angeles, sakamakon gajeriyar rashin lafiya. Ta c 82.
Kwanan watan wallafawa
(28/2/2023)
Haihuwan 1940
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Manazarta |
45417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaya%20Majola%20%28%C9%97an%20wasan%20kurket%20ne%29 | Khaya Majola (ɗan wasan kurket ne) | Khaya Majola (17 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1953 - 28 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan kurket ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai gudanarwa. Bakar fata Bature, Majola ya buga wasan kurket a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A farkon wasansa na wasa, Hukumar kurket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAACB) ta ba shi dama don yin wasa tare da farar fata a wasannin nune-nune, da buga wasa a ketare a Ingila. Ba da daɗewa ba ya yi watsi da ƙarin tayi daga SAACB, yana jin cewa wasannin alama ce ta alama, kuma suna amfani da 'yan wasa baƙar fata a matsayin kayan aiki don kawar da ƙauracewa wasanni na wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, da ba da damar tawagar ƙasa, ta ƙunshi 'yan wasa farar fata kaɗai. sake shigar da wasan kurket
t na duniya. Wannan shawarar na nufin cewa Majola ya buga kusan dukkan wasan kurkɗinsansa a gasar Howa Bowl tsakanshekarar in 1973 zuwa 1991, gasar da ba ta launin fata ba wadda Hukumar Kula wasan kurkicket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACBOC) ta shirya, wacce ta goyi bayan kauracewa gasar. Yawanci ana yin matches akan matting wickets a cikin yanayi mara kyau; Ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin matsayi na farko a lokacin ba, amma daga baya an saka su cikin bayanan.
Majola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasa a gasar Howa Bowl; ya buga wasanni da yawa fiye da kowane ɗan wasa, ya zira ƙwallaye na biyu mafi yawan gudu, kuma ya ɗauki wiki na biyar mafi girma. Ko da yake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket, ba ɗan siyasa ba, ya ci gaba da fafutukar yaƙi da ta'addancin 'yan wasan kurket ɗin bakar fata, kuma ya yi adawa da rangadin 'yan tawaye na Afirka ta Kudu . Dukansu wariyar launin fata da ƙauracewa wasanni sun ƙare a hukumance a cikin shekarar 1991, kuma a wannan shekarar, Majola ya shiga Hukumar Cricket ta United bisa kafuwarta. A matsayinsa na daraktan wasan kurket na son, shi ne ke da alhakin kafa wani shiri na ci gaban kasa, kuma ya nemi samar da hanyoyin da bakar fata na Afirka za su iya buga wasan kurket a kowane mataki na wasan. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji na hanji, yana da shekaru 47, a cikin shekarar 2000.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Khaya Majola a ranar 17 ga watan Mayun 1953 a cikin Sabon garin Brighton a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu, babba a cikin yara biyar na Eric da Milase Majola. Iyalinsa bakar fata ne a Afirka ta Kudu a mulkin wariyar launin fata; mahaifinsa ɗan Zulu ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa tana da ruwa biyu; Scotland da kuma Sotho . Duk iyayensa sun yi aiki a matsayin malamai, kuma sun shiga cikin wasanni; Eric ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan wasan Afirka ta ƙasa a rugby da cricket, kuma sun kasance masu imani sosai a cikin al'umma da kuma fa'idar wasanni ga 'ya'yansu. Milase ya tuno da Khaya yana wasan kurket tare da mahaifinsa a matsayin ɗan ƙarami; "Khaya zai fita da wannan jemage da ya fi shi." Ko da yake ’yan’uwan Khaya sun buga wasanni iri-iri, musamman ƙwallon ƙafa, mahaifin Khaya ya sa shi mai da hankali kan wasan kurket. Ana kallonsa a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa hazaƙa a cikin yaran Majola, kuma a wasu lokuta dangi kan tashi da shekaru 5zan yi tasa a Khaya. A matsayinsa na matashi, Khaya wani lokaci yana buga wa New Brighton Cricket Club na mahaifinsa lokacin da ba su da 'yan wasa.
Majola ya fara halartar Jarvis Gqamlana Lower, sannan Johnson Marwanqa Higher Schools; ba shi da manyan tsare-tsare na wasanni, kuma Majola ya ci gaba da haɓaka iya wasan kurket a gida tare da danginsa. A lokacin yana dan shekara 11, Jaridar Maraice ta riga ta bayyana shi a matsayin "tauraro a Port Elizabeth"; a lokacin samartaka ayyukansa sun kasance abin lura fiye da makonni fiye da ba. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cowan, inda suka buga jadawalin wasan kurket tsakanin makarantu da wasu makarantu biyar. Khaya ya tuna cewa a lokacin da yake Cowan, yawancin makonni yana "buga hamsin ko shan wickets," yana wasa a makaranta da kulob. Duk da hazaƙarsa da nasararsa, Khaya ya ci gaba da nuna rashin son wasan, wani ɓangare saboda tsananin da mahaifinsa ya yi game da ci gabansa.
Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga wasan cricket, Majola ya ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma ya shiga cikin mako na makarantun John Passmore, don baƙar fata na Afirka, a cikin shekarar 1971. Majola ya wakilci lardin Gabas ne, wanda ya lashe gasar, amma ya yi la'akari da gasar da cewa ba ta da kyau, yana mai cewa "wasu daga cikin yaran ma ba su iya buga wasan ba." Wannan ra'ayi ya yi kama da Passmore, wanda ya yarda cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan "ba su da masaniya game da wasan kurket." Daga baya an zaɓi Majola don Makarantun Afirka ta Kudu XI. Ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a gasar Passmore a shekarar 1972, kuma shi ne dan wasa tilo da ya zura ƙwallo a ragar ƙarni biyu.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1953 |
62080 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman%20Ninam%20Shah | Sulaiman Ninam Shah | Tun Sulaiman bin Ninam Shah (2 ga watan Janairun 1920 - 5 ga watan Yulin 2003) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa na Malaysian Ya kuma kasance tsohon memba na Majalisar Jihar Johore na Muar Coastal (1954-1959) da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Johor na Parit Jawa (1959-1964), tsohon Dewan Negara">Sanata (1979-1985) da Mataimakin Shugaban 6 na Dewan Negara (1982-1985). Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) kuma tsohon shugaban dindindin na UMNO (1976-2003).
Iyali
An haifi Sulaiman a Kampung Sarang Buaya, Muar, Johor ga cakuda Musulmi na Indiya da Malay. Ya auri Rose Othman a 1946 kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza shida da mata uku masu suna, Datin Faridah, Datuk Kadar Shah, Mohd Shah, Othman, Zainal Abiddin, Mariam, Hassan, Mohd Nathir da Intaan Rogayah.
Rayuwar Farko
Sulaiman ya fara aikinsa a matsayin dan sanda a Johor a 1939. Shekaru uku bayan haka lokacin da Malaya ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Japan, an inganta shi a matsayin Jami'in Motocin 'yan sanda kuma daga baya a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent na' yan sanda (ASP) don aiki a matsayin Shugaban' yan sanda na gundumar Muar har zuwa mika wuya ga Japan a 1945. A lokaci guda, Sulaiman ya fara shiga kasuwanci ta hanyar bude jaridu, mujallu da kantin littattafai a Muar. Sulaiman a cikin shekara mai zuwa ya sami nasarar samun kwangila don samar da kayan abinci ga Asibitin Muar. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya fara kamfani na hadin gwiwa wanda ya buɗe gidan man dabino a Segamat.
Daga baya an zabi Sulaiman a matsayin shugaban da kuma darektan kamfanoni irin su Budget Rent-A-Car, Laksamana Tour, Top Coach Builder, Malacca-Singapore Ekspress, Pelaburan Johor Bhd., T & T Properties, Menara Landmark da kuma Bank Rakyat.
Siyasa
Sulaiman ya shiga siyasa tun lokacin da aka kafa UMNO a 1946. A babban zaben Malaya na farko a shekara ta 1954 kafin samun 'Yancin kai, ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Alliance kuma ya lashe kujerar Muar Coastal don zama memba na Majalisar Jihar Johore . A babban zaben Malayan na biyu a shekarar 1959, ya sake tsayawa takara a karkashin jam'iyyar Alliance kuma ya sami nasarar kayar da dan takarar Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Pan-Malayan (PMIP) tare da kuri'u 7,020 mafi rinjaye don zama Dan majalisa na jihar Johor don kujerar Parit Jawa. Koyaya, yana da yanayin zuciya wanda ya sa ya janye daga sake tsayawa takara a Babban zaben 1964.
Ya ci gaba da matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Sashen Muar na UMNO har zuwa 1967. A shekara mai zuwa an zaba shi a matsayin Babban Shugaban UMNO Malaysia a 1976 kafin a zabe shi a 1978. Ya rike mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2003.
An kuma nada Sulaiman a matsayin Sanata a Dewan Negara na wa'adi biyu daga 1979 zuwa 1985 wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a karo na biyu.
A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2002, da karfe 5:50 na yamma, yayin da taron UMNO ke gab da kammalawarsa, Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ba zato ba tsammani ya sanar da murabus dinsa daga mukamin shugaban UMNO da Firayim Ministan, wanda ya haifar da martani mai karfi daga duk wanda ke wurin. Sulaiman, wanda ke jagorantar taron, ya tashi tsaye ya yi magana a cikin ƙoƙari na neman kowa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Daga baya, Sulaiman ya sanar da hutun minti 10 don taron.
Mutuwa
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, Sulaiman bai iya shugabanci taron 54 na UMNO ba saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Wannan taron ya kasance na karshe kafin Firayim Minista da Shugaban UMNO Mahathir Mohamad ya yi ritaya. Sulaiman ya nuna takaici da bakin ciki game da rashin iya halarta. Mahathir daga baya ya yi addu'o'i don warkewa cikin sauri a lokacin taron.
A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2003, Sulaiman, mai shekaru 83, ya mutu daga cutar sankarar jini, a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Pantai, Kuala Lumpur . An binne shi a Kabari na Musulmi na 6th Mile, Jalan Bakri, Bukit Bakri, Muar, Johor . Bayan ya ziyarci gidan makoki don ya ba da ta'aziyya, Mahathir ya nuna godiya sosai ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga UMNO da al'umma.
Darajar Malaysia
: Aboki na Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1976) Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - Tan Sri (1984) Kwamandan Order for the Defender the Realm - Tan Sri (1994) Babban Kwamandan Order and Loyalty of the Crown of Malaysian (SSM) - Tun (2001)
Aboki na Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1976)
Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - Tan Sri (1984)
Kwamandan Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) - Tan Sri (1994)ref></ref>
Babban Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) - Tun (2001)
: Knight Babban Kwamandan Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) - Dato' (1970) Knight Babban Aboki na Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor, Dato'-1976) Sultan Ibrahim Medal (PIS) Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) - Dato' (1970)
Knight Grand Companion na Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail na Johor (SSIJ) - Dato' (1976)
Medal na Sultan Ibrahim (PIS)
Tauraron Sultan Ismail (BSI)
Wuraren da aka sanya masa suna
An sanya wa wurare da yawa suna bayan shi, ciki har da:
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah, Muar, Johor. (makarantar sakandare da ta kasance SMK Jalan Junid wacce aka sake masa suna don girmama Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah)
Taman Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah (yanki kusa da Jalan Junid, Parit Sakai, Muar, Johor)
Jalan Sulaiman Ninam Shah 1 - Jalan Sulaiman Ninan Shah 6 (tituna na Taman Bunga Mawar, Muar, Johor)
Dewan Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah (wani zauren da ke da manufa da yawa na Bangunan UMNO Muar, 123, Jalan Meriam, Taman Sri Tanjung, Muar, Johor)
Manazarta
Matattun 2003
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojan%20Chadi | Rundunar Sojan Chadi | Rundunar Sojan Chadi ( Al-Jaish al-Watani at-Tshadi, ) ya ƙunshi Jami'an tsaro biyar da na Tsaro waɗanda aka jera a cikin Mataki na 185 na kundin tsarin mulkin Chadi wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018. Waɗannan su ne Sojojin ƙasa ((gami da roundasa, da Sojan Sama ), Jandarma ta ƙasa ), )an sanda na ƙasa,, asa da Nan Makiyaya (GNNT) da 'Yan Sanda na Shari'a. Mataki na 188 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya fayyace cewa Tsaron ƙasa shine alhakin Sojoji, Jendarmerie da GNNT, yayin da kiyaye tsarin jama'a da tsaro suke da alhakin 'yan sanda, Jandarman da GNNT.
Tarihi
Daga samun 'yanci har zuwa lokacin shugabancin Félix Malloum a shekarun(1975-77), an san sojojin ƙasa na hukuma da sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Tchadiennes - FAT). Wanda ya ƙunshi galibin sojoji daga Kudancin Chadi, FAT ya samo asali ne daga rundunar da Faransa ta dauka kuma tana da al'adun soja wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin yakin duniya na 1 FAT ta rasa matsayinta na rundunar kasa ta doka lokacin da mulkin farar hula da na soja ya wargaje a shekarar 1979 Kodayake ya kasance rukunin sojoji na musamman na shekaru da yawa, a ƙarshe an rage FAT zuwa matsayin rundunar sojojin yanki mai wakiltar kudu.
Bayan Habré ya karfafa ikonsa kuma ya ɗare kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1982, rundunarsa mai nasara, Sojojin Arewa (Forces Armées du Nord — FAN), sun zama cibiyar sabuwar rundunar sojojin ƙasa. An kafa rundunar a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, lokacin da aka haɗa wasu rundunonin da ke goyon bayan Habré tare da sauya musu suna zuwa Sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes — FANT).|
Sojojin Chadi sun mamaye mambobi na kabilun Toubou, Zaghawa, Kanembou, Hadjerai, da na Massa a lokacin shugabancin Hissène Habré . Daga baya shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya yi tawaye ya gudu zuwa Sudan, tare da sojoji da yawa na Zaghawa da Hadjerai a shekarar 1989.
Sojojin Chadi sun kai kimanin 36,000 a ƙarshen mulkin Habré, amma sun kumbura zuwa kimanin 50,000 a farkon zamanin mulkin Déby. Tare da goyon bayan Faransa, an fara sake tsara rundunar sojoji a farkon shekarar 1991 tare da nufin rage yawansu da sanya jinsinsu ya zama mai nuna ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan burin da aka cimma, kuma har yanzu sojoji suna ƙarƙashin ikon Zaghawa.
A shekara ta 2004, gwamnati ta gano cewa da yawa daga cikin sojojin da take biyansu babu su kuma kusan sojoji 19,000 ne kawai ke cikin rundunar, sabanin 24,000 da aka yi imani da su a baya. Yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi wa wannan dabi'a ana tsammanin ya kasance wani dalili ne na gazawar tawayen sojoji a watan Mayu shekarar 2004.
Rikicin yanzu, wanda sojojin Chadi ke ciki, shi ne yakin basasa kan 'yan tawayen da ke samun goyon bayan Sudan. Chadi ta sami nasarar shawo kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, amma kwanan nan, tare da wasu asara (duba yakin N'Djamena (2008) ). The sojojin amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma tsarin tankuna, amma da-sanye take maharan sun yiwuwa gudanar ya hallaka sama da 20 na Chadi ta 60 T-55 tankuna, kuma tabbas harbe saukar da wani Mi-24 Hind gunship, wanda bamai maƙiyi matsayi kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan . A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 Libya ta ba Chadi da jiragen Aermacchi SF.260W guda huɗu. Ana amfani da su don bugun wuraren abokan gaba ta Sojan Sama na Chadi, amma ɗayan ya tayar da shi ta hanyar 'yan tawaye. Yayin yakin karshe na N'Djamena an yi amfani da bindigogi da tankokin yaƙi yadda ya kamata, wanda ke tura sojojin sa kai dauke da makamai daga fadar Shugaban kasa. Yakin ya shafi manyan matakan jagoranci, kamar yadda aka kashe Daoud Soumain, Shugaban Ma’aikata .
A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2020 mayakan kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Boko Haram suka yi wa sansanin sojojin Chadi kwanton-bauna. Sojojin sun rasa masu yi wa kasa hidima 92 a rana guda. Game da hakan, Shugaba Déby ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki da aka yiwa lakabi da "Fushi na Boma". A cewar kungiyar ta'addanci ta Kanada St-Pierre, yawancin aiyukan waje da karuwar rashin tsaro a kasashen makwabta sun daɗe da fadada karfin sojojin na Chadi.
Bayan rasuwar Shugaba Idriss Déby a ranar 19 ga watab Afrilu shekarar 2021 a fada da ‘yan tawayen FACT , an naɗa dansa Janar Mahamat Idriss Déby shugaban riƙon ƙwarya kuma shugaban sojojin.
Kasafin Kuɗi
CIA World Factbook ta ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin soja na Chadi ya kai kashi 4.2% na GDP kamar na 2006. . Idan aka ba da GDP na wancan lokacin (dala biliyan 7.095) na ƙasar, an kiyasta kashe kuɗin soja kusan dala miliyan 300. Wannan kiyasin duk da haka ya fai bayan karshen yakin basasa a Chadi (2005-2010) zuwa 2.0% kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a shekarar 2011. Babu sauran ƙididdigar kwanan nan.
Ƙaddamarwar waje
Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
wadanda ba na MDD ba
Chadi ta halarci aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya karkashin ikon kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don kokarin sasanta rikicin na baya-bayan nan, amma ta zabi ficewa bayan an zargi dakarunta da yin harbi a kasuwa, ba tare da wani dalili ba, in ji BBC.
Manazarta
Tarihin Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Sojoji
Sojojin Chadi
Pages with unreviewed translations |
29921 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ta%201973 | Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1973 | Dokar Gurbacewar Mai na shekarar 1973 ko Dokar Gurɓacewar Mai na 1973, 33 USC Babi na 20 §§ 1001-1011, wata dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka wacce ta gyara dokar Amurka ta 75 . . Dokar Majalisar ta dore da kudurin Amurka na sarrafa fitar da gurbataccen mai daga jiragen ruwa da kuma amincewa da takunkumin da aka yi wa yankunan bakin teku a cikin ruwa masu kan iyaka .
Majalisar dokokinƙasar Amurka ta 93 ta zartar da dokar ta HR 5451 kuma shugaban Amurka na 37 Richard Nixon ya kuma zartar a ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarata 1973.
Tarihin OILPOL
Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don hana gurɓacewar teku ta Oil (OILPOL) taron ƙasa da ƙasa ne da Burtaniya ta shirya a shekarata 1954. An yi taron a London, Ingila daga 26 ga Afrilun, shekarar 1954 zuwa 12 ga Mayu, shekarata 1954. An kuma kira taron na kasa da kasa ne domin sanin yadda ake zubar da dattin datti wanda zai iya haifar da gurbacewar yanayi a cikin tekun .
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa don rigakafin gurɓacewar teku ta hanyar mai, a shekarata 1954 an rubuta ainihin rubutun cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci . An gyara ka'idar muhalli a shekarun 1962, 1969, da 1971.
gyare-gyaren OILPOL na shekarata 1971 sun ƙaddamar da hukunce-hukuncen teku waɗanda ba za a iya soke su ba don Babban Barrier Reef da ke cikin Tekun Coral . gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa sun gabatar da tanadin kula da ƙira don jiragen ruwa masu tafiya cikin teku waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun tsarin samar da tankunan ruwa da iyakokin girman tankunan jiragen ruwa .
Abubuwan da Dokar
Canje - canjen na shekarata 1973 ya jaddada yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don rigakafin gurɓacewar ruwa ta hanyar mai, 1954 ta hanyar bin gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar ta shekarun 1969 da 1971.
Ma'anoni
Cakuda mai yana nufin cakuda da kowane abun cikin mai .
Zubar da ruwa dangane da saurin fitar da abin da ke cikin mai yana nufin adadin fitar mai a lita a cikin sa'a a kowane lokaci da saurin jirgin ya raba cikin kulli a lokaci guda.
An haramta zubar da mai ko cakuda mai daga jirgi sai dai idan
I.) jirgi yana tafiya akan hanya
II.) yawan fitar da man fetur nan take baya wuce ta
Fitar mai ko cakuda mai daga jirgi, ban da tankunan ruwa ba an hana shi sai dai
I.) Abubuwan da ke cikin man da ake fitarwa bai wuce kashi ɗari ba a cikin kashi miliyan ɗaya na cakuda
II.) Ana yin abun da ke cikin man da ake fitarwa gwargwadon iya aiki daga ƙasa mafi kusa
An haramta zubar da mai ko cakuda mai daga tankunan ruwa sai dai in
I.) Za a gudanar da fitar da kaya daga mashinan sararin samaniya ta hanyar tanadin da ke sama na jiragen ruwa ban da na tankunan ruwa.
II. Jimlar yawan fitar da mai a kan balaguron balaguro bai wuce 1/15000 na yawan jigilar kaya ba.
III. Tankin mai ya fi daga ƙasa mafi kusa
Ƙasa mafi kusa tana nufin fiye da daga bakin teku
Sakatare na nufin Sakataren sashen da ke tafiyar da ayyukan Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka
Matsayin Gina Jirgin Ruwa
Tankunan da aka gina a Amurka za a yi su ne bisa tanadin tanadin C na Yarjejeniyar Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Teku, kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a 1971, dangane da tsarin tanki da iyakance girman tanki.
Matsayin ginin yana da ingantaccen kwanan wata ga duk tankunan da aka gina a Amurka kamar na;
I.) Isar da tankar ta kasance bayan 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 1977
II. ) Isar da tankin bai wuce 1 ga Janairu, 1977 ba, kuma an sanya kwangilar ginin bayan 1 ga Janairu shekarata, 1972.
III. ) A lokuta da ba a riga an ba da kwangilar gini ba, ana shimfida keel ko kuma tankar ta kasance a irin wannan matakin na ginin, bayan 30 ga Yuni, shekarata 1972.
Ana buƙatar jiragen ruwa na Amurka su kasance a cikin jirgin da takardar shaidar yarda da aikin ginin jirgin ruwa daidai da kari C zuwa yarjejeniyar kamar yadda tsarin tanki ya kayyade da iyakance girman tanki.
Haramcin Yanki
Yankin Ostiraliya - bakin tekun arewa maso gabashin Ostiraliya ko Queensland wanda aka zana ta hanyar layin da aka zana daga wani wuri a bakin tekun Ostiraliya a cikin latitude 11 kudu, tsayi 142 digiri 08 mintuna gabas ( ) zuwa matsayi a cikin latitude 10 digiri 35 mintuna kudu, tsayi 141 digiri 55 minti gabas ( ).
Babban Barrier Reef - yankin kariya na Coral reef na tsarin mafi girman murjani na duniya .
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 10 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 142 digiri 00 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani batu latitude 9 digiri 10 minutes kudu, longitude 143 digiri 52 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 9 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 144 digiri 30 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 13 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 144 digiri 00 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 15 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 146 digiri 00 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 18 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 147 digiri 00 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani ma'ana latitude 21 digiri 00 minutes kudu, longitude 153 digiri 00 minutes gabas ( )
daga nan zuwa wani batu a bakin tekun Ostiraliya a cikin latitude 24 digiri 42 mintuna kudu, Longitude 153 digiri 15 minutes gabas ( )
Littafin Rubutun Mai
Za a kammala littafin rikodin man a kowane lokaci, bisa ga tanki-da-tanki, a duk lokacin da aka gudanar da wani aiki kamar haka a kan jirgin ruwa da kuma tanki.
Soke Dokar Gurbacewar Mai ta 1973
An soke dokar jama'a ta Amurka ta shekarata 1973 ta hanyar kafa dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, shekarar 1980.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Tankin ballast
Fitar ruwan ballast da muhalli
Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kaya
Ƙungiyar Maritime ta Duniya
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa, Bincike, da Wuri Mai Tsarki na 1972
MARPOL 73/78
Dokar Gurbacewar Mai ta 1924
Dokar Gurbacewar Mai ta 1990
Dokar makamashi ta Amurka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Mai
Gurbataccen mai
Amerika |
42572 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerien%20Alliance%20for%20Democracy%20and%20Progress | Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress | Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress ( , ANDP-Zaman Lahiya) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Nijar.
Jagoran jam'iyya
Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye ya jagoranci jam'iyyar tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 1992 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2009.
Tarihi
Ƙarni na 20
Djermakoye shi ne shugaban ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka fito a cikin National Movement for Development of Society (MNSD) a 1991. Shi ɗan ƙabilar Zarma (Djerma) ne, waɗanda a baya suka mamaye jam'iyyar, amma an zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar Mamadou Tandja a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar MNSD a watan Nuwamba 1991 tare da goyon bayan waɗanda ba Zarma ba. a cikin jam'iyyar. Daga nan sai Djermakoye ya ɓalle daga jam’iyyar MNSD ya kafa ƙungiyar Abokan Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye (CAMAD), wacce daga baya ta zama jam’iyyar Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP).
Djermakoye shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1993 ; bayan da ya zo na huɗu da kashi 15.24% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a zagayen farko, jam'iyyar ANDP, a wani ɓangare na ƙawancen da ake kira Alliance of the Forces of Change (AFC), wanda ke goyon bayan ɗan takara na biyu Mahamane Ousmane na jam'iyyar Democrat . da social convention a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen, kuma Ousmane ya yi nasara a kan Tandja na MNSD. ANDP ta kafa wani ɓangare na rinjayen 'yan majalisar dokokin AFC bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisu na 1993, inda ANDP ta samu kujeru 11, inda Djermakoye ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Ana ganin rabuwar da ANDP ta yi da MNSD na da matukar muhimmanci wajen bai wa 'yan adawa damar samun nasara.
Mafi rinjayen jam’iyyar AFC ciki har da ANDP sun daɗe har sai da jam’iyyar PNDS ta Nijar ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar AFC a watan Satumban 1994, wanda ya kai ga sabon zaɓen ‘yan majalisar dokoki a watan Janairun 1995 inda jam’iyyar adawa ta AFC ta sha kaye a hannun gamayyar jam’iyyun adawa da suka haɗa da farko. MNSD da PNDS. ANDP ta samu kujeru tara sannan ta ci gaba da zama a jam’iyyar AFC a adawa.
Bayan juyin mulkin soja na Janairu 1996, Djermakoye ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen Yuli 1996, ya ƙare a matsayi na biyar da kashi 4.77% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Bayan nasarar Mainassara, ANDP ta gane hakan kuma ta goyi bayansa. A zaɓen ‘yan majalisu da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1996, wanda ‘yan adawa suka ƙauracewa zaɓen, jam’iyyar ANDP ta lashe kujeru takwas, inda ta zama jam’iyya ta biyu mafi girma a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A farkon 1998 ANDP ta shiga ƙawancen goyon bayan Mainassara na jam'iyyu uku, Alliance of Democratic and Social Forces. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1998, Djermakoye ya ba da sanarwar cewa ANDP ta rabu da Mainassara, yana mai zargin cewa na biyun ya "ƙasƙantar da jam'iyyar tare da ware".
Bayan wani juyin mulki a watan Afrilun 1999, inda aka kashe Mainassara, Djermakoye shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a babban zaɓen watan Oktoba, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na biyar da kashi 7.73% na ƙuri'un, yayin da ANDP ta lashe kujeru huɗu a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki. Djermakoye ya goyi bayan ɗan takarar PNDS Mahamadou Issoufou a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban ƙasar, ko da yake Issoufou ya sha kaye a hannun ɗan takarar MNSD Tandja. Bayan zaɓen ne sai jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga adawa ta koma jam'iyyar 'yan majalisa ɗaya da jam'iyyar RDP-Jama'a.
Ƙarni na 21
A cikin watan Yulin 2002, jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga ƙawancen masu rinjaye na majalisa, Alliance of Democratic Forces, inda ta bar jam'iyyar adawa ta Coordination of Democratic Forces. Djermakoye ya shiga gwamnati a matsayin Ƙaramin Minista a watan Nuwamba 2002, yana aiki a wannan muƙamin har zuwa Disamba 2004.
A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2004, a babban taron jam'iyyar ANDP na uku, jam'iyyar ta sake zaɓar Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓe mai zuwa, yana mai cewa bai yi niyyar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2009 ba. A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa, ya samu kashi 6% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ya samu matsayi na biyar. Kamar sauran jam’iyyu uku da aka fitar da ‘yan takararsu a zagayen farko, jam’iyyar ANDP ta marawa Tandja baya a zagaye na biyu. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 5.44% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ta lashe kujeru biyar daga cikin kujeru 113.
Djermakoye ya mutu a watan Yuni 2009. Jam'iyyar ta kasance wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar haɗin kan dakarun kare Dimokuraɗiyya da jamhuriyar jamhuriyar da ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2009 .
Ɗan uwan Djermakoye Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye, wanda ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP a wani babban taron jam'iyyar a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2010. Ya lashe zaɓen cikin sauƙi; ya samu ƙuri'u 278, yayin da Amadou Nouhou ya samu ƙuri'u 85, Ali Seyni Gado ya samu ƙuri'u 66. Da aka hamɓarar da shugaba Tandja a juyin mulkin 2010, jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga zaɓen 2011. Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar, inda ya samu kashi 4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, kuma ya zo na shida a cikin 'yan takara goma, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru takwas a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.
A babban taron jam'iyyar ANDP ta shida da aka gudanar a Maraɗi a ranar – ga watan Mayun 2015, an sake zaɓen Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP, inda Ɗan Dije mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko, Mahamadou Adamou mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na biyu, Saley Saidou a matsayin sakatare. - na gaba.
Jam'iyyar ba ta tsayar da ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Fabrairun 2016 ba, inda ta zaɓi amincewa da takarar shugaba mai ci Mahamadou Issoufou a zagayen farko na zaɓen. A zaɓen majalisar da aka yi a lokaci guda, an rage shi zuwa kujeru huɗu a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.
Manazarta |
40634 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaren%20magana | Bangaren magana | A cikin nahawu, wani sashe na magana ko juzu'i ( wanda aka gajarta da POS ko PoS, wanda kuma aka sani da ajin kalma ko nau'in nahawu ) wani nau'in kalmomi ne (ko, gabaɗaya, na abubuwan lexical ). waɗanda suke da makamantansu na nahawu . Kalmomin da aka sanya su zuwa bangare ɗaya na magana gabaɗaya suna nuna halaye iri ɗaya (suna taka rawa iri ɗaya a cikin tsarin nahawu na jimlolin), wani lokaci kuma irin wannan dabi'ar ilimin halittar jiki ta yadda suke jujjuya dabi'u iri ɗaya har ma da dabi'un nahawu iri ɗaya. Yawancin sassa na magana da aka jera a Turanci sune suna, fi’ili, siffa, siffatau, wikilin suna, preposition, mai hadawa, interjection, numerical, article, da determiner.
Sauran kalmomin ban da ɓangaren magana— musamman a cikin rarrabuwar harsuna na zamani, waɗanda galibi ke yin madaidaicin bambance-bambance fiye da tsarin gargajiya—sun haɗa da ajin kalmomi, ajin ƙamus, da nau'in ƙamus . Wasu mawallafa sun taƙaita kalmar ƙamus category don komawa ga wani nau'i na nau'in syntactic kawai; a gare su kalmar ta keɓe waɗancan sassan magana waɗanda ake ɗaukar su kalmomi ne masu aiki, kamar karin magana. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar nau'in nau'i, kodayake wannan yana da ma'anoni daban-daban masu karo da juna. Za a iya rarraba azuzuwan kalmomi a matsayin buɗe ko rufe : buɗe azuzuwan (yawanci gami da sunaye, fi'ili da sifofi) suna samun sabbin membobi koyaushe, yayin da rufaffiyar azuzuwan (kamar karin magana da haɗin gwiwa) ke samun sabbin mambobi ba kasafai ba, ko basu samu ma duka.
Kusan duk harsuna suna da kalmar azuzuwan suna da fi'ili, amma bayan waɗannan biyun akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance tsakanin harsuna daban-daban. Misali:
Jafananci yana da kusan nau'ikan sifa guda uku, inda Ingilishi ke da ɗaya.
Sinanci, Korean, Jafananci da Vietnamese suna da nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'i .
Yawancin harsuna ba sa banbance tsakanin sifofi da fi'ili, ko tsakanin sifa da fi'ili (duba fi'ili na tsaye ).
Saboda irin wannan bambance-bambance a cikin adadin rukunoni da abubuwan gano su, dole ne a yi nazarin sassan magana ga kowane harshe. Duk da haka, ana sanya alamun kowane nau'i ne bisa ka'idojin duniya.
Tarihi
Ana samun rarrabuwar kalmomi zuwa nau'ikan ƙamus daga farkon lokaci a cikin tarihin ilimin harshe .
Indiya
A cikin Nirukta, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 6 ko na 5 KZ, ɗan Sanskrit nahawu Yāska ya ayyana manyan kalmomi guda huɗu:
नाम nāma – suna (ciki har da sifa)
आख्यात khyāta – fi’ili
Upasarga - pre-fi'ili ko prefix
निपात nipāta – barbashi, kalmar da ba ta bambanta ba (watakila preposition )
Waɗannan huɗun an haɗa su zuwa manyan azuzuwan guda biyu: marasa sassauƙa (suna da fi'ili) da mara sassauƙa (pre-verbs da particles).
Tsohon aikin kan nahawu na yaren Tamil, Tolkāppiyam, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta shi kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, ya rarraba kalmomin Tamil a matsayin peyar (பெயர்; suna), vinai (வினை; fi’ili), idai (ɓangare na magana da ke gyara alaƙar. tsakanin fi’ili da sunaye), da uri (kalmar da ta kara cancantar suna ko fi’ili).
Al'adar Yammacin Turai
Ƙarni ko biyu bayan aikin Yāska, masanin Girkanci Plato ya rubuta a cikin maganganunsa na <i id="mwcQ">Cratylus</i>, "kalmomi sune, na ɗauka, hade da kalmomi [ rhêma ] da sunaye [ ónoma ] ". Aristotle ya kara da wani nau'i, "haɗin gwiwa" [ sýndesmos ], wanda ya haɗa da ba kawai kalmomin da aka sani a yau a matsayin haɗin kai ba, har ma da wasu sassa (fassarorin sun bambanta; a cikin fassarar guda ɗaya shine karin magana, prepositions, da labarin ).
A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, masu ilimin nahawu sun faɗaɗa wannan tsarin rarrabawa zuwa rukuni takwas, waɗanda aka gani a cikin Art of Grammar, wanda aka danganta ga Dionysius Thrax :
'Sunan' ( ónoma ) an fassara shi da " Sunan ": wani yanki na magana da aka yi wa shari'a, yana nuna wani abu mai kama da abu. Ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye, siffa, sunaye masu dacewa, ƙa'idodi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƙa'idodi, lambobi da sauransu
Verb ( rhêma ): wani sashe na magana ba tare da jujjuyawar shari'ar ba, amma an ƙirƙira don jin daɗi, mutum da lamba, yana nuna wani aiki ko tsari da aka yi ko aka yi.
Participle ( metokhḗ ): wani bangare na fasalin raba magana na fi’ili da suna
Labari ( arthron ): wani yanki na magana mai lalacewa, wanda aka ɗauka don haɗa da takamaiman labarin, amma kuma ainihin sunan dangi.
Pronoun ( antōnymíā ): wani sashe na magana da aka maye gurbin suna kuma aka yiwa mutum alama
Preposition ( próthesis ): wani ɓangare na magana da aka sanya a gaban wasu kalmomi a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma a cikin syntax
Adverb ( epírrhēma ): wani ɓangare na magana ba tare da jujjuya ba, a gyara ko ƙari ga fi’ili, siffa, sashe, jimla, ko wani karin magana.
Haɗin kai ( sýndesmos ) : wani sashe na magana da ke ɗaure magana tare da cike giɓi a cikin fassararsa.
Ana iya ganin cewa waɗannan sassa na magana an bayyana su ta hanyar morphological, syntactic da ma'auni .
Priscian na nahawu na Latin ( fl. 500 CE) ya gyara tsarin da ke sama sau takwas, ban da "article" (tun da harshen Latin, ba kamar Hellenanci ba, ba shi da article) amma yana ƙara " interjection ".
Sunayen Latin don sassan magana, daga waɗanda madaidaitan kalmomin Ingilishi na zamani suka samo, sune nomen, verbum, participium, pronomen, praepositio, adverbium, conjunctio da interjecio . Nau'in sunaye sun haɗa da abubuwa ( nomen substantivum, daidai da abin da ake kira suna a yau a Turanci), maƙallan (nomen adjectivum ) da lambobi (lambobin sunaye) . Wannan yana bayyana a cikin tsofaffin kalmomin Turanci suna mai ma'ana, sifa da suna na lamba . Daga baya sifa ta zama aji dabam, kamar yadda lambobi sukan yi, kuma kalmar suna na Ingilishi ta zo a yi amfani da su kawai.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Muhalli | Gurbacewar Muhalli | Gurbacewar Muhalli, wani yanayi ne dakan afku dalilin rashin kula ko rashin tsaftace muhallin da al`ummah suke rayuwa akai. Datti ko bolar da ake kin kula gami da gyara ta da kuma gurbataccen ruwan kwata, hayakin injina da sauransu kan haifar da Gurbacewar Muhallin mu kamar irinsu; ƙasa, ruwa, iska, da haske. Wannan yana canza yanayin jiki, sinadarai da halittu na muhallin dake wuraren da ya gurbace sanadiyar sakacin mutane. wanda hakan zai yi illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da sauran halittu.
Gurbacewar Muhalli shine gabatar da abubuwan gurɓatawa a cikin mahalli wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbatar yanayi na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan abubuwa masu guba ko kuzari, kamar su amo, zafi, ko haske. Gurɓatattun abubuwa, abubuwan haɗin gurɓataccen yanayi, na iya kasancewa ko dai baƙin abubuwa kuzari ko kuma gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓatawa. Gurbataccen yanayi galibi ana sanya shi a matsayin tushen tushe ko gurɓataccen tushe mara tushe . A shekarar 2015, gurbatar yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.
Dalilan Gurbacewar Muhalli
Ci gaban tattalin arziki, masana'antu, musamman masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli kamar masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar yadi, masana'antar kera motoci da babura, samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, samar da kayan gini, yumbun gilashi; sarrafa katako Ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Bayan ci gaban masana'antu cikin a cikin wuraren ruwa a duniya kowace rana.
Sharar gida ta yau da kullun, Bayan sharar masana'antu, gurɓacewar muhalli da ke ƙara fitowa daga sharar mu ta yau da kullun. Babban dalili shi ne saboda ci gaban al'umma mai karfi da karuwar yawan jama'a akai-akai. Musamman a zamanin yau, muna amfani da buhunan filastik a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Nilon ba zai iya rubewa cikin kankanin lokaci ba, kuma idan aka binne shi a cikin kasa, za su samar da bangon rabuwa a cikin kasa, ta yadda za su gurbata muhallin kasa. Wannan yana haifar da raguwar amfanin ƙasa, acidity, da rage yawan amfanin gona.
Sufuri, Harkokin sufurin birni na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar iska, daga cikin hanyoyin sufuri, babura da babura ne ke da kaso mafi yawa kuma su ne tushen gurbacewar iska, mafi girman kamuwa da cuta. A inda babura ke haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta hanyar fitar da CO da VOC mai yawa, yayin da manyan motoci da motocin fasinja ke fitar da NO2, SO2 da yawa.
Amfani da kayan burbushin halittu, kamar Fossil fuels, man fetur ne mai dauke da wani abu mai yawa na carbon da hydrocarbons kamar methane, ruwa kananzir, kwal, da dai sauransu. Wadannan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kuma duniya ta dauki miliyoyin shekaru don ƙirƙirar su. Don haka, mutane suna yin burin samun tsabtataccen hanyoyin samar da makamashi waɗanda ba sa ɓarna albarkatu kuma suna taimakawa rage gurɓacewar muhalli.
Chemicals a cikin ban ruwa, Yin amfani da sinadarai na dogon lokaci a cikin aikin gona yana haifar da mummunar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Yawan sinadarai na taki da na ban ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin muhalli, da ke taruwa a cikin tafki da koguna suma suna gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa, da lalata tsarin kasa, wanda ke sa kasar ta yi tauri da sauki wajen wankewa.
Cutar da gurbatar muhalli, Ozone Layer perforation ko Ozone Layer, wani kauri ne mai kauri na O3 wanda ke kewaye da duniya, yana aiki a matsayin matashin kare duniya daga hasken ultraviolet na rana. Idan yanayin ya gurɓace, zai haifar da tasirin greenhouse, yana haifar da huda Layer na ozone na tsawon lokaci. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da sakamako masu yawa kamar: Yana shafar yawan ruwa a doron ƙasa, yana sa su ƙafe da sauri kuma suna haifar da rashin tsabtataccen ruwa don amfanin gida ko samarwa.
Tasirin iska mai datti da zafin hasken ultraviolet zai sa nau'ikan halittu da yawa ba za su iya daidaitawa ba lokacin da mazauninsu ya canza ba zato ba tsammani, yana sa su raunana kuma a hankali su ɓace. Bugu da kari, gurbacewar muhalli kuma yana haifar da gobarar dazuzzuka da yawa, zabtarewar kasa, da ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kogo...Wannan yana matukar shafar yanayin halittu, yana canza kaddarorinsa, na kasa, yana canza yanayin halittu sosai. Gurbacewar kasa na da illa ga tsirrai da dabbobi, da kuma lafiyar dan Adam, musamman guba, da suka hada da guba mai tsanani da guba da kuma sauran cututtuka da suka hada da cutar kansa.
Yana haifar da tasirin greenhouse
Babban ci gaban ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, kasuwanci, samarwa da amfani zai ƙara haɓakar CO2 kuma yanayin zafin iska zai kasance mafi girma. Wannan yana sa duniya ta yi zafi, ƙara yawan zafin jiki, hawan teku, kutsawar ruwan gishiri yana faruwa akai-akai. Sauyin yanayi yana sa bala'o'i kamar ambaliya da fari suna faruwa sau da yawa, ambaliya tana haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku, koguna da koguna, da fari ya sa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa bushe ∆da bushewa.
Illa ga halittu
Tasiri kan mutane
Ana kuma fuskantar barazana sosai ga lafiyar ɗan adam lokacin da cututtuka suka yawaita. Rana mai zafi da ruwan sama mai yawa sune yanayi masu kyau don ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suyi girma.
Kwari da cututtuka suna ƙara wuyar magani
Ana iya raba kwari da cututtuka na tsire-tsire na ƙasa zuwa rukuni kamar fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da nematodes waɗanda suke da wuyar magance su saboda sauyin yanayi da yanayin rayuwa. Wannan yana sa mu ƙara amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, wanda hakan ya sa yanayin gurɓacewar muhalli ya yi muni.
Fitowar ƙarin cututtuka
Ana samun ƙarin cututtuka, yana da wuya a sami cikakkiyar magani kamar mura A H5N1, mura A H1N1, SAR CoV 1, SAR CoV 2. Wannan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon sakamakon gurɓacewar muhalli, yana barazana ga rayuwar nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, , har da mutane.
Sababbin gurɓacewar muhalli a wannan karni
Gurbacewar iska
Gurbacewar iska wani sauyi ne a yanayin iskar da aka fi samu sakamakon hayaki da kura daga wuraren samar da masana'antu kamar babura, motoci, janareta, tanderu, na'urorin wutar lantarki da dai sauransu, tare da kura da ke fitowa daga tsoffin motocin fasahar zamani. Wannan yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska da hayaki, ƙura kuma yana haifar da wari mara kyau, yana rage gani, yana haifar da sauyin yanayi. Fiye da kashi 90 cikin 4 na al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ne a wuraren da ingancin iska ya fi muni fiye da shawarar da WHO ta bayar, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar sama da miliyan XNUMX daga gurɓacewar iska a kowace shekara.
Matsayin gurbacewar iska, Yawan ƙurar ƙura a cikin birane ya zarce adadin da aka yardada shi. Ƙaddamar da hayaƙin CO2, musamman a manyan birane da yankunan masana'antu, sun wuce ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su ta sau 1,5 zuwa 2,5. Ma'anar ingancin iska a wasu yankunan birane irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh suna da sau da yawa a mummunan matakin tare da AQI index daga 150 zuwa 200, wani lokacin yana da mummunan rauni lokacin da ya wuce 200. Mafi haɗari shine ƙura mai kyau wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar. a cikin iska kamar PM2.5 na iya haifar da cututtuka iri-iri, da ke shafar lafiyar jama'a.
Gurbacewar ruwa
Gurbacewar ruwa ita ce tushen ruwa a tafkuna, tafkuna, koguna, koguna, magudanar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, ruwan karkashin kasa, teku.... ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba a cikin adadi mai yawa waɗanda ke da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi. Dalilin gurbatar ruwa shine saboda wuraren samar da masana'antu, mutane ... saboda yawan riba mai yawa da kuma tsadar kayan aikin muhalli, sun fitar da adadi mai yawa na sharar da ba a kula da su ba a cikin tafkunan. Har ila yau, ayyukan kamun kifi ta hanyar amfani da ababen fashewa da sinadarai masu guba don yin cikakken amfani da albarkatun ruwa sun canza yanayin muhalli, suna haifar da mummunar gurɓacewar muhalli.
Wani binciken Matsayin gurbatar ruwa.
A cewar Unicef, kasarmu tana matsayi na 5, bayan China, Philippines, Indonesia, da Thailand, inda a yau ake jibge sharar gida mafi yawa a cikin koguna da teku a duniya, ta yadda hakan ke gurbata muhallin ruwa. Albarkatun ruwa na koguna da tafkunan Vietnam sun lalace sosai kuma sun lalace saboda yawan amfani da gurɓataccen yanayi. Hatta koguna da dama, sassan kogi, tafkuna da tafkuna sun “mutu” saboda yawan sharar gida, datti da ruwan sha da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin muhalli ba tare da an kula da su ba. A halin yanzu, a kowace shekara a kasarmu, kimanin mutane 9.000 ne ke mutuwa saboda rashin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Cutar sankara 200.000 na faruwa ne sakamakon shan gurbataccen ruwa.
Gurbacewar hayaniya
Lalacewa wani nau'in gurɓatacce ne da ke tasowa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, yana ƙara haɗarin mutuwa na namun daji da mummunan tasiri ga ɗabi'un ɗan adam, tunani da lafiya. Wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen amo na gama gari:
Gurbacewar hayaniya a cikin birane
Gurbacewar hayaniya kusa da masana'antu
Gurbacewar hayaniya daga ababen hawa
Gurbacewar filastik
A cewar wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, duniya na samar da isassun robobi a kowace shekara domin zagayawa duniya sau hudu da kusan buhunan robobi biliyan 500 da ake sha a duniya. A halin yanzu, yawancin sharar robobi ba a binne su a wuraren da ake zubar da shara, wanda ke haifar da gurbatar fata. Ana sa ran nan da shekara ta 2050, za a sake fitar da karin tan biliyan 33 na robobi a cikin tekunan kuma za su dade na tsawon shekaru aru-aru.
Haske gurbataccen tuƙi
Lalacewar haske shine kasancewar hasken wucin gadi a cikin duhun yanayi wanda ke da ban haushi saboda rashin dacewa ko amfani da mutane da yawa. A cewar BBC (Birtaniya), a lokacin Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, ƙarfin hasken waje na duniya ya karu da kashi 2% kowace shekara. Masana kimiyya sun ce "dare" a kasashe da yawa yana da mummunan sakamako ga kowa: tsire-tsire, dabbobi da mutane. Nau'in gurɓataccen haske kamar: Haskakawa, tsananin haske yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi na gani Hasken haske ya shiga ba da niyya ba, ba dole ba Ƙungiyoyin haske masu haske ba su da taimako.
Gurbacewar rediyo=
Makaman nukiliya da kayayyakin fission, sharar da makaman nukiliya a cikin yanayi ko makaman nukiliya za su saki abubuwa masu yawa na rediyo a cikin iska, ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Lokacin da mutane ke rayuwa a cikin gurɓataccen yanayi na rediyoaktif, haskoki na rediyo suna shiga jikin mutum daga waje ko kuma suna shiga cikin mutane ta hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyoyin numfashi, suna shafar jini, kasusuwa da gabobin jikin mutum.
Halin gurbatar muhalli a Vietnam
Halin gurbatar yanayi na yanayi Bisa kididdigar da aka yi kafin 1945, gandun daji ya kai kashi 43,8%, yanzu ya wuce kashi 28% (watau kasa da matakin ban tsoro na 30%). Ana lalata filin noma zuwa kusan hekta miliyan 13,4. A cewar ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli, a halin yanzu kashi 95% na ayyukan samar da kayayyaki a kasar na gurbata muhalli, fiye da kashi 50% na haifar da gurbatar yanayi. Domin waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu ne da wuraren samar da kayayyaki, fasahar gabaɗaya ta tsufa kuma ba ta saka hannun jari yadda ya kamata ba wajen magance gurɓacewar muhalli da sharar gida. Ban da haka, matsalar hakar ma'adinai, kayan gini, zinare da duwatsu masu daraja... da kuma amfani da ma'adinai a fagage da dama suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton muhallin halittu.
Halin da ake ciki na gurbatar ƙasa
A cewar rahoton na Babban Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli), ingancin yanayin ƙasa a cikin biranen Vietnam a halin yanzu yana kula da gurɓatacce saboda tasirin sharar gida daga ayyukan masana'antu da gine-gine. gini, rayuwa, sharar gida. Yawancin yankunan birane sun taso, suna daidai kan ƙasashen da ke ɗauke da ragowar sinadarai masu guba, alamun sun ninka sau da yawa fiye da matakin da aka yarda.
Misali, a kusa da wurin da ake binne sharar gida a gundumar Trang Dai (Bien Hoa), abubuwan arsenic a cikin ƙasa sun zarce ma'auni daga sau 1,05 zuwa 4,12. Copper (cu) abun ciki ya wuce sau 1,5, chromium da nitrogen a cikin ƙasa yana da girma daga 135 -375mg/kg.
Matsalar gurbatar muhalli a Najeriya
Gidauniyar kula da muhalli ta Jamus a Najeriya, HBS, ta ce ƙasashe da dama a nahiyar Afirka sun yi wa Najeriyar fintinkau wajen rungumar makamashi maras gurbata Muhalli. Wasu dai na ganin cewa akwai bukatar Najeriya ta gaggauta shawo kan matsalolin gurbatar muhalli, ta hanyar amfani makamashin da ba ya gurbata muhallin. Sai dai kuma a cewar wasu masana harkar makamashi a Najeriyar, hanya daya ce tilo za ta fidda ƙasar daga wannan yanayi. A cewar Farfesa Abubakar Sani Sambo, tsohon darekta janar na hukumar makamashi ta Najeriya, yin doka ne kawai zai sanya 'yan Najeriya su yi rungumi makamashin da ba ya gurbata muhallin.
Kamfanin hakar danyan mai na Shell da ke aikinsa a Najeriya ya ce zai biya diyyar Fam na Ingila miliyan 55 ga al'ummomin kauyen Bodo da ke yankin Nija Delta a Tarayyar Najeriya bisa gurbata musu muhalli. Bayan takaddamar da kamfanin ya dade yanayi na kin biyan kudaden a karshe ya amince, abunda al'ummar yankin suka ce sun yi murna da hakan matuka. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta duniya dai ta taka rawa matika kan bin kadin hakkokin wadannan al'ummomi. Wannan matsayi dai da aka kai na yaddar da kamfanin na Shell yayi na aikata laifin barin danyen man ya malala ya kuma gurbata muhallin al'ummomin na Bodo a Shiyyar Ogoni da ke yankin Nija Delta, tare kuma da amincewar biyansu diyya nasara ce babba da ba a tsammaci samunta ba nan kusa. Kimanin shekaru Shida ke nan da al'ummar ta Bodo suka shigar da kara a gaban wata kotu a London suna masu cewar malalar danyan man ta kassara muhallinsu tare da dukkanin hanyoyin rayuwarsu, wadda kuma sulhun da kotun ta London ta yi, ya kai ga matsayin da ake a yanzu na biyan diyyar ga al'ummar ta Bodo.
Wasu hanyoyi za abi wajen magance matsalar gurbatar muhalli
A tsaurara doka kan sarrafa shara.
Tsarin tsare-tsare na birane a wannan kasa tamu a yau bai mai da hankali ba kan matsalar sharar sharar gida, sharar ruwan sha yayin da mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su da zamani kamar binnewa. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar haɗarin gurɓacewar muhalli. Don haka, a halin yanzu, Ma'aikatun Lafiya, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli suna ci gaba da karfafa farfaganda da yada manufofi da dokoki kan gudanarwa da kula da sharar gida kamar: Gudanar da shari'o'in da suka saba wa doka a fagen kare muhalli, ba su da kyau a sarrafa sharar gida don shiga cikin yanayin waje. Ƙarfafa dubawa, dubawa da kuma kula da cibiyoyin da ke aiwatar da maganin sharar gida sosai. Nan ba da jimawa ba za a fitar da dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a kan kare muhalli kuma gwamnati za ta kammala takaddun jagora don aiwatar da su daidai. Ƙarin ƙa'idodin kan takunkumi a cikin kula da tankunan ruwa, tankunan ruwa, da gina ƙaƙƙarfan shara. Haɓaka gine-gine da sanya masana'antar sarrafa shara a cikin manyan biranen. Don ƙarfafa tsarin kula da datti da datti, wanda ya kayyade rarrabuwa, ajiya, tarawa, sufuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su da kuma kula da sharar gida.
Yi amfani da mai mai tsabta.
A cikin karni na 21, lokacin da halin da ake ciki na gurɓataccen muhalli ya ƙara damuwa da duniya, amfani da makamashi mai tsabta mai tsabta da muhalli ya zama yanayin salon zamani da wayewa. Wanda zai iya zuwa man fetur kamar: Kwayoyin mai Kwayoyin mai na iya samar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, ana yin su daga tushe kamar iskar gas, iskar methane da aka karbo daga sharar halittu. Ba sa konewa, don haka ba sa fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin motoci ko a cikin kayan masarufi kamar wayoyin hannu.
Ikon ruwa.
Ana amfani da igiyoyin ruwa da igiyoyin ruwa don juyar da injin turbin da ke samar da wutar lantarki. Za a iya amfani da wutar da aka samar kai tsaye don kayan aiki da ke aiki a teku kamar fitilun fitilu, buoys, magudanar ruwa, tsarin kewayawa.
Ƙarfin iska.
Ana amfani da makamashin iska don juya turbin don samar da wutar lantarki. A halin yanzu, mutane sukan gina manyan injinan iska don tattara wannan babbar tushen makamashin kore.
Makamashi daga dusar ƙanƙara.
Aikin yana tattara dusar ƙanƙara da adana shi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya don kiyaye zafin jiki tsakanin 0oC da 4oC da amfani da shi don adana kayan amfanin gona. Kungiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Bihai ta Japan ta yi nasarar amfani da dusar ƙanƙara wajen kwantar da ɗakunan ajiya da gine-ginen na'urori a lokacin zafi.
Methane gas daga nazarin halittu fermentation na gida sharar gida Wannan nau'in iskar gas ne da ke da ikon yin injin sarrafa wutar lantarki, ta yadda zai samar da wutar lantarki. Da zarar bazuwar ta cika, sauran ana amfani da ita azaman taki.
Ƙarfin ƙasa.
Za mu iya kama makamashin ƙasa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin tsibirai da dutsen mai aman wuta ta hanyar tsotsa ruwan zafi daga dubban mita ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa wutar lantarki. A halin yanzu, Japan ita ce mafi nasara aikace-aikacen wannan tushen mai mai tsabta. Tare da karfin 110.000 kW, isasshen wutar lantarki ga gidaje 3.700 na shekara guda. Methane hydrate gas yana kwance a ƙarƙashin ƙasa Methane hydrate ana samun yawanci a ƙarƙashin permafrost da zurfin teku. Wannan shine mafi kyawun madadin mai da kwal. Ƙayyade amfani da kayan da ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba Yin amfani da kayan da ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba kamar gilashin da ke da zafi, murfi na filastik, bambaro na filastik, yumbu, akwatunan Pizza, diapers ɗin da za a iya zubar da su, madubai, kyallen takarda ... Madadin haka zaku iya amfani da kayan da za'a iya sake yin amfani da su kamar gilashi, takarda, karfe, filastik, taya, yadi, da na'urorin lantarki. Musamman ma, za mu iya sake sarrafa robobi ta hanyar tattara tarkace ko tarkacen robobi da sake sarrafa wannan abu zuwa abubuwa masu amfani.
Karin wasu matakan
Ajiye wutar lantarki Yin amfani da dumama ruwa don hanyoyin gargajiya kamar dumama da wuta, ta wutar lantarki. Sauya duk kwararan fitila 1KW tare da fitilun 0,3KW super tanadin makamashi don taimakawa ceton adadi mai yawa na wutar lantarki, duka suna adana kuɗi akan wutar lantarki da kare muhalli.
Dasa bishiyoyi da yawa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin matakai mafi sauki kuma mafi inganci wajen rage dumamar yanayi. Domin bishiyoyi za su sha CO2 ta hanyar photosynthesis, ta yadda za a rage yawan iskar gas, kuma a kaikaice rage yanayin yanayin greenhouse na yanzu.
Rayayye yada kariyar muhalli. Haɓaka ayyuka da motsi don kare muhalli. Bayar da ilimin jama'a game da tasirin greenhouse, mahimmancinsa da hatsarori. Cikin shirin ilimantarwa akwai darussa na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma alhakin kowane dan kasa game da muhallin mutane da halittu. A rika tsara ayyukan farfaganda akai-akai don mutane don hana munanan ayyuka da ke fitar da iskar gas mai guba da sharar da ke haifar da illa ga muhalli.
Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a duniya da kuma a Vietnam
Kungiyoyin kare muhalli a duniya
Asusun Muhalli na Duniya (GEF): An kafa shi a cikin 1992, tare da manufa don magance matsalolin muhalli mafi mahimmanci a duniya. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, GEF ta ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 14,5 tare da tattara dala biliyan 75,4 don ƙarin tallafi don ayyuka kusan 4.000, waɗanda GEF ta ba da gudummawar jimillar ayyuka 98 a Vietnam don kare muhalli. Makarantar ƙasarmu.
Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Maritime ta Afirka (AMSA): wannan kungiya ce da ke aiki don nazari da bincike don magance matsalolin muhallin ruwa.
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP): kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke tafiyar da ayyukan muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an kafa kungiyar ne a shekara ta 1972 don ba da gudummawa ga kafa ka'idoji kan batutuwa kamar gurbatar iska da ke kan iyaka, da sinadarai masu guba da gurbatar ruwa na kasa da kasa.
Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Vietnam
Green Credit Trust Fund (GCTF): An kafa asusun ne a cikin 2007 daga wani yunƙuri don tallafawa haɓaka haɓaka fasahar fasaha na Ofishin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Swiss (SECO).
Ana ɗaukar wannan ƙungiyar a matsayin hanyar tallafin kuɗi don taimakawa ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu na Vietnamese saka hannun jari a matsakaici da dogon lokaci a cikin fasaha mai tsabta don aikace-aikacen samarwa da sabis na masana'antu. Daga can, ƙirƙira fasaha don haɓaka haɓakar samarwa da rage tasirin muhalli Asusun Kariyar Muhalli na Vietnam: An kafa asusun ne da nufin karbar kudade daga kasafin kudin jihar, hanyoyin samar da kudade, gudumawa da amana daga kungiyoyi na cikin gida da na waje da daidaikun mutane don bayar da tallafin kudi don ayyukan kariya. muhallin kasa baki daya. Cibiyar Ilimi don Yanayin (ENV): ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na farko a Vietnam ƙwararre kan kiyaye yanayi da ilimin muhalli. Manufar ita ce wayar da kan jama'ar Vietnam game da matsalolin muhalli da suka shafi kare namun daji, flora da fauna, yanayin yanayi da sauyin yanayi a matakan gida, yanki da duniya.
Manazarta |
51690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigobert%20Roger%20Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely (an haife shi a watan Yuni 7, 1953), ma'aikacin babban banki ne na Kongo kuma ƙwararren masanin a fannin kuɗi da tattalin arzikin banki. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville daga 2002 zuwa 2005, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnan BEAC daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2010.
A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA Bank) da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP ) a Kongo-Brazzaville.
Ilimi
An haife shi a Mossaka, Andely ya halarci makarantar firamare a Lébango da Etoumbi a Cuvette-Ouest, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Collège de Boundji a Cuvette. Bayan haka ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a Brazzaville, inda ya sami digiri na Faransanci a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin 1973.
An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Brazzaville a shekarar 1973, Andely ya kammala karatun digiri tare da Jagoran Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1977.
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand da ke Faransa, Andely ya ɗauki aiki a Paris don shiga Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) sannan ya shigar da shi Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta BEAC don Gudanar da Ma'aikata., daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin watan Oktoba 1979. An ba shi hedkwatar BEAC a Yaoundé, Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Kuɗi da Kididdigar Kuɗi. A shekarar 1982, ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki.
Sana'a
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya
A watan Yulin 1987, Andely ya kasance na biyu a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a Washington, DC, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Benin da Mukaddashin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Ivory Coast da Togo. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki, mai taken "Neoliberal Monetary and Financial Strategy for Development: Application to Sub-Saharan Africa". A shekarar 1988, ya sami nasarar kare karatunsa a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand kuma ya sami karramawa na farko.
Komawa zuwa BEAC
Bayan ya dawo hedkwatar BEAC a 1990, an nada Andely Mataimakin Daraktan Bincike da Hasashe. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Mataimakin Darakta, ya bullo da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na kudi guda hudu wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan BEAC a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
shirye-shiryen kuɗi, wanda ya ba da damar Babban Bankin su yi rajistar ayyukansu a cikin ƙididdiga na tsarin tattalin arziki ;
sabuwar manufar kuɗi bisa amfani da na'urorin manufofin kai tsaye ;
amfani da kayan kasuwancin kuɗi maimakon ci gaban kai tsaye zuwa bankuna, da ;
gabatar da karatun farko na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya (the Central Africa Stock Exchange ).
Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi, da Kasafin Kudi
A shekara ta 1998 Andely ya ci gaba da hawansa a BEAC lokacin, yana da shekaru 45, aka nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Agusta 2002, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi., da kasafin kudin Jamhuriyar Congo. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kudi, Andely ya jagoranci tattaunawa da kungiyoyin Paris da na Landan wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen rage basussukan Kongo-Brazzaville a daidai lokacin da ake daukar kasar a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa bashi. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a ma’aikatar kudi, Andely ya kuma jagoranci biyan manyan basussukan cikin gida, da tabbatar da biyan basussukan albashi ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, da kammala aikin samar da kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Imboulou, da kuma kafa gyare-gyare don tabbatar da gaskiya da gudanar da shugabanci na gari domin ya dace dan zaburar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kongo.
Komawa zuwa BEAC
Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Kongo-Brazzaville, Andely ya koma matsayinsa na Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Fabrairu 2005. Duk da haka, bayan shawarar da shugabannin kasashen kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta kasashen tsakiyar Afirka (CEMAC) suka yanke a shekarar 2010 Andely ya bar wannan mukamin saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kudaden saka hannun jari na BEAC da Société Générale ke gudanarwa, duk da cewa ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafi kudaden zuba jari.
Bayan barin BEAC, shugaban kasar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso ya nada Andely a shekarar 2011 a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da sayan jama'a kuma a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Kungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara.
A shekara ta 2014, Andely ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke kula da samar da bankin Sin da Kongo na Afirka, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 2015 tare da hedikwata a Brazzaville. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA). Banki).
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Andely ya samu karramawa da kyautuka da dama saboda aikin da ya yi a Afirka, ciki har da Umarni na karramawa daga kasashe uku, wato Ivory Coast, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea, da kuma babban jami'in Congo de l'Ordre du Mérite.
Sabis na ilimi da aiki
Andely mai magana ne na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Ci gaban Duniya (CERDI) a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand a Faransa. Ya kuma buga labarai da yawa cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kan tattalin arziki, manufofin kuɗi, da banki, musamman a cikin “Bincike da Ƙididdiga na BEAC.” Shi ma memba ne na kwamitin dabarun Gidauniyar Bincike da Bincike na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (FERDI)
Yana da yare biyu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Andely yana da aure kuma mahaifin yara 10. Yana da sha'awar yanayi kuma yana son ya kula da filayen safu da ke da nisan kilomita 45 daga Brazzaville. Mutum ne mai son karanta littattafan tarihi. Hakanan yana sha'awar kiɗan Kongo da kiɗan ƙasar Amurka.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
42531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyduba%20Soumah | Seyduba Soumah | Seydouba Soumah (an haife shi 11 ga watan Yunin 1991), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea .
Aikin kulob
Ajax Cape Town
An haife shi a Conakry, Guinea, Soumah ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana wasa akan tituna, kafin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na Ajax Cape Town yana matashi. Da farko an tura shi lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kungiyoyin First Division Ikapa Sporting (2008-2009 ) da FC Cape Town ( 2009-2010 ), kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa.
A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2011, Soumah ya fara bugawa Ajax a gasar Premier League, yana fitowa daga benci a 3-0 nasara a kan Platinum Stars . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Mpumalanga Black Aces da ci 2-1 a gida ranar 6 ga Maris. A cikin duka, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 10 a cikin kakar 2010-2011, yayin da kulob din ya ƙare a matsayin masu tsere.
A cikin watan Satumbar 2011, Soumah ya koma National First Division gefen Jami'ar Pretoria . Ya sanya kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2011-2012 . A cikin watan Janairun 2012, manajan Tuks Steve Barker ya bayyana cewa Soumah ya rabu da kulob din.
Nitra
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2012, Soumah ya isa Turai kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Slovak Nitra . Ya zira kwallaye biyu har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2011–2012 . A ranar 14 Satumbar 2012, Soumah ya sami katin ja a cikin rashin nasarar 3-1 na gida zuwa Spartak Trnava, tare da wasu abokan wasan biyu. Daga baya an ci shi tarar Yuro 3,400 da kuma dakatar da shi daga buga kwallon kafa na tsawon watanni shida saboda nuna batsa ga magoya bayansa, da cin zarafin ‘yan wasan abokin hamayyarsa da kuma yi wa alkalin wasa barazana a lokacin wasan.
Slovan Bratislava
A watan Disamba na 2012, an canja Soumah zuwa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Slovan Bratislava akan kuɗin Yuro 150,000. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 20. Ta hanyar sauran kakar wasanni, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 13 kuma ya ci sau biyu . Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob din lashe kambi na biyu a jere a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 21. A watan Yulin 2014, Soumah ta yi bikin ta hanyar ɗaga kofin Super Cup na Slovak bayan Slovan ta doke MFK Košice 1-0.
A cikin Yuli 2015, Soumah ya koma Qadsia ta Premier League a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a raga don taimakawa kulob din lashe taken 2015–16 . Soumah kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2015, inda ya zura kwallo daya.
Bayan zaman aro a Qadsia, Soumah ya koma Slovan kuma a karshen watan Nuwamba 2016 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2020. Zai zama babban wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2016–17, tare da Filip Hlohovský, da kwallaye 20. Soumah kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar cin kofin Slovak, inda ya zira kwallaye na karshe na nasarar 3-0 a kan MFK Skalica a wasan karshe . Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 39 da ya buga a duk gasa. Saboda rawar da ya taka, Soumah kuma ya kasance a cikin 11 mafi kyawun gasar.
Partizan
A kan 18 Yuli 2017, an sanar da cewa Soumah ya kammala canja wurinsa zuwa kulob din Serbia Partizan, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada a kulob din a kan € 1,650 miliyan. An gabatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli, yana mai ba da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da karbar riga mai lamba 20. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Soumah ya fara bugawa Partizan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan 6-1 na gida na ƙarshe akan Mačva Šabac . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a gida. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, Soumah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Olympiacos a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Uefa na uku, yayin da aka fitar da Partizan 5-3 a jimillar. Daga baya ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Videoton a waje da ci 4-0 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba zuwa matakin rukuni. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, Soumah ya tuba a bugun fanariti a 1-1 gida Draw tare da Red Star Belgrade . Wannan shi ne hukunci na farko da aka baiwa Partizan a gasar ta har abada bayan fiye da shekaru 22.
Loan to Maccabi Haifa
A watan Satumba na 2018, an ba Soumah aro ga kungiyar Premier ta Isra'ila Maccabi Haifa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin karin uku.
Komawa zuwa Partizan
Bayan ya kammala lamunin sa, Soumah ya koma Partizan a shekarar 2019 kuma ya shiga shekarar karshe ta kwantiraginsa. Ya zura kwallon a ragar Molde a wasan da suka doke Molde da ci 2-1 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Europa .
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Soumah ya buga wasansa na farko a kasar Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 1-1 da Senegal a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2014 a gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta doke su da ci 4-2.
A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Soumah ya ci hat-trick ɗin sa na farko a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 4-1 a waje a wasan share fage na AFCON 2015 . Ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, inda ya taimakawa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar tare da samun gurbi a jerin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe. Ya bayyana a wasanni biyu yayin da Guinea ta tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni da canjaras uku amma Ghana ta yi waje da su a wasan kusa da na karshe.
d 2022.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Qayyim%20al-Jawziyya | Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya | Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad dan Abī Bakr dan Ayyūb al-Zurʿī l-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī (an haifeshi a shekarata alif 1292 -zuwa shekarar alif 1350 CE / 691 AH – 751 AH), wanda aka fi sani da dan Qayyim al-Jawziyya (Dan babban [dan makarantan nan na] Jawziyyah ") ko dan al-Qayyim (" dan babba ". ابن قيم الجوزية) a takaice, ko kuma yanda dalibansa ke kiran shi da shi wato Imam Ibn al-Qayyim a al'adan Ahl Sunnah, yana da matukar muhimmanci a gwagwarmayar Musulunci na duniyar fikihu, Malamin akida ne kuma marubuci ne a fannin ruhi . Ya kasance dan makarantar Hanbaliyya a tsarin fikihu na 'yan sunnah, wanda aka ɗaukan shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin mutane masu tunani a duniyar hambaliyya," Ibn al-Qayyim a yau an dauke shi a matsayin daya dag cikin mutane goma sha hudu a wannan karnin wadanda suke dabbaka karantarwar ibn taimiyya. an kulle shi tare da kuma Ibn Taimiyya a shekarata alif 1326 saboda ya nuna rashin yarda a kan bidi'o'i, an kulle sune a wata sanannen kurkuku na Damascus .
Yana da nasaba mai kyau, mahaifin Ibn al-Qayyim shi ne shugaban makaranta na (qayyim) na makarantan Jawziyya, kuma ya kasance Alkali a babban kotun Hanbaliyya na Damascus a wancan lokacin. Ibn al-Qayyim ya ci gaba da zama babban malami masani, ya samar da tarin ilimi akan gawa da hukunce hukunce mai tarin yawa na "rukunan koyarwa da rubutu". A sakamakon haka, da yawa muhimman malamai Musulmai yan Mamluk sun kasance dalibansa ne, Ibn al-Qayyim ta dalibai ko, a kalla, ƙwarai rinjayi shi, ciki har da, daga gare wasu, da Shafi tarihi Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373), da Hanbali hadisi masanin Ibn Rajab (d. 795/1397), da kuma Shafi polymath Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449). A halin yanzu, sunan Ibn al-Qayyim ya zama mai kawo rigima a wasu bangarori na duniyar musulmai saboda sanannun mutane da yawa daga cikin mabiya darikar Sunni na Salafiyya da Wahahabiyanci, wadanda suke ganin irin sukar da yake yi wa irin wannan ta'asa. al'adun Sunni na gargajiya na tsaka-tsakin zamanin a matsayin girmamawa ga tsarkaka da kuma girmama kaburburansu kuma hakan yana haifar da mafificin tsari ga tunaninsu.
Suna
Muhammad bn Abi Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'ad Ibn Hariz Ibn Makki Zayn al-Din al-Zur'ī ( Arabic بن حريز بن مكي زين الدين الزرعي ), al-Dimashqi (الدمشقي), tare da Alkunya na Abu Abdullah (أبو عبد الله), wanda ake kira Shams al-Dīn (شمس الدین). Mafi yawanci ana kiranshi da Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, bayan mahaifinsa Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'ī wanda shi ne mai gabatarwa ( qayyim ) na Jawziyyah Madrasah, makarantar koyon aikin Hanbali a Damascus.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Malamai
Babban malamin Ibn al-Qayyim shi ne malamin Ibn Taymiyyah . Ibnu Qayyim ya fara haduwa da Ibn Taymiyyah yana dan shekara 21 kuma ya rage sauran rayuwarsa yana karantar dashi. Sakamakon wannan ƙungiyar ya raba ra'ayin malamai a cikin mafi yawan batutuwa.
Kurkuku
An daure Ibn al-Qayyim tare da malamin shi Ibn Taymiyyah . A cewar masanin tarihi al-Maqrizi, dalilai biyu ne suka sa aka kama shi: na farko shi ne hadisin da Ibn al-Qayyim ya gabatar a cikin Kudus wanda ya yanke hukuncin ziyartar kaburbura, ciki har da kabarin Annabi Muhammad a Madina, na biyu shi ne yarjejeniya tare da ra'ayin Ibn Taymiyyah game da batun kisan aure, wanda ya sabawa ra'ayin mafi yawan malamai a Damascus.
The campaign to have Ibn al-Qayyim imprisoned was led by Shafi'i and Maliki scholars, and was also joined by the Hanbali and Hanafi judges.
Yayin da yake kurkuku Ibn al-Qayyim ya dauki kansa da Alkur'ani. A cewar Ibn Rajab, Ibn al-Qayyim ya ci mafi yawan lokacin da yake a kurkuku: sakamakon fitowar Kur'ani lokacin da yake kurkuku wasu abubuwa ne da suka faru na ruhi (da aka bayyana a matsayin kusaq, kwarewar kai tsaye na asirin allahntaka, da mawjud, ecstasy lokutta ta kai tsaye gamuwa da Allahntaka Gaskiya).
Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya ya yi sharhi mai zurfi na ruhi game da wani rubutun da Hanbali Sufi Khwaja Abdullah Ansari ya rubuta mai suna Madarij al-Salikin .
Ya nuna kaunarsa da godiyarsa ga Ansari a wannan sharhin tare da sanarwarsa "Tabbas ina son Sheikh, amma ina matukar son gaskiya! ''' . Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya yana nufin Ansari ne da taken " Sheikh al-Islam " a cikin aikinsa Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab
Mutuwa
Ibn al-Qayyim ya rasu yana da shekara 60 a duniya da watanni 5 da kuma kwana 5, a daren 13 ga Rajab, 751 AH (15 ga Satumba, 1350 AD), kuma an binne shi ban da mahaifinsa a qabarin Bab al-Saghīr .
Ra'ayoyi
Hukuncin Shari'a
Kamar malaminshi Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim, ya goyi bayan manyan sarakuna don hukuma da kuma hukunta su. Ya ba da hujja, alal misali, "cewa sau da yawa ya dace a azabtar da wanda yake ƙanƙan da kai" wanda ya zargi mutumin da ba shi da halayyar "mafi mutuntawa."
Ibn Qayyim "ya samar da hujjoji bayyanannu" wadanda suka sanya alƙalai "ƙasa da amincinsu fiye da dā akan shaidar magana." Misali daya shi ne kafa mahaifin yara ta hanyar kwararru wadanda suka binciki fuskokin "yaro da mahaifinsa da ake zargi da kamanceceniya". Wani kuma yana cikin yankewar rashin ƙarfi. Idan mace ta nemi a kashe ta bisa dalilin rashin mijinta kuma mijinta ya tsaya a kan karar, alkali na iya samun samfurin shaidar mijin. A cewar Ibn Qayyim "maniyyi na gaske kawai ya bar farin saura lokacin dafa shi".
A cikin tambayoyin wadanda ake zargin Ibn Qayyim ya yi imanin cewa za a iya batar da shaidu daga wadanda ake zargi idan sun kasance "ba za a cire su ba". Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin masana shari'ar Islama waɗanda suka yarda da cewa "masu laifin da ke zargin sun cancanci yin shiru idan an zarge su." Lauyan marubuci kuma marubuci Sadakat Kadri ya ce, "a kan batun madaidaiciyar tarihi, azabtarwa ta Musulunci ta hana fara gallaza azaba." Ibn Qayyim duk da haka, ya yi imani da cewa "Annabi Muhammadu, da Halifofi masu gaskiya, da sauran Sahabbai " za su goyi bayan matsayinsa.
Ilimin Taurari
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah ya yi tsayayya da almara da sihirin kowane iri, amma ya kasance mai tsayayya da ilimin taurari, wanda masu aikinsa suka yi kokarin “tunanin za su iya sanin asirin da ke cikin rufin hikimar madaukaki na Allah.” A zahiri, wadanda suka yi imani da cewa abubuwan mutane da abubuwan da suka faru suna faruwa ne ta jikunan sama, sun kasance "sun fi jahiltar mutane, mafi rashin kuskure da fallasa daga mutum ... mafi jahilcin mutane game da rayuwarsa da mahaliccinsa".
A cikin Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah, ban da musun masu taurari kamar yadda ya munana kafirai, ya yi amfani da hujjoji masu hujja don karyata ayyukan fitina da tauraruwar taurari tare da illolin da ke da alaƙa da su, kamar duba da fassara ƙarfe, misali jayayya:
Tinaninsa
Kodayake ana kiran Ibn al-Qayyim wani lokaci a yau a matsayin abokin gaba da rudani na tona asirin Islama, amma dai a tarihi an san shi da gaske yana da "babban sha'awar Sufism ," wanda ya tashi daga fadadarsa sosai ga al'adun da aka baiwa rawar da ke cikin Sufism. a cikin rayuwar musulmai na al'ada a lokacinsa. Wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukansa, kamar Madārij, Ṭarīq al-hijratayn ( Hanyar Hijira guda biyu ) da Miftāḥ dār al-saʿāda ( Mabuɗin Mahalli na Joyous ), "an sadaukar da su gabaɗayan jigogin Sufi," duk da haka ma maganganu na irin wannan " jigogi da ake samu a kusan dukkan rubuce-rubucen, " ciki har da a irin wannan ayyukan ruhaniya ibada kamar al-Wābil al-Ṣayyib, wani sosai muhimmanci rubutun bayanawa da muhimmancin da al'adar Ambato, kuma ya girmama magnum opus, Madārij al-sālikīn (matafiya 'Akayi), wanda shi ne wani Extended sharhin a kan wani aiki da aka rubuta da goma sha-karni Hanbalite saint kuma abõkin Abdullah al-Ansari, wanda Ibn al-Qayyim ake magana a kai reverentially matsayin " Shaykh al-Islam ." A cikin duk irin wadannan rubuce-rubucen, ya tabbata cewa Ibn al-Qayyim ya rubuta don magance "waɗanda ke da sha'awar Sufanci musamman kuma 'abubuwan da suka shafi zuciya' ... gabaɗaya," kuma tabbacin wannan ya ta'allaka ne a cikin hakika ya faɗi, a cikin gabatarwar ga ƙaramin littafinsa mai haƙuri da Godiya, "Wannan littafi ne don amfanin sarakuna da sarakuna, attajirai da matalauta, da Sufaye da malamin addini; (littafi) don yaudarar masu shugabantar tashi, tare da mai tafiya ta hanya ( al-sā'ir fī l-ṭariq ) kuma ka sanar da wanda ke tafiya zuwa Makasudin. " Wasu malamai sun gwada rawar da Ibn al-Qayyim ya yi da na Ghazali shekara ɗari biyu kafin, a cikin wannan cewa ya yi ƙoƙarin "sake ganowa da kuma maimaita tushen tushen yanayin addinin Islama."
Hakanan gaskiyane, duk da haka, cewa Ibn al-Qayyim hakika ya sami wasu daga cikin maganganun malamin na Ibn Taymiyyah game da abin da ya hango yana wuce gona da iri a cikin sihiri. Misali, ya ji cewa karfin da ayyukan Ibran Arabi suka fara yi ya mamaye duk duniyar Sunni yana haifar da kurakurai a cikin rukunan koyarwa. A sakamakon haka, ya yi watsi da ra'ayin Ibn Arabi na wahdat al-wajud ko "kadaitaka kasancewar, " da hamayya, bugu da kari, wasu daga cikin matsanancin ra'ayi na Sufism wadanda suka sami kudin musamman a cikin sabon kujerar musulinci iko, Mamluk Misira da Siriya . " Wancan ya ce, bai taɓa la'antar Sufiyya da gaskiya ba, kuma ayyukansa da yawa suna ba da shaida, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ga girman girmamawar da ya riƙe mafi yawan al'adar Sufic. A cikin wannan dangane, yana da mahimmamci cewa Ibn al-Qayyim ya bi Ibn Taymiyyah cikin "yabo a kai a kai" malamin farko na ruhaniya al-Junayd, daya daga cikin manya-manyan tsarkakan al'adun Sufi, da kuma "sauran farkon ruhi Masoyan Bagadaza wadanda daga baya aka sani da suna 'sober' Sufis. " A zahirin gaskiya, Ibn al-Qayyim bai yi Allah wadai da Suffis mai muni ba, dangane da fitowar su ta ruhaniya a matsayin alamun “rauni” na ruhaniya maimakon na heresy . Matsayin Ibn al-Qayyim sosai a cikin wannan al'amari ya haifar da rubuta gafararsa ga fitintinun da wasu Sufis na farko suka yi kamar yadda Sufis da yawa suka yi a gabanshi.
Kiristanci
Ya kasance mai sukar Krista da abin da suka yi, ya kira su a cikin “'yan uwan aladu”. "Ina taya Krista murna a bikin nasu kwatankwacin taya su murnar bauta wa gicciyensu da bada gaskiya ga Yesu a matsayin dan Allah ." A cikin littafinsa, Kitab Hidayat ul-Hayara, ya rubuta cewa: “The Christians are misguided cross worshippers. They are those who swear at Allah (swt) the Creator in a way no other human has sworn at Allah (swt).
They are like those before who did not believe that Allah is unique as stated in Surah Ikhlas, nor do they make him greater than everything; rather they say, “the heaven and earth will crack and the mountains will fall down.”
The base of their Aqeedah and their biggest curse against Allah (swt) is the Trinity. According to the Christians Mariam (as) is the lover of Allah (swt) and Isa (as) is His son. They claim the Almighty Allah came down from His great chair and melted in the womb of Mariam (as), until He was killed and buried at the hands of man.
Its Deen is the worship of the cross; its supplication is for the images that are drawn on the wall, in red and yellow colours. They say in their prayer “O mother of God provide for us, forgive us and have mercy on us.”
Their Deen is to drink alcohol, eat pork, desert circumcision, worship with impurity and eat everything, even if it is filthy, whether that be the elephant or the mosquito. What is lawful and unlawful is what their priests say; the priests can take them to heaven and forgive their sins."
He also wrote a poem called “Oh, Worshippers of Christ!” in it he calls Christians “liars, fabricators and cross worshippers.”
Yanayin aiki
Ibn Qayyim was respected by a number of scholars during and after his life. Ibn Kathir stated that Ibn al-Qayyim, Ibn Rajab, one of Ibn Qayyim's students, stated that, Despite being praised by a number of Sunni scholars, he was also criticized by others.
The m Shafi'i shugaban hukunci na Damascus Taqi al-Din al-Subki wadai Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, a kan karbar na sau uku saki , kuma a kan asusun da ya view bayar da izni cikin hali na doki jinsi ba tare da sa hannu na mai na uku mai gasa.
Subki also stated that, "Abin wannan mutum yake so kawai a wurin gamarin mutane, shine babu wasu musulmai sai shi da mabiyansa"
Kuma ya bama wani littafin sa na raddi suna da "Takobi mai kaifi akan Ibn al-Qayyim" akan akidar sa ga siffofin Allah.
"Kada ku sake ku karanta abinda ke cikin littattafan Ibn kayyim da kuma wasu masu kama dashi, wadanda suka dauki ra'ayinsu a matsayin abin bautar su, kuma sune wadanda Allah ya batar. Kunnuwansu da da zunciyarsu an kulle su, kuma idanuwansu an rufe su"
Girman daraja
Ayyuka
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah's contributions to the Islamic library are extensive, and they particularly deal with the Qur'anic commentaries, and understanding and analysis of the prophetic traditions (Fiqh-us Sunnah) (فقه ). He "wrote about a hundred books", including:
Zad al-Ma'ad (Bayyanar lahira)
Al-Waabil Sayyib minal kalim tayyib - sharhi ne akan hadisi game da Annabi Yahya bn Zakariyya.
Ilaam ul Muwaqqi'een 'Rabb' Aalameen (Bayani ga Wadanda ke Rubuta Maulidan Ubangijin halittu)
Tahthib Sunan Abi Da'ud
Madaarij Saalikeen wanda yake sake shirya littafin ne wanda Shaikh Abu Ismail al-Ansari al-Harawi al-Sufi, Manazil-u Sa'ireen (Stations of the Seers);
Tafsirin Mu'awwadhatain (Tafsirin Suratul Falaq da Nas);
Badāʾiʿ al-Fawāʾid (بدائع الفوائد): Abubuwa masu ban al'ajabi
Ad-Dā'i wa Dawā wanda aka fi sani da Al Jawābul kāfi liman sa'ala 'an Dawā'i Shaafi
Haadi Arwah ila biladil Afrah
Uddat as-Sabirin wa Dhakhiratu ash-Shakirin (عدة الصابرين وذخيرة الشاكرين)
Ighathatu lahfaan min masaa'id ash-shaytan (إغاثة اللهفان من مصائد الشيطان) : Taimako ga mai neman Cigaba da shaidan
Rawdhatul Muhibbīn
Ahkām ahl al-dhimma "
Tuhfatul Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud: Kyauta ne ga vedaunatacce Game da Hukunce-hukuncen Jariri
Miftah Dar As-Sa'adah
Jala al-afham fi fadhl salati ala khayral anam
Al-Manar al-Munif
Al-Tibb al-Nabawi - littafi ne kan magani na Annabci, ana samunsa cikin Turanci kamar "Medicic Medicine", wanda Dar al-Fikr ya buga a Beirut (Lebanon), ko kuma a matsayin "Warkarwa tare da Magungunan Annabi (sal allahu` alayhi wa salim) ", Darussalam Publications ne ya buga.
Al-Furusiyya
Shifa al-Alil (Warkar da Marasa lafiya)
Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq
Hadi al-Arwah ila Bilad al-Arfah (Spurring Souls on the realms of farin ciki)''
Sharhi game da batun shigar da karar larabawa shine na Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (1292AD-1350AD) kuma yazo daga karni na 14.
Diddigin bayanai
Karin karatu
Bori, Caterina; Holtzman, Livnat, eds. (2010). A scholar in the shadow : essays in the legal and theological thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyyah. Oriente Moderno. Nuova serie, Anno 90. Roma : Istituto per l'Oriente C.A. Nallino. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR i23249612.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Biodata a MuslimScholars.info
Wanene Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya? - Binciken Hidaya
"Islamic Universalism : Ibadun Salafiyya na Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya akan Tsawan Jahannama " .
"Short Biography of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya" . Bysiness.co.uk . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
"Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah" . Sunnah.org . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
Labarai da kuma Littattafai
An karbo daga Ibn al-Qayyim
Littattafai
https://web.archive.org/web/20061107120050/http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/h/105.html
"IslamWeb" . IslamWeb . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
"The Hardness of The Heart" . Malakwarinku.com . Wanda akaido da 2010-04-12 .
Yan Hambaliyya
Malaman Sunna
Yan Malikiyya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
6531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Tafawa%20Balewa | Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (An haife shi a watan Disamban 1912 - 15 Janairu 1966) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya zama firayim minista na farko kuma tilo a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Anglophile mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya fi son ci gaba da kusanci da Burtaniya. A shekarun farko da ya yi yana mulki a matsayinsa na firaminista, Najeriya ta kasance tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki inda Elizabeth ta biyu ke sarauta a matsayin Sarauniyar Najeriya, har zuwa lokacin da Najeriya ta zama jamhuriya a shekarar 1963. Ya kasance mai kare muradu na musamman na Arewa kuma mai fafutukar kawo sauyi da hadin kan Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a watan Disambar shekara ta alif dari tara da sha biyu (1912) a jihar Bauchi a wancan zamanin, a yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa, Balewa Yakubu Dan Zala, dan asalin Gere ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma Fatima Inna 'yar Gere ce kuma asalin ta Fulani ce. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a gidan hakimin garin Gere, gundumar cikin masarautar Bauchi.
Ilimi
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar Alqur’ani da ke Bauchi; a lokacin da masu mulkin mallaka na kudu suka fara yunkurin ilimantar da mutanen yankin Arewa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa yana cikin yaran da aka tura makarantar Elementary ta Tafawa Balewa, bayan kammala karatun Alqur’ani. Daga nan ya wuce Makarantar Lardin Bauchi. Shima kamar sauran mutanen zamaninsa, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Barewa wadda a lokacin ake kira da Katsina College, inda ya kasance dalibi mai lamba 145. Ahmadu Rabah, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Ahmadu Bello, dalibi ne mai lamba 87, kuma yana da shekara biyu a sama, yayin da Abubakar Imam ke gabansa da shekara guda. Kwalejin dai na da tazarar kilomita da dama daga Bauchi kuma ba ta kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ko kuma zirga-zirgar jama'a. Lokacin hutu, wanda shine sau biyu a duk shekara, Abubakar Tafawa balewa yana yin tattaki ne zuwa gida, tafiyar fiye da kilomita 400. Ya kan yi tafiyar kilomita 40 a rana, kafin ya samu wurin hutawa a wani kauye da ke kusa, Wanda gaba daya tafiyar takan daukeshi kwanaki 10.
Kwalejin Katsina na da malamai ‘yan kasar Birtaniya, wadanda da yawansu sun yi karatu a manyan makarantun Burtaniya sannan suka halarci Cambridge ko Oxford. An koyar da dalibai da Turanci, kuma magana wani muhimmin bangare ne na koyo ga daliban. Baya ga kwarewa a harshen Ingilishi wato Turanci, makarantar ta kasance filin horas da malamai da za a tura zuwa makarantun larduna da na tsakiya a cikin Lardunan Arewacin Najeriya.
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya yi karatunsa na shekara biyar wanda a shekarar 1933 ya koma Bauchi inda ya koyar a makarantar Middle School. Yayi koyarwa a makarantar kuma ya tashi ya zama babban malamin makaranta. A shekarar 1941, ya samu sabani da wani matashi Aminu Kano, wanda aka tura shi makarantar a matsayin malami. Bayan tashin hankalin dalibai, binciken korafe-korafen daliban ya tuhumi shugaban makarantar, kuma a shekarar 1941 aka zabi Abubakar Balewa a matsayin sabon shugaban makarantar. A cikin shekarar 1944, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da wasu malamai masu ilimi a Lardunan Arewa aka zabi su yi karatu a kasashen waje a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar London, wadda a yau ta zama wani bangare na Kwalejin Jami'ar London . Bayan Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya dawo Najeriya ya zama Sufeto na Makarantun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sannan kuma ya shiga siyasa.
Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi a 1946 zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewa, da Majalisar Dokoki a 1947. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin Arewacin Najeriya.
Ya goyi bayan jinkirin da Arewa ta samu na samun 'yancin kai,bisa bin yarda da cewa yankunan arewa da na kudu ba daidai suke ba. A Majalisar Arewa, ya nemi karin matsayi da nauyi a cikin Gwamnatin Native ga membobin masarautu masu ilimi.
Tare da Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, wanda ke rike da sarautar Sardaunan Sakkwato, sun ba da shawarar sauya Kungiyar al'adu, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, wanda ke nufin Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa (NPC) a Turanci, ta zama dandalin siyasa don amfani. a matsayin dandalin kamfen yayin zaben alif 1951. An zabi Balewa mataimakin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar sannan daga baya ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban makarantar sakandaren Bauchi.NPC ta sami rinjayen kuri'u ga Majalisar Dokokin yankin taalif 1951.
Balewa yana cikin sabbin 'yan majalisar a Kaduna. A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki,Tsarin Macpherson na 1951, an aiwatar da tsarin kwalejin zaben inda aka zaɓi wasu 'yan majalisun yankin zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya a Legas, kuma a tsakanin' yan majalisar tarayya, membobi uku daga kowane yanki za a nada ministocin tarayya tare da fayil. Balewa yana cikin wadanda aka mika wa Legas kuma tare da Kashim Ibrahim da Muhammadu Ribadu aka ba su mukamin ministoci.
Balewa ya shiga gwamnati ne a shekarar alif 1952 a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka,daga baya ya zama Ministan Sufuri a lokacin da Najeriya ke tafiya zuwa ga mulkin kai. A lokacin da yake aiki a ma'aikatar sufuri, dukkan sassan ruwa da na jirgin kasa an canza su zuwa kamfanoni kuma an tsara tsare -tsaren gadar kan Nijar kuma an tsara shirye -shiryen Dam din Kayinji.
A shekarar 1957, NPC ta lashe kuri'u masu yawa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya kuma Balewa ya zama Babban Minista kuma ya nada Fira Minista. A wani bangare na shirinsa na hada kan kasar zuwa yunkurin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar alif 1960, ya kafa gwamnatin hadaka tsakanin NPC da National Council of Nigeria da Cameroons (NCNC), karkashin jagorancin Nnamdi Azikiwe sannan kuma ya gayyaci Action Group (AG) ), an kafa majalisar ministocin alif 1957 a matsayin dukkan majalisar ministoci. Kodayake, Awolowo, shugaban AG kuma firaministan yankin Yammacin ya nuna shakku kan shirin, kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na jam'iyyar Action Group ya amince da Gwamnatin Kasa kuma Ayo Rosiji da Samuel Akintola sun zabi jam'iyyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, Balewa ya kulla kyakkyawar alaƙa da KO Mbadiwe daga NCNC da Akintola daga AG.
Fira Minista
Balewa ya ci gaba da rike mukamin Firaministan Najeriya lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a 1960, sannan aka sake zaban sa 1964.
Kafin samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, taron tsarin mulki a shekarar 1954 ya amince da tsarin siyasar yankin na kasar, tare da baiwa dukkan yankuna ' yanci na siyasa. Yankuna ukun sannan sun kunshi kungiyoyin al'adu daban -daban. Shugabannin farko da wasu fitattun jagororin yankuna daga baya sun dauki manufar jagorantar yankunansu game da cin zarafin siyasa daga wasu shugabannin yankin. Daga baya, wannan yanayin siyasa ya yi tasiri ga gwamnatin Balewa. Wa'adin mulkinsa ya kasance mai cike da rudani, inda bangaranci na yanki ke yiwa gwamnatinsa barazana.
Duk da haka, a matsayinsa na Fira Minista na Najeriya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin 'yan asalin nahiyar. Ya kasance jagora mai mahimmanci wajen kafa kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka da kirkirar alakar hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen Afirka masu magana da Faransanci . Ya kuma kasance mai taimakawa wajen tattaunawa tsakanin Moise Tshombe da hukumomin Kongo yayin Rikicin Kongo na 1960 -zuwa 1964. Ya jagoranci zanga -zangar adawa da kisan Sharpeville na 1960 sannan kuma ya shiga kawance da ministocin Commonwealth wadanda ke son Afirka ta Kudu ta bar Commonwealth a 1961. Duk da haka, tuhumar cin amanar kasa da kuma hukunta daya daga cikin shugabannin yankin yammacin, Obafemi Awolowo, ya haifar da zanga -zanga da yin Allah wadai daga dimbin magoya bayansa. Zaben 1965 a yankin daga baya ya haifar da munanan zanga -zanga. Ba da dadewa ba tarzoma da tashe-tashen hankula sun yi daidai da abin da ake ganin barna ce ta siyasa da kuma sakamakon zaɓe mai karfi ga abokan hamayyar Awolowo na yamma.
A matsayin sa Fira Ministan Najeriya, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, daga 1960 zuwa 1961, ya ninka matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya. A shekarar 1961, gwamnatin Balewa ta kirkiri mukamin minista mai kula da harkokin kasashen waje da hulda da kasashen Commonwealth don fifita Jaja Wachuku wanda ya zama, daga 1961 zuwa 1965, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya da hulda da Kasashen Commonwealth, wanda daga baya ake kira Harkokin Waje.
Juyin Mulki
An yi masa juyin mulki kuma an kashe shi a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, da sauran shugabanni da dama, ciki har da tsohon abokin tafiyarsa Sir Ahmadu Bello . Yanayin mutuwarsa har yanzu ba a warware su ba. An gano gawarsa a gefen titi kusa da Legas kwanaki shida bayan an kore shi daga mukaminsa. An binne Balewa a Bauchi . Labarin kashe shi ya tayar da tarzoma a cikin Arewacin Najeriya kuma a karshe ya haifar da juyin mulki na jini na Yuli 1966.
A yau, hotonsa yana dawata Bayanin Naira 5. An sakawa Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da ke Bauchi suna don girmama shi.
Balewa's Shaihu Umar
A shekara ta 1934, Balewa ya rubuta Shaihu Umar, wani labari game da Musulmin kirki don amsa buƙatun inganta adabin Hausa daga Rupert East, shugaban Ofishin Fassara na mulkin mallaka. An rubuta shi a cikin tsarin adabi, jarumi, Shaihu Umar, yana ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin rayuwarsa. Abubuwan da suka faru da jigogi a cikin sabon labari sun shafi cinikin bayi, alaƙar dangi da jigogin Musulunci na miƙa kai ga nufin Allah.
An shirya Shaihu Umar a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 1970.
An fara buga Shaihu Umar a shekarar 1955.
Darajoji
A watan Janairun 1960, Mai Martaba Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta nada Abubakar Tafawa balewa a matsayin Kwamandan Daular Masarautar Burtaniya . An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Jami'ar Sheffield a watan Mayu 1960. An kuma ba shi lambar girmamawa ta dokokin dokoki daga Jami'ar New York a watan Yuli 1961.
Rayuwar mutum
An bayyana Balewa a matsayin mai tawali'u kuma mara son kai. A rasuwarsa, manyan kadarorinsa sun hada da gidansa da ke Bauchi da gona mai kadada 50 inda ya yi hutu lokacin da yake son shakatawa. Gidan gonar yana kan hanyar zuwa kauyen Tafawa Balewa kimanin mil tara a wajen Bauchi; an yanke shawara da yawa a hukumance yayin da suke ofis a gona. Balewa ya auri mata hudu da dasuka haifa masa yara goma sha tara.
Duba kuma
Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Manazarta
Kalu Ezekiel;
James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle; Kundin Tarihi na Masarautar Burtaniya, Greenwood Press, 1996
BIC Ijomah, The Enigma of Nigerian Nationalism, Gidan Buga Jami’ar Jihar Edo, 1996,
Alh. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya kai ziyara Amurka a 25-28 ga Yuli 1961, YouTube. |
30800 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta%20A%20Najeriya | Bauta A Najeriya | Najeriya na da tarihin bauta kuma tana taka rawa sosai a cinikin bayi. Bauta a yanzu ta haramta a duniya da kuma a Najeriya. Koyaya, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da halal tare da al'adun gargajiya daban-daban waɗanda suka rigaya sun kasance, waɗanda ke kallon wasu ayyuka daban. A Najeriya, wasu al'adu da ayyukan addini sun haifar da "lalacewa tsakanin al'adu, al'ada, da addini da kuma dokokin kasa a yawancin jihohin Afirka" wanda ke da ikon yin amfani da ikon da ba bisa doka ba a kan rayuka da yawa wanda ya haifar da zamani. - bautar rana. Hanyoyin bautar zamani da suka fi zama ruwan dare a Nijeriya, su ne fataucin mutane da aikin yara. Domin da wuya a gane bautar zamani, ya yi wuya a iya magance wannan al’ada duk da ƙoƙarin da ƙasa da ƙasa ke yi.
Tarihin bauta a Najeriya
Kasuwancin bayi na gargajiya a Kudancin Najeriya ya kasance kafin zuwan tasirin Turawa, kuma ya ci gaba a cikin gida tsawon lokacin da aka kawar da bautar a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.
Da zuwan cinikin bayi daga Atlantika, ’yan kasuwar bayi na gargajiya a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun zama masu ba da bayi ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai. Kodayake gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haramta bautar cikin gida a hukumance daga tsakiyar shekara ta 1880s, sun ba da izinin ci gaba da kyau a cikin shekara ta 1930s, ya ƙare gaba ɗaya kawai a cikin shekara ta 1940s.
A cikin shekara ta 1961, sabuwar jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 .
Igbo
Ƙabilar Ibo sun kasance suna kiyaye tsarin addinin Odinani na Osu. Osu sun kasance mutanen da ake kallon su a matsayin marasa ruhi, kuma an ware su daga al'ummar Igbo na yau da kullun. An ajiye Osu a matsayin bayi ko kuma a sayar da su a cinikin bayi. , Zuriyar Osu har yanzu suna fuskantar wariya a tsakanin ƙabilar Igbo. Masu fafutukar yaki da wariya na cikin gida sun haɗa kai da ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta duniya, inda suka kwatanta yadda ake mu’amala da ‘ya’yan bayi a Najeriya da yadda ake yi wa baƙaƙen fata a ƙasar Amurka.
Sokoto Caliphate
Daular Sokoto wata daular khalifancin Ahlus Sunna ce mai ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19 tare da babban birninta Sokoto dake arewacin Najeriya. Halifanci ya kawo ci gaban tattalin arziki shekaru da yawa a duk yankin. Kimanin bayi miliyan 1-2.5 ne wadanda ba musulmi ba aka kama a yakin Fulani . Bayi sun yi aikin gonaki amma watakila kuma an basu 'yanci bisa sharadin musulunta . A shekara ta 1900, Sokoto tana da "aƙalla miliyan 1 kuma ƙila har miliyan 2.5 bayi".
Yarbawa
Bauta ta kasance a al'adance tsakanin Yarabawa kafin a kawar da ita a hukumance a shekara ta 1893, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. An kama bayi a lokacin fadada yankuna da yaƙe-yaƙe na ciki da na ƙabilanci. Idan wani gari ya kama wani a yaƙi, mutanen da aka kama za su zama bayi ga waɗanda suka kama su. Bayi yawanci suna aiki ne don membobi masu ƙarfi na al'umma, kuma an ba su aikin noman gona, share ƙasa, ko wasu dalilai na sirri.
Tuntuɓar Musulmi da Turawa ya ƙara shaharar bautar da ke tsakanin Yarabawa. Manya-manyan Yarabawa irin su mayaka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi, sarakuna, da attajirai sun fara shiga cinikin bayi domin yana samun riba mai riba. ’Yan kasuwan kasashen waje sun ba wa abokan kasuwancin Yarbawa makamai masu karfi a maimakon bayi. Yarabawa sun yi amfani da wadannan makamai wajen fatattakar abokan gaba da sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi.
Mallakar bayi alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa.
Rukunin bayi
Akwai nau'ikan bayi guda uku a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa; ìwọ̀fà, fursunan yaƙi, da masu laifi. Kalmar ìwọ̀fà tana nufin bayi waɗanda dangi ɗaya suka miƙa da radin kansu ga wani a matsayin lamuni don biyan lamuni. Bawan yakan yi wa ubangijinsu aiki muddin ba a biya bashin ba. Masu awòfà na iya mallakar dukiya kuma su ziyarci danginsu, amma ƴancinsu ya rage a hannun iyayengijinsu.
Wadanda aka kama yakin wani nau'i ne. Mayaƙa waɗanda suka yi nasara a yaƙi sukan kawo fursunoni ga manyan sarakuna da sarakuna, waɗanda suka bautar da su kuma suka tilasta musu yin aiki a gonakinsu ko yin sana’o’i. Mu'amalar bayi ta dogara ne da halayen iyayengiji, da kuma halayen bayi da kansu. Efunsetan Aniwura, Iyalode na Ibadan, an san shi a matsayin ubangidan bawa mai tsananin tausayi. A wasu yanayi, bayi sun zama shugabannin gidajensu ko kuma sun sami ’yanci.
Nau'in Bautar Zamani A Najeriya
Fataucin mutane
Fataucin bil adama ya ƙunshi "aikin da yunƙurin daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane (maza da mata) a ciki ko ta kan iyakoki". Fataucin mutane shine nau'in bautar da ke saurin girma. Yawancin waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin fataucin mutane ana tilasta su shiga cinikin jima'i na kasuwanci ko kuma aikin tilastawa. Fataucin mutane yana haifar da illa ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Najeriya. Akwai nau'ikan fataucin mutane Iri daban-daban a Najeriya. Fataucin bil adama a Najeriya na ƙaruwa a cikin gida da waje. Najeriya kuma ta zama hanyar wucewa ta hanyar da masu safara ke kai wadanda abin ya shafa zuwa wasu kasashe”.
Dalilan Fataucin Bil Adama
Babu takamaiman ranar da aka fara fataucin mutane a Najeriya amma ya fara karuwa a Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1990 tare da karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da kuma Advanced Fee Fraud (419). An sami matakai daban-daban na wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane da kuma banbance-banbance kan yadda kabilun Najeriya daban-daban ke amincewa da safarar mutane. Saboda bambance-bambancen fahimtar wannan al'ada, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sha wahala wajen "hada kayan aiki don kawar da barazanar da ke cikin kasar". Haka kuma yana da matukar wahala a iya gano wadanda aka yi musu fataucin mutane saboda nau’ukan safarar mutane da kuma rashin horar da yadda ake gane wadanda abin ya shafa.
Fataucin Waje
Fataucin waje, ko fataucin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya haɗa da fataucin mutane a cikin "ƙasashen ƙasa, nahiya da kan iyakokin ƙasa don manufar yin jima'i, aikin yara da hidimar gida don musanyawa don samun ladan kuɗi" A ko'ina cikin iyakokin kasa da kasa a kowace shekara, ana safarar mutane tsakanin shekara ta 800,000 zuwa shekara ta 4,000,000, tare da mata da yara ƙanana da aka fi fama da su.
Galibin mata da kananan yara ‘yan Najeriya da ake fataucinsu na safarar mutane ne zuwa ƙasashen Turai musamman Italiya. Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka su ma wuri ne na gama-gari da masu fataucin su daga Najeriya su karewa “domin daukarsu, aikin gida da aikin gona, da kuma sayar da sassan jikinsu”. Yara da ake fataucin mutane daga Najeriya galibi ana safarar su ne a Najeriya ko wasu kasashen Afirka. Fataucin mutane babban laifi ne na ketare, wanda ake ganin yayi kama da cinikin bayi na zamani.
Mafi yawan abin da ya faru na fataucin ɗan adam daga waje don dalilai na amfani shine a Edo (20.4%), Rivers (8.6%), Cross River (7.1%), Anambra (6.8%), Delta (6.4%), Bayelsa (5.7%), Ebonyi (5.4%), da Imo (3.2%). Babban birnin tarayya (5.7%) da jihar Borno (5.0%).
Fataucin Cikin Gida
Fataucin cikin gida, ko fataucin cikin gida shine "daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane a cikin iyakokin kasa, ko dai daga karkara zuwa birane ko daga wata jiha zuwa wata, don ayyukan jima'i, aikin yara, ko ayyukan gida".
An fi samun yawaitar fataucin bil adama na cikin gida a Benue (16.4%), Akwa Ibom (13.2%), Kogi (9.5%), Kano (4.1%), Jigawa (4.1%), Borno (3.6%), Edo (3.6), Kaduna (3.6%), Kwara (3.6%) da Niger (3.6%) jihohin.
Fataucin Mata
Ana fataucin matan Najeriya ne da nufin yin lalata da su. Ana fataucinsu ne a waje. Adadin ‘yan Najeriya da aka yi musu fataucin mutane na daya daga cikin mafi yawa a yammacin Turai.
Dalilan safarar Mata
Wannan matsalar fataucin da ake fama da ita a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki. Addinin da ke da rinjayen Musulunci a Arewa, kuma Kirista ne ke da rinjaye a Kudu, shi ma ya taka rawar gani wajen tashe-tashen hankula a fadin Najeriya da ke haifar da fatara.
Juju
Juju yana tare a Najeriya tare da Kiristanci da Musulunci . Juju ya shafi fataucin dan Adam a Najeriya tunda da yawa sun yi imanin cewa "limamin cocin da ke da alaka da gidan ibada na voodoo yana da ikon sarrafa sakamako a rayuwar mutane". Akwai iko da yawa akan mata ta hanyar al'adar juju. Firistoci suna ba da haɗin kai ga masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya, kuma limamai da yawa ma masu laifi suna biyan . Don haka, wannan yana haifar da samun ƙarfi a kan mata tun lokacin da mafia ke barazana ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da danginsu idan 'yan matan suka kasa ba da haɗin kai. Mafia na Najeriya "suna rike da takardun tafiye-tafiye da jigilar kaya zuwa Turai" kuma daga nan ne magidanta suka sayi 'yan matan don aiki.
Matsayin Madam
Galibin fataucin mata wasu mata ne ke kula da su. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito daga ' madams ', wadanda ke aiki a matsayin 'yan iskan mata, kuma galibi tsoffin karuwai ne.
Wadannan Madam din sun mallaki 'yan mata har sai sun biya basussukan da ake binsu. Madam sun biya kudin safarar yarinyar da suke daukar aiki. Wani abin ƙarfafawa ga waɗannan 'yan mata shine damar nan gaba na samun kudin shiga a matsayin uwargida, wanda ke haifar da sake zagayowar cin zarafi.
Wannan al’ada ce da ta shahara a Najeriya a yau, inda kashi daya bisa uku na matan wata uwargida ta tunkari su a baya.
Boko Haram
Kungiyar Boko Haram na taka rawa sosai wajen safarar mata a Najeriya ta hanyar sace 'yan mata tare da tilasta musu bauta. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi garkuwa da yara sama da 1000 a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2013 a cewar UNICEF. Daya daga cikin manyan sace-sacen da aka fi sani da sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok, ya faru ne a jihar Borno inda Abubakar Shekau ya fitar da wani faifan bidiyo yana mai cewa "zai sayar da 'yan matan Najeriya 276 zuwa bauta".
Bautar Yara
A Najeriya, akwai manyan nau'ikan bautar yara guda biyu: aikin tilastawa da yin lalata da kasuwanci . Yana da wuya a gano yadda ake bautar da yara a Najeriya saboda rashin fahimta tsakanin ayyukan aiki da ayyukan iyali.
Aikin Tilastawa
Ana tilasta wa yaran Najeriya aiki nau'ikan ayyukan da suka hada da aikin gona, “ bautar gida, yin katifi, yin kayan adon, yin tufafi, wasan raƙuma, da yaƙi (a matsayin yara soja). Haka kuma an tilastawa yaran Najeriya shiga aikin hakar ma'adanai inda ake jefa su cikin hatsarin gaske saboda tsananin aikin da ake bukata.
Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i
Da alama akwai babban alaƙa tsakanin "cin zarafin yara da karuwanci a Najeriya". Irin wannan bautar yara na iya haɗawa da "karuwanci, labarun batsa, yawon shakatawa na jima'i, zoben jima'i, rawa tsirara ko ƙirar ƙira, da cin zarafin yara masu bautar gida"
Kokarin Yaki Da Bautar Zamani
Fataucin bil adama yana da wahala a iya yaƙi domin ba a iya gane shi cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, an yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar bautar zamani.
Ƙoƙarin Cikin Gida
Gwamnatin Najeriya ta fahimci cewa "laifi na fataucin mutane yana haifar da babbar barazana ga ci gaban Najeriya da zaman lafiyarta, kuma hakan na kawo babbar barazana ga kimarta da tattalin arzikin kasa". Don haka, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa don yaƙar wannan batu. An kirkiro Hukumar hana zirga-zirgar mutane ta kasa ( NAPTIP ) don yaki da fataucin mutane a shekarar 2003. Wannan hukumar tana da hannu wajen ladabtar da masu safarar mutane, da binciken jami’ai, da kuma mayar da wadanda abin ya shafa cikin al’umma.
Yarjejeniyoyi na kasa da kasa da Najeriya ta rattabawa hannu sun hada da: Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Laifukan Kasa da Kasa, Yarjejeniyar Yaki da safarar bakin haure ta kasa, ruwa da iska, yarjejeniyar hana fataucin mutane, da kuma hukunta masu safarar mutane . Fataucin Makamai.
Ƙoƙarin Ƙasashen Duniya
An yi wasu yunƙuri na duniya don magance matsalolin bautar zamani a Najeriya.
A birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, sarakuna da matan shugabannin kasashe 70, tare da sauran manyan kasashen duniya da dama, sun halarci wani taro kan matsalolin da matan karkara ke fuskanta a kasashen duniya na uku, da fatan za a magance matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta.
Bautar zamani na iya faruwa saboda yawan bashin da wasu kasashen Afirka ke da su ciki har da Najeriya. Yunkurin gyara hakan shi ne gwamnatin Bush ta soke basussukan kasashe 18 ciki har da Najeriya.
Kungiyar Jubilee ta kuma soke basussukan kasashe 50 ko fiye da suka hada da Najeriya.
Manazarta
Bautan dabbobi a Afurka
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan'adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasar%20Firimiya%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Ghana | Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Ghana | Gasar firimiya ta Mata ta Ghana, (GWPL), wadda aka fi sani da National Women's League (NWL), ita ce babbar gasar rukunin mata a Ghana. An fara ƙaddamar da it's a cikin shekarar 2012. Kungiyoyi 18 ne suka fafata a shiyyoyi biyu (yankin kudu da arewa), tana aiki ne bisa tsarin ci gaba da ficewa tare da rukunin mata na Ghana na daya. Lokaci yana gudana daga Disamba zuwa Yuli tare da kowace ƙungiya tana buga matches 16 (wasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi 8 a yankin su duka gida da waje). Yawancin wasannin ana yin su ne a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi da rana.
Kamfanoni da dama ne ke daukar nauyin gasar, ciki har da na hukuma kayayyakin wasanni da ke daukar nauyin Decathlon GH, reshen Ghana na dillalan kayan wasanni na Faransa Decathlon, da NASCO, wadanda ke daukar nauyin ranar wasa, kowane wata, da kyaututtuka na shekara.
A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2021, hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ta nada Hilary Boateng a matsayin shugabar kwamitin kula da gasar Premier ta mata.
Tarihi
Har zuwa shekarar 2006 wasu yankunan ne kawai ke da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata. A shekara ta 2006, an ƙirƙiri lig na shiyya, wanda ya buga zakara na ƙasa a karon farko. An raba Ghana zuwa yankuna uku da suka buga wasan gasar. Sannan kowace shiyya ta ci gaba da kungiyoyi biyu zuwa matakin kasa.
An fara kunna tsarin na yanzu a cikin 2012–13. Ana buga gasar rukuni-rukuni biyu. Bayan matakin gasar, dukkan wadanda suka lashe gasar sun hadu a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Hasaacas Ladies ta yi nasara a wasan karshe da ci 2–1 a kan Fabulous Ladies a filin wasa na Accra. FIFA ta dauki nauyin wani babban bangare na kayan wasan kwallon kafa .
Ƙungiyoyin kafa 2012-13
An raba kungiyoyi goma sha biyu na farkon kakar wasa zuwa yankuna biyu na kungiyoyi shida.
2020 - yanzu
A cikin shekarar 2021, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana (GFA) ta yanke shawarar fadada kungiyar daga tsarinta na yanzu Kungiyoyi 16 zuwa kungiyoyi 18 tun daga kakar 2021-22, ma'ana kungiyoyi tara don yankuna daban-daban don ba da izinin aƙalla 16. wasannin gasar a kakar wasa.
Tsarin gasa
Gasa
Akwai kungiyoyi 16 a gasar firimiya ta mata, 8 a shiyyar kudu sai 8 a shiyyar arewa. A lokacin kakar wasa (daga Disamba zuwa Yuli) kowane kulob a kowane yanki yana buga sauran sau biyu (tsarin zagaye na biyu ), sau ɗaya a filin wasan su na gida kuma sau ɗaya a na abokan hamayyarsu, don wasanni 16 a kowane yanki. yin shi 32 games duk tare. Ƙungiyoyi suna samun maki uku don nasara da maki ɗaya don canjaras. Ba a bayar da maki don asara. Ƙungiyoyi suna ranked ta jimlar maki, sa'an nan manufa bambanci, sa'an nan kuma a raga ya ci. Idan har yanzu daidai ne, ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin su mamaye matsayi ɗaya. A karshen gasar ta shiyya kungiyoyin da ke kan gaba da kuma wadanda suka lashe shiyya sun hadu a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai domin yanke hukunci kan zakaran na kasa.
Ci gaba da raguwa
Akwai tsarin ci gaba da faduwa tsakanin gasar firimiya da na gasar rukuni na daya. Kungiyoyi mafi ƙanƙanta a shiyyoyin biyu na gasar firimiya sun koma gasar rukuni-rukuni ta ɗaya, kuma manyan ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga shiyyoyin biyu a gasar ta haye zuwa gasar Premier. An ƙara adadin kulake daga 16 zuwa 18 a kakar shekarar 2021–22 .
Gasar wasan karshe
Jerin gwanaye da wadanda suka zo na biyu:
2019*** Gasar Musamman ta Matan Ghana
Masu nasara ta kulob
Tallafawa
Tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 2012 har zuwa 2017, gasar ba ta da mai daukar nauyin taken kuma ana kiranta da Kungiyar Mata ta Kasa. Koyaya a cikin shekarar 2018, an sanar da FreshPak, reshen Groupe Nduom, a matsayin masu ɗaukar nauyin gasar na farko. Kamfanin ya bayyana kunshin tallafin, mai daraja GH¢500,000 a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa, wanda ya fara daga kakar shekararu 2018.
Electroland Ghana Ltd, masu rarraba kayan lantarki na NASCO sun kasance abokin tarayya kuma suna daukar nauyin gasar Premier ta Mata tun daga kakar shekran 2019-20. Kamfanin ne ke daukar nauyin kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, kyaututtuka na wata-wata wanda ya hada da kyautar gwarzon dan wasan watan da kociyan wata tare da bayar da kyautar gwarzon shekara da karshen kakar bana, gwarzon dan wasa, Gano gwarzon shekara. Kyautar Gwarzon Gola da Koci na kakar wasa.
A watan Oktoba ma shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Ghana ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar daukar nauyin shekaru hudu tare da Decathlon GH, reshen Ghana na dillalan kayan wasanni na Faransa, Decathlon don samar da kwallon kafa da kayayyakin wasanni don gasar Premier ta mata na tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa daga shekarar 2020- kakar wasannin mata 21.
Labaran watsa labarai
A watan Fabrairun shekarar2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da tallafi ta gaskiya tare da StarTimes Television na tsawon shekaru shida da suka fara daga gasar Premier ta Ghana ta 2019-20. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar StarTimes ta sadaukar da dala 100,000 a cikin shekarar farko a matsayin goyon bayan gani ga duka gasar rukunin Ghana da na mata musamman gasar Premier ta mata ta Ghana. Sun sadaukar da $50,000 na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, StarTimes Wasanni da masu hannun jari Max TV sun watsa duka Gasar Premier ta Mata ta Ghana ta shekarar 2020-21 da Ƙarshen Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Ghana na 2020-21.
Duba kuma
Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Ghana
Gasar cin kofin FA na mata na Ghana
Gasar cin kofin mata ta Ghana
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
League a shafin yanar gizon Federation
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31836 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simy | Simy | Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1992), wanda aka fi sani da Simy, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Serie B ta Parma, a matsayin aro daga kulob din Serie A Salernitana . Ya kuma buga wa tawagar kasar Najeriya wasa a shekarar 2018.
Simy shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka daya tilo da ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar kwararru ta Italiya ( 2019–20 Seria B ). Tare da kwallaye 66 a duk gasa, shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin Crotone . Simy kuma shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka daya tilo, tare da Samuel Eto'o a 2010–11, da suka zura kwallaye 20 a gasar Seria A daya, bayan da suka samu nasara a shekarar 2020–21 .
Aikin kulob
A cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2016, Simy ya sanya hannu don Crotone, sabon haɓaka zuwa Serie A.
Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a lokacin yakin 2017-18, an ɗaure tare da Ante Budimir don na biyu mafi girma ga kulob din kuma daya ne kawai a bayan babban dan wasan Marcello Trotta . Wannan ya hada da bugun daga kai wanda ba a mantawa da shi ba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da zakarun Juventus a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2018. Crotone, duk da haka, za a yi watsi da shi a karshen kakar wasa.
Ko da yake kulob din ya yi fama da matsayi na goma sha biyu a komawarsa Serie B, Simy ya sami damar samun yanayinsa kuma yana da mafi kyawun kakarsa tun lokacin da ya koma Italiya, inda ya gama na farko a tawagarsa kuma na shida gabaɗaya a raga da sha huɗu. Ya yi nasara a wannan kamfen na 2019-20, inda ya zama saman Seria B da kwallaye ashirin kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa samun ci gaba zuwa babban matakin Italiya. Simy ya sake bazuwa a lokacin kakar 2020-21, inda ya zira kwallaye 20 a raga, amma wannan bai isa ya hana Crotone ficewa ba bayan kakar wasa guda a saman jirgin. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2021, Simy ya koma sabuwar ƙungiyar Seria A mai haɓaka Salernitana akan lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa.
Salernitana
A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2022, Salernitana ya sami cikakken haƙƙin Simy akan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 3.50.
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2022, an ba da Simy aro ga kulob din Seria B Parma na sauran kakar wasa tare da zabin siye.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2018, koci Gernot Rohr ya kira Simy zuwa sansanin 'yan wasan Najeriya a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da DR Congo . A watan Yuni ne aka saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar da Croatia inda ya shigo wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na biyu yayin da Najeriya ta tashi 0-2. Haka kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Argentina da ci 1-2 wadda ta fitar da Najeriya daga gasar cin kofin duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Simy ita ce babba a cikin yara uku. Dan uwansa, likitan physiotherapist, da 'yar uwarsa, ma'aikaciyar jinya, tagwaye ne. Simy da matarsa ’ yan Katolika ne kuma suna da ɗa. Simy ya kasance batun cin zarafi na wariyar launin fata a kafafen sada zumunta a lokacin da yake a Crotone, gami da fatan dansa zai mutu da ciwon daji na pancreatic. Da yake tsayawa kan wariyar launin fata, magajin garin Crotone, Vincenzo Voce, ya ba ɗan Nwankwo matsayin ɗan ƙasa na birni a ranar 27 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manazarta
1. ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players" (PDF).
FIFA. 23 June 2018. p. 19.
2. ^ Sport, Sky. "Simy al Parma, l'attaccante nigeriano
riparte dalla Serie B: le news di calciomercato | Sky
Sport" . sport.sky.it . Retrieved 31 January 2022.
3. ^ "Simy Nwankwo :: Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo ::
Crotone" . www.calciozz.it (in Italian). Retrieved 14
May 2018.
4. ^ Emanuele Castellucci (1 August 2020). "Simy
capocannoniere della Serie B: è il primo africano a
riuscirci. E la Lazio..." Lazionews.eu (in Italian).
Retrieved 12 March 2021.
5. ^ "Simy come Eto'o: gli unici africani a segnare 20 reti
in Serie A" . Hibet Social - News e curiosità su Sport,
Fantacalcio ed E-Sports (in Italian). 22 May 2021.
Retrieved 3 August 2021.
6. ^ "Nuovo acquisto in casa rossoblù: arriva Simeon
Tochukwu Nwankwo - ilRossoBlu.it" . ilRossoBlu.it
(in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2018.
7. ^ "Crotone, Simy dopo la rovesciata: "Io come CR7?
C'ho provato. Dimostrato di credere nella salvezza" -
Mediagol" . Mediagol (in Italian). 19 April 2018.
Retrieved 4 July 2018.
8. ^ "Video Simy, pazzesco gol in rovesciata. Il Crotone
pareggia con la Juventus. Bicicletta alla Cristiano
Ronaldo" . OA Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July
2018.
9. ^ Football Italia. "Serie A 2017-18 season review" .
Football Italia. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
10. ^ Staff Reporter, 8 August 2020. "Serie B top scorer
Nwankwo eyes Nigeria return" . African Football .
Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Simy
Simy a Goalsreplay.com
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane |
53661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Jonas | Joe Jonas | Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Joseph Adam Jonas (an haife shi a watan Agusta 15, 1989 ) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya yi suna a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar pop rock Jonas Brothers, tare da ƴan uwansa Kevin da Nick . Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na farko na studio It's About Time ta hanyar alamar Columbia a 2006, wanda ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci. Bayan sanya hannu tare da Hollywood Records, ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na studio na biyu mai taken kansu a cikin 2007, wanda ya zama rikodin nasarar su. Ƙungiyar ta zama fitattun mutane a tashar Disney a wannan lokacin, suna samun babban abin bi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa: sun bayyana a cikin fim din talabijin mai nasara mai nasara Camp Rock (2008) da kuma Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) da kuma biyu na nasu jerin, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008-2010) da Jonas (2009).
Kundin ɗakin studio na uku na ƙungiyar, A Little Bit Longer (2008), ya ga ci gaba da nasarar kasuwanci ga ƙungiyar; Jagorar kundin kundin '' Burnin' Up '' ta buga saman biyar akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mwKA">Billboard</i> Hot 100 . Album ɗin su na huɗu na studio, yayin da yake ci gaba da nasara akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mwKw">Billboard</i> 200, ya ga raguwar tallace-tallacen rikodin. Bayan ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da dakatarwa, Joe ya fitar da kundi na farko na solo studio, Fastlife (2011), wanda ya ga matsakaicin nasarar kasuwanci. Bayan Jonas Brothers a hukumance sun rabu da hanyoyi saboda bambance-bambancen ƙirƙira, Jonas ya kafa ƙungiyar funk-pop DNCE a cikin 2015, yana aiki a matsayin jagorar mawaƙa. Kungiyar ta ga gagarumin nasarar kasuwanci ta farko na farko " Cake by the Ocean ", wanda ya kai lamba 9 a kan ginshikin <i id="mwMg">Billboard</i> Hot 100 a Amurka.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Joseph Adam Jonas a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1989. a Casa Grande, Arizona, ɗan Denise (née Miller) da Paul Kevin Jonas. Mahaifinsa mawallafin waƙa ne, mawaƙa, kuma tsohon mai hidima ne a Majami'ar Majalissar Allah yayin da mahaifiyarsa tsohuwar malama ce kuma mawaƙa. Yana da babban ɗan'uwa, Kevin, da kanne biyu, Nick da Frankie . A cikin 2002, Joe ya bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na Baz Luhrmann na La bohème .
Sana'a
2005–2007: Nasara tare da Jonas Brothers
A cikin 2005, Joe, Kevin, da Nick sun rubuta Don Allah Ku kasance mine, waƙarsu ta farko da aka rubuta. Da jin waƙar, shugaban Columbia Records Steve Greenberg ya yanke shawarar sanya hannu kan ’yan’uwa a matsayin rukuni. Sun yi la'akari da sanya wa ƙungiyarsu suna "'Ya'yan Yunana" kafin su daidaita da sunan Jonas Brothers . Yayin da suke aiki a kan kundi na farko na su na farko, ƙungiyar ta zagaya cikin 2005 tare da masu fasaha irin su Jump5, Kelly Clarkson, Jesse McCartney, Backstreet Boys, da Danna Five a tsakanin sauran. Ƙungiyar ta fitar da nasu na farko, " Mandy ", a cikin Disamba 2005. An fara tsara kundin don kwanan watan Fabrairun 2006, kodayake canje-canjen gudanarwa a kamfanin iyayen Columbia na Sony ya haifar da jinkiri da yawa akan sakin aikin. A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar ta fara bayyanuwa a kan waƙoƙin kiɗa na Disney Channel daban-daban kuma sun zagaya tare da Aly & AJ cikin 2006. Kundin na farko na ƙungiyar, Yana kusa da Lokaci (2006), an sake shi a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2006. Kundin ya sami ɗan goyan baya daga lakabin, waɗanda ba su da ƙarin sha'awar haɓaka ƙungiyar. Kundin waƙar ta biyu, " Shekara 3000 ", tana da farkon bidiyon kiɗan sa akan tashar Disney a farkon 2007. Rashin gamsuwa da yadda aka gudanar da sakin rikodin, ƙungiyar ta yi fatan tashi daga Columbia Records kuma ta sami sabon lakabi; daga baya aka tabbatar a cikin 2007 cewa an watsar da kungiyar ta lakabin. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da jimillar kwafi 67,000 a Amurka.
Kawai ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan tashi daga Columbia Records, an tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar ta sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Hollywood Records . Yayin da suke aiki a kan sabon kundinsu, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da samun karɓuwa saboda bayyanar sauti da kuma bayyanuwa na talla. Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na biyu mai taken kansu ta hanyar Hollywood Records a kan Agusta 7, 2007. Kundin ya shiga saman biyar na <i id="mwjA">Billboard</i> 200 a Amurka, yana ci gaba da sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan biyu a cikin ƙasar. Joe da 'yan uwansa sun fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin watan Agusta 17 na jerin jerin Disney Hannah Montana mai taken " Ni da Mista Jonas da Mista Jonas da Mista Jonas ". Ƙungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwar "Mun Samu Jam'iyyar" tare da jagorar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Miley Cyrus, tare da wasan kwaikwayon ya sami fiye da masu kallo miliyan goma kuma ya zama mafi yawan kallon telecast na USB har abada. Waƙar ƙungiyar ta " SOS " ta zama farkon su ashirin na farko da aka buga akan <i id="mwlw">Billboard</i> Hot 100, kuma sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 1.5 a cikin ƙasar, sun fitar da Hold On, Lokacin da Ka Kalle Ni cikin Ido a cikin marasa aure.
2008-2010: Yin aiki
A cikin Mayu 2008, shi da ƙungiyar sun fara yin tauraro a cikin jerin shirye-shiryensu na Documentary Jonas Brothers: Rayuwa da Mafarki . Jonas ya fara fitowa a fim tare da 'yan uwansa a cikin fim din Disney Channel na Camp Rock (2008). An fitar da sautin sautin fim ɗin a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2008, kuma an sayar da kwafi 188,000 a makon farko na fitowa a Amurka. Joe ya rubuta duet " Wannan Ni ne " don aikin, tare da waƙar ta kai saman goma na ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100. Waƙar ta yi aiki azaman sakin Jonas na farko a wajen Jonas Brothers. Ya sayar da fiye da kwafi 900,000 a Amurka. Kundin studio na uku na Jonas Brothers, A Little Bit Longer, an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2008. Kundin ya zama farkonsu na farko da suka fara fitowa a lamba ta ɗaya akan taswirar Billboard 200, suna sayar da kwafi sama da 525,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan biyu a Amurka, wanda ya mai da shi kundi na biyu na platinum. Kundin ya kasance gabanin fitowar waƙar " Burnin' Up "(2008), wanda ya zama farkon manyan biyar na ƙungiyar a Amurka. Ƙaunar Ƙaunar, Yau da dare an fitar da shi a cikin marasa aure. Joe da 'yan uwansa sun yi tauraro a cikin 3D biopic Jonas Brothers: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na 3D, wanda ya sami sakin wasan kwaikwayo a Fabrairu 27, 2009. Fim din ya samu nasara a harkar kudi kuma shi ne fim na shida da ya samu kudin shiga na shagali.
Jonas ya yi tauraro tare da dukan 'yan uwansa uku jerin jerin tashar tashar Disney ta biyu, Jonas, wanda ya fara halarta a ranar Mayu 2, 2009. Lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na biyu da na ƙarshe da aka watsa a ƙarƙashin sunan Jonas LA Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na studio na huɗu, mai suna Lines, Vines and Trying Times, a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2009. An yi muhawarar aikin a saman tabo akan Billboard 200, yana alfahari da tallace-tallace na makon farko na kwafi 247,000. An fitar da Paranoid da Fly with Me a matsayin marasa aure. An bayyana Joe a matsayin alkali baƙo a watan Janairu 2010 episode na tara na gasar rera American Idol . A cikin Fabrairun 2010, Jonas ya yi fitowa a cikin faifan waƙar Vampire Weekend don "Ba da Gun" tare da Jake Gyllenhaal, Lil Jon, da RZA . Daga baya baƙon ya yi tauraro a cikin 2010 na Hot In Cleveland a matsayin ɗan Valerie Bertinelli, Will. Jonas ya yi tauraro a cikin mabiyin Camp Rock 2: Jam na Karshe .
2011-2014: Fastlife da rugujewar rukuni
A cikin 2011, an sanar da cewa Jonas yana shirin yin rikodin kundi na solo. Jonas ya yi fatan haɗa abubuwa na funk a cikin kundin. Jonas ya fitar da jagorar kundi, mai suna " See No More ", wanda aka yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Chris Brown a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2011. Guda ya kasa samun nasarar kasuwanci da yawa, kawai ya kai casa'in da biyu akan taswirar Billboard Hot 100. A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2011, Jonas ya sanar ta Twitter cewa zai shiga Britney Spears a rangadin Turai wanda zai fara daga Oktoba 16, 2011. Ryan Seacrest ya ƙaddamar da waƙar album ta biyu, " Just in Love ", a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2011. Daga baya aka sake haɗa waƙar don haɗawa da mawakiyar rapper Lil Wayne . Daga baya Jonas ya tabbatar da kundin da za a yi wa lakabi da Fastlife . A cikin goyon bayan kundin, Joe tare da Jay Sean a cikin Joe Jonas & Jay Sean Tour tare da JoJo a matsayin aikin budewa. An fara rangadin ne a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2011, kuma an kammala ran 6 ga Oktoba, 2011. An saki Fastlife ta Hollywood Records a kan Oktoba 11, 2011. Kundin ya sayar da jimillar kwafi 18,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa, wanda aka yi muhawara a lamba goma sha biyar akan Billboard 200. Kundin ya fadi da sauri daga ginshiƙi na kundin, yana ci gaba da siyar da kwafin 45,000 kawai nan da 2015. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2012, an sanar da cewa duka Jonas Brothers da Joe Jonas sun rabu da Hollywood Records.
An tabbatar a cikin Afrilu 2013 cewa Jonas Brothers za su sake haduwa don fara aiki a kan kundi na studio na biyar da yawon shakatawa mai zuwa. Kevin Jonas daga baya ya yi tauraro a cikin nasa E! jerin gaskiya, Auren Jonas, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga aurensa da sabon matarsa Danielle. Nunin ya ƙunshi bayyanuwa daga Joe da Nick kuma sun rubuta shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar don dawowar kiɗan su. A waccan shekarar, Jonas ya shiga cikin wasan soyayya na Fox The Choice . Jonas ya fara soyayya da samfurin Blanda Eggenschwiler a watan Satumbar 2012, tare da juna biyu har zuwa Yuli 2014. Jonas ya rubuta waƙar "Mafarkai" don kundin John Legend Love in the Future (2013). ’Yan’uwan sun yi wasa a Rasha a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2012, kuma hakan ya zama wasansu na farko kai tsaye tun bayan balaguron da suka yi a shekara ta 2010. Wa] annan kide-kiden da aka yi tsammani, wanda aka sanar a watan Agusta 2012, ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2012, a Gidan Rediyo na Rediyo a Birnin New York . Kundin ɗakin studio na biyar na ƙungiyar, wanda aka saita don fitar da kansa ta hanyar lakabin nasu, an tsara shi don fitarwa a cikin 2013. Jonas Brothers kuma sun ba da sanarwar balaguron tafiya ta Arewacin Amurka mai zuwa, tare da tikitin da ake siyarwa. Kundin, da farko mai suna V, Live ya haɗa da wa]anda aka saki a baya, " Pom Poms " da " Lokacin Farko ". A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2013, ƙungiyar ta soke kwanakin rangadin da za su yi kafin a fara shirin farawa, tare da yin la'akari da "ragi mai zurfi a cikin ƙungiyar" kan "bambance-bambancen halitta". Bayan kwanaki kadan, an tabbatar da cewa kungiyar ta kare a hukumance.
2015-2018: DNCE da Muryar
Tare da ƙungiyar bisa hukuma ta rabu, Jonas ya fara aiki a kan sabon aikin kiɗa tare da masu samarwa kamar Malay da Mattman & Robin . Yayin da yake aiki a kan aikin, Jonas bai san ko yana son yin rikodin kundi na biyu na studio ba ko kuma ya fara sabon band. Bayan yin aiki tare da Justin Tranter a kan waƙoƙi da yawa, Jonas ya yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiya tare da abokansa da tsoffin abokan hulɗar yawon shakatawa Jack Lawless da JinJoo Lee . Cole Whittle, memba na madadin rock band Semi Precious Weapons, ya zama memba na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar. Kungiyar sun sanyawa kansu suna DNCE, kuskuren kalmar rawa. DNCE sun fitar da nasu na farko, " Cake by the Ocean ", a cikin 2015. An fitar da wasan su na farko na <i id="mwAVw">Swaay</i> a watan Oktoba 2015. Daga baya aka fitar da kundin taken su na DNCE. An yi muhawara a lamba saba'in da tara a kan ginshiƙi na Billboard 200 a Amurka amma ya kai lamba tara.
Tare da ƙungiyar bisa hukuma ta rabu, Jonas ya fara aiki a kan sabon aikin kiɗa tare da masu samarwa kamar Malay da Mattman & Robin . Yayin da yake aiki a kan aikin, Jonas bai san ko yana son yin rikodin kundi na biyu na studio ba ko kuma ya fara sabon band. Bayan yin aiki tare da Justin Tranter a kan waƙoƙi da yawa, Jonas ya yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiya tare da abokansa da tsoffin abokan hulɗar yawon shakatawa Jack Lawless da JinJoo Lee . Cole Whittle, memba na madadin rock band Semi Precious Weapons, ya zama memba na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar. Kungiyar sun sanyawa kansu suna DNCE, kuskuren kalmar rawa. DNCE sun fitar da nasu na farko, " Cake by the Ocean ", a cikin 2015. An fitar da wasan su na farko na <i id="mwAVw">Swaay</i> a watan Oktoba 2015. Daga baya aka fitar da kundin taken su na DNCE. An yi muhawara a lamba saba'in da tara a kan ginshiƙi na Billboard 200 a Amurka amma ya kai lamba tara.
2019-yanzu: Jonas Brothers haduwa
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
44799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essam%20El%20Hadary | Essam El Hadary | Essam Kamal Tawfiq El Hadary ( ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1973), kocin mai tsaron gida ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa .
Wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da "High Dam", El Hadary ya shafe mafi girman kaso na aikinsa na kulob ɗin tare da Al Ahly, wanda tare da shi ya lashe kofunan Premier takwas na Masar, Kofin Masar huɗu, Kofin Super Cup na Masar hudu, gasar cin Kofin CAF huɗu. laƙabi, Kofin Super CAF uku, Kofin Zakarun Kulob na Larabawa ɗaya, da Kofin Super Cup na Larabawa biyu.
Na uku a cikin jerin bayyanuwa koyaushe ga Masar, El Hadary ya yi wa al'ummarsa 159 bayyanuwa tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2018. Ya lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika sau huɗu, kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida mafi kyawun gasar sau uku. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018, yana da shekaru 45 da kwanaki 161, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi tsufa a tarihi da ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya kusa zama kocin mai tsaron gida na Etoile Sahel na Tunisiya, don kasancewa cikin ma'aikatan fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jorvan Vieira bayan ya amince ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin, amma a ƙarshe ya tilasta masa ja da baya saboda ciwon uwarsa.
Aikin kulob
An haifi El Hadary a Kafr El Battikh, Damietta . Mahaifinsa mai sana'a ne wanda ya mallaki nasa bitar yin kayan daki. El Hadary ya fara buga ƙwallon kafa ba tare da sanin iyayensa ba, inda ya wanke tufafinsa na laka a cikin wani kogi bayan ya buga wasa don gudun kada su sani. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida ta gan shi kafin ƙungiyar Damietta ta biyu ta rattaba hannu a kai yana da shekaru 17. A horon sa na farko, an ba shi safar hannu mai tsaron gida, wanda a baya bai taɓa sawa guda biyu ba, amma ya ki saka su kuma zai yi gudun zuwa horo kowace rana. Ya buga wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar Damietta a cikin shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 20, kuma bayan yanayi biyu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar riga-kafi da zakarun Masar Al Ahly . A cikin shekaru 12 a kulob ɗin Alkahira ya lashe kofunan Premier takwas na Masar, Kofin Masar huɗu, kofunan Super Cup na Masar hudu, kofunan Zakarun Turai hudu na CAF, da CAF Super Cup uku, da Kofin Zakarun kulob na Larabawa ɗaya, da kofunan Super Cup na Larabawa biyu.
Kulob ɗin FC Sion na Switzerland ya sanar da cewa ya kulla yarjejeniya da El Hadary na tsawon shekaru hudu a watan Fabrairun 2008, duk da rashin amincewa da kulob ɗinsa na Al Ahly, saboda har yanzu yana kan kwantiragi da su. Al Ahly ta ci tarar El Hadary tare da dakatar da shi, kafin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya FIFA ta ba Sion izinin kammala yarjejeniyar.
A cikin shekarar 2009, FIFA ta dakatar da El Hadary tare da hukunta Sion, duk da cewa ya riga ya yanke shawarar komawa Masar. A watan Yuli, yayin da Kotun Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ta dakatar da dakatarwarsa, El Hadary ya koma gefen gasar Premier ta Masar Ismaily . A cikin shekarar 2010, CAS ta amince da dakatarwarsa na wata hudu, kuma a watan Janairu wata kotun farar hula ta Switzerland ta amince da dakatarwar da tarar sannan ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya kudin kotun na FIFA.
A cikin Disambar 2010, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Zamalek SC, El Hadary ya koma kulob ɗin Al-Merreikh na Sudan. Bayan ƙauracewa ayyukan saboda takaddamar albashi, an ba shi rance ga Al-Ittihad Alexandria, amma bayan tarzomar filin wasa a Port Said ta haifar da dakatar da gasar Premier ta Masar ta 2011-2012 ya sake komawa Sudan.
Bayan kwantiraginsa da Al-Merreikh ya ƙare, ya koma Masar, inda ya koma Wadi Degla a shekarar 2013, ya koma Ismaily a shekarar 2014, ya sake komawa Wadi Degla a 2015. A tsawon wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka taɓa bugawa Masar ko kuma a ko'ina cikin Afirka; a cikin shekarar 2013 an saka shi cikin jerin "50 Greatest African Player of All Time" na Bleacher Report, lamba 6.
A cikin shekarar 2017, gardama da abokin wasan ya haifar da jefa El Hadary daga tawagar Wadi Degla a takaice. A cikin watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, ya rattaba hannu kan ƙungiyar Al-Taawoun don zama mai tsaron gida na farko daga waje da ya taka leda a Saudiyya.
A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2018, an tabbatar da cewa El Hadary ya koma Ismaily a karo na uku a cikin aikinsa.
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, 2019, El Hadary ya sanya hannu tare da Nogoom . Sai dai kuma ya bar ƙungiyar ne sakamakon faɗuwa da suka yi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bana.
A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, El Hadary ya ba da sanarwar yin murabus a hukumance domin ya fara aikin horarwa.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1973
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6667 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Moses | Victor Moses | Victor Moses (an haife shi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in 1990A.c) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger a kowane gefe na ƙungiyar Spartak Moscow ta Rasha. An kuma tura shi a matsayin mai tsaron baya a wasu lokuta a lokacin aikinsa.
Moses ya fara aikinsa a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Crystal Palace, kafin wasansa ya kama idon Wigan Athletic, inda ya fara buga gasar Premier a shekara ta 2010. Bayan shekaru biyu, wasansa ya inganta, har ta kai ga zakarun Turai Chelsea suna sha'awarsa, kuma ya sanya hannu a kan su a lokacin rani na shekarar 2012. Duk da kwallaye goma a duk gasa a kakar wasa ta farko, ya shafe kakar wasa ta biyu a aro zuwa Liverpool, na uku a aro a Stoke City da na hudu a aro a West Ham United. An sake kiran Moses a Chelsea a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017, inda ya buga wasanni (34) yayin da Chelsea ta lashe gasar Premier. Bayan da ya kasa taka rawar gani a yakin neman zabe na gaba, Musa ya ci gaba da zaman lamuni tare da Fenerbahçe, Inter Milan da Spartak Moscow a cikin yanayi masu zuwa.
An haife shi a Najeriya, Moses ya wakilci tawagar matasan Ingila a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru( 16), da 'yan kasa da shekaru (17), 'yan kasa da shekaru (19) da kuma 'yan kasa da shekaru( 21), to amma ya zabi buga wa Najeriya wasa sabanin kasancewarsa cikakken dan taka leda a Ingila. Ya buga wasansa na farko a babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya a shekarar 2012, kuma ya buga wasanni( 38) kuma ya zura kwallaye (12) kafin ya yi ritaya daga buga wasannin kasa da kasa a shekarar 2018,Ya taka leda a kamfen na cin nasara a Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2013, da kuma kamfen a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FiFA a shekara ta 2014, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Musa a Legas, kasar Nigeria, ɗan wani Fastone Kirista. A lokacin da yake dan shekara( 11), an kashe iyayensa a rikicin addini a Kaduna, lokacin da masu tarzoma suka mamaye gidansu. Moses yana buga kwallon kafa a titi a lokacin. Bayan mako guda, bayan abokansa sun boye shi, danginsa sun biya shi zuwa Burtaniya don neman mafaka. An sanya shi tare da dangin reno a Kudancin London. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Stanley Technical (yanzu ana kiranta Harris Academy) a Kudancin Norwood. An yi masa kallon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar Tandridge na gida don Cosmos (90) FC, Crystal Palace ta matso kusa da shi, tare da filin wasa na kulob din Selhurst Park a titin kusa da makarantarsa.
An ba da wuri a makarantar Eagles, Palace ta ba shi shawarar zuwa makarantar Whitgift mai biyan kuɗi a Croydon, inda tsohon dan wasan Arsenal da Chelsea Colin Pates ke horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta makaranta. Musa dai ya fara yin fice ne a shekaru (14), bayan ya zura kwallaye( 50) a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru (14) ta Palace. Yin wasa na tsawon shekaru uku a duka Whitgift da Palace, Musa ya zira kwallaye a raga fiye da (100), tare da taimakawa Whitgift lashe gasar cin kofin makaranta da yawa, ciki har da gasar cin kofin kasa inda Musa ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasan karshe da Healing School of Grimsby a filin wasa na Walkers, Leicester.
Crystal Palace
Musa ya buga wasansa na farko a Palace yana da shekaru (16) a ranar (6) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2007), a wasan da suka tashi(1-1), da Cardiff City a gasar Championship. Ya ci gaba da zama a gefe sannan ya zira kwallonsa na farko a ranar (12), ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2008), a wasan da suka tashi (1-1), da West Bromwich Albion. Gabaɗaya, Musa ya taka leda sau (16) a cikin shekarar (2007 zuwa 2008), yayin da Palace ta kai ga gasar zakarun Turai inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Bristol City. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya rattaba hannu kan sabon kwantiragi a Selhurst Park, abin da ya farantawa kociyan Neil Warnock, wanda ya bayyana cewa, "Sa hannun Victor babban juyin mulki ne ga kulob din; Na gaya wa Victor zai iya tafiya kamar yadda ya dace yana so. A kullum yana samun ci gaba kuma na ji dadin sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya domin shi dan wasa ne wanda zai kara karfi.”
Musa ya ci sau biyu a wasanni (32) a shekara ta (2008 zuwa 2009), yayin da Palace ta yi yakin neman zabe, inda ya kare a matsayi na (15). A cikin shekara ta (2009 zuwa 2010), Musa ya ci gaba da cin kwallaye shida a wasanni takwas amma Palace yana fama da matsalolin kudi kuma kulob din ya shiga gwamnati a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta (2010).
Wigan Athletic
A ranar ƙarshe na watan Janairu a shekara ta (2010), ya kammala canja wurin (£ 2.5), miliyan zuwa Wigan Athletic ta Premier bayan Palace ta shiga cikin gwamnati. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta (2010), a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsu da Sunderland a wasan da suka tashi (1-1). A ranar (20) ga watan
Maris a shekara t ( 2010), Moses ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Burnley kuma ya sami taimakonsa na farko ga kulob din, inda ya kafa Hugo Rodallega don cin nasara lokacin raun. Ya zira kwallo ta farko a Wigan a ra nr( 3, ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2010), da Hull City.
Musa ya sami raunin biyu a farkon kakar (2010 zuwa 2011), kuma ya sami wahalar dawo da shi cikin rukunin farko saboda karuwar gasa ga wurare. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar bana a ranar (13), ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2010), a ci (1-0), da West Bromwich Albion.
Bayan tafiyar winger Charles N'Zogbia, Musa ya zama mai farawa na yau da kullun don Wigan a kakar shekara ta (2011 zuwa 2012). A ranar (10), ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2011), ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a kan West Brom – kwallonsa ta farko tun bayan da ya zura kwallo daya a ragar kungiyar a kakar wasan data gabata.
Chelsea
2012 zuwa 2013 kakar
A ranar (23), ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2012), Wigan ta karɓi tayi na biyar daga Chelsea bayan sun hadu da farashin Wigan bayan tayin hudu da ba su yi nasara ba a baya. An ba dan wasan izinin yin magana da Chelsea. A ranar (24), ga watan Agusta, Chelsea ta sanar da cewa an kammala cinikin Moses. Moses ya buga wasansa na farko a Chelsea lokacin da ya fito a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa da abokan hamayyarsa West London Queens Park Rangers a ranar (15), ga watan Satumba.
Moses ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Chelsea lokacin da ya fara gasar cin kofin League da Wolverhampton Wanderers kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko bayan mintuna (71) a wasan da aka tashi (6-0) a Blues. Musa ya fara wasansa na farko na gasar zakarun Turai da Nordsjælland. A ranar (31) ga watan Oktoba, an zabi Musa dan wasan da ya fi fice a karawar da Manchester United a gasar cin kofin League, wasan da Chelsea ta ci (5-4).
A ranar (3), ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2012), Moses ya ci wa Chelsea kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka yi da Swansea City, wanda ya tashi (1-1). Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya zira kwallon farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Chelsea a kan Shakhtar Donetsk; Moses ne ya maye gurbin Oscar a minti na (79), sannan kuma ya ci kwallon da Juan Mata ya yi saura dakika (3-2). A ranar (5) M
5) ga watan Janairu a shekara t ( 2013), Musa ya buɗe tarihinsa na zira kwallaye na shekara tare da t ui maiƙarfi a ikin kusurwar ƙasa yayin da yake wasa a zagaye na uku na gasr cin kofin FA da Southampton, yayin da Chelsea ta zo daga (1-0), a baya don doke Sains( 1–5).
Moses ya ci wa Chelsea kwallonsa ta farkoa gasar cin kofin Europa a wasan da suka doke Rubin Kazan da ci( 3-1) a gida, sanan kuma na biyu a fafatawar da suka yi bayan mako guda. Ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani a gasar ta hanyar zura kwallo ta farko a asan da suka doke Bas e da c (1-2), a waje a ranar (25) ga watan Afrilu. Ya kuma zira kwallaye a wasan baya da Basel lokacin da Blues ta ci( 3-1) a gida kuma sun tabbatar da shiga gasar cin kofin Europa League, wasan da Musa bai buga ba amma duk da haka Blues ta ci Benfica( 2-1). Amsterdam ranar( 15), ga watan Mayu.
2013-14 kakar: Lamuni ga Liverpool
A ranar (2), ga watan Satumba a shekara (2013), Musa ya rattaba hannu kan Liverpool a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a ranar (16) ga watan Satumba, a karawar da Swansea City suka yi (2-2). A ranar (25) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014), ya zira kwallaye na farko na nasara (2-0), da AFC Bournemouth a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA. Saboda nau'i na Raheem Sterling a lokacin kakar (2013 zuwa 2014), Musa ya sami damar da wuya ya zo ta karkashin Brendan Rodgers, yana wasa wasanni (22), wanda kawai tara aka fara.
2014 zuwa 2015 kakar: Lamuni ga Stoke City
A ranar (16), ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2014), Musa ya koma Stoke City a matsayin aro don kakar a shekara ta (2014 zuwa 2015). Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a Stoke City a ranar (30), ga Agusta a wasan da suka ci Manchester City (1-0). A wasan da Stoke ta doke Newcastle United da ci (1-0) a ranar (29) ga watan Satumba, Moses ne ya taimaka wa Peter Crouch ya zura kwallo daya tilo da ya zura kuma an zabe shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa taka leda saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar (19), ga watan Oktoba, a cikin nasara( 2-1) da Swansea City, Musa ya samu bugun fanariti bayan ya sauka a karkashin kalubale daga Àngel Rangel; bayan kammala wasan, kocin Swansea Garry Monk ya yi ikirarin cewa Moses ya nutse. Masanin wasan Match of the Day 2 John Hartson shi ma ya yi ikirarin cewa Musa ya yi magudi, amma daga baya ya nemi gafarar Musa kan kalaman nasa. Musa ya ci wa Stoke kwallonsa ta farko a ranar (1) ga watan Nuwamba a wasan da suka tashi (2-2) da West Ham United. Ya samu rauni a cinyarsa a karawar da suka yi da Burnley a ranar (22) ga watan Nuwamba wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yi jinyar makonni takwas ba. A ranar (17), ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2015), Musa ya koma farkon layin farko da Leicester City, wanda ya ƙare a nasarar (1-0) ga Stoke. A ranar (21) ga watan Fabrairu, Moses ya zura bugun fanareti na mintuna (90) don samun nasara kan Stoke da ci (2-1) a kan abokan hamayyar Midlands Aston Villa a Villa Park. Ya kuma zura kwallo a ragar Everton da ci (2-0) a ranar (4) ga watan Maris.
Yayin da André Schürrle da Mohamed Salah suka fice na dindindin kuma a matsayin aro, an bayyana cewa kocin Chelsea José Mourinho ya yi yunkurin dawo da Moses daga Stoke a tsakiyar kakar wasa, sai dai dan wasan ya ki amincewa da komawarsa. Moses ya samu rauni ne a kafarsa a lokacin da yake wasa da West Ham ranar (11) ga watan Afrilu, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yi jinya ba a sauran kakar wasa ta bana.
2015-16 kakar: Lamuni ga West Ham United
Bayan nasarar kakar wasa a matsayin aro tare da Stoke, Musa ya koma Blues kuma ya buga wasanni a cikin dukkanin wasannin preseason guda hudu kuma ya zira kwallo daya, da Paris Saint-Germain FC Musa ya fara bayyanarsa gasa tun dawowarsa( 2) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta ( 2015). da Arsenal a gasar Community Shield lokacin da ya maye gurbin John Terry a minti na (82) Wasan dai ya kare da Chelsea da ci( 1-0). An kuma saka Moses a benci a wasan farko na kakar bana da Swansea City, ko da yake bai buga wasan ba, inda Chelsea ta tashi (2-2).
A ranar (1), ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2015), Moses ya koma West Ham United a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Kafin ya koma West Ham United a matsayin aro, Moses ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru hudu, wanda zai ci gaba da zama a Chelsea har zuwa shekara ta( 2019). Moses ya fara buga wasansa na farko a West Ham a ranar( 14) ga watan Satumba a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci (2-0), inda aka ba shi kyautar dan wasan. A wasansa na biyu, ranar( 19), ga watan Satumba a waje da Manchester City, Moses ya ci wa West Ham kwallo daya tilo da ya ci, a ci (1-2). A ranar( 5), ga watan Disamba, yayin wasa da Manchester United, Moses ya samu rauni a kafarsa, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yi jinya ba har zuwa watan Fabrairu.
A watan Afrilu, an bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar aro ita ma tana da zabin mayar da tafiyar dindindin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, amma West Ham ta yanke shawarar yin watsi da zabin.
2016-17 kakar
Bayan ya burge sabon koci Antonio Conte a lokacin preseason, Moses ya kasance cikin tawagar farko. A ranar (15) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta ( 2016), Musa ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar Chelsea a cikin shekaru uku, yana fitowa daga benci don Eden Hazard da West Ham United a ci (2-1). A ranar( 23), ga watan Agusta, Moses ya fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko tun bayan dawowar sa, a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL da kungiyar Bristol Rovers da ci (3–2).
Bayan rashin nasara a gasar La Liga, Conte ya koma cikin tsari( 3–4–3) tare da Musa yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a wasan da suka yi da Hull City. Kwallon da ya yi a matsayin mai tsaron baya ya taimaka wa Chelsea da ci( 2-0), sannan kuma ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan. A ranar (15) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta(2016), Musa ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a gasar kakar wasa a kan Leicester City a ci( 3-0), a gida. A ranar( 26) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2016), Moses ya ci kwallon da suka yi nasara a wasan da suka doke Tottenham da ci (2-1), kuma an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan. Moses ya buga wa Chelsea wasanni (40) a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta shekarar (2016zuwa2017), inda ya ci kwallaye hudu. Yayin da Chelsea ta lashe kofin Premier, Moses ya zama dan wasan Najeriya da ya fi yawan buga gasar Premier a kungiyar da ta lashe kofin. Moses ya yi taka tsan-tsan a lokacin wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na shekara ta( 2017), da Arsenal ta yi rashin nasara da ci( 2-1) . Bayan an kama shi da laifin keta da Danny Welbeck a baya, an ba shi booking karo na biyu, wanda ya haifar da jan kati, bayan da ya nutse a bugun fanareti. Ya zama dan wasa na biyar da aka kora a wasan karshe na cin kofin FA. An buga wasan ne kwanaki biyar bayan harin bam da aka kai a filin wasa na Manchester inda mutane( 23) galibi yara kanana suka mutu. Chelsea dai ba ta sanya bakaken rigar hannu ba a lokacin wasan da suka buga na farko amma a lokacin wasan na biyu. Sai kuma Musa a yayin da ya ke fita daga filin wasan ya cire nasa ya jefar da shi a kasa, lamarin da ya haifar da cece-ku-ce a shafukan sada zumunta, inda da dama ke zarginsa da rashin girmama wadanda suka rasa rayukansu.
2017 zuwa 2018 kakar
Moses scored the opening goal in the 2017 FA Community Shield, which Chelsea lost to rivals Arsenal on penalties.
Lokacin 2018 zuwa 2019: Lamuni ga Fenerbahçe
A watan Janairun a shekara ta (2019), Moses ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na watanni goma sha takwas da kungiyar Fenerbahce ta Turkiyya. A ranar (1), ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta ( 2019) , Musa ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kakar wasa don Fenerbahçe a ci( 2–0), da Göztepe.
kakar 2019-20: Lamuni ga Inter Milan
Bayan da aka gajarta yarjejeniyar Fenerbahce, Moses ya rattaba hannu kan Inter Milan kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta watanni shida tare da zabin siye a ranar( 23), ga watan Janairu( 2020). Ya kasance daya daga cikin tsoffin 'yan wasan Premier na uku da suka shiga Inter Milan a cikin taga na Janairu, tare da Ashley Young da Christian Eriksen. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa ne a ranar( 29) ga watan Janairu, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Antonio Candreva a karo na biyu a wasan da suka doke Fiorentina da ci( 2-1) a gida a gasar Coppa Italia ta kusa da karshe. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar ne kwanaki kadan bayan, a ranar( 2), ga watan Fabrairu, yana farawa a dama a cikin nasara( 2-0), a Udinese.
Lokacin 2020-21: Lamuni zuwa Spartak Moscow
A ranar( 15) ga watan Octoba a shekara( 2020), Moses ya koma kulob din Spartak Moscow na Premier League kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da zabin siye. Bayan kwana biyu a ranar (17) ga watan Oktoba, ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa daga benci a wasan da suka yi waje da Khimki da ci( 3–2). A ranar( 24) ga watan Oktoba, ya fara bayyanarsa a matsayin mafari kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Spartak a wasan da suka tashi (3–1), da Krasnodar. A ranar (16) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021), ya zira kwallaye a makare a wasan Premier na Rasha na shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) na karshe da FC Akhmat Grozny don kafa maki na karshe na (2-2). Makin da Spartak ya samu ya tabbatar da matsayi na( 2) da shiga zagayen neman cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ga kulob din.
Spartak Moscow
A ranar( 2) ga watan Yuli a shekara ta( 2021), Chelsea ta tabbatar da cewa Musa ya kammala canja wuri na dindindin zuwa Spartak Moscow, wanda ya kawo karshen shekaru tara tare da kulob din. Spartak ya sanar a wannan rana cewa ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar. A ranar (10) ga watan Fabrairu( 2022), Musa ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Spartak zuwa (2024).
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Ingila
U16 da U17 matakin
Duk da cewa Musa ya fito ne daga Kaduna, Najeriya, da farko ya zabi ya wakilci kasarsa ta Ingila, wanda ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru( 16) , inda ya lashe Garkuwan Nasara a( 2005) da kuma 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 . Ya yi tafiya tare da tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun Turai (U-17 na shekarar2007), a Belgium, inda ya zira kwallaye uku (ciki har da kwallo daya tilo a wasan kusa da na karshe da Faransa ) don taimakawa bangaren John Peacock zuwa wasan karshe, inda suka kasance da kyar. Spain ta doke su da ci daya, ko da yake Musa ya yi nasarar kammala gasar a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar kuma ya karbi kyautar takalmin zinare don yin hakan.
A wannan lokacin rani, tawagar ta tafi Koriya ta Kudu don gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 . Musa ya kare ne a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Young Lions, inda ya zura kwallaye uku a wasannin rukunin B, amma ya samu rauni a nasarar da suka yi da Brazil wanda ya hana shi shiga gasar. Abokan wasan Musa sun ci gaba da kaiwa matakin kwata final .
U19s
Bayan wannan gasar, Musa ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru (18) , kuma bayan cin kwallaye da ya ci a kungiyar farko ta Crystal Palace, an daukaka shi zuwa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru (19) ba tare da ya isa ba don( U-18s) ya tattara kofuna. . Ya tafi tare da( U-19) zuwa gasar shekara( 2008) UEFA European( U-19), Championship a Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ya buga wasanni biyu tare da karbar taimako daya yayin da Young Lions ya kasa fitowa daga rukunin B. Hasashe ya karu yayin da koci Stuart Pearce ya yi watsi da shi cewa Moses zai dawo buga wa Najeriya wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta ( 2010) - wannan matakin bai taba faruwa ba.
U21s
An daukaka Musa zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara( 21), a farkon kakar shekara (2010zuwa2011 kuma ya fara buga wasansa da Uzbekistan a ci (2-0) .
Najeriya
An zabi Moses ne don buga wa Najeriya wasa da Guatemala a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2011) , amma an soke wasan sada zumuncin. Daga nan ya amsa kiran da aka yi masa a watan Maris a (2011) domin buga wasan Najeriya da Habasha da Kenya . Sai dai kuma an cire shi daga wasannin ne saboda ba a samu takardar neman sauya sheka zuwa FIFA ba a kan lokaci. An sanar a ranar (1), ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2011), cewa FIFA ta wanke Moses da Shola Ameobi daga buga wa Najeriya wasa. An gayyaci Moses ne a cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan Najeriya (23), da za su buga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar (2013) , inda ya ci fanareti biyu a wasansu na karshe na rukuni-rukuni da Habasha, wanda Najeriya ke bukatar samun nasara kafin ta samu. A karo na biyu an ba mai tsaron gidan Habasha Sisay Bancha katin gargadi na biyu a wasan da ya kai ga bugun fanareti kuma aka kore shi. Tuni dai Habasha ta yi amfani da 'yan wasan uku da suka maye gurbinsu, don haka dan wasanta na tsakiya ya shiga raga, kuma ya barar da bugun fanareti. An tashi wasan da ci( 2-0) . Najeriya ta ci gaba da lashe gasar, karo na uku da ta samu. Musa ya fara wasan karshe kuma ya buga wasan gaba daya.
An zabi Moses ne a cikin tawagar Najeriya da za ta buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2014), kuma sun fara ne a wasansu na farko na rukuni da kuma wasan zagaye na( 16), da Faransa suka yi da ci( 2-0).
Bayan da Gernot Rohr ya dauka a matsayin kocin Najeriya a watan ogustan a shekara ta( 2016), Musa ya taka rawa akai-akai a wasannin share fage na FIFA na shekarar ( 2018) . Moses ya ci wa Najeriya kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar FIFA na shekarar (2018), da Algeria a watan Nuwamba a shekara ( 2016), wanda ya taimaka mata ta samu nasara da ci (3-1) .
A watan Mayun a shekara ta ( 2018), ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa( 30) na farko na Najeriya da za su wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Rasha a shekara ta (2018) , inda ya samu ƙwallaye mai mahimmanci a wasan da Argentina, ko da yake, 'yan wasansa sun yi rashin nasara a wasan a cikin mintuna kaɗan don ganin Argentina ta tsallake yayin da Najeriya ta fice. Bayan kammala gasar, Moses ya sanar a ranar( 15) ga watan Agusta cewa ya yi ritaya daga buga wa Najeriya kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Musa ya girma yana goyon bayan Arsenal . Yana da ɗa, Brentley, (an haife shi 2012) da diya, Nyah, (an haife shi 2015).
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Najeriya.
Girmamawa
Chelsea
Premier League :( 2016zuwa2017)
Kofin FA : (2017zuwa2018) ; wanda ya zo na biyu a :( 2016zuwa2017)
UEFA Europa League : (2012zuwa2013, 2018zuwa2019)
Inter Milan
Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta Europa: (2019zuwa2020)
Najeriya
Gasar cin kofin Afrika : (2013)
Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Premier League Fans na Wata: Nuwamba a shekara( 2016).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Chelsea FC
Victor Moses
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57577 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Najeriya | Sufuri a Najeriya | Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawar siyasa gadar Nijar ta biyu na gab da kammalawa(ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022).
Mai fatauci
Rundunar ‘yan kasuwan ruwa ta Najeriya ba wata hukuma ce da aka amince da ita ba, amma manyan hafsoshin na samun wakilcin jami’an ‘yan kasuwan ruwa da kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan sufurin ruwa. Hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA ce ke kula da harkar sufurin jiragen ruwa,wadda ke da alhakin ka’idojin da suka shafi sufurin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya,ma’aikatan ruwa da kuma ruwan teku.Haka kuma hukumar na gudanar da bincike tare da bayar da ayyukan bincike da ceto.
jimlar:jiragen ruwa 40(1,000 babban ton(GT)ko sama da haka)jimlar 360,505 GT / 644,471 Mataccen nauyi </br>jiragen ruwa ta nau'in: babban mai ɗaukar kaya 1,jigilar kaya 12,tankar sinadarai 4,tankar mai 22,tanki na musamman 1(1999 est.)
Filin jirgin sama da kamfanonin jiragen sama
Manyan filayen jiragen saman Najeriya sun hada da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammed da ke Legas da filin jirgin Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Abuja.Sauran filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku sun hada da filin jirgin Mallam Aminu Kano da ke Kano da filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam da ke Enugu da kuma filin jirgin sama na Fatakwal a Fatakwal.
Cutar ta fi shafa musamman ma harkar sufurin jiragen sama,saboda kasashe da dama sun rufe iyakokinsu a wurare daban-daban a duk shekara ta 2020 domin rage yaduwar cutar.Bangaren sufurin jiragen sama na Najeriya ya shiga cikin bala'in ne a wani matsayi mai karfi,a cewar FAAN. Wadanda suka isa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Najeriya guda 30 sun kai miliyan 8.8 a shekarar 2019,yayin da aka yi jigilar masu tashi sama da 8.7m. Wannan yana wakiltar haɓaka 7.4% daga jimlar motsin fasinja na 16.4m da aka yi rikodin a cikin 2018.A halin yanzu,zirga-zirgar kaya ya girma a cikin 2019-daga 164.9m kg a cikin 2018 kg zuwa 174.9m kg-yayin da wasiku ta iska ya tashi daga 47.3m kg zuwa 55.6m kg.Tashoshin gida na filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Abuja da Legas sun kai kashi 25% na zirga-zirgar fasinja da kashi 30% na zirga-zirgar jiragen kowane a shekarar 2019, yayin da filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed(MMIA)da ke Legas ke daukar kashi 81% na dukkan kaya.
Ayyukan da aka sa gaba a cikin kasafin kudin 2021 sun hada da N10bn($ 26.7m) na titin jirgin sama na biyu a filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe(NAIA)a Abuja, N1bn($2.7m)don sabon ginin tashar jirgin sama a Enugu,da N900m($ 2.4m)don tsawaitawa da gyara titin jirgin sama a MMIA.Kwantar da titin jirgi na biyu a NAIA ya biyo bayan budewar sabuwar tashar kasa da kasa a watan Disamba 2018.Tashar dai ita ce ta farko a kasar da aka hada da tsarin jirgin kasa,inda jirgin kasa na Abuja ke daukar fasinjoji zuwa tsakiyar birnin.
Nassoshi
Gabaɗaya nassoshi
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Nigeria: A Country Study. Federal Research Division.
This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}The World Factbook. CIA.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Taswirar hanyoyin Najeriya
Najeriya Map |
40893 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Darwin | Charles Darwin | Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809 -19 Afrilu 1882) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ingila ne, naturalist, kuma masanin ilimin halitta, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halitta. Shawarwarinsa na cewa dukkan nau'in rayuwa sun fito daga kakanni guda yanzu gabaɗaya an yarda da su kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin babban ra'ayi a kimiyya. A cikin littafin haɗin gwiwa tare da Alfred Russel Wallace, ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta kimiyya cewa wannan tsarin reshe na juyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari da ya kira zaɓin yanayi, wanda gwagwarmayar wanzuwar yana da irin wannan tasiri ga zaɓin wucin gadi da ke cikin zaɓin kiwo. An bayyana Darwin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin dan Adam kuma an karrama shi ta hanyar binne shi a Westminster Abbey.
Sha'awar Darwin a farkon yanayi ya sa ya yi watsi da ilimin likitancinsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh; maimakon haka, ya taimaka wajen bincikar invertebrates na teku. Karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge's College daga 1828 zuwa 1831 ya ƙarfafa sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Tafiyarsa ta shekaru biyar akan HMS Beagle daga 1831 zuwa 1836 ya kafa Darwin a matsayin fitaccen naturalist wanda abin lura da ka'idojinsa suka goyi bayan tunanin Charles Lyell na sauyin yanayin a hankali. Buga littafinsa na tafiya ya sanya Darwin shahara a matsayin mashahurin marubuci.
Da yake cike da mamakin yadda ake rarraba namun daji da burbushin halittu da ya tattara a tafiyar, Darwin ya fara bincike dalla-dalla kuma, a cikin shekarar 1838, ya kirkiro ka'idar zabin yanayi. Ko da yake ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa tare da masana halitta da yawa, yana buƙatar lokaci don bincike mai zurfi kuma aikinsa na ilimin ƙasa yana da fifiko. Yana rubuta ka'idarsa a cikin shekarar 1858 lokacin da Alfred Russel Wallace ya aika masa da maƙala wanda ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda ya haifar da mika kai tsaye ga haɗin gwiwa na duka ka'idodinsu ga Linnean Society of London. Ayyukan Darwin sun kafa zuriyar juyin halitta tare da gyare-gyare a matsayin babban bayanin kimiyya na bambance-bambancen yanayi. A cikin shekarar 1871, ya bincika juyin halittar ɗan adam da zaɓin jima'i a cikin Descent na Mutum, da Zaɓin Game da Jima'i, sannan kuma The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). An buga bincikensa game da tsire-tsire a cikin jerin littattafai, kuma a cikin littafinsa na ƙarshe, <i id="mwZg">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, ta hanyar Actions of Worms</i> (1881), ya bincika tsutsotsin ƙasa da tasirinsu akan ƙasa.
Darwin ya wallafa ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta tare da kwararan hujjoji a cikin littafinsa na 1859 on the origin Species. A cikin shekarar 1870s, al'ummar kimiyya da yawancin jama'a masu ilimi sun yarda da juyin halitta a matsayin gaskiya. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun fi son bayanin gasa wanda ya ba da ƙaramin matsayi ga zaɓin yanayi, kuma sai da fitowar fasahar juyin halitta ta zamani daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950 aka sami babban yarjejeniya wanda zaɓin yanayi shine tushen tsarin juyin halitta. Binciken kimiyya na Darwin shine ka'idar haɗin kai na ilimomin rayuwa, yana bayyana bambancin rayuwa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Charles Robert Darwin a Shrewsbury, Shropshire, a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809, a gidan danginsa, The Mount. Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na likitan al'umma kuma mai kudi Robert Darwin da Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). Kakansa Erasmus Darwin da Josiah Wedgwood dukansu fitattun masu abolitionist. Erasmus Darwin ya yaba da babban ra'ayi na juyin halitta da zuriya na gama gari a cikin Zoonomia (1794), shaci-fadi na waka na halitta sannu a hankali gami da ra'ayoyin da ba su ci gaba ba da ke hasashen hasashen jikansa ya faɗaɗa.
Duk iyalai biyu sun kasance masu haɗin kai, kodayake Wedgwoods suna ɗaukar Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, da kansa a hankali mai tunani, ya haifi jariri Charles baftisma a watan Nuwamba 1809 a Cocin Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, amma Charles da 'yan uwansa sun halarci ɗakin cocin Unitarian tare da mahaifiyarsu. Charles ɗan shekara takwas ya riga ya ɗanɗana tarihin halitta da tattarawa lokacin da ya shiga makarantar ranar da mai wa'azinta ke gudanarwa a 1817. A watan Yuli, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Daga Satumba 1818, ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus don halartar Makarantar Anglican Shrewsbury da ke kusa a matsayin ɗan kwana.
Darwin ya shafe lokacin rani na 1825 a matsayin likita mai koyo, yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya yi wa matalauta Shropshire, kafin ya tafi Jami'ar Edinburgh Medical School mai daraja tare da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus a watan Oktoba 1825. Darwin ya sami lakcoci maras kyau da tiyata da damuwa, don haka ya yi watsi da karatunsa. Ya koyi taxidermy a cikin kusan sa'o'i 40 na yau da kullun daga John Edmonstone, bawan da aka 'yantar da shi wanda ya raka Charles Waterton a cikin dajin Kudancin Amurka.
A cikin shekara ta biyu na Darwin a jami'a, ya shiga ƙungiyar Plinian Society, ƙungiyar ɗalibi ta tarihin halitta da ke nuna muhawara mai ɗorewa wanda ɗaliban dimokuradiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu ra'ayin jari-hujja suka ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin addini na addini. Ya taimaka binciken Robert Edmond Grant game da yanayin jikin mutum da yanayin rayuwar marine invertebrates a cikin Firth of Forth, kuma a ranar 27 ga Maris 1827 ya gabatar a Plinian binciken kansa cewa baƙar fata da aka samu a cikin bawoyi na kawa sune qwai na skate leech. Wata rana, Grant ya yaba da ra'ayoyin juyin halitta na Lamarck. Darwin ya yi mamakin bajintar Grant, amma kwanan nan ya karanta irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin mujallun kakansa Erasmus. Darwin ya fi gundura da tafarkin tarihin dabi'a na Robert Jameson, wanda ya rufe ilimin geology-gami da muhawara tsakanin Neptunism da Plutonism. Ya koyi rarrabuwa na tsire-tsire, kuma ya taimaka tare da aiki a kan tarin kayan tarihi na Jami'ar, daya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai a lokacin.
Sakaci da Darwin na karatun likitanci ya fusata mahaifinsa, wanda cikin hikima ya tura shi Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge a cikin Janairu 1828, don yin karatun digiri na farko a matsayin matakin farko na zama ɗan ƙasar Anglican. Darwin bai cancanci yin jarrabawar Tripos na Cambridge ba, kuma a maimakon haka an buƙaci ya shiga kwas ɗin digiri na yau da kullun. Ya fi son hawa da harbi fiye da karatu.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14786 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadarwa%20a%20Ghana | Sadarwa a Ghana | Sadarwar sadarwa a Ghana ta hada da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyi tsayayyu da na hannu, da Intanet.
Sadarwar ita ce babban fannin tattalin arzikin kasar Ghana bisa alkaluman kididdigar Babban Bankin Duniya saboda manufofin Ghana masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Daga cikin manyan sassan saka hannun jari, 65% na ICT ne, 8% na sadarwa kuma kashi 27% sun kasu kashi biyu don gudanar da harkokin gwamnati.
Rediyo da talabijin
A shekara ta 2007 Ghana ta kasance tana aiki da gidan Talabijin mallakar gwamnati guda daya, gidajen yanar sadarwar rediyo mallakar gwamnati; da yawa gidajen Talabijin masu zaman kansu da adadi mai yawa na gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu. Hakanan an samu wadatattun masu watsa shirye-shiryen duniya da kebul da yawa da sabis na biyan kuɗi TV. A shekarar 2010, akwai tashoshin rediyo da aka basu izini 140 wadanda suke aiki da kuma tashoshin talabijin 32 masu izini da kimanin 26 ke aiki. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin sun hada da First Digital TV (ATV, BTA, FAITH TV, CHANNEL D, STAR TV, FTV, SPORTS 24, CINIMAX, PLANET KIDZ) TV Africa, Metro TV, TV3, GTV, GH One TV da Viasat 1.
Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gana (GBC) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a 1968 ita ce hukumar da ke samar da rediyo da talabijin na farar hula. An kirkireshi ne don ci gaban fannonin ilimi da nishaɗi da haɓaka ilimin mutanen Ghana.
'Yancin' yan jarida
Bayan hambarar da zababbiyar gwamnatin da Jerry Rawlings ya yi a watan Disambar 1981, Provisional National Defense Council ta soke sauye-sauyen hanyoyin yada labarai na gwamnatocin da suka gabata, ta soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, da kuma zartar da dokokin da suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, korarrun editocin da ke sukar Rawlings ko majalisar wucin gadi, Dokar Kariya da lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsare ‘yan jarida ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ba, da kuma Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. An sake dawo da 'yancin' yan jaridar na Ghana tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, da kuma komawa mulkin dimokiradiyya mai yawa a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993.
Kafafen watsa labaran Ghana a yau suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, inda Ghana ta zama ta uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma ta 30 a duniya a kan Fitar da' Yancin 'Yan Jaridu ta Duniya daga 2013 daga masu ba da rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin yada labarai, 'yancin magana da bayyana ra'ayi, tunani, da bayanai.
Wayoyi
Lambar share fage na Ghana don kiran ƙasashen duniya itace +233.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 akwai tsayayyun layukan tarho 285,000 da ake amfani da su, na 120 a duniya, da layukan wayoyin salula miliyan 25.6, na 42 a duniya.
Tsarin tarho yayi tsufa, tare da ingantattun hanyoyin ingantaccen layin waya wanda aka maida hankali sosai a Accra da wasu madafun hanyar waya mara waya da aka sanya, akwatunan cikin gida da farko suna amfani da relay microwave. Akwai tashoshin duniyar tauraron dan adam 4 Intelsat (Tekun Atlantika). Rediyon Microwave relay ya danganta Ghana zuwa ga maƙwabta (2009).
SAT-3/WASC, Main One, GLO-1, da ACE igiyoyi masu zurfin gani da ido na ƙasa da ƙasa na ACE suna ba da haɗin kai zuwa ƙasashe a gefen yammacin Afirka da Turai da Asiya.
A cikin 2010 an ba da layin waya biyu da kamfanoni shida na wayar hannu don yin aiki a Ghana wanda 5 ke aiki, 13 masu ba da tauraron dan adam an ba da izinin 8 na aiki, Masu ba da sabis na VSAT 176 an ba da izini daga cikinsu 57 na aiki, kuma an ba da izinin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 99 waɗanda 25 ke aiki. Kamfanonin sadarwa masu izini sun hada da Mobile Telecommunications Networks (MTN), Vodafone Ghana wacce ta sayi Telecom Ghana, Tigo wanda ya maye gurbin Mobitel (Millicom International Cellular), Bharti Airtel da Zain wanda ya sami Western Telesystems Ltd (Westel), Glo Mobile Ghana Limited, da kuma Expresso Telecom wanda ya sami Kasapa Telecom. A cikin 2017, Tigo Ghana da Airtel Ghana sun haɗu sun zama AirtelTigo.
Gasa tsakanin masu samarda-wayoyin salula da yawa sun haifar da ci gaba, tare da wayar salula a cikin 2009 fiye da 80 cikin 100 kowane mutum kuma yana tashi. An ƙara farashin wayoyin hannu ta haraji kusan 38%.
Intanet
Babban yankin Ghana shine .gh.
Ghana ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka fara amfani da Intanet. Tare da matsakaicin saurin saukar da gidaje na 5.8 Mbit/s Ghana ta kasance ta uku mafi sauri a cikin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 110 mafi sauri daga cikin kasashe 188 na duniya a cikin watan Fabrairun 2014.
A shekarar 2009 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 1.3, 93rd a duniya. A shekarar 2012 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 4.2 (kashi na 69 a duniya) ko kuma 17.1% na yawan jama'a (na 149 a duniya).
A cikin 2012 akwai tsayayyun 62,124 (109th a duniya; 0.3% na yawan jama'a, 156th a duniya) da kuma mara waya mara waya ta 8.2 (27th a duniya; 33.3% na yawan jama'a, 49th a duniya) rajistar broadband.
A shekarar 2012 akwai masu karbar bakuncin Intanet 59,086 da ke aiki a Ghana, na 93 a duniya, kuma an baiwa Ghana kaso 332,544 IPv4, 102 a duniya, da kasa da 0.05% na duka duniya, da adireshi 13.2 cikin mutum 1000.
A cikin 2010 akwai masu ba da sabis na Intanet 165 waɗanda 30 ke aiki.
Tantance yanar gizo da sa ido
Babu takunkumin da gwamnati ta yi wa intanet ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido a kan imel ko ɗakunan hira ta Intanit ba tare da sa idon shari'a ba. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi suna yin maganganun cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel.
Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda ba da gangan suka kame' yan jarida. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, dangi, gida, ko wasika, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan abubuwan a aikace.
A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana.
Duba Kuma
Ghana Internet Exchange (GIX)
New media in Ghana
Media in Ghana
Terrestrial optical fibre cable projects in Ghana
Internet in Ghana
Latest Short Codes For MTN Ghana
Africa Digital Awards
Kara karantawa
Nassoshi |
20799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibo%20Bakary | Djibo Bakary | Djibo Bakary wanda aka haifeshi a shekarar 1922, ya rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1998 a Niamey ɗan siyasan Nijar (ƙasa) ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu, muhimmin mutum ne a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci a Nijar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin babbar jam'iyar Afirka ta RDA. Ya kasance kwararren dan siyasa, dan jarida da kuma dan gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihin Nijar da kuma ta Afirka ta yamma (bangaren kasashen mulkin mallakar Faransa). Ya kasance mai tsatsauran ra'ayi akan Mulkin mallakar Farsansa a Afirka inda ya nuna rashi gowon bayansa da zaman Nijar a matsayin wata karamar hukumar Faransa. Ya shugabanci Jam'iyar Sawaba wadda aka yiwa ma makalkashiya tare da durkusar da ita. Ya kasance magajin garin birnin yamai na farko a tarihin kasar Nijar.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An Haifi Djibo Bakary a Soudouré, wani kauye da ke kilometa 12 daga Niamey a shekarar 1922. Mahaifinshi shine maigarin Soudouré a wannan lokacin. Yan da shakara 7 aka bada shi riko ga kawunshi wanda yake aiki Fassara a garin Tahoua. Sunan kawun nashi Bakary kuma da wannan sunan ne ya sa Djibo a makarantar firamare. Uwayensa sun cenja masa takardun haihuwa inda aka nuna an haifeshi ne a shekarar 1921 domin ya samu ya shiga jarawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa na William Ponty. Bakary dan uwa (wato Cousin) yake ga abokin hamayyarsa wato Hamani Diori.
Ilimi
Bakary yayi karatu a makarantar firamare dake Tahoua inda kafin ya karasa da ya dawo hutu a garinsu da ke kusan Niamey a ka maida shi a makarantar Gundumar Niamey don ya karasa matakin karshe na firamare. Daga nan kuma yayi sakandare amma kafin ya kammala aka canja masa takardu inda ya shika matakin gaba sa sakandare; daga bisani ya shiga jarabawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa ta William Ponty da ke a Sébikhotane ta kasar Senegal. Bayan yayi karatun shakara uku (3) an tura shi a matsayin malamin makaranta a Niamey. Ya kaddamar da wani gungu na masu wayar da kanun jama'a da ya ba suna "Monteil" ama suna karkashin ikon Vichy wani shugaba daga en Mulkin mallaka. Ganin cewar wannan gungun nasu baya bin abin da en mulkin mallaka ke koyarwa, sai aka fara tsangwamarsu. Ganin haka aka aika shi a makarantar firamare da ke Birni N'Konni; kuma bayan wani dan karamin lokaci aka tura shi Agadez.
Siyasa
Kafin Samun Yancin kai (Kafin-1960)
Bakary ya shiga siyasa ne daidai lokacin da Yakin Duniya na Biyu ya ida. A shekarar 1946, Djibo Bakary ya zama sakatare na farko na jam’iyyar Progressive Party (PPN), jam’iyyar da ke da alaka da African Democratic Rally wadda aka fi sani da RDA. Ya kasance jigo a wajen kalubalantar Gwamnatin Mulkin mallaka da ke Cote d'Ivoire (1949-1950); amma ya karkatar da siyasarsa a Kasar Nijar bayan 1950 inda ya samu tagomashi saboda goyon bayan da yake ba manoman gyada na yammacin Nijar (inda Hausawa suka fi yawa). Bakary, wanda mai akidar burguzu ne, ya taimaka wajen tura jam'iyyar PPN da aka riga aka sani a matsayin mai kin Faransawa zuwa wata kafa ta nuna ra'ayi. PPN a asali jam'iya ce mai goyon bayan babbar Jam'iyar RDA mai ra'ayin masu mulkin mallaka. Amma bisa jagorancin Bakary sai ta goya ma Jam'iyar kominisanci ta Frecn Communist Party a Majalissar Dokoki. Wannan abun bai yi ma mahukuntan RDA (kamar su Félix Houphouët-Boigny) dadi ba, sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin PPN inda wasu suka goya ma Bakary baya, wasu kuma suka bi ra'ayin RDA. A 1951, RDA wadda ke adawa da gurguzu ganin ma mallakiyarta wato Faransa ma bata yi, ta umarci PPN da ta raba gari da Communist Party (PCF). An kori Djibo Bakary daga RDA saboda ya ki bin umarnin rabuwa da PCF, kuma ya fita daga PPN ya kafa UDN (Jam'iyar Hadakar Demokradiyyar Nijar) a 1954. Ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a 1951, kamar yadda dan uwansa Hamani Diori ya yi. Bayan ya sha kayi sai ya bar jam'iyyar PPN, ya shiga cikin hadaddiyar kungiya sannan kuma ya kirkiro kungiyar siyasarsa, wacce daga baya ta zama Sawaba. A watan Oktoba 1956, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen magajin garin Yamai na farko . Sannan ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisa a 1957 sannan, a watan Yulin 1958, shugaban majalisar, wato matsyin shugaban gwamnati a wannan lokacin. A amtsyin shi na wanda ke ra'ayin cikakken yancin kan Nijar kai tsaye, yana goyon bayan "a'a" a zaben raba gardama na 28 ga Satumba, 1958 da Faransa ta shirya da nufin samar da Hadaddiyar Daular Faransa . Ya yi murabus a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1958 bayan an bayyana nasarar wadanda suka ce "na'am" sakamakon magudi da en mulkin mallakar Faransa su ka yi. Hamani Diori ne ya maye gurbinsa, mai goyon bayan " Ee ". Bayan dakatarwa da kuma rusa jam’iyyarsa ta Sawaba a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1959, Djibo Bakary ya yi hijira inda ya sami mafaka a Ghana (wanda Kwame Nkrumah ke jagoranta a lokacin), sannan ya je Mali da Guinea. A cikin watan Yuni na 1960 an tsare en jam'iyar Sawaba goma sha takwas (18) da zargin yi ma kasa zagon kasa, wadanda suka hada Abdoulaye Mamani, Amadou Sekou da Issaka Koke.
Bayan Yancin Kai zuwa Rasuwarsa
Daga Mali, Bakary ya sha ƙoƙari rusa mulkin Diori. A cikin 1963-64 wani yunƙurin juyin mulki wanda ya biyo bayan wani harin tawaye a kan iyakokin Nijar ya haifar da tashin hankali a Yamai, duk da cewa harin na gaba da gaba ne. An barshi ya koma Nijar a 1974 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi kalkashin jagorancin Seyni Kountche. Saboda rashin lafiya ya dauki alkawarin cewar zai bar siyasa. Amma bai cikan wanna alkawarin ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan haka an samu Bakary da wasu mambobin tsohuwar jam’iyyarsa ta SAWABA da hannu a yunƙurin juyin mulkin Manjo Sani Souna Sido. An kama Bakary kuma an saka shi a kurkuku har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984. An tsare shi ne a cikin keɓaɓɓun bataliyar sojojin N'Guigmi kusa da Tafkin Chadi. Bayan fitowar sa daka kurkuku, Bakary bai kara komawa siyasa ba har zuwa farkon Babban taron kasa na Conférence Nationale wanda aka fara a 1991. Kodayake da shekarun kimanun saba'in da uku a wannan lokacin, ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Union Démocratique des Force Progressistes (UDFP-SAWABA), amma tare da wani karamin bangare na makarrabansa, sauran magoya bayansa sun kirkiro "wanta" kungiyar SAWABA, Union Décracratique de Forces Révolutionnaires (UDFR - SAWABA). Bakary ya fafata a zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1993, amma ya samu kashi daya da digo 68 kacal (wato 1.68%) daga cikin dari na kuri'un da aka saka. Ya sha kaye ne daga hadakar jam'iyu ta AFC Alliance wadda wacen jam'iyar ta UDFR-SAWABA ta goya ma baya. Wato wannan jam'iyyar, kishiyar ta Bakary ta koma tare da babbar makiyar ta wato PPN, abinda masu nazarin suke gani kamar al'mara ganin cewar sun jima basa ga maciji da juna. Shi kuma Djibo Bakary ya goyama Jam'iyyar MNSD baya inda suka ci gaba da zama cikin hadaka guda har zuwa rasuwar Bakary a 1998.
Bibiliyo
Djibo Bakary, « Silence ! On décolonise » : Itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain, Harmattan, janvier 1993 (ISBN 978-2-296-26319-2, lire en ligne)
Manazarta
Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Tarihin Nijar |
51534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOMAIR | SOMAIR | SIROMA (Société des Mines de l'Air) kamfani ne na hakar ma'adinai na kasa na Nijar a yankin hakar ma-adinai na yankin arewacinsa.
An kafa shi a shekarar 1968, ya fara hakar uranium a ajiyar Arlit a shekarar 1971, hakar 0.30 - 0.35% ma'adinai har zuwa zurfin mita 60 (200 ). A shekara ta 1981, kamfanin yana samar da 2100 tU / shekara kuma a shekara ta 2006 yana samar da 1565 tU a ajiyar Tamou. Fitarwar ta kai 3065 tU a shekarar 2012. An kimanta albarkatun, a cewar Red Book, a 23,170 tU, tun daga shekara ta 2010, a 42,200 tU na 0.25%U grade da za a iya dawo da shi a al'ada, da kuma 5500 tU na 0.57%U grade daga tarin leaching. SIROMA na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai guda biyu a Nijar, ɗayan kuma COMINAK ne a kusa da Akokan.
Yanayin ƙasa
Arlit da Akokan sune garuruwan ma'adinai guda biyu na SOMAIR. Suna kan iyakar kudancin hamadar Sahara, inda ake fitar da uranium, kuma suna kan iyakar yammacin tsaunukan Aïr. Suna da nisan kilota 1,200 (750 mi) zuwa arewa maso gabashin Niamey, babban birnin Nijar.
Tarihi
Binciken uranium a Nijar ya kasance a shekarar 1967. An gano shi a Azelik ta Ofishin Bincike na Faransa na Geologiques et Minières (BRGM). Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Atomic ta Faransa (CEA) ce ta fara nazarin iyawarsa da ingancinsa. An kuma gano ajiyar uranium a cikin sandstone a wasu wurare a Nijar kamar a Abokurum (1959), Madaouela (1963), Arlette, Ariege, Artois da Tassa / Taza (1965), Imouraren (1966) da Akouta (1967). A shekara ta 1971, SOMAIR ya zama kamfani na farko da ya yi aiki da ma'adinin Arlit. Duk da haka wani kamfani, Société Minière de Tassa N'Taghalgue (SMTT) ya ba da haƙƙin hakar ma'adinai a 1996 ga SOMAIR kafin ya rushe.
Ayyuka
SOMAIR, kamar COMINAK, reshe ne na Areva. Masu hannun jari biyu na kamfanin sune Cogema (yanzu Areva NC) da ONAREM (Ofishin Kasa na Ma'adanai na Nijar). Ayyukan ma'adinai sun dace da takardar shaidar ISO 14001.
Fitarwa
An fara aiwatar da hakar a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s, kuma ya haɗa da gina ayyukan sarrafa leach pad na musamman na ma'adanai na uranium da aka cire, ban da bude hakar ma'adinai. Da farko, an cire ajiyar Artois ta hanyar bude ma'adinai har zuwa zurfin mita 60 (200 ) tare da yawan samarwa na 0.30 - 0.35% ma'adanai. Ana amfani da uranium na ƙasa har zuwa zurfin zurfin mita 90 (300 )), amma tare da ƙarancin hakar ma'adinai na 0.20 - 0.25%.
A lokacin 2005-06, an gina sabbin takalma a kan tsofaffin. Sabon leach pad yana iya sarrafa tan miliyan 17 na ma'adinin uranium wanda zai iya samar da tan miliyan 1.4 na fitar da uranium a kowace shekara. Ga sabon leach pad, wanda ake kira heap leach pad، wanda ke da alaƙa da tafkunan sarrafawa, ƙirar da aka karɓa a shafin hakar ma'adinai na SOMAR tana da mita 30 (98 ) a tsawo. An gina shi da yadudduka 5 na mita 6 (20 ) ɗaga kowannensu. n gina leach pad da tafkin a kan wani nau'i na 300 millimeters (12 in) mai kauri, yumbu mai ƙarancin ruwa. Polyethylene mai yawa (HDPE) na 2 millimeters (0.079 in) kauri an shimfiɗa shi a kan laka. Kyakkyawan ƙirar da aka karɓa ya yi la'akari da rage aikin ƙasa da kuma cikawa da kuma tabbatar da gangaren ruwa don ba da damar fitar da nauyi "ta hanyar hanyar hanyar mafita zuwa tafkuna". Jirgin ruwa shine bututu masu fure kuma an shigar da su a cikin "tsarin herringbone", a cikin kowane tantanin halitta. Ana samun tarin ruwa daga kowane tantanin halitta ta hanyar haɗa su zuwa bututun ruwa mai tarawa wanda ke ɗaukar ruwan da aka zubar a cikin tafkunan sarrafawa. An rufe tsarin bututun sosai tare da cika kayan ma'adinai.
A cewar Red Book, damar albarkatun ma'adinai ya kasance 42,200 tU tun daga shekara ta 2010; wannan ya haɗa da farfadowa na al'ada na 42,200 tu na 0.25%U, kuma ta hanyar tarin tarin wasu 5500 tU a 0.07%U. Samar da ma'adanai na SOMAIR ya karu daga 1808 tU a shekara ta 2009, 2726 tU a cikin shekara ta 2011 da 3065 tU a shekarar 2012. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, samarwa daga ma'adinin SOMAIR Lixi ya kasance 1000 tU / shekara. Hakanan an inganta ƙarfin injin don sarrafa 3000 tU / shekara. Wannan aikin yana da yawan samar da shekara-shekara na 1.4 Mt na ƙananan ma'adinai tare da amfanin ƙasa da 0.1%U. Ana sarrafa ma'adinin da aka sarrafa zuwa ma'adanai sannan a kai shi tashar jiragen ruwa na Benin. Daga waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa, ana tura su zuwa Comurhex a Faransa.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kamfanoni a Nijar
Kamfanoni |
34851 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare-haren%20Port%20Harcourt | Hare-haren Port Harcourt | Harin Fatakwal (8 ga Maris - 24 ga Mayu, 1968) rikicin yaki ne tsakanin sojojin Najeriya da na Biyafara.
Asali
A tsakiyar shekarun 1960 ne aka yi juyin mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin Manjo Nzeogwu wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin dimokaradiyya wadda ta yi rashin gaskiya a sakamakon magudin zabe da tashe-tashen hankula. An dakile yunkurin juyin mulkin amma galibi ba a gurfanar da Inyamuran da suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin ba daga hannun gwamnatin sojan da ta karbi mulki. Juyin mulkin dai ya yi kama da na kabilanci domin yawancin mutanen da aka kashe Hausawa/Fulani da Yarbawa ne, kuma kungiyar sojojin ta kasance karkashin wani dan kabilar Igbo, Maj. Gen. Agiyi Ironsi. An yi juyin mulki bayan wata shida da kuma kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa kabilar Inyamurai a kasar Hausa. Wannan ya haifar da gudun hijirar Inyamurai zuwa kudu maso gabas da kuma sauran abubuwan da dama marasa dadin ji wanda ya kai ga barkewa da yakin Biafra.
Kafin rikicin ya barke, an umarci sojojin ruwan Najeriya da su aiwatar da wani shingen shinge a kewayen Fatakwal da bakin kogin Bonny. Kame Calabar da sauran garuruwan bakin teku a watan Oktoban 1967 ya bar filin jirgin saman Fatakwal a matsayin hanya daya tilo ta sadarwa da tafiye-tafiyen zuwa kasashe na Biafra, duk da cewa ‘yan Biafra sun dauki lokaci suna tsara wasu jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi daga tsoffin titunan mota.
Yaƙi
Bayan shan kaye a yankin Kuros Riba, ‘yan Biafra sun sake tattara ragowar dakarunsu tare da kafa runduna ta 12 ta Biafra a karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanal Festus Akagha. An raba shiyyar ta 12 zuwa Brigade ta 56 dake Arochukwu da kuma Brigade ta 58 dake Uyo. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, 1968, rairayin bakin teku na Oron sun fuskanci mummunan tashin bama-bamai na iska da na ruwa daga dakarun Najeriya. Rundunar sojojin Najeriya ta 33 a karkashin Col. Ted Hamman ya yi nasara a kan mayakan Biafra kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Uyo. Saboda saurin ci gaban da Najeriya ke yi, jami'an Biafra sun fara rasa iko da sojojinsu. Sakamakon haka ne aka katse daruruwan sojojin Biafra tare da tilasta musu mika wuya bayan da sojojin Najeriya da ke Oron suka hada kai da Brigade ta 16 da ta 17 ta Najeriya a Uyo. Brigade ta 16 karkashin Col. EA Etuk da 17th Brigade karkashin Lt. Col. Philemon Shande ya bi ta Eket ya mamaye Opobo . Da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun ja da baya, rundunar sojojin Najeriya ta 15 a karkashin Col. Ipoola Alani Akinrinade da ke Bonny ya kai hari a Fatakwal . A wancan lokacin, dakarun Biafra ta 52 a karkashin Col. Ogbugo Kalu . Bayan kazamin fada, sojojin Najeriya sun kama tare da tona a Onne ; nasarar su ba za ta yi ɗan lokaci ba. Wani bangare na sojojin kasar Biafra a karkashin wani sojan hayar Biafra haifaffen kasar Italiya, sun yi musu dauki ba zato ba tsammani, inda suka yi sanadin salwantar rayuka da dama, kafin su tilastawa 'yan Najeriya ja da baya daga Onne. Bataliya ta 14 ta Biafra da ke Bori sun firgita tare da ja da baya daga garin bayan sun hango sojojin Najeriya sanye da tambarin Brigade 14 na Najeriya. Yayin da layukan Biafra da ke kewayen Fatakwal suka ruguje, an aike da sako ta gidan Rediyon Biafra domin kare birnin. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, Biafra Maj. Joseph Achuzie ya isa Fatakwal kuma an nada shi kwamandan sojojin Biafra masu kare birnin. An yi ruwan bama-bamai da manyan bindigogin Najeriya a Fatakwal yayin da suke kare sojojin Biafra sun yi turjiya. A cikin kwanaki biyar ana gwabza kazamin fada, filin jirgin saman Fatakwal da barikin sojoji sun sauya hannu a lokuta da dama amma a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu aka kori akasarin sojojin Biafra daga birnin zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye. Maj. Achuzie ya yi taurin kai ya ci gaba da yakar ‘yan Najeriya kafin ya tsallake rijiya da baya bayan da wata mota mai sulke ta yi kusa da ita; a lokacin ne Maj. Achuzie ya watsar da fada ya koma Igrita .
Bayan haka
Kwace Fatakwal ya hana Biafra isa zuwa teku gaba daya. Hukumomin Najeriya sun dauki hakan a matsayin gagarumar nasara; Gowon ya bayyana cewa da Biafra ta rike tashar jiragen ruwa na akalla wata guda, da ta iya samun karbuwa a duniya akalla daga wasu kasashe goma sha biyu. Har ila yau, sojojin Najeriya sun samu kwace iko a filin jirgin saman birnin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin sansanin gaba wajen kai hare-hare ta sama a cikin yankin Biafra. Washegari bayan an kama Port Harcourt, Gen. Adekunle ya ce sanarwarwa cewa "Zan iya kama Owerri, Aba, da Umuahia nan a cikin makonni 2". Wannan maganar ta jawo farmakin Operation OAU . Sojojin Najeriya ba su samu nasarar kwace garuruwan Owerri da Aba ba har sai ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 1968, kuma sun kasa kama Umuahia na tsawon shekara guda. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1970, Biafra ta mika wuya ga Najeriya, ta kuma kawo karshen yakin.
Kaso mai yawa na Inyamurai mazauna birnin sun yi kaura tun kafin dakarun gwamnatin tarayya su kame yankin zuwa can cikin yankin Biafra, inda suka bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Sojin Najeriya ko kuma 'yan sauran kabilu da ba Inyamurai ba sun kashe sauran Inyamuran da suka rage. ‘ Yan kabilar Ijaw da dama sun yi maraba da zuwan sojojin tarayya kuma sun yi ikirarin cewa wasu kadarorin da aka kora kuma sun cike mukaman shugabancin kananan hukumomi. Bayan kammala yakin, 'yan kabilar Igbo sun koma birnin. An bukaci kwararrun ‘yan kabilar Ibo da dama don gudanar da harkar man fetur a dalilin haka kamfanonin mai suka ajiye su a wuraren da aka karewa tare da matsawa gwamnatin Najeriya lamba da ta tabbatar da tsaron lafiyarsu. Domin inganta sulhu, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba wa dukkan 'yan kabilar Igbo tabbacin cewa za su iya kwato dukiyoyin da suka yi watsi da su a lokacin yakin idan sun dawo. Hakan ya yi wuya a Fatakwal, domin gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta bijirewa hukumomin tarayya, ta kuma ki kori barayin da ke kan kadarorin Igbo. Kotunan Jihohi sukan bi sahun ‘yan sara-suka, su kuma masu Ibo sun dauki hakan a matsayin wata manufa ta jiha ta sakayya a kansu.
Manazarta
Ayyukan da aka ambata
I968 a Najeriya
Yake-yake da suka shafi Najeriya |
57903 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20Maynaud%20de%20Bizefranc%20de%20Laveaux | Etienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux | Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux (ko Mayneaud,Lavaux ; 8 ga Agusta 1751 - 12 ga Mayu 1828)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Saint-Domingue daga 1793 zuwa 1796 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa .Ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da dokar da ta 'yantar da bayi,kuma ta goyi bayan shugaban bakar fata Toussaint Louvertureq,wanda daga baya ya kafa jamhuriyar Haiti mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan Mayar da Bourbon ya kasance Mataimakin Saône-et-Loire daga 1820 zuwa 1823.
Shekarun farko
An haifi Etienne Mayneaud Bizefranc de Laveaux a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1751 a Digoin,Saône-et-Loire,Faransa.Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar dangin Burgundian mai daraja.Mahaifinsa shine Hugues,ubangijin Bizefranc,Laveaux da Pancemont (1716–1781),Mai karɓar Gonakin Sarki. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Marie-Jeanne de Baudoin.Shi ne na uku cikin ’ya’ya shida da aka haifa a tsakanin 1749 zuwa 1756. Kamar yadda aka saba ga ƙaramin ɗa,ya shiga aikin soja,ya shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na 16 yana ɗan shekara 17. Aikin sojan nasa ba shi da kyau.Da alama ya sau da yawa ya zauna a Paray-le-Monial, kusa da wurin haihuwarsa.A nan ne ya auri Marie-Jacobie-Sophie de Guillermin,'yar wani bawan Allah a cikin 1784.
Lokacin juyin juya hali
Shugaban sojoji
Juyin juya halin Faransa ya fara a shekara ta 1789.An ƙara Laveaux zuwa shugaban ƙungiyar a 1790,akuma ya zama babban kansila na Saône-et-Loire a wannan shekarar.Acikin 1791 an shigar da shi cikin wani al'amari na kudi na jabu,amma an wanke shi daga duk wani tuhuma kuma aka wanke shi.Ya isa Saint-Domingue a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1792 tare da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel a matsayin laftanar-kanar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin 200 na 16th rejist na dragoons.Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Kwamishinonin sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba,aamma sun zo ne domin tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun mutane suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne.A watan Oktoba labari ya zo cewa an dakatar da sarki kuma Faransa yanzu jamhuriya ce.
An sanya Laveaux mai kula da yankin arewa maso yamma na mulkin mallaka, mai tushe a Port-de-Paix .Kwamandansa, Janar Rochambeau,ya yaba da halinsa na daukar sansanin Ouanaminthe da ke kan iyakar Spain a arewa maso gabas,wanda bakar fata ke rike da shi a cikin tawaye.Birnin Cap Français (Cap-Haïtien) a wannan lokacin yana cikin tashin hankali.Wasu daga cikin sojojin sun taimaka wa farar fata da suka dawo da tsarin bawa a cikin birni,yayin da wasu,musamman waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Laveaux,sun goyi bayan kwamishinonin farar hula kuma suna so su kare mulattoes,babban burin masu shuka.An daukaka Laveaux zuwa kwamandan lardin Arewa.
A cikin Janairu 1793 Laveux ya jagoranci rundunar da ta hada da sojoji masu launin fata a kan masu tayar da bayi a garin Milot kuma suka kori su zuwa cikin tsaunuka.A wannan watan an kashe Louis XVI a birnin Paris,kuma a watan Fabrairun Spain da Biritaniya suka shelanta yaki a kan Faransa.A watan Mayu ko Yuni 1793 shugaban 'yan tawayen bakar fata Toussaint Louverture ya tuntubi Laveaux kuma ya ba da shawarar "hanyoyin sulhu",amma Laveaux ya ƙi tayin nasa.
An nada François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes.Ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien)a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa.Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda masu launin fata suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yi musu biyayya.Polvérel da Sonthonax sun kore shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 kuma suka umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande kuma ya koma Faransa.Sun sanya Laveaux mukaddashin gwamna a madadinsa.
A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana kan aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula. Ya sauka a 3:30 da yamma a shugaban mutane 3,000, waɗanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.An yi fama da rikice-rikice tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da fararen fata masu goyon bayan Galbaud,da sojojin Turai,mulattoes da baƙar fata masu tayar da hankali don goyon bayan kwamishinoni. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kwamishinonin sun yi shelar cewa za a 'yantar da duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su da Mutanen Espanya da sauran abokan gaba. 'Yan ta'addan bakar fata sun shiga cikin sojojin farar fata da na mulatto suka kori matukan jirgin daga birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Galbaud ya bar tare da jiragen ruwa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Amurka a ranar 24–25 ga Yuni.Kwamishinan Sonthonax ya yi shelar 'yanci na duniya a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1793.Bayan wata daya sojojin Birtaniya na farko sun sauka a Saint-Domin,don maraba da masu shuka fararen fata na sarauta da sojoji. |
43500 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinelo%20Okparanta | Chinelo Okparanta | Chinelo Okparanta ( (an haife ta a shekara ta 1981) marubuciyace yar Najeriya ce kuma yar gajeriyar labari . An haife ta a Fatakwalt, Najeriya, inda ta tashi har zuwa shekara 10, lokacin da ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da danginta.
An haifi Chinelo Okparanta a Port Harcourt, Najeriya, kuma tana da shekaru 10 ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa Amurka. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania ( Schreyer Honors College ), Jami'ar Rutgers da kuma Iowa Workshop Marubuta .
Sana'a
Okparanta ta wallafa gajerun labarai ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen ciki har da Granta, The New Yorker, Tin House, The Kenyon Review, The Southern Review, TriQuarterly, Conjunctions, Subtropics da The Coffin Factory . Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana a cikin AGNI, Labari na Kyautar Labari, da Jami'ar Iowa, Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya . Okparanta ta gudanar da zumunci ko ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Colgate, Jami'ar Purdue, Kwalejin City na New York, da Jami'ar Columbia . Ta kasance abokiyar farfesace na Turanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira (Fiction) a Jami'ar Bucknell, inda ta kasance C. Graydon & Mary E. Rogers Faculty Research Fellow da Margaret Hollinshead Ley Farfesa a cikin Waƙa & Rubutun Ƙirƙirar har zuwa shekarar 2021. A halin yanzu ita abokiyar farfesa ce ta Ingilishi da kuma Darakta na Shiri a Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Kwalejin Swarthmore .
Tarin ɗan gajeren labarin halinta na farko, Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa (Littattafan Grant da Houghton Miffin Harcourt ), an daɗe ana jera su don lambar yabo ta 2013 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, ɗan wasan ƙarshe na 2014 New York Public Library Young Lions Fiction Award, ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar 2014 Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction . An zabe ta a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru na shekarar 2014. Sauran girmamawa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2013 Society of Midland Authors Award (na ƙarshe), da Kyautar Caine na shekarar 2013 a Rubutun Afirka (na ƙarshe), da ƙari.
Gajeren labarinta na "Adalci" an ne a haɗa 2014 cikin PEN/O. Henry Prize Labarun, a cikin gajerun labarai guda 20 na wannan shekara.
Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa shine zaɓin Editoci don Bitar Littafin New York Times akan Satumba 20, 2013. An kuma jera tari tari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafiya kyawun almara na Afirka na The Guardian na shekarar 2013, kuma a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2014 an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Etisalat na kasar Najeriya.
Littafinta na farko,a ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala, an buga shine a cikin shekarar 2015. Mawallafin jaridar New York Times ya kira Okparanta "marubuciya mai kyau kuma madaidaiciya", da kuma The Guardian (Birtaniya) ya kwatanta littafin a matsayin "labari mai ban sha'awa game da bayyanar wata budurwa 'yar luwadi da girma a Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Najeriya ... "a cikinsa". . . Okparanta da yaudara ya sasanta tsakanin labarin soyayya da labarin yaki.”
A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala shine Zaɓin Editocin Bita na Littafin New York Times da kuma wanda aka zaɓa don Kyautar Binciken Kirkus na shekarar 2015 a cikin Fiction. Ɗaya daga cikin "Mafiya kyawun Littattafai na shekarar 2015" na NPR, shi ma ya sanya BuzzFeed, a Jaridar Wall Street Journal, Miliyoyin, Bustle, Sanin Shelf, da Mawallafin Abincin rana "Mafiya kyawun" da "Mafi Tsammani" jerin, da sauransu. . An daɗe ana jera shina a cikin shekarar 2015 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, wanda aka zaba kuma akaba lambar yabo tan shekarar 2016 NAACP Image Award for External Literary Work of Fiction, wanda aka zaba a shekarar 2016 Hurston-Wright Legacy Award a Fiction, dab dana karshe a shekarar 2016 Publishing Triangle Literary Awards ( Ferro-Grumley Award ), dan wasan kusa da na karshe na 2016 VCU Cabell First Novelist Award, da aka jera don 2016 Chautauqua Prize , kuma sun sami nasarar lashe lambar yabo ta Lambda Literary 2016 a cikin Babban Labarin Almara na Madigo.
A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala kuma sun sami lambar yabo ne ta shekarar 2016 Jessie Redmon Fauset a cikin Fiction kuma ya kasance zaɓi a shekarar 2017 Amelia Bloomer Project na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta kasar Amurka . Hakanan an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta shekarar 2017.
A cikin shekarar 2017 ne, Okparanta ta lashe lambar yabo ta Buga Triangle ta shekarar 2016 Betty Berzon Emerging Writer Award .
Pulse Najeriya mai suna Karkashin Bishiyoyin Udala daya daga cikin Manyan Littattafan Najeriya guda 10 na shekar 2015. YNaija ta jera ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Littattafai Goma da suka fi shahara a shekarar 2015. Afridiaspora ya lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2015.
A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017, Granta ya zaɓi Okparanta don sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma Mafi kyawun jerin littafan kasar Amurkawa na matasa .
Mawallafinta na "Trump a cikin Classroom" an haɗa shi a cikin tarihi na shekarar 2019 Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka, editan Margaret Busby .
Chinelo Okparanta ta samu karbuwa a matsayin zakara na masu rajin ra'ayin mazan jiya da marasa galihu a duk tsawon rayuwarta ta marubuciya, Helon Habila.
Littattafan Okparanta guda uku, "Farin Ciki Kamar Ruwa," "Karƙashin Bishiyar Udala," da na baya-bayan nan, "Harry Sylvester Bird" sun ba da fifikon labarun al'ummar LGBTQ da mutane masu launi ta hanyar hangen nesa na cikin gida da hangen nesa na waje.
by Christopher Mari, pp. 73–77
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Boen Wang, "Almajirin jihar Penn Okparanta yana karanta gajerun labarai a Foster", Daily Collegian, Nuwamba 7, 2014.
"'Kowa ya kamata ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ina tsammanin.' Hira Da Chinelo Okparanta" , Gajeren Labari Ranar Afirka, Maris 23, 2016.
Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, "Marubuciyar Ba'amurke Ba-Amurke Mai Taken Taboos" , OZY.com, Disamba 19, 2017.
"Emmanuel Sigauke Interviews Chinelo Okparanta", Munyori Literary Journal, 2013
Ƙarƙashin bishiyar Udala, taƙaitawa, Mawallafa Mako-mako, 2015
Melissa Mordi, "Chinelo Okparanta - Ƙarfin Mata, Rubutu da Rubutun Mata" (tambayoyi), The Guardian (Nigeria), 11 Maris 2019.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Articles with hAudio microformats |
35567 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenburgh%2C%20New%20York | Greenburgh, New York | Greenburgh birni ne, da ke yammacin yankin Westchester County, New York . Yawan jama'a ya kai 95,397 a lokacin ƙidayar 2020.
Tarihi
Greenburgh ya haɓaka tare da Kogin Hudson, doguwar babbar hanyar sufuri. Turawan arewacin Turai ne suka zaunar da shi a farkon shekarunsa, da farko na zuriyar Holland da Ingilishi. Mazaunan sun yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Juya na Amurka.
Gidan Romer-Van Tassel yayi aiki a matsayin zauren gari na farko, daga 1793 zuwa farkon karni na 19. An ƙara shi zuwa National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1994. Sauran wurare a kan National Register su ne Church of St. Joseph na Arimathea da Odell House. Abin tunawa da Yaƙin Amurka na Mutanen Espanya ga 71st Infantry Regiment a Dutsen Hope Cemetery an ƙara zuwa National Register of Historic Places a 2011.
Geography
Greenburgh yana da iyaka da birnin Yonkers a kudu, garin Dutsen Pleasant a arewa, da kuma gabas da birnin White Plains da garin Scarsdale . Iyakar yamma ita ce kogin Hudson. Gadar Tappan Zee ta haɗa Tarrytown a Greenburgh tare da Kudancin Nyack a Orangetown, New York.
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na , wanda daga ciki ƙasa ce kuma , ko 16.07%, ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
Dangane da ƙidayar 2000, akwai mutane 86,764, gidaje 33,043, da iyalai 23,097 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 2,842.7 a kowace murabba'in mil (1,097.6/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 34,084 a matsakaicin yawa na 1,116.7 a kowace murabba'in mil (431.2/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 72.41 % Fari, 13.07 % Ba'amurke 13.07 % ta ta biyu ko fiye . Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 9.02% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 33,043, daga cikinsu kashi 32.4% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 57.3% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji a wurin, kashi 30.1% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 25.5% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 9.1% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.57 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.10.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 23.7% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 5.9% daga 18 zuwa 24, 29.7% daga 25 zuwa 44, 26.2% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 14.6% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 90.3. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 84.5.
Bisa ga ƙiyasin 2007, matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $100,656, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $118,360. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $64,186 sabanin $46,658 na mata. Kudin kowa da kowa na garin shine $43,778. Kusan 2.0% na iyalai da 3.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 3.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 4.8% na waɗanda shekarun su 65 ko sama da haka.
Ya zuwa 1991, kashi 5% na al'ummar al'ummar Asiya ne.
Al'umma da wurare a cikin Greenburgh
Kusan rabin al'ummar Greenburgh suna zaune a cikin ƙauyuka shida na garin. Sauran suna zaune a yankin da ba a haɗa shi ba na garin Greenburgh, a wajen kowane ƙauye.
Kauyuka
Greenburgh ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka shida:
Ardsley
Dobbs Ferry
Elmsford
Hastings-on-Hudson
Irvington
Tarrytown
Wurin da ba a haɗa shi ba
Yankin da ba a haɗa shi ba na Greenburgh ya ƙunshi yankunan karkara na garin da ke wajen ƙauyuka. Duk da yake ba a san ƙauyuka a matsayin ƙungiyoyin gundumomi a Jihar New York ba, yawancin kaddarorin a cikin Greenburgh da ba a haɗa su ana rarraba su a cikin ɗayan yankuna uku na garin da aka amince da su na tarayya, kowanne da aka sani da wurin da aka keɓe . Waɗannan gabaɗaya sun dace da gundumar wuta .
Fairview
Greenville
Hartsdale
Sauran wuraren da ba a haɗa su ba a cikin Greenburgh a wajen manyan CDP uku sun haɗa da unguwannin:
Gabashin Irvington A
North Elmsford
South Ardsley
Sufuri
Interstate 87 (The New York State Thruway ), Cross Westchester Expressway, Saw Mill River Parkway, Bronx River Parkway, da Sprain Brook Parkway duk suna wucewa cikin garin. Hanyoyin Amurka sun haɗa da hanyar Amurka Route 9 . Hanyoyin jihar da suka ratsa garin sune Hanyar 9A, Hanyar 100 (da kuma A, B da C ) da kuma Hanya 119 .
Layin Hudson na Metro-North Railroad yana ratsa yammacin garin tare da tashoshi a Hastings-on-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Ardsley-on-Hudson, Irvington da Tarrytown, kuma Layin Harlem ya ratsa ta gabas na garin tare da tasha a Hartsdale .
Tsarin Bus ɗin Bee-Line na gundumar Westchester shima yana hidimar garin, kuma Sabis ɗin Bus na HudsonLink yana ba da haɗin kai tsakanin gadar Gwamna Mario M. Cuomo zuwa gundumar Rockland .
Tattalin Arziki
Hedkwatar Tsarin Laburare na Westchester tana cikin garin, a cikin Elmsford . Tun daga 2014, Kudin shiga kowane mutum a Greenburgh shine $55,049. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga gida shine $100,282.
Fitattun mutane
Freddie Blassie, gwanin kokawa
Cab Calloway, mawaƙin jazz
Gordon Parks, mai daukar hoto
Mama Mabley, ɗan wasan barkwanci
Donovan Mitchell, dan wasan NBA
Dana Reeve, actress kuma matar Christopher Reeve
Biff Henderson, halayen talabijin
Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Fasto Baptist kuma ɗan siyasa
Adam Clayton Powell III, ɗan jarida, ilimi, kuma mai gudanarwa na watsa labarai
Hazel Scott, mawaƙin jazz
Roy Campanella, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan yanar gizon garin Greenburgh
Tocqueville a cikin Greenburgh - Kashi na C-SPAN 's Alexis de Tocqueville Tour
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Dymock | Jim Dymock | Jim Dymock (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1972). ƙwararren kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ne wanda shine mataimakin kocin Gold Coast Titans a cikin NRL kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon rugby wanda ya taka leda daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2000.
A Tonga, kuma Australia kasa da kasa, da kuma New South Wales Jihar Origin wakilin five-eighth ko lock, ya buga kulob din kwallon kafa na Sydney ta Western unguwannin bayan gari mashi, Canterbury-Bankstown bulldogs da Parramatta Eels, ya kammala karatunsa na aiki a cikin Super League na London Broncos.
Daga nan ya fara aikin kocin ya zama baban koci din kungiyar Tongan ta kasa. Ya ciyar da ƙarshen ƙarshen lokacin NRL na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin babban kocin Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, kuma ya kasance mataimakin koci a Sydney Roosters, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a cikin National Rugby League.
Bayan Fage
An haifi Dymock a Sydney, New South Wales Australia a ranar hudu 4 gawatan Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sabain da biyu shekarar 1972 Shi dan asalin Tongan ne.
Ya fara buga wasan rugby a matsayin ƙaramin Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da Woolloomooloo Warriors sannan Paddington Colts. Daga nan ya canza zuwa gasar matasa ta Kudu Sydney . Ya buga wa Zetland Magpies tare da 'yan wasa kamar Jim Serdaris da Terry Hill waɗanda suka ci gaba da yin Farko.
Wasan wasa
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki
Ya wakilci Kudancin Sydney a cikin SG Ball da kungiyoyin Jersey.
Magpies na Yammacin Yamma
Dymock ya fara aikin kulob dinsa na farko a cikin kakar NSWRL na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 a Yankunan Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, yana adawa da Wally Lewis kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a karon farko. Ya buga wa kulob din wasa sau talatin da daya 31, amma ya yi “farin cikin tafiya” bayan matsaloli da kocinsa yayin da yake Wests.
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da uku 1993, Dymock ya shiga Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
A lokacin kakar a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, Dymock, tare da Dean Pay, Jason Smith da Jarrod McCracken sun sake sabunta kwangilolin Super League na Australiya, suna ba da 'rashin adalci' a matsayin dalilin su wanda daga baya aka goyi baya a cikin kotuna. Ko da yake Dymock zaɓi ya shiga tare da Australian Rugby League (ARL) gasar, ya zauna tare da Canterbury kulob din gawatan shekara ta 1995 kakar kuma gudummawar da kulob din ta grand karshe nasara a kan manly . Dymock ya lashe lambar yabo ta Clive Churchill don wasan,
Parrmatta Eels
Dymock ya shiga cikin Parramatta mai haɗin gwiwa na ARL don farkon lokacin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996.
An zaɓi Dymock don wakiltar New South Wales a matsayin musaya don duk wasannin uku na jerin asalin Jihar 1996.
Ya buga wa Eels wasa yayin sauran yaƙin Super League da haɗewar Super League da ARL zuwa gasar Rugby League ta yanzu.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, an zaɓe shi a cikin biyar da takwas don wasannin I da na II na jerin Jihohin Asali na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, ya zira kwallaye a wasan II, kuma an zaɓe shi don yin wasa a kulle a wasan III na jerin asalin Jihar shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998.
Ya buga wa Parramatta wasanni dubu daya da goma sha biyu 112 tsakanin shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 2000 dubu biyu ya bar Eels da Australia a ƙarshen kakara shekara ta 2000 dubu biyu
London Broncos
Ya koma kulob din Super League na London Broncos a lokacin kakar a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001.
Ya ji daɗin yanayi na hudu 4 A Broncos. Ya kawo karshen wasansa na kwallon kafa a karshen kakar a shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu 2004 bayan ya buga wasanni dayakai guda dari da biya 95 a London.
Aikin duniya
Tonga
Dymock ya wakilci Tonga a gasar cin kofin Pacific na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu 1994 zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da chasa'in da biyar 1995.
Ostiraliya
Dymock kuma ya buga sau shida tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996 don Australia. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Australiya mai nasara wanda ya ci Kofin Duniya na Rugby League na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 a Ingila.
Aikin koyawa
Dymock ya taimaka wa kocin Ricky Stuart a Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.
Daga baya ya koma Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
Dymock ya kasance babban kocin kungiyar Tongan ta kasa ta rugby league da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby League ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008.
A ranar sha hudu 14 ga watan Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya 2011, an sanar da Jim Dymock a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din Canterbury, bayan Kevin Moore ya sauka daga mukamin. Koyarwa, a ranar sha hudu 14 gawatn Nuwamba shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya 2011, Des Hasler ya maye gurbin Dymock.
Manazarta
Majiyoyi
Encyclopedia na 'Yan wasan Rugby League . Wetherill Park, New South Wales : Gary Allen Pty Ltd. p. 609. ISBN 978-1-877082-93-1 .
Hanyoyin waje
Bayanin Canterbury Bulldogs
Bayanan martaba na London Broncos
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%20Descartes | Rene Descartes | René UK ( ko Birtaniya:/eɪkɑːrt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 ) Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika.
Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; ), wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin).
Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma.
Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya
An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris.
A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi.
Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi.
Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620.
A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne."
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60976 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babatunji%20Olowofoyeku | Babatunji Olowofoyeku | Babatunji Olowofoyeku (21 ga Mayu 1917 – 26 Maris 2003), OFR, SAN, ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, masanin ilimi, lauya kuma shugaba, ɗan Yarbawa kuma ɗan asalin Ilesha a jihar Osun ta Najeriya, wanda siyasarsa ta fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1950.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Olowofoyeku ne a watan Mayun 1917, kuma ya girma a matsayin ɗan’uwa na ƙarshe daga dangin dangi a Ilesha, wani gari da ke yamma-maso-kudu-maso-yamma na yankin da a baya ya kasance Arewacin Najeriya, mai karewa a cikin daular Burtaniya . A baya dai Ilesha yana kan iyaka da Kudancin Najeriya, kuma yana kusa da kan iyaka da Dahomey karkashin mulkin Faransa . A cikin 1914, duka masu kare Birtaniyya, tare da Mallaka na Legas, an hade su azaman Mallaka da Kariyar Najeriya . An haifi Olowofoyeku kimanin shekaru uku bayan da turawan Ingila suka kirkiro wannan sabuwar mulkin mallaka. Mahaifinsa ya rasu 'yan watanni kafin a haife shi. Mahaifiyarsa ta shigar da shi yana ɗan shekara 5 a Makarantar Methodist Otapete kuma ya yi masa baftisma a can a cikin Cocin Methodist a 1924 kuma ya ɗauki sunan Kirista " Daniel ".
A makaranta a Otapete Methodist, Olowofoyeku ya sadu da abokin karatunsa, Tai Solarin, wanda aka sani da Augustus Solarin wanda ya zama aboki na rayuwa. Dukkansu sun halarci Kwalejin St. Andrew's College, Oyo, daga 1936 zuwa 1942. Daga karshe Solarin ya ce, Olowofoyeku ya rubuta a karshe ya sauya shi, inda ya lura cewa wasu daga cikin ‘ yan mulkin mallaka jahilai ne, kuma ba su da shiri sosai kan ayyukan da aka ba su, don haka ba su da wata sana’a ta tafiyar da rayuwar ‘yan Nijeriya. Don wannan makala, an hukunta shi saboda kalubalantar halin da ake ciki, kuma an dakatar da shi daga kwaleji a shekarar karatunsa ta ƙarshe. Duk da haka, ya zauna ya ci jarrabawar karshe ta malami a matsayin dalibi na waje bayan shekara guda. Daga baya ya soke sunan "Daniel" a matsayin nuna adawa da zaluncin da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka dauka.
A cikin 1932, Olowofoyeku ya karɓi matsayi na farko a matsayin malamin ɗalibi a Makarantar Methodist Otapete, kafin ya fara horar da malamai a Kwalejin St. Andrew.
Sana'ar koyarwa
Olowofoyeku ya koyar a Kwalejin Oduduwa daga Oktoba 1942 zuwa 1943. Daliban nasa sun hada da Richard Akinjide, daga bisani babban lauyan Najeriya .Daga 1943 har zuwa Janairu 1947, ya kasance malamin Latin a makarantar Methodist Boys Legas . Nadin sa na farko a matsayin shugaban makarantar ya kasance a Western Boys High School, Benin, daga Janairu 1947 har zuwa Disamba 1948. A wannan lokacin a cikin 1948, ya ɗauki kuma ya sami digiri na waje na Intermediate BA na Jami'ar London ta hanyar karatu ta hanyar kwas ɗin wasiƙa .
Olowofoyeku ya koma Ijebu-Ode don daukar alƙawari a matsayin shugaban makarantar Olu-Iwa na 3 (wanda ya canza suna zuwa Kwalejin Adeola Odutola a 1964), yana aiki daga Janairu 1949 har zuwa Disamba 1949.
Aikin shari'a
Domin kare karar da aka shigar a kansa a shekarar 1948, Olowofoyeku ya yi bincike tare da ba da umarni ga lauyan da ke kare shi a kotu. Lokacin da aka yanke hukunci a cikin yardarsa, ya yanke shawarar canza aiki kuma ya shiga aikin lauya, kuma ya sami shiga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) don nazarin doka. Ya bar Najeriya a watan Disamba 1949 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu ( LLB ) a watan Yuni 1952. Ya ci jarrabawar Turanci Bar, kuma an gayyace shi zuwa ƙungiyar lauyoyi ( Inner Temple ) a matsayin lauya . Shine mutumin Ijesha na farko da aka fara kiransa zuwa Bar Ingila.
Ya dawo Najeriya kafin Kirsimeti a 1952.
Sana'ar siyasa
Olowofoyeku ya sha fama da rashin adalci da rashin iko da ke tattare da nuna kyama a lokacin da yake dalibi a Kwalejin St. Bisa koyarwar kishin kasa ta Herbert Macaulay, ya sadu da Nnamdi Azikiwe, shugaban NCNC, ta hannun Cif Odeleye Fadahunsi, wani dattijon Ijesha da ya ziyarci Landan .
Olowofoyeku ya shiga jam’iyyar NCNC ne a shekarar 1952, kuma ya zama mamban zartarwa na jam’iyyar NCNC a karkashin Azikiwe a shekarar 1954. Tarayyar Najeriya ta maye gurbin Mulkin Mallaka da Kare a watan Oktoban 1954 a hannun Tarayyar Najeriya wacce a karshe ta sami mulkin kai mai yawa a cikin Daular Burtaniya . A ƙarshe Burtaniya ta ba da ’yancin kan Tarayyar a matsayin mulkin mallaka a cikin Commonwealth of Nations a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.
An zabi Olowofoyeku a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar Ilesha Urban District (IUDC) a shekarar 1956, kuma a wannan shekarar ne ya lashe zabensa a majalisar dokokin yankin yamma. A wannan lokacin, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sabunta Ilesha zuwa matsayin da ya shaida cewa majalisar gundumar Landan ta samu a lokacin karatunsa a Landan . Abubuwan da ya samu a Ilesha sun hada da samar da ruwan famfo, wutar lantarki, bunkasa kasuwa, tsarin gari, gina titina, tsaftar muhalli da jin dadin ma'aikatan kansiloli.
Olowofoyeku mamba ne na tawagar wakilan NCNC a taron tsarin mulkin Najeriya da aka gudanar a Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958, wanda makasudinsa shine neman ‘yancin Najeriya daga Biritaniya. An kuma zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta Yamma a shekarar 1956 a karkashin jam’iyyar NCNC mai wakiltar mazabar Ilesha ta tsakiya. Olowofoyeku mamba ne a kwamitin NCNC mai kula da harkokin Afirka da kasashen waje. Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitin tsaro na NCNC, wanda ya hada da Richard Akinjide, Cif Adeniran Ogunsanya, Kehinde Sofola, da Tunji Ogunbiyi.
Olowofoyeku ya kasance fitaccen dan majalisar adawa duk da cewa ba dan kungiyar Action Group (AG) ba ne, jam’iyyar Obafemi Awolowo . Kima da Awolowo akan iya siyasar Olowofoyeku shine: "Shi [Olowofoyeku] yana da kyakkyawar fahimtar adalci da imani ga dimokuradiyya" .
Bayan samun 'yencin kai daga turawan Ingila a matsayin mulkin mallaka a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, Tarayyar Najeriya ta ci gaba har zuwa ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, lokacin da ta zama jamhuriya a cikin Commonwealth da ake kira Tarayyar Najeriya . A cikin 1963, an nada Olowofoyeku Ministan Ilimi, ya maye gurbin Sanya Onabamiro. Sai dai, bayan kafa Jihar Tsakiyar Yamma a watan Yulin 1963, Olowofoyeku ya zama babban lauya kuma ministan shari’a na yankin Yamma daga 26 ga Satumba 1963. Har ila yau, a lokaci guda an nada shi mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya, a matsayin amincewa da aikinsa na shari'a ga Commonwealth .
Sakamakon rigingimun siyasa na cikin gida a cikin jam’iyyar NCNC da rashin wakilcin kasashen yamma a majalisar ministocin tarayya, Olowofoyeku da sauran mambobin NCNC ta yammacin Najeriya a majalisar sun yanke shawarar hada kansu da Akintola zuwa sabuwar jam’iyyar National Democratic Party (NNDP) a shekarar 1964. ‘Yan mazabar Olowofoyeku a Ilesha sun fusata kuma suna kallon wannan matakin a cikin shakku da rashin dacewa. Saboda haka, goyon bayan da ya yi a baya a cikinsu ya ɓace da sauri. Yanzu haka jam’iyyun NCNC da AG sun kulla sabuwar kawance ta kasa mai suna UPGA (United Progressive Grand Alliance) akan kawancen NPC/NNDP mai mulki. Lokacin da lokacin zabe ya zo a watan Disamba 1965, lokacin dawowa ne. An dai samu hargitsi a fadin kasar, musamman a kasashen Yamma musamman a Ilesha. Olowofoyeku ya tsallake rijiya da baya ne da ‘yan inci guda daga harbin wani dan bindiga a yayin wani gangamin yakin neman zabe a kusa da Ilesha.
Bayan zaben watan Disamba na shekarar 1965, an yi juyin mulkin da ya zubar da jini a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, inda aka kafa gwamnatin soja ta kasa. Gwamnatin Soja ta kama Olowofoyeku tare da tsare shi a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1966 kuma ta tsare tsawon watanni shida. An fara tsare shi ne a Agodi da ke Ibadan, daga bisani kuma aka mayar da shi Kirikiri a Legas. An ba shi haƙƙin ziyartan dangi mai iyaka a duk lokacin da yake tsare a siyasance a KiriKiri.
An sake Olowofoyeku bayan juyin mulki karo na biyu a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1966 wanda sojojin da aka hako Arewacin Najeriya suka yi wanda ya maye gurbin tsohuwar mulkin soja na Manjo-Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi . Bayan an sake shi, Olowofoyeku ya sha alwashin ba zai sake shiga harkokin siyasa ba. A cikin makonni da aka sake shi a watan Yuli 1966, ya bar Najeriya ya tafi birnin Paris na Faransa don neman hutawa da mafaka.
Daga baya aikin shari'a
Da ya dawo Najeriya a karshen shekarar 1967, Olowofoyeku ya koma Legas inda ya sake bude aikin shari’a a Western House da ke Broad Street kusa da babbar kotun Legas. Ya ci gaba da aikin shari’a tsawon shekaru, a lokacin yana daya daga cikin mutane 20 na farko da aka nada a matsayin Babban Lauyan Najeriya (daidai da Sarauniyar Sarauniya a Burtaniya).
Duk da cewa Obafemi Awolowo ya tuntube shi a shekarar 1979 ya zo ya koma sabuwar jam’iyyarsa ta Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), Olowofoyeku ya ki yarda. Daga baya ya koma gidansa da ke Victoria Island, Legas.
Mutuwa
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2003, yana da shekaru 85, Olowofoyeku ya rasu. An yi jana'izar sa, wanda ya dauki kwanaki da dama, an gudanar da wani bangare ne a Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas, a babban gidansa da ke Victoria Island, da kuma gidajen sa guda biyu a Ilesha .
Rayuwa ta sirri
Olowofoyeku ya yi aure, kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya 17 (’ya’ya maza 13 da mata 4). Yana da jikoki da yawa da kuma jikoki da yawa.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Nigeria, Ibadan Siyasa
Matattun 2003
Yarbawa
Yarbawa yan siyasa
Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Fante | Mutanen Fante | Mfantsefo ko Fante ("Fanti" tsohon rubutu ne) mutanen Akan ne. Mutanen Fante sun fi zama a yankunan tsakiya da yammacin gabar tekun Ghana. A cikin rabin ƙarni na karshe, saboda balaguron kamun kifi, ana kuma samun al'ummomin Fante har zuwa Gambia, Laberiya har ma da Angola. Manyan garuruwan Fante a Ghana ta zamani sun haɗa da Kasoa, Winneba, Agona Swedru, Tarkwa, Oguaa (Cape Coast), Edina (Elmina), Mankessim, Sekondi da Takoradi.
Kamar duk Akan, sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono. Asali, "Fante" yana nufin "rabin da ya bari" ya rabu da sauran Akans kuma ya fara zama a Mankessim. Wasu daga cikin jihohin da suka haɗa da Fante sun hada da Agona, Ahanta, Kurantsi, Abura, Anyan, Ekumfi, Nkusukum, Ajumako da Gomoa. Fante, kamar sauran Akans masu alaƙa, sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Sahara a cikin tsohuwar daular Ghana. Daga nan Fante ya yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Techiman na zamani a yankin Brong Ahafo. Daga nan ne, inji almara, manyan shugabanninsu guda uku - Oson, Odapagyan da Obrumankoma - suka jagoranci su kudu suka rabu da sauran Akans, zuwa Mankessim.
Babban birnin tarihi da na ruhaniya na Mfantseman shine Mankessim (Oman kesi mu). Mutanen Fante suna daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin Akan, tare da "Asantefo" ko Ashantis, Akuapem, Akyem, Bono, Kwahu, Baoule, Nzema, Ahanta da sauransu. Duk da saurin bunkasuwar daular Ashanti da yaki da Ashanti da kawayen Holland a tsakiyar shekarun 1800, Fante sun ci gaba da rike kasarsu har zuwa yau kuma sun yi yaki da dama don kare yankinsu na arewa daga hare-haren Ashanti da wasu yaƙe-yaƙe da dama. Dutch, da Ingilishi. A halin yanzu, sun kai kimanin miliyan 6, rukuni na biyu mafi girma na mutanen Akan, ko kuma kusan kashi 13% na yawan mutanen Ghana na zamani. Gado da gadon mukaman gwamnati a tsakanin Fante ana yin su ne bisa al'ada ta zuriyar matrilineal, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Akan.
Sai dai kuma, mazajen Fante da suka kai shekarun fada a al'adance na kamfanin Asafo na mahaifinsu ne.
Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa a cikin karni na 15, Fante ya hana su shiga cikin ƙasa da kuma ba da hayar kadarori don ayyukan kasuwanci na Portuguese. Amma a lokacin da 'yan Portugal suka ki amincewa da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na Fante, Fante sun kori su bayan jerin gwanon da fadace-fadace. Bayan haka turawan Holland sun iso, sai kuma turawan Ingila. Fante ya yi aiki a matsayin 'yan tsakiya a cikin kasuwanci tsakanin cikin gida da 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da Holland a bakin teku. Fante ta zama kasa mai arziki da wadata a kan mu'amalarsu da manyan kasashen Turai daban-daban.
A farkon karni na 18, an kafa kungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani, da nufin tabbatar da kansu a matsayin al'umma da takwarorinsu na Turai su dauka da muhimmanci da kuma janyewar Turawa daga kasashen Fante. Fantes shekaru aru-aru sun riga sun sami tsarin gwamnatin tarayya mai sarkakiya wanda jihohi daban-daban ke kasancewa tare a cikin kawance. Kowacce jihar Fante tana karkashin jagorancin Babban Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Fuskantar irin wannan matsananciyar tsayin daka, Portuguese, Jamusawa, Sweden da Danes bayan shekaru da yawa sun bar duk wani sansani na kasuwanci a Mfantseman. Mutanen Holland sun yanke shawarar zama, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin Fante da Dutch, waɗanda suka kasa yi musu mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1844, da aka raunana ta akai-akai da yaƙe-yaƙe da Ashanti da ƙawancensu na Dutch, Fante Confederacy ya sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwa na 1844 tare da Birtaniya. Birtaniya ta bar Cape Coast kuma ta koma babban birnin Gold Coast zuwa Accra a matsayin martani ga yunkurin juriya. An kafa ƙungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani don mayar da martani ga barazanar Turawa na ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Don haka a cikin 1844 an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Fante Confederacy, a madadin Gold Coast, da Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar Gold Coast ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai ba tare da yaki ba bayan shekaru dari.
Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Ashanti-Fante sun biyo baya, saboda neman Ashanti na hanyoyin kasuwanci kai tsaye zuwa bakin teku. A wani lokaci, Birtaniya sun taimaka wa Fante, wanda duk da haka ya yi nasarar raunana karfi mai karfi na Fante confederation da aka kafa tsakanin 1868 da 1872, yana zaton cewa barazana ce ga mulkinsu a bakin teku. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da na Holand sun goyi bayan wannan yakukuwan Ashanti-Fante, inda turawan Ingila suka goyi bayan Fante, sannan kuma Holland suka marawa Ashanti baya.
Yayin da aka san Mfantsefo a matsayin mutane masu zaman lafiya, a lokutan yaki suna yin gangami domin kare kai. Sakamakon yakin da aka yi da Turawan Holand da Ashanti, hadin gwiwar sojojin Fante Union ya kai sama da mutane dubu talatin a shekarar 1844. A karkashin jagorancin Amfo Otu, Babban Hafsan Abura ne suka yi wa garinsu kawanya. Elmina da gidanta na Turai, a ƙarshe sun kori mutanen Holland daga sansaninsu na Elmina.
Fante sun samar da fitattun mutane da dama a Ghana, daga cikinsu akwai Kofi Annan (tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); Yakubu Wilson Sey (mai yawan miliyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar na farko a gabar tekun Gold); Dan jarida kuma marubuci dan kasar Burtaniya Ekow Eshun; Ottobah Cugoano (mai son kawar da falsafar haƙƙin halitta), Sam Jonah (tsohon shugaban AngloGold Ashanti); tsohon shugaban kasa, John Atta Mills, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson, Kow Nkensen Arkaah da Kwesi Amissah-Arthur; Peter Turkson (Cardinal na Ghana na farko na Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika) da kuma wasu manyan masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, ba a Ghana kadai ba har ma a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma mazaunan Afirka, kamar John Mensah Sarbah, James Kwegyir Aggrey, Ottobah Cugoano (Fante-British Slave Abolitionist), Chief Takyi (shugaban tawayen bawa na Jamaica), Paa Grant (wanda ya kafa UGCC) da J.E. Casely Hayford. Sauran fitattun jiga-jigan Fante sun hada da Sir Knight Joseph Panford, Babban Sarkin Fante a Koforidua, yankin Gabas, wanda ya wakilci Cocin Katolika na Ghana baki daya, a Roma kuma ya hadu da Paparoma John Paul I kuma an ba shi jarumi a yin haka; Joseph Ellis da Joseph Biney, wadanda dukkansu suka gano tarin zinare a shekarar 1897 dake Obuasi a yankin Ashanti; baƙar fata navigator Pedro Alonso Niño (1468-c. 1505), kuma aka sani da El Negro ("The Black"), ɗan asalin Sipaniya ɗan asalin Afirka, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da Christopher Columbus a haye Tekun Atlantika a 1492, kuma mahaifinsa ɗan tekun Fante ne. daga Elmina. Ya binciko gabar tekun Afirka a farkon shekarunsa. Ya tuka daya daga cikin jiragen Columbus a cikin balaguron 1492, kuma ya raka shi a lokacin tafiyarsa ta uku da ta ga gano Trinidad da bakin kogin Orinoco.
Sunayen iyali
Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin zamantakewar sunaye a tsakanin Akan, ciki har da Fante, shine cewa ana amfani da su azaman alamar zamantakewa don nuna ainihin mutum da ƙungiya. Wannan haka yake da sunayen dangi da aka samo daga dangin Ntoro na kakanni 12 na ubanni da ake baiwa yara. Kowanne daga cikin dangin Ntoro 12 na patrilineal yana da sunaye na musamman na iyali. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da sunan mutum don gano danginsa/ta. Yaran da suka samo asalin asalinsu ga uba ɗaya na iya raba sunayen dangi iri ɗaya. Sunaye na iyali sun haɗa da Yankah, Osam, Aidoo, da dai sauransu. Haka nan an sami sabbin abubuwa a sakamakon ƙasashen yammaci, ilimi da addinin ƙasashen waje, tare da sunaye masu yawa daga wannan al'amari. An fassara wasu sunayen Fante a zahiri zuwa Turanci kuma sun dawwama azaman sunayen dangi. Tun da Fantes ta hanyar rayuwa a bakin teku sun kasance na farko da suka fara hulɗa da Turawa kuma sun yi ciniki, sun yi aure kuma suka zauna tare da su fiye da shekaru 400, babu makawa cewa a cikin sunayen Fante sun nuna babban tasiri na yammacin duniya idan aka kwatanta da su. kabilu a cikin ƙasa. Misalai na irin wannan suna mai canza canjin anglicised sune:
Dua (littafi mai haske/allo) – Wood
Kuntu (bargo) – dan Kuntu Blankson
Kumi ba (ɗan Kumi) - Kumson ko Koomson
Kwei ba (ɗan Kwei) - Quayson, Quayeson, Kweison ko Kwaeson
Akorɔma (shaho) – Hawkson
Nyameba – Godson
ɛbo (dutse) – Rockson
Don haka, ana iya gano wasu sunayen dangi ta hanyar kari, misali:
-son kamar a Yawson
-ful, kamar yadda yake cikin Arkorful,
-ney, kamar yadda yake a cikin Biney.
In ba haka ba, Fante (Akan) sunayen dangi na rubutu suna nuna mahalli iri-iri. Suna iya zama yanayi, yanayin haifuwa, maɗaukakiyar fahimta, sunaye masu ban mamaki, sunaye na zage-zage da karin magana, ƴan ƙungiya da sunayen laƙabi, matsayi, sana'a, ƙwararru, na addini, na aure, da sunayen yamma. Ana iya samun haɗin biyu ko fiye na waɗannan sunaye na rubutu.
Tsarin suna
Fantes suna amfani da tsarin ba da sunan farko ga yaro bisa ranar mako da aka haifi yaron:
Hakanan ana iya ba wa yara suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka:
Hakanan ana iya ba wa tagwaye suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka:
Ana iya ba wa yaron da za a haifa nan da nan bayan haihuwar tagwaye, kamar:
Asali
Bisa ga al'adar baka Fante ya rabu da sauran kungiyoyin Akan a yau Brong Ahafo a kusa da 1250 AD. Wannan aikin ya zama asalin sunan su, "Fa-atsew" ma'ana "rabin da ya bari". Fante sun bar ’yan uwansu Akan a Krako, Techiman na yanzu a Bono Gabas ta Ghana, kuma suka zama nasu rukunin Akan. Manyan mayaka uku ne suka jagoranci mutanen Fante da aka fi sani da Obrumankoma, Odapagyan da Oson (dabbar whale, Mikiya da giwa bi da bi).
Bisa ga al'ada, Obrumankoma da Odapagya sun mutu a kan wannan gudun hijira kuma an yi musu ado tare da sauran hanya. Oson ya jagoranci mutanen zuwa abin da zai zama Mankessim a shekara ta 1252. Tatsuniya ta nuna cewa babban limamin Fante, Komfo Amona, ya dasa mashi a cikin ƙasa lokacin da suka isa wurin da aka zauna. Ana kiran mashin Akyin-Enyim, ma'ana "a gaban allah". Wurin ya zama wurin taro na dattawan Fante da kuma babban limamin coci sa’ad da suke tattauna muhimman al’amura.
An naɗa Omanhen (sarkin) na Mankessim na farko a nan, kuma daga baya sarakuna za su ziyarci wurin don shawarwari. A cewar Fante, ba za a iya cire mashin da hannaye masu mutuwa ba. Ƙasar da Fante ta kai tun farko mazaunanta suna kiransa Adoakyir, wanda Fante ke kiransa da "Etsi-fue-yifo" ma'ana mutanen da suke da gashin daji. Fante ya ci wadannan mutane tare da canza sunan yankin Oman-kesemu, ma'ana babban gari. Sunan ya samo asali zuwa sunan yanzu, Mankessim.
Fante sun zaunar da ƙasar a matsayin masarautarsu ta farko mai cin gashin kanta, kuma suka binne Obrumakankoma da Odapagya a cikin wani tsattsarkan kurmi mai suna Nana-nom-pow. Komfo Amona ya kuma shuka guntun bishiyar da ya zo da shi daga mahaifar Akan a Krako don ganin ko wuri yana da kyau don zama. Washegari da firist ɗin ya dasa gaɓoɓin, mutanen suka sami bishiya ta fara girma. Ita dai itace sunanta Ebisa-dua, ko kuma bishiyar tuntuba, inda a yau yake daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren ibada na Mankessim.
Al'adu
Fante suna yin noma, kamun kifi da kiwo. Fante al'umma ne matrilineal.
Yawancin Fante suna bin addinin Kiristanci ko akidarsu ta al'ada. Wasu tsiraru suna da'awar sunni Islam.
Mutanen Fante sun san abincinsu sosai. Abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Fante kuma yana alfahari da wuri. Abincinsu na gargajiya ya hada da Kenkey, Banku (Etsew) da ake ci da kifi da suka hada da Tilapia da sauran abincin teku da barkono da kayan lambu. Yawancin Fante's daga ciki kuma a al'adance suna cin doya da koko (ampesie) da fufu. Oguaa Fetu Afahye (bikin gargajiya na shekara-shekara da ake yi a Cape Coast) haƙiƙa bikin girbin doya ne da aka yi a baya a Masarautar Bono kuma an kawo shi bakin teku a lokacin ƙaura.
Fantes ta hanyar dogon haɗin da suka yi da Turawa sun samar da wani nau'i na musamman na abinci wanda a yanzu ake ci a duk faɗin Ghana ciki har da corned naman sa stew, Ghana Jollof, Ghana meat pie, Ice Kenkey, Atadwe milk, abodoo, jollof rice, kumfa da dai sauransu.
Manazarta
Rebecca Shumway. 2011. The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. |
15114 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Lawal | Amina Lawal | Amina Lawal Kurami (an haifeta ne a ranar 4 ga watan janairu, shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972). Yar Najeriya ce. A ranar 22 ga watan Maris din shekara ta 2002, a kotin sharia ta Musulunci dake cikin garin ( Funtua, Najeriya a jihar Katsina ) ta Yanke mata hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa dalilin yin zina da kuma conceiving wani yaro daga kãmun kai. Mutumin da ta bayyana a matsayin uban yaron ba a gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ba saboda rashin shaida, kuma kotu ta ce ba ta da laifi ba tare da gwajin DNA ba.
Laifin Lawal ya jawo cece -kuce a duniya. Kotun daukaka kara ta Sharia ta soke shi wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa ya sabawa shari’ar Musulunci, daga baya ta sake yin aure.
Bayan Fage
Amina Lawal kurami ita ce kuma mace ta biyu a Najeriya da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa saboda yin jima'i kafin aure. Mace ta farko, Safiya Hussaini, an soke hukuncinta a watan Maris din shekarar 2002 a kan roko na farko. An kafa dokar Shari'ar Musulinci a arewacin Najeriya galibi jihar Musulmi a Zamfara a shekara ta 2000 kuma tun daga lokacin ya bazu zuwa wasu jahohi a kalla goma sha biyu.
Daukaka roko da yanke hukunci
A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan Shekara ta 2002, kotun daukaka kara a jihar Katsina ta Najeriya ta yi watsi da rokon farko da Lawal ya shigar kan hukuncin jifa. Alkalin ɗaukaka kara ya bayyana cewa za a zartar da hukuncin da zarar Amina lawal Kurami ta yaye 'yarta daga shayarwa.
An shigar da kara ta biyu kuma a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2003 Lawal ya yanke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa saboda zina. Hudu daga cikin alkalai biyar sun yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin da aka yanke ya sabawa shari’ar Musulunci akan abubuwa da dama, wadanda suka hada da: ba a tabbatar da hakkin wanda ake tuhuma na kare hakkin shari’a ba; shaidar da ke nuna yanayin cikin nata bai wadatar ba; ikirarin wanda ake tuhuma bai inganta ba; kuma daya ne a maimakon alkalai uku da ake bukata ya kasance a lokacin yanke hukunci.
Baobab for Human Rights Human, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Najeriya, ita ce ta shigar da karar ta, wadda lauyoyin Najeriya da aka horas da su a fannin boko da na Shari'a suka kawo hujja. Lauyoyin Lawal sun hada da Hauwa Ibrahim, shahararriyar lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam da ta shahara wajen gudanar da ayyukan alheri ga mutanen da Allah wadai da su karkashin Shari'a. A cikin nasarar da suka samu na kare Amina Lawal, lauyoyi sun yi amfani da ra'ayi na "tsawaita haihuwa" ( tayin bacci), suna jayayya cewa a karkashin Shari'ar Shari'a, akwai yuwuwar tazara na shekaru biyar tsakanin daukar dan adam da haihuwa; shekaru biyu kafin ranar haihuwar diyarta, har yanzu tana aure da mijinta.
Ayyukan
Lamarin ya tona asirin rikice -rikicen jama'a da na addini tsakanin yankunan Kiristoci da Musulmi na Najeriya. Hukuncin ya kuma haifar da bacin rai a Yammacin Duniya, kuma an fara kamfe da dama don shawo kan gwamnatin Najeriya da ta soke hukuncin. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka fafata a gasar Miss World, wacce za a yi a Najeriya a 2002, sun fice daga gasar don nuna rashin amincewarsu da yadda Amina Lawal ke jinya. Shirin Oprah Winfrey Show yana da rahoto na musamman kan Amina Lawal kuma ta karfafa masu kallo su aika sakon imel na nuna rashin amincewa ga Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka: sama da imel miliyan 1.2 suka biyo baya.
Takardar takarda kai ta 2002 da ake kira "ceton Amina" ta tattara sa hannun dubunnan dubunnan sannan sadarwar e-2003 tare da taken "Don Allah A Dakatar da Gangamin Harafin Haraji na Duniya" wanda Ayesha Iman da Sindi Medar-Gould suka wakilta wadanda suka wakilci 'Yancin Dan Adam biyu na Najeriya. Kungiyoyin sun ce rokon "ceton Amina" yana da wasu kurakurai ciki har da ikirarin karya cewa zartar da hukuncin ya kusa. Sun ci gaba da jayayya da cewa "Akwai girman kai mara kyau a dauka cewa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ko wasu koyaushe suna da masaniya fiye da wadanda ke da hannu kai tsaye, sabili da haka suna iya daukar ayyukan da ke tashi a gaban bukatunsu na bayyane".
A watan Mayun shekara ta 2003, martanin da Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Netherlands ya mayar kan shari'ar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya da aka yi ta Shari'a a lokacin, ita ce babu wata kotu da ta bayar da umurnin jifa a kan Lawal. Sun yi ikirarin cewa rahotannin “ba su da tushe kuma marasa kyan gani” kuma an “kirga su don yin izgili da tsarin shari’ar Najeriya da martabar kasar a gaban kasashen duniya.” Ba su da masaniya game da irin wannan shari'ar.
Ambasada AA Agada na Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya da ke Washington DC, Amurka, ya yi fice wajen amincewa da shari’ar Lawal kuma ya bayyana a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003: “Ofishin Jakadancin yana son sanar da cewa Malama Amina Lawal tana da kotunan daukaka kara guda uku kafin a kammala tabbatar da al'amarin ta. Don haka Ofishin Jakadancin yana tabbatar wa da jama'a cewa hakkin Malama Amina Lawal na sauraron sauraro a bisa tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya tabbata. Don haka za a bi hanyoyin da suka dace don tabbatar da bin doka ".
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin Mawallafin Tambaya da Amsa a karshen littafin Will Ferguson na 419, almara almara Amina - wata matashiya mai juna biyu da ke gudun hijira daga jihohin Sharia na arewacin Najeriya da kafa - ta dogara ne akan Amina Lawal.
Alison M. Jaggar, wani dan falsafa dan Amurka, ya rubuta wata kasida a shekara ta 2005 game da wannan shari'ar, mai taken "Ajiye Amina".
Duba kuma
Sharia a Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje
Shafin yanar gizo na Haƙuri na Addini
Amnesty International 2002 da sabuntawa kan sakin ta Nuwamba 2003
Kogin, Jeff. "An yanke wa matar da aka yankewa hukuncin jifa ." CNN . Litinin 23 Fabrairu 2004.
" Amina Lawal kamfen 'mara taimako' ." BBC . 13 Mayu 2003.
Bayanin Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya Akan Kaddarar Amina Lawal
Rahoton Mujallar Oprah 2002
Rayayyun mutane
Jima'i a Musulunci
Mutane daga jihar Katsina
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |